California Fish and Game,
V. 15 1929
bound volume

C.2

DATE DUE

California Fish and Game,
V. 15 1929
bound volume

California Resources Agency Library

1416 9th Street, Room 117

Sacramento, California 95814

I

'I ^ Game Cofiiiiiissioii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

SACRAMENTO RIVER SALMON FISHERY G. H. Clark 1

WILD DUCK DISEASE Henry Van Roekel 11

THE STATUS OF SALMON IN CALIFORNIA N. B. Scofield 13

TROUT FISHING IN CALIFORNIA TODAY AND FIFTY YEARS AGO

Walter Welch 18

GOLDEN TROUT PLANTING IN 1928 0. P. Brownlotc 23

THE CRAB FISHERY OF MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA— CATCH-
ING THE CANCER MAGISTER WITH NETS Geo. Roger Chute 28

SAN DIEGO TUNA INDUSTRY Coburn F. Maddox 34

THE FOOD OF TROUT George A. Coleman 39

NEW ACCESSIONS AT LIBRARY OF CALIFORNIA STATE FISH- \

FRIES LABORATORY 41

EDITORIALS 42

DIVISION ACTIVITIES _' 67

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 71

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 73

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 75

REPORTS—

Violations of Fish and Game Laws 78

Statement of Income 79

Deer Kill Statistics 80

Statement of Expenditures 93

Fishery Products, July to September, 1928 94

SACRAMENTO RIVER SALMON FISHERY

By G. H. Clark

One often hears of the salmon that "used to be" in the rivers of
California. The old timers are fall of such stories as the salmon being
so numerous in the streams on their spawning migrations that one
could easily walk across the stream on their backs. Even after allowing
for exaggeration, it is evident that salmon were extremely abundant in
past years. One hears constant complaints on every side about present
scarcity of salmon, with numerous reasons for this condition and many

California Fish Am,;g4i|B I

"CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH^UCATION " * ' VaLll. t

Volume 15 SACRAMENTO, JANUARY, 1929 No. 1

64214

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2 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

suggested tlieorics for its remedy. All those sugp:estioiis are in good
faith. Some of them may be the thiiif;' that is needed, but it must be
l)roved before the rest of the "theory makers" are satisfied.

However, before advancing theories, let us look into the past and see
\\]\i\\ lias gone on in this salmon fishery. Suppose the Sacramento and
San -loarpiin river systems are used as a historical background, as they
•were the first rivers to be fi.shed for salmon by white men. Salmon first
became a commercial product on the lower river, where it empties into
San Francisco Bay.

Before this country was inhabited by white men, the Indians came
each year to the banks of the rivers and speared and captured their
winter's supply of fish. Their catcli may have seemed large to them,
but was in all probability nothing compared to later catches. Shortly
after gold was discovered in California, there was a great influx of
white men. The salmon fishery as a commercial industr}^ was estab-
lished. Dates are not certain, but it is known that about ]S50 the
industry was well established.

The number of fish taken is impossible to determine. In an article
written in 1860, appearing in Harper's California Magazine, the author
states that in 1852, 337,500 pounds of salmon w^ere used by the local
markets during the season. At that time, the author says, the salmon
Avere decreasing. He compares the abundance of fish in 1852 with 1849,
saying that in 1849 any amount of fish could be secured with a spear
and now [1855-1860] it was becoming hard to get salmon [evidently
by spearing]. Gill nets of shoe tread, 150 to 300 fathoms long, were
used. A Whitehall boat with two men and a single net could catch as
many as 300 fish with a drift of a mile in the lower river. Rio Vista
was the main fishing center during the early period.

In 1864 the first salmon cannery was started on the Pacific coast by
G. W. and William Hume and A. S. Hajigood. It was at Washington,
Yolo County, on the Sacramento River. Their methods of canning
Avere crude, of course, as every o]ieration had to be done by hand.
Nevertheless, quantities of salmon were canned and, because of the
success of the first cannery, numerous other canneries sprang up until
in 1881 there were twenty canneries 0])erating on tlic Sacramento River
and in the San Francisco Bay region. These canneries produced, in
1881, 181,000 cases of salmon, and, in 1882, 200,000 cases, as contrasted
with the first cannery, which pi'oduced 2()()() eases in 1864. The can-
ning industry was no bed of roses in those days. The canneries could
not afl'ord to pay the fishermen the high jU'ices that the fresh marlcets
could; consequently, the canning companies got a poorer grade of fish
and the overflow, after the fresh markets were supplied. After 1882,
canning salmon on the Sacramento River declined until in 1919 only
3125 cases Avere ])i-odueed, with two canneries operating. Canning
was discontinued after I91II.

Canning of salmon Avas but ;i siii;ill part of the industry, as Avill ))e
seen by tlie accomi)anying grai)h. in 1880, Avhen canning Avas at its
height, the total ])oundage of salmon caught in the Sacramento and
San Joaquin river regions Avas OAor ten million i)ounds, live Aveight.
Statistical data are meager and not Avholly reliable from these early
periods,* bnt the sources of these data Avere the same and so afford a

• Data nn the catch were obtained from the fi.sh dealers and canneries where the
fishermen sold their fish.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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4 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

comparison of the years, even if the figures are incorrect. The graph
of the catch from 1874 to 1927, with a few j-ears missing, shows the
sudden climb of the fishery to 1880, its slump to a low point in 1891,
then its gradual climb again to a high level iij 1910 of over 10,000,000
pounds. From 1910 the fishery has been on the downward trend, with
a slight rising in 1918 and 1925. From all indications (considering
catch records, fishing effort and price increases), the fishery is in a
state of serious depletion. The drop in late years is not sudden but
gradual, giving every evidence that the fishery is nearing the home
stretch to extinction.

Do many of us realize that the Sacramento and San Joaquin river
salmon fisliery has produced over 205 millions of pounds of salmon
since 1874, and in this total .some of the early catch figures are missing ?
What has it produced before? Using 1850 as a starting point of the
salmon industry in California, there have been seventy-seven years of
more or less intensive fishing of the waters in question. Is it not
remarkable that the fishery has not been worked out years ago ? These
two rivers, until the last fifteen years, have been able to produce
immense quantities of fish each year.

Unlike other resources, such as minerals, coal, etc., the salmon could
be built up and the resource put back on its former high level. Artifi-
cial propagation of fish was established to build up such depleted fish
resources. In 1872 the United States Commission of Fish and Fish-
eries established a salmon egg-collecting station and hatchery on the
McCloud River, a tributary to the Sacramento. This station was
established for the purpose of taking salmon eggs from the Sacramento,
for shii)ment to eastern states and foreign countries to introduce them
into other waters. This policy was carried on for a number of years,
until tlie salmon became so scarce at the egg-collecting station that
operations were suspended. After resuming operations in 1888, most
of the eggs were hatched for the express ]nirpose of planting them in
the river and building up the run of salmon. The egg take at the
McCloud station began to fall off, so a station was established on Battle
Creek in 1895; another station was constructed on Mill Creek in 1901.
Both Battle Creek and Mill Creek are tributaries to the Sacramento
River, and were known for their large runs of salmon. These three
stations began a period of intense productivity and produced a tremen-
dous amount of salmon eggs which, when hatched, were planted into
the crooks and rivers as young salmon. The accompanying graph
shows the rise of these stations and the large amount of eggs produced.
A state hatchery at Sisson was supplied with eggs from these stations,
where the salmon Avore hatched out and planted in the Little Sacramento
River. In spite of the large number of salmon being planted each year
in the river (nearly 100,000,000 young salmon were planted in 1906),
the catch after 1910 fell off, and, of course, as the catch has fallen off,
so has the egg take from the stations decreased. One would think that
from such large plantings tremendous returns might be expected. Such
expectations did not, or have not seemed to, materialize. Other causes
of depletion which may have had a distinct bearing on the fishery are
the destruction of the young and adult salmon by pollution, predatory
fishes, and the large number of overflow basins in the valljey. However,
the damage done by these causes is hard to estimate. It is known that

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 0

pollution from the drainage of rice fields does cause the death of some
salmon. It is also known that some of the fishes of the river prey on
the small salmon fry and consume them in numbers, notably the minnow
Ptychocheilus grandis (Sacramento pike). Until by-passes were con-
structed through the overflow basins, a large number of young salmon
were trapped each year in these lakes and there perished. That condi-
tion has now been remedied by the by-passes enabling the salmon to
again reach the river. ,

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Fishing methods and gear have changed somewliat since the early
3'ears of the fisher3\ In the early days gill nets and seines were nsed
on the rivers. The fishermen nsed sail boats and row boats. Their
range w^as somewhat limited for each day's fishing, although the fisher-
men followed the run of salmon up the river in scows in which their
families were housed. Legislation had not closed part of their fishing
time until 1880, when the season was closed for the month of August and
on Saturdays. Since 1924^ when seines were prohibited, there has been
no change in the gear. The mesh of the nets is restricted in length.
Most of the fishermen use gasoline motor boats, w^hich enable them to
run up and down the Avhole fishing district in a day or night. Legisla-
tion has been passed from time to time until now the fishing area is
restricted. The closed period lasts for three and one-half months
(June 15 to August 1, and September 17 to November 14), and another
month. May 15 to June 16, is closed except to 7|-inch mesh nets. The
fishermen have increased, the number of boats have increased and -the
intensity of the fishing effort has increased.

It is evident, even to the most casual observer, that the Sacramento
salmon fishery is in a state of depletion. This is quite conclusively
shown by the graph of the egg takes, by stations. The small amount
of eggs taken in the last few years, as compared to those taken before,
shows a distinct downward trend since 1910. The catch has fallen off
despite the fact that the fishing effort has increased. The cause of
depletion can not be pinned to any one factor because there are a
variety of things that combine to make this depletion. Perhaps the
folloMdng causes, listed in order of their importance, may help to clear
u]") the matter :

1. Overfishing in the river and in the ocean.

2. Cutting off of spawning grounds by dams.

3. Destruction of salmon by overflow basins in the Sacramento Valley
has been the cause of great loss of fish, but is now remedied by by-passes.

4. The loss of fish b}^ pollution and predatory fishes is a factor that
can not be estimated but is known to occur.

Before the intelligent direction and conservation of a fishery can be
administered, it is necessary to have an historical background and to
know the present status of that fishery. The life history of the fish, its
habits and enemies must be known. Work was started on the Sacra-
mento River early in its history as a salmon stream. Livingston Stone,
as early as 1872, did some investigation work in connection with estab-
lishing a hatchery on the McCloud River. Some of our earliest records
of abundance, as well as life history notes, come from I\Ir. Stone's
observations. Nothing more was done until N, B. Scofield undertook
an investigation of the Sacramento River salmon for the California
Commission in 1897. That fall, Rutter, for the United States Fish
Commission, took up the work, assisted by Scofield who turned his find-
ings over to Rutter. These investigators made a study of the natural
history of the king salmon in the Sacramento River. We are greatly
indebted to Rutter and Scofield for these valuable and lasting investiga-
tions which brought to light many facts and put an end to many
controversies. Mr. Scofield, in 1900, published his observations on
movements of salmon fry in the streams of Marin County and also the
seaward migration of young in the Sacramento River.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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Fic. 3. Map of the San Joaquin River, showing power and irrigation dams
and available spawning grounds for salmon.

8 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

In 1911, Dr. Charles II. Gilbert and Scofield started to make an
investigation of the Sacramento, principally to find the cause of loss of
such a great number of salmon fry. Their attention was attracted to
the great overflow basins in the valley and the fish in them, so that the
investigation centered on the basins, abandoning the rest of the river.
Scofield made observations of young salmon and steelhead trout while
towing them in live car from Sacramento to the sea.

W. H. Rich (1920) carried on investigations of the "Early His-
tory and Seaward Migration of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia and
Sacramento Rivers." Rich's work was another step upward in com-
pleting the life history of Sacramento River salmon.

Dr. J. 0. Snyder, who has been in charge of the salmon investigation
since 1918, has done some work on the Sacramento River, but most of
his efforts have been directed to the ocean-caught fish and to the Klamath
River. Dr. Snyder has done much with marking experiments, both in
the Sacramento and Klamath rivers. Scale studies for age determina-
tion have been carried on extensively. McGregor, an assistant to
Dr. Snyder, made a study of the anatomical characters of king salmon
of the Sacramento and Klamath rivers.

All the investigation work on the river has had to do with the life
history, movements of salmon, and some experimentation with fertiliza-
tion of eggs, both natural and artificial. Until recently, nothing has
been done with abundance, age of maturity, age classes and sex repre-
sentations in the catch, nor has anv work been carried on that would
disclose the amount of spawning grounds that were available to salmon,
since so many power and irrigation dams have been built in the last
twenty years.

With material on hand collected by the California Fish and Game
Commission at Pittsburg in 1919 and 1921, and some material of previ-
ous workers on the river, the writer has undertaken a study of the scales
to determine age and maturity of the salmon of the river.

A brief outline of the more important results will perhaps have some
interest. In these studies it w^as found that the greater percentage of
salmon in the Sacramento River mature at four years. In 1919, 49%
of the catch examined were four-year fish. In 1921, 44% were four-
year fish. Next in order were the five-year fish; in 1919, 24% matured
and in 1921, 41%. Next comes the three-year-olds with 22% and 12%,
respectively. Then the six-year-olds, with 4% and .7% ; and last the
two-year fish with .2% and 2%, respectively. These percentages are
in agreement with Dr. Snyder's findings in other places in California.
In 1919, 68% of the catch samples were females and 32% males. In
1921, 70% were females and 30% males.

The study of salmon scales also gives an insight into the early history
of the salmon. Some of the salmon spend all or more of their first year
in the stream, before going on to the ocean to mature and returning to
spawn; while, on the other hand, a large portion of the young go
directly to the ocean as soon as they can swim freely. The fish that
stay in the streams for a portion or whole of a year are known as
"stream type" fish. In the 1919 samples, 13% of the fish were of that
type. In 1921, only 9% were of that type. The ocean-going class or
"ocean type" were represented in 1919 samples by 87% and in 1921
by 91%.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

»XX AvAlUblE SpAWNINg &ROUNd«

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Fio. 4. Map of the Sacramento River above the city of Sacramento, showing
power and irrigation dams and available spawning grounds for salmon.

10 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Information as to the available spawninp: f^ronnds in the Sacramento
and San Joaquin river systems had long- been a need, in order that a
comparison of the spawning beds of early years might be made with
those of the present. With the above in view, an investigation of the
spawning beds of the Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems was
started. In connection with this investigation, the obstructions in the
streams had to be dealt with, also observations made of fish ladders and
screens and their success in operation. Such a survey or investigation
as this has been difficult to pursue and has necessitated a great deal of
traveling and personal observation, as well as personal interview work
among the residents of the sections in question.

Herein are presented the important results of the investigation. The
accompanying maps of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers will
show the location of the spawning beds and of the obstructions that are
a detriment to the fish. It has been determined by this survey that 80%
of the spawning grounds of the salmon in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin river systems have been cut oK by the obstructions of dams,
both power and irrigation. Dams as an obstruction to adult salmon
are not as important as they are as a destructive agent to the young
descending the stream. As near as it can be calculated, there are now
(1928) 510 lineal miles of stream in which salmon may, and some do,
spawn, as compared to an estimated 6000 miles of spawning beds before
dams were constructed. There are eleven dams in the San Joaquin
system that are either a hindrance to salmon or a complete barrier. Of
those in the Sacramento River system there are thirty-five dams which
directly or indirectly affect the salmon migration. It has also been
determined that the available spawning grounds do not support the
amount of salmon they are capable of holding. The explanation of this
fact is that when an impassable dam has been built in a stream, and no
means provided to get the adults over or the young back, the run usually
perishes, or a great part of it does. Each year they come against the
same obstacles. Some survive and spawn. Their progeny will return
and spawn in grounds below the dam ; but in the process of getting the
salmon accustomed to a new spawning bed, most of the run is lost.
Consequently, we have the dam as another agency in depiction, as they
cut oft* beds and deplete the runs.

In order that protective legislation may be passed, the facts as to the
state of the fishery should be presented to the people and the legislature.
A bulletin, giving in more detail the facts presented in this paper, it is
hoped will appear soon. The salmon fishery in California is now at the
point where something must be done and at once, in order that it may
be preserved for future generations to enjoy. It might be said that it
must be conserved so that we, ourselves, may enjoy it while we live.
Unless it is conserved in a very few years, the salmon fishery will be
nothing more than history.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 11

WILD DUCK DISEASE*

By Henry Van Roekel

An investigation on the duck disease this year has been started by
the Fish and Game Laboratory at George Williams Hooper Foundation
for Medical Research, University of California, San Francisco, Cali-
fornia.

It is reported that the duck disease has been observed for the last
twenty years. Apparently from the information at hand the malady
confines itself to shallow water areas, and the fall of the year. According
to recent information, losses among waterfowl, largely ducks, have
occurred this year in Arizona, California and Idaho. Since clinical
studies and autopsy findings are missing, it is impossible to state
whether all these losses are due to the same cause. The telluric and
aquatic conditions and the general descriptions given by those who have
seen sick birds are quite similar in the places in which the disease has
been extensively studied.

In California, during the past year, the disease has been observed at
Tule Lake (Modoc County) the first week in September. The water
in this lake is very shallow, and at places the mud bottom rises above the
water. During the dry summer months very little water fiows into the
lake. A greater part of its basin has been reclaimed and cultivated.
Part of the lake was surveyed as to the number of apparently normal
and sick birds. Sick birds were collected on the water, some were
autopsied immediately and others were taken to the laboratory for
further observation and examination.

During the second week of September the duck disease appeared at
the duck clubs near Delano, California. Here the conditions were not
identical with those at Tule Lake. The duck ponds were adjoining the
old Tulare Lake bed. The country is very level, with clay-like soil and
little vegetation. The water supply comes from nearby wells. The
water change in the ponds was slow and the depth about eighteen tf^
iwenty-four inches. Although the telluric conditions differed in man"'
ways, the findings made thus far revealed no difference between the
sick birds from the two affected areas.

Many opinions have been advanced as to the cause of the duck
disease ; unfortunately they are based on casual observations and
incomplete investigations. Some observers have propounded the theory
that the disease may be prevented by avoiding shallow and stagnant
bodies of water for wildfowl. This may or may not be the solution in
the end. With no proof for this, and meager experimental evidence,
the important problem suggests a thorough and systematic investiga-
tion as to the nature and source of the cause. With this in mind a
scientific program of field and laboratory experiments has been outlined
and the work to execute it is now in progress.

Field studies were conducted at the Hollywood Duck Club near
Delano. The nature of the experiments were such as to determine
where the cause of the trouble might exist. Two screened enclosed
pens, each containing thirty birds, were placed on the ponds. The
birds were fed barley and milo-maize. Thirty birds were also placed
in an enclosure on land. These were fed pond water and no fresh

♦ The research staff expresses Its sincere appreciation for the cooperation received
from gun clubs, the patrol force and others in this investigation.

12

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

water. Since no normal wild ducks were available at the time, it was
necessary to employ ducks which had recently recovered from the
sickness. Body temperatures and recovery records on sick birds were
taken. The field work covered a period of ^ix weeks. No definite
conclusions can be deducted from the results at this time, since the
microscopic study of the collected pathological specimens has not been
completed.

Reports have been received that the disease had ended at Tule Lake
about the latter part of October. At the duck clubs few sick ducks
were found after the first rain on November 11 and 12. Weather
changes, such as rains and decrease in temperature, apparently had a
marked influence in arresting the malady.

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Fig. 5. An experimental pen of ducks on the Hollywood Duck Pond. Holly-
wood Gun Club, Kern County, California, 1928. Photograph by E. S.
Cheney.

The investigation will be continued through laboratory experiments
on trapped normal ducks. It is hoped that the results will either prove
or disprove certain phases of the duck disease. The progress of this
work is greatly retarded because it is very difficult to duplicate natural
conditions at the laboratory. Hence, any results that may be obtained
by laboratory experiments will have to be repeated under natural field
conditions as soon as the disease reappears in California.

It is needless to emphasize that the conservation of the waterfowl is
markedly afi'ected by the duck disease. At the present time relatively
few suitable nesting and loafing areas absolutely free from the malady
can be found in California. More water areas are being taken away
from the birds each year by agricultural and industrial enterprises. A
committee on game refuges has been appointed to correct, if possible,
such conditions as exist in order to assure a safe and suitable refuge
for waterfowl. However, little progress can be made until the origin
and nature of the duck disease has been established.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 18

THE STATUS OF SALMON IN CALIFORNIA

By N. B. ScOFiELD.

Are We Going to Save the Sacramento River Salmon?

While our fisheries as a whole are in a healthy condition, it can not be
said that our oldest fishery, that of the salmon, shares this condition.
The most important conservation problem having to do with fish or
game in this state is that of saving what is left of the salmon.

We have repeatedly called attention to the fact that the salmon of
the Sacramento River are not being given sufficient protection and that
this valuable natural resource of the state is fast being destroyed. The
legislature has been told that if these salmon are not given more pro-
tection they will soon become commercially extinct. We have pointed
out that the run on the river is only 5 per cent of what it was twenty
years ago; that the hatcheries on the river can not obtain enough eggs
with which to run them at even 10 per cent of their capacity. At each
session of the legislature for the past twelve years, the Fish and Game
Commission has sponsored bills which would have given these fish at
least a measure of the protection needed, but in no instance was it pos-
sible to get more than a very small portion of the protection asked for.

At the last session the Commission was sponsor for a bill which
would have eliminated sea trolling for salmon. It was pointed out
that the salmon supply had been so diminished that to fish for them,
both in the sea and the river, was fast destroying the supply, and to
save the remnant that was left, one or the other method of fishing
should be stopped. As the river fishing has more to commend it than
the sea trolling, we proposed that trolling be stopped.

The measures embodied in this bill were indorsed by the Associated
Sportsmen's Clubs and included a prohibition of all salmon spearing.
For a number of years salmon spearing had been stopped in all but the
extreme northern half of the state. When the several salmon bills
came up for consideration before the Assembly Fish and Game Com-
mittee this bill was not given a hearing and it had to give way to a bill
sponsored by San Joaquin Valley sportsmen's clubs, member clubs of
the state organization but whose only desire was to have the law changed
so as to permit salmon spearing in their part of the state. Instead of
advancing, we took a step backward. The committee consented to
amendments for the purpose of confining spearing to a season when the
salmon are in good condition to eat, and thus prevent the killing and
discarding of fish Avhich are not fit to eat although they may be of the
greatest value for the purpose of reproducing the race. The committee
also accepted amendments to prevent the spearing or killing of salmon
on spawning beds, but it would not accept an amendment which, as a
compromise, would have stopped sea trolling for salmon south of
Mendocino County.

Due to the confusion caused by numerous changes in the bill as it
progressed through the two houses and the two committees, in an effort
to get spearing and angling seasons to suit the various desires of sports-
men in the different parts of the state, a number of errors entered into
the bill. As a whole, the salmon law is now quite unsatisfactory in
that it does not suit the sportsmen anglers and does not give more than

• This article appears in the Thirtieth Biennial Report, Division of Fish and Game,
pp. 112-117.

14 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

a small part of the protection from commercial fishing which is needed
if we are to save the Sacramento salmon from commercial extinction.
When this salmon bill came up before the Senate Fish and Game Com-
mittee a very strong effort was made by Sacramento commercial fisher-
men to have the fall season extended to permit them to catch more fish
on the claim that the salmon are running later than a few years ago.
The fishermen are honest in their conviction that the run on the river
is getting later, but what appears to be a lagging of the run is not real
but is due to serious depletion of the supply, during which the fish have
become so scarce that it does not pay the fishermen to fish until a later
time in the running season than formerly, when tlie fish were more
plentiful. This is a Avell known phenomenon to fisheries investigators.
See our article, ' ' Is the Salmon Run Becoming Later on the Sacramento
River?" The committee listened to our plea and refused to extend
the season.

Commercial fishing on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers must
not be entirely blamed for the present scarcity of salmon on these
rivers. In the past years the fall season for commercial salmon fishing
on these rivers has been extended at two or three different times to a
later date on the claims of the fishermen that the fish were running later.
It was not recognized at the time that what appeared to be a gradual
retarding of the run w^as the effect of serious overfishing. Four years
ago we were able to get the closing date of the season put back from
September 25 to September 17. That date is not early enough. It
should be not later than September 7. There are other causes which
explain the growing scarcity of salmon on the Sacramento River. The
chief cause is the building of power and irrigation dams which can not
be surmounted by salmon. It is estimated that fully 75 per cent of the
former area of suitable spawning beds have been shut off from the
salmon. The silt from placer mining ruined most of the Sierra streams
for salmon. Unscreened irrigation ditches have in the past taken a
large toll from the young salmon migrating to the sea and this loss has
not yet been entirely stopped. As the reproduction of the salmon Avas
cut down by these factors the commercial catch on the river should
have been cut down in proportion. But it Avas not. Then later the
sea trolling for salmon grew to be important, being first developed at
Monterey and later outside San Francisco harbor. The troll catch of
some years exceeded five million pounds on Monterey Bay and that,
coupled witli the catch off San Francisco, equaled, roughly, the catch
on the Sacramento River. Due to this large troll catch, which was
largely made up of Sacramento salmon, the total catch on the river was
greatly reduced. If this great added drain on the Sacramento salmon
supply by troll fishing was to be permitted, the fishing seasons on the
river should have been cut so as to compensate for it, but this was not
done — just as in the same way nothing much had been done in the way
of curtailing the river catch to com]:)ensate for the damage done by
dams, jolacer mining and screenless irrigation ditches.

The troll catch in Monterey Bay is now only about ten per cent of
what it was a few years ago. The number of salmon escaping the nets
and reaching the spawning grounds, as evidenced by the number of
eggs the Sacramento spawn-taking stations are able to take, is only
5 per cent of what it w^as twentj' years ago. The total catch of salmon,
including the Sacramento River and the troll catch in the sea from

CALIFORNIA FISII AND GAME 15

Monterey to Mendocino, is less than one-third of what it was ten years
ago. All of this is sufficient evidence to convince the most skeptical
mat we have only a remnant of onr former salmon supply left, ana
that nothing short of drastic measures will save the small remnant
ihat remains.

Is the Salmon Run Becoming Later on the Sacramento River?

It is generally believed by fishermen that the salmon run on the
Sacramento River is becoming later and that for that reason the open
commercial season for netting should be extended to a later date. They
believe that when the season now closes, on September 17, the run is
just getting good or that the best part of the run has not yet arrived.
The run does have the appearance of becoming later, but in fact it is
not later. The appearance of being later is due to the serious depletion
of the river's salmon population, as I will attempt to show.

This appearance of a retarded run is a phenomenon which is not
peculiar to the Sacramento River alone. It has been observed on other
salmon streams in this country and on some of the salmon streams of
Scotland. There may be two runs of salmon on a stream, as on the
Sacramento, a summer and a fall run. These two runs are made up of
the same salmon species. The summer run is always the smaller and
is made up of individuals which come in earlier than the main run.
On a stream with two runs, the fishing is poorest during the summer
run because there are fewer fish in the river then. This summer run
may be so light that it does not pay the commercial fishermen to fish.
As the supply of salmon in the streams is depleted, the summer run
is the first to be reduced to a point where fishing does not pay. It is
a well known fact that this summer run is the first to show the effects
of overfishing. Salmon streams in Scotland are called "early rivers"
and "late rivers," the early rivers being those with spring and fall
runs, the late rivers those without the spring run. "W. L. Calderwood,
the Scottish authority on salmon, has the following to say about the
effects of overfishing.

After speaking of the reapj)earance of spring fish in a stream which
has been given protection against pollution and overfishing, he proceeds :

"In other cases where serious overfishing has been allowed to con-
tinue, rivers have naturally acquired a late character. With over-
fishing, or other causes of reduction of breeding stock, the first class of
fish to disappear is the spring run. ' '

Overfishing, pollution of the stream by factory waste or destruction
of spawning beds by the erection of impossible dams affect both the
early and late runs, but the early run, being the smaller, is the first to
reach the low point where it does not pay to fish. As this summer run
begins to fail, some of the fishermen do not fish until the later fall
season, and the belief arises that the salmon run later.

We have this same appearance of the run becoming later in the fall
run itself. The runs do not come into the rivers suddenly. A run
starts by a few fish arriving, and the run gradually grows in propor-
tions over a period of several weeks or months until the peak is reached.
After the peak is reached, the run quickly subsides and is soon over.
For this reason, when serious overfishing is taking place, the peak and
conclusion of the reduced run will remain fairly constant in time, but
the time at which profitable fishing begins during the early stages of

16 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the run comes later and later, as the salmon supply is reduced. This
is exactly what is happening on the Sacramento River. The run is not
later. The profitable fishing is later but the conclusion of the run is
not later.

A number of years ago the Sacramento season closed on September 16.
The Fish and Game Commission and the legislature were convinced by
the fishermen that the salmon run was growing later and that too large
a portion of the run was protected by the closed seasons. Therefore,
the open time was extended five days and a few years later again
extended to September 25. It was then observed that before Septem-
ber 25 arrived all the salmon had arrived and the last stragglers, or so
many of them as were not caught by the nets, were well up the river.
The fishermen on the lower salmon fishing grounds found that there
were no salmon to catch as the run was over. Therefore, before the
season closed, they would move up the river with their nets and the last
remnant of the run was subjected to the intensive fishing of the com-
bined commercial forces of the bay and the river. The closed season,
theoretically designed to let at least one-third of the run pass up the
river unhindered by nets, was not freeing any portion of the run from
the destruction of the nets.

It took years of effort to get that closing time back to where it was.
In fact, it never has been gotten back to where it was. It closes one day
later, on September 17, The season should close one week earlier than
it does now, if we are to continue to have a Sacramento commercial
salmon fishery. The fishermen are seeking to have the season close
again at a later date. The object, of course, is so they can take more
salmon. They still use the argument that the run has become later.
I hope I have made it clear that where it appears the run is later, that
is due to the serious depletion of the salmon supply. What we need is
enough protection for our salmon that the run will have the appearance
of becoming earlier.

Klamath River Salmon.

It is being claimed, by sportsmen mainly, that the salmon run in the
Klamath is being destroj^ed by the commercial salmon fishery on that
river. There is also complaint from the same source that the steelhead
run is being destroyed by the nets and it is proposed to close the river
to commercial fishing. I do not M'hoUy agree with these charges, nor
do I agree that the river should be closed to commercial fishing. As
the conditions on the river, in relation to the commercial fishing, are so
generally misunderstood, I propose to review briefly the recent history
of the fishery on that river.

Prior to 1913 the salmon seasons for the Klamath were the seasons
adopted for the Sacramento and did not fit and were not enforced. It
was lawful to net steelheads on all of our northern streams, as is still
the law on most of the streams of Oregon and Washington. In 1913
the present fall salmon season was adopted and the commercial fishing
M'as confined to a tidewater district extending up the river about six
miles. A short open season was also provided during part of the time
the spring run of salmon was on ; and a few years later, during the war,
a season from September 30 to November 1 was opened to permit the
taking of silver salmon which enter the river later than the chinook run.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 17

In 1913 there were three salmon canneries on the river. A year or
so later the number was reduced to one and that has been the only
canneiy on the river since, unless we count the two or three small,
portable canneries termed "sportsmen's canneries" because they can
salmon and steelheads which the sportsmen catch. Under the law of
1913 the Chinook salmon run on the river increased, as was evidenced
by the increased commercial catch coupled with an increasing egg yield
at the Klamathon station many miles up the river, where the eggs were
taken from salmon which escaped the nets or passed up during the
closed seasons. The fall chinook season closed on September 6, and it
was believed that a sufficient portion of the run entered the river after
that date to spawn and maintain the supply, even if all the salmon
entering the river during the open season should be caught. This
belief was later justified by the decided increase in the number of salmon
in the river.

At that time, there was no sea trolling for salmon in that part of the
state to act as an added drain on the river's salmon supply. The high-
ways were yet so poor that it was not profitable for the San Francisco
fresh fish markets to draw on the river's supply of fish. Under these
conditions, the fish supply of the river was actually being built up.
Later came the development of a salmon trolj fishery out of Eureka,
whose field of operation gradually extended to the north until the
Klamath's salmon were being caught in large numbers off the mouth of
the river. The improved roads have not only opened the river up to
sportsmen and subjected it to heavy fishing, but they have made it
possible for fresh fish markets to send buyers to the river and to truck
out the salmon and steelheads. The scarcity of salmon in California,
due to the failing runs at Monterey and on the Sacramento, has added
to the zest with which they are sought in the Klamath and in the sea
outside the mouth. The chinook run in the river has begun to show
signs of depletion. I am convinced that sea trolling is the principal
cause of this depletion and that the salmon in the river would have
held their own if it had not been for the development of the sea trolling
off the mouth of the river.

A number of conservation measures have been passed by the legisla-
ture for the regulation of commercial fishing on the river. About six
years ago the spring salmon open season on the river was done away
with. Four years ago the late silver salmon season was taken out of
the law, and it was made unlawful to take steelheads in nets or to sell
steelheads which have been taken any place in California. At the same
time, to prevent steelheads from being taken by the gill nets being used
on the lower Klamath River for salmon, the minimum size of the mesh
which may be used in the gill nets was raised from 6| to 7.^ inches. As
the steelheads running between July 1 and September 6, the present
netting season, are small, very few, if any, will be taken by the 7^-inch
gill nets. These measures which have been adopted should allay any
fear sportsmen may have had that the steelhead run on the river will
be damaged. There is no need to stop commercial fishing on the river
as far as steelheads are concerned. As for the salmon, they will get
about all the protection they need from the action of the last legislature,
which cut off two months of the troll fishing by providing a closed
season extending to the first of June. I am referring here only to the

2 — 64214

18 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Klamath River and to trollinj; in the northern coast districts of the
state, and do not wish to imply that the salmon are getting necessary
protection in the rest of the state, for they are not.

It has been here stated that only 5 per cent as many salmon eggs can
be taken now on the Sacramento for the hatcheries as was taken twenty
years ago. There has been no such falling oft' in the number of eggs
which are taken on the Klamath. For a number of years, an average
of at least seven million young salmon a year have been planted in the
Sacramento, which were hatched from eggs taken from the Klamatli.

TROUT FISHING IN CALIFORNIA TODAY AND
FIFTY YEARS AGO

By Walter R. Welch

It is said that "angling differs from fishing in that it is practiced
not as a means of obtaining a livelihood but as a source of recreation
and refining pleasure. It implies a certain degree of assthetic culture,
coupled with moral and religious susceptibility, and is thus pre-
eminentlj' the scholarly gentleman's pastime — the brainworker's
diversion.

"The meditative, humane, unselfish nature of the angler is pro-
verbial, his sympathetic disposition, his regard for the rights of others,
his moderation in the pursuit of his sport. Angling may, therefore,
be appropriately defined as a 'school of virtues,' in which, while the
tendency to introspection and self-examination is decided, men learn
also lessons of Avisdom, resignation, forbearance and love — love for
the lower forms of animal life, love for their fellow creatures and love
lor the God of Nature."

That is why when

"Nature calls and wo long to go
Into the woods where the swcot pines grow ;
AVliere the swift brook runs and the big trout play —
O'er the hills and far away."

Since at this time so much is being said and done regarding the
depletion and restocking of trout streams and public waters of the
state, it occurs to me that a review of the causes largely responsible
for present conditions will offer a moral and discourage their repetition
so that future generations may enjoy the sport of fishing for trout, and
may practice the "art of angling" in California.

It was long and faithfully believed by observing fishermen that all
of the trout, colloquially called "mountain trout," "brook trout,"
"rainbow trout," "salmon trout" and "silversides, " which inhabited
the waters of the coastal streams of California, Averc steelhead trout.
It is now known that steelhead belong to a particular group of fish
anadromous in habits. Their connection with the sea is not an incident,
but a potent element to -the reproduction, growth and development^ of
the species, and these facts are now well established by scientific
investigation.

Many present-day anglers listen with deep interest and great wonder
to the stories dad and "old timers" tell of the great catches they have
made and of the big ones that didn't get away, during the good old days
when the lakes, rivers and streams of California teemed with trout,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

19

salmon and other game and food fish. Reflecting on present conditions,
and with a deep sigh, they wish that they, too, could enjoy such sport
with rod and line.

In 1867 I caught my first trout in Alameda Creek, near Sunol,
Alameda County. My first real catch of trout was taken from San
Gregorio Creek, San Mateo County, in 1869, and for thirty-five years
thereafter I annually fished the streams of this and Santa Cruz County,
as well as many other streams within the state.

During all of these years the catching of steelhead trout was not
confined to hook and line. Night fishing and the sale of trout was not
prohibited. The season opened above tidewater on April 1, but one

Fig. fi. A catch of nineteen steelhead trout on the Rogue River, Oregon, in
October, 1897. Catches similar to this were made in California prior to 1921,
when a limit of five fish a day during the winter tidewater season was fi.x.ed
by law. Photograph by W. W. Richards.

could legally catch trout in tidewater during the entire year. It was
not until about 1905 that a creel limit w^as placed upon the daily catch
of trout.

Prior to 1905 and the enactment of a law fixing the daily creel limit
at 50 trout, a catch of from 100 to 300 trout taken from the coastal
streams by one fisherman during the day was not unusual. A catch of
a dozen adult steelhead trout, or from 20 to 30 so-called '' grilse" (one-
and two-pound steelhead trout) was not exceptional. I can personally
vouch for, since I have seen catches of this kind made in the San
Gregorio, Pescadero, Butano, Waddell, Scotts, San Lorenzo, Soquel
and Aptos creeks in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties, to say nothing
of the catches of steelhead trout that were made in Paper Mill Creek,

20 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the Russian, Gualala, Garcia, Eel, Klamath and other coast rivers
and streams.

Between 1895 and 1905 fishermen who sold their fish frequently made
catches of from 200 to 350 trout per day in the streams of Santa Cruz
County. These fish were sold at Santa Cruz at an avera<i:e price of
about 1 cent apiece, the average price paid for adult steelhead trout
being about ten cents per pound.

In April, 1900, I saw 600 (four to ten inches) steelhead trout that
liad been taken on hook and line from Soquel Creek in Santa Cruz
Country, by one fisherman during one day. I have seen as many as
27 adult steelhead trout speared by one fisherman in Butano Creek,
near Pescadero, during one night. I recall a catch of 618 trout and

21 adult steelhead trout taken on hook and line ])y four fishermen
during one dav in the lagoon at the mouth of San Gregorio Creek, in
April, 1887.

During the sixties, seventies and eighties, thousands of so-called
"grilse" or "salmon trout" were caught by hook and line by fishermen
fishing off "Meiggs Wharf," from the wharves all along the San
Francisco waterfront and oft' the Oakland Mole. On any Sunday
during the fall months of these years hundreds of fishermen could be
seen all along the wharves of San Francisco Bay and the Oakland Mole
fishing for steelhead trout. The rig used by these fishermen was
similar to that used by smelt fishermen, being a bamboo cane pole, cork
float, and hooks baited with mussel, pile or angle worms, and fresh
shrimps.

During the seventies and eighties I was able to take many a creel of
nice trout from San Mateo, San Francisquito, Adobe, Stevens, Los
Gatos and other streams in the Santa Clara Valley. Among the fisher-
men who fished for steelhead trout in the streams of the Peninsula and
along the coast within 100 miles of San Francisco from the sixties
to the nineties were Alex and Janies Butchart, Al Weeks, Al Goldson,
Harry and Ed Thompson, " Stor '^^rmas, Dave Mills, P. P. Chamberlin,
Lon Cook, Charley Green, Tom McLachlan, John Benn, John Butler,
Al Wilson, J. P. Babcock, M. L. Cross, Ed Jonney, Harry Green, Ted
and Bert Blanchard, "Bootsie" Griffiths and many others.

While the majority of these fishermen found their .sport in fishing for
adult steelhead in the lagoons at the mouths of the streams, Ed Jenney,
Harry Green, Ted and Bert Blanchard and "Bootsie" Griffiths fished
the streams of Santa Cruz County. Their outfit consisted of a light
cane pole, a spool of linen tread which they used as a line, and a few
snell hooks, sizes 7 to 9. With a fcAv BB shot to be used as sinkers,
and using sand fleas and angle worms for bait, they were able to exceed
the catches, in both large and small trout, made in the streams by other
fishermen.

While I have not had as much experience in fishing for rainbow and
other trout native to the lakes and streams of the Sierra as I have had
in fishing for steelhead trout along the coast, I have witnessed the
depletion of trout in those lakes and streams. For years I had heard
that the fishing for rainbow trout to be had in the Truckee River was
not to be equaled in any part of the world, and that Lake Tahoe,
Donner, Webber and Independence lakes teemed with trout of great
size, but it was not until about 1902 that I was able to wet a line in
those waters. In May of that year I went to Independence Lake,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

21

where I saw four fishermen take one hook and line, and in a lawful
manlier, an average of 50 pounds of trout each per day. For several
years these four men had made it a practice to go to Independence Lake
each year during the months of April, May and June. Their daily
average catch was 50 pounds of trout each, the trout being shipped
from Corey's Station to Truckee, where they were sold for 27| cents
per pound.

Fig. 7. A limit of steelhead trout ranging from 5| inches to 131 inches, caught
on November 8, 1907, in the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, Cali-
fornia. The fisherman is 13 years of age. During 1907 and 1908 it was
unlawful to catch trout under five inches in length and to use flsh eggs for
bait.

22

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

For several years prior to the passage of the law which limited the
daih^ catch of trout to 50 trout not to exceed 25 pounds in weight, not
pounds but tons of trout were taken from Independence Lake during
the months of April, May and June of each year, and were shipped and
sold on the open market.

The conditions relative to market fishing for trout that prevailed at
Independence Lake during these years also prevailed at lakes Weber.
Donner and Tahoe and all along the Truckee River. I recall having
stood" on the banks of Blackwood Creek about 11 o'clock a.m. on a day
in June, 1904, and in twenty minutes having counted no less than
tliirty adult trout pass a given point in that stream on their way
upstream to their spawning beds. On the same day there were about
twenty market fi.shermen in boats fishing for trout in Lake Tahoe off
the mouths of Blackwood, Ward, McKiimey and other streams that
flow into the lakes. It is safe to sav that during a number of years

KiG. S. Kesult.s of one hour with a fly on Socjuel Creek, S:inta Cruz County,
fornia, in Novembei-, 1908. rhotoerraph by Walter R. Welch.

Cali-

before the law proliibiting the sale of trout in this state was [m
from one to two thousand i)Ounds of trout taken from these lakes and
the Truckee River were shipped daily and sold in the markets of San
Francisco and other cities. The result was that the accessible lakes
and streams of the Sierra, as well as those along the coast, were over-
fished and depleted of their once bountiful supply of native trout.

During the years mentioned anglers were known as "fishermen"
and their rod and fishing outfit was referred to as "pole and rig." The
reputation of being a fisherman was based on the number of fish one
was able to catch, irrespective of size, how, when or where the fish v/ere
caught. The great majority, if not all, of the native trout caught
during the months of April, May and June, and speared during the
winter months, were either in a spawn-bearing, breeding or spent
condition. What spring shooting did to our ducks and geese, this
spring fishing did to our trout.

During the years of wholesale and oftentimes wanton fishing, those
Avho angled with split bamboo rods, light tackle and flyhooks were

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

23

stigmatized as "sports," They were seldom to be seen on the streams
in the spring months, and when they did put in an appearance were
more or less sneered at.

It is needless to say that had there been more "anglers" or so-called
"sports" and less "fishermen" during the early days, there would be
more trout in the lakes and streams of the state today. The great
majority of the old-time "fishermen" with pole, rig and spear have
passed on and crossed the Great Divide. The "angler" with split
bamboo rod, light tackle and flyhooks has now taken his place along the
lakes and streams.

I am wondering if the anglers of today will be more considerate than
the fishermen of yesteryear? I am wondering if the anglers of today
will practice their art as a " source of recreation and refining pleasure, ' '
or will they be "fishermen" and continue the slaughter of spawn-
bearing, breeding and spent trout during the spring months! I am
wondering if the anglers of today

"With rod and creel will wander away
And cast a fly where the rainbows stay ;
To feel the thrill when the game fish rise
And strike at the coachman flies."

or be "fishermen," and, using salmon eggs for bait, continue to creel
fingerling trout irrespective of size.

Regardless of what the Division of Fish and Game may do towards
restocking the streams and depleted waters, upon the answer to the
above question rests the future supply of trout and the angler 's oppor-
tunity to practice the art of angling in California.

GOLDEN TROUT PLANTING DURING 1928

By O. P. Brownlow
(With six photographs by F. A. BuIIard)

There are more lakes and streams in the High Sierra of eastern
Fresno County than in any other area of the same size in the State of
California. The fact that most of these waters have continued barren
of fish life has caused comment by the many tourists and campers who
annually visit this wonderland, and has brought criticism of the Fish
and Game Commission for its neglect to develop this important region.

With the idea in mind that some day this country would be the pla,y-
ground of thousands, A. D. Ferguson, who was in charge of the Fresno
division in 1914, planned and directed the first pack train that trans-
ported golden trout from their native home in Tulare County to these
barren waters. As time and money and the long distance these fish
had to be transported on mules would not permit of an intensive plant,
the fish were placed at strategic points. It was hoped that later, if the
trout thrived, they could be distributed throughout the surrounding
country and ultimately all this vast area would become a fisherman's
paradise.

The writer was with the party that carried and planted the first
golden trout in barren waters of the San Joaquin watershed. On
August 24, 1914, our pack train of twenty-six animals crossed Piute
Pass with trout taken from Golden Trout Creek in Tulare County.
Having planted most of our load on the east side of the Sierra in Inyo
County, we could only make a few small plants in Fresno County. On

24

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

this trip a small lake near Desolation Lake and French Canyon were
planted. On August 25, 1914, Deputy F. A. Bullard and myself
planted Marie Lake and the headwaters of Bear Creek. Less than
200 trout were available to make the plant.

Fig. 9. Pack train laden with golden trout at Muir Pass, Fresno County, Cali-
fornia, August, 1928. Photograph by F. A. Bullard.

Fig. 10. Extending the range of golden trout. Seldon Pass, Fresno County, Cali-
fornia, August, 19 28. Photograph by F. A. Bullard.

From 1914 until 1928, there was no intensive planting of golden
trout in this area. In 1928, Executive Officer Eugene D. Bennett, after
a survey of conditions, approved the request that another pack train be
placed in the field to further distribute these fish.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 25

On July 1, 1928, Deputy F. A. Bullard, in charge of a crew of three
assistants and eleven head of animals left General Grant National Park
for Kennedy Canyon, where the first camp was made. From this camp
17 plants, totaling 1308 trout, were made in barren creeks and lakes.
(See Map No. 1.)

On July 15 camp was moved to the head of Bear Creek. From the
camps on Bear Creek and French Canyon, 89 plants were made in
barren streams and lakes from Minnow Creek on the north, a tributary
of Fish Creek, which empties into the middle fork of the San Joaquin,
to Kennedy Canyon on the south, a tributary of the middle fork of the
Kings River, a distance of approximately forty miles. The smallest
plant was 20 fish and the largest 250. The total number of fish planted
in this area was 6967. (See Map No. 2.) It should be borne in mind
that all these fish were taken from tvaters planted to golden trout in
August, 1914.

Pig. 11. Stocking a barren lake with golden trout. Evolution Lake, Fresno
County, California, August, 1928. Photograph by F. A. Bullard.

Some of the lakes planted may not contain enough food for trout or
may be lacking in other biological factors, but the fish will drift down-
stream to more suitable water. Thus, it is expected, there will be but
slight loss.

All these plants were made according to spawning ground conditions.
For instance, Hilgard Creek, a beautifid barren stream of water, having
abundant spawning beds, received, in six plants, 369 fish so that it
would be built up quickly.

Evolution Creek and the lakes of its headwaters were planted the
heaviest, eight plants being made with a total of 1052 fish. This is one
of the finest streams in the Sierra and has very few, if any, fish in it
above the falls. Other smaller streams and isolated lakes received only
from 20 to 50 fish.

Many wonderful lakes, such as Italy, Rose, Desolation, Murial, Evolu-
tion, Wanda, Martha, State, Horseshoe and Volcano, as well as many

26

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

unnamed lakes, were included in this year's plant. Lake Helen near
Muir Pass, 11,612 feet, was one of the highest lakes planted, though
many were over 11,000 feet in altitude.

All the fish planted this year were taken by hook and line, using
barbless hooks or hooks with the barb filed off. This is the first time
barbless hooks have been used by our fish planting crew and the results
are so satisfactory that their use is recommended in future work.

The fish taken this year averaged from five to eight inches in length.
Four of the pack animals were equipped with specially constructed
pack cans known as the "Ferguson can." This can is so constructed
that it fits on the side of the mule. It holds about six to eight gallons of
water and will carry from 30 to 200 fish, depending on the distance
and size of fish to be moved. These cans are covered with four thick-
nesses of burlap which, when wet, keeps the water in the cans at an
even low temperature. The fifth set of cans was of lighter construction,
built with knapsack straps and used to carry fish to points that could
not be reached with pack animals.

Fig. 12. Trout-planting crew fishing for golden trout in Bear Creek planted
in 1914. Bear Creek, Fresno County, California, August, 1928. Photo-
graph by E. A. Bullard.

Considering results obtained and the benefits that may flow from
these plants in the future, the cost of the whole summer's work was
very small. They are as follows :

I deputy, 2 months at $160 $320 00

3 assistants at $85, 2 months 9 days 580 75

II head of stock at $1 per day, 71 days 781 00

Food, horse feed, etc., approximately 300 00

Total $1,981 75

If we may use the results obtained from plants made in 1900, 1910,
1913 and 1914, we are safe in saying that the greater majority of these
fish will live and, as they were all adult trout, will spawn next season,
which mean? that at least 3000 fish will deposit an average of 200 eggs

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

27

next season, or approximately 600,000 eggs. If only 10 per cent of
these eggs hatch and reach maturity, we can say that the area planted
is well stocked.

Deputy Bullard and his assistants have set a record in catching and
transporting golden trout. In the seventy-one days from the time of
leaving to the date of return they caught and planted in 106 different
places a total of 8350 golden trout. They are entitled to a great deal
of credit for such efficient work.

£'V *'M.

'^^^■"!^»^^-^*

t » i."*i! «x f^

Pig. 13. Stocking: Slide Canyon Lake, a barren lake, with golden trout. Slide
Canyon, Fresno County, California. Photograph by F. A. Bullard.

Fig. 14. Four hundred golden trout were placed in this lake in 192S. Salt
Lake, Fresno County, California, July, 1928. Photograph by F. A. Bullard.

28 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The opening up of our mountains by means of state and federal roads,
the building of roads by lumber and power companies, are causes 1hat
have contributed to the decrease of fish in streams and lakes that in
1914 were considered isolated. The trail from Blaney Meadow to the
head of Bear Creek in 1914 was a dim path used only by cattlemen and
an occasional cami)er, but when Deputy Bullard returned in 1928 he
found this dim trail gone and in its i)lace the John Muir Trail, the
boulevard of the High Sierra. This trail passes through Seldon Pass
and down Bear Creek. What will the next fourteen years bring?
Certain there will be increased numbers of fisliermeu each year.

To meet the demands for fisiiing that we may reasonably expect in
the future, this work with pack trains in the High Sierra should be
continued. It will take at least another year to a.ssure good stocking
of the area covered by this report, and there will still remain raudi
more work to be done. From Yosemite, on the north, to Sequoia
National Park, on the south, a distance of 150 miles, there stretches a
great wilderness where virgin nature reigns supreme. As wilderness
areas become steadily scarcer and more ])rized for their recreational
values, this area is destined to become a great American playground.
Delay in stocking it now will only increase the difficulties and expense
of introducing suitable fish in the future. Further, experience in
Iransplanting golden tj'out has shown that the range of tliis fish cnn not
be extended if the supply is taken from water heavily fished.

THE CRAB FISHERY OF MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA

Catching the Cancer magister with Nets
By Geo. Roger Chute

During the ten-year period between 1917 and 1928 the Monterey Bay
crab fishery experienced two great fluctuations — the first a swift five-
year decline, the second an even more rapid five-year rise. These
trends, say the fishermen, tell the story of the failure and disapi)eai'an(*e
of one type of crab tackle and the later adoption of an entirely dift'ereut
mode of fishing whicli thrcAV ojien to the crabmen areas of rich and
virgin grounds where they had never been able to Avork before. But to
an understanding of what took place there some knowledge of tlie local
geography is necessary :

Monterey Bay is a mud-bottomed bight, indented, like a great horse-
shoe, in a coast of rocks and cliffs. Just within the bay's north cape
lies the little cove of Santa Cruz, and directly opposite, inside the south
cape, in a corresponding position, is Monterey-. Seaward from botli
towns the shore is rocky and the land high, but in the opposite direction,
inward toward the bay, the bottom is smooth mud, the shore is sandy
beach and the land makes off at low levels.

The fishermen of the bay, therefore, have at hand Iwo entirely dis-
similar water areas in which to operate, and it would be surprising
indeed had the unlike nature of the bay and the Pacific Ocean not
produced special adaptations of gear and tackle to meet the variances
in working conditions w^hich the two present. The modification of
apparatus to meet diverse situations, and to overcome complex combina-
tions of natural obstacles, has as one of its most conspicuous examples
the gear used in the crab fishery.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 29

The ports of Sauta Cruz and Monterey, on Monterey Bay, are the
most southerly contributors to the commercial catch of the king crab or
Cancer magister. Although in distribution this crustacean is known to
extend from Alaskan latitudes to Point Conception, it is not taken for
market purposes south of the range of the Monterey boats. Both Santa
Cruz and Monterey always have caught small but regular quantities of
crabs, but never, until recent months, such tonnages as to affect, in a
large way, the total for the state.

Crab-catching bj' the fishermen of both Santa Cruz and Monterey
seems to have been practiced from early times. The gear originally
utilized was the same as that used generally throughout the state, and
was of the sort that is employed at the present time by the fishermen of
San Francisco and more northerly ports. This tackle is called a "hoop-
net" or "hoop," and is a baited apparatus consisting of a single metal
ring of several feet diameter, with cotton webbing hung to fill its interior
area, and lowered by a buoyed line to rest in a horizontal position on
the ocean floor. The bait is secured in the center of the gear, and
usually consists of fish or fish heads. When hauled, the webbing bags
downward, forming a depression or pocket which experience has shown
to be suitably effective in preventing the escape of the crabs that have
been induced to approach the "hoop," and venture upon it, by the
water-borne scent of the lure.

The "hoops" of the pioneer crabmen were set among the kelp and
rocks, close to shore, outside the heads of the bay, in the Pacific proper.
Crabs were known to abound inside Monterey Bay also, because the
early trawlers that swept the bottom there with paranzella nets often
took considerable quantities of them in that fishing, but repeated
experiments proved to the crabmen that the "hoop" apparatus was
useless as a means of capture within the waters of the bay itself.

Continued fishing depleted the "outside" Pacific ledges until only
one or two boats remained at the ' ' hoop ' ' work, say the older men. This
practical cessation of activity took place, however, during the period of
depression following the World War, at a time when industries of
many kinds, and fisheries in particular, reflected the unhealthy state
of the country by curtailed production. Whatever may have been the
cause of the decline, the statistics of the fishery show that from a
combined total of 30,000 pounds of crabs caught by Santa Cruz and
Monterey in 1918 the catch dropped to 2000 pounds in 1921.

Repeated attempts were made by "hoop" fishermen to operate with
their gear within the bay. But two circumstances combined to defeat
their efforts. One of these is that such depths of spongy ooze lie upon
the floor of the bay that the "hoop" sinks from sight and is entirely
buried in it. It is the popular belief that this concealment is so com-
plete that the traveling crabs are not able to locate the bait, and never
enter upon the trap. The second difficulty arises from the bay's being
infested with a species called "hag-fish," known to the fishermen as
' ' eels. ' ' The crabmen describe the hag-fish as an exceedingly rapacious
animal, which will eat its way into a fish caught upon a long line, or
even imprisoned in the cod-end of a trawl, and consume it entirely from
within. This inedible pest is so numerous that within a few minutes
after setting a crab "hoop" it will have eaten the last particle of the
bait, say the fishermen.

30

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Men of northern experience, skilled in the use of the "hoop" appa-
ratus, still occasionally come to Monterey to try their tackle there.
One of the most recent of these was a Russian who came in 1927 from
Eureka and San Francisco with a complete outfit of northern crab gear.
His trial sets were made with eight "hoops," and resulted in the cap-
ture of not one legal-sized crab. Two of the sets yielded a few imma-

FiG. 15. Mid-day scene on the Municipal Fishermen's "WTiarf at Santa Cruz,
California. Crab fishermen busy repairinjiT the large-meshed gill nets. Pho-
tograph by George Roger Chute.

ture specimens; the others were entirely barren. The failure of the
fishing was attributed entirely to the depredations of hag-fish. Not-
withstanding that the baits had been covered carefully with two thick-
nesses of heavy burlap and then each enclosed in the customary basket
of woven brass wire, the toothed "hags" had succeeded in gnawing an
entrance, for the bait was entirely gone from six of the "hoops" and
only a part remained in the other two. The Kussian said that this
attempt was made in twenty-one fathoms, in the same general locality
where he now operates successfully with a different sort of gear. Since
in the north his crab work had been done in six to sixteen fathoms, he
decided to test shallower water, and did so. In six to eight fathoms he
found that hag-fi.sh did not interfere Avith operations, but that there
were no crabs there, either.

The inability of the hoop-net fishermen to operate within the bay
and the decline in productiveness of the rocky ledges of adjacent Pacific
.shore are cited as the reasons for the practical disappearance of crab
fishing at the two Monterey Bay ports in 1921. Indeed, the year's
catch at Monterey was exactly two dozen crabs! Santa Cruz landed
only about 2000 pounds. But from that date until the present a swift
change has taken place, the crab catch has greatly exceeded any in the
past, and the Monterey Bay region has come to be a principal con-
tributor to the total for the^ state. This happening is attributable to
the employment of a new net apparatus, which has relieved the fishery
from depending upon the "depleted" Pacific rocks by throwing open
to exploitation the untouched areas of crab grounds inside the bay itself.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

31

The crab net gear is of eouventioual gill net pattern, practically
identical to and certainly the direct offshoot from the sea bass gilling
nets still in common use in the kelp beds along the coast. Indeed, the
modification of the sea bass apparatus for application to crab catching
has been surprisingly slight. This will seem the less remarkable, per-
haps, when it is remembered that various sorts of gilling gear set close
inshore in Alaska often take quantities of Cancet^ mac/isier or king
crabs, and that south of Point Conception, in California, many spiny
lobsters of all sizes are caught in the gill nets which fishermen place
among the kelp and over the tidal rock ledges, ostensibly for the pur-
pose of catching fish. It is hardly less than probable that the chance
capture of large lots of crabs in sea bass gear was originally responsible
for the first intentional use of the gill net as a crab-taking apparatus.

The Monterey Bay crab net is of 9-, 9^- or 10-incli mesh, light linen
gilling twine. It is 40 meshes long by 18 deep, and measures approxi-
mately 30 by 13 feet. The foot-rope carries a disproportionately heavy
load of oval leads threaded like beads upon it, so that the gear sounds
quickly, the cork floats serving only to support the webbing in upright
position on the bottom. Each net is provided with pennants or points

It is the practice to tie
string" which is set on the bay's bottom
like a strip of straight fence, the "string" being moored at each end
with a dory anchor connected by a line to a floating buoy keg and a
"marker" consisting of a flag-bearing bamboo staff about ten feet long.
These buoys and markers are the only evidences visible on the surface

for attaching to other segments or "pieces "
together several nets in a "

Fig. 16. Complete outfit of a Santa Cruz erill net fisherman.

Geo. Roger Chute.

Photograph by

to indicate the presence of the crab nets on the banks. It is the uni-
versal practice to paint this floating equipment in bright colors ; this as
an assistance to the boatmen themselves in locating their sets from a
distance, and also for the sake of protective conspicuity, that the
paranzella trawlers, who drag across these flats, may have warning to
keep off the nest of anchors on the bottom.

32 CALIFORNIA FIRH AND GAME

The sets are made on the 20-fathom and 21-fathom shoals. Usually
the fishermen will set a series of parallel "strings" — perhaps three, of
three "pieces" each. The individual "strings" are run east and west,
to the westward of Elkhorn Slough and the mouth of the Pajaro River.
This is on a southeast bearing from the Santa Cruz municipal Fisher-
men's Wharf, or from Soquel Point.

In early 1928 there were 57 fishing boats registered at Santa Cruz,
and an additional three at the neighboring anchorage of Capitola. A
large proportion of this total of 60 boats, together with several addi-
tional operators from Monterej^, fish crabs during at least a part of the
season. The desultory operators sometimes work as few as two or
three pieces of gear, but it is the testimony of the fishermen themselves
that all crab boats making a serious business of the fishery carry an
equipment of from 10 to 30 nets each. Only one-half of the gear is in
the water at a time, the other half being ashore for purposes of over-
hauling and repair. From one to three men constitute a boat crew.

The boats leave Santa Cruz in the early morning, run to the grounds,
pull their nets, set the repaired gear that they have brought from shore,
and run back to port while disentangling the catch from the wet nets.
Ordinarily the boats commence arriving at the wharf about nine in the
morning, and by two in the afternoon the last of the fleet will be in.

The business of extracting a live and struggling crab from a fine linen
net is an undertaldng hardly to be appreciated by one not having tried
it or at least ^vitnessed it done. It would be hard to imagine an animal
more completely wound up and ensnarled than the crabs which the
fisherman finds "gilled" in his nets. All of the spiny corners and
projections of their shell catch up the twine, and the leg joints especially
become entangled until to extract the fighting prisoner seems a hopeless
undertaking. But to meet this situation the fisherman has invented
tools to assist him — implements looking very like the old-time, long-
handled buttonhooks that our mothers used to have. With these hooks
the crabmen can operate at a conservative range from the menace of
gaping claws and continue with the patience-trying labor until he has
the crustacean free. When the catch is heavy this is a long task, and
one which is often finished on the wharf — sometimes with the assistance
of the boatman's entire family.

The netters insist that their mode of fishing is not destructive of
immature crabs, and that the undersized specimens which are returned
to the sea are not so liberated in an injured condition or maimed to the
extent of lacking one or more logs. The crabs do not hurt themselves
while in the net, they say, and are usually entirely whole when removed.
The leglessness so noticeable in the Santa Cruz catch results, they say,
when the animals are released together in the bottom of the boat.
Having been bound for hours in utter motionlessness, all of their
energies have been preserved, and when, having been enraged by the
untangling process, they are turned loose together, a free-for-all fight
ensues that is a spectacle to behold. The crabs fly furiously at each
other, like an arena full of raging gladiators. In the battle there are
casualties to the extent of lost legs, but since the condition is one for
which the fishermen have been unable to find remedy, the markets do
not discriminate against crabs having missing members — in which
regard the Santa Cruz dealers are more lenient than those of San
■ Francisco, say the netmen.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 33

Since the crab banks, where the nets are set, are in a remote and
disused portion of the bay, the fishermen are spared that hazard to
their gear which is always present when fishing is done directly in the
path of marine traffic following the steamship lanes. No vessels have
ever run amuck of the crabmen's set nets excepting on one or two
occasions when San Francisco paranzella outfits failed to see the buoy
kegs and the flags on the tips of the markers. In these instances the
damage to the trawls by the nests of dory anchors was so severe that
since that time the trawlers have stayed strictly away from the shoals
where the crabmen are known to fish. However, a real hindrance to
the business does exist, that being the daily damage done to the light
weight twine by the sharks that blunder into it. Practically all of the
repairs are made necessary by this cause.

The Monterey Bay crab catch has increased phenomenally, particu-
larly of late. From the 2000-pound total for 1921 it rose to 50,000 in
1924 and then to 259,000 in 1927. During the first 90 days of 1928
the catch was 384,000 pounds, or 50 per cent greater than that for the
whole year previous. Combining the last six months of 1927 with the
first three months of 1928, the nine months' total is seen to attain the
unprecedented sum of 511,000 pounds. How long the limited area of
Monterey Bay can endure a drain of more than a half -million pounds
of crabs a year is a question that can not fail to interest conservationists.

The Crab Catch of Monterey Bay

Monterey Bay State
Santa Cruz Monterey total total

1918 16,968 12,744 29,712 1,618,992

1919 10,272 3,072 13,344 1,305,024

1920 11,280 432 11,712 1,220,568

1921 3,288 144 3,432 800,952

1922 2,424 48 2,472 860,328

1923 4,848 2,568 7,416 1,075,800

1924 29,208 21,096 50,304 1,506,816

1925 63,456 11,112 74,568 3,234,312

1926 47,832 3,672 51,504 3,296,280

1927 (first 3 quarters) 130,224 1,248 131,472 2,251,360

1927 (last quarter) 127,512 336 127,848 773,952

1927 257,736 1,584 259,320 2,960,352

1928 (first quarter) 372,768 10,944 383,712 1,367,184

1927 (last quarter) and

1928 (first quarter) 500,280 11,280 511,560 2,141,136

4 F

CRAB CATCH of MONTEREY BAY

4

6c(nta Cruz and Monterey

O

o

(M

3 ^

'- 3

^ c

*-

o

O

o

>n

o

/

s:

o

/

k-

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i ^

o

/

V

TS

/

V

(U

/

^

i!:

/

s:

T>

/

f- 1

1 c

/

K 1

D

/

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^-'-*-*^ /

b •

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U-

l-^IQ 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927

Fig. 17. The crab catch of Monterey Bay for the years 1918 to 1927.
3—64214

34 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME '

SAN DIEGO TUNA INDUSTRY

By CoBURN F. Maddox

The fact that San Diego is fast becoming the tuna capital of the
Pacific coast is evidenced by the marked increase of boats and catches
in the last fiscal year, there having been considerably more than a two-
fold increase in the amount of tuna fish delivered in that time. This
marked increase in the so-called "high seas" boats and catches has been
brought about largely by a desire on the part of the fishermen to
eliminate from their operating expenses the excessive Mexican duties.
These were, during the summer of 1928, $35.31 U. S. gold per ton on all
scale fish, being assessed as follows :

Exploitation Duty

4)2 Mex. per kUo (2.2 lbs. U. S.), 1000 kilo (1 Mex. ton) $40 00 Mex.

10% federal tax 4 00 Mex.

i% sales tax 20 Mex.

3000 kilo ton $44 20 Mex.

22 10 V. S.

Exporiafion Duiji

3p Mex. per kilo $30 00 Mex.

10% federal tax 3 00 Mex.

2% municipal tax 60 Mex.

$33 60 Alex.
16 80 U. S.

Total duty $77 80 Mex.

38 90 U. S.
One 2000-pouud ton equals 907.6 kilos, which would figure out :
I<:xploit duty $20 OG

Export duty 15 25

$35 31 U. S. gold

This duty is too high and might be cut down if the assessments were
made by the Dei)artment of Agriculture and Development (Secretaria
de Agricultura y Fomento) only. It is claimed that, according to an
act of the Mexican congress of January 7, 1925 (the laAv governing
organization of members of the President's cabinet), the only depart-
ment authorized to legislate and assess duties and taxes relative to the
commercial fishing industry is the Department of Agi-iculture and
Development.*

The Treasury Department of Mexico, in alleged violation of this act
of congress which gives all authority to the Department of Agriculture

* On December 21, 1928, an official decree .signed by Tresident Calles became
effective changing the Mexican Fish Tariff Act on Exploitation Duty, paragraph 87,
to read as follows :

Exploitation Duty

21q, Mcx. per kilo (2.2 lbs. U. S.) 1000 kilos (1 Mex. ton) $22 50 Mex.

10% federal tax 2 25 Mex.

1% sales tax 11 Mex.

1000 kilo ton $24 86 Mex.

12 43 U. S.
Exportation Duty

"Xq Mex. per kilo $30 00 Mex.

10% federal tax 3 00 Mex.

2% municipal tax 60 Mex.

$33 60 Mex.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 35

and Development to assess and collect duties, has placed in its tariff an
export duty on fish and fisheries products in addition to the duty or
tax already fixed by the department authorized to fix said tax or duty.

The principal reason the duty or tax on fish and fisheries products
is so excessive and prohibitive is that the Department of Agriculture
and Development taxes fresh fish, say, 4 cents Mexican per kilo, and
the Treasury Department taxes this same fish, say, 3 cents per kilo ; in
addition to that a 10 per cent federal tax is assessed by both depart-
ments ; a 2 per cent municipal tax is assessed on the export duty and a
i per cent sales tax (renta interior) is assessed on the exploitation of
Department- of Agriculture and Development tax. Were these facts
brought to the proper authorities through the right channels, calling
attention to the fact that the Treasury Department tax is technically
a violation of their own laws in taxing a commodity already taxed by
the proper authorities, the present exploitation tax of $16.80 per ton
might be eliminated, leaving only the Department of Agriculture and
Development taxes of $22.10 per kilo, or $20.06 per 2000-pound ton.

Another method suggested of reducing the present high duty is that
of a sliding scale of duties which might be agreed upon. Low priced
fish, such as skipjack, should not have the same dutj'" as higher priced
fish, such as yellowfin or bluefin tuna. The duty might be governed by
the price of the fish when sold ; if halibut sells for 8 cents per pound,
have the tax a certain relative amount, and if it is 12 cents, add so
much more. In other words, make the duty on an ad valorem basis.

In all fairness to the Mexican government, it should be said at this
time that the main reason these duties have been raised is that Mexico
City was not receiving the revenue that should have been derived from
this source. This is due to two facts. First, in many cases the Mexi-
can inspectors w'ere tricked out of the duty on many tons of cannery
fish by American fishermen bj' various methods, w^hich decreased the
income of the Mexican fisheries offices located in San Diego and San
Pedro. Second, it is claimed by the Mexican government, and in some
cases proved, that not all of the amount of the duties paid into those
offices by American fishermen and packers reached Mexico City. There-
fore, to secure a sum adequate to operate this branch of her government,
the Mexican officials increased duties, in the hope of obtaining a greater
per cent of income.

A sincere effort was made by Colonel Jose M. Tapia, while in charge
of the San Diego office of the Mexican Fisheries Service, to get the
Mexican export duty reduced to an amount that, when paid, would
leave a reasonable profit for the fishermen. Colonel Tapia was more
than fair in his dealings with the American fishermen, but in his

16 80 U. S.

Total duty $58 46 Mex.

29 23 U. S.

One 2000-pound ton equals 908 kilos which would figure out :

Exploit duty $11 29

Export duty 15 25

$26 54 U. S. gold

As is shown by the above table this reduction lowers the total duty from $35.32
to $26.54, making a saving to fishermen of $8.78 U. S. currency on one two-thousand-
pound (2000 lb.) ton, and though this present duty is considered by the industry as
fair enough for fresh market fish it is still considered too high on cannery fish.

36

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

apparently sincere efforts to put an end to the duty dissension by a
reduction of the tariff, he was not successful, having met with opposition
in Mexico City.

The full importance of this phase of the industry may be seen in the
folloAving statistics on tuna for the fiscal years 1926-27 and 1927-28,

Fig. 18. The Emma R. S., operating out of San Diego, California. A new high
seas fishing boat having a cruising radius of 3000 miles.

there having been delivered at San Diego alone, mostly from south of
the international boundary, 46,929,672 pounds of this fish as follow^s :

Fiscal vear 1927-28 20,483,367 pounds

Fiscal year 1926-27 17,446,305 pounds

Increase 12,037,062 pounds

This increase of 6019 tons of cannery fish in the last fiscal year was
brought about by the necessary addition to the San Diego fishing fleet
of nineteen new boats (see appended list) at an expense of approxi-
mately $958,000. These are all high seas, Diesel-type boats and are
able to cruise to remote banks, as they have an average speed of 10^
knots per hour and a cruising radius of from 2500 to 6000 miles. All
are insulated with cork, being in effect huge refrigerators, and have
bait tanks which will hold from four to six tons of live sardines and
keep them alive for three weeks. In the case of the Emma R. S., the bait
tardus are also cork-insulated and may be used for storage of the catch
in emergencies. These boats are equipped with either gasoline, crude
oil or electrically powered auxiliary engines which operate the bait-
well pumps, winches, light plants and other gear. The galleys are on
the main deck and are most compact and complete. All are equipped
with electric refrigerators and up-to-date plumbing systems. The crew,
from eight to twelve men, have palatial, light, airy quarters, the equal

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

37

of many passenger boat staterooms. For such fishermen, the days of
sleeping in dark, ill- ventilated cubbyholes are past.

In a way, this change from the old-style, small bait boats to these
large fishing vessels will revolutionize the fishing industry. It is no
longer necessary for canners to hold barges at Turtle Bay, Todos Santos
and other points in Mexican waters off the coast of Lower California,
for receiving fish to be delivered to the canneries by tender. This was
always an expensive operation, necessitating handling the tuna at least
four times — first, on the boat making the catch ; second, from the boat
making the catch to the barge receiving same for the packer ; third, from
the barge to the tender ; and, fourth, from the tender to the floor of the
plant canning the fish. Every step in the old way of handling bruised
the meat just a little bit more. By the elimination of two of the most
injurious of these operations — the time on the barges and icing aboard
the tenders — the value of the catch is greatly increased and a big
improvement is effected over the old, and what will soon prove to be,
antiquated methods.

The new boats may hold the fish thirty days if necessary, and then
deliver it direct to its destination. Because the fish has not been
handled so much or exposed to flies and heat, as it was when held on
the barges, the canneries will thus receive it in better condition. The
new method will result in benefit to all concerned, from the fishermen

Fig. 19. A recent addition to tlie tuna industry of San Diego, California.
Orient lias a cruising radius of 6000 miles.

The

who will profit because of elimination of duties and their ability to
deliver a better product with no cut for spoiled fish, to the consumer
who will receive a better pack from the canner at no increased expense.
However, it will limit the operations of the small boat largely because
of prohibitive duty and lack of fueling and icing capacity.

38 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The two most outstanding boats of this new fleet are the Emma R. S.
and the Orient. The former is electrically equipped throughout and
has a short wave radio telephone and telegraph outfit. This will enable
her to go places heretofore avoided by fishermen, due to danger in case
of breakdown, since they were out of any steamer route and a chance
of rescue was doubtful. The Emma R. S. may communicate with San
Diego and other vessels at all times. Her forty meter signal outfit will
keep her in touch with the time signals of the Arlington station, thereby
assuring her captain, Guy Silva, the correctness of his navigation.

The Orient is the only all-metal fishing boat operating out of San
Diego. It is captained by Joe Sousa, who may well be proud of his
113-foot steel fishing boat, which is decked over and whose gunwales
are incased in w^ood to protect the fish from the heat of the metal in hot
weather. Being built of steel, reduces her bulk and thickness of hull.
It also permits thicker insulation and increased cubic space in cargo
hold on the same wooden boat dimensions. She has the largest fuel
capacity and bait-tank dimensions (50 tons water, and storage 150 tons
of iced fisli) of anj^ of the boats her size. Further, being constructed
of steel has reduced the fire hazard. She has a total of nine inches of
insulation in her fish holds, seven inches of cork and two inches of wood,
witli only four inches inside the frame. This type of insulation on a
w^ooden boat would take a total of sixteen and three-fourths inches,
where the outside beam of both vessels is the same. This makes it
unnecessaiy for the Orient to have as large an ice machine, therebj-
greatly reducing the amount of pipe necessary in its construction.
This in turn reduces the weight of the ship, the amount of maeliinery
ancl power necessary to run the ice and pumping machines, and lessens
fuel consumption and cost of operation.

TABLE OF NEW BOATS FISHING FOR SAN DIEGO CANNERIES

Van Camp Sea Food Company

Gruisiny

Length, Net radius.

Name of boat Captain Built feet ton Enyinc miles

Emma R. S Guy Silva San Diego 95 75 400 FM* 3000

Grey Hound Manuel M. Medina-Sausalito 115 110 450 WE 3000

Glory of the Seas—O. H. Dickason 5an Diego 117 141 400 U 3500

Funchal Obilio C. Pires Sausalito 115 126 360 AX 3500

Mariner .loe Monise San Diego 115 95 350 U 4500

Adventurer t A. P'elando -San Pedro __ 115 95 300 U 3000

Patriotic t Y. Ryono San Pedro __ 81 50 210 FM 3000

Sacramento t Santo & Souza San Pedro __ 115 95 400 FM 3500

Westgate Sea Products Company

Conte Verde Laurie Massa San Diego SO 52 180 WE 3000

Flying Cloud T. Yamaguchi Long Beach_ 108 129 360 FM 8000

California Packing Corporation

California Manuel Silveria San DiegO— 114 94 300 U 5500

Taiyo N. Seki San Pedro __ 114 112 375 WE 5500

Del Monte Manuel Freitas San Diego 90 53 225 U 3000

St. Veronica John Cardosa San Diego 114 94 300 U 5500

* Abbreviations of kinds of engines as follows :

FM — Fairbanks-Morse (3).
we; — Western Enterprise (4).
U — Union (7).
AI — Atlas Imperial (4).

t These boats are to deliver their fish to Van Camp's San Diego plant, according to
Van Camp's San Diego manager, A. K. Johnson, who also gave me the net tonnage of
the Patriotic and Sacramento ; the net tonnage of the Adventurer being given me by
the Campbell Machine Company, as the local custom nouse has no record of these
three boats.

Cruising

radius.

Enr/ine

miles

200 AI

2500

300 U

2500

375 WE3

3000

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 39

Cohn-Hopkins, Inc.

Leuf/th, Net
Name of boat Captain Built feet ton

G. Marconi M. Crivello San Diego 85 65

Stella Di Genoa Fred Canepa -San DiegO— 109 97

St. Therese ^Frank Silva San Diego___110 99

K. Hovden Company
Point Loma Manuel Perry San Dlego— 95 75 350 AI 4500

San Diego Packing Company
Orient Joe Sousa San Pedro __ 112 121 350 AI 6000

Other new high seas fishing crafts operating out of San Diego are :

Abraham Lincoln Milwaukee

Amour Da Patria New Princess

Atlantic Olympia

Betty B San Antonio

Calpac San Diego

Chesapeake San Joaquin

Enterprise Supreme

Lisboa Uncle Sam

Lois S Vasca Da Gama
Lusitania

THE FOOD OF TROUT

By George A. Coleman

The more I study the data available from the dissection of the
stomachs of trout caught in our lakes and streams, the more I am
convinced that our trout in the wild state exercise great powers of
selection of their food from the available natural supply, whether that
be insect or crustacean.

Just what the factors are that govern this selection is a problem
which has not yet even been worked upon.

The contents of the stomach of a trout caught in any lake or stream
on any given day does not by any means determine the food of that
trout through the year. It is simply an index of the available supply
of food for that particular section of the lake or stream where the trout
was caught and of what the trout in question selected during the day.

There is frequently a great variety in this daily menu. I am often
very much surprised to find not a single specimen of the insect or
crustacean which is in the greatest abundance and by all man-made rules
should fill that trout's stomach to bursting. I have often watched
young trout fry, only an inch or so long, jumping at gnats, or midges,
on the surface of the water. I have observed them catch and swallow
insects almost as large as their heads when they could, without any
trouble, be quietly taking great quantities of minutes crustaceans avail-
able in the water. This must be explained as some biological urge of
which we know nothing, otherwise we would put it down as just ' ' pure
cussedness. ' *

In order to make sure that my eyes did not deceive me in this matter,
I caught and examined the stomachs of some fry, but ten days old.
The collection was made between 10 and 11 a.m. after a good morning's
meal. One such lot gave the following results :

40 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

15 fry averaging 25 mm. in length —

Average number gnats (2 species) 20 each

Chironomous larvfe 1 each

Young water boatmen 1 each

Crustacea (very abundant) 2 each

Water fleas 2 each

Water fleas Daphnia 1 each

It would seem, in this case, that in spite of the prevalence in the
water of thoroughly good natural food, the instinct to jump and catch
food on the surface was stronger than the mere hunger urge — even at
this early age.

On the other hand, when circumstances require it, young trout will
go to any trouble and exercise great ingenuity in obtaining food. An
instance illustrating this fact occurred during the course of an explora-
tion on the headwaters of the Kern and the Kings rivers late in Sep-
tember of 1924. This was an exceptionally dry year. We found many
instances of small tributary streams which were dried down to a series
of mere pools only a few yards in extent. In many cases, these would
be a mass of decaying vegetation and mire. In these, I often found
hundreds of young trout, 2| to 4 inches in length, their stomachs filled
with the larva of Chironomous (a midge) and other insect larvas wdiich
were available in the mud of these pools. This adaptation enables the
young trout to survive until the middle of October, when the early
snows would supply these streams with water, and these trout would
again be able to assume a somewhat normal existence.

Thus, mother nature has provided the fish organization wntli wonder-
ful powers of adapting itself to its environment. If this were not so,
the fish culturist would never be able to take fish from their natural
environment and place them in entirely artificial surroundings with
artificial food, and still make good fish of them.

Age has a great influence upon the selection of the daily menu of
trout. Apparently they become cannibalistic in their tendencies after
thej' are a few months old and become more so as they reach adult size.
It further seems that they find it easier to devour a few of their fellows,
who have already fed on insects, than to hunt up their own insect or
crustacean food. It, therefore, takes something unusual in appearance
in the way of an insect or crustacean, alive or in artificial bait, to attract
a big fish whose predaceous instincts are fully developed.

The question whether a given stream or lake is suitable for trout
and, if so, how many it W'ill support, is one which can not be determined
definitely by a hasty survey of that lake or stream on any given date.
The plant life plankton, insect and crustacean food must be studied at
different seasons in order to obtain reliable data on the available supply*
throughout the year. Physical data, such as temperature, dissolved
oxygen and carbon dioxide and chemical composition, must also be
noted. Then, if there are trout living in the lake or stream, collections
of these and examination of their stomach contents at different seasons
will give further reliable data.

Another study, which should engage our attention before any exten-
sive planting of our barren lakes at high altitudes with either plant or
insect food is undertaken, is an intensive study of the life histories of
a few of our more abundant aquatic insects which we know to be fre-
quently taken by trout for food. This study should further embrace
an investigation of a few of the most abundant crustaceans, their

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 41

requirements for food, temperatures for growth and other physical
requisites.

As we compile more and more data on the food requirements of each
species of trout, and gain more knowledge about the plant, insect and
crustacean life of each lake and stream, we will arrive at a sounder and
more scientific basis upon which to rely for the distribution of the trout
from our hatcheries.

NEW ACCESSIONS AT LIBRARY OF CALIFORNIA
STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY *

The library of the California State Fisheries Laboratory has been
most fortunate recently in obtaining missing back numbers of serials.
In a special library such as this, "finds" of this description are rare
and are valued in proportion. We have been successful also in obtaining
books, of which twelve of the most interesting are listed below :

1. Aflalo, F. G. British salt water fishes. With a chapter on the artificial culture

of sea fish, by R. B. Marston. Hutchinson, London, 1904.
A descriptive account of the most important groups of fishes of this region.

2. Alexander, W. B. Birds of the ocean. A handbook for voyagers. Containing

descriptions of the sea birds of the world, with notes on their habits and
guides to their identification. Putnam's, 1928.

3. Couch, Jonathan. A history of the fishes of the British Islands. Groombridge,

London, 1867.
One of the classics on ichthyology. The four volumes are illustrated with 252
colored plates.

4. Daniel, R. J. Animal life in the sea. University Press, Liverpool, 1928.

This is a short popular account of the organisms, both plant and animal, living
in the sea. The animal species considered are mainly the larger, more conspicu-
ous forms.

5. Elton, Charles. Animal Ecology. Sidgewick & Jackson, London, 1928.

A work applicable to the problems encountered by those endeavoring to under-
stand the changes taking place in fish populations.

6. Floud, Sir Francis. The ministry of agriculture and fisheries. Putnam's, 1927.

The author, who was the Pennanent Secretary to the Ministi-y from 1920 to
1927, has written a vei-y readable account of the work of the Ministry. The
chapter on the Fisheries Department, by Henry G. Maurice, Fisheries Secretary
to the Ministry, is regretably brief.

7. Harvey, H. W. Biological chemistry and physics of sea water. Macmillan, 1928.

The author, who is hydrographer at the LaboratoiT of the Marine Biological

Association, Plymouth, England, takes up the chemistry of sea water, water

movements, the significance of temperature, and in the concluding chapter gives

a very interesting account of the chemical and physical factors controlling the

density of population.

8. Haskell, Allan C. How to make and use graphic charts. Codex, New York, 1920.

A highly technical work which contains much valuable material that can he.
directly applied to the making of charts and graphs used in fisheries publications.

9. Hulit, Leonard. The salt water angler. A compendium of information for the

salt water fisherman. Appleton, 1924.

10. Jenkins, J. T. The fishes of the British Isles. A handy pocket guide, witli

descriptive text. Warne, London, 1925.
Contains 278 illustrations, 128 of which are colored.

11. McKerrow, Ronald B. An introduction to bibliography for literai-y students.

Clarendon, Oxford, 1927.
A useful work giving the marks that may reveal the history of a book fi-om its
material foi-m and makeup.

12. WUcocks, J. C. The sea fisherman or fishing pilotage. Comprising the chief

methods of hook and line fishing in the British and other seas, a glance at
nets, and remarks on boats and boating. Barbet, Guernsey, 1865.
A well illustrated little book on commercial fishing methods in England.

• Contribution No. 75 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, compiled
by Genevieve Corwin, Librarian, October, 1928.

42

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California Division of Fish and
Game.

Sent free to citizens of the State of
California. Offered in exchange for
ornithological, mammalogical and similar
periodicals.

Tlie articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the Cali-
fornia Division of Fish and Game. Kdi-
tors of newspapers and periodicals are
invited to make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, 510 Russ Building,
San Francisco, California,

March 15, 1929

"... we have so increased the number
of sportsmen fishing in our streams and
lakes that the longer time between bites
is becoming a political issue." — Herbert
Hoover.

THE FUTURE

There is possibly no division of state
government confronted with such difficult
and uphill problems and yet more subject
to critical scrutiny than the Division of
Fish and Game.

The extensive growth in population and
development of our state continues to
circumscribe and draw upon the supply
of fish and game in manifold ways. More
than a half million license holders, whose
numbers are rapidly mounting, finding
less available and abundant the sources
of their favorite sport and recreation,
outspokenly demand more results from
the fees they pay, many of these having
divergent views of how such results are
best obtained.

The division is now confronted with and
probably always will face the impossible
task of pleasing or satisfying all. En-
deavor as we may, there will always be
some to criticise and find fault. This
should not, however, deter us from seeking
and carrying out the course best calcu-
lated to bring the greatest good to the
greatest number.

Conservation and restoration of wild
life, to be effective, is dependent on certain
fundamentals and is best accomplished by
pursuing a definite program which should
not be radically overturned or varied from
except where new or changed situations
arise, and then only after scientific expe-
rience and knowledge point the way. —
Eugene D. Bennett, Thirtieth Biennial
Report, Division of Fish and Game.

THE THIRTIETH BIENNIAL REPORT

The work of conserving and protecting
the fish and game resources of California

is becoming with the years a more com-
plex problem. It is true, the science of
game management has discovered and
developed certain fundamentals and that
the correct practice of these so-called
fundamental methods has in many cases
brought about much of the desired pro-
tection and restoration. It is also true
that the development of the state and the
exploitation of its natural resources have
ma<le the difficulties of maintaining the
state's wild life resources more acute and
burdensome.

To make certain a better solution of
these problems, the division has been
faithful to a plan of centralized and
uuifoi-m administration during the thir-
tieth biennium of the division. It has
further followed a definite and consistent
program. This program has foi- its
object the maintenance of fish and game
resources in existing remnants of natural
areas, the adjustment to bring about suit-
able conditions for wild life survival in
other areas where the natural environ-
ment has been changed or modified by a
vigorous and thriving civilization, the
replacement of native species with intro-
duced species that will flourish in spite
of cultivation, and, lastly, the artificial
assistance of nature to increase her repro-
ductive capiicity. which, in the case of
fish, makes possible the production of
literally millions of fish.

The Thirtieth Biennial Report of the
division epitomizes the accomplishments
made during the past biennial period.
The income for the fiscal year of 1928
was .$8.50,000. This is an actual increase
of $.37,051. .35 over the seventy-eighth fiscal
year. This larger revenue, however, has
permitted enlargement in scope of every
major activity of the division, has made
possible the extension of its endeavors to
fields of action greatly needing attention
and permitted many worthwhile opportu-
nities to be grasped of great importance
to the needs and pleasures of generations
to come.

Increased revenue has made possible an
enlarged patrol force. The division now
has 120 law enforcement officers, making
effective and efficient patrol now possible
in every section of the state. Records
show that deputies made 2317 arrests for
violations of the hunting laws and 4390
arrests for violations of the fishing laws.
Court fines increased from .$56,742.64 in
1926-27 to $72,109.70 in 1927-28.

Increased revenue has enabled such
hatcheries as were in bad need of repair
and improvement to be placed in a more
workable condition, thus permitting the
bureau to increase its output of fish and
offset the increased drain on streams.
Thirteen new iiatcheries have been con-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

43

structed, nearly doubling the existing
number. These are located at strategic
places remote from existing hatcheries
and should improve fishing in waters
adjacent to them. The output for the
bieunium was 51,444,562 trout and
26,728,590 salmon. The greater majority
of the trout were planted by experienced
deputies, being scattered in the more
favorable locations where big fish have
difficulty in preying upon them. A new
fish planting truck has made possible the
movement of fry over long distances not
reached by rail with practically negligible
loss.

Increased revenue has allowed enlarge-
ment of the personnel of both the Bureau

disaster of 1906 has been established.
Contributions have been made to the rela-
tionship of birds to agriculture through
field investigations of life histories and
habits of birds.

Exhaustive investigations have been
conducted by the Bureau of Research in
cooperation with the Hooper Foundation
for Medical Research to ascertain "the
cause and means of prevention" of the so-
called duck disease. Studies have also
been made of the life cycles of internal
and external parasites of deer, quail,
pheasants, ducks and geese and other
species.

For the first time in the annals of the
state an actual record of the number of

Fig. 20. Mud bottom rising out of water of Tule Lake, where duck sickness
was prevalent. Tule Lake, Modoc County, California. October, 1928.
Photo^aph by E. S. Cheney.

of Education and the Bureau of Research.
The fonner was a one-man bureau and
its functions were limited to the ingenuity
and capacity of its director. Additional
lecturers have materially expanded the
scope of its educational activities and
permitted personal contacts with schools
and colleges, service clubs and lodges and
conservation organizations in every sec-
tion of the state. Tavo cameramen expe-
rienced in wild life photography have
been employed and many reels of motion
pictures have been produced, capable of
winning a more sympathetic appreciation
for the work of the division and its wards,
the living things of the state. The first
reference library since the San Francisco

deer killed and of the number of fur
bearers taken by trappers has been ob-
tained. The information that may be
secured from such statistics is of great
value in the formation of game adminis-
tration programs. When records show
that a species suffers progressive diminu-
tion from year to year, it is a sign that
depletion has set in. Ability to detect
when the breeding stock of a particular
species is being impaired, resulting in
diminishing returns in the annual birth
rate, is fundamental in the successful
practice of game management. The
biennial report shows that a plan is now
well under way to make an accurate
analysis of game conditions and take a

44

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

state-wide census of Cnlifomia's game
resources.

Increase<l revenue has permitted the
employment of a game refuge survey crew
which will survey and post the 2,372.355
acres now closed to hunting. Already
many refuges have been surveyed and
posted and the completion of this work
will make possible better functioning of
these important areas conserving a nucleus
of mother stock.

The past two years have witnessed the
completion and dedication of the state's
game farm. Several minor, though not
unimportant additions have been made at
the Yountville Farm, probably the largest
completely roofed-by-wire enclosure of its
kind in America. Three thousand Chi-
nese ring-necked pheasants were planted
the first year and nearly eight thousand
the second, so that now Chinese ring-
necked pheasants are found in practically
every part of the state where climate and
topography permit their continuance.

Through the efforts of the Bureau of
Hydraulics nearly eleven hundred impor-
tant streams and ditches throughout the
state have been screened to prevent fish
from being diverted to irrigated lands or
other places where they are lost to the
angler.

Over four hundred fishways have been
installed to permit the free migration of
fish over dams and other obstructions.
The pollution situation in the state, prin-
cipally in bay and ocean waters, is
reported to be in a far more satisfactory
condition than ever before. Oil pollution
has a decided detrimental effect on fish
and even birds.

Control and regulation of the commer-
cial fishery industry and fishery products
of the state to safeguard the fishes of the
sea and prevent overfishing has been not
without its trials. In the sardine can-
ning industry, the manufacture of by-
products and the reduction of these food
fish to fertilizer appears to be the most
profitable part of the business. Litiga-
tion has been resorted to in order to
successfully enforce the fish reduction
and commercial fishery laws. The Com-
mercial Fishery Bureau has as.sisted in
efforts to prevent botulism in canned
fishery pi-oducts by contributing $15,000
a year to the Hooper Foundation for
Medical Research. The bureau has made
beneficial strides in the eradication of
carp from Clear Lake and conducted a
valuable survey of the sea lions of the
California coast. Through its laboratory
located at Terminal Island, it has made
many valuable studies and scientific
investigations of marine fishes. A knowl-
edge of the supply, breeding grounds,

habits and other characteristics of fishes
of commercial importance is not only of
practical aid to the commercial fishing
and canning industry, but also provides a
mejins of more accurately determining the
proper rules, regulations and laws neces-
sary to insure their conservation.

Two measures inaiigurated during the
thirtieth bienniuin have an iinixntniit
bearing on the future: The ajjpointment
of a committee provided by the legisla-
ture to investigate and to recommend
game refuge sites and public shooting
grounds, and the power granted to the
Department of Natural Resources to
close lakes and streams. These measures
will play a considerable part in future
accomplishments of the Division of Fish
and Game. — Rodney S. Ellswobttf.

THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON
WILD LIFE LEGISLATION

The president of the Fish and Game
Commission, I. Zellerbach, has been
honored with a place on the National
Committee on Wild Life Legislation. He
will represent the Western Association
of Fish and Game Commissioners in the
important and far-reaching work of the
national committee.

The organization of the national com-
mittee has been heralded as the most
advanced step ever taken in behalf of the
wild life of America. The reason for
such high praise is not solely due to the
magnitude of the task which the com-
mittee will set before itself to accomplish,
but it is also due to the fact that the
recognized leaders in conservation
affairs throughout all America are repre-
sented on the committee.

The best conservation thought of the
entire nation will be brought to bear on
the problems dealt with by the committee,
which has announced, as its first order
of business, the passage of the Norbeck
Game Refuge Bill.

DEER KILL FOR 1928

According to the information compiled
from the duplicate deer tags, hunters
killed 21,515 deer during the 1928 season.
This is 2008 more than were accounted
for by the rifles of deer hunters during
the year of 1927, when the first accurate
count of the deer kill was possible.

Again, Siskiyou County leads with
1654 deer killed. Mendocino County is
second, hunters operating in this section
killing 1468 deer. Lake County is third
with 1038.

San Francisco County, being entirely
a metropolitan district, produced no
deer. Los Angeles County, however,
covers a huge area and furnished big

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

45

game devotees with 369 bucks. In Sac-
ramento County but two deer were killed.
In Sutter and Kings counties, three fell.
Imperial furnished four, while San
Diego, the adjoining county, contributed
232 of the deer killed.

REQUISITES FOR CALIFORNIA
WATERFOWL

No species of wild life can be assured
of perpetuity in the face of an aggressive
and vigorous civilization without the
requisites of adequate food, natural cover
affording safe retreat from enemies, and
uncontaminated breeding grounds. In
this light, it should seem self-evident that
restrictive hunting as a method of con-
serving species has its shortcomings.

A study of any good map issued before
1890 will show an almost unbroken
marshland extending up and down the
great interior valley of California. Had
airplanes been invented previous to 1890,
an air reconnoissance of the migratory
bird areas of the state would have dis-
closed vast overflow areas and the ex-
panses of Tulare and Buena Vista lakes.
Below the observer, countless thousands
of smaller patches threaded by sloughs
would have given their shining signals.

Now, during the late summer and fall,
probably as much as 80 per cent of these
water areas, so eminently suited as loaf-
ing and feeding grounds for the myriads
of waterfowl that formerly haunted them,
have disappeared. Reclamation, drain-
age and evaporation are responsible for
this great reduction. Reproduction of
waterfowl in the state has decreased in
proportion to the reduction of suitable
nest sites, while the number of ducks
and geese wintering in California have
correspondingly decreased, for dry land
never attracts waterfowl.

Duck hunters have viewed with alarm
the rapidly thinning flight of migratory
birds, but there will be no danger of
their extermination. The constructive
steps being taken by the members of the
Governor's Advisory Committee on Game
Refuges and Public Shooting Grounds
will insure a future to this popular
sport.

The survey now being conducted by
the committee has primarily for its pur-
pose the establishment of refuges that
will hold and sustain waterfowl during
the open season in sufficient numbers to
maintain an adequate breeding stock,
and, secondly, the creation, by purchase,
lease or rental of public shooting grounds
that will prove attractive to birds breed-
ing in the far north that formerly win-
tered in California.

Funds for carrying out this program

wiU be forthcoming for the next five
years and wiU amount to one-third of
the increased hunting license fee annu-
ally. It is very probable that the com-
mittee will map out their whole plan of
action for the entire five-year period
before making an outlay of much of this
fund. The purpose of such a step will
be to avoid hasty investments which may
prove to be sadly out of harmony with
the ultimate objects desired.

SENTIMENT AND FORCE

Experience has proved that the vicious
and law-breaking elements of society can
be little influenced by sentiment. They
lire not moved by appeals for the protec-
tion of wild life because of its aesthetic
value and beauty or because of its value
as living neighbors to man. Regardless
of the dwindling numbers of game, re-
gardless of its brave stniggle to prevail
where man has thrown out of adjustment
the old natural order, this element still
takes pride in being photographed with
an automobile load of slaughtered game
of mixed varieties. In spite of the
widespread spirit of conservation and
appreciation for living things, their
mental horizon still extends no further
than the meat value of game.

The strong arm of the law has been
the only effective method so far discov-
ered to curb the activities of these who
know no conscience in killing game.
Force is also necessary as a means of
occasionally reminding those who stray
from the path of law obedience under
the belief that, like the Ten Command-
ments, the fish and game laws are not
supposed to apply to them.

Fines and punishment, however, are
not as appropriate, nor as far reaching,
in the case of those whose habits of life
are being fonned. Plastic minds under
the proper stimulation are open to
enlightenment. Education, which aims
to establish a fixed respect for the higher
values of wild life, can accomplish more
in saving youthful offenders from becom-
ing habitual violators than any fonn of
punishment.

It is gratifying to record that law
enforcement officers of the division em-
brace every opportunity to win converts
to the cause of conservation. A lecent
instance where a deputy successfully
appealed to the benign influence of a
court on behalf of two boys, shooting
ducks out of season, occurred in River-
side County. Investigation showed that
the juveniles were not "repeaters" and
had never been in trouble before. Judge
R. M. Aitchison, of Thermal, therefore,
applied the remedy of an impressive lee-

46

CALIFORNIA FIHU AND GAME

ture ami dismissed the youths with a
"message of conservation rinping in their
ears."

SOUTHERN VOLUNTEERS CONVENE

-V convention, unique because it was
the first gathering of its kind ever held,
occurred in Los Angeles on November 17,
1928. Seventy-three of the volunteer
protectors of fish and game who operate
south of the Tehachapi attended.

The meeting was presided over by M. E.
Jeffries, captain of the deputies in Los
Angeles County. Captain of Patrol
Walter Welch instructed the men on

Judge Wilbur McDill acted as toast-
master at the banquet which lent a happy
termination to the convention. Lieuten-
ant Governor H. L. Carnahan, Fish and
Game Commissioner Reginald S. Feruald
and the executive officer were the fea-
tured speakers of the evening. R. M.
(Jrose, representing the vohmteers of the
San Francisco Bay district, gave a brief
address.

The convention was pronounced a
highly beneficial one. It gave renewed
vigor and zeal to those who participated
and kindled a fine spirit of healthy
cooperation.

Fig. 21. An airplane view of some marshy area taken during air recon-
noissance of northern California by Governor's Advisory Committee on
Game Refuges and Public Shooting Grounds. September, 1928.

their status as fish and game enforce-
ment officers and the proper discharge of
their duties. President I. Zellerbach and
Executive Officer Eugene D. Bennett
made forceful addresses and impressed
those present with the importance of
real conservation and protection. Fed-
eral Game Warden George Tonkin told
of the cooperation between federal and
state officers, while Assistant Chief of
Patrol Charles Bander expressed his
pleasure at being able to work with the
volunteer forces, who devote their time
to the work without compensation.

NEW ASSOCIATION URGES INTER-
NATIONAL AND INTERSTATE
COMMISSION

Due to the similarity of many prob-
lems confronting conservationists of the
three Pacific coast states and the western
provinces of Canada, and because these
California, the Oregon Game Protective
Association and Washington State Sports-
mutual problems can be more haiinoni-
association, the Associated Sportsmen of
ously dealt with when handled by an
men's Association organized the Western

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

47

Fish iiiul (jJame Association at Medford,
Oregon, in September.

One of the most significant problems
having an international character is that
of salmon trolling along the Pacific coast.
Investigations of the U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries disclose that salmon range
from San Francisco Bay to southeastern
Alaska. Great numbers of these fish are
taken by trollers before they have reached
maturity and at a time in their develop-
ment when they have little market value.
All who have studied the problem agree
that these fish should not be exploited
for commercial purposes until they enter
the fresh-water streams and are of great-
est food value. Resolutions unanimously
adopted by the association urge the pas-
sage of legislation, both interstate and
international, which will control the
activities of the salmon trollers.

Another problem affecting the con-
servation of wild life on the Pacific coast,
but having interstate significance, is the
development of hydroelectric projects on
the major fishing streams. Hence, Ore-
gon's water and fish bills, which are in-
tended to regulate unrestricted encroach-
ment of such projects, are endorsed by
the association.

PASSAGE OF FEDERAL REFUGE BILL
URGED BY LEADING CONSERVA-
TIONISTS

Major L. W. T. Waller, Jr., is accred-
ited with the unique saying that con-
servationists should unite and take the
"rest" out of federal restoration. Fortu-
nately, an unanimous agreement has now
been reached and the most important
conservation organizations are supporting
the passage of the Federal Migratory
Bird Refuge Bill. Practically all of the
leading conservationists were agreed
when the first Norbeck bill was intro-
duced in congress six years ago that the
migratory bird situation in America was
indeed a grave one and that it could be
best solved through federal action. There
was also unanimity that time was of
iinportance, and that the need for govern-
ment action was immediate. But the
methods by which the federal refuges
were to be obtained and managed proved
to be stonn centers which developed con-
troversies so violent that they shook the
very foundations of the conservation
movement.

The present Norbeck bill has been
stripped of the odious and objectionable
features and provides merely that the
government shall purchase and maintain
refuges for migi'atory birds. The provi-
sion for public shooting grounds, about
which there was much disagreement, has

been left out. The cost of establishing
the refuges and of maintaining them is
to be met by direct congressional appi-o-
priations. Hence, there is to be no
federal license tax of $1 for those who
hunt migratory game. An actual initial
expense appropriation of $50,000 is
provided.

The new Norbeck bill passed the
Senate in May, 1928, and is now pending
in the national House of Repi-esentatives.
To better effect its passage in the House,
a resolution supporting the measure and
urging its becoming a law was read dur-
ing the convention of the International
Association of Game, Fish and Conserva-
tion Commissioners, and the Western
Association of State Game Commission-
ers, representing the official state game
departments in twenty-eight states, held
at Seattle, Washington. The resolution
was unanimously adopted.

A further provision of this resolution
embodied the creation of a "National
Committee on Wild Life Legislation."
Six members of this committee were to
be appointed from the following organ-
izations : International Association of
Game, Fish and Conservation Commis-
sioners ; Western Association of State
Game Commissioners ; The American
Forestry Association ; American Game
Protective Association ; Isaak Walton
League of America, and the National
Association of Audubon Societies. Addi-
tional power was granted to the above
committee to add to its numbers five
additional members selected at large
throughout the United States.

Besides the important duty of assist-
ing in the passage of the Norbeck bill,
this committee is to represent these sev-
eral organizations in other congressional
efforts that may be undertaken, looking
for the further protection of our wild
mammals and birds.

PAST AND PRESENT JUSTIFICATION
FOR THE UTILIZATION OF WILD
LIFE RESOURCES.

No natural resource has played a more
romantic role in the development of the
nation than the profusion of wild crea-
tures which roamed the forests and plains
of the American continent. Witness the
part fur-bearing mammals had in the
exploration of America. The rich
abundance of these creatures was the
marvel of the first white men to behold
them. Their rapid exploitation lured
men on through the trackless forests,
across the limitless plains and over
superb mountain systems. Due to the
intense rivali-y of the fur-trading com-
panies, some of them amounting to im-

48

CALIFORNIA FISU AND GAME

penal organizations, outposts of civiliza-
tion were progressively thrown out into
the wilderness and the wildest parts of
the continent made known.

No natural resource has been more
vinjustly exploited. There is some justi-
fication in the destiniction of forests when
lumber products have served a useful
function in improving the well-being of
ji people. The rapid use of mineral
resources, the stored-up capital of cen-
turies, can also be viewed with less
alarm when consideration is had for the
improvement and development, both in
science and industry, which their exploit-
ation has brought about.

But what justification, either economic
or social, can be given to balance the
loss of countless numbers of wild crea-
tures wantonly destroyed? The first set-
tlers killed game for food. They warded
off starvation by dependence largely on
the natural food the country supplied.
It is quite true, further, that the presence
of large game was incompatible with
agricultural settlement and the pasturage
of domestic stock.

Who can view, but with dismay, these
records? Before the sale of deer hides
was prohibited in California, one Trinity
County hide hunter killed 2000 deer
in one season for their hides, leaving the
flesh to fatten coyotes. The books of two
shipping finns at Redding show in 1880
a total of 38,000 deer hides, buck, doe
and fawn, secured from hunters oper-
ating in Shasta, Trinity and Siskiyou
counties. A report of an agent of the
Fish and Game Commission shows that
"during the open quail season for 1805-
1890, 177,336 quail were sold in the open
markets of Los Angeles and San Fran-
cisco alone." As late as 1910, market
hunters disposed of 500,000 ducks iu the
San Francisco markets.

Killing game wholesale was a business
with the market hunters. No advantage
they could possible gain was spared over
the game they sought. Not satisfied with
legitimate methods of slaughter, they
killed deer at salt licks; "ground sluiced"
quail at waterholes and springs, killing
40 to 60 birds at a shot; approached
ducks from behind a trained bull, with a
double-barreled number four gun, fre-
quently killing 150 to 200 ducks at one
time.

Manifestly as soon as the present
social values of wild life resources gained
their place in the rising sun of conserva-
tion, the wholesale utilization of the
state's game resources as a mere food
product fell rapidly from popular favor.
It was unjust that a few should have a
right to enrich themselves by extrava-

gant and wasteful consumption of a
resource belonging to all the people.
The market hunters and their highly
effective mctlinds of destruction were
outlawed.

California today is a state made pro.s-
perous through the exploitation of the
accumulated natural wealth of ages. Its
population is growing rapidly, concen-
trating in cities and acquiring certain
sochil ideals and physical comforts. To
complement an unprecedented amount of
material well-being is a large amount of
leisure. Assuredly, wholesome means for
the expenditure of these leisure periods
can not be neglected. Outdoor recreation
has been defined as "The most wholesome
expression of leisure and a needful social
force in the readjustments of American
life to meet new conditions." Moreover,
as stated by Herbert Hoover, it is a
"fundamental need in American life and
satisfies a fundamental desire to do
something to escape the drabness of
civilization."

Americans, and Califoniians in par-
ticular, turn naturally to the mountains
and woods for their outdoor recreation.
How barren and dead, indeed, would be
the woodsy solitudes, the flowering
meadows, the rock-strewn flats and the
wind-swept balds, if they were ungraced
by so much as a single sign of wild life
to gladden the spirits and charm the
eye. Without mountain sheep to ani-
mate the higher ranges, deer and bear,
grouse and quail to enliven the forests
and valleys and trout swimming lazily
about in the lakes and streams, outdoor
recreation in California would lack that
fundamental power to infuse new life
and vigor ; that power to .soothe and quiet
"the restless pulse of care."

INTERSTATE HIGH DAM PREVENTS
USE OF FISHWAY

An S5-foot dam on the Susquehanna
River, resting on one side on Maryland
soil and on the other on Pennsylvania
soil, known as the Conowingo Dam, has
been the center of much interest. The
Conservation Department of Maryland,
the Commissioner of Fisheries of Penn-
sylvania and the United States Bureau
of Fisheries, after "innumerable confer-
ences" have been unable to find any type
of fishway which would prove adequate to
guarantee the interests of the people. By
agreement, the Conowingo Power Com-
pany has committed itself to pay $4,000
to each state annually. This money is to
be employed in the propagation of fishes
by the respective states to offset the loss
caused by the obstruction.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

49

The Maryland Conservationist, in its
fall issue for 1928, says further on this
subject :

"The laws of Maryland for years have
required persons damming any of the pub-
lic waters to establish at least one ade-
quate fish ladder on such dam for the pur-
pose of providing free access for fish up
and down stream at all times. This law
was effective as long as small dams were
built, but with the ever increasing height
of dams in this state, some running from
sixty to one hundred feet in height, it be-
comes impracticable to enforce this law,
as it has been proved conclusively that
no fish ladder has ever been designed
which will take fish over dams of such
height. The department has solicited the
aid of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries from
time to time on this subject, but they have
been unable up to the present time to
recommend a fish ladder that is adequate
for high dams.

"The fishway question is a very perplex-
ing one to conservationists of all states,
requiring careful study and planning in
each case before unwise expenditures are
made. The public feels that their God-
given rights of fishing are being tres-
passed on by power companies and others
who are damming the public waters, and
claim that the erection of such dams
destroy valuable fish resources which are
essential for food and sport. * * *

"Mr. Henry O'Malley, the U. S. Com-
missioner of Fisheries, has written an
excellent article on this subject, entitled,
'Giving the Fish a Lift,' which appears
in the August number of Outdoor
America. His article shows conclusively
that the Bureau of Fisheries has been un-
able up to the present time to find any
fishways which they could recommend for
dams of from sixty to one hundred feet
in height, and indeed there is no sound
mechanical device for elevating fish over
dams which are more than twenty-five
feet in height."

THE USE OF FISH EGGS FOR BAIT

Elsewhere in these pages a plea is made
for more "sportsmen" along our streams
and less "fishermen." Due to the widen-
ing popularity of angling as a wholesome
form of recreation, a greater fishing ef-
fort is being put forth every season. The
Division of Fish and Game is attempting
to meet these increasing demands and to
keep California streams and lakes stocked
with gamey fish. Its success in this pro-
gram depends, in no small measure, upon
the encouragement of the practice of those
methods which insure greater fairness to
all those who fish.
4—64214

The Bureau of Fish Culture has advo-
cated against the use of fish eggs for bait
or for chumming fish into schools to facil-
itate their capture. Fish eggs are a nat-
ural food. Their employment often yields
a substantial catch without the slightest
use of skill or ingenuity.

Probably the greatest objection to the
use of fish eggs is that they are invariably
swallowed by the striking fish. If the
fish is below the legal size and the hook
extracted, the wound is, in the majority
of cases, of such a nature that the fish has
a very slender chance of continuing life
when returned to the water. A fish
caught on a fly is usually hooked in the
mouth and is not injured seriously. An-
other important objection is that small,
immature fish readily take a salmon egg,
when they will not rise to a lure which
appeals to the predacious instincts of a
matured, large fish.

It should seem that the use of artificial
lures, such as spoons, spinners, plugs and
flies, as well as natural bait, like insects
or worms, are sufficiently tempting. At
least their use, coupled with a certain
amount of skill and ingenuity, guarantees
the enjoyment of that "indefinable pleas-
ure" which comes as the reward of land-
ing a big fish on light tackle. And is this
not the very marrow of sportsmanship?
Certain it is that the use of fish eggs con-
stitutes a drain on an already well ex-
ploited natural resource and does not
"assure more and better sport for every-
body."

DIVERSITY OF FISHERIES AN AID TO
CONSERVATION

The Thirtieth Biennial Report of the
division reveals that the commercial fish
catch of 1927 exceeds that of any year
in the history of California's fisheries.
The total amount of fresh fish caught in
state waters, off the California coast and
brought into the state during this year,
was 486,499,672 pounds. For the year
1926 the total catch amounted to 394,-
707,016 pounds.

Such record catches as these are not
exceeded by any other state. In fact,
Alaska alone surpasses California in the
volume of its catch. To offset any fear
that the state's fishery resources might be
in danger of being overfished, it is well to
notice that these splendid records are in
part due to the great diversity of Cali-
fornia's fisheries. There are over sixty
species of fish and shellfish of commercial
importance in the state, thus allowing for
a better balancing between competing
species.

"From the viewpoint of conservation,"
writes N. B. Scofield in the Thirtieth

50

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Biennial Report, "there is a great ad-
vantage in having diversified fisheries
such as California's for the reason that
the species of fish compete with each
other, either for food or by actually de-
vouring each other. Under natural con-
ditions there exists more or less of a bal-
ance between these species so that if man
comes in and concentrates his fishing ef-
forts on only a few of the species, the
check is removed from the unutilized
Varieties with the result that they will
prosper at the expense of the kinds which
are being fished for. In other words, the
fisheries will stand the strain of fishing
better if the commercial catch is made
up of many species, instead of a few.

Another advantage our state derives
from its diversified fisheries is the splen-
did assortment of fish and shellfish to be
found in our markets at all seasons of
the year. One of the things which makes
a lasting impression on visitors to the
state is the large number of sea food
restaurants which serve such a variety of
sea foods."

REFUGES EFFECTIVE IN PERPET-
UATING GAME

The place game refuges should play in
game management was emphasized at the
first meeting of the International Asso-
ciation of Game, Fish and Conservation
Commissioners sixteen years ago. The
recommendations urged at the time were
reiterated at the last convention and are
as follows :

"Inasmuch as game refuges afford the
most effective means of protecting the
scattered remnants of our native game, it
is recommended that every state should
have one or more state refuges. Commis-
sioners and wardens should be given ade-
quate authority to arrange for refuges on
private or state lands, and to cooperate
with the proper officers of the federal
government in the establishment of such
refuges on public lands not noAv utilized
for other purposes.

At that time the state refuges m exist-
ence did not number more than twenty,
of which the Superior Refuge in Minne-
sota was the largest. Montana had two
good-sized refuges and Pennsylvania five.
Three waterfowl refuges had just been
established in Louisiana, through private
initiative, and Idaho had one refuge.
Beyond that there were practically none
of consequence.

Now there are hundreds of refuges,
state and federal. Nearly every state has
from one to seventy-five or more of vary-
ing size, the total aggregating over
20,000,000 acres of land or over 30,000
square miles set aside by the states as
sanctuary for wild creatures.

Federal game and bird refuges also
number 125, including national parks,
some of which, particularly in the
national forests and national parks and
Alaska, are extensive.

The establishment of game sanctuaries
has been the most notable feature of the

development of wild life conservation
methods during the past fifteen years and
is now regarded as essential to any effec-
tive plan for the maintenance of the game
supplv." — Proceedings Twenty-first Con-
vention of Game, Fish and Conservation
Commissioners.

SLAUGHTER METHODS STILL EXIST

California has long been noted for
goose hunting. Seven different species
winter within the state. In the supply
of geese, the state has a splendid natural
resource. Yet practically no other game
bird has received less attention. For
many years, geese were hunted by a
method known as bull hunting, the market
hunter using an animal blind. l.,ater,
however, ducks were saved from this sort
of destructive hunting, but geese were
still so hunted.

It has only been in recent years that
any protection whatsoever has been given
geese. Ye:irs after there were bag limits
on ducks, no limit was set on geese.
Finnlly, with niunbers greatly reduced,
the federal government lessened the bag
limit. The restrictions, however, have
not satisfactorily handled the situation.
In the Sacramento Valley, there are a
number of licensed commercial clubs
where organized destruction is prac-
ticed. The owner loads onto a truck
about 250 wild geese decoys. These
wing-clipped birds are placed in enclos-
ures out in a field. A group of ten
hunters, along with a professional, hide
themselves in pits. A flock of geese is
attracted and upon signal from the pro-
fessional hunter, ten men rise from the
pits and blaze away. Oftentimes every
member of a ilock falls victim to the
l>arragc. No hunter knows whether he
killed a particular goose or whether his
near neighbor shot it. After sufScient
ijeeso h.'ive been killed to furnish each
man with a bag limit of eight, firing is
stopped and the geese are collected. The
men who try out this sort of hunting are
usually disgusted. They fail to see how
sportsniiinship is displayed.

The Division of Fish and Game has for
several years been endeavoring to have
the legislature pass a law prohibiting the
use of live decoys in the hunting of geese,
but in each instance the movement was
blocked by the professional hunters of
the Willows district

There is grave danger in this sort of
hunting from a conseiwation point of
view. Suppose a flock of geese from the
north is made up of a number of birds
which come from one particular locality.
Suppose these birds, having migrated
together, keep the flock intact with but
a few additional stragglers added. If

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

51

every goose in the flock is killed by fire
from ten automatic guns, there are no
breedei's left to return to this locality in
the north. There are always a few birds
left in every flock to serve as breeders
and furnish birds for another year,
when wholesale methods are not used
and the hunter is thrown on his indi-
vidual skill and ingenuity.

There is growing sentiment to the effect
that this sort of organized slaughter must
be stopped in California, if we expect to
save a noted resource of our state. Un-
doubtedly a strenuous endeavor will be
made to correct the situation duiing the
present session of the legislature.

COTTONWOOD LAKES CLOSED TO
ANGLING

The future of angling in California
from a fishcultural standpoint is based
on the ability of the division to retain a
supply of spawn-bearing fish. Excessive
fishing in certain localities readily acces-
sible to densely populated areas has
served to lessen the numbers of adult or
egg-producing game fish, while contami-
nation of natural spawning grounds in
such areas has produced very unfortu-
nate conditions. Physical factors beyond
the power of the division to control have
also entered in. For the last two years,
seasonal floods have washed out racks at
egg-taking stations and seriously cut down
the number of eggs the division has been
able to take.

The power of the Commission to close
streams or lakes to angling has been
exercised already in one important in-
stance to conserve the breeding stock of
a valuable and beautiful fish, the golden
trout. The Cottonwood lakes in the
High Sierra have developed into an ex-
ceptional spawning ground for this fish,
yielding an average of 450,000 eggs a
year. Golden trout thrive in lakes of
high altitude where the water is clear
and cold. Because this important spawn-
ing ground can be made to serve as the
source of supplying High Sierra lakes
with golden trout hatched and developed
at the Mt. Whitney Hatchery, it has been
closed to angling. It is predicted that
since anglers are now deprived of the
privilege of fishing in the Cottonwood
lakes, the yearly egg take will show a
decided improvement.

GAME AND FORESTRY

Successful examples are becoming less
rare where owners of wild forest lands
are managing their estates so as to obtain
an additional profit from a by-product of
their forests, namely, game. The advance
of the science of game management,

coupled with the desire of land owners to
develop the full producing powers of their
properties, may be considered the fore-
most factors that have brought about the
increase of such projects.

The November issue of American
Forests and Forest Life contains an
article by William T. Cox proving the
worth of a joint commercial undertaking
which gave due importance to the raising
of game on land producing timber wealth.
Actual profits derived from harvesting
the fur and game crop off 30,000 acres
embraced in Itasca Park and Forest
reveal a yield of 66§ cents an acre a
year gross. Supported by these figures,
the author ventures to assert that a profit
of at least 50 cents an acre could be
derived from any area comparable to
Itasca Park and Forest.

"There are in Minnesota alone," he
goes on to state, "approximately 18,000,-
000 acres comparable in character and in
fur and game carrying capacity to Itasca
Park. If this immense area of woodland
and lake, marsh and stream were allowed
to become fairly well stocked with game
and fur-bearing animals, the revenue
derived from these sources, not to men-
tion the timber and the fish, would be not
less than $9,000,000 a year. The fur
crop in the forests of Minnesota, if given
a fair chance, would pay the entire cost
of thoroughgoing fire and game protection
and leave a handsome revenue besides.
The various forms of wild life probably
give to water areas a value acre for acre
just as great as that possessed by ordi-
nary farm land. Muskrat lands in ex-
tensive holdings bring about 50 cents an
aci'e profit. Commercial fishing over
large areas of lake and river show about
the same return. But most important
of all, let us bear in mind that the game,
the fish and the beaver, especially, have
a recreational or attraction value less
definite perhaps, but none the less real
and probably greater, than their utili-
tarian value."

AERIAL SURVEY OF WATERFOWL
CONDITIONS

Probably the most unique feature thus
far of the survey being made by the Gov-
ernor's Advisory Committee on Game
Refuges and Public Shooting Grounds
has been the attempt of the committee to
gain a comprehensive grasp of the water-
fowl situation by means of airplane
flights. Indeed, what is believed to be
the first extensive air reconnaissance of
any migratory bird area occurred on
September 29, 1928. The Standard Oil
Company of California placed at the

52

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

committee's disposal its trimotored pas-
senger monoplane.

In a comparatively short time tJie big
monoplane, taking a southward couree,
flew over the Suisun marshes, the Sacra-
mento delta and the important water
areas of the Sacramento Valley. Some
400 miles were covered and great numbers
of waterfowl were seen. Water was most
lileutiful in the vicinity of Willows,
Colusa County, while the Suisun marshes
seemed to be suffering mostly from lack
of it.

It is proposed that later flights will be
made to survey other portions of the
state.

SMALL GAME REFUGES EXPRES-
SIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE EFFORT

The average sportsman cheerfully ex-
pends as much as $10 to $20, and some-
times more, to enjoy a good quail hunt.
Curiously enough, he resents any project
whose object is to induce him to reach
into his pocket and subscribe a small
sum for quail preservation. His atten-
tion will most times be attracted by
descriptions of the old-time abundance
of quail. He will even agree that no
opportunity should be overlooked to bring
the little "plumed knight" back to their
former numbers so that they can prevail
everywhere again. When pressed, how-
ever, to subscribe money ; when told that
it is his duty to make a return for the
birds he has bagged, he will be, indeed,
above the average sportsman if he elects
to accept such a burden.

Happily a movement is about to be set
on foot by the San Diego Fish and Game
Protective Association to acquire a fund
to be used for the purpose of leasing a
desirable plot of quail laud for a long
term of years. The plan embodies the
building of a gamekeeper's house and the
hiring of a man to patrol the refuge.
The refuge is to be stocked with birds
trapped in a few areas where quail are
now common.

The small refuge represents a scope of
activity logically within the domain of
local sportsmen's associations. Once
established and serving as a means of
perpetuating a certain nucleus of seed
stock producing a continuous supply for
adjacent covers, the small refuge would
stiind as a splendid testimony that local
sportsmen had entered actively into the
practical business of wild life protection.
The refuge would not alone be a source
of local pride, but would also satisfy its
creators that their collective money was
being devoted towards constructive ends.

Let it be hoped that sportsmen every-
where in California will see this light;

that they will be willing to subscribe to
the success of such projects so that they
themselves may reap where they have
sown.

THE MOST MODERN OF VIOLATORS

The Alaska Guides Association has
gone on record as opposed to the use of
aeroplanes by huntei"s to reach remote
hunting grounds. They complain that
the use of such means of conveying hunt-
ers readily to areas almost inaccessible
by other means constitutes a serious
menace. It permits molestation of some
of the most valuable breeding grounds
for Alaskan big game and makes law
violation easy.

California has recently experienced
something of the threat which the use of
aeroplanes manifests toward the future
of consen-ation. While the game refuge
survey crew wei"e posting and surveying
Game Refuge 1-Q, an aeroplane was
observed to land miles away in the middle
of the refuge. The place was not readily
accessible by road and could be reached
only after a considerable jouniey. After-
wards, it was learned that the occupants
of the aeroplane enjoyed a fine sage hen
shoot and had winged their way back
home, having violated the sanctity of the
refuge with complete safety and freedom
from apprehension.

STATISTICAL REPORT ON FRESH
AND CANNED PRODUCTS FOR 1927

Illuminating facts showing that canned,
smoked and dried fish valuefl at $'2^J,048,-
516 was produced by canners and packers
in California during 1927 are contained
in Circular No. 2. released for general
distribution to all who desire this infor-
mation, by the Commercial Fishery
Bureau.

The circular mentioned, one of the
most complete ever published by the
division, also contains a complete record
of the catch for 1027, with detail shew-
ing the various kinds of fish taken as
well as a complete report of the sardine
canners' operations during the period.

Packing plants numbering 75, valued
at $8,606,383 and employing 6461 people,
handled the heavy pack of seafood speci-
fied in the report. Siirdines as usual
headed the list, six types of pack iTsulting
in the production of 2,625,412 cases,
while abalone scored the least with but
1987 cases being packed.

In the San Pedro district the highest
canning record was made with 1,916,422
cases being packed, while ^lonterey came
second with 1,398,762 cases. The total
number of cases of canned fish is given
as 3,882,900. Dried and smoked fish

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

53

included anchovies, Bismarck herring,
mackerel, rollmop, sablefish, salacchini,
salmon, sardines, shad, shrimps and squid.
Squid leads in this class with 1,200,000
pounds being turned out at Monterey.
Salted sardines follow with 110,770
pounds. Mild cured salmon numbered
2052 tierces, and smoked salmon totaled
66,805 pounds.

In addition to the products mentioned,
263 tons of fish flour, 21,111 tons of fish
meal and 2,618,490 gallons of fish oil
were turned out in the by-product plants
operated by the cauners and packers.

GAME BIRD FARMING IN
CALIFORNIA

Records of licensed game breeders
show an increase to 201 issued in 1927

of public interest and a desire on the
part of many people to assist in the work
of propagation.

Many of the private breeders tell me
that people who apply to them for game
bird eggs for hatching make it known
that they desire to rear these birds for
liberation. This is a line of work that
the Fish and Game Commission can well
afford to encourage. It has been said
that any poacher who can be induced to
rear a brood of either pheasants or quail
will never again follow this nefarious
practice.

It requires no stretch of the imagina-
tion to suppose that by a vei-y little
work, 100 people in different sections of
the state might be induced to rear 100
broods of birds. This would equal the

Fig. 22. Banding- .sick ducks prior to placing- them in recovery pen for observa-
tion. Hollywood Gun Club, Kern County, California. October, 19 28. Photo-
graph by E. S. Cheney.

from 164 licenses issued in 1926. This
means that 37 more people took out
game farming permits in 1927 than in
the previous year. This is a gain of
22* per cent. While it is not large, it
nevertheless shows the trend of a hejilthy
growth. The figures for the year 1928 are
not available, but it is the opinion of the
writer, based on inquiries received at
the Yountville Game Fann, that this
percentage figure will be raised con-^iider-
ably. This is as it should be, for these
figures give a vciy accurate cross-section

output of a very large game farm and
the cost to the division would be very
much less. The necessary element in a
program of this kind is the right sort of
infoiTuation.

In the state of Washington, the writer
well remembers one year when many
thousands of eggs were sent to various
individuals and organizations. Most
anyone could get them who would apply.
The weak point in that program was the
fact that insuflBcient information was
furnished to enable the one who received

54

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the eggs to hatch and rear the birds
properly. The average man and woman
on the fann can do this work, if they are
shown, or if the proper kind of informa-
tion is furnished them.

This last season, a prominent man of
San Francisco, who has a large country
place, applied to the farm for birds for
liberation. I asked him why he did not
rear his own birds. He replied, "he did
not know how." He was infomied that
we would gladly cooperate with him if he
would send his attendant here so that
we could give him first-hand information
on just how the work was carried on.
This request was complied with and the
man was sent to the farm.

This attendant received 400 Chinese
ring-necked pheasant eggs about the mid-
dle of May. The first of September a
friend, who had been spending his vaca-
tion at this ranch, informed me that he
counted 199 fine pheasants around the
place. The attendant who looked after
the pheasant rearing had never raised
a game bird before. This was his first
attempt, and it was a success.

In this work, like many other lines, a
proper understanding of the requirements
of game birds is the thing that counts.
Often, at the request of a game breeder,
when giving advice or trying to untangle
some difiiculty that has arisen, I am
impressed by this fact. It would be a
fine thing if those who start to raise game
birds would first familianze themselves
with the general environment necessary
for the comfort of the birds they intend
to place in confinement. Fully 90 per
cent of the cases where help is requested,
the trouble hinges on the problem of
insufiBciont room, and the lack of, or too
much, sunlight.

Not long ago, I took some quail from
a person who had them confined under a
porch on a concrete floor. The sun had
little chance to reach them. They never
had so much as a single opportunity to
get a dirt bath or dust themselves. This
was just as important to them as a
water bath is to a human. Birds and
animals can not be confined in small
enclosures for any length of time without
bad results. Vei-y few people know the
real habits of the birds and animals they
have in confinement, yet they expect them
to get along. It is one of the finest
tributes to the gameness of these creatures
that they do as well as they do.

In a lecture before a parent-teacher
association. Judge Ben Lindsey remarked
that "the boys and girls who loved ani-
mals and birds" never came into his
Denver Juvenile Court. In fosteiing this
very important line of work it may be

possible that we will also be contributing
something to the much talked about
"youthful delinquency." — August Bade,
YountviUe, Cal.

LOCAL HUNTERS MOST SUCCESSFUL
IN KILLING DEER

Facts and figures sathered from the
deer tags turned in by hunters to the
division for the season recently closed
clearly prove that a man must have a
better chance to kill a deer in his own
county than an outfiide seeker of big
game. A careful analysis of the residence
of the hunters who killed deer this year
and the place where the buck fell, shows
that a man is much more efficient when
working in his own territory.

There are exceptions to this in a few
counties only, but in the counties where
heavy kills were recorded the "home
boys" bagged the most deer.

In Siskiyou County, where a grand
total of IG.^4 deer tops the list for the
state, refiidents of the county killed 983
bucks. While Los Angeles County hunters
shot the most deer throughout the state
during the season, of the 309 killed in
Los Angeles, 320 were brought down by
those who claim Los Angeles County as
their home.

Alpine is an exception. Alpine County
hiuitors bagged hut 12 of the 06 bucks
killed. The local lads fell down also in
Mono County, getting only 23 of the 552
killed.

Of the 263 killed in Alameda County,
residents were responsible for 197, while
in San Diego the hunters in the southern
boundary county shot 190' of the 232 that
were checked out this year.

Residents of Del Norte County killed
."4 deer. Despite the fact that only 48
were killed in the county, local hunters
shot 4.1 of these, wliich shows consider-
able prowess in the seeking of big game.

HOLDING PONDS

Various fish and game protective asso-
ciations have been aiding in fish distribu-
tion by building holding ponds. The
Tulare Association, by securing the
cooperation of various clubs, has to their
credit, three holding stations as follows :
Kernville. 7 ]>onds, lO'xSC ; Nelsons, 3
ponds. lO'x.W ; Mineral King, 4 ponds.
lO'xoO'. An attendant has been employed
to feed and properly care for the fish at
each st^ation. The ponds are so arranged
that they can be cleaned and the water
held at any particular level. The eastern
brook trout held in some of these ponds
attained splendid size before the volunteer
packers took them into the back country
and planted them.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

55

Those responsible for these holding
ponds maintain that the advantages
gained are :

1. Fish planted at the most ideal time
of year for the locality ; not the time
when water is lowest in the streams.

2. Early growth is in natural environ-
ment and under controlled conditions,
enabling the weaker fish to become more
vigorous before planting. Hence a sturdier
stock is planted.

DEER HERDS ON INCREASE

A report issued by the "Washington
office of the Forest Service in November
states that deer throughout the national
forests of the west are increasing. In a
few places, they have multiplied in num-
bers beyond the ability of the locality to
sustain them. Protected by man and not
destroyed by lions, wolves, coyotes and
lynx, because these predators have been
removed by predatory animal control
measures, many of them face starvation
or disease from the weakening effects of
lack of food.

It is clear that in such cases where
deer multiply beyond their means of sus-
tenance, conditions have been allowed to
obtain which overreach the ultimate ob-
ject of the conservation of the si>ecies
in question. There is need for measures
to be taken to stabilize conditions sur-
rounding the welfare of such animals.
Why not a plan of management which
will permit killing by hunters up to the
point of taking each year what would
amount to the annual increase? A given
locality is capable under normal condi-
tions of producing a certain amount of
food for deer. The deer population should
be kept stationary in the sense that it
should never be allowed to exceed the
maximum number of animals the locality
is able to feed. Less cruelty to the ani-
mals will be effected by such a plan than
if their numbers are reduced by starva-
tion and disease.

THE MYSTERY OF GAME WARDENS

Many unthinking people have come to
believe that there is something mysteri-
ous and awful about game wardens. It
is the duty of every deputy of the divis-
ion to make an earnest endeavor to break
down this somewhat popular superstition,
and to have the people and the sportsmen
feel that game wardens are their friends
and that in their efforts to protect and
conserve the supply of wild life within
the state they are working in and for
their best interests.

The best game warden in the world is
a human being — neither half devil nor
half god — but .iust a man. A good game

warden must be quick to think, keen to
analyze, persistent, resourceful and cour-
ageous. As a matter of fact the work
of game wardens is just plain business,
like any other business, and in order to
be successful must be undertaken and
conducted in a businesslike manner.

However, the game warden's business
is full of vexations. There are times
when the warden knows to a certainty
that the fish and game laws are being
violated and the identity of the violator,
yet arrest must wait until evidence of a
positive nature is at hand ; but sometimes
the evidence never comes. If there is
mystery attached to the movements of
game wardens it is simply because, in
order to be successful in their work,
secrecy is imperative.

These are some, but not all, of the
troubles met by game wardens. If the
warden is "spineless" he is sure to be
inactive and lax in the discharge of his
duties and soon becomes a liability in-
stead of an asset to the cause of wild
life protection and conservation. The
game warden who is energetic, honest
and faithful to his duties, persevering
and courageous, will keep the fish and
game law violators a-guessing, and will
catch the boldest and the shrewdest of
them in the end. — Walter R. Welch.

RAINBOW TROUT IN NEW ZEALAND

Further indication of the popularity
and success of the American rainbow
trout in foreign waters is contained in a
consular report from New Zealand, which
states that the stock of this fish intro-
duced in the Tongariro River has yielded
over 4,000,000 eggs. Most of these eggs
were incubated in the hatchery operated
by the New Zealand department of in-
ternal affairs, some were sent to the
fisheries department at New South Wales,
a small number was sent to Tasmania,
and a few were distributed to local accli-
matization societies, which are similar to
sportsmen's associations in this country.

That the New Zealand authorities are
acquainted with the latest developments
in fishcultural work is indicated by the
fact that they are undertaking the plant-
ing of food organisms in watei-s that have
been stocked with rainbow trout. Four
hundred and twenty-six thousand fresh-
water shrimp were planted in Lake
Taupo, and plans are being made to
transplant small indigenous fishes from
other waters to this lake. It is stated
that the work is being done with the idea
of insuring a food supply sufficient for
the future needs of the lake. — Fisheries
Service Bulletin, Bureau of Fisheries, No.
102, p. 1.

56

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

GAME REFUGE 1-Q

Of all the jiamo sanctuaries in the
state, Kefuge 1-Q is the most interesting
as to the number of species of game
sheltered. Located in the eastern iiart
of Lassen County, it borders on a similar
refuge in Nevada. There is very little
timber; in fact, tlie game survey crew
had to carry their own posts for signs.
Within the boundaries are located more
species of game than in any other similar
area. Probably the only white-tail deer
in the state range in the sagebrush along
with hundreds of antelope.

On one of the higher and rougher ele-
vations is a small band of mountain

the fish hatcheries. In this field rela-
tively little study and investigation has
been conducted in the United States. Need-
less to say that past experiences demand a
systematic and scientific program that
will attack the difficulties encountered in
the hatching of eggs and raising of fish.
With the present knowledge of fish dis-
eases in this state one is largely depend-
ent on analogy, deductions drawn from
an analysis of the literature.

In Europe many fish diseases have
been recognized. An excellent summary
may be found in "Praktikum der Fischk-
rankheiten," by Plehn. The number of
investigations in this country has b«en

A .-•^•J

A

'>^

Fig. 23. Boy Scouts of State Conservation Training Camp having a personal
experience with a mule deer, Yosemite, California, August, 1928. Photo-
by B. C. Cain.

sheep, the only band in northern (^'ali-
foraia. Sagehen may be counted by the
hundreds. Mule doer are abundant and
quail are not uncommon. There are
numerous places where waterfowl find
adaptable nesting places.— J. .S. Hunter.

FISH DISEASES
The time is here when the fish hatcheries
will soon be in full operation again in
the hatching of trout eggs and the rear-
ing of fingerlings. Those concerned with
fish culture turn their thoughts toward
what problems they may anticipate and
guard against. Fish diseases play a
prominent role among the problems of

small, and consequently very few publi-
cations are available.

During the past year in the months of
June and July several outbreaks of disease
in the different hatcheries have come to
the attention of the laboratory. Two
hatcheries experienced disastrous mortal-
ities in one instance due to a severe epi-
zootic (funinculosis) which killed the
entire stock, and in the other an unknown
factor reduced the fish to .50 per cent. In
another holding pond a mold infection was
reported to have caused a 100 per cent
mortality. Parasites and fungi also caused
trouble in a few instances. These brief
reports clearly indicate that fatal fish

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

57

diseases do occur in California. It is
obviously the duty of the laboratory to
institute measures to prevent these losses.
Not all the diseases are due to parasites.
Some factors, such as too high tempera-
tures, poor aeration of water, improper
and contaminated food, and polluted water
acted as predisposing and probably also
as contributory causes.

Whenever abnormal conditions are
observed in the fish or their environment,
immediate action should be taken to
determine the nature and cause of the
ti-ouble. Only affective treatments should
be applied to troubles of which the cause
is known. In the past, in certain out-
breaks where remedial agents failed, the
fish were dumped into the streams where
natural environment might be more suit-
able. This was carried out as the last
resort to save them. From an epidemi-
ological point of view, such a practice is
exceeflingly dangerous, since it encourages
the dissemination of infectious or com-
nuinicable diseases. It should be appre-
ciated that pi'evention is always less costly
than treatment and the institution of
control measures when an epizootic is
once on its way. — H. Van Roekel.

NEW GAME FARM FOR CATALINA
ISLAND

A large game farm has been established
near Avalon. on Catalina Island. It is
under tlie supeiTision of Mr. Lewis, who
formerly was assistant at the State Game
Farm at Yountville. One hundred thirty
large breeding and rearing pens have been
built. A red tile rooft'd wall encii-cles the
entire gi'ounds which are suri-ounded by
landscape gardens. A very large flight
aviary built of steel and including a large
circular pool for waterfowl has also been
erected. Many varieties of pheasants and
(|uail, together with many showy tropical
birds, are on exhibition. Mr. Wrigley is
sparing no expense in making the Catalina
Bird Fai-m one of the gi'eatest avicultural
exhibits in the country. Special emphasis
is to be laid on the propagation of game
birds heretofore found difficult to rear in
captivity.

DESTRUCTION OF UNDESIRABLE
FISH

A number of states are endeavoring to
improve fishing conditions by eliminating
undesirable or rough fish. Minnesota has
been active in this sort of work. Within
the past few montiis. California has
attempted the destruction of undesirable
fish in Clear Lake.

An interesting article by J. G. Burr,
which appeared in Field and Stream for

November, 1928, reports that a unique
method has recently been tried out in
Texas. The idea of using a strong elec-
tric current was obtained from reports of
fish farming in Germany, where undesir-
able fish are removed in this way. A
current of 332 to 350 volts was used and
suckers and carp were stunned and rose
to the surface. Men in boats with dip
nets removed these fish from the water.
Bass and perch were allowed to recover
and swim away.

KLAMATH FISHING ACCORDED HIGH
PRAISE

When the steelhead fishing is at its best
in tlu> Klamath, it is doubtful if there is
any stream in the United States that will
hold more thrills for the trout fisherman
than that California river. Fly fishing,
spinner fishing, bait fishing, all yield sport,
and when the fresh run fish of several
pounds in Aveight strike, the fortunate
angler is in for a battle. There are many
streams, some in the west, but mostly in
the east and along the east coast, that
are better known and more fished. But
fishermen who have wandered along such
waters as the Nipigon, the Beaverkill, the
Neversink, the Gunnison and even the
Madison, say that there is nothing to
surpass the Klamath in any of them.^ —
The American Field, Sept. 29, 1928.

HUNTING ETHICS

Many outdoor writers devote columns
to such matters as whei'e to hunt, how to
bag game and the kind of equipment to
use. Such basically essential problems
as perpetuating and increasing the game
supply, imoroving the relations between
farmers and sportsmen, and saving human
life are items which are invariably neg-
lected.

The Izaak Walton League believes that
clean sportsmanship, an even break for
both the hunter and the hunted, constant
vigilance to prevent accidents, and a
quare deal for the landowner, are matters
which can not be stressed too forcefully.
America needs more real sportsmen pull-
ing together in a common cause. We need
less of the "hoodlum" element.

Obser\'ance of the following suggestions
will help perpetuate America's scheme of
publicly-owned game and assure more and
better sport for everybody :

1. A human life is worth more than all
the game in America — see cleai'ly before
shooting. f

2. Carelessness witji firearms is crim-
inal— play safe and avoid accidents.

3. Healthful recreation and the thrill
of the chase are a true sportsman's prime
objectives always.

58

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

4. Observance of the law and eradica-
tion of tlie game hog are responsibilities
no sportsman can evade.

5. A few fools with matches kill more
game than many shotguns — prevent fires.

0. Only vandals destroy farmera' fences,
injure their stock or disregai-d their
wishes.

7. Real sportsmen never ti*y their skill
about farmyards, pastures and on tres-
pass signs.

8. Saving ample seed stock, and feed-
ing it during the winter time, will per-
petuate the sport.

9. A clear conscience at the end of the
trip and an invitation to come again beats

bands on the legs of our native birds, an
important investigation is being carried
on by our Government. The purpose of
this investigation is to learn how long
birds live, what routes they travel in
migration, how many miles they travel in
a day, whether or not they return to the
same locality, whether or not they keep
the same mates and many other interest-
ing (juestions. If you handle any game
bird or find any other kind of bird, dead
or alive, examine its legs for a baud and
road tlie number very carefully. If the
bird is alive, leave the band on and release
the bird, but if the bird is dead, remove
the band and send the band and all infor-

FiG. 24. State Conservation Training Camp for Eagle Scouts. Yosemite,
California. August 5-15, 1928. Photograph by B. C. Cain.

a full bag.— Seth E. Gordon, Conserva-
tion Director, Izaak Walton League of
America.

SPORTSMEN REQUESTED TO REPORT
BANDED BIRDS

The United States Bureau of Biological
Survey wishes to stir greater interest on
the part of hunters in banded birds. The
knowledge to be gained through reports
of such birds killed by sportsmen is fun-
damental to an unrlerstanding of their
travels. The following is an announce-
ment explaining the reasons for such
work :

"By means of numbered aluminum

mation possible in either case to the
Biological Survey, Washington, D. 0.
More volunteers to place these bands on
birds are needed. If you are interested,
write to the Inland Bird Banding Asso-
ciation, William I. Lyon, president, 124
Washington street, Waukegan, 111."

MOUNTAIN LION CONTROL
Bounties have been paid on mountain
lions by the state since 1907. The yearly
average during these 21 years has been
246 claims paid each year. Records from
the Thirtieth Biennial Report disclose
that during the past biennium the number
of lions killed bordered on this yearly

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

59

average. The claims of lion killers over
the entire state for 1926 amounted to 249
lions and for 1927, 241 lions.

It is believed that the total lion popu-
lation in California is not greater than
500. This population is probably able to
reproduce yearly not more than the num-
ber slain every year by hunters. In other
words, control measures have been effect-
ive in that they have kept these large
predators from increasing. The lion popu-
lation has remained stationary. Further
aggressiveness, making possible a greater
yearly toll, would soon find the death rate
in excess of the birth rate.

THE DEER SITUATION IN
PENNSYLVANIA

Due to the considerable controversy in
the state of Pennsylvania on the exact
status of food for its wild life, and the
belief entertained by the Pennsylvania
Board of Game Commissioners that deer
were "destroying not only food for them-
selves, but were also consuming natural
food for small game," the commission
"decidetl to get some well known authority
from outside the state who could give an
unbiased opinion, for the use of the public
as well as the game commission."

Vernon Bailey, of the U. S. Bureau of
Biological Survey was secured. Mr.
Bailey's reports are given with indisput-
able data with which to substantiate them.
He has been with the United States gov-
ernment service for forty years, with most
of his time given over to conservation
problems, especially with regard to food
conditions.

Due to the soundness and value of this
report, it is summarized in the following :

"The country examined lies mainly in
Mifflin, Centre, Clearfield and Elk coun-
ties, and includes some of the best deer
range in the state." The region is
mountainous, being from 1800 to 2300
feet elevation. It is rugged and deeply
eroded into narrow canyons and gulches
with broad plateaus at the tops of the
ridges. Except for cabins of rangers or
hunters, the country is uninhabited ; only
in the lower valleys has the farmer en-
croached. It was heavily forested at one
time, with white pine, hemlock and hard-
woods. However, it has been cut or burned
over many years ago. Now forested in
second growth hardwoods, such as oak,
chestnut, maple, birch, aspen, alder, black
cherry, pin cherry, beech and scattered
conifers such as white pine, red pine,
scrub pine, and hemlock and a great vari-
ety of shrubby vegetation.

The life zone is Transition, but on the
highest, coldest slopes there is a trace of

Canadian. In the lower valleys there is
a strong element of the Carolinian zone.
"The chestnut trees, which at one time
formed a large part, possibly, one-half,
of the forest timber, have all died with
the chestnut blight, but young sprouts
are still coming up around the base of the
trees and these sprouts furnish much
browse for the deer." The former crop
of chestnuts are not now available for
deer food. The oaks are large enough now
to furnish some food in the form of acorns
for deer.

Deer were reduced in 1907 to a very
low number, but at that time they were
given better protection. The hunting of
deer with dogs had been prohibited in
1905. Deer were imported from Michi-
gan, Vermont and Kentucky for the pur-
pose of restocking the depleted range. In
1907 the buck law went into effect, allow-
ing the killing of bucks with visible ant-
lers. This law was modified in relation to
length of horns and in 1925 only those
bucks with two-point antlers or greater
could be killed. No does had been legally
killed for 21 years except in 1923 to 1926,
when a limited open season on does was
allowed in certain townships where they
were too numerous. However, in the four
years only 2400 does were killed in the
state. In 1913 there were only 800 bucks
killed, while in 1927, through a steady
increase, 15,000 bucks were killed.

There are 45,000 bucks over two years
old in the state at this time, according ti>
estimates. It is also estimated that there
are 25 does to one buck so that would
indicate over 1,000,000 does in the state.
Only one fawn to every 10 does is the esti-
mated increase made by game protectors.

All the live deer seen during the investi-
gation were does, while only one last
year's fawn was noted.

Mr. Bailey said he had never seen deer
feeding on such a variety of vegetation.
These varieties were listed in his report.
Five deer in an enclosure near Lewiston
were evidently hungry for green foods as
they eagerly ate dandelions, wild lettuce,
mandrake, plantain, poison oak, clover
and grass. These were gathered fx'om out-
side and fed to them. A heavy growth of
skunk cabbage in their enclosure was un-
touched. "The stomach of one buck whicli
had been killed in December and had lain
on the ground through the winter was
dried up and preserved." It contained
a mass of masticated plant fibres, bark,
buds, leaves, and other woody material.
A yearling fawn stomach contained buds,
leaves, twigs, and a large amount of white
pine leaves. Another contained leaves,
twigs and bark with a few laurel leaves.

60

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A two-year-old doe found dead where
there was an abundance of laurel con-
tained a large amount of these leaves
which made up one-half of the stomach
contents. Very few farm crops go unat-
tacketl by deer.

The upper limit of browsing of deer is
clearly defined and conspicuous where
deer are abundant. This is known as the
"deer line." It averaged about six feet
from the ground where deer are congre-
gated, but only four or five feet where it
is less heavily browsed. The "deer line"
is the exti"eme height to which the lai-ge
animals can reach, while standing on
their hind feet. Where the slopes have
been grazed to a height of six feet by the
large deer, the fawns and yearlings can
not i-each the lowest branches and are
thus deprived of the best food. This is
an apparent cause of the recent loss of
large numbers of last year's fawns.

During February and March of the past
winter, an unusual number of deer died.
Most of these wore last year's fawns ;
only two out of 250 carcasses were two-
year-old deer. It Avas estimated that there
were 1000 dead fawns in four townships.

The old deer seen were generally thin,
but active and apparently in good health
at the time. "No bucks were seen that
could be recognized as such and only a
few of the does that were seen at close
range showed signs of carrying fawns."
The fawns died because of their handicap
in procuring footl which was out of their
reach.

Poisoning by laurel was kept in mind,
but no evidence of such poisoning was
securefl. Much laurt>I and rhododendron
had been eaten by both young and old
deer, so that the shrubs were being rapidly
killed out. "If seriously poisonous, the
plant would have been avoided, but other-
wise would have killed others as well as
the fawns." The whole trouble is from
overstocking the range with deer.

The deer have done great damage to
young trees, planted in a reforestation
program. Only the deer-proof fences have
proved a safety measure. Norway, white
and Scotch pines, European larch, Nor-
way spi-uce and a few hardwoods have
all met a similar fate.

"The destruction of crops at the edges
of farms is also a serious problem and
has given much trouble to the game com-
mission." The commission furnishes wire
and staples and the farmers build the
fence in order to keep out the deer. This
can only be done on a limited scale, how-
ever.

Deer have destroyed much of the cover
and food required by grotisc, pheasants.

turkeys, quail, rabbits and other small
game.

Home of the suggested improvements
are that there should be an open season
on does which, besides reducing their
numbers, would scatter them over a much
lai-ger area and make them wild again.
This would prevent massing in favorite
spots with the consequent loss by stan-a-
tion. There should be at least one buck
to three does. Their numbers should be
kept well balanced from year to year.

Only one sex at a time should be
hunted because of danger to hunters
when no restrictions on sex are made, and
the hunters shoot at anything.

Sciittering the deer with small barking
(logs in early winter would help to equal-
ize the distribution and avoid danger of
starvation. Game protectors say that all
deer ranges are overstocked with does,
however, and only a reduction of their
numbers will relieve the situation.

Improvement of food conditions could
be accomplished on the open unforested
lands, where perennial plants for deer
food could be introduced. It might be
possible to introduce the chinquapin to
take the place of the chestnut. It is a
member of the chestnut family, but not
effected by the chestnut blight. Various
species of small oaks that produce abund-
:int acorn crops are also possible. Some
of these would grow where now vegetation
is scarce or killed off. Replanting, how-
ever, is slow and expensive.

"Study of this i)articular instance of
loss among deer indicates clearly ami
forcibly the practical necessity of delegat-
ing to game commissions large discretion-
ary i)owers in administering game re-
sources so that action may be taken
promptly as specific conditions may re-
piire and to make possible effective intro-
duction and use of up-to-date management
practices based on sound knowledge of the
habits and re(iuirements of the animals
and of conditions affecting them." — D. I).
McLe.vn.

SOME FACTS ABOUT FISH

The smallest known fish is the tiny
Goby of Philippine waters. Average adult
length is about one-half inch.

The largest known fish are perhaps the
Basking Shark of sub-Arctic waters, and
the Carchardon of the tropical waters
near Australia and New Zealand. They
both grow to a length of about 45 feet.

The most extraordinary fish is the
Vampire Ray of the West Indian waters.
It reaches a width of about 25 feet across
the wings.

The most remarkable fish is the Rega-
lecus or "King of the Herrings," of the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

61

littoral waters of northern Europe. It
grows to about 20 to 25 feet in length,
about 4 inches wide and about a foot high
or deep. — Montana WUd Life, October,
1928.

SPORTSMEN'S CLUBS AND THE LAW

As the wealth of the country increases
the tendency for men of means to buy
large hunting and fishing preserves for
their exclusive use is growing at an alarm-

on an adjacent territory. Unfortunately,
however, some clubs still persist in con-
doning practices which are unsportsman-
like, illegal and unfair. The effect is most
deplorable.

How can Mr. Average Citizen be
expected to obey the law when reputable
citizens of high standing tolerate viola-
tions and make game hogs of themselves?

The board of directors of a well known
Mississippi Valley club last fall issued a

Fig. 25. Three and four-inch finger-
lings, Rainbow trout. Kings River
Hatchery, FVesno County, California.
September, 1928. Photograpli by Ken-
neth Shebley.

ing pace. And if the general public will
not take time by the forelock and provide
public lands for these purposes, certainly
individuals can not be criticized for pro-
tecting themselves.

The majority of these clubs are com-
posed of clean, upstanding sportsmen.
Many of them protect, feed and stock
game and fish on a much more intensive
.scale than is done by the general public

warning to all its members in the follow-
ing language :

"Our attention has been called to the
necessity for a more strict observance of
the federal and state game laws, especially
those pertaining to the daily bag limits
and sunrise and sunset restrictions. To
preserve our good standing, and the
respect and morale of our employees and
neighboring clubs, it is essential that this

62

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

be done. Members who deliberately
violate these restrictions wil be reported
to the authorities."

More clubs should be doing the same
thing, then follow it up with real action
— not just a bluff. How about your
club? — Outdoor America, December, 1928.

SOME RETURNS FROM CALIFORNIA
BANDED BIRDS

Leo K. Wilson, writing in the San
Francisco Chronicle for November 30,
1928, makes the following interesting
report on flights made by some California
banded birds :

"During the last few days of the open
season on ducks and geese last year, and
during the first few weeks in February of
1928, A. D. Trempe of Sault Ste. Marie,
Michigan, and H. P. Gray of Piedmont,
California, carried on considerable work
in banding ducks, geese and other water-
fowl on the various shooting preserves in
the Los Banos and Gustine regions. Ac-
cording to a recent report from Mr.
Trempe, many of the birds so banded have
already been picked up by shooters. Since
several of the records were of geese and
mudhens, they may be of interest to other
sportsmen.

Of the geese banded at the Gustine Gun
Club on February 2, 1928, three have
been reported as killed. Len Hawxhurst,
well known local trapshooter, killed one
of them at Gustine on October 1, and on
the same day J. Armstrong killed one at
Byron. On October 7, 1928, J. E. Doan
killed the third at Gustine. Apparently
the white-fronted geese return to the same
winter feeding grounds after the summer
breeding season in the north.

The records of mudhens are particularly
interesting. Not infrequently one hears
duck shooters discussing the migration of
these birds. Because of their clumsy
flight, it is thought by many shooters that
their migrations are quite limited. How-
ever, mudhens banded at Gustine between
the sixth and tenth of February, 1928,
have been picked up by shooters as fol-
lows : One was found dead by H. Beaudry
at Morinville, Alberta, on June 7, 1928.
Another was killed at Walker Lake, Ne-
vada, by an Indian, and was reported by
E. W. Fronquist of the Indian Field
Service. Another was found dead by N.
D. Haylett at Eston, Saskatchewan, Can-
ada. It seems strange that these two
mudhens were found, while very few
banded ducks are reported as "pickups."
Perhaps someone shot them and left them
where they fell."

RESOLUTIONS OF THE AMERICAN
FISHERIES SOCIETY

The following resolutions were passed
by the American Fisheries Society at its

fifty-eighth annual convention held in

Seattle from September 28 to 31, 1928 :

The American Fisheries Society approves
the fish cultural policy of the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries and its program of biological
and technological research along practical
lines and urges the adoption by congress
of the five-year program recommended by
ihe committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries at the last session of congress,
providing for the extension of the work of
the Bureau of Fisheries.

"In view of the growing menace to the
fisheries through encroachments of hydro-
electric developments on our streams, the
American Fisheries Society urges that
streams of real importance to the fisheries'
resources be determined and designated
without delay and that such streams be
withdrawn from further power develop-
ment until urgent public need for such
development is clearly shown, and until
a known method whereby anadromous
fishes shall not be interrupted in their
nuptial journey has been . provided for
without any doubt.

The American Fisheries Society strongly
approves the efforts of the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries and the several states inter-
ested in the problem to devise an efficient
method of preventing the enormous loss of
fishes in irrigation ditches, and we urge
hat the efforts be continued until a satis-
liactory solution is found and applied.

It is also urged that sufficient appropria-
tions be provided by congress for a similar
investigation tending toward the solution
of the fishway problem.

In view of the fact that many important
fisheries in industrial districts have been
destroyed by pollution of the waters ; and
fhat other important fisheries are in immi-
nent danger from the same source ; and
t .at the state of Pennsylvania has adopted
a very effective method of dealing with
his problem. It is therefore urged by the
American Fisheries Society that similar
methods be adopted by other states.

It is also recommended that the estab-
Ishment on unpolluted waters of industries
having injurious wastes be delayed until
satisfactory methods of handling such
wastes can be applied.

The American Fisheries Society recog-
nizes the existence of the various fisheries
conservation problems common to the
United States and Canada — in particular,
of those relating to the salmon fisheries
of the Great Lakes, and recommends the
Immediate adoption of appropriate treaties
looking towards the restoration of such
international fisheries as are depleted and
the adoption of uniform regulations where
such are desirable ; and to a closer cooper-
ation in dealing with such matters.

The American Fisheries Society approves
the work accomplished by the "Western
Food and Game Fish Protective Associa-
tion through the cooperation of sportsmen,
commercial fishery operators and others
interested in the preservation of the fish-
eries ; and urges a closer cooperation
between these various interests through-
out the country in securing constructive
action on fishery problems.

Whereas, There has been an Increase
of considerable proportion in commercial
troll fishing in the Pacific Ocean off the
coasts of Alaska, British Columbia, Ore-
gon, Washington and California, during
recent years ; and

"Whereas. There are numbers of imma-
ture salmon taken, especially during the
early spring months ; and

"Whereas, This has resulted in a deple-
tion of the salmon supply; and

Whereas. It is evident that in the inter-
ests of conservation and perpetuation of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

63

a major industry that some remedial legis-
lation is needed ; now, therefore, be it

Resolved, By the American Fisheries
Society, in convention assembled, at
Seattle, Washington, this thirty-first day
of August, 1928, that the several legis-
latures of California, Oregon and Wash-
ington, as to their respective coasts, the
Department of Marine and Fisheries of
Canada, as to the British Columbia coast,
and the U. S. Department of Commerce, as
to Alaska, be asked to pass uniform legis-
lation or promulgate uniform orders, that
will regulate commercial trolling, and the
landing of troll-caught fish, by the estab-
lishment of closed season periods. —
Science, November 9, 1928.

TULE LAKE BIRD REFUGE

By executive order, President Coolidge
has created the Tule Lake bird refuge in
northern California, thus bringing to 80
the number of wild-life reservations ad-
ministered by the United States Bureau
of Biological Survey. The new refuge
consists of 10,300 acres of government
lands in northeastern Siskiyou County,
within the Klamath irrigation project.
These lands are flooded to a considerable
extent by waste water and thus form an
excellent waterfowl resort.

Paul G. Redington, Chief of the Bio-
logical Survey, in commenting on the
establishment of this project, states that
this is a most important addition to the
list of wild fowl refuges established by
executive order and by acts of congress.
Tule Lake has long been the mecca for
such wildfowl as the mallard, redhead,
ruddy duck, cinnamon teal, avocets, stilts,
and other shore birds. It also is a favor-
ite wintering ground for the cackling
goose, a bird that breeds on the north-
west coast of Alaska.

The layout of the area is such, due to
mud conditions along the shores, that a
natural refuge has existed in the northern
part of the Tule Lake area, but sportsmen
have in the past found their recreation on
other portions of the area. In order not
to mete out undue hardship to these
sportsmen, it was deemed advisable to
allow a continuance of hunting privileges
on an area at the southern end of the lake,
and accordingly the Secretary of Agri-
culture on October 10 approved an order
permitting hunting on 2S0O acres south
of the line forming the north boundary at
sections 33 and 34 of township 47 north,
range 4 east, Mount Diablo meridian.
The inviolate refuge, therefore, compre-
hends 7500 acres of land extremely valu-
able for resting and feeding grounds for
the birds which frequent the area.

Mr. Redington further states that this
refuge, which lies just south of the Cali-
fornia-Oregon line, will supplement the
Clear Lake refuge in California, just east
of Tule Lake, and the recently established

Upper Klamath refuge, on the west shore
of Klamath Lake, in Oregon. A year ago
it was announced that because of lack of
water a reflooding program on Lower
Klamath Lake, west of Tule Lake, would
have to be abandoned. The establishment
of the refuge, therefore, on Tule Lake will
in a measure offset the loss of possible
sanctuary caused by the abandonment of
the Lower Klamath project.

It is further stated that because of the
encroachment of industrial and agricul-
tural development the wild fowl have in
many areas throughout the United States
lost their former homes and stopping
places, and that the government in its
obligations under the Migratory Bird
Treaty with Great Britain is steadily
{(\'orking for the reestablishment of suitable
water areas so that the wild fowl may
regain something of what they have lost.
The setting aside of such areas strategic-
ally located along the principal lines of
migration will probably do more for the
future welfare of the wild fowl than any
other one measure. Protective laws relat-
ing to seasons and bag limits are in effect
and play their part in the conservation of
ducks and geese, but these will be of little
avail if they are not backed by the estab-
lishment of refuges such as the one just
set aside.

NEED FOR GAME AND BIRD REFUGE
STRESSED

In his report to Secretary of Agricul-
ture Jardine on the work and accomplish-
ments of the Bureau of Biological Survey
for the year 1928, Paul G. Redington,
chief of the bureau, places emphasis on
wild-life reseai-ch. He considers this fun-
damental to all other functions of the
bureau and basic to the chief service ex-
pected by the public and by the various
states. He also stresses the importance of
the establishment of game and bird refuges
as being without doubt the greatest single
factor in successful wild life administra-
tion.

"The development of additional refuge
areas for wild life," says Mr. Redington,
"has been brought more intimately to
public attention, and the sentiment
throughout the country is more definitely
crystallized in favor of a unified program,
as it becomes generally understood that
the onward march of civilization, with
its farming and industrial operations,
threatens, at least locally, the ultimate ex-
tinction of the various form of wild life
that were the delight of our forbears and
that can not be perpetuated for future
enjoyment unless provided with ample
range, including feeding, breeding, and
resting grounds. There is urgent need for

64

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

funds to enable the Biological Sun-ey to
investigate and determine the suitability
of areas that are being proposed for
refuge purposes."

Mr. Kedington mentions as outstanding
among the accomplishments and new lines
of work undertaken in research during the
year, the following :

Inauguration of studies of the relative
abundance of migratory wild fowl from
year to year, through systematic and
repeated censuses taken by cooperators on
important waterfowl concentration areas.

Authorization by congressional act of
more extended research having to do
with tlie relations of wild life to forestry
— the effects of birds, mammals, and other
forms on forest production.

Successful crossbreeding of Alaskan
reindeer with native caribou captured for
the experiments, and the birth of fawns
of materially increased weight.

Establisliment of a Rabbit Experiment
Station at Fontana, California, to sup-
plement other investigations on the pro-
duction of rabbits for fur and food, and
progress in cooperative investigations of
diseases of foxes and measures for their
prevention and cure on fox farms.

Progress in research work on the food
of the English sparrow, in studies of the
requirements of the Wyoming elk, in tlie
administration of other game animals and
birds on reservations, and in coordination
of state and federal policies in wild life
administration generally.

Important measures mentioned for the
welfare of wild life are the authorization
by congress of a refuge for migratory
birds in the extensive Bear River marshes,
Utah, and first steps in its administra-
tion, as an aid to conserving the wildfowl
resources of the west ; and greater expe-
dition in the work of acquiring lands for
the Upper Mississippi River wild life
refuge through congressional aid and
through private donation of areas im-
portant to the purposes of the refuge.

Of importance to cooperative work for
the control of wild animal pests of agri-
culture, horticulture, forestry, stock rais-
ing, and wild game was the development,
through a conference of field leaders in
rodent and predatory animal control at
Ogdeu, Utah, of improved plans for re-
search work and definite policies in local
and general control operations. "Congress
has requested," says Mr. Redington, '"that
there be submitted to it at the next ses-
sion a plan that will operate to insure
adequate control of the predatory animals
throughout the country."

Seven federal conservation laws are
listed that are administered by the Bio-
logical Survey, including the migratory
bird treaty and Lacey acts, and. by co-
operation with the Alaska Game Commis-
sion, the Alaska game law.

"Respect on the part of sportsmen and
the public in general for federal and state
laws for the conservation of wild life,"

says Mr. Redington, "is increasing from
year to year, and United States district
courts and district attorneys have con-
tinued their interest in the enforcement
of the regulations. There are still too
many hunters who will violate the law
whenever oi»portunity is afforded. De-
mands for better enforcement of the fed-
eral migratory bird regulations are insist-
ent and general. Citizens everywhere
express their approval of the law but
assert that enforcement is notably inade-
quate. The reason for this criticism
becomes evident when it is realized that
the appropriation available for enforcing
the migratory bird treaty act regulations
allows for the full-time employment of
only 24 salaried game protectors through-
out the entire country. Each game pro-
tector must on the average cover two
states, and in his work can have little
assistance from the United States deputy
game wardens, since funds are not suffi-
cient to permit many of these latter offi-
cials— generally voluntary cooperators —
to be assigned to this duty. The estab-
lishment of an ade(iuate force of game
protectors would have immediate benefi-
cial results in a quickening of public
interest in wild life protection and in
strengthening the public support of the
migratory bird treaty act."

The regulations promulgated by Secre-
tary Jardine for the protection of game
and fur animals in Alaska, under the new
law of 1925, are declared by Mr Reding-
ton already to have shown their effective-
ness in the conservation of the wild life
resources of the territory.

"Alaska possesses many interesting and
highly valuable forms of wild life," he
continues, "that need more protection
than is now afforded them through the
limited resources available to the Alaska
Game Commission. \Yith fairly large
numbers of such noted big game animals
as the mountain sheep, the moose, the
caribou, the mountain goat, the deer, and
the grizzly and Alaska brown bears ; and
with foxes, beavers, minks, muskrats, and
lynxes present in considerable numbers,
there exists a real opportunit.v to put into
effect a wild life administration program
that not only will insure a continuance of
game and fur animals in present numbers,
but should operate to increase the stocks
of many of these and of other species,
which, without better protection, must
rapidly go down hill. Forward-looking
Alaskans are behind the work of the
Alaska Game Commission. Demands are
being made for more strict law enforce-
ment than can be given by the commis-
sion through its force of seven full-time
wardens. Each of these wardens is ex-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

65

pected to handle an area of more than
70,000 square miles, as compared with
only 100 square miles covered by wardens
in the better organized states."

Prominent mention is made in the re-
port of the "continued cordial relations
with scientific institutions and individual
research workers ; with officers of state
departments of agriculture, extension
services, live stock and other associations,
cooperating stockmen, and farmers ; and
with state conservation departments, the
Alaska Game Commission, sportsmen's
associations, hunting clubs, and individual
sportsmen and other conservationists.
Through the interest of cooperators in the
varied duties assigned to the Biological
Survey, the influence and helpfulness of
the bureau is greatly extended, far beyond
the sphere of activity of the limited force
of workers that can be carried on its
rolls."

"LIGHT BURNING" MENACE TO
CALIFORNIA FORESTS

Periodically, the forest protection policy
of the United States Forest Service,
which seeks (1) to prevent fires from
starting, and (2) to suppress quickly
those that may start, is attacked by
people who hold that the deliberate and
repeated burning of forest lands offers the
best method of protecting these lands
from the devastation of summer fires.
The "light burning" advocates base their
contentions on the false premises that fire
prevention is in the long run an impossi-
bility, that controlled burning does pro-
tect the merchantable stands of timber,
and that this can be done at a lower cost
than by fire prevention methods. But
they present no facts to prove the correct-
ness of their theory.

The Forest Service is not interested in
any "whispering campaign" of generali-
ties against its fire prevention methods,
imsupported by reliable observations or
established facts. Its business, in so far
as the national forests are concerned, is
the growing of timber and the protection
of watersheds. The present fire protection
policy in effect in the federal forests is
not based on guesswork, hearsay or local
prejudice, but is the result of more than
25 years of active field experience in the
fire game both in California and through-
out the entire United States. This policy
is being built up and improved by modern
methods and inventions, because it has
been proved that in the long run fire pre-
vention and not "light burning" is the
best system for protecting and conserving
our rapidly disappearing forest resources.

Let us critically examine some of the

5—64214

contentions of the "light burning" advo-
cates :

1. It is stated that in the early days of
Indian fires there were no great conflagra-
tions ; that the forests were open and free
from brush, and that the forests withstood
repeated burning without serious injury.
The records prove all these statements
to be incorrect. The forests of California
that were swept by early day fires now
support only J to ^ the amount of timber
per acre as compared to the stands grow-
ing on land which escaped fire. In other
words, periodic burning has reduced our
forest capital more than 50 per cent, and
has also turned millions of acres of valu-
able timber-bearing land into brush
wastes. On the 6,000,000 acres of forest
land burned by early day fires, the loss
from fire, insects and other results of
burning is conservatively estimated at
$3,000,000,000. Can California afford to
repeat such a waste?

Great conflagrations occurred in Cali-
fornia during the early days. Records
from both the northern and southern part
of the state prove that these fires often
burned from four to six months and fre-
quently swept over more than 100,000
acres of forest and major watersheds be-
fore being extinguished by rain. No such
conflagrations as these have destroyed
the timber wealth of the state since fire
prevention measures have been put into
effect by the Forest Service. Writings of
pioneer explorers and government sur-
veyors also disprove the statement that
the early day forests were open and free
of brush. In fact, the records prove that
brush was everywhere found, as today.

2. The "light burning" advocates fur-
ther state that periodic fires improve graz-
ing conditions, kill the "wood beetles" and
make hunting easier. While those are
largely selfish contentions, with little
thought to the welfare of the forest, they,
too, can be proved incorrect.

Periodic burning does at first increase
the stand of forage plants, but extensive
experiments have shown that if this prac-
tice is continued the noxious weeds and
shrubs, which are more hardy than the
forage plants, will soon take possession
of the range and turn it into a weed and
brush patch. Repeated fires eventually
destroy or seriously reduce the produc-
tivity of valuable range lands, as is well
illustrated by the hundreds of thousands
of acres of worthless brush range along
the borders of the great interior Valleys.
Entomologists have proved that pine
beetles and other destructive forest in-
sects, which live in green not dead trees,
are increasingly attracted to burned areas
and readily attack and destroy trees

66

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

weakeiK'd by reitoated Jiros. I'^xpciiments
have shown that the volume of merchant-
able timber destroyed on a burned area by
insect attack increases '2'}() i»er cent the
first season followins a lire. Also, that the
"wood beetles" of which the "old-timers"
talk so much, are in reality not destruc-
tive to green timber at all, but live en-
tirely in dead and fallen trees and logs.

Brush in the forest undoubtedly makes
game ditficult to hunt. If game seeks the
brush, that is evidence that the brush is
attractive to it, just as is the forest.
Destroy the brush and forest and you
destroy . the home and breeding place of
wild life, as well as countless thousands
of game birds and animals. Even with
present forest protection methods the
yearly toll of wild life taken by fire is
enormous. What must it have been in
the days when fires were looked upon with
indifference or as a necessary evil?

But what actually does happen when
the forest is periodically "light burned"?

First — Light fires, even if it were pos-
sible to properly control them, cause seri-
ous damage to the most valuable veterans
of the stand by burning them at the base
and causing cat-faces — a loss that
amounts to several dollars per acre in
merchantable timber every time a fire
nms through the forest. In addition, all
. the little trees and saplings, whicli are
the basis of the next timber crop, are
killed outright. No more effective method
of sure and total forest destruction could
be devised. "Light burning" causes the
same sort of forest destruction it is
claimed to prevent.

Second — Another serious result of the
repeated burning of forests is that the
gradual destruction of the tree cover and
the burning of the humus and top soil
leads to the invasion of the land by
worthless brush which makes the reestab-
lishment of the forest more difficult. Fur-
thermore, the brush is never entirely con-
sumed by these fires, and each liglit burn
makes more fuel for a later and more
destructive fire. Over 2,000,000 acres
of brush fields in the timbered regions of
California today bear mute witness of

the destructive effects of the repeated
burnings of the forest.

Third — "Light burning," contrary to
the belief of its advocates, is not an easy
I)ractice either in the spring or fall, as
extensive field experiments have proved,
nor can it be carried on without damage
to the forest. In rough mountainous
country, such as makes up the greater
part of our forested area, it is practically
impossible to get the fires to "run" lightly
over any large area, or to control them
after they are once started. The cost of
such work, 35 cents to $1 per acre, is also
prohibitive, even if the practice were a
good one.

The absurdity of the "light burning"
theoi-y becomes apparent when we consider
this proposal in the light of cold figures.
Pi(;ture the job that the Forest Service
would have to "light burn" each year over
112,000,000 acres of government timber
and brush land in the national forests
alone. At an average cost of HO cents
per acre for the job this would mean an
annual outlay of $6,000,000, or approxi-
mately ten times the present yearly ex-
penditures by all state, federal, and }>ri-
vate individuals for fire suppression on
all forest, hrtish and range lands in Cali-
fornia.

Do we want brush fields or forests in
the mountains of California? If we
want brush, let us "light burn" and de-
liberately destroy the great natural forest
wealtli of the state. But if we want a
present and future supply of timber for
homes and industry, water for irrigation,
power and domestic use, an abundance of
good fishing and hunting, .and recreation
grounds for all the people, we must stamp
out this pernicious "light burning" senti-
ment which fosters and abets the spirit
of incendiarism, and renew with added
vigor the nevei'-ending fight against the
demon fire. And this will be a fight in
which every citizen must join with fed-
eral, stnte and private interests to help
wipe out the blot of man-caused fires
which today marks the fair name of Cali-
fornia as the worst fire st.'ite in the
Union.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

67

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

More and definite information relative
to the abundance and estimated number
of various species of game birds and
mammals throughout the state is being
gained. Requests that deputies in the field
report the information desired have met
with a ready response. It is believed that
when all of this information has been
collected that the division will be in a
position to know the number of square
miles of game country, and how densely
populated it is wath game. Emphasis has
been placed upon the area of open terri-
tory in all sections of the state, how much
territory is closed to hunting in each dis-
trict, and how much is closed to all except
owners of lands and their friends.

Despite the fact that his left eye can
discern no more than light, Jay Bruce,
state lion hunter, has been able to main-
tain his old record. Records from the
Thirtieth Biennial Report show that state
lion hunter Bruce has killed on an aver-
age of 15 per cent of the big cats de-
stroyed by hunters yearly in California.

While Jay Bruce admits that the loss
of his eye handicaps him in his work, it
is predicted that he will be able to carry
on without a rival, due to the methods
which he has perfected and the number of
years spent in hunting and shooting
mountain lions.

Bureau of Patrol

To provide for greater effectiveness in
the patrol work, deputies have been trans-
ferred from districts to which, in a few
cases, they have been assigned to for
years. The change affects deputies in all
the northern counties and as far south as
Porterville and San Luis Obispo.

The following are those affected by the
general order of November 26, 1928 :

Captain William Lippincott, transferred
from Yreka to Eureka, to be captain of
the district of which Eureka is the cen-
tral point ; Deputy Sam Gilloon was ap-
pointed captain of patrol at Shasta City ;
Deputy W. J. Harp, from Willits to
Areata ; Deputy R. J. Yates from
Crockett to Eureka ; Earl P. Barnes, from
Eureka to Colfax ; Theodore M. Benson,
from Fortuna to Maxwell; R. C. O'Con-
nor, from Grass Valley to Los Banos ; W.
C. Blewett, from Los Banos to San Luis
Obispo ; H. E. Black, from San Luis
Obispo to Madera ; George Smalley, from
Madera to San Rafael ; Euell Gray, from
Placerville to Crescent City; W. T.

Smalley, from Porterville to Willits ; Mc-
Pherson Lough, from Eureka to May-
field ; A. W. Sears, from Colfax to Placer-
ville ; Ralph Newsome, from Monterey to
Fall River Mills ; Lee Atkinson, from
San Rafael to Douglas City ; H. S. Pres-
cott, from Crescent City to Crockett ; R.
C. Marshall, from Douglas City to Mon-
terey ; and A. H. Millett, from Fall River
Mills to Shasta City.

Captain O. P. Brownlow, formerly in
charge of fish planting, has been assigned
a new district comprising Tulare and
Kern counties with headquarters at
Visalia.

In the southern patrol department only
one change has been made. Deputy Sam
Lyons has been promoted to captain and
has charge of Santa Barbara and Ven-
tura counties.

In appreciation of his activities and
resourcefulness as captain of the volun-
teer deputies, San Francisco district,
Allan G. Curry, has been placed on the
regular patrol working out of the San
Francisco office.

Taylor London was given employment
during the month of November. He
served as a deputy in the Colusa duck
fields.

During the month of October, 242
arrests were made, 32 of which were dis-
missed, making a total of 210 cases.
$8,250 was levied in fines. In one instance
a violator received a sixty-day jail
sentence.

Deputy Forrest J. McDermott, recently
assigned to the Santa Cruz district,
achieved an unique record by making
eleven cases in four days. Judge Donald
Younger imposed fines totaling $760.

Among the more outstanding cases
were :

An arrest made by C. E. Holladay, of
Morgan Hill, for the possession of 25
ducks during the closed season. Judge
J. M. Moore assessed a fine of $500.

A fine of $250 was assessed by Judge
Louis J. Morris, as the result of an arrest
made by Deputy Sam Lyons. The arrest
was made for the killing of a fawn.

Judge D. W. Rohrback levied a fine of
$200 upon a violator who was appre-
hended by Deputy Fred Post for killing
two quail during the closed season.

As the result of an arrest made by
Deputy J. P. Vissiere and volunteer dep-
uty Jacobsen, Judge Donald Younger fined

68

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

a violator $200 for the possession of
undersized Pismo clams.

One violator bad in his possession un-
ttiggod salmon when arrested by Captain
L. T. Ward and Deputy Charles Sibeck,
■who brought him before Judge Silas Orr,
of Sacramento. He was fined $200.

Deputy M. I. Joy, recently assigned
to San Mateo County, made four arrests
in one day at Salada Beach. Judge
Edward McAuliffe, of Redwood City,
tried the cases, two of which were for
having non-game birds in possession.

Deputies of the San Francisco bay and
river patrol have seized thirty-two illegal
nets during the year. Their district com-
prises the ocean waters near San Fran-
cisco, the north bays and rivers and
sloughs, as far north as Cache Slough
above Rio Vista. This area has been
patrolled continuously by deputies Charles
England and Charles Bouton on the
Quinnat and William Armstrong on the
Hunter.

It Avas reported that the opening of the
sagehen season on August 1, in District
4i found several hundred hunters in
Long Valley and the adjacent country to
Bodie in eastern Mono County. Deputies
Edward Ricketts and A. H. Crocker
assert that 34 limits were taken in the
Long Valley section. Accurate figures
are not available, but there is reliable in-
formation on hand that indicates that
fewer sagehens were killed during the
two weeks open season this year than
during the same period last year. Con-
servative estimates are that about four
hundred sagehens were killed in this dis-
trict this season.

Bureau of Fish Culture

The Mount Shasta Hatchery has been
completely overhauled, the troughs and
ponds cleaned, and the screens repaired.

During the month of October, 1,510,000
trout released by this hatchery were dis-
tributed. This left 450,500 trout and
805,000 salmon for distribution during
November.

A new experimental hatchery has been
completed and is in operation on the
Yuba River, Sierra County.

A shipment of 2,000,000 eastern brook
trout eggs has been received from the
American Fish Culture Company, Rhode
Island. They have been distributed to
the various hatcheries.

Experiments are being conducted at
the Brookdale Hatchery to determine
losses in trout fry. The experiments are
under the supervision of .7. O. Snyder
and George A. Coleman.

The Kings River Experimental Hatch-
ery has proved successful. A new dam
has been built, since this hatchery will
now be maintained throughout the year.

John Marshall has been transferred
from the Mount Shasta Hatchery and has
been placed in charge at Brookdale.

During the winter, the hatchery crews
employ their time in cleaning and re-
painting the troughs, building dams in
preparation for the winter storms, and
eyeing the eggs from the egg-collecting
stations.

Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries

Sardine canning operations are now in
full swing, necessitating the employ-
ing of several extra men to assist the
regular force in checking the canneries.
During September, approximately 25,000
tons of sardines were landed at Monterey
as against 23,000 tons in September of
the preceding year.

In the effort to conserve California sar-
dines for food purposes, it was necessary
to file suits against four canneries. These
canning companies failed to pack the
required number of cases from each ton
of sardines brought in.

Tlu-ough study made by the workers
of the lUireau it has been learned that
the common hoop nets, also known as
crab nets, can not be used successfully in
IMontercy V.ny.

In the past the fishermen have been in
the habit of using strings in gill nets,
which really make trammel nets out of
them. There has been some complaint
that the use of these nets were destroy-
ing female and undersized crabs. In order
to avoid this destruction, it has been
agreed with the crab fishermen working
out of Santa Cruz and Monterey that
they should use only gill nets without any
strings, and of mesh not less than nine
inches in length. All crabs are to be
removed from these nets on the fishing
grounds, and any undersized or female
crabs must be returned to the water alive
and uninjured.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

69

Joe A. Craig, statistical expert of the
California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal Island, left for the east, where
he was called by the U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries to remain for a month's period
to do some special work on Alaskan sal-
mon trap statistics. While in Washing-
that he consulted with Mr. Henry
O'Malley, the U. S. Commissioner of
Fisheries, and from there he went to
Harvard University, where he met Mr.
O. E. Settee, formerly an employee
of the California State Fisheries Labora-
tory, and now the assistant in charge of
the Division of Fisheries Industries of
the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

Bureau of Hydraulics

Arrangements were made for the re-
building of a fish ladder by the Clover
Valley Lumber Company on Grizzly
Creek, in Nevada County. The fish lad-
der previously installed had been washed
out by the storms of last winter.

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company
has repaired the fish ladder at the Folsom
Dam which was damaged by the high
waters of last winter. One boulder,
the estimated weight of which was about
15 tons, was lodged in one pool of this fish
ladder.

The LTnion Oil Company, cooperating
with the Bureau of Hydraulics, has in-
staHed facilities to obviate pollution in
the Orcutt section. Other southern Cali-
fornia oil companies have also taken steps
to avoid pollution and from investigations
made, it appears that most of the oil now
found on the beaches north and south of
San Pedro comes from vessels entering
or departing from the harbor of San
Pedro.

Several inspections have been made of
various dams and fish ladders, the main
ones being the dams of the Feather River
Power Company in Plumas County, Las-
sen County, and an inspection and survey
of screens and ladders in the vicinity of
Orleans, Siskiyou County.

Cooperating with the Bureau of Hy-
draulics, the Water Waste Disposal Com-
pany, of Orange County, has just finished
a project for handling of oil waste at the
cost of almost $500,000. This system,
which is the third of those installed in
the southern California oil fields for this
purpose, consists of pipe lines and tanks
where the water and oil is separated.
The cost of maintenance will be at least

$50,000 annually. Pipe lines are con-
nected with all wells and the accumula-
tion is a heavy mixture of oil, mud and
water. If allowed to flow into the nat-
ural drainage channels it becomes a
serious menace to fish and plant life as
well as cause of annoyance to those who
seek recreation on the beaches.

The first of these systems was that of
the Oil Operators Inc., which is located in
the Signal Hill field near Long Beach.
This system has been enlarged until ten
huge settling tanks have been put in use.

Bureau of Education and
Research

Dr. H. C. Bryant represented the Wes-
tern Association of Game Commissioners
at the Fifteenth National Game Confer-
ence held in New York City in December.
Leaders in conservation from all parts of
the nation attended this convention, view-
points were exchanged, and ways and
means considered for further legisla-
tion and means of protection. Dr. Bryant
addressed the convention on "Conserva-
tion Fundamentals in the West" on De-
cember 3, 1928.

Official photographer B. S. Cheney has
greatly augmented the prong-horned
antelope film with the addition of a num-
ber of splendid close-up views of these
interesting game mammals. A graphic
picture of a young antelope in its natural
habitat was secured, together with sev-
eral views of a band in the wild. With
these additions, the division is now able
to give a faithful presentation of another
of California's disappearing game mam-
mals.

Additional material, sufficient to com-
I)lete a reel on shorebirds, has also been
secured. Outstanding in interest is a
picture of a phalarope spinning and
churning the water so that insects de-
sired for food rise to the surface. A
close-up of a little brown crane is con-
sidered quite remarkable when regard is
had for the difficulties of stalking such
a bird.

The Forest Tragedy exhibit was erected
at the Lassen County Fair. Its plea
for observance of the game laws lest
similar tragedies be enacted made quite
an impression in a country where game
is so common that its abundance is con-
sidered one of the fixed facts of nature.

The miniature Mount Shasta Hatchery
exhibit was displayed iu the Third An-
nual Food Products Exposition in the

70

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Civic Auditoiium. San Francisco, in
October. The portable framework for the
Forest Tragedy exhibit was utilized as a
background.

Bureau of Game Farms

rhoasants reared at the State CJame
Farm and released in Chino Valley are
reported to be increasing raj)i(lly. They
have received every possible protection
from the farmer in this district. Half
grown i)heasants in groups of from eight
to sixteen birds have been seen along the
I'oadside. Reports have come in that
many birds are having a second setting.

The electric brooders recently installed
at tlie game farm are proving very suc-

cessful with the bantams. They are being
kept under close watch in order to check
any possible defect.

Golden pheasants have been furnished
to (JirifEth Park at Los Angeles and Han-
cock Park at Santa Maria, Santa Barbara
County. These birds are supplied to
])arks, upon receipt of application for
them, for display purposes.

Another plaut of wild turkeys has been
made in the mountain region where the
counties of Napa, Lake and Sonoma
corner. Most of the remaining stock will
be sent out to individuals for breeding
purposes. It is the intention to foster
this plan, in order that more turkeys will
be reared and wider distribution will be
possible.

SIATEQFCAUFQRNIA

VISION Of riSH AND GAME

^.y^msmg^smmm^:

Fig. 20. Kxliibit displaying miniature of llic .\U. Shasta lialclicry. Tliird
Annual California Food Products Show, Civic Auditorium, San Francisco,
California. October. 1928.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

71

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

N. B. SCOFIELD, Editor.

THE NORTHERN RANGE OF THE
ALBACORE

The albacore, or long-finned tuna, ordi-
narily ranges from a short distance south
of the international boundary line be-
tween California and Mexico to a short
distance above the Santa Barbara Islands.
Occasionally they have been taken far to
the north of this. In California Fish
AND Game, Vol. 13, No. 2, for April,
1927. C. B. Andrews, a member of the
Fisheries Laboratory staff, tells, under
date of December 16, 1926, of large num-
bers of albacore being caught near Mon-
terey in that and the year preceding. He
says, in part :

"For the second consecutive year alba-
core have been caught near Monterey in
abundance sufficient to warrant interest.
Last year (1926) was the first time in
many years that albacore had been noticed
and a great deal of excitement among the
fishermen of San Francisco and Monterey
resulted over the prospects of the develop-
ment of a new industry. Albacore ap-
peared off Point Sur and nearby regions
last year aliout September 5, according
to the notes of W. A. Selle, and were
caught throughout the month and for
some time following. This year they ap-
peared in the same region late in October,
and have continued to be caught intermit-
tently throughout November and the first
few days of December. * * * The gear
that is l)eing used is the ordinary market
fisherman's boat equipped with jig poles
and jigs which most of the fishermen
carry with them. Individual boat catches
range from a few pounds to well above
7U0 pounds and a goodly number range
about ijOO pounds when fishing is good."

Reviewing the statistical reports of the
fish catch for the past four years as com-
piled by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, we find that in 1924, 420
ixuinds of albacore was brought in to
Monterey while none Avas delivered at
San Francisco. In 1925, Monterey and
Santa Cruz received 439,504 pounds,
while San Francisco received 20,525
pounds. In 1926. Monterey and Santa
Cruz got 118,683 pounds, while San
Francisco got none. In 1927, Monterey
got 1051 pounds, while Santa Cruz and
San Francisco did not get any albacore.
It would appear from this that the alba-
core by 1927 had ceased to come so far
north, but such a surmise may be but a
good example of mistakes which are made
by drawing conclusions from insufficient

evidence. The albacore may have been
farther offshore or may have gone on
past without the Monterey or San Fran-
cisco fishermen locating them, or both of
these things may have happened. As evi-
dence along this line we have the follow-
ing from Mr. Perry Clark, of the San
Francisco laboratory staff of the U. S.
Bureau of Chemistry, who knows his fish
so well he tells what species they are after
they are in the can, no matter what the
label on the can says they are. ilr. Clark
has recently returned from an inspection
tour in Alaska and gives us the following
information regarding the occuiTence of
albacore well to the north of here.

About August 7, 1927, Capt. Matt
Brandes, operating a schooner for the
Jnion Codfish Company of San Francisco,
took five albacore in approximately lati-
tude 47° north and longitude 152° west.
He continued to troll and caught about
two albacore every other day until 22
were taken. The last ones taken were in
30° north and 125° west. The period of
time covered was about August 7th to
18th. Capt. Brandes said that on his
schooner they had taken albacore in pre-
vious years by using a troll and by sailing
approximately on the great circle course
between Unimak Pass and San Francisco.
The captain was (luite sure of the fish
and described its long pectoral fins. The
position given for the first albacore caught
on about August 7th, is about one thou-
sand miles west of Cape Flattery. — N. B.

SCOFIELD.

WHALING INDUSTRY PROSPEROUS

According to the CataJina Islander
more than 6000 barrels of whale oi^,
valued in excess of $25,000, have been
taken by the California Sea Products
Company off San Clemente Island this
past season. Operations have extended
as far south as Cedros Island off the
coast of Mexico. Four boats are used
by this company. Another company oper-
ating three ships, one of them equipped
with reduction machineiT, is operating
in the same waters.

AN UNAPPRECIATED FOOD FISH

As an illustration of how the apprecia-
tion of carp differs in different states :
California is spending thousands of dol-
lars in an effort to reduce the number of
carp in certain waters where they are
considered a pest, while in AVisconsin the
privilege of seining carp is granted to

72

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

commercial interests and the state gets
twenty-five per cent of the gross receipts.
The state of Wisconsin has received from
this source during the past five years
$262,942.51, according to the Fishing
Gazette. During this time 18,119,882
pounds of rough fish, mostly carp, were
taken from the state waters. — N. B.

SCOFIELD.

OPENING DATE FOR THE 1928-1929
SARDINE SEASON

The sardine season usually opens at
Monterey some three or four months
earlier than in the San Pedro region. On
three different years recently one or two
canneries have opened as early as May,
but the majority of plants have waited
until June or July, and most of the Mon-
terey canneries have been well launched
in sardine packing by the middle of July.
At San Pedro some plants have opened
as early as September, but in most cases
October is the first month of active sar-
dine canning.

The opening date at Monterey has not
been governed entirely by the appearance
of fish in the fishing area. Economic
conditions have played a very important
part, especially the sale price of case
goods, oil and fish meal, and in some
cases the general financial standing of the
canning plants. On a few occasions can-
neries have opened and found that fish
were abundant but of mixed sizes, so that
they were not desirable. In most cases,
however, plants have been encouraged to
open on a date earlier than they con-
sidered economically profitable because
some one plant opened, and in this way
obtained the pick of tlie choice fishing
crews and cannery help. This caused
uneasiness among the employees of other
phints, and in this way indirect pressure
was responsible for opening the canning
season weeks in advance.

During 1928 the cannery men of the
Monterey and San Pedro regions formed
an organization for mutual benefit and,
among other points discussed, was the
question of agreeing on an opening date
for each fishing port. It was considered
an economic advantage for all plants in
each port to open on a fixed date so that
all would be on an equal footing in ar-
ranging for sales, ordering materials, con-
tracting with fishermen, and employing
cannery lielp. The advantages in economy
of operation and in the placing of com-
petitors on an equal basis were so obvious
that opening and closing dates for sardine
packing were agreed upon for Monterey
and San Pedro.

This year then for the first time in the
brief history of sardine canning the be-

ginning of the season has been determined
by agreement and no plants began active
canning operations at Monterey before
August 6, and the San Pedro plants by
agreement did not open until October G.
This agreement was distinctly for mutual
economic advantage and was in no sense
a conservation measure. The opening
dates were chosen, having in mind the
purpose of allowing each fishing region
an equal number of mouths in which to
operate, and were not determined solely
by the appearance or behavior of sardines
in the respective fishing areas. Likewise,
the agreed upon closing dates for each
region were selected for economic rather
than biological reasons. We do not intend
to imply an adverse criticism by this
statement. On the contrary, the agree-
ment for fixing opening and closing dates
was very commendable and a decided eco-
nomic advantage to the industry. We
wish merely to point out that the agreed
upon dates were selected for the benefit
of the industry and not for the purpose
of conserving our sardine supply. — W.. L.
SCOFIELD.

PISMO CLAM CENSUS

During the last week of November, the
staff of the California State Fisheries
Laboratory made the 1928 census of the
clams on Pismo Beach. The relative
number of Pismo clams is determined by
digging a standard trench, termed a cross-
section, through the intertidal zone in
three different localities on tlic beach, and
keeping a detailed record of the number
and age of the clams in each locality.
Such a census has been made yearly since
1923 and the results published in previ-
ous issues of California Fish and
Game. From 1918 to 1922 the survey
was based on one cross-section.

Each year the work becomes more dis-
couraging, for the supply of clams is
declining steadily and rapidly. The re-
sults of this year's survey indicate that
the 1928 set of clams was practically a
failure. Clams spawned during the sum-
mer of 1928 comprised only 5 per cent of
the total number of clams found. In
1927 the year's set constituted 25 per cent
of the total, and in 1926, 32 per cent.
There has been no heavy set of clams,
however, since 1924, and individuals of
this year-class are now very scarce on the
beaches. Apparently, clams from this
last successful spawning season will be
seriously reduced in numbers if not
entirely wiped out before they reach a
legal size. Clams older than the 1924
year-class formed less than 1 per cent of
the 1928 census. Previous to 1924 a very
successful spawning occurred in 1919.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

73

But clams of this year-class have not been
taken in the intertidal zone since 1925.
Individuals are still found in the surf
bej'ond low tide line, but these clams are
only available to the experienced digger.
The constant falling off in the supply
of Pismo clams demonstrates that the
present protective measures are inade-
quate to conserve this natural resource,

even for the immediate future. The clos-
ing of certain areas of beach to all dig-
ging has been suggested as the next step
in the solution of this problem, and it is
higlily important that such a measure be
enacted at the present legislative session.
— Frances N. Clakk, California State
Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal Island,
California, December, 1928.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

A CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH A
MOUNTAIN SHEEP

During a recent patrol trip to the
mountains west of the Old Borego Valley
in San Diego County, assisted by Special
Deputy Alfred Wilson of Santa Ysabel,
I had a novel experience, one which may
never occur again.

We had just finished eating lunch in
the shade of a desert juniper when Wilson
motioned for me to look. I saw a moun-
tain sheep feeding about 200 yards away.
He was nibbling a bunch of grass on a
small plateau on the side of a rocky
mountain. We watched him through
glasses for some little time, until he dis-
appeared back of a large boulder. We
knew he had bedded down and decided to
see just how close we could get to him
before he would either see or scent us.

There was a stiff west wind blowing,
S3 we crept up-wind, making no noise and
keeping the boulder, which hid him from
view, between him and us. After con-
siderable stalking we crawled upon the
same boulder that shielded the sheep.

At sight of us he jumped up, stood stiff
legged, with legs apart. We did not move.
He watched us, not for five seconds, but
for a full thirty seconds. Pie then made
a few jumps and again turned around
and watched us for a few more seconds,
and instead of taking fright and running,
he turned and walked away leisurely over
the rocks.

After he had gone, I measured the dis-
tance. One may believe this or not, but
we were within just twenty-one feet of
this mountain sheep. He was an old ram,
apparently in good condition. Both horns
were broken and worn off at the turn.
Wilson and I estimated him to weigh
close to 200 pounds.

At different times while on patrol of
this same vicinity, I have cut the track
of mountain sheep, but this is the first
time in my life that I had the pleasure
to meet one in the wild. — E. H. Glidden,
San Diego, California.

LAMPREYS INJURE STRIPED BASS

For a number of years, striped bass
fishermen have discussed the sore spots to

be found on striped bass caught in the
San Francisco Bay region. Several fish
recently sent in for investigation indi-
cated that injury was due to the lamprey
eel. The lamprey eels holds onto the
bass by a suction of its round mouth.
The normal place for fastening is on the
sides or belly where the scales are not so
thick. The rasp-like teeth help in cutting
tlirough the skin to secure the blood and
juices of the fish. — N. B. Scofield, Russ
Bldg., San Francisco.

MOUNTAIN LION SEEN KILLING
A DOE

The following is the account of watch-
ing a California mountain lion kill a doe.

May 1, 1928, I took my station in the
Ash Mountain lookout tower in Sequoia
National Park. This tower was recently
constructed and is one of the most modern
of fire lookouts. As wild life is protected
here in the park, it became evident to me
that there was much to be seen from the
tower, and I therefore lived there.

Bears were my first visitors. They
came for the bacon and honey that was
placed out for them. Deer came later
and it was very interesting to watch the
young fawns take their first taste of salt,
Vvhich they did surprisingly early in life.

About May 15th, a female mountain
lion walked out on a ledge some two
hundred yards away. This ledge is on
the face of a cliff about 1200 feet high
and overlooks the Kaweah River. Im-
mediately behind the lioness were two
very small, wobbly, clumsy cubs or kit-
tens. The lioness stretched out full
length in the sun and the cubs nuzzled
around her. They all disappeared back
in the brush about 4 o'clock in the after-
noon. This was i-epeated for two or
three weeks. The cubs grew very fast and
were the most playful little animals I
had ever seen.

The female lion started training the
cubs on grasshoppers, for she would
pounce upon them and then watch the
kittens try their luck. Much time was
spent in manicuring their claws on tree
trunks. One small sapling is so badly
scratched that I doubt if it will live.

74

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The lioness verj' rarely corrected the cubs,
but when she did, she was quite severe.
Butterflies, also, attracted considerable
of the cubs' attention.

One morning early in July, just as the
sun was coming up, I was watching an
old doe and a fawn on a rock-covered
hillside. The doe was feeding, and being
curious to know what there was to eat
in such a barren place, I trained the
glasses on her. There were small bunches
of grass growing out of the crevices in the
rock on which she was nibbling. The
doe was standing with her front feet down
hill. She was just raising her head when

The lion grasped the neck of the deer
and pulling with her shoulder and back,
half-carried the carcass about ten or fif-
teen feet to a comparatively level place
where she laid the deer down. She then
look a very careful look around.

The fawn disappeared at the first sign
of trouble and I have never seen it since
that I know of.

The lion tlien walked back, and, plac-
ing her left foot on the flank of the deer
ripped the stomach open with the right.
She then tore away the left flank of the
deer, eating some of it and the short ribs.
She cleaned the small intestines by pull-

-•^

Wff

i/^*

«v V,

Fig. 27. Mountain lion killed in Calaveras County by Deputy Frank Picker-
ins, Decemljer, 1928. Photograph by Jack O'Oonnell.

the lioness jumped on her. I did not see
the lioness until she was in midair al-
though she was full in tlie finder of the
glass. I am sure the doe never, at any
time, knew what liit her. The lioness
was spread out and landed full length
on the deer, the left forefoot striking
back of the deer's left shoulder and catih-
ing into the cliest or lower ribs. The
lion's right foot hit the deer in the neck
and knocked the deer's head clear round
toward the shoulder. The impact could
be heard jilainly from quite a distance.
The deer eitiier sank or was forced down
at once. There was no struggle.

ing them from under her foot and ate a
considerable amount of them. Slie ate
well into tlie loin before she seemed satis-
fied. AH during this time she would stop
and look around at very short intervals.
Apparently at some given signal, the
two cubs now came df)wn out of the
neaiby ])rusl!. The lioness stood guard
while the youngsters ate from the hams
and the insides. .After one cub had eaten
all he wanted, the female walked between
the kill and the cuhs. One little fellow
seemetl to be still luingry. but was re-
fused the privilege. He apparently con-
tested her authority and was promptly

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

75

slapped, rolling over and over from the
cuff.

The two cubs then came under the
tower and went on to their den. The
lioness retired up the hill some seventy
or eighty yards to a rocky, brushy point
and stretched out full length with her
head between her forepaws. At 4 :.30
p.m. she arose and went back to the kill
and ate all she could hold, in fact, when
she passed below me her sides were
actually bulging out. The lioness never
came back to this deer, although I waited
until the fourth day before going over
to the kill.

During the summer, I have gone to or
found eleven kills. One of them showed
signs of a hard struggle ; the others were
mostly clean kills. The cubs must be good
sized lions at the present writing, October
3, 1928, and it seems they have gone into
new country as I have not seen them
for over three weeks.

After this observation, I am wondering
if mountain lions are not right handed as
all the major activities were performed
with the right foot. I had been given the
impression that lions ' used their hind
feet in killing. However, I do not wish
to have it said that I doubt this state-
ment. I was not in a position to see just

what was done with the hind feet. My
entire attention was attracted to the front
feet and head. It all happened so fast
that probably only a slow motion camera
could satisfactorily record the action. —
J. Gilbert Wade, Giant Forest, Cali-
fornia. ■

BLACK BRANT AGAIN ON
MISSION BAY

For several years I have been watching
the goings and comings of waterfowl in
Mission Bay, in San Diego County,
knowing that black brant appeared there.
However, more recently a group has util-
ized the bay as a feeding ground. The
present season, a flock of 17 arrived on
November 16. The records for previous
years have shown that these bii'ds arrive
regularly between November 15 and 20.
Last season I recorded the fact that some
200 were present for a period of several
months.

Fi'om all reports, the different lakes of
San Diego County have had an unusually
good supply of pintail, canvasbaclc and
baklpate ducks, as compared with other
seasons. Scaup ducks appear to be less
abundant than in former years. — Ad B.
Pearson, North San Diego, California.

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES

GAME CONDITIONS IN ATLANTIC
STATES

That there is more game today in a
number of the older settled states of the
Union than half a century ago is a claim
made by John B. Burnham in The Amer-
ican Field, for October 1.3. 1928. This
fact that game is being brought back he
takes as evidence "of the good results of
game administration under the modern
system, the keystone of which is the in-
violate sanctuary where nothing can be
killed at any time of the year, with the
exception of destructive birds and ani-
mals."

In the formerly "shot out" industrial
state of Pennsylvania he points out that
"game has increased to such an extent
that it is worth at market value more
than all of the state's domesticated stock,
including sheep, cattle, hogs, horses and
poultry. In the old state of Vermont,
deer were exterminated shortly after the
Civil War. Some Rutland County sports-
men secured seventeen deer for restocking
tin; state. This restocking was so w<'ll
administered that there are, probably,
more deer to the square mile in the Green
Slountain area than in almost any other
Dlacc. * * *

"Tlie most important reason why we
can never have as much game a.s existed
in colonial times has nothing whatever to
do with hunting. Agriculture and industry
have taken the best game ground. Indus-
try follows the harbors and streams and
the course of agriculture. Agriculture
naturally takes the most fertile ground
and the ground which will raise the most
food for human beings will similarly
raise the most food for the game ; conse-
quently agriculture and industry have
driven game to the poorer lands. As long
as rail fences were in existence the situa-
tion was not clearly so bad for the game,
but with wire fences and close cultivation,
their hiding places and refuges were de-
stroyed. The mowing machine and the
cultivator and other farming implements
have destroyed the nests of ground-nest-
ing game birds, so that there are few
natural sanctuaries left. This is the reason
why, through federal and state action, we
must create large numbers of what, for
want of a better term, may be called
'artificial sanctuaries.' Many such areas
require reforestation. All of them require
improvement in the food supply."

76

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

WISCONSIN GIVEN POWER TO
CLOSE SEASON

Prior to the present year, no authority
existed under the statutes of Wisconsin
to exercise any discretion on the part of
administrative authorities in the protec-
tion of fish and game. The last legisla-
ture, however, provided that the Conserva-
tion Commission shall have power to close
seasons, "when it shall find after investi-
gation and public hearing that such action
is reasonably necessary for the perpetua-
tion of any species of fish and game and
the maintenance of a reasonable supply
thereof." This new provision has resulted
in numerous applications to the commis-
sion for additional protection to various
species in some parts of the state and a
series of hearings are being held to deter-
mine what action shall be taken. Addi-
tional protection has been asked for all
species of grouse for a closed season
on rabbits during October in certain
counties. — American Game, August and
September, 102S.

MISSOURI URGES SPORTSMEN TO
ASSIST IN VERMIN CONTROL

The plan of organized control of preda-
tory animals adopted by New Jersey
sportsmen is urged by Missouri. Its com-
mission is earnestly striving to inform
sportsmen of the harm stray cats do.
Acknowledged to be the most insidious
destroyer of small game like rabbits, quail
and squirrels, Missouri authorities urge
sportsmen to wage constant warfare
against the stealthy and deceptive woods
cat. The goshawk and Cooper's hawk are
also blacklisted and are held up for eradi-
cation by hunters.

NEW YORK SUCCEEDS IN CON-
SERVING DEER
The Conservation Department of New
York reports that the kill of antlered
deer for 1927 was 7000. This figure is
indeed impressive when it is realized that
not so many years ago deer were nearly
extinct in New York due to their
slaughter by market hunters. By applica-
tion of the buck law and adequate sanc-
tuaries. New Y'ork has been able to re-
store her deer supply.

CANADIAN PARK RECEIVES
BUFFALO
According to a bulletin of the American
Game Protective Asociation, the Cana-
dian government plans a further move-
ment of over 1000 yearling and two-year-
old buffalo from the Buffalo National
Park at Wainwright, Alberta, to Wood
Buffalo Park, near Fort Smith, North-
west Territories.

This shipment will bring the number
of buffalo introduced in the Buffalo Na-
tional Park to over 6600. Buffalo were
first placed in the park in 102"), and
wardens estimate that the grand total,
after this year's shipment is completed,
will be over 9000 head.

NATURE GUARDS ORGANIZING
IN SOUTH STATES

Two of the southern states have in-
augurated a very important educational
movement among boys and girls. It was
started by Commissioner Peter S. Twitty,
of the Georgia Game and Fish Depai-t-
ment, and has recently been inaugurated
in Louisiana. The movement has taken
the form of an organization of boys and
girls as "Nature Guardians," the mem-
bers of which are pledged to protect and
preserve the wild life, including animals,
birds and plants.

"The lack of information about the
common things about us is almost beyond
h(>lief," says a bulletin of the American
(Jame Protective Association, and an or-
ganization such as this will do more than
anything else, not only to inform the
young generation but to create an interest
and love for the wild creatures and desire
to protect and care for them. Very few
peoj^le, comparatively, are able to identify
common birds and plants which is not as
it should bo and accounts in a measure
for the prevalent lack of interest in their
preservation.

Members of the "Nature Guardians"

subscribe to the following pledge :

"Upon my honor as a Nature Guardian,
I promise to help take care of all our
natural friends, to guard and protect
them to tlie liest of my ability, and, as
far as jjossiblc, influence others to do
the saine.

1. I will not injure or kill a bird, fish
or animal in violation of the law.

2. I will try to preserve the forests and
wild flowers from destruction by fire or
odiei'wise.

o. I will assist whenever possible the
conservation agents in caring for these,
niy friends.

4. I will familiarize myself with the
!:;ame laws of my State so as to learn how
l)est to protect and guard the GREAT
OUTDOORS.

All this I promise upon my AVORD
OF HONOR."

The organization is extended through
schools, clubs, scout organizations, etc.,
and the educational departments of the
two states cooperate heartily in extending
its activities.

The movement is of such an excellent
character tliat it will probably extend
tliroughout the entire country.

(The above is a copy of an article
which appeared in the Game and Fish
Conservationist (Sept.-Oct., 1928, page

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

77

72), issued by the State Commission of
Game and Inland Fishei-ies, Richmond,
Virginia.)

ANOTHER GAME REFUGE FOR
MISSOURI

The tenth auxiliary game refuge for
northern Missouri was established in
October. The refuge embraces 1700
acres of rolling land with an abundance
of cover and water and will be stocked
shortly with Chinese ring-necked pheas-
ants.

Only three north Missouri districts
remain now without auxiliary refuges.

MICHIGAN STUDIES BLACK
DUCK MIGRATIONS

The black duck has displaced the mal-
lard in Michigan and become the most
important duck of interest to sportsmen.
For this reason, the Conservation Com-
mission has trapped and banded a large
number of the species this season. Con-
servation officials are interested in know-
ing if these birds, which breed in the
state, return after migrating to other
regions.

NEW YORK REPORTS ON HUN-
GARIAN PARTRIDGES

Announcement is made by the Con-
servation Department of New York that
favorable reports have been received
from various parts of the state on the
result of planting Hungarian partridges.
In the northeastern corner of the state
the Hungarians have been especially suc-
cessful and have spread over considerable
area and even north into Canada. A
number of young broods have been seen
in various sections. The final test will
come after several years and after the
birds have passed through the severe
winter weather. The reports so far are
encouraging. — American Game, August
and September, 192S.

MONTANA HAS FIRST OPEN SEASON

ON PHEASANTS

In answer to the appeals of sportsmen,
farmers and landowners, the Montana
Fish and Game Commission permitted a
two-day open season on Chinese ring-
necked pheasants, November 24 and 25,
1928. This is the first open season on
the "multi-colored strutters" since their
introduction several years ago.

ARKANSAS BIENNIAL REPORT
HIGHLIGHTS

Some outstanding accomplishments
listed by the Arkansas Commission are as
follows: More than 8,000,000 fish re-

claimed and planted in live waters ;
8,392,000 buffalo fry hatched and planted ;
135,000 bass, bream and trout produced
or procured from the United States
Bureau of Fisheries and distributed ; con-
struction of world's largest fish hatchery
started ; 44 deer, 13 turkeys and 4443
pheasants bought or produced and liber-
ated in suitable areas ; 2000 pheasant
eggs disti"ibuted among interested per-
sons ; 660 predatory animals killed ; 1447
convictions gotten for game and fish law
violations ; 331 pieces of illegal tackle
destroyed ; 1669 pounds of fish and 362
pelts of fur-bearing animals, illegally
taken or possessed, confiscated and
donated to charity ; 291 birds and ani-
mals, illegally taken or held, liberated ;
extensive educational work done, and
more effective law enforcement provided.

OREGON RESCUES MILLIONS
OF FISH

Through the efforts of the Oregon Game
Commission, some four millions of bass,
crappies and catfish have been rescued
from waters being drained in reclamation
areas about the city of Portland. It is
claimed that this is a unique record.
Some of the salvaged fish were placed
in barren lakes and sloughs throughout
the state. The waters of the Columbia
and Gilbert rivers. Big Sturgeon. Mar-
quam, Oswego, Carlton and Smith lakes
and the Bybee, Columbia and Willamette
sloughs all benefited greatly from this
work.

NEVADA SPORTSMEN AID STATE

According to American Game, October
and November, 1928, several Nevada
counties have taken action to limit hunt-
ing to three days a week during this sea-
son. Formerly there was a provision on
the statute books of the state limiting
shooting in this manner. Sportsmen of
the state quite generally believe that the
limitation is necessary and have taken
steps independently of the state law to
continue it.

WISCONSIN STUDIES AGE OF FISH

A geological and natural history survey
of the lakes and streams of Wisconsin
will include the collection of scales of
some 50,000 fish. The age of a fish can
be determined by microscopic study of its
scales, each year's growth being indicated
by rings. By studying the scales of
sample fish, it is expected that their rate
of growth will be shown for various
waters, and this together with other evi-
dence collected, will furnish the Wiscon-
sin Commission with valuable data.

78

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

REPORTS

GAME CASES
July, August, September, 1928

V'ioiation

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

imposed

(days)

Hunting License Act .

95

132

3

22
1

26

35
3
1
2

2

2

9

14

1

1

5

13

10

1

1

1

S2.445

9,875

100

1,115

25

1.000

1,435

125

25

35

50

75

575

435

25

340

Deer: closed season; does, fawns, deer tag license act

250

Deer; running with dogs, closed season ;

Ducks: closed season, over limit . .

30

Geese: closed season..

Doves: closed season, over limit . .

180

Q'lail: closed season, over limit

Pheasants: closed season ._

Saaehens: closed season

Grouse: closed season.. _

Pigeons: over limit, closed season. . .

Shore birds

Non-game birds

Rabbits: cottontail and brush, closed season . . . .

Sqiirrels, tree: closed season

Sierra hare..

Night hunting

50
500
160

Game refuge: hunting or possession of firearms in

Sh'jotirg from automobile

25

Bird traps

100

Commercial Gun Club Licence Act

25
25

Trespass

Totals

380

fl8,100

925

FISH CASES
July, August, September, 19?8

Violation

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

imposed

(days)

Angling License Act . . .

72
36
12
15
50

2
82

5
20

2

6
2

1
2
24
1
7
3
1

$1,605 00

230 00

322 50

355 00

1,590 00

125 00

2,735 00

200 00

655 00

50 00

180 00

25 00

32H

Commercial Fishing License Act

Trout: over limit _. . . . . .

Black bats: undersized

20

Striped bass: over limit, undersize

Salmon: over limit . .. .. ........

Clams: undersize and over limit

I obsters: under or over size

Abalones: undersize, over limit . .

100

Halibut: over limit, undersize .

Barracuda: undersize .. .... ............

Sturgeon possession of..

Illegal night fishing . . . . ..

Illegal fishing; within 250 feet fishwav; 150 feet lower side of dam

50 00

2,020 00

10 00

125 00

225 00

200 00

Nets, traps, seines, lines;illega! possession or use of

207

Failure to keep coimnorcial fishing data ...

Fishing in closed district

Smallfish . .... .....

Pollution .

Totals

343

SI 1,302 50

ZhWi

CALIFORNIA F18II AND GAME 79

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

July, August, September, 1928

Halibut, pounds 565

Sunfish, perch -- - 29

Catfish 2

Black bass 101

Striped bass 263

Trout 193

Abalones, pounds --- 4,330

Salt water eels 12

Clams 1,796

Crabs 65

Blue fiu tuna, pounds 2,668

Bonita, pounds 2,862

Barracuda, pounds 2,529

Shad 6

Carp 5

Salmon _ 340

Sturgeon 2

Lobsters 1,479

Pigeons 2

Shorebirds 23

Sierra Hare 1

Ducks 178

Mud hens 2

Rabbits . 45

Quail . 41

Pheasants 1

Non-game birds 37

Grouse 2

Doves 380

Sagehens 6

Geese 3

Deer 46

Deer meat, pounds. 353

Deer hides, green.. 3

Nets, traps 2

STATEMENT OF INCOME
For the Period July 1, 1928, to September 30, 1928 of the Eightieth Fiscal Year

License sales : Detail Total

Angling licenses— 1927 $1,040 00

Angling licenses— 1928 _. 147,686 70

Hunting licenses— 1928 65,686 00

Market fishermen's licenfes—1928-29 19,990 00

Wholesale fish packers' and shell fish dealers' licenses — 1928-29 690 00

Game breeders' licenses— 1928 60 00

Fish breeders' licenses— 1928 35 00

Trapping licenses— 1928-29 329 00

Commercial hunting club— 1928-29 - 1,075 00

Commercial hunting club operators — 1928-29 — 335 00

Deer tag licenses— 1928.... _. 20,142 00

Total license sales $257,068 70

Other income:

Game tag sales S6 30

Court fines 21,368 44

Fish packers' tax 30,055 77

Kelp tax 48

Fish tag sal es.._ 1,790 74

Crawfish inspection 21 00

Interest on bank deposits 1,353 07

Miscellaneous sales 113 85

Total other income 54,709 65

Totalincome 3311,778 35

80

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
DEER KILLED IN 1927-19?8. BY COUNTIES

County

Deer killed

1927

Deer killed
1028

Land area,
square milca

Siskiyou

Mendocino

Lake

Tulare.

Santa Barbara...

Tehama

Monterey

Trinity

Humboldt

Fresno

Sonoma

Modoc

Shasta

Glenn

Plumas

Napa

El Dorado

Santa Clara

San Luis Obispo.

Marin

Lassen

Los Angeles

Ventura.

Placer

San Benito

Madera.

Kern

Colusa

Alameda

Riverside

Inyo

San Diego

Tuolumne

Butte

Calaveras

Yolo

Nevada

Mariposa

San Bernardino..

Stanislaus

Sierra-

Santa Cruz

San Mateo

Amador

Orange

Merced

Alpine

Mono

Solano

Yuba

Del Norte

San Joaquin

Contra Costa

Imperial

Kings

Sutter

Sacramento

San Francisco...

Totals

1,GC5

1,475

901

744

669

799

757

921

821

592

751

510

612

623

551

442

535

397

394

367

296

425

274

341

217

260

218

263

220

323

173

169

213

228

149

115

125

95

74

91

101

78

77

59

56

67

67

36

45

53

42

21

5

1

3

1

19,507

1,654

1,468

1,038

039

851

846

830

800

777

763

753

729

603

592

586

569

548

536

450

444

393

369

362

346

320

300

295

272

263

249

239

232

213

212

191

169

140

134

122

115

102

92

89

78

69

68

66

55

52

52

48

14

6

4

3

3

2

21,515

6,256

3.539

1,238

4,856

2,740

2,925

3,330

3,096

3,575

5,950

1,582

3,823

3,858

1,337

2,593

783

1,737

1,328

3.334

529

4,531

4,115

1,878

1,411

1,392

2,112

8,003

1,140

732

7,223

9,991

4,221

2,190

1,098

1,027

1,014

974

1.463

20,175

1,450

923

435

447

601

795

1.995

776

3.030

822

632

1,024

1,448

714

4.089

1,159

608

983

42

155,672

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
HUNTERS KILLING TWO DEER

81

County of residence

Number

of
hunters

County of residence

Number

of
hunters

[Alameda

Alpine.-

' Amador

Butte

] Calaveras

1 Colusa

I Contra Costa.
Del Norte

[El Dorado....

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

IKings

Lake

Lasaen

[Los Angeles...

Madera

Marin

Mariposa

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Mono

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Plumas

90
1

8

42
11

40
26

6
24
93
49
80

2
28
64
13
49

9

202

14

45

6
105

7

7

1

82
33

4

37
19
17

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Francisco

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo...

San Mateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Sierra

Siskiyou

Solano..

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Trinity

Tulare

Tuolumne

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Iowa, State of

Oregon, State of...
Nevada, State of..
Nebraska, State of.

Total

29

39

35

20

30

108

29

68

23

98

66

23

63

5

120

29

102

19

20

34

31

77

10

34

39

9

1

2

1

1

2,379

6—64214

82

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CO

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Madera

li-HC^ 1 • ( 1 1

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III III II III

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1 *— ( 1 1 1 1 1 1

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1 ^^

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10

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33
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Kern

1 1 l(M .'«

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

93

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1928, to September 30, 1928, of the Eightieth Fiscal Year

Function

Materials

and
supplies

Salaries

and

wages

Service
and

expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Administration:
Executive and legal

$3,855 00
4,463 38

$528 31
901 02

1,687 2G
27 74

1,177 33

1,092 08
944 32

$469 05
2 75

$4,852 36
5,586 93
1 687 26

Clerical and office . _

$219 78

Rent .

Automobiles

60 45

88 19

Telephone and telegraph

1 177 33

Postage

1 092 08

Freight, cartage and express

944 32

Printing .._ .

507 60

507 60

Accident and death claims... . .

652 18
96 94

652 18

Commissioners

96 94

Total administration

8787 83

S84 66
1,020 01

$8,318 38

$3,674 44
248 75

$7,107 18

$935 80
1,329 82

$471 80
S342 14

$16,685 19
$5 037 04

Education:
Director and assistants .

Pacific Southwest Exposition

2,598 58

Total education

$1,104 67

$3,923 19

$825 00
357 00

$2,265 62

$90 64
731 21

$342 14

$7,635 62
$915 64

Publicity:
Director

State fair

$212 21

1 300 42

Total publicity

$212 21

$39 55
8 79

$1,182 00

$2,175 GO
750 00

$821 85
$527 22

$2 216 06

Conservation and protection:

$2 741 77

Clerical and office

758 79

Rent

92 46

124 05!

38,928 22

248 81.

92 46

Automobiles

238 20

50 24

325 53

$14 33

376 58

53,386 45
525 00
185 00
358 88

92 364 91

Patrol launches

139 00

1 238 34

Lion hunters .

185 00

Coyote trappers

358 88

1,070 00

1,363 58

516 21

458 22

1,070 00

Fish planting

553 71
143 11

630 00

1,894 18

505 00

2,547 29

Refuge posting

2,553 50

Fish reclamation and rescue _

963 22

Total conservation and protection

$1,359 13

$14 55

19 75

484 36

5 18

261 81

$60,409 51

$2,235 00

6,399 68

795 00

1,675 00

9,931 93

$43,328.77

f $469 07

2,125 29

485 32

101 61

If 1,984 10

26 00

3,750 00

64 40

' 155 35

$153 33
$436 71

$105 250 74

Commercial fisheries:

Chief and assistants

$3 155 33

Deputies .

8,544 72

Patrol launches

1,764 68

Statistical

1 781 79

Laboratory

65 09

12,242 93
26 00

Salmon tagging

Botulism. .

3 750 00

Automobiles ^ .

104 39
618 55

168 79

Carp eradication

500 00

1,273 90

Total commercial fisheries

$1,508 59

$7 18
25 33

$21,536 61

$1,050 00
1,080 67

$9,161 14

$75 50

126 62

49 00

594 65

5,183 46

$501 80

$32 708 14

Fish culture:
Chief and assistants

$1,132 68

Clerical and office

$85 05

52"55'
392 34
465 22
7 18

1,317 67

Rent

49 00

Automobile

1,252 52
19,730 89

1,899 72

36,366 65

61 673 34

Hatcheries — additions and betterments

465 22

1 50

2,265 00

1,227 12

3,500 80

Total fish culture

$21,017 42
$101 73

$40,762 32

$1,410 00
750 00

$7,256 35

$402 25
123 98

$1,002 34
$38 50

$70,038 43
$1,952 48

Hydraulics:
Chief and assistants

Cooperative research work

873 98

Total hydraulics...

$101 73

$2,400 84
32 55

$2,160 00
$2,398 44

$526 23

$681 24
55 71

$38 50
$90 75

$2,826 46

$5 571 27

Game propagation:
Game farm — Yountville.

Automobiles

88 26

Total game propagation. .

$2,433 39
$10 31

$2,398 44
$3,240 00

B $736 95

$451 98
$11,624 35

$90 75
$70 00

$5,659 53

$3,772 29
$11,624 35

Research:

Chief and assiFtants

License commissions

$28,535 28

$143,930 45

$83,280 42

$2,670 66

$258,416 81

94

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION "

Volume 15 SACRAMENTO, APRIL, 1929 No. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LAKE TAHOE Georf/e A. Coleman 99

A SPORTSMAN VISITS THE YOUNTVILLE GAME FARM,!?. W. Lochne 102

SOME CRUISES OF THE ALBACORE Paul Bonnot 105

THE SPAWNING SEASON FOR THE CALIFORNIA BARRACUDA

Lionel A. Walford 111

THE SPANISH CERCO REAL OR "ROYAL BLOCKADE NET"

George Roger Chute 118

EDITORIALS 125

DIVISION ACTIVITIES 158

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 171

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 175

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 179

REPORTS—

Violations of Fish and Game Laws 182

Plants of Game Birds 184

Statement of Expenditures 186

Fishery Products, October, November and December, 1928 188

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LAKE TAHOE

By George A. Coleman.

To the biologist, Lake Talioe and vicinity offer one of the most
extensive and complicated studies of lake community life that can
be found anywhere in the world.

The results of the U. S. Hydrographic Survey of 1922 and previous
surveys have been brought together in chart form which is now avail-
able. This serves as a reliable basis for our biological explorations and
for the subsequent charting of the plant and animal life of the lake.

66118

100

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

This survey shows a series of shelves running nearly around the
lake, viz, first, a comparatively shallow margin, 15 to 160 feet in depth,
which usually has a fine sandy or gravelly bottom, except where the
banks are steep, in which case the rocks extend for some distance out.
The nest shelf is at a depth of 500-750 feet ; the third at 1000 to 1250
feet. Then the great bottom basin which covers three-fourths or more
of the lake at from 1250 to 1645 feet, the greatest depth found in
the lake.

The temperature of the water varies from 130°P. in the immediate
vicinity of the Thermal Spring at Brockway to that of freezing, 32°F.,
and sometimes (notably this winter) the water in some shallow bays,
such as immediately in front of Tahoe Tavern, freezes over sufficiently
to allow skating. One winter. Emerald Bay was almost covered with
such a film of ice. The water coming in from all the streams is ice
cold up to June, when it begins to warm up a little, never getting

Fig. 28. Emerald Bay and Lake Tahoe, famous for the Tahoe trout.
Photograph by J. II. Sander.s.

much above 55 °F., however. It takes considerable circulation of the
warm water of the northeast and southeast parts of the lake to warm it
as a whole to any appreciable extent.

There is a wonderful color variation in dili'erent parts of the lake,
depending largely on the character of the bottom : all the way from
a light yellowish-green to an intense blue, and sometimes, notably at
sunset or sunrise, all the colors of the iiainbow can be seen.

The water is the clearest of any lake in the world. When it is per-
fectly quiet an ordinary white dinner plate can be seen on the bottom
at a depth of more than 100 feet.

There is a comparatively short season in which one can work with
any degree of safety, or comfort, viz, May 1 to October 1, and at any
time during these months, one may encounter sudden wind, rain and
hail storms. I have started out in perfectly calm, bright weather and
have been driven to shelter in an hour's time by a violent wind and

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 101

hail storm. Working under such conditions, progress is necessarily
slow. The great distances to be covered in a day's work is another
factor to be considered in the progress of the work.

The method of conducting the biological survey so far has been to
work out from a number of the resorts located around the lake, begin-
ning with Bijou at the southeast end and working around to Brock-
way at the north end, thus covering all the lake on the California side.
In this way, a comparatively narrow strip entirely around the lake has
been explored and what we might call the shore fauna and flora
studied. From the food standpoint, however, this study is funda-
mental, since the food of all species of trout iiiliabiting the lake con-
sists of the various species of minnows and other small fish which
inhabit and find their food in these shallow waters and upon their
condition depends the condition of the trout in the lake. Consider-
able data have also been obtained by examining the stomachs of trout
brought in during the season by fishermen at the different resorts.

The plankton net survey at various points shows a comparatively
poor supply of zoo-plankton, only 1-1000 part as much per cubic foot
as that of Clear Lake in Lake County, for example.

One curious thing, although it probably has a perfectly natural
explanation, is that during one month, perhaps only one species of
copepod will be very abundant. Early in April, for example, a brick-
red species of Diaptomus is so abundant as to color the water in cer-
tain areas. Then it almost entirely disappears, to be followed by some
other species.

Another remarkable thing is the daily depth fluctuation of these
various species making up the zoo-plankton, some species going do^vn
to a depth of 75 feet or more during the day and reappearing at the
surface at night.

All of this has a direct influence on the movements of the trout in
the lake, since they follow the movements of their food in both their
daily and seasonal fluctuation. The winter movements and habitat of
the minnows have not yet been studied ; all we know is that they dis-
appear about November 1st from their summer haunts and we do not
see them again until about May 1st. Where the young lake trout
which are planted in the streams spend the winter is also a mystery.
The streams in winter seem to be perfectly clear of them and yet they
appear in the streams as soon as the high water is gone in the spring.

The causes for the lessening number of Tahoe trout in the lake have
been many and various. The first, and perhaps the greatest single
factor, .was the commercial fishing which was carried on for a number
of years, when they were shipped out by the tons. Then intensive
sport fishing, both in the lake and in the tributary streams, took its
heavy toll. As to just how heavy this was, may be noted by the fact
that in the year 1900, our records show, 58,667 pounds of Tahoe
trout were shipped from the lake itself, about nine-tenths of them
being the real Tahoe trout (Salmo henshawi) , which averaged about
two pounds in weight

In recent years, since the auto has replaced the pack animal as a
means of getting to our mountain streams, the greatly increased fishing
during the summer months has taken the young trout of the tributary
streams just as fast as they could be planted, so none have been left
to grow up to sufficient size to stock the lake.

102 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

However, notwithstanding all of these handicaps, the two trout
hatcheries maintained at the lake by the Division of Fish and Game
for the purpose of stocking these streams wdth young fry are getting
results. This is attested by the fact that every year an increased
number of eggs are taken from females caught in the traps, beginning
about March 15 and continuing until June.

If all the tributary streams are closed to summer fishing for a few
years, and these streams stocked heavily with nothing but Talioe trout
fry, undoubtedly the lake will be stocked with this native trout. This
would also give us a chance to study the life of this native species in
the stream under natural conditions and obtain some very necessary
data as to its habits of life.

The Mackinaw trout, and steelhead winch liave been introduced into
the lake are thriving amazingly, especially the Mackinaw, which is now
the summer sport fish, forming about nine-tenths of the catches of the
summer tourist, and a fine fish it is. It is a bottom feeder and subsists
mainly on minnows, chubs and bullheads, with some aquatic insect food.
It does not appear to be destructive to the young lake trout.

The steelhead is gaining a foothold and during the season of 1927,
many two and one-half pounders were caught. Females of five to six
pounds ready to spawn were quite often found in the shallow waters
of Cornelian and Crystal bays.

A SPORTSMAN VISITS THE YOUNTVILLE GAME FARM

By F. W. LocHNE.

If any lover of the sport of hunting with the scatter gun has any
regrets over the increase of price of the hunting license, a visit to the
California State Game Farm, near Yountville, will go a long way
toward dissipating that feeling, and he must feel that at least a portion
of his money is being wisely spent.

Situated at the upper end of the Napa Valley, the first impression
on arrival at the Game Farm is one of intense pleasure. The setting
is ideal for this enterprise — the latest effort of the State Fish and
Game Commission to render to the sportsman a portion of the service
which is his due.

Improved roads and increased facilities of travel have greatly
reduced the discomforts and troubles of a day afield. Many, who
formerly were too indolent or indifferent to accept the little plaguing
privations and hardships, have changed their minds and are now
enjoying a holiday by tramping the fields in company with the old
timers and, perhaps, a faithful dog.

These extra guns and dogs have increased the casualties among the
feathered flocks the old timer sought and to offset this, the propagation
of game by artificial methods seems the natural sequence and remedy.

It does not take an expert eye to see that the Game Farm is living
up to expectations. If the visitor is fortunate enough to arrive at a
time when the superintendent, August Bade, can conduct him about
the place explaining the salient features, he will find Mr. Bade a genial
host, and the time well spent.

The farm, as a whole, covers roughly about two city blocks, all under
wire, divided by passages, and has removable wire partitions between

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 103

the pens. It is irrigated by piping water from the creek above. The
gravity pressure is sufficient to provide a gentle shower throughout all
the pens if necessary or any part of the farm as needed. This is made
possible by an arrangement of valves along the main passageways
without unnecessary disturbance of the birds.

Undoubtedly the first things the visitor is impressed by on enter-
ing the enclosure are the ornamental varieties of pheasants — ^beautiful
birds of every imaginable color and shade. Golden, Silver, Lady
Amherst, Reeves pheasants and different crosses of all of these are
present. Though timid and nervous by nature, the pheasant makes
a splendid display bird. The males, with their brighter plumage, seem
to take a delight in parading before the admiring gaze of the visitor.
Endowed by nature with the habit and patience of taking great care
of their plumage, thoy offer the suggestion of being capable of know-
ing w^ell hoAV to make excellent use of a vanity case.

Ring-necked pheasants are, of course, present in greater numbers.
This is the bird that the sportsman is perhaps most interested in.
Hence, this variety is being intensely propagated for the purpose of
restocking the game covers of the state for the benefit of present and
future generations of sportsmen.

The birds now being propagated are a distinct improvement on
nature, for by judicious selection of the best individuals and by the
crossing of the Mongolian and ringneck varieties, a decided increase
in size has been attained. It is not unusual for birds one year old to
weigh as much as four pounds. This applies to both male and female,
although the male, on account of the longer tail and more brilliant
coloring, appears larger than the female. The Mongolian and the
ring-necked pheasants are two distinct varieties. The casual observer,
however, would find some difficulty in discerning the different features
Avhich set them apart.

Still another variety, and a recent accpiisition to the farm, is the
Japanese versicolor pheasant. This is a handsome bird with mainly
dark blue and green plumage. The superintendent seemed very joy-
ous at possessing it for the reason that he thought the interbreeding of
this variety would produce a smarter and more wary bird than the
ring-necked pheasant. The protective coloration of this offspring is,
further, thought to be more suitable for the cover in this state.

While admiring this beauty, we heard the call of a quail. After
remarking to Superintendent Bade that it seemed somewhat peculiar,
he took me over to the pen from which the call came and stated that
these were desert quail, quite similar to our regular valley quail in
appearance and size.

We next went to the pens of the Hungarian partridge. I long for
the day to come when I can see my dog come to the point on one of
these birds, when I may come up with the "old scatter" gun, flush
this bunch of feathered dynamite and see him rise from cover with a
speed which, I hope, will never cease to thrill me.

These partridges are larger than our quail, duller in plumage, and
are not distinctively marked as to sex. Unlike the ring-necked pheas-
ant, they are not polygamous. Superintendent Bade says that in mat-
ing they are persistent in their refusal to be artificially mated and
make their own selection. If forced mating is tried, it only results in

104 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the death of the male. Truly, this is another example of the "female
of the species being more deadly than the male." In mating time the
flock is allowed the run of several pens by removal of the partitions.
The birds roam about at will in one large flock, but, when in due time,
a pair have come to an agreement, they leave the main flock. By
means of an ingenious device, the mated birds are captured and placed
in a private breeding pen. Here they assume the duties and responsi-
bilities of matrimony.

We next came to the pens containing birds from South America. If
I remember rightly, they are called tinamous. Superintendent Bade
seemed to be particularly delighted w^ith them and stated that Cali-
fornia has the only game farm having them of which he knew. These
birds were in three sizes but are seemingly alike in all other respects.
The largest is about the size of the prairie chicken, and very similar
in appearance. Some new arrivals have a crest or topknot, which
slopes backward instead of standing upright as it does in our moun-
tain quail. The smallest bird is about as large as the western mourn-
ing dove, and the third about midway between the two. They repre-
sent an entirely new experiment, the results of which are, of course,
uncertain, but assuredly, most interesting.

We were then conducted out of the main enclosure to an outside
series of pens, where there was a small flock of wild turkeys, three
hens and a gobbler. The gobbler, a recent arrival from Arizona, was
a noble bird weighing nineteen pounds, although but a year old.

On returning through the main enclosure, Superintendent Bade
called our attention to a pen containing ringneck doves, and also to
some of our native doves, which, he explained, had become inmates in
an unusual way. The Game Farm serves as an attraction to many
varieties of birds and these native doves had voluntarily entered the
pens. The wire mesh, being of good size, permitted them to pass
through wiien their wings w^re folded, but Avas too small to allow
them 1o escape when extended. When attempting to reach tlie out-
side, they invariably flew against the wind. Consequently they had
become prisoners. They seemed perfectly contented, however, and
were remarkably tame.

The poultry yard is somewhat removed from the main enclosure.
Here the foster mothers for the young pheasants are produced. Ban-
tams and their crosses make the best mothers. One desired type of
small hen has been devoloped by crossing the Japanese Silkey with
a selected variety of bantam.

In a separate enclosure there w^as a large flock of valley quail.
Beautiful representatives of California's royalty, they are kings of the
upland and the sportsmen's delight. The entire flock was near the
part of the enclosure we were approaching, it being near feeding time.
Probably alarmed by the presence of a stranger, they took wing and
flew to the other end — a glorious sight. Superintendent Bade asked me
for an estimate of their number, and, after a short pause, T placed it
at 250. Now I tried to allow for natural extravagance in making this
estimate, and thought, if anything, I underestimated. You may
imagine my chagrin when informed the number was just half.

By this time, the afternoon was near its close. I got into my car
and pursued my journey to the Sacramento Valley, accompanied by
the most pleasant thoughts and anticipation of days to come.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

105

SOME CRUISES OF THE ALBACORE

By Paul Bonnot.
(With four photographs.)

One of the least known activities of the Division of Fish and Game
is the sea patrol maintained by the Department of Commercial Fisheries.
For the last few years this patrol has been carried on by the motor
boat Alhacore. The Alhacore is 65 feet long and obtains her motive
power from a 65 horsepower Diesel engine. There are comfortable
accommodations for six men in the cabin. The territory regularly
covered consists of the ocean waters south of Point Concepcion to the

Fig. 29. Patrol boat Albacore in Tyler's Bight, San Miguel Island.
Photograph by Okeson Bonnot.

Mexican line. Besides her regular patrol the Albacore now and then
is employed in scientific research in connection with commercial fisheries.

On June 3, 1927, the Alhacore put to sea from San Pedro on a cruise
for the study of marine mammals. The itinerary included the coast
of the mainland of southern California and the outlying islands from
Point Piedras Blancas in San Luis Obispo County to the Mexican line.
The crew" consisted of Captain Walter Engelke, a genial companion and
a first class navigator ; Max Tritch, the very capable engineer, and Fred
Wack, steward and cook. My brother, Okeson Bonnot of Los Angeles,
was official photographer and I was to learn all I could concerning
marine mammals.

The first day out was not auspicious either for photography or the
advancement of learning, inasmuch as the representatives of both these

106

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

departments did not enjoy their meals and were rather skeptical regard-
ing their future ability to assimilate nourishment.

For three days we worked north along the coast looking for sea lions.*
The sea was calm and we found good anchorages at night. The time
passed very pleasantly. We arrived at Point Piedras Blancas about
30 a.m. It was clear and warm. After completing our work, the
anchor was raised and Ave started for San Miguel Island. The screw
had turned over only a few times Avhen there was a tremendous jolt
and a loud thumping under the stern. Investigation revealed the lower
half of the rudder gone. We set a course for San Pedro and a drydock.
It was 2.30 p.m. when we got under weigh and for twenty-two hours the
little Alhacore pounded out her nine knots an hour. We took turns at

Fig. 30. Confisfatcd sea lion trimmings tal<i n on San .Miguel Island, win re it is
unlawful to kill any sea lions. Photograph b>- Okeson Bonnet, June 10, l'J27.

the wheel and the cook kept the coffee pot hot. The fog shut down an
hour from Piedras Blancas and we ran nearly the rest of the distance
through a wet gray blanket which only lifted when we had Point Vin-
cent abeam. We put her on the drydock at once and while the new
rudder was being installed we cleaned and painted the bottom. Two
days later we put to sea again. It was afternoon before we got away,
and to save time we planned to run all night. By 11 p.m., when we were
abreast Santa Cruz Island, one of tlie channel breezes began to blow
and the Alhacore began to understud}' a submarine. We put in to
Pelican Bay and went to sleep. When we rolled out the next morning

*The data relating to sea lions acquired on this cruise has been published. Bonnot,
Paul. The Sea Lions of California. California Fish and Game, Vol. 14, pp. 1-16,
10 figs.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 107

the sun was shining through the ports and we could hear birds sing-
ing on shore. The bay was as unbroken and serene as a pond and
the boat lay without motion. A mile out in the channel, however, gray
banks of fog were scudding before the wind.

We got under weigh at 6 o'clock and continued our course of the
night before, running close to shore to gain as much shelter as possible
from the wind. As we finish breakfast we determined to run through the
channel between Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, which would allow
us to run west under the lea of Santa Rosa and San Miguel. The wind
was from the northwest. The course was changed accordingly and she
came about and into the trough ; of course she began to bury her
scuppers at once. The breakfast dishes were still on the table and the
second roll deposited most of them on the cabin floor. The burst of
profanity which came up the campanionway was no doubt very reliev-
ing to the cook's feelings. We grinned at each other and kept to
jeaward of him the rest of the morning. At 2 p.m. we anchored in
Adam's Cove under the west end of San Miguel. A heavy sea was
running from which we were only partly sheltered and the boat rolled
heavily. We were 'forced to remain here two days on account of the
heavy sea which pounded the rocks and reefs about us. We put in
the time exploring the island.

Aftei- two days enforced stay the wind went down somewhat and
we cautiously began to investigate the outlying rocks. Huge beds of
Ivclp concealed sunken reefs which would have broken us in two. A
heavy ground swell ran through the kelp, which rose and fell with here
and there the point of a black rock showing in the hollows. It made
for jumpy work. One of us was always under the bows and we ran
very slowly.

At nearly all the places we wished to work it was necessary to land
on the jump. The captain or engineer handled the dory which they
would back in against a likely looking rock. My brother or I would
take the jump at the right instant and the boat would pull away until
the next wave. When we were both unloaded the boat would remain
in flip vicinity until we were ready to embark again, when the same
])rogram would be gone tliough with. Only once during the trip did
any of us get wet. This was at Flea Island, off the west end of San
Miguel, when I slipped on a landing and went in to my waist, with a
straight drop below into ten fathoms of water. I still had a hand
hold and my brother above me on the rock reached me a hand so I
avoided a swim.

From San Miguel Island we worked south to the rest of the islands.
We had fine weather for the most part and were quite successful in
obtaining data on sea lions and many fine photographs.

During May, 1928, the Albacore was ordered north to Eureka, to
enforce the closed season on the outside trolling of salmon. When the
season for salmon trolling opened on June 1st, we were to work south
making another survey of sea lions. The weather was rather squally
during the run from San Pedro to San Francisco. Everything was
wet above and below and the crew all in. I boarded the boat at San
Francisco and helped dry out the bedding and take on supplies. On the
morning of May 5th we crossed the San Francisco bar and set a course
north. The run up the coast was uneventful. In passing several of

108

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the more prominent capes we encountered wind squalls, but they were
of local intensity and for the most part we ran our nine knots over
a smooth sea. We crossed the Eureka bar next morning (Sunday)
at 8.30 a.m.

For a month we patrolled the coast from Shelter Cove to the Oregon
line with Eureka as a base. The Humboldt bar, celebrated in stories
of the Pacific coast, lived up to its reputation. It is smooth only in

Fig. 31. Confiscated, undersized spiny lobsters, 125 in number, on deck of Albacore.
These crawfi.sh were confiscated from a lobster ■'rrceiver," picked mi in the kelp
beds of Redondo Beach. Photograph by Paul Bonnot, November 2 8, 1927.

extremely fine weather. Fortunately we were favored with a good sea
each time we crossed and so met with no mishap.

One morning we crossed into a northwest sea which, though smooth,
was decidedly high. The Albacore rose to an unusually high one,
shoved half her length into very thin air, rolling to starboard at the
same time and fell with a crash that put the bow under water and
caused an explosion of wrath from below. The cook, Ernest Schmidt,
Avas preparing lunch and, being below, had had no inkling of what
was going on until she began to stand on her head. He came up the
companionw^ay breathing fire and slaughter. "It's not so pad ven de
dum stew slides off the stove, put ven it yumps off, ' ' and so on. How-
ever, we were more disturbed when we discovered that the radio loud
speaker had been thrown from its shelf despite its screws, and we were
without music. The radio was our means of relaxing taut nerves.
Many nights we lay in lonely windswept coves and passed several
pleasant hours in playing "500" and listening to the music before
rolling in.

The northern coast is cold even in summer and it was seldom that
the ocean was not covered with a gray swirling fog. The coast line is

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

109

bold for the most part and there are outlying rocks in the most unex-
pected places, making inshore navigation a matter of extreme watch-
fulness.

We made seizures of illegally caught salmon. These were all made,
perforce, inside the bay due to the danger of two boats approaching each
other too closely outside in the heavy swell which is nearly always
present.

On May 30th we left Eureka for the south. It was a clear day.
The bar was smooth and we went out in good shape. As soon as we
left the shelter of the jetties, however, we found that we had taken on
something. There was a northwest wind that amounted to almost a gale.
A huge sea was running, and before this we scudded all day. It made
steering a matter of extreme nicety as the sea was quartering from
behind and the boat slid stern first into the trough as each big sea
passed under her. It would not have done to let her broach to and
take a sea. She did take a small one about 3 p.m. Luckily the engineer
had the aft hatches closed and little water was taken between decks.
As it was, the water was knee deep in the alleys for a few moments.
She responded sluggishly to the wheel until she shook herself free.

Fig. 32. The Albacore overhauls fishinji boat with illegally caught salmon, in
Humboldt Bay. This boat had several hundred pounds of small fish. Photograph
by Paul Bonnet, May, 1928.

At 7 p.m. we rounded the buoy at Mendocino City and dropped the
hook, tired out. To those who have not had experience on a small boat
at sea it might be well to explain that the continual motion is very
wearing. There is always an unconcious bracing and checking of the
body muscles to conteract the rolling and pitching of the boat which
leaves a bodily weariness at the end of the day similar to that
caused by hard physical labor.

110 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The next two days were fairly good running. Off the prominent
points we generally liad a pnff of wand, but between it was usually
smooth with a long, easy ground swell. We passed whistling bouys
doing their duty nobly. To me there is something rather fine about a
whistling buoy. Night and day, year in and year out, they lie on the
same reef; straining at their anchors in roaring gales; washed and
pounded by heavy seas, but always sending out through the fog and
night their full throated bellow^ of warning.

During the fall and winter months the Alhacore is very busy about
the channel islands. One of her greatest troubles is the lobster fisher-
men. Lobsters are taken in traps about the islands and along the coast
and are kept in live cars or "receivers" until a pick-up boat calls for
them. The "receivers" are slatted crates of varying sizes which are
anchored among kelp. They generally float on the surface. The legal
size of marketable lobsters is from ten and one-half to sixteen inches.
It is very difficult for the average lobster fisherman to throw back
under or oversized lobsters and the Alhacore is kept busy inspecting
"receivers." Now and then a "receiver" is picked up which yields
several hundred illegal lobsters. There are also the "sooners" who
trap the crustaceans* before the opening of the season and rush them
in on the opening day, thus obtaining a top price. The traps must be
buoyed so that the owner can find them again, and the patrol boat's
crew are experts at distinguishing a trap buoy from a bit of drift wood.
The traps of "sooners" when found are broken up. Two years ago
eighty-six traps were lifted and destroyed along the coast just north
of Point Loma in one afternoon. On the east side of Catalina Island,
closed to any form of commercial fishing, eighty odd traps were broken
up a few days before Christmas last year.

Those whose nautical experience has come to them through the perusal
of charming tales of the sea may envy the lot of such men as Captain
Engelke and his crew. Perhaps to deep water men the life on the
patrol boat would be a holiday, but my experience has caused me to
give thanks that I did not chose the sea as a means of livelihood. A
month of it is all right. To a landsman there is a certain amount of
]iOvelty and a great deal to be learned, but as a steady occupation it
loses its charm. After sleeping in M'et bedding which could not be
dried because of fog; eating at a table that was sometimes almost
overhead and on which the china occasionally leaped agilely about, and
sitting for hours braced in a corner, contemplating a heaving expanse
of water while the boat plunged and quivered in a head sea, I have come
to the conclusion that men who "go down to the sea in ships" must
have that something in their makeups which permits them to sustain
with patience and fortitude the capricious whims of their jealous
mistress.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 111

THE SPAWNING SEASON OF THE CALIFORNIA BARRACUDA

( Sphyraena argentea)*

(With six graphs)
By Lionel A. Walford.

For the past two years, 1927 and 1928, the writer has made observa-
tions in the fresh fish markets of San Pedro on the California barra-
cuda, a food fish of considerable importance to the fresh fish industry
of the state. The work was initiated and the preliminary investiga-
tion was begun in 1926 by the International Fisheries; Commission,
United States and Mexico, but no data for that year are here included.
This paper is published as one phase of the barracuda investigation,
which will be reported upon fully at a later date.

Market observations in 1927 were not begun until June first, and
16,500 fish were examined during the remainder of the summer. In
1928, 18,000 fish were examined, and the work extended from March
until October.

In studying the spawning season, the method employed was to make
daily observations and records of the degree of maturity of each fish
in samples taken in the markets, which degrees in the females were
classified into the following four groups :

Group a. Fish immature, or only partially mature, the ovaries
revealing either few visible eggs or none at all.

Group 1). Fish in which maturity is well advanced, and in Avhich
the ovaries are full of opaque eggs.

Group c. Fish with running spawn.

Group d. Spent or partially spent fish.

The ovaries of the barracuda are approximately one-third the total
length of the body, are paired, and in shape cylindrical, with tapering
ends. The diameter of the ovary of immature fish is about one-
fiftieth the length ; of the mature fish about one-eighth. Ovaries of
immature fish (group a) show no granulation, are pinkish in color,
somewhat gelatinous in texture, rather translucent and slender in
girth. As maturity approaches, the eggs appear as small, yellow gran-
ules, increasing in number until the gonad becomes considerably
enlarged and full of yellow eggs, of which the largest average about
1.3 mm. (group &). This is the stage in which the ovaries are of com-
mercial importance as roe, a valued table delicacy. At spawning time,
the eggs lose their yellow color and become translucent, assuming
the appearance of cooked sago (group c). They become enlarged until
they average about 1.6 mm. and when the belly is pressed, the eggs
flow forth freely from the gonoduct. At this stage, the gonads are of
no value as food and lose their commercial importance. After spawn-
ing is completed, the remaining developed eggs are probably reabsorbed,
and the ovary rapidly diminishes in girth ; its substance becomes
flaccid, its color pink, and finally its appearance and structure become
the same as in the immature fish of group a. These stages in the spent
fish appear only late in the season, and describe the condition classified

♦Contribution No. 76 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, January,

112 CALIFORNIA FLSH AND GAME

as group d. There is, however, no line of demarcation between spent
fish (group d) and immature fish (group a) and the spent of the end
of one season become the immature of the beginning of the next. With
such simple and obvious classes of degrees of maturity, it has been an
easy matter to make records each day in the markets while the fish
were being cleaned by the market butchers.

The testes are approximately the same size as the ovaries, but differ
in their shape, which is roughly prismatic. The classification of the
males according to degree of maturity is somewhat more difficult and
includes three divisions : immature, mature and spent.

The testes of the immature male are finn in texture, slender and pale
brownish or greenish in color (group A). As the sperm mature, the
gonads become larger in size, whiter in color, and less firm in texture
(group B). When the belly of a mature male is pressed, the lactescent
milt exudes through the gonoduct. After spawning is completed, the
testes rapidly become spent (group C), dimishing in size and changing
their color, until their appearance is the same as in the immature fish.

The method of recording was to tabulate each observation in its
appropriate space on a prepared data sheet which was divided into
sections for each classification in each sex.

The samples which were taken each day consisted of the first one
hundred females with the accompanying number of males which we
saw opened. If necessary, the samples comprised fish from several
markets. The reader will of course question whether the samples were
representative of the entire catch. It seems probable that if most of
the fishermen make their catches in the same general localities fairly
close to each other, as usually appears to be the case, daily samples
consisting of the first several fish selected at random in the markets,
might be a representative sample of the daily catch. Each day we
asked the fishermen of as many boats as possible where their catches
were made. In nearly all cases, the replies agreed with each other as
to general location each day, and it would seem, provided the replies
were truthful, that the boats are all inclined to fish together in about
the same localities. Skogsberg, in recounting the shifting in places
of capture of the barracuda^ in 1922, obtained the same results as the
writer^ by questioning the fishermen, and this would seem to substan-
tiate the reliability of the replies. There is, of course, the unavoidable
danger of selection in the fishing, if, for example, the nets should
gather only the fish in the top layer or only one edge of the schools;
or perhaps in the sampling itself, if there should be a size selection
by the market butchers, in which case sexual dimorphism might pos-
sibly detract from the significance of the data.

The barracuda fishery is carried on locally from April until Sep-
tember, and during the rest of the year the fishing occurs south of an
extension of the international boundary line. Throughout the winter
months we questioned the captains of the boats which brought up bar-
racuda from the south, concerning the presence or absence of roe or
milt in the fish. The earliest record of maturing fish which we have
for 1928 is of March 22, when the California II landed a large load

' Skogsberg, Tage. Preliminary Investigation of the Purse Seine Industry of
Southern California. Fish and Game Commission of California, Fish Bulletin No. 9,
1925, p. 34.

" Walford, L. A. Barracuda. Division of Fish and Game of California, Fish Bul-
letin No. 15, Pt. 9. 1929.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

113

of cleaned fish, most of which had had roe or milt in them, according
to the captain. On March 26, about a ton of barracuda was landed,
only fifteen fish of which were not cleaned. These fifteen fish all
seemed to be rather close to maturity. Beginning April 2, barracuda
were brought in round (not cleaned), and from then on throughout
the 1928 season, market observations were made daily or whenever

SPAWNING SEASON -1926

%

1

•— 1

1

o

1

1

15

o

^

JO

/

\

o y

N.

5

o ^\q

/

\j

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o

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1 iS:

1

i

, i

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IS

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,' — iT''' '

APBTL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

Fig. 33. Relation of the number of spawning females and the total number of
females expressed in percentage. The observations are grouped in bi-weekly
periods and represented by the small circles. The data are smoothed to show
the general trend.

APRIL

JUNE

15

JULY

AUGUST ' SEPTLMBEIR

Fig. 34. Relation of the number of males to the total number of fish (1928)
expressed in percentage. The observations are grouped in bi-weekly periods
and represented by the small circles. The data are smoothed to show tne
general trend, which is represented by the heavy line.

fish were available. Figure 33 shows the relation between the number
of spawning females and the total number of females expressed m per-
centage, by bi-weekly periods. The original figures, shown by the
small circles, were smoothed to show the general trend of the season.
The span of the season in 1928 was from between April 1 and 15 to
between September 1 and 15. The height of the season occurred
between May 15 and June 30.

114

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

An interesting and puzzling feature oi" tlie spawning season ol' tiie
l)arracuda is that at no time of tlie year are all of the females spawning
at once, according to our market observations. The relative number of
spawning females changes from day to day, sometimes quite radically.
The daily spawning season observations for 1927 are shown graphically
in figure 35, in which the ratio of spawning females (group c) to all
females is represented by the solid line. There is no apparent perio-
dicity or regularity in the occurrence of the highest ordinates. After
August 13, no more spaw'ning females were observed.

JUNE

JULY

AUG.

FjG. .S5. Daily spawning sea.son observaLioiLS for 1927. The brqlven line ropre.sents
the relation between the number of males and all fi.sli, expressed in percentage.
The solid line shows the relation bttwet^n the number of spawning females and
all females, expressed in percentage.

100

75

h

Z
u

UJ

a

15
JIXE

15
JILY

-rr

Si;i*TEMBER

1 represents the relation between the

, 36. The curve between April 1 and Jun

immature females and all ifemales expressed in percentage. The curve between
July 15 and September 30 shows the relation between spent females and all
females expressed in percentage.

In 1927, the first spent fish (group d) appeared in the markets on
September 7 near the close of the spawning season. However, no
samples had been taken since August 26, and it is possible that spent
fish would have appeared sooner had fish been in the markets. In
1928. the first spent fish appeared in the markets August 13. Figure
36 shows the relation of immature females (group a) and spent females
(group d) to all females in 1928. The fish classified as immature are

CALIFORNIA FiSH AND GAME

lis

those which had not yet reached maturity that year, and occurred
between the first part of the season and the last two weeks of May.
Those classified as spent are those which apparently had already
spawned that year. These appeared in the markets from about the
first two weeks of August to the end of the season. It will be seen
that in the beginning of the season only twenty-five per cent of the
legal sized females were immature. After the first two weeks of May,
no more immature fish (group a) were seen. In the latter part of
July, the first spent fish (group d) appeared. Then the percentage of
spent females rose rapidly, and by the time all of the females were
spent the fish had apparently disappeared and the season was over.
The immature and spent stages of the males (groups A and C,
respectively) occur during the same period as the corresponding
stages in the females. If graphed, the relation of these stages to all
males examined, as expressed by percentage would present a picture

similar to figure 36.

This fact is borne out in the following table

%

30

f

4W

/ «

*

20

i

\

t

t

^/

t

^

\

<y/

\

t

%

X 1

t

gi

\

^ : *

o \

O .'

\

^/

\
\

/ 0

\

to

c^^

# ^ ^

X ^

^Y

X *

1 //
>' ^ /

X \

X *-«»

/ ^ /

\ ■*^***'* *

* -

/

>

\

%

/

^ +

n

>

/

r\

1

\__

+

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT. NOV. DEC.
Fig. 37. Comparison between the monthly catch and the spawning season.

OCCURRENCE OF IMMATURE AND SPENT MALES

(Tlie figures are percentages of the total number of males.)

Iinmature males Spent males

Date (Group A) (Group C)

April 1-15 39 0

April 16-30 4 0

May 1-15 0 0

May 16-31 0 0

June 1-15 0 0

June 16-30 0 0

July 1-15 0 0

July 16-31 0 0

Aug. 1-15 0 1

Aug. 16-31 0 19

Sept. 1-15 no data no data

Sept. 16-30 0 93

2—66118

116 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

It is worthy of note that the barracuda fishing season is concurrent
with the spawning season. Figure 37 compares the monthly catch of
local fish delivered to Los Angeles and Orange counties, with the
spawning season. The monthly catch is represented by the relation
between the average monthly catch and the average yearly catch,
expressed in percentage, averages being for the five-year period, 1928
to 1927. The spawning season is represented b.Y the relation between
the spawning females (group r) and all females, expressed in per-
centages. The s])awning season observations are by monthly periods.
The data were smoothed to show the general trends of the two curves.
It will be noticed that the highest ordinates of both curves occur dur-
ing the months of May and June, and that the rise and fall in the
spawning season curve is reflected by a similar rise and fall in the
monthly catch curve. Whether there is a causal relationship here, we
shall not venture to say. The fact that no spent fish (group a) appear
in the markets while the fish are spawning may be due to the fact that
within the limits of the distribution of the barracuda, the regions
where they are caught in greatest abundance becomes farther north as
the season progresses.^ It might possibly be that in their advance
northward, the fishermen leave the spent fish behind, which in the
meantime disappear. Toward the end of the spawning season, the
fishery is carried on mostly in the regions of the northern limits of the
distribution (Point Concepcion), and the total catcli diminishes as the
spawning season closes. The fish brought into the markets at this
period are almost entirely spent — the laggards in the post-season dis-
appearance.

An interesting point for consideration is the fact that the relation
between the number of males and the total number of fish changes from
day to day in much the same manner as does the number of spawning
females. During the course of the whole season, the sex ratio hovers
around unity, with a distinct tendency for the males to preponderate.
In 1928, of 18,005 fish examined during the entire summer, 55 per
cent were males. In 1927, of 16,5o0 fish, 52 per cent were males. In
1922, of 1806 fish examined, 55 per cent were males.* Of 9,000 young
barracuda of the first year class, 49.5 per cent were males, or prac-
tically a unity ratio. This would lead us to believe that a i)re])onder-
ance of one sex is a later develoijiiient, due possibly to a number of
causes, among which are suggested differential mortality, spawning
migrations, or different habits of the two sexes. Unequal sex ratios
have been noticed in several other species of fish, sometimes with the
males predominating as in the case of the true smelts,^ though more
frequently with the females predominating, as of the California sar-
dines, Sardina caerulea; California jack smelt, Atherinopsis calif or-
niensis; grunion, Leuresthes tenuis*'; or in the European plaice, Pleuro-
nectes platessa.''

There is a strong tendency for the ratio of males and all fish to vary
as the ratio of spawning females and all females. This is illustrated

■'• Walford. loc. cit.

* Skog.sborg. loc. cit., p. 37.

^ Kendall, William Converse. Tlie Smelts. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Vol. XLII, 1926 (1927), p. 299.

"From the records of the California State Fislieries Laboratory.

' HefCord, A. A. The Proportionate Distribution of the Sexes of Plaice in the North
Sea. Rapports et Proces-V^erbaux, Conseil Permanent International pour I'Explora-
tion de la Mer, Vol. XI. 1909, pp. l.'57-175.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

117

118 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

in figures 35 and 38, which graphically show the daily observations for
1927 and 1928, respectively. The broken lines represent the ratio of
males to all fish, and the solid lines the ratio of spawning females to
all females, expressed in percentage. In figure 34, the ratio of the
males to all fish is represented, with the daily observations combined
into bi-weekl}^ periods for 1928. The tendency for a higher i)repon-
derance of males to occur while the spawning season is at its height
is clearly suggested. If the data for the two seasons, 1927 and 1928,
be combined, there is a coefficient of correlation (Pearson) between
the ratio of spawning females to all females, and the ratio of males to
all fish of .304±:.047. Since the coefficient is more than six times the
probable error, we may consider it significant. If each variation in
the curves be considered as unity, then the coefficient of correlation is
.394±.049. This is the "coefficient by concurrent deviations,"® and
merely shows that there is a tendency for the two curves to vary in the
same directions without regard to the amount of variation. What is
the significance of this sex ratio? Perhaps there is a back and forth
migration to the spawning beds, but this is a supposition which must
be substantiated by further investigation.

Summary

According to market observations made :

1. The barracuda spawn between the first part of May and the mid-
dle of August, with the peak of the season occurring during the month
of June.

2. No spent or immature fish are landed during the period from the
last two weeks of ]\Iay to about the first two weeks of August.

3. The ratio of the numbers of spawning females to all females fluc-
tuates sharply throughout the season.

4. There is a strong tendency for the ratio of the number of males
to the total number of fish to fluctuate in the same direction as the
ratio of the number of spawning females to all females.

THE SPANISH OERCO REAL OR "ROYAL BLOCKADE NET"

An Ancient Sardine Gear.
By George Rogb^i Chute.

Spain is at present experiencing a general rejuvenation and, as part
of a broad scheme for renewing its ancient greatness, is seeking to
better its utilization of one of its potentially most productive resources —
the fisheries. It must be remembered that for several centuries Spain
was the dominant naval power of the world. During that period mari-
time technology in all its branches was given the greatest forward
impulse in all history. Merchant and military vessels, the art of ship
rigging, new sail plans, knots, seamen's devices and shipboard appli-
ances of all kinds were invented, many of these being known even yet —
to the few sailing ship mariners that remain — by their genitive names
of ' ' Spanish bowline, " " Spanish windlass, " " Spanish reef, " " Spanish
burton," and many more. But though it is rather common knowledge
that England became schooled in navies by what she learned from the

« King, W. I. The Elements of Statistical Method. New York, MacMillan. 1919,
p. 207.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 119

navies of Spain, it is not realized to what extent the world is beholden to
the Land of Pelayo for such other marine improvements as, for example,
our many forms of specialized fishing nets. The humble art of ensnar-
ing" a fish being looked upon as unchivalrous and lacking that glamor
which surrounds the battle maneuvers of thundering armadas, we have
heard much less of the great successes won by Spain's remarkable
"Royal Blockade Net" than of the fiasco of her navy's debacle in the
Canal de la Mancha.

In the September, 1928, number of the Boletin de Pescas, published by
the Spanish Institute of Oceanography through the General Fisheries
Director of the Ministry of Marine, Madrid, there appeared the second
of a series of writings by Sefior Fernando de Buen, Chief of the Depart-
ment of Applied Biology of Fisheries, in which he devotes himself to a
study of that enormous fishing apparatus— developed during the time
of Spain's famous military conquests and naval successes — the Cerco
Real or "Royal Blockade Net." This tremendous gear was a sardine
apparatus, and because America is concerned in bettering the means
at present employed in prosecuting fisheries for that species, attempts
by Spain to reestablish the Cerco Real, and put it into use again, will
be observed with keen interest in this country, as well as elsewhere
throughout the world.

According to its description given by Sefior Fernando de Buen, the
Cerco Real was in reality nothing more than a haul seine enormously
enlarged. It w^as composed of a bunt or central section of small mesh
and heavy twine flanked by two wings of larger mesh and lighter
material. There seems to have been considerable graduation in both
mesh and twine weight, the wings approximating the bunt itself in
both of these particulars at their inner extremities, but gradually becom-
ing quite dissimilar through having large meshes and light webbing
towards the outer tips of the wings. The Cerco Real possessed one other
feature in common with ordinary haul seines — its greatest depth was
in the bunt; it gradually shoaled off towards the wing tips until the
cork line and foot rope could be made fast to a towing bar, spreader, or
"rooster's foot," as the Spanish called it. Long lines or warps were
made fast to each of the two "rooster's feet," and with these the net
was hauled in from far out at sea, and landed on the beach.

"The Cerco Real usually measured 900 to 1000 fathoms in length
* * *" writes El Sefior de Buen, "with a height varying between 18
and 24 fathoms, according to the point selected. It had a wing on both
sides, each about 400 fathoms long. The central portion, more strong, of
greater height, and called cope (bunt) was 100 to 125 fathoms in length.

"A vertical net, composed of innumerable pieces, it usually term-
inated at each end in a 'cock's foot' followed by 1,400 fathoms of line.

"In the Cerco Real the mesh of the wings measured an inch and a
half to two inches, squared mesh,^ and a half -inch in the cope.

"Corks were spaced along the head rope, leads not being affixed to
the foot rope but stones and grapnels were used to keep the net dis-
tended when a pound was formed of it for the purpose of storing the

^Contribution No. 78 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, January 16,
1929.

2 "Squared mesh" or "bar mesh" is exactly one-half as long as "stretched mesh" —
the measurement usually used today. The "squared mesh" dimenslQU is the ciis-tance
between any two adjacent knotg \xi webbing.

120 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

captured sardines for awhile so that they might be marketed at the most
advantageous time."

The authority quoted does not fix tlie date of the earliest use of the
Cerco Real in Spain, but gives the impression that it might have been
at the climax of its history around 1700, or jierhaps earlier. Since
those were the days of tlie great tradesmen's guilds, then universally
powerful throughout nearly all of p]urope, it is not remarkable that fish-
ing, and particularly this type of fishing, should have come to hv a guild
activity. Indeed, because machine-made webbing was unknown in those
medieval times, and all netting had to be hand-knit from hand-laid
twines twisted from hand-spun threads, the difficulties in the way of
fashioning a seine nearly a mile long can be imagined, and it may be
that except for the powers of organization possessed by the Maritime
Guild, and the stimulus which it gave to a concerted, cooperative effort,
the Cerco Real, most mammoth of all hand-made fishing tools, would
never have come into being.

The construction and operation of the Cercos took on the character
of a community enterprise. Just as on the coast of Maine, and in
Fundy's Bay, the men of an entire small settlement join forces in
gathering materials and creating a common property in the form of a
herring weir, or in Nova Scotia seaside towns business people unite
in building and outfitting a sailing vessel to be officered and manned
by the seamen and youths of the i)lace, so the Spanish fisherfolk,
organized under their trade union officers, pooled resources and labor
to the creation of a Cerco Real. Tons of cork floats, miles of rope, thou-
sands of square yards of various sized webbing, and weeks of labor by
large crews of experienced rackmen or hangers were necessary to the
completion of one of these nets. The blocks of web were hand-knit by
the women and girls of the ports, the Avives and children of navy men
absent on duty enjoying certain ])reference in the apportionment of
this labor. Eacli net had its complement of officers, who evaluated the
contributions of webbing by the women, and the work done by the men
employed in hanging and in fishing the gear, kept a careful written
record of the interest of each member or contributor, and saw to it
that the catch was divided and apportioned ui)on that basis.

But the wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries wrought
havoc willi tlic Maritime Guilds and with the Cerco Real associations.
Spain's revei'ses at sea had cost the lives of thousands of her best mari-
ners and fishermen. The cessation of commerce and the sieges of block-
ading squadrons of enemy craft had gone far to destroy the once flour-
ishing and productive sardine enterprise. Fernando de Buen quotes
from the Ordpnanza of 1750, which ]irovided regulations for the fish-
eries of the inlet of Pontevedra and all of the })orts thereon :

"2nd. ITEM, that whereas formerly in this locality and estuary
there were many cercos and armaciones reales for the fishing of
sardines, which were caught in such abundance that the yearly
product exceeded 80,000 ducats, because of continued wars, lack
of trade, indolence of the peo])le and other causes, said cercos were
abandoned, and through theii- lack has come a decline to said
locality and to other ports on the estuary because having no other
maritime commerce than that which the fisheries provide. Special

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 121

care should be given to re-estahlish the rercos, for in addition to
the S;'reat abundance of fish which is caught in them, and with less
cost and fatigue, they admit, for their proper management, every
sort of person, poor, rich, old people and youths, each one receiving
his sti]ipnd or part from the fishery in proportion to his labor or to
that extent in which he is interested in the net."

In 1768 the 0 rd enanza of the province of Pontevedra again refers to
the desirability of renewing the Cerco Real activities, stating that none
then existed. Indeed, the great "Roj-al Blockade Net" seems to have
become entirely extinct excepting for a temporary revival of its use in
the waters of Galicia. An organizer of ability and influence there suc-
ceeded in restoring the Fishermen's Guild, and a new blockade net
actually was constructed and put into operation. The movement came
to nothing, however, partly because of complaints raised by the priest-
hood of the port who were losers of tithes because of the operation of
the big net, and partly because of quarrels and jealousies engendered
between the fishermen themselves by reason of the revival of some of
the ancient prerogatives of the cerco, which gave to it exclusive rights
in certain waters, and forbade all other gears to encroach upon them.
The movement presently was given over, and with the retiring of this
net from the fishery, the last Cerco Real seems to have passed into his-
tory. There are none in existence today, says our authority.

With respect to the organization of the gremios or guilds, El Seilor
Fernando de Buen states that each association named by common agree-
ment two managers or aviodorcs, two measurers or carteleyros, one shore
captain or 'inaesfre, and one boatswain or poltreyo. Tenure was for
one year, and service obligatory; refusal to accept office was ])unishable
by severe fines except in instances wiiere exceptionally good reasons
were given.

The two aviadores were the actual managers of the enterprise. They
made decisions concerning Avhen the fishing should be done, they main-
tained contact with the priesthood and royal authorities, and they were
the court for levying fines against members convicted of shortcomings
by common consent, and for adjudicating diiferences arising within the
organization. Their assistants were the two carieJeifros or measurers
whose duty it was to divide the fish caught, set aside a proper propor-
tion of the catch for the support of the organization and the mainte-
nance and repair of the gear and boats used, and evaluate contribu-
tions of labor and webbing from the members. The maestre was the
captain of the largest boat or galeon used in setting the net, and the
poltreyo was his officer or assistant, in charge of the crew carried
aboard. Each of these ships' officers was a picked expert, and received
a double lay or share.

Several boats Avere necessary to the successful prosecution of the
Cerco Real enterprise. Usually there were two light and swift sailing
boats that acted as scouts, tacking to and fro across the waters reserved
to the use of their particular net, looking for fish. When schooling
sardines were sighted agreed signals brought the big gear out from
shore. The cerco was often carried on two large barges called galeones,
these having neither mast nor sails but propelled by oars in the hands
of 22 01 24 fishermen. The net was paid out to seaward of the fish, and

122 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the long warps taken in to the shore, where they were received by the
whole assemblage of persons interested, and hauled in/"*

Sometimes the bunt was taken up on the beach, and the catch dis-
tributed at once, but it often occurred that the tonnage captured was
so great as to make immediate disposal of so enormous a quantity impos-
sible. When this situation arose it was the practice to moor the bunt of
the net in the sea,* Avliere it was allowed to remain until the fish could
be removed from it gradually, and cured.

Describing the Cerco Real fishery, and the laws under which it
existed. El Serior Fernando de Buen quotes from the Ordenanza of 1750
(Province of Pontevedra) parts of which are here given liberal trans-
lation. The closed seasons, fines, forfeiture of gear, and restrictions
governing the use of destructive apparatus of capture, set forth in
these ancient laws of Spain — now almost three centuries old — should be
significant and pertinent to present daj' problems of fisheiy regulation.
They disclose it a historic principle, now long established, that a
national resource should. not be plundered to the enrichment of a few,
and that the constant contest between private rapacity and the public
good is as old as is the common ownership conception of resources.
This earh^ interest of ancient Spain in the preservation of her sardine
fishery should afford the comfortable sensation of three centuries of
precedent to modern exponents of reasonable marine husbandry and
fisheries conservation.

La Ordenanza de la provincia de Pontevedra for 1750 reads, in part :

FIRSTLY, all of the seafaring men of said estuary and its ports are charsej
to employ the greatest of care in dedicating themselves to the catching of all sorts
of fishes, and to curing and salting them for the provisioning of the dominions of
this crown and for foreign commerce, because of the great interest that the roynl
exchequer has in the fishery, a utility which results in a common profit and better-
ment to the ports.

3rdly. ITEM, that if any of the ports of the estuary, for lack of means or of a
suSicient number of people for the cerco are unable to establish it, the seamen
of that' port still wishing to engage in this business, it shall be obligatory that they
be admitted to the work of the other cercos which may be in the other ports, the
Admiralty Judge who shall be in the port at the time apportioning and distributing
them with discretion and prudence, so that all may have an interest in the fishery
which God may grant.

4thly. ITEM, that the cercos which shall be made or fabricated in the ports
of this estuary shall not be permitted to be repaii'ed or overhauled on shore befor;>
the sixteenth of August of each year, nor go to sea until after St. Bartholomew Day,
since up to that time it is not considered that sardines are found sufficiently
matured to warrant their capture with cercos.

5thly. ITEM, that the cercos of this community shall not go out to sea of a
Monday without the men having first heard mass, which is celebrated for the
faithful dead in the parochial church of Santa Maria la Mayor, and he who is
missing from said mass shall pay a fine of fifty maravedls. But this shall be under-
stood to mean only when the tides permit it, since as this village is a half league
from the bar and at low water it is impossible to go out, the penalty shall not be
imposed when it is necessary to take advantage of the tide.

6thly. ITEM, that the cercos shall return to their ports every Saturday before
noon, and when one of the vicars of the Holy Body shall make a signal or raise a
pennant or small flag, according to the ancient custom, the cerco which may remain
in the sea and shall have its net outspread of a Saturday afternoon, shall forfeit

^ The immense sweep of the seine as it approached the land in crescent form per-
haps gave rise to the name applied to it — Cerco Real. The term is a naval one, and
signifies the royal blockade of an enemy port by an encircling squadron of men-of-war.

■•The net was prevented from being cast ashore by the surf by bending numerous
lines to the head rope, these lines being run seaward and made fast to kedges, large
stones, or other weights suitable for moorings.

CALTFOENTA FISH AND GAME 123

the fish caught, which shall be dividf-d nmong the cercos which have withdrawn
and were obedient.

Tthly. ITEM, that the cerco fishery must last only from the other day of St.
Bartholomew to the end of the month of December; but since along this coast in
some years it has been experienced that the principle and most abundant harvest
of sardines is in the month of January, if this should happen, with pennission ot
the Admiralty Judge who shall be in authority at the time, it shall be allowed to
prolong the cerco fishing until the twentieth day of said month of January.

Sthly. ITEM, that there being two or more cercos in the ports of the estuary,
everything possible shall be done that between them there be union and cooperation,
and thereby evade all sorts of altercations and dissensions, from which only inevit-
able losses result, and because of which the people do not dedicate themselves to
the fishery with the application and industry which makes for the good of all.

9thly. ITEM, that should it be impossible to coordinate said cercos, so that
there be observed among them the necessary equality, no cercos may go out to sea
until after the one from the vir-inity of this village shall succeed in passing over the
bar, since through lack of water and tide it is not possible to go out or float at all
hours, which obstacle is not experienced by the other ports ; but as soon as said
cerco of Pontevedra is discerned afloat, outside the bar, and the other ports are
advised of it. they also may then go out immediately with their cercos to the sea,
and cast them where they may consider best.

10. ITEM, that the fish scouts who first sight sardines and signal for the net
barge, shall be privileged before all others to set their net, and until it is all paid
out and closed no other crew shall set its cerco in that locality, on penalty of 10,000
maravedis fine and indemnity for all of the damages and injuries to those who first
came and set their net; but although the scouts shall have signalled for their net
barge, if it arrives and tosses its oars or they order it to stop because the sardines
have disappeared, in that case the call signal has no more effect, and the scouts
of the other cercos are at liberty, seeing the sardines, to signal to their own barges
and set their own nets under the same privileges as in the first place.

11. ITEM, that if any boat or jeito or fishing vessel of whatever other sort
which does not belong to the outfit of any of the cercos shall signal or give notice
to any cerco to cast its net, it shall be denied to do so until the scouts shall have
gone to identify the fish and make the signal; and such boat, for having meddled
in what is none of its business and for having done a thing that might occasion
trouble and quarreling, shall pay a fine of 500 maravedis.

12. ITEM, that if there be many cercos in the estuary, and only two or three
of them associate together, if the scouts of one of them, when they shall have gone
to sea, shall espy sardines, and if their barge does not arrive, and they see one
belonging to another cerco with which they are in partnership, they may signal to
their associate barge and set its net without incurring punishment ; but if after the
net is set still more sardines are sighted, and if their barge arrives and they signal
to it or to another associate to set behind the first net cast, second luck, this signal
shall not have the effect of granting exclusive rights, and if any other cerco which
finds itself close at hand should arrive first, it may set its net without incurring
penalty.

13. ITEM, that there shall be no cerco in aU of this estuary which is not as
deep as the water and fifty seams* to the side, witli forty copes in all, each seam
being 85 meshes, and the cope of as many more, according to the pattern master who
designs them for this Kingdom.

14. ITEM, it is declared that the locations or proper places for setting the cerco
in this estuary are ten : two in the island of Tambo, one of them on the side
towards the sea and named La Nespera, and the other inside on the estuary and
called El Boy; another place known as Area de Barca; another in Rajo; another
in Porto-Celo; another in San Jorge de Mogorj another in The Cave Between the
Two Mountains, in Goyra; two on the long beach of Bueu y Beluzo; and another
La Area de Menduina, in Aldan.

15. ITEM, that from the day of San Roque, when the period begins in which
the net of the cerco may be taken into the open to condition it. until the entire
mouth of December has passed, no vessel, either by day or by night, shall go to
fish jeito from the river Misierio, which is in Samiera, in a straight line from the

•* The Spanish apparently used the word veta to mean not exactly a "seam," but a
width of webbing.

124 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

rock of Batel, which is situated to one sido of Marin, towards the bar. But from
said localities to the edge of the sea it shall be allowed to fish jeito during said
time, never by day, but only from sunset until sunrise on the day following, penalty
of 500 maravcdis to him who shall do the contrary, and in addition to that the nets
with which he is found fishing shall be confiscated, although it be night, if he be
within prohibited limits; and they shall take him, that the Admiralty .Judge may
mete out his ininishment.

10. ITEM, that neither by night nor by day, in no part of the estuary, shall il
be permitted to fish for jeito, dragging the net across the bottom, because of the
great injury which results, except only to six fathoms from Sineira. in each pair of
trawl boats, and he who shall do the contrary shall have his nets confiscated and
pay 1,000 maravedis of fine.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

125

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California Division of Pish and
Game.

Sent free to citizens of the State of
California. Offered in exchange for
ornithological, mammaloglcal and similar
periodicals.

The articles published In California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the California
Division of Fish and Game. Editors of
newspapers and periodicals are invited to
make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, 510 Russ Building,
San Francisco, California.

June 14, 1929

"If we want fish we have to reserve
some place for them to live." — Herbert
Hoover.

FOURTH ANNUAL CONVENTION
OF EMPLOYEES

Coming from all parts of the state,
wardens and officials of the Division of
Fish and Game gathered in San Fran-
cisco for a tliree-day convention on Feb-
ruary 13, 14 and 15, 1929. The first
morning was devoted to registration and
conferences at the headquarters office,

niO Russ Building, San Francisco. An
interesting pathological exhibit was on
display and a special exhibit of books
v.as arranged in the library.

The opening session was held in the
Italian Room, Whitcomb Hotel, at 1.30
in the afternoon. Executive officer,
Eugene D. Bennett, presided. First on
the program were addresses by President
Zellerbach and Commissioner R. G.
I'ernald. Mr. Fred G. Stevenot, director
of the Department of Natural Resources,
then explained certain relationships be-
tween the various divisions of the de-
partment. Other speakers included E. L.
Macaulay, chief of patrol ; John Spencer,
in charge of Bureau of Hydraulics, and
Mr. George Tonkin, federal game warden.
Special features of the program were
short talks by Senator Sanborn Young,
chairman of the Senate, Committee on
Fish and Game and Assemblyman Hubert
Scudder, chairman of the Assembly Com-
mittee on Fish and Game.

An evening session was devoted to
motion pictures. The Bureau of Educa-
tion and Research presented some of the
standard films used in educational work
and also displayed for the first time sev-
eral new reels which had just been com-
pleted. Of particular interest was one

Fig. 39. Fish and game commissioners hold meeting after the barbecue at Yount-
ville Game Farm, February 15, 1929. From left to right, Commissioner George
Clarkson, Executive Officer Eugene D. Bennett, Commissioner Reginald Fernald,
President I. Zellerbach. Photograph by E. S. Cheney.

126

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

which portrayed the spiny lobster and the
Pismo clam industries.

The session on Thursday morning began
with an instructive address by Captain
Sweet of the United States Army, who is
training the San Francisco police depart-
ment on the use of side ai-ms. S. B.
Show, district forester, and P. Paul Piage,

Eugene D. Bennett. The last hour of the
session was devoted to discussion from the
floor and a presentation of proposed leg-
islation.

A special effort was made this year
to avoid the usual banquet and appar-
ently a worthwhile substitute was discov-
ered. Friday, February 15, was devoted

Fig. 40. On the firing line during the pistol shoot held at the State Game P^arm,
Yountville, February 15, 1929. Photograph by E. S. Cheney.

president of the Associated Sportsmen's
Clubs of California, discussed cooperation
with their organizations. The work of
the volunteer deputy was described by
Walter Welch ; publicity was discussed by
F. B. Anderson and first aid by C. E.
Dickinson, safety engineer of the Pacific
Gas and Electric Corporation. Dr. K. F.
Meyer gave an interesting address illus-
trated with lantern slides on the subject
of "Certain Aspects of the Diseases of
Fish and Game."

The afternoon session was devoted to
talks by varioias department heads : Game
Refuges and Game Census, by J. S. Hun-
ter ; Fishing Conditions in Lake Tahoe,
by W. H. Shebley ; The Commercial Fish-
eries, by W. L. Scofield ; Conservation
Fundamentals, by Dr. H. C. Bryant;
Expense Accounts and Finance, by H. R.
Dunbar, and The Library, by Bessie W.
Kibbe. An interesting presentation on
evidence in game cases was made by

to the pistol shoot, a barbecue, and inspec-
tion of the State Game Farm at Yount-
ville. The men were taken to the Yount-
ville Game Farm by means of large
busses. A series of ten targets had bean
arranged. All entered the pistol shoot
for the Zellerbach trophy with zeal. The
first round ended with a tie at 96 points
for Taylor London, J. H. Gyger and
Major John Farley. In shooting off the
tie Taylor London outdistanced his com-
petitors, raising his score to 97. All
agreed that the winner of last year's shoot
was again the surest and steadiest shot
of the entire force. At the 25-yard range
he placed all five bullets within a two-
inch area in the center of the bullseye.
After the excellent barbecue, which con-
sisted of shrimp salad, barbecued beef
and beans, formal presentation of the
trophy was made to Deputy London with
second and third prizes going to Gyger
and Farley. An interesting display of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

127

bay and river gear and fishing nets was
made by Captain Sellmer.

The day afield proved to be a fine get-
together for the men and the demand for
a similar occasion another year will be
great. After inspection of the game farm,
most of the men started for home.

Nothing has improved the esprit de
corps of the organization as much as have
these meetings. Furthermore, the pro-
grams which have been of purely an edu-
cational nature have assisted greatly in
fitting the men for greater service to the
state.

CONVENTION ADDRESSES

Fourth Annual Convention Employees

Division Fish and Game, San Francisco

February, 13-15, 1929.

Address of I. Zexlerbach, President

California Fish and Game

Commission

In offering the members of our official
family a welcome to this, our fourth con-
vention, which each year brings us all

Until we held these conventions three
years ago, you boys had not the pleasure
of getting together and exchanging your
views, finding out what was happening
in the various districts, and what the
Commission was really trying to bring
about. As each year passes and we hold
these conventions, we learn to be more'
considerate of each other, and to cooper-
ate together in thinking out the conserva-
tion problems that we are trying to
solve. The efforts that you boys have
made to cooperate with the officials of
the commission, have brought about the
respect of your community and the sports-
men of the state, so that I think I can
safely say there is no department of the
state government that is thought more of
today than the Division of Fish and
Game, or one that has the confidence and
respect of the public to a greater extent.
That is due to the whole-hearted cooper-
ation we are receiving at your hands.

If we are to succeed, we must succeed
as one large business family. As I told
you before, and I am repeating it now,

Fig 41. Examining the targets during the pistol shoot, Yountville Game Farm.
The man at extreme right is Patrol Chief B. L. Macauley.

closer together in the work that we are
all engaged in, I want to tell you how
happy the commissioners are, at the coop-
eration and the fine spirit that exists
today in the personnel of our department.

we are operating a large business, a
department of the State of California,
and that business is the conserving of
the wild life of our state. You boys, who
are all outdoor men, are responsible for

]28

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the success or failure of this division. As
I have often said, you are really dedicat-
ing your lives to the work, not for the
monetary returns you get — as the salaries
you receive can not be the motive, for
in any other line of business you would
probably be getting two or three times
what you do — but because you love the
work. Unfortunately, in public life we
have not the means to always pay the
salaries the positions warrant. I want to
say that with the increased licenses, the
("oinmissionors and officials in the depart-
ment are always looking toward trying
where we can to increase the salaries
that you are getting, and if some of you
don't get your salaries increased as fast
as you think you ought, I don't want you
to feel it is an oversight ; we are doing
the best we can. Progress is slow, is
bound to be slow, but we are making
progress, and each year shows us further
along in the work that we are doing.

I want to just say a word regai'ding
the transfer of some of our deputies from
one position to another. I want you all
to understand and to feel that the order
that was issued at that time was not
meant' as any condemnation of the work
that you were doing in your district, but
we made the transfers for what we
thought was the good of the service, and
when an order of that kind is issued I
want you all to understand it is done
after a great deal of thought, and there is
nothing personal about it at all. As good
soldiers, be each and everyone of you
ready to cooperate and take your part of
the burden, because it is just as hard
for the head of the division to turn down
a request that you ask as it is for you to
ask it, and I want you to feel that the
commissioners and the executive officer
are trying to make your work as light as
possible and your job as pleasant as
jiossible.

1 want to say that for myself, and I
can speak for the commissioners, the
pleasure that we get out of the job we
are trying to do is found in the associa-
tion we have with you boys in the work,
and also in the fine cooperation we have
from the sportsmen of the State of Cali-
fornia. We have their respect now and
you boys have their respect, and not alone
do we have that, but the work of the
commission has the respect of the people
of the community and of the State of Cali-
fornia. In fact, we are looked upon with
respect today all over the United States
for the character of the work we are cai*-
rying on. One reason is that we are try-
ing to eliminate any political influence in
the operation of the commission. Con-
servation can not be carried on unless we

act as we arc acting now, as one large
business family, trying to build our
organization on a sound foundation,
always with the strict idea of cooperat-
ing with each other and thinking of just
one thing — conserving the wild life of the
State of California. That is our one
thought.

We are not an.xious to prosecute any-
l)()dy. We are not anxious, as you know.
to have technical arrests made, but we
are anxious to prosecute wilful violations
of the law. and we desire the respect and
conlidencc of the judges and peace officers
of the state, so we can make violation of
tlie law a serious offense, and I am sure
you will agree with me, we have accom-
plished that.

I know this meeting will bring about a
great deal of good. I trust when you go
home you will carry new thoughts that
will build up our work, that will bring
more progi-ess, so each year we will have
HKjre cooperation and better results than
we have in the past.

Address of Eugene D. BENNErr,
Executive (^ffk'er

When one travels the length and breadth
of this great state, back and forth across
it, over the mountains and valleys, and
sees the myriads of strange situations and
possibilities that exist in almost count-
less numbers, it is both an inspiration and
awe inspii-ing.

I did not realize, had no comprehen-
sion of what we had here, and if I told
you a year ago that I thought I was
facing a big job that I was ill-prepared
to take, I feel that today it is even
bigger.

It is said of a great Greek philosopher,
l)robably the father of philosophy, Soc-
rates, in the evenings when he would
gather the youths around him and give his
long dissertations on the new school of
thought, (piestions would be asked and
iiKpiiries made. "Socrates, tell us the
I)hilosophy of this or that, what should
be done. You know and we don't, we
are seeking knowledge." Socrates said :
"Gentlemen. I don't know what I know.
There is only one thing I am sure I do
know, and that is that I know nothing."
In other words, that great thinker realized
in his luimblo way he knew little indeed,
and he called it nothing. For any man
to take this position I have had and be-
come its master, he is either an imbecile
or an ass. I don't think the oldest one
of you deputies, while you may have
been deputies for years and know all
about it, really down deep in your hearts
will deny that there is a gi'eat deal left
for you to learn.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

129

Recently I was reading a book on
American government, in which a profes-
sor of the university stated that con-
servation was unknown twenty-five or
thirty years ago, it was really an un-
known thing. We gave no thought to
the conservation of the forests, saving of
the wild life of the forests and streams ;
but as time has gone on, with the in-
crease in population and tUl the other
attendant circumstances and consequences,
we realize this is a great field and a
necessity, and that we are still learning.

I attended a convention of fish and
game commissioners at Seattle, in com-
pany with Mr. Zellerbach and a number
of the other bureau chiefs, members of
our division, and we had congregated
there the leaders of the conservation
movement in the whole United States,
men who have national reputations in
the science and art of fish culture, men
who are in touch with the best examples
of game management. The thing that
impressed me most was the fact that
those men were all frank and honest,
and admitted that there was a great
deal more they did not know. We are
just pioneering in this science and art of
conservation.

Personally I don't pretend to be a sci-
entist because I realize my limitations.
I am not going to divorce myself from
things I can do fairly well for things I am
not fitted for. It is very essential that
the scientific part of the work be exe-
cuted with the very best thought that
can be given it. I realize I have to de-
pend on the men to run their end of it ;
I have to depend on the head of fish
culture to handle that department ; leave
it to Dr. Bryant to run his, Mr. Scofield
to run the commercial fisheries. There
are unquestionably a number of people
out in the field who can tell you all
about quail propagation and quail resto-
ration ; men who possibly know more
about the science and art of fish culture
than Mr. Shebley or Captain Lambson
and the various hatchery foremen. Per-
haps the scientists are right with some
of their conjectures where our men are
wrong ; but it is my duty, and it is the
only way I have of carrying out the will
of the director, to place a great deal of
responsibility upon these men, nearly all
of the responsibility, and simply see that
that responsibility is properly executed.
Otherwise you would have a one man
commission, running around like a top,
getting nowhere. That is why I have
said during the past year that the re-
sponsibility comes under the head of those
various bureaus. Only in that way is it
possible to carry out this work.

I want to say further than what Mr.
Stevenot has said, before things come to
me, complaints and requests, they ought
to first go to your immediate superior.
Perhaps I have too much of the army
idea, but there is a reason for that. In
the army, a private would not go up to
the captain unless he first spoke to the
sergeant. They do not go to the head in
some dispute. We are not running an
army here, but the same system that
prevails in the ai'my prevails in Mr.
Zellerbach's great corporation, and pre-
vails here. There should be that ele-
ment of responsibility passing all the way
up the line and down again.

This morning I had a meeting with
the captains of patrol. I endeavored as
best I could to impress upon them the
responsibility that we are placing directly
upon their shoulders. They have done
good work, and we believe they are going
to do better work ; but after all, Mr.
Deputy, wherever you are stationed, we
are looking first to your captain for the
immediate proper functioning of his dis-
trict. When you receive orders from
your captain, it is an order from the
executive officer, the commissioners, the
director and the Governor. Perhaps you
have had some one who has resented arrest,
say, "You have no right to arrest me."
That man possibly resented the fact that
you, because your work was making ar-
rests, yourself clothed with a little author-
ity, dared to stop him and tell him he
was under arrest. That individual was
perhaps like one of us who might take pique
from some order of a superior officer.
You are not speaking to him as an indi-
vidual, but with the majesty of the law,
when you make an arrest. You are rep-
resenting the sovereignty of the people of
the State of California.

If you receive instructions from your
captain or your executive officer, don't
allow any personal feeling to enter into
it. You are not taking instructions from
John Doe, the individual, you are simply
obeying the mandate of the sovereignty
you serve. Unless a man can enter into
that spirit, he is not fit to hold a posi-
tion in any organization of this kind.
Unless his mind is in the proper mental
attitude to accept the spirit of the thing,
and not the little personalities and other
things that enter into those situations
that have no place there, he cannot prop-
erly perform his duty. If you are spend-
ing all of your time worrying about what
your captain is going to do, or what the
chief of patrol is going to do or fail to
do, you are not going to have any time
to discharge your own duties down there
in your little "bailiwick." Don't waste

130

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

your energy and your time, making your
life miserable and unhappy, worrying
about what the captain or somebody ahead,
is going to do. That man has enough
responsibility. As the responsibility goes
up, difficulties increase. Keep your mind
on your own ship. If you don't like the
man who is placed ahead of you, forget
it. Don't let your mind dwell on it. If
he gives you an order, obey it. Try to
do it the best you can, as willingly as
possible. Try to place out of your mind
these prejudices ; but if you can't do that,
and you seem obsessed with that spirit of
ill will, forget it. If he has given you the
order, 'aud you have carried it out, con-
sider the individual nonexistent. Con-
sider you have received an order from
higher authority that must be obeyed.
Then of course, if the time does come
when an injustice is done, some fraud
or slight committed, you can come to me ;
but come to me through your Captain
if possible, so we shall have no breaking
tlown of the bars of discipline or morale.
Don't be entirely discouraged when you
have placed your case before the court
of last resort, if you don't secure the
results you think you should. We con-
struct a magnificent temple of justice.
AVe have a system of jurisprudence that
is the heredity of the ages, and yet even
today, with the splendid system of laws
and administration the best that human
mind can devise, we have here and there
some case where justice may not land
as it should. It is like the laws of nature,
where sometimes the innocent and weak
are crushed. These things must inevit-
ably happen. More than likely, if you
think it is wrong, it is just a case of per-
sonal viewpoint. I know perfectly well
the commission does not want to do a
thing that is unfair. The thing that is
uppermost in their minds is what will
accomplish the best results, what will
render the best returns in tliis community
that we are possibly able to give.

I can assure you where any action
has been taken, where any move has been
made, that would cause some personal
inconvenience, some personal injury, that
it does not lightly rest upon the shoulders
of the commission. They have not for-
gotten the injury it may temporarily
cause, but it is done with a sense of duty
and responsibility to do their best.

The lives of every one of us are reach-
ing out first in one direction, then we
come to cross-roads and it branches out.
One road seems lined with shade trees,
it is a pleasant way to go, it is warm

and yet the sun does not scorch too hot ;
l)laces to sit down and rest along the
way ; no hills to climb — an inviting way
to travel, a tempting way. How often
we are tempted to follow that easy course.
But the other road, is hard and difficult,
full of uncertainties and hardshii)s, yet
we know that at the end there lies success.

It is just the same with public officials
administering a trust, the easy way would
be to follow that road of least resistance.
As human beings, we all like to to be con-
sidered good fellows. I confess I should
like to have every one of you throw
your arms around my neck and tell me
that I am the finest fellow in the world.
I know half of you would not do it be-
cause you don't believe it. .Tust the same,
I would rather have you think I am hon-
est, a man who is true to my' trust, and
trying to do the right and honest aud
decent thing to the state I serve. That,
gentlemen, is the spirit that should ad-
minister this division. It is the spirit
I have endeavored to use during the past
year. I only hope that whoever will
continue in the years to come in trying
in their humble way to head this com-
mission, will continue likewise. In your
own little district, your work is cut out
for you, do it as well as you can, so that
you can go home at night with a feeling
of the utmost confidence and satisfaction,
where you can say : "I have done my best.
I can sleep soundly at night and feel
satisfied when I awake in the morning."
That is the greatest satisfaction a per-
son can have out of life.

While from time to time things will
happen to you in your official relation-
ship, things you will not like, try to
take them philosophically. We each have
our separate sphere of work cut out.
Try to help push the load instead of
pulling it apart and adding weight to the
burden. Try to do the very best that is
in you.

There is nothing else I want to say
to you today. You all know from our
publications what our probable course is
in the year to follow. We have a great
deal of improvement to make. I feel
we have made progress in this last year,
but we have a lot more to make yet.
We have a long way to go yet. We have
to study and plan. I only trust that to-
morrow and the following day will add
to the knowledge and capacities of each
and every one of us, so we can tackle
this coming year's work better qualified,
and I hope above all things else, with a
better spirit.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

131

Address of Senator Sanborn Young,

Chairman Senate Committee

ON Fish and Game.

My interest in your work is so great,
I feel every man here is my friend. It is
a great privilege for a legislator to come
here and meet and know men whose duty
and responsibility it is to carry out the
laws that we enact. I only wish every
member of the legislature could have the
benefit of the council and advice of you
men that enforce the law, because no law
is any stronger than its enforcement.

As I look back over the four years in
which I have served on the Fish and
Game Committee, I see great changes in
the morale of the people of the State of
California as regards conservation. If
you will look at the upwards of 1800 bills
before the legislature, 117 of which are
fish and game bills, you will see that
conservation is one of the outstanding
fundamental factors in our bills and in
the proposed laws. You will find bills
dealing with the conservation of forests,
conservation of water, conservation of
wild life, conservation of natural re-
sources, conservation of our men and
women, conservation of our children, and
you will realize that we hlive gone very
far in the past four years toward con-
servation and restoration of our wild life,
and I am very glad to be able to pay a
tribute, and give a very great deal of
credit to our Governor for the attitude
he has taken toward our Fish and Game
Commission and these men who have
fought such a good battle, and who have
done so much toward bringing us closer
and closer to our ideals.

I do not mean we have not some very
serious problems to face. We have some
vicious bills. We have some bad pro-
posed laws. I personally, will never rest
and feel satisfied until certain conditions
can be corrected. More and more we are
reaching the point where the people of
California are becoming awakened and
aroused to this fact — that we do not own
the wild life of the state to destroy, but
to hold it only as trustees to pass on
down undestroyed, to those who shall
come on after us.

Address of Assemblyman Hubert
ScuDDER, Chairman Assembly Com-
mittee on Fish and Game

The furthest thought removed from my
mind was that I would have to appear
before any gathering and talk. I appre-
ciate very much the fact, though, that

I am here and have the pleasure of meet-
ing with you.

I realize the responsibility which Sen-
ator Young and I have assumed in en-
deavoring to work over these bills and
trying to arrive at a proper conclusion
as to their meaning and their fitness to
be made into laws. The action of the
committee chairman is very largely to
advise the committees, because almost
everyone on the committee is the chair-
man of some other committee, and it
evolves upon them to familiarize them-
selves with the laws so they can pass on
first hand information to the members of
that committee. The committee might not
always approve of the deductions the
chairman makes, but nevertheless you
have to assume the responsibility of tell-
ing them your idea of the bills that have
been presented. If it is right, it is right.
If wrong, you are wrong, and you get
the blame generally.

I have felt the responsibility to such
an extent that I wish to go into the
matter of commercial fisheries, to meet
with the Fish and Game Commission to
get their angle on the different bills pi'o-
posed, and the last few days have been
very enjoyable to me, I assure you. 1
never knew so many fish swam the waters
of the ocean as I saw in Mouterey Bay.
I believe the people generally do not
realize the bigness of the fish and game
industry in the State of California. •

The thought that you men, the police-
men of our forests, rivers and fields, can
enforce the law with such a small num-
ber of deputies in the field, is almost
incredible to me. I believe as time
goes on your numbers should be developed
in order to get any proper results from
the laws we pass. I am very keen to
see, or to be a part in trying to pass
laws which can be enforced, and not laws
which would make you run behind a tree
when you saw a violation of that law.

I believe only those laws necessary
should be made, and then those laws
enforced as well as your man power can
do it. I believe that by following out
that plan and trying to put down laws
that can be enforced, and as nearly as
iwssible laws that are popular, that the
people must realize the importance of
conservation and the protection of our
wild life, because we have to make our
changes today and tomorrow in order to
provide for the years to come. I heard
a very large packer state this noon, that
our salmon had been depleted through an
extravagant waste that had been going on
for years, and unless we take some means

3—66118

L32

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

to remove the waste that is always being
inflicted upon our other fishes of the state,
we will soon have a condition similar to
that of the salmon industry.

Our game is being taken care of as
best we can, and you gentlemen have
upon your shoulders the enforcement of
game laws. I am looking for advice and
information regarding the legislation be-
fore us, and I would appreciate it, as we
have bills come in from every district in
the state, and you gentlemen represent
different districts, if we could get your
porsouiil angle on some of the bills that
affect the very districts you patrol, it
would be a great help to the committee,
and I trust and hope we will receive
some letters and advice from you, or
through the commission. If there are any
personal angles that might come to your
attention, I know Senator Young would
appreciate it, and I assure you we would
be glad to receive any angle upon propo-
sitions that affect your particular district.

NEW ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS

Two new men have been added to the
headquarters staff. The new officials are
John L. Farley, who became executive
officer after the resignation of Eugene D.
Bennett on April 1 ; and Edward L.
Macaulay, newly appointed chief of patrol.
Macaulay takes the place vacated by J. S.
Hunter who was named as an assistant
to the executive officer over a year ago.
The work has been handled more recently
in a highly creditable fashion by K. P.
Allred as acting chief.

Mr. Bennett accepted an attractive
offer in connection with his chosen pro-
fession of law. Though relinquishing the
position of executive officer, he does not
leave the service, for he will be retained
as attorney for the division. Thus, he
will be able to continue the utilization of
his knowledge of conservation matters and
serve the cause in which he is so much
interested.

Mr. Farley, first named as assistant to
the executive officer and now filling Mr.
Bennett's position, comes to the Division
of Fish and Game with excellent train-
ing as an executive. After his gradua-
tion from the State Teachers' College in
Wisconsin, he was principal of a high
school. Following this work he returned
to the University of Wisconsin, where
he graduated from the coUege of engi-
neering. After following this calling for
some time he enlisted in the army at the
outbreak of the war, and remained there
when hostilities ended. Six years ago he
resigned, then holding a commission in
the Coast Artillery. He has traveled

extensively throughout the east and mid-
dle west and has lived in Virginia,
Georgia, Hawaii and California. He is
a native of Ohio. Since leaving the army,
Mr. Farley has been actively engaged in
the practice of his profession of engineer-
ing, having been connected with one of
the large public utilities of the state. He
has been active in the California National
Guard and holds the rank of major in
that organization. Mr. Farley likes to
hunt and fish and is thoroughly in-
terested in the conservation of natural
resources.

E. L. Macaulay has resided in Cali-
fornia for twenty-five years. For the past
five years he has been connected with
the office of the State Adjutant-General,
in charge of the armory at San Francisco.
At the start of the World War he en-
listed and commanded a battery of the
07th Coast Artillery in France during
the conflict. He left the service with an
excellent record, and now holds the rank
of captain in the National Guard. Macau-
lay is a member of the Sierra and the
Alpine clubs, being greatly interested in
all sorts of outdoor sports, not the least
of which is angling. Due to his experi-
ence in handling men and his i-ecord for
dose attention to detail, Macaulay should
make a fine chief of the field forces of the
Division of Fish and Game.

FISH AND GAME DISTRICTS

It is interesting to find that an east-
ern state has discovered that conditions
vary so greatly that fish and game laws
can not be uniformly applied. Accord-
ing to reports, the Conservation Com-
mission of Michigan will go before the
legislature with a proposed law to divide
the state into three zones with separate
fish and game regulations for each zone.
It will be necessary to repeal 140 laws
now in the statute books in order to make
the change.

California realized before 1902 that
conditions in the different parts of the
state required different laws. A consti-
tutional provision was adopted in 1902
allowing tho legislature to divide the state
into fish and game districts and to enact
legislation appropriate for each district.
It was not until 1911 that this constitu-
tional provision was taken advantage of
by the legislature.

Periodically, there are those who
demand uniformity of laws throughout
the state. These have been but minor
protests, for most hunters and fishermen
are convinced that some flexibility in the
law is a great advantage. As has been

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

133

pointed out many times, it would be dif-
ficult to set the opening of the deer sea-
son at such a time as to prevent the kill-
ing of deer "in the velvet" or the killing of
deer during the rutting season if a uni-
form season were established. The zoning
system allows the opening of the season
in the coast range where deer have
matured their antlers at an earlier time
than in the Sierra, where maturity takes
place at a later date. Most of those con-
versant with conditions in California are
ready to admit that there has been a great
advantage in the districting system. The
courts have upheld the present law.

HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGES IMPORTED

Last fall a special order was placed
for some 1500 Hungarian partridges to
be imported from Central Europe. Com-
missioner George B. Clarkson personally
superintended the purchase. In late Jan-
uary the first shipment arrived by boat
direct to San Pedro. About GOO birds
arrived January 25, 1929, in rather poor
condition because of the long trip by boat.
A. W. Elder, of the Yountville Game
Farm, took charge of the birds and they
were temporarily housed at a private
game farm until properly acclimatized.
During the first week in February, the
larger proportion of the birds was liber-
ated in various places in southern Cali-
fornia. Some of the birds were sent to
the Yountville Game Farm to be used as
breeding stock. Another shipment of
birds was received in March.

SARDINE LITIGATION

During the past three months sardine
litigation has again been to the fore.
Three cases, two in the superior court
and one in the federal court, have been
fought, with the Fish and Game Division
taking the side of conservation in seeking
to curtail the waste of food fish by can-
ners in reduction plants.

The first case was tried before Superior
Judge J. R. Welch, Santa Clara County,
sitting in place of Judge Jorgensen of
Monterey County, who disqualified him-
self, due to the fact that he had before
taking his seat on the bench represented
some of the defendants in court actions.
This case tried at Salinas lasted three
days. The defendants were the Monterey
Canning Company, Sea Pride Canning
Company, Carmel Canning Company and
San Carlos Canning Company. All were
charged with failing to pack during a
stated period, the fifteen cases of sardines
per ton of fish brought in to the plants
required by the Commission.

The defendants were represented by
B. D. Marx Greene, former executive
officer and attorney for the Fish and
Game Commission. Eugene D. Bennett,
present executive oflBcer and attorney,
assisted by Ralph W. Scott, appeared for
the people, and made an excellent case.
At the close of the trial. Judge Welch
continued in effect the temporary order
granted at the first hearing, which pro-
vided that each of the defendant canners
must pack fifteen cases per ton of fish
brought into their plants until he ren-
dered his decision. On March 13, Judge
Welch decided in favor of the people and
ordered the four plants abated for a
period of three months, effective on
March 15.

The case hinged upon the right of the
commission to issue the fifteen case order,
and on the definition of the word "offal"
which the defendants defined as all fish
not put in cans, while the state insisted
the word meant only heads, tails and
cleanings of fish. Much conflicting testi-
mony was offered, and the case was a
hard fought one. N. B. Scofield, head of
the commercial fisheries department of
the division, was the principal witness for
the people, while well known canners
from Monterey and San Pedro testified
for the defense.

Shortly after this closed ease, the Van
Camp Sea Food Company of San Pedro
filed suit for an injunction against the
Commission, seeking to restrain its officers
from interfering with their operations or
bringing action to enforce the fifteen case
order and twenty-five per cent reduction
allowance. Judge William James of the
federal court granted a temporary
restraining order, and the hearing was
set before Judges Henning and James of
the Southern Federal District Court and
Judge Rudkin of the District Court of
Appeals. After a long hearing, also bit-
terly contested, the three judges dismissed
the case against the Commission and dis-
solved the temporary order. The most
interesting feature of this decision is
found in the statement that the state has
a right to legislate for the protection of
fish within the state even though but a
small portion of the fish caught may be
taken within the state's jurisdiction.

The division then started action against
the Van Camp Sea Food Company, South-
ern California Fish Packing Corporation
and the Wedum Packing Company in the
superior court of Los Angeles County.
This case lasted for two weeks and finally
was decided adversely. Judge Clair Tap-
paan rendering his verdict in favor of the
defendants, and declaring that canners

134

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

were allowed to use in reduction plants,
twenty-five per cent of the capacity based
on the capacity of can closing machines.
This in effect means that for each can
closing machine, which with packing
tables, exhaust boxes and conveyors is a
cannery unit, may divert 136.7 tons of
sardines per calendar month to reduction
plants.

Following this decision, the officials of
the division have centered their atten-
tion on legislation which would eliminate
thi' reduction allowance entirely.

house, and once it was passed in the
house and failed in the senate. The main
obstacles appeai-ed to be those involved
in a federal license fee and in a pro-
vision for public shooting grounds.
Finally despairing of passing this bill,
various friends of the measure united in
supporting u new measure which elimin-
ated the various objectionable features.
Taking as the main viewpoint that game
refuges are needed in order to help the
waterfowl situation, and that the govern-
ment sliould aid in establishing such

Pig. 42. Friends of a conskT\;ilioii im;iKUif. I'rom left to rigiit, Si-nator Peter
Norbeck of South Dakota, President Calvin Coolidge, Dr. T. Gilbert Pearson,
chairman of the Xational Committee of Wild Life Legislation, and Representa-
tive August II. Andresen of Minnesota. The President was urged by thi.s dele-
gation to sign the Norbeck-Andresen Bill, which provides for the government
to expend about $8,000,000 for inviolate sanctuaries. Photograph by Inter-
national News Heel Corporation.

THE NORBECK-ANDRESEN GAME
REFUGE BILL

It took a number of years of striving
to attain the treaty with Canada and
the resultant laws relative to migratory
birds. Likewise it has taken time for
conservationists to secure federal legis-
lation relative to the establishment of
game refuges. It will be remembered that
a game refuge bill has appeared in con-
gress for six years, that once it was
passed by the senate and failed in the

refuges just as much as in building good
roads, the new measure was drawn. With
little opposition, the Norbeck bill passed
the senate at the main session of con-
gress.

The National Committee on Wild Life
Legislation, an influential group of men
representing practically every national
conservation organization in America,
was formed at Seattle during the meet-
ing of the International Fish and Game
Commissioners. This committee actively

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

135

espoused the measure and it was enacted
into law by an unanimous vote of both
houses and received approval of the
president on February 18, 1929.

The bill, which is known by the short
title of Migratory Bird Conservation Act,
is designed to more effectively meet the
obligations of the United States under
the Migratory Bird Treaty with Great
Britain by lessening the dangers threaten-
ing migratory birds from drainage and
other causes ; by the acquisition of areas
of land and of water to furnish in perpet-
uity reservations for the adequate protec-
tions of such bii'ds ; and authorizes appro-
priations for the establishment of such
areas, their maintenance and improvement.

A commission to be known as the Mi-
gratory Bird Conservation Committee,
consisting of the Secretai*y of Agriculture
as chairman, the Secretary of Commerce,
the Secretary of the Interior and two
members of the Senate and two members
of the house of representatives is created
and authorized to consider and pass upon
areas of land, water, or land and water
that may be recommended by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture for purchase or rental
as inviolate game sanctuaries. State
approval must follow.

Proper financing of the project is
accomplished by the authorization of
$75,000 which, if appropriated, is to be-
come available on July 1, 1929, for use
in preliminary surveys followed by a
$200,000 appropriation in 1930, $600,000
in 1931 and $1,000,000 for six successive
years thereafter. Annual appi'opriations
of $200,000 are authorized to pay the cost
of maintaining and patrolling the estab-
lished refuges after the ten year period.

Undoubtedly this game refuge bill is
one of the most important wild life con-
'servation measures thus far attained.
There is great satisfaction in feeling that
congress recognizes the need for this aid
to wild fowl and has been willing to
authorize funds and proscribe a method
of bringing about an improvement of
conditions. The act definitely strengthens
the ai-m of the Federal government in its
constructive and progressive policy of bird
protection. Legislation of this type guar-
antees a breeding stock of wild fowl for
future generations of Americans.

TROUT FEEDING EXPERIMENTS

Every fish-culturalist these days is con-
fronted with the problem of finding a
suitable food for hatchery reared trout
which will be less expensive than the
long dependable beef liver. Experiments
in eastern states have shown that trout
can not thrive on any large percentage

of food other than beef liver. It has
also been demonstrated that sheep liver
is not to be compared in value with beef
liver. California, confronting this prob-
lem, is now undertaking a series of ex-
periments to determine whether or not
sardine meal, dehydrated salmon eggs,
shrimp meal and alfalfa meal can be suc-
cessfully substituted even in part for the
well known food. With the help of Dr.
K. F. Meyer a series of four expriments
have been planned to run simultaneously
in five different hatcheries using a num-
ber of different species of trout. At least
one-fourth of the food used in these experi-
ments will consist of fresh beef liver, the
substitute foods will be tried out to de-
tei"mine whether or not trout can be suc-
cessfully reared when a portion of their
food is made up of these other materials.
Pathological and chemical analyses will
be made in the first place to determine
the bacterial content of the foods used and
in some instances, treatment will be given
to reduce the bacterial flora.

This series of experiments should fur-
nish accurate infonnation as to the extent
to which substitute foods can be relied
upon. A balanced ration perhaps can
be determined upon that will satisfactorily
furnish necessary requisites to growing
ti'out. If it were foimd possible to sub-
stitute dehydrated salmon eggs or shrimp
meal, such foods could be shipped in
sealed cans in such a way as to improve
sanitai-y conditions.

DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS

The Division of Fish and Game is now
well equipped to study diseases of game
birds and animals. A pathologist, para-
sitologist and chemist are employed. All
specimens of sick birds or animals should
be sent directly to the Hooper Founda-
tion for Medical Research, San Francisco,
California, where under the direction of
Dr. K. F. Meyer, post-mortem examina-
tions and complete tests for pathogenic
bacteria are made.

Numerous sick deer from the coast
range examined at the laboratory show
infestation with lung worm, a common
parasite in domestic sheep.

Experiments and blood tests are being
continued in connection with the duck
disease investigation.

BANDED DUCKS RECOVERED

The following interesting series of re-
turns relative to ducks banded indicate
widespread dispersals. Banding opera-
tions at Lake Merritt, Oakland, Califor-
nia, are apparently responsible for the
interesting series of returns ;

]36

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Species Banded at Date

Mallard Molese, Mont Nov. 1. 1928

Pintail Irvlngton. Cal Jan. 28. 1926

Pintail Lake Merrltt, Cal.-_Jan. 17. 1928

Pintail Lake Merrltt. Cal—

Pintail Lake Merrltt. Cal.--

Pintail Lake Merrltt, Cal.--

Plntall Lake Merrltt. Cal.-.

Pintail Lake Merrltt. Cal.--

Pintall Lake Merrltt. Cal.-.

Pintail Lake Merrltt. Cal.--

A VICE PRESIDENTIAL
PROCLAMATION

The whole of our business life tsikes
root in nature. All of our progress and
prosperity is predicated on the abundance
of our natural resources and the manner
in which we develop them for man's use.
But nature is not inexhaustible. We
can not continue to draw upon the re-
sources of nature without giving some-
thing back to nature. The minerals we
find in the earth can not be restored, but
the riches we take from the fields and
the forests and the streams can be re-
plenished. Some day, and perhaps much
too late, we shall learn the lesson of
conserving and restoring these assets.

Qualities of mind and body can not be
measured in terms of dollars, and yet we
must credit much of the wealth and
greatness of our country to the fact that
so large a part of our people spring from
sources that have been close to nature.
All of us who spent our childhood in the
fields and forests have the feeling that
we want our children to have some of
that contact with the out-of-doors. We
can not help believing that the days we
spent following a faithful dog, or sitting
on the bank of a stream paying more
attention to nature than to the bobber in
front of us, put something into our minds
and hearts that we want our children
to have.

And yet, how scant are the out-of-doors
opportunities for our children as com-
pared with our own, and how much less
must be the contact with nature, unless
you make it your business and I make
it my business not only to save what is
left to us of the out-of-doors, but to restore
that which we and our fathers have
destroyed. — Charles G. Dawes, Outdoor
America, January, 1929, p. 12.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF A
VOLUNTEER SYSTEM
An examination of the reports of over
492 volunteer deputies constitutes one of
the most conspicuous pieces of evidence
that the regular patrol of the Division is
being greatly assisted, and that the vol-
unteer system has developed into an
efficient, valuable unit. Nor should it be
taken for granted that all the time and

Found Date

Nr. Sebastopol. California- -Dec. 14. 1928

Bear Island. California Jan. 14. 1929

Newark. California Nov. 28. 1928

Tule Lake, California . .

San Leandro Bay, Cal .

Live Oak, California .

Lake Earl, California . .

Butte Basin. California . .

Emeryville. California . .

Gustine, California . .

energy of the volunteer force is expended
in law enforcement work. Volunteer dei>
uties have had a share in the job of stii^
ring the people of the state to the penalty
of squandering their heritage of fish and
game and leaving but beggarly remnants
for their children to enjoy.

Reports of these men over a six-month
period ending the first of this year show
that 421,016 miles of fields, streams, lake
and bay shores were patrolled. These
reports "show a total of $9,890 in fines col-
lected and turned in for 219 arrests for
violations of the fish and game laws. They
also show that 14,717 hunting licenses.
10,.308 angling licenses and 4a37 deer tags
were checked.

One of the most conspicuous cases was
worked up by a volunteer deputy of
Salinas, assisted by a regular deputy.
The offense involved the killing of a doe
at night with the use of a spotlight. The
violator was an alien and had no license.
Up was fined $G00. Another case made
by a volunteer deputy of Calistoga
assisted by the regular force was for the
slaying of a doe which, in this instance,
was carrying two fawns. One of the
defendants had the reputation of being a
chronic offender and was fined $500; the
other paid a fine of $250.

Federal forest rangers have been named
vohinteer deputies by the Division. The
scope of their activities touches in a cer-
tain way the field of the regular patrol.
What better proof can be offered of the
good work the federal foresters are doing
to aid fish and game conservation than the
fact that they made sixty-four arrests
and checked 10,672 angling and hunting
licenses while on duty in the national for-
ests between July, 1928, and January,
1929.

DEER HUNTING AND
MANSHIP

SPORTS-

With the decrease in abundance of game,
methods which permit easy taking or
wholesale destruction have been prohibited
by law. In former days when deer were
everywhere common they were shot at
night with the aid of a torch lure, were
imbushed in runways or driven into water
and dispatched, sometimes with a knife.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

137

Torch hunting at night was a most pic-
turesque sport, but involved little expen-
diture of effort and still less skill. The
curious and bewildered animal approached
within very short range and was killed
often with a load of buckshot.

Now hunting is one of the means of
gratifying the desire for recreation and
contact with the out-of-doors. Except in
rare instances, game is not killed merely
for its food value. In its highest expres-
sion as a sport, hunting has become a
game of skill. Stalking deer, for instance,
requires skill. It takes an immense

the Lassen National Park to their win-
ter quarters and bag a considerable num-
ber of tame Lassen Park deer every
season.

To the true sportsman such activity
should be without interest or zest !

SOME VALUES OF GAME RESOURCES
The Canadian-Field Naturalist, Janu-
ary, 1929, prints a very able paper on
"Moose in Nova Scotia," by Otto Schier-
beck, the conclusion of which is repro-
duced here :

"The game of a country must serve

Pig. 43. .Jay C. Bruce, state lion hunter, with a lion kill, decorating his fully
equipped automobile. Lion hunter Bruce, although handicapped with the loss
of one eye, is after lions again.

amount of patience and can be well done
only after much practice and experience.
A successful player of this game knows
the habits and ways of the deer he seeks.
He moves carefully and pauses often. He
matches his wits with that of the animal
sought. If he can drop the wary crea-
ture after a fair stalk, he can indeed take
pride in his skill.

A first class sportsman would be
ashamed to conceal himself on a trail
leading from a park where deer have
responded to protection and become quite
tame. In such cases where deer are not
educated to the gun, they cease t© be
crafty and hunting them involves no skill
whatsoever.

Reliable reports have come that hunt-
ers lie in wait for deer migrating out of

two purposes. First, to provide pleasure
for sportsmen and tourists and thereby,
through licenses, give revenue to the
government, and through the hiring of
guides, buying of supplies, hotel trade,
etc., give revenue to the population at
large.

"Second, to the farmer who lives in the
vicinity of the forest, the game provides
a cheap winter food and the fur-bearing
iiiiinials provide him with an income from
trapping.

"The Canadian farmer has an ingrained
love of liberty and strongly resents any
restrictions, especially in regard to game.
The old-time severe game regulations of
the Old Country, inflicting heavy pun-
ishment upon poachers on the big noble-
men's estates, were often the cause of

138

CALIFORNIA FISU AND GAME

deportatiou of the offenders to the colo-
nies, and one of the outstanding signs of
freedom in the New Country was the
entire aV>sence of any restrictions in hunt-
ing rights.

"Effective game protection, however,
can only be achieved if these two con-
fli<'ting interests will 'bury the hatchet'
;nid cooperate in a proper understanding.
The sportsman must recognize the far-
mer's rights and the farmer will then see
the advantage the sportsman furnishes
him by giving him work as guide and
creating a market for his products."

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH

Daily those who are intimately con-
cerned with the preservation and restora-
tion of fish and game are coming to
realize the fundamental place science is
assuming in adjusting natural conditions
to the progress of civilization. To be
more specific, scientific research is becom-
ing the solid means of assuring a supply
of fish and game for the future. In an
.irticlc entitled, "Conservation and the
Hiindwi-iting on the Wall," Nctvs Bulletin
No. 2() of tlie E. I. DuPont de Nemours
and Company, L. W. T. Waller, Jr.,
writes as follows :

''Sportsmen, and conservationists desire
nne thing — perpetuation and inci'ease of
our wild life. This then is the 'progress'
we are after, and its price is unquestion-
ably 'research which alone assures the
security of hunting. * * *

'■p]xample after example of the neces-
sity of research in conservation matters
could be piled up.

"A few plantings of foreign bird species
in areas iiniitted for their welfare with
(•onse(|u<>iil loss of time, money and enthu-
siasm, yet who can say what the require-
tuents of such areas are?

"J>oss (if literally millions of wild fowl
from 'duck sickness' — why?

"Loss of (probably) millions of wild
fowl in their breeding areas. What can
we do about it?

"Steady decrease in native game, such
as quail, in areas of intensive farming
and overgrazed cattle areas. Can we bring
these back by scientific planting?

"Loss of quail, grouse and rabbits from
disease — why ?

"Such examples could be prolonged far
beyond the pages of this bulletin, but to
what avail? We either see and can read
the 'Handwriting on the wall' or we do
not. and it is to be feared too many of
us are modern Belshazzars. Millions of
ducks and tons of game are dying or not
reaching maturity every year, which

could be saved, while we haggle over rela-
tively minor questions such as — seasons,
hag limits of whether the game commis-
sioner is a Democrat or a Republican.

"We can not legislate 'game on the
hoof and we have certainly demonstrated
the utter failure of restrictive legisla-
tion : which, if it can not save game,
surely can not restore it. Restricted legis-
lation is necessary ; bag limits and seasons
are essential, both if anything more excit-
ing, and all certainly more rigidly en-
forced, but we can not rest there. The
big thing is scientific research, adequately
planned, painstakingly carried out and
the findings made use of by federal, state
and sportsmen's organizations to insure
the 'dividends' we want in the fonn of
a continuing yearly game crop adequate
to meet the needs (within reason) of
the siiortsmeu of this country."

PENNSYLVANIA'S DEER PROBLEM

The Pennsylvania Game Commission
has for several years felt that the deer
herd of the state must be reduced in num-
bers. They were convinced that does
were too numerous and after attempting
many methods of improving the situa-
tion declared an open season on antler-
less deer in 1928. This declaration aroused
much antagonism. A recent Bulletin (No.
12) entitled, "The Pensylvania Deer
Problem," contains the following inter-
esting conclusions :

"Now that the 1928 special open sea-
son on antlerless deer has passed, and
we have liad opportunity to study care-
f\illy some of the results, we have come
to tlie following conclusions :

"First, that female deer are .just as de-
sirable as game animals as bucks. Many
hunters who thought they could walk
up to a doe as easily as they could ap-
proach a cow, went home without even
having had a shot at a deer. After the
first day or two of heavy shooting, the
keen senses of the female animals as-
serted themselves to such an extent that
thereafter vei'y few does were killed. This
l)roves that does are just as hard to bag
as bucks.

"Second, that hunting accidents were
less frequent than in the 1927 deer season.

"Third, that over-crowded conditions of
the herd have resulted in the poor devel-
opment of antlers among the young bucks.

"Fourth, that the breeding period of
deer is so upset as a result of the unbal-
anced condition of the sexes that many
fawns are produced too late in the season
for them to compete with their elders in
securing food during the winter.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

139

"Fifth, that while deer observed in the
fall appeared to be in a healthy condi-
tion because there was an abundance of
food at that time, this fact has little
bearing upon the food problems which de-
velop, during severe winter weather, among
young fawns.

"Sixth, that while no serious disease
has been noted thus far this is no proof
that a continuance of over-crowded condi-
tions will not eventually induce such a
disease.

"Seventh, that the Game Commission
will continue to curtail the planting of

4. The percent of doe not reproducing
fawns is apparently high.

5. There has apparently been some
change in the estral period of the doe.

6. The unbalanced condition of sexes
has been partially responsible for the
change.

7. The present state of health in the
deer herd is good, so far as communicable
diseases concern them.

8. Barriers should be constructed to pre-
vent the introduction of diseases of do-
mestic animals.

Fig. 44. Captain William Lippincott and Sheriff John Pamner with specialb"
equipped gun for .spotlight hunting of deer which was recently confiscated. The
light was powerful enough to send a beam a thousand feet. Photograph by
Humboldt Standard, January, 1929.

forest tree seedlings until they are certain
these will not be consumed by deer which
lack sufficient natural food during winter."
Further conclusions were as follows :
"1. The Board of Game Commissioners
is confronted with a problem relative to
the deer situation that deseiwes further
study.

2. The sportsmen should voluntarily de-
sire an organized effort for such study.

3. There is an unbalanced condition of
sexes in the deer herd.

9. Feeding material for the deer is be-
coming scarce and will be more so as the

herd increases.

10. This year's doe season will tend to
increase the size of the deer herd rather
than reduce it.

11. Shooting of deer should not be con-
fined to one sex after the proper sex bal-
ance is established and is indicated only
as one or the other sex becomes too
plentiful.

140

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

12. The deer season should not come in
the season of repeated estrum.

13. The older bucks should be pre-
ser\'ed for a time for breeding.

14. The relation of age to sexual ma-
turity should be studied.

15. The herd should not be permitted
to become sufficiently large to cause a
food shortage."

THE DUCK SEASON
Reports from various sections of the
state indicate that the past open season
on wild fowl was the best in several years.
An observer in San Diego County states,
"I consider the duck season for 1928-29
in this county to be the best as far as
numbers of different varieties of ducks
for the past 20 years." Incomplete reports
indicate that on the lakes of San Diego
County, a total of 76,533 birds were
bagged. On Lower Otay Lake the total
amounted to 22,501 ; on Sweetwater Lake,
3473 pintail, 1070 canvasbacks and 6537
ruddy ducks were secured.

Most club hunters secured full bags and
there was less complaint from the open
shooter. Hunting in the San Joaquin
Valley showed considerable improvement
over recent years.

In spite of the fact that large numbers
of geese were also killed, oldtimers in
the Sacramento Valley are becoming con-
vinced that geese are returning in greatly
diminislicd numbers each winter. It will
be remembered that not many years ago,
no protection whatsoever was given to
geese because of their depredations in
grain fields. Now we find the same men
who complained of damage, complaining
that few birds are returning and that
there is difBculty in securing limit bags.
The limit now calls for but eight geese
per day.

STEELHEAD FISHING CONDITIONS
The steelhcad sea.son, which closed on
February 28, was one of the finest winter
fishing seasons in years. The run of fish
in the Russian River was a great one
and fine sport was enjoyed by thousands
of anglei-s. The holding off of the rains
kept the river in excellent condition dur-
ing most of the season. As an indication
of the number of fish entering the river,
the report of the ferryman at Markham's
ferry following high water, was to the
effect that a run of fish came in that
took two hours to pass the ferry. After
the big run was over, there were strag-
glers lying in the holes all up and down
the river and many fish continued being
caught. Reports from the Napa River
are to the effect that many steelhead
were caught there.

RIGHT TO FISH DEMANDED IN
FEDERAL BILL

Senator Hiram Johnson has introduced
a bill into congress which will safeguard
the right to fish in various streams of
the state. In recent years there has been
a tendency for wealthy individuals or
groups of individuals to purchase private
land within national forests and then by
exchanging private lands for government
land along streams to prohibit fishing.
Senate Bill 5462 provides as follows :

"Be it enacted by the senate and the
house of representatives of the United
States of America in congress assembled,
That all patents hereafter isued to any
public lands of the United States shall
contain an express provision that the
lands so patented shall be subject to the
right of all persons to fish in any waters
upon such lands in accordance with the
laws and regulations of the United States
and of the state in which such waters
are situated, and to have access to such
jWaters for the purpose of such fishing."

The measure does not affect private
lioldiiigs along streams, but will prevent
the closing to the fishermen government
lands now open to fishing.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For a number of years, financial state-
ments of the division covering a three-
month period have appeared in the Appen-
ijix to racli number of Calikokxia Fisn
ANO (JA^ric. To obtain a statement for a
six- oi- nine-month iieriod. it was neces-
saiy to add figures together. Tt is now
planned to furnish a continuous financial
statement for each fiscal year. Thus, in
the i)resent number, there will be found a
statement covering the first six months
of the fiscal year. Where statements of
the curi'ent three-month period are needed,
it will be necc'ssai'y to subtract. The new
I)resentation has the advantage of giving
the complete financial status of the divi-
sion at each three-month interval of the
fiscal year.

FISH RESOURCES IN LAKE
ELSINORE

Several years ago, Dr. James G. Need-
ham, of Cornell University, spent some
time making a biological survey of Elsi-
nore Lake. A report was published in
the Journal of Entomology and Zoology,
of Pomona College. After explaining that
the lake lies in a shallow depression of
the San .Jacinto Basin filling a low spot
in the line of an old geologic fault, a
description is given of the main streams
supplying the water to the lake. The
largest of the streams is the San Jacinto

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

141

River which has its source in the lofty
San Jacinto Mountains. During ordinary
times, the San Jacinto River disappears
in the sand of the plain. In flood time,
however, it flows across the surface in
a shifting, sandy, willow-bordered chan-
nel finally entering Elsinore Lake. The
lake has no outlet except at times of long

crowded out the more valuable native
fishes. Examination of the food of carp
and of the sunfishes showed that prac-
tically all the free living animals of suit-
able size found in the lake had been taken.
The carp especially the larger ones, had
eaten much bottom mud containing or-
ganic residue and diatoms. The food of

Fig. 4 5. Albino deer taken near Chico by Floytl Earp of Oakland, Calif., a duck
hunter. Judge George Reckers of Williams fined the violator $500. North coast
Indians celebrated a white-deer dance in which skins of albino deer were utilized.
Albinistic forms are nevertheless of rare occurrence. Photographs by H. R.
Christensen, January fi, 1929.

continued floods. Its waters are alka-
line, but the degree of alkalinity varies
with the Tainfall. After a few dry
seasons the water becomes concentrated
by evaporation.

Carp, black bass and blue-gilled sun-
fish apparently occupy the lake. A single
smelt (Leurichthys orcutti), less than
three inches long, was picked up at the
drift line. Bullheads, though not seen,
are said to exist in the lake. Fisher-
men in their cross-meshed nets, take large
carp. Supposedly, the carp, which is the
one abundant fish of the lake, were planted
in the Santa Ana River and came into
the lake years ago at time of overflow.
This fish has taken possession and has

the sunfishes differed chiefly in that they
had eaten fewer blood worms and very
little mud. Though the population of
this lake is scanty in species, it is rich
in individuals. The crop of plankton
Crustacea is exceedingly large and the
chief beneficiaries of this high produc-
tivity under existing conditions are the
carp and the pelicans.

TROUT RESCUED

February 27, 28 and March 1 and 2,
Abe Woodard, net foreman, and a crew of
fourteen volunteers assisted by State For-
est Inspector Briggs of Oroville, rescued
from Concow Creek, Butte County, below
the dam :

142

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Number. Pounds.

500 Rainbow trout approximately

4 lbs. each 2,000

100 Rainbow trout approximately

3 lbs. each 300

1,400 Rainbow trout approximately

2 lbs. each 2,800

435 Rainbow trout approximately

i lb. each 109

2,435 5,209

Tho fish were stranded in two large
liolos below the Concow Dam which had
been emptied to clean the lake. Great
difficulty was encountered in removing
large boulders so that the ponds could
be netted. The fish were then raised
130 feet over the dam in cans with the
loss of but one fish.

This device is designed to remove all
floating trash from irrigation canals and
also to prevent the entrance of fish into
such conduits.

Its motive power is derived from a
current water wheel and as its mechanism
is geared to run slowly, it has great
power. This enables the machine to re-
move with ease large objects from the
stream in which it operates. Two men
have been placed on the teeth that carry
the trash from the water and at the
same time men have stood on the cross
bars of the carrier and this weight has
not noticeably slowed down the speed of
the machine.

Fig. 4 6. A new type of self-cleanin,t? lish screen invented by Francis Cuttle of
Riverside, Calif. A circle of revolving teeth carry the trash on to a carrier
which in turn deposits it in a pile at the side of the screen.

These trout would have become a total
loss if allowed to remain as there was
no stream flow. — George Nealc.

SELF-CLEANING FISH SCREEN

A recent invention by Francis Cuttle
of Kiverside, originally designed for the
removal of trash from canals is also an
effective fish screen and meets an objec-
tion most often heard against their in-
stallation by divertors and users of water.
Self-cleaning, parallel bar screens have
been in use for many years in different
forms. The screen is described as fol-
lows by Troxel & Waters, distributors :

The rack for catching the trash con-
sists of steel bars, bent on a curve at the
upper end, and are held in place to a
cross bar at the upper and lower ends.
The teeth for removing the trash are at-
tached to a shaft which in turn is at-
tached to sprocket chains actuated by a
shaft attached to a spur shaft driven by
the water wheel. Spacing of the bars
may be arranged as required.

The teeth make one complete turn or
round every two minutes on the machine
shown in the picture, thus clearing all
trash every two minutes. This speed can
l)e varied if de.sired and as the motion of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

143

the whole machine is very slow the work-
ing parts have very little wear.

The trash is deposited onto the car-
rier by the teeth which are then with-
drawn by an upset arangement at each
end. The teeth disappear under the bar
to reappear at the bottom at the next
round. The teeth have successfully re-
moved a piece of two by four twelve feet
long and have also removed a section of
railroad tie twelve by twelve. Birds,
small animals and larger objects are re-
moved without difficulty. The carrier de-
posits all debris at one side of the canal.

Naturally the length of bars and width
of rack of the water wheel will vary with
different canals but the gears, teeth, up-
set devices, in fact everything but the
length of the bars and width of water
wheel, will be of one design. The speed
will be regulated by the size of sprocket
wheels on the shaft of the water wheel
and the spur shaft.

GUADALUPE FUR SEALS

In recent years it has become apparent
that the fur seals of Guadalupe Islands
are increasing in numbers. Correspond-
ence between the Department of State
and the Mexican government was under-
taken last year with the view of consid-
ering what steps would be advisable for
protecting this herd. In December, 1928,
the American embassy at Mexico City
advised the Department of State that
the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture and
Fomeuto had reported that, by a resolu-
tion adopted on July 6, 1928, the Island
of Guadalupe and the territorial waters
surrounding it were declared restricted
with a view to the protection of the
breeding grounds of fur seals situated off
the coasts of Lower California.

The above-mentioned ministry has
issued instructions to the Department of
Fisheries in Lower California advising it
to inform those shipping companies that
send their vessels to fish in Mexican
waters to order their captains and own-
ers not to molest, nor to allow their crews
and fishermen to capture, elephant seals
and fur seals, nor to accept these animals
for transportation when requested to do
so by private individuals.

It is hoped that the effort the Mexican
government is making to rehabilitate both
the Guadalupe fur seals and the elephant
seals will be successful, and that these
herds will regain at least a good part
of their former size. — Fisheries Service
Bulletin No. 165, Department of Com-
merce.

THE COMMON CAT— BIRD KILLER
AND DESTROYER OF WILD LIFE

The life history of the common cat is
written in blood.

A conservative estimate of the number
of cats in the United States is approxi-
mately 25,000,000.

Careful observers who have watched
and protected birds for a number of years
report individual cats killing from 2 to
12 birds a day.

Ornithologists estimate that from 50,-
000,000 to 75,000,000 birds in the United
States are killed annually by cats.

The stray or half-wild cat kills more
small game birds and game animals than
any other destructive agency.

Experienced gamekeepers regard the
cat as one of the most vicious of vermin
and destroy it whenever possible.

Thousands of domestic cats revert to
the wild state and prey upon game birds
and animals.

A sportsman may kill only five upland
birds per day in Montana, but the cat
respects no bag limit.

Each year we restrict the killing of
game birds and game animals, but the cat
knows no closed season. — Izaak Walton
League of America.

THE GAME-BIRD SUPPLY
With increasing population and its
correlated activities, the felling of for-
ests, the draining of marshes, and the
numberless developments that accompany
the more intensive occupation of the land,
it is inevitable that there should be some
reduction of our wild life. This is espe-
cially evident in the case of our game
birds and notably during the past 25
years. The Department of Agriculture
has endeavored to check this decrease as
fur as possible by education regarding the
value of our wild life and by the encour-
agement of salutary legislation. No game
birds are more important than the water-
fowl. State, federal and international
protection have helped stem the tide of
destruction, but the real extent of our
wild fowl resources is in doubt. It is now
planned, however, by a nation-wide series
of simultaneous observations to be made
by trained volunteer cooperators, to gain
a clearer view of conditions and enable
the department to meet intelligently prob-
lems of game protection. — U. S. D. A.
Bull. No. 1023.

RESEARCH BOON TO HAWK
AND OWL

In the spring of 1927 the game com-
mission of Yakima County, Washington,
established a bounty on various creatures

I't4

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

supposed to be destructive to useful birds,
especially upland game birds. The stom-
achs of 121 hawks and owls killed in the
county and preserved for bounty were
forwarded to the Bureau of Biological
Survey for study. Examination by the
bureau disclosed that all the birds had
been preying chiefly upon ground squir-
rels, rabbits and mice — species so destruc-
tive in western states that the federal
and state governments have been cooper-
ating for years in campaigns to control
them. As a result of the discovery that
hawks and owls are really a protection
rather than a menace to useful species,
bounties are no longer paid on them in
Yakima County. — The Official Record,
Jan. 3, 1929.

NEW METHOD DEVELOPED FOR
PLANTING BOBWHITE QUAIL

In the search for better methods in
planting birds reai'ed on the game farm,
both European and American game
breeders have hit upon a useful method
applicable to partridges and bobwhite
quail. The method is based upon the
habit of the male birds of adopting a
brood of young ones. In England, wild
partridges are caught, caged near a brood
of farm hatched birds, and after they
show signs of adoption, the adult bird is
liberated with the young.

In connection with the Cooperative
Quail Investigations instituted by the U.
S. Bureau of Biological Survey, this
"adoption system" was used by five pri-
vately financed ventures in the vicinity
of field headquarters. Eggs of bobwhite
quail were obtained and incubated by
the usual methods, but as soon as the
chicks were hatched, they were taken
from the bantams and given in batches
of 12 to 15 to cock bobwhites that had
previously been captured afield. The
chicks were apparently adopted and cared
for perfectly, and when a week old were
released with their foster fathers. The
system is proving to be an easy, work-
able one under conditions prevailing on
southern quail preserves.

FEDERAL LEGISLATION ASKED ON
INTERSTATE FUR SHIPMENTS

When furs have been removed from
the jurisdiction of one state and co-
mingled with articles of intei-state com-
merce in another, usually they are not
subject to state seizure. A bill has been
introduced in the present congress to
confer authority upon employees of the
department engaged in enforcing the pro-
visions of the liBcey act to seize illegal '

interstate shipments of the dead bodies of
wild animals or parts thereof. — Annual
Report Bureau of Biology Survey, 1928,
p. 31.

IMPORTED GAME BIRDS

Last year the importation of birds into
the United States included 84,915 Mexi-
can quail, 12,620 Hungarian partridges,
several shipments of pheasants, a few
waterfowl, and other miscellaneous game
birds. For the first time in several years
a number of pheasants were brought in
from England, chiefly to introduce new
blood. Many of the Hungarian par-
tridges were imported by the State of
New York and others were shipped to
states in the west, where considerable
interest in their introduction has de-
veloped.— Annual Report Bureau of Bi-
ology Survey, 1928, p. 32.

STRIPED BASS INTRODUCED
IN JAPAN

When the Japanese steamer Korea
Maru left San Francisco on October 10,
1928, she carried on her poop deck a
wooden tank with circulating sea water
which contained 721 striped bass. The
fish were furnished by the Division of
Fish and Game in exchange for ship-
ments of Japanese fish. After a sixteen-
day journey with worries to the man, Mr.
G. Setow, in charge of the shipment, in
the form of storm and oily water, the
fish arrived at Yokohama with but a
small loss of 114. Japan's experiment
in introducing this fine American food
and game fish will be watched with
interest.

MONTANA DUCKS WINTER ON
PACIFIC COAST

As reported in the annual report of the
Bureau of Biological Survey, June 30,
1928, outstanding during the fiscal year
was the banding of 5,000 mallard ducks
at the National Bison Range, Moiese,
Montana, returns from which show that
birds from that section winter chiefly on
the Pacific Coast, from AVashington south
to southern California. This is one of
the many instances where significant in-
formation has been obtained regarding
the movements of waterfowl. The per-
centage of returns to the total number
of waterfowl banded should afliord a basis
for calculating the approximate numbers
of these birds when reliable information
is obtained. A manuscript on this phase
of the work has been prepared for pub-
lication under the title "A Method of De-
termining the Annual Fluctuation in the
.Vbundance of Waterfowl."

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

145

WISCONSIN WARDENS GIVEN
RIGID TEST

The state of Wisconsin gives an exam-
ination to applicants for game warden
positions. This examination consists of
four parts : First, the application, in
which the applicant states his general
qualifications ; many applicants are elimi-
nated on the showing made in this por-
tion of the examination. Second, a writ-
ten examination which is conducted in
the several county seats of the state and
which consists of two hundred and fifty
questions relating to conservation law, en-
forcement provisions of the law and sim-
ilar information. Third, testing the ap-
plicant's knowledge of natural history by
requiring him to classify thirty marked
game and song birds, and approximately
twenty pelts of animals, all native of
Wisconsin. Mounted specimens and pelts
are used for this purpose. Besides this
the applicant must name and classify
thirty-five varieties of fish from colored
plates and sixty-five native birds and
animals illustrated in the same way.
Each applicant is also subject to an oral
inquisition to determine his personal fit-
ness and general qualifications. Physical
fitness is also taken into consideration.

It can readily be seen from the char-
acter of the examination that men who
qualify under such a rigid test should be
able to give excellent sei-vice. As a re-
sult of this last examination in Wiscon-
sin, twenty temporary wardens were
added to the force and several perma-
nent officers, the permanent force being
increased gradually. — American Field, Jan.
12, 1929.

OUTDOOR MANNERS

1. Your outdoor manners tell the world
what you are at home.

2. What belongs to the public isn't your
own — play fair.

3. Respect the property of rural resi-
dents— ask before using it.

4. Save fences, close gates and bars, go
around planted fields.

5. People, live stock, trees and birds
were never meant to be target practice
backstops.

6. Respect the law — catch enough legal
fish to eat, then quit.

7. Protect public health — keep springs
and streams clean.

8. Clean up your camp and don't litter
the highways with trash.

9. Finish what you start — carelessness
with fires is cussedness.

10. Leave flowers and shrubs for others
to enjoy. Do your share to keep outdoor

America beautiful. — Compiled by Seth E.
Gordon, Conservation Director, Izaak
Walton League of America.

SCIENTISTS HELP SOLVE CON-
SERVATION PROBLEMS

A large number of scientific papers hav-
ing a direct bearing on conservation top-
ics were read at the meetings of the
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, held in New York City.
On the program were five papers dealing
with the subject of fish parasites afflict-
ing bass, bullhead, channel cat and other
species. Four papers treated of the life
histories of parasites, with a view to their
control. One paper discussed the distri-
bution of minnows in the Great Lakes
drainage area. Other papers, numbering
fourteen, gave consideration to studies of
fish pests, the development of fish eggs,
studies of structure, respiration, and the
like. One timely paper dealt with nutri-
tional requirements of brook trout and
their rate of growth. A new vitamin,
needed by young trout for normal growth,
was discovered in raw liver by a group
of biologists at Cornell University, and
received the provisional name "Factor
11." Of miscellaneous topics there were
three dealing with the subject of pollution
and one with the structure and growth of
the horns of the deer. At no previous
meeting has there been so great empha-
sis placed on studies directly related to
the subject of fishes, though for the past
few years an increasing interest has been
noted in the number and character of
papers presented dealing with conserva-
tion topics. — The American Field, Janu-
ary 26, 1929, p. 87.

THE POSSIBILITY OF TULAREMIA
IN THE RUFFED GROUSE

An article on "Tularemia in Birds"
occurs in the Journal of the American
Medical Association for May 26, 1928. It
seems to be a condensation of an article
by R. G. Green and E. M. Wade of the
Minnesota State Board of Health in "Pro-
ceedings of the Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine," April, 1928, which
I have not seen. In speaking of the occur-
rence of tularemia in rabbits, they say
that the decrease in the number of wild
rabbits and of the ruffed grouse has
occurred simultaneously in Minnesota
during the past four years and that cases
of tularemia in humans have appeared at
the same time. Because of these facts
and the discovery of tularemia in the
blood of many rabbits, they think that the
decrease in the ruffed grouse may be due

146

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

to the same cause. They have demon-
strated that the rabbit tick is an impor-
tant carrier of tularemia and that the
parasite is found also in game birds.
They have shown that the ruffed grouse
can be experimentally infected with the
bacterium tulareiise as regularly as the
rabbit, and think that the parasite may
carry the disease from rabbits to the
birds. Although no cases of human tula-
remia have been reported as the result of
cleaning grouse, they think it probable
that the grouse may be a source of infec-
tion and feel that the indications justify
a careful search for tularemia in grouse
dying from disease.— J. J. Murray, Lex-
ington, Virginia. The Auk, Vol. XLVI,
1929, p. 110.

SPORTSMAN AND FARMER
The sportsmen of the country are a
source of benefit and profit to the farmers.
Probably no class of transients are freer
spenders than the hunters and fishermen
who come from the outside to our waters
to enjoy their favorite sport. They must
eat ; they must sleep ; they must buy gas,
tackle and equipment ; they rent boats ;
they sometimes hire guides. They make
many demands which the resourceful far-
mer can capitalize. And it is a matter of
common knowledge that every sportsman's
organization favors the propagation of
game and fish and their protection dur-
ing certain seasons of the year. This
helps the landowner who lives along the
banks of the streams to be able to go out
and fill his basket and satisfy his fish
hunger whenever his fancy dictates. No
question but the farmer owes something
to the sportsmen.

It will be interesting to note with what
success the committee meets in issuing the
"Fishing Permitted" signs. The sports-
ment are serious in the movement. Will
the land owners take them at their word?
We think they will. — Pennsylvania
Sportsman, Vol. 20, No. 4, p. 9.

STRIPED BASS ON TRIAL

Opposition has developed to the exten-
sion of the striped bass into waters of
Oregon, on account of the claim that this
aggressive species is destructive to salmon
and trout on account of its voracious
feeding habits.

The striped bass is not a native of
western waters, having been transplanted
into the California coastal waters from
the Atlantic a number of years ago and
having furnished an example of very
extraordinary success in introducing a
new species.

The Oregon State Fish and Game

Department is conducting an investiga-
tion to determine the facts with reference
to this charge against the striped bass.
The stomachs of a number of si>ecimens
taken in Coos Bay have been examined
but no salmon were found. Other fish
were found in their stomachs, including
lioumlcr. Agents of the commission who
iiave been familiar with the fisheries of
Coos Bay and have examined the con-
tents of the stomachs of many striped
bass testify they have not found them con-
taining salmon ; most of the fish found
wijrc of noncommercial species.

On account of the intensity of the con-
troversy, the matter will undoubtedly be
thoroughly sifted so that the status of the
striped bass with relation to the salmon
may he definitely known.

The striped bass is a splendid sporting
fish and is taken extensively by anglei-s.
— (lame and Fish Conservationist, Rich-
mond, Va., Sept.-Oct., 1928.

FISH DUCKS AND FISH
Sportsmen visiting streams in the
northern part of the state have often seen
mergansers, commonly called "fish ducks,"
catching fish. They usually accuse these
ducks of destroying trout at random, and
therefore classify the duck as an undesir-
able predatory species. Some actual evi-
dence of the food of these birds is now
at hand. George Tonkin, federal game
warden, and J. E. Plaisted secured five
American mergansers on Smith River, Del
Norte County, a clear stream with a
rocky bed, rapids and quiet pools. The
stomachs of those birds were sent to the
Biological Survey and examined by E. R.
Kalmbach with the following results :

Ko. 179838, 179839, 179S40, 179841, 179842.
Name: Mcrgus americanus, J grown.
l.,ocality : Smith River, Del Norte Co.,

California.
Wliere killed : Clear stream, rocky bed,

rapids and quiet pools.
Date: July 11, 1928.
Hour: 4:30 p.m. to G :30 p.m.
Collector : George Tonkin and J. E.

Plaisted.

No. 179838.

Condition of stomach: Full.

I'crceiitage of animal matter, 100 ; of
vegetable, ; of gravel, etc., 35.

Contents: 1 nearly complete Cottus and
remains of several others and spines
of more than one stickleback (Gasler-
osteus), 85 per cent; crawfish remains
and gastroliths, 15 per cent.

No. 179839.

Condition of stomach : Pull.
Percentage of animal matter, 100 ; of
vegetable, ; of gravel, etc.,

Contents : 8 Cottus probably C. asper,
100 per cent.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

147

No. 179840.

Condition of stomach : 2/3 full.

Percentage of animal matter, 90 ; of
vegetable, 10 ; of gravel, etc., 30.

Contents : Fish remains including bones
of sculpins (Cottus) and stickleback
(Gasterosteus), 90 per cent; vegetable
debris, 10 per cent. A mass of feathers
also present, doubtless came from the
bird's own body.

No. 179841.

Condition of stomach : Full.

Percentage of animal matter, 100 ; of

vegetable, ; of gravel, etc., 20.

Contents : Fragments of gastroliths and

other parts of crawfish, 5 per cent ;

remains of at least 4 Cottidea, 9 5 per

cent.

No. 179842.

Condition of stomach : 2/3 full.

Percentage of animal matter, 100 ; of
vegetable, ; of gravel, etc., 15.

Contents: A water strider (Gerris sp. ),
1 per cent; at least 8 Cottus sp., 99 per
cent ; 2 Gastroliths of crawfish, trace.

REPORT ON BANDED WILD FOWL

Aimouneemeut is made by the United
.States Biological Survey that at the op-
ening of the 1928 hunting season, be-
tween 15 and 20 stations were in opera-
tion for the banding of migratory birds.
These stations extend from Maine and
South Carolina on the Atlantic coast, to
Washington, Oregon, and California m
the west, with others in the Canadian
provinces and in Alaska. More than
30,000 ducks and geese have been banded,
and valuable information already has
been received from the reports sent in by
hunters. Sportsmen accordingly are urged
to examine the ducks and other wild fowl
they kill and report every band obtained.

The following records from the banding
files of the Biological Survey will illus-
trate the character of the information
that is being accumulated : A mallard
banded at Leduc, Alberta, on October
23, 1926, was killed at Robertson Lake,
Texas, on November 27, 1926. Two
mallards banded at Browning, 111., in
November, 1922, were killed, one near
Sacramento, California, in December,
1923. and the other in Glascock
County, Georgia, in November, 1924. An-
other mallard banded in January, 1923,
at Cuivre Island, Mo., was killed in June
of the same year at Willow Lake, Mac-
kenzie. A baldpate, or widgeon, banded
in August, at Davidson, Saskatchewan,
was killed near Houston, Texas, in De-
cember of the same year. A green-winged
teal banded at Avery Island, La., in De-
cember, 1922, was killed in September,
1923, at Lethbridge, Alberta, and three
others banded at the same time and place
were recovered in the fall of 1923 and in

1924 from points in the Sacramento Val-
ley, California. Another of these little
ducks, banded on the Bear River marshes,
Great Salt Lake, Utah, in July, 1926, was
killed in November of the same year in
the State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

The problems studied by this method
of research chiefly relate to the myste-
rious migration of birds. New and perti-
nent facts are continually being brought
to light through an intensive application
of the banding method, and it is to aid
these investigations that sportsmen are
asked to cooperate by reporting all banded
wild ducks and other species killed during
the season.

HUNTING ACCIDENTS 1928

No computation of hunting accidents
has been made since 1925. The compu-
tations were originally made to call to
the attention of every hunter the need for
care in handling a gun. It was thought
that the long list of accidents might stir
some to more carefully avoid such acci-
dents.

There follows a tabulation of hunting
accidents for 1928. Although the list is
considerably longer than the one for 1925,
yet we cannot definitely say that the num-
ber of accidents was really greater for
the reason that during the past year, clip-
pings relative to hunting accidents were
ordered from one of the clipping bureaus.
As a consequence, a fuller record has been
available. The increased toll indicated
probably shows the adequacy of the
reports secured in former years. It has
been impossible to verify the accuracy of
he reports which have been taken entirely
from newspaper clippings. Undoubtedly,
as in past instances, there will be some
reports of persons who have recovered, or
whose injury was not as serious as indi-
cated in the compilation.

Analysis shows a list of 43 persons
killed ; 26 of these deaths resulted from
accidents where the hunter himself was
responsible. The others were accidents
where a companion was involved. Sixty-
five different persons were more or less
seriously injured ; of these thirty involved
a companion. Apparently but one person
in the tabulation was killed as the direct
result of being mistaken for a deer. As
compared with former reports, this shows
a worthwhile reduction in accidents of
this kind. Apparently, the greatest dan-
ger is to be found in hunting from boats
and from blinds, for the greater percent-
age of accidents for 1928 occurred in
this way.

4—66118

148

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

153

SUMMARY HUNTING ACCIDENT DATA, 1928

Number of persons killed 43

Number of persons wounded but not
killed 65

Number self-inflicted accidents :

Fatal 26

Nonfatal 35

Number accidents inflicted by others :

Fatal 17

Nonfatal 30

Occurred while hunting large game
(deer, bear, etc.) :

Fatal y

Nonfatal 5

Occurred while hunting small game:

Fatal 20

Nonfatal 27

Occurred while hunting unknown
game :

Fatal 14

Nonfatal 33

EXPLOITATION BAD POLICY

It can not be too often or too strongly
emphasized that the current practice of
advertising and exploiting the fishing
opportunities on lakes and streams of
the several states by tourists and recrea-
tion resort interests is a bad mistake.
There is a strong sentiment against this
among many resort owners themselves
and many of them are now issuing beau-
tiful and attractive advertising without
making use of the disgusting fish hog
pictures which formerly decorated all
such publicity. Others not having seen
the light still persist in this kind of
advertising, which is bound eventually to
have a very unfavorable reaction on their
business.

The fish propogation departments of
every state and of the United States are
exerting their utmost efforts to meet the
demand for restocking and all possible
protection is given by law to fish in
spawning time nearly everywhere but
there is continued complaint that fishing
is growing steadily poorer, notwithstand-
ing the efforts that are made to maintain
it. This being true, it would seem to be
the height of folly to try to induce more
people to take the choice varieties of
game fish and thus hasten the depletion.
Every state which maintains a tourist
advertising bureau has an abundance of
attractive features which can be exploited
to attract ^dsitors without telling them
that the streams and lakes are overflow-
ing with fish and that the fishing is ex-
ceptional. Such advertising is usually
untrue and misleading as well as destruc-
tive. It ought to be discouraged by every
sportsmen's club in America. This sort
of exploitation is nothing more or less
than commercializing a resource which
demands greater protection and more
encouragement by propagation if it is to
be maintained. — Game and Fish Conserva-
tionist, Richmond, Va., Sept.-Oct. 1928.

"Weapons causing accidents :

Rifles 27

Shotguns 68

Revolvers 1

Unclassified 12

WTiere occurred :

In fields or on waters 63

In forests 10

In conveyances 12

Unknown 23

Number injured or killed in mistake
for game or other wild creatures,
if known :

Killed 1

Wounded 0

LEARNING THE WAYS OF FISH

It is a sound theory, and more than
that, which teaches that every fact learned
supplants a guess. Thus, one feels cer-
tain, the California Fish and Game Com-
mission is serving not only its own com-
monwealth, but the entire Pacific west,
in its establishment of a fisheries research
laboratory for the purpose of obtaining
needed information as to fish supply. It
will be determined, in so far as is pos-
sible, how heavily the numbers of each
species may be drawn upon without dan-
ger thereto; while at the same time, as
would follow, any changes occuring in
the supply would be remarked, together
with the point at which depletion mani-
fests itself.

This is a large undertaking, and its
objective will be reached only after years
of observation, study and effort. Indeed,
it will be a work that never is done, but
whose every revelation must be beneficial.
Little is known of the ocean habits of
valuable anadromous fishes, such as the
salmon. Much less is known of the food
varieties that pass their entire period of
existence in the sea. N. B. Scofield, to
whose vision the project in large measure
owes its beginnings, has taken thought of
a need not heretofore unremarked but one
that certainly has been subject to grave
neglect.

To such movements there is always
opposition. The scoffer laughs at the
application of intelligence, of research, to
problems which previously have been
guessed at by minds attuned to muscular
effort. Those directly identified with the
industry probably will fear that they may
not take and use all that they can cap-
ture, without thought of the future. But
if the California commission discovers
only a few facts each year concerning the
habits and life histories of each of the
many food fishes caught in the oceanic
dooryard, the way to future conservation.

154

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

to i)rescrvation of spooies. will be more
plainly blazed. Obviously these facts
will be invalujiblo for the prevention of
depletion of ovor-tished species, a deple-

-tished species, a deple-
tion which miffhl otherwise end in disap-
pearance. The undertaking belongs to
California, but the benefits will be felt
by all the coastal fisheries. — Editorial
from the Morniiuj Orcyonian, Januai-y 28,
1929.

VIRGINIA'S GAME WORTH MILLIONS
According to a report of the State Com-
mission of Game and Inland Fisheries,
game killed in Virginia during the 1927-
1928 season is valued at over two and
one-half million dollars. The sui-vey of
the commission reveals that the number
of animals taken totals 1,638,163. Rab-
bits, squirrels, doves and quail are shown
to be plentiful during the season; opos-
sums, coots, turkey and deer were said
to be "medium," and muskrats, minks,
raccoons, otters, bears, woodcocks, ducks,
geese, brants, gallinules, clapper rails,
sora, snipe, pheasants were all classed as
scarce.

Totals for the various kinds of game
bagged are as follows : Rabbits, 409,491 ;
squirrels, 530.408; muskrats, 68,000;
minks, 12.266; opossums, 94,826; rac-
coons, 17.798 ; otter, 138 ; bears, 909 ;
doves. 49,457 ; woodcocks, 4,190 ; ducks,
60,7&4; geese, 7,403; brants, 210; gal-
linule, 100; coots, 6,330; clapper rails,
1,315; sora, 20,000; snipe, 10,820; bob-
white quail. 315,452 ; pheasants or grouse,
13.220 ; tui-key, 8,219 ; deer, 687.

Similar computations for California are
difficult as hunters are not required to
report the game killed except in the
instance of deer. The game census is
coming to be looked upon as fundamental
to wise administration of game resources.

NEW "WILDERNESS" AREAS
ESTABLISHED

In order to insure the preservation, in
their primitive condition, of typical moun-
tain and forest areas of California, and
to guiird against their development and
exploitation by modernized recreational
features the United States Forest Service,
announces the setting aside of fourteen
separate tracts of national forest land,
embracing a total of over one and one-
half million acres, as "wilderness" areas
for the use and enjoyment of all the peo-
ple. These areas will be preserved in a
"wild" state in the sense that they will
not be developed by road building or
opened to any form of permanent recrea-
tional occupancy under permit. The
grazing of live stock wUl, however, be
permitted, and in years to come, if eco-

nomic conditions warrant, some timber
cutting or water power development may
be allowed by the forest service.

The national forests of Califoraia con-
tain .-i jxirtion of the last frontier of the
United States. Within their limits exist
many areas still in much the same primi-
tive state as when the first waves of
settlement extended into the west. They
embrace many of the mountain ranges
and ijeaks that in the early days served
not only as landmarks to the pioneers,
but as spiritual symbols of a new world
and a new life. For these reasons, the
pioneers and their descendants have re-
garded these i)eaks and wUd areas with
a well nigh religious veneration.

We aie now conquering and subduing
these wild areas by highways and other
mechanical means of transportation, and
by the congregation of great numbers of
l)e<ii)le who bring with them all the social
and mechanical devices of our present-
day civilization. In so doing we destroy
in large degree the attributes which make
these areas unique of their kind and
cause them to command the love and ven-
eration of men.

It is because of these facts, and the
growing desire of a large element of our
population for pleasures and conditions
that nature alone can provide, that the
United States Forest Service has created
special ''wilderness" areas, with their
well known inherent capacity to recreate
physical and mental powers, to give
pleasure and inspiration, to advance sci-
ence and knowledge, and to presei-ve
national characteristics and traditions.^

The newly created wilderness areas in
the national forests of California are lo-
cated, for the most part, in the higher
and more scenic regions of the Sierra
Nevada, Coast Range, and mountains of
soutliern California, where the timber re-
sources and fire hazard are limited, and
where there is no necessity for the build-
ing of roads for forest administrative pur-
poses. They will present an excellent op-
portunity to all outdoor enthu.siasts who
wish to rough it in regions remote from
automobile travel and conventional camp
grounds and resorts, and who desire to
enjoy jirimitive nature without touch of
human iutiuence.

The names and locations of the newly
created wilderness areas are as follows :

Middle Eel-YoUa Bolla— 200,000 acres
around Yolla Bolla Mountain and at the
h(^ad of Middle Eel River in the Califor-
nia and Trinity National Forests.

Agua Tibia— 27,000 acres on the west
end of Palomar Mountain in the Cleve-
land National Forest.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

155

Desolation Valley — 41,000 acres north
of Echo Lake and west of Lake Tahoe in
the Eldorado National Forest.

Salmon-Trinity Alps— 130,000 acres at
the headwaters of Trinity and Salmon
Rivers in the Klamath, Shasta and Trin-
ity National Forests.

South Warners — 75,000 acres around
Eagle Peak in the South Waraer Moun-
tains of the Modoc National Forest.

Hoover — 23,000 acres west of Mono
Lake in the Mono National Forest. Named
after Prof. Hoover, formerly superin-
tendent of the Bodie mines.

Dana-Minarettes — 87,000 acres lying
between Tioga Pass and the Devil Post
Pile National Monument in the Mono
and Sierra National Forests.

Murphy Hill — 12,000 acres surround-
ing Campbell, Morris and Lotts Lakes
west of Belden in the Plumas National
Forest.

San Gorgonio — 19,000 acres covering
the San Bernardino and San Gorgonio
range in the San Bernardino National
Forest.

Telegraph Peak — 7,500 acres around
Telegraph Peak, in the San Bernardino
National Forest.

San Jacinto — 22,000 acres covering the
high country east of Idyllwild and Keen
Camp in the San Bernardino National
Forest.

Ventana — 52,000 acres of wild moun-
tain land at the north end of the Mon-
terey Division of the Santa Barbara Na-
tional Forest.

Emigrant Basin — 98,000 acres on the
Stanislaus National Forest lying between
Kennedy Meadows and the north boun-
dary of Yosemite National Park.

High Sierra — 700,000 acres along the
High Sierra crest in the Inyo, Sequoia
and Sierra National Forests, from Mount
Whitney on the south to the Mammoth
Lakes region on the north, a distance
of some 75 miles, all of which is wild,
rugged mountains, traversed in part by
the John Muir trail.

INCREASE OF DEER RAISES GAME
MANAGEMENT PROBLEM

The annual game census of the United
States Forest Service indicates that the
number of deer on the national forests is
almost everywhere increasing. This is in
spite of the fact that except on certain
areas set aside as game refuges the only
restrictions upon hunting are those
imposed by state game laws.

The forest service holds that the logical
remedy is the development of game man-
agement plans. The basic principle of
these plans is to establish and maintain

a balance between the number of animals
and their year long food supply.

A given land area under given condi-
tions can grow only a certain quantity
of game feed. The quantity available
varies with the season. Thus when an
excessive number of animals are seeking
sustenance a short forage crop or an extra
hard winter results in undernutrition,
increased susceptibility to disease, and a
struggle for life under which the weaker
animals often succumb in large numbers.

At the present time the most acute
situation on any national forest is on the
Kaibab, in northern Arizona. The deer
herd on this forest, containing more than
28,000 head, has outrun the food supply
so far that fawns born the previous year
have died, and many of the other animals
as well. The forest service declares that
acquiescence in this condition is both
uneconomic and inhuman. A somewhat
similar situation threatens the elk herds
of the Yellowstone region.

Under a game management plan the
aim would be to prevent overcrowding
by finding out how many deer or elk the
available land will carry permanently, and
varying the amount of hunting permitted
so that the herds of game will be
kept at this number. Stable in place of
fluctuating herds would mean a constant
stock of breeding animals, would permit
of utilizing the increase for food, and
would prevent the decline in the produc-
tive capacity of the land which overgraz-
ing— whether by domestic livestock or
game herds — inevitably produces.

Rigid state game laws which make
impossible the application of a flexible
system may, however, create great dif-
ficulties for any rational management
plan. This has been true in the case of
the Kaibab deer. To the extent that wild
life has a place in forest administration
the forest service seeks to work in coop-
eration with the states for the develop-
ment of the most favorable conditions.

An excessive number of deer not only
means that they are subjected to under-
nutrition and are in danger of being
killed off wholesale by starvation and dis-
ease but also, the forest oflacers say,
results in serious injury to tree growth,
since the hungry deer are forced to browse
on anything they can reach, and thus
destroy the forest reproduction. While
deer normally subsist largely on browse,
if the herds are kept within reasonable
limits they can obtain an adequate food
supply without curtailing the growth of
the forest. As a first step toward intro-
ducing sound game management plans

156

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the forest service is studying the condi-
tions on the ground, locality by locality,
in order to determine in each case what
the limit should be.

SURPLUS ELK OFFERED BY
GOVERNMENT

Surplus elk from the National Bison
Range are being offered by the Biological
Survey of the United States Department
of Agriculture to anyone who will remove
them without cost to the government. The
National Bison Range is in western Mon-
tana near the towns of Moiese and Dixon.
Because the elk there have increased
beyond the carrying capacity of the range,
it is necessary further to reduce their
numbers, even though some of the sur-
plus animals have already been disposed
of by sale.

The National Bison Range is admin-
istered primarily for the maintenance of
a fair-sized herd of buffalo, the original
stock of which was supplied by the Ameri-
can Bison Society. It is the desire of
the Biological Survey to make immediate
reduction in the numbers of the elk so as
to avoid feeding them hay during the
late winter and early spring, which would
otherwise be necessary, as well as to pre-
serve as much forage as possible for the
buffalo. The elk at this time are mainly
valuable for exhibition purposes at zoos
and for stocking game parks and farms.
It is now too late in the season for the
elk meat to be good.

Correspondence on the subject should
be directed to Frank H. Rose, protector
of the National Bison Range, Moiese,
Mont. Telegrams should be addressed to
him at Dixon, Mont.

EUROPEAN STARLING RAPIDLY
SPREADING

The European starling, the alien bird
that has spread from importations planted
in Central Park, New York City, nearly
40 years ago, to most of the states east
of the Mississippi, is rapidly spreading
westward as a breeding species and is
likely ultimately to be found throughout
most of the area from southern Canada
to the Gulf coast and westward to the
Rocky Mountains, according to the
United States Biological Survey, Far-
mers' Bulletin 1571-F, "The European
Starling in the United States," just
issued, sets forth the economic status of
this bird according to results of the sur-
vey's studies, and Circular 40-C, "The
Spread of the European Starling in North
America (to 1928)," also just published,
traces the history of the bird's extension
of range, describes its methods of spread.

and predicts probable future extensions.
The spread of the starling is also sum-
marized in the Farmers' Bulletin.

An intensive study by the department
of the starling's food habits was based
chiefly on the examination of the contents
of more than 2600 stomachs of starlings,
a greater number than that used for sim-
ilar studies of any other bird that have
been published so far. This investigation
ed to the conclusion that most of the star-
ling's habits are either beneficial to man
or of an economically neutral character.
Field observation has established the fact
that the time spent by starlings in
destroying crops, such as cherries, apples,
and sweet com, or in molesting other spe-
cies of birds, is extremely short compared
with the hours they spend searching for
insects or feeding on wild fruits. It is
pointed out that as a destroyer of the
clover leaf weevil, the Japanese beetle.
May beetles, cutworms, and grasshoppers
— some of the farmers worst pests — it
is even more energetic than many of our
protected native birds.

In spite of the fact that starlings in
normal numbers exert an influence for
good and may well be left unmolested
when not inflicting noticeable damage,
there are times and circumstances, say
the investigators, under which they may
become objectionable. To the city dweller,
they say, the most conspicuous habit of
the bird is its establishment of obnoxious
winter roosts, which in eastern cities are
sometimes of enormous size. Typical of
such gatherings is the one that for years
has occupied the trees and buildings on
Pennsylvania avenue and other down-
town streets in Washington, D. C. In
spite of measures taken to drive them
away, the birds have persisted and return
year after year to the historic thorough-
fare of the national capital. Methods
used for eradicating starling roosts are
given in the new Farmers' Bulletin, al-
though, it is stated, no method at present
in use assures lasting success, for if
vigilance is not employed temporary erad-
ication may be followed by reestablish-
ment of the roost.

There is no doubt, according to the de-
partment, that there are local areas in
which the starling is detrimental to agri-
culture and horticulture at the present
time, but the factor of overabundance
rather than pronounced tendencies for
harm on the part of the individual bird
has brought this about. There is no ques-
tion, in view of its highly insectivorous
food habits, it is concluded, that the influ-
ence of the European starling, in mod-
erate numbers, in the United States is
beneficial.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

157

Copies of Farmers' Bulletin 1571-F on
the economic status of the starling may
be had free, as long as the supply lasts,
on request addressed to the Office of In-
formation, Department of Agriculture,
AVashington, D, C.

PROTEST AGAINST KODIAK BEAR
PROTECTION ANSWERED

In line with the definite policy of the
Department of Agriculture on predatory-
animal control, which, while designed to
safeguard farming and stock raising, is
opposed to the extermination of any of
the interesting species of the wild life
of the continent, Secretary of Agriculture
Jardine, in response to a lengthy peti-
tion presented through Congressional
Delegate Dan Sutherland early in Feb-
ruary, has explained their rights in the
matter to residents of the Kodiak-Afo-
gnak Islands group of southern Alaska.
The petitioners cited the growing agri-
cultural activities of these islands and the
losses connected therewith, particularly
of stock raisers, through the depredations
of the big brown Kodiak bear. This
giant of the wild they consider the most
vicious and dangerous of the carnivorous
animals of Alaska. They asked that all
protection be removed from the Kodiak
bears, so as to permit all persons to kill
them in any manner at any time of the
year.

The present regulations allow an open
season on large brown and grizzly bears
from September 1 to June 20, with the
proviso that these bears may be taken at
any time when about to attack or molest
persons or property, or when encountered
within half a mile of a human habitation.
The secretary in replying to the petition
called attention to this fact, and he stated
further that the Alaska Game Commis-
sion, after a careful study of the whole
situation, has recommended a modification
of the regulation that would doubtless
accomplish all that the stock raisers and
others ask. The new regulation, which is
receiving favorable consideration, would
give protection to these big bears as game
animals as formerly, but with the further
proviso that on Kodiak, Afognak, Rasp-
berry, Spruce, and Sitkalidak islands any
resident engaged in agricultural pursuits
may kill such animals when they are con-

sidered a menace to persons, live stock,
or property.

The secretary calls attention to the
wider latitude thus afforded in control,
and expresses his confidence that when
ranchers on the islands leam of the pro-
posed action, they will find they have
sufficient leeway in necessary control
measures against stock-killing bears. He
also mentions the fact that preserving
this species in the nonagricultural moun-
tain area of the interior will serve to
perpetuate what is known to scientists,
sportsmen, and visitors to Alaska to be
the largest carnivorous land mammal in
existence.

The statement was cited of Paul G.
Redington, who spent some time in the
region in 1928, and of sportsmen who
have come in contact with the species,
that these giant bears do not relish the
presence of man, and when unmolested
rarely attack human beings. Their food
consists for the most part of berries,
nider roots, grasses, and other vegetation]
with some fish, and while individuals may
develop stock-killing propensities, they
are not as a species inimical to agri-
culturists. The secretary states that the
new regulation should be in effect by
July 1, and expresses his conviction that
the petitioners will thus obtain prac-
tically all they are asking for.

If the department should remove all
protection from this notable species and
thus open the way to its eventual extermi-
nation, there would be a heavy fire of
justifiable criticism not only from the
many organizations and individuals who
have in the past derived both sport and
pleasure from their contacts with the
Kodiak bears, but from the people of
Alaska as a whole, for the big-game
animals of Alaska attract to the terri-
tory many people from the states and
other countries and their expenditures
lor equipment, travel, personal service,
and the like constitute what is by no
means an inconsiderable contribution to
the commerce of the territory.

The secretary assured the petitioners
through Delegate Sutherland that the
Alaska Game Commission and the office
of experiment stations of the department
will keep in very close touch with the
situation to note the needs on the island
in question.

]58

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

Bureau of Patrol

A survej' of the activities of the patrol
bureau for the calendar year 1928 shows
that .1^92,020 were collected in fines for
violations of the fish and game laws,
2525 arrests were made, and a total of
1825 days were served in jail by vio-
h:tors.

During the month of January, 1929,
over 200 arrests were made on which
fines in the amount of $10,065 were im-
posed. Two violators were given jail
sentences of 100 days each, four, sen-
tences of fifty days each and four others,
sentences ranging from 10 to 5 days.

in a tank house on a ranch of Jerome
(Jriffin, in Priest Valley, Monterey
(.'ounty. Arraigned before the court of
Judge C. J. Giacomazzi, of Soledad, he
paid $5 a pound for the deer meat found
in his possession.

A number of recent changes were made
in the southern patrol force : Deputy
I.. W. Hare was transferred from Owens-
mouth, Los Angeles County, to Santa
Ana, Orange County; Deputy R. J.
Tepper, from Fawnskin, San Bernardino
County, to Hemet, Riverside County ;
J. W. Thornburg, from Markleeville, Al-
pine County, to Brawley, Imperial
County ; Webb Talbott, from Santa Ana,
Orange County, to San Fernando, Los
Angeles County ; and Cliff Donham, from
Westmoreland, Imperial County, to Es-
C(.ndido, San Diego County.

K. K. Langford was appointed a deputy
;nid will concentrate his activities in the
mountain sheep district, San Bernardino
f'ounty, which has been one of the most
difficult areas in the south. It is hoped
that the addition of this new man will
improve conditions.

Adolph Sousa, of Knights Valley, has a
reputation for being a consistent violator.
It is hoped that he came to the end of
his trail in Feburary when fined .$500 by
Judge John Ellis, of Geyser villc, for
killing a doe, which, in this instance, was
c.-irrying two fawns. It is alleged that
the defendant had crippled another deer
which escaped.

Credit for this case is due to volunteer
deputy B. B. Kettlewell, of Calistoga.
Captain Henry Lencioni and Deputy J.
H. Groves cooperated and lent their nec-
essary support. Because Manuel Sousa,
brother of the defendant, was an acces-
stry in the case and in possession of the
slain doe, he was fined $250.

The efficiency and worth of the volun-
teer deputy system as an aid to the
regular patrol was proved again when
Jerry Oscar and W. I. McCullough, of
Crannell, Humboldt County, were appre-
hended for having deer meat in their
possession in closed season. Two volun-
teer deputies, Harold Ehreiser and Del-
bert Scott, arrested the defendants near
Blue Lake. With the assistance of Cap-
tain William Lippincott, they brought
the violators into the court at Eureka.
The defendant Jerry Oscar was fined
.$100; the other, however, refused to
enter a plea of guilty and came to trial at
a later date.

The new deputies added to the patrol
department are proving to be efficient
officers. They are obtaining the coopera-
tion necessary from the people in their
distncts and this, in turn, is being re-
flected in their accomplishments.

Floyd Earp, of Oakland, was arrested
near ]\LTxwell by Captain S. J. Carpenter
and a posse of seven deputies. Taken
before Judge George B. Reckers, of Wil-
liams, Colusa County, he was fined $500
and learned to his sorrow that deer meat
in one's possession after the season closes
is, indeed, costly.

Deputies J. C. Schneider and Fred Post
located fifty pounds of spoiled deer meat

Feeding deer meat to the employees of
the Horse Mountain Mine located near
Eureka, in Humboldt County, has re-
sulted in an increase, instead of a de-
crease, in the overhead of operating the
mine. It was suspected that the em-
ployees of the mine were carrying deer
meat in their dinner pails and on investi-
giition, deputies R. J. Yates and W. J.
Harp found fresh deer meat and fifty-
one pounds of cooked deer meat in the
mine cook house. R. E. Bonine, secre-
tary of the company, assumed the respon-
sibility for the offense and was fined
.'>15() by Judge Robert Allison, of Blue
Lake. Both deputies are new in Hum-
boldt County, but their prompt and
efficient action in this case shows that
they have their new district well in hand.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

159

Ordinarily, hams do not cost a fabulous
sum. It happens, however, that one tak-
ing the risk of shipping a ham of venison
out of season, if caught, may pay a very
high price. This discovery was made
by Grant Donham living on a ranch in
Callahan, Siskiyou County, when he
sliipped deer meat to a friend in Oak-
hind. The meat fell into the hands of
Deputy J. L. Bundock who notified Cap-
tain Sam Gilloon, at Shasta City of the
violation. The violator was apprehended
h\ Captain Gilloon and Deputy Brice L.
Hammack. Judge H. G. Reynolds, of
Fort Jones, assessed a fine of $100.

sufficient breeding stock is on hand to
safeguard a supply for the future with
protection accorded to does, fawns, spike
bucks and a limit of two deer per hunter
each season. However, if the laws af-
fording protection to deer are not ob-
served, it will be impossible for deer
always to remain abundant. The need
tor severe fines for transgressions of
these laws is more apparent when it is
known that fourteen cases for possession
of deer meat in closed season were made
by deputies in December and twenty-two
in January.

•6''

-6i i

Fig. 47. Deputy C- H. Kunkel measuring Pismo clams to determine wliether they
are of legal size. Photograph by E. S. Cheney, November 26, 1928.

Soon after Deputy R. J. Tepper's
transfer, he and Deputy Gyger secured
the conviction of Charles Knight, Pine
Knot, San Bernardino County, for kill-
ing a deer in a game refuge. Judge
George R. Holbrook, of Ontario, fined the
offender $500 and imposed a jail sentence
of 50 days. The jail sentence and $250
of the fine were suspended, however, as
this was the defendant's first offense.

Deputy J. H. Gyger, assisted by II. O.
Langstaff arrested E. Forbes, of Corona,
Riverside County, for killing a spiked
buck and a doe ; Judge H. C. Biggs, of
Riverside, assessed a fine of $500.

The legal kill of deer in California
amounts to some 20,000 a year and a

Deputy Fred Post, assisted by volun-
teer deputy Wells Lorenson, Salinas,
Monterey County, arrested a hunter for
killing a doe at night with the aid of a
spotlight. Judge Harry J. King fined
the violator, W. O. Kada, $500 and im-
posed an additional fine of $100 for night
shooting.

Frank Chambers was apprehended by
deputies Roy Anderson and Lee Atkin-
son on the Pierce Ranch, in Colusa
County, for killing twenty-one ducks
under the shelter of darkness. Judge
George B. Reckers of Williams, Colusa
County, sentenced the defendant to serve
100 days in the Colusa jail.

160

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Because of the unfair advantage which
may be taken of game at night, night
shooting has become an outlawed practice.
Eternal vigilance is still necessary to
curb it. This is proven by the fact that
during December, twenty-seven cases
wei-e made for night shooting and eleven
in January.

Shooting from power boats is another
methods which has been outlawed. Ten
cases were made of this type in December
and three in January.

The automobile is frequently employed
by the violator and when this instru-
mentality is used with craft, apprehen-
sion is very often difficult. A practice
commonly engaged in is where two indi-
viduals work together, one driving and
the other doing the shooting. If a sus-
picious automobile or individual is
sighted, the evidence is thrown out to be
recovered later. Unless the deputy
actually sees the shooting, it is almost im-
possible to make a binding arrest.

cess limits of quail, during the first few
days of the quail season. Before the end
or the season, they made a total of
twenty-two arrests and convictions for
those who failed to stop when they had
obtained the legal limit. Fines in the
amount of $700 were imposed by judges,
ranging from $25 to $75.

A fine of $300 was extracted by Judge
Uunald Younger, of Santa Cruz, from
Joe Batich, of Watsonville, for selling
ducks on the open market. The case is
accredited to Deputy J. P. A^issiere and
volunteer deputies Hans C. Struve and
Fred S. Wing.

Protected non-game birds are used by
some cooks to make a sauce. Robins
seem to be chiefly prized. However, Caesar
I'.ruschera operating the Louis Fashion
Restaurant at 524 Market street, San
Francisco, is now probably of the opinion
that a sauce which he made from robins
in February was too expensive to be
served in the future. Deputies Allan G.
Curry and E. V. Moody were instru-
mental in securing his conviction and
Judge Joseph M. Golden imposed a fine
of $200.

Fifteen convictions were secured dur-
ing December for kUling and of possession
of non-game birds; twenty-seven in Jan-
uary.

Records also show that four cases iu
December and two in January were made
involving the killing of the protected
band-tailed pigeon. Five offenders who
killed whistling swans in January were
also arrested and apprehended.

Charles Bishop, a waiter in the Louis
Grill, Mason street, San Francisco, was
fined by Judge Joseph M. Golden, $100
for .selling ducks. Deputy Allan Curry
and volunteer deputy C. Fluger made
this case.

Records also show that twelve other
cases were made during January for sell-
ing ducks.

Two cases are on record during Decem-
ber and one in January for over limits
on geese ; 13 in December of over limits
on ducks.

Efforts to introduce the Chinese ring-
necked pheasant in California will be
barren of any satisfaction or success, if
the nucleus of breeding stock planted in
each area is persistently destroyed. Judge
"V\". E. Everson, of Elk Grove, showed his
sympathy for this thought when he fined
William Brown $100 or a jail sentence of
50 days and fined Joe Jacinto $400 or
a jail sentence of six months for killhig
three pheasants. The defendants were
apprehended by deputies Nelson Poole
and Charles Seibeck.

The spearing of salmon on spawn-
ing beds despoils breeding grounds and
is: altogether a very unwise use of the
fish. Deputies are not unmindful of this
and turned in three cases for salmon
spearing in December.

In January, Captain Walter Sellmer
and Deputy George Smalley brought an
offender of the protection accorded to
spawning salmon into the court of Judge
Herman Rudolff of Novato. The fine
was $200.

Bureau of Fish Culture

In southern California, deputies made
seventeen arrests and convictions for ex-

:\Iount Shasta Hatchery started the
season with the following trout and
yalmon eggs and fry on hand : Loch
Leven, 3,522,000 ; brown trout, 2,192,000 ;
eastern brook trout, 753,000; king sal-
mon, 007,000.

Eggs have continued to be shipped from
this hatchery to the various stations
through the state. Shipments to Feb-
ruary 1, have totaled 2,600,000 Loch
Leven trout; 400,000 brown trout; 500,-
000 eastern brook trout and 50,000 king
salmon. Reports show that a high per-
centage of these eggs are hatching and

CALIFORNIA FISH AISTD GAME

161

that the resulting fry are all in fine
healthy condition.

The outlook for the coming planting
season is not encouraging at this date,
as the long cold spell and light rainfall
have caused the fish to be unusually
late, and the indications at' present are
for a light take of eggs.

In line with the policy established
many years ago, eastern brook trout eggs
have again been imported. 2,000,000 eggs
have been secured from a private hatch-
ery in Rhode Island, and shipped to the
various hatcheries maintained by the
division. Of this number 330,000 were
allotted to Mt. Shasta Hatchery.

is at present in a very unfortunate con-
dition and every effort to stock the Sac-
ramento system has a bearing on this
important problem.

Almost all the eggs in the Mount
^^ hitney Hatchery have hatched. Gull
Lake has not supplied this hatchery with
the average number of eggs owing to the
fact that the lake was overfished last
season. So far it has yielded but 425,000
eastern brook trout eggs. To offset this,
100,000 eastern brook eggs have been
sent from the Mount Shasta Hatchery
together with 350,000 Loch Leven eggs.

Previous to the receiving of these eggs,
the hatchery troughs were painted and
placed in first class condition. The in-
takes were cleaned out and brush cut

Fig. 4 8. New exhibition display pond recently completed at Yosemite Hatchery.
Photograph by Guy Tabler, November 19, 1928.

Through ai'rangements made with the
state of Connecticut, 100,000 eastern
brook eggs have been received. The
Pennsylvania Game Commission has also
been instrumental in securing for the
division, 150,000 eggs, and 50,000 were
received from Massachusetts. In recip-
rocation, 50,000 king salmon eggs were
shipped to Massachusetts ; 100,000 brown
trout eggs to Connecticut, and 150,000
Ix)ch Leven eggs to Pennsylvania.

, After certain dangers to young fish
had been removed in November, 1928,
805,000 king salmon were liberated in
tributaries of the Saci'amento River.
The salmon run of the Sacramento River

away from the ditches and dam. Much
sage brush around the hatchery was also
removed.

At Fall Creek Hatchery, the king
salmon fry are reported to be in good
health and making a vigorous growth.
All the eggs have been hatched and the
older lots of fry began feeding in Jan-
uary. There were on hand at the close
of January, 3,603,000 king salmon at
this hatchery.

The run of fish to the egg-collecting
stations located on Camp, Bogus, Horn-
biook, Beaver and Shackelford creeks
was delayed due to the very cold weather.

562

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Only u few stragglers were taken iu the
early part of the season. As was ex-
pected, however, as soon as the water of
tliese creeks warmed up a fair run re-
sulted and several hundreds of fish were
spawned.

Work on all these stations has been
carried on to the end of making them
efficient for operations this season. Ob-
sl ructions have been removed, racks and
traps kept clean and constant vigilance
exercised to have everything in readiness.

During January 1929, 666,750 silver
salmon eggs were shipped from prairie
Creek Station to the Fort Seward
Hatchery.

Prairie Creek contains 62,300 Chinook
salmon fry, 45,500 steelhead trout and
63,550 cutthroat trout. Tanks have been
built at the Prairie Creek Station for
holding Atlantic salmon. These tanks
are 32' x 48' x 16".

Kainfall was below normal and the
run of steelhead trout was late.

Scott Creek Egg-collecting Station is
anticipating a good run of steelhead and
salmon. A constant patrol was kept
along this fish refuge, but due to the
fact that few fish began running, only 37
steelhead and 319 salmon were taken up
to the end of January.

The 298,000 silver salmon fry in the
Brookdale Hatchery are reported to be
iu good condition.

Fingerlings being aged at the San
Gabriel Station are showing a good
growth. As these fish range in size from
three to five inches during January, 1320
were planted in the waters close to the
station. More were planted in February
to avoid overcrowding. The object of
jjjanting at this time is to encourage the
fish to scatter thus avoiding concentra-
tion, making possible catches of large
numbers shortly after the season opens.

The fish at the Feather River Hatch-
ery are lively and making favorable
gi'owth. These have been developed from
eggs shipped from the Mount Shasta
Hatchery and comprise 250,000 eastern
brook trout and 250,000 Loch Leven trout
eggs.

Due to the educational aspects of the
Yosemite Hatchery the regular work has
been varied with care of the trout in the
aquaria and in the exhibition pond.

The 48,950 brown trout in the holding
l»ond, 151,000 eastern brook trout
(Rhode Island) eggs and fry, and 148,000
Loch Leven trout eggs are reported to
be in good condition.

Feeding the eastern brook fry at the
Tahoe Hatchery was commenced during
the latter days of January. At that time
this hatchery contained 600,000 of this
variety, together with 100,000 Loch Leven
trout fry.

Most of the 250,000 Loch Leven trout
eggs at the Mormon Creek Hatchery
hatched by January 27. 1929. Some 132,-
740 eastern brook (Rhode Island) trout
fry are also swimming in the troughs of
this hatchery.

The 199,255 eastern brook eggs in the
Kaweah Hatchery were all hatched by
.lauuary and the 98,395 Loch Leven eggs
developed rapidly.

Decision has been made to locate a
permanent hatchery on the Kings River
and to supply Fresno County and those
areas immediately adjacent to this coun-
try. This will avoid the long rail and
truck trips and will insure less loss when
fry need to be transported by pack ani-
mals to the High Sierran lakes and
streams of Fresno and Tulare counties,
whore large numbers of people spend their
summer vacations.

The temporary dam 1^ miles below the
junction of the north and south foi'ks of
the Kings River has been abandoned,
since it Avas too frail to withstand the
high water during the winter and spring.
Work on the new diverting dam com-
menced on November 8, 1928. This dam
is 200 feet long, of the rock-filled crib
type and has a spillway forty feet wide
in the center. It will raise the water
level and permit the conveyance of water
by means of a pipe line to a flat where
the permanent hatchery will be located.
At present the old tent frame, troughs,
tanks and the like have been erected on
this new site pending the coming season's
operations.

The principal biological work has
involved the study of food formulas. A
plan of feeding four difl'erent formulas at
different hatcheries to different varieties
of fish has been worked out.

A study has been made of the fin and
tail disease and emphasis placed, not so

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

163

much on control measures, as on methods
of prevention.

Bacterial tests have been made of sam-
ples of eggs imported by private fish
hatcheries. But so far no pathogenic spe-
cies of bacteria has been discovered.

A biological study of the fish and fish
food available in the Salton Sea has been
inaugurated in order to determine the
possibility of introducing fish into these
waters. Special attention will be given
to the varieties of fish now present in the
Salton Sea and changes in topographic
conditions, salinity of the water, absence
or abundance of algae, plankton, Crus-
tacea and insect fauna will also be
observed.

Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries

Live Pismo clams and abalones, both
green and black, were shipped to the
Hawaiian Islands in November. This
was made possible through an arrange-
ment between the Division and I. H.
Wilson, fish-culturist of the Division of
Fish and Game of the Territory of
Hawaii. This experiment is the result of
a determination made by the Hawaiian
commission to ascertain the possibilities
of introducing these valuable sea foods in
the islands.

Due to the fact that immature salmon
are caught by trolling early in the season,
efforts are being made to coordinate the
regulatory measures being taken by the
three Pacific coast states to bring about
a uniform control of this phase of the
fishery. Oregon proposes to introduce a
bill in its present legislature to limit the
trolling season for salmon to July, Aug-
ust and September. A representative of
the Fish Commission of Oregon, Carl
Shoemaker, during a recent conference
with the Bureau, urged that California
coordinate its legislation along this line
with Oregon. The cooperation of the
state of Washington is likewise being
sought.

Theodore H. Scheffer, representing the
United States Biological Survey, stationed
at Puyallup, Washington, during a recent
visit, complained of the indiscriminate
killing of seals and sea lions along the
Pacific Coast.

A few tuna and skipjack were landed
at San Diego in January. The fishing

5 — 66118

at Cape San Lucas, however, has not
gotten under way and most of the fish
landed were catches made by bait boats
working out of San Diego.

A hydrobiological survey of Monterey
Bay has been undertaken by the Hopkins
Marine Station, assisted by the Division
of Fish and Game. The work is under
the direction of Dr. Tage Skogsberg ®f
the Hopkins Marine Station. He is
assisted by E. C. Scofield of the division.
The patrol boat Steelhead is being used
for this survey and has been equipped
with a winch and cable for the handling
of trawls and deep sea instruments.

Three fish bulletins have been completed
for publication, one a "Report on the
Seals and Sea Lions" by Paul Bonnot,
the other two by the staff of the State
Fisheries Laboratory. One of these, "The
Commercial Fish Catch of California for
the Years 1926-1927," shows tables of
monthly catches, picturing in graphic
form the outstanding feature of yearly
catch records. The other bulletin deals
with the life history of the jack smelt.

Another bulletin, in the course of prep-
aration, is on the commercial fishes of
the State. It will have photographs and
popular descriptions of all the important
commercial fishes.

Other work being carried on by the lab-
oratory staff has to do with the develop-
ment of sardine eggs to throw light on
spawning habits.

A boat catch analysis of the striped
bass of the Sacramento-San Joaquin river
system is being made. This will include
the relationship of striped bass to shad
and salmon catches.

General patrol work has been carried
on at the various centers of the commer-
cial fishing industry. At Pittsburg, Dep-
uty 1j. G. Van Vorhis has been active in
sardine cannery inspection and has
assisted the river patrol in an attempt
to run down certain persistent striped
bass law violators.

On December 5 Deputy Paul Bonnot
arrested K. Katawa of the Main Fish
Market, Lodi, for violation of the Fish-
ing Data Act. The defendant was
charged with buying fish without making
proper record in his fish receipt book.
Judge J. H. Clancy, at Aeampo, San Joa-
quin County, fined him $100.

H. Shinozaki was also arrested by
Deputy Bonnot at Walnut Grove for
the same offense, and was fined .$100 by

164

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Judge W. E. Eversou at Elk Grove, Sac-
ramento County.

At Monterey, Captain Ralph Classic
and his assistants have been carrying on
the regular work of checking canneries
and general fisheries patrol about the
Monterey district.

Deputy N. C. Kunkel has made a num-
ber of good cases at Pismo Beach, San
Luis Ubispo County, and has the clam
and abalone situation well in hand. Good
work has been done by cooperating with
the deputies under Captain S. H. Lyons
of the regular patrol.

Captain C. H. Groat and his men have
concentrated their attention on the San
Pedro sardine packers and, besides check-
ing the plants, have kept a watchful eye
open for violations in their entire dis-
trict. Several cases were made on purse
seine and lampara nets, and the posses-
sion of nets in the closed district around
Catalina Island.

Bureau of Education and
Research

Dr. H. C. Bryant, while attending the
National Game Conference, at New York,
enjoyed the opportunity of meeting the
principal leaders in conservation and in
gaining first hand knowledge of the most
progressive ideas and methods. Further
side lights on methods of wild life produc-
tion and protection were obtained during
visits to the Federal Bureau of Fisheries
and the Bureau of Biological Survey, from
officials of the Pennsylvania Game Com-
mission, at Harrisburg, and other institu-
tions visited.

On the evening of December 3, 1928,
two recent reels of the Division were
shown to those in attendance at the Con-
ference. The mountain sheep and antelope
picture, as well as that on shore birds,
received much comment of a i)raiseworthy
nature.

The chief of the bureau has attended a
number of the meetings of the California
Economic Research Council and is serving
in the capacity of member on the Natural
Resources Committee.

The prolilem under present disrussion is
centpr(>d in the need for toiiographiral
maps of the state. The federal govern-
ment will be urged to complete the series
of California maps.

Opportunity has again been afforded for
broadcasting over KGO worthwhile infor-
mation on game and nongame birds and
their protection. In particular, the status

of the quail of California has been empha-
sized.

During .lanuary and February a variety
of specimens received the attention of the
laboratory conducted by Dr. H. Van Roe-
kel at the Hooper Foundation for Medical
Research.

Considerable deer trouble was reported,
but the reports from different sources do
not agree as to the seriousness of the
trouble. However, judging from the
observations reported and the specimens
examined, the mortality is largely due to
parasitism. The mortality is greatest
among young deer. Communications with
Dr. Iverson. state veterinarian, reveal that
domestic live stock in the affected district
are pai-asilized with similar parasites as
found in the deer examined at this labora-
ory. Veterinarians in the affected locality
expressed their view that the losses among
deer were due to parasites. Tlie following
parasites were found in large numbers :
Oestrus larvae in the nasal passage ; lung
worms ; oesophagostoma in the cecum
and colon ; setaria labiatopatillosa in the
peritoneal cavity. Since decomposition
is so far advanced in specimens when
they arrive at the laboratory, plans
are being made to examine fresh specimens
in the field. A general and intensive sur-
vey will be made concerning the mortality
of the deer.

Five blind deer were reported near
Alturas ; two affected deer heads were sub-
mitted to the laboratory for examination,
but no definite cause was arrived at for
the total blindness.

Reports on the duck sickness at Holly-
wood Duck Club, near Delano, were
received January 15. An acute flare-up
was observed on January 14, at which
time more sick ducks were observed than
any time previous during the course of the
season. Weather conditions were reported
as follows : cold and foggy, with little or
no rain for a month. Game wardens were
requested to send sick birds to the labora-
tory. Five sick birds were received for
examination. The ponds in that locality
are being drained since the close of the
season, and few ducks are present.

Fnrtlier feeding experiments relative to
(lie duck diseas<> investigations were con-
dueled (luring January.

Five dead mud-hens from Coalinga
were received for examination and found
infested with flukes. Two pin-tail ducks
were received, one of which died from an
impacted crop and the other was unfit
for examination.

From a game breeder at San Jose one
,uail was received which was infected with
blackhead and crop worm.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

165

The domestic poultry at llie game farm
were retested for tuberculosis and bacillary
white diarrhea. But .54 per cent infec-
tion of the latter disease were found, while
7.44 per cent of the birds were infected
with tuberculosis. It is hoped that these
two diseases may be eradicated from the
Hock during the summer by repeated tests.
Ten quail introduced onto the farm
recently showed signs of disease. Blood
examinations were made for haemoproteus
by E. C. O'Roke, but found negative. Four
of the surviving birds were killed and
examined, all of which were infested with
a capillarid that attacks the crop lining
and anterior portion of the duodinum.
One sick female Reeves pheasant w-as
killed and examined and found to be
infested with air-sac mites. Proper facili-
ties and equipment are gradually being
established which will make possible the
institution of practical and effective sani-
tation.

During the last month five different
specimens of fish eggs were submitted to
the laboratory for bacteriological examina-
tion. No organisms pathogenic to fish
were isolated. Two reports of mortality
among fish in hatcheries were received.
Diseased specimens from these hatcheries
revealed that the malady is different from
those of the past. Further study is neces-
sary before any definite information can
be given.

Considering the various disease condi-
tions in materials which were submitted
to this laboratory for examination, it is
evident that this field merits the attention
it is receiving. During the next few
months the time and effort will be largely
directed to the State Game Farm and the
state fish hatcheries so that no disease
epizootics can gain a foothold.

E. S. Cheney has secured additional
motion picture film of tidewater fishing
for steelhead and striped bass. Several
feet of film were taken of salmon spawn-
ing in a coastal stream. Some good
material was obtained of goose hunting in
Lassen County, and of the annual census
of Pismo clams made by the staff of the
Commercial Fisheries Laboratory. As a
climax to this quarter's work, a splendid
film has been obtained of the antelope on
winter range in the Mt. Dome section,
Siskiyou County. This, together with the
pictures of these rare game mammals
secured in Lassen County, completes and
rounds out the division's film on this
subject.

Dr. H. Van Roekel and E. S. Cheney
edited and titled a film shown for the first
time at the Fourth Annual Convention,

entitled "Duck Disease Investigations."
Rodney S. Ellsworth and E. S. Cheney
edited and revised a film on the "Deer of
California." This, together with three
reels depicting various phases of the
division's activities was assembled and
also shown.

Cutting and titling of the motion pic-
tures soon to be issued on the spiny lob-
ster, Pismo clam and commercial fisheries
patrol is well under way.

All negative in possession of the division
has been segregated according to suitable
subject, sealed in cans and treated to pre-
vent deterioration.

Requests for loans of motion picture
films has increased and shows that the
library of films is being put to a continual
use.

The demand for lectures has not abated.
Dr. H. C. Bryant gave lectures in Los
Angeles County in February and paid a
visit to Lancaster and Palmdale in answer
to an insistent request.

In December Rodney S. Ellsworth cov-
ered the principal farm bureau centers in
Lassen County and had an opportunity of
stressing the importance of adequate pro-
tection and respect for game resources in
a county where game abounds and where
residents are daily in intimate contact
with wild life.

Donald McLean investigated the dam-
age to irrigation ditches caused by musk-
rats, beavers and rodents in the Imperial
Valley during December. Considerable
complaint has been made of damage done
and harmful effects resulting from the
work of these rodents. In an effort to
control them, the irrigation company has
been paying a bounty of 25 cents on the
tails of all muskrats brought in. Many
requests for special permits for trapping
these animals have reached the division.

Research on the natural history of quail
is advancing. In January McLean
commenced to investigate the quail situa-
tion in the Spring Valley Water Com-
pany's property in San Mateo County.
Quail were especially abundant in this
area in former times, when it represented
one of the centers of quail population.
Quail seem, however, to be on the decrease
at the present time, in spite of the fact
that hunters have been excluded and
predatory animal control has been prac-
ticed.

Sixty magazines, popular, scientific and
otherwise are received by the library each
month. Many of these are publications

166

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 49. Old type of individual oil sump with earth levees formerly used in

preventing- oil pollution.

Fig. 50. New type of sump. Part of a cooperative reclaiming' system costing
about $300,000 which is now in operation in southern California. By such
prevention measures, the various oil companies are aiding in preventing
pollution of state waters.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

167

from other slates, sporting clubs and con-
servation orgauizatious. A plan is under
way to make them available and useful
to the field force.

Many important accessions have been
made.

Bureau of Public Relations

During the three-month period, prepa-
ration of publicity, attendance at two
hearings in the Monterey sardine cases,
routine office work and trips to Eureka
and various sections have occupied the
time of the chief of the bureau.

Acting as one of a committee of thi'ee
to arrange for the Fourth Annual Con-
vention of Employees of the Division
which was held on February 13, 14 and
15, much work was found to be done.
The arrangements for the final day's bar-
becue was a man-sized job, but thanks to
an efficient "K. P." force, and beautiful
weather, this event was carried through
without a hitch.

During the convention a daily bulletin
of events was published, the "news" being
handled before and after the sessions,
and the bulletins distributed before the
session closed each day.

Attendance at the three-day trial of the
cases against three Monterey sardine can-
ners at Salinas, Monterey County, was an
interesting and busy session. Each day
the story of the trial was "covered" for
the Salinas Daily Itidex-Journal. The
story was handled in regular metropoli-
tan style, that is, new leads were fur-
nished at the end of both morning and
afternoon sessions. The managing editor,
Rollin G. Watkins, saw to it that the
diAasion's side of the case was impartially
handled, giving the real news of the trial.

Bureau of Hydraulics

A self-cleaning parallel steel bar screen
has been invented by Francis Cuttle of
Riverside. This device is primarily con-
structed to remove trash and drift from
ditches, but works also as an effective fish
stop. It will take care of ditches prac-
tically any width and four or five feet
in depth.

An important installation of fish lad-
ders on the upper and lower Twin Lakes
in Mono County occurred during the

month of January. The bureau has
worked on this problem since 1926. The
installation is the result of a hearing and
a number of conferences.

The next migration of fish up the
Walker River will determine the effective-
ness of a ditch constructed around the
irrigation district dam just below Bridge-
port, Mono County. It is expected that
this "run around" will serve the purposes
of a fish ladder and will permit fish to
get above the district dam.

A 10,000 gallon tank and gravel filter
has been installed by the Model Laundry
Company at Susanville, Lassen County.
This equipment will clean the laundry
water and, it is anticipated, rid it of all
substances deleterious to fish life before it
enters Piute Creek.

The Kern River Canal and Irrigation
Company has installed a parallel bar
screen across a canal seven feet in depth
and forty feet wide.

A parallel bar screen has also been
installed, by the Farmer Stine and Ander-
son Canal companies on a jointly owned
canal in Kern County.

The Kern Island Canal Company has
also installed a parallel bar screen.

The Townsend Flat Water Ditch Com-
pany has installed a fish ladder which will
permit fish to pass its Clear Creek dam in
Shasta County. Records show that this
dam has been an obstruction to migrat-
ing fish for many years.

United States Army engineers have
reconstructed the fishway at Daguerre
Point Dam on the Yuba River, Sutter
County. The approach to the fishway
has been impi'oved by blasting away the
rocks. This should render it more
effective.

On the whole, the army engineers have
displayed a real interest in conserving
fish life and have been sincere in their
endeavors to improve conditions.

Reports received from Lassen County
show that five fish ladders have been
repaired and placed in a proper operating
condition.

An inspection trip in Trinity County
shows that two fish ladders have recently
been constructed and accepted by the
division.

168

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The Clover Valley Lumber Company
lias reinstalled a good fish ladder over the
dam maintained by that company on
Grizzly Creek, Plumas County.

The Walker Mining Company, operat-
ing in Plumas County, has constructed
dams and by-passes which will prevent
pollution from its mine operations.

Oil fields near Bakersfield have been
inspected. A sump costing some $63,000
is being jointly used by operators in this
field and this will, no doubt, minimize
possible pollution of the Kern River.

Tn general, conditions in the southern
California oil fields are good. Very little
pollution is now occurring.

Bureau of Lands and Game
Refuges

Game census reports are revealing
very interesting information on the fluc-
tuations in game conditions throughout
the state.

This season, quaU were reported to
be very plentiful. For instance, an ob-
server at Redlands writes that "in some
sections all of the desert abounds with
both mountain and valley quail." Another
report from the Jawbone Canyon and
Kelso Valley districts, San Bernardino
County, evinces the prevalence of quail
in this section. Proof of this is borne
out by the fact that deputies checked 336
licenses of quail hunters and 2,305 quail
were killed the first two days of the
season. Twelve limits and six near limits
were checked in San Diego County by
one indivi(hial.

The governor's committee on Game
Refuges and Public Shooting Grounds
has taken a deep interest in their work.
Tentative areas have been selected in the
San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys,
the heart of the waterfowl country, and
its recommendations that the commission
consider these areas will be submitted
shortly for final action.

The committee is apprehensive that
conditions have varied greatly in Cali-
fornia during the past fifty years and
realizes the immediate need for provid-
ing adequate feeding and nesting grounds
for migratory waterfowl.

A list of shooting clubs together with
the area owned or leased and their rela-
tive efficacy in attracting ducks is being

compiled. This work is being carried on
through the field forces.

Jay Bruce operated in southern Cali-
fornia in February and March because
conditions at this time of year are most
favorable for lion hunting. During the
period between October and January he
was successful in bagging nine lions. He
secured these in game refuge 1-J. Amador
County, the Ice House country above
Riverton, El Dorado County, Dorrington
and Buck Ranch, Calaveras County and
Grizzly Canyon, Santa Clara County.

In January, six lions were added to
his credit. Two others were captured
alive, one being a thirty-pound and the
other a fifteen-pound kitten. Operations
during this month were conducted in
Santa Clara and Monterey counties.

Bureau of Game Farms

The 1928 distribution sheet shows that
6106* Chinese ringnecked pheasants were
liberated in suitable locations throughout
the state. Some 200 California valley
quail were planted, as well as 125 Mexi-
can bronze turkeys. Forty Hungarian
partridges were liberated in Squaw Val-
ley, Fresno County, and seventy-two dis-
[)lay varieties of pheasants presented to
city parks. In all, 6543 birds were sent
out. These have a market value esti-
mated at $18,650.

The year started at the Yountville
Game Farm with 095 Chinese ring-necked
pheasants which will serve largely as
breeding stock for the present season.
There were std to be disposed of, fifty-
four wild turkeys. A large number of the
sixty-one valley quail were retained for
further exneiimental purposes, both in
disease and in propagation. Further proii-
agation experiments will be carried on
with thirty-five Hungarian partridges. Of
the show varieties of pheasants, the stock
on hand consisted of 53 silver, 27 golden,
12 Mongolian ring-necked, 12 Reeves
pheasants and one Lady Amherst pheasant.

The turkey pullets began laying Feb-
i-uary 19. Last year the first eggs were
gathered on February 20. This indicates
that these birds are regular and depend-
able. The first pheasant eggs were gath-
ered jNIarch 9 and 10. In each instance,
it seems to be the pullets that first begin
to lay.

The problem of quail administration is
one, not so much of artificially producing

* See p. 184 for further details of these
plantings.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

169

individuals, as it is of taking care of the
breeding stock already on hand in the
natural habitat. Two recent instances
where private individuals have established
quail sanctuaries throw much light on
this thought. They are suggestive of the
good that can come where property own-
ers are willing to cooperate with the di-
vision and allow their lands to be used,
not only as places where birds may be
trapped and transported to localities where
they are needed, but also as areas where
a breeding stock is safe-guarded, which
serves as a natural center of dispersal
for the surrounding area.

Last year over 650 quail were liber-
ated in the Point Loma district at the re-
quest of landowners. Thousands are re-
ported there now. The D. D. Wilder's
estate, in Santa Cruz County, and the
Clary Brothers ranch in Coachella Val-
ley, in Riverside County, have been closed
for a number of years and quail have
multiplied amazingly. These places have
ideal natural surroundings and are most
suitable for permanent quail refuges.
Thousands of birds can be reared each
year at practically little cost.

In December, 1928, 100 California val-
ley quail were sent to the Wilder estate
for stocking purposes. The report of
their liberation is worth quoting in part
and is as follows :

"The birds arrived in fine condition,
and we took two crates up a gully near
the center of the ranch, where there is
brush, trees and a running stream. We
placed a crate near a good place, opened
the door and stood back to watch. In just
a few minutes, the birds in the crate com-
menced calling and the home birds an-
swered. Soon the birds started coming
out of the crate, one and two at a time.
These started to feed and to call until
the whole countryside was in an uproar.
Those in the crate on the truck joined
in the calls. We got such a thrill we
sent back to the house for two more
crates. We have not enjoyed anything
so much for a long time."

good turkey shooting. Sportsmen's orga-
nizations are already showing a lively in-
terest in this program. In particular,
the Santa Barbara County organization is
undertaking the rearing of turkeys. Stock
was furnished them. Redding is another
section that offered to help. So have the
owners of the Hofschneider ranch in
Sonora, Tuolumne County, of the W. J.
Wallace ranch. Delano, Kern County and
the Allen G. Hancock place, Santa Maria,
Santa Barbara County.

Five turkeys were shipped from San
Francisco on January 8, 1929, for the
long thirty-five day ocean trip to the Ar-
gentine Republic. Through an arrange-
ment made by George O'Connor,^ these
birds were sent in exchange for additional
varieties of the South American game
bird, the tinamou.

A pair of golden and of silver pheas-
ants were forwarded to the Governor of
Arizona, George W. P. Hunt, during the
first week of December. This shipment
represented a token of appreciation for
the part Arizona has played in supplying
California with a breeding stock of turkeys.
Another exchange of six versi-colored
pheasants was made in November with
the Washington State Game Farm for a
two-year old male Reeves pheasant which
now gives four complete breeding pairs
of these birds. This will permit the rear-
ing of a sufficient number of these birds
to attempt their introduction in some of
the higher altitudes of the state.

Thirty ring-necked pheasants have also
been presented to the Jordan Game Fai-m
in return for the chukor partridge. This
bird has a wide distribution in western
and central Asia under the name of Greek
partridge. It has a reputation of being
able to exist on the hottest and most
barren of hillsides. It can not stand a
situation of unbroken dampness, where
the forest is dense and the rainfall great.
It is anticipated that this bird may solve
the partridge problem, due to its possi-
bilities as a domestic breeder.

The interest in wild turkeys is increas-
ing judging from the number of inquiries
and requests for information on rearing
them. The plan of supplying a breeding
stock to interested owners of suitable
protected areas, instead of thousands of
immature birds for liberation, has proved
to be the most efficient policy. By hav-
ing a number of selected localities in dif-
ferent parts of the state rearing and re-
leasing young turkeys, it may be possible
within a short space of years to have

In February, 1929, a number of Chi-
nese and silver pheasants, Hungarian and
bamboo partridges were delivered to the
Golden Gate Park aviary. An interesting
experiment will be carried out to deter-
mine whether the two varieties of par-
tridge will do better when given the lib-
erty of a large pen. In return, other
varieties of game birds were received at
the farm and it is hoped that this new
blood will improve the stock now on hand.

170

CAIJFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Goat Island, in San Francisco Bay, has
become a refuge and received a plant of
Chinese ring-necked, silver and golden
pheasants and California valley quail.
This plan is in line vrith the policy to
supply parks with game birds for educa-
tional exhibits. Already parks located at
Eureka, Napa, San Francisco, Santa Cruz,
Fresno, Merced, Bakersfield, Santa Maria
and I/os Angeles have been supplied.

In the iiast two years, over 700 song
and other non-game birds that spend their
Avinters in the vicinity of the game fann
have been banded. This winter many
birds, previously banded on the farm, re-
turned and the percentage was, indeed,
quite high. Many of the banded birds
are reported to nest as far north as
Alaska.

Living conditions for the attendants
have been greatly improved by the addi-
tion of a recreation room, another bed
room, and a shower room having hot and
cold running water.

Concrete flooi's have been placed in the
domestic poultry houses. In other ways,

these structures have been improved so
that they now confonn with the best
ideas of poulti-y men.

Plans for electric incubation and brood-
ing for the coming season are going for-
ward satisfactorily. A few minor changes
have been made, based on last year's ex-
periments in breeding bantams. More
ventilation and moisture is needed in in-
ciil)!iting game bird eggs and the incu-
bators are being adjusted to meet this
need.

Arrangements were made with the
Hooper Foundation and the Bureau of
Education and Research to test again all
domestic hens used during the present
season as foster mothers. Last fall. Dr.
H. Van Roekel tested the bantam hens
from which a hatch of over 800 chicks in
electric brooders was obtained. Ninety-
eight per cent of these were raised. This
is evident proof that a clean brooding
stock is of value.

The breeding stock of pheasants and
quail may also be tested. So far, how-
ever, no blood infection has been found
in pheasants, as it has been found in quail.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

171

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

N. B. ScOFiELD, Editor.

ALBACORE IMPORTED FROM JAPAN

In 1927 a new source of supply was
established when approximately 78,000
pounds of albaoore were imported from
Japan as an experiment and canned in
the southern California plants. The Ori-
entals prefer the darker meated varieties
and for this reason the Avhite meat of the
albacore sold low enough to permit a trial
shipment in ice to be made to the tuna
canneries in southern California. The
experiment proved successful and during
the first six months of 1928 approximately
4,000,000 pounds were imported from
Japan, while in June and August 20,000
pounds of albacore were brought from the
Hawaiian Islands.

The tuna canning industry is becoming
yearly more dependent on the supply of
fish obtainable from distant fishing
grounds and especially those to the south
in Mexican territorial and extraterritorial
waters and on the yet undeveloped marine
regions even farther south along the coast
of the mainland of Mexico and beyond the
Socorro Islands in the Pacific. In the
near future it is possible this fishery will
be extended even to the waters of Central
America. Boat building concerns in
southern California are even now draw-
ing plans for steel and wooden framed
refrigerated fishing boats of sufficient
size, fuel and water carrying capacity, to
make the longer trips.

It is, therefore, to the best interests
of both the United States and Mexico to
closely cooperate in solving the problems
of protection and wise use of the fisher-
ies : The United States to protect a food
supply for her people and a California
industry involving large investments and
the employment of many citizens, from
failure through depletion of the desirable
species or unreasonable duty requirements
by other countries ; Mexico to protect her
marine life, to continue to hold the mar-
ket for her unused raw materials and to
assure the continued collection of revenue
from her natural resources.

CONDITIONS IN THE SARDINE
FISHERY AT SAN PEDRO
An investigation of conditions in the
sardine fishery at San Pedro shows that
sardines received the latter part of
August, 1928, were in good condition.
Those received during November and

December were in poor condition. In
fact, were probably not in as good con-
dition as those received in November of
the preceding year. The reason given
for this is that no local fish were caught
during November and December, 1928.
All the sardines came from Santa Cruz
Island, San Nicholas Island and Osborne
banks, in general, some eighty miles dis-
tant from the canneries. There was a
good deal of rough water during Novem-
ber, and the weather was quite warm. The
long haul under such conditions spoiled a
good many of the fish. It is stated that
the fishermen would catch a part of the
load one day and wait over until the next
day to fill out the load. The canners
complained to the Division's Inspectors
that these loads would have good fish only
on top and they would find that a large
part of the load had to go into the reduc-
tion plant.

Another explanation for this poor con-
dition is that the sardines were caught
with purse seines. These are operated by
larger boats than employed by ordinary
lampara seining outfit, commonly em-
ployed in seining sardines. Purse seine
boats, furthermore, are not properly fitted
to carry sardines long distances. The fish
are put into the hold and many are
crushed by the weight of a large mass of
others on top. If the water is rough, they
are badly mashed. This condition is
made much worse when the weather is
warm.

If purse seine boats are to be used to
catch sardines for the cannery, they
should be better equipped to take care of
the fish. Certainly, the canners should
require that the sardines be delivered to
them in good condition.

TUNA PACKING IN TUNIS^

African Cannery Methods — Preparation of

Fancy Stock

California tuna packers will find inter-
est in an account of methods and proc-
esses employed by competitive canners of
their product operating in Africa. The
Spanish Boletin de Pescas has reviewed^
investigation work undertaken by Pro-
fessor A. Gruvel, who has reported his

» Contribution No- SO from the Cali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory, Janu-
ary, 1929.

= September, 1928.

172

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

findings in the bulletin of the Station
Oceanographique de Salammho. His
treatise is broad in scope, and deals in
detail with the extraordinary number of
differing gears, nets, traps, and diving
apparatus used in the varied fisheries of
the Tunis coast. To the fishing come
Spanish two-boat trawlers, Italian round
haul seiners, English otter board outfits
equipped with Vigneron-Dahl patented
tackle. Maltese in their high-prowed
sloops bent on sponge fishing, Sicilian
net men, coral dredgers, squid jiggers,
seiners of a dozen sorts, and gangs of
native workers busy at building great

Following a consideration of the vessel
types. Professor Gruvel discusses the
apparatus of capture which, he says,
"presents as great a variety as in the
case of the boats." Two-boat drag nets,
otter board gear, beam trawls, bagless
drag nets, sweep gear that is shoal, and
tangle bars and dredges for sponges and
coral, commence his list. He discusses
squid lure, anchovy seines, artificial baits ;
he tells of setting empty pots as traps
for octopus, and finally pictures the great
stationary tuna weirs and traps for which
the region is world-famous.

Fig. .51. Deputy measuring spiny lobsters in the San Diego markets to determine
whether they are of lesal size. The spiny lobster is one of the only fishery
products that has the distinction of both a maximum and minimum size limit.
A lesal spiny lobster is not less than lOJ inches nor more than 16 inches in
length. Photograph by E. S. Cheney, November 2, 1928.

floating traps, set nets, and tuna weirs.
Professor Gruvel tells of the English
steam trawler ; he notes the tendency of
the sailing balancellas to install oil
engines ; he describes the clipper bowed
drag boats, square sailed and with tri-
angular jib, "Sicilian in type but manned
by Italians" ; the fast sailing corallines,
lateen rigged, thronged with coral divers ;
the little canottos, fifty footers, painted
in brilliant colors. "And every one of
these groups specializes in some particu-
lar fishery," he saya

"The tuna captured are taken ashore
aboard scows towed by a small tug, and
inside the factory are beheaded, eviscer-
ated, and hung by the tail until the next
day, to bleed them. Great care is taken
in separating the spawn, which is used
to make poutargue.

"When well bled the tuna are cut up,
the pieces being carefully washed before
proceeding to cook them in kettles con-
taining water of 35 degrees salinity,
Baum6 scale.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

173

"From the boilers the meat pieces are
deposited upon a framework of cane to
cool and drain.

"The pieces of tuna, cold and well
drained, pass to the packing room ; the
cans are then filled with olive oil and
finally sealed and sterilized.

"A part of the meat is treated by
salting only. The scraps remaining are
utilized in the manufacture of guano and
oil.

"The roes of the mature tuna are salted
upon a board from seven to eight meters
long and slightly concave ; they are after-
wards washed in sea water and arranged
on a new board, covered in turn by
another board which bears its own bur-
den of roes, and so on successively. To
press them stones are placed upon them,
and after this operation, they are dried
in the open air, thus forming the product
called poutargue."

This dry "tuna caviar" is said to be
in ready demand at handsome figures,
and contributes an appreciable profit to
the African tuna business as a whole. —
Geo. Roger Chute.

NIGHT FISHING WITH LIGHTS ON

THE COAST OF AFRICA ^
An Italian Method, Long Proven Effective
Veteran fishermen of California sar-
dine experience tell that in former times
the seining of pilchards was a daylight
operation. Monterey was the seat of the
then infant industry, and the netting
crews rowed out from shore of a morning
to catL'h stock for the canner's use next
day.

Actually, the first fishing was done with
gill nets, but the obvious difiiculties in
the way of baud picking from tangled
twine enough sardines to busy a cannery
throughout a day soon compelled a change
in the mode of capture, and the adoption
of the i)urse seine. As has been said, the
pursing gear was at first employed only
in daylight hours, and therefore was not
so successful as to satisfy its users.
Accordingly in 1905, a progressive fish-
erman of European experience induced
the operators to import an Italian gear.
This foreign apparatus was so productive
that it has since become common to all
our ports, being known as the "lampara
net" or "lampara." Indeed, its popularity
became so great that it expanded to the
practical extinction of the pursing gear.
But a few years later northern fishermen,
migrating southward, reintroduced the
purse seine net, and by some modifications
in the former methods of working it, made

1 Contribution No. 79 from the Cali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory, Janu-
ary, 1929.

their favorite tackle so effective that it
has grown to be the dominant harvesting
apparatus.

Both the "lampara" and the purse seine
are night nets ; only for comparatively
brief periods are they now used for day-
light fishing. Seining operations con-
ducted during hours of darkness are the
present support of the industry.

But our sardine netting is done in utter
darkness. Boats cruising the grounds
show nothing but the minimum running
lights prescribed by law. Not until the
net is cast and hauling commences are
deck lights of any sort displayed. It is
interesting, therefore, to read that in the
Mediterranean Sea an entirely dissimilar
plan is used successfully and that there
the sardine fishing is done at night also,
but with the use of powerful illuminators
to attract the fish.

In the September, 1928, issue of the
Boletin de Pescas, official organ of the
Spanish Institute of Oceonography, there
appeared a review of certain fishery inves-
tigation conducted by the French in
Argelia, Africa.

"The Director of the Laboratory of
Castiglione,"2 writes the Spanish editor,
"is dedicating an extensive work to the
methodical study of fishing with lights
on the coast of Argelia. . . .

"In Argelia night fishing with lights
was subjected to regulation in 1926, when
it was authorized in depths greater than
fifty meters, provided that at least five
hundred meters distance separated it
from any other fishing apparatus ; and
that if these o'thers were the set nets or
fixed gear called almadrabas or almadra-
hillas (the great Mediterranean tuna
traps or pounds) and closed zone was
increased to one kilometer.

"The 1926 regulation permits the car-
rying of only enough carbide for supply-
ing the lamps. Also it forbids the use
of lights submerged below the surface of
the water, and authorizes the capture
only of sardines, alatxa (a sardine-like
fish), horse mackerel and other species
of pelagic habits.

"As a preamble to his personal obser-
vations he gives a synopsis of the opin-
ions of French and foreign investigators,,
all of whom are of accord in that fish-
ing with lights, properly regulated, can
be made to yield good returns. Professor
Boutan sets forth in short paragraphs
the estimates of the different authorities
consulted :

- Louis Boutan. "La peche au feu sur
les cotes d'Alggrie et le transport du pois-
son bleu dans I'intgrieur de I'Alggrie."
Station d 'Agriculture et de peche de Casti-
glione, 1927, primer faaclculo.

174

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

'The only charge against tliis form of
fishing is an argument in its favor ; it is
accused of too great efficiency, of per-
mitting too abundant catches,' writes
Dr. Fage.

'The fishery-with-light is a fountain of
riches for Spain,' says Professor Odon
de Buen.

'Tiie fisliing based upon tlie use of
lights seems not to have produced any
depletion in the coastal fishery,' says
I'rofpssor Fcdel.

'Fishing witli lights, which has been
carried on for more than thirty years in
Italy, beyond doubt increases the quan-
tity of fish captured from among the
migratory species.' says Professor Sanzo.

'The quantity of fish caught each year
indicates, with some variances, that the
product of the fishery tends to increase
rather than to decrease along the coasts
of Sicily,' writes Professor Russo.

"On the coasts of Argel they do not
always fish with the same number of
boats and oil-burning lamps for produc-
ing light. They may employ three boats,
each of which has one lamp ; they may
use two vessels operating in conjunction
with a third acting as light carrier, or,
in the third case, they may work with
only one craft having with it an auxiliary
boat of small size, this latter being

charged with the business of illuminating
the water to attract the fish."

In this general connection it is of inter-
est to note that the Spanish word for
"lamp" is "lAmpara," the same that is
used by us as the name for the Mediter-
ranean sardine net now employed
throughout our domestic fishery. It is,
therefore, the "lamp net." The Italian
word for lamp is "Iflmpada." so it may be
that their calling the net by the Spanish
name is a direct adopting from that
language, it being a fact generally
admitted that many fishing appliances
found in south European waters were
originally of Spanish invention.

Americans habitually mispronounce thf
word "lampara" and few if any have a
correct notion of what meaning the name
may have. But b.v combining the facts
that sardine night fishing in the Mediter-
ranean is done with lights, and that the
gear we obtained from those waters is
still known to us by the foreign name
meaning "lamp net," it seems quite proba-
ble that we in America are now using,
in our unlit night fishery for sardines, the
same "lampara" or "lamp net" now
employed on the coast of Africa for fish-
ing with torches or brilliant carbide burn-
ers to toll up and dazzle the schools of
fish. — George Roger Chute.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

175

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE IN
CALIFORNIA

In pursuit of bird and animal films for
the State Fish and Game Commission 1
have had very close contact with the ante-
lope situation in northern California at
various seasons during the last two yeai-s.
1 find conditions in Siskiyou County are
the most promising, and the bands rang-
ing in the Mt. Dome section at this time
are in better condition than those in any
other place I have visited. There are but
few, if any, sheep grazed in this section,
and the feed and cover is excellent. While
water is scarce during the dry season, it
is still obtainable in sufficient quantities
to maintain the herds.

In 1923 to 1925 there were reported a
total of 118 antelope on this range. These
have now increased to 400 or more, and
represent the largest resident band now in
California. In a single day's travel on
foot in this region I encountered as many
as four or hve bands, some containing
eighty-five or more animals. There is
very little open range in this country, and
as the antelope frequent the juniper for-
ested table lands and plateaus, they are
hard to locate. It was necessary in many
cas'es to climb to the tops of the juniper
trees to locate the animals, and it is quite
possible that many bands in the neighbor-
hood escaped my observation. The increase
of young in the past season shows a very
promising condition, as- in some of the
smaller bands the young considerably out-
number the older animals.

Comparing this section with Lasseu
County and game refuge IQ, where the
land is overgrazed and sheep camps
monopolize most of the water holes, I
found conditions quite the reverse. The
bands are small and scattering, and the
animals comprising them, very wild.
There is a small band or two ranging in
Modoc County in the neighborhood of
Eagleville, but the big bands formerly
ranging in Lassen County have migrated
into northwestern Nevada, where they
winter in the Black Rock Desert, and in
summer range northward into eastern
Oregon. In November, 1927, I found
herds up to 500 or more in Washoe
County, Nevada, watering at Swan Lake.
In 1928, I made five trips into the Las-
sen County antelope country and at no
time did I see over thirty-five antelope in
one day, and that was in February before
the bands had broken up. During these
various trips, I covered Grasshopper Val-
ley, Madeline Plains, Spanish Springs,

Painter Flat, Smoke Creek, Skeedaddle
Creek and other portions of the IQ refuge,
and it is my opinion that the big bands
formerly ranging in Lassen County now
range in Nevada, and that the Lassen
County resident herds do not total over
250 animals at this time. — E. S. Cheney,
Oakland, California.

SPECIMEN OF MILK FISH, CHANOS
CHANOa, DELIVERED AT SAN
PEDRO

A specimen of Chanos chanos was
found in a San Pedro wholesale fish
market on February 26, 1929. This fish,
three and a half feet in length, was taken
off the western coast of Lower California.
As far as can be ascertained, this is the
first record of the delivery of the species
in San Pedro.

The fish belongs to the family Chani-
dae, a group related to the herrings, and
is known variously as milk fish, sabalo
ov awa. It bears a superficial resem-
blance to a mullet and was called a Mexi-
can mullet by the dealer in the wholesale
market.

These fishes, excellent for food, inhabit
the wai-mer parts of the Pacific and
Indian oceans, and are reported as rela-
tively abundant in the Gulf of California.
— Frances N. Clark, California State
Fisheries Laboratory.

SOME NOTES ON THE BASKING
SHARK

(Cetorhinus Maximus)
From time to time at San Francisco,
and, more rarely at Monterey, fishermen
bring in basking sharks (^Cetorhinus
maximus). As these sharks are generally
of large size and are now comparatively
rare, they attract much attention and,
in some cases, are given space in the
newspapers. Quite recently a large
specimen was brought to San Francisco
and on November 3, two large specimens
were caught in Monterey Bay by fisher-
men. These were landed at a reduction
plant and converted into fertilizer.

The basking shark was first described
by Bishop Gunner of Norway. He pub-
lished a learned dissertation attempting to
prove that this was the species of fish
which swallowed Jonah. The fishermen
of the North Atlantic have known the
basking shark for a long time under
various names. In New England it is
known as basking shark and sometimes
as "bone shark" ; in Ireland and Wales
the name "sunfish" is applied to it ; while

176

CALIFOKNIA FISH AND GAME

ill Northern Great Britaiu it is called
"sailfish" aud in the Orkneys "hoe-
mother."

Until recently the basking shark was
considered a resident of only the north
Atlantic and Artie oceans. It has been
recorded in the Atlantic as far south as
Portugal and Virginia. There are
records however in Australian waters.
Sir Frederick McCoy records a specimen
I'rom Portland, Victoria in 1883, which
was thirty feet six inches in length. He
gives a very careful and detailed des-
cription and measurements. This is the
first good description we have of the
basking shark. The range, therefore,
would seem to include both the Arctic
and the Antarctic.

Our knowledge of the basking shark is
rather meager. We have specimens of
it and several accurate descriptions, but
from all accounts, it seems to be a rather
nire hsh. It grows to be thirty-six or
more feet in length with a girth of
iwenty-hve feet. It is observed for the
most part lazily wallowing in the trough
uf a smooth sea, evidently enjoying the
warmth of the sun, hence, the name
basking shark. The teeth are numerous,
being 1100 in a row. They are small and
weak, however, and are probably not of
much use in procuring food. The internal
openings of the giU slits carry modified
gill rakers which form a straining appa-
ratus. The gill slits extend from the
back nearly to the median line on the
ventral surface. The long gill rakers have
somewhat the same function as the baleen
in the whalebone whale, hence the name
"bone shark."

From the nature of the teeth and the
modification of the gill rakers, it is rea-
sonable to suppose that the basking shark
feeds on much the same material as the
whalebone whales, namely plankton, and
perhaps shoal water organisms.

Although seemingly indolent and slug-
gish, even the old time whalers hesitated
before driving the harpoon into the bask-
ing shark. The big fish will allow a boat
to approach close enough to touch it, but
when aroused to action, the shark has
both speed and endui-ance, and can take
out line more steadily and at a faster
rate than a much larger whale.

In the past, the basking shark was
taken in the north Atlantic for the yield
(•)! oil from the liver. Records show as
much as twelve barrels of oil have been
obtained from one fish. The average
yield is about eight barrels. At the
present time, the fish is taken more by
accident than by design. There has
never been any demand for shark oil on
the Pacific Coast. The rarity of the

Ijsh is another factor to be considered
and a logical explanation why no fishery
for them has been established. As they
possess little or no commercial value and
as they are inoffensive fish, never con-
flicting with any of man's commercial
activities, they are seldom molested and
go their way in peace. Occasionally, one
of them accidentaly becomes entangled ia
u net or is taken out of curiosity and we
are then afforded an opportunity of see-
ing one of the largest of fish. — Paul B6n-
not. Stanford University, California.

ALBINO SARDINE

A mature female sardine that appar-
ently might be an albino was caught in
Monterey Bay on September 18, 1928.
The fish, instead of being the character-
istic dark blue above, was a bright lemon-
yellow color speckled with small blue and
green dots. The large blue dots on the
sides were lacking. It was a brilliant
silver hue below the lateral line. The
dorsal and the caudal fins were lemon-
yellow margined in black ; while the
pectorals, the ventrals, and the anal were
colorless. The peritoneum instead of
being black, as is customary, was white
speckled with small round black dots.
Upon cursory examination, the fish
appeared normal except for the unusual
coloration.

On several occasions albino sardines
have been observed in the past, but they
are a rarity, — M, J. Linder, California
State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal,
California.

HUGE SKIPJACK TAKEN AT
SAN DIEGO
A skipjack that exceeds in size any-
thing heretofore known to local experts
was recently received at the San Diego
Natural History Museum. The fish was
caught by Manuel G. Rosa, a commercial
fisherman, and was donated to the
museum by the Van Camp Seafood Com-
p.nny. Measurements taken at the
museum were : length 39 inches, depth of
body, without fins, 10 inches, girth 27^
inches. The weight was declared by the
Van Camp Sea Food Company aver-
age 8 pounds, the phenomenal size of
this individual is evident. Mr. Gillette,
the museum's taxidermist, dropped all
other work in order to mount the speci-
men which will fit nicely into a new
exhibit that has been contemplated for
some time, showing the fish that are
packed commercially in San Diego.

A BRIEF NOTE ON A GREEN ALGA

ANKISTRODESMUS
The following brief account of a green
alga deletei-ious to fish is offered as a

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

177

supplement to a short note in California
Fish and Game, July 1928. The note
appearing in the "Department of Fish
Culture," reported a fatal condition of
infestation noted in a collection of steel-
head eggs taken at Scott Creek, Santa
Cruz County. It also referred to the
water in the Yosemite and Kern hatch-
eries. The water coming into the Kern
Hatchery was found to contain large
quantities of blue-green algae. At the
time this was observed the gills of the
fry were heavily infested with a very
minute algae identified as a species of
Ankistrodesmus (Ankistrodesmtts).

The various species of Ankistrodesmus
are distributed in all parts of the world.
They have been collected from sluggish
streams, small ponds and other bodies
of freshwater near the sea, from moun-
tain streams at 6000 feet above the sea
and from all kinds of permanent and
semipermanent bodies of freshwater

(Figure 53. A single individual of Anki-
strodesmus spiralis (Turner) Lemmer-;
mann collected from the lower part uf
the Salinas River, August, 1928.

between these extremes. Generally they
are found with algae of other kinds.
Occasionally they are found in almost
pure stands.

Figure 52. A diagrammatic represen-
tation of the method of reproduction in a
solitary species of Ankistrodesmus.

The genus Ankistrodesmus is a well
known member of the group of algae
called the green algae. The great variety
of minute plants known as the desmid,
are also members of the green algae. But
ankistrodesmus is not a desmid, as the
note referred to above states, and is not
related, except very remotely, to the
desmids.

All of the twenty-five or twenty-six
species and varieties of Ankistrodesmus
known at the present time are long, more
or less spindle-shaped, one-celled plants
with sharp points at each end. Some of
them are straight, others are slightly or
greatly curved and crescent-shaped. Still
others are greatly twisted near the center
and are spiral-shaped. The first two
types are usually solitary.

The last type, however, usually occurs
in groups of a few to many cells. In
these groups the cells are ordinarily inter-
woven near the center with the extrem-
ities free and pointing outward in every
direction presenting a formidable appear-
ance.

These plants reproduce in great num-
bers by a lengthwise division of the
material within the cell wall. When
each of them has divided into four parts,
the old cell wall softens and becomes
gelatinized and ruptures, liberating four
new plants, figure 52.

Figure 54. A characteristic group of
individuals from the same collection. (Fig-
ures .t3 and 54 magnified 950 times.)

An instance of this last kind that is of
interest to persons concerned about fish
culture in California happened in the
summer of 1928. About August first a
very nearly pure culture was taken in
great abundance from the lower part of
the Salinas River. The material found
was the typical form of Ankistrodesmus
spiralis (Turner) Lemmermann, figures
53, 54. — Fred Klyver, San Mateo Junior
College, San Mateo, Cal.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Department of Fish Culture. California

Fish and Game, Vol. 14, No. 3, San
Franci.sco, July, 1928.

2. P a s c h e r, A. Die Susswasserflora

Deutschlands, O.sterreichs u n d d e r
Schweiz, Vol. 5. Gustav Fischer,
Jena, 1915.

3. Smith, Gilbert Morgan. Ecology of the

Plankton Algae in the Palisades Inter-
state Park, Including the Relation of
Control Methods to Fish Culture.
Roosevelt "Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 2,
No. 2, February, 1924.

178

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

. The Phytoplankton of

the Muskoka Region, Ontario, Can-
ada. Trans. Wis. Acad, of Sci. and
Letters, Vol. XX, February, 1922.

The Plankton Algae

of the Okoboji Region (Iowa). Trans.
Am. Mic. Soc, Vol. XLV, No. 3, July,
1926.

6. . Phytoplankton of the

Inland Lakes of Wisconsin. Wis.
Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur., Bulletin
No. 57, Scientific Series No. 12, 1920.

7. Taylor, Wm. Randolph. Notes on Some

Algae from British Columbia. Rho-
dora. Vol. 24, June, 1922.

8. Ward, H. B., and "\\niipple, G. C. Fresh-

water Biology. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1918.

9. West, G. S., and Fritsch, F. E. A

Treatise on the Britisli Freshwater
Algae. Cambridge University Press,
1927.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES

179

FOOD PLANTED FOR MIGRATORY
WATERFOWL IN OREGON

An effort has been made during the
summer of 1928 to increase the food sup-
ply for migratory waterfowl by the plant-
ing of wild rice in several different sec-
tions of the state. In virtually all
instances the experiments were a marked
success.

Oregon is also experimenting on the
introduction of sago pondweed, a favorite
food of ducks, into western portions of
the state. Although a common aquatic
plant in lakes in eastern sections of the
state, it has not been tried in coastal
lakes.

This improvement of the food supply
should be the means of attracting and
holding large numbers of birds.

WISCONSIN SPARES THE HAWKS

The Wisconsin game commission takes
exception to the theory that the only
good hawks are dead hawks and declares
in a circular to the public that only two
kinds of hawks found in that state do
any appreciable damage ; namely, the
Coopers and the sharp-shinned hawks.
The commission protests against whole-
sale shooting of hawks and declares that
the marsh, red-shouldered, red-tailed, and
sparrow hawks are beneficial.

W. B. Grange, superintendent of game
of the Wisconsin conservation commis-
sion, is authority for the classification
of hawks in that state and takes the
responsibility of advocating protection for
all but the two kinds named above.

GUINEA FOWL TO BE TRIED IN
OREGON

An experiment on the part of Mr.
Simpson, superintendent of the state
game farms, gives promise of success, and
if it does the sportsmen of Oregon, after
a few years, will hunt a new game bird
in the guinea fowl. Several hundred of
these birds are now being raised and
plantings will be made during the com-
ing year in the coast counties. The birds
are prolific, as they start laying in Febru-
ary and continue until late fall. They
are naturally a wild bird and can never
be successfully tamed. Game depart-
ments of other states have had pro-
nounced success with the guinea fowl. —
Biennial Report of the Oregon Game
Commission, 1927-1928.

MISSOURI SUPPORTS EDUCATION

Experience has shown conclusively that
a large percentage of law violation is the
result of ignorance. Not mere ignorance
6—66118

of the laws but failure on the part of the
violator to understand fully the great
importance of conserving our natural
resources and the emergency that exists
in regard to the necessity of protecting
and conserving our wild life, our forests
and our streams.

To meet this condition the Protection
Division has carried on an educational
publicity program.

Waterproof cardboard posters setting
forth the facts regarding open and closed
seasons and the laws governing the same
have been distributed at regular intervals
to the wardens, who are instructed to
post them in conspicuous places through-
out their districts. The field wardens
have carefully checked this line of work
and have made reports on all posters
observed in each district.

Wardens have reported the results of
activities to the local newspapers so that
all might be warned and be guided accord-
ingly.

Special attention has been given to
public meetings of sportsmens' and con-
servationists' organizations. When
requested qualified speakers have been
furnished for all such occasions. Repre-
sentation has been given to many chap-
ters of the Izaak Walton League, the
Kiwanis Club, the Lions Club, the Rotar-
ians, the Randolph County Hunting and
Fishing Club, the Carthage Sportsmen
Protective Association, the State Rifle
and Pistol Association, the Missouri Fox
Hunters Association, the Ozarkians, Com-
mercial Clubs and many other clubs and
associations interested in outdoor life and
conservation.

Special attention has been given to
educational radio talks and the voice of
the Game and Fish Department has been
heard many times from St. Louis and
Jefferson City broadcasting stations. —
Missouri Game and Fish Neivs, Vol. 5,
No. 2, Feb. 1929.

TEN-POINT BULL MOOSE LEGAL IN
NEW BRUNSWICK

Guides and hunters in New Brunswick
this fall will be in less danger from the
bullets of over-enthusiastic fellow nim-
rods out after moose, for a new regulation
now requires all hunters to count ten
before shooting. And the ten they count
must be reckoned in points on the antlers
of their quarry, for it is now illegal to
kill a moose in New Brunswick with
antlers of less than ten points. The
previous regulation permitted the shoot-
ing of six-point bulls. — Science, Jan. 18,
1929, P. XIV.

180

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

MINNESOTA ADOPTS REFUGE
POLICY

Minnesota in planning a system of game
refuges has determined upon the follow-
ing policy relative to them :

1. Available.

2. Of sufficient area.

3. Correct as to climate.

4. Abundantly watered.

5. Rich in natural food conditions for
a varied animal life.

6. Must not be depleted of wild life
and breeding stock must be at hand.

7. Accessible.

8. Must present coordinate effort look-
ing toward reforestation as well as wild
life conservation.

9. l*ossibility of the reserve becoming
self supporting or better.

The committee in charge also became
convinced that :

1. Game laws, even where well enforced
do not prevent game from disappearing
and becoming extinct.

2. Settlement interferes with breeding
grounds and cultivation of land destroys
natural feeding grounds.

3. Large areas of unsettled land are
ruined for breeding and propagation by
ill-advised efforts to bring non-agricultural
into agriculture.

4. State and national game preserves
have demonstrated that when size, food
conditions, and freedom of range exist,
the natural multiplication of wild life
not only fills the preserve but overflows
scattering wild life into adjacent areas
for hundreds of miles.

5. Species threatened with extinction
come back with the game refuge.

6. Finally — states provided with game
refuges large in area and suitable in
nature protect their wild life while states
not so providing must be content to read
or hear some old settler tell about fishing
in the Mississippi River, shooting deer in
Renville County, and hunting moose at
Pine City.

MICHIGAN BANDS TROUT

The state of Michigan is banding some
of the different species of trout planted
from their hatcheries. The tags are nar-
row strips of noncorrosive metal bent in
the form of a triangle. A small slot is
punched in one end and the other end
forms a tongue to fit through this slot.
A special tool resembling pliers presses
the tongue through the tail or fin of the
fish and fastens it firmly in the slot, form-
ing the tag into a long flat band. These
lags are placed on fish which have at-
tained a size of 7^ to 9 inches as smaller
fish are unable to carry the tag success-
fully.

It is hoped that through this work in-
formation will be obtained as to where
the trout migrate from the place origi-
nally planted ; how fast they grow ; how
many survive the dangers of wild life
in the creeks and rivers long enough to
reach legal size ; and whether some of
them starve because their diet of ground
liver has softened them and made them
unfit to fare for themselves.

MICHIGAN OPENS SEASON ON
PHEASANTS

Will the ring-necked pheasant in Cali-
fornia fail to meet the test? Wise use
of a new resource will be necessary if we
judge by Michigan's experience. The
opinion of the majority of Michigan
sportsmen who went afield in the south-
ern counties of the state during the
seven-day upland hunting season which
ended at midnight October 31, 1928, is
that this bird failed to meet the test.

When the first season was opened on
the riugnecks in the fall of 1925 it was
generally believed that at last a variety
of game had been found that would stand
the gaff of hunting by the army of nim-
rods that takes the field each autumn
now in lower Michigan.

Due to the fact that they could be
bred by the thousands on the state game
farm at Mason, that eggs from there
could be sent out for hatching under do-
mestic hens and the young birds re-
leased by farmers and sportsmen, and
that the female could be protected, it was
hoped the pheasant would escape the
fate of the partridge under intensive
gunning.

This fall, however, reports from almost
every section of the pheasant country in-
dicate the greatest scarcity of birds since
they were placed on the open game list
four seasons ago and there is every indi-
cation that the ringneck has not been
able to withstand the strain imposed by
Michigan's half million small game
hunters.

WISCONSIN HUNTERS WARNED TO
BE CAREFUL WITH LOADED GUNS

A boy's untimely death, caused by a
rifle which had been caiTied in a car in
an illegal manner, and the arrest of
several hunters within a week for the
same offense, recently brought a warning
from the Conservation Commission of
Wisconsin to hunters that it is against
the law in that state to carry guns in
cars unless they are unloaded and
knocked down, or unloaded and in a
cfirrying case.

An eight year old boy asked a passing
motorist for a ride. When he reached
his destination and stepped off the car, a
loaded rifle which had been carelessly put

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

181

on the floor of the car was accidentally
discharged and the bullet entered the
lad's neck. He died shortly afterward.

The Wisconsin law prohibiting the
carrying of loaded guns in cars is designed
as much for the protection of the hunter
as it is for the protection of game.
Carrying loaded guns in cars is dan-
gerous at any time, but it is particularly
so in the winter when roads are rutty and
rough.

BROADENED VIEWPOINT IN
WISCONSIN

In the mind of the Conservation Com-
mission of Wisconsin, conservation today
means more than the propagation and dis-
tribution of game fishes, birds, and ani-
mals. It means more than mere sentimen-
tality. To justify itself, conservation must
mean the creation of conditions under
which forests will grow, the restoration of
our marshes and wUd lands to attract
bird and animal life, and the preservation
of the beauties of nature which have made
Wisconsin the most famous state in the
middle west as a recreation and vacation
land.

... BEAVER PLANTING ON UPPER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER

The attempts recently made to stock
the Upper Mississippi River Wild Life
and Pish Refuge with beaver colonies
are beginning to show good results. The
superintendent of the refuge, in a recent
report to the United States Bureau of
Biological Survey, which administers the
new reservation, states that the beavers
captured in northern Wisconsin last
spring and liberated on the flats near
Wabasha, Minnesota, are apparently do-
ing well. Reservation rangers of the
bureau recently discovered two fine new
lodges constructed by the animals on a
small slough near the place they were
liberated. After seeing these, the super-
intendent stated that from the quantity
of winter food collected by the beavers
and submerged in front of the new lodges
and from the extent the animals have
cut the aspen and willow growth along
the slough, there has been some increase
from the pairs liberated. The fact that
the beavers are remaining and building
their lodges in the bottomland instead of
following up some of the streams coming
iu from the hills, confirms the early
opinion of the superintendent that the
bottomlands are admirably adapted to
beaver colonization. He considers it de-
sirable to stock the bottomlands with
beavers at various points along the three-
hundred miles over which the refuge
extends. .

MISSOURI SHIPPED OVER 3,500,000

RABBITS TO NATION'S MARKETS

FOR CHRISTMAS

Missouri supplied cities in every sec-
tion of the country with rabbits for the
Christmas trade this year. According to
the Springfield Leader over 3,500,000
were shipped as far as New York, Boston
and the Pacific coast cities. The value
of these rabbits was $450,000. These
were all of them shipped from the hill
country, the Ozark section.

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch carried
an item dated December 10 from Laclede,
Missouri, stating that as a result of a
4S-hour drive by hunters in Linn County,
5000 rabbits were killed and shipped to
Chicago.

Fifteen thousand live rabbits were
sliipped to New Jersey in December, to
replenish the depleted supply of cotton-
tails in that once great rabbit country.
New Jersey had previously imported
58,000 rabbits which came from Missouri
and Kansas.

It begins to look as though Missouri is
going to be compelled to pass some sort
of protective legislation for the rabbit.
We can not forever keep on killing them
ofC and exporting them and at the same
time maintain the supply. — Missouri
Game and Fish News, Vol. 5, No. 1,
Jan. 1929.

WISCONSIN HUNTERS AND TRAP-
PERS MUST WEAR BUTTONS

Every hunter and trapper in the state
oi Wisconsin will have to wear a button
this year, according to word just received
from the state conservation commissioner.

The commission has received all of the
237,000 i*esident hunting buttons ordered
earlier in the summer. Distribution of
the buttons to the county clerks will be
begun in time for the county clerks to
issue buttons at the same time they is-
sue licenses.

It is expected that the new button
system will save bother for the hunters
and work for the wardens. It will not
be necessary for a warden to ask a but-
ton-wearing hunter to exhibit his license.

The hunting buttons for residents are
green in color and have a white ribbon
across the middle bearing the word
"Wisconsin." Above the ribbon is the
year and the number of the button, which
corresponds to the number of the license.
Below the ribbon is carried the descrip-
tion of the license. All trappers will have
to wear buttons too. Theirs are blue in
color. Nonresident hunting licenses are
yellow. The buttons are about one and
three-quarters inches across and can be
seen for some distance. — Fins, Feathers
and Fur, February, 1929, p. 38.

182

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

REPORTS

FISH CASES

October, November, December, 1928

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

(days)

Violations of Angling License Act

Violations of Commercial Fishing License Act...

Trout: illegal spearing and netting

Black Bass: undersized

Night Fishing .-.

Fishing too near dam

Striped Bass: overlimitand undersized _.

Salmon: untagged, closed season and spearing of.

Clams: undersized and over limit

Lobsters: undersized

Abalones: undersized and over limit

Halibut: undersized

Crabs: closed season and undersized

Catfish: undersized

Sturgeon: possession of

Nets, traps, lines: illegal

Failure to keep commercial fishing data

Spotfin Croaker: possession of.

Totals --

30

13

14

2

1

2

25

18

31

21

33

1

8

1

1

8

2

1

212

$6G5 00

175 00

425 00

130 00

25 00

50 00

880 00

1,579 00

1,552 00

505 00

1,000 00

50 00

325 00

250 00

25 00

325 00

200 00

50 00

$8,211 00

60
360

63

46

180

10

719

GAME CASES
October, November, December, 1928

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

(days)

Violations of Hunting License Act

Deer: spiked buck, doe, untagged, fawns; closed season

Wood ducks: killing of

Ducks: over limit; closed season and selling of

Geese: over limit

Sea gulls: killing of

Swans: killing of

Shore birds: illegal killing of-.

Doves: closed season and over limit

Quail: over limitand closed season

Pheasants: illegal killing of

Nongame birds: killing of

Night hunting

Game refuge: shooting in.. —

Rabbits: closed season

Pigeons: closed season

Squirrels (tree) :killingof

Fur trapping regulations: no license

Shooting from automobile — power boat

Dogs r unni ng deer

Trespassing on posted land

Possession of mountain sheep

Totals

106

53

5

25

5

2

1

34

16

63

6

56

55

11

8

6

4

22

20

5

18

1

$2,085 00

1,965 00

100 00

1,530 00

250 00

30 00

25 00

840 00

340 00

2,840 00

1.465 00
900 00
275 00
161 00
175 00
235 00
482 00
520 00
125 00
395 00
300 00

522

$15,038 00

95
200

30

90

150

60

90

37

19
15

786

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 183

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

October, November, December, 1928

Halibut, pounds 317

Sturgeon .._ 2

Black bass 11

Striped bass 121

Striped bass, pounds 300

Calico bass _ 5

Trout 152

Trout, pounds 86

Abalones 120

Clams.- 1,200

Crabs 110

Catfish, pounds 300

Salmon, pounds 664

Lobsters 1,316

Lobsters, pounds 1,300

Spotfin Croaker, pounds. _ 125

Pigeons 14

Shorebirds 139

Wood ducks... 4

Ducks.- 934

Quail .-- 738

Mudhens 4

Pheasants- 9

Nongame birds- 113

Seagulls 2

Doves 214

Sage hens 3

Geese 52

Rabbits. 12

Deer 17

Deer meat, pounds 346

Deer hides 5

Squirrels 1

Hides, f urbeari ng mammals 211

184

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

PLANTS OF GAME BIRDS, STATE GAME FARM, FEBRUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1928

Ring Neck Pheasants

Location

Red Bluff-

Santa Maria

Willows District

Alturas

Cedarville. -.

Modesto

Indio

Colton.. ---

Calipatria

Buelton

Lodi

Salinas

Sanger

Redding

Chico

Marys ville

Roseville.

Woodland

Weed

Healdsburg

Sonoma

Merced

Crows Landing

Los Angeles County

Gonzales

Soledad

Bakersfield

Tulare

Hanford

Orland

Rosemary Farm

Willits

Ferndale

Guadalupe

OroviUe.-

Fall River Mills..-.

Goat Island

San Bernardino

Ontario.

Chino

Oro Grande

McCloud

Marin County

Napa County

Lake County

Total

Number
planted

ISO
100
452
100
100
150
100
200
100
100
200
150
387
350
110
110
100
100
125
190
103
138
132

16
115
110
150
131
125
125
100
100
100
100
100
100

10
118
100
100
100
190
184
131

54

6,106

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Display Birds In Parks and Other Places

185

Location

Silver
pheasants

Golden
pheasants

Reeves
pheasants

Ringneck
pheasants

Peafowl

Eureka - -

2
2

12
2
4

2

2
2

12
2
2
2

2
2

Merced _

5

Santa Maria

5
10

Goat Island

2

Totals -

24

22

4

20

2

California Valley Quail

Location

Bakersfield

Santa Cruz

Los Angeles County,

Napa County

Goat Island .,

Total

Number
planted

16
100
30
40
14

200

Arizona Turkeys (Mexican Bronze)

Location

Eureka.- -

Fort Seward

Kellogg (Sonoma County)
Redding District -..

Total

Ntmiber
planted

.20
21
20
64

125

Hungarian Partridges

Location

Squaw Valley (Fresno County)^.

Number
planted

40

Total number of birds liberated,l6,543.

186

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1928 to December 31, 1928 of the Eightieth Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Ser\'ice

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Administration:

Executive and legal

Clerical and office

Rent...-

Automobiles

Telephone and telegraph

Postage -

Freight, cartage and express.

Printing

Accident and death claims...
Commissioners

Total administration.

Education:

Director and assistants. . .

Pacific Southwest Exposition.

Total education.

Publicity:
Director..
State fair.

Total publicity.

Conservation and protection:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Rent

Automobiles

Captains and deputies

Patrol launches

Lion hunters

Coyote trappers

Lion bounties

Fish planting

Refuge posting

Fish reclamation and rescue.

Total conservation and protection.

Commercial fisheries:
Chief and assistants.

Deputies

Patrol launches

Statistical

Laboratory.-

Salmon tagging

Botulism.-

Automobiles

Carp eradication

Total commercial fisheries.

Fish culture:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and ofiBce

Rent ,

Automobiles

Hatcheries

Hatcheries— additions and betterments.

Special field investigation

Fish reclamation and rescue

Total fish culture.

Hydraulics:

Chief and assistants

Cooperative research work.

Total hydraulics

$7,710 00
11,302 65

$19,012 65

$7,384 51
248 75

$7,633 26

$1,650 00
357 00

$2,007 00

4,350 00
1,500 00

106,210 88

1,050 00

653 33

358 88

1,260 00

3,344 17

505 00

$119,232 26

$4,470 00

14,919 61

1,590 00

3,175 00

18,443 39

1,485 84

$44,083 84

$2,265 00
2,070 67

67,640 33

$2 90
570 93

171 57

2,656 90

$750 41

2,729 14

3,225 43

185 25

2,416 84

1,976 03

1,419 11

1,478 75
96 94

$3,402 30

$325 23
1,014 06

$14,277 90

S2,268 69
1,349 13

$1,339 29

212 21

$3,617 82

$243 13
730 71

$212 21

39 55
16 71

$973 84
1,097 47

420 20
175 55
903 76

175 14

274 75

77,238 05

817 41

801 88
193 04

3,150 00

2,317 58

797 31

458 22

$2,547 69

$445 53

51 64

1,042 98

7 08

695 80

149 16
315 10

$86,325 93

$918 92
4,111 80
1,191 89

160 78
3,388 89

39 50
7,500 00

150 59

240 35

$2,707 29

$7 18
25 33

1,819 80
34,675 73

$17,702 72

$226 07

134 94

61 00

1,040 65

10,991 00

4,530 00
971 00

1 50
11 42

1,973 16
411 92

$77,477 00

$2,820 00
$1,500 00

$36,540 96

$189 00

$4,320 00

$189 00

$14,838 74

$820 33
$129 78

$950 11

$495 90
398 21

$8,959 21

15,000 93

3,225 43

356 82

2,416 84

1,976 03

1,419 11

2,656 90

1,478 75

96 94

$894 11
$798 63

$37,586 96

$10,777 06
3,611 94

$798 63

$13,389 00

$1,893 13
$1,299 92

14 33
202 76
285 00

3 60

$3,193 05

5,487 02

1,516 71

175 14

709 28

183,824 24

3,056 17

653 33

358 88

3,150 00

4,379 46

4,338 12

963 22

$505 69
$436 71

22 20

los'es"

$208,611 57

$6,271 16

19,083 05

3,847 07

3,342 86

22,733 71

39 50

7,500 00

299 75

2,041 29

$664 54

$26 50
158 55

52 55

4,586 65

493 27

7 18

$65,158 39

$2,524 75

2,389 49

61 00

2,913 00

117,893 71

493 27

6,511 84

1,394 34

$5,324 70
$51 32

$51 32

$134,181 40

$3,880 74
$1,629 78

$5,510 52

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

187

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES— Continued
For the Period July 1, 1928 fo December 31, 1928 of the Eightieth Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Game propagation:
Game farm — Yountville

S4,745 44

$4,321 92
56 66

$1,297 68
55 71

$836 12

$11,201 16
112 37

Total Q:anie orooaEation

$4,745 44
S7,095 03

$4,378 58
$220 29

$1,353 39

$956 94
$28,430 25

$836 12
$70 00

$11,313 53

Research:
Chief and assistants

$8,342 26

Tjicensp cominissions

$28,430 25

Total Di\4sion of Fish and Game . -

$285,606 48

$51,537 70

$169,427 64

$9,145 11

$515,716 93

DetaU Total

License sales:

Angling, 1927 $1,040 00

Angling, 1928 250,549 20

Angling, 1929 75 00

Hunting, 1928 216,844 00

Hunting, 1929 335 00

Market fishermen's licenses, 1928-1929 28,120 00

Wholesale fish packers' and sheU fish dealers' , 1928-1929- 925 00

Game breeders' licenses, 1928 102 50

Game breeders' licenses, 1929 .-- 12 50

Fish breeders' licenses, 1928 55 00

Trapping licenses, 1928-1929 4,272 00

Commercial hunting club, 1928-1929 2,025 00 ,

Commercial hunting club operators' licenses, 1928-1929 575 00

Deer tag licenses, 1928 88,036 80

Total license sales --- $592,967 00

Other income:

Game tag sales — $29 34

Court fines 45,607 30

Fish packers' tax 59,226 44

Kelp tax 10 48

Fish tag sales 3,162 27

Crawfish inspection 21 00

Miscellaneous sales 253 53

Interest on bank deposits. 2,952 98

Total other income - - $111,263 34

Total income - - $704,230 34

188

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

s

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San Francisco,
San Mateo..

Alameda,
Contra Costa..

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Solano, Yolo.

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Mendocino,
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Del Norte,
HuHboldt.

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

189

;s

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tO(M

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190

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

UJ
CO

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u. o

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t/>

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Total fish from
south of t he
International
Boundary brought
into California..

Fish from south of
the International
Boundary brought
into California
via San Diego..

Fish from South of
the International
Boundarybrought
into California
via San Pedro..

Total.

San Diego,
Imperial.

Orange.

Los Angeles.

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

CO W5

CO Oi

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1-' lo cc ,-<

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lOOOlOOi^OOCCt— Or-C<)t-COCDCD»C^fiCt— OOC^'^00'-''MW50'-<cCtO»n^rcOOOCD

05C^oob-coe^coccasojtDio^-ot^io»^0'^t--'— 'cococ^Tfoooiioc^cO'— 'ciiO'— '•— 'CO

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ii-HOOiO

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

191

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California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"

Volume 15 SACRAMENTO, JULY, 1929 No. 3

CONTENTS

Page
HISTORY OF THE FISH AND FISHING CONDITIONS OF LAKE

TAHOE W. H. Shelley 193

THE WHALES OF CALIFORNIA Paul Bonnot 203

WILD GOOSE SHOOTING IN CALIFORNIA TWENTY-FIVE YEARS

AGO M. Hall McAllister 216

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SALTON SEA George A. Coleman 218

THE REPRODUCTION OF FISHES Paul Bonnot 228

ACETIC ACID AS A CONTROL AGENT FOR CYCLOCHAETE AND

GYRODACTYLUS IN HATCHERY TROUT H. Van Roekel 230

THE NORTHWARD OCCURRENCE OF SOUTHERN FORMS OF

MARINE LIFE ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST IN 1926

Carl L. Huibs and Leonard P. Schultz 234

RECENT LEGISLATION 241

DISEASE PREVENTATIVE MEASURES FOR GAME FARMS 244

EDITORIALS 245

DIVISION ACTIVITIES 267

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 281

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 283

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 285

REPORTS 289

Violations of Fisli and Game Laws 290

Statement of Expenditures 291

Statement of Income 293

Canned, Cured and Manufactured Fishery Products 294

Fishery Products, January, February and March, 1929 296

HISTORY OF THE FISH AND FISHING CONDITIONS

OF LAKE TAHOE

By W. H. Sheblby, In Charge Bureau of Fish Culture.

There has been considerable agitation during the last few years by
the resort owners and a certain class of anglers that fishing conditions
in Lake Tahoe are not as good as in former years and that something
should be done to improve the conditions of fishing in this lake, par-
ticularly by the Division of Fish and Game.

Present conditions of Lake Tahoe are the result of a long chain of
causes and effects. To have an adequate understanding of them, it is

68^04

194

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

necessary to review the events that have occurred in the past and the
changes that liave taken place since the advent of the first comers to
the lake.

Lake Talioe, or Lake Bigler, as it wa.s first named, was discovered by
General John C. Fremont in 1849. The first white men to explore

Fig. 55. Splendid catches of trout are still to be made in the deeper parts of Lake
Tahoe during the summer months. Photo^-aph taken in Meeks Bay by John
Work, July 24. 1926.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 195

around Lake Tahoe found it one of the most prolific of fish life of any-
body of water within the confines of the United States.

The area of the lake is 193 square miles. Its altitude (lake surface)
during seasons of normal snow and rainfall is 6225 feet. It is the
largest body of fresh water in the United States at such an altitude.
Approximately three-fourths of the lake is in California and one-fourth
in Nevada. There are 27 tributary streams flowing into it. In past
years these streams furnished spa"WTiing grounds for the trout of Lake
Tahoe. They ascended these tributary streams during the spawning
season from March to August by countless thousands.

The outlet of Lake Tahoe is the Truckee River which empties into
Pyramid Lake in Nevada. The same species of trout are found in
Pyramid Lake as in Lake Tahoe. Before conditions were changed the
run of trout during the spring months when the spawning season was on
from Pyramid Lake and Mud Lake up the Truckee River, and as far
as Lake Tahoe was beyond computation. Trout actually went up in the
hundreds of thousands. They ascended even into Donner Lake, Donner
Creek and entered the Little Truckee River and other tributary streams
of the main Truckee.

With the opening of the Virginia City mines and the construction of
the Central Pacific Railroad through this country, the streams were
trapped. Market fishermen, both Indians and whites, operated on the
lake and on its tributaries and took out hundreds of tons of valuable
trout each year. Most of the trout taken were used in the construction
camps of the Central Pacific Railroad Company and in the mining
camps at Virginia City, Gold Hill and other places in Nevada. Some
were shipped to San Francisco. After the opening of the railroad,
shipments were made to all places where the fish could be delivered
before spoiling. There were no means of control and operations were
carried on without hindrance from anyone. There was no patrol
system and when one was established, no one could be convicted. Fish-
ing was continued throughout the year.

Permanent traps were constructed on the principal streams, such as
Meeks Creek, Phipps Creek, McKinneys Creek, Blackwood Creek,
Ward Creek, and in fact, wherever the traps could be easily installed.
In some instances, the entire run was taken and shipped to the markets.
In other cases, the run was used as food in the lumber camps that
opened up around the shores of the lake. The fish were not only taken
by traps, but by gill nets and seines and every other known device. By
1888, the abundant supply was exhausted and signs of depletion were
not far off.

The sawmill owners built dams near Verdi, Nevada, and up to the
outlet of Lake Tahoe in order to hold back the water to float the logs
to the mills. These dams effectively broke up the run of fish that
ascended the Truckee River to Lake Tahoe. The mills dumped all the
slabs, saw dust, shavings and every sort of mill refuse into the Truckee
River until an immense bar was formed at the mouth of the Truckee
River. Composed of sawdust, this extended into Pyramid Lake for a
mile or more and at a depth of several hundred feet. This destroyed the
great run of fish in Lake Tahoe. The only streams that kept up the
supply and prevented the entire lake from becoming depleted of its fish
life were the tributary streams-

196 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Early efforts of the Fish and Game Commission to restore the
depleted waters of Lake Tahoe were futile. There was neither money
for extensive hatchery operations nor for warden service. A small
hatchery was constructed in 1880 by John Hurley under a permit from
the commission. The hatchery was supervised by I. C. Frazier, at that
time one of the leading fish-culturists of California. The small number
of eggs that were collected and hatched, however, were ineffectual in
restoring the depleted run.

In 1889, the commission managed to get an appropriation of $r),000
a year from the legislature for fish cultural purposes. The commission
decided to erect a hatchery and to see if they could possibly restore the
run of fish in Lake Tahoe. This sum was not set aside for the specific
purpose of propagating fish for Lake Tahoe, but for the entire State
of California.

The Mt. Shasta Hatchery, then known as the Sisson Hatchery, had
been completed the year before. Other hatchery work had to be carried
on. The commission was busy introducing foreign species of fishes.
Nevertheless, the commission concentrated its efforts, however feeble,
at Lake Tahoe. The work was under the able supei^ision of John G.
Woodbury, then superintendent of hatcheries who spent his money and
time to carry it on. The writer, then an apprentice fish-culturist, with
the assistance of E. W. Hunt, recently deceased, assisted in this work-
While the commission was making this effort to establish a hatchery,
and restore the greatly depleted number of fish in Lake Tahoe, as well
as to stock the barren lakes located in the glacial basins in the higher
ranges to the west and southwest of the lake, the resort keepers,
market fishermen and others, resisted as far as they possibly could.
The lives of those who were engaged in the work were even threatened.
It was an almost hopeless task to do anything with the Truckee River.
The sawmills had the river completely blocked wnth their dams and
mill ponds. Nearly all the fish that came up from P.yramid Lake to
deposit their eggs were destroyed b}^ sawdust, slabs and the like. So
great was this pollution of the river that the writer, as a boy, in the
early eighties, saw the Truckee River in the summer months, ]iraetically
colored white by the immense amount of sawdust coming down from
the large mills operating on the river. lie saw the remaining trout
trying to force their way up through this deleterioiLs mass almost as
thick as mush. Very few survived and soon none could be seen except
now and then in some little tributary stream of the Truckee River.

In 1883, a hatchery was established in Nevada County near the town
of Grass Valley. This was on the line of the Nevada County Narrow
Gauge Railway on the pi-operty of J. V. Shebley, one of the early fish-
culturists of this state. He had a ])ond system on his farm which the
Board of Fish and Game Commissioners tliought was a suitable and
desirable place to operate a small hatchery. Funds had been so limited
and, as there was plenty of fish in other lakes and streams, particnlarly
in the head waters where there was very little mining, very little real
effort had been made to restore that which the pioneers had destroyed.
This operation, therefore, marks the beginning to stock some of the
depleted waters of the foothill streams that had been destroyed by
mining debris. The pioneers had been after gold and cared not whether
any fish survived or not.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

197

James A. Richardson, an employee of the commission, was sent to
Lake Tahoe early in June, 1883, to collect a number of black-spotted
trout eggs. The plan was to hatch these eggs and the resulting fry
were to be returned to Lake Tahoe, Donner Lake and other lakes that at
that time were particularly in need of restocking. Richardson operated
traps at Meeks Creek, Phipps Creek and in Incline Creek in Nevada
state by a permit issued by General Carey, then Nevada fish commis-
sioner, and the result of his season's operations produced not to exceed
250,000 eggs. This insignificant yield is an illustration of conditions in
Lake Tahoe when the commission started its first work of restocking.

The great balance of nature had been destroyed. It is well kno^vn by
biologists that when a balance of nature is once established in a river

Fig. 56. Tahoe Hatchery, near Tahoe City, Placer County.

M. K. Spaulding-, August, 1920.

Photograph by

or lake, nature produces practically the same amount of food, aquatic
plants and fishes each year. Otherwise, if there was a gradual increase
of different life forms, at the expense of the rest, one species would
soon predominate to the detriment of the others. When the balance
of nature was established in Lake Tahoe ages ago, there was not in
general more fish one season than in another. In other words, each pair
of adult fish or mature spawners produced at the end of the life cycle,
only one more pair to succeed them. All the others were removed
by predatory animals or birds, and by their own kind, for trout are by
nature cannibalistic.

When civilized man began his destructive methods and disturbed the
balance, artificial means were necessary to offset the loss. In the state

198

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of nature probably not over 3 to 5 per cent of the eggs are fertilized.
Those eggs that become fertilized and hatch into living embryos and
develop into fish are destroyed to the extent that by the time maturity is
reached there is but one pair resulting from each pair as progenitors.
Through the artificial process, 80 to 90 per cent of the eggs are fertilized,
and the resulting young reared to suitable size. Because of this, the

Fig. 57. Tallac Hatchery, at the mouth of Taylor Creek, near Tallac,

El Dorado County.

artificial process multiplies the fishes many fold. If the hatcheries are
properly handled, the eggs and fry kept free from disease and the fish
properly planted, the balance of nature can be restored so that a great
many fish can be taken from the run each year for human consumption
and still enough remain to furnish the spawners for future genera-
tions. The greatest loss among artificially raised fish is caused by
diseases. Where healthy fish are planted, they will certainly develop
and produce adult fish. Fish culture, or aqua culture as called by some,
is just as scientific a piece of food producing work as agriculture, or
other means used by man in producing food and maintaining conditions
so that the human family will have food enough to subsist on.

In 1889, when the Fish Commission started operations in the old
Tahoe Hatchery, just north of Tahoe City, it faced a very discouraging
problem. The chief obstacles were the market fishermen and others
who persisted in the destruction of fish life in the Truckee River and
the tributary streams of Lake Tahoe. For several years a continuous
war was waged but without any results. The local courts were
influenced by local sentiment and by 0"WTiers of saw mills. They
desired to stand in with the majority of the })eople, who, regardless of
whether there would be any fish for the coming generations, cared not
how many fish were destroyed as long as they themselves could reap
the benefit. It was cheaper to dump the sawdust into the river than to
burn it. It was easier for the market fishermen to catch the fish off the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

199

spawning beds when the fish were trying to propagate. Since their
whole energies are devoted to producing and fertilizing their eggs, fishes
care not who approaches them at that time for their spawning instinct
predominates over all other senses. They fall an easy prey to their
natural enemies and particularly to man, who can easily spear, snag
or trap them.

In the long struggle which ensued, the commission and its agents
were criticized, threatened and charged with all kinds of misdemeanors.
It was nnt nri.til 1897 that the Fish Commission, through Attorney
General W. F. Fitzgerald, succeeded in getting an injunction from the
superior court of Nevada County to enjoin the Truckee River Lumber
Company from dumping debris in the Truckee River. This decision
was appealed to the Supreme Court of the state. In a decision
rendered by Judge Van Fleet, the restraining order of the superior
court of Nevada County wa.s upheld and the milling interests were
compelled to dispose of their refuse matter, sawdust, shavings, edgings

Fig. 58. Taking spawn from a ten-pound Tahoe black-spotted trout. Taylor Creek,
El Dorado County. Photograph by Joseph H. Sanders, May 1, 1922.

and other mill waste and deleterious substances in some other way than
passing it into the w^aters of the Truckee River. This was the first
real victory in the battle to save the fish in Lake Tahoe and Truckee
River.

Prior to this, the upper reaches of Truckee River had been stocked
with a few rainbow trout that had been hatched at the I. C. Frazier

200 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ITatcliery under the supervision of the commission. Tlieso were planted
above tlie worst of the polluted area aud where a few of these fish
could be found.

In tlie fall of 1889, the commission built the Tahoe Hatchery and
be<ian oi)erations to increase tlie fish in Lake Tahoe by hatching as
many eggs as possible. This was just after a year of great drought,
1889 being one of the driest seasons in the history of the state prior
to the summer of 1924. In October, 1889, the water practically ceased
running out of Lake Tahoe. All the water in the Truckee Kivei- had
collected in small pools and percolated through the gravel from pool to
pool. During the winter of 1889 and 1890, one of the deepest snows
of many years fell, in fact, one of the deepest snows that there is any
record of since the advent of white men in this country. There was an
assurance of a bountiful supply of water for the summer of 1890.
The creeks would all be booming and if there were any considerable
number of fish in Lake Tahoe, they would ascend the streams in great
numbers to spawn.

John G. Woodbury was at this time directing operations for the
commission. The writer, accompanied by E. W. Hunt and a crew
of five or six men arrived at the lake the latter part of March, 1890.
Immediately the w^ork of constructing traps was begun and arrange-
ments made to collect spawning fish near the mouths of the different
streams. Traps were constructed in Ward Creek, Blanchard Creek
and Taylor Creek, and on Incline Creek in Nevada under permit issued
by the Nevada commissioners. Seining crews operated at the mouth
of Taylor Creek and off the mouth of Blackwood Creek. The work
continued until August 23 and during the entire time less than 600,000
eggs were taken.

Owing to some biological reason, the fish did not ascend the streams
to spawn or come near the shores in 1890, but there was a considerable
number in the lake. A few^ were taken by market fishermen from
very deep water in the center of the lake known as the *'Pot Hole."
In 1891, efforts were again renewed in an attempt to take eggs on the
lake with better success. The market fishermen made statements that
the fish were exterminated and that they could not be restored by any
means.

The conuuission concentrated its efforts at Taylor Creek and from
that time on, 1890 to 1895, there was an increase in the number of
eggs taken. The largest number taken during this period was 2,500,000
in 1895. In 1896, 3,803,000 eggs were collected at the mouth of Taylor
Creek. The maximum yield, however, did not come until 1909 when
6,130,000 eggs were collected. These eggs were hatched in the Tallac
Hatcher}^ and in the Tiilioe Hatchery. The resulting fry were dis-
tributed in tributary streams of the lake and fishing increased in pro-
portion. In 1914, the run of fish was still good, 5,549,000 eggs being
collected. About this time the advent of the automobile brought
thousands to the lake. They camped along the lake and streams. They
caught the small fish before they descended to the lake.

As an illustration of liow the artificial in-opagation and planting of
fry maintained the run of fish in Lake Tahoe Basin, there were some
250,000 to 500.000 fry deposited in Taylor Creek each season and from
these plants enough adult fish reached the mouth of Taylor Creek

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

201

each year so that with but very little effort, from three to five millions
of eggs were collected annually for a period of twenty years. However,
when the water of Fallen Leaf Lake was held back by a dam con-
structed at its mouth, the Taylor Creek station yield fell off rapidly.
The fish were no longer attracted to the mouth of Taylor Creek and
were compelled to search for other spawning streams.

There were from 80 to 115 market fishermen operating on the lake.
The resort keepers and others during this time were diverting the water
for domestic purposes and for irrigation. It is true, the large number
of fish taken from the lake and the destruction of spawning beds in the
tributary streams have all had a tendency to reduce the number of
fish. Nevertheless, the most malicious agency in later years was the
fishing out of the tributary streams. All the small fish were thus
removed before they had attained the proper growth.

Fig. 59. Taylor Creek racks and traps for capturing spawn-bearing black-spotted
trout, Taylor Creek, El Dorado County. Photograph by Joseph H. Sanders,
April 1, 1922.

The native trout of Lake Talioe do not feed near the surface during
warm weather. They are not surface feeders at any time in fact.
During the warm portion of the summer months, they descend to a
considerable depth, following the plankton on which the minnows feed.
This has been true of the lake ever since the fishermen began their oper-
ations. Only the old time fishermen who made a life study of the fish
and on which thy depended for a livelihood could find them during the
warmer months of the year.

Since the nonsale of trout in California, the market fishermen have
left these parts. Those who are engaged in fishing now are the tourists
who do not take the time or have the patience to find the fish. There is,
no doubt, a goodly number of fish in Lake Tahoe. Many fish could be
caught if their feeding grounds during the summer months could be
found by the average tourist. This fact is easily proven during the
first few weeks of the open season when the water is still cold on the

202 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

surface and the creeks are running streams of icy water into the lake.
Then fishing is very good for those who know how to fish. There never
was any great fishing in the shallow waters on the west shore of the
lake, particularly off Tahoe Bay and opposite Tallac where the water
was shallow, but fish can be taken at Brockway, off Rubicon Point,
Zephyr Point, Cave Rock and other places where the water is deep
and where proper methods and tackle are used.

An effort to introduce surface feeding fish by the division has been
made by planting steelhead and rainbow trout in Lake Tahoe. It
is predicted that in a very few years, if this work can be increased to
proper proportions fly fishing and sport fishing of every kind will be
found on every part of the lake.

Resort keepers should bear in mind that every inch of water they
take from the tributary streams for irrigation and domestic use is

Fig. 60. Fish trap on Wood Creek, El Dorado County. I'hotograph by
Joseph H. Sanders, May 1, 1922.

that much water less in which the fish can be raised. Several creeks
have been diverted entirely for the beautifying of the grounds around the
resorts. This may be very attractive to the resorts, but it is very hard
on the fish. If the resort keepers desire to have fishing in Lake Tahoe,
they must unite with the division in an effort to prevent all fishing
in the streams tributary to the lake at all times of the year. Fishing
must be confined to the main lake or the higher lakes above Lake Tahoe.
The tributar}^ streams must be left to flow undisturbed and the fry
planted in them left unmolested.

During the spring of 1928 all the streams tributary to Lake Tahoe
on the Califoniia side, on the recommendation of the division, were
by an executive order of the Governor through the endorsement of the
Director of the Department of Natural Resources, closed to fishing.
This action will in a few years restore the fishing in Lake Tahoe, pro-
viding the closed area is respected.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 203

In the opinion of the writer, when the young of the trout are held
in the ponds, tanks or the hatching troughs, until they are five to eight
inches in length, they become domesticated, fat, less active and lose
their wild instincts. As a consequence, they fall an easier prey to the
predatory fishes than when they are planted at a smaller size. The
stomach contents of the large lake trout of Lake Tahoe and other places,
on examination, will furnish all the evidence necessary to substantiate
this contention.

Considerable comment has been going on among anglers and others
regarding the predatory habits of the Mackinaw trout and condemning
the division for introducing this species. The Mackinaw trout were
introduced into Lake Tahoe at the request of the resort keepers and
market fishermen and recommended by the United States Bureau of
Fisheries. The state of Nevada introduced the first Mackinaw trout
into Lake Tahoe about 1890 or 1891. The California Commission
planted one lot of Mackinaw trout in 1895 with the consent and recom-
mendation of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, who are still
introducing these fishes in the larger lakes of the northwest according
to their reports. Mackinaw trout are not any more predatory or
cannibalistic than any other species of large trout. A careful analysis
of the stomach contents of the silver trout of Lake Tahoe, the same
size as the Mackinaw trout, will show they will devour as many of
the minnows and trout from four to six inches in length as do the
Mackinaw.

The number of Mackinaw trout in Lake Tahoe is not great enough
to make any appreciable decrease in the other species. They are
gradually increasing and may become plentiful in Lake Tahoe if the
spawning area in the lake for this species is large enough to accom-
modate the spawners. Mackinaw trout do not enter the creeks to
spawn, but deposit their egg.s on reefs, in from four to eight feet of
water. Here the wave action causes the moving of the water over the
nests and this action of the water cleans and aerates the eggs just as
running water does on a riffle in a stream. There are very few places
in Lake Tahoe for the Mackinaw to spawn. In the opinion of the
writer, the number will always be limited unless there are more spawn-
ing grounds in the lake than are at present knowTi. The Macldnaw
is a very fine food fish. It does not rise to a fly and therefore does
not afford sport fishing, except for bait and spoon.

THE WHALES OF CALIFORNIA

By Paul Bonnot.

Many people, even today, think of whales as being fish. In fact,
there are numerous misapprehensions in regard to the ceteceans.
Whales are mammals. In other words, their young are born alive and
are fed on milk from mammary glands. The body temperature is
approximately the same as any other warm-blooded animal. Because
of the environment in which they live, the whales have a much modified
body form. The fore legs have changed to flippers; the hind legs
have, according to some authorities, gone to make up the caudal fin or
flukes. The hair which once covered the body (the embryos of some

204

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

whales are still covered with hair at certain stages in their develop-
ment) has disappeared and lias been replaced by a covering of bhibbor,
or spongy tissue, which lies between the epidermis and the body and
is impregnated with oil. Tliis blubber varies in thickness from an inch
to ten or twelve inches, depending on the species, the size and the
condition of the whale. The whale breathes with lungs, of course, like
any other mammal. The si)out, which the ancient observers considered
a fountain of water, is nothing but the exhausted air being expelled
from the hot, moist lungs into the colder atmosphere. The spouts of
different whales are characteristic, some spouting in a straight, tall
column, others having a low "bushy" spout, and the spout of the sperm
whale is at an angle of forty-five degrees. Most of the larger whales
when traveling will spout quite regularly. They will spout from three
to eight or ten times and then run submerged for ten minutes or so,
and repeat. The question of the ability of wliales to remain sub-
merged has never been satisfactorily settled. It has been claimed that
the larger whales can remain below for an hour or more. The sperm
whale descends to enormous depths to find tlie giant sfpiiil ami euttle-
fish on which it feeds. It is so constructed that it can withstand tlie
tremendous pressure in the submarine valleys where its prey is found.

Fig. 61. Sperm whale {Physeter ■macrocephalus) .

Marine Mamm. pi. XIV.)

(After Scammon,

In some popular science articles dealing with the little known
animals, such as the whales and their possible ancestors, the extinct
Zeuglodonts, tlie tendency is to produce animals of enonnous size. The
writers of these articles have apparently no conception of the physical
difficulties which would embarrass an animal which outgrew its environ-
ment. No animal known to science has ever exceeded the size and bulk
of the great blue whale (Balaenoptera sihloldii) which is found in all
the oceans of the world today. The blue whale grows to ninet}^ or one
hundred feet in length, witli an approximate weight of one hundred
tons. The only reason whales can attain such size is because of the
supporting medium in which they live. At the other end of the size
scale are the little dolphins, some of which are only three or four feet
in length.

Whaling in California.

In 1787 four British whalers cruised for whales in the Pacific Ocean,
presumably off the coast of South America. These were the first
recorded whalers to enter the Pacific. Four years later, in 1791, seven
American whalers rounded the Horn and worked along the coast of
Chili. Six of these ships were from Nantucket and one was from New

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 205

Bedford. For many years thereafter the whalers gradually explored
the Pacific. In 1838 the great Northwest Coast Grounds were dis-
covered, and the whaling fleet working this area began to make its head-
quarters at San Francisco, in order to save the long and dangerous
passage around the Horn. The oil was at first taken to the east coast
by boat, but later the transcontinental railroad made it easy and con-
venient for the whaling fleet to use San Francisco as a base. Beyond
furnishing ports of call for the whalers, California did not figure very
much in the early whaling. In 1851 the first shore whaling station
was established and shore whaling has continued spasmodically until
the present day.

The old-time methods of whaling did not affect the California whales
to any extent. The sperm and the bowhead were the chief species
sought and they were found for the most part in the far north and on
the other side of the Pacific. The most abundant whales on the Cali-
fornia coast were the blue whales, the California gray whale, the fin-
back and the humpback. These, for various reasons, were not molested
by the old-time offshore whalers and the shore stations worked only a
small, restricted area close to shore. The blue, California gray and
finback whales are fast, hard-fighting animals, and generally destroyed
more gear than they were worth, besides sometimes killing a few men.
The California gray was taken in the lagoons of Lower California to
some extent, and the shore stations also took those that were close to
shore. The humpback was easily taken and was abundant, but the oil
content was small and they were not considered a profitable acquisition.
Until the latter part of the last century, the sperm and bowhead were
fairly abundant and the whalers followed them, rather than the hump-
back.

As the more valuable whales were killed off and petroleum products
took the place of whale oil, the old whaling methods became unprofitable
and whaling was practically abandoned by the beginning of the present
century. Tower, writing in 1907, in his ''History of the American
Whale Fishery, ' ' says : ' ' Within the history of this country whaling
has risen, passed its zenith and has now nearly sunk below the horizon
of industrial importance."

For economic reasons, therefore, the whales had a short respite and
were saved from extermination for a time. A short time before the
European War, however, there was a revival of the industry. A young
Norwegian named Svend Foynd invented an explosive harpoon which
could be shot from a small cannon. This harpoon weighs about one
hundred pounds, and in the head is a heavy charge of black powder
which is exploded after it enters the whale's body. The gun from
which this engine is thrown is a small brass cannon, mounted on the
bow of a small steamer built especially for the work. The dead whales
are towed to a nearby shore station or to a mother ship by the
"killer."

In the old days, only the oil and bone were utilized and the carcass
was cast adrift. Today, every scrap is used. Practically the whole
body is steam cooked, to extract the oil, and the residue is made into
meal which is used for poultry food and fertilizer. Even with improved
methods, the profit is small and the large dividends declared in the last
few years by the Norwegian companies working in the Pacifie and

206 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the Antarctic are only possible because of the large nnmber of whales
they are able to capture.

The whales which were considered too fast or too vicious to be taken
in the days of the hand harpoon and whale boat are the species taken
by the modern whale killer. Already the world population of whales
is appreciably decreased, and it is only a question of a short time
until whaling will be, very decidedly, a thing of the past. The

Fig. 62. The finback whale {Balaenoptera velifera). (After Scammon,

Marine Mamm. pi. II.)

whalers' argument to the conservationist is that having become scarce
enough to be commercially unprofitable, whaling will stop for lack of
material, leaving the whales to * ' come back, ' ' which is true to a certain
extent. Biologically, however, the thing has a different aspect. The
whales breed slowly and such animals, after reaching a certain point,
do not come back but disappear from the earth.

In dealing systematically with the whales found on the California
coast, I have encountered the usual difficulty. Some of the species
listed are based on descriptions and sketches, on single damaged skulls
or a few bones, on minor color variations, trivial differences in external
appearances and minor osteological irregularities, the result being that
there are species which have no real existence at all and make trouble
by cluttering the literature with a host of meaningless synonyms.
Of the seventeen species considered by zoologists to be a part of the
California fauna, I find that five may be synonyms of other species, and
two have nothing to justify their existence except a written description
and a few sketches. The remaining ten may be considered bona fide
species. We place so much stress on the importance of taxonomy that
we are content with our ability to manipulate Latin, forgetting the
much more important things there are to be learned. We have allowed
a convenient mechanical contrivance to become a dominating dogma.

CETACEA

Skull. Separation of the two parietals by the intervention of the
supraoccipital, or their concealment by its overlapping. Overla])ping
of the muzzle generally by the premaxillae. Loose attachment between
the various bones surrounding or connected with the organ of hearing.
Absence or feeble development of the coronary process of the lower jaw.

Fore limb and girdle. Absence of the clavicle. Greater length of
the radius and ulna than the humerus. Frequent presence of the
typical number of bones in the wrist. Long and simple lungs. Unlobu-
lated liver and complex stomach. Extraordinarily shortened but much
convoluted brain.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

207

"This combination of characters is found nowhere else among
mammals, and indeed, the bulk of the peculiarities are confined to
whales." Beddard, in his "Book of Whales," thus defines the order
Cetacea.

Delphinidae.

The delphinidae or dolphins are whales of small or moderate size.
They have numerous teeth in both jaws. Key to the delphinidae based
on external characters.

Head with a beak which is usually distinctly marked off from the
forehead by a constriction.

Dorsal fin absent — Tursio.

Dorsal fin present: falcate.

Beak distinct, short and rim-like — Lagenorhynchus.

Symphysis of mandible short:

Sides without longitudinal bands of color — Tursiops.
Sides with longitudinal bands of color — Delphinus.

Head without a beak, or with merely an obtuse ridge margining the
upper jaw.

Crowns of teeth compressed ; spade-shaped.

Dorsal fin present, triangular or slightly falcate — Phocaena.

Teeth conical, nearly or quite upright in the jaws.

Teeth in upper jaw deciduous; mandibular teeth few, confined to the
regions of the symphysis — Grampus.

Teeth persistent in both jaws.

Pectoral fins very long and narrow; teeth confined to the anterior
half of the rostrum — Glohicephalus.

Pectoral fins broad, ovate ; dorsal fin very high and prominent
(especially in the male), size large — Orca.

Pig. 63. Bay or harbor porpoiise {Phocaena phocaena). (After Elliott,

from photo, U. S. F. C.)

Tursiops gillii (Cowfish).

Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., V. 1873, p. 13.
Scammon, Marine Mamm., 1874, p. 288.

This species is based on a single mandible from Monterey, California,
and a skull from Lower California, both collected by Captain Scammon.

' ' Of the external appearance of this dolphin we know little. Scam-
mon, from two ^momentary observations,' describes it as 'black all

208 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

over, lightened a little below.' " "His outline resembles that of a
Tu7-sio except that tlie dorsal fin is narrower than is common in tliat
species." True admits T. gillii as a species because of certain small
marlcs on the skull.

Delphinus delphis (Common porpoise).
Linne, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., 1758, p. 77.

There are about two dozen synonyms of this species, most of them
because of the different localities in which the animals were observed.
The porpoise is an animal of cosmo[)olitan distribution. The species
attains a length of seven feet six inches. The form is slender. The
forehead slopes gradually. The dorsal fin is narrow. There are from
forty-six to fifty teeth. The color is extremely variable.

This is the dolphin which is found abundantly in the literature of the
ancient writers and historians. Their contemporary readers not being
critical, through lack of knowledge, they mixed a charming variety of
fact and fiction concerning this, to them, mysterious "fish."

The dolphin enjoys playing about the bow of a swiftly moving
vessel, running at the same speed, sometimes for hours, without appar-
ent effort.

Lissodelphus horeaUs (Northern Eight Whale Porpoise).

Tursio, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib., 1880, p. 34.

Delph inapt erus horealis, Peale, U. S. Explor. Exp. Mamm., Ornitli.,
1848, p. 35, pi. viii, fig. 2.

Leucorhamphus horealis, Dall, in Scammon, Marine Mamm., 1874,
p. 296.

I can find no valid reason why this porpoise should not be a Tursio.
The range is given as "the west coast from Bering Sea to Lower Cali-
fornia." The form which occurs in the southern hemisphere, 1\
peronii, differs from horealis in only a few minor color variations.

Lagenorhynchus oMiquidens (Striped porpoise).

Gill, Proc. Acad. Sci., Phil, 1865, p. 177.

There are several synonyms to this species, which seems a valid one.
This animal is about seven feet in k'ugth. It is greenish black above,
with lateral broad longitudinal stripes of wdiite, gray and dull black;
ventral surface white. There are thirty-one teeth.

This is a nortli Pacific species. Seammon has considerable to say
regarding it. "They are seen in numbers varying from a dozen to
many hundreds, tumbling over the surface of the sea or making arch-
ing leaps, plunging again on the same curve or darting high and falling
diagonally sidewise u])on the water with a spiteful splash, accompanied
by a report which nuiy be heard to some distance." He also speaks
of their gorging themselves with fish, thus earning the name of "sea
pig" imposed on them by the whalers.

Phocaena pliocaena (Bay or Harbor Porpoise).

Delphinus pliocaena, Linne, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., 1758, p. 77.

Phocaena commmnis, Lesson, Man. de Mamm., 1827, p. 413.

The bay porpoise reaches a length of five or six feet. It is dark
colored above and whitish below. It is gregarious and numbers of them

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

209

often ascend large rivers for some distance. When spouting these
little whales roll smoothly, showing only a very small portion of the
body. The spout is very rapid, generally only a single "Phist!"

The bay porpoise was much esteemed as a delicacy in Europe at one
time and, being considered a fish, was eaten on fast days.

^(C

V^

«\

Fig. 64. The grampus (Grampiis gniseus). (After Elliott, from
cast 12839, U. S. Nat. Mus.)

Grampus griseus (Common Grampus).

Grampus, Gray, Spic. Zool., 1828, p. 2, Zool. Erbus and Terror, 1846,
p. 30.

Delphinus griseus, Culvier, Ann. Mus., XIX, 1812, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 1.

The grampus has no teeth in the upper jaw and but three to seven
on each side of the mandible near the symphysis. It grows to a length
of fifteen or twenty feet. The sides are slate colored, with irregular
white markings. The grampus is a rare whale and, although of cos-
mopolitan distribution, is seldom seen.

Glohicephalus scammoni (Scammon's Blackfish).

Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1869, p. 22.

This species is based on one skull collected by Captain Scammon
and from descriptions and drawings by him.

Fig. 65. The blackfish {Glo'bicephala melaena). (From Trans. Zool.

See, London, vol. 8, pi. 30.)

"The Blackfish was once abundant on the coast of Lower Cali-
fornia. It grows to a length of fifteen feet. It is entirely black. There
are eight teeth. They go in schools of from ten to one hundred, * * *.
The food is squid. The oil content is small and dark in color. ' '

2—68604

210 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Orca gladiator (Killer Whale).

Orca, Gray, Zool. Erbus and Terror, 1846, p. 33 ; 1866, p. 278.

Orca gladiator, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Get., Paris, 1804, p. 302.

Orca ater, Gray, Sup. Cat. of seals and whales in the British Museum,
1871, p. 92.

Fig. 66. The killer whale (,Orca gladiator). (After Scammon, Marine Mamm.)

Orca rectipenna, Cope, Proc. Phil, Acad., 1869, p. 25.

0. ater, Gray, and 0. rectipenna, Cope, are based on figures and
descriptions by Captain Scammon. They are supposed to be north
Pacific species. They may be simply individual variations of the killer.

The killer is a predacious whale, fa.st, powerful and savage. It
attacks and kills the much larger baleen whales easily. It kills and
eats the largest sea lion bulls, and, apparently, the only animals in the
sea which do not fear it are the sperm whales and the full grown
walrus bulls.

The killers grow to be twenty-five or thirty feet in length. The color-
ing varies but is usually some pattern of black and white. They have
ten to thirteen strongly recurved teeth and a large, pointed dorsal fin.

Dr. Eschricht, in a paper read before the Royal Danish Society of
Sciences May 9, 1862, describes an Orca (Delphinus orca) which came
ashore dead in Jutland. This specimen was carefully dissected by Dr.
Eschricht, who states that the stomach contained thirteen common
porpoises and thirteen seals. He says that the seals were all flayed and
the hides missing, from which he draws the conclusion that the skin,
being first affected by the powerful digestive fluids, is removed by the
muscular action of the stomach and regurgitated.

Physeteridae.

The Physeteridae or sperm whales may be defined as follows: All
or most of the cervical vertebrae fused. Costal cartilages not ossified.
Pterygoids thick and meeting in the middle line ; symphysis of mandible
long. Teeth found in both jaws, but those in the lower jay alone
functional, often very reduced in number. Pectoral fins small. Two
or more throat grooves.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

211

Physeter macrocephalus (Sperm Whale).

Linne, Sys. Nat., 12 ed., i, p. 107.

There are seven or eight synonyms for tliis species, based on observa-
tions of sealmen and in several cases on a few bones.

The sperm whale can be recognized at once. It has an enormous head,
quite one-third of the body. The head does not taper as do the heads
of all the other whales, but ends abruptly. The mandible is long and
thin and studded with conical teeth. The blow hole is single and on the
left side, at the end of the snout. The sperm whale grows to a length
of eighty or eighty -five feet. It lives on cuttlefish and giant squid.

The sperm whale was first described by Clusius in 1605. It has a
worldwide distribution. From about 1800 to the beginning of the
present century, it was the basis of one of the principal industries of
New England.

Primarily a whale of the open ocean, the sperm was rarely taken
by the shore whaling stations but was the chief support of the offshore
whaling fleets. Several sperms have been landed at shore stations
in recent years by the steam killers. The sperm is a vanishing species ;
it is already extinct commercially.

Ziphiidae.

The Ziphiidae or beaked whales may be characterized as follows:
Functional teeth limited to one or two pairs in the mandible only. The
vertebrae not more than fifty in number. Ribs not more than ten
pairs, sternal ribs permanently cartilaginous. The blowhole is cres-
centric with the concavity forward. The pectoral fin is rounded and not
large. The dorsal fin present and falcate in form. At least one pair
of folds on the throat.

Berardius hairdi (Baird's Beaked Whale).

Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, p. 75, June 22, 1883.

This species is based on a skull from Bering Island. In October,
1904, a single male of this species came ashore dead at Ferndale, Cali-

FiG. 67. The right whale (Balaena sieboldi).
Marine Mamm. pi. XII.)

(After Scammon,

fornia. This animal was forty-one feet in length. The skeleton and
several photographs of it are in the National Museum. This is the only
record of the species in California, as far as I know.

Balaenidae.

The Balaenidae are large whales which differ from the other families
of whales in lacking teeth. The teeth are replaced by whalebone or

212

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

baleen; thin plates which hang from the roof of the month. The inner
edge of the baleen is frayed ont into coarse threads which strain ont
minute organisms from the sea water.

Balacna sieholdi (Pacific Right Whale).

Balaena mysticetus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 105.

Balaena, Gray, Cat. Br. Mus., 1866, p. 78.

Euhulaena sieholdi, Gray, Cat. Br. Mus., 1866, p. 97 ; 1871, p. 43.

There seems to be considerable doubt in regard to this whale.
Eiibidaena sieholdi is based, on a drawing of a Japanese clay model.

Fig. 68. The California gray whale {RhacManeetes glaucus). (After
Scammon, Marine Mamm. pi. II.)

Scammon was the first to mention any difference in the Right whales of
the North Pacific and considers this species distinct. There are no
records of B. sieholdi since Scammon 's time. By some it is considered
a synonym of B. australis.

Rhachianectes glaucus (California Gray Whale).

Agaphelus glaucus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1868, No. 3,
June-Aug., p. 159.

Rhachianectes glaucus. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1869.

The California gray whale grows to be forty or forty-four feet in
length. In color it varies from mottled gray to black. The baleen is
fourteen to sixteen inches long, and light in color. As far as is known,
the gray whale is limited in range to the Pacific Ocean. There is no
dorsal fin, and the throat grooves are reduced to two.

This whale was the main support of the old shore whaling stations.
It is a shallow water species and migrates regularly up and down the
coast, to Bering Sea in the summer and to the warm lagoons in Lower
California and IMexieo in the winter. When the sperm fishery began
to decline, a number of whalers fished the gray whale in the southern
lagoons. This was an enterprise calling for considerable fortitude, as
the gray is not timid and inoffensive as are most of its family. The
grays will take the offensive when molested, and have earned for them-
selves the name of "Devil Fish." With the usual lack of foresight
displayed by man in exploiting a natural resource, the gray whales
were hunted until they were considered extinct. It is a rare sight to
see one today on the Pacific coast. A few years ago Dr. Roy Chapman
Andrews discovered a regular fishery for the gray whale in Japan. The
Norwegians have taught the Japanese modern methods of whaling and
they are now putting a last touch to the exterminating of this whale.
There are a great many gray whales on the western side of the Pacific

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

213

and there is some speculation as to whether some of these are not Cali-
fornia whales w^hich have taken to the other side of the Pacific as a
means of avoiding the continual persecution they received on our coast.

Megaptera versahilis (Pacific Humpback).

Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., July, 1869, p. 17.
M. longimana, Rudolphi, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1829, p. 133.

This species was named from descriptions and sketches by Scammon.
There is no type specimen or any material. It is considered by some
a synonym of M. longimana, the humpback of world-wide distribution.

The humpback is rather ungainly in appearance as compared with
the more slender species. It is short and thick, with disproportionately
large pectoral fins and flukes. The dorsal fin is represented by a low
hump. There are a number of rounded "bumps" about the snout
which generally support barnacles. The food consists of Crustacea and
small fish.

Until just recently the humpback was not molested to any extent
by the whalers. The supply of oil obtainable from them is com-
paratively small and the baleen is short. As the more profitable species
have decreased before the harpoon gun, the humpback is now taken.
Although still fairly abundant they are rapidly decreasing before the
onslaught of the steam whaler.

Balaenoptera vcUfera (Pacific Finback).

Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., July, 1869, p. 16.

This species was named from some samples of baleen and from
sketches and descriptions by Captain Scammon from a single whale.
By some it is considered a synonym of B. physalus of Linneas.

The finbacks have always been known to the whalers as animals to be
avoided. Though not pugnacious, these whales have speed and stamina.

Fig. 69. The humpback (Megaptera versahilis).

Marine Mamm. pi. VII.)

(After Scammon,

as many lost whale lines and smashed boats entered in the logs of the
old whalers will bear witness. Many a young, inexperienced harpooner
in the old days learned by bitter experience that the finback was not to
be trifled with.

Balaenoptera horealis (Sardine or Sei Whale).

Lesson, Hist. Nat. Cetac, 1828, p. 342.

The sei whale has been the basis of an extensive fishery in the North
Atlantic for many years. It was not known to inhabit the Pacific
until, in 1912, Dr. Andrews found it common about Japan. It may
be a rare visitor to California waters. It grows to be forty or fifty

214

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

feet in length. It is black above and white below. The dorsal fin is
high and the vent is exactly below the hinder edge of the dorsal. There
are thirty-eight to fifty-eight throat grooves.

Balaenoptera davidsoni (Sharpheaded Finner).

Scammon, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 4, No. 20, Jan., 1873, pp. 269-270.

This species is based on a single specimen. This was a female whale
twenty-seven feet in length containing a faetus of five feet six inches.
The pectoral fins are pointed. The baleen is pure white. There is no
other record that I knoAv of.

Balaenoptera sulfureus (Pacific Sulphurbottora Whale).

B. (Sihhaldius) sulphureus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil.,
July, 1869.

This species is based on some baleen and descriptions by Captain
Scammon. It varies from B. sibbaldii only in a few color variations.

The sulphurbottom or blue whale is the greatest of all whales and,
as far as we know, the largest animal which has ever inhabited the
earth. It has a world-wide distribution. It is occasionally taken by
the steam whalers in California waters. It grows to a length of ninety-

FiG. 70. The sulphur bottom of the Pacific (Balaenoptera sulfureus).
(After Scammon, Marine Mamm. pi. VIII.)

five to one hundred feet. The predominating color is a dark bluish
slate above and white and yellowish below.

As the old time whalers regarded these whales as in the same fighting
class as the finbacks, they were comparatively plentiful when the
modern steam whalers began to work. A great number of them have
been taken by the Norwegian companies in the last few years in the
Pacific and Antarctic oceans.

Summary.

From a perusal of the literature and from personal field observations
made at various times, it seems to me that the Ceteceans which can be
included in the California fauna are as follows:

Balaena australis (B. sieholdi), a casual visitor.

Rhachianectes glaucus, a resident and migrant up and down the
Pacific coast from Lower California to Alaska.

Megaptera longimana (M. versabilis) , the most common whale today.

Balaenoptera physalus {B. velifera), a casual visitor.

Balaenoptera horealis, rare.

Balaenoptera sibhaldii (B. sulfureus), a casual visitor.

■ALIFORNIA FISH AND ^ ^^^^ 215

Physeter macrocephd''' ^ ^^^^^1 ^^^«^*^^- .

Berardius hairdii, ver/^^^' only one r^.^^j.^ ^^ California.

Delphinus delphis, a eomiQ? species offi^^j^^j.^

Tursio peronii {Lissodelphus^*^^'^ '' doubtful even as n.a;ii?i+Jirr.

Lagenorhynclius oMiquidens, ma^ ,e^. 4-v=+--i. 'liOm the north.

Phocaena phocaena, a common species inshore and in the larger bays.

Grampus griseus, a rare resident.

Orca gladiator, fairly common.

The majority of the larger whales have a cosmopolitan distribution.
The only exception to this that I know of is the California Gray, which
is confined to the Pacific. As whales move about the oceans freely,
there does not seem to be any necessity to divide them into different
species merely on the strength of the geographical position in which
they were observed, even in conjunction with color variations which
might be individual peculiarities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Beddard, F. E. A. Book of Whales. (John Mun-ay, London), 1900. VIII, 312
pps., 40 figs., 21 pis.

Ball, W. H. Catalogue of the Cetecea of the North Pacific Ocean with osteo-
logical notes and descriptions of some new forms. App. 10, U. S. Coast Sur. Rep.,
1873, p. 281-312.

Goode, G. B. The Whales and Porpoises. In the Fisheries and Fishery Inds. of
the U. S. Sec. I, Pt. I, 1884, p. 7-32, 11 pis.

Grinnel, J. A Systematic List of the Mammals of California. Univ. Cal. Pub.
in Zool. V. 21, no. 10, 1923.

Starbuck, A. History of the American Whale Fishery from its Earliest Incep-
tion to the Year 1876. App. A, Rep. U. S. F. C, 1875-76, (1878), pt. 4, 768 pps.,
6 pis.

Starks, E. C. A History of California Shore Whaling. Cal. F. and G. Comm.
Fish Bull. 6, Oct. 7, 1922.

Tower, W. S. A History of the American Whale Fishery. Pub. Univ. Penn.
(Ser. in Pol. Ec. and Pub. Law, 20), 1907 V, 145 pps.

True, F. W. Review of the Family Delphinidae. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 36,
1889. XII, 191 pps., 47 pis.

The Whalebone Whales of the Western North Atlantic compared with some
occurring in European waters with some observations on the species of the North
Pacific. Smith. Contr. . to Knowledeg, 33, Wash. 1904, VII, 332 pps. 97 figs.,
50 pis.

An account of the Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphiidae. Bull. U. S. N. Mus.
73, 1910, p. 1-79, 42 pis.

WILD OOOSE SHOOTING IN CALIFORNIA TWENTY-FIVE

YEARS AGO

By M. Hall McAllister.

Twenty-nve years and more ago a visit' to the plains of the Sacra-
mento or San Joaquin valleys during the fall and winter months
afforded a great sight to the sportsman and it was my pleasure for a
number of years to make annual trips to these attractive grounds.

One of the best outfits to go with was that of Doc. Stuart who had
with him Abe Krump and Claude Kagee. They made the best bunch
of "goose callers" imaginable and would pull a bunch of "Mexicans"
or "Cacklers" out of the sky for miles around.

216

CALiri

3RNIA FISH AND

GAIg

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v: •c«c»c»:»c»c •€•'•€*,

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ForRea^ Live Sport I

. MM

In Glenn County, Near o

WILLOWS, CJtL. •

Cannot be Excelled Anywhere in %
California, or on Earth J

D«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0«0»OfO«0»0«0«0«0«0«J«0«0«0»0»C'»C#0«3« *

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GIVE sportsmen a guaranteed wild goose shiot over
wild live decoys.

AVING resided in th's section all my life, 1 know all
the favorite haunts and feeding grounds of the birds.

I AM the only expert goose caller in California who has a

complete outfit for this, the greatest of all wild fowl §

shooting; who is able to bring the game to you, and who ^

has the enviable reputation of having the best sportsmen \

return season after season. ||

I POSITIVELY bring birdsw'ithin easy shooting range
bv means of expert goose ca-lling.

I HAVE every facility tending to make your lime count
to the very best advantage. I know the business from
A to Z.

THE most prominent sportsmen in the West have en-
thusiastically enjoyed this sport with me. Ask
some of them.

I GUARANTEE that wild goose shooting will open your
eyes. If you have never tried a shoot with me — come
along.

I HAVE an automobile at your service to convey shooters
to and from the grounds.

RATES— ;?io per day per man for shoot. Write, 'phone
or telegraph.

FRJiNK -V. BURGI, Willows, California.

?8'

o*:

lC«O«O»O«C«O«O«C«O«C«C«O«O«O«O«O«C«O»C«O«O«O«O«O«O«O»O«O»0«0«Q»O»>^O*^

Fig. 71. Advertisement published at Willows, California, 1904.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 217

"The Doc. Stuart outfit" was first located at Maine Prairie about
ten miles east of Elmira, Solano County and then they moved to near
Norman, about twenty miles south of Willows, Glenn County.

In these years the duck season opened September 15. There was no
law on geese and tliej^ were considered as vermin by tlie early day
farmers. By the middle of December the best duck shooting was over
on the Suisun marsh at the Cordelia and Ibis gun clubs and the goose
shooting then started and continued through December, January,
February and March.

The ground where the shoot was to talve place was selected and the
holes dug and arranged some days ahead. The operators then ' ' rested ' '
for a few days, so the geese would see no one around.

Going out just about daylight on a beautiful, clear morning with the
winter cold stinging your face and making you shiver, one soon forgot
the beauties of nature or the discomforts caused by the cold by the
wonderful sight ; as far as one could see were great clouds of geese
leading in all directions.

/"-''

y

Fig. 72. A bag of about 150 geese during a morning shoot in Glenn County,

December, 1904.

The shooting was before the days of live decoys. A few stuffed birds
were staked on wires and as fast as the birds were bagged they were also
"wired." Soon one had a fine showing.

It was all pit shooting ; the holes in the ground being in a triangle and
depending on the wind ; the two front holes held the shooters and the
rear hole, the callers. The birds were in such thousands that farmers
were most glad to welcome shooters to drive the geese from their fields.
As a consequence, bags were the desideratum tried for on all occasions.

The grand total for two morning shoots was 111 geese. These birds
were all shipped to San Francisco and given away so that our friends
had goose stew for a week. If there was a strong wind, as was generally
the case, it was not easy shooting. The birds were remarkably active
and keen and sometimes a bird killed clean in the air would be carried
100 yards by the gale and head shot birds frequently planed a quarter
of a mile before falling with a thump. The geese, however, had little

218 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

chance as these blinds, if well made, were absolutely invisible 100 yards
away.

The largest bags that I have reliable record of, but in which I did not
personally participate, were made near Willows, Glenn County, in
March, 1902. Four guns in two days shooting bagged 783 geese by
actual count — an average of nearly 100 birds per gun per day.

The photograph herewith was taken in December, 1904, near Willows,
shows 150 geese in one shoot by three guns; about 50 birds for each
man.

My old record book, of my individual hunting trips, shows many
shoots of several dozen geese. The largest sliows 111 geese in two days
for two guns. The friend with me on this shoot was Senor Carlos
Herrera, who afterward became President of Guatemala, Central
America.

The shoot was near Norman, Glenn County, the data being as
follows :

December 4, 1905 :

9 White geese, {Chen hyperboreus) .

14 Grey geese (Anser alhafrotis) .

20 "Mexicans" large brant {Branfa canadensis hutchinsii) .

28 "Cacklers" small brant {Branta canadensis minima).

71

December 5, 1905 :

4 White geese (Chen hyperhorcus) .
8 Grey geese (Anser albafrons).
22 "Mexicans" (Branta canadensis hutchinsii).
6 "Cacklers" (Branta canadensis minima).

40

Total, 111 geese.

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SALTON SEA

By Gex)RGE a. Coleman.
HISTORY

According to the geological records written in the rocks of the San
Jacinto Mountains, bordering the present sea on the south, there has
been at sometime a vast inland sea, extending from the Lower California
coast to a considerable distance beyond the west end of the present sea.

"Tertiary deposits in these mountains contain great beds of fossil
sharks teeth and univalves (oyster shells one foot in length), at 1000
feet above the present sea level. "^ Showing that there was a marine
population equivalent to any great area of the Pacific Ocean at that
time. The hydrogeological record as evidenced bj^ the waterline marks
still visible on the walls of the cliffs of these same mountains show a
very changeful history.

The more recent written history, since the discovery of the sea by
Captain Blake in 1858-54 ^ sliows that it has varied in extent from a
body of water thirty-five miles wide, one hundred miles long and eighty-
five feet in depth as reported by him to a dry salt bed Avhich was

1 McDougall, D. T. 1914. The Salton Sea. Carnegie Institution Publ. No. 193,
p. 182.

2 Blake, Wm. P. 1853. Lake Coahuilla. San Francisco Commercial Advertiser.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 219

worked for many years for the salt it contained by the salt works at
Salton. In the year 1907, this dry salt bed was again filled by the
uncontrolled waters of the Colorado River making the present sea which
is about seventeen miles in width at the widest point by forty-seven
miles in length at the extreme ends. The depth has varied with the
amount of rainfall, but has averaged probably forty-five feet at the
deepest point near the geographical center.

Present Conditions — At various times during the years 1927 '28
and '29, the author has spent considerable time at the sea in a study of
the water, plankton of the open sea, algae of the shoreline and water
insects found therein including a collection of the fish at present living
in the sea and tide pools in order to bring our knowledge of these con-
ditions up to date and form a scientific basis for the introduction of the
proper species of fish into the sea.

Sea Level — The existence and maintenance of an adequate supply of
plankton, crustacean and insect life, especially in the shallow waters
of the east end of the sea and the entire shoreline depends to a large
extent upon the level maintained by the surface of the sea. Any
material change in this level would greatly alter the character and
quantity of this life, especially along the shoreline, upon which the
species of minnows now living and breeding in the sea depend for food.
Since any of the larger species of fish which we may introduce into the
sea will necessarily depend largely upon the supply of minnows for
their food, it is as well for us to know as far as possible what to expect
regarding the sea level in the future.

With this idea in view, the author obtained from M. J. Dowd, chief
engineer and general superintendent of the Imperial Irrigation Dis-
trict the records of the elevations taken since 1921.'^

It is evident from these records that the level of .the sea has raised
almost three feet from 1921 to 1929. Since a variation of three feet
would make but little difference in the character of the plankton and
insect life, the author believes the division is perfectly safe in making
a study of the present conditions — the basis for its fish introduction
plans.

It is also shown that since the sea level has been under the control
of the irrigation district it has been possible to keep it under control
and to maintain an almost constant level. The variation of three feet
being caused largely by an extremely heavy ranifall. Mr. Dowd
assured me that it is their intention to maintain this level in the future.

'Salton Sea Elevations. July, 1921, to January, 1929.
July 1, 1921 — 249.1 feet.
January 1, 1922 — 249.2 feet.
July 1, 1922 — 249.2 feet.
January 1, 1923 — 249.9 feet.
July 1, 1923 — 250.2 feet.
January 1, 192 4 — 249.1 feet.
July 1, 1924 — 249.0 feet.
January 1, 1925 — 250.2 feet.
July 1, 1925 — 249.9 feet.
January 1, 1926 — 249.2 feet.
July 1, 1926 — 248.8 feet.
January 1, 1927 — 247.8 feet.
July 1, 1927 — 247.0 feet.
January 1, 1928 — 246.4 feet.
July 1, 1928 — 246.0 feet.
January 1, 1929 — 246.5 feet.

220

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CHEMICAL CONTENT OF THE WATER

Any study of the living organisms of the sea would be incomplete if it
did not also include the chemical analysis of the water.

From 1907 to 1913, the United States Geological Survey made several

Fig. 73. Seining for minnows during biological survey of Salton Sea. Photograph
by George A. Coleman, March 21, 1929.

analyses of the water. The Carnegie Report No. 193 for June 13, 1913,
is most complete and is as follows :

Total solids 1,002.50

Water of occ. and hyd 32.6

Sodium (Na) 323.08

Pot. (K) 3.45

Calc. (Na) 19.75

Magnesium (Mg) 16.22

Aluminum (Al) .125

Iron (Fe) .038

Manganese (Mn) None

Zinc (Zn.) None

Lead (Pb) None

Copper (Cu) None

Jjithivim (Li) None

Chlorine (CI) 473.80

Sulphuric (SO4) 124.65

Bicarbonate (HCO3) (vol) 15.74

Carbonic (CO2) Total (grms) 11.28

Silicic (Si04)__ 2.18

Phosphoric (Poi) Trace

Nitric (N03) None

Nitrous None

Oxygen consumed .110

Boric acid None

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 221

In conversation with Captain Charles Davis at his Mullet Island
residence on May 21, 1929, I learned that he assisted in taking the
above sample for analysis and that they were all taken just off shore
in the sea opposite Mullet Island, the shoreline at that time covering
this island.

MUD POTS

Situated about one-quarter of a mile inland and an equal distance
from Mullet Island, these so-called "mud pots" which form quite a
series of boiling mud springs, furnish a never failing source of supply
of various minerals which find their way into the sea and are no doubt
the main source of the minerals found in the sea water.

MINERAL WELLS ON MULLET ISLAND

During 1927, 1928, and 1929, two wells were bored to a depth of 900
and 1400 feet respectively through the solid rock formation of Mullet
Island, at which depths a continuous flow of boiling mineral water was
obtained. On May 21, 1929, the author accompanied by Paul A. Shaw,
toxicologist at the Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, San
Francisco, visited these wells, saw them in action and with the kind
assistance of Captain Charles Davis secured samples of the flowing
water for analysis. Mr. Shaw's analysis is as follows:

Ion Grams per lOOcc pH==6.5

Carbonate

Bicarbonate 0.03

Ferrous Iron 0.005

Chlorides 6.80

Sulphates 0.02

Calcium 1.60

Magnesium 0.40

Sodium and Potassium 2.04

Nitrates 0.105

Total solids 11.000

The water flowing from these wells is allowed to run into a series
of settling ponds where the minerals crystallize out and form a series
of incrustations varying from white to yellow, green and purple,
according to the mineral crystallizing. Here one can see nature's
laboratory at work on a tremendous scale. When perfected, this system
of settling ponds, will no doubt secure the most of the minerals con-
tained in the water in a solid form leaving only a few unimportant ones
in solution to pass into the sea.

Analysis of water of the open sea: On March 21, 1929, the author
secured a sample of water near the geographical center of the sea and
also from tide pools near Fish Springs where there is abundant evi-
dence that the top minnow (Gambusia affinis) breeds.

Analysis of water from the open sea by P. A. Shaw, as follows :

Sampled March 21, 1929 Grams per lOOoc

Carbonate 0.002

Bicarbonate 0.024

Chloride 1.63

Sulphate .35

Calcium .05

Magnesium .15

222 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Sampled March 21, 1929 Orams per lOOcc

Sodium and Potassium 1.00

Total as analyzed 3.20G

Borate Positive

Nitrate Negative

Total evaporated solids (105°C)= 3.68

Total solids ignition at low red =■ 3.32

Specific gravity at 20 degrees a.s compared to water

at 4 degrees 1.033

Hydi'ogen-Ion Cone pH.= 8.5

Pig. 74. Magdalena grass, food of the famous Salton Sea mullet.
Photograph by Charles Davis.

Analysis of tide pool water, same date as above, by P. A. Shaw, as
follows :

drams per lOOcc

Carbonate 0.00

Bicarbonate 0.03

Chloride 1.83

Sulphate 0.37

Calcium 0.09

Magnesium 0.08

Sodium and Potassium 1.20

Total as analyzed 3.60

Borate Positive

Nitrate Negative

Total evaporated solids (105°C) • 4.08

Total solids, ignition low red 3.78

Spec. Grav. 20°-comp, to water at 4° ^ 1.034

Hydrogen-Ion Cone pH.=: 7.3

To complete our knowledge of the chemical contents of the water
running into the sea, the author secured from chief engineer Dowd,
the analysis of the waters of both the New and Alamo rivers made at
the laboratory of the irrigation district for a number of years past.

As these are too extensive to publish in full, only the latest of
January, 1929, are given here, the balance being on file in our ofi6.ce for
reference.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 223

Analysis of water at New River, samples taken below Reeds Dam
Irrigation District. Laboratory sample No. 4302 and No. 123 :

Total solids 167 parts per 100,000

Loss on ignition 30 parts per 100,000

Sodium carbonate (Na^COs)

Sodium chloride (NaCl) 95 parts per 100,000

Sodium sulphate (Na2So4) 66 parts per 100,000

Silt 157 parts per 100,000

Taken January 11, 1929.

Sample from the Alamo River at North End Dam. Laboratory No.
4302 and No. 124 :

Total solids 129 parts per 100,000

Loss on ignition 33 parts per 100,000

Sodium carbonate

Sodium chloride 57 parts per 100,000

Silt 182 parts per 100,000

The chemicals coming in from these two rivers are confined to a
small per cent of sodium chloride which does not have any harmful
effect on the growing crops where it is used for irrigation. For our
purposes, therefore, these two rivers may be considered as fresh water
streams.

SALTON SEA A REAL SEA

The chemical analysis of the water of the sea itself shows these waters
to be comparable to that of the open ocean. Of recent years, biologists

'TlillMHMMBT'tfif'.iluitniiiiiitr .'Siiir"

Fig. 75. Salton Sea fishing fleet now abandoned. Photograph by Charles Davis.

and biochemists have accumulated a large amount of experimental data
upon the relation of the hydrogen-ion concentration of the water to the
living organisms therein. So much real knowledge is now available on
this subject that this reaction of the water (known for short as the pH
value) may be taken at least at a predictive value upon which the
biologist may prognosticate the forms of life which will flourish
therein.

224 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

As shown by Sliaw, the water of the open sea has a pH of 8.5 and
the tide pools of 7.3. The author's own detei'niinations at various times
come very close to this, viz, open sea= pll 8 -H.5 tide pools pll 7-7.8.
It varies considerably during the season according to the temperature.
According to Harvey* (pp. 72-73) "Sea water from the open ocean
has a hydrogen-ion concentration of between 10- — '8 and 10 — '8.3 grams
per liter, or pll 8.1-8.3." Hence the reaction of the waters of ISalton
Sea to plant and animal life could be expected to be very close to that of
the open ocean.

However, owing to the small area of Salton Sea and its shallow
depth, the winds which sweep it from end to end daily keeping the
water in almost constant motion and circulation make it impossible
for any extensive development of any pelagic plankton. We have,
therefore, to depend upon the shallow water of the shoreline to produce
the plankton, insect and crustacean life needed to support the fish life
in the sea. Fortunately, this area is large in proportion to the
area of open sea, especially at the east end where the Alamo and New
rivers enter the sea.

SILTING UP OF THE SEA

According to estimates made by the United States Geological Survey
of 1911-1913, the rate of silting up at that time would completely
cover and eliminate the sea in eighteen years. To date only a very
small area at the mouths of the New and Alamo rivers has been covered.

In order to protect the breeding ground of the forms furnishing
food for young fish, the channels of these two rivers should be kept
open directly into the sea, so that the silt coming down in the water
does not spread out too soon and choke out the growth in the shallow
water. At the author's recent visit this was not being done and con-
sequently there was a great area in which the water was only a few
inches deep and in which great numbers of pelicans and other fish-
eating birds were feasting on tlie minnows and young fish coming down
these rivers which would otherwise enter the sea and form food for
larger and more desirable sport fish. Chief Engineer Dowd has assured
me that these channels would be kept open in tlie future.

BENTHAL AREA

The area in which benthal organisms which include all forms that
are attached to the shore and bottom, or to plants growing on the shore
and bottom and a host of other forms, which, though free swimming are
associated with the attached forms, covers the entire east end of the
sea, especially at the mouths of the New and Alamo rivers. These areas
may be roughly located by the growth of cattails and other coarse
water plants. There are other limited areas at the mouths of small
streams, springs which flow directly into tlie sea and small stream at
the west end with artesian wells for their source. I would estimate that
in all about one-eighth of the area of sea is so covered. We have,
therefore, this area in which the food for support of the minnoAV popu-
lation, upon which the larger sport fisli must depend for food and for
the support of such fish as may subsist directly on plankton, insects and

< Harvey, H. W., 1928. Biological chemistry and physics of sea water. (Macmillan
Company, New York, Ed. of 1928), pp. 72-73.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 225

crustaceans. Any fish which we may introduce will therefore con-
centrate in this area especially in the younger stages and should be
protected by not allowing any fishing in this area at any time.

FISH BREEDING AREA

The area to be so reserved is easily marked by township lines, viz,
beginning at the northwest corner of township 11 south, range 11 east,
San Bernardino Meridian, thence following township line to northeast
corner of same; thence north on township line of township 10 south,
range 12 east, San Bernardino Meridian, to the northwest corner of
same, thence east on north line of township 10 south, range 12 east,
San Bernardino Meridian to northeast corner of same. All sport
fishing will then be confined to the open sea outside of this line. The
area inside of this line, to, and including, the mouths of the Alamo
and the New rivers as far as the first dams thereon to be set aside
as a fish nursery for the express purpose of maintaining a supply of
fish for Salton Sea.

If this is done we will have a basis to work on which will give us a
reasonable assurance of being able to maintain a sufficient supply of
sport fish in the sea to meet any demands made upon it by real sports-
men.

Commercial fishing in the sea, being now at an end as far as any
profit in it is concerned, should be prohibited entirely.

FISH OF SALTON SEA

The first published account of the fish of Salton Sea, as far as I am
able to find, is that of Dr. B. W. Evermann, in the Copeia.^

Dr. Evermann lists six species of fish as occurring in the sea at that
time:

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The most abundant species at
that time.

Bony-tail {Gila elegans). Said to be not uncommon. (I saw no
specimens.)

Humpback sucker (Xaurophen sypho). Rather common. (I saw
several specimens. They all had a starved appearance.)

Colorado River trout (Salmo pleuriticus) . Although the water of the
Salton Sea is quite brackish, strongly alkaline and very warm, this
trout seems to thrive in it amazingly well. It is said to be fairly
common. (I saw one fine example about 16 inches long. It was in
excellent condition, albeit somewhat bleached in color.)

Common mullet (Mugil cephalus) ." Next to the carp the most com-
mon species. Numerous examples were seen. It is said to reach a
large size (as much as 6 pounds) and to be unusually fine as a food fish.

Desert cyprinodont (Cyprinidon macularius) J This interesting little
fish was found in Pigtree John Spring in a small oasis near the north
end of the lake and some 7 miles southwest of Mecca. This spring, or

''Evermann, Barton Warren. 1916. Fishes of the Salton Sea. Copeia, No. 34.
pp. 61-63, August 24, 1916.

« Thompson, Will F and Bryant, Harold C. 1920. The mullet fisheries of Salton
S^'i- California Fish and Game. Vol. 6, No. 2. pp. 60-63, 3 flgs. April 19, 1920.

This cyprinodont appears to be found in many of the isolated springs and water
« ^ ',", % deserts of southern California. Only this week (June 1) Samuel Hubbard
Of Oakland, brought me 14 fine specimens from Saratoga Springs, Death Valley,
where Mr. Hubbard says they are very abundant.
3 — 68604

226 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

waterhole, was grown up thickly with cattails {Typha latifolia) and the
surface of the water was covered with a thick coating of algae of various
species. The water was only a few inches deep and quite warm, perhaps
as warm as 90 degrees to 100 degrees on hot days. The fish, however,
were active and in good condition. I caught a number of them and
succeeded in bringing two alive to San Francisco. One of them died a
few days ago — the other is alive and doing well.

*^

Fig. 76. Fishermen examining nets used in talking mullet in the Salton Sea.

Photograph by Charles Davis.

PRESENT STATUS OF FISH LIFE

In his several trips to the Salton Sea, the author has paid particular
attention to checking up on the number of species of fish now found in
the sea and their abundance.

The carp disappeared several years ago in what seemed to be an
epidemic. Captain Charles Davis says they came up in shoals of dead
fish on the shore at and near Mullet Island, the stench being almost
unbearable for sometime. Most of these fish were carp, but there were
other fish mixed with them.

The mullet have also almost disappeared. I interviewed the mullet
fishermen while they were working this spring. They stated that they
could find but one small school of large fish and the}- moved about all
over the sea. They say what they do catch are all large fish and in the
proportion of about one male to 100 females. They believe the mullet
are not now breeding in the sea. In a trip of forty miles on the sea
over their supposed haunts, I saw only one good sized mullet on
March 21 of this year.

The Colorado River trout is occasionally seen near the east end of the
sea.

The humpback sucker is reported as rather common.

The author, assisted by several deputies, during the trip in March,
made quite an extended search for the desert cyprinodont and found it
at nearly every point where we touched shore, from a spring about
seven miles above the Hartley Salt Works on the north shore of the sea,
around to Fish Springs and Figtree John Spring where Dr. Evermann

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

227

originally discovered it. We found it abundant in all these places, but
especially so along the shore near the Hartley Salt Works. Here it
thrives amazingly in the open sea water and Mr. Hartley states that
it gets into their salt vats and will live in salt water up to 50 per cent
saturation, at which point it begins to die. It evidently breeds in the
tide pools and fresh water coming from these springs in among heavy
growths of cattails.

While hunting for the cyprinodont at Fish Springs, the author dis-
covered a small viviperous minnow breeding in the spring and also in
tide pools of sea water along this shore. These were turned over to
W. I. FoUet, of Oakland, who has kindly identified them as Gamhusia
affinis, Baird and Girard. Since this time the author has found this
minnow to be quite abundant at several points around the shore,

Mr. Follet also identified the cyprinodont collected as Cyprinodon
macularius, Baird and Girard, or the same species listed by Dr. Ever-
mann.

These two minnows are in sufficient abundance in the sea to form the
food of a considerable population of sport fish since they are found
all around the shoreline and seem to be able to maintain themselves
against a horde of fish-eating birds of various species.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STOCKING

After a study of the present conditions and a fairly good knowledge
of the habits of the striped bass, I believe if the young bass were intro-
duced into the area designated as breeding grounds at the east end of

Fig. 77. Recession of the Sal ton Sea has left great shallow flats and made necessary
this method of transporting fishing gear and catch. Photograph by
Charles Davis.

the sea late in the season (October would be probably the best time)
they would have a good chance to succeed. Since we have no precedent
by example of introducing the striped bass into a landlocked sea, it
will be in the nature of an experiment, but one which I believe to be
well worth trying. Certainly no fish could be more desirable as a sport
fish.

228 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

THE REPRODUCTION OF FISHES

By Paul Bonnot.

From time to time inquiries are received by the Division of Fish and
Game requesting information relative to the breeding habits of fishes.
These inquirers range from students working on some problem of
icthyology to housewives who, on cleaning fish brought home by some
angling member of the family, are surprised to find some of the body
cavities filled with small replicas of the larger individual. The finding
of such fish has led to the erroneous idea that some fishes swallow their
young in time of danger, disgorging them when the danger has passed.

Among the cold-blooded vertebrates, there are three types of repro-
duction, which are termed oviparous, ovoviviparous and viviparous.
There are fishes represented under each of these types. The eggs of an
oviparous fish may be fertilized internally or they may be fertilized
after they have been exuded into the water. The eggs of oviparous
fishes contain a yolk, as a food supply for the young fish. The eggs
"hatch" in the water. In the ovoviviparous type of reproduction, the
eggs are fertilized inside the body of the female and are "hatched"
there. The young fish are in some cases furnished with a yolk sac ; in
others they are attached to structures on the walls of the oviducts,
analogous to the mammalian placenta. In either case, they are in a
very undeveloped state when they emerge from the egg and must remain
for a time in the ovary or oviducts, and are deposited in the water
fully formed and able to provide for themselves. In the viviparous
fishes, the eggs are fertilized internally — in some cases while still
attached to the follicle. The eggs are not provided with a yolk. The
necessary oxygen and nourishment are derived directly from the female,
thus approaching the conditions found among the warm-blooded verte-
brates.

The necessary contact between the eggs and spermatozoa is effected
by various means. In most of the oviparous fishes the eggs are either
set adrift in the water or attached to water plants and stones, or they
are buried in sand, gravel or mud. The males exude the milt in the
vicinity of such eggs and water currents bring about contact between
the spermatozoa and eggs. In a few of the oviparous fishes the sper-
matozoa are introduced into the female by actual copulation and the
eggs are fertilized previous to their exudation into the water. A few of
the oviparous sharks and rays of this type enclose the eggs in a tough
leathery shell, of a rectangular shape, with a long tenacle at each corner.
In all the ovoviviparous and viviparous fishes the spermatozoa are
introduced into the female and the eggs fertilized in the oviducts or
ovary. The male intromittent organ is some modification of the ventral
or anal fins. In the sharks and rays, there are claspers, a paired struc-
ture with corresponding grooves on their inner surfaces, which together
form a closed tube for the transfer of the seminal fluid. In the top
minnows and surf fishes, the modification generally takes the form of
a tube between the elongated anterior rays of the anal fin.

In the ovoviviparous and viviparous fishes the fertilization of the
eggs and the subsequent development of the embryos are very variable.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 229

Eigenmann * found that in Cymatogaster aggregatus, one of the surf
fishes, the following cycle occurs. Copulation takes place in June or
July. The spermatozoa remain dormant in the ovary until December,
when they become exceedingly active. The eggs mature and are
fertilized between November 1st and February 1st, the eggs in larger
fish being more numerous and maturing earlier than those in smaller
fish. The young are liberated during May and June. The young fish
are gravid in one year.

There are several different methods of providing the young fish
with nourishment and oxygen during gestation. In some of the sharks,
the embrj^os are attached to the walls of the oviducts by structures
analogous to the mammalian placenta. In the surf fishes, the embryonic
fish, as soon as the digestive tract is formed, consume the spermatozoa
still remaining in the ovaries and are then nourished by material from
the breaking down of the epithelia lining of oviducts and uterus. In
most of the viviparous teleosts, or fishes having bony skeletons, the
embryos obtain a certain amount of nourishment and oxygen through
osmotic action between the surface of the small fish and the closely
applied ovarian structures.

The following families of fishes are known to be either ovoviviparous
or viviparous. All other fishes, as far as is known, are oviparous.
There are species contained in some of the enumerated families which
are oviparous. The rock fishes (Scorpaenidae) and surf fishes (Embio-
iocidae) are the only families in which there are no oviparous members.
Sharks and Rays —

Carchariidae (Blue Sharks) — Ovoviviparous.

Sphyrinidae (Hammerhead Sharks) — Ovoviviparous.

Rhinidae (Angel Fish) — Ovoviviparous.

Galeidae (Requiem Sharks) — Ovoviviparous.

Splnacidae (Spiny Dogfishes ( — (some) Ovoviviparous.

Trygonidae (Sting Ray) — Ovoviviparous.

Mylio'baUdae (Eagle Ray) — Ovoviviparous.

Mantidae (Bat Fish) — Ovoviviparous.
Top Minnows —

Poeciliidae — (most) Ovoviviparous.
Rock Fishes —

Scorpaenidae — ( all ) Ovoviviparous.
Blennies —

Blennidae — (most) Ovoviviparous.
Eelpouts —

Lycodidae — (most) Viviparous.
Surf Fishes —

Embiotocidae — (all) Viviparous.

The number of progeny produced under the different types of repro-
duction varies according to the degree of protection afforded the eggs
and young fish. The oviparous fishes which deposit their eggs unfertil-
ized in the water, produce comparatively large numbers of eggs. Only
a small percentage of the fish that these eggs represent reach maturity.
When the eggs are fertilized before being exuded into the water, one

* Bull. U. S. B. F. 1892 (1894) V XII, pp. 401-478.

230 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

element of chance is removed and the number of eggs is accordingly
reduced.

Among the ovoviviparous and viviparous fishes, the eggs and young
are protected through the period of greatest danger. The available
space for growth is limited and, therefore, the number produced is
comparatively small. Most of the oviparous fishes seem to have definite
spawning periods at regular intervals. Such fish as sardines, striped
bass and carp spawn regularly once a year. On the other hand, salmon
spawn but once during a lifetime, w^hen they are from four to six years
old. The ovoviviparous and viviparous fishes which produce their
young in small numbers seem to have a move or less continuous period
of reproduction. In the ovaries of such fishes will be found minute
immature eggs in conjunction with ripe eggs ready for fertilization.
The eggs mature in small numbers and, as soon as the young fish are
liberated, another set of eggs is. ripe and ready to produce another
brood.

Numier of Young Observed in Different (Species of Viviparous Fishes.*
Rock Cod—

Sebastomus — Many thousands.
Rose Fish —

Sehastes marinus — 1000.
Top Minnows —

Gambusia patruelis — 20 to 25.

Anableps gronovii —

female, 7 inches — 4 to 5.
female, 10 inches — 18.
female, 10 inches — 7.

Surf Fishes —

Hysterocarpus traski — 16.
Hyper prosopon argenteus — 7 to 12
Hypsurus caryi — 8.
Ditrema jacksoni — 8 to 60.
Phanerodon cater alls — ^21 to 80.
Phanerodon fnrcatus — 10 to 2.3.
Amphistichus argenteus — 47 to 80.

ACETIC ACID AS A CONTROL AGENT FOR CYCLOCHAETE
AND GYRODACTYLUS IN HATCHERY TROUT ^

By H. Van Koekel.

During May, 1929, a disease outbreak among steelhead trout (Salmo
irideus) in a hatchery was called to the attention of this laboratory.
Upon investigation the following information Avas obtained.

HISTORY

The hatchery is supplied with water taken from a near-by stream,
which in turn, is supplied with water flowing from springs found along

* Eigenniann, C. H. Bull. U. S. B. F. 1892 (1894) V XII, p. 404.
1 Contribution No. 4 from Fish and Game Laboratories at The George Williams
Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, University of California, San Francisco.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 231

its channel. The amount of water received from these sources, how-
ever, is very small. Approximately one-half mile above the water
intake for the hatchery, the stream also receives water from an electric
power plant. This water is not as pure as that from the springs because
it travels through a six-mile flume and an open reservoir before it
reaches the power plant. A marked difference is observed in the clear-
ness of the stream water above and below the point where the water
from the plant enters the stream. Fifteen days prior to the date when
the disease was reported, the power plant commenced to shut down
during the night and no water would flow into the stream during this
time. While the water was shut off at the plant, there would be an
insufficient amount flowing through the hatchery. At this time the
water became noticeably contaminated with barnacles. This condition
may have some relation to the parasitic outbreak in the fish.

CAUSE OF THE DISEASE

Microscopic examination revealed that the fish were infested with
skin parasites, namely : cyclochaete and gyrodactylus. The former was
found on all fish examined while the latter was observed on only a few.

COURSE OF THE DISEASE

The first sign of the disease, observed by the hatchery foreman, was
a slight increase in mortality. The organisms, without doubt, had
gained a firm foothold at this time. It is difficult to state when the
fish first became infested. A rise of temperature (4 degrees Fahren-
heit) occured when the first mortality was observed. The May tem-
peratures ran fairly constant, with a mean temperature never exceed-
ing 59 degrees. A marked increase in mortality was observed four
days after the first evidence of the disease. During a period of five
days an approximate loss of 200,000 fish was experienced.

SYMPTOMS

In general, the fish appeared to be less active and greatly weakened.
They inclined to rest near the surface of the water or lie on the floor of
the trough. Due to weakness, the current of the water would hold
them near the foot end of the trough. The outline of the fins appeared
to be ragged which greatly interfered with the function of the fins,
especially the tail fin. A short rapid side motion of the posterior third
of the body was observed in fish with injured tail fins. The stronger
fish would often attack the weaker ones which would result in a large
number of bobtailed fish. Upon close examination with the naked eye,
the parasites appeared as white pin-point specks on the fins. In heavily
infested cases they were easily detected.

LESIONS

Microscopic examination revealed the parasites moving about on the
fins and body proper. The organisms could be found on any part of
the body, but in light infested cases they were generally confined to
the fins. The structure of the fins was greatly injured. The rays
appeared to be nude of skin and often broken at the border of the fin.
This injury not only affected locomotion, but also resulted in a great
loss of blood.

232

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 78. Cyolochaetae. Skin and gill parasite isolated from two months' old
steelhead trout. Enlarged 325 times.

Tf--^

R.\«

*., f" fi: •' -. •

Pig. 79. Cyclochaetae attached to tail-fin of two months' old steelhead trout.

Enlarged 325 times.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 233

TREATMENT

In treating fish infested with parasites one must consider the type
of organism to be eradicated, the efficacy of the agent on the parasite,
duration and method of application, after effects on the fish and the
cost of the agent. To obtain this information in an expedient manner,
it is best to first treat a small number of fish. The strength of the
agent and duration of the treatment are dependent upon the type of
parasite and the size and condition of the fish. It is known that
gyrodact3dus can be eliminated ^vith a weak solution of acetic acid.
Since no specific treatment for cyclochaete was known, several agents
were considered. Acetic acid solution was first employed. It was
observed that cyclochaete can be eliminated from two months old trout
if bathed in a .15 per cent solution of glacial acetic acid for one minute.
This strength of the solution and duration of the treatment did not
produce any serious after effects on the fish. With a net the fish
were immersed into a tub containing the acetic acid solution. Approxi-
mately 4000 fish could be treated at one time. A deep net as used in
hatchery practice for transferring fish was employed. Every precau-
tion was taken to keep the fish in constant contact with the acid solu-
tion for the required time. The upper portion of the net was also
disinfected by dipping it frequently into the solution. If care is exer-
cised few fish escape from the net. At the end of 45 to 60 seconds
some of the fish will commence to show signs of distress and turn over
on their side. The duration of the treatment should not exceed one
minute in the size treated as it would result in a heavy loss. The loss
is dependent upon the condition of the diseased fish.

After the acetic acid bath the fish were placed in troughs which had
been cleaned and disinfected with a 2^ per cent solution of
formalin. The fish should be placed in the trough near the water
inflow where conditions are most suitable. A large number of fish will
fall to the floor of the trough and appear as dead, but within 20 to 30
seconds all will have recovered and appear normal. A slight increase
in mortality was observed for some hours after the treatment. The
dead fish were the weaker infested ones which could not survive in
spite of any treatment. The mortality dropped down to normal about
forty-eight hours after the treatment. The general condition of the
fish improved rapidly. Frequent microscopic examination of dead
and live fish revealed no cyclochaete. The treatment did not eliminate
the gyrodactylus completely, as this parasite was found on two different
specimens of all the treated fish examined. Further treatment would
be necessary to eliminate this organism completely.

Among other agents employed it was observed that a .25 per cent
formalin solution would kill both cyclochaete and gyrodactylus within
1| minutes. The net treatment was employed as with the acetic acid.
Formalin, however, appeared to be slightly more toxic to small fish.

Methylene blue ^ (1-1000 of a saturated solution) did not kill the
organism at the end of one hour. Experiments with lower dilutions
were not attempted because the agent would be more expensive for
general treatment than acetic acid or formalin solutions. Fish remained
alive for at least twenty-four hours in a 1-1000 methylene blue solution
without being areated.

» Certified, Coleman & Bell, Northwood, Ohio.

234 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Acriflavine was also used in a very dilute solution (1-750,000). This
agent can not be recommended because it did not kill the organism and
proved injurious to the fish. The organisms were alive after five
minutes exposure to the solution.

The action of the acetic acid on the organism is not definitely known.
Acetic acid belongs to the group of simj^le acids which act as an
external irritant.

SUMMARY

The acetic acid solution was found to be effective in the control of
cyclochaete and gyrodactylus and the least toxic to fish. Formalin,
although slightly toxic, can also be recommended in the control of
these parasites. Methylene blue and acriflavine can not be recom-
mended because the cost of treatment would be far greater than that
of acetic acid or formalin if stronger solutions were employed.

All instruments and troughs can be readily disinfected with 2^ per
cent formalin solution which has proved to be effective.

The strength of the disinfecting agent depends upon the condition
and size of the fish and the organism wliich is to be eradicated.

Other agents such as dilute sulphuric acid, chloride of lime and
copper sulphate were not employed which also may prove to be of some
merit in eradicating these parasites.

The disinfecting solutions can be prepared by the fish culturist with
little difficulty. The acetic acid should be 99 per cent pure and forma-
lin should contain 40 per cent formaldehyde. These agents can be
obtained from any chemical company. The dilute solution (.15 per
cent) may be prepared according to the following ratio :

One part of acetic acid (99 per cent) -f- 658 parts of water.

One ounce of acetic acid (99 per cent) -(- 5 gallons and 18 ounces
of water.

76 cubic centimeters acetic acid (99 per cent) -|- 50 liters of water.

THE NORTHWARD OCCURRENCE OF SOUTHERN FORMS OP
MARINE LIFE ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST IN 1926

By Carl L. IIubbs and Leonard P. Schultz.

While engaged in collecting and studying the fishes of the northwest
coast during the summer of 1926, we secured some information on the
occurrence during that season of certain forms of fishes and marine
invertebrates well north of their usual range. According to general
testimony and indications, the summer of 1926 was notable for this
tendency of marine forms to stray northward along the coast.

Our observations of course were duplicated by those of some other
naturalists, among them J. T. Nichols, of the American Museum of
Natural Histor5^ He writes as follows in "Natural History" (Vol.
26, No. 6, pp. 611-612) :

"Various unrelated bits of data tend to show that the present season
(1926) was one where warm water conditions extended unusually far
to the north along the coast. It was also one of a heavy take of salmon
at False Pass (entrance to Bering Sea) and in the Bristol Bay area
of Alaska * * *. In July and August the writer found compara-
tively warm water conditions prevailing farther north than he had

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

235

anticipated. Coming in southeast, west of the Queen Charlotte Islands,
when about the 52d parallel of latitude was reached, there was a band
of water several miles wide, thickly strewn with Velclla. The glisten-
ing sails of this little animal dotted the smooth blue surface of the
sea as the falling petals of apple blossoms do the grass under apple
trees. South of this line phosphorescent ctenophores flashed their
sparks of blue light in the ship 's wake at night. Again, farther south-
east, a fragile pelagic stalked barnacle was numerous. Several of
these barnacles float attached to a central globular mass seemingly of
the same structure as that of their stalks. At about 50 degrees north,
the steamer passed close to a sea sunfish three or four feet across,
swimming in a vertical position, its upper fin projecting somewhat
above the surface of the water."

We also found an ocean sunfish (MoJa mola) north of its usual
range, although not nearly so far north as Nichols' record. His fish

Fig. 80. Ocean sunfish caught far north of its usual range near La push,

Washington, 1926.

was seen off the northern part of Vancouver Island, while ours (Fig. 80)
was taken by a salmon troller near Destruction Island, off northern
Washington. This odd fish created a considerable amount of interest
when brought into the Indian village of Lapush, where we were staying
at the time. Many of the fishermen as well as the Indians — a number
of whom engaged in pelagic sealing — had never seen a sunfish in.
neighboring waters. It was obviously a stray from the southward.
This specimen was caught on June 24. Later, during the first half of
August, we found ocean sunfish common off Ne^vport, Oregon, seem-
ingly more abundant than usual. A halibut skipper, fishing off
Yaquina Head, brought us in a fine example, of relatively small size.
This northward extension of the range of the ocean sunfish in 1926
appears to have been related to the unusual occurrence of the "Portu-
guese man-o'-war" (Velella) far to the north of its usual range.
Nichols, in the paper quoted above, mentioned seeing large numbers

236 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of these little purple creatures sailino; along at the latitude of 52
degrees (north of Vancouver Island). They also occurred generally
along the Washington and Oregon coast during the summer of 1926,
and everywhere were regarded as unusual if not quite strange. Near
Lapush, Washington, these animals were washed ashore in windrows,
during the latter part of June. The sunfish caught near Ijapush had
eaten heavily on VeleMa, and on nothing else. It is probable that the
sunfishes had followed the "Portuguese men o'-war" to the north.

Some other invertebrates were generally thought to be especially
common northward in 1926. This was held to be true, for example,
of a sea urchin (Strmigylocentrotus purpurescens) , especially at Cafion
Beach, Oregon.

Anchovies (Engraulis mordax) occurred in most unusual abundance
in the summer of 1926 — so much so as to receive frequent newspaper
notice — in the mou.th of the Columbia River. They were here mis-
taken by the salmon fishermen for sardines.

A thresher shark^ {Alopias viilpcs) was caught late in the summer
of 1926 in Coos Bay, Oregon. This is far north of the usual range of
this species, and the local fishermen did not recognize it. Although we
did not actually see this thresher shark, its identity was made certain
by the examination o^ a sketch and measurements of the fish, sent us
by Ben Smith, a very observant fisherman of North Bend.

Mackerel (Pneumatophoriis diego) also appeared, though rather spar-
ingly, in the channels of Coos Bay, Oregon, during the summer of
1926. They were regarded by fishermen as new to this bay. They have,
however, been taken at times in Puget Sound.

Jack smelt {Atherinopsis calif orniensis calif orniensis) were likewise
sporadically common in the channels of Coos Bay in the same summer.
Ben Smith, who for some years has made a living fishing for bay smelt
{Atherinops affinis oregonia) in Coos Bay, and who has taken a keen
interest in his catch, insists that lie never caught the jack smelt before
1926 and that he noticed on first taking them they were different from
the ordinary bay fish. He certainly distinguished clearly between the
two, both as to habits and appearance, in 1926. Jack smelt were also
taken in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, in 1926, but the less observant fisher-
men there did not distinguish them from the baj^ species.

The one previous record of this species from north of California,
is for British Columbia, and is a very doubtful one.

Hake {Merlucciiis productus) were at one of their occasional high
points of abundance in and near Yaquina Bay, Oregon, in early
August, 1926. At such times of abundance many hake are stranded
on the sand beaches of the adjacent surf or on the sand flats of the ba3^

Two other fishes found in great numbers near the mouth of Yaquina
Bay in August, 1926, were the slender smelt, AUosmcrus ntfenuatus
and Spirinchus starksi, species which make up much of the "white-
bait" of the San Francisco market. But most of these smelt were
killed by the blasting in the harbor mouth, and might not otherwise

' During July and August, 1926, members of the staff of California State Fisheries
Laboratory noted an unusual number of hammer-headed sharks, Sphyrna zygaena,
in the San Pedro fish markets. This is a notable northward extension of the normal
rang-e of this species as tliese sharks, inhabiting warm seas, are delivered but rarely
to the markets of the Los Angeles region. — F. N. Clark, California State Fisheries
Laboratory, April, 1929.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 237

have been seen in numbers. It can not be stated with any certainty that
these species were actually in unusual abundance in 1926.

We took in Oregon and Washington a number of other California
types of fishes — certain surf fishes, sculpins and rock cods — which have
not been reported in the scientific literature as occurring in these states.
But in these cases we obtained no indications that these species were
not normal and permanent residents in these northern waters. The
fact that they have not been recorded so far northward is merely an
index of the very meager amount of attention which has been given to
Oregon and AVashington by the collectors and students of fishes.

Another southern fish, the striped bass - (Roccus lineatus) occurred
in commercial abundance in Oregon, especiallj^ in and about Coos Bay,
during the summer of 1926. This species, however, appeared here first,
in sufficient quantities to attract attention, to the summer of 1925 (as
already noted in this journal by Scofield and Bryant, Vol. 12, 1926,
p. 57).

Crawford has reported in Copeia (No. 160, 1927, p. 183) the appar-
ent straying of the Japanese Decapterus into Alaskan waters in 1924
and 1925. Whether this movement was unusual, we can not say. He
also reports the occurrence of the pomfret {Brama rail) and the tor-
pedo (Tetronarce calif ornica) north of Cape Flattery in September
and October of 1925.

Just before we left the Oregon coast, to be exact on August 24, 1926,
albacore (Germo alalunga) were caught off that state for the first time,
so far as we could learn. Two salmon trollers, fishing between Coos
Bay and the mouth of the Suislaw, each landed one of these fishes,
strange to them, and one of them saw a small school. The fish was
equally unknown to the other fishermen and the fish dealers of Marsh-
field, but an examination of the large head of one and the fishermen's
clear description of the rest of the body, and particularly of the plain
color and great length of the pectoral fin, left no doubt in our minds
as to the identity of the fish. So far as we know, the northernmost of all
previous records for the albacore is the somewhat doubtful one given
by Thompson (California Fish and Game, Vol. 5, No. 4, October,
1919, pp. 203-204), for northern California.

Like the striped bass, the albacore made its appearance in large num-
bers northward of its usual range in 1925 as well as in 1926. The
occurrence of albacore in quantity off San Francisco and Monterey in
late August and early September, 1925, has been duly recorded in
Fish and Game (Vol. 11, 1925, p. 185). Whereas they probably ranged
northward to central California in greater abundance in 1925 than in
1926 (see Table I), they are not known to have penetrated so far to
the northward in the former year as in the latter. Furthermore, a much
greater abundance in 1925 than 1926 is also indicated for southern
California.

2 The following notation has been made at the request of Dr. Hubbs :
The striped bass is now maintaining itself in sufficient numbers at Coos Bay,
Oregon, to be of commercial importance. While definite figures are not available, the
general opinion of the fishermen is that this fish is increasing in abundance in that
region each year. It would seem that the movement of this species to the northward
is the normal spreading out of the species following its establishment in the California
streams. Its occurrence in numbers sufficient to attract general attention in 1925
and 1926 may have been coincident with, rather than dependent on, the unusual
temperatures of these years. If the warmer temperatures played a part in the
northward distribution of the striped bass, it has successfully maintained itself
thereafter. — F. N. Clark, California State Fisheries Laboratory, April, 1929.

238

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The statistics for the commercial catch of albacore for each quarter
year from 1916 to 1926 (Table I), summed for southern and eenrtral
California, respectively, empliasize the unusual abundance of tlie si)ecies
in central California in 1925 and 1926. That temperature plays a part
but not the only role in tliis apparent northward migration of albacore
along the coast is suggested by the fact that the water temperatures
in central California toward the end of the year, Avhen the albacore
appear, were higher than usual in 1925, but not consistently higher
than in all years, notably 1923, when albacore were not taken in any
large numbers so far to the northward (see Fig. 2). What the other
factors may be must be left to the staff of the California State Fisheries
Laboratory to determine. The run of albacore in central California
in 1926 can hardly be attributed to high temperatures at the time of
the run, because the water temperatures in the latter part of 1926 were
low (Fig. 2). The 1926 run, may, however, have been a holdover from
that of 1925, an hypothesis which finds strong support in the unseason-
ablv high temperatures which prevailed over the winter and spring
of 1925-1926.

TABLE I

Statistics of Albacore Catch in Pounds for Souttiern California (Soutli of Pt. Conception) and for Central California
(Monterey to San Francisco), for Each Cuarter Year from 1916 to 1926, Inclusive)

Year

Southern
California

Central
California

1916

55

405,988

7,614,814

4,605,532

68,945

2,592,597

25,689,255

1,812,296

63,278

346,838

7,001,059

25,356

378

652,966

12,224,470

675,130

3,325

904,121

17,871,575

97,026

45

2.844

14.751.228

520,411

0

437,912

12,117,283

676,392

1,064

207,797

11,908.316

370,873

0

330,272

16,736,428

207,226

0

1,331,012

19,684,727

209,374

9,935

397,459

1,938,975

4,333

0

1917 ---

0
0
0
0

1918 ,

0
0
0
0

1919 . .

0

0

5,123
0

1920- -

0

0

81

0

1921 .

0
0
0
0

1922

0
0
0
0

1923

0

41

195

0

1924.. . -

0
0

149
0

1925

0

0

420

0

1928

0

79,997

379,832

0

0

1,728
116,955

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

239

In seeking to determine what significance increased temperatures
may have had on the unusual occurrence of southern species north of
California in 1926, we find a regrettable lack of any serial records of
water temperatures — such as those for Monterey Bay which have served
as the basis for figure 2. For indirect indications we .must rely on the
weather records. In doing this, we assume some positive correlation
between varying ocean and air temperatures. In a similar case Thomp-
son has used the mean minimum temperature of the air of coastwise
points as an index to the water temperatures (California Fish and
Game, Vol. 3, No. 4, October, 1917, pp. 153-159). That the air tem-
peratures along the Oregon-Washington coast were unusually high in
1926 (and also in 1925) has been duly recorded by the U. S. Weather
Bureau, in Climatological Data. We quote the following from the

15°

14°

12°

/

\

o

\

o

\

^•b.^

» y

*•<-"<,

'•-..

V \

--S

i

/'\

o

h

t

t

o

^°"°^o

\

^^^

-»

*y -

■ ^

\"

*
t

*
f

OMO

AvERACE 19

1985
1926

9-1926

*

1 1 1 1

I 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 f t 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

Mil.

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

A-...C..J.-.

Fig. 81. Ocean tempei-atures from 1919-1926 in central California. Data taken at
Pacific Grove by the Hopkins Marine Station and generously made available by
the director. Dr. W. K. Fisher. The daily temperatures, taken off the rocky
shore, are averaged by weeks. For the eight-year average the weekly averages
are combined. All three trends are smoothed by a running average of five.
Degrees centigrade are plotted on the vertical scale against weeks on the
horizontal.

summaries as published in that journal. For Oregon, "The annual
mean for the state, as shown by the records of 79 stations, was 52.2
degrees. The departure from the normal for 63 stations having ten
or more years' record was -|- 2.5 degrees. For the Western Division
the monthly mean was 54.2 degrees, a departure of -j- 2.6 degrees from
the normal of 30 stations having ten or more years' record * * *."
The mean average of all the stations in the Western Division, 54.2
degrees, is the highest since the inception of the records in 1891, and
is higher by 1.1 degree than the next highest average, which was for
the previous year, 1925. For Washington, the 1926 summary informs
us that "The mean temperature of the year, 50.8 degrees for the state
as a whole was the highest in 36 years of record. Every month except

240

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

August, September and December averaged above normal, and Sep-
tember was the only month mai-kedly deficient in temperature. Fol-
lowing a warm December in 1925, the mildness of the winter was
unprecedented in the 36 years of state-wide records, the average daily
excess in temperature for the five months ending in April being 5.4
degrees for the state as a whole." The year 1925 was also vmusually
warm in "Washington: "The year was remarkable for its high mean
temperatures, * * * every month except August, October and
November was warmer than the average of previous years, while the
mean temperature of the year, 50.7 degrees, equalled the previous high
mean of 1906." That these conditions prevailed along the actual coast-
line, and it is shown that they did in Table IT, is especially significant
in indicating a high ocean temperature.

TABLE II

Monthly and Annual Departures from the Normal In the Mean Air Temperatures, in Degrees Fahrenheit, for Coastwise
Stations in Oregon and Washington, in 1926 (from Climafological Data). Stations reed Scuth to Ncrlh. Ctvialicrs
are Plus unless Indicated as Minus

"-1

tr*-

o

p:

>

3"

3'

o

w

a.

>

1

3

Forks

"-1

>

s

'1

g

r

1925 — January

1.0
2.4
0.2
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.1
—0.9
—0.2
1.1
0.4
2.8
1.1

2.7
4.1
5.2
4.7
3.5.

1.9

1.9
—0.8

0.3

1.7

0.7

0.2 ...
—0.7 -

1.2 -

0.2 -

""'"3"o"

2.4

3.4

1.4 -

1.5

3.4

2.4 -

-i"i" -

-0.5

-1.1

-0.3

3.6

3.3

3.9

-0.6

0.5

2.4

-0.4

-0.5

-1.5

0.3

0.4

0.0

3.8

1.0

3.0

4.8

5.4

5.8

0.8

1.9

-0.5

-0.7

-2.4

0.6

2.2

-0.8

1.7

1.3

2.4
—0.4

1.1

2.5

0.2 -
—0.8

0.2 ...

1.6 ...

0.9 ...

0.0

4.3

2.6
6.5
0.7
1.1
2.7
-0.8
0.2

'i"4'
4.0

3.1

3.3

—0.1

1.2

2.9

—0.6

0.0

—0.2

—0.5

-1.7

—0.2

6.0

1.1

4.2
4.8
4.1
5.0
0.2
1.2
0.5
—0.2
—2.9
1.3
4.0
1.2
2.0

3.2
4.2
1.7
2.1
2.8
1.5
1.4
2.3
2.4
0.5
2.3
4.5
2.4

4.9
6.0
4.6
5.7
1.7
3.5
3.6
1.5
0.4
3.6
4.1
1.2
3.3

2.5

February

3.6

March

0.4

April

1.7

May

2.6

June

0.5

July—

1.2

August

1.2

September

0.4

October

—0.7

November

0.8

December

3.8

Annual

1.6

1926 — January

1.8
4.1
4.3
5.6
3.0
1.9
1.4
2.1
—1.1 -
3.0 -
4.4
O.G
2.6

1.8

4.4

5.2

6.8

2.5

4.0

1.2 -

2.1 -
-1.8 -
-0.7

2.3

0.4 -

2.4

3.7
4.4
4.8
5.9
2.9
1.4
0.8

1.1 -
1.5 -
3.3
3.4
—0.1 -
2.8

2.6

4.1

4.7

6.4

1.7

0.8

0.9

-1.0

-1.7

1.4

0 7

-0.3

1.7

3.3

February .

4.8

March

4.9

April

5.5

May _

2.1

June

3.4

July

2.1

August

0.5

September

—0.4

October

3.1

November

3.4

December

0.7

Annual

2.8

The warm temperatures in Oregon and Washington during the first
half of 1926 were certainly not local, for temperatures above normal
prevailed during this period over a considerable part of the country,
in an area extending southeastwardly from the Northwest coast (see
temperature maps in Climatological Data for 1926).

The unusually warm weather of 1926 along the coast almost certainly
would reflect an increased ocean temperature — unless the wind direc-
tion was distinctly unusual. A tabulation of the prevailing wind
direction during each month over the ten-year period ending with 1926,
for the coastwise stations of Washington, shows in most cases a normal

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 241

or nearly normal direction was recorded, although in some instances
prevailing winds from a warmer quarter than usual actually were
recorded. Unfortunately, no air-temperature or wind-direction records
are available for Monterey, where the ocean temperatures were taken.
At San Francisco, however, the air temperatures were above normal in
every month of 1926 through August, excepting January. In most of
those months, the wind direction reported was that usually indicated
for the ten years previous to 1926.

The midsummer coastwise air temperatures in 1926 were not
unusually high ; in fact were often below normal. The unusually warm
temperatures covered the period from December in 1925 through May,
1926. During this period it is almost certain that the ocean tempera-
tures were unseasonably warm in Oregon and Washington, just as they
were at Monterey (Fig. 2).

The unusual northward occurrence of southern forms of marine life
along the Pacific Coast in 1926 we think may be attributed to the
warmth of the preceding winter and spring, following the rather warm
summer of 1925, The southern forms which had wandered northward
in 1925 were probably able to maintain themselves to an exceptional
degree over the unpredecentedly warm winter of 1925-1926, and then
rapidly spread northward during the spring, w'hen the ocean tem-
peratures were verily summer like.

RECENT LEGISLATION

The forty-eighth session of the California legislature had before them
for consideration 120 bills relating to fish and game. Only 27 of these
bills became laws. Practically no changes were made in the open
seasons for the taking of game nor in the bag limits, the legislature
apparently having concluded that in this respect our California statutes
were satisfactory.

The following is a list of senate and assembly bills recei\dng the
signature of the governor :

Senate Bill No. 27 — Adds four new refugees :

IR in Tuolumne County ; approximately 90,000 acres.

IS in Lassen County ; approximately 40,000 acres.

IT in Humboldt County: 1,920 acres.

3H in Santa Barbara County ; appi-oximately 15,000 acres.
Senate Bill No. 49 — Classes domestic cats as predatory animals in game refuges.

Allows deputies and employees of Fish and Game Commission

to kill any cats that are at large. Cats that are in the

residence or upon the grounds of its owner are exempt from

the provisions of the act.
Senate Bill No. 267 — Allows the taking of fur-bearers by use of dogs.
Senate Bill No. 270 — Provides that the Trapping License Act should not apply to

Districts 2, 2^, 4 and 4i.
Senate Bill No. 287 — Prohibits the use of saw tooth or spike jaw traps for taking

fur bearers.
Senate Bill No. 317 — Prohibits hunting of ducks, geese and jacksnipe in Districts

4, 4f , 42, 4c, 19, 20, 20a, 21 and 22, except on Wednesdays,

Saturdays, Sundays, legal holidays, and the opening and

closing day. Allows the hunting of waterfowl in 4a on these

days only between 8 a.m. and sunset.
Senate Bill No. 393 — The owner of growing or harvested crops that are being

damaged by game can call in a regular game warden who

shall, to the best of his ability, attempt to stop sufh damage.
4—68604

242

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Senate Bill No,
Senate Bill No,

Senate Bill No.

Senate Bill No.

Assembly Bill No.

If impossible to do so lie may kill the animals causing the
damage.
Senate Bill No. 403 — Stronythens the commercial gun club act by providing that

the license may be revoked if the owner aids and abets or
acquiesces in violations of tlie game laws on tlie part of his
employees or guests.
434 — Sardine Reduction Act.

572 — Allows the use of crab nets in District lA. Changes the
season for barracuda from tlie 16th day of May to the 1st
day of May.
585 — Provides for the punching of a brand in the tail of domestic

fish in lieu of the metal tag required in the old law.
731 — Provides that a deer may be taken from an open into a closed
district when the tag is countersigned by a Justice of the
Peace, any fish and game deputy, notary public, postmaster,
peace officer, or an officer authorized to administer oaths.
Senate Bill No. 760 — Changes the boundaries of many game refuges from section

lines to ridges, streams and roads. Creates four new refuges :
IR, IS, IT and 3H. Moves Refuges IP and 4F to better
locations. Moves the east line of District 1^ from the east
line of Siskiyou County to the Southern Pacific railroad and
the Klamath River. Creates District ISA, a special district
for Pismo clams, in San Luis Obispo County.
Senate Bill No. 808 — Allows the possession of venison for 15 days after the close

of the season.
Senate Bill No. 880 — Grants to the government the right to establish waterfowl

refuges in accordance witli the new Federal Act.
G — Changes trout season in District 4^ to open ' May 1st.
Prohibits possession of any gaff, except a landing gaff,
adds Eel River to District 2 to the streams which are
to be fished during November, December, .Tanuary and
February. Allows the shipping of trout from an open to
a closed district by having a statement countersigned
by the agent of the company to whom offered for shipment.
Prohibits sale of all steelhead in District 1^.
59. — Changes crab season in Humboldt County waters to
August 31st to December 14th, inclusive. Delays one
month on both ends.
60 — Prohibits taking of any clams in District 18a in San
Luis Obispo County. Puts limit of 15 Washington clams
in District 10. Puts limit of 10 mussels per day in
Districts 18 and 19. Puts a limit on abalones of 10 per
day, 20 per week in District 7. Prohibits diving for
abalones in District 7.
Assembly Bill No. 284 — Creates an invertebrate refuge of the property of the

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego County.
Assembly Bill No. 303 — Adds Districts 13, 2^ and 41 to the district in which it

is unlawful to take game fish at night.
Assembly Bill No. 320 — Provides that the opening of the salmon season in District

5 is 15 days earlier and the closing of the season in this
district is 30 days earlier. Provides a uniform trolling
season for all outside ocean districts from the California-
Oregon line to the northern boundary of Ventura County,
with the season opening on June 1st and closing Septem-
ber 15th. Provides no change in the present law for
tidewater of Klamath River, nor commercial fishing in
Districts 12 and 12B. which take in the Sacramento-
San Joaquin rivers. Prohibits the taking of fish in the
ocean waters witliin 3 miles of the mouth of the Klamath
River.

Creates a quail refuge in and around the town of Bolinas,
in Marin County.

Assembly Bill No. 337 — Adds crow and black-billed magpie to the list of predatory

birds.

Assembly Bill No.

Assembly Bill No.

Assembly Bill No. 325-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 243

Assembly Bill No. 421 — Makes it unlawful to drive any game bird by means of

auto, power boat or airplane over hunters with the inten-
tion tliat the birds shall be shot at.

Assembly Bill No. 480 — Prohibits the taking or possession of crayfish in District 4.

Assembly Bill No. 646 — Creates a game refuge around General Grant Park.

Assembly Bill No. 1119 — Allows the private stocking of streams and other waters

by purchase of fry from private hatcheries under permission
of Fish and Game Commission.

In addition to the above, there were two resolutions adopted by the
senate. One, appointing a committee of three assemblymen to investi-
gate fishing conditions on the Klamath River and to report to the
next session on the advisability of the state purchasing the cannery
at Requa,, in order that commercial fishing might be prohibited upon
this magnificent river.

The other resolution asked for the appointment of a committee to
make a special study and detailed investigation of migratory wild
fowl and the influences that affect the supply; and whether private
sanctuaries are harmful or beneficial; and to gather information from
federal and state sources regarding conditions in other parts of the
United States and Canada and to report back to the next session of
the legislature.

244 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

DISEASE PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR GAME FARMS

Many game keepers have become discouraged in raising game birds
because they have experienced great losses from diseases. To pre-
vent and combat disease outbreaks, one must consider the predis-
posing factor which is faulty management. This includes the
selection of weak and diseased stock, improper handling and feeding,
and poor sanitation. The following measures should be employed
in the proper manner which will help to maintain disease-free stock.

1. Select stock from a source which has a clean health record.

2. All new birds introduced onto the premises should be held in
quarantine, and kept under close observation for manifestations of
disease.

3. Only vigorous and healthy birds should be employed for
breeders.

4. Breeding and rearing pens, brooder and rearing coops should
be so constructed that they can be easily cleaned and disinfected at
frequent intervals.

5. Overcrowding in the pens should be avoided.

6. A rotation system of pens should be practiced so that the ground
can be disinfected, plowed and rested.

7. In using domestic hens, they should be selected from disease-
free flocks because poultry diseases are often transmitted to game
birds through domestic stock.

8. Domestic poultry maintained on the premises should be sub-
jected to tests and treatments for such diseases as bacillary white
diarrhea, tuberculosis, internal and external parasites.

9. With regard to handling and feeding game birds, one should
consult an experienced successful breeder for information and
advice.

10. Diseased or dead specimens should be sent for examination to
the Fish and Game Laboratories, George Williams Hooper Founda-
tion for Medical Research, University of California, San Francisco,
California.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

245

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of vs^lld life and published quarterly
by the California Division of Fish and
Game.

Sent free to citizens of the State of
California. Offered in exchange for
ornithological, mammalogical and similar
periodicals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyriprhted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the Division
of Fish and Game. Editors of newspapers
and periodicals are invited to make use
of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, 510 Russ BIdg.,
San Francisco, California.

September 23, 1929

"Take only the natural increase; the
interest Is ours, but the principal belongs
to posterity."

STREAMS CLOSED TO FISHING, 1929

A number of fishing streams were
ordered closed to fishing last year as a
result of action taken at the 1927 session
of the California legislature. Vested with
proper authority, Governor C. C. Young
and Fred G. Stevenot, Director of the
Department of Natural Resources, have
taken similar steps this year. Conse-
quently a number of additional fishing
streams and lakes in various sections of
the state are closed to all fishing.

This action was taken only after care-
ful investigation to protect spawning
areas in certain sections. It also came
as the result of many requests by fish and
game protective and sportsmen's organi-
zations that certain other waters be closed
to fishing as a conservation and protec-
tive measure.

The only streams closed last year that
have been opened for fishing this season
are Santa Rosa, Mark West and Salmon
creeks in Sonoma County, Deer Creek in
Tulare County, and Bear Canyon Creek
in Los Angeles County.

The list of closed waters follows :

Coast Counties—

Humboldt County : Yager, Anderson and
Dobbin creeks and all tributaries ; Prairie
Creek and all tributaries to its junction
with Redwood Creek.

Lake County : Willow, Rice, Deer, Trout,
Soda and Salmon creeks and all tribu-
taries.

Santa Cruz County : All waters after
August 1st, except tidewater.

Sacramento River Watershed —

Lassen County: Snag Lake and tribu-
taries.

Sliasta County: Grassy Lake and
stream connecting with Snag Lake ; Hazel
and Shotgun creeks and tributaries.

Plumas County : Thompson, Tollgate,
Blackhawk, Clear and Rock creeks and

tributaries, all in vicinity of Quincy; Red
Clover Creek (a tributary of Indian
Creek) and tributaries ; Butt Creek be-
tween the Almanor Tunnel and Butt Lake.
(Butt Creek, listed above, closed ONLY
from Nov. 1 to May 29.)

Plumas and Sierra Counties —

Streams flowing into Gold, Grassy,
Jamison. Smith, Long and Round lakes
for a distance of 2,000 feet up stream
from tlie mouths, the outlets of these same
lakes for a distance of 2,000 feet from the
lake and that part of the lakes within
300 feet of the outlet will be closed until
August 1, 1929. All of these lakes are
located in the Mt. Elwell country near
Blairsden.

Siskiyou County —

Soda Creek and tributaries.

Eldorado County —

Rainbow, Grouse, LeConte, Waca,
Pyramid, Gefo, Toem and Jabu lakes.

Placer County —

Bunker Lake.
Tahoe and Truckee River Watershed —

Martis (a tributary to the Truckee),
Alder (a tributary of Prosser Creek),
Sage Hen (a tributary to the Little
Truckee) and all tributaries. Griffs, Slim
.Tim, Burton, Ward, Blackwood, Madden,
McKinney, General, Meeks, Lonely Gulch,
Rubicon, Eagle, Cascade, Taylor, Upper
Truckee, Trout, Cold creeks and all tribu-
taries ; all of the above flowing into Lake
Tahoe.

San Joaquin Basin Watershed —

Fresno County : All streams flowing into
Shaver Lake. All tributaries to Dinkey
Creek.

Tulare County — •

Mclntyre, Boulder, Bear creeks and
tributaries. Coy Creek above Rogers
Camp trail ; Lost Meadow Creek above
Loyd Meadow trail ; North Fork of Tule
above Redwood Crossing; Alder Creek
(tributary of the North Fork of Middle
Fork of Tule River) ; Kern River and big
Kern Lake between Horse Trail Bridge
and the outlet of Big Kern Lake ; Brush
and Tobias creeks and tributaries.

Southern California —

Los Angeles County: Devil's Canyon
Creek and tributaries.

Orange County : Holy Jim Creek and
tributaries.

Mono and Inyo Counties —

Middle Cottonwood Lake and stream
connecting with lakes above and below.
Reverse Creek and tributaries between
June Lake and Rush Creek.

CONVENTION OF VOLUNTEER
WARDENS

On April 27, 118 volunteer deputies of
the division gathered in San Francisco
at their own expense for intensive instruc-
tion and open discussion of conservation
and protection problems. The occasion
was the first state-wide convention of
volunteer game wardens ever to be held,
and it brought together men from as far
north as Humboldt County and as far
south as Los Angeles.

246

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Following registration at headquarters
of the division in the Russ Building, the
volunteers gathered in the Merchants
Exchange Building, the convention proper
starting at 1.30 in the afternoon and
operating on a strict time schedule until
4.30 when the meeting was thrown open
to discussion from the floor. R. M.
Grose, captain of the volunteers in the
San Francisco district, presided. John
L. Farley, executive officer of the divi-
sion, greeted the men and praised their
etTorts. He was followed by E. L.
Macaulay, chief of patrol ; Walter R.
Welch, captain in charge of volunteer
deputies ; S. B. Show, United States Dis-
trict Forester ; and George Tonkin, fed-
eral game protector. Following a brief
intermission when the men fraternized
with one another. Dr. Harold C. Bryant,
in charge of the Bureau of Education and
Research, addressed the convention, after
which short talks were given by Donald
McLean, fiold naturalist, on hawks and
owls ; J. S. Hunter, assistant to the
executive officer, on game refuges : and
John Spencer, head of the hydraulic bu-
reau, on screens and ladders.

The open discussion which followed
brought out many interesting problems
both as to law enforcement and the
various things that come up in the work
of a game warden. A fine spirit was
shown and throughout the entire pro-
ceedings one could see that the volunteer
force is cooperating fully with the regu-
lar patrol.

The convention closed with a banquet
served in the Commercial Club where
after a brief introduction Captain Grose
turned the meeting over to Captain
Welch who introduccnl Albert Lindley,
well known conservationist of Stockton,
California, who acted as toastmaster.
Lindley proved to be the ideal man for
the occasion and in an adept and happy
manner put all of the speakers at ease
and brought out many good laughs.

Those addressing the diners included :
President I. Zellerbach, who praised the
organization and expressed his apprecia-
tion of the work done ; police judges J. L.
Steiger and Sylvan Lazarus; Senator
Sanborn Young, chairman of the Senate
Committee on Fish and Game ; Fred G.
Stevenot, director of natural resources ;
M. B. Pratt, state forester ; Executive
Officer John L. Farley. Former Execu-
tive Officer Eugene D. Bennett, paid his
respects to the men whose organization
he had assisted in forming while chief
uf the division. All those speaking
declared a full realization of the impor-
tance of the meeting and of the work

being done by this fine body of volunteer
protectors of the wild life of the state.

CALIFORNIA'S FISH CATCH

California's fresh fishery products lead
the world. The coast fisheries probably
unknown to many, have been for many
years the basis of one of the greatest
of the industries of the Golden State,
but it remained for the startling increase
in 1928 to show world leadership with a
production of over half a billion pounds
of fish, 528,481,044 to be exact. This
figure shows an increase over the pro-
duction last year of 104,113,862 pounds.

Sardines, as usual, lead, with 420,-
269,665 pounds as against 342,275,289
during 1927. There was great increase
in the production of mackerel due to the
greatly increased activity in the canning
of this fine food fish. The 35,251.298
pounds taken in 1928 place it in second
place. This was an increase over 1927
of 30,522,395 pounds.

Third on the list is bluefin tuna with
13,700.870 pounds. In 1927, 4,898,386
pounds were considered an excellent
record. Sole is in fourth place with
10.280,419 pounds; rockfish, fifth, with
0.414,971 ; salmon totaled 4,478,566 ; bar-
racuda, 4,385,214; skipjack, 4,262,732;
abalones, 2.066.243; bonito, 1,317,963;
herring, 1.139,682; halibut, 1,308,053
pounds.

Pompano totaled 3295 pounds and pike
3780 pounds, while 1029 pounds of
suckers were caught also. In the Sacra-
mento-San Joaquin district 168 pounds of
terrapin were taken, and eels with 227
pounds remained the smallest figure on
the list.

The Monterey County district leads
the state with 229,123,321 pounds of fish,
due to the enormous sardine catches
brought in, while the Los Angeles dis-
trict with 217,466,068 pounds is second.
This district produced 29.872,267 pounds
of the big catch of mackerel. The San
Francisco-San Mateo district with 44,-
294,407 was third ; San Diego-Imperial,
20.024,176. fourth ; Santa Cruz, 3,512,722,
fifth ; Marin, 3,068,040, sixth ; Del Norte-
Humboldt, 2,420,162, seventh; Alameda-
Contra Costa, 2,377,250, eighth ; Mendo-
cino-Sonoma, 2,168,520, ninth ; and
Orange, 1,821,510, tenth.

The Solano-Yolo district was low, but
accounted for 514,553 pounds of fish
included in the record breaking total for
the state during 1928.

The crabs taken numbered 148,927
dozen ; Pismo clams totaled 125,205
pounds and shrimps 2,280,871 pounds.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

247

In addition to this record California
catcli tlie total of fish brought from south
of the International boundary into San
Diego was 26,040,412 pounds. Another
28,730,871 pounds came into the port of
San Pedro. Yellowfin tuna was the
largest item in this catch, a total of
32,168,580 pounds coming into the two
ports.

FEDERAL GAME DEPARTMENTS
CONSOLIDATED

In the interest of efficiency and eco-
nomy, the Division of Game and Bird
Reservations has been consolidated with
the Migratory Bird Treaty and Lacey
Acts, Division of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey. The new division wil be known as
the Division of Game and Bird Conserva-
tion. The division will have under its
immediate direction the following major
activities :

Enforcement of the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act and regulations.

Enforcement of the Lacey Act, pro-
hibiting the interstate shipment of com-
mon carrier of the dead bodies or parts
thereof of wild animals which have been
illegally killed or which are shipped con-
trary to the laws of the state from which
shipped.

Enforcement of section 84, as amended
April 15, 1924, protecting wild animals
and birds and their eggs on federal
refuges.

Maintenance of the federal big-game
and bird reservations under the jurisdic-
tion of the U. S. Biological Sui-vey and
the establishment of additional ones as
they may be authorized from time to time
by congress, including the Upper Missis-
sippi River Wild Life and Fish Refuge
authorized in 1924, and the Bear River
Migratory Bird Refuge under the act of
April 25, 1928.

Exercise of the functions delegated to
the Biological Survey under the Alaska
Game Law and cooperation with the
Alaska Game Commission in its activities.

The official title of the head of the new
division — Colonel H. P. Sheldon, Wash-
ington. D. C, will be U. S. game con-
servation ofiicer. The title of each U. S.
game warden vdll be changed to U. S.
game protector and of each reservation
warden to U. S. resei-vation protector.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FORMS NEW
DIVISION OF LAND ACQUISITION

Secretary of Agriculture Hyde has
authorized the creation in the Bureau of
Biological Survey of a new unit, effective
July 1, to be known as the division of
land acquisition. This new activity is

authorized by an act of congress, ap-
proved February 18, 1929, known as the
]\Iigratory Bird Conservation Act. Its
purpose is to meet more effectively the
obligations of the United States under
the Migratory Bird Treaty with Great
Britain by lessening the dangers threat-
ening wild fowl from drainage and other
causes, through the provisions of areas
of land and of water to furnish in per-
petuity reservations for their adequate
protection through acquisition by pur-
chase, gift, or lease. The field of work
will extend throughout the United States,
including Alaska.

In order to carry out the purposes
of the Act it is necessary to ascertain
by examination of the numerous poten-
tial areas to be found throughout the
United States those that are best adapted
for refuges, to make appraisals in order
to determine their character and value,
and to conduct other activities incident
to their acquisition with the funds made
available by congress from time to time.

The units selected for migratory bird
refuges must be of such character as will
best serve the purposes contemplated un-
der the act. Usually they will be more
or less extensive areas of lowland, com-
prising marsh and woodland contiguous
to or embracing water areas, or they may
be areas that were formerly well suited
as feeding and nesting grounds for migra-
tory birds, but now useless by reason of
drainage developments or evaporation
and subject to restoration to their natural
conditions. The Migratory Bird Conserva-
tion Commission created by the act will
consider and pass upon all lands recom-
mended by the Biological Survey for
acquisition for refuge purposes. The
Secretary of Agriculture is chairman of
the commission.

In addition to having charge of the land
acquisition under the Migratory Bird
Conservation Act, the new division will
supervise all otiier land acquisition and
cadastral survey activities of the Bureau
of Biological Survey, including the Upper
Mississippi River Wild Life and Fish
Refuge and Bear River (Utah) Migra-
tory Bird Refuge.

The new division of land acquisition
will be directed by Rudolph Dieffenbach,
senior land valuation engineer, who has
been conducting work incident to the
acquisition of lands on the Upper Mis-
sissipi River Wild Life and Fish Refuge
and elsewhere for the Suiwey since 1925.

STATES CONSENT TO ACQUISITION
OF LANDS FOR FEDERAL MIGRA-
TORY BIRD REFUGES

Since the approval of the Migratory
Bird Conservation Act on February 18,

248

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

1929, two states, Kansas and Montana,
have givon consent to the acquisition of
lands by the federal government for
refuge purposes under the new law,
according to information received by the
Bureau of Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture,
which will administer the act. Section
seven of the Migratory Bird Conservation
Act provides that no deeds shall be
accepted by the Secretary of Agriculture
unless the state in which the refuge area
lies shall have consented by law to the
acquisition by the United States of lands
in that state. The Kansas Enabling Act
was approved on February 20 and the

quired, a draft of a suitable measure has
been prepared for consideration by the
state legislatures holding sessions this
vear. — The American Field, April 20,
1929.

FIRST DISCOVERY OF SARDINE EGGS

After a search which lias extended over
a long period of time, and covered the
entire coast of California from Eureka to
San Diego, E. C. Scofield, scientific as-
sistant in the bureau of commercial fish-
cries of the division finally located large
numbers of sardine eggs and laiwae five
miles off Point Vincent in southern Cali-
fornia the first week of June, 1929.

Fig. 82. A limit of rainbow trout taken in I.,ake Elinor, Yoscmite National Park,
opening day, 1928. Photograph by H. P. Walls.

one in Montana on March 1. These two
states are the first to take special action
in the matter, although it has been deter-
mined that existing legislation in the
states of Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut,
Georgia, Illinois, Iowa. Ijouisiana, IVIaine,
Maryland, jNIichigan, Minnesota, Nevada,
New Mexico, North Carolina. Ohio, Okla-
homa, South Carolina, South Dakota,
West Virginia and Wyoming is sufficient
for the federal government to proceed
with the actiuisiton of areas for refuge
purposes. State enabling legislation,
however, will be necessary in all other
states. In those states where legislation
in harmony with the federal act is re-

The discovery is the first of its kind
made in America. Its importance is far
reaching and, no doubt, will lead to otlier
discoveries that will give information re-
garding the spawning habits of tiie sar-
dine. Aside from its scientific value, this
knowledge will be of very practical benefit
to the sardine canning industry.

P"'ishermen know tliat just before sar-
dine eggs are ripe and the fisli ready for
spawning, the fish disappear. They have
never been able to locate their spawning
areas. After the eggs are deposited the
sardines reappear and can be taken by
the fishermen. Scofield found schools of
sardines apparently spawning and was

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

249

nble to secure eggs and larvae for scien-
tific investigation. The eggs found were
almost entirely transparent. Apparently,
they hatch floating in the water, and the
transparent conditon is nature's method
of protecting them from their natural
enemies.

The discovery will nlways remain a
feature of the hydrobiological survey.
This survey is a cooperative investiga-
tion with the Hopkins Marine Laboratory
of Stanford University and the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries of the division.
Its objective is to assist the canners and
fishing interest in learning something of
the habits of the sardines and the effect
of hydrographic conditions on the move-
ment of the sardine in California waters.

VOLUNTEER DEPUTY INJURED

On Sunday morning, April 28, volun-
teer deputy Lee Straight was seriously
injured. He was making an adjustment
of the motor of one of the bay and river
patrol boats preparatory to a search for
illegal net fishermen. While thus en-
gaged, his revolver fell from the holster
and discharged a bullet, which entered
the left side of his body passed through
the intestinal portion and penetrated a
lobe of the liver.

Volunteer deputy Straight has rendered
invaluable service to the department and
this accident was considerable of a shock
to many of his friends and brother offi-
cers. It is a pleasure to record that he
has passed the critical stage. The hope
of a speedy recovery goes out to him from
all associated with the division.

HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGES TRANS-
PORTED BY AIRPLANE

California was perhaps the first state
to use an airplane in transporting game
birds from the holding pen to the fields
for liberation. This Avas made possible
by Coramisioner George B. Clarkson and
the Standard Airways Company of Los
Angeles.

On the trip from Los Angeles to Vic-
torville, on April 8, an altitude of 8000
feet was reached and (his is possibly the
high altitude record for Hungarian par-
tridges. The birds showed no ill effects
of the trip or even the high altitude.

PERPETUATING A NATURAL
RESOURCE

Modern methods of game administra-
tion look ahead and give heed to the
needs and pleasures of generations to
come. They recognize those means that
best insure a continuous supply for the
future. Gold and iron, oil and coal, rep-
resent a class of natural resources capable

to complete exhaustion with continuous
use. Wild life resources, on the other
hand, are able to reproduce themselves
and typify a natural heritage that may
be made perpetual. Any intense ex-
ploitation or over use of a wild life re-
source will, of course, result in its de-
pletion, so that any prolonged or lasting
benefit which it is capable of giving can
only be gained by wise use over a long
period of time.

The objective sought by the Division
of Fish and Game is a system that will
maintain the state's wild life resources
in the face of a progressive civilization,
but in harmony with the economic neces-
sities and social requirements of a rapidly
increasing population. The attainment of
this object is dependent, first, upon hus-
bandry of wild life in existing remnants
of wilderness areas or adjustment in
other areas where the natural environ-
ment has been changed or modified to
bring about suitable conditions for wild
life survival ; second, replacement of de-
]>leted game covers and barren streams by
thousands of artifically produced indi-
viduals.

Obviously only those methods which ex-
perience has proved effective should be
employed to accomplish this object. Laws
regulating the killing of game and the
taking of fish represent one of the early
methods used to conserve fish and game.
As early as 1852, California gave legal
protection to certain valuable game mam-
mals. Through the years the state has
continued to restrict hunting and fishing
and to prohibit the use of methods whose
practice has proved inimical to the pres-
ervation of wild life. At present the
division has 122 regular deputies patrol-
ling every section of the state to enforce
fish and game laws. This regular patrol
is considerably assisted in its work of
protection by some 850 volunteer dep-
uties.

Any system that would wisely conserve
game mammals and birds must recognize
that shooting is only one of the many
factors responsible for the reduction of
game. No species of animal life can en-
dure without food, water, shelter, safety
from enemies and adequate breeding
grounds. It should seem self-evident that
elk can not live in a country where the
progress of agriculture has appropriated
their natural pasture ; neither can deer
survive on land blackened and devas-
tated by fire where food, water and cover
are absent. Similarly, upland game birds
can not reproduce their kind when their
nest sites have been destroyed by destruc-
tive lumber or forest denudation. It is
impossible for wild fowl to carry on when

250

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

reclamation projects have dried up their
homes.

In other words, if the continuance of
a species is to be made sure, these so-
called "biological requisites" must be
taken into account. Smaller bag limits,
shorter seasons and other legal restric-
tions are not in themselves thoroughly
effective remedies for disappearing game
birds and mammals. In recognition of
this fact the division has established a
chain of game refuges extending through-
out the length and breadth of the state.
These 34 state game refuges embrace
about 2,372,350 acres of forest lands
where natural conditions are modified to
the least possible degree by human in-
fluence and where natural food and breed-
ing sites suitable to the type of game
conserved are available.

The new hunting license act provides
that one-third of all the revenue from
hunting licenses must be spent in the
acquisition of land for game refuges and
public shooting grounds. Already the
division is availing itself of the oppor-
tunity to obtain sanctuaries for migra-
tory wild fowl to equalize the condition
caused by the loss of feeding and loafing
grounds through the di-j-ing up by recla-
mation of former flooded areas.

Besides employing effective and ad-
vanced methods of protection the division
is actually engaged in the production of
game fish and game birds. It owns and
operates twenty-six hatcheries and twelve
egg-collecting stations. Its fish-cultural
equipment enables it to plant yearly from
twenty to thirty-five million trout and
salmon in the 26,000 miles of fishing
streams in the state. The hatchery at
Mt. Shasta is alone capable of producing
10,000,000 trout.

The division maintains at Yountville,
Napa County, a ten-acre game farm
where pheasants, quail and partridges
are raised for liberation in depleted cov-
ers. In 1928, 6106 Chinese ring-necked
pheasants were liberated in suitable
areas. Another game farm, now built in
southern California, will make possible
the liberation of many more thousand.s
of pheasants.

In short, the division is vigorously put-
ting into practice a system of game man-
agement embodying those methods which
best insure its object to make hunting
and fi.shing an asset to be enjoyed for
all time in California.

SALMON CONSERVATION
One of the chief matters of interest
to the International Pacific Salmon In-
vestigation Federation is the effect of
trolling on the salmon supply. Large

numbers of salmon have been caught and
tagged. The most interesting result of
the tagging experiment is that salmon
from streams in Washington and Oregon,
and even from the Sacramento River,
seek feeding grounds in the north Pacific.
These are caught by trollers operating
off British Columbia.

For the last eighteen years, attempts
have been made in British Columbia to
accord protection to sockeye salmon in
the Fi-aser River which are being over-
fished in Puget Sound. If this treaty is
entered into which will safeguard the
salmon of the Fraser River, Canada will
be in a position to give more attention
to the need of restricting trolling. For
this reason, the division is much inter-
ested in the treaty now before the Cana-
dian Parliament. This treaty is between
Canada and the United States and pro-
poses to establish an international com-
mission with power to investigate and
to make restrictions in an attempt to
reestablish the once great runs of salmon
of the Fraser River and Puget Sound.

The treaty has been signed by the
state departments of both governments.
Its ratification by the Canadian Parlia-
ment will remove a very definite barrier
and pave the way for further measures
lo be taken to conserve the salmon of
the Pacific coast.

WHO OWNS THE GAME?

The ownership of game often affords
a lively topic for argument. Probably
the most familiar theory advanced is that
the owner of land, since his property sup-
plies the necessary requisites for the ex-
istence of game, has a proprietary inter-
est. At times this interest approaclies
a claim of almost complete and absolute
ownership. A second popular holding is
tliat gaine belongs to the spoilsman. This
contention arises because the sportsman
can trace the fee which he pays for the
privilege of hunting and fishing and can
say that it is his money which is used
to produce and protect game.

A recent decision by a supreme court
in Missouri on this question concurs with
the accepted theory of most states. The
court in this case again asserted that
'^nme belongs to the state. It belongs
to no individual until it has been reduced
to possession by taking in the manner
lirescribed by law.

Montana Wild Life for March, 1920,
quotes pertinent paragraphs from this
decision, State of Missouri vs. Savage:
"The ownership of wild animals so far
as they are capable of ownership is in
the state, not as a proprietor but in its
sovereign capacity as the representative

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

251

and for the benefit of all its people in
common. It is therefore the duty of the
legislature to enact such laws as will best
preserve the subject of the trust and se-
cure its beneficial use in the future for
the people of the state.

"The license issued to the defendant
authorizing him to hunt and kill, subject
to the regulations and restrictions of
the law. This is a reasonable police
regulation to prevent evasions of and for
the effectual enforcement of the act ; the
defendant had no interest whatever in the
quail that he may have taken ; he simply
had a privilege to kill or have in his
possession a limited number on any one
day. He has accepted his license under
the terms, restrictions and limitations of
the law and consented in advance that
the game warden might at any time count
the quail in his possession and that such
inspection and count of quail in the de-
fendant's possession is not an unrea-
sonable search and seizure and such
requirement is a reasonable and necessary
regulation for the enforcement of the
statute."

Further quotation from the decision :
"The defendant by taking out a license
to hunt and kill game, the title to which
was in the state, acquired a mere privi-
lege to hunt, subject to the restrictions
and limitations of the statute ; that the
statute requiring him to permit the game
commissioner or his deputies to inspect
and count the fish, birds, animals and
game in his possession to ascertain
whether the requirements of the statute
were being faithfully complied with, is
a proper and necessary police regulation
to discover and prevent easy evasions of
the statute. The statute being of general
application to all persons alike, is not
repugnant to the due process and equal
protection clauses of the constitution. By
accepting a hunter's license he waived
the constitutional rights involved so far
as applicable to the facts in this case."

PROPOSED CHANGE IN OPENING OF
TROUT SEASON UNSATISFACTORY

For many years past, anglers have
complained that the fish caught in Inyo,
Mono and Alpine counties at the first
of the season were full of spawn. An
attempt was made to give safety to
spawning fish by means of a later opening
of the season. A change from May 1 to
May 30 would have caused great dissatis-
faction, though giving protection to the
fish in a section rapidly growing in favor
as recreation grounds. So adverse was
sentiment that the bill failed to receive
sanction.

FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION

A most constructive conservation
measure has been undertaken by the di-
vision recently in the establishment of a
Bureau of Fish Rescue and Reclamation.
Its purpose is to rescue and reclaim the
millions of young and adult game and
food fishes annually lost to the state by
becoming stranded in the flooded areas
adjacent to the many streams and lakes,
and from streams that would become dry
by reason of a minimum of snow or
rainfall.

Heretofore, owing to the lack of funds,
but little effort was made to rescue but
few of the millions of fish lost in this
way.

In addition to the salmon, trout and
nongame catfishes there are six species
of fresh water game fish for which a state
license is required to take them. They
are the striped bass, black bass, crappies,
sunfishcs and perch. None of the above
with the exception of the Sacramento
perch are native to California but of
great commercial food value. They are
natives of New Jersey, Vermont, Michi-
gan, Illinois and midwestern states.
They are known as the spinous or spiny-
rayed fishes and unlike the salmon and
trout, do not require flowing current of
water to hatch their spawn, with the
possible exception of the striped bass.
These fishes seek ponds, sloughs, lakes
and overflowed areas containing weeds,
grasses, moss and other aquatic growth
in which to spawn and which furnish
algae for the young and protection against
some of their predaceous parents.

Like some of the trout species trans-
planted into our waters from other states
and foreign countries they have proved
very adaptable to the aquatic conditions
of California. The numerou.s streams,
and lakes furnish an abundant food supply
for them. This together with the mild
winters enable them to reach a larger
size than in their native waters from
whence they came.

The flooded lands adjacent to the
streams of the valley, particularly the
San Joaquin, Kings, Cosumnes, Mokel-
umne, Sacramento and American rivers
furnish many thousand acres of natural
spawning grounds so necessary for their
propagation, but which become dry in
the early summer. Their propagation
costs nothing. Their hatcheries are the
swamps and sloughs. They require nO
feeding as do artificially hatched fish, no
buildings or attendants, no watchful eye
of fish-culturists. Nature does it all,
except that when nature has completed
its wonderful work, the young and adult

252

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

fish must be removed to ixMinanent waters
and not allowed to remain a prey to the
numerous predatory birds and animals.
This is the purpose of the bureau.

Heretofore few replacements have been
made, while millions have been lost every
year. Even the few that have been plant-
ed can in no sense replace those taken out
by the angler. There is no better food or
game fish than the spiny-rayed tribe
named above, and it is of much import-
ance that a supply be maintained.

An idea of the importance of this new
venture, from an economic point of view
is shown by the following. In the three
months from August 7, 1928, to Novem-

as a game fish as it is in the east and
midwestern states, they will be sought
for as eagerly as are our trout. Any
of the sunfishes, crappies or bass will
take the artificial fly or spinner and with
trout rod and tackle will afford equal
sport with trout both in the catching
and eating qualities. — George Neale.

ANNUAL DEER CROP

Minnesota claims the largest bag of
deer in the United States for the year
1928. Sportsmen there made a record
kill of 27,335 legal bucks. Pennsylvania
had an open season on does which were
verv abundant and even then did not

Fig. 83. A three-pound Lake Almanor rainbow trout.

May 15, 1929.

Photograph by E. S. Cheney,

ber 7, 1928, this bureau saved to the state
862,251 fresh water fishes and returned
them to the water alive. Of these, 122,-
475 were striped bass from four to six
inches in length. In one year, these fish
will weigh approximately 16 ounces and
when they attain the size of three pounds
each, would sell for 25 cents or 30 cents
per pound. This species grow to as much
as 50 to 75 pounds in our waters. In
addition to the game fislies rescued the
bureau has saved 278,260 catfish, not
classed as a game fish but of extreme
commercial value, and will sell for the
same price as striped bass.

When the anglers of California appre-
ciate the value of the spiny-rayed fishes

exceed this kill in Minnesota. California
ranks third with a kill of 21,515.

The deer kill in three of the most
densely populated eastern states is quite
remarkable from a certain point of view.
Contrary to popular opinion, it is not
necessary to repair to the wilder and less
settled pai-ts of the nation to find certain
types of game fairly common. In fact,
some game species seemingly thrive in the
face of modified conditions brought about
by the encroachment of civilization. They
possess a ready adaptability and are
quick to avail of advantages. Pai-tial
encroachment in the east seems to have
created conditions highly favorable for
the survival of white-tailed deer. For

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

253

instance, New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania have a population of 25,-
000,000 people or 243 person to the
square mile. Yet statistics for 1928
show that hunters legally bagged 7029
male deer in New York, and 1415 in New
Jersey, while in Pennsylvania 25,097
females were legally taken.

The area of California is twice as
great as these three states combined.
However, it must be borne in mind that
the black-tailed and mule deer are the
predominating species in the state. These
species, as yet, have not succeeded in
holding their own where the encroach-
ment of civilization has modified the old
natural order. So far the range of the
white-tailed deer covers but a small area
of the Modoc region. In a sense, it is
but a winter visitant, for it is not
definitely known that the animal breeds
in the state.

SAFETY OF MIGRATORY FISH
THREATENED

In recent years a critical situation has
arisen in the western states. Power dams
at first largely restricted to the upper
reaches of streams in the mountains are
now being built at lower points. There
is dependable evidence that migratory
fish, as salmon and steelhead, are blocked
from reaching their spawning grounds
as a result of these insurmountable ob-
structions. No satisfactory fishway has
yet been devised which will allow fish to
pass beyond a 200-foot dam.

The general public, although seldom
realizing the grave danger, has made
two shows of strength when legislation
was necessary. In California, Klamath
River was made a fish preserve and high
dams are prohibited. In Oregon this
past winter, a strong showing was made
in the attempt to keep four of Oregon's
principal fishing streams free from arti-
ficial obsti'uctions.

The 1929 legislature of Oregon passed
a law which saves the Rogue River as a
fishing stream. The state engineer may
no longer grant permits for water appro-
priation without first taking into con-
sideration the safety of the migratory
fish.

Although it seemed that the Klamath
River controversy was satisfactorily set-
tled by the referendum, the power com-
pany concerned continues to be active.
As a further means of putting an end
to this agitation, a committee was ap-
pointed by the California Development
Association. The problems to which the
Klamath River Study Committee will
devote its efforts are: (1) The harmon-
izing, if possible, of the views of the

various groups concerned, and (2) the
development of a program of future uses
of the river that will serve the best in-
terests of the state. After making a
thorough inspection of the area in ques-
tion, a series of public hearings have been
held. There has been evidenced a fine
spirit of fair play to both sides and a
worthwhile report is to be expected.

TROUT FOOD

A novel method for securing natural
food for baby trout was used in the
vicinity of Clear Lake, Lake County,
California, last summer. The device con-
stituted an insect trap designed in the
form of a funnel-shaped cloth sack over
which was suspended an electric light.
These traps were hung near the water
and the light left burning during the
entire night. Several hundred pounds of
insects were gathered each week in this
manner and collected and fed to the
young trout in the Cold Creek Hatchery
near Ukiah.

J. W. Ricker, who carried on the experi-
ment, reports that the captured insects
afforded splendid food, providing other
types of food were supplied. The young
trout appeared not to do so well unless
their diet was varied.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY PAYS BOUNTY
ON MOUNTAIN LIONS

On September 1, 1928, the San Diego
County Board of Supervisors passed an
ordinance to pay a bounty of $75 for the
killing of mountain lions in San Diego
County, regardless of sex. Since Sep-
tember nearly twenty-five lions have been
killed in the county and there are reports
that still some lions are at large.

J. B. Thompson, who had been hunt-
ing for the Biological Survey in New
Mexico, heard of this county bounty, in
addition to the state bounty, and came to
San Diego County with his family. He
has killed ten lions since May 20 this
year, shooting them from trees or other
points where they have been driven by the
hounds. His dogs are trained for lions,
will run nothing else and are skilled in
the lion hunting business.

The Goswiek brothers from Texas were
attracted by this bounty and have four
lions to their credit. They have lion dogs,
too.

The balance of the lions have been
taken by resident hunters anxious to avail
of the county's offer.

PHEASANTS HELP FARMERS AND
HORTICULTURISTS

Another use has been found for the
Chinese ring-necked pheasant. The board

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of game commissioners of Pennsylvania
has announced tliat proof has been found
that the ring-neck pheasant feeds on Jap-
anese beetles, one of the most serious
insect pests found in the eastern United
States. The stomachs of numerous birds
which have been killed have been exam-
ined and found to contain hundreds of
these destructive insects.

It has also been shown that the star-
ling, an otherwise unpopular introduced
alien bird, feeds on the Japanese beetles.
The skunk has also been observed eating
the same insects.

The Japanese beetle, brought to Amer-
ica in some imported Japanese plant,
has become established in certain parts
of the east and has grown to be a most
dangerous pest to agriculturists and hor-
ticulturists. Its devastations include or-
chards, vineyards, gardens, shade trees
and all manner of useful plants. — Game
and Fish Conservationist, Richmond, Va.,
March-April, 1929.

AIRPLANES AND FEEDING OF GAME

As contrasted with the unwise use of
the airplane in hunting or the distribu-
tion of poison, we are glad to note that
the airplane is coming into usefulness as
a means of carrying a needed supply of
food to starving game birds and mam-
mals.

Riverside County suffei-ed a disastrous
brush fire during the dry season last year
which burned over thousands of acres of
land. Many game birds and some mam-
mals were destroyed. After the fire, it
was observed that the quail which escaped
faced another dilemma — starvation. The
Riverside Chapter of the Izaak Walton
League of America fostered a plan to
disti'ibute grain by airplane. The funds
to carry out this project were raised
by popular subscription and actual relief
was administered to the birds in the
stricken area.

A report from Hillsboro, Oregon, is to
the effect that last winter Dr. E. H.
Smith, an aviator, rigged a hose attach-
ment to the fuselage of his plane and
spread grain over an area one mile wide
by two miles long. The report states that
(piail, pheasants and other birds flocked in
and took advantage of this needed food
supply.

EDUCATION ONE PRIMARY NEED
'•'The Wisconsin Conservation Commis-
sion has inaugurated a department of
education and publications. A recent
bulletin from that bureau briefly recounts
the progress made during the past year
and calls attention to an enlargement of
its scope of operation to include con-

structive and educational measures in ad-
dition to the propagation and distribution
of game fishes, birds and animals.

"To justify itself," the bulletin states,
"conservation must mean the creation of
conditions under which forests will grow
and the restoration of our marshes and
wild lands to attract bird and animal
life." .

The AVisconsin Commission declares
that forestry and reforestation must pro-
vide the background for all true conserva-
tion work. Forests provide cover and
food for our game population and also
act as watershed, which provides con-
stant springs, clear streams and lakes
which harbor fish and waterfowl.

The adoption of uniforms for conserva-
tion ofiicers during the year is declared
to have been a great help in securing
respect of the people of the state for the
conservation laws. Conservation officers
carry on continuous propaganda of edu-
cation instead of devoting their entire
time to the apprehension of petty offend-
ers. Notwithstanding this policy, 1513
arrests and convictions wei"e secured dur-
ing the year for violation of the fish and
game laws, resulting in fines amounting
to $54,000. — Game and Fish Conserva-
tionist, Richmond, Va., March-April,
1929.

IDENTIFICATION OF DEER MEAT
NOW POSSIBLE

Years ago, chemical tests were devel-
oped for distinguishing deer meat from
other kinds of meat. Game wardens
often confiscate dried meat which the
violator maintains is goat rather than
deer meat. Consequently, a satisfactory
means of determining venison is de-
sirable. Dr. H. Van Roekel, pathologist
for the division, has manufactured the
proper serum and is now in a position
to analyze deer meat properly. In times
past, court cases have been won by a
demonstration of this test.

STRIPED BASS TO BE PLANTED IN
SALTON SEA

The chambers of commerce in various
cities in Imperial County have continu-
ally requested a .survey of Salton Sea to
ascertain whether fish resources might luit
be improved in that body of salt water.
During March, George A. Coleman, biolo-
gist for the Bureau of Fish Culture, was
sent to Salton Sea to make an investi-
gation and to determiue the suitablity
of this lake for sporting fish. An attempt
was made to secure all the different kinds
of fish found in that body of water at the
present time, to secure invertebrate forms
of life that might furnish a food supply

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

255

for fish, and to secure samples of the
water for chemical analysis.

As a result of investigations, decision
has been made to experiment with the
introduction of striped bass. The stock-
ing will be attempted next fall. Should
the introduction of the striped bass in
Salton Sea succeed, attempts will be
made to stock other alkaline lakes.

SCIENTIFIC COLLECTING PERMITS

Under an amendment to the federal
regulations approved April 23, 1929, hold-
ers of scientific collecting permits are
restricted in the taking of migratory game
birds on any day to the period from one-
half hour before sunrise to sunset. It
has always been understood that holders
of state collecting permits would observe
the ruling imposed upon all game bird
hunters. The California Division of Fish
and Game is glad to establish this ruling.

MEXICAN QUAIL SENT TO ITALY

The recent shipment of 2928 Mexican
quail to the University of Bologna, Bo-
logna, Italy, for restocking purposes, was
the first large consignment of such birds
made to a European country, according
to the United States Biological Survey.
The quail were brought in from Mexico
at Brownsville, Texas, and were shipped
through an American importer on Feb-
ruary 28, 1929.

AUTOMOBILES A MENACE TO WILD
LIFE

The increasing number of automobiles
being driven over improved highways at
higher average speeds are becoming a
growing menace to wild life. Better serv-
icing facilities and more liberal speed
regulations are responsible for the in-
creasing deaths of living things that
chance near the highways.

According to the Automobile Club of
Southern California, a member of the
State Department of Agriculture recently
made a count of carcasses passed while
on two motor trips covering 632 mUes.
In all 255 bodies were counted which had
been crushed by speeding automobiles.
These represented 29 species, including 43
mammals, 144 birds, 40 reptiles and 28
domestic fowl.

SALMON DISCUSSED AT MEETING

The Fourth Annual Conference of the
Pacific International Salmon Investiga-
tion Federation was held at Vancouver,
B. C, on April 5. Mr. Henry O'Malley,
United States Commissioner of Fisheries,
presided.

Much attention was given to the subject
of power dams and their effect on salmon

streams. Salmon packers and conserva-
tion ofiicials stressed the menace to sal-
mon streams as a result of hydro-electric
projects. There was outspoken criticism
of the alleged antipathy of power com-
panies to the dangers involved. The same
viewpoint was expressed in a paper by
N. B. Scofield, in charge of the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, whose paper
was read by Prof. J. O. Snyder, Stanford
University.

DEPUTIES THWART NOVEL
METHODS OF VIOLATORS

The increased etficiency of the patrol
department, with its large force of depu-
ties, has brought about improved systems
of law evasion by the insistent violator
of the fish and game laws. He has been
forced to use the best illegal methods
and to scheme and plan for the purpose
of devising some system which is new and
different in order to avoid detection and
apprehension.

In the region comprising San Fran-
cisco and San Pablo bays this very thing
is being experienced. Formerly, it was
the custom of deputies, among other
things, to search for commercial fisher-
men who operate beach seines in districts
12 and 13. Very few of these nets
have been confiscated in these districts
for some time, due to the fact that fisher-
men using them have been hounded so
thoroughly. It was thought for a time
that the beach seine problem had been
overcome. However, a recent discovery
disclosed that some of the old offenders
were using a drift gill net in the fashion
of a beach seine. The position of a gill
net is lawful in the above districts, but
becomes unlawful when used within 300
feet of the shore, and is defined as a
beach net when hauled from the water
for the purpose of taking fish.

As a rule, set nets are placed straight
across a stream. Here again the per-
sistent violator, in order to effect his
purpose, has made a severe departure
from the established form. Set nets are
now found in streams or sloughs up and
down stream, or at angles to the stream.
A great difiiculty is experienced in finding
nets so placed, and unless the area is
traversed in a zigzag fashion with grap-
pling hooks, the nets escape detection.
These nets are usually set below the sur-
face of the water and can be found by
hooking onto them.

Deputies operating in fields and forests
are experiencing the same difficulties and
must always have their wits about them
to be successful in detecting novel types
of violation. Violators are seldom seen
nowadays along the roads and highways ;

256

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

they perpetrate their deeds back off the
mainly traveled thoroughl'ares where they
believe deputies will not find them. —
Walter B. Sellmer.

FORCE AND PERSUASION

Force has been effective in staying
the bands of the greedy and unprinci-
pled. Those, for instance, who will not
be moved by appeals for the conservation
of game because of its inspirational and
recreational values, must be brought into
line by laws that command and threaten.
However, for those who possess that
obedience which yields to an enlightened
understanding, fines and punishments are
not altogether appropriate remedies. In
an attempt to reach every type of indi-
vidual and to make conservation popular
with everyone, a county game warden
in AVashington places the following sign
in a conspicuous place while on patrol
when conditions do not prescribe secrecy
or concealment.

"The Whitman County Game Depart-
ment is making every effort to furnish
plenty of good sport for every good
sportsman, whether he be local or tran-
sient. We ask you to play the game
square. Respect our game laws, especially
bag limits, and by all means respect
the rights of our landowners and lease-
holders. Do not shoot near or in the
direction of any live stock, nor toward
any farm buildings. Don't be a game
hog. Bring only good sporting blood into
the field. Assist us in keeping this a
good place to hunt, you may wish to come
back some day."

SOCKEYE SALMON SUCCESSFULLY
INTRODUCED

Efforts to stock a number of land-
locked lakes in Flathead County, Mon-
tana, with sockeye salmon {Oncorhynchus
nerka) have proved successful, according
to the February number of Montana
Wild Life. Initial plantings were made
in 1916. The parent stock were land-
locked sockeye salmon acclimated to a
lake in Washington. These fish had
adjusted themselves to fresh water con-
ditions and were propagating. Some
200,000 eggs constituted the original ship-
ment to Montana.

It is reported that 30,000 eggs were
secured in the fall of 1928 by Montana
fish cultural operators from fish in the
south end of Flathead Lake. It is ex-
pected that with improved equipment
and better knowledge of conditions that
next year the number of eggs secured will
reach a higher figure.

Experiments with the true silver sal-
mon and Chinook salmon have proven

that the sockeye salmon is the better
fish for their purpose. The former sel-
dom, it is claimed, reach three pounds
in weight in Montana waters, and so
far no practical way has been discovered
to secure their eggs for replanting. In a
number of the Montana lakes where the
sockeye salmon have been planted, they
have made a good growth and have
proven a real asset. They take a trolling
spoon or fly and when hooked, put up
a grand display, sometimes leaping out
of the water three or four feet.

TULAREMIA IN SIBERIA

Tularemia, one of the new diseases
which until now has been apparently
limited to this country, has just appeared
in Siberia. A short time ago it was recog-
nized for the first time in Japan. Now a
specimen of blood serum from a guinea
pig was recently received by the Hygienic
Laboratory in Washington with a request
to examine it for tularemia. The exami-
nation was made and showed that the
blood came from an animal infected with
the disease.

The specimen had been sent from the
Sanitary and Bacteriological Institute of
Sverdlovsk (Ekaterinburg) in the Ural
region of Asiatic Russia.

Tularemia was recognized in this
country only during recent years. It
made its appeai-ance first in the west.
Hunters and others who handled rabbits
were suffering from a strange new illness.
Dr. Alec Francis, one of the U. S. Pub-
lic Health Service, discovered that the
disease' was caused by an organism found
in rabbits or other rodents which trans-
ferred it to men by their bites. Also,
merely handling the infected animals, as
in the case of butchers dressing rabbits,
was a source of infection.

Until the report of a case in Japan a
few months ago the disease had not oc-
curred, or at least had not been recog-
nized, outside of the United States. Dr.
Francis, who has done all the pioneer
work on tularemia and is an authority on
the subject, thought the disease was
traveling from west to east. The New
England states have not had any cases so
far and it has only very recently ap-
peared in New York state. Whether it
has jumped clear over to Siberia in its
eastward course or whether it has always
been there, though uni'ecognized, is a
question.

A single chance remark, dropped by
Leon Trotsky in one of his articles now
being printed in a number of American
newspapers, has given a hint to American
public health authorities of the possibility

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

257

of a widespread and severe epidemic of
tularemia, or "rabbit fever," in European
Russia. Speaking of the desolation of the
countryside near Kursk, where the train
bearing him into exile was held up for a
number of days, Trotsky said, "Crows and
ravens came in flocks to feast. There
were no hares, because all had died of a
terrible epidemic during the winter." —
Science, March 8, 1929.

BEAVER THRIVES IN FORMER
RANGE WHERE STOCKED

In the early trapping days the greater
part of the Mississippi Valley was swarm-
ing with beaver. Beaver skins were al-
most the only important item in the
trapper's catch ; other furs were of little
value and were only taken incidentally.
The beaver, like the buffalo, were swept
away by commercial greed. Having been
restored to certain limited areas in north-
ern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan,
they are gradually, under protection, ex-
tending their range again.

A number of beaver were liberated last
fall on the upper Mississippi River Wild
Life and Fish Refuge near Wabasha,
Minnesota, and they have since been ob-
served to have erected lodges and col-
lected food for use during the past winter.
The favorite food of the beaver in that
region is the bark of the aspen or poplar
and willow, an abundance of which is
fSund along the bayous and sloughs
bordering the Mississippi in the refuge.
It is the belief of Superintendent W. T.
Cox that the bottom lands being so well
timbered and watered are well adapted to
the restoration of beaver. — Game and
Fish Conservationist, Richmond, Va.,
March-April, 1929.

PUBLIC SENTIMENT AND
CONSERVATION

All of the remedies for the decreasing
fish and game that have been printed
would stock a library. The magazines are
full of them. We speak about conserva-
tion, we urge law after law for this
purpose. We want bag limits, we want
game farms and fish hatcheries. But most
of all we want laws.

What good will laws do us? Not one
bit of good. The salvation of game and
fish in this country rests squarely on the
sportsman. If the sportsmen of this
country do not want conservation, will
not practice conservation, then all of the
laws in Christendom would do not one
bit of good.

We can not legislate game back, nor

can we legislate more fish. But if the

sportsmen really want conservation, they

can have it, and they can have it even if

5—68604

there is not one single law on the statute
books of their states.

Consei*vation is a matter of public
sentiment. If public sentiment is for it,
it will become a fact. If public sentiment
is opposed to it, all the king's horses and
all the king's men can't haul it into actual
existence.

Public sentiment is swinging to con-
servation of our outdoors. Of that there
is no doubt. It means the salvation of
our game birds and animals while there
yet is time to save them. It means that
we will do more for those that come after
us than those who preceded us did for us.
Which, after all, is largely the funda-
mental law of civilization. — Examiner,
Rartlesville, Oklahoma.

BIG GAME COUNTED FROM
AIRPLANE

The value of the airplane has again
been demonstrated — this time as a means
of counting and observing big-game ani-
mals. On a recent flight over the Big
Delta region southeast of Fairbanks,
Alaska, according to one of the game pro-
tectors of the Alaska Game Commission,
an official of an Alaska airways company
saw about 500 caribou and 9 moose, and
three days later near the Toklat River
counted 20 moose, 12 of them in pairs, 3
in one bunch, and 5 in another. The re-
actions of the moose and of the caribou
to the airplane and its noise, says the
protector, were quite opposite. The moose
paid practically no attention to the
strange machine, lifting their heads now
and then to look at it but usually not be-
coming frightened. The caribou, however,
became considerably alarmed and ran
away. The tracks and trails of the ani-
mals were plainly visible from a consider-
able height. It is illegal to hunt game
animals of any kind in the Territory from
an airplane, and persons so doing are sub-
ject to fine or imprisonment, or both. —
The Official Record, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, April 11, 1929.

IT TAKES FOUR YEARS TO PRODUCE
ONE POUND OF TROUT

It requires four years to produce one
pound of trout. These figures have been
arrived at by experts in the fish division
of the Michigan Department of Conserva-
tion, who are giving their best efforts to
keep the supply of fish in Michigan
streams at the point where it will equal
the demand. The next time you sit down
to a dinner with five pounds of trout as
the principal item on the menu, try to
realize that it took Mother Nature many
years to provide the delicacy. While the
growth of fish varies greatly as to species

258

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

find natural conditions imposed by nature
during their growth, it is estimated that
the average fish may be legally taken
after two years of growth. Water tem-
perature and the vigor of the individual
are the two principal factors that deter-
mine the growth of a fish. For instance,
one trout may be treated to ideal con-

of land service in which llie inspirational,
spiritual, and recreational potentialities
of lands under the control of the federal
government and their rapidly increasing
importance and value to the people of
the nation would be recognized and safe-
guarded.

"The area involved" continues one of

Fig. 84. Exhibit of brood pond system at the Mt. Shasta Hatchery. Pleasure Boat
Show, Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, April 27 to May 4, 1929.

ditions and grow so rapidly that he will
be ready for the pan in eighteen months,
while another may meet with reverses and
not attain legal length until he is three
years of age.

If you pull out an eighteen-inch bass,
you may safely guess that the old boy is
seven years of age. Again a blue gill that
measures nine and one-half inches is
probably from four to five years old. As
a general thing the blue gill requires three
years before he is considered eligible for
the hook by the law. Experts who have
handled fish and watched their growth for
the Department of Conservation in Ohio
maintain that fish grow one-twenty-fifth
to one-fiftieth of an inch per day. There
is a wide degree of variation even in these
figures. Some fishermen become impatient
with efforts being made to restock the
streams and lakes of Michigan, but if
they will pause to consider how long man
must wait on nature to complete his work
many of the arguments fade into thin air.
—The American Field, March 2, 1920.

MINNESOTA RECOGNIZES A NEW
LAND SERVICE

The State of Minnesota on March S,
1929, memorialized congress to pass the
Shipstead-Newton Bill. The bill, it is
claimed, "if enacted into law, would give
legislative sanction to a new conception

the authors of the bill, "is closely related
to large centers of population. As popu-
lation grows it will have increasing neAl
for such areas as described in the bill to
moderate the strain of modern existence,
I'or the regeneration of its spiritual, men-
tal and phy.sical vigor.

"The testimony submitted to the com-
mittee," states Senator Shipstead, "has
established the fact that the potential
water power resources of the lands de-
scribed in the bill are of considerable
extent, but that their realization neces-
sarily would involve considerable niodi-
fi(;ation of water levels markedly' de-
structive of the present scenic beauty
and inspirational power of a lai^e part
of the region and possibly of great
detriment to the fish and animal life witli
which the region now abounds."

Because of the importance of this act,
the resolution is reproduced herewith
in full.

Whereas, There has been introduced,
and is now pending before the congress
of the United States, introduced in the
Senate by Senator Henrik Shipstead, as
Senate Bill, S. No. 3913, and introduced
in the House by Congressman Walter
H. Newton, as House Bill, H. R. No.
12780, that certain bill now commonly
known as the Shipstead-Newton bill,
which prohibits any and all further al-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

259

teration of the natural water level of any
lake or stream, within or bordering upon
the area now known as the Superior
National Forest, and all other public
lands of the United States situated north
of township 60 north in the counties of
Cook, Lake, and Saint Louis, in the
State of Minnesota, including the natural
shore lines of Lake Superior and of the
lakes and streams forming the inter-
national boundary so far as they lie
within this area, which will result in
flooding lands of the United States
therein, without the consent of congress,
and places restrictions upon logging and
upon all forms of entry or appropriation
under the public land laws of the United
States in such area ; and

Whereas, This region, a part of the
fourteen thousand five hundred square
miles covered by the Rainy Lake water-
shed, lying in Ontario and Minnesota,
and the immediately adjacent lands and
waters constitutes the only remaining
vast wilderness area in the central part
of North America ; and

Whereas, This region contains the
only remaining extensive coniferous for-
ests in the Middle West with unusual
potentialities for the development of a
future continuous supply of forest prod-
ucts ; and

stock, and increase various species of
wild life of invaluable economic and
aesthetic importance to both nations ; and

Whereas, This region is now a great
and beautiful pleasure ground for lovers
of nature and wild life, visited annually
by ever incre^jising thousands of recrea-
tionists ; and

Whereas, The unrestricted develop-
ment of this i-egion may destroy or
substantially injure the said forests,
lakes and streams for recreational pur-
poses, and may hinder the enactment of
proper regulatory legislation for the de-
velopment of this region consistent with
the general purposes of such recreational
area ; now, therefore be it

Resolved, by the Senate of the State of
Minnesota, the House of Representatives
concurring, that the congress of the
United States be memorialized that it
is the sense of the members of the legis-
lature of the state of Minnesota that
such bill should be enacted into law,
and such action be taken before the
adjournment of congress now sitting.

Be it further resolved. That the secre-
tary of the senate forthwith transmit
a copy of this resolution to the President
of the United States, to the Secretary
of the Interior, to the Secretary of Agri-

FiG. 85. Exhibit of propagation of game birds, State Game Farm. Pleasure Boat
Show, Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, April 27 to May 4, 1929.

Whereas, This region is blessed with
precious historic values, rare scenic quali-
ties and unique recreational facilities
within easy reach of one hundred mil-
lion residents of both Canada and the
United States ; and

Whereas, This area affords an unusual
opportunity to preserve, perpetuate, re-

eulture, to the United States Senate, to
the House of Representatives, to the Sen-
ate Committee on Agriculture and Fores-
try, to the House Committee on Public
Lands, and to each Senator and Repre-
sentative in Congress from the State of
Minnesota. — Outdoor America, May,
1929.

260

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

AGE AND MOVEMENTS OF ELK
STUDIED

An elk killed on Big Sahara Creek
a tributary of Fish Creek in the Gros
Ventre Valley, Wyoming, on November
20, 1928, was found bearing an ear tag
(No. 7) put on at the elk refuge at
Jackson. Wyoming, on March 4, 1925,
by a field investigator of the Bureau
of Biological Survey. The animal had a
six-point head of fair size. This is one
of a considerable number of young elk
that were tagged to determine their
age and movements as they are encoun-
tered during succeeding years. Usually
the tags are attached to the newly born
fawns on the summer range. This tag-
ging of elk is a part of a detailed study
now in progress to obtain complete and
reliable information regarding the habits
of these animals, their numbers, move-
ments, food supplies, and other conditions
affecting them. The work is being done
by the Biological Survey in cooperation
with the Forest Service, the National
Park Service, the State Game Depart-
ment of Wyoming, and other agencies. —
The Official Record, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, April 11, 1929.

FEEDING OF GAME
A bulletin urging the feeding of game
has been prepared largely from data and
suggestions submitted by game refuge
keepers and other field officers of the
Pennsylvania Board of Game Commis-
sioners, who have had considerable ex-
perience in feeding upland game. It is
hoped that through its publication Penn-
sylvania sportsmen and all other wild-
life enthusiasts will have a better un-
derstanding of practical and inexpensive
methods of feeding game, particularly in
winter. An ample supply of food is
essential to the conservation and increase
of our valuable wild-life, and the coopera-
tion of all interested forces is necessary
if this food supply is to be properly
maintained.

No attempt is made in this bulletin
to discuss feeding of wild waterfowl, as
this subject was fairly well covei-ed in a
bulletin prepared several years ago which
is now available upon application. The
title of that bulletin is "Wild Waterfowl
Foods and How to Grow Them."

Since feeding upland game during
severe cold spells is one of the most im-
portant phases of conservation work, this
bulletin treats of winter feeding fully,
but the planting of trees and .shrubs
which produce game food should not be
overlooked and this permanent phase of
the game feeding program is briefly
discussed.

A great variety of feeding shelters have
been experimented with on game refuges
and elsewhere, but in this bulletin only
the more practical types are described,
and most of these lend themselves to in-
numerable variations suitable to different
conditions and depending on materials
available for construction. Sketches were
made by L. A. Mackey, draftsman in the
Bureau of Refuges and Lands. — More
Food for Upland Game, Bull. No. 11,
Board of Game Commissioners, Pennsyl-
\ania.

EXPLOITATION BAD POLICY
It can not be too often or too strongly
emphasized that the current practice of
advertising and exploiting the fishing op-
portunities on lakes and streams of the
several states by tourists and recreation-
resort interests is a bad mistake. There
is a strong sentiment against this among
many resort owners themselves and many
of them are now issuing beautiful and at-
tractive advertising without making use
of the disgusting fish hog pictures which
formerly decorated all such publicity.
Others, not having seen the light, still per-
sist in this kind of advertising, which is
bound eventually to have a very unfavor-
able reaction on their business.

The fish propagation departments of
every state and of the United States are
exerting their utmost efforts to meet the
demand for restocking and all possible
in-otection is given by law to fish in
spawning time nearly everywhere, but
there is continued complaint that fishing
is growing steadily poorer, notwithstand-
ing the efforts that are made to maintain
it. This being true, it would seem to be
the height of folly to try to induce more
lioople to take the choice varieties of game
fish and thus hasten the depletion. Every
state which maintains a tourist advertis-
ing bureau has an abundance of attrac-
tive features which can be exploited to
attract visitors without telling them that
tlip streams and lakes are overflowing
with fish and that the fishing is excep-
tional. Such advertising is usually un-
true and misleading, as well as destruc-
tive. It ought to be discouraged by every
sportsmen's club in America. This .sort
of exploitation is nothing more or less
than commercializing a resource which
demands greater protection and more en-
couragement by propagation if it is to be
maintained. Oame and Fish Conserva-
tionist, Richmond, Va., September-Octo-
ber, 1928.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE
GREAT HORNED OWL

A study of eggs of the great horned owl
in Manitoba, by Ralph D. Bird, which in-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

261

eluded many stomach and pellet examina-
tions, led to the following conclusion :

"By this study of the great horned owl
in a well settled district it was found that
the bird is decidedly beneficial. Although
the nests were not far from farmyards,
only one domestic fowl was found to have
been taken. Apparently there is no dan-
ger if the fowl have access to sheltered
roosts at night. True, some game birds
are taken, but these do not average as
many as two per nest and we can easily
spare this number in return for the
amount of good that is done. The number
of other birds that they destroy has no
economic significance.

Probably the greatest benefit to man
by this owl is the destruction of enor-
mous numbers of moles, gophers and mice.

until the end of the season shooting was
very spotted. After the season closed, the
birds arrived in numbers, but it was then
too late. Whatever sport the shooters
missed because of the lack of birds last
season they have been more than compen-
sated for this past year. The owners of
blinds from the southern end of San
Francisco bay to Suisun declared that
it was one of the best seasons for this
type of shooting in many years.

Canvasbacks and bluebills were plenti-
ful, and many limit shoots were made.
In some places, the pond ducks, includ-
ing sprig, worked into the bay shore
blinds. This sport is becoming one of
the most popular types of duck shooting.
Because of the fact that any hunter who
will work for his sport may enjoy it, it

Fig. 86. Liberation of game birds reared at Yountville Game Farm on Snyder
Ranch, Sonoma Valley. Photograph by Joe Baccaglio, November 13, 1928.

whose depredations to the grain crops
are only too well known. Of not such
direct significance, but nevertheless of
great economic importance, is the destruc-
tion of rabbits which are often very
abundant, extremely injurious to young
trees, and second only to fire as a factor
in checking the spread of the forests." —
The Canadian Field Naturalist, April,
1929, p. 83.

BAY SHORE HUNTERS HAVE BETTER
SPORT

During the 1927 season, bay shore duck
hunters had a very poor year. There were
a few canvasbacks on the bay in the
early season, but from the first few days

is the "poor man's" type of shooting.
There is no expensive club to keep up,
no keepers to pay and no baiting to be
done.

QUAIL AND ORANGE TREE
FUMIGATION

A letter from the orange belt, near
Dinuba, reports the gassing of consider-
able numbers of quail as a result of fumi-
gation. This is not the first time that
reports of this sort have reached the
division. It certainly is true that quail
prefer thick foliage trees for roosting at
nights and that they will travel consid-
erable distances from brush areas to an
orange grove in order to find good shelter.

262

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

It is also true that when careless work-
men throw a tent over an orange tree, it
often entraps a number of birds and
that quail in some numbers are thus
killed with the poisonous fumes.

There is little excuse for such destruc-
tion of wild life, for, with a little pre-
caution and extra work in beating the
trees first, birds are driven out and thus
saved. In most instances, county agents
and horticultural commissioners see to
it that reasonable care is utilized in
fumigating orange orchards in order that
bird life will not be destroyed. Since
enormous amounts of poison are now
scattered broadcast in the state for the
destruction of rodents and predatory
mammals, it is becoming more and more
necessary that the utmost care be utilized
in protecting the innocent from destruc-
tion with the guilty.

STEELHEAD FISHING IN CALIFORNIA
As in the case with other coastal
regions, California has many rivers and
streams which receive one or more runs of
steelhead, but the farther south one gets
the less water is carried by the streams,
until finally, in the southern part of the
state, the rivers are completely dried up
for a considerable part of the year. Be-
sides the rivers specially mentioned below,
steelhead are taken in season from the
Mattole River, near Petrolia ; from the
Big Lagoon and creeks near Orrick ; from
streams in the vicinity of San Francisco,
and farther down the coast. It is largely
winter fishing, however, if large steel-
head are sought; the season opening
December 15 and closing February 28,
with fishing restricted to tidewater.
January steelhead of 10 pounds will be
taken from the lagoon of the Ventura
River by casting large spinners, and the
Santa Ynez River runs it a close second.
The fly fishing streams of consequence
follow :

Klamath River. A justly celebrated
steelhead river, practically on a par with
the Rogue River and longer than the
latter. Near Hornbrook and at Klamath
Hot Springs, Alger and vicinity, the Sep-
tember fishing is claimed by many to be
unequaled on the continent. From here,
down to Requa at its mouth, during
August, September and October, unusual
fly fishing is certain, though during
October, the lower reaches are likely to
be made murky by mining operations
above. (An effort is being made to have
the mines remain closed until some time
in November.) The upper Klamath re-
mains good throughout the season. The
best lower waters are between Klamath
Glen and the mouth of Blue Creek

(reached by motor boat from Requa),
with exceptional fishing in Blue Creek
for rainbow and cutthroat trout. Royal
Coachman, Brown Hackle and McGinty,
sizes 4 and 6, are recommended.

Eel River. North, Middle and South
forks. Ferndale, Alton, Fortuna, and
Loleta regions have pools which are
much sought during season — July to
November, inclusive. Sizes 6 and 8 flies
are generally used, mostly salmon pat-
terns, containing red, yellow and white —
Jungle Cock patterns predominating.
Fishing is excellent for small trout and
those up to 5 or 6 pounds.

Smith River, town Smith River. Has
no summer run. Small October and
November fish take a fly, same patterns
as Eel River. On a spinner they run to
5 pounds. January and February see
the heaviest runs and largest fish. Take
a spinner best. (Winter fishing above
tidewater prohibited.)

Navarro, Noyo, Mad, Ten Mile and
Guala rivers all afford fly fishing in their
lower waters after first rains to the close
of season. Fly fishermen also take steel-
head from the Russian River and riflBes
up the valley of the Sacramento River,
using in both No. 2 spinners, copper and
nickel.

Note. — Lest any confusion arise, the
compiler wants to make it positive and
definite that fishermen, planning on com-
ing considerable distances for the prin-
cipal purpose of fly fishing for steelhead,
should consider first the Rogue and
Klamath rivers. Then, but only as alter-
natives, the Eel and North Umpqua. The
first two are so far superior to all others
that no question of doubt exists. — Out-
door life, April, 1929.

INFORMATION FOR FUR FARMERS
Fur farming is not the "get-rich-quick"
kind of business that many persons have
come to believe it to be, according to the
Bureau of Biological Survey of the United
States Department of Agriculture. Many
who inquire about fur farming have the
notion that they can fence in a rugged ■
piece of land, turn loose some fur bearers
and collect large profits with little effort,
but the Survey advises prospective fur
farmers with little experience to obtain
employment on a fur farm where they
may familiarize themselves with the prin-
ciples involved before engaging in the busi-
ness themselves. In a new publication,
Leaflet No. 27-L, "Recommendations to
Beginners in Fur Farming," just issued
by the department, recommendations to
bpginnors in fur farming are outlined, and
particular attention is called to the popu-
lar misconceptions regarding the enor-
mous profits to be realized. The leaflet also

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

263

contains general information on how to
make a start in the business, on areas
suitable for fur farming, where to obtain
breeding stock, what it takes to make a
good fur farmer, and species suitable for
propagation. Foxes, fishers, martens,
minks, otters, skunks, raccoons, oppos-
sums, beavers, muskrats and rabbits are
the kinds of fur-bearing animals treated.
A copy of the leaflet may be obtained by
wi'iting to the United States Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

THE WISDOM OF DOE KILLING

The controversy brought about by
Pennsylvania endeavoring to reduce the
number of female deer has brought out
the following statement in support of the
buck law, a well established custom in
most states.

E. Raymond Hall, of the University of
California, writing in the Canadian Field
Naturalist, in March, states that he
champions the protection of the female at
the expense of the male in the case of
deer and in any species of American game
where polygamy exists for the obvious rea-
son that cases of potential mating are
not diminished if one-half the popula-
tion of males be eliminated, whereas an
elimination of one-half the female popu-
lation would cause a potential decrease
in mating of the same amount, namely,
one-half.

FREE SHOOTING VERSUS CLUBS

In America, where the wild game is the
property of all the people, the theory that
the privilege of taking game should be
enjoyed equally by all has become firmly
established. Free shooting, however, is
by no means general and fuUy enjoyed,
because it frequently comes in conflict
with the rights of landowners.

The development of shooting clubs in
this country has in many places given
rise to extreme resentment and prejudice.
This is evidenced very strongly in the
northwestern states, particularly the
Dakotas and Minnesota. Laws have been
passed in the Dakotas discriminating
against shooting clubs and for the pur-
pose of giving the public access to desir-
able shooting places.

In recent session of the Minnesota
legislature, according to the American
Game Protective Association news service,
this feeling was expressed in a bUl in-
tended to do away with all monopoly
or special privilege in shooting by a pro-
vision prohibiting any owner of land from
shooting on his own property unless he
permitted the public the same privilege.
Such an act would destroy private shoot-

ing clubs. It would prevent the farmer
from shooting on his own ground unless
he permitted others to do the same.
Naturally, the bill attracted both strong
support and violent opposition and did
not become a law.

Such measures indicate a problem
which exists and which must be solved.
Some advocate abandoning the theory of
free shooting in America and reversion
to the European theory that the game
goes with the land. It is believed, how-
ever, by advocates of the democratic idea
that a system can be devised whereby the
landowner can be protected from invasion
of his rights and at the same time a
monopoly of sport can be prevented. It
is to be desired that the health-giving
recreational privilege of field sports shall
not be confined to the privileged few. —
The American Field, May 11, 1929.

BROWN TROUT THRIVE IN RUSSIAN
RIVER

A late and earnest endeavor has been
made to furnish a non-migratory trout
that would thrive in the lower reaches of
the coastal streams. During the sum-
mer seasons, coast streams teem with
small steelhead trout, but sizable trout
have gone to sea and are not obtainable.
In furtherance of the desire for the im-
provement of fishing conditions in these
streams, black spotted trout have been
planted in Humboldt County. In 1927,
a fine load of brown trout which had been
held in holding ponds were liberated in
the Russian River. A year later, some
fine large brown trout were secured. Most
of them average from seven to twelve
inches. Another stocking of this river
with brown trout was made in 1928.

NEW DISEASE AMONG FISH
The first widespread outbreak of rickets
among fish has been recognized in the
so-called "knothead" carp of the middle
Illinois River. According to Dr. David
H. Thompson, of the Illinois Natural
History Survey, rickets in human babies
and in the lower animals is due to a lack
of vitamins. The symptoms in the carp
are a small, deformed head, which gives
the disease its name, together with swol-
len gill coverings, defective skeletal parts,
and drooping fins without the normal
number of notches. The scales, skuU
bones and vertebrae have numerous
secondary growth rings which make age
determination difficult.

Carp with extreme development of
knothead are somewhat softer-fleshed than
normal and have a slight tendency to a
"gassy" taste. Although the meat is not
known to be unwholesome, such specimens

264

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

are thrown out by fishermen and do not
find their way to market.

TUNA SCARCITY
It is not only "longer between bites"'
for the angler, but it is a "greater dis-
tance between hauls" for the commercial
fishermen. Over 15,000,000 pounds of
albacore were taken off the California
coast in 1921. Since then the catch has
dwindled year by year to less than
4,500,000 pounds. Other tuna now are
more widely utilized. To maintain the
pack canners are building larger boats
with a greater cruising radius. Recently
the Hermosa went over a thousand miles
to get a catch of tuna. The round trip
was 2100 miles. On the coast of Salva-
dor, Central America, this boat secured a
record catch of 200 tons. These fish
brought .$120 per ton. The future will
see operations extended in wider and
wider circles. Here is a situation that
needs careful attention. Prevention of
depletion is better than continually ex-
tended operations !

MIGRATORY BIRD CONSERVATION
COMMISSION APPOINTED

Secretary Hyde will be chairman of the
Migratory Bird Conservation Commission,
as provided by the Migratory Bird Con-
servation Act. to pass upon the purchase
of lands recommended by the Biological
Survey for refuges to be established under
the act. The other members of the com-
mission will be as follows: From the
president's cabinet, Secretary of Com-
merce Robert P. Lamont and Secretary of
the Interior, Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur ;
from the Senate, Senator Peter Norbeck.
of South Dakota, and Senator Harry B.
Hawes, of Missouri ; and from the House
of Representatives, Ernest R. Ackerman,
of New Jersey, and Sam D. McReynolds.
of Tennessee. — U. S. Bureau of Biological
Survey.

ELABORATE PLANS FOR BANDING
OF DUCKS

An elaborate plan for duck banding
operations is being worked out by A. D.
Trempe, Michigan sportsman, who stayed
in California over the winter. It is the
intention of Mr. Trempe to place a series
of banding stations along the Pacific
Coast from Mexico to Alaska. Already
traps have been placed in many suitable
places in the state, and when the work
is finished up in the northern part of the
country a more pretentious plan will be
started. This plan calls for an expedi-
tion into the region where the ducks nest,
including Northern Canada and Alaska,
to band the birds on the breeding grounds.

This northern expedition is being
planned for a future date and funds are
now being obtained for the work. When
this work is done a record of the actual
nesting grounds of birds that winter in
the United States will be nearly complete.
Casual captures of birds in the north that
have been banded in the state are too
meager for a basis on which to base any
definite theory of breeding grounds.

RETURNS ON BANDED BALD EAGLES
Two bald eagles banded in Michigan
during the spring of 1928 were killed in
•January this year in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee. The first bird w^as killed Janu-
ary 11 at Lexington, Kentucky, by W.
Funkbouser, and the second January 31
at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, by G. Ilite.
Although more than four hundred thou-
sand birds in the United States and
Canada now wear bands, very few of this
number are eagles. Records show the
first bald eagle to be banded in Michi-
gan was the sixth ever to be banded in
the United States. Throe were banded
in tlie spring of 1927 and at least eiglit
in the spring of 192S. So far returns have
come in from the above two mentioned
birds only. These indicate that piobably
many eagles reared in Michigan spend
their winter in the south. There has
been considerable speculation as to
whether the bald eagle of the Michigan
region joins the smaller birds on the fall
flight.

BUFFALO SHIPPED TO ALASKA
REPORTED IN GOOD CONDITION

The introduction of buffalo into Alaska
is an experiment that is being watched
with much interest by wild-life conserva-
tionists. Twenty-three of these animals
were shipped from the National Bison
Range, Montana, to the Territory by the
Alaska XJame Commission in June. 1928,
through an appropriation made for the
purpose by the Territorial Legislature.
Nineteen of them were liberated near
McCarthy, Alaska, and four were held
at the Reindeer Experiment Station of
the United States Biological Sur^-ey at
Fairbanks for experimental purposes.

In a recent report stated that up to
January 9 the buffalo were located on
Jarvis Creek, not far from where they
were liberated, and were feeding to a
large extent on wild vetch. They seem
to have adapted themselves to the coun-
try and to be doing well. On February
]8 the herd was reported on Clear Water
Creek, nine miles from McCarthy, a
stream that has open water throughout
the winter and a good growth of brush
and grass. The Alaska Game Commis-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

265

sion has hay stored at McCarthy for
feeding the buffalo if necessary, but up
to mid-February the animals were finding
sufficient food and were in good condition,
although there had been some unusually
heavy snowfalls.

The buffalo retained at the reindeer
station are each fed at the rate of 15
pounds of hay a day, and are in ex-
cellent condition — round and fat. The
winter has been unusually mild at the
station, but during one brief period when
the temperature ranged from 30 to 40
degrees below zero with high humidity —
it was noted that the animals were cov-
ered with hoarfrost, and as soon as they
finished feeding at the corrals each morn-
ing they would immediately seek an upper
sheltered hollow in the middle of one
of the pastures or the top of a warmer
adjoining ridge. During warm weather
the buffalo remain near the feed troughs
at the coi-rals. On the range, when not
grazing, they seek shelter in the forest.

MULE DEER OFFERED FOR SALE

A considerable number of surplus mule
deer, or black-tailed deer, are being
offered for sale alive by the United States
Biological Survey from the National
Bison Range in western Montana. The
animals are offered at the price of $15
each as they run on the range, the pur-
chaser paying all expenses in connection
with capturing, crating and removing the
deer, which it is estimated will not
exceed, on the average, $20 an animal.

The Biological Survey does not recom-
mend these animals for stocking ranges
in the south or east, particularly in areas
already frequented by deer, but say they
should do quite well in most of the west-
ern portion of the United States. Where
these deer are intended only for exhibition
purposes they would, of course, stand a
fair chance of surviving in the East.

As the Survey desires to remove the
animals from the reservation at the
earliest possible date, persons interested
in obtaining them should communicate
with Frank H. Rose, protector in charge
of the National Bison Range. His post-
office address is Moiese, Montana, and
his telegraphic address is Dixon, Mon-
tana. Any orders accepted for delivery
of the animals are contingent upon the
possibility of their capture at the time
desired by the purchaser.

BIRD REGULATION AMENDMENTS
Amendments to the regulations under
the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, under
which the game and other birds that mi-
grate between the United States and Can-
ada receive protection in this country,

adopted by Secretary of Agriculture Hyde
on April 20, were approved by President
Hoover on April 23, 1929. The nature of
the amendments has been briefly sum-
marized as follows by the Bureau of
Biological Survey, which administers the
law and the regulations :

Hunting migratory game birds from
automobiles is prohibited, and the closed
season is continued on greater and lesser
yellowlegs. In addition, certain further
restrictions are made on scientific collect-
ing, including a provision that restricts
the taking of migratory game birds by
scientific collectors to the period on any
day from half an hour before sunrise to
sunset. This change, in the opinion of
the Biological Survey, will not be a han-
dicap to legitimate collectors.

Taxidermists engaged in receiving and
mounting migratory birds are now re-
quired to keep accurate records of all
transactions.

PROTECTION OF SWANS NOT TO BE
DIMINISHED

Explaining why no open season on
swans had been provided in the recent
amendments to the regulations under the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Paul G. Red-
ington states that he considered that to
recommend an open season in the United
States at this time on these beautiful and
comparatively rare birds would be a vio-
lation of this country's obligations under
our treaty with Great Britain. Many
requests had come to the United States
Biological Survey to allow limited shoot-
ing of swans, the plea being made that
they were destroying wild fowl food
plants by pulling them up by the roots
in such quantity as to menace the future
supply for other waterfowl. Answering
this charge specifically, Mr. Redington
said that investigations made by the Bio-
logical Survey do not show that swans
destroyed wild fowl food to any greater
extent than do other species of waterfowl.
In fall and winter they take the parts
they like, but leave sufficient seeds, frag-
ments of rootstock, tubers, etc., to insure
reproduction of the food crops the next
season. "If this were not true," he
stated, "swans would be compelled to
abandon their favorite wintering grounds,
and the fact that they do not do so, but
instead return to them year after year is
really a guarantee that their feeding
habits are not so pernicious as is
believed."

Swans have been given complete pro-
tection throughout this country, Mr. Red-
ington explained, for two reasons. In the
first place the total number of our two
species combined is not large, and in the

266

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

second place, as practically all the swans
of eastern North America winter in a
limited area in the Middle Atlantic States,
irreparable damage to the species would
result if shooting were permitted. "Of
the two species of swans," he said, "the
trumpeter swan has been for years near
the verge of extinction. Owing to the
fact that it is impracticable to expect the

average gunner to distinguish between the
trumpeter and the whistling swans, it has
seemed necessary to give all swans close
protection. The Biological Survey has
given the situation the most careful con-
sideration, which it greatly deserves, since
an error at this stage might very well
result in the total extermination of a rare
and valuable species."

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

267

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

Bureau of Patrol

During the month of February, fines
were imposed amounting to $4,500 and
138 arrests made. One violator was given
a 100-day jail sentence for the possession
of deer meat in closed season ; two men
were given 30-day sentences, one for the
possession of small Pismo clams, the other
for the possession of crabs ; and two other
men were forced to serve 25 days apiece,
one for the possession of ducks in closed
season, and the other for having deer
meat.

The total amount collected in fines
made a slight drop to $3,665 during the
month of March and total arrests were
133. One violator was given a 50-day
jail sentence for the possession of a bird
net and another 100 days for using an
illegal net.

A total of 125 arrests was made dur-
ing April and $4,755 collected. Long
jail sentences are conspicuous for this
month. One violator was given a 500-
day sentence.

California can boast of having about
one-fourth of the deer in the national
forests of the west. Efforts to perpetuate
her splendid supply will become less and
less effective, if violations go unchecked.
Sportsmen who believe in game laws and
who obey them will be glad to know that
deputies are vigorously enforcing the
rules imposed by the legislature that
regulate the killing of deer. A total of
22 convictions was secured for the pos-
session of deer meat during the months
of February, March and April. Some
record prices were paid by violators for
possessing this meat. Many patients in
county hospitals were enabled to var^'
their regular diet and had an opportunit.v
to enjoy choice cuts of venison.

Clifford Almy, city superintendent of
streets, of a fashionable Alameda County
suburb, concealed deer meat in his office
in the basement of the city hall. The
meat was seized over five months after
the season closed.

Rumors reached the San Francisco
office that the Piedmont Fire Department
had a supply of deer meat on hand and
were planning a banquet. Considerable
time and very careful following of clues
was required in working up the case.

Finally, when they were sure of them-
selves. Assistant Chief Milton Clark and
Deputy Alan Curry walked into the city
ofiiciars office and asked, "Where are
those two deer?" Almy maintained an
expression of complete innocence and de-
clared that there was some mistake.
Upon suggestion that a search be con-
ducted, his attitude changed and he as-
sumed defensive tactics. Deputy Curry,
at Clark's order, ascended a ladder lead-
ing to a small room over Almy's desk,
and shortly brought down three hams and
three shoulders of venison in fine con-
dition. The city dignitary was taken
into the court of Judge Jacob Harder,
•Tr., at Hay ward, and upon his plea of
guilty was fined $150.

Patients of the San Francisco Relief
Home were served the venison. Indeed,
few patients at the Home ever have a
chance to hunt deer, while a fireman can
always enjoy the sport when the season
is open.

Shooting a 50-pound buck in May and
having the same in his possession, cost
William Singleton of San Jose also $150.
Deputy I. L. Koppel apprehended him
at the Harney Ranch near Mt. Hamilton
and conducted the violator to the court
of Judge Chester Moore at San Jose.

Patients at the Eureka County Hos-
pital feasted on forbidden deer meat
because F. H. Farnsworth of Weott was
apprehended by Deputy William Kaliher
at Rainbow Ridge. The carcass of the
deer was still warm when the offender was
caught. Farnsworth paid $100 in the
court of Judge George W. Yuill of Scotia.

At Low Gap, west of Ukiah in Mendo-
cino County, Deputy Earl Macklin found
a buck and a fawn in the possession of
Harold Cook, George Hinckley and John
Kinney, all of Fort Bragg. The trio were
informed that it was somewhat unsports-
manlike, as well as contrary to law,
to have deer meat in possession during
March. They were booked to appear be-
fore Judge George Golden at Fort Bragg
and were fined $75 apiece.

Near Eureka, at a place called Rain-
bow Ridge, deputies William Kaliher of
Loleta and R. J. Yates of Eureka, ar-

268

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

rested O. C. Estes with two hams of
deer meat. The hams weighed 25 pounds
and Estes was fined $100 when he ap-
peared before Judge Frank E. Niskey
at Eureka.

A fabulous price for deer meat, and
spoiled meat at that, was paid in Sebasto-
pol early in May by Frank Sorento of
the Occidental district. Fifteen pounds
of venison were found in his cellar by
Deputy Victor Von Arx and Captain
of Patrol Henry Lencioni. Judge H.
McCormack at Sebastopol established a
fancy price for the meat when he fined
Sorento $250.

Deputies everywhere focused their at-
tention on the apprehension of those who
were unable to resist the lure of whipping
trout streams until the season opened.
Records show 34 arrests for having trout
in possession and 17 arrests for angling
without a license during the two months
preceding the opening of the trout season.
After May 1, they continued watching
anglers and brought to justice many who
were overgreedy.

Two fishermen had 99 trout when ac-
costed by Deputy Fred H. Post on
Church Creek, Monterey County. Taken
into the court of Judge Ray Baugh at
Monterey, they paid a fine of $.50 each.
One offender had 46 fish, which is 21 over
the limit, the other, his brother, Roy
Likins, had 53, which is just 28 too
many.

C. C. Hai-shner of Oakland fished on
April 28 on Mark West Creek, Sonoma
County. It was two days ahead of the
official opening. However, Captain Henry
Lencioni and Deputy Victor Von Arx
trailed him carefully for seven hours, saw
him catch fish, and hide them with his
tackle. He had forty trout, beauties, too,
and when he appeared before Judge
Frank A. S. Opper at Windsor he ad-
mitted his guilt and was fined $100.
Costly trout, those.

Deputy L. E. Mercer and Volunteer
Deputy J. J. Elliott arrested H. S. Clark
of Reno. Nevada, on Sierra Creek in
Sierra County. He had 39 trout, just
14 more than the law allows. Judge
Loren L. Palmerton at Loyalton imposed
the regular $25 fine for an overlimit and
$1 apiece for the 14 extra fish.

Judge R. H. Shannon of Georgetown
fined Alvlu Waddle of Auburn $25 for

fishing without a license, after Captain
L. T. Ward of Sacramento found 17 fish
in a basket belonging to Norman Andregg,
a 16-ycar-old boy.

Deputy W. C. Blewett arrested C. B.
Naylor of Los Angeels on Santa Rosa
Creek, San Luis Obispo County, when he
failed to show his license on demand.
Judge A. S. Gay of Cambria fined him
$25.

Deputy Forest McDermott of Santa
Cruz caught Gus Mallett of Zayante in
the act of attempting to spear trout in
Zayante Creek. Mallett acknowledged
his guilt before Judge Donald Younger,
who fined him $50.

On a plea of guilty, J. Newell Chase
of Brookdale arrested by Deputy Forest
McDermott for fishing before the season
opened, was fined $75. He was fishing
without a license and had six trout when
arrested. Judge Donald Younger levied
the penalty.

Id March, Joe Renna was apprehended
near Mendota by Deputies Ray Ellis and
H. E. Black, assisted by Ted Holliday,
for shooting ducks out of season and
having two ducks in his possession. Since
Renna had a bad reputation for disregard
of the fish and game laws. Judge Meyer
of Firebaugh, Fresno County, imposed a
severe fine. The violator, however, was
unable to pay the .$300 assessed and was
committed to jail for 150 days.

The u.se of traps in taking valley quail
constitutes a serious threat to the preser-
vation of this valuable game bird. W.
Lee Weeding of Los Angeles is now
aware of the serious nature of this
offense. He was apprehended by Deputy
Charles Towers and Captain LeRue Chap-
pell of the Los Angeles force. Hailed
before Judge H. E. Billings at Sherman.
Weeding pleaded guilty to the charge of
taking the birds in the hills back of his
home, and was fined $250. The justice
suspended $200 of the fine, however, and
collected but $50. Since only ten birds
were trapped this fine amounted to a
charge of $5 for each bird. As the oflBcers
liberated the quail, they remarked that
Weeding had paid dearly for the privilege
of confining them for a short time.

Fred E. Bennett of Long Beach said
he was guilty after Deputy Charles Towers

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

269

of Los Angeles arrested him for buying,
selling and trading valley quail. Judge
H. E. Billings of Sherman placed his
fine at $50.

The lone dove that Ernest Johnson of
Turlock shot on May 19 cost him a
goodly sum. Arrested by Deputy G. W.
Magladry for shooting doves in closed
season, he admitted his guilt. Judge Dan
Kilroy of Turlock assessed a fine of $50.

Undersized abalones in possession often
prove to be the undoing of a number
of those who seek this delectable table
delicacy. Four violators were arrested
by Deputy R. C. Marshall on the famed
Seventeen-Mile Drive, near Monterey, and
nine by Deputies M. F. Joy and Mc-
Pherson Lough at Pigeon Point. One of
these, K. Umino of Peseadero, paid a fine
of $100 to Judge A. W. Woodhams of
Peseadero. The other eight were fined
$25 each.

Deputy Fred Post of Salinas turned
in $571 on April 16 as the fruits of
his activities during the week end. Deputy
Post caught H. Sugimoto, a native of
Japan, near Salinas, with ten valley
quail. The Japanese pleaded guilty in
the court of Judge D. W. Rohrback of
Pajaro and paid a fine of $400. The
quail were taken to the county hospital
at Salinas.

W. S. Hubbard of Moss Landing was
next. He had an overlimit of Pismo
clams and on his plea of guilty. Judge
Rohrback said $100 or 50 days. Hub-
bard spent two days in the Salinas
County jail and then decided to pay the
balance due of $96.

C. Schomick of Newman at Moss Land-
ing was found with Pismo clams not in
their shell. He was fined $25 by Judge
Harry J. King of Salinas.

ment. Deputy J. P. Vissiere arrested
Redman.

Frank G. Pulis of Tracy caught 414
catfish in a fyke net in the San Joaquin
River, near Bl Soyo ranch. He was over-
hauled by Deputies George Magladry of
Modesto, C. L. Gourley of Gustine and
Captain J. E. Newsome of Newman.
He went into the court of Judge Hawkins
at Modesto and paid $150. Stanislaus
County Hospital patients ate the catfish.

Found in possession of a fish spear,
Adam Metzler was arrested on the San
Joaquin River by Deputy H. E. Black
and paid a fine of $25 when taken before
•Judge Myer of Firebaugh, Fresno County.

Four abalone seekers, T. Tagani, Frank
Yonekaura, A. Shibayama and John W.
Sprague, were not careful regarding the
size of those which they pried off the
rocks along the coast in Los Angeles
County. All paid fines of $25 each to
Judge H. E. Billings at Sherman when
brought into court by Deputy R. J.
Sadler.

Taking Pismo clams during the closed
season at Palm Beach cost H. G. Red-
man $50. Judge Donald Younger at
Santa Cruz first fined the defendant
$100, but suspended $50 of the assess-

During the month of April the launch
patrol seized more than 16,000 feet of
illegal net.

For some time Captain Walter Sellmer
and his men had been seeking to appre-
hend a gang operating beach seines in
the restricted territory of Richardson
Bay. After an all night vigil, they suc-
ceeded in surprising the fishermen in a
cove near Burnett's Island just as dawn
was breaking. While Deputies Charles
Bouton, Harry Christiansen and George
Smalley patrolled the water adjacent to
the place of arrest, Captain Sellmer and
Deputy Lee Straight came in from an-
other direction in a skiff and the posse
closed in on the violators. The fisher-
men had a large quantity of fish, includ-
ing 75 pounds of striped bass. Gus Mar-
vis, an old offender, was given 500 days
by Judge H. De La Montanya of San
Rafael. George Nichols was sentenced
200 days, and E. B. Yows, considered the
least mischievious of the three offenders,
was given a sentence of six months. This
was suspended for two years, but be-
comes effective if Yows violates any of
the fish and game laws.

It may be that over in sunny Nippon
the taking of fish from streams on dip
nets attached to long poles is regarded
as the real sporting thing to do. In
Sonoma County, the act is unworthy of a
disciple of Izaak Walton. So much so
that it cost T. Nagihara, S. Fugihara, S.
Ikeyami, R. Yokoyama and Y. Yokoyama,
all of Forestville, a $100 each for a days
outing. The money was paid to Judge
H. McCormick at Sebastopol after Deputy
Victor VonArx took them into custody
at Hilton on the Russian River. Each
man had about twenty pounds of fish.

270

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Catching twenty-five striped bass in a
noncommercial district on tlie Mokel-
iinino River cost C. Torabehino or Isleton
an even 100 days in jail due to the vigi-
lance of Deputy William lloppe. Judge
W. E. Everson, at Elk Grove, gave the
violator the alternative of serving 100
daj's in jail or paying a $100 fine.

M. J. Duart, of Sacramento, paid $250
for fishing with illegal nets, having under-
sized striped bass in his possession and
fishing without a license in the Sacra-
mento River. Deputy Charles Sibeck
arrested Duart and Judge W. E. Everson,
of Elk Grove, assessed the fine. The
undersized bass seized were given to
charity.

One black bass taken in closed season
cost S. Nakijian of Selma, Fresno County,
$40 as a result of his arrest by W. L.
Hixon, a volunteer deputy of the Divi-
sion. Nakijian was taken before Judge
R. A. Watrous, at Dinuba.

Romy Yapo, of Rio Yista, was arrested
by Deputy William Iloppe for having 20
striped bass in his possesion. Judge
F. J. Kalber fined the offender $50.

Stephen Hall, of Hopland, will pay
$100 on the deferred payment plan for
using a gill net to take game fish. Deputy
Earl Macklin found Hall at the mouth of
Phalis Creek on the Russian River oper-
ating the illegal net.

"Taking of game fish in this way is
mighty poor sportsmanship," said Judge
J. Hoffman, of Ukiah when he levied the
fine.

John Luddington, of Weitchpec, Hum-
boldt County, was arrested by Deputy
Ray Diamond at Martins Ferry for trap-
ping without a license. He was taken
before Judge Thomas J. Nix at Weitch-
pec and given an alternative of paying
$100 or serving 100 days in the county
jail.

The General Petroleum Company oper-
ating in the Rineoln Oil Fields, near
Ventura, were fined $200 for polluting
the waters adjacent to their operations.
Deputy R. E. Bedwell brought the offend-
ers before Judge Edwai-d Henderson.

Deputies working in Tulare and Kern
counties made an excellent showing the
past few months. Twenty-six arrests

and convictions were obtained between
November and March, and a total of
$1,025 was collected. One violator was
sentenced to 100 days in jail for killing
a doe. Possession of deer n'.eat in closed
season in another case and over limits
of ducks brought fines of $100. Eight
arrests were made for over limits of
quail and ton for hunting without a
license.

In addition to this fine record, the
deputies in Captain O. P. Brownlow's
disti'ict have also been active in fish
planting and fish rescue. They have re-
ported on the location of areas where
game birds may be liberated and con-
ducted investigations of game conditions.

Deputy C. J. Towers arrested a vio-
lator for killing game out of season in
Riverside County. Unable to find tlie
nearest judge, he started for Murrietta
and on the way passed the ranch of a
judge he knew. He found the justice
plowing and court was held by the road-
side, the judge never even leaving his
plow. After taking an extra cliew of
tobacco, the deputy reports, the judge
accepted the plea, fined the culprit the
limit and sent him on his way. He then
called to his hoi-ses and resumed his
plowing.

Fishermen reported good fishing at the
opening of the trout season in the basin
of the San Gabriel River. This improved
condition was due to the splendid efforts
of deputies under Assistant Pat ml Chief
(Jharles S. Bauder. Some 200,0(K) iingcr-
ling trout, measuring over six inches in
length, and almost ready for the frying-
pan, were planted by the southern patrol
force early in the spring. The fingerliiigs
were raised in the new Goldbrook Camp
Hatchery, and the plant involved many
obstacles in an almost inaccessible
country.

This spring Deputy Walter I. Long
of Westwood rescued many fish ranging
from one to six pounds in weight from
holes in the stream bed running into
Duck Lake, Lassen County. The waters
of Duck Lake served as a municipal
supply for the town of Westwood and
a new channel cut last summer has left
the old stream-bed dry.

The summary report of Captain H. W.
Ehreiser of Humboldt County shows tliat
between February 1, 1928, and February

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

271

1, 1929, the volunteer deputies of that
county patrolled 30,738 miles of field and
streams ; that they checked 3433 hunting,
angling and deer tag licenses ; that in
coordination with the regular patrol they
made and assisted in making 29 arrests
and collected $625 in fines.

Bureau of Fish Culture

Shipments of 1,220.000 rainbow trout
eggs were made from the Mount Shasta
Hatchery during the month of April to
six hatcheries located in various parts
of the state. The Mt. Shasta subsidiary
egg-collecting stations supplied over
1,795,000 rainbow eggs during this month.
Five hundred seven thousand steelhead
trout eggs were received from the big
Creek Hatchery. These are reported to
have been in good condition. On May 1
the fry and eggs on hand consisted of
3,288,000 Loch Leven, 2,192,000 brown,
714,000 eastern brook and 304,000 rain-
bow trout. There were also on hand
570,000 steelhead and 898,000 Quinnat
salmon.

Fish cultural work at the Mt. Shasta
Hatchery has involved the spawning of
the trout from pond fish, the shipping
of eyed eggs, the picking out of dead eggs
in hatchery troughs, cleaning troughs and
tlie general care of the fry and the prepa-
ration of fish food. The outside crew did
a great deal of sorting of fish maintained
in brood ponds. Many ponds were cleaned
and new pond screens installed.

In general, the take of eggs in the
Klamath stations, subsidiary to Mt. Shas-
ta, has been disappointing. The water
has remained very cold. There has not
been sufficient precipitation to raise the
creek and cause the trout to leave the
Klamath River and run up tributary
streams in normal numbers.

During March, a total of 853,000
rainbow trout eggs were collected at the
Camp Creek station, making a total for
the season of 1,049,000 eggs.

The total number of eggs taken at the
Hornbrook Station was 1,440,000. At
first, it appeared as though this station
would do better than it has in the past
few years. The lack of rain, however,
induced the farmers to start irrigating
earlier and the water in the creek was
lowered unfortunately just at the time
when the trout were running their best.
The ci-eek became so low that the fish
were unable to reach the trap and the
station was closed on April 30 ; the racks

were removed and piled for use the next
season.

May found the trout run still going on
in Beaver Creek Station and operations
will continue just so long as the trout
continue to reach the trap. Up to the
end of April, a total of 1,011,000 eggs
were taken.

The amount of eggs obtained from the
Shackleford Creek Station was disap-
pointing, in view of the fact, that the
first part of the run held promise of a
very excellent yield. During March, 467,-
000 eggs were taken, and during April
but 440,000. The total take for the sea-
son was 982,000. As a rule, the great-
est difficulty encountered at this station
is high water. This year, the opposite
was true.

In order to carry out an experiment
to prove whether the Atlantic salmon will
thrive on this coast, a shipment of 28,000
eggs was secured from New Brunswick.
The Atlantic salmon is essentially a
cold water fish. A very serious effort will
be made, nevertheless, to determine
whether this species can be propagated
in the state to advantage. It has been
claimed by some that if the fish succeeds
in acclimatizing itself to California
waters it will prove more of a sporting
fish than the native steelhead.

Another shipment of 25,000 Atlantic
salmon has been received from the Bu-
reau of Fisheries, Bast Orland, Maine.
These will be taken care of at Cold Creek
Hatchery, Mendocino County. The New
Brunswick shipment is being cared for
at the Prairie Creek Hatchery.

The 1,807,000 rainbow trout eggs re-
ceived from Pocatello, Idaho, have been
shipped to various hatcheries. The first
lot of these Idaho eggs produced fish
that were weaklings and losses were con-
siderable. The Idaho people have replaced
those fish lost in transit as a result of
poor packing.

Eastern brook trout eggs received from
the American Fish Culture Company,
Carolina, Rhode Island, are reported to
have developed into healthy and active
fry.

At the Mt. Whitney Hatchery, Inyo
County, some 350,000 Loch Leven and
525,000 eastern brook trout eggs and
fry were in the course of development
by the end of April.

The Rush Creek Spawning Station
considerably augmented the number of
eggs being cared for at the hatchery by
shipments of 1,065,000 black-spotted trout
eggs during April. Indications are that

272

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Rush Creek will yield probably 4,000,000
eggs.

Fern Creek Hatchery has on hand
.160,000 l)lack-spottcd trout eggs supplied
by the Hush Creek Station. This hatch-
ery al'^o received 45,000 rainbow trout
eggs from the station on the "Walker
River.

At the Fort Sewart Hatchery, Hum-
boldt County, there were 1,496,870 steel-
head trout being developed. These came
originally from the Cold Creek Hatchery.
There were also 132.680 steelhead trout
from the Prairie Creek Station and 79,390
rainbow trout from Pocatello, Idaho.

Silver salmon to the number of 825,-
170 were planted near the hatchery in
April and constituted the remainder of
the fish received from the Prairie Creek
Station earlier in the year. These fish
were of good size and had evei-y appear-
ance of being strong and vigorous.

The latter part of the usual steelhead
spawning season at the Prairie Creek
Station passed with practically no move-
ment of fish to the racks. The few light
showers and the absence of storms failed
to cause sufficient rise of water in Prairie
Creek to bring about a good run. Only
98,500 steelhead ti*out eggs have been
taken. These have been procured from
occasional fish that have managed to
reach the racks.

Burney Creek, Shasta County, had 301,-
245 eastern brook, 196,160 Loch Leven
and 313,660 rainbow trout on hand the
beginning of May. Over 15,000 rainbow
trout eggs were taken at Ballard's Reser-
voir in April. This reservoir indeed holds
forth the prospect of proving a splendid
station for the collecting of rainbow trout
eggs when properly stocked and negotia-
tions are under way to effect these ends.

At the Big Creek Hatchery. Santa
Cruz County, all the 1,592,000 steelhead
eggs and fry are reported to be in fine
condition. Water in the creek was as
low in April as it usually is in August
and there was less water in it than any
other April during tlie past twenty-two
years. From the egg collecting station
at this place, 2,575,000 steelhead eggs
were shipped to other hatcheries.

Steelhead in the Brookdale Hatchery,
Santa Cruz County, have started feeding
and are doing well. Besides these 150.000
steelhead, there were at this hatchery
248,000 silver salmon.

The latter part of April found the fish
in Bear Lake, San Bernardino C\)unty,
entering the streams to spawn and indi-
cations are that the Bear Lake Hatchery
and its subsidiary stations will be sup-
plied to capacity with eggs.

At the Feather River Hatchery, Clio,
Plumas County, there were on hand 180,-
000 eastern brook, 248,000 Loch Leven,
262,000 rainbow and 295,000 steelhead.

At the Yosemite Hatchery, Mariposa
County, the 48,130 brown trout fingerlings
in the holding tanks are reported to be
making a sturdy growth. 500,000 steel-
head eggs were received from the Big
Creek Hatchery and 150,000 rainbow
trout eggs from Mt. Shasta Hatchery.
These shipments, together with those on
hand, make a total of 698,130 eggs and
fry now being developed for stocking the
streams and lakes in Yosemite National
l*ark and adjacent territory.

At Ihe Tahoe Hatchei-y. Placer County,
the 600,000 eastern brook, 100,000 Loch
Leven and 200,000 steelhead are reported
to be hatching in goodly proportion and
the resulting alevins are strong. The
150,000 rainbow trout eggs from Poca-
tello, Idaho, are clearing up.

There is a good flow of water in the
upper Truekee and the fish are moving in
good numbers. The yield from the Taylor
Creek trap and the Blackwood traps has
so far been satisfactory.

At the Tallac Hatchery, in Eldorado
County, the steelhead alevins are doing
well and the rainbow trout eggs are
hatching.

In April, 61,500 eastern brook trout that
had attained a size from two to four
inches were planted in the waters adja-
cent to the INIormon Creek Hatchery, Tuo-
lumne County. Weatlior conditions are of
the best and the water is holding up well.
In fact, the fish are doing so well that
there is a danger of their becoming over-
crowded and another plant will be neces-
sary shortly.

At the Cold Creek Hatchery, Mendo-
cino County, May 1 found 775.000 steel-
head, 184,000 Loch Iveven, 287,000 brown
trout in the course of develojDment. The
24,000 Atlantic salmon will be placed in
two large tanks near this hatchery as
soon as they become overcrowded in the
troughs in which they are now developing.

Snow Mountain Station closed on April

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

273

2 with a total take of steelhead eggs
amounting to 2,875,000.

There were on hand at the end of April
at the Kaweah Hatchery, Tulare County,
188,000 eastern brook, 95,000 Loch Leven-
and 437,000 steelhead trout. The rainbow
fry from the 116,000 eggs obtained from
Idaho have hatched and the fry started
feeding on April 20.

A large sign has been donated by the
Visalia Sportsmen's Club and has been
erected at the approach of the hatchery
near the state highway. The sign reads,
"Kaweah Fish Hatchery. Visitors Wel-
come."

Due to low water, but 21,500 rainbow
trout eggs have been taken so far at the
Clear Creek Hatchery, Lassen County. A
total of 170,000 rainbow eggs were ob-
tained at the Mud Creek Station and
placed in the Clear Creek Hatchery.

The Warner Creek Station has so far
supplied 615,000 rainbow trout eggs to
the Domingo Springs Hatchery.

Butt Creek Station was open during
April, but it was not possible to com-
mence operations until the end of this
month.

At the Kings River Hatchery, Fresno
County, some 600,000 eastern brook, 400,-
000 Loch Leven. 77.000 rainbow and 250,-
000 steelhead trout are being cared for.

There were on hand at the Yuba River
Hatchery, Sierra County, the first of May
over 196,000 Loch Leven, 72,000 eastern
brook and 298,000 steelhead trout.

The entire series of trout food experi-
ments are now well under way. Steel-
head trout at the Brookdale Hatchery are
being fed various varieties of food, such
as shrimp meal, dehydrated salmon eggs,
sardine meal and alfalfa meal. Percent-
ages of waste in each of these food mate-
rials have been worked out with Loch
Leven trout at the Mount Shasta Hatch-
ery. The experiment has not been carried
to sufficient lengths yet to make any
report on the results from feeding these
foods.

Two trips were made by George A.
Coleman up the Napa River for the pur-
pose of detei-mining if certain reclama-
tions of land would interfere with the
breeding of striped bass. It was decided
that dredging operations in the main
channel of the river above Cutting's
Landing constituted no very great inter-
6 — 68604

ference with reproduction of this fish.
Observations made show that striped bass
from ten inches and up are very plentiful
in the river.

Particular emphasis is being placed on
investigations of the food supply of
striped bass. While it is known that
adults will eat almost any variety of
small fish, they seem to be more plentiful
where certain varieties of minnows
flourish. It is hoped to obtain, in the
very near future, sufficient information to
determine whether striped bass prefer
these minnows above other types of food.

Elkhorn Slough, above Moss Landing,
in Monterey County, has been the subject
of considerable study to determine con-
ditions affecting striped bass existing in a
strictly salt water area. Elkhorn Slough
has no fresh water supply and is directly
connected with Monterey Bay. Striped
bass are found there in abundance.

All forms of plant, algae, plankton,
Crustacea and insect life tending to pro-
duce food for these fish are being studied.

Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries

On February 8, Captain Walter En-
gelke and Erol Greenleaf, commercial fish-
eries deputies aboard the Alhacore, ar-
rested Messrs. Takahashi, Frank Surgan,
A. B. Smith and Anton Bosavich, all of
San Pedro, for operating in a closed dis-
trict at Catalina Island. The four men
were brought before Judge Ernest Windle
of Avalon. Takahashi admitted his guilt
and was fined $100 ; while the other three
posted $100 bail each which they later
forfeited.

On February 12, the commercial fish-
eries patrol found Jim Larsen of Santa
Barbara with oversized lobsters in his
fishing boat. Judge Pool, of Santa Bar-
bara, assessed a $25 fine.

Charles Gunderson, of Santa Barbara,
was caught with abalones out of season.
He paid a fine of $25 when taken before
Judge Pool. C. Larsen, of Balboa Island,
was also apprehended for possession of
abalones and was fined $25 by the Santa
Barbara justice.

The International Pacific Salmon In-
vestigation Federation met in Vancouver,
British Columbia, April 3 to 6. Owing
to press of legislative business, N. B. Sco-
field was unable to attend. The Division
was represented by Dr. J. O. Snyder.
This federation is composed of officials of
the fisheries departments of the United
States, Canada, Washington, Oregon,

274

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

California, Alaska and British Columbia.
Its object is to perpetuate and build up
the Pacific salmon fisheries to the end
that their productiveness may be main-
tained, and, if possible, increased.

During April, J. B. Phillips was put in
charge of the work of collecting evidence
at the intake of the Glenn-Colusa irriga-
tion canal near Chico. The object of the
investigation is to determine whether fish
go through the battery of pumps which
take the water from the river. It has
already been found that young salmon
are going through in fairly large numbers.

The Division and Stanford University
are jointly engaged in a hydrobiological
survey of Monterey Bay. The patrol boat
Albacore was stationed at Monterey dur-
ing April and was used for the survey.
Several offshore trips were made in at-
tempts to take the eggs or larvae of sar-
dines. Although a great deal of valuable
information was acquired on different fish-
ery subjects, the efforts of the investi-
gators, E. C. Scofield and M. Lindner,
failed to obtain any data on the sardines.
The Allacore left Monterey for Eureka at
the end of the month. Lindner made the
trip up the coast and made tows at dif-
ferent places along the entire coast in an
endeavor to obtain evidence of sardine
spawning.

to supplement the studies by means of
egg measurements of sardine spawning
being conducted by Dr. Frances N. Clark.

A boat has been chartered as the neces-
sity arises to patrol the markets and fish
landing places in southern California and
crush the traffic in undersized barracuda
and halibut. The islands and coasts were
watched to prevent the catching and land-
ing of illegal sized lobsters.

In response to the need for research in
California's commercial fishes, the State
Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal Island, is
giving attention to sardines, albacore,
barracuda and striped bass. Some work
is being done with other species of minor
commercial importance. Concentration
on certain species is necessary to avoid
dissipation and superficial treatment.
Permanent and valuable results can come
only after careful and painstaking investi-
gations and require much that is exact-
ing. Yet, such work, in the end, justifies
the effort put forth and the time con-
sumed.

Studies are being made of the ear
bones of the sardine to arrive at an under-
standing of the rate of growth. H. C.
Codsil's work on the subject is showing
encouraging results.

Bureau of Education and
Research

Histological work in developing sardine
eggs has been can-ied on by C. B. An-
drews. This information has been needed

In keeping with the policy to avoid re-
quests for lectures at distant points and
much duplication of travel, educational
work was centered in a numbei' of im-
portant areas. Dr. H. C. Bryant gave a
lecture in February to the Franklin High
School, Los Angeles. This was so success-
ful that requests from five other high
schools in Los Angeles followed. It was
possible by concentrating efforts to reach
in a limited amount of time over GOOO
students and to impress them with tlie
values of fish and game resources and the
need of their preservation. A number of
important illustrated lectures were given
before annual meetings of fish and game
protective associations, the Division in
almost every case being given the feature
part of tlie program.

Through the good efforts of Captain O.
P. Brownlow, Rodney S. Ellsworth was
enabled to carry out an intensive schedule
covering the schools and service clubs of
Tulare County. Lectures were also given
during this trip before schools and busi-
ness organizations in Fresno and Madera
counties. L. W. Cooper, county clerk of
Madera County, sponsored and arranged
t lie program in that county. He ar-
ranged for a very worthwhile meeting
before the Alpha Center Farm Bureau.

For some time the bureau has enter-
tained a desire to reacii all of the prin-
cipal centers in San Joaquin County.
Engagements for both lecturers of the
bureau in the county made possible the
carrying out of this plan.

A summai-y of lectures given
past fiscal year is as follows:

No. of
Organisation lectures

High schools 59

Grammar scliools 36

Universities and colleges — 7
Civic and public service

clubs 27

Civic and Public 27

Masonic and other lodges- 21
Fish and game protective

associations 19

for the

Attend-
ance
37,115
13.940
595

1.562
2,850
2,410

2,134

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

275

Boy Scouts, Camp Fire

Girls 5

Radio 4

Miscellaneous 26

231

■587

37218

64,411

Plans for the summer educational work
were inaugurated. Dr. H. C. Bryant
spent the last two weeks of May in
Yosemite National Park where (he ranger
force was given a course of instruction
which placed emphasis on conservation of
fish and game and natural resources.

Official photographer E. S. Cheney
secured some motion pictures of steelhead

ably the only pictures of their kind that
have ever been taken of this very inter-
esting bird.

A meeting of horticultural commission-
ers was held at Merced on March 26.
Considerable discussion centered on dam-
age done to agriculture by birds,
sion showed that little real or
evidence could be advanced to
tiate claims of reported damage,
did spirit of cooperation between the dif-
ferent state and federal departments was
displayed at this meeting.

Discus-
concrete
substan-
A splen-

Field naturalist Donald McLean made

Fig. 87. Little brown cranes wintering in the San Joaquin Valley.
Photograph by E. S. Cheney, May 24, 1929.

fish ascending the fish ladder at Carmel
River dam, Monterey County, and later,
of trout ascending a ladder on the South
Eel River, Mendocino County.

He obtained some excellent and unique
pictures of little brown and sandhill
cranes wintering in western Fresno and
Merced counties. Some lively scenes of
the courting antics of the birds were
taken. The material was sufficient to
make a complete reel and has been re-
ceived with much interest and commenda-
tion.

Motion pictures of the mountain plover,
a bird which migrates east and west
rather than north and south, were ob-
tained during March. These are prob-

Investigations of reported damage to
ranches by the Roosevelt elk in Humboldt
County. Findings indicated that further
investigation would be necessary at a
time when the animals were actually de-
stroying property. They had moved from
the fields back into the timber. No actual
attempts have so far been made by farm-
ers properly to fence against these largest
of California land mammals.

A census of breeding ducks was taken
on the area bounded by Newman, Dos
Palos, Los Banos and San Joaquin River.

Dr. H. Van Roekel kept a constant
watch on operations at Swanton, Santa

276

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Cruz County, in order to forestall any
recurrence of the dangerous disease furun-
culosis. Laboratory work during Marcli
was largely occupied by examination of
fish eggs sent in for this purpose.

A disease epidemic among the eastern
brook trout at one of the hatcheries was
investigated. Laboratory examinations of
fish from this hatchery revealed no patho-
genic bacteria or parasites. The trouble
seemed to arise from an excess of vege-
table matter in the water which was
identified as floating duck weed.

Investigations on duck disease have
been continued. Samples of soil collected
near Buena Vista Lake and the Holly-
wood Gun Club were analyzed with the
view to gain from these analyses, condi-
tions of soil and water, both in places,
where the duck disease is likely to ap-
pear, and in places, where it has never
been known to occur.

Alkali feeding experiments have re-
sulted in production of toxic symptoms.
Several deaths have occurred as a result
of these feeding experiments and work is
in progress specifically to determine what
particular component of alkali is the most
toxic. This work has been carried on
largely by Paul A. Shaw.

The quail disease investigation is in
progress. Dr. E. C. O'Roke had little
difficulty in reproducing the disease in
healthy birds by feeding intestinal con-
tents of dead and infected birds. Three
types of organisms have now been iso-
lated, tw'o of which are very difficult to
grow in artificial media. However, at-
tempts to reproduce the disease with the
isolated organisms have as yet been un-
successful.

The executives of the First Annual Pa-
cific Coast Pleasure Boat Show held at
the San Francisco Civic Auditorium,
April 27 to May 4 made possible the in-
stallation of a splendid exhibit. This was
a simplification of the Division's exhibit
maintained last summer in cooperation
with the Forest Service, at the Pacific
Southwest Exposition, Long Beach.
Painted backgrounds were utilized to set
off foregrounds depicting the cycle in fish
culture and game bird propagation. The
central set depicted, in a realistic man-
ner, the harm forest fires do to fish and
game. Paul J. Fair, of the Forest Ser-
vice, cooperated with the Division in in-
stalling the exhibit. Acknowledgements
are also due to the Steinhart Aquarium

for supplying a number of large calico
bass and black bass. These fishes mate-
rially enlivened the foreground of the fish
cultural display, together with many
smaller ones supplied through the cour-
tesy of the Bureau of Fish Culture and
Hoclamation.

Bureau of Hydraulics

An event of the highest importance and
general interest occurred during the month
of March. The occurrence marks one of
the real achievements in the control and
prevention of pollution. Two plants, rep-
resenting an expenditure of over .$700,000
and an annual operating cost of at least
.$r)0,000 were formally opened on March
20. One is located at Santa Fe Springs
and will be operated by the Santa Fe
Waste Water Disposal Company ; the
other, at Fullerton. will be operated by
the Water Disposal Company, of Orange
County. Over 200 state, county, city and
oil company executives attended the for-
mal opening.

At Santa Fe Springs an ingenious sys-
tem of baffles and an aerator breaks up
the sludge material. The water, contain-
ing the broken particles of oil, runs
tlirough tanks and over baffles made of
concrete and is finally filtered through
excelsior. Numerous laboratory tests
show that when the oil enters the system,
it contains 46(5 parts of oil to a million
parts of water, and when it leaves aver-
ages IG parts of oil to a million of water.
In fact, the water as it leaves the system
and enters into the sea is remarkably
clear and free from deleterious matter.

The Orange County system consists of
a settling tank arrangement. The tanks
are built of concrete and by a unique use
of wind and water fiow, the oil is diverted
so that it may be skimmed off in a narrow
channel. This carries it into a settling
basin for final treatment. Tests show
that the percentage of oil removed by this
system is as good as that of the Santa
Fe Springs. The two systems are capable
of handling about 100,000 barrels daily.

These systems conclusively demonstrate
what can be done to eliminate oil pollu-
tion and serve as a splendid example of
the highest type of effort to correct
serious menaces to fish and plant life.
They are an illuminating instance of the
ready willingness of the oil industry in
general, to cooperate with the division.
Although their operation will amount to
a large sum yearly, nevertheless, it is
hardly possible to estimate the real bene-
fits which will result.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

277

The complaint against two of the four
concerns originally named for oil pollu-
tion at Summerland, Santa Barbara
County, was dismissed in April. The
Seaside Company and J. E. Lillis have so
improved their properties as to make this
act possible. Assurance has also been
given by these operators that they wiU
continue to cooperate and maintain their
premises in a satisfactory condition.

The other two companies, the Subma-
rine Oil Company and G. F. Becker, were
brought into the Superior Court of Santa
Barbara County where Judge H. S. Gans,
of Tehama County, was presiding. As-

suspended for two years pending no fur-
ther pollution occurs.

The South Mountain proijerty of the
Texas Oil Company near Santa Paula,
Ventura County, was inspected. No evi-
dences of pollution could be noted and on
reliable information it is known that ef-
fective measures were taken by the com-
pany during a recent storm to prevent
any oil from escaping. This was in ac-
cord with their promises and desires and
another worthy instance of cooperation on
the part of the oil industry.

Fig. 88. Official inspection of opening of Santa Fe Springs Waste Water
Disposal Company, March 20, 1929.

sistant attorney Ralph W. Scott and
Clarence S. Ward, district attorney of
the county, successfully prosecuted the
case, and Judge Gans enjoined the de-
fendants from future pollution of the
waters of the state. The court gave the
defendants 90 days to clean up their
property.

A complaint was filed against the
superintendent of the Marland Oil Com-
pany, of Seal Beach, Orange County, for
permitting oil to escape into the San
Gabriel River. The defendant was
brought into the court of Judge Cook in
March and fined $200, $175 of which was

Inspections have been consistently
made of fish screens. In a number of in-
stances, new screens have been installed
as a result of efforts of the bureau, and
old ones caused to operate more efficiently.

A new screen was installed by the Pa-
cific Gas and Electric Company at the
point of their diversion on North Battle
Creek, Siskiyou County.

A fish screen was installed by the Deer
Creek Irrigation District, Tehama Coun-
ty, on its ditch diverting water from Deer
Creek.

The Santa Rosa Water Works has in-
stalled a fish screen on its diversion from
Santa Rosa Creek, Sonoma County.

278

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Inspections of fish ladders maintained
by large operators throughout the most
of the area adjacent to the San Joaquin
Valley have been conducted. Several of
the ladders in the northern and southern
parts of the state have also been exam-
ined.

The Folsora Dam and fish ladder on
the American River has been examined.
Assertions have been made tliat fish do
not and can not use this ladder. Never-
theless, authentic reports are on file that
fish have already ascended the ladder this
season.

The Lassen Irrigation District has in-
stalled a fish ladder on its dam main-
tained in the Susan River. This will
permit fish hereafter to reach breeding
grounds in the waters tributary to this
river.

Bureau of Publicity

During the past year the bureau has
functioned along the lines prescribed at
the time it was established. Gradually, a
sentiment favoring the intelligent conser-
vation and protection of fish and game
has been built up throughout the state,
and the fine support given this bureau
through the press associations and news-
papers has had much to do with the
jiublic's appreciation of the need for this
program of progress.

In addition to sending out numerous
publicity stories regarding activities of
the division, arrests, convictions and the
notable cases made by field forces, numer-
ous visits have been made to other sec-
tions of the state, where it has been
found that fish and game laws are rapidly
becoming more popular.

An average of twenty-one stories per
month are broadcast to newspapers. Clip-
pings show the ready response given fish
and game matters, as over one-third of
the fish and game stories used in the
various newspapers in the state are those
sent out by the bureau.

Bureau of Game Refuges

New legislation passed by the forty-
eighth session of the Legislature revises
the fish and game district act. Wherever
possible, natural boundaries, instead of
section and township lines, have been
selected. Three new areas are set aside
as game refuges ; two existing refuges that

time and adequate investigation have
proved badly located are released.

The boundary line of fish and game
district 2J has been reposted by survey
made by A. D. McLellan. Some of the
refuges near San Francisco have also
been posted as well as the Stanford
Refuge 3G.

The Governor's advisory committee on
game refuges and public shooting grounds
has been considering the purchase of
waterfowl refuges in the San Joaquin and
Sacramento valleys, and a number of
tracts have been examined with the view
to their purchase. The committee plans
to visit the southern part of the state to
give consideration to areas that have been
recommended.

A more exact I<nowledge of the nature
and extent of breeding grounds for water-
fowl in the state is necessary. It is
known that several species of duck, and
at least one goose, nest in California. In
many parts of the state, particularly in
Siskiyou, Modoc and Lassen counties and
in the Sacramento and San Joaquin val-
leys, there are quite extensive areas, but
it is not known definitely how many nests
there are to the square mile in these
areas. When such information as this is
obtained, it will be possible to regulate
the kill better.

During February, 38 claims for the
bounty paid by the Division on mountain
lions were made. Nine of these lions
were killed by official lion hunters of the
state.

Operations were carried on in southern
California during this spring, due to the
fact that in the summer months the heat
and dry conditions make it impossible for
the dogs to work. Between January 1
and April 12, mountain lion control in
southern California has been more effec-
tive than ever before. Twenty-nine lions
have been killed in Ijos Angeles, San
Diego and San Bernardino counties. In
Los Angeles County, during the 22 years
that the Division has been paying a
bounty on lions, only 89 have been killed
and 71 in San Diego County. Since Jan-
uary to April 12, 130 have been submitted
for bounty, 49 of these being killed in
March alone.

The average number of lions killed
since 1907 has been 235 a year. During
the first three months of this year claims
on more than half this average number
have been paid.

During April, 36 claims on lion hides

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

279

were made. There were twelve males and
twenty-four females.

Counties where most of the lions have
been killed, January 1 to April 30, are as
follows: Trinity, 22; Madera, 20; Los
Angeles, 18; Lake, 15; San Diego, 14;
Shasta, 10 ; Humboldt, 10 ; Mendocino,
10, and Tehama, S.

Bureau of Fish Rescue
Reclamation

and

The installation of the large retaining
tanks at Elk Grove, Sacramento County,
is progressing rapidly. There are tive
double tanks of two units, 14 feet long,
48 inches wide and 30 inches deep, suffi-
cient to hold and maintain 15,000 fry and
as many adult fish. Each of the species
T.'ill be kept separate as in a trout hatch-
ery, ready for distribution.

The location of the holding tanks is
within a radius of from three to fourteen
miles from where 75 per cent of all the
spiny-rayed fish were rescued last season.
It is also within a short distance from the
railroad depot where the fish distribution
car takes on the shipment on its regular
trips north and south, thus obviating the
necessity of holding the car over while the
fish are being caught.

So far this season, none of the streams
have overflowed their banks. This means
■\'ei-y little rescue work will be necessary
from the usual areas as would be the case
in a season of heavy rainfall. However,
there are many lakes and sloughs that
will become dry should but little rain fall,
and consequently plenty of fish to rescue.

Bureau of Game Farms

The laying season commenced this
spring about ten days previous to that of
any former year. The first Chinese ring-
necked pheasant egg was picked up on
March 7. Fine weather, coupled with
adequate means and attention, caused the
hens to lay more eggs this spring than
ever before during operations at Tount-
ville. The last week of March, 1928.
showed but 253 Chinese ring-necked
pheasant eggs incubated. At the same
time in March this year, the incubator
contained 1016 pheasant eggs, and there
were on hand 334 eggs awaiting to be set.

Mongolian pheasants and silver pheas-
ants commenced laying the middle of
March. The first week of April found
the valley quail producing eggs. The week
following, the Chukor partridges laid six
eggs and initiated the season for this class
of birds.

During the week of April 12, the first
Chinese ring-necked chicks made their
appearance. This hatch totaled 25 birds.
Tests made of 4907 Chinese ring-necked
pheasant eggs being incubated showed
that the percentage of fertility was run-
ning very high and averaged about 74
per cent.

The first week of May found a total
of 10,002 Chinese ring-necked pheasant
eggs on hand and 8062 incubating. Some
1300 chicks had hatched and were being
cared for by artificial brooders or do-
mestic mothers.

The second consignment of Hungarian
partridges arrived at San Pedro March 8.
This shipment brings the number of birds
brought in this season to 588 pairs. The
importations are in large part due to the
enthusiasm of Commissioner George B.
Clarkson.

Persistent efforts to comply with the
most scientific and modern improvements
has resulted in the trying out of an electric
brooding system. This consists of nine
compartments, 8 feet by 13 feet.
Completely equipped with heating units
and constructed according to the most
up-to-date standards, these brooders have
been the focus of much attention and in-
terest. If sucessful, they will solve many
problems which have made for difficulties
in the past and will permit better results
to be gained.

Tests were first made with bantam
chicks. The first hatch of Chinese ring-
necked pheasants to be tried came through
in fine shape. Only three birds out of a
lot of 407 died. A second hatch was
placed in the new brooders during the
last week of April. These passed
through the critical stage successfully.
The mortality with this second group of
birds was exceedingly small and the
young pheasants' development was nor-
mal. Other tests, however, are necessary
before the effectiveness of these brooders
for pheasants will be definitely assured
and plans for their use on a more exten-
sive scale can be carried out.

The brooders seem to be equally useful
with wild turkeys. One batch placed
in them made an excellent showing.

The site of the new game farm for
southern California, near Chino, San
Bernardino County, was surveyed in
March, the farm laid out and the ground
leveled. Actual work has been started
by the Department of Public Works.

280

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Every attempt will be made to rush con-
struction in order to have the pens avail-
able for birds in commencing operations
this season.

The wooden pipe which supplies water
to the state's holdings in Napa County
has been replaced by a new steel line.
The wood of the old conveyor had so
deteriorated that little water could find
its way through it. The new line, besides
affording a good supply of water for do-
mestic use, affords gi'eater protection
against fire. Indeed, a recent visit of the
custodian of state property brought com-
pliments concerning the special attention
vrhich is being paid on the farm to safe-
guard against fire.

A case containing 360 Chinese ring-
necked pheasant eggs was shipped late in
April to the Fish and Game Commis-
sion of Hawaii. This was in fulfillment
of a promise made to a member of the
commission paying a visit to the farm last
winter.

Shipments of wild turkey eggs have also
been made to the Upland Game Bird
Committee of the local sportsmen's asso-
ciation at Oroville. The birds when
hatched are to be reared and released by
the association.

Chinese ring-necked pheasant eggs have
been supplied to the Fitzhugh Ranch at
McCloud, Siskiyou County. The birds
raised last year on this place were well
cared for and the venture eminently
successful.

These shipments to individuals in Cali-
fornia are departures from the general
plan. The state has undertaken to rear
large numbers of pheasants within a

definite area under technical and unin-
terrupted supervision. However, every
private effort to increase the output of
game birds for liberation in upland covers
is deserving of recognition and encourage-
ment. On a few occasions (when there
has been a surplus of eggs) assistance has
been rendered those who possessed the
facilities and had adequate means for
hatching and rearing birds.

Requests for information on game bird
farming are becoming numerous and in-
sistent. These attest an increasing inter-
est over the entire state. One of the
oldest duck clubs in the Sacramento
Valley is rearing pheasants this year.
The Westwood Rod and Gun Club have
purchased 300 eggs from a private farni
in Silverton, Oregon.

Five pens of exhibition birds were sup-
plied for the game farm set of the Divi-
sion's exhibit maintained at the San
Francisco Pleasure Boat Show, April
27 to May 4.

A breeding pen of Chinese ring-necked
pheasants and one of California valley
quail demonstrated the two upland game
birds in which sportsmen are most in-
terested. The other three pens, however,
came in for the most attention. Due to
the universal interest in young life, the
enclosures containing week-old Chinese
ring-neck pheasants and two week-old
wild turkeys with their domestic mothers
never failed to attract the crowds. The
fifth pen proved a source of much amuse-
ment. Here, for the edification of the
spectators, a motlier mallard reviewed all
the defense tactics employed by her spe-
cies and with nervous, jealous care shep-
herded her eighteen ducklings about the
safer parts of tlie pen.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

281

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

N. B. ScoFiELD, Kditor

AN ACT REGULATING THE PACKING
OF SARDINES IN MAINE

On April 13, 1929, the State of Maine
passed an act to regulate the quality of
sardines packed in that state. The act
x-equires that canners be licensed and pay
a fee of fifty dollars for each group of
buildings constituting a packing plant, for
the season from April 15 to December 1,
and gives the State Commissioner of
Agriculture regulatory power. He is em-
powerd to make uniform regulations to
insure that the sardines are packed in
conformity with the provisions of the
Federal Food and Drug Act and the Food
and Drug Act of the State of Maine, and
are thus labeled. He may suspend or
revoke — subject to previous hearing and
subsequent appeal — licenses for violations
of any of the regulations. Violations of
the regulations concerning packing or
operating without a license make the vio-
lator subject to a fine of five hundred
dollars and imprisonment in jail for not
over six months for each and every
offense. Municipal courts shall have juris-
diction over this matter.

The Commissioner of Agriculture shall
employ inspectors in sufficient numbers to
insure adequate inspection. The duties
of an inspector are defined and the pack-
ers must pay monthly 1 cent for each
case of sardines packed as a part of the
license fee, to defray the cost of inspec-
tion. Provision is made for inspecting
sardines packed previous to the time of
this act so that they may be labeled under
its provisions.

For the purpose of this act the term
"sardine" shall be held to include any
small, canned clupeoid fish being the fish
commonly called herring, particularly the
Clupea harengus. The minimum count
of fish per one-quarter size keyless can
shall be five fish. The minimum quantity
of oil shall not be less than four pounds
per case of one hundred one-quarter size
cans. The oil shall be a grade not less
than "prime summer yellow." The mini-
mum count for one-quarter mustard pack
shall be four, and the quantity of sauce
eight pounds per case. Tomato sauce
must be 1.035 specific gravity ; eight
pounds are required per case. On all one
quarter size cans there shall be used a
compound lined gasket or other adequate
gasket, or such other adequate device as
will heremetically seal the container.
Packs not conforming to these regulations

must be plainly and conspicuously marked
that they do not conform to the regula-
tions. In such cases they shall not be
deemed misbranded under the Maine
Act. — Fishery Science mid Trade, Vol. 1,
No. 5.

STEELHEAD TROUT APPEARING IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

The Torrance Herald of April 27.
3929, records the catching of a steelhead,
erroneously called a salmon, by a Los
Angeles angler, from a barge off the coast
at Redondo Beach. The article remarks
on this unusual catching of steelhead in
this locality, however, stating that there
have been six taken at the barge during
the period, April 21 to 27.

Captain Larson, a fisherman of many
years' residence at Redondo, stated, when
questioned about the catches of steelhead
trout, that last year a great many of this
species were taken at the barges and sev-
eral this year. Captain Larson said it
has only been in the last three years that
steelhead trout have been caught in this
region. According to Captain Larson,
these fish are taken with hook and line,
using anchovies and sardines as bait, this
being the same method as is used when
fishing for barracuda, mackerel and hali-
but.— G. Houghton Clark, California
State Fisheries Laboratory.

OYSTER CULTIVATION ON PUGET
SOUND

On the coast of Puget Sound, in the
state of Washington, oysters are now suc-
cessfully raised from seed imported from
•Japan. The seed is planted in specially
dyked flats. Near Bellingham, Wash.,
tide-flat operators of oyster beds har-
vested bivalves at the rate of $500 worth
a day. These Japanese oysters grow as
much in three months on the shores of
Puget Sound as an Eastern oyster grows
in four years. They have to be picked
early, because consumers do not fancy
grown ones. Choice specimens gathered
recently measured ten inches long, and
weighed in excess of one pound each. It
has recently been discovered that the
imported oysters will spawn in the waters
of Puget Sound, and it is therefore prob-
able that in a few years the industry will
be carried on entirely in American waters.
— National Industrial Review, San Fran-
cisco, Vol. 3, No. 29, May 11, 1929,

282

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CANADA TO STUDY PACIFIC PILCH-
ARD AND HERRING INDUSTRIES

A commission apixiintod by the Domin-
ion and Provincial governments will
shortly make an investigation of the pil-
chard and herring fishing industries in
British Columbia, according to informa-
tion furnished the Department of Com-
merce by American Consul H. S. Tewell
at Vancouver, B. C. Comparatively little
is known concerning pilchards, and since
the government granted permission to use
this species in the production of fish oil
and meal in 1925, large quantities have
been caught for use in building up a fish
reduction industry on Vancouver Island
whose annual production is valued at
$2,000,000. The total catch of pilchards
in 1924 amounted to 2,748.500 pounds
and in 1928, 141,580,300 pounds. Fear
has been expressed that at this rate the
supply of pilchards may become depleted,
and for the protection of the fish reduc-
tion industry it has become necessary to
procure a more scientific knowledge of
the fish upon which the industry depends.
Herring have been used in the manufac-
ture of fish oil and meal since 1927, the
catch devoted to this purpose in 1928
being 10,064,500 pounds. In view of the
food value of this species, it appears to be
desirable to know something more of the
probable size of the source of supply, and
I)ending an investigation, permission has
been withdrawn to use herring in the fish
reduction industry. — "Foodstuffs 'round
the World." Fishery News, May 17, 1929.

SEA LIONS AND FISHERMEN

The following rather jocose letter, deal-
ing with sea lions and their relationship
to fish, appeared in the Leeside column
of the Los Angeles Times of May 3,
1929:

"Leeside : I see that the commercial
fishermen want to slaughter all the sea
lions because they are 'destroying $100,-
000 worth of fish daily.' Also that the
Legislature wants to put a curb on the
fish canneries because so many tons of
the larger size sardines are being made
into fertilizer daily, to which the can-
neries retort that the fertilizer business is
DO menace whatever to the fish supply.

Also that State Fish and Game Commis-
sion figures show that in one month ap-
proximately 50,000,000 pounds of com-
mercial fish came in over the fish wharves
at San Pedro alone. It is appalling to
think that in only 10,000 to 50,000 years
the sea lions, natives of these waters, have
so depleted the supply that now the com-
mercial fishermen, who are not natives
but mostly came here from foreign lands
only a few years ago, can catch only a
meager 50.000.000 pounds of fish monthly.
So I think it high time the sea lions were
destroyed, as, at the present rate, they
might seriously diminish the tonnage of
fish in southern California waters in an-
other million years or so. And also to
save these native sea lions from the sad
fate of being starved to death by the
foreign fishermen."

Although written in a sarcastic vein,
the writer has hit one of the substantial
points regarding the position of sea lions
in the natural balance. Not so many
years ago the principal food fishes were
numbered by millions where there are
thousands today. During the same period
there were ten thousand sea lions where
one exists now. The old state of affairs
ran a smooth course for many thousands
of years, until man discovered that fishing
was profitable. It is rather inconsistent,
therefore, to blame the sea lions for the
decrease of the fish. A more logical sup-
position is that man has caused the de-
crease of both fish and sea lions.

An observation made some years ago at
the mouth of the Klamath River is very
much to the point in this regard. Several
sea lions were killed in the Klamath
River estuary during the height of the
salmon run. On opening them the stom-
achs were found to be filled with lam-
preys. It is a proven fact that lampreys
are detrimental to other fish, killing great
quantities of them in some places. That
sea lions eat salmon and other food fish
is a fact which can not be questioned :
but that they also destroy vast quantities
of fish and other organisms which are
detrimental to these same food fish is also
becoming to be accepted by scientific men.
— Paul Bonnot.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

283

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

WEED BURNING AND TULE LAKE
PHEASANTS

The bulk of the pheasants in the Tule
Lake region, both California and Oregon,
make their first setting of eggs on the
weed covered ditch banks in late March
or early April. The surrounding fields
are bare and void of protective cover for
any nesting ground birds. At this time
of year (late March and early April) the
United States Reclamation Service starts
its ditch riders with a helper or two
cleaning ditches. Dry weeds are fired.

them out, and then, if they nest again on
a check, the mowing of the first crop of
alfalfa destroys the nest. By this time
there is sufiicient cover on the ditch banks
so they can eventually raise a brood. In
short, the destruction of settings or par-
tial settings is enormous. It amounts to
possibly 75 per cent of the total settings.
All this can easily be avoided if the
ditches are fired early in March. How-
ever, the Reclamation Service ditch riders
are temporary employees. May 1 is the
olficial date for turning water into the

Fig. 89. Burning off hundreds of acres of unharvested grain affording excellent
cover for Chinese rmg-necked pheasants, Tule Lake, Modoc County. Photo-
graphed by E. S. Cheney, May 12, 1929.

Weeds in the water are dragged out on
the bank and fired after drying.

Pheasants that nest early and before
there is any growth in the fields of new
grain or alfalfa are burned out. Their
nest sites are destroyed sometimes two or
three times when they persist in nesting
on unburned ditch banks. If they double
back and nest in a weed patch that has
escaped fire they are in the clear. If they
keep getting driven away from the nest
sites on the ditch banks until the fields
have enough crop growth to furnish cover,
irrigation in May will usually drown

ditches of the Klamath Project. Act-
ually this date varies from the first or the
last week in April to the end of the first
week in May, according to conditions of
soil moisture. Now the ditch cleaning job
consumes at least a month. Therefore,
the ditch riders are employed one month
ahead of the time their water patrol
duties commence and continue on until
the water is shut off late in the fall.

In many instances private owners burn
the weeds on their property earlier than
the Reclamation Service. Because of this
pheasants nesting on their property have

284

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

more favorable chances of bringing forth
a brood.

In 1925, on one side of the ditch on the
Dalton Ranch, I counted twelve burnt
settings in one and one-quarter miles of
ditch bank. In 192C, along the main
canal from Malin to the highway, I
counted ten destroyed settings within a
distance of two miles on one side of the
ditch. In 1027, along the ditch that
serves the farms east of Lost River and
nearest to it, I counted eight destroyed
settings in less than three-quarters of a
mile of ditch, and last year in the same
place, nine destroyed settings. All these
settings showed signs of being burnt.
None showed evidence of having been
ruined by cats, dogs or predatory animals.

Burning started last week this year,
but had to be abandoned on account of
storms which have so wet the weeds that
they will not burn. It will be continued
as soon as the weather clears. Conse-
quently, my count for this season is yet
incomplete. On the whole this procedure
effects an utterly useless loss of potential
game and economically useful birds.
Furthermore, the loss is entirely avoid-
able if the Reclamation Service could be
induced to bum the weeds earlier. — Fred
R. Starr, Macdoel, California, April 7,
1929.

SOME EARLY PLANTINGS OF
TROUT

The Sierra Club planted eighty-one
trout in Moraine Lake, Tulare County,
during July of 1908. These trout were
taken from the Kern River and were the
Kern River variety of rainbow trout.
They averaged six to eight inches in
length. In 1912, trout were caught in
Moraine Lake which were unquestionably
these same fish. They weighed from six
to eight and one-half pounds. The largest
one caught was twenty-eight and one-half
inches in length. These fish were identi-
fied as being the same fish by Prof. O. A.
Kofoid of the University of California,
who had a special high-powered micro-
scope and who came along on the trip
especially to study the age of trout. The
fact had just been established in con-
nection with salmon fisheries that the
age of fish of this character could be
determined by the annual growth of their
scales as indicated by groups of rings
under the microscope. The largest fish I
caught was eight years of age. The first
four years showed a comparatively small
growth annually, and the last four years,
a very exaggerated growth. This was the
period of time the fish were in the lake
and indicated that conditions in the lake

were highly favorable for the growth of
trout.

Four years later, or in 1916, we again
visited Moraine Lake and although we
saw one or two very large trout, which
were evidently the same ones we had
planted in 1908, we were unable to catch
any. We did, however, find a trout in
the shallow part of the lake that had
evidently been dead for two or three days.
It weighed between eleven and twelve
pounds. The remaining fish we saw in the
lake seemed to be about the same size. We
observed these fish and they seemed to be
feeding on small larvae found in the
water, many of which were evidently mos-
quito laiTae.

In 1908, the club planted golden trout
of about ten inches in length, taken from
Rock Creek, Tulare County, which we
planted in an unnamed lake near by. In
1912, four of us visited this lake and we
each caught two of these golden trout.
The largest one which I caught weighed
three and a half pounds and was about
eighteen inches in length. It was a very
heavy, chunky fish. The meat was red-
dish pink in color. Dr. David Starr Jor-
dan told me that the meat of any trout
will turn pinkish or reddish if it has a
superabundance of food, this being an in-
dication that the trout is very fat. That is
why salmon that are fresh run from the
ocean and in perfect condition have very
red meat. This gradually fades until it
is almost white when the fish reaches the
upper Sacramento. Salmon cease feed-
ing as soon as they leave the ocean and
by the time they near their spawning beds
have lost all their fat.

These large golden trout liad changed
color somewhat, and were reddish instead
of golden. They also had the same
absence of scales which characterizes the
golden trout, and were great fighters. —
Wm. B. Colby, Mills Building, San Fran-
cisco, California.

PELICAN SWALLOWS LARGE
STRIPED BASS

On the morning of November 27, 1928,
Deputy William Armstrong and myself
were returning to Deputy Armstrong's
ark in Goodrich Slough in the patrol
boat Hunter. Upon rounding the point
below what is called "Sixth Reach"
Slough, we saw a large white pelican
struggling in the water as if wounded or
in distress. We observed that the bird
had caught and was trying to swallow a
good-sized fish. It tried to fly as we drew
nearer, but the excessive weight of the
fish pulled the bird's head down. The
bird apparently was utterly without
power to lift itself into the air while in

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

285

this position. After each attempt it
seemed quite exhausted ami was unable
to keep its head from sinking into the
water.

Finally, after several violent efforts it
succeeded in swallowing the fish. It
was about to make off as I shot it. On
cutting the pelican open we found that
the fish was a striped bass, which we
removed and took to Vallejo where it was
weighed. The fish tipped the scales at
four pounds eight ounces. — Charles F.
England, Vallejo, California.

ANTELOPE IN KERN COUNTY

In 18.59, my father hauled hay from
the plains south of Bakersfield to Fort
Tejon, where it was sold to General
Albert Sidney Johnston, later killed in
the Civil War at the battle of Shiloh.
The hay consisted of alfilaria (Erodium) ,
which the Indians cut with shovels. It
brought $75 per ton, delivered by ox
teams at the fort. The wild oats grew
everywhere, shoulder high, but were not
used for hay.

The little creek which spread out in
the plains below the fort ran water at
night, but soon dried up under the sun's
heat. Antelope, by the hundreds, came
trooping in from the plains to this water.
This opportunity was too tempting to an
old trapper and hunter, who accordingly
placed a brush ambush close to the
watering place, and during the days fol-
lowing slaughtered over 5000 antelope.

The hides only were taken, and the
carcasses left to rot.

Grizzly bears were also very numerous
and savage. It was not safe to travel
certain trails after dark, as the bears
would sometimes attack men even on
horseback. The last grizzly has long
since been killed. I am told that the
automobile is responsible for chasing
almost the last of the surviving antelope
to death.

Antelope still survive in portions of
California, fi-om which other herds could
be built up if proper protection were
afforded. Could not the Sutter Buttes,
in the center of the Sacramento Valley,
an area without agricultural future, be
reserved as an antelope refuge for all
time? — W. W. Mackie, College of Agri-
culture, University of California, Berke-
ley, California.

LACK OF FOOD CAUSES LOSS OF
DEER

I was patrolling in the Bishop Creek
country recently and the deer are tliere
by the hundred. I noticed at least a
hundred dead ones, but no fresh ones. I
am of the opinion that the feed was
short there during the winter and that
accounts for most of the dead. The feed
is getting good there now, but the deer
are keping it down close. The deer are
not wild at all, they even come to one's
camp to get salt. — C. L. Brown, Mari-
posa, California, May 13, 1929.

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES

LOUISIANA BEGINS FISH CULTURE

In states like Louisiana, where water
temperatures are uniformly high, fish
culture is impractical according to meth-
ods used in cold water hatcheries of the
north or colder latitudes. Plowever, pond
culture of the warm water nest-building
fishes is being practiced very successfully
in the south.

The Conservation Department of Lou-
isiana has just announced the planting
of 2,500,000 game fish reared during the
past season in the Cool Coosa fish culture
station of that state. The success of this
project during the first year of its opera-
tion far exceeded the expectations of the
department. Of the fish reared and planted
2,000,000 were bream or sunfish, sometimes
called perch in the south ; 400,000 were
large-mouthed black bass and 100,000
crappie and barfish or white bass. The

production was over 200,000 fish to the
acre, the pond in which they were reared
comprising twelve acres. It is of interest
to fish culturists to know that such a
large number of fish can be reared in a
pond of that size and retained until over
nine months of age. Some of these fish
had attained quite remarkable size ; for
instance, some of the bass weighed as
high as a pound and a quarter each.

A new accomplishment of this station
was the rearing of white bass success-
fully under hatchery conditions.

The fish in this hatchery were not fed
artificially, but by pi-oviding certain fer-
tilizer encouraging the growth of plant
life and natural insect food, the natural
supply of food was maintained in abun-
dance. The project cost the state only
$3,550 for construction and the cost of
its operation during the year was nomi-

286

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

nal. It is entirely probable that the suc-
cess of this enterprise will result in the
establishment of numerous other similar
ones in other parts of that state and
elsewhere.

MICHIGAN MAKES IMPORTANT
PURCHASE

The Michigan State Department of
Conservation has been authorized to
spend $20,000 of its game protection fund
for the purchase of 5000 acres of land
in Otsego and Cheboygan counties to
block in the Pigeon River Forest and
Otsego Game Preserve. The purchase of
this land will give the department coutrol
of nearly twelve miles along the Pigeon
River, one of the state's finest fishing
streams.

NEW YORK'S NEW GAME
SANCTUARY

"Conservation Commissioner Alexan-
der Macdonald has entered into a con-
tract and sent to the Department of Law
for title examination for the purchase
of a tract of approximately 2000 acres for
additional demonstration forest and game
refuge purposes to be known as the East
Hill Demonstration Forest and Game
Refuge.

The tract in question lies in the towns
of Ossian, Nunda and Grove, in Livingston
and Allegany counties, and is located
generally on the ridge between Sugar and
Canaseraga creeks, approximately six
miles northwest of the village of Can-
aseraga and about the same distance south-
east of the village of Nunda. The eleva-
tion ranges from 1700 to 2000 feet.
Approximately one-half of the area is;
abandoned farm land. The remaining
portion is covered with second growth
forest. Included within the area under
contract is a three-year-old plantation of
white pine approximately 60 acres in size.
It is expected that other adjacent lands
will be acquired at a later date.

This purchase area is the fifth pur-
chase area to be established for demon-
stration forest and game refuge purposes
outside of the so-called Forest Preserve
counties. — Dupont Promotion Neics Bul-
letin, No. 29, March 14, 1929, p. 9.

A GAME CENSUS IN NORTH
CAROLINA

In order to obtain information regard-
ing the amount of game in the State
of North Carolina, its distribution, and
for the solution of game problems, a cen-
sus of game killed the first year of en-
forcement of the law was taken in 1928.

Return cards were mailed to the 139,-
170 hunters, and on the basis of replies
from approximately 40 per cent, it is

estimated that the value of flesh and
furs of birds and animals killed annually
in the state amounts to approximately
■'?2,000,000. The total estimated kill of
birds and animals for the year was
4,529,590. — Conservation and Industry,
Raleigh, N. C, p. 4.

GEORGIA STILL LACKS ANGLERS'
LICENSE

Georgia is one of the very few states
in the union that does not require a
license for fishing in her public streams.
The fishermen of the state do not con-
tribute one penny to be used for protect-
ing and propagating fish. Practically
every cent of revenues collected by the
Game and Fish Department is paid by
the hunter through the purchase of hunt-
ing licenses.

PUBLIC SHOOTING GROUNDS FOR
ILLINOIS

In view of the fact that practically
all the available shooting ground along
the Illinois and Mississippi rivers is
leased by gun clubs or private individuals,
state conservation officials of Illinois
recognized the need of land for the use
of public shooting grounds and upon
which anyone could hunt. The Illinois
Department of Conservation has started
two such places, one at Sparland, cover-
ing 7G0 acres of land, and one across the
Illinois River from Rome, covering 1720
acres of land. These tracts represent
the first example of the state's taking
over this kind of land which seems to
be more valuable for its game resources
than for agriculture, especially with the
high drainage taxes, and it is planned
from time to time to create additional
areas upon which sportsmen can feci
free to hunt and fish.

MICHIGAN CONTINUES ITS "CREEL
CENSUS"

The Dei)artment of Conservation will
continue the "creel census" during the
present year in connection with its pro-
gram for assembling definite information
on various matters relative to inland fish-
eries. Conservation officers are supplied
with creel census cards, and it is expected
that the sportsmen will willingly cooper-
ate with the "census takei-" in furnishing
reliable information on which to base
reports. The coopei-ation received dur-
ing the past two years in this work has
been most gratifying to the department. —
Michigan Department of Conservation.

NORTH CAROLINA BREEDING FUR-
BEARERS

With fur-bearing animals having been
added to the breeding stock at the State

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

287

Game Farm, near Asheboro, North Caro-
lina, the field of operation of the insti-
tution is being extended.

The latest comers at the State Game
Farm are twelve muskrats, six brown and
six black. For several weeks the force
at the game farm has been busy preparing
pens, twelve for the muskrats, four large
pheasant pens, twenty-one for quail, and
fifty setting boxes for the last named
birds.

Muskrat breeding at the farm will serve
the purpose of providing stock with which
to rehabilitate animals in sections
where they have been depleted and to
demonstrate the practicability of breeding
fur-bearers in captivity in North Caro-
lina. If this experiment proves success-
ful, it is contemplated that mink may
be added to the stock at the farm, and
later perhaps other animals, including
the beaver and otter, two of the most
valuable of all fur-bearers.

Special attention is to be given by
game authorities to building up the fur
industry in North Carolina, and it is
believed that several million dollars can
be added to the income of trappers
annually by this program. — Conservation
and Industry (North Carolina Depart-
ment of Conservation and Development),
Vol. 6, No. 7.

BEAR REGARDED ASSET IN
WYOMING

Wyoming is one of the few states that
requires a license for shooting bears.
That state regards tlie bear as a game
animal and a distinct asset. In 1927
Wyoming sold 392 resident bear permits
and 53 nonresident permits. During the
1928 season 465 resident bear permits
were sold and 51 nonresident.

A game census is taken annually in
Wyoming, the result of the last census
disclosing the following number of the
principal game animals in the state :
Moose, 5061 ; elk, 33,240 ; mountain sheep.
2635, antelope, 21,690; deer, 21,650;
bear, 1595. The quantity of game killed
during the season of 1927 is reported as
follows : Elk, 1191 ; deer, 1254 ; bear, 77 ;
mountain sheep, 22 ; antelope, 307 ;
grouse, 7180; sage hens, 88,783. — The
American Field, April 20, 1929.

PHEASANT SURVEY

The University of Nebraska has an-
nounced that it will conduct a twelve
months' investigation on the feeding hab-
its of the Chinese ring-necked pheasant.
It is planned to observe the birds during
a period of twenty-four hours for two
days each month. At specified times
specimens of killed birds will be for-

warded to the university laboratory for
examination and analysis of stomach
contents. This survey will also make a
study of the relation of the pheasant to
other game birds and to domestic fowl.

QUESTIONNAIRE OF GAME CON-
DITIONS IN NEW JERSEY

Protector J. M. Stratton sent a ques-
tionnaire to the wardens respecting game
conditions for the following game : Rab-
bits, pheasants, quail, ruffled grouse,
woodcock, squirrels, ducks, geese, brant,
Wilson snipe, yellow-legs, rails, Hun-
garian partridge, the qustions being as
follows :

Was there good supply of each at
beginning of season?

Was there increase or decrease in each
killed over former years?

Were hunters pleased?

Were there many cases where bag
limit was secured for each?

Was there good hunting for each
throughout season or only first few days?

Is each increasing or decreasing? (Give
special attention to woodcock and Plun-
garian partridge.)

Amount of each left over. — Annual
Report of the New Jersey Board of Fish
and Game Commissioners, for the fiscal
year commencing July 1, 1927, and
ending June 30, 1928.

OKLAHOMA STATES PLANS

The Game and Fish Commission of
Oklahoma plans for the succeeding blen-
nium :

1. A new state fish hatchery to serve
the northwestern tier of counties.

2. Purchase of additional lands for
state park and game preserve purposes.

3. Creation of additional game refuges
upon which can be placed sufficient quan-
tities of wild game for breeding and
restocking.

4. Publication of a department mag-
azine or news sheet.

5. Construction of more than 100 local
fish hatcheries and nursery ponds.

6. An enlargement campaign in co-
operation with the Federal Government,
to rid the state of predatory animals.

7. Purchase and distribution of bob
white quail and other wild game in as
large quantities as finances will permit.

8. Establishment of a state park sys-
tem to keep pace with modern recrea-
tional demands.

9. To ur^e passage of such laws as
will correct defects which may have
existed during this biennium and adop-
tion of such rules and regulations as
will make more popular the great work
now being conducted.

288

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

10. More rigid enforcement of exist-
ing game and fish laws where such may
be necessary.

11. Cooperation with organized groups
of sportsmen and creation of local advis-
ory boards in each community, to aid in
a more successful administration of de-
partment laws, rules and regulations.

12. Improvement of hatchery properties,
game preserves and recreational centers
to the end that pride and pleasure may
be realized by the citizens of Oklahoma
and by the visitors who enter her borders,
as well. — Report State Game and Fish
Commission, State of Oklahoma, Bien-
nium, July 1, 1926, to June 30, 1928.

WISCONSIN GIVES PUBLICITY TO
VIOLATORS

The Wisconsin Conservation Commis-
sion has recently decided to give publicity
to successful prosecutions for violation of
the fish and game laws of that state.
It has been found in several states
where this policy has been followed that
publicity tends to reduce the number of
violations as many who do not experience
any compunction of conscience or feel a
monetary penalty dislike very much the
unfavorable notoriety which attends the
publication of facts in connection with
their prosecution.

Wisconsin will publish not only the
name and address and the character of
the violation in each case but the "pedi-
gree of the violator, giving his previous
record in connection with violations, if
any, also facts with reference to his
membership in sportsmen's clubs.

This policy will doubtless reduce the
number of repeaters. — American Game
Protective Association.

NEVADA ANTELOPE TO BE STUDIED

Since the acquisition, some time ago,
by the Audubon association of a tract
of land in Nevada to be used as a sanctu-
ary for antelope, it has seemed desirable
to make an intimate study of the habits
of those animals, particularly with re-
spect to their numbers, enemies and
migratory movements. It has long been
know^n that there is quite a divergence
between their summer and winter ranges,
but apparently no definite information
exists on the subject with respect to
antelope of this particular region. In
order to obtain exact data the associa-
tion through the generosity of two of its
members. Dr. John C. Phillips and Childs
Frick, has been enabled to employ a field
man who has begun a year's intensive
study of the antelope inhabiting north-
eastern Nevada. He is equipped with
both a horse and a motor car and in this

way will be able to follow the antelope
in all their movements. Careful counts
are being made and more than 1000 ante-
lope have been thus far reported. It is
hoped to acquire a fund of information
which will be of verj- great value in de-
termining the character of administration
the sanctuary should receive. Mr. Emer-
son, the agent, has also been made a
game warden by the state conservation
authorities. The area inhabited by the
antelope is also the heart of the sage-hen
country, and observations are also being
made concerning the status of this inter-
esting and picturesque grouse. Emerson
states that he has found abundant evi-
dence to show that ravens are very
destructive to the birds. The Last
Chance Ranch and its environs is con-
trolled by the Audubon asociation, with
an option to purchase. — The American
Field, March 23, 1929, p. 282.

PHEASANTS ON INCREASE IN NORTH
DAKOTA

The State Game and Field Commission
of North Dakota has been more than
enthusiastic over the results obtained
in the propagation of Chinese pheasants.
The southern part of the state is well
stocked and the Commission contemplates
trapping a few thousand in that locality
for shipping and distribution all over the
state. The stock from 7000 pheasants
released from 1913 to 1917 increased to
such a number that ten years later in
1927 over 2,000,000 pheasants were killed
with no noticeable decrease. This re-
markable fact is due, no doubt, to the
climatic conditions of the state, the severe
winters eliminating the weaklings and
leaving only the strongest birds for breed-
ing stock. Our state has practically the
same climatic conditions as South Dakota
and the geographic features are very
similar, giving us ideal conditions under
which to propagate this bird.

In planting the pheasant it is very
desirable to have a locality where there
is plenty of water and some protection.
It is a good plan to have some farmer
feed and encourage the birds to inhabit
the place of their original planting and
to let them gradually spread out through
the surrounding country as they multiply
in number.

There has been much argument pro
and con as to whether the Chinese pheas-
ant is desirable for the farmer. When
these birds were first released many com-
plained, saying that they were destruc-
tive. The corn fields were said to be dam-
aged as the birds seemed to inhabit them
in preference to other fields. This caused
the Commission to hesitate some in the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

289

encouragement of the propagation of this
species until thirty pheasants were killed
in the corn fields in the spring under
special i>ermit and it was found that
only two had corn in their crops and that
the remainder had been feeding on cut-
worms. Since that time the farmer has
learned for himself that the presence of
the pheasant is a benefit rather than a
detriment and in the majority of cases,
he is now encouraging their propagation.
In a few years North Dakota will be
stocked with Chinese pheasants, a fine
'"table" bird and one excelled by few in
giving real sport to the hunter. — Tenth
Biennial Report State Game and Fish
Commission of North Dakota.

WASHINGTON TAKES INVENTORY
OF WATERFOWL AREA

No merchant can be certain that his
business is operating at a profit unless
he knows the amount of his stock of
goods and its condition. Similiarly, it
is necessary to take an inventory of game
and game conditions in order to gain a
knowledge of its actual status.

The Division of Fish and Game of
Washington is applying this principle in
attempting to arrive at a more satisfac-
tory solution of its migratory waterfowl
problems. It is making a survey of the
present and former known areas resorted

to by migratory waterfowl as loafing,
feeding and breeding grounds. The in-
formation considerd essential to the suc-
cess of the survey is outlined as follows :
I. Present waterfowl areas.

A. Location and acreage of county-
owned areas.

B. Location and acreage of state-
owned areas.

C. Location and acreage of pri-
vately-owned duck, club areas.

D. Nature of natural feed in each
area.

E. Species of waterfowl frequent-
ing areas.

F. Decrea.se or increase noted in
numbers.

II. Areas no longer used by water-
fowl but which might be restored.

A. Location and acreage of county-
owned areas.

B. Location and acreage of state-
owned areas.

III. Areas formerly waterfowl lands but
reclaimed for agricultural pur-
poses.
A. Location and acreage of each.
IV. Ideas for the development of areas.
A. Under this caption include any
information which, in your opin-
ion, has a direct bearing on the
survey as a whole.

REPORTS

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

January, February, March, 1929

Abalone, pounds 561

Abalone-.- _._ 902

Barracuda, pounds... 3,394

Bass, striped 33

Bass, black 6

Catfish, pounds 20

Clams . 1,628

Crabs 248

Cockels, pounds 110

Halibut - 3

Lobsters, pounds 1,862

Bluegill.Crappie 125

Perch, Sunfish, Smelt 62

Salmon roe, pounds.. 300

Sturgeon 1

Trout, pounds... _ 454

Deermeat 1,003

Ducks - 523

Geese 64

Mudhens 17

Non-game birds.. 117

Pigeons. 3

Qnil 18

Rabbits... 4

Sq iirrels, tree 3

Sea gills. 2

Shorebirds 43

Swans 6

Bird nets _ 8

Dip nets, set lines 16

7 — 68604

290

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS
GAME CASES
January, February, March, 1329

Violation

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

imposed

(days)

Violations of Hunting License Act

Deer meat: closed season

Deer: fawn, doe; closed season

Ducks : overlimit ; closed season ; selling of .

Geese: overlimit.. -

Quail: closed season

Pigeons, doves: closed season

Swan: illegal killing of..

Shore birds: illegal killing of

Non-game birds

Pheasants: illegal possession of

Mud hens: closed season

Rabbits: closed season

Squirrels, tree: illegal possession of

Night shooting --

Shooting from power boat and auto -

Firefirms in game refuge. _-

Bird nets, traps: illegal

Fur trapping rearulations: no license

Refusal to exhibit game birds

Trapping game birds

Totals

83
40
10
31
1
3
3
6
3
46
4
8
4
6
9
5
3
3
9
1
1

279

Sl,650

2,001

1,534

1,230

40

125

60

255

75

1,525

500

75

100

150

125

180

75

100

175

300

25

$10,300

362

120

25

30
100

637

FISH CASES
January, February, ^la^ch, 1929

Violation

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

imposed

(days)

Violations of Angling License Act

Violations of Commercial Fishing License Act

Abalone: closed season ; small— —

Barracuda: small —

Bass, black: closed season..

Olams: small ; closed season

Crabs: small

Lobsters : small ; oversized

Trout: closed season ; selling of

Sturgeon: illegal possession of

Sunflsh, catfish: closed season

Cockles: small

Eel: small

Nets, traps, lines:illegal

Spears, gaff hooks: illegal

Pollution of bay

Night fishing

Totals

11
9

79

4

3

63

15

12

37

1

4

5

2

21

9

3

5

283

$160

195

1,727

125

65

1,460

270

295

1,055

250

70

80

20

1,325

315

425

100

87,937

50
60
10
55

100

280

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

291

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1928, to March 31, 1929, of the Eightieth Rscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Administration:
Executive and legal

$12,084 99
17,224 23

$2 90
866 78

$2,461 84
4,021 89
6.640 60
200 44
3.451 97
2,881 81
1.741 57

$565 75
454 69

$15,115 48

22,567 59

6,640 60

399 51

Clerical and office.

Rent

Automobiles.

199 07

Telephone and telegraph

3,451 97
2,881 81
1 741 57

Postage

Freight, cartage and express..

Printing

7,752 85

7,752 85

5,014 42

411 98

Accident and death claims

5.014 42
411 98

Commissioners

Total administration

$29,309 22

$10,515 38
242 75

$8,821 60

$363 19
1,014 06

$26,826 52

$2,898 07
1,349 13

$1,020 44
$1,728 01

$65,977 78
$15 504 65

Education:
Director and assistants..

Pacific Southwest Exposition.

2 611 94

Total education

$10,764 13

$2,475 00
357 00

$1,377 25

$4,247 20

$509 62
730 71

$1,728 01

$18,116 59

$2,984 62
1,299 92

Publicity:
Director

$212 21

$2,832 00

$7,524 99
2,125 00

S212 21

$39 55
49 90

$1,240 33
$1,679 63

$4,284 54

$9,244 17

2,174 90

265 70

Conservation and protection:
Chief and assistants

Rent

265 70

423 80

115,593 88

1,190 33

Automobiles

766 45

176 29

1.174 41

$14 33
802 96
422 61

1,204 58

276,221 01

4,362 35

2,332 69

358 88

Captains and deputies ..

159,647 88

1,575 00

2,332 69

358 88

Lion hunters

Coyote trappers

Lion bounties

6,280 00

2,317 58

973 45

458 22

6 280 00

1,260 00

4,736 75

505 00

80i 88
241 17

4 379 46

Refuge posting

3 60

5,954 97
963 22

Fish reclamation and rescue...

Totalconservation and protection ..

$180,066 19

$6,705 00

26,401 75

2.121 45

5,590 00

27,408 39

$3,249 65

$464 77

82 46

1,355 92

228 11

1,169 21

$129,182 59

$1,521 93

6,344 67

1,907 70

341 47

5,247 88

41 00

11,250 00

214 25

240 35

$1,243 50

$499 71
65 53
22 20

$313,741 93

«Q 1H1 41

Commercial fisheries:
Chief and assistants

Deputies

32,894 41
5,407 27
6 159 58

Patrol launches ..

Statistical

Laboratory

812 99

34,638 47
41 00

Salmon tagging

Botulism

11,250 00
455 62

Automobiles...

241 37
315 10

Carp eradication. ..

1,485 84

2 041 29

Total commercial fisheries

$69,712 43

$3,315 00
3,060 67

$3,846 94

$8 18
34 97

$27,109 25

$226 07

218 44

79 00

1,288 95

13,793 64

$1,400 43

$26 50
158 55

$102,069 05

$3,575 75

3,472 63

79 00

Fish culture:
Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles ._

2.431 93
40.024 69

52 55

5,656 25

2.070 02

7 18

164 37

2,773 43

154,318 24

2 070 02

94,843 66

Hatcheries — additions and betterments.

Special field investigation

6.795 00
2,021 00

1 50
71 38

2.518 83
678 17

9,322 51
2,934 92

Fish reclamation and rescue

Total fish culture

$110,035 33

$4,305 00
2,250 00

$42,572 65
$264 44

$18,803 10

$1,345 31
134 13

$8,135 42
$51 32

$179,546 50

$5,966 07
2 384 13

Hydraulics:
Chief and assistants .. .

Cooperative research work

Totalhydraulios--

$6,555 00

$264 44

$1,479 44

$51 32

$8,350 20

292

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES— Continued
For the Period July 1, 1928, to March 31, 1929, of the Eightieth Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property
and

equipment

Total

Game propagation:
Gamp farm — Yountville -----

$6,995 44

$5,668 18
127 46

$1,982 82

66 71

4 80

$1,936 96

$16,583 40

194 17

4 80

Totftl ffa,nic DroD&ff^tion -

$6,995 44
$9,090 03

$5,795 64
$422 24

$2,054 33

$1,063 28
$44,439 35

$1,936 96
$70 00

$16,782 37

Research:

$10,645 55

$44,439 35

$5,678 30
$98 37

$5,678 30

Salinas River channel

$98 37

$425,359 77

$66,562 62

$256,445 39

$21,362 75

$769,730 53

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 293

STATEMENT OF INCOME
For the Period July 1, 1928, to March 31, 1929, of the Eightieth Fiscai Year

License sales: Detail Total

Fish breeders' licenses, 1929 $300 00

Angling, 1927 - 1,040 00

Angling, 1928 - 357,988 20

Angling, 1929 - -.. 12,420 00

Hunting, 1-928 459,821 50

Hunting, 1929 .._ 22,207 00

Market fishermen's licenses, 1928-1929. 31,320 00

Wholesale fiih packers' and shell fish dealers'licenses, 1928-1929 985 00

Gamebreeders'licenses, 1928 - 102 50

Game breeders' licenses, 1929 627 50

Fish breeders' licenses, 1928 55 00

Trapping licenses, 1928-1929. 6,479 00

Commercial hunting club licenses, 1928-1929 2,025 00

Commercial hunting club operators' licenses, 1928-1929 575 00

Deer tag licenses, 1928 103,116 80

Kelplicenses, 1929__ 10 00

Market fishermen's licenses, 1929-1930 10,060 00

Deer tag licenses, 1929 2,518 00

Total license sales $1,011,650 50

Other income:

Game tag sales $35 58

Court fines 73,463 19

Fish Packers' tax 144,392 01

Kelp tax 31 54

Fish tagsales 5,656 54

Crawfish inspection 21 00

Miscellaneous sales 624 89

Interest on bank deposits 4,344 63

Contributions from importers 407 18

Total other income $228,976 56

Total departmental income $1,240,627 06

294

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CANNED, CURED AND MANUFACTURED FISHERY PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA FOR THE YEAR 1928
(Compiled by the Division of Fish and Game, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.)

Canned

Species of fish

Size of cans

Northern

California

district, cases

Monterey

district,

cases

San Pedro

district,

cases

San Diego

district,

cases

Total cases

Abalone

Mb. tall

255
80

255

]A-\h

80

Albacore _

1-lb

8,544

84,977

1,736

3,836

1,417

12,410

7

637

14

8 551

}^-lb

85,614

}4-\h

1750

J4-lb. (96 to
case)

3,836

Bonita

1-lb

131
3,258
1,654

1548

i^-lb

15,668

i<i-lb.

1 654

M-lb. (100 to
case)

30

2,101

10,984

357,136

4,717

30

Fish cakes

Mb

2 101

Yz-lh

10,984

Mackerel

Mb. tall

1,030

25,110

208
270

383,276

}^-lb

4,925

14-lb

270

Sahnon

Mb. flat.

J^-lb.flat..

10-lb

461
4,124

461

4,124

Sardines

263

1,511,535

4,569

43,754

159

2,232

80,252

263

1-lb. oval

945,676
9,652

39,755

2,496,966

Mb. tall

14,221

i^-lb.oval

671

725

30,540

1,823

44,425

3^-lb. square

884

J^-lb. square

32,772

6-oz. tall (100
to case)

143,724

225,799

Shad..

Mb. tall

yAh. oval

1-lb. tall

7,475
2,883

7.475

Shad roe

2.883

Squid .

2,056

2,056

Tonno

4-lb. (12 to
case)

903

45

14,592

3,502
426

86.570

9,929

55.411

18.535

726

1.393

49
1,726
4,728

903

Mb

45

i^-lb

221

14,813

i^-lb. (50 to
case)

3,502

i^-lb...

426

M-lb. (100 to
case).-.

11,562
1.669

37.095
7,584

98,132

Tuna, bluefin .

Mb...

11,598

i^-lb

92.506

14-lb

26.119

H-lh. (96 to
case)

726

>f lb. (96 to
case)

1.393

Tuna, flakes

4-lb. (12 to
case)

49

Mb

1,086

7,282

788

2,812

}/i-lb ..

12,010

M-lb

788

M-lb. (100 to
case)

405

669

6,664

45,924

11,473

• 2,147

42.595

2 209

1.081

28,682

228,395

18,023

30

651
516
386

405

Ji-lb. (48 to
case)

669

Tuna, striped

Mb

11.740
90,160
28.530

4.455
49.195

7.905

18.404

H-Ib

130.084

ii-\h....

40.003

Tuna, unclassified

Mb.

6.602

Vflb .-

91.790

M-lb

10.114

Tuna, yellowfin

4-lb

1.081

Mb

24.015

162.758
39.442

52.697

J^lb

301.1,53

}4-\h.. ..

57.465

K-lb. (96 to
case) ..

30

J^-lb. (96 to
case)

651

Yellowtail

Mb.

301

526

3,928

817

i/^lb

912

14-lb

3.928

Totals

14.943

1,646,185

2.175,325

595,045

4.431.498

CAliIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

295

CANNED, CURED AND MANUFACTURED FISHERY PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA FOR THE YEAR 1928

(Compiled by the Division of Fish and Game, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.)
Salted, Smoked and Dried

Species of fish

Size or quantity

Northern

California

district, cases

Monterey

district,

cases

San Pedro

district,

cases

San Diego

district,

cases

Total cases

Anchovies.

2K-lb. cans (12
to case)

32

32

Anchovies salted

10-lb. kits.

25-lb.kits

95

95

13

29

13

280-lb. bbls. .

29

Bismarck herrings.

10-lb. pails

Pounds

10-lh. kits

Pounds

460

28,110

3,020

460

28,110

Mackerel, salted

3,020

Mafkerel smoked..

23,192

23,192

Pounds

114,459

114,459

Mixed fish salted

Pounds

258,143

258,143

Rollmops . - . - ..

10 1b. kits _

Pounds

675
110,193

675

Sablefish, smoked

110,193

Salacchini

10-lb. cases.

325

4,155

50

325

50-lb. cases.. .

4,155

100-lb. cases

50

Salmon, mild cured .

Tierces..

1,874

4,380

46,125

1,874

Salmon, salted

Pounds

Pounds

25-lb. kits

4,380

46,125

Sardines salted

1,156

78

43

201

1,156

50-!b. bbls

78

100-lb. bbls

43

280-lb. bbls

201

Sardines, smoked

Pounds

8-oz. jars (24

20,202

20,202

Sardines, sirloins

98

98

Shad, mild cured ._

Tierces

196

5,000

85,918

196

Shad, smoked

Pounds

Pounds

5,000

Shrimps, dried

85.918

Squid, dried-

Pounds

154,600

154,600

Miscellaneous Data

Fish flour.
Fish meal.
Fish3iL..

Estimated value of pack.
Number of employees

Value of packing plants.
Number of plants

Tons....
Tons....
Gallons.

220
11,847

$708,415
432

$1,075,420

5>7

525

12,355

2,444,869

$7,712,747
1,898

$2,369,400
15

$4,865,891
18

525

27,865

3,749,302

$24,578,856
6,709

$9,427,886
68

Note. — Sardines packed and fish meal and oil produced at Pittsburg included with Monterey.

296

CALIFORNIA FLSH AND GAME

I

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o

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o

Monterey

O 1

5:

ir

123
50,685

21

"

18,533

193,290

1,646

CC

— IQO

t-oo_

to'iO
CO

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00

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sjg i i i i

San Francisco, SanMateo.

179,634

10

119,541

172,303

300

13,025

o

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CO-H

coco • 1 1 I •
<NO0 111..

00-*

cou^" I I I I I

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g

(M

IM

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Lake

loo

,50 O

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; cot^

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Del Norte, Humboldt....

; I

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Anchovies

Barracuda

J m

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o

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Seiilpin..

Sea Bass — Black

Sea Bass— White

Shad

Shad— Buck

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

297

1 IN iCDtO O 1 1^

I t0> idOO < I • • I I »iO t lO
1 « ^ ' «5,»rt. • < t t CO

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265
11,320

1,384

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leoc^t^ I

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1,994

5,655

30,500

389

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5,595
"" "6",668'

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CD

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co'

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• 'i'oq_ t^iico

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CO*"
<M

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2" 1 I 1 l-* 1 1 1 1 1

oo

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Shad— Roe

Sheepshead

Skates ,

Skipjack..

Smelt

Sole...

Splittail..

Striped Bass

Suckers

Tomcod

Tuna — Yellowfin

Turbot

Whitebait

Whitefish

Yellowtail-

Miscellaneous

.a
3

o

1 li^ i-gsas ;s§ :

1 ! a^ 9 s i » i 1 'i £
■Srt'C.2 ^_gcaffl§o3-S g^'S

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s

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8—68604

298

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

■s

J,

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b.

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Total from south of the
International Boundary

broughtinto California.

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
broughtinto San Diego.

Fish from south of the
International Boundary

broughtinto San Pedro.

00 CO
OOCO

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Total.

r^C0t^00^»-<O'-<^*-H0it^*-^t--00^^^HOC0^O»O00t-»MC000t-^C^C^W5
05-^CS»-«J*t-*0»-iO'-<C<ICOmC^»-IOW5C00005C^»-«C»1COO<Mm.-«eoc<»00-^

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f* r-1 oo ^ (ji o^ co'eo' '*'if:)*»o"»^'"cot^'c^*o'*-H iVci'h-'u^'r
dOi cqoOTt* -^j< 1^ >o M -<i* •-< o o i-H -^^co c

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■-I00

San Diego, Imperial.

Orange.

Los Angele8-

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara, Ventura

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

299

00 t*

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in

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h>» po lr^ m (Ti !■-«■ ir\ »i^ «*» cO Oi en i^^

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coo"u:ro

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s

California Fish and Game

■• CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION."

Volume 15 SACRAMENTO, OCTOBER, 1929 No. 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DISEASES OBSERVED IN GAME BIRD RAISING H. Van Roekel 301

PARASITISM IN DEER H. Van Roekel 309

AN EXPERIMENT IN RESTOCKING A BASS LAKE WITH TROUT

A. Muehleisen 314

MONTEREY SQUID FISHERY Ralph F. Classic 317

METHODS USED BY STATES TO COLLECT FISHERIES STATISTICS

Genevieve Corwin 320

COMPARISON OF ENGLAND AND UNITED STATES FISHING

PORTS, 1926-1927 Genevieve Corwin 321

LEGISLATION PLUS EDUCATION EQUALS CONSERVATION

Walter R. Welch 322

EDITORIALS 328

DIVISION ACTIVITIES 344

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 349

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 353

REPORTS—

Statement of Income 356

Statement of Expenditures 357

Fishery Products, April, May and June, 1929 358

Violations of Fish and Game Laws 362

DISEASES OBSERVED IN GAME BIRD RAISING*

By H. Van Roekel
(With seven photographs by the author)

Game bird raising is becoming more extensive through the increased
interests of those who realize and feel that game birds have a com-
mercial and aesthetic value. The operation and management of a game
farm is by no means free from discouraging difficulties. Such phases

• Contribution No. 5 from the Game Laboratory, George Williams Hooper Founda-
tion for Medical Research, University of California, San Francisco.

70670

302 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

as feeding, selection and mating of breeders, hatching, brooding and
rearing of chicks, all require a thorough understanding of what is
necessary for game birds. In many respects, poultry management may
be applied to game bird raising. However, there are certain funda-
mental important ditl'erences that one should not overlook. Experi-
enced game bird breeders should be consulted on these phases.

In establishing a game farm, one often neglects to consider the sani-
tary aspects which may later cause disease outbreaks. It is less difficult
to prevent diseases than to control or eradicate them. One should
attempt to provide for ample space, practice a rotation system of pens,
and install equipment which can be readily cleaned and disinfected.

Probably one of the greatest sources of disease is brought in through
the employment of domestic hens for hatching and brooding. These
birds are often selected at random and they may be infested with
parasites or other diseases that are transmissible to game birds. Arti-
ficial incubation and brooding will do away with this danger to a
large extent. Several breeders have found artificial incubation and
brooding quite successful, and they feel that it will become the practical
method for raising game birds. It will increase the production at less
cost. However, one should guard against sacrificing sanitary and
hygienic measures for the sake of a large production. For instance,
overcrowding should be avoided and the rotation of pens should be
practiced.

During the past year, several diseases were observed in game birds
raised in captivity. More trouble was experienced among the young
birds than the mature birds.

COCCIDIOSIS

Coccidiosis is an infectious disease caused by a micro-organism which
is found in the digestive tract. Investigators have reported this para-
site to be present in chickens, geese, ducks, pheasants, grouse, turkeys,
quail and other game birds. Different strains of coccidia have been
identified among the organisms isolated.

An outbreak among young pheasants was observed at one of tlie game
farms. The disease was first diagnosed in pheasants two and a half
weeks old. A mortality of approximately 25 per cent was experienced
within eight days. The infected chicks revealed a droopiness, slight
diarrhea, loss of appetite and general weakness. These symptoms were
observed only a short time prior to death. Autopsy revealed a slight
congestion of intestines, contents fluid, and cecal contents dark in color
and of dry consistency. Smears from any portion of the itestinal tract
would contain coccidia. From the history obtained it was learned that
a 35 per cent mortality had occurred in six to eight weeks' old pheasants
which had previously occupied the same pens. Later coccidiosis ])roke
out in several pens of fifteen-day-old pheasants. An examination of
the birds in general revealed that the infection had disseminated
through the entire premises. Since domestic birds were employed for
hatching and brooding, it is likely that the infection gained entrance
through that source. The hens had been purchased from small poultry
flocks in which one often finds disease. Due to lack of space and
facilities, isolation methods could not be carried out. After the rearing

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

303

season when the pens were vacated, the gronnd was rested, thoroughly
cleaned, plowed and seeded A^dth f^ji-ain and kale. The pens were rested
approximately six months. Darinp- the 1929 season the disease has not
been observed on this farm. Artificial incubation and brooding will
be an aid in combating this disease in game-bird raising.

One duck club reported a heavy loss among young mallard ducks.
Laboratory examination revealed a heavy infection with coccidia. An
acute inflammation of the eyes existed, together with marked secretion.
An accumulation of thin pus was observed in cases where eyelids were
glued together.

In one adult quail, coccidiosis was responsible for death. The bird
manifested a droopiness, ruffled feathers, drowsiness and general weak-
ness. Death occurred four days after the first symptoms w^ere observed.
Post-mortem examination revealed the small intestine and ceea to be
distended with gas and food. The liver was slightly congested. Intes-
tinal smear revealed large numbers of coccidia.

BLACKHEAD

This disease was observed in wdld turkey poults and one adult quail.
It is caused by a parasitic micro-organism which may be found in the
liver and intestines. According to certain investigators the cecal worm
and cecal worm eggs play a role in the transmission of the causative
organism. Birds may pick up the infection from the soil, feed and
water wdiich has been contaminated by droppings of infected birds.

F[G,

-70670

90. Blackhead lesions in liver and caeca of wild turkey.
(1) Enlarged caeca. (2) Liver.

304

CALIFORNIA KISll AND GAME

Yoiinj; birds (four weeks to six months old) are most sus(M'ptil)lt'. The
greatest mortality oceurs during this age. A mortality of approxi-
mately 10 per cent was experienced in the turkeys. The birds were
raised with domestic hens. When eight to ten weeks old, tlie hen was
removed from the ])en. Xo open range or rotation system was ])raeticed
to control the disease. The lesions were limited to the intestinal tract
and liver. Circumscribed yellowish-gray depressed areas were found
on the liver. The walls of the ceca or blind pouches were thickened
with lining often necrotic and foul smelling. As yet no successful
treatment has been established in the control of blackhead. Artificial
hatching and brooding, followed by rearing on clean ground with fre-
quent rotations may prove successful.

Fig. 91. Internal organs of pintail duck affected with Afiijcrfiillosis. (1) Lunp.
(2) Kidney. {'.',) Heart. (4) Mold colonies on peritoneum of alidoiiimal
organs.

ASPERGILLOSIS *

This disease was observed in wild pintail ihicks liekl in (•a()livily.
In this case, it was caused by Aspergillus funiigatus, commonly known
as mold infection. This variety of mold is common in nature, but not
all strains are pathogenic. It may be picked up with the feed, water,
soil and even from the air. The mortality in this case was rather heavy.
In certain birds, death w^as due to secondary infection with bacteria.

* The species of Aspergillus fnmigatus was identified by Charles Thorn, mycologist,
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture, to
whom we feel greatly indebted.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 305

The spores of the mold enter the respiratory tract and may pass to the
air sacs. In heavy infection, the pathological changes are extensive
involving the hmgs, liver, intestines, kidney, peritoneum and sometimes
the heart. In most specimens, the lungs were greatly atfected. Grayish-

FiG 92. Crop of CMliforiiia valley (niail infe.sti-d with Cnpillaria contortum.
Note thick fibrous lining-. Arrows point to worms. Enlarged 1.5 X.

306

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

white mold colonies were found on the fiir-sae walls, in the l)ronchi,
bronchioles and lung tissue. The symptoms manifested were drowsi-
ness, a tendency to sit down, retraction of head and neck, loss of
appetite, difficult ros])iration and ijeneral weakness. Death occurred
two to three days after first symptoms were observed.

The disease Avas controlled in a short time after the birds had been
moved to a clean pen with nncontaminated feed and water.

Aspergillosis was observed in two pintail dncks in nature while inves-
tigating duck sickness last fall, liotli six'cimcns were generalized cases.

Fig. 93. C<ti)iU(u'(t contortum r-movc 1 from Uic crop liniiiti- of ('alifoi-nia valley

quail. Slightly enlarged.

NEMATODE INFESTATION*

A small threadlike worm. Capillavia condirlnni, found interwoven in
the lining of the ei-op may be responsible for mortality' in quail. Birds
infested with Ihis parasite manifest a general physical disturbance,
loss of weigiil. and general weakness. Tliis parasite when present in
large numbers causes great destruction to the mucous lining and under-
lying structures. A thick, white, rough membrane forms on the crop
lining which interferes with the function of tlie organ. The structure

* This worm wa.s identified by the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry,
United Stales Department of Agriculture, to whom we wish to extend our thanks.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

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of the mucous liuiufj: proper is greatly altered. The worms can be
extracted from the lining with a pair of forceps. In heavily infested
cases the mucous membrane is almost solidly interwoven with the small,
threadlike worms. Large numbers of double operculated eggs may be
found in the intestinal contents. Little is known about the life history
of this parasite. Other capillarids have been reported to be of patho-
logical significance in chickens, turkeys and grouse.

Intestinal round worms and cecal worms are quite common in game
birds and may lower their resistance and general health.

MISCELLANEOUS

Tuberculosis has been observed in wild turkeys but other birds appear
to be less susceptible. One silver pheasant was found infested with
air-sac mites. Symptoms were reported as sluggishness, loss of weight
and general weakness. No gross lesions were observed and it is doubt-
ful whether the mites were the direct cause of death.

Fig. 96. Air-.sac mite (.UyloUirhus nudiis) found in abdominal
air-sac of silver pheasant. Ventral view. Enlarged 105 X.

Quail are frequently infested with head lice. Large numbers of
eggs may be found attached to head feathers. They may not be the
primary cause of disease but may be a predisposing factor.

The prevention, control and treatment of diseases in game birds is
similar to that of poultry. In case disease troubles arise specimens
should be sent to the laboratory for diagnosis and treatment given
according to diagnosis.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

309

PARASITISM IN DEER *

By H. Van Roekel
(With six photographs by the author)

According to past records concerning deer mortalities in California,
it is evident that parasitic infestation is of some significance. Numerous

Fig. 9 7. Deer head cut through the median plane, demonstrating larvae of
Cephynomyia sp. in the nasal passage.

ease reports from certain localities, namely the northern counties,
reveal that many deer are lost each year. The losses are generally
reported to occur from December to April. Inadequate and poor food

* Contribution No. 6 from the Game Laboratory, George Williams Hooper Foun-
dation for Medical Research. San Francisco, California.

310

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

supply accompanied by severe winters are often said to be partly respon-
sible. The estimated mortalities are at variance in many eases.

Clarke^ in 1912 made an investigation of deer parasites and found
that all deer examined were parasitized. Some were more heavily
infested than others. Some were infested with a number of species of
parasites. The symptoms described were emaciation, diarrhea, general
weakness and exhaustion followed by death. Young deer were found to
be affected more often than older deer. The trouble was found largely
in open country where the deer were feeding. Poor feed and adverse
weather conditions were said to be predisposing factors.

During the past year reports similar to those received in former
years were sent to this laboratory. From a few localities dead deer
were submitted to the laboratory for examination. Our findings revealed
that parasitism, poor food and unfavorable weather conditions were

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responsible for the mortalities reported. No thorough investigation was
carried out, and the parasites reported in this paper were found in
the few deer examined at the laboratory.

Dipterous larvae, Cephcnomyia sp. were present in all deer examined.
The larvae were found attached to the mucous membranes of the
sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, pharyngeal pouches and larynx. In
heavy infestation there was considerable irritation manifested by the
hyperemic and congested mucous membranes.

One locality reported five deer to have an eye infection which termi-
nated in blindness. Two heads were sent to the laboratory for exami-
nation. The specimens were infested with Cephenomyia sp. No extensive
gross lesions were observed except a subsiding ophthalmia, which had

> Clarke, F. C. Parasites of the blaektail deer.
Library. May, 1912.

Thesis. University of California

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 311

or would terminate in complete opacity of the cornea. Ulcerative kerati-
tis was seen in one case which appeared to be in a more acute inflamma-
tory stage. Bacteriological examination of the cornea, aqueous and
vitreous humors were negative. Three months later, a similar infection
was reported in a herd of sheep in the same locality. One specimen
was sent to the laboratory for examination with lesions confined to the
sinuses, turbinate bones, olfactory portion of brain and the eyes. The
maxillary sinus was partially filled with serous fluid and the mucous
lining thickened and infiltrated. The frontal sinus and nasal passages
contained Oestrus larvae. The ethmoid turbinates and olfactory stalks
Avere congested and hemorrhagic. Both eyes had opacity of the cornea.

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are filled with worms. (Natural size.)

The history of the specimens examined reveals that the trouble was
not infectious in nature. Although no direct conclusive lesions suggest
that blindness was the result of nasal larvae infestation, it appears that
the infestation may be partlj^ responsible for the total blindness in the
animals thus affected. Further investigation will be necessary to con-
firm this observation. Walker' in 1929, reports that sixty deer died at
Gunnison, Colorado, during late winter from being infested with
Cephenomyia sp.

Lung worm infestation is also very common in deer. This parasite,
Dictyocaidus hadweni, was present in all cases examined. In heavy
infestations it may produce a bronchitis and pneumonia. Tiie bronchioles

' Walker, C. R. Cephenomyia sp. killing deer. Science, Vol. LXIX, No. 1799,
June 21, 1929. p. 646.

312

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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are often occluded with worms, eggs and sanguinous muco-catarrhal
exudate. The mechanical obstruction and inflammatory changes which
are present may produce signs of atelectasis.

Oesophagostomiasis was also observed in specimens examined.
Oesophagostomum venulosuni may be found in the terminal portion
of the small intestine, caecum and colon. This parasite has been reported
to infest sheep and goats in Europe. The adult parasite was free in
the intestinal tract.

The peritoneal round worm, Setaria lahiato-papillosa was observed
in two cases. It is found lying free in the peritoneal cavity on the
intestines, stomach and liver. Little or no visible changes are produced

Fig. 102. Encysted cysticerci of bladder worm in the peritoneum of deer.

Natural size.

in the abdominal cavity by this parasite. It is not considered very
harmful.

Cysticercosis of the liver and peritoneum is often found in deer.
The disease is better known to the layman as '' bladder- worm " disease.
It is a larval stage of a tape-worm, and may be found encysted in a
connective tissue capsule filled with fluid. These cysts may be found
in the peritoneum and on the liver. In 1911, a large number of deer
in Franklin County were reported to have died from this disease.

There are other parasites such as lice, ticks and fleas which may be
detrimental and injurious to the general health of deer.

Parasitic infestation in deer no doubt plays a role in the preserva-
tion of deer and is of significance from the standpoint of parasitic

314

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

eradication in domestic live stock. A thorough systematic investigation
among deer losses in this state should be conducted to determine defi-
nitely how seriously parasitism affects the deer population and what
relation deer parasites have to domestic live stock.

The parasites mentioned in this paper were identified by the zoologi-
cal division of the United States Department of Agriculture, to whom
we feel greatly indebted for their courtesies and services.

AN EXPERIMENT IN RESTOCKING A BASS LAKE WITH

TROUT

By A. MUEHLEISEN

There is considerable controversy as to the practicality or economy
of caging and raising fingerling trout for a period of time before
liberation into the large lakes and streams of our state. It is the
opinion of the w^riter that this system is both sensible and economical,

Fig. 103. A floating tank used as a nursery for trout in Otay Lake, San Diego
County. Photograph by A. Muehleisen.

and the statement is based upon definite successful experiments con-
ducted in San Diego County waters. The following facts may be of
interest to both sportsmen and game officials of the state. Lower Otay
Lake, one unit of the impounding system of the city of San Diego,
covers an area of about 1300 acres, and has at the present time a
capacity of approximately nineteen billion gallons of water. Lower
Otay Dam was completed in September, 1919, but the first water
impounded by February, 1919, true to custom in San Diego County,
was immediately invaded with sunfish.

The sportsmen of San Diego County were, however, anxious to make
a trout lake of Otay, so beginning in October of 1919, steelhead and
rainbow trout were introduced annually up to and including 1925. By
this time a total of 588,000 trout had been planted in the lake.

In October, 1921, Upper Otay, then a flourishing bass lake, over-
flowed its capacity, carrying down a generous supply of bass into Lower
Otay. Following this occurrence, only an occasional trout was caught,
and in the spring and summer of 1925 not a single trout was taken out

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

315

of Lower Otay, which by this time had become one of the best bass
lakes in southern California. Certainly by now it looked as if Lower
Otay as a trout lake was a decided failure. It is more than probable
that the fingerling trout released through the period of years mentioned
became food for the sunfish and bass during the first few days after
liberation.

Keenly alive to the loss of these thousands of fry to San Diego sports-
men, the writer, serving as chairman of the Fish Committee of the
San Diego County Fish and Game Protective Association, with the
cooperation of the local state game wardens, Webb Toms and E. H.
Glidden and other local sportsmen named to assist in the project, met
with R. C. Wueste, superintendent of the city's impounding system,
and other city officials to discuss the situation. As a result of this meet-
ing, in the fall of 1825, a floating tank, twenty feet square and ten feet
deep, was constructed. (See figure 103.) Besides this, a cement pond
or small reservoir was also built, which was sixty feet long, thirty feet

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wide and five feet deep. A pergola was built across one end, vines
and shrubs planted, and the pond was supplied with a continuous flow
of water in the form of a spray. (See figure 104.)

On October 21, 1925, about 8000 small rainbow and steelhead fry
were liberated in the two units. These were fed every day until July
15, 1926. At this time we had for liberation into the lake a con-
servative estimate of 2200 trout averaging about six inches in length.
The loss seemed to average about the same in tank and pond.

This experiment was a new game to all of the committee. Several
mistakes were made which again could easily be corrected, but as a
whole, certainly this showing could be termed a successful experiment,
and it was voted to continue on a larger scale. Another floating tank
was therefore constructed, the same size as tank No. 1. On September
25, 1926, 32,000 trout (by actual count) were placed in the two tanks
and cement pond, and these were fed daily.

4 — 70670

316

CALIFORNIA FISn AND GAME

During April, May and June, 1927, the committee liberated 9940
brown trout averaging eight or nine inches in length.

This year, 1929, several limits of brown trout weighing from two
and one-half to five pounds have been caught in the lake, and the sports-
men are distinctly enthusiastic. If the same efforts had been put forth in
a strictly trout lake, the results would have been augmented many times.

This story demonstrates that if trout are held in a receiving pond
or tank a reasonable time before planting, it is possible to have both
bass and trout in the same waters. It is an undeniable fact that both
the trout and bass are cannibals, and prey on the small trout fry.

If the method outlined in this article is followed when receiving
fingerlings to be planted in our lakes and streams, it is the belief of the
Avriter that the supply of mature trout awaiting the sportsmen would
be increased ten fold.

Fig. 105. A catch of large trout from Lower Otay Lake, San Diego County,
California. Photograph by A. Muehleisen.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

317

MONTEREY SQUID FISHERY

By Ralph F. Classic

The squid fishery is the second largest fishery at Monterey, having
taken its place next to the sardine industry since the time when salmon
fishing at Monterey began to decline. The squid fishery, as described
by W. L. Scofield, in the October, 1924, issue of CAmFORHiA Fish and
(Iame, was started many years ago by the Chinese. In recent years, a
Chinese merchant by the name of Wing Chong has increased the
demand for dried squid in the Oriental markets, until the fishery has
reached its present status. Several new firms have in recent years
become interested in preparing squid not only for the foreign markets,
but for local consumption. Consequently, several thousand cases of
squid were canned in one-pound and one-half-pound tall cans by three
companies in 1926 and 1927. The bulk of the canned squid is exported
to Greece, where it is considered a delicacy. Two small canneries at
Monterey, which are owned and operated by Japanese, are canning
squid for their people in this country. A large eastern fresh fish
company during the last tliree years froze several hundred tons of the

Fig. 106. Squid {LoUcjo opalescens).

fish, which were sold in this country. Fresh squid when well prepared
is very tasty, especially when fried in pure olive oil.

The squid fishing at Monterey generally begins in April, a month
after the sardine season terminates, and ends during the first part of
July. During the past season, the squid fishing has declined as shown
in the figures given below :

1926
2,101,052 lbs.

1927
5,208,050 lbs.

1928
935,590 lbs.

Squid are caught with lampara nets in the same manner as sardines.
The fishermen make all of their catches at night and close in shore.
From fifteen to twenty-five tons for one boat crew is considered a fair
night's catch, although as high as forty tons have been caught at one
lime. Fishermen formerly received $11 per ton for their squid. This
price was increased to $15 during the present season, due to the scarcity
of fish. Five men make up a fishing crew and about fifteen boats
operate during the squid season at Monterey.

All of the squid catch at Monterey is unloaded at the Fishermen's
Wharf, where the fish are hoisted from the boats into hoppers and
drained. Trucks then haul the squid to the fresh fish markets, the
canneries or the drying fields.

318

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Eighty per cent of the squid received is sun dried for the Oriental
markets. All of the drying is done in fields adjacent to Monterey,
where ten or more acres of land are used. The process of sun drying
is simple and rapid. Squid lose 75 per cent in weight during the
drying process which, under ideal weather conditions, takes from five
to six days. It is a simple process because the squid are spread and
scattered on the ground and turned each day to expose all surfaces

Fig. 109. Squid cleaning machine showing squid going
through shaker proce.s.s.

of the flesh to the sun. After drying, the squid are raked into piles,
as shown in figure 107, and carried in baskets to one large pile, as shown
in figure 108. They remain in the large pile for nearly a week and
undergo what is termed a "sweating" process. The squid, after dry-
ing, pass through a cleaning machine as shown in figure 3, before
bundling and packing. This machine consists of a shaker, which cleans

320 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the squid of dirt and grass gathered while on the fields. The squid,
after cleaning, are pressed into bundles and wrapped in burlap. These
packages weigh from 200 to 210 pounds each. The market value of
this product is 8 cents per pound at San Francisco. Artificial drying:
of squid lias so far been unsuccessful. The sun dried squid, although
poorer in appearance, weigh more than squid dried by artificial heat
and bring the same market price.

METHODS USED BY STATES TO COLLECT FISHERIES

STATISTICS ^

By Genevieve Corwin

In order to get an accurate idea of the work done in fisheries statis-
tics by other states, the writer sent a questionnaire to the Gulf, Atlantic,
Great Lakes and Pacific states. As a result of this inquiry, it was found
that ten of the twenty-one Atlantic and Gulf states collect no statistics
whatsoever : Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,- Delaware, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas.

The following seventeen states use some sort of blank form for
recording information : Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Mary-
land, Virginia, Florida, California, Oregon, Washington, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minne-
sota.

The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries is largely responsible for the rather
uniform and complete records taken by the states bordering the Great
Lakes. The fishery there has decreased alarmingly, and in 1927 the
bureau started a cooperative plan to increase the efificiency of collect-
ing statistics which might prove helpful in improving the situation.
New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan (that is, all
but Minnesota, Wisconsin and Ohio) make provision for recording each
day's catch and all are analyzing their statistics to determine the net
results of the units of fishing effort. Minnesota collects statistics for
each fishing season, and Wisconsin annually. Other states that keep
annual records only are Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia and Florida.
Massachusetts and Louisiana are the only states collecting statistics
each month, while Washington and Ohio collect at four-month inter-
vals. Oregon and California keep daily records of catch.

California, then, is numbered among those states that collect fish-
eries statistics in a thorough manner, getting the information as fast
as the fish are brought in. with all the necessary items in connection —
amount, kind and price of the fish, with the name of the fisherman and
dealer and locality where it is caught. The basis for the study of units
of gear is now being worked out in tracing the ownership of boats
and gear through the registration numbers. At present the work has
gone only far enough to give an idea of what each boat brings in,
but further studies are to be made to determine the results of each
unit of gear. California is one of the few states that publish an
annual report of the yield of the commercial fisheries.

'Contribution No. S2 from the California Stato Fisheries Tjaboratory, May, 1929.
"A bill for collecting lobster statistics is now pending.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 321

COMPARISON OF ENGLISH AND UNITED STATES FISHING

PORTS, 1026-1927 1

By Genevieve Corwin

People are rather generally interested in the relative importance of
the fishing ports of California as compared to other ports of the world.
The accompanying table is intended to convey the essential points and
to give definite information on a subject that calls forth a deal of specu-
lation from some quarters.

The six ports included in the comparison were chosen because of
availability of statistics, and because the information was given in a
comparable form. The figures for Grimsby and Hull, the two most
important English ports, were obtained from the Monthly Eeturn of
Sea Fisheries, England and Wales, published by the Ministry of Agri-
culture and Fisheries. The Statistical Bulletins of the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries were consulted to determine the most important ports of
the United States, outside of California, while the information for this
state was obtained from the records of the California Division of Fish
and Game.

Seattle (producing approximately 16,000,000 pounds a year) might
be thought a possible rival, but is far below any of the six mentioned.
Gloucester, Massachusetts, is far behind also. Some other European
ports may be important enough for consideration, but for the present
purpose they are not considered on account of lack of statistical
information.

1926

Ports Pounds Value

(Jrirasby, England 339,000,000 $18,800,000

Hull, England 263,700,000 10,300,000

Portland, Maine 238,000,000 9,000,000

Boston, Massachusetts 167,-800,000 7,000,000

Monterey, Galifomia 16.3,700,000 1,300,000

Los Angeles, California 157,700,000 3,000,000

1927
Ports Pounds Value

Grimsby, England 356,100,000 ^$18,500,000

Hull, ICngland 292,100,000 10,300,000

Portland, Maine 263,800,000 9,400,000

Los Angeles, California 200,400,000 3,800,000

Boston, Massachusetts 195,000,000 7,400,000

Monterey, California 186,000,000 1,400,000

Grimsby, Hull, and Portland, Maine, in the order named, are the
largest fishing ports for both 1926 and 1927, from the point of view of
both pounds and value. Boston maintains fourth place for both years
in value, but Los Angeles in 1927 comes up from sixth to fourth in
pounds. Monterey keeps sixth place both years in value but in number
of pounds is lowered from fifth to sixth in 1927.

> Contribution No. 83 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, May, 1929,
^ The decrease may be due to lower price.

322 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

LEGISLATION PLUS EDUCATION EQUALS CONSERVATION

By Walter R. Welch

During the early days when I was actively afield with rod, gun and
dog, I always considered October as being the sportsman's month, for
in my opinion no other month of the year presents to the sportsman
so many attractive features, nor offers so many advantages as does
October.

"It is the brilliant autumn time, the most brilliant time of all,
When the gorgeous woods are gleaming and the leaves begin to fall,
When the pippin leaves the bough and the sumac fruit is red,
And the quail are calling loud from the pastures where they fed,
When the crops have all been housed, and the farmer's work is done,
And the woodlands are inviting the sportsman with his gun."

In broAvn October the ground is strewn with painted leaves, the
migrant ducks, geese and shorebirds are working gradually southward,
and the squirrels and chipmunks are busj' storing nuts and acorns
against the winter days to come.

The dense foliage of the forest shows traces of frost and the game
cover has thinned sufficiently to afford the sportsman more than a
mere glimpse of his scurrying quarry. Game birds and animals, as
well as game fish native to the State of California, are in the finest pos-
sible condition. Quail, ducks, geese and other game birds are strong
of wing and fit marks for the sportsman's aim. Deer, bear, rabbits
and squirrels are fat and sleek, and trout and other game fish are in a
fit condition to test the skill and tackle of the angler.

In short during the month of October all objects of the sportsman's
quest are at their best. The weather is glorious, the days .short, fresh
and bracing, the nights long and frosty and the sky clear and blue as
steel.

May success attend those who go afield with rod and gun during
October, whether their chosen stamping ground be in the deep forest,
along the bank of some rushing river or stream or lake on sodden
marsh, or over chaparral covered hills!

May their sight be clear and true, and the rifle show no tremor, may
the twin barrels leap to shoulder and the feathers fly from, and not
with, the birds, and may their skill, and tackle when pitted against
battling trout, bass, or salmon, meet with success!

In view of the strenuou.s efforts that are at this time being made to
protect and conserve, if not increase, the pitiful remnant that remains
of the once bountiful supply of fish, game and wild life that inhabited
the state, I am wondering if a brief review of the history of fish and
game protection in California would not be of interest to the present
(lay sportsman.

Although the word "abundance" alone describes the supply of fish
and game to be found in California by the early day pioneers, as early
as 1850 it was realized that certain species of game were in need of
protection. Therefore, the state legislature in 1852 enacted a law pro-
tecting elk, antelope, deer, quail, mallard and wood ducks for six months
during each year.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 323

In 1872 by an act of the state legislature, a State Board of Fish
Commissioners was created, and in 1878 the jurisdiction of this com-
mission was extended to include game.

Between 1872 and 1882 laws were enacted prohibiting the trapping
of quail, establishing a closed season for trout above tide water and
affording protection to salmon and some of the other species recognized
as being game fish, birds and mammals.

In 1883 elk, antelope, mountain sheep, does and fawns were afforded
perpetual protection, and in 1895 the transportation of game out of
the state and the killing and sale of certain nongame birds for milli-
nery purposes was prohibited.

The collection and sale of wild birds' eggs Avas prohibited in 1896,
and in 1901 the sale of deer meat and hides, quail and certain shore
birds was prohibited and a daily and season bag limit adopted as fol-
lows, viz: duck and doves, fifty per day; quail and Wilson snipe,
twenty-five per da.y, and three male deer per season. Night shooting
was also prohibited.

In 1905 a daily creel limit of fifty was placed on trout ; swan and all
shore birds (Limicolar) were protected, the sale of doves and all shore
birds prohibited and the bag limit of doves reduced to twenty-five.

A hunting license system was adopted in 1907, and the daily bag
limit of ducks reduced from fifty to thirty-five. State game refuges
were established in 1909, the sale of trout and black bass prohibited and
the daily bag limit of ducks and black sea brant reduced to twentv-five
in 1909.

In 1911 the state was divided into six fish and game districts, dealers
in wild game were required to secure a license and keep a record of
all game received by them and in addition to the daily, a weekly bag
limit of game birds was adopted. An angling license system was
adopted in 1913.

The killing of spike bucks was prohibited in 1915, a daily and weekly
bag limit of honker geese and black sea brant adopted, the daily bag
limit of dove, quail and snipe reduced to fifteen, and wild pigeons
afforded protection.

In 1917 the sale of wild ducks and geese was prohibited and in 1927
a duplicate deer tag system was adopted, the hunting and angling
license fee increased from $1 to $2 per year, and the Division of Fish
and Game, Department of Natural Resources, created.

In 1895 and 1896, from an examination of the books of the game
dealers in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles, made by the
Fish Commission, it was ascertained that during these two years there
were sold in the open markets of these two cities, 177,366 quail ; 254,227
wild ducks, and 62,958 wild geese and shorebirds.

These figures do not include quail, ducks, geese and shorebirds sold
in other cities and towns within the state, nor the birds killed and
consumed by hunters, their families and friends.

The 177,366 quail sold for $15,160.08, or at an average price of less
than 10 cents apiece, and the 337,185 ducks, geese and shorebirds sold
for $62,363.01, or an average price of less than 12 cents apiece.

When it is considered and realized how valuable wild life is at this
time, and how it is now being commercialized in the interest of all of
the people, and not in the interest of anv privileged few, these figures

5—70670

324 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

should certainly furnish sportsmen of the present generation with
food for thought.

In 1900, realizing that the supply of fish and game was rapidly
decreasing, and recognizing that some effort sliould be made towards
the enactment by the legislature of laws providing for the better pro-
tection of fish and game, at the suggestion of Governor Henry T. Gage,
a statewide convention of sportsmen was held.

This convention of the sportsmen of the state was called by the then
state fish commission and was held at the rooms of the California
Jockey Club, on Kearny street, San Francisco, on the twenty-fourth
day of May, 1900.

The delegates who attended this convention were composed of two
men from each county within the state, selected by the board of super-
visors within their respective counties, and a great number of dele-
gates at large selected by the fish commissioners.

The purpose of this convention was to discuss, consider, draft, and
recommend for passage at the session of the legislature to be held in
1901, such laws as were considered to be necessary for the proper
protection of fish and game, such as bag and creel limits, nonsale and
laws for the protection of fish and game during the recognized breed-
ing and spawning seasons.

A large number of delegates representing many sections of the state
attended this convention. Judge Hughes, of Sacramento, was selected
to act as chairman of the convention, and Andy Ferguson, of Fresno,
was selected to act as secretary.

The first matter to be given consideration by the delegates was an
open season and a bag limit for ducks. The first recommendation
along these lines w^as that the open season be from October 1 to Feb-
ruary 15, with a daily bag limit of 150 ducks. The convention held
a three-day session, and after much discussion and various recommen-
dations in regard to the daily bag limit of ducks, it was finally agreed,
but not finally settled, that the daily bag limit of ducks should not
exceed fifty, but a motion to recommend the passage of a law to that
effect failed of adoption.

A motion to prohibit the sale of wild ducks failed to receive a
second, and a motion that the sale of quail be prohibited was supported
by only five of the delegates who attended the convention and was lost
by a large majority.

At the close of the convention, which had been in session for three
days, a few sportsmen assembled around a table in the convention hall
and hurridly formed an association known as "The California State
Fish and Game Protective Association" and elected Harrj- T. Payne,
president, and G. H. T. Jackson, secretary.

During the next succeeding five years, this association became a
statewide organization with not less than 100 affiliated county associa-
tions and having a membership consisting of many thousands of sports-
men located in all parts of the state.

At that time, viz, in 1900, the state appropriated the sum of $3,750
per annum to be used for game protection. In 1903, this sum was
raised to $7,500 per annum, which was all the money available for
game protection in California until the adoption of the Hunting
License Act in 1907.

CALirORNlA FISH AND GAME

325

I believe it can be readily realized how little could be accomplished
with the sum of only $3,750 available for use in the protection of game
in a state as large as California, a sum far less than is now expended
every year by many duck and other clubs within the state.

Upon the convening of the state legislature in 1901, a conference
was held by Governor Gage, H. W. Keller, president of the State Fish
Commission, and H. T. Payne, president of the California State Fish
and Game Protective Association. At this conference it was agreed
that the following bills be introduced and their passage by the legis-
lature recommended, viz: That the open season for quail, partridge,
grouse, sage hens, wild ducks, rail, curlew, ibis and plover be from
October 1 to February 15 ; that the open season for male deer be from
August 1 to October 1 ; that the open season for tree squirrels be from
August 1 to February 1, and that the open season for trout above tide
water be from April 1 to November 1 ; that the daily bag limit of quail,
partridge, snipe, curlew and ibis be twenty-five; that the daily bag
limit of wild ducks and doves be fifty ; that the daily bag limit of rail
be twenty, and that the bag limit of male deer be three per season, and
that no hunting would be permitted a half hour after sunset and a
half hour before sunrise.

It was also determined : That the sale of quail, partridge, sage hens,

grouse, ibis, plover, deer meat and deer hides be prohibited, and that

the sale of trout of less than one-half pound in weight be prohibited;

rthat the open season for black bass be from July 1 to January 1, and

y that black bass be taken on hook and line only; that the closed season

j for striped bass be from May 31 to July 1, and the sale of striped bass

/ of less than one pound in weight be prohibited, and that no striped bass

\ be taken in nets of less than seven and one-half inch mesh.

These bills being what might be termed "administrative measures,"
having the support of the governor, were passed by the legislature and
became effective early in 1901.

The passage of these laws is considered the first real constructive
move to have been made by the sportsmen of California for the protec-
tion and conservation of fish and game in this state.

It will thus be seen that prior to 1901, with the exception of laws
that provided for short closed seasons, there were no laws for the pro-
tection and conservation of fish and game in California.

Prior to 1892, with the exception of elk and antelope, there was no
very noticeable decrease in the supply of fish and game and very little
real effort was made by the sportsmen of the state for its protection.

Following the enactment of these laws, their enforcement was defied
by market hunters, commercial fishermen and others and soon after the
opening of the duck and quail shooting season in 1901, it was found
that hunters were endeavoring to evade the bag limit and nonsale law
by shipping ducks, quail and other game in concealed packages such
as butter boxes and kegs, suit cases, trunks, rolls of blankets, green cow
hides, coal oil cans, boxed demijohns, egg cases, etc.

In the efforts made by the fish and game dealers of San Francisco
to restrain the fi.sh commissioners and their deputies from performing
their duty in enforcing the fish and game laws, damage suits and suits
for injunction were undertaken against the commissioners, with the

326 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

result that it Avas necessary to take many cases into the superior and
supreme courts in order to establish the constitutionality of the laws.

Prominent anions: these cases are those entitled Duprat vs. Board of
Fish Conii)iis.sio7)ers et al.: Ex parte S. Kfunekr, Ex parte Knapp, and
Ex parte Maier, with the result that the constitutionality of the fish
and (jame laws were upheld, that the courts declared that the "wild
game of -a state belongs to the people, in their collective sovereign
caj)aeity and is not subject to private ownership except in so far as
the people may elect to make it so, and that they may, if thej' see fit,
absolutely prohibit the killing of it, or traffic or commerce in it. That
its taking, possession, and the disposition thereof is subject to legislative
enactment." and that the fish commissioners and their deputies could
not be restrained in the performance of their duty in the enforcement
of the laws.

With the $7,500 per annum appropriated by the state for game pro-
tection, cou])led with the money received from fines imposed upon fish
and game law violators and the sale of commercial fishing licenses, the
fish commissioners to whom were entrusted the enforcement of the laws
were not able to maintain in the field for the enforcement of the fish
antl game laws to exceed ten regular salaried deputies and a few vol-
unteer deputies.

The organization of the California State Fish and Game Protective
Association in 1000 was the beginning of the state-wide organization
of sportsmen in California. This association was composed of indi-
vidual membership, and the affiliation of county associations and clubs
located in various sections of the state. The association was active until
about 1912, and to it is due the credit for the enactment of laws pro-
hibiting the sale of deer meat, deer hides, quail and other game, trout
and black bass, the adoption of bag and creel limits, hunting and
angling licenses and other important fish and game laws. In 1912, the
association disorganized and was reorganized as the "California State
Fish, Game and Forest Protective League." For several years follow-
ing its organization, the league was active, but about 1916 it began to
decline and about 1924, went out of existence.

In 1912, an organization known as "The Great State Fish and Game
Protective Association" was organized. This organization went out
of existence within two years and was stieceded about 1923 by an
organization known as "The California Conservation League." This
organization was also short-lived.

In February, 1925, an organization known as "The Associated
Sportsmen of ('alifornia" was founded. This organization is still
active, and at the present time is composed of individual membership,
and the affiliation of about 125 county and local fish and game protec-
tive associations and clubs representing many thousands of sportsmen
located in all sections of the state. During its existence, this organiza-
tion has accomplished much for the i)r()tection and conservation of the
fish, game and wild life of the state, and at the present time bids fair
to continue activel}^ in the work for many years to come.

While it is conceded that fish and game protective associations and
clubs, both state-wide and local, working in harmony and cooperation
with the state fish and game commissioners, can and do accomplish
much good for the protection and conservation of fish, game and wild

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 327

life of the state it appears that without harmonious cooperation and
the direction and supervision of interested and active sportsmen as
their officials the averaofe life of such organizations seldom exceeds
three years.

For some years past it has been generally admitted that the days of
fish and game abundance in this country have gone by — never to return.
I am impressed by that fact. Consequently it is necessary for sports-
men all over this state to become interested in the work now being done
for the protection of fish and game, and that they take an active part
in the efforts being made to restock the depleted game fields and public
waters.

If it is worth while to protect and conserve wild life of the state,
and it certainly is, then it is the duty of every sportsman who loves
the great out-of-doors to take up his share of the burden and assist
those now on the "firing line with the army of defense."

The essentials necessary to accomplish the problem successfully are
the enactment of sane, simple and scientific fish and game laws. In
substance, these laws should be few as possible, brief in language,
simple in terms, supported by scientific facts regarding the habits and
breeding seasons of the various species of fish and game, and devoted
to fundamental regulations respecting open and closed seasons, bag
and creel limits, possession, nonsale, etc.

The education of the people as to the value of a supply of fish and
game and the necessity for fish and game laws is undeniable. Those
who are capable of being educated as to the importance of protecting
fish and game should be trained along these lines and the others should
be impressed by the stronger process of strict law enforcement, and
the imposition of severe penalties for violating the laws.

The enforcement of the fish and game laws is both onerous and dis-
agreeable, particularly in communities where public sentiment is
adverse to such laws, nevertheless it is a duty that someone must under-
take unless we are ready to concede that our whole theory and system
of wild life protection is a failure.

Perverted public sentiment in regard to the fish and game laws can
be changed by education and lined up on the side of the laws and their
strict enforcement. However, education must be the handmaid of law
enforcernent and not assumed to precede the latter, for in that event it
may arrive too late and only when the supply of wild life has been
exterminated.

328

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California Division of Fish and
Game.

Pent free to citizens of the State of
California. Offered in exchange for
ornithological, mammalogrical and similar
periodicals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted aiici
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the California
Division of Fish and Game. Editors of
newspapers and periodicals are invited to
make use of pertinent material.

All matei-ial for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, 510 Russ Building,
San Francisco, California.

DECEMBER 15, 1929

"Research In game problems Is a com-
paratively new idea. Scientific investi-
gation often inolves much time and
expense. Results are not always tangible
or apparent to the layman. It is never
spectacular or thrilling. It involves pa-
tience and skill. But it discloses facts."

WESTERN COMMISSIONERS MEET IN
SAN FRANCISCO

The ninth annual meeting of the West-
ern Association of State Fish and Game
Commissioners was held at the Palace
Hotel, San Francisco, August 23 and 24.
President I. Zellerbach presided at the
opening. The address of welcome was
given by Fred G. Stevenot, director, De-
partment of Natural Resources, State of
California. A number of splendid papers
were read. David II. Madsen of Utah
discussed game management and the new
Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge. E.
L. Perry, State Game and Fish Warden
of New Mexico, emphasized the impor-
tance of furnishing proper environment
if a supply of game is to be main-
tained. There were two papers on the
economic value of birds and several
papers dealing with fish propagation and
stream pollution. Paul A. Shaw of the
California Division of Fish and Game
presented a summary of the work ac-
complished in duck disease investiga-
tions. Forest Service cooperation was
discussed by W. J. Nelson, Acting Dis-
trict Forester, and Biological Survey
cooperation by George Tonkin, United
States game protector.

On the last afternoon a resolution
favoring the fifteen duck limit was
passed. This led to considerable discus-
sion pro and con.

E. L. Perry of New Mexico was elected
president, Bruce Nowlin of Wyoming
vice president, and Clinton W. Rowley
secretary and treasurer.

Among the resolutions passed were the
following :

Whereas, The ninth annual convention
of the Western Association of Fish and
Gnme Commissioners, assembled in ses-
sion at the Palace Hotel, San Francisco,
have been entertained and discussion has
broui^lit out several important iiriiici|i;ils
concerning conservation in western states ;
therefore be it

Resolved, That the most fundamental
need looking toward better game manage-
ment is more knowledge of life history
and habits of game species and that every
encouragement should be given to scien-
tific research by various game depart-
ments leading to accurate statistics and
useful data which will aid in the solu-
tion of the many important problems
which confront the western states ; and
be it

Resolved, That duck sickness is a seri-
ous menace to wild fowl in western states
and that additional investigations prose-
cuted and special endeavor should be
inade by the st.ites concrrned to prevent
further outbreaks : and be It

Resolved, That in view of the need for
additional feeding and breeding grounds
for wild fowl that a committee be ap-
pointed to Investigate and report on the
feasibility of reflooding Lower Klamath
Lake.

The sessions closed with a splendid
l)an(iuet held in the French Parlor of the
Palace Hotel. The entertainment was
furnished by well-known radio artists.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION GIVEN
WARDENS

Ever since 1913 the deputies of the
Division of Fish and Game have been
under civil service. Periodically exam-
inations are given, and this past summer
more than 300 men took the written
examination. Of this number, 129 passed
it. About 70 men who passed both the
written and the oral test are now on
the certified list.

A particularly fine group of men pre-
sented themselves for the examination.
The oral tests were hold in a number
of different parts of the state. Usually
a National Forest Service official, a Civil
Service official and a Division of Fish
and Game official comprised the exam-
ining board. By depending upon this
method of selection, the general tone of
the patrol service has been raised and
political aiipointments avoided.

RESEARCH PROGRAM DELAYED

Again it has been shown that the
state does not pay sufficient salary to
hold scientific investigators. During the
summer two of the ablest men conducting
research for the Division of Fish and
Game have been tempted to eastern posi-
tions by higher salaries. Dr. Henry Van
Rockel, who for nearly two years has
acted as pathologist in connection with

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

329

investigations of disease of game birds
and animals, has resigned to accept a
splendid position as head of the vet-
erinary laboratory of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College at Amherst, Mass.
Dr. E. C. O'Roke, who discovered and
explained a strange malady which at-
tacks quail, resigned on September 1 to
accept a position as assistant professor
of zoology in the College of Forestry and
Conservation of the University of Michi-
gan, where he will continue investigations
similar to those he prosecuted here.

In times past the better qualified men
at the State Fisheries Laboratory have
been tempted to eastern positions by
offers of higher salaries ; this time an im-
portant research program relative to dis-
ease of game birds and animals will have
to be delayed until men can be found to
fill the places of these investigators.

DUCK SICKNESS

During the past winter a number of
experiments have been carried on to de-
termine the toxicity of samples of alkali
secured where duck sickness has appeared
in years past. These experiments at
Hooper Foundation for Medical Research
have indicated that relatively small con-
centrations may cause death.

The major work this past winter has
consisted of a series of chemical analyses
of soil samples collected in places free
from disease and in those places where
disease is prevalent. Samples have been
secured at regular intervals and the result
should show variation in concentration
from month to month as well as indicate
the main differences between the con-
centrations at danger points and those
places where disease is not prevalent.

With the outbreak of the disease at
the Bear River marshes at Great Salt
Lake in August, Paul A. Shaw was sent
to the area to continue investigations in
the field.

An earnest endeavor is being made to
solve this important problem related to
the conservation of waterfowl.

SUMMER RESORT EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAM

As in past summers, the Bureau of
Education and Research has made an en-
deavor to reach summer vacationists with
an educational program. The chief of the
bureau spent two months in Yosemite
helping with the nature guide program
and in directing and training a group of
students attending the Yosemite School of
Field Natural History.

As formerly, the number of students in
the school was limited to twenty, and this

year ten men and ten women received
training. These students will go back to
teaching and other vocations and in many
different sections will pass on conserva-
tion ideas to others. This seems to be a
fundamental means of reaching numerous
people throughout the state.

Yosemite National Park rangers were
given special training this past summer
and aided in the educational work. Camp
fires were held in two of the public auto
camps, and here a ranger-naturalist talked
each night. In addition, outpost educa-
tional work was established at Mariposa
Grove of Big Trees, Glacier Point and
Tuolumne Meadows. As a result of these
developments a larger number of visitors
was reached than ever before.

Two representatives of the division
conducted a splendid educational pro-
gram in California State Redwood Park.
An innovation this year was the addition of
illustrative materials in the form of lan-
tern slides and motion pictures, used in
connection with lectures at the camp fire.

During the month of July more than
14,000 persons came in contact with the
service by accompanying a party afield,
or listening to an evening lecture. The
grand total for the month of August
amounted to 12,617.

By making contacts with summer va-
cationists the citizens of the state are led
in an easy and natural way to under-
stand and take an interest in natural
resources.

PHEASANTS LIBERATED ON SANT.^
CATALINA ISLANDS

William Wrigley has been financing a
sizeable game farm on Santa Catalina
Island. Though largely a show place, a
number of pheasants reared on the farm
have been liberated recently near Avalon
in an attempt to stock the island with
this game bird. Special publicity has
been given this liberation in order that
citizens may give the birds proper pro-
tection until they have become established.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

Every game crop is the resultant of two
forces: (1) the breeding habits of the
species, and (2) the environment in which
it lives.

Breeding habits are constant. Environ-
ment is the variable.

If the environment is favorable there
will be a crop; if unfavorable there is
no crop, and even the capital stock may
decline.

Environment is the summation of
many factors — food, cover, predators,
hunting, disease, etc

330

CALIFORNIA TlSIl AND GAME

Bird lovers, by and large, have made
the mistake of seeing only one of them —
hunting.

Sportsmen, by and large, have made
the mistake of seeing none of them. They
insist on tiiming out stock without re-
gard to whether the environment is fit to
receive it. If the environment were im-
proved the constant planting of stock
would be unnecessai-y. It is often cheaper
to improve environment than to con-
stantly jilant fi'anie.

Foresters are taught from the outset,
the futility of planting in unfavorable en-
vironments. They are schooled from the
outset to the broad idea of environmental
controls. Foresters can render a great
service to game conservation by helping
to work out a technique of environmental
controls for game.

No state stands in greater need of
such work than Iowa. The prairie
chicken has been crowded out of the
state, probably by reason of the elimina-
tion of residual patches of prairie cover.
The quail is being slowly but surely re-
duced by the grazing out of woodlots, the
devegetation of creek banks and drainage
channels, and the elimination of fence-
rows. Waterfowl are shrinking before the
advance of drainage. The only basic
remedy is environmental control.

Most thinking conservationists realize
this. What they do not realize is that
favorable game environments in the past
have been accidental, whereas from now
on they must be built by human hands
and brains, for the deliberate purpose of
raising a game crop.

Here enters the mission of game re-
search. It takes more knowledge to put
together than to take apart. Just how
do we build a quail range? How much
cover, and what kind, must be put
into this gully to nial<e it i)roduce a
covey every year? IIow can that cover
be arranged to give minimum interference
to the adjacent crop and maximum ero-
sion control to the adjacent ploughlandV
What cover plants i)roduce food as well
as cover for the ([uail? What kinds and
numbers of predatory species can be
allowed to inhabit it? What supplemen-
tary winter feeding is necessary? When?
What mechanical arrangement will pre-
vent winter feed from being covered by
snow or sleet, or eaten by less valuable
si>ecies. when worst needed by the quail?

The exact answers to such questions
must be worked out for each species and
each region, just as analogous questions
are being worked out for each species
and region in forestry. Some think a
gue.ss is good enough, but foresters know
from experience in their own field that
technique based on guesses is expensive in

the long run. There is a best way. For-
esters can help find it.

Agriculturists as well as foresters can
help find it. The technique of environ-
mental (rontrols for game pi-oduction must
be dovetailed to both farming and for-
estry at every point, el.se it will never be
practiced. Game is essentially a by-
product of farming and forestry. If
the system of raising the by-product in-
terferes with the main crop, the by-
product will not be producetl. If it does
not interfere, but actually benefits the
main crop, economic as well as altruistic
forces will eventually bring about its
adoption. Most game crops can be made
to benefit the main crop. "Environmental
Control.s — The Forester's Contribution to
Game Conservation," by Aldo Leopold.
Du Pont Promotion Netcs Bulletin, No.
35, May 24, 1929.

A NATION BEGINS BUT ONCE

"In a hundred and fifty years a virile,
resistless, actiuisitive people have swept
our country from the Atlantic to the Pa-
cific coast. From Jamestown and Ply-
mouth they have pushed the frontier be-
fore them until it has disappeared. The
wild turkey vanished before the domestic
hen. Sheep replacetl deer. The buffalo
gave way to better beef breeds; grains
and fruits have been substituted for nuts
and wild berries. The Conestoga wagon,
the canal, the steam railway, the auto-
m(»bile, and the airplane have followed
each other in rapid procession — all within
the memory of father and son. Towns and
cities have been built, many of them
among the world's largest, iind more than
half our people live in them. We win
wars for other nations and lend them
money with which to mend their wrecked
fortunes.

"We ;ire admittedly the richest, most
powerful nation in the world and we took
this power of wealth out of the ground.
Now, we must invoice our resources and
determine how we should proceed from
lierc. For ;i nation begins hut oiioe."
Hubert Work. Secretary of the Interior,
"Foreword"' in "Our Federal Lands" by
Rohert Sterling Yard, 1928.

ELECTRIC BROODERS USED AT
GAME FARM

lOfforts to improve production at the
Yountville Game Fann have residted in
the use of an electric brooding system.
Many ditficidties were encountered last
season with domestic hens, chief of
which was the transmission of disease to
young birds. Hence, it was decided, if
possible, to eliminate the objectionable hen
and to rear Chinese ring-necked pheasants
entirely by artificial processes.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

331

A small electric brooding house was
constructed during April, consisting of
nine compartments each completely equip-
ped with heating apparatus. Bantam
chicks were first tried in order to test
out the general plan of the new unit. The
first incubated batch of pheasants to be
placed in them made a splendid growth
and only three of 407 died. The mortal-
ity of the second group of brooded pheas-
ants was unusually low.

It is now believed that the electric
brofxling unit has solved a very real and
perplexing problem. Continued broodings
have permitted healthy, well developed
birds to be transferred to the rearing
pens. Losses have remained small. For
instance, a report for the week of May
24, on four brooders, shows a loss of but
fourteen birds out of a lot of 160; of
twelve out of a lot of 156 ; of eleven out
of 150 and thirty-five out of 105. The
greater loss for the last brooder enumer-
ated is explained by the fact that pheas-
ants ordinarily classed as seconds were
placed in it. Under normal conditions,
such misfits would not be used. In this
case, the electric brooder peiinitted a very
good percentage of the birds to be sal-
vaged.

It has been maintained that pheasants
electrically hatched and brooded lose
somewh:it their wild instincts and are
much tamer than hen-brooded birds. Ub-
sei-vations thus far made do not sub-
stantiate this, for these pheasants that
have never known a domestic mother are
extremely wild and diflScult to handle.

Another innovation, a different method
of feeding, has been productive of excel-
lent results. Pheasants fed on diy mash
and given no water, save tomato juice,
have grown rapidly.

STATISTICAL REPORT ON FRESH
AND CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS

No other state or country so far as is
known keeps so complete a record of
fishery products as does the State of
California. Every packer of fish has to
report monthly to the Division of Fish
and Game the amount of fish received
and the amount of fish packed. 'IMiis r!-
port must be rendered by all persons
packing any species of fish, moUusk or
crustacean by any method. As a result
of this re(iuirement. it is possible to com-
pile a statistical report of all of the fresh
and canned fishery products.

Circular No. 3, published in .1 une, 1929,
gives the statistics for the year 1928.
This circular is avaihible on application
to the Division of Fish and Game, San
Francisco.

Among tlie more interesting figures rre
the foUowiug :

Total cases of canned products, 4,431,-
49S; tlie total catch of fisli, 517,746,166
l)ounds; abab)nes, 2,(K)6,243 pounds; sar-
dines, 420.2(^9,665 pounds (more than
three-fourths of the total catch) ; salmon,
4,47S. ■")(!() pounds ; t u n a, 13,783,536
pounds ; albacore, 283,321 pounds. Thirty
sardine canneries were in operation dur-
ing the year.

NECESSARY FACTS

At conventions it is common to hear
advocated tlie need for more dependable
information on the life liistory and habits
of game species. Any who may have
scoffed at the scientist, now usually admit
that solution of difficult problems comes
more often from the laboratory than
from the discussion room. Though the
need for scientific research may have
been apparent to only a few in the past,
it is being appreciated now by the many.

Try to gather evidence on any con-
troversial subject — How many fisli will
a mile of typical stream support? How
many quail are killed by hawks? What
is the cause of duck disease? — and one
is astounded at the paucity of reliable
data. Data useful to engineering prob-
lems is much more accessible than that
on biological subjects. Admittedly, l)io-
logical (luestions are more intangible, but
that is not the only reason for lack of
data. In part, at least, the reason is to
be fo>in(I in tlie lack of suppo)! for le
searcli i)rohlems in connection with game.
It has been more simple to get appropria-
tions for killing campaigns than for re-
search as to the economic value of the
species concerned. It has been easier to
establish a bounty fund than to secure
money to find out if .-i species is useful or
detrimental.

It now ap])ears that interest in getting
the necessary facts by research is grow-
ing. Organizations other than universi-
ties are now supporting research on
game. In addition to governmental re-
searcli, various states are instituting I'e-
search programs. New York has a
stream survey in progress. California
is investigating duck disease, studying tlie
fisheries, Washington is gathering statis-
tics on fur-bearing animals. A new era
is near at hand when new projects will
be undertaken only after proiier knowl-
edge secured by experts is at hand. This
kind of advance assures better care of
natural resources and increases ability
to predict results.

6 — 70670

382

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

THE NEW LOS SERRANOS GAME
FARM

California's second game farm, where
various upland and other game birds will
be propagated for distribution in the
game territory of southern California,
will soon be functioning. The pens and
rearing field have been completed and the
construction of help's quarters and feed
and incubator houses is nearing comple-
tion. The buildings are of Spanish style
.irchitecture and harmonize with the
buildings nearest the farm.

The new farm is located on a twenty-
nine acre tract close to the Los Serranos
Country Club, a few miles from Chino, in
what is considei-ed ideal surroundings for
the raising of game birds.

The enclosure for the birds is 270 feet
wide, 312 feet long and contains 122 pens.
These pens are 24 feet square and 7 feet
high. All fencing matei'ials such as posts,
rails and gates are of steel, and heavy
galvanized wire is used to cover the sides
and tops of the pens. The only wood "ased
is three eight-inch boards that are placed
at the bottom of all pens, and the frames
used for the removable partitions.

At the first farm at Yountville, wood
construction was employed, but in the
new farm a more permanent type has
been used, the first of its kind on the
Pacific coast. Though patterned after the
Yountville farm, the new one will have a
large rearing field. In September the
farm was ready to house the heavy ship-
ment of 1500 pheasants that August
Bade, superintendent of game farms for
the Division of Fish and Game, sent to
stock the new farm.

The estimated cost for the living quar-
ters for single and married help, feed
and incubator houses, grading, the erec-
tion of the wire enclosure, and the
installation of the unique sprinkling and
watering system such as is used at the
Yountville farm, is $20,000.

CALIFORNIA'S DUCK KILL

There have been many estimates as to
the actual number of ducks killed by
hunters each open season. Not many of
these are based on actual statistics. It
is, therefore, worth while to call attention
to the series of figures gathered by Colonel
Edward L. IMunson and published in an
article on "Why Lower the Duck Bag
Limit?" which appeared in Outdoor Life
for August, 1929.

"* * • Let me give you some facts
of my personal knowledge ! I shot on
the second day of the 1928 season at a
commercial club, the manager of which
said that more than 900 ducks had been

brought in on the previous day, included
in which were nineteen limits of twenty-
five birds each. 1 was informed of a pri-
vate club in which twenty members
brought in twenty limits on the same day
— and after these 500 birds were brought
in the keepers went around with retrievers
and picked up 100 more. One of my
friends, who is a persistent hunter but
does not consider himself an expert shot,
told me that he bagged 403 ducks in the
season of 1928, and 432 in 1927.

"I have in my possession the official
statement of a certain duck club in the
San Joaquin Valley. There are eighty-
seven members of this club, of whom
about sixty shot at various times during
the 1028 season. The birds bagged were
reported by days, varieties and numbers.
There were thirty-one open days and an
average of thirty-eight shooters on each
open day. The total number of birds
bagged at this club during the season was
10,545 ; which, with the modest estimate
of one duck lost to each five bagged, would
reach a grand total of 19,845. The aver-
age number of birds bagged by the aver-
age shooter, for the entire season, was
435. On October 1 there were seventy-
two shooters, who bagged 1006 ducks ; on
December 30, seventy shooters bagged
1456 ducks ; on January 6, seventy-two
shooters bagged 1488 ducks. On this
club there are 280 sunken barrels, so
that wherever the duck flight may shift,
the gunners have concealment under it.

"* * * On opening day, 1928. two
commercial clubs in the San Joaquin
Valley (names furnished on application)
had 302 limits of twenty-five birds each
brought in, or the vast total of 7550
birds. This did not include the bags of
hunters who brought in less than twenty-
five birds each, nor did it include a prob-
able additional 20 per cent of crippled or
lost birds. If a limit of fifteen instead of
twenty-five birds had been in effect, there
would have been a saving of 3200 ducks
for this one day, from these two clubs
alone. Take another club — a commercial
one — on Salton Sea, in southern Cali-
fornia. Its records for the season of 1928
showed that 83 per cent of all its patrons
killed limits of twenty-five birds each."

WHAT IS CONSERVATION?

"Not so long ago the general public was
laboring under the delusion that a conser-
vationist was a fellow equipped with a
long face, sideburns, an unlimited supply
of 'don'ts' and an ambition to prevent
sportsmen from enjoying themselves in
hunting and fishing.

"But as the idea of game restoration
spreads over these United States, as the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

333

teachings of the necessity for the preser-
vation of wild life resources are being
broadcast, the general public is beginning
to say to itself, 'After aU there must be
something in all this talk about con-
servation.'

"Conservation is no strange, new cult.
It doesn't demote the hardy gunner to a
pacifist or cause the ardent angler to
scrap his tackle and quit the streams and
lakes he loves.

"Conservation doesn't mean restriction.
It means common sense preservation. It
contemplates more sport for all decent
sportsmen. It means taking no more than
the game laws say you may take, or, more
sensibly, what your own sense of a grub
supply and fair play tells you is enough.
Conservation means simply the old Golden
Rule applied to game and fish and your
fellow man. It revives the flavor and
romance of the spirit of hunting.

"The conservationist, therefore, is the
fellow who is thinking about such mat-
ters and trying to interest others in them.
He isn't standing around and 'letting
George do if.' He is taking an active part
in improving conditions in his neighbor-
hood or district. There is absolutely noth-
ing mysterious about conservation." — Du-
pont Promotion News Bulletin, July 29,
1929.

SALMON SEEK HOME STREAM
It has long been recognized from casual
observation that the different species of
Pacific salmon resort to certain streams
for spawning purposes. Proof of this hom-
ing instinct of these fish has been demon-
strated by experiments by the Division of
Fish and Game in California and addi-
tional evidence is now furnished by the
United States Bureau of Fisheries as the
result of tagging experiments on Chinook
salmon in the Columbia River, extending
over a period from 1916 to 1927, as re-
lated in a recent bulletin of the Ameiican
Game Protective Association. During that
period many thousands of young salmon
were marked in the various tributaries of
the Columbia and liberated. Many of these
marked fish were taken in the sea otf
British Columbia and southeastern Alaska
but it is a significant fact that none have
ever been taken in any stream except the
Columbia and its tributaries.

It has been an open question as to
whether the homing instinct of these fish
was a purely hereditary matter or whether
it was determined largely by the early
environment of the fish. Results of the
experiments tend to discount the heredi-
tary theory because only a small
percentage of marked fish returnf-d to the
tributary where eggs were taken but a

large percentage were lecoverod in the

tributaries where the fry had been liber-
ated and where the young fish spent a
portion of their early lives. It is not be-
lieved, however, that environment is the
sole governing factor but hereditary in-
stinct figures to a limited extent.

A striking instance of the return of fish
to the home stream has been found in a
tributary called Spring Creek. This creek
is so extremely small that it is difficult to
see how the salmon could find it at all, yet
82 marked fish were recaptured therein
as adults, while only four were taken
elsewhere. This is taken as definite evi-
dence of the validity of the home stream
theory.

It has also been developed that the
homing instinct is disturbed by trans-
planting the eggs from one tributary to
another. This is a matter of considerable
importance in fish cultural operations,
particularly in cases where attempts are
made to rehabilitate runs by transplanta-
tion from other streams.

So far as experiments have gone, they
indicate that the better practice is to
stock each stream with eggs native to
that stream.

CONSERVATION BEGINS AT HOME

There are those everywhere who believe
that the mere purchase of a hunting and
fishing license and the discharge of duties
imposed by law completes their obligation.
They have no part to play in the actual
work of conservation. This view point is
most unfortunate. In a very fundamental
sense the future of fish and game rests
with every citizen and not alone with the
state. If those who have the means and
the time will devote themselves to the im-
provement of conditions, will act as game
breeders and game keepers for some favor-
ite cover in their own locality, better
hunting and fishing conditions will result.

The rancher has in his hands the power
to put conservation on a decided improved
basis. Living on the land, he is in inti-
mate touch with wild life and "controls
the latch string to the hunting fields.'' He
already knows the value of the out-of-
doors. Next to food, sunshine and out-
door recreation are the best body build-
ers. The rancher has known this all his
life. And because of the obvious presence
of health giving opportunities, he fails to
justly evaluate them. The same is true of
game. It is so close to him that he does
not realize that its presence actually in-
creases the value of his land.

One of the stock contentions of the
rancher is that conservation is for the
benefit of the city man who goes to the
country to hunt and fish. Unfortunately,

334

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

the rjiiiclicr lias I'aiU'd to ret-oguizp that
lie actually boncfits financially by this.
The city man sijends money in the conn-
try. He mu.st pay for what he eats and
wliere he sleeps. Often he pays for the
privilege of hunting on the rancher's land
and employs the rancher as guide. Some-
times he builds a hunting lodge and thus
creates taxable values. Assuredly, the
rancher needs to consider more thought-
fully the very real economic value of the
game on liis land and the ])ersonaI losses
he will sustain if he neglects to take a
direct interest in its conservation. In a
sense, the exhaustion of game resources
is well nigh impossible if the home guard
takes a constructive stand.

TEMPERATURE AND TROUT

Hundreds of millions of young trout
have been planted in the streams of the
northern states which never developed
into mature fish. Blame has been usually
placed on predatory fishes and various
other unfavorable influences ; but accord-
ing to Jan jNIetzelaar, biologist of the Fish
Division of the ^Michigan Department of
Conservation, much of the fault can be
ascribed to unfa\orable water tempera-
ture.

It is well known that the average tem-
perature of streams throughout the north-
ern states has been raised by the cutting
down of the timber which formerly shaded
the sti'eams, opening them up to the heat
of the sun ; and it has been the general
belief that the colder the water the better
for trout. This is not necessarily ti'ue.
The trout of our northern waters would
thrive no better in streams of arctic tem-
peratui'e than they do in the heated, slug-
gish waters of lowland rivers. They shun
extremes of both heat and cold.

It has been found that trout do best
where conditions are such that the day
maximum temperature doesn't exceed 68
degrees and the daily variation is not
great. In hot weather, when the temper-
ature rises alwve tliat in the main streams,
the trout seek protected holes where
spring seepage comes in. Spring holes
frequently lack a sufficient supply of food,
however, so that the trout are obliged to
seek the wanner water or stai"ve.

The biological study of the streams of
Michigan which is being made by Mr.
Metzelaar discloses a vast amount of in-
formation important to fish culturists and,
incidentally, the angler. The vai-ying tem-
perature of streams is of more fundamen-
tal importance than almost any other fac-
tor, it is believed, and is something wliich
must be brought under control in order
that streams may maintain a maximum
fish population.

The control of temperature involves the
planting of a fringe of brush or small
trees along the banks of small streams
which are barren, in which the ((uipi ra-
tion of landowners is necessary. One of
the chief objectives in the control of tem-
jierature is to avoid extreme changes. —
Field and Stream. Aug.. l'.»21>.

PREDATORY ANIMAL CONTROL

In view of the numerous letters received
by the division protesting against the
poison campaigns directed against preda-
tory animals, readers should be interested
in the following j)aragraphs tak-en from a
defense of work of this kind by Paul G.
Redington, chief of the U. S. Bureau of
Biological Survey :

"From the very inception of the Biolog-
ical Survey's cooperative work in preda-
tory animal control, the interests of fur
bearers have been carefully considered,
both in planning and in conducting the
field operations, because it was the desire
of the bureau to keep the destruction of
such animals down to a negligible mini-
mum. Because of the great abundtince
of coyotes, the serious losses occasioned
by them to the live stock industry, the
fact that they are carriers of rabies, and
because of their prolific breeding, it was
early realized that if control was to be
effected with any degree of success in
those areas of heaviest infestation, poison-
ing operations would have to be resorted
to. Consequently, after yeai^s of experi-
mentatirin, tiiere has been developed an
effective jtoisoning system, the use of
which in cooperation with those most
vitally concerned is slowly but sui"ely
bringing coyotes under control in many
of the western stock ranges. The ultimate
control of the coyote, however, will call
for persistent eoopei'ative action for many
years to come.

"In carrying out these poisoning opera-
tions against coyotes, the utmost care is
exercised at all times to prevent careless
or indiscriminate use of the poison. Any
fear, therefore, that this organized work
may open the way to the indiscriminate
distribution of ])oison on the part of per-
sons who are unskilled in its use, or who
are careless or wholly unqualified, is with-
out foundation.

"Poisoning operations under the system
followed by the Biological Survey are not
undertaken on any area where there is the
least danger of poisoning fur bearers, but
instead, trapping methods are used there.
Records on file in the bureau and state-
ments from stockmen on whose ranges
poisoning work has been conducted, do
not support the contention that many hun-
dreds of fur-bearing animals are killed to
evei-y coyote that is destroyed by the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

335

poison bait. Nor has there been any con-
crete proof presented, other than unsub-
stantiated written charges, or brought to
our attention, in spite of our many re-
iiuests for proof, that any appreciable
damage to fur bearers is resulting because
of the application of poison methods.

"Many complaints that minks, martens,
fishers and other valuable fur bearers were
being destroyed thmugh poisoning opera-
tions have been carefully investigated,
only to find them Avithout adequate foun-
dation. Trajipers making surh funiiilaiuts
have been requested to produce evidence
in support of their claims, but they have
failed to do so. It is very seldom neces-
sary to resort to coyote control by the
poisoning methods in the habitat of the
true fur bearer."

METHOD OF WHOLESALE CONTROL
UNWISE

"More and more those who have stud-
ied vermin control are voicing the warn-
ing that extermination is a pruning de-
vice to be used with care and caution.
Vermin play a necessary role in 'nature's
eternal economy' and examples are no
longer rare where their wholesale de-
struction over widespread areas was later
regr.etted and uniformly condemned.

"Localities differ in their myriad exter-
dependent relationships, and methods of
control effective in one area may be
tragic in another. For this reason the
problem is essentially a local problem,
requiring not a hasty and indiscriminate
slaughter, but a careful investigation or
interrelations and an accurate understand-
ing of the amount of harm species injuri-
ous cause to those beneficial."

BUREAU OF LAND AND GAME
REFUGES

One of the most important projects
undertaken by the Division of Fish and
Game in recent years is concerned with
the purchase and development of game
refuges. At the 1927 session of the state
legislature the Hunting License Act was
amended to provide for one-third of all
moneys collected annually from the sales
of hunting licenses to be expended in the
purchase, lease or rental, and the de-
velopment, improvement, maintenance and
administration of land, or land and water,
or land and water rights therefor, suit-
able for game refuges or public shooting
grounds, or both, within the State of
California.

A committee was appointed to assist in
selecting areas. Now that actual pur-
chases are being considered, it is im-
portant that all of the work connected
with these new refuges, and with some

thirty already in existence, should be
placed under the control of a separate
bureau. Such a bureau has been estab-
lished, and J. S. Hunter, who has super-
vised this work for some time, is now offi-
cially in charge of all the refuges of the
state.

HYDROBIOLOGICAL SURVEY
CONTINUED

The hydrobiological survey of Monterey
Bay will be continued for at least another
year by the division through its Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, in conjunction
with the Hopkins Marine Station at
Stanford University, located at Pacific
Grove on Monterey Bay.

The survey is of great value and im-
portance scientifically and will benefit
the commercial fisheries of the state. It
will permit more knowledge to be gained
about ocean currents, temperatures and
changes in sea water. It Avill give an
understanding of the fluctuations in the
abundance of the minute animal and
plant life of the sea upon which so
many fishes of commercial importance
depend for food. An understanding of
these variable factors is believed to be
necessary. It is expected they will serve
to ex])lain the sudden disappearance and
equally as sudden appearance of sardines.

Already the eggs and larvae of ^rdines
have been discovered. This is expected
to lead to a better understanding of the
areas in the open sea Avhere sardines
s]iawn and of the spawning migrations
of the adults. It is the opinion of the
investigators that comparative observa-
tions of each year's spawning of sardines
will throw light on the abundance of each
yearly increase so that predictions can be
made several years in advance of good
canning .seasons.

It is also expected that the survey will
help to solve the very interesting ques-
tion whether excessive fishing at Mon-
terey has an effect on the abundance of
sardines at San Pedro or if the supply at
iNIonterey in any way is modified by the
amount of fishing at San Pedro.

SIZE LIMITS IMPORTANT

The establishment of a size limit in the
taking of fish, shellfish and crustaceans is
being given a fair trial in California. It
seems reasonable that a size limit is an
effective means of assuring a breeding
stock. In the case of the spiny lobster
thei'e is both a maximum and minimum
size limit (lOJ and 16 inches). This law
gives protection to the young and also to
the oldest and heaviest egg layers. In
the case of the Pismo clam, the minimum

336

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

limit of five inches protects these shellfish
until they have spawned at least onco.
It seems difficult to see how a species so
protected could ever actually l)e exter-
minated.

THE DEER SEASON
The deer season did not open as
auspiciously this year as in the past.
Hunters reported having more difficulty in
finding bucks. Scarcity was also evi-
denced in the lighter returns of deer tags.
The importance of accurate aim by the
hunters was evidenced in Marin County
when a fine three-point buck was re-
ported seriously wounded. Volunteer
Warden Mrs. Walter B. Scllmer investi-
gated and put the animal out of its mis-
ery. It had been shot through the left
ham, the wound had become badly in-
footed and fly maggots were at work.

In contrast to the adverse reports on
abundance of deer this year has been the
flood of complaints of damage to crops.
Deer are accused of destroying alfalfa,
fruit trees and even gardens in such
populous centers as Ross, Marin County.

BOUNDARIES OF GAME DISTRICTS
DEFINED

In order that whatever confusion may
exist in the minds of hunters and sports-
men in Siskiyou County, boundaries of
the fish and game districts and changes
made in the law at the last session of the
legislature were explained by Division of
Fish and Game officials here.

The portion of Siskiyou County south
and east of the Klamath River from the
Oregon line to the Southern Pacific
Railroad bridge near Khimathon and east
of the Southern Pacific tracks from this
bridge to the south line of the county is
in fish and game district one and three-
fourths, except that all incorporated
cities and towns through which the
Southern Pacific tracks pass are included
in fish and game district one and one-
half. All other portions of Siskiyou
County, including the incorporated cities
and towns mentioned above, arc in fisii
and game district one and one-half.

Each fish and game district carries
with it the bag limits and seasons pre-
scribed by law in that particular district,
which means that in district one and one-
half the deer season opened on September
1st and the limit is two bucks, no fawns,
does or spiked bucks allowed in posses-
sion, and sale of venison or deer skins
prohibited.

In district one and three-fourilis tlif>
deer season opened on September KJth
and the limit is one buck, but no does,
fawns, spiked bucks or forked-horn mule

deer are allowed in possession, while the
'jale of deer meat and deer skins is pro-
hibited.

FOREST FIRES AND GAME

While certain problems concerned with
game management may be little under-
stood, almost everyone is familiar with
the relation of forests to game. It is
common knowledge that forests are not
mere collections of trees, but afford food
and safety for animals. Useful to man
and serving as places for relaxation and
inspiration, forests create and regulate
conditions indispensible for game. Whole-
sale destruction of the forest effects a
mass change of the environment of ani-
mals and directly influences their living
and breeding.

Yet in spite of the widespread under-
standing of the menace of forest fires,
man-caused forest fires continue in Cali-
fornia to head the list. Smokers and
incendiaries were responsible in 1928 for
50 per cent of all the fires that occurred
in the state, for G8 per cent of the total
area burned and 71 per cent of the total
damage done.

Figures issued by the United States
Forest Service and the State Division of
Forestry show that during the last nine
years 24.123 fires have raged in Califor-
nia, burning 7,255,979 acres. It is esti-
mated that the cost of preventing and
suppressing those fires totaled a stagger-
ing figure of $7,705,475.

Despite federal regulations prohibiting
smoking in national forests and state laws
against the throwing of lighted cigarettes
and matches from automobiles and other
moving vehicles, those who are out of
doors continue to discard lighted matches,
cigarettes, cigar and pipe heels in forest,
brush and grass areas with the same
unconcern as they do on paved streets.
Surely Californians and si)ortsmoii in par-
ticular, need to develop a "smoker's con-
science."

THE CREEL LIMIT ON TROUT

Anglers have requested an interpreta-
tion of the law governing the creel limit
on trout. Section 632 (a) of the fish and
game laws reads: "* * * Bag limit
not more than twenty-five t-out or more
than ten pounds of trout and one trout
in any one calendar day * * *."

This means, according to the Division's
ruling, that an angler may take exactly
ten pounds of fish or less and still be enti-
tled to another fish. However, in case he
has either one. two or more fish and the
weight is more than ton pounds, he is not
entitled to another fish, but has his limit
for that day.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

337

Suppose an angler catches a fish weigh-
ing five pounds, and another weighing five
and a half pounds. Is he entitled to
another fish? Not according to the rul-
ing of the Division. The two fish already
caught make up his limit for that day.
He violates the law if he catches another
fish.

Anglers are also advised that the limit
on golden trout is not more than twenty
trout or more than ten pounds and one
trout, and the size limit is not less than
five inches.

OUR MEN ON PATROL

Too often it is the belief of men who
hunt and fish for pleasure that the men
who patrol the woods and streams for the
Division of Fish and Game are actuated
solely by an ambition to make arrests.
Too often, it can be said, but, happily,
that is not the belief of every man who
seeks pleasure with the rod and gun.
Many there are who cooperate gladly with
the men on patrol, and the number is
growing annually, as the tenets of the
creed of these patrolmen becdme more
generally known. More and more they
are coming to be known as protectors of
the wild life of a great state.

What does the public they serve think
of them? Does the work to them seem
like most other jobs — a matter of dollars
and cents? Ask them, and they will tell
you quickly and honestly that iheir incen-
tive is of a vastly different nature.

The older men of the force, their hair
shaded with gray, their faces weather-
beaten and grim — marked by exposure and
strain — they will tell you they have given
the best in their lives to the work — and
not for dollars. They love the work, and
few of them resign.

The younger membei-s of the patrol go
about their work of protecting the wild
creatures, little realizing, as time glides
along, that they, too, are giving their lives
to a great cause. They are found trudging
fearles.sly and hopefully toward a goal
that will assure the preservation of our
fish and game for all time. That is the
big thing in their work — the theme and
motif of their activities. The arrest of
those who wantonly and unlawfully de-
stroy the lives of the dumb creatures who
have as much right to life as their slayers
is but an incident in the big campaign.
The life holds the patrolmen, and from
the time they assume their duties until
the end of their employment, for what-
ever reason, they give everything and ask
nothing but a living, that they may pur-
sue their work.

They talk, think and dream of their
work. They may be found at all hours

of the day or night, often cold, wet, tired
and hungry, on duty, watching patiently
for hours for a man who is trying to cir-
cumvent them and the law by killing a
protected animal, or "getting" more than
the fixed limit. There is danger. Patrol-
men have been slain in the performance
of their duty. But the others go on,
impelled by their sacred obligations and
the desire to accomplish the end wliioh
should be the goal of every man, woman
and child who has a spark of love for
creatures that have been placed here for
us to protect.

And there is a thrill, also, in their
work. That thrill is compensating and
necessary to success. To one who gives
a listless attention to the affairs of his
district, there is but one end. He fails.
Without a love for his work, his usefulness
has been outlived. The earnest, honest
and square patrolman finds cooperation
among the earnest, honest and square
sportsmen, and their admiration is mutual.
Working together, they can attain the
end desired by both — a respect for the
htw, and an innate sense of fairness to
the creatures that look to man for a
square deal, that they may be with us
while man remains. — W. B. Sellmer,
Fairfax, California.

WHALES COMMERCIALLY EXTINCT
ON CALIFORNIA COAST

For the second time in history, there
are not sufficient whales along the Cali-
fornia coast to support a whaling indus-
try. In 1865, there were eleven whaling
stations located on the coast of California.
A sizable fleet of ships was employed in
the whaling operations. Writers often
mentioned seeing fifteen whales at one
time in one place. One writer states that
"hundreds of them can be seen spouting
and blowing along the entire coast." In
1886, the number of whaling stations had
been cut to five : those at Monterey, San
Simeon, San Luis Obispo, Point Concep-
cion and San Diego. By 1890, practically
no whaling was possible along the coast
although San Francisco was still the base
port for a considerable number of whaling
ships. Their field of operation, however,
was far from the coast. The decline in
whaling became particularly noticeable
about the year 1880. The California gray
whale was one of the first to become
scarce, although in 1853 it was estimated
that "fully 30,000 California gray whales
visit the California coast annually."

Beginning in 1919, commercial whaling
was again undertaken at Monterey Bay.
Large steam whalers with a hundred mile
cruising radius were utilized. Instead of
a harpoon, a brass gun was used to shoot

338

CALIFORNIA FISIT AND GAME

:i iMinih Avliicli nearly always jn-oved fatal.
In these more I'ecent operations only four
or five California gray whales were taken.
On the other hand, 7S1 humpbacked
whales were secured inside of three yeai-s.
After less than ten years of (H>eration,
the Moss LandiuK whaling station has
been dismantled and oi)erations aban-
doned because of a lack of whales. The
whale is a slow breeding raam,mal. and if
certain species are not already extinct
and tluM-efore im]M)ssible to reestablish
themselves it will take -any species many
years of total protection to recuperate.
It is perhaps a fortunate thing that de-
mand is not sufficient to endanger still
more greatly the breeding stock. No
laws have yet been enacted in this state
which curtail the catch or give other pro-
tection to whales.

In si)ite of depletion every whei'c whales
are being killed at the rate of oO,000 per
year. In many places the world around
certain species are already on the verge
of extinction and the scarcity of othei-s is
Ix'foming alarming, all because the annual
kill is greater than the natural increase.
The young are bora only eveiT other
year: conse(iuently. natural recovery is
slow.

Internal i(Uial action is reijuired to
secure the measures of protection that are
necessary, which include absolute pro-
tection of certain species, protection
of all species on tiu'ir breeding grouiuls.
protection of nursing females, com-
pulsory utilization of the entire car-
casses (much now being w^asted), prohi-
l)itioii of whaling in tropical areas,
pi-ohibii ion of the use of air|)laues in
whale hunting and an international sys-
tem of supervision of pelagic whaling.

The American Society of Mammologists
has instituted a movement to secure inter-
national action by the creation of a
council for the conservation of whales
and oth«'r marine mammals with head-
•luarters at Johns Hopkins Medical
School, Baltimore, ilai'yland. On this
council are i'e])resentatives of all the con-
servation organizations of this country
concerned in preservation of wild life,
besides individuals who have a special
interest in this particular movement.
The jidvisory board of the council includes
tlie names ()f Gloviu- M. Allen, president
of the American Society of Mammologists ;
Madison Grant, president of the New
York Z<M)logical Society; Gilbert C. Gros-
venor, president of the National (ieo-
graphic Society; David Starr Jordan,
])resident emeritus of Stanford University ;
\'ernpn L. Kellogg, National Research
Council; John O. Merriam, president of

Carnegie Institution of Washington;
Henry Fairlield Osborn. jiresident of
American Museiun of Natural History;
and many others e<iually prominent and
influential.

Plans for the creation of an interna-
tional advis<u'y board to carr.v on the
campaign in all countries concerne<l are
being worked out and encouraging re-
sponse is being received from other
countries. The American Game Prote<--
tive Asso<'iation has acce|>t(Hl a]>pointment
of its i>resident as the a.ss(K-iatii>n's repre-
sentative on the advisory council.

NEW DANGER THREATENS
WESTERN DEER AND ELK

A number of rejtorts have come to the
American Game Protective Association
of the death of mule deer in the West
which has been attributed to head mag-
gots. Inquiry of the U. S. Bureau of
Entomology elicits the information that
there are two or more distinct species of
nose flies that affect deer and elk in tliis
country. The life history of these is not
well understood but presumably the
young are deiwsited as minute active
larvae in the nostrils of the deer. These
larvae immediately work up the nasal
passages and attach in the nose, throat
and sinuses of the head, where they com-
plete their development in about a year
and drop out as full grown spiny larvae
about two-thirds of an inch in length.
These in turn transform on the gi-ound
to flies which, after mating immediately,
begin to attack the hosts. The presence
of these larvae in the heads of the ani-
mals causes irritation and sometimes pus
formation is induced. These larvae would
luiturally tend to lower the resistance and
condition of animals affected so that they
might die from other causes.

Svhat can be done to bring these in-
sects under control is a question which
can not be answered until they have
been more carefully studied. Post mor-
tem examinations of deer which died in
the (Junuison forest last winter showed
that head maggots were possibly a con-
tributing factor in these losses. Animals
so <Mffected lose their appetites, become
emaciated and fall easy prey to any ad-
verse factors such as severe weather and
feed shortage.

It is said by those who have made in-
vestigation that the species of fly which
infests the deer is not the .same that at-
tacks domestic sheep. So far as known
the species found in deer does not attack
sheep but it has been identified as the
same species that attacks the reindeer of
Alaska.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

339

WATER FOR QUAIL
For several years R. J. Little of Ban-
ning, deputy of the State Division of Fish
and Game, has been impressed with the
loss of game birds, esi>ecially quail, in tlie
desert sections of Riverside and San Ber-
nardino counties, through lack of water.
Recently he found two new and enthusi-
astic Izaak Walton chapters in the sec-:
tion looking about for a place to expend
their energy and tlieir money, and filled
with a thirst for "conservation." On his

Consequently, for the first time in Cali-
fornia, troughs have been built at The
Tanks. (Juail Springs, Warrens AVells.
and the Pipes Wash Well, on the desert
east of Morongo Valley, for the conven-
ience of the game birds, by the San (Jor-
gonio and Redlands clini)ters of the Izaak
Walton League. The troughs are oval in
shape, made of cement, with shut-off
valves to prevent waste, and will hold
about one and one-half inches of water.
Special attention was paid to placing

Fig. 110. Watering place
Photograph by R. J.

trips to the desert in tlie past years Game
Warden Little has found hundreds of
young quail either drowned in the larger
cattle troughs, where they have been at-
tempting to drink, or dead for lack of
water. These tiny denizens of the wilds
were s.-icrificed to the fact that there had
been no overflow in the desert watering
I)laces since the "dry years" have pre-
vailed. Mr. Little saw a splendid oppor-
tunity to turn enthusiasm into action.

for quail at "The Tanks."
Little, May 12, 1929.

them under bushes or under a built shel-
ter so that "Old Man Hawk" can not
swoop down for his "daily dozen" as the
small birds are drinking. The troughs
are also fenced to keep cattle from de-
stroying them. The hearty cooperation
of Talmadge Brothers, large cattle ranch
operators in the desert section, and of
other property owners there, has been
secured for this unicpie project. The
members of the San Gorgonio Chapter of

340

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the Izaak Walton League, which includes
citizens of Banning and Beaumont, and
members of the Redlands chapter are
watching the outcome of their conserva-
tion project with much interest.
At each trough this sign is placed :

"NOTICE !
This Water Trough was placed here for
the Convenience and Protection of our

GAME BIRDS

Courtesy of the San Gorgonio and Red-
lands Chapters of the

Izaak Walton League.

BE A SPORT

Do not shoot or disturb birds at this
trough."

According to Game Warden Little,
these watering places should be the means
of saving thousands of birds in a few
years. Moving pictures and stills were
taken of the troughs which are proving
most interesting to lovers of wild life
everywhere. — Mrs. R. H. Combs, Ban-
ning, California.

THE VALUE OF THE WILDERNESS

The value of the wilderness must be
judged ultimately by its contributions to
social welfare. We have no better cri-
terion. What, therefore, are srome of the
benefits? First of all let us turn to our
own history for a few suggestions. Our
American public first learned of natural
conditions during its pioneer history.
Historians have shown us how much our
American democratic institutions have
been a direct outgrowth of our pioneer-
ing, and how this has tended to encourage
independence, self-reliance and other
traits which have contributed so much
toward our institutions and our ideals.
There is a whole literature built upon
this phase of our natiou.^l life. Without
question this background and our public
domain, out of which we could, with
relative case, set aside national parks and
national forests, have been dominating
influences in acquainting Americans with
the charm of the wilderness. Our first
and greatest champion of all this was
John Muir, who exemplified the benefits
derived from the appreciation of the wil-
derness. He was a naturalist, an artist,
and from the wilderness he derived

Fig. 111. Watering place for quail at "Warren Well."
Photograph by R. J. Little, May 12, 1929.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

341

science, art, education, recreation, produc-
ing a literature which is a wonderful
blend of all these. He thus exemplified
the social uses of the wilderness fit its
best. This great contribution could not
come from one dominated by economic
ideals. A whole nation is now becoming
educated to the Muir ideal and, as has
been said, this is one of America's large
and original contributions to the use of
the land, as a definite land policy. This
is a policy which has since spread to the
Old World and seems destined to have a
great future there.

We may briefly summarize the value
of natural conditions under the following
heads : artistic, scientific, educational, re-
creational and economic, bearing in mind,
of course, that these groups grade imper-
ceptibly into one another in various direc-
tions.— The Importance of Preserving
Wilderness Conditions, By Charles C.
Adams, New York State Museum Bulle-
tin 279, 1929.

SEA LIONS WRONGFULLY ACCUSED

Commei"cial fishing interests have for
a long time denounced the colonies of sea
lions which exist on the coast of southern
California claiming that they are very
destructive to fish and are injuring the
fisheries interests. An investigation of
this claim has been made by authority of
the California Division of Fish and Game
and it has been found that the charges
against tlie sea lions are greatly exagger-
ated. Two extensive counts were made
of the sea lions on the California coast,
as well as a survey of their habits and
food requirements. It was found that
there are about GOOO sea lions of two
species on the entire coast of California
between Oregon and Mexico. While
fishermen claim that sea lions consume
about 50 pounds of fish each day, records
of feeding these animals in captivity in-
dicate that they eat from eight to 16
pounds a day. It is also found that most
of the fish they consume are not of the
more desirable species but consist chiefly
of so-called rough fish of little commercial
value. They also feed upon other organ-
isms that are of no value and some of
which are injurious to fish, and it appears
from the investigation that the sea lions
may be of more benefit to tho fisheries
interests than otherwise.

Reports and records compiled for a
period of years indicate that the colonies
of sea lions are growing smaller in iiu)n-
bers annually. — Bulletin of the Ajnerican
Game Protective Association.

LION BOUNTIES INCREASE
For the fiscal year ended June 30,
1929, there were turned in for bounty 333

lions. This is 18 more than for the year
1927-28, and 103 more than for the year
192G-27. During the first seven months of
1929, 222 lions have been submitted for
bounty — 97 males and 125 females. If the
kill is average for the last five months of
the year, the total for 1929 will be 331,
well over the average number turned in
annually for bounty.

COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO ADMIN-
ISTER MIGRATORY BIRD CONSER-
VATION ACT

The commission provided for under the
migratory bird conservation act passed by
the last session of congress includes three
members of the President's cabinet, who
serve ex officio, and include the Secretary
of Agriculture, who is chairman of the
commission, the Secretary of Commerce
and the Secretary of the Interior. In addi-
tion, two members of the senate and two
members of the house of representatives
are made members of the commission to
be named by the vice president and the
speaker of the house. The two senators
appointed are Peter Norbeck, South Da-
kota, who was the author of the senate
migratory bird refuge bill, and Senator
Harry Hawes, of Missouri. The house
members appointed are Congressman Er-
nest R. Ackerman, of New Jersey, and
Congressman Sam McReynolds, of Ten-
nessee, says a bulletin of the American
Game Protective Association. The duty of
this commission is to pass upon the pur-
chase of lands selected by the Bureau of
Biological Survey as suitable for migra-
tory bird refuges. It is anticipated that
two or more refuges will be selected for
each state, due consideration being given
to the areas frequented by the birds for
wintering and routes taken by them in
their migratory flight. The migratory bird
act provides for the expenditure of an
appropriation of more than $7,000,000 to
be expended over a period of ten years." —
Science, vol. 69, p. 620.

FORT SEWARD HATCHERY TRIES
NEW FISH FOOD

For some time there has been carried
on at the Fort Seward Hatchery a tria.
of salmon offal (intestines, internal or-
gans, etc.) as food for trout and salmon.
This food has been obtained from the
Gold Beach Packing Company at a cost
to cover overhead, which will be less than
5 cents per pound landed at the hatchery.
The product is frozen the same day that
it is removed from the fish at the packing
house. A report will be made later as to
the results, but already it is believed to be
of value, for it contains many necessary
elements, both chemical and organic. It

34^

dALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

lias an ('si)('cial valuo in that the vitamiiip
contoiit. which is hirgp, and in a medium
that the fish recognize as food. Also, the
many horinoncs of the endocrine system,
which are present, are extremely valuahle
for ifi-owing fish.

STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
IN REGARD TO A PAMPHLET
ENTITLED A CRISIS IN CONSER-
VATION.

'Phe attention of the American Museum
authorities has been called to a i)rivatel.v
issued pamphlet entitled "A Crisis in
( "onservation." Two of the Ihi-ee signers
of this document are members of the
scientilic staff of the Museum and this
conuection has led a nundier of iieo))le to
iiKpiire whether the Museum api)r()ves of
the views to which this ])amhlet gives
exi)ression. The ^luseum wishes, there-
fore, to put itself on record in a manner
which will leave no doubt of its attitude
toward this publication :

First: — The IVIuseum was wholly un-
aware that this pamphlet was in course
of preparation and had no knowledge of
its existence until it was issued.

Secoiifl. — Th<' Museum not only does
not apiirove of this pamphlet but believes
that it will convey a wholly false impres-
sion of the existing state of affairs in the
consei'xation of bird life, and by discredit-
ing the effoi'ts of organizations whose rec-
ords of achievement are unquestioned and
worthy of all support, it feels that this
lianiiihlet may do much harm.

After making careful intiuiry, the au-
thorities of the Museum find that, with
tiie exception of the two signers of this
pamidilet, the members of its staff Avhose
('X)icrience and sources of inform.-ition en-
title them to an oi)inion, agree that there
has n<'ver been a period in the history of
bird ])rotection when our laws w«M-e more
far-reaching, bettei- enforced or more
strongly endorsed by public- opinion. It is
inevitable that some species of birds must
vanish as the advance of an increasing
jiopulation demands their haunts. But
never before have such lai'ge sums been
expended oi- such wides])rea(l efforts been
made to stay the destimctive agencies of
tli(> day. The Museum is, therefore, of the
opinion tluit the alleged "Crisis in Con-
servation" exists largely in the minds of
the authors of this pamphlet. — (Signed)
(ieo. H. Sherwood. I)ir(>ctoi-.

AIRPLANE "SMOKES" MENACE CALI-
FORNIA FIELDS AND FORESTS
The fields and forests of California,
which are yearly swept by hundreds of
conflagrations started by careless motor-

ists, campers and sixirtsmen. today face a
new and startling menace in the form of
burning tobacco thrown from aiiplane.s,
according to the United States Forest
Service. Information has .-ilready been re-
ceived this season by the State I)ivision
of Foi-estry of a number of large grain
and grjiss fires in the interior valleys of
the State that were reported to have been
sL'irted by cigarettes or cigars thrown
from airplanes and which resulted in
serious loss of i'aiig<' feed and farm crops.

^liiny people, who evidently fail to
a|)preciat(' the fire inizard occasioned by
high teniiiei-atnres. low humidity and dry
winds which occur during the summer
months in the v;illey and forest regions
of the State, have expressed doubt that
a cigar or cigarette butt tlu'own from a
swiftly moving airiilane would continue
to burn until it reached the ground, claim-
ing that the jii-opellor blast :.nd ;ii;- cur-
rents would snuff out the fire.

To secure reliable information on the
subject, the United States Forest Service
recently made a series of exiteriments at
the Spokane, Washington, airjioi't. using
a regular forest patrol plane with a pilot
and two observers, and ordinary cigars
and factory-made cigarettes with plain
pai)er tips. Tests were nuide at altitudes
of r>(»0 to 1000 feet on a clear day with a
temiH'rature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit,
ndative humidity H4 per cent, and wind
velocity 7 miles per hour. To enable the
gi-ound observers to trace the cigars ami
cigarettes thrown from the plane, a bright
colored cotton streamer two to three feet
long and about one inch wide Avas at-
tached to each "smoke." Fm]doyees and
students of the Mamer Flying Service
and officers of the Forest Service were
present as witnesses to the tests.

The Forest Service rei)orts the results
of the tests as follows: Cigars: Six
dropped: five recoveretl. All burning when
picked up from the ground. Cigarettes:
Seven dro|)i)ed : six recovered. Foui' burn-
ing wiieii iiicked uii : two out.

The time which elaiised between the
droii))ing of the "sniok(^" and its recovery
on the gi'iuind v;iried from one to three
minutes. Within this relati\'ely siu.-ill
range the tinu' elenu'ut ap]ie;ii'ed to have
no significance. Neither did it appear that
increasing the altitude from ")()(> to 1000
feet was an important factor. No fires
were startetl by the cigars and cigarettes
as the tests were made on an airport field
with a sparse cover of green vegetation
and at a time when the relative humidity
was high (34'X).

These tests. Forest Service officers claim,
prove rather convincingly that at aiti-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND <5AME

34a

tudes up to 1000 feet a liii-j;e iKrcent-
agp of "smokes" thrown from airplanes
will still be burninsj when they land on
the ground, and that with favorable fire
weather conditions lighted cigars and cig-
arettes thus discarded may cause serious
forest, grass and grain fires.

All air mail, comnu'rcial and jiassengei--

carrying aviation companies will be re-
quested to adopt strict measures to pre-
vent the throwing of burning tobacco
from their planes, since such action is not
only a serious fire menace but is also a
violation of California laws prohibiting
the throwing of burning or inflammable
material from any moving vehicle.

Ui:

CALIPORmA PIAH AND GAME

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

Bureau of Finance

Deer tags to the number of 150,000,
valued at $150,000, were distributed start-
ing the early part of July. Due to their
shape and the fact that each has a metal
eyelet in order to attach to one-half of
tag to a deer when it is killed, Ihey
were yery difficult to handle. However,
the tags were sent to the various branch
offices and to the county clerks in ample
time for sale before the opening of the
season in Districts 2 and 3.

H. R. Dunbar and Leslie Rust both
testified in the Mendocino superior court
in the case against W. H. Prather, former
county clerk, indicted by the grand jury
for failure to account for fish and game
funds received for the sale of fishing and
hunting licenses for 1928 and 1929.
Prather was convicted and sentenced by
Judge Preston to serve from one to five
years in San Quentin. His attorneys
have appealed the case.

It appears from figures in the finance
department that the sale of hunting
licenses, deer tags and angling licenses
for 1929 will exceed the sale for 1928.

Bureau of Patrol

During the first three months of the
last quarter G56 arrests were made for
violation of the fish and game laws. Court
action in these cases resulted in fines
totaling $20,239 and ten men were sen-
tenced to 438 days in jail.

The opening of the deer season on
August 1st, increased the work of the de-
partment extensively, and a heavy force
was thrown into the field before the hun-
ters started the annual bombardment.

Numerous arrests were made, many
for failure to properly observe the pro-
visions of the deer tag law, and some for
the killing of does, fawns and spike bucks.

In Santa Cruz County a deputy learned
after the season opened that a doe had
been killed on July 31. Working quietly
he located three men, one of whom ad-
mitted killing the doe, while the others
pleaded guilty to pursuing the deer. The
first was fined $150. one of the others
$200 and the other $250.

Another deputy in the same county ar-
rested a violator with six sprig ducks
and in court this offender paid a fine of
$J00. An overlimit of salmon found in
Fresno County was responsible for a
fine of $100, while there were numerous
heavy fines for over the limit on trout.
The possession of Pisnio clams in District
17 cost the offender $300.

June and July each had fifty violations
of the abalone law that were brought
to book. In May, thirty-four were ar-
rested for the same offense. This appears
to be the most popular violation. Vio-
lation of the angling license act caused
108 arrests in the three months named.

Five deputies who failed to pass their
civU service examinations v.-ere released
from the service on July 31.

Ten deputies have been supplied with
new Ford coaches and reports indicate the
cars are gi\ang good satisfaction. The cars
have been supplied at Yuba City. Sutter
County ; Stonyford, Colusa County ;
Truckee, Nevada County; Mt. Shasta,
Siskiyou County ; Eureka, Humboldt
County ; Rocklin, Placer County ; Fresno,
Fresno County ; Sebastopol, Sonoma
County ; Alturas in Modoc County and
at Independence, Inyo County. This
test will determine whether it is more
economical for deputies to use State
owned or privately owned automobiles for
patrol work.

The following men have been added
to the patrol force at the places named:
Frank A. Carillo, Angels Camp; Harold
R. Botts, King City; Walter Goff, Paso
Kobles ; Floyd Jones, Merced : Charles
R. Love, Redding ; Joseph L. Ahart,
Crockett ; C. Scott Fcland, Fortuna and
Vernon R. Sutton, Kernville. Charter R.
Peek, Snn Francisco office.

Acting as an observer of fire conditions
from an airplane, fighting fire, working
as dispatcher in the United States For-
est Service, assigning men and supplies,
also taking care of liis own duties, gave
Deputy A. A. Jordan of the Fish and
Game Division, a few busy days starting
July 22d.

On this date the Fandango fire broke
out near Alturas in Modoc County, which
is Jordan's territory. The deputy imme-

CALJPCMINIA PISH AND OAME

S45

diately reported for service to the forest
headquarters and was given the various
duties mentioned above.

For three days Jordan worked day and
night, but he also had time to take a
look at fish and game conditions, as his
weekly report shows that his observation
and information gathered from eye wit-
nesses indicates that over 100 deer,
mostly fawns, perished in the fire which
swept over 9000 acres in less than five
hours, where the young deer were an
easy prey to the fire demon due to heavy
undergrowth which covered the section in
the path of the flames.

A brief summary of the monthly re-
ports received from the volunteer depu-
ties between January 1 and July 1, 1929,
indicate that during the past six months
they have patrolled 294,701 miles of
fields, streams, coast line and bay shores,
checked 9419 hunting and angling licenses,
and made and assisted in making 105 ar-
rests, for which fines in the sum of $4,219
were imposed.

With the opening of the deer season,
volunteer deputies assigned for duty with
the regular patrol cooperated in excel-
lent fashion, and as a result of this work
a number of good cases were made ; in
one case a fine of $600 was assessed
against violators run down by a regular
deputy assisted ably by a volunteer.

Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries

The first month of the sardine canning
season at Monterey has closed with con-
ditions between the canners and the divi-
sion in full harmony. The canners have
had many problems to solve, but have
been packing the full amount of fish
called for and are assisting every way to
enforce the law adopted at the last session
of the legislature.

Two new canneries have been con-
structed at Monterey and started opera-
tion shortly after September first. They
are the Customs House Packing Corpora-
tion and the Monterey Sardine Products
Corporation. Phil H. Oyer, former em-
ployee of the commission is an ofiicial of
the Customs House Corporation which
has put up a fine plant. The main build-
ing is 325 by 100 feet and two stories in
height. A 60 by 100-feet warehouse has
been built across the street connected by
a bridge. This plant adjoins the Carmel
Canning Company establishment.

All canneries have made extensive im-
provements this season. All of the plants
hope to lessen the cost of packing by the
installation of labor saving devices and
the latest in modern machinery. Suction
unloading tubes are in operation at sev-
eral of the plants.

This season there are a number of
pui'se seine boats operating for Monterey
canners, in addition to the lampara fleet.
The purse seiners can handle a much
larger catch and the canners anticipate
no trouble in getting enough sardines to
carry on operations throughout the sea-
son.

The first albacore was taken off San
Diego on July 4th. The catch through-
out the month, however, was light, 700
or 800 pounds being high boat for the
day's catch. The fish average in weight
from 17 to 18 pounds and the price to
the fishermen has been $300 per ton.

Mackerel are being packed at most of
the San Pedro and San Diego plants.

The salmon catch at Monterey was
light during July, fishennen averaging
about 100 pounds to the gig boat.

The Albacore was hauled up for re-
pairs on the sixth day of July. She was
in commission again on the fifteenth and
left immediately to carry on work planned
for the laboratory, after completion of
which the boat was used in patrol work
in the northern part of the district
around the islands and in the vicinity of
San Diego.

During August thirteen cannery inspec-
tors were working at Monterey, check-
ing the weights of the canneries to see
that the law passed at the last session of
the legislature was complied with, regu-
lating the use of sardines in reduction
plants.

On July 31st, Captain DoUard of the
A.meriean steamer Makawao reported that
while approaching San Francisco about
100 to 150 miles offshore he encountered
thousands of dead fish floating belly up.
It was difficult to distinguish the species
of fish, but they appeared to be salmon
ranging from 2 to 2^ feet in length. By
arrangement with the Coast Guard serv-
ice, a special trip was made in the Coast
Guard boat McLane, with E. C. Scofield
aboard. The area was completely en-
circled where the fish had been reported
seen but only one dead fish waa found.

346

CALIFORNIA FISH AXD GAME

;iik1 tliiit cduld nut be rccovcrt'd. Mow-
ever, iiiucli \v;is le;inie<l about oceau tem-
perature. It was found that there is a
cold bodj^ of water extending out about
tliirty-five miles west of San Francisco,
and that beyond that point the water is
about seven decrees warmer. The cold
inshore water is caused by the upwelling
of abysmal water, due to the action of the
winds. It is believwl that the fish were
killed by suddenly running from warm
water into the cold, .ns it is well known
that lisli do not stand a sudden change
from warm to cold water.

Bureau of Fish Culture

During June and July fish planting was
started in real earnest. Pish cars operat-
ing from the Shasta Hatchery worked day
and night to transport fry to various
points in (California for distribution in
selected places.

This season the fish planting is being
done throtigh the coojteration of the fish-
culture department and the patrol de-
partment with the assistance of hundreds
of members of sportsmen's organizations
and other citizens interested in the stock-
ing of the streams of the state.

For the two months figures show that a
total of l.">.(;in.(i4r) fry h.-ive been planted
throughout California. The fish planted
are as follows : Eastern Brook, l.(i23,(>50 ;
Loch leven, 8.187.00."); Rainbow, 3,SS8,-
000 ; Steelhead, 4.844.000; German
brown. r»,S2..~.(IO ; Jil.ick Spotted, 1.0r»2,-
000; Cutthrn.it, (;.-).0(t() ; L:irg<' T> a k e.
1,0(K),000.

Ueorgc! A. Coleman has made an
extensive biological snr\('y ul' various
streams, in order to determine what fish
should be phiced in these streams, and to
gather data regaiiling fet'd ami other con-
ditions.

At the start of the season it was found
that salmon fry on hand available for
distribution numbered ().2N8.!tl!0.

The foreman of the I'rairie Creek
hatchery, J. C. Lewis, reported a serious
epidemic among the Atlantic salmon
which were being reared at that station.
Though the lo.ss was heavy, the 8.000
remaining after the epidemic ceased have
grown rapidly and are in prime condition
for planting.

It appears frcnn this report that these
fish are not resistent to the organisms
existing in western waters. Great care
was exercised in the handling of these

fish from I III- time the eggs were re-
ceived, but it was ditticult to check tlie
epidemic after it got a start.

In .Tuly. it was rep(irte<l that water
conditions at the Bear J^ake district are
very poor and the lake is falling rapidly.
It has lowered about three feet since the
first of May. Most of the .streams of
southern California are very low this
year, and some trouble will probai)ly be
experienced in planting the fish. Due to
so many streams drying up this fall,
trout will have to be planted in streams
where there will he water enough to sup-
port them.

Bureau of Education
and Research

Through the aid of the bureau, a class
of twenty students in Yosemite was given
a comiilete training in natural history and
conservation and sent back to their homes
to help build up a favorable consei"vation
sentiment. A larger number of vacation-
ists than ever before attended the lectures
and the field trii)s given. Special camp
fires were started in two of the public
auto camps and each night a nature guide
gave a talk to the groups assembled. Bet-
ter opportunity to receive instruction was
atVorded visitors at such outpost stations
as ^lariposa Grove of Big Trees, Glacier
Point and Tuolumne Meadows. The new
aquaria at the Yosemite Hatchery have
added greatly to the educational possi-
bilities of this fish propagation plant.

II. L. Bauer and INIiss Nancy Yerkes
handled a splendid educ.-itional program in
California State Redwood Park. During
the month of July over 14,000 visitors
were served. Attendance on field trips
mounted to over 1500 adults and 273 chil-
dren. During August the total attend-
ance wiis 12,617.

Emphasis on certain mountain counties
wh(>re residents are in intimate touch
with game has been given in the lecture
program. Early in May, through the good
elforts of Mr. D. Fricot, of Angels Camp,
opportunity was given to reach the prin-
cipal centers of the Mother Lode. Ad-
dresses were made by Rodney S. Ells-
worth before the San Andreas Progres-
sives, the Angels Camp Boosters, and a
meeting sponsored by the Amador Cham-
ber of Commerce. J^ater, in .Tune, a num-
ber of schools in Tuolumne County were
covered and a lecture given before the
annual meeting of the Tuolumne County
Chamber of Commerce.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

347

During July the principal resorts in
tho Feather Kiver region and all the im-
portant centers of population were
reached. Two special programs were ar-
ranged for the benefit of the employees of
two large lumber companies. The Plumas
Sierra Fish and Game Protective Associa-
tion sponsored the lectures.

Donald McLean has" been trying hard to
solve some of the pi'oblems connected with
the relation of big game to agriculture.
In Santa Cruz County he has had a dif-
ficult problem in attempting to protect
gladiola gardens from deer. Numerous re-
pellents were tried out with poor success
in that deer are practically domesticated.
A trip to Del Norte County showed that
less damage was being done by the elk in
the vicinity of Orick.

The less strenuous days of summer have
given E. S. Cheney, official photographer,
time to cut and assemble films. The new
film on the little brown crane has attract-
ed a great deal of attention. Several
splendid additions have been made to the
film on shore birds. Work this fall will be
concentrated on making a two or three
reel feature on "Division Activities."

On August 25, Paul A. Shaw left for
the Bear River marshes in Utah to study
conditions existing during the present out-
break of duck disease. Four days were
spent on the marshes, in making field
tests and conducting feeding experiments.
A number of samples were collected for
more detailed laboratory study. Valuable
data for comparison with California con-
ditions were obtained. The preliminary
study that has been made indicates the
probability of "alkali poisoning" as the
cause of the sickness in this area. Con-
ditions in this area reported much better
than in August, chiefly as the result of
scaring the birds out of the territoi-y by
frequent shooting.

Bureau of Game Refuges

Refuge 1-T consisting of about 2000
acres in Humbolt County, a new refuge,
has been posted. This is in excellent
game country, well stocked with quail and
deer. There are also quite a number of
grouse in its boundaries. The refuge is
well bounded ; a creek on the south ;
fences on the east and west, and high
ridges on the north. It is all in one hold-
ing and as far as is known there were no
objections to its creation,

Tiion hunter Jay Bruce worked during
the entire month of June in the head-
waters of the Mokelumne River in Amador
and Calaveras counties. He was success-
ful in securing one adult female and three
young lions. Bruce reports deer and
game conditions as very good. Hunter
C. W. Ledshaw secured two lions in
Tuolumne County. H. L. Bevans, in
Lake County, bagged four. During July,
Bruce worked in Plumas County and Led-
shaw was sent into Humboldt and Del
Norte Counties.

In all there have been turned in for
bounties, seventeen scalps for June, ten
fenuiles and seven males. This brings the
total number submitted for bounty during
the first six mcmths of the year to 203 and
during the fiscal year 333. In the first
six months of the past four years the rec-
ord has been :

1926 147

1927 128

1928 202

1929 203

Bureau of Publicity

I

Dtuing the ])ast three months, work of
the i)ublicity bureau lias gained in the
number of stories released, and the
amount of space given to work of the
division lias also increased ni;iterially.

Stories on the need for securing deer
tags, arrests for violation of fish and
game laws, when the case was an aggra-
vated one and the penalty imposed was
iieavy, came in for general publication.
Details of the season's fish planting also
were widely- i)i-inted.

The director of the bui-eau assisted Mr.
J. S. Hunter in arranging for the con-
vention of the Western Association of
Fish and (iame Commissioners in San
Francisco on August 23-24. Entertain-
ment of the delegates was superintended,
and the convention pronounced a success.

Service bulletins were issued each month,
and field trii)s made to Monterey and Los
Angeles, where |)ublicity releases were
issued regarding local conditions at Mon-
terey and in southern California.

A summary of the work done indicates
that the newspapers are taking more of
the division stories than ever before, and
are in most cases using the "copy" sent
them without change.

348

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Bureau of Hydraulics

In the early part of July, a submarine
pipe line of the Associated Oil Company
at Ventura broke, letting about 600 bar-
rels of oil escape, which lodged on the
beach north of Ventura. Portions of the
beach were cleaned for a distance of nine
miles. Request was made of the company
to clean up and a large force of men,
teams and trucks removed the beach sands
that were covered with oil, with the result
that no evidence of the break is now ap-
parent. As a result further protective de-
vices have been installed by the company
on the submarine pipe and probably there
will be no recurrence for some time to
come. As far as known this is the first
break in submarine oil lines for some
years. .

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company
has installed a fishway on its intake dam
on the South Fork of the American River
above Placerville.

An injunction suit is pending in the
Superior Court of Mono County to com-
pel the Cain Irrigation Company to in-
install fish screens and a fishway. A crim-
inal action brought in the justice court
at Bridgeport, for which the defendants
asked a jury trial, resulted in a disagree-
ment. The trial was on for three days.

Total fish screens operating to date is
111. Fishways in operation reported to
be 66.

Two ladders have been repaired since
the last report was filed.

Bureau of Game Farms

A census of the bird life of the state
game farm at Yountville shows 29 differ-
ent species made up of pheasants, part-
ridges, quail, turkeys, ducks, doves, grouse
and geese. At some time during the season
most of these birds have laid eggs. How-
ever, we find the dependable egg produc-
ers to be as follows :
Pheasant —

Ring-necked 23,626

Silver 197

Golden 221

Amherst 22

Reeves 173

Turkey 328

Valley quail 749

A great deal of the food for birds at
the game farm is raised on the farm.
Superintendent Bade has a splendid gar-
den, and raises lettuce, kale, tomatoes and

various other vegetables that go into the
feed of the birds. "Work in connection
with the garden, as well as all of the
construction work on new brooder houses,
pens, and various other improvements is
taken care of by the regular force at the
farm.

Eugene D. Piatt, who has been em-
ployed at the Yountville farm for two and
a half years has been transferred to the
new Los Serranos game farm which the
division e.xpects to have in operation very
soon.

Thirty-seven Mexican bronze wild tur-
keys were hatched in an electric incuba-
tor and brooded for 30 days in an electric
brooder. They are now out in the rearing
pens and there are still 37 at this writing.
Their development has been normal and
they seem to be good birds in every way.
At present they are further developed
than other birds hatched earlier and
brooded by domestic hens.

The results of hatches of pheasant eggs
sent out to clubs and individuals show
very well. Out of 360 eggs sent Salva-
tore Bilotti, foreman on the Fitzhugh
Ranch, at McCloud, 282 birds were
hatched. The same number of eggs sent
to George N. Peltier, Westwood, Lassen
County, produced 250 birds. Mr. Peltier
says the sportsmen of his locality are
more than pleased with their success.
They also purchased 300 additional eggs
from an Oregon breeder. Their plans
for this next year are now being formed
so that they can hatch and rear a large
number. In all about 2000 eggs were
sent out and the check up in most cases
is satisfactory.

Bureau of Fish Rescue
and Reclamation

Using one of the Division of Fish and
Game fish cars for the purpose, a large
number of bass have been planted in Lan-
caster Lakes in Los Angeles county. The
fish for this planting were rescued by
the Fish Rescue and Reclamation Bureau
of the Division.

Holding bases near Elk Grove have been
established for bass and other fish that
are rescued from many areas in the state
and at this point shipments will be made.
Thousands of fish have been rescued this
year, including black bass, crappie, blue-
gill and green sunfish, Sacramento and
yellow or ring perch, calico bass, striped
bass and catfish. These fish will be dis-
tributed to places where they will be able
to thrive and be appreciated.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

349

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

THE ANTELOPE OF LASSEN COUNTY
Probably the largest herd of prong-
•horned antelope in California range in
Lassen County over some 1400 or 1500
square miles of tablelands and desert
country. In winter this herd of ante-
lope ranges inside of Game Refuge IQ.
with the exception of about 35 head which
winter on the south side of Big Valley
in the Windmill Flat section.

that they moved over on the California
side to get away from the sheep. I do
not believe that this is true because very
reliable men who have ridden that range
for the last forty years tell me that this
herd of antelope never did range over into
Nevada any great distance, except in case
of a hard winter when deep snows force
them into the desert of Nevada.

Fig. H2. Sagehen nest and eggs, Schaffer Mountain, Lassen County. Eggs were
brought in and set to hatch under domestic hen to be sent later to State Game
Farm for experimental purposes. Photograph by C. O. Fisher, April 28, 1929.

The antelope have shown a very marked
increase during the last few seasons.
During the season of 1928 I believe that
the herd increased about 50 per cent, for
during the season mentioned I thoroughly
covered the antelope range and found to
my surprise that with few exceptions all
the does had twin fawns. The does and
bucks seem to be about half and half on
the range.

I have heard that this herd of antelope
in years gone by ranged more in Nevada
than they did in California and that the
sheep grazed their range off so closely

About one-half of the herd migrate in
the spring, about the middle of April,
after having their young. Some of these
antelope go as far west as Harvey and
Grays valleys in Lassen County, which
are about four or five miles from the
Shasta County line. They must travel
about seventy or eighty miles, going west
in the spring and east in the fall. Just
after the spring migration the bucks and
does separate, later banding together
about the first of November and migrat-
ing to the winter range, where they stay
in large bands throughout the winter.

350

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

I believe that nearly all the fawns are
horn in Giinie Refuge IQ. and this. I be-
lieve, is the only time that the sheep
bother them. In the southern end of
(Jaine Refuge IQ. known as Skedaddle
Mountain section, a number of large
bands of sheep lamb in the spring in the
l)articular places where the young ante-
lope are born. Prong-horned antelope
seem to be well able to protect themselves
and their young from coyotes and other
predatory animals.

Very seldom is an antelope killed by
violators, as it is understood that the fine
will be .*?5()0 or more. A few have been
killed by hunters sneaking in through the
back door from Nevada and a few by fly-
by-night travelers passing through from

THE ANTELOPE NEAR FRESNO

111 the winter of the year 1S7S my hus-
band and I came to Washington Colony,
six miles south of Fresno, as bride and
groom to establish our home.

As soon as the warm days of spring
came on, the antelope came in from the
river bottoms seeking food and seemingly
in a jx'riod of migration.

The following year, 1S79, the construc-
tion of the Church canals was started.
As soon as the water in the canals was
ready for distribution the colonists
planted alfalfa. This furnished a real
treat for the antelope. They came in
hoi-des. from forty to fifty in a band. All
night long they fed on the alfalfa. The
first alfalfa was cleaned off by these lovely

Fig. 113. Antelope and sagehen range looking- south to Skedaddle Peak in Game
Refuge IQ. Photograph by E. S. Cheney.

Klamath Falls, Oregon, going to Reno,
Nevada.

The ranchers living in the antelojie
country, as well as the cowboys that ride
that range, are cooiierating in protecting
.•mtelope. Any nund)er of incidents can
be cited showing that residents in the
anteloiie country are cooperating in pro-
tecting the animals. Antelope are unlike
lUiany of our game animals, for they cause
no damage to the farmer, but years ago
the sheepmen killed great numbers of
antelope in order to save the feed on the
range for their sheep. — C. O. Fisher,
Susanville, California.

creatures. During the day they sought
the shade of the north banks of the
canals. Here they slept until the next
evening, and then back to the alfalfa
fields. The.se harmless, graceful animals
were not wild. The settlers never
abused them, even though they were de-
structive to the alfalfa and vegetables of
the early pioneers.

The coyotes were the worst enemies of
the antelope. However, a full-grown
antelope could easily outrun a coyote.
Occasionally a stranger might try to shoot
an antelope, but the colonists soon let it
be known that the antelope were not

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

351

game. Sheep could be bought for $1
a piece, so it was not necessary to have
antelope for food.

To save the alfalfa it was necessary to
drive the antelope off, so dogs were
trained to drive them away. One day a
little lamb, too small to follow the herd,
was left in the alfalfa. My husband
and I found the little thing and brought
it to the house. We fed it milk from a
bottle and it grew to be of good size. It
was very tame and romped around with
our dogs. At night we opened our door,
and it came in to snuggle down in its
little box behind the kitchen stove.

A very large strange dog attacked our
pet one day and killed it. It had never
known the fear of dogs, and, for this rea-
son, it made no attempt to run from this
savage marauder.

As the country was settled and the land
was planted, the antelope gradually dis-
appeared. Strays were seen around us
for about five years along the edges of the
colonies around Fresno. In later years, in
crossing the plains, we saw herds of them
near Firebaugh. I noticed the antelope
we saw there were not the gentle pets
we had known. They were very wild
and we could see them only in the dis-
tance. Hunters had taught them to fear
mankind. Gradually they left the floor
of the valley and sought refuge in the
foothills of the coast range. About
twenty-five years ago my son spent some
time in the foothills of the coast range.
A herd of about fifty antelope was sighted
near the mouth of Salt Creek, near
Panoche Pass and around the Joaquin
Murrietta country.

We had many interesting experiences
with the gentle creatures. They were play-
ful, tame and harmless, except to vege-
tation. They were beautiful sights in the
moonlight, their white rumps showing a
silver line as they raced across the plains.
Our acquaintance with them in our daily
life helped to break the monotony of our
loneliness. The younger generation today
little appreciates the affection we, as
early settlers, felt for our graceful fleet-
footed friends of the early days. — Mrs.
Henry Larsen, Route 5. Box 121.
Fresno, California, May 13, 1929.

TUNA SEEN OFF VANCOUVER, B. 0.
We are indebted to C. B. Tendick of
the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for a memo-
randum of the occurrence of tuna off
Vancouver Island. On the morning of
June 4, 1929, the first mate of the steamer
Ixion observed some fifteen or twenty
groups of tuna consisting of four or five
fish each. This was just off the entrance

to the Strait of .luan de Fuca. Fish were
observed dui'ing a period of two .-uid one-
half hours, but the s])ecies could not be
told except that the tuna seemed too
large to be albacore.

There have been occasional reiKvrts of
tuna having been caught oft Cape Flut-
tery and the west coast of Vancouver
Island, and the secretary of the Seattle
Halibut Exchange infoiTned Mr. Tendick
that tuna were occasionally delivered by
lialibut fishermen and that two or three
such fish were delivered in September ch-
October of 192S. Other markets in the
Vancouver and Seattle regions have re-
ported an occasional delivery but have
been unable to identify the species of
tuna.

The Pacific Fisherman uf August, 1915,
rejwrted on page 14 "a tuna" four feet
long and weighing about thirty pounds,
which was caught during the early part
of July. 1915, in a trap on the west beach
of Whidby Island, Puget Sound.— W. L.
ScoFiELi), Terminal. California, July 5,
1929.

BIG-EYED BASS (XENI8TIUS CALI-
FORNIENSIS) AND DOLPHIN
{CO HYPHEN A HIPPURUS) CAUGHT
OFF SAN PEDRO.

During the month of August, 1929, two
species of fish found in warmer seas but
uncommon in the waters off San Pedro,
have been landed at this port. On August

21. one hundred poiinds of big-eyed bass,
Xenistiiis caHfoniiensis. were taken off
Point San Juan. This fish is rather com-
mon in ^Mexican waters and at times is
reported in some abundance off San Diego,
but is rare in the San Pedro region.

The dolphin, Curt/phaena hippurus, nor-
nuilly a frequenter of more southern
waters, has also been taken in some niun-
bers in the San Pedro area. On August
l(i, between three and four hundred
pounds were caught in local waters and
landed at San Pedro. Again on August

22, about one hundred pounds of this
species were caught oft' Oceanside, and
delivered to the San Pedro markets. —
Frances N. Clabk, Califomia State
Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal, Cali-
fornia. August 23. 1929.

A RACIAL COMPARISON OF CALIFOR-
NIA, HAWAIIAN AND JAPANESE

ALBACORE {GERMO GERMO).

During July and August, 1929, a
preliminary study of possible racial dif-
ferences between California, Hawaiian
and .Tapanese albacore was made by the
Cidifornia State Fisheries Laboratory.
Since fish from these localities were deliv-
ered to the canneries at Los Angeles

362

CALEFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Harbor during the summer months, an
unusual opportunity was offered for the
study of racial characters of the albacore
from these three, distant regions. Specu-
lation has been rife concerning the alba-
core population of the Pacific. Scientists
at present are agreed that albacore from
Japan, Hawaii and California idl belong
to the same genus and species, Germo
gemio. Thia throws no light, however,
on the question of local races or of a pos-
sible mixture of populations. With the
hope of contributing some facts to the
solution of this problem, this study was
undertaken.

The limitation of available time and the
detail required by such a study confined
the observations to twenty California,
thirty Japanese and twenty-one Hawaiian
fish. Such small numbers preclude the
possibility of drawing definite condu
sious, but indicate lines along which future
work can be conducted. With this pur-
pose in view, this brief report has been
drawn up.

All measurements on Japanese and
Hawaiian albacore were made at the can-
nery of the Coast Fishing Company at
WUmington. The extreme courtesy of
the employees of this company, and espe-
cially of Mr. B. H. V. Avery and Mr.
Stanley Livingston in giving the labora-
tory notice when fish were received, ren-
dered the work much less difficult. The
<'alifomia fish were measured at various
canneries at Fish Harbor, San Pedro.
In the study, fourteen measurements were
made on each fish to ascertain whether or
not the body proportions, such as length
of head or depth of body, differed for fish
from the three localities. Counts were
also made of the number of rays in the
dorsal, anal and pectoral fins and of the
number of gill rakers on the lower arm of
the first gill arch. Such characters are
frequently influenced by the environment
which surrounds the egg and larval life
of a fish population. If albacore from
California undergo the early period of
their development in different surround-
ings than fish from Hawaii, the number
of rays in the fins would presumably dif-
fer between individuals from these two
localities. The above measurements and
counts were made by the writer and re-
corded by other members of the laboratory
stafi:.

The most striking difference between
Hawaiian, Japanese and California alba-
core Avas the range in size. California
fish were the smallest of the three, Ha-
waiian the largest, and the Japanese
about midway between the other two.
For the fish measured, the California alba-
core ranged from twenty-nine to thirty-

five inches in length from the tip of the
snout to the middle rays of the tail ;
Japanese, from thirty-four to thirty-eight
inches ; and the Hawaiian, from thirty-
nine to forty-six inches. These sizes refer
only to albacxjre delivered in California
from Japan and Hawaii. Whether or
not they represent the range in size of all
fish found in these localities is doubtful
since a publication by Kishinouye ( Joum.
Coll. Agr. Tokyo, Vol. 8, p. 434-437,
1923) indicates that smaller sizes at least
are taken in Japan.

Again the state of maturity of the sex
organs differed for the Hawaiian fish as
compared with those from the other two
regions. All of the Hawaiian albacore
examined were practically mature and
ready to spawn, while the fish from both
Japan and California showed no indi-
cation of an approach toward a ripe
condition.

Because of the discrepancy in size-
range, no adequate measure could be
made of the differences in body propor-
tions for the fish from the three localities.
Since the relative body proportions
change for individuals with an increase
in length, body proportions can be directly
compared only for fish of approximately
equal lengths. Such material was not
available in this study. The relative
body proportion measurements for the
Japanese albacore did, however, occupy
an intermediate position between those
for California and Hawaii. This is the
result that would be expected if the fish
had all come from the same population,
since the size of the Japanese fish was
intermediate between the other two.

Fin ray and gill raker counts are more
satisfactory for racial studies as these
numbers apparently do not change with
increase in size. For this reason statis-
tical measures of the reliability of the
results can be applied. In this study, no
certain differences could be determined for
the fin ray and gill raker counts between
albacore from California and Hawaii, or
between fish from Japan and HawaiL
On the other hand, the differences between
C-Jilifornia and Japanese fish must be con-
sidered valid according to the usual
measures of relia}>ility. However, differ-
ences between two groups of California
fish were greater than the differences be-
tween all the California and the Japanese
fish. This throws the usual measures of
reliability of a result open to question as
applied to these figures, and we are
forced to conclude that more data are
necessary to demonstrate positively the
presence or absence of racial differences
between California, Hawaiian and Japa-

CAL.IFORNIA FISH AND GAME

353

nese albacore. Future racial studies
should stress, therefore, the accumulation
of information on the number of fin rays
in fish from the three regions, since these

data at present give the greatest promise
of fruitful results. — Fbances N. Clark,
California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal, California, August, 1929.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

N. B. SCOFIELD, Editor

NEW PATROL BOAT PLANNED

Preliminary plans and specifications
have been drawn up for a new fisheries
patrol boat for southern California to
take the place of the Aliacore, which will
be transferred to northern California.
This is necessary on account of the rapid
expansion of the commercial fisheries.
The new boat will be used for both patrol
work and scientific research work of the
State Fisheries Laboratory. It is hoped
this new boat will be completed and in
service within the next six months.

ALBACORE AT SAN DIEGO

On account of the albacore run showing
up at San Diego, there was somewhat of
a stimulus in license sales both at the
San Diego and Terminal ofiices. The
deputies have been kept busy in the
southern section overhauling boats for
licenses and boat registrations. On hear-
ing of the albacore run at San Diego a
number of Monterey salmon fishermen
went down to try their luck on albacore.

The first albacore was taken off San
Diego on July 4. The catch throughout
the month was light, however, 700 to 800
pounds being high boat for the day's
catch. The fish average in weight from
17 to 18 pounds. The price to the fisher-
men has been $300 per ton.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

As the published literature is rather
extensive for certain fisheries, it is a
large task for each staff member to work
up a bibliography that is reasonably com-
plete. We consider that the one who is
in charge of the library should be familiar
with the research work of each staff mem-
ber and should assist each worker by
calling his attention to current publica-
tions of significance, and also by com-
piling general bibliographies to cover the
subject as a whole. Each piece of work
naturally should include a special biblio-
graphy compiled by the worker himself.
Such requirements in library work neces-
sitate a zoologist rather than a librarian.
We have, fortunately, a trained and
capable zoologist in Miss Genevieve Cor-
win. She has during the past year, in
addition to routine library work, pre-
pared for publication an extensive list of

references to the tuna, the industries,
methods, and gear, as well as investiga-
tions concerned with the tuna. This we
expect to have published this fall. In
addition. Miss Corwin is now preparing a
similar bibliography for sardines. Each
of these is to be catalogued separately as
to author, title and subject matter. Her
next work will probably cover the mack-
erel fishery. — W. L. S.

SARDINE SEASON OPENS

Thirteen established canneries began
operation at Monterey on August 1.

Two new canneries which will operate
this year are, the Custom House Packing
Corporation and the Monterey Sardine
Products Company, both new companies
with the latest in modern and sanitary
equipment.

Most of the canners have abandoned
the fry pack and will pack with the pre-
cooked raw method, which eliminates, in
some cases, the dryers as well as the
fryers. Some packers will continue with
the fry pack, but have made vast im-
provements in methods and expect to turn
out a fine product.

This season looks to be one of great
promise. With a new law in effect the
canners were well organized, started
operations August 1st, and sardines
seemed to take the center of the fishing
industry stage. The Division of Fish
and Game is vitally interested in a suc-
cessful canning season on sardines and
particularly in the improvements, which
should assure a fine pack and do much to
popularize the California sardine through-
out the world.

NEW PUBLICATIONS

Three types of publications dealing
with commercial fisheries have been ten-
tatively agreed upon :

1. A series of annual bulletins pre-
senting the catch figures in popular form
as well as in tables of monthly catch.
This has the merit of pi-esenting the
otherwise unpublished monthly figures.

2. A bulletin establishing official com-
mon names and presenting photographs
with brief descriptions of each commer-
cial species.

354

CALIFORNIA PISII AND GAME

o. A series nf articles aiul bulletins
describing each fishery as to gear used,
methods eni])lo.ved. and history of the
devehfiMuent of tiH> industry. Such work
on a fisiiery is a necessary accoiniiani-
ment to a boat catcii analysis, and in ad-
dition, creates more general interest in
our fisheries.

Some five iiui>lications are in course of
preparation or are nearly ready f(n- print-
ing. A report covering' the drag net
fishery ; the sardine fishery iit .Monterey ;
white sea bass: southern lialibut, and
barracuda. In .addition. Ilie mackerel
fislier.\ will be described and this woi-k
pushed to eaily completion.

THE TUNA FISHERY IN WESTERN

SPANISH SAHARA

Liberal Translation from the Spani-sh *

"Under the above title the }'a.scoiiiu

Industrifil ij Pesqnera jjublishes a very

interesting article by Don Jose Mascpieira

^lan.so. It I'efers to the tuna, or, at least,

to a s]iecies very similar to it.

"The tuna lives widely dispersed
throughout its geographical range when
it is pursuing prey, and during the time
of its active feeding its voracity i>ermits
of its being caught with a hook. At
siiawning time it congregates in great
schools, because all of tlie mature (ripe)
individuals are looking for the best loca-
tion, where the temperature of about 20
degrees will permit them to effect fertili-
zation.

"In Atlantic waters a spawning area
has been discovered off the coasts of
Cadiz; in the western ^Mediterranean,
which is bounded by Africa on the south,
and on the west by the coasts of Spain,
France and Italy, the breeding area lies
between Sicily, Cerdefia and Tunis. Roth
districts are suitable for "Almadrabas' or
giant tuna tr;ips.

"The tuna which go to spawn in front
of Cadiz and which our gear catches,
when they disapi)ear. where do they go?
Large specimens are taken along Canta-
hria and even as far north as the coasts
of Norway. But we see, as Senor Pes-
(pieira points out, that the fish average in
weight jibout 40 kilos, which does not
agree with the average size of the tuna
(•aught in the traps of the south of Spain
— whi( h exceeds 100 kilographs each.

"We select the most noteworthy iiara-
graphs of the article :

•' 'During the last few years — it is only
recently that the S])anish trawl-craft have
gone below the latitude of Cape Judy —
great quantities of tuna have been found
on the hake banks between the parallels

1 Boletin de Pescas (issue of April, 1927,
p. lOS), published by the Spanish Insti-
tute of Oceanography, Alcala 31. Madrid.

of 24 degrees and 27 degrees, north lati-
tude, at depths ranging between 100 and
4(M) fathoms.

"'The crews of t licse trawlers have
noticed that on lifting their drag nets
the tuna gathered .astern of them in
great schools, devouring the fishes that
escaped through the mesh of the trawls,
and manifesting a distinct predilection
for jure! and icd sea bream.

"'It w:is decided to fish for the tuna,
but to do so with trolling tackle, such as
is used for bonito and alba core, was not
feasible, owing to theii' size. Then some-
one concei\-e(l of an api)aratus composed
of the following: A sisal rope 14 to 1(>
millimeters in diameter, a tough wire
le.-ider. a strong hook having an eyed
shank, and a pole. One end of the rope
is nuide fast aboard : to the other end
the wire leader is bent on, the leader
terminating in the hook.

" 'Wluui the apparatus has been i)re-
pared in the manner described, a lashing
or loop of twine is bent on about one
fathom fi'om the hook. Ready, now. to
fish, the loop is rigged to the small end
of the pole with which ar(» commenced
movenuMits sutficiently rapid, up and
down, the baited hook entering and leav-
ing the water in such a way that the
tuna fails to discern the deception, and is
hooked. Once hooked it is natural that
he commences flight, and this movement
bends tlie i)ole aiul unships the loop. The
hook is baited with a red bream, which
are taken abundantl.v by the trawls. The
hook is of ordinary form, having a shank
10 centimeters long and an opening of 5
ciuitimeters. The steel stock from which
these hooks are made is of S to 10 milli-
meters in diameter.

" 'In that area of sea comprised between
the 24th and 27th i);ir;tllels of north lati-
tude and the 14th and 17th meridians of
west longitude, the Si)anish trawlers are
at present catching tuna. Last Novem-
ber several small sailing vessels from the
(^anary Islands were fishing tuna along
the 24th jiarallel in less than .">() fathoms.
They ti-ansfei-red the fish that they caught
to another vessel of larger tonnage which
lay anchored near them: there the catch
was salted.

" 'The tuna begin to appear in .July — in
some yeai's, during the last fortnight ot
June — and disappear in .lanuary, or dur-
ing the first two weeks of Februsiry." " —
(Jko. IloiiKR ChI'TE, California State Fish-
eries Laboratory, Terminal, ('alifornia.

PURSE SEINE BOATS

In the past the canners at Monterey

have had to depend on lampara fishermen

for their suiiply of sardines. It has not

been practical to use pux-se seine boats as

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

355

it is not safe for them to unload at the
canneries which are located on the rocky
shore. Two or three seasons ago the K.
Ilovden Company employed two small
purse seine boats. To do away with the
danger of unloading, experiments have
been made with a suction unloading tube
which enables the boat to unload some
distance off shore. This method has been
(piite successful. This season there will
be thirteen or fourteen purse seine boats,
and i)ossibly more, operated at Monterey.
The lanipara fishermen claim the purse
seines destroy hundreds of tons of sar-
dines which they can not deliver to the
canneries. They claim they often get
a catch of sardines which is double the
capacity of their boat, and the surplus
sardines which are turned loose are all
dead.

Last season, Paul Bonnot of the Divi-
.sion, made a special investigation of the
operations of the two purse seine boats
at Monterey. It is evident from this
investigation that the purse seines have
on occasion destroyed more sardines than
tliey could take on their boats. Mr. Bon-
not is convinced, however, that this loss
is due more to the lack of care by the fish-
ermen than to the type of net used,
and that the opposition to the nets is the
old prejudice that manifests itself when
any improved method is developed that

temporarily throws men out of employ-
ment. The lampara net may be just as
destructive, in proportion to its sine, as
a purse seine.

Trouble is likely to develop between
these two types of fishermen this season.
Already there is talk of a general strike
of lampara fishermen, and the canners
say they will put in suction unloading
tubes and employ purse seines exclusively,
if the threatened strike develops.

UNLOADING OF SARDINES
SIMPLIFIED

A brand new method of bringing fisli
into a cannery has been developed at Mon-
terey by one of the leading packers of
sardines, and has been adopted by five
others. Sardines will be unloaded from
the fishing boats by suction, through an
eight-inch pipe, a powerful pump sup-
l^lying the motive power. The force of
the salt water driving the fish through
the pipe will remove the scales and when
the sardines arrive in the cannery, they
will be ready for cutting, and putting
into cans. Thus time will be saved, fish
will be saved, and the expense of a scaling
machine will be eliminated. A suction
system of this exact type has never been
used for this purpo.se before, but elabo-
rate tests have shown that it works, and
that it will provide for greater efficiency
and speed in the canning of sardines.

356 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF INCOME
For the Period July 1, 1928, to June 30, 1929, of the Eightieth Fiscal Year

License sales : Detail Total

Angling, 1927 $1,040 00

Angling, 1928 370,314 20

Angling, 1929 73,903 00

Hunting, 1928 461,412 50

Hunting, 1929 40,339 00

Market fishermen's licenses, 1928-1929 31,320 00

^V^^olesale fish packers' and shell fish dealers', 1928-29 990 00

Game breeders' licenses, 1928 102 50

(Jame breeders' licenses, 1929 717 50

Fish breeders' licenses, 1928 33 00

Pish breeders' licenses, 1929 333 00

Trapping licenses, 1928-1929 6,479 00

Commercial hunting club, 1928-1929 2,025 00

Commercial hunting club operators', 1928-1929 575 00

Deer tag licenses, 1928 105,634 80

Kelp licenses, 1929 10 00

Market fishermen's licenses, 1929-1930 30,970 00

Commercial hunting club licenses, 1929-1930 25 00

Total license sales $1,126,297 50

Other income :

Game tag sales $37 56

Court fines . 86,780 28

Fish packers' tax 175,805 85

Kelp tax 50 28

Fish tag sales 7,047 63

Crawfish inspection 21 00

Miscellaneous sales 699 89

Interest on bank deposits 5,170 21

Contributions from importers . 407 18

Total other income 276,019 88

Total departmental income '. $1,402,317 3S

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

357

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1928, to June 30, 1929

Function
Administration :

Executive and legal

Clerical and ofBce

Rent

Automobiles

Telephone and telegraph

Postage

Freight, cartage and express-
Printing

Accident and death claims

Commissioners

Total administration

Education :

Director and assistants

Pacific soutliwest ex-position

Total education

Publicity :

Director

State fair

Total publicity

Conservation and protection:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Rent

Automobiles

Captains and deputies

Patrol launches

Lion hunters

Coyote trappers

Lion bounties

Pish planting

Refuge posting

Fish reclamation and rescue

Total conservation & prot

Commercial fisheries:

Chief and assistants

Deputies

Patrol launches

Statistical

Laboratory

Salmon tagging

Botulism

Automobiles

Carp eradication

Biological sur. of IMonterey By.

Total commercial fisheries

Fish culture :

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Rent

Automobiles

Hatcheries

Hatcli«ries — Add'ns. & Bett'ms.

Special field investigations

Fish reclamation and rescue

Total fish culture

Hydraulics :

Chief and assistants

Cooperative research work

Total hydraulics

Game propagation :

Game farm — Yountville

Automobiles

So. California game farm

So. Cal. game farm — Additions
and betterments

Total game propagation

Research :

Chief and assistants

License commissions

Hungarian partridges

Salinas River channel

Salaries
and

wages

^6,109 99
23,475 03

Materials

and
supplies

$2 90
1,234 83

289 70

Service

and
expense

12,189 80

$3,114
5,286
9,045
356
5,006
4,121
2,210

19
83
88
44
57
66
23

Property

and
equipment

$571 65
580 10

$39,585 02 $13,717 23

$13,932 56 $688 94

248 75 1,014 06

$14,181 31 $1,703 00

$3,300 00

357 00

$3,657 00

$10,700 02
2,875 00

211,017 26

2,085 00

3,968 69

358 88

$212 21
$212 21

$39 55
66 86

993 58

254 08

1,591 73

8,425
637

43

12

$38,204 35

$3,851 92
1,349 13

$5,201

05

$693
730

14
71

$1,423

85

$2,233 84

$1,151 75
$2,418 22

$2,418 22

381 19

615 30

156,513 32

1,807 11

$10 50

"6T474~02
840 46
488 61

1,385 00

6,111 78

505 00

1,016 75
366 19

8,500 00

2,324 51

1,246 32

458 22

35 78

$9,691

32,751

3,321

7,395

35,954

34

77
45
00
06

$798 07
110 17

2. 378 46
240 40

1,567 51
224 34

1,485 84

491 23
315 10

$2,197 21

9,141 52

2,290 04

744 40

7,172 44

41 00

15,000 00

301 17

240 35

1,500 00

$499 71
65 53
97 48

""958~4l

$4,730 00
3,290 67

12,878 31

~97060~0~0~
3,271 00

$8 18
82 48

3,564 53
62,853 37

f~5~6"
327 31

$469 87

314 43

105 00

1,658 21

18,597 89

~3r7T6"~0"6"
1,126 13

$149,929 98 $66,837 37 $25,987 59

$5,790 00
2,704 33

$87494 33
$9,546 44

$9,546 44
$11,435 03

$441 60 $2,039 34
137 90

$441 60 $2,177 24

.527 84
151 37

$8,679 21
$592 72

$3,012 93

69 46
4 80

$3,087 19

$1,595 63
55.291 48

$26 50
153 65

52~55

7,168 63

2,070 02

7 18

176 87

$9,655 40

$176 72

$176 72
$2,097 44

1,954 18
$4,051 62

$70 00

5,678~30
98 37

Total

$19,798

30,576

9,045

646

5,006

4,121

2,210

12,189

8,425

637

73
79
88
14
57
66
23
80
43
12

$92,658 35

$20,891 64
2,611 94

$23,503 58

$3,993 14

1,299 92

$5,293 06

$12,973
2,952

381

8.082

368,625

5,972

3,968

358
8,500
4,726
7.760

963

41
36
19
90
12
45
69
88
00
26
07
22

$239,006 63 $4,328 74 $174,079 81 $7,849 37 $425,264 55

$13,186

42,068

8,087

8,379

45,652

265

15,000

792

2,041

1,500

33
99
43
80
42
34
00
40
29
00

$90,599 46 $6,125 28 $38,628 13 $1,621 13 $136,974 00

$5,234

4,541

105

5,275

217,498

2,070

12.784

4,901

55
23
00
29
20
02
74
31

$252,410 34

$8,447 fifi
2,842 23

Total eightieth
Prior year

Grand total

fiscal year_ $566,435 20 $102,637 36 $345,676 32 $32,770 88

$11,289 89

$23,184

220

4

65
83
80

1.954

18

$25,364

46

$13,693

55.291

5,678

98

38
48
30
37

$1,047,519
5,418

76
61

$1,052,938 37

358

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Monterey.

Santa Cruz.

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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360

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Total fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California.

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California
via San Ditgo

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brought into California
via San Pedro

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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362

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

April, May, June, 1929

Abaloiie ' pounds 1193

Barracuda pounds 6505

Bass, black 185

Bass, striped 253

Bass, striped pounds 68

Bluegill, perch, crappie 973

Catfish pounds 424

Clams 2450

Crabs 301

<-Jrunion 182

Halibut pounds 270

Lobsters pounds 471

Salmon 11

Sturgeon pounds 83

Trout 592

Trout pounds 107

Deer ,„2

Deer meat pounds 562

Doves 3

Ducks 25

Mudhens 1

Nong-ame birds ^2

Pheasants J

Pigeons „5

Quail 20

Rabbits _^ "2

Shorebirds ^

Set lines 1

GAME CASES
April, May, June, 1929

Number
arrests

Violations of Hunting License Act 15

Deer; closed season 17

Quail ; closed season 7

Nongame birds ; killing of 9

Snipe, plover; closed season 1

Pigeons ; closed season 1

Mudhens; closed season 4

Rabbits; closed season 15

Doves; closed season 2

Pheasants; closed season 1

Night shooting 2

Firearms in game refuge 4

Trapping License Act 3

Shooting from automobile 2

Bird nets; possession of 1

Totals 84

Jail

Fines

sentences

imposed

(days)

$280

00

1,000

00

725

00

40

185

00

75

00

25

00

40

00

470

00

100

00

160

25

00

25

00

20

00

__

40

00

__

50

00

—

$3,060 00

200

FISH CASES
April, May, June, 1929

Number
arrests

Violations of Angling License Act 99

Trout; closed season; selling of 71

Clams; undersize ; overlimit 49

Striped bass; undersize; overlimit 32

Abalones ; undersize ; overlimit 123

Sunflsh, crappie; overlimit 14

Black bass ; small 27

Crabs; small; female 12

Catfish ; closed season 1

Lobsters; closed season 1

Barracuda; small . 10

Small fish 1

Illegal nets; set lines 3:?

Violations of Commercial Fishing License Act 20

Pollution 3

Night fishing 11

Illegal fishing apparatus 8

Perch ; overlimit 5

Grunion ; closed season 15

Salmon ; overlimit 6

Sturgeon ; closed season 1

Eels; small 1

Fishing too near fish ladder 4

Shad; selling of in closed season 1

Totals 548

Jail

? Fines

sentences

imposed

(days)

$1,642

00

i

1.829

00

1

1.301

00

4 5

1,175

00

25

3.28S

00

370

00

540

00

__

350

00

25

00

5(1

00

175

00

10

25

00

__

2,210

00

1,090

00

60

200

00

410

00

__

200

00

95

00

155

00

575

00

__

50

00

__

25

00

__

50

00

50

00

—

$15,880

00

148

INDEX TO VOLUME 15

Abalone, 163, 246, 311; catch of, 9&, 97,

189, 191, 297, 299, 359, 361.
Accident, hunting, 1928, 147-152; sum-
mary, data, 1928, 153.

Acetic acid, as a control agent for cyclo-
chaete and gvrodactylus in hatchery
trout. 230-234.
Ackerman, Ernest R., 264, 341.
Act, regulating the packing of sardines in
Monterey, 281.
Hunting license, 335.
Adams, Charles C, 340.

Adventurer, 38.

Afjaphelus glaucus. 212.
Ahart, Joseph L., 344.

Airplane, and feeding of game, 254; big
game counted f^om, 257 ; "smokes"
menace California fields and forest,
342-343.

Aitchison, R. M., 45.

A'aska Guides Association, 52.

Albacore. 273. 274, 345, 353; some cruises
of the, 10.5-110.

Albacore, 237, 238, 331, 345; catch of, 94,
96 ; northern range of the, 71 ; im-
ported from .Ja])an, 171 ; a racial com-
parison of California. Hawaiian and
Japanese, Germo germo, 351—353 ; at
San Diego, 353.

Alberti, James, 150.

Alga, green, a brief note on a, Anki-
strodesmus. 176-178.

Allen, Glover M., 338.

Allison, H. L., 148.

Al'ison, Robert, 158.

AVosviprus aftrnuatiis, 236.

Almv, Clifford, 267.

Alopias vnJpes. 236.

Alvis, Calvin, 148.

American Field, 57, 75, 145, 248, 258, 263,
288.

American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, 145.

American Pish Culture Company, 68, 271.

American Fisheries Society, resolutions of,
62-63.

American Forests and Forest Life. 51.

American Forestry Association, 47.

A7)tPrican Gaine, 76, 77.

American Game Protective Association, 47,
76, 288. 333, 338, 341.

American Museum of Natural History,
33S; statement of, in regard to a
pamphlet entitled a crisis in conser-
vation, 342.

American Society of Mammalogists, 338.

Amphistichus argenteus. 230.

Anahleps gronovii, 230.

Anchovy. "53, 236; catch of, 94, 96, 188,
190, 296, 298. 358, 360.

.\iiderson Canal Company, 167.

Anderson, Carl, 150.

Anderson, P. B., 126.

-Anderson, Roy, 159.

Andresen, August H., 134.

Andrews. C. B., 174.

Angel fish. 229.

Angling, Cottonwood lakes closed to, 51.

Animal, predatory, control, 334-335.

Ankisfrodesmns, a brief note on a green
alga. 176-178.

Ansrr albafrnns, 218.

Antelope, 56, 165, 287; in Kern County,
3,S5: Nevada, to be studied, 288; of
T^assen County, 349-350 ; near Fresno,
350-351 ;
Prong-horned, 69 ; in California, 175.

Archer, Edgar, 150.

Armas, "Stor," 20.

Armstrong, J., 62.

Armstrong, William, OS, 284.

Aspergillosis, 304, 306.

AspcrgilU sis fnmigatus, 304.

Associated Oil Company, 3 4 8.

Associated Sportsmen's Clubs. 13, 126, 326.

Association, new, urges international and

interstate commission, 46—47.
Atherinops affinis oregonia, 236.
Atherinopsis calif orniensis, 116, 230.
Atkinson, Lee, 67, 159.
Ank. the, 146.

Babcock, J. P., 20.

Baccaglio, Joe, 261.

Bade, August, 102, 103, 332; game bird

farming in California, 53—54.
Bailey, Vernon, 59.
Balnena australis, 214.
aii.stralis. 214.
sieboldi. 211, 212.
Balaenidae, 211.
Balaenoptera borealis, 213, L'14.
ddvidsoni, 214.
physalns, 214.
sihhahlii. 204, 214.
sulfur eus, 214.
velifera, 200, 213.
Band, l)ird ; sportsmen requested to report
banded birds, 58 ; some returns fi-om
California banded birds, 62 ; banded
ducks recovered, 135-136 ; report on
banded wild fowl, 147 ; returns on
banded bald eagles, 264 ; elaborate
plans for banding of ducks, 264.
Barfish, 285.
Barnes, Earl P., 67.
Barnes, Walter, 148.

Barracuda, 246; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190,
296, 298, 358, 360.
California (Sphyraena argentea) spawn-
ing season of the, 111-118.
Barton, Kenneth, 150.

Bass, 77 ; an experiment in restocking a,
lake with trout, 314-316; big-eyed,
Xenistius calif orniensis and dolphin
Coryphaena liippurus, caught off San
Pedro, 351.
Black, 141, 251, 285, 348; protection of,
325, 326; sea, catch of, 94, 96, 188,
190, 296, 298, 358, 360.
Calico, 3 48.
Rock, catch of, 94, 96, ISS, 190, 296.

298, 358, 360.
Striped. 227, 237. 251. 348; catch of. 95,
97, 189, 191, 297, 299, 359, 361 ;
lampreys injure, 7 3 ; introduced in
Japan, 144; on trial, 146: to be
planted in Salton Sea. 255-256 ; peli-
can swallows large, 284-285 ; protec-
tion of. 325.
■\\';hite, 285; sea. catch of, 94, 96, 188,
190, 296. 208, 358, 360.
Bat fish, 229.
Bauder, Charles. 46, 270.
Bauer, H. L,., 346.
Baugh, Ray. 268.

Bear. 48, 73, 154, 287. 322; Kodiak, pro-
test against protection answered, 157 ;
regarded asset in Wyoming, 2 87.
firizziv, 285.
Beaudrv, H.. 62.

Beaver, 263 : planting on upper Mississippi
River, 181: thrives in former I'ange
where stocked, 257.
Becker. C. F., 277.

364

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Senate

, No

. 27,

241

; No

49,

241

No.

267,

241;

No.

270,

241 ;

No.

287,

241 ;

No.

317,

241 ;

No.

393,

241

; No.

403,

242

No.

434,

242

No.

572,

242

; No.

5S5,

242

No.

731,

242;

No.

760,

242 ■

No.

808,

242 ;

No.

880,

242 ;

No.

5"'462',

140

No.

3913

, 258

Bedwell, R. E., 270.

Bennetl^^Kuglnc D.. 24, 46, 125, 126, 132

133. 246 ; the future, 42 ; address of,
at fourth annual convention. 128-130.

Rennett, Fred E., 268.
Benson, Theodore M., 67.
Berardius bairdii. 211, 215.
Bevans, H. L., 347.
Bibliography, 41, 353 ; whale, 215.
Biggs, H. C, 159.
Bilotti, Salvatore, 348.

Bill, passage of federal refuge, urged by
leading conservationists. 47 ; right to
fish demanded in federal, 140.
Assembly, No. 6, 242 ; No. 59, 242 ; No.
60. 242; No. 284, 242; No. 303, 242;
No. 320, 242; No. 325, 242; No. 337,
242 ;• No. 421, 243 ; No. 480, 243 ; No.
646, 243 ; No. 1119, 243.
Federal Migratory Bird Refuge, 47.
H. R. No. 12780, 258.
Norbeck-Andresen game refuge, 44, 47,

134, 135
3. 27, 24
; No. 27

241 ; N(
. 434, 24
; No. 73

242 ; Nc
. 3913, 2i

Shipstead Newton, 258.
Billings, H. E., 268, 269.

Bird, some returns from California band-
ed, 62 ; Tule Lake, refuge, 63 ; need
for game and, refuge stressed, 63—65 ;
sportsmen requested to report banded,
5 8 ; the common cat-killer of wild life,
143 ; legulation amendment, 265 ; mi-
gratory, conservation commission ap-
pointed, 264.
Game, farming in California, 53-54;
supply, 143; imported. 144; diseases
observed In, raising, 301-308.

Bird. Ralph D., 260.

Bishop, Charles, 160.

Black, H. B., 67, 268, 269.

Blackflsh. 209.

Blackhead, 303.

Blanchard, Bert, 20.

Blanchard, Ted, 20.

Blennidae, 229.

Blennies, 229.

Blewett. W. C, 67, 268.

Boat, new patrol, planned,
seine, 354-355.

Boletin de Pescas, 171.

Bonine, R. E., 158.

Bonito, 246; catch of,
296. 298, 358, 360.

Bonnot, Okeson, 105, 100.

Bonnot, Paul, 163, 355 ; some cruises

353 ; purse

94, 96, 188, 190,

of

on

the

the

sea

the Albarore. 105-110; some notes

the basking shark, 175-176;

whales of California, 203-215;

reproduction of fishes, 228-230 ;

lions and fishermen, 282.
Bony-tail, 225.
Bosavich, Anton, 273.
Botts, Harold R., 344.
Bounty, San Diego County pays, on

mountain lions, 253; lion, increase,

341.
Boutan, Louis, 173.
Bouton, Charles, 68, 269.
Brama ran. 237.
Brandes, Matt, 71.
Brant, 154, 287.

Black, again on Mission Bay, 75 ; sea,

protection of, 323.
Branta canadensis Jmtchinsii, 218.

canadensis minima, 218.
Bream. 77.
Brick, AVilliam, 150.

125,
346-

49, 68, 160-163, 254, 271-
and Fish Reclamation,

279-280,
167-168,

348.
246,

278, 347.

Brooder, electric, used at game farm,

330—33 1.
Brown, C. L., lack of food causes loss of

deer, 285.
Brown, William, 160.
Brownlow, O. P., 67, 270, 274; golden

trout planting during 1928, 23-28.
Bruce, .Jay, 67. 137, 168, 347.
Bruschera, Caesar, 160. „__

Bryant, H. C, 69, 126, 129, 164, 165, 246,

274, 275.
Buffalo, 257; Canadian park receives, tb;
sliipped to Alaska reported in good
condition, 264—265.
Bullard, F. A., 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Bullhead, 141.
Bundock, J. L., 159.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 44, 68-b.t,

71, 163-164, 249, 255, 273-274, 335.

345-346.

Education and Research, 43, 69-7 0,

164-167, 170, 246, 274-276, 329,

347.

Finance, 3 4 4.

Fish Culture,

273, 346.
Fish Rescue

251, 276, 279, 348.
Game Farms, 70, 168, 170,
Hydraulics, 44, 69, 125,

"276-278, 348.
Lands and Game Refuges, 168, 278-279,

335 347
Patrol, 67-68, 158-160, 267-271, 344-

345.
Public Relations, lei
Research, 43.
Burge, A., 150.
Burgi. P^rank N., 216.
Burnham, John B., 75.
Burr. J. G., 57.
Butchart, Alex, 20.
Butchart, James, 20.
Butler, John, 20.

Cain, B. C, 56, 58.

Cain Irrigation Company, 348.

(^alderwood, W. L., 15.

California. 38.

California Conservation League, 326.

California Development Association, 253.

California Economic Research Council, 164.
California Fish and Game, 71, 72, 140,
177, 237, 317.

California Jockey Club, 324.

California Mac/azine. 2.

California I'acking Corporation, 38.

California State Fish, Game and Forest
Protective League, 326.

California State Fi.sh and Game Protec-
tive Association. 324, 325, 326.

California State Fisheries Laboratory, 69,
73, 111. 165, 171, 173, 236, 237, 238,
274, 320. 321, 329, 351, 353; new ac-
cessions at library of. 41.

California State Redwood Park, 346.

Campbell, Harold, 150.

Canadian Field Nalnralist. 137, 261. 263.

Cancer maqister. catching the. with nets,
crab fishery of Monterey Bay. 28-33.

Canepa, Fred. 39.

CapiUaria contortum, 305, 306.

Carchariidae, 229.

Cardosa, John, 38.

Caribou, 257.

Carrillo, Frank A., 34 4.

Carmel Canning Company, 133.

Carnahan, H. L., 46.

Carnegie Institution, 338.

Carp 71, 141. 225, 263; catch of, 94, 96,
188, 190, 296, 298, 358, 360.

Carpenter, S. J., 158.

Case, Llewellyn, 150.

Cat, common — bird killer and destroyer of
wild life, 143.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

365

("ataliiia bird farm, 57.

Catalina Islander, 71.

Catfish. 77. 251, 348; catch of, 94, 96, 188,

190, 296, 298, 358, 360.
Cen.sus, game, 168 ; in North Carolina, 286.
Pismo clam. 72-73.
Michigan continues its "creel," 286.
Central Pacific Railroad Company, 195.
Crphynomyia, 309, 310, 311.
('etorhinufi niaxirmis, J75.
Chamberlin, P. P., 20.
Chambers, Frank, 159.

Cluinns chanos, specimen of milk fish, de-
livered at San Pedro, 175.
Chappell, La Rue, 268.
Chase, .1. Newell, 268.
Chen hyperhoreous, 218.

Cheney. K. S., 12, 43, 53, 69, 125, 126,
159, 165, 172, 252, 276, 283, 347, 350;
prong- horned antelope in California,
175.
Christiansen H. R., 141, 269.
Chute, Geo. Roger, the crab fisliery of
Monterey Bay, California, catching
the Cancer mariister with nets, 28-33 ;
the .Spanish cerco real or "royal
blockade net," 118-124 ; tuna packing
in Tunis, 171—173 ; night fishing with
lights on the coast of Africa, 173-174 ;
the tuna fishery in western Spanish
Sahara, 354.
Circular No. 2, 52 ; No. 3, 331.
Clam, cockle, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191,
297, 299, 359, 361.
Pismo, 68, 126, 159, 163, 246; catch of,
95, 97, 189, 191, 297, 299, 359, 361;
census, 72-73.
Softshell, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297,
299, 359, 361.
Clancy, J. H., 163.
Clark, F. C, 310.

Clark, F. N.. 236, 237. 274; Pismo clam
census, 72-73 ; specimen of milk fish
Chanos chanos, delivered at San Pe-
dro, 175 ; big-eyed bass Xenisthis cali-
forniensis and dolphin Coryphaena
hippnrus caught off San Pedro, 351 ; a
racial comparison of California, Ha-
waiian and .Japanese albacore, Gernio
r/ermo, 351-353.
Clark, Cr. H., Sacramento River salmon
fisliery, 1-1 0 ; steelhead trout appear-
ing in southern California, 281.
Clark. H. S., 268.
Clark. Milton, 267.
Clark, Perrv, 71.

Clarkson, George B., 133, 249, 279.
Classic, Ralph. 164; Monterey squid fish-
ery, 317-320.
Climatological Data, 239, 240.
Clover Valley Lumber Company, 69, 168.
Club, sportsmen's, and the law, 61-62 ;

free shooting vs., 263.
Chipea hnrcnoiis, 281.
Coccidiosis, 302.

Cod, cultus, catch of, 9 4, 9 6, ISS, 190,
296, 218. 358, 360.
Rock, 230, 237,
C(ihn-H<ipkins. Inc., 39.
Colhv, "\^''m. F)., some early plantings of

trout, 284.
Coleman, George A., 68. 254, 273, 346; the
food of trout, 39-41 ; a biological sur-
vey of Lalxe Tahoe, 99-102 ; a biologi-
cal survey of Salton Sea, 218-227.
Collins, Charles, 150.
Combs. Mrs. R. H., water for quail, 339-

340.
Commercial Club, 2 46.
Commei'cial fishery notes, 71-73, 171-174,

281-282, 353-355.
Commission, new association urges inter-
national and interstate, 46—47 ; migra-
tory bird conservation, appointed, 26 4.

Commissioners, western, meet in San

PVancisco, 328.
Committee, advisory on game refuges and
jmblic shooting grounds, 45, 46, 51 ;
the national, on wild life legislation,
44 ; on merchant marine and fisheries,
62 ; appointed to administer migra-
tory bird conservation act, 341.

Comparison of English and United States
fishing ports, 1926-1927, 321.

Conservation and Industry, 286, 287.

Conservation, in other states, 75-77, 179-
181, 285-289; diversity of fisheries an
aid to, 49-50 ; scientists help solve,
problems, 145; salmon, 250; public
sentiment and, 257 ; migratory bird,
commission appointed, 26 4; legislation
plus education equals, 322-327 ; what
is, 332-333 ; begins at home, 333-334 ;
statement of the American museum of
natural historj' in regard to a pam-
phlet entitled a crisis in, 3 42.

Conte Verde, 38.

Convention, fourth annual, of employes,
125-127, 165, 167 ; addresses, 127-132 ;
of volunteer wardens, 2 45-24 6.

Cook, Harold, 267.

Cook, Lon, 20.

Coolidge, C. C, 62, 134.

Cooper, L. W., 27 4.

Cooperative quail investigations, 144.

Coot, 15 4.

Copeia. 225, 237.

Cor\'\'in, Genevieve, 41 ; methods used by
states to collect fisheries statistics.
320 ; comparison of English and United
States fishing ports, 1926-1927, 321.

Coryphaena hipjjurns, big-eyed bass Xen-
tins californiensis and dolphin, caught
off San Padro, 351.

Cowfish, 207.

Cox. William T., 51, 257.

Coyote, 33 4.

Crab, 68, 246; catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191,
297, 299, 359, 361; fishery of Mon-
terev Bay catching the Cancer magis-
ter with nets, 2 8-33.

Craig, Joe A., 69.

Crane, little brown. 69, 275.

Crappie, 77, 251, 285, 348.

Crawfish, 10 8.

Crivello, M., 39.

Crocker, A. H., 68.

Cross, M. L., 20.

Curlew, protection of, 325.

Curry, Alan G., 67, 160, 267.

Customs House Packing Corporation, 345,
353.

Cuttle, Francis, 142, 167.

Cuttlefish, 204: catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191,
297, 299, 359, 361.

Cvclochaete, acetic acid as a control agent
for, and gvrodactvlus in hatchery
trout, 230-2,34.

Cjimatofinstrr af/rer/afns, 229.

Cyprrnidon vuicvlarins, 225, 227.

Cyprhins carpio, 225.

Cyfoleichus nudiis, 30 8.

Davis, Charles, 222, 223, 226, 227.

Davis, Robert, 148.

Dawes, Charles G., a vice presidential
proclamation, 136.

de Buen, Fernando, 119, 121.

Deer, 48, 77, 147, 154, 180, 287, 322, 347;
disease, 164; food of, 59-60; parasite
of. 43 ; protection of, 325-326 ; kill for
1928, 44-45; local hunters most suc-
cessful in killing. 54; herds on in-
crease, 55 ; situation in Pennsylvania,
59-60 ; New York succeeds in con-
serving, 76; kill statistics. 80-92;
hunting and sportsmanship, 136-137 ;
Pennsylvania's problem, 138-140 ; in-

366

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

crcaso of, raises game management
prohlem, 155-156 ; annual crop, 252-
253 ; meat identification of, now pos-
sible, 254; lack of food causes loss of,
285: parasitism in, 309-314; season,
33fi ; western, new danger threatens,
and elk, 338.
Black-tailed, 265.
Mule, 56; offered for sale, 265.
White-tail. 56.

Deer Creek Irrigation District, 277.

Del Monte, 38.

De La Montanya, H., 269.

De^phinnpteriis 'bwenlis, 208.

Delphinidae. 207.

Delphinns delphis, 208, 215.
griseus. 209.
phocaena, 208.

Department of Commerce, 143 ; of Natural
Resources, 44, 125, 202, 245. 323; of
Public "Works, 270; of State, 143.

Deputy, volunteer, injured, 249 ; thwarts
novel methods of violators, 255-256.

De Ross, John, 150.

Diamond, Ray, 270.

Dickason, O. H., 38.

Dickinson, C. E., 126.

Dirfyolcaiisis hadireni, 311.

Disease, fish, 56-57 ; investigations, 135 ;
deer, 164; prevention measures for
game farms, 244 ; new, among fish,
263-264; observed in game bird rais-
ing, 301-308.
Duck, wild, 11-12 ; 164.

District, fish and game, 132-133.

Ditrema jarksoni, 230.

Division activities, 67-70; 158-170; 267-
280 ; 344-348.

Division of Fish and Came ; see Fish and
Game Commission.

Division of Game and Bird Conservation,
247.

Dixon, C, 148.

Doe, mountain lion seen killing a, 73—75;
the wisdom of, killing, 263 ; protec-
tion of, 323.

Dogfisli, spiny, 229.

Dollard, Captain, 345.

Dolphin, Coryphaenn hippnrus, big-eyed
bass, Xentivs californtensis caught off
San Pedro, 351.

Donham, Cliff, 158.

Donham, Grant, 159.

Dove, 154 ; protection of, 323.
Mourning, 104.
Ringneck, 104.

Dowd, M. J., 219.

Downhour. Art, 150.

Duarte, M. J., 270.

Duck, 45, 53, 62, 138, 154, 287, 302,
322 ; parasite of, 43 ; protection
of. 323, 324, 325; sickness, 164, 329;
wild, disease, 11—12; banded, recov-
ered, 135-136; the, season, 140; Mon-
tana, winter on Pacific Coast, 144;
food of, 146-147; elaborate plans for
banding of, 264; California's kill,
332.
American merganser, 146.
Black. Michigan studies, migrations, 77.
Canvasback, 140, 261.
Fi.sh and fish, 146-147.
Mallard, 136, 147.
Pintail, 136, 140, 304, 306.
Ruddy, 140.
Widgeon, 147.

Dulac, Ernest, 150.

Dunbar, H. R., 126, 344.

duPont, E. I. de Nemours and Company,
138.

Eagle, bald, returns on banded,
Earp, Floyd, 141, 158.

264.

EDITORIALS ;

The future, 42 ; the thirtieth biennial
report, 42-44 ; the national commit-
tee on wild life legislation, 44 ; deer
kill for 1928, 44-45 ; requisites for
California waterfowl, 45 ; sentiment
and force, 45-46 ; southern volunteers
convene, 46 ; new association urges in-
ternational and interstate commis-
sion, 46-47 ; passage of federal refuge
bill urged by leading conservation-
ists, 47 ; past and present justification
for the utilization of wild life re-
sources, 47-48 ; interstate high dam
prevents use of fishway, 48 ; the use
of fish eggs for bait, 49 ; diversity of
fisheries an aid to conservation, 49-
50 ; refuges effective in perpetuating
game, 50; slaughter methods still
exist, 50 ; Cottonwood lakes closed to
angling, 51 ; game and forestry, 51 ;
aerial survey of waterfowl conditions,
51-52 ; small game refuges expres-
sions of constructive effort, 52 ; the
most modern of violators, 52 ; statis-
tical report on fresh and canned prod-
ucts for 1927, 52-53 ; game bird farm-
ing in California. 53-54; local hunt-
ers most successful in killing deer,
54; holding ponds, 54-55; deer herds
on increase, 55 ; the mystery of game
wardens, 55 ; rainbow trout in New
Zealand, 55 ; game refuge 1-Q, 56 ;
fish diseases, 56-57 ; new game farm
for Catalina Island, 57 ; destruction
of undesirable fish, 57 ; Klamath fish-
ing accorded high praise, 57 ; hunting
ethics, 57—58 ; sportsmen requested to
report banded birds, 58 ; mountain lion
control. 58-59 ; the deer situation in
Pennsylvania, 59-60; some facts
about fish, 60-61 ; sportsmen's clubs
and the law, 61-62 ; some returns
from California banded birds, 62 ;
resolutions of the American fisheries
society, 62-63 ; Tule lake bird refuge,
63 ; need for game and bird refuge
stressed, 63-65 ; light burning menace
to California forests, 65-66 ; fourth
annual convention of employees, 125-
127 ; convention addresses, 127—132 ;
new administrative officers, 132 ; fish
and game districts, 132-133; Hun-
garian partridges imported; 133 ; sar-
dine litigation, 133-134; the Norbeck-
Andresen game refuge bill, 134-135;
trout feeding experiments, 135 ; dis-
ease investigations, 135 ; banded
ducks recovered, 135-136 ; a vice
presidential proclamation, 136 ; ac-
complishments of a volunteer system,
136 ; deer hunting and sportsman-
ship, 136-137 ; some values of game
resources, 137-138; importance of sci-
entific research, 138 ; Pennsylvania's
deer problem, 138-140; the duck sea-
son, 140; steelhead fishing conditions,
140 ; right to fish demanded in fed-
eral bill, 140; financial statements,
140 ; fish resources in Lake Elsi-
nore, 140-141; trout rescued, 141-
142; self-cleaning fish screen, 142-
143 ; Guadalupe fur seals, 143 ; the
common cat — bird killer and destroyer
of wild life, 143; the game-bird sup-
ply, 143 ; research boon to hawk and
owl, 143; new method developed for
planting bobwhite quail, 144; federal
legislation asked on interstate fur
shipments, 144 ; imported game birds,
1 44 ; striped bass introduced in .lapan,
144; Montana ducks winter on Pacific
Coast, 144 ; Wisconsin's wardens given
rigid test, 145 ; outdoor manners, 145;
scientists help solve conservation prob-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

367

lenis, 145 ; the possbility of tularemia
in tlie ruffed grouse, 145-146 ; sports-
man and farmer, 140 ; striped bass on
trial, 146 ; fish ducks and fish, 146-
147 ; report on banded wild fowl,
147 ; hunting accidents, 1928, 147-152 ;
summary hunting accident data, 1928,
153; exploitation bad policy, 153;
learning the ways of fish, 153-154 ;
Virginia's game worth millions, 154;
new "wilderness" areas established,
154-155 ; increase of deer raises game
management problem, 155-156 ; surplus
elk offered by government, 15tj ; liluro-
pean starling rapidly spreading, 156-
157 ; ijrotest against Kodiak bear pro-
tection answered, 167 ; streams closed
to fishing, 1929, 245; convention of
volunteer wardens, 245-246 ; Califor-
nia's fish catch, 246-247 ; federal game
departments consolidated, 24 7 ; bio-
logical survey forms new division of
land acquisition, 247 ; states consent
to acquisition of lands for federal mi-
gratory bird refuges, 247-248; first
discovery of sardine eggs, 248-249 ;
volunteer deputy injured, 249 ; Hun-
garian partridges transported by air-
plane, 249 ; perpetuating a natural re-
source, 249-250 ; salmon conservation,
250; who owns the game?, 250-251;
proposed change in opening of trout
season unsatisfactory, 251 ; fish rescue
and reclamation, 251-252 ; annual deer
crop, 252-253 ; safety of migratory
fish threatened, 253 ; trout food, 253 ;
San Diego County pays bounty on
mountain lions, 253 ; pheasants help
farmers and horticulturists, 253—254 ;
airplanes and feeding of game, 254;
education one primary need, 254 ;
identification of deer meat now pos-
sible, 254; striped bass to be planted
in Salton Sea, 254-255 ; scientific col-
lecting permits, 255 ; Mexican quail
sent to Italy, 255 ; automobiles a men-
ace to wild life, 255 ; salmon discussed
at meeting, 255 ; deputies thwart novel
methods of violators, 255—256 ; force
and persuasion, 256 ; sockeye salmon
successfully introduced, 256 ; tulare-
mia in Siberia, 256—257 ; beaver
thrives in former range where stocked,
257 ; public sentiment and conserva-
tion, 257 ; big game counted from air-
plane, 257 ; it takes four years to pro-
duce one pound of trout, 257-258;
Minnesota recognizes a new land serv-
ice, 258—259 ; age and movements of
elk studied, 260 ; feeding of game,
260 ; exploitation bad policy, 260 ; eco-
nomic importance of the great horned
owl, 260-261 ; bay shore hunters have
l)etter sport, 261 ; quail and orange
tree fumigation, 261-262 ; steelhead
fishing in California, 262 ; informa-
tion for fur farmers, 262-263 ; the
wisdom of doe killing, 263 ; free
shoc)ting versus clubs, 263 ; brown
trout thrive in Russian River, 263 ;
new disease among fish, 263-264 ;
tuna scarcity, 264; migratory bird
conservation commission appointed,
264 ; elaborate plans for banding of
ducks, 26 4 ; returns on banded bald
eagles, 264 ; buffalo shipped to Alaska
reijorted in good condition, 26 4-265 ;
mule deer offered for sale, 265 ; bird
regulation amendments, 265 ; protec-
tion of swans not to be diminished,
265-266 ; Western commissioners meet
in San Francisco, 328 ; civil service
examination given wardens, 328 ; re-
search program delayed, 328-329 ;
duck sickness, 329; summer resort

educational program, 329 ; pheasants
liberated on Santa Catalina Island,
329 ; environmental controls, 329-330 ;
a nation begins but once, 330 ; elec-
tric brooders used at game farm,
330—331 ; statistical report on fresh
and canned fishery products, 331 ;
necessary facts, 331 ; the new L,os
Serranos game farm, 332 ; California's
duck kill, 332; what is conservation?,
332—333 ; salmon seek home stream,
333 ; conservation begins at home,
333-334; temperature and trout, 334;
predatory animal control, 334-335;
bureau of land and game refuges,
335 ; hydrobiological survey continued,
335 ; size limits important, 335-336 ;
the deer season, 336 ; boundaries of
game districts • defined, 336 ; forest
fires and game, 336 ; the creel limit
on trout, 336-337 ; our men on patrol,
337 ; whales commercially extinct on
California coast, 337-338; new dan-
ger threatens western deer and elk.

iS ; water for quail.

59-340 ; the

value of the wilderness, 340-341 ;
sea lions wrongfully accused, 341 ;
lion bounties increase, 341 ; commit-
tee appointed to administer migra-
tory bird conservation act, 3 41 ; Fort
Seward Hatchery tries new fish food ;
341-342 ; statement of the American
Museum of Natural History in regard
to a pamphlet entitled a crisis in con-
servation, 342 ; airplane "smokes"
menace California fields and forests,
342-343.

Education, Missouri supports, 179 ; one
primary need, 254 ; legislation plus,
equals conservation, 322-327 ; sum-
mer resort, program, 329.

Eel, catch of, 296, 298.

Lamprey, 73 ; injure striped bass, 73.

Eelpout, 229.

Egg, the use of fish, for bait, 49 ; sardine,
first discovery of, 248-249.

Ehreiser, Harold, 15 8. 270.

Elder, A. W., 133.

Elk, 64, 287, 347; surplus, offered by
government, 156 ; age and movements
of, studied, 260 ; protection of, 323 ;
new danger threatens western deer
and, 338.
Roosevelt, 275.

Elliott, J. J., 268.

Ellis, Herbert, 150.

Ellis, John, 158.

Ellis, Ray, 268.

Ellsworth, Rodney S., 165, 274; the thir-
tieth biennial report, 42-44.

Emhiotocidae, 229.

Emma R. S.. 36, 38.

Engelke, Walter, 105, 273.

England, Charles, 68; pelican .swallows
large striped bass, 284-285.

Engranluis mordax, 236.

Estes, C. C, 268.

Evermann, B. W., 225. 226.

Everson, W^. E., 160, 164, 270.

Examination, civil service, given wardens
328.

Examiner. 257.

Exhibit, 258-259.

Forest Tragedy, 69, 70.

Mt. Shasta Hatchery, 69, 70.

Pleasure Boat Show, 258, 259, 276, 280.

Experiment, in restocking a bas.s ' lake
with trout, 314-316.

Fair, Paul J., 276.
Farley, John. 126, 132, 246.
Farmer, sportsman and, 146 ; fur, informa-
tion for, 262-263.
Farmer Stine Canal Company, 167.

368

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

FarnsworUi, F. H., 267.

Fawn, protection of, 323.

Feather iiiver Power Company, G9.

Federal game departments consolidated,

247.
Feland, C. Scott, 3 4 4.
Felando, A., 38.
Ferguson, A. D., 23, 324.
Fernald, Reginald G., 46, 125.
Field and Stream, 57, 334.
Finn, FtatJiers and Fur, 181.
Fish, tlie use of, eggs for bait, 49 ; de-
struction of undesirable, 57 ; diseases,
50—57 ; some facts about, 60—61 ; an
unappreciated food, 71-72; Oregon
rescues millions of, 77 ; Wisconsin
studies age of, 77 ; and game districts,
132-133 ; right to, demanded in federal
bill, 140 ; resources in Lake Klsinore,
140-141 ; self-cleaning, screen, 142-
143 ; fish ducks and, 146-147 ; learn-
ing the ways of, 153-154; milk, speci-
men of, Chanos citanos, delivered at
San Pedro, 175 ; history of the, and
fishing conditions of Lake Tahoe,
193-203; California's catch, 246-247;
reproduction of, 228-230 ; migratory,
safety of, threatened, 253 ; rescue and
reclamation, 251-252 ; new disease
among, 263-264 ; culture, Louisiana
begins, 285-286; food, Fort Seward
hatchery tries new, 341-342.
Fish and Game Commission, 6, 8, 13,
16, 23, 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, u3, 102, 105,
127, 133, 153, 163, 193, 196, 228, 255,
282, 323, 328, 331, 332, 333, 336, 337,
339, 341, 344, 348, 353, 355.
Alaska, 64, 65, 157, 257, 264.
(ieorgia, 76, 286.
Hawaii, 163, 280.
Illinois, 286.
i.,ouisiana, 285-286.
Maryland, 48.

Michigan, 77, 132, 257, 286, 334.
Missouri, 179.
Montana, 77.
New York, 76, 77.
North Dakota, 288.
Oregon, 77, 146, 163, 179.
Pennsylvania, 59, 138, 161, 254, 260.
"Virginia, 154.
Washington, 289.

Wisconsin, 179, 180, 181, 254, 288.
Fish and (Jame Protective Association,

San Diego, 52.
Fisher, 263, 335.
I<Msher, C. O., antelope of Lassen County,

349-350.
Fisher, W. K., 239.

J-'ishery, Sacramento River salmon. 1-10 ;
crab, of Monterey Bay, California,
catching the Cancer tnafjister with
nets, 28-33 ; diversity of. an aid to
conservation, 49-50 ; sardine, condi-
tions i!i the, at San Pedro, 171 ; Mon-
terey squid, 317-320 ; methods used
by states to collect, statistics, 320 ;
statistical report on fresh and canned,
products, 331 ; tuna, in western Span-
ish Sahara, 354.
Fishery News, 282.
Fisliery Science and Trade, 281.
Fishing, Klamath, accorded high praise,
57 ; night, with lights on the coast of
Africa, 173-174; history of the fish
and, conditions of Lake Tahoe, 193-
203 ; streams closed to, 1929, 245 ;
steelhead in California, 262 ; compari-
son of English and United States,
ports, 1926-1927, 321.
Fishing Data Act, 163.
Fishing Gazette, 72.
Fishway, interstate high dam prevents

use of, 48-49.
Fitzgerald, W. F., 199.

Fleming, Thomas, 118.

Flounder, catch of, 9-1, 96, ISS, 190, 296,
298, 358, 360.

Finger, C, J 60.

Flux, Frank, 150.

Flyinu Cloud, 38.

Follett, W. I., 227.

Food, planted for migratory waterfowl in
Oregon, 179 ; lack of, causes loss of
deer, 285 ; fish, Fort Seward hatchery
tries new, 3 41--3 42.
of trout, 39-41 ; 253.

Forbes, E., 159.

Fowl, Guinea, to be tried in Dregnii, 179.

Fox, 263.

Foynd, Svend, 205.

Francis, Alec, 256.

Franklin lligli School, 2 7 4.

Franklin, Kenneth, 150.

Frazier, Fred, 148.

Frazier, 1. C, 196.

Frcitas, Manuel, 38.

Fremont, John C, 194.

Frick, Childs, 288.

Fricot, D., 346.

Fronquist, E. W., 62.

Fugihara, S., 269.

Funclial, 38.

i< unklKHiser, W., 264.

Fur, federal legislation asked on inter-
state, shipments, 144; farmers, in-
fuiniation for, 262-263 ; bearers, Nm-th
Carolina breeding, 286-287.

Furunculosis, 56.

(Jage, Henry T., 324, 325.

<;all)reath, L. L., 150.

Galcidae, 22 9.

Gallinule, 15 4.

Gambusia affinls, 227.
palruelis, 230.

Game, and forestry, 51 ; need for, and
bird refuge stressed, 63-65 ; conditions
in Atlantic states, 75 ; fish and, dis-
tricts, 132-133 ; some, value of, re-
sources, 137-138; Virginia's, worth
millions, 154; federal, departments
consolidated, 24 7 ; who owns the, 250-
251; airplanes and feeding of, 254;
big, counted from airplane, 257 ; feed-
ing of, 260; census in North Carolina,
286 ; questionnaire of, conditions in
New Jersey, 287 ; forest fires and.
336 ; districts, boundaries of, defined,
336.
Bird, supply, 143; imported, 144; dis-
eases observed in, raising, 301-30 8.
Farm, new for Catalina Island, 56 ; dis-
ease preventive measures for, 244;
electric brooders used at, 330-331 ;
Los Serranos, new, 332 ; Washington,
169; Yountville, 44, 53, 57, 133, 261,
330 ; a sportsman visits, 102-104.

Game and Fish Conservationist. 76. 146
153, 254. 257, 260.

Game and Fish News, 179, 181

Cans, H. S., 277.

Gay, A. S., 268.

(General Petroleum Company, 270.

George AVilliams Hooper Foundation for
Medical Research, 11, 43, 44, 135, 164,
170, 244, 301, 309, 329.

Germo alahinpa. 237.

Germo, a racial comparison of Califor-
nia, Hawaiian and Japanese alba-
core, 351-353.

Ghiorzo, Willie, 150.

Gila elcfjans. 225.

Gilbert, Charles H., 8.

Gilloon, Sam, 67, 159.

Glidden, E. H., 315; a close encounter
with a mountain sheep, 73.

Globicephala melaena, 209.
scaiyimoni, 209.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

369

(Jlory uf the Seas, 38.

Godsil, H. C, 274.

Goff, Walter, 344.

Gold Beach Packing Company, 3 41.

Golden, George, 267.

(iolden Gate Park, 169.

Golden, Joseph M., 160.

(Joldson, AL, 20.

Goose, 50, 51, 62, 154, 287, 302, 322; para-
site of, 43.
Honker, protection of, 323.
White-fronted, 62.

Wild, in California twenty-five years
ago, 215-218.

Gordon, Seth K., hunting etliics, 57-58;
outdoor manners, 145.

(Jos wick brothers, 253.

Gourley, C. L., 269.

Oranipus, 209.

(jriseus, 209, 215.

CJrandmason, E. D., 148.

Grange, W. B., 179.

Grawbarger, H., 148.

Gray, Euell, 67.

Gray, H. P., 62.

Grayfish, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296,
298, 358, 360.

Great State Fish and Game Protective
Association, 326.

Green, Charley, 20.

Green, Harry, 20.

Green, R. G., 145.

Greene, B. D. Marx, 133.

(ireenleaf, Erol, 273.

Grey Hound, 38.

Griffin, Jerome, 158.

Griffiths, "Bootsie," 20.

Gioat, C. H., 164.

Grose, R. M., 46, 246.

Grosvenor, Gilbert C, 33 8.

(Jrou.se, 48, 138, 154, 287, 302; protection
of, 325.
Ruffed, the possibility of tularemia in
the, 145-146.

(3 roves, J. H., 15 8.

Grunion, 116.

('■ruvel. A., 171.

Guest, Elton, 148.

Gunderson, Charles, 273.

Gunn, Albert, 148.

Gunner, Bishop, 175.

Gustine Gun Club, 62.

(iyger, J. H., 126, 159.

Gyrodactylus, acetic acid as a control
agent for cyclochaete and, in hatch-
ery trout, 230-234.

H

Hag-fish, 29.

Hake, 236; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296,
298, 358, 360.

Hale, Buster, 148.

Halibut, 246; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190,
296, 298, 358, 360.

Hall, E. Raymond, 263.

Hall, Stephen, 270.

Halton, Ted, 150.

Hamilton, Eldon, 150.

Hammack, Brice L., 159.

Hancock, Allen G., 169.

Hanson, H. H., 150.

Hapgood, A. S., 2.

Harder, Jacob, Jr., 267.

Hardhead, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296,
298.

Hare, L. W., 158.

Harp, W. J., 67, 158.

Harshner, C. C, 268.

Hartley Salt %Vorks, 227.

Hatchery trout, acetic acid as a control
agent for cyclochaete and gyrodac-
tylus in, 230-234.
Battle Creek, 4.
Bear Lake, 272.
Big Creek, 272.

Brookdale, 68, 162, 272, 273.

Clear Creek, 273.

Cold Creek, 253, 271, 272.

Domingo Springs, 27 3.

Fall Creek, 161.

Feather River, 162, 272.

Fern Creek, 272.

Fort Seward, 162, 272; tries new fisli
food, 341-342.

Frazier. I. C, 200.

Kaweah, 162, 273.

Kings River, 61-62, 68, 272.

McCloud River, 4.

Mill Creek, 4.

Mormon Creek, 162, 272.

Mount Shasta, 68, 160, 161, 162, IHi;, liTl,
272, 346.

Mount Whitney, 51, 161.

Sisson, 4.

Tahoe, 162, 197, 198, 200, 272.

Tallac, 198, 272.

Yosemite, 161, 162, 272, 346.

Yuba River, 273.
Hauze, Ben, 148.
Hawes, Harry B., 264, 341.
Hawk, 331 ; research boon to, and owl,
143-144; Wisconsin spares the, 179.

Cooper, 179.

Marsh, 179.

Red-shouldered, 17 9.

Red-tailed, 179.

Sharp-shinned, 179.

Sparrow, 179.
Hawxhurst, Len, 62.
Haylett, D., 62.
Hefford, A. A., 116.
Hein, Leslie, 150.
Hemmingsen, James, 15 0.
Henderson, Edward, 27 U.
Henning, Edward J., 133.
Herald, 281.
Hermosa, 26 4.

Herring, 60, 175, 246, 281; catch of, 94,
96, 188, 190, 296, 298, 358, 360; Can-
ada to study Pacific pilchai'd and, in-
dustries, 282.

Bismarck, 53.
Heuston, J. D., 148.
Higgins, Catherine, 14 8.
Hinckley, George, 267.
History of fish and fishing conditions of

Lake Tahoe, 193-203.
Hitchcock, John, 148.
Hixon, W. L., 270.
Hoffman, J., 270.
Hofschneider Ranch, 169.
Holding ponds, 54-55.
Holladay, C. E., 67, 268.
Hollywood Duck Club, 11, 12, 53, 164, 276.
Hoover, Herbert, 265.

Hopkins Marine Station, 163, 249, 335.
Hoppe, William, 270.
Hovden, K., Company, 39, 355.
Hubbard, W. S., 269.

Hubbs, Carl L., and Schultz, Leonard P.,
the northward occurrence of southern
forms of marine life along the T'acific
Coast in 1926, 234-241.
Hughes, Judge, 32 4.
Humboldt Sifandard. 139.
Hume, G. W., 2.
Hume, William, 2.
Hunt, E. W.. 196, 200.
Hunter, 68, 284.

Hunter, bay shore, have better sport.
261 ; Wisconsin, warned to be careful
with loaded guns, 180-1 SI.
Hunter, J. S., 126. 132, 246, 335, 347 ; game

refuge 1-Q, 56.
Hunter, Wood F., 148.
Hurlburt, Orrin, 150'.
Hurlev, John. 196.

Hyde, Secretary of Agriculture, 247, 264,
, 265.

I Hyperprosopon argenteus, 230.

370

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Hy2>sun(s caryi, 230.
II y.stcrocurpus traski.

50.

Ilii.s. indtuf'tidii cif, o2.'J.

Ikiyami, S., 2(i:t.

Imperial Irrigation District, 219.

Inland Bird Banding Association, 58.

International Association of Game. Fisli

and Conservation Commissioners, 47,

:,0, 135.
International Fisheries Commission, 111.
International News Reel Corporation, 134.
I iiteinational Pacific Salmon Investigation

Federation, 273.
Investigation, disease, 135.
Irvine, Shirley, 150.
I ciun. 351.
Izaak Walton League of America, 47, 57,

5S, 143, 145, 179, 254, 269, 339, 340.

Jacinto, Joe, 160.
Jackson, G. H. T., 324.
James, William, 133.
Jardine, Secretary of Agriculture, 63.
Jeffries, R. E., 46.
Jenney, Ed, 20.

John Hopkins Medical School, 3 38.
Johnson, Chai'les, 148.
Johnson, Ernest, 269.
Johnson, Hiram, 140.
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 285.
Jones, Floyd, 3 44.
Jones, Orville, 148.
Jordan, A. A., 344, 345.
Jordan, David Starr, 2 84, 338.
Jorgenson, H., 148.

Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion, 145.
Joy, M., 68, 269.

K

Kada, W. O., 159.

Kagee, Claude, 215.

Kalbert, F. J., 270.

Kaliher, W^illiam, 267.

Kalmbach, E. R., 146.

Kansas Enabling Act, 2 4 8.

Katawa, K., 163.

Keith, Charles, 150.

Keller, H. W., 325.

Kellogg, Vernon L., 338.

Kendall, William Converse, 116.

Kent, Eddie, 150.

Keratitis, 310.

Kern River Canal aiul Irrigation Com-
pany, 167.

K'ettlewell, B. B., 158.

Kibbe, Bessie W., 126.

K'ilroy, Dan, 269.

King, Harry J., 159, 269.

King, W. I., 118.

Kingfish, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190 296,
298, 358, 360.

Kinney, John, 267.

Kirbe, Ardne, 150.

Kiwanis Club, 179.

Klaukens, Henry T., 150.

Klyver, Fred, a brief note on a green
alga Ankistrodesniiis, 176-178.

Knight, (Charles, 159.

Kofoid, C. A., 284.

Koi)peI, I. L., 267.

Korea Maru. 144.

Krump, Abe, 215.

Kruza, James, 148.

Kunkel, N. C, 159, 164.

Lacey Act, 144, 247.
Lagenorhvnchns ohliqitidens,
Lambson. AV. H., 129.
Lament, Robert P., 26 4.

208.

!15.

Lamprey ; .see Eel.

Langford, K. K., 158.

LangstalT, H. O., 159.

Larsen, C, 273.

Larsen, Mrs. Henry, the antelope near
Fresno, 350—351.

Larsen, James, 273.

Lassen Irrigation District, 27 8.

Law, sportsmen's clubs and the, 61-62.

Lazarus, Sylvain, 246.

Ledshaw, C. W., 347.

Legislation, the national committee on
wild life, 44; federal, asked on inter-
state fur shipments, 144 ; recent, 241-
2 43 ; plus education equals conserva-
tion, 322-327.

Leide, Charles, 151.

Lencioni, Henry, 158, 268.

Leopold, Aldo, 330.

Le lie or ham pus borealis, 208.

Leuresthes tenuis, 116.

Leurichthys orcutti, 141.

Lewis, E. H., 57.

Lewis, J. C, 346.

Library, new accessions at, of California
state fisheries laboratory, 41.

License, Georgia still lacks angler's, 2 86.
Angling, adoption of, 323.
Hunting, adoption of, 324.

Life History Notes, 73-75, 175-178, 283-
285, 349-353.

Likins, Roy, 268.

Lillis, J. E., 277.

Limit, the creel, on trout, 336-337.

Lindblom, 11., 148.

Lindley, Albert, 246.

Lindner, M., 274, albino sardine, 176.

l^indsey, Ben, 5 4.

Lion, mountain, 137, 278 ; control, 58-59 ;
seen killing a doe, 73-75 ; San Diego
County pays bounty on, 253 ; bounties
increase, 341.

Lions Club, 179.

Lippi, Umbert, 148.

Lippincott, William, 67, 139, 159.

LissodelpJius borealis, 208.

Little, R. J., 339, 340.

Lobster, spiny, 126, 172; catch of, 189, 191,

297, 299, 359, 361.

Lochne, F. W., a sportsman visits the

Yountville game farm, 102-104.
Lolioo opalescens, 317.
London, Taylor, 67, 126
Long, Walter I., 270.
Lorenson, Wells, 159.
Though, McPherson, 67, 269.
Louis Fashion Restaurant, 160.
Love, Charles R., 34 4.
Luddington, John, 270.
Li/codidae, 229.
Lyon, William I., 58.
Lyons, Sam, 67, 164.

M

Macaulay, E. L., 125, 127, 132, 246.

Macdonald, Alexander, 286.

Mackey, L. A., 260.

Mackie. W. W., antelope in Kern County,

285.
Mackerel. 53, 236. 246, 345; catch of, 94,

96, 188, 190, 296, 298, 358, 360.
Horse, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296,

298, 358, 360.
Macklin, Earl, 267, 270.

•Maddox, Coburn F., San Diego tuna in-
dustry, 34-39.
Madsen, David H., 328.
Magladrv. Cr. W., 269.
Main Fish Market, 163.
Makaicao, 3 45.
Mallet. Gus, 268.
Mamer Flying Service, 3 42.
Mantidae. 229.
Mariner, 38.
Marland Oil Company, 277.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

371

Marshall, John, 68

Marshall, R. C, 67, 269.

Marten, 263, 335.

Marvis, Gus, 261).

Maryland Conservationist, 49.

Massa, Laurie, 38.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, 329.

McAllister, M. Hall, wild goose shooting in
California twenty-five years ago, 215-
218

McAulifie, Edward, 68.

McCall, E. L., 151.

McClure, Claude, 148.

McCormack, H., 268, 269.

McCuUough, W. I., 158.

McDermott, Forrest J., 67, 268.

McDill, Wilbur, 46.

McHale, Phillip, 148.

McLachlan, Tom, 20.

McLain, James, 151.

McLean, D. D., 165, 246, 275, 347 ; deer
situation in Pennsylvania, 59-60.

McLellan, A. D., 27 8.

McReynolds, Sam D., 264, 341.

Medina, Manuel M., 38.

Megaptera longimana, 214.
versabilis; 213.

Meghenasso, Peter, 151.

Mendenhall, D., 148.

Mercer, L. E., 268.

Merganser ; see Duck.

Merluccius productus, 236.

Merriam, John C, 338.

Methods used by states to collect fisheries
statistics, 320.

Metzelaar, Jan, 334.

Metzler, Adam, 269.

Meyer, K. P., 126, 135.

Mexican Fisheries Service, 35.

Migration, Michigan studies black duck, 77.

Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 135,
264 ; committee appointed to adminis-
ter, 3 41.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 135, 247, 248,
265.

Miller, Charles, 151.

Millett, A. H., 67.

Mills, Dave, 20.

Mink, 154, 263, 335.

Minnow, 220.
Top, 221, 229.

Mitchell, George, 149.

Model Laundry Company, 167.

Mola niola, 235.

Monise, Joe, 38.

Montana Wild Life. 61, 250, 256.

Monterey Canning Company, 133.

Monterey squid fishery, 317-320.

Monterey Sardine Products Corporation,
345, 353.

Moody, E. v., 160.

Moon, A. E., 148.

Moore, J. M., 67.

Moose, 137, 180, 257 ; ten-point bull, legal
in New Brunswick, 179.

Morning Oregonian, 154.

Morris, Louis J., 67.

Motion picture, 165.

Mountain sheep ; see Sheep.

Muehleisen, A., an experiment in restock-
ing a bass lake with trout, 314-316.

Mullet, 225; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190,
296, 298, 358, 360.
Mexican. 175.

Munson, Edward L., 332.

Murray, J. J., possibility of tularemia in
ruffed grouse, 145-146.

Muskrat. 51, 154, 263, 287.

Mussel, catch of, 95, 97, 359, 361.

Myliobatidae. 229.

N

Nagihara, T., 269.
Nakijian, S., 270.
Nash, H. W., 151.

National Association of Audubon So-
cieties, 47.

National Bison Range, 156, 264, 265.

National Committee on Wild Life Legis-
lation, 134.

National Forest, Superior, 259.

National Game Conference, Fifteenth, 69,
164.

National Industrial Review, 281.

National Park, Buffalo, 7 6.
Lassen, 137.
Sequoia, 73.
Yosemite, 329.

National Park Service, 260.

National Research Council, 338.

Natural History Survey, Illinois, 2(33.

Nature guards organizing in south states,
76-77.

Naylor, C. B., 268.

Neale, George, trout rescued, 141-142 ;
fish rescue and reclamation, 251—252.

Needham, James G., 140.

Neis, V. S., 149.

Nelson, W. J., 328.

Net, gill, 2, 6, 17, 195.
Hoop, 29.

Lampara, 171, 173.
Paranzella, 29.

Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railway,
196.

News Bulletin, 138.

Newsome, J. E., 269.

Newsome, Ralph, 67.

Newton, Walter H., 258.

New York Zoological Society, 338.

Nice, John, 149.

Nichols, George, 269.

Nichols, J. T., 23 4.

Nider, G. K., 151.

Nielsen, L. H., 151.

Niskey, Frank G., 26 8.

Nix, Thomas J., 270.

Norbeck, Peter, 134, 264, 341.

Nowlin, Bruce, 32 8.

Noya, Lloyd, 149.

Nunes, William 151.

O'Connell, Jack, 7 4.

O'Connor, George, 169.

O'Connor, R. C, 67.

Uesopliagostotnum venulosurn, 313.

Oestrus larvae, 311.

Officer, new administrative, 132.

OJjieiaL Record, 144, 257, 260.

Oil Operators, Inc., 69.

O'Malley, Henry, 49, 69, 255.

Oncor/iynclius nerka, 2d6.

Ondazzo, Pete, 151.

Opossum, 154, 263.

Opper, !■ rank A. S., 268.

Orua gladiator, 210, 215.

Oregon Game Protective Association, 46.

orient, 37, 38, 39.

Orm, Walter, 151.

O'Roke, E. C, 164, 276, 329.

Orr, Silas, 68.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 338.

Oscar, Jerry, 158.

Ott, Emil, lol.

Otter, 154, 263.

Outdoor America, 49, 62, 136, 259.

Outdoor Life, 262, 332.

Overstreet, John, 151.

Owl, research boon to hawk and, 143-144.

Great horned, economic importance of
the, 260-261.
Oyer, Phil H., 345.
Oyster cultivation on Puget Sound, 281.

Eastern, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297,
299, 359, 361.

Native, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 359,
361.

372

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Pacific Fisherman, 351.

Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 69,
126, 277, 34S.

Pacific International Salmon Investiga-
tion Federation, 255.

Page, R. H., 149.

Paige, P. Paul, 126.

Palace Hotel, 328.

Palmerton, Loren L., 268.

Parasitism in deer, 309—314.

Parkinson, G., 151.

Partin, Thomas, 151.

Partridge, protection of, 325.
Chukor, 279.

Hungarian, 103, 144, 168, 180, 279, 2 87;
New York reports on. 77 ; imported,
133 ; transported by airplane, 249.

Patriotic, 3 8.

Patrol, our men on, 337.

Payne, Harry T., 324, 325.

Pearson, Ad B., black brant again on
Mission Bay, 75.

Pearson, T. Gilbert, 134.

Peck, Gregory, 151.

Peek, Charter R., 344.

Pelican, 141 ; swallows large striped bass,
284-285.

Peltier, George N., 348.

Pennsylvania 8i)orts7nan, 146.

Perch, 251; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296,
298, 358, 360.
Ring, 348.

Permit, scientific collecting, 255.

Perry, E. L., 328.

Perry, Manuel, 39.

Peters, Elwood, 151.

Phalarope, 69.

Phanerodon cateralis, 230.
furcatus, 230.

Pheasant, 154, 287, 302 ; parasite of, 43 ;
Montana has first open season on, 77 ;
Michigan opens season on, 180 ; heliJ
farmers and horticulturists, 253—254 ;
weed burning and the Tule Lake, 283-
284 ; food of, 254 ; survey, 287 ; on in-
crease in North Dakota, 288-289 ;
liberated on Santa Catalina Island,
329.
Chinese ring-necked, 44, 54, 77, 103, 168,

169, 170, 279, 280, 330. 348.
Golden, 70, 103, 168, 169, 170, 348.
.Japanese versicolor, 103.
Lady Amherst, 103, 168, 348.
Mongolian, 103, 168.
Reeves, 103. 168, 169, 348.
Silver, 103, 168, 169, 170, 308, 348.

Phillips, J. B., 274.

Phillips, John C, 288.

Phipps, Ernest, 151.

Phocaena communis, 208.
phocaena. 207, 208, 215.

Physctcr macroccphalus, 204, 211, 215.

Physeteridar, 210.

Pickering, Frank, 7 4.

Piedmont Fire Department, 267.

Pigeon, wild, protection of, 323.

Pike, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296, 298,
358. 360.
Sacramento. 5.

Pilchard. I'acific, Canada to study, and
herring industries, 282.

Pires, Obilio C, 38.

Plaice, European, 116.

Plaisted, J. E., 146.

Planting, beaver, on ui)per Mississippi
River, 181.
Trout, some early, of, 284 ; golden, dur-
ing 192 8, 23-2 8.
New method developed for, bobwhite
quail, 144.

Piatt, Eugene D.. 348.

Pleiironectes platcssa, 116.

Plover, protection of, 325.

Pneumatophorns diego, 236.

Poeciliidae. 229.

Point Loma. 39.

Pollution. 62, 166.

Poison, Guy, 151.

Pomfret, 237.

Pompano, 246; catch of, 94, 96. 188, 190,
290, 298, 358, 360.

Pomona College, 140.

Pond, holding, 54—55.

Poole, Nelson, 160.

Porpoise, 207, 208.

Posanelli, R., 151.

Post, Fred, 67, 158, 159, 268, 269.

Prairie chicken, 104.

Prather, W. H., 344.

Pratt, M. B., 246.

Prav, Ralph M., 149.

Prescott, H. S., 67.

Proclamation, a vice presidential. 136.

Program, research delayed, 328-329 ; sum-
mer resort educational, 329.

Promotion Neics Bulletin, 286, 330. 333.

Psenner, Joseph J., 149.

Ptychocheilus grandis, 5.

Pulilic shooting grounds for Illinois, 286.

Publication, new, 353-354.

Pulis, Frank G., 269.

Pvle, Dale. 151.

Quail, 48, 76, 103, 138, 165, 168, 169, 287,
302, 308, 322, 331 ; parasite of, 43 ;
and orange tree fumigation. 261—262 ;
trapping of. 323 ; protection of, 323,
325, 326; water for, 339-340.
Bobwhite, 154; new method developed

for planting, 144.
California valley, 305, 306, 348, 170.
Mexican, 144; sent to Italy, 255.
Mountain, 104.
Quinnat . 68.

R

Rabbit, 76, 138, 145, 154. 256, 263, 287,
322 ; Missouri shipped over 3,500,000
to nation's markets for Christmas,
181.
Rabbit Experiment Station, 64.
Raccoon, 154, 263.
Radio, 164.

Rail, 287 ; protection of, 325.
Clapper, 15 4.
Sora, 15 4.
Randolph County Hunting and Fi.shing

Club, 17 9.
Ray, eagle, 229.
Sting, 229.
Vampire, 60.
Recent legislation, 241-243.
Reckers, George, 141, 158, 159.
Reclamation, fish rescue and, 251—252.
Redington, Paul G., 63, 64, 157, 265, 334.
Redman, H. G.. 269.

Refuge, game. 44 ; passage of federal, bill
urged by leading conservationists, 47 ;
effective in perpetuating game, 50 ;
small, expressions of constructive ef-
fort, 52 ; need for, and bird, stressed,
63-65 ; another for :Missouri, 7 7 : Nor-
beck-Andresen, bill, 134—135; Minne-
sota adopts policy. 180 ; states con-
sent to acquisition of lands for federal
migratory bird, 247-248 ; east hill
demonstration forest and. 286 ; estab-
lishment of, 323.
IJ, 16 8.

IQ, 52, 5(;, 175, 349, 350.
IR, 241.
IS, 241.
IT, 241, 347.
3H, 241.

Bear River Migratory Bird. 2 47, 328.
Superior, 50.
Tule Lake bird, 63.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

373

Upper Mississippi River wild life, 64,
247, 251.

Regalecus. 60.

Reindeer Experiment Station, 26 4.

Renna, Joe, 268.

Report, thirtieth biennial, 42-44, 49, 58;
biennial, Arkansas highlights of, 77 ;
on banded wild fowl, 147 ; violation,
78-79, 182-183, 289-290, 362; finan-
cial, 79, 93, 186, 187, 291, 293, 356-
357 ; game birds planted, 1928, 184-
185 ; fishery products, 29 4-295.

Reproduction, of fishes, 228-230.

Research, importance of scientific, 138;
boon to hawk and owl, 143-144; pro-
gram delayed, 328-329.

Resolution of the American Fisheries So-
ciety, 62-63.

Resource, past and present justification
for the utilization of wild life, 47-
48; fish, in Lake Elsinore, 140-141;
natural, perpetuating a, 249-250.

Reynolds, H. G., 159.

Rhachkinectes ulaucus, 212, 214.

Rhinidae, 229.

Rich, W. H., 8.

Richards, W. W., 19.

Richardson, James A., 197.

Ricker, J. \V., 253.

Ricketts, Edward, 68.

Rigby, Hugh, 149.

Roar, Emil. 148.

Roccus lineatns, 237.

Rockflsh, 229, 246; catch of, 94, 96, 188
190. 296, 298, 358, 360.

Rohrback, D. W:, 67, 269.

RoUmop, 53.

Rosa, Manuel G., 176.

Rose, Frank H., 156, 265.

Rose fish, 230.

Rotary Club, 179.

Rowley, Clinton AV., 32 8.

Rudkin, P^rank H., 133.

Rudolff, Herman, 160.

Runner, John, 13 9.

Rust, Leslie, 344.

Ruttor, Cloudsley, 6.

Ryono, Y., 38.

Sablefish, 53; catch of, 94, 96, 188 190

296, 298, 358, 360.
Sacrrnuento. 3 8.

Sacramento River salmon fishery 1-10
Sadler, R. J., 269.
Sagehen, 56, 287, 349, 350; protection of,

St. Therese. 39.

St. Veronica, 3 8.

Salacchini, 53.

Salinas Daily Index-Jortrnal, 167.

Salmo hensliawi, 101.
irideus, 230.
plenriticus. 225.

Salmon. 53, 62, 68, 109, 237, 246, 251 281
331, 341, 345 ; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 19o'
296, 298, 358, 360; Sacramento River'
fishery, 1-10 ; status of, in California.
13-18; conservation, 250; discussed
at^meeting, 255 ; seek home stream,

O tj O .

Chinook, 256.

Sockeye, successfully introduced, 256.

n"o-^^^' ^ biological survey of, 218-

orl 'f.-^^"'P®'^ ^^ss to be planted in,
254-2d5.

Samuel, Cyrus, 151.

San Carlos Canning Company, 133

Sandab, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296

298, 358, 360.

Sanders, J. H., 100, 199, 201, 202

San Diego Natural History Museum, 176

ban Diego Packing Company, 39

San Francisco Chronicle, 62.

Santa Fe Waste Water Disposal Com-
pany, 276.

Santa liosa Water Works, 277.

Santo and Souza, 38.

Sardina caerula, 116.

Sardine, 44, 52, 53, 68, 167, 246, 331, 335,
345; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296,
298, 358, 360; California, 116; open-
ing date for the 1928-1929 season, 72 ;
litigation, 133-134; conditions in the,
fishery at San Pedro, 171; albino,
176 ; first discovery of, eggs, 248-249 ;
act regulating the packing of, in
Maine, 281 ; season opens, 353 ; un-
loading of, simplified, 355.

Scheffer, Theodore H., 163.

Schierbeck, Otto, 137.

Schleifer, P., 151.

Schneider, J. C, 158.

Schornick, C, 269.

Schuck, A. B., 149.

Schultz, Leonard P., and Hubbs, Carl L.,
the northward occurrence of southern
forms of marine life along the Pa-
cific Coast in 1926, 234-241.

Science, 63, 179, 257, 341.

Scofield, E. C, 163, 248, 274.

Scofield, N. B., 6, 49, 129, 153, 255, 273;
the status of salmon in California,
13—18; commercial fishery notes, 71—
73, 171-174, 281-282, 351-353; the
northern range of the albacore, 71;
an unappreciated food fish, 72 ; lam-
preys injure striped bass, 73.

Scofield, W. L., 126, 317 ; opening date
for the 1928-1929 sardine season, 72;
tuna seen off Vancouver, B. C, 351.

Scorpaenidae, 229.

Scott, Delbert, 15 8.

Scott, J., 152.

Scott, Ralph W., 133, 277.

Screen, self-cleaning fish, 142-143.

Scudder, Hubert, 125 ; address of, at
fourth annual convention, 131-132.

Sculpin, 237; catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190,
296, 298, 358, 360.

Sea lion, 107, 163; and fishermen, 282;
wrongfully accused, 3 41.

Sea Pride Canning Company, 133.

Sea urchin, 236.

Seal, Guadalupe fur, 143.
Elephant, 143.

Sears, A. W., 67.

Seaside Company, 177.

Season, Wisconsin given power to close, 76.
California barracuda spawning (Sphy-

raena argentea), 111-118.
Deer, 33 6.
Duck, 140.
Pheasant, Montana has first open on,

77 ; Michigan opens, on, 180.
Sardine, opens, 353 ; opening date for

the 1928-1929, 72.
Trout, proposed change in opening, un-
satisfactory, 251.

Seki, N., 38.

Scbastes marimis, 230.

Scbastomus, 230.

Sellmer, W. B., 127, 160, 269; deputies
thwart novel methods of violators,
255-256 ; our men on patrol, 337

Sellmer, Mrs. "Walter B., 336.

Sentiment and force, 45-46.

Setaria labial o-papillosa, 313.

Setow, G., 144.

Sette, O. E., 69.

Shad, 53, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296

298, 358, 360. . - . -

Buck, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190 296

298, 358, 360.
Roe, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 296, 298
358, 360. . , , o,

Shannon, R. H., 268.

Shark, basking, 60 ; some notes on the
175-176.

374

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Blue, 229.

Hammerhead, 229, 236.

Requiem, 229.

Thresher, 236.
Shaw, P. A., 222, 276, 328, 329, 347.
Shebley, J. V., 196.
Shebley, Kenneth, 61.

Shebley, W. H., 126, 129; history of the
fish and fishing conditions of Lake
Tahoe, 193-203.
Shedden, M., 152.
Sheep, 135.

Mountain, 287 ; a close encounter with
a, 73 ; protection of, 323.
Sheepshead, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190,

297, 299, 358, 360.
Sheldon, H. P., 247.
Shepard, Aaron, 149.
Sherwood, Geo. H., 342.
Shibavma, A., 269.
Shinozaki, H., 163.
Sliipstead, Henrik, 258.
Shoemaker, Carl, 163.
Show, S. B., 126, 246.
Shrimp, 53, 246 ; catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191,

297, 299, 359, 361.
Schrum, Lawrence, 152.
Sibeck, Charles, 68, 160, 270.
Sickness, duck, 329.
Sierra Club, 284.
Silkey, Japanese, 104.
Silva, Everett, 152.
Silva, Frank, 39.
Silva, Guy, 3 8.
Silveria, Manuel, 38.
Simpson, 'Gene, 179.
Singleton, William, 267.
Skate, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 297, 299,

358, 360.
Skipjack ; see Tuna.
Skogsberg, Tage, 112, 116, 163.
Skunk, 263.

Slaughter methods still exist, 50-51.
Smalley, George, 67, 160, 269.
Smalley, W. T., 67.

Smelt, 141, catch of, 94, 96, 188, 190, 297,
299, 359, 361.

Bay, 236.

California, jack, 116, 236.

Slender, 236.
Smith, A. B., 273.
Smith, Ben, 236.
Smith, C. B., 149.
Smith, E. H., 254.
Smith, Rolla, 152.
Snail, catch of, 95, 97.
Snipe, 154.

Wilson, 287; protection of, 323.
Snyder, J. O., 8. 68, 255, 273.
Sole, 246 : catch of, 95, 97, 188, 190, 297,

299, 359, 361.
Sorento, Frank, 268.
Sousa, Adolph, 15 8.
Sousa, Joe, 38, 39.
Sousa, Manuel, 15 8.

Southern California Fish Packing Corpo-
ration, 133.
Sparrow, English, 64.
Spaulding, M. K., 197.
Spencer, John, 125, 246.
Sphyraena nrcjentea. spawning season of

the California barracuda, 111-118.
Sphyrinidae, 229.
Rphyrna zygaena, 236.
Spinacidae, 229.
SIpirinchus starksi, 236.
Splittail, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297.

299, 359, 361.
Sportsman's club and the law, 61-62 ; vis-
its the Yountville game farm, 102-
104; and farmer, 146.
Sprague, John W., 269.

Squid. 53, 204 ; catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191,
297, 299, 359, 361; Monterey, fl'shery,
317-320.

Squirrel, 76, 154, 287, 322.

Standard Airways Company, 249.

Standard Oil Company of California, 51.

Stanley, Clyde, 152.

Starling, European, rapidly increasing,
156-157.

Starr, Fred R., weed burning and the Tule
Lake pheasant, 283-284.

State Conservation Training Camp, 56-58.

Statistics, report on fresh and canned fish-
ery products for 1927, 52-53, 331 ;
deer kill, 80-92 ; methods used by
states to collect fisheries, 320.

Steelhead, 163.

Steiger, J. L., 246.

Steinhart Aquarium, 276.

Stella Di Genoa, 39.

Stevenot, Fred G., 125, 245, 246, 328.

Stockton, L. E., 149.

Stone, Livingston, 6.

Storck, A. D., 152.

Straight, Lee, 249, 269.

Struve, Han C, 160.

Stronyylocentrotus purpurescens, 236.

Submarine Oil Company, 277.

Sucker, catch of, 297, 299.
Humpback, 225, 226.

Sugimoto, H., 269.

Sump, 166.

.Sunderland, George, 149.

Sunflsh, 251.

Blue-gilled, 141, 348.
Green, 348.
Ocean, 235.

Surf fish, 229, 230, 237.

Surgan, Frank, 273.

Survey, a biological, of Lake Tahoe, 99—
102; biological of Salton Sea, 218-
227 ; pheasant, 287 ; hydrobiological,
335.

Sutton, Vernon R., 344.

Swan, iirotf'ction of, not to be diminished,
265-266.

Sworufish, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297,
299, 359, 361.

Tabler, Guy, 161.

Tagani, T., 269.

Taivo, 38.

Talbott, Webb, 158.

Tapia, Jose M., 35.

Tappaan, Clair, 133.

Taylor, L. H., 152.

Teal, green-winged, 147.

Temperature and trout, 334.

Tendick, C. B., 351.

Tepper, R. J.. 158, 159.

Tetronarce ralifornica, 237.

Tewell, H. S., 282.

Texas Oil Company, 279.

Thom, Charles, 304.

Thomas, Roy, 152.

Thompson, David H., 263.

Thompson, Ed, 20.

Thompson, Harry, 20.

Thompson, J. B., 253.

Thornburg, .1. W., 158.

Thornton, AV., 152.

Tinamou, 104.

Tofanelli, Ray, 152.

Tomcod, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297,

299, 359, 361.
Toms, "VVebb, 315.

Tonkin, George, 46. 125, 146, 246, 328.
Torabehino, C, 270.
Torpedo, 237.
Towers, C. J., 270.
Towers, Charles, 268.
Town.send Flat Water Ditch Company,

167.
Trempe. A. D., 62, 264.
Tritch, Max. 105.
Trotsky, Leon, 256, 257,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

375

Trout, 48, 77, 135, 146, 251, 322, 341; fish-
ing in California today and fifty years
ago, 18-23 ; the food of, 39-41 ; feed-
ing experiments, 135 ; rescued, 141-
142 ; Michigan bands, 180 ; acetic acid
as a control agent for cyclochaete and
gyrodactylus in hatchery, 230-234 ;
season, proposed change in opening of,
unsatisfactory, 251 ; food, 253 ; it
takes four years to produce one pound
of, 257-258 ; some early plantings of,
284 ; an experiment in restocking a
bass lake with, 314-316; temperature
and, 334; creel limit on, 336-337.
Black-spotted, 197, 199, 201, 263.
Brown, thrive in Russian River, 263.
Colorado River, 225, 226.
Eastern Brook, 54.
Golden, 284; planting during 1928,

23-28.
Mackinaw, 102, 203.

Rainbow, 248, 252 ; in New Zealand, 55.
Silver, 203, 230.

Steelhead, 263 ; fishing conditions, 140 ;
fishing in California, 262 ; appearing
in southern California, 281.
Tahoe, 100, 101.
Trygonidae, 229.
Tuberculosis, 308.
Tularemia, the possibility of, in the ruffed

grou.se, 145-146- ; in Siberia, 256-257.
Tuna, 163, 171; San Diego, industry, 34-
39 ; packing in Tunis, 171-173 ; seen
off Vancouver, B. C, 351 ; fishery in
western Spanish Sahara, 354; scar-
city, 264.
Bluefin, 35, 246; catch of, 95, 97, 189,

191, 359, 361.
Long-finned ; see albacore.
Skipjack, 35, 163, 246; catch of, 94, 96,
188, 190, 297, 299, 358, 360; huge,
taken at San Diego, 176.
Yellowfln, 35, 247; catch of, 95, 97, 189,
191, 297, 299, 359, 361.
Turbot, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297, 299,

359, 361.
Turkey, wild, 70, 77, 154, 168, 169, 279,
280, 302, 303, 308, 348.
Mexican bronze. 168.
Wild bronze, 3 48.
Tursio peronii, 215.
Tw-siops oiUi, 207, 208.
Turtle, catch of, 189, 191, 359, 361.
Twitty, Peter S., 76.

U

Umino, K., 269.
Union Codfish Company, 71.
Union Oil Company, 69.

United States Bureau of Animal Industrj^,
71, 304, 306.
Biological survey, 58, 59, 63, 64, 144, 147,
156, 163, 164, 247, 248, 255, 260, 262,
264, 265, 334 ; forms new acquisition
of land, 247.
Entomology, 33 8.

Fisheries, 5, 47, 48, 49, 62, 69, 77, 164,
203, 320, 333, 351.
United States Commission of Fish and

Fisheries, 4, 6.
United States Department of Agriculture,

143. 156, 248, 262, 313.
LTnited States Forest Service. 65, 154, 344.
United States Hydrographic Society, 99.
United States Public Health Service, 256.
United States Reclamation Service, 283.
United States Weather Bureau, 239.
University of California, 11, 244, 263, 284,
301.
Cornell, 140.
Harvard, 69.
Michigan, 329.
Nebraska, 287.
Stanford, 255, 274, 335, 338.

Van Camp Sea Food Company, 38, 133,
176.

Vandeventer, V., 149.

Van Fleet, Judge, 199.

Van Roekel, H., 164, 165, 170, 254, 275;
328; wild duck disease, 11-12; fish
diseases, 56-57 ; acetic acid as a con-
trol agent for cyclocliaete and gyrodac-
tylus in hatchery trout, 230-234; dis-
eases observed in game bird raising,
301-308; parasitism in deer, 309-314.

Van Vorhis, L. G., 163.

Vermin, Missouri urges sportsmen to assist
in, control, 76.

Violator, the most modern of, 52.

Vissiere, J. P., 67, 160, 269.

Volunteer, southern, convene, 46 ; accom-
plishments of a, system, 136.

Von Arx, Victor, 268, 269.

W

Wack, Fred, 105.

Waddle, Alvin, 26 8.

Wade, E. M.. 146.

Wade, J. Gilbert, mountain lion seen kill-
ing a doe, 7 2-75.

Wadsworth, George, 152.

Walford, Lionel A., spawning season of
tlie California barracuda {Hphyraena
argentea) , 111—118.

T^^alker, C. R., 311.

Walker, J. W., 152.

Wallier Mining Company, 168.

Wallace, W. J., 169.

Waller, L. W. T.. Jr., 47, 138.

Walls, H. P., 248.

TVard, Clarence S., 277.

Ward, Frank, 149.

Ward, L. T., 68, 268.

Warden, the mystery of game, 55 ; Wiscon-
sin, given rigid test, 145 ; convention
of volunteer, 246-2 47 ; civil service
examination given, 328.

Waterfowl, requisites for California, 45 ;
aerial survey of, conditions, 51-52 ;
food, planted for migratory, in Ore-
gon, 17 9 ; "Washington takes inventory
of, area, 289.

Water "Waste Disposal Company, 69.

Watkins, Rolin G., 167.

"Watrous, R. A., 270.

Wedum Packing Companv, 133.

"Weeding, W. Lee, 268.

"W^eeks, Al, 20.

Welch, J. R., 133.

Welch, Walter R., 126, 246; trout fishing
in California today and fifty years
ago, 18—23 ; the mystery of game war-
dens, 55 ; legislation plus education
equals conservation, 322-327.

Western Association of Fish and Game
Commissioners, 44, 47, 69, 3 47.

Western Food and Game Pish Protective
Association, 62.

Westgate Sea Products Company, 38.

"V\7'haite, Clark, 151.

Whale, of California, 203-215 ; commer-
cially extinct on California coast, 337-
338 ; whaling industry prosperous, 71.

Whitebait, catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297,
299 359 361.

"V^niite'fish. catch of, 95, 97, 189, 191, 297,
299, 359, 361.

Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 264.

"^^ild Life, automobiles a menace to, 255.

^Vilder, D. D., 169.

Wilderness, value of the, 340-341.

Williams, Fred, 152.

Wilson, Al, 20.

"Wilson, I. H., 163.

"Wilson, Leo K., 62.
I Wing, Fred S., 160.
'"Wishart, Thomas C, 149.

376

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Woerner, A. M., 149.
Woerner. Carl, 149.
Woodard, Abe, 141.
Woodbury, John G., 196, 200.
Woodcock, 154, 287.
Woodhams, A. W., 269.
Work, John, 194.
Wriglev, Hugh, 152.
■VV'rigley, W^illiam, 57, 329.
Wueste, R. C, 315.

Xaurophen sypho, 225.

Xentius californfensis, big-eyed bass, and

dolphin Coryphaena hippurus caught

off San Pedro, 351.

Yamaguchi, T., 38.
Yapo, Romi, 270.
Yard, Robert Sterling, 330.
Yates, R. J., 67, 158, 267.

Yellowlegs, 287.

Yellowtail, catch of, 95, 97, 189. 191, 297,

:!59, 361.
Yokoyama, R., 269.
Yokoyama, Y., 269.
Yonukaura, Frank, 269.
Yosemite School of Field Natural History,

329
Young, 'C. C, 245.
Young, Sanborn, 125, 246 ; address of, at

fourth annual convention, 131.
Younger, Donald, 67, 160, 268, 269.
Yows, E. B., 2G9.
Yuill, George W., 267.

Zellerbach, I., 44, 46, 125, 129, 246, 328;
address of, at fourth annual conven-
tion, 127-128.

Zeuglodonts, 204.

Ziphiidae, 211.

70670 12-29 lOM

CAUFQRNIA
nSH-GAME

(CONSERVATION Of WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION'

64214

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME.

Sacramento, California.

Fish and Game Commission appointed by tlie Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation.

I. ZELLERBACH, President San Francisco

GEORGE B. CLARKSON. Commissioner Los Angeles

REGINALD S. FERNALD, Commissioner Santa Barbara

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Executive Officer and Attorney San Francisco

Miss K. T. Hogan, Secretary San Francisco

J. S. Hunter, Assistant to Executive Officer San Fi'ancisco

Ralph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE.

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Sacramento

E. W. Hunt, Field Superintendent Saci'amento

G. H. Lambson, Superintendent Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

E. V. Cassell, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Gxiy Tabler, Foreman in Charge Yosemite and Wawona Hatcheries Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman in Charge Big Creek Hatchery Santa Cruz

J. C. Lewis, Foreman in Chai-ge Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

J. W. Ricker, Foreman in Charge Ukiah Hatchery Ukiah

J. Shebley, Foreman in Charge Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessens, Foreman in Charge Kaweah Hatchery Hammond

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Geo. E. West, Superintendent Tahoe Hatchei-y Tahoe

F. F. Anderson, Superintendent Domingo Springs Hatchery Westwood

D. A. Clanton, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake Hatchery Pine Knot

F. B. Hamer, Foreman, Mormon Creek Experiment Hatchery Sonora

L. W. Strauss, Foreman, Burney Creek Hatchery Bumey

J. H. Vogt, Kern River Hatchery KernviUe

L.' Phillips, Superintendent of Car No. 01 Mt. Shasta

Ross McCloud, Superintendent of Car No. 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMIVIERCIAL FISHERIES.

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Supervising Captain Terminal Island

S. H. Dado, Supervising Captain San P'rancisco

C. H. Groat Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Coptain San Diego

W. L. Scofield, Acting Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant, State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

Commercial Fisheries Patrol.

F. P. Bacon Terminal Island Ross W. Markley Pismo

Paul Bonnot San Francisco Tate F. Miller Terminal Island

N. C. Kunkel Terminal Island L. G. Van Vorhis Pittsburg

Launch Patrol.

Walter Engelke Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

M. M. Tritch Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS.

H. R. DUNBAR, Assistant Executive Officer and in Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH.

DR. H. O. BRYANT, In Charge San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, Assistant San Francisco

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

Dr. H. Van Roekel, Pathologist San Francisco

E. C. O'Roke, Parasitologist Berkeley

Paul H. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Mrs. Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF PUBLIC RELATIONS.
FRANK H. VORE, In Charge San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS.
(Screens, Ladders and Pollution.)

JOHN SPENCER. In Charge San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS.
AUGUST BADE, In Charge Yountville

PATROL SERVICE.

K. P. ALLRED, Acting Chief of Patrol San Francisco

M. S. Clark, Assistant Chief of Patrol for Northern California San Francisco

C, S. Bander, Assistant Chief of Patrol for Southern California Los Angeles

Walter Welch, Captain, In Charge Volunteer Wardens San Francisco

C. M. Bouton San Rafael

Chas. England Vallejo

H. S. Prescott Crockett

SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE

C. L. Bundock Hollister

J. L. Bundock Oakland

A. G. Curry S. F. Office

T. K. Duncan Concord

L. B. Gross Hayward

C. Holladay Morgan Hill

M. F. Joy Burlingame

I. L, Koppel San Jose

G. O. Lows WeavervUle

McPherson Lough Mayfield

Forrest McDermott Santa Cruz

R. C. Marshall Pacific Grove

E. V. Moody S. F. Office

Fred Post Salinas

J. C. Schneider King City

J. P. Vissiere Watsonville

L. T. WARD Sacramento Office

G. I. Flechenstein Folsom

E. Hiscox Grass Valley

Nelson Poole Sacramento Office

Albert Sears Placerville

Chas. Sibeck Sacramento Office

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

A. H. Willard Rocklin

WM. LIPPINCOTT Eureka

Ray Dimond Orleans

Euell Gray Crescent City

Wm. J. Harp Areata

Geo. L. Hoke Requa

Wm. F. Kaliher Loleta

R. J. Yates Eureka

S. R. GILLOON Mt. Shasta

J. F. French Redding

Brice Hammock Fort Jones

A. A. Jordan Alturas

A. H. MiUett Yreka

Ralph Newsome Fall River Mills

Fred Starr Macdoel

S. J. CARPENTER Maxwell

Roy Anderson Orland

Lee Atkinson Maxwell

Harry Brittan Red Bluff

Harry Christiansen Maxwell

L. W. Dinsdale Yuba City

Taylor London Maxwell

A. D. Miner Gridley

J. V. Shearin Stonyford

A. J. Stanley Chico

J. D. DONDERO Lakeport

Earl Caldwell Covelo

Ovid Holmes Fort Bragg

Geo. Johnson Napa

Earl Macklin Ukiah

K. Ransdell Calistoga

Wm. T. Smalley Willits

HENRY LENCIONI Santa Rosa

J. H. Groves Cloverdale

V. E. Von Arx Sebastopol

W. B. SELLMER Fairfax

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

Geo. Smalley San Rafael

JOSEPH SANDERS Truckee

C. J. Barnes Quincy

C. O. Fisher Susanville

W. I. Long Westwood

L, E. Mercer Portola

O. Schumacker Truckee

J. E. NEWSOME Newman

H. E. Black Madera

C. L. Brown Mariposa

C. L. Gourley Gustine

L. W. Longeway Sonora

Geo. Magladry Modesto

R. C. O'Connor Los Banos

H. I. Pritchard Atwater

J. O'CONNELL Stockton

W. J. Black Jackson

S. R. Briggs Tracy

Wm. Hoppe Walnut Grove

Bert Laws Walnut Grove

Geo. Pickering San Andreas

B. W. SMALLEY Hanford

F. A. BuUard Reedley

Ray Ellis Fresno

L. R. Taylor Coalinga

O. P. BROWNLOW Visalia

A. R. Ainsworth Taft

Lester Arnold Bakersfield

Ray Billiard Visalia

C. B. Tibbetts Kemville

LOS ANGELES OFFICE

C. S. Donham Westmoreland

E. H. Glidden San Diego

J. H. Gyger Perris

R. J. Little Banning

E. D. Ricketts Thermal

Webb Toms San Diego

S. H. LYONS Solvang

R. E. Bedwell Ventura

W. C. Blewett . San Luis Obispo

F. Brians Santa Maria

W. Bmerick Santa Paula

R. Hawkins Paso Robles

E. H. OBER Big Pine

A. F. Crocker Bridgeport

D. Oliver Lone Pine

W. Talbott Santa Ana

J. Thornburg Markleeville

C. J. Walters Independence

LARUE CHAPPELL Pasadena

W. Adkinson El Toro

E. Chan Long Beach

L. W. Hare Owensmouth

W. Malone San Bernardino

R. Sadler Venice

C. Savage Ontario

C. Towers Los Angeles

Launch Patrol.

W. B. SELLMER, In Charge Fairfax

C. M. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," San Rafael

Wm. Armstrong Launch "Hunter," Vallejo

STATE LION HUNTER.
Jay C. Bruce San Lorenzo

Captains indicated in capitals.

CALIFORNIA STATE PBINTINa OFFICE
SACBAMENTO, 1939

CALIFORNIA
nSH"GAME

66118

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

I. ZELLERBACH, President San Francisco

GEORGE B. CLARKSON, Commissioner Los Angeles

REGINALD S. FERNALD, Commissioner Santa Barbara

JOHN L. FARLEY, Executive Officer San Francisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Francisco

Ralph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE
W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge San Francisco

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Cliief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Burghduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent Sacramento

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berlteley

Alex Culver and A. E. Doney, Surveyors Sacramento

G. H. Lambson, Superintendent Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. "Whitney Hatchery Independence

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

B. V. Cassell, Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Guy C. Tabler, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Swanton

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiali

J. J. Shebley, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessens, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Talioe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Clear Creek Hatchery Westwood

D. A. Clanton, Foreman Bear Lake Hatchery Pine Knot

H. E. Cole, Foreman Mormon Creek Hatchery Sonora

Peter Topp, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Loris D. Post, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station GrottvIUe

Archie Thompson, Foreman at Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Clarence A. Nixon, General Foreman at Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Bvins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

Ross McCloud, .Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Supervising Captain Terminal Island

S. H. Dado, Supervising Captain ^^San Francisco

C. H. Groat Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Captain San Diego

W. L. Scofield, Acting Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant, State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

Commercial Fisheries Patrol

F. P. Bacon Terminal Island Ross W. Markley Terminal Island

Paul Bonnot San iFrancisco Tate F. Miller Terminal Island

N. C. Kunkel Pismo L. G. Van Vorhis Pittsburg

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

H. R. DUNBAR, Assistant Executive Officer and in Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, A.ssistant San Francisco

D. D. McLean, F'ield Naturalist San Francisco

Dr. H. Van Roekel, Pathologist San Francisco

E. C. O'Roke, Parasitologist Berkeley

Paul H. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Mrs. Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J, S. HUNTER, In Charge San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

BUREAU OF PUBLICITY

FRANK H. VORE, In Charge— San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER, In Charge San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE, In Charge Yountville

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALE, In Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF PATROL.

E. L. MACAULAY, Chief of Patrol San Fraucisco

K. P. Allred, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

M. S. Clark, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

O. S. Bander, Assistant Chief of Patrol Los Angeles

Walter Welch, Captain, In Charge Volunteer Wardens San Francisco

SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE

C. L. Bundoek Hollister

J. L. Bundoek Oakland

A. G. Curry S. F. Office

T. K. Duncan Concord

L. B. Gross Hayward

C. Holladay Morgan Hill

M. F. Joy Burlingame

I. L. Koppel San Jose

G. O. Laws WeavervUle

McPherson Lough Mayfield

Forrest McDermott Santa Cruz

R. C. Marshall Monterey

E. V. Moody S. F, Office

Fred Post Salinas

J. C. Schneider King City

J. P. Vissiere Watsonville

L. T. WARD Sacramento Office

G. I, Flechenstein Folsom

E. Hiscox Nevada City

Nelson Poole Sacramento Office

Albert Sears Placerdlle

Chas. Sibeck Sacramento Office

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

A. H. Willard Rocklin

WM. LIPPINCOTT Eureka

Ray Diamond Orick

Euell Gray Crescent City

Wm. J. Harp Areata

Geo. L. Hoke Requa

Wm. F. Kaliher Fortuna

R. J. Yates Eureka

S. R. GILLOON Mt. Shasta

J. F. French Redding

Brice Hammack Fort Jones

A. A. Jordan Alturas

A. H. Millett Yreka

Ralph Newsome Fall River MUls

Fred Starr Maedoel

S. J. CARPENTER Maxwell

Roy Anderson Orland

Lee Atkinson Maxwell

Harry Brittan Red Bluff

Harry Christiansen Crockett

L. W. Dinsdale Yuba City

Taylor London Oroville

A. D. Miner Gridley

J. V. Shearin Stonyford

A. J. Stanley Chico

J. D. DONDERO Lakeport

Earl Caldwell Covelo

Ovid Holmes Fort Bragg

Geo. Johnson Napa

Earl Macklin .Ukiah

K Ransdell Calistoga

Wm. T. SmaUey Willits

HENRY LENCIONI Santa Rosa

J. H. Groves Cloverdale

V. E. Von Arx Sebastopol

W. B. SELLMER Fairfax

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

C. M. Bouton San Rafael

Chas. England Vallejo

Geo. Smalley San Rafael

JOSEPH SANDERS Truckee

C. J. Barnes Quincy

C. O. Fisher SusanviUe

W. I. Long Westwood

L. E. Mercer Portola

O. Schumacker Tahoe Citv

J. E. NEWSOME Newman

H. E. Black Madera

C. L. Brown Mariposa

C. L. Gourley Gustine

L. W. Longeway Sonora

Geo. Magladry Modesto

R. C. O'Connor Los Banos

H. I. Pritchard Atwater

J. O'CONNELL Stockton

W. J. Black Jackson

Wm. Hoppe Walnut Grove

Bert Laws Walnut Grove

Geo. Pickering San Andreas

E. W. SMALLEY Hanford

F. A. Bullard Reedley

Ray Ellis Fresno

L. R. Taylor Coalinga

O. P. BROWNLOW Visalia

A. R. Ainsworth Taft

Lester Arnold Bakersfield

Ray Bullard Porteiville

C. B. Tibbetts Kemville

LOS ANGELES OFFICE

C. S. Donham Escondido

E. H. Glidden San Diego

J. H. Gyger Perria

R. J. Little Banning

E. D. Ricketts Lee Vining

Webb Toms San Diego

S. H. LYONS Solvang

R. E. Bedwell Ventura

W. C. Blewett San Luis Obispo

F. Brians Santa Maria

W. Emeriek Santa Paula

E. H. OBER Big Pine

A. F. Crocker Bridgeport

D. Oliver Lone Pine

W. Talbot Mammoth

J. Thomburg Markleeville

C. .T. Walters Independence

LARUE CHAPPELL Pasadena

W. Adldnson El Toro

E. Chan Long Beach

L. W. Hare Santa Ana

W. Malone San Bernardino

R. Sadler Venice

C. Savage Ontario

C. Towers Los Angeles

Launch Patrol.

W. B. SELLMER, In Charge Fairfax

C. M. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," San Rafael

Wm. Armstrong Launch "Hunter," Vallejo

Captains Indicated In capitals.

CAT.IFOBNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE
SACRAMENTO, 1929

G\LIF0RN1A
nSH-GAME

ICONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION^'

68604

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

T. ZELLERBACH, President San Francisco

GEORGE B. CLARKSON, Commissioner Loa Angeles

REGINALD S. FERNALD, Commissioner Santa Barbara

JOHN L. FARLEY, Executive Officer San Francisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT. Attorney San Francisco

Ralph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

W. H, SHEBLEY, In Charge San Francisco

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Chief ot Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Buighduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent Sacramento

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berkeley

Alex Culver and A. E. Doney, Surveyors Sacramento

G. H. Lanibson, Superintendent Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

E. V. Cassell, Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Guy C. Tabler, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Swanton

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

J. J. Shebley, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessens, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Clear Creek Hatchery Westwood

D. A. Clanton, Foreman Bear Lake Hatchery Pine Knot

H. E. Cole, Foreman Mormon Creek Hatchery Sonora

Peter Topp, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Loris D. Post, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Bronkdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottvllle

Archie Thompson, Foreman at Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Clarence A. Nixon, General Foreman at Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

Ross McCloud, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Supervising Captain Terminal Island

S. H. Dado, Supprvising Captain San Francisco

C. H. Groat, Captain . Terminal Island

R. F. Classic. Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Captain , San Diego

W. L. Scofleld. Acting Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant, State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

Commercial Fisheries Patrol

H. L. W^illiamson Terminal Island Ross W. Markley Terminal Island

Paul Bonnot San Francisco Tate F. Miller.- Terminal Island

N. C. Kunkel Pismo L. G. "Van Vorhis Terminal Island

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Launch "Albacore," San PedrO

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

H. R. DUNBAR, Assistant Executive Officer and in Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, Assistant San Francisco

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

Dr. H. Van Roekel, Pathologist San Francisco

E. C. O'Roke, Parasitologist Berkeley

Paul H. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Mrs. Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, In Charge San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

BUREAU OF PUBLICITY

FRANK H. VORE, In Charge-- San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER. In Charge San Francisco

Clarence EUiger, Assistant San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE, In Charge Yountvllle

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALB, In Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF PATROL.

E. L. MACAULAY, Chief of Patrol San Francisco

K. P. Allred, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

M. S. Clark, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

0. S. Bander, Assistant Chief of Patrol Los Angeles

Walter Welch, Captain, In Charge Volunteer Wardens San Francisco

SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE

C. L. Bundock HoUister

J. L. Bundock Oakland

A. G. Curry S. F. Office

T. K. Duncan Concord

C. Holladay Morgan Hill

M. F. Joy Burlingame

I. L. Koppel San Jose

G. O. Laws Weaverville

McPherson Lough Mayfield

Forrest McDermott Santa Cruz

R. C. Marshall Monterey

E. V. Moody S. F. Office

Fred Post Salinas

H. R. Botts King City

J. P. Vissiere Watsonville

L. T. WARD Sacramento Office

G. I. Flechenstein Folsom

E. Hiscox Nevada City

Nelson Poole Sacramento Office

Albert Sears Placerville

Chas. Sibeck Sacramento Office

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

A. H. Willard Rocklin

WM. LIPPINCOTT Eureka

Ray Diamond Orick

Wm. J. Harp Areata

Geo. L. Hoke Requa

Wm. F. Kaliher Hayfork

R. J. Yates Eureka

8. R. GILLOON __Mt. Shasta

C. R. Love Redding

Brice Haramack Yreka

A. A. Jordan Alturas

Ralph Newsome Hamburg

Fred Starr Macdoel

8. J. CARPENTER Maxwell

Roy Anderson Orland

Lee Atkinson Maxwell

Harry Brittan Red Bluff

I>. W. Dinsdale Yuba City

Taylor London Oroville

A. D. Miner Gridley

J. V. Shearin Stonyford

A. J. Stanley Chico

J. D. DONDERO Lakeport

Earl Caldwell Covelo

Ovid Holmes Fort Bragg

Geo. Johnson Napa

Earl Macklin Ukiah

K. Ransdell Calistoga

Wm. T. Smalley Willits

HENRY LENCIONI Santa Rosa

J. H. Groves Cloverdale

V. E. Von Arx Sebastopol

W. B. SELLMER Fairfax

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

C. M. Ronton San Rafael

Geo. Smalley San Rafael

JOSEPH SANDERS Truckee

C. J. Barnes Quincy

C. O. Fisher Susanville

W. I. Long Westwood

L. B. Mercer Portola

O. Schumacker Tahoe City

J. E. NEWSOME Newman

H. E. Black Madera

C. L. Brown Mariposa

C. L. Gourley Gustine

Floyd Jones Merced

L. W. Longeway Sonora

Geo. Magladry Modesto

R. C. O'Connor Los Banos

H. I. Pritchard Atwater

J. O'CONNELL Stockton

W. J. Black Jackson

Frank Carillo Angels Camp

Wm. Hoppe Walnut Grove

Bert Laws Walnut Grove

E. W. SMALLEY Hanford

F. A. Bullard Reedley

Ray Ellis Fresno

L. R. Taylor Coalinga

O. P. BROWNLOW Visalia

A. R. Ainsworth Taft

Ray Bullard Porterville

LOS ANGELES OFFICE

C. S. Donham Escondido

E. H. Glidden San Diego

J. H. Gyger Perria

R. J. Little Banning

E. D. Ricketts Lee Vining

Webb Toms San Diego

S. H. LYONS Solvang

R. E. Bedwell Ventura

W. C. Blewett San Luis Obispo

F. Brians Santa Maria

W. Emerick Santa Paula

Walter Goff Paso Robles

E. H. OBER Big Pine

A. F. Crocker Bridgeport

D. Oliver Lone Pine

W. Talbot Mammoth

J. Thornburg Markleeville

C. J. Walters Independence

LARUE CHAPPELL Pasadena

W. Adkinson El Tore

E. Chan Long Beach

L. W. Hare Santa Ana

W. Malone San Bernardino

R. Sadler Venice

C. Savage Ontario

C. Towers Los Angeles

Launch Patrol.

W. B. SELLMER, In Charge Fairfax

C. M. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," San Rafael

Wm. Armstrong Launch "Hunter," Vallejo

Captains indicated In capitals.

CALIFOBNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE
SACRAMENTO. 1929

CALIFORNIA
FISH -GAME

ICONSERN^^-ION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATION^'

70670

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL EESOURCES
DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

£. ZBLLERBACH, Preeident San Francisco

GEORGE B. CL.ARKSON, Commissioner Los Angeles

REGINALD S. FBRNALD, CoiTunissioner Santa Barbara

JOHN L. FARLEY, Executive Officer San Francisco

EOGl^NE D. BENNETT, Attorney San PYancisco

lialph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge San Francisco

J. H. Vogt. Aasistant to Chief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Bui-ghduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent Sacramento

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berkeley

Alex Culver and A. E. Doney. Surveyors Sacramento

G. H. Lambson, Superintendent Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

E. V. Cassell. Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery — Swantou

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

J. J. Shebley, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessens, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrlan, Foreman Clear Creek Hatchery Westwood

D. A. Clanton, Foreman Bear Lake Hatchery Pine Knot

H. E. Cole, Foreman Mormon Creek Hatchery Sonora

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

Guy C. Tablei', Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Raymond Haddon, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottvllle

Archie Thompson, Foreman at Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Clarence A. Nixon, General Foreman at Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

Ross McCloud, I'juperintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Supervising Captain Terminal Island

S. H. Dado, Supervising Captain San Francisco

C. H. Groat, Captain Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn P. Maddox, Captain San Diego

W. L. Scofield, Acting Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant, State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

Commercial Fisheries Patrol

H. L. Williamson Terminal Island Ross W. Markley Terminal Island

Paul Bonnot San Francisco Tate F. Miller Terminal Island

N. C. Kunkel Pismo L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

H. R. DUNBAR, Assistant Executive Officer and in Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

DR. H. C. BRYANT, Tr Charge San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, Assistant San Francisco

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Mrs. Bessie W. Klbbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, In Charge San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

BUREAU OF PUBLICITY

FRANK H. VORE, In Charge— San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER, In Charge San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE, In Charge Tountvllle

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALE, In Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OP PATROL.

B. Ia MAOAULAY, Chief of Patrol Saa Francisco

K. P. Allred, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

M. S. Clark, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

0. S. Bander, Assistant Chief of Patrol Los Angeles

Walter Welch, Captain, In Charge Volunteer Wardens San Francisco

8AN FRANCISCO OFFICE

C. L, Bundock Holliater

-T. L. Bundock Oakland

Wm. A. Clark San Francisco

A. G. Curry S. F. OfBce

T. K. Duncan Concord

C. Holladay Morgan Hill

M. F. Joy Burlingame

I. L. Koppel San Jose

G. O. Laws Weaverville

McPherson Lough Mayfield

Forrest McDermott Santa Cruz

R. C. Marshall Monterey

Charter Peek S. F. Office

Fred Post Salinas

H. R. Botts King City

J. P. Vissiere Watsonville

L. T. WARD Sacramento Office

G. I. Flechenstein Folsom

E. Hiscox Nevada City

Nelson Poole Sacramento Office

Albert Sears Placerville

Chas. Sibeck Sacramento Office

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

A. H. Willard Rocklin

WM. LIPPINCOTT Eureka

Ray Diamond Crescent City

Wm. J. Harp Areata

Geo. L. Hoke Requa

Wm. F. Kaliher Hayfork

K. J. Yates Eureka

Scott Feland Fortuna

S. R. GILLOON Mt. Shasta

C. R. Love Redding

Brice Hammack Yreka

^- A; J?i"<ian Alturas

Ralph Newsome Hamburg

Fred Starr Macdoel

S. J. CARPENTER Maxwell

Roy Anderson Orland

Lee Atkinson Arbuckle

Harry Brittan Red Bluff

L. W. Dinsdale Yuba City

A^yJL°^,/'<^'^<^<'° Oroville

A. D. Miner Gridley

J. V. Sheann Stonyford

A. J. Stanley Chico

J. D. pONDERO Lakeport

Earl Caldwell Covelo

Ovid Holmes Fort Bragg

Geo. Johnson _Napa

Earl Macklin V Ukiah

K RansdeU ^Calistoga

Wm. T. Smalley Willits

HENRY LENCIONI Santa Rosa

J. H. Groves Cloverdale

V. E. Von Arx Sebastopol

W. B. SELLMER Fairfax

W. H. Armstrong Valleio

C. M. Ronton San Rafael

Bert Laws San Rafael

Wm. Dyer ___Crockett

JOSEPH SANDERS Truckee

C. J. Barnes Quincy

C. O. Fisher Susanville

W. I. Long Westwood

L. E. Mercer Portola

O. Schumacker Loyalton

J. E. NEWSOME Newman

H. B. Black Madera

C. L. Brown Mariposa

C. L. Gourley Gustine

Floyd Jones Merced

L. W. Longeway Sonora

Geo. Magladry Modesto

R. C. O'Connor Los Banos

H. I. Pritchard Atwater

John Davison Los Banos

J. O'CONNELL Stockton

W. J. Black Jackson

Frank Carillo Angels Camp

Wm. Hoppe Walnut Grove

Geo. Smalley Tracy

Alvin Granstrom Walnut Grove

E. W. SMALLEY Hanford

F. A. Bullard Reedley

Ray Ellis Fresno

H. S. Vary Coalinga

O. P. BROWNLOW Visalia

A. R. Ainsworth Taft

Ray Bullard Porterville

Roswell Welch Pond

Earl Vail Pond

LOS ANGELES OFFICE

C. S. Donham Escondido

E. H. Glidden San Diego

J. H. Gyger Perris

R. J. Little Banning

E. D. Ricketts Coachella

Webb Toms San Diego

S. H. LYONS Solvang

R. E. Bedwell Niland

W. C. Blewett San Luis Obispo

F. Brians Santa Maria

W. Emerick Santa Paula

Walter Goff Paso Robles

E. H. OBER Big Pine

A. F. Crocker Bridgeport

D. Oliver Lone Pine

W. Talbot Mammoth

J. Thornburg Markleeville

C. J. Walters Independence

LARUE CHAPPELL Pasadena

W. Adkinson El Toro

E. Chan Long Beach

L. W. Hare Niland

W. Malone San Bernardino

R. Sadler Venice

C. Savage Ontario

C. Towers Los Angeles

ITT T» r^^T^., Launch Patrol.

^- ^ ^»?^^^^^^' ^" Cl^arge Fairfax

C. M. Ronton Launch "Quinnat," San Rafael

^^- Armstrong Launch "Hunter," Vallejo

Captains indicated in eapitals.

CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE
SACRAMENTO, 1929

ifc

TC^

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