CALIFOWIA
FISH -GAME

7438:;

DEPARTMENT OF NATUHAL EESOUECES
DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor, No compensation

L ZELLERBACH, President San Franclsca

REGINALD S. FERNAL.D, Commissioner Santa Barbara

JOHN U FARLEY, Elxecutive Officer San Francisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Francisco

Ralph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge San Franciuco

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Chief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Burghduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, E^ield Superintendent Sacramento

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berkeley

Alex Culver and A. E. Doney, Surveyors Sacramento

G. H. Lambson, Superintendent Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

E. v. Cassell. Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Swanton

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

J. J. Shebley, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessen, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Clear Creek Hatchery Westwood

D. A. Clanton, Foreman Bear Lake Hatchery Pine Knot

H. E. Cole, Foreman Mormon Creek Hatchery Sonora

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

Guy C. Ta"bler, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Raymond Hadden, Foreman Y'uba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottvllle

Archie Thompson, Foreman at Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Clarence A. Nixon, General Foreman at Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

Ross McCloud, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Supervising Captain Terminal Island

S. H. Dado, Supervising Captain San Francisco

C. H. Groat, Captain Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Captain San Diego

W. L. Scofield, Acting Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant, State Fisheries Laboratories Terminal Island

Commercial Fisheries Patrol

Paul Bonnot San Francisco Ross W. Markley Terminal Island

R. S. Cleaveland Pismo Beach Tate F. Miller Terminal Island

N. C. Kunkel Terminal Island L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," San Pedro

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS
H. R. DUNBAR, Assistant Executive Officer and In Charge Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge San Francisco

Leo. K. Wilson, Assistant Director San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, Educational Assistant ^^San Franciscp

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist ^_l__San Francisco

E. S. Cheney, Photographer ; Oakland

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

B. L. Sumner, Jr., Assistant Economic Zoologist : Berkeley

Mrs. Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, In Charge ^ San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER, In Charge San Francisco

Claren- e Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE, In Charge Yountville

E. D. Piatt, Assistant in Charge ; Chino

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALE, In Charpe Sacramento

California Fish and Game

" CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION."

Volume 16 SACRAMENTO, APRIL. 1930 No. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

THE KIGHT8 OF THE AMATEUR SPORTSMAN WaHcr R. Welch 107

BlOLOCxICAL SURVEY OF THE LAKES, RESERVOIRS AND

STREAMS OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY Geo. A. Coleman 111

THE BURRO DEER IN CALIFORNIA Donald D. McLean 119

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF THE

CALIFONIA SARDINE E. C. Scofield and M. J. Lindner 120

REPORT ON THE RELATIVE MERITS AND DEMERITS OF PURSE

SEINES VS. LAMPARA NETS IN THE TAKING OF SARDINES—

Paul linnnot 125

THE CALIFORNIA WHITEBAIT FISHERY Paul Bonnot 130

A SHOCKING FISH TALE Cohurn F. Aladdox 136

SALT-WATER PERCH IN THE SAN PEDRO WHOLESALE FISH

MARKETS Frances N. Clark 130

THE LILY-IRON RETURNS TO MONTEREY BAY Geo. Roper Chute 143

CONSERVATION THROUGH VISUAL EDUCATION 152

EDITORIALS 157

DIVISION ACTIVITIES ISO

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 1«3

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 185

REPORTS—

Violations of Fish and Gamo Laws 192

Statement of Expenditures 19;;

Statement of Income 19.")

Fi.shery Products, October. November, December, 1920 19(5

THE RIGHTS OF THE AMATEUR SPORTSMAN

By Waltkr R. Wiu.ch

Without favoritism, mankind was originall.y given dominion over all
game. There is biblical authority for the assertion that originally man
was given dominion over the fowl of the air. the fish of the sea. and
the wild beasts of the fields, with authority to subject all such animals
to his use, comfort or pleasure. For a comparatively brief period
thereafter he, apparently in common with others of the race, exercised
without let or hindrance the right thus conferred, and made use of the
wild beasts, birds and fish for food and raiment, so far as the nature
and character of the animals permitted.

74.383

108 CALIFORNIA VlfiU AND GAME

Animals ferae naturae, however, like all other species of property of
any value, whether tangible or intanjjible. were soon lost to the gen-
eralty of mankind, and all rights therein early vested in various rulers
of the race and such favored citizens as, at the pleasure of the ruler,
were granted the right to hunt and possess different kinds of game on
conditions which the sovereign power saw fit to impose.

In England this right was asserted bj'^ her rulers, until l)y magna
charta and forest charter this assumption of property rights in animals
fe7'ae naturae was surrendered by the sovereign to the general public,
with the exception of the right to control and regulate the taking of
game for the purpose of preserving it for the benefit of the public at
large, which is still retained by the sovereign power.

In this country it is well settled that all animals ferae naturae belong
to the states as trustees for the public, and that it is not only the right,
but the duty of the state as such trustee so to regulate and control the
taking of game and fish as to preserve them from wanton waste and
destruction.

The ordinary individual who is not the fortunate possessor of land on
which there is to be found wild game, by a somewhat violent yet
conclusive presumption of law, is presumed to know that this is a
species of property of which, as a citizen of this land of the free, he is
possessed equally with the other citizens. This great heritage, he is
informed, is the reason for the enactment and enforcement of the game
laws, which, although in many respects seriously entrenching upon
other property rights, he cheerfully acquiesces in, since thereby his
property right in wild game is preserved.

Owing to the nature of wild game this right, at the most, may be a
very intangible one, and yet to many citizens it is undoubtedly more real
than other property rights. Of course this property right vests equally
in the resident of the city or town, and in his country brother. In the
open season for game, should the former, having in mind this theory
as to the title of wuld game, shoulder his gun and betake himself to its
haunts to realize on his property which the state has so carefully pre-
served for him, the bristling signs on every hand confronting him,
bearing the warning "No Hunting Here," will impress him with the
fact that realization on his property rights in the wild game is attended
with many serious difficulties, unless, as in Frost's painting, "The
Conciliator," he has had the foresight to provide himself with the neces-
sary flask, the presentation of which so frequently causes the stera — ^^
features of the hornj^-handed owner of the land to relax and warm
into a welcoming smile, as he accepts this "key" to his hunting grounds.

In any event, such a property owner and the hunter of wuld game
is apt to gain an exaggerated idea of the rights of the owner of the
land over which the game roams. As a matter of fact, however, the
owner of the land has a very slight property right in the wild game
thereon. Whatever the character of this right, the land owner possesses
no right to kill wild game out of season, or otherwise, in violation of the
law, even on his own land.

In the United States the phrases "Game Protection" and "Wild Life
Conservation" are synonymous terms and have a distinct and well
understood meaning which, in effect, amounts to this: the enactment
and enforcement of laws for the preservation of all species of birds.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 109

Hiiimals and Hsli ol' a wild natni-c for llic Itcnofit of all oL' the pooplo
in common.

When we speak of ji:ani(' pi-Dtcction we should kccj) in mind that there
are two distinct and entirely dift'ci-ent systems of protection in vogue
throughout the world. The ojie that is already referred to, and may be
termed the governmental system, whereby tlu; supreme power of the
state or nation decrees that the wikl game and fish shall not be pro-
miscuously slaughtered at will, but only under suitable regulations, to
the end that it be conserved in the interests of all of the people in
common. This is the only system we recognize at this time in this
country. It is the only proper one for any country wherein the people
are recognized as sovereign, and thousands of leading citizens all over
the United States are Avorking unselfishly to make this system a com-
plete success.

The other is the private or individual system of protection, by which
interested persons employ the means at their command and within their
Icnowledge to conserve and increase the supply of wild game for their
own use and benefit, without any consideration whatever for the general
public in so doing. This latter system prevails largely in Great Britain
and on the European continent.

It may be well to call attention to the fact that history shows that
the former theory was anciently adopted in all European countries,
but, by reason of indifference upon the part of the general public, it
proved ineffectual in conserving the game, and the other system finally
supplanted it. It appears that the people of those countries, like those
in this country in recent times, took little interest in preserving their
Avild game. They considered all laws harsh and repulsive to a degree,
and bent their energies more in the direction of pursuing and destroy-
ing game than in protecting it, with the inevitable result, when the
scarcity of game became so appreciable as to cause alarm, the wealthy,
aristocratic class took the matter in hand and began to propagate and
protect game and other w^ld life systematically on their great landed
estates for their own private recreation and enjojonent.

Now, as surely as the morning follows the night, that same change
of system will occur in this state and in every state in the United
States unless more active interest is taken in our present governmental
system of fish and game protection by the people at large.

We may see the forerunners now of the private system of game
protection in this state and in every state in the United States. Immense
tracts of wild lands and marsh lands are being bought, leased and
otherwise secured by wealthy sportsmen, either individually or asso-
ciated with others in clubs, for private game preserves, and we hope the
public in general is awakening to the true significance of this movement.

But it will not do to condemn these sportsmen when we remain
wholly indifferent to the cause that is back of this move. We should first
prevent the cause and then the effect will not follow. As long as there
is a fair supply of game and wild life for all classes, there will be no
incentive for this individual system of game protection ; but when the
game fields and public waters become depleted of game, fish and other
wild life, the incentive to establish private game preserves is very great.

The question is : Can the governmental system of wild life protection
and conservation be made a success ? In other words, can a fair supply

110 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of fish, game and wild life for all of the people be preserved and
maintained b}' means of wise laws?

"With a single qualification, we answer emphatically "Yes."

The qualification consists in this: Concurrently w^ith the enactment
of the laws, we must establish a campaign of education to bring public
sentiment over to the support of the laws.

The people must be made to appreciate the real value of a supply of
wild life to themselves, individually and collectively.

The public must be given to understand that the fish and game laws
are enacted for the general public good, and not in the interest of any
privileged feAv or special class.

Thus enlightened, public sentiment will exercise its powerful influ-
ence for the enactment of sane, simple and scientific laws that will
protect and conserve the fish, game and wild life supply of the state,
for the benefit and enjoyment of all of the people of the state.

"We now come to what, in the past, has proven to be a fatal weakness
in our governmental system of fish, game and wild life protection, viz.,
the lack of proper public sentiment and support for the strict enforce-
ment of the laws.

It ought not be necessary to call attention to a matter which should
appeal to ordinary reason as an obvious fact, and common sense should
dictate that fish and game laws are of no value as such to accomplish
anything w'ithout being enforced.

Of W'hat avail are laws for the protection and conservation of fish,
game and wild life, unless properly and strictly enforced?

Annually individuals and representatives of associations and clubs
appear before their state legislature in the interest of fish, game and
wild life legislation, and labor unceasingly for the enactment of new
laws. Yet, after the enactment of such laws, how many individuals,
associations or clubs do we find exerting themselves in the least tow'ard
securing public sentiment in support of the laws, or for those whose
duty it is to enforce them ?

The truth is that the enforcement of the laws is the prime necessity
and the prerequisite to the success of any governmental sj'stem of fish,
game and w'ild life protection, without which all other efforts are fore-
doomed to utter failure.

By enforcement of the laws we do not mean sporadic attempts to
enforce the laws, but vigorous, continuous, consistent efforts to obtain
their full benefit. Nothing is so conducive toward educating the public
as to the value of wild life as a rigid enforcement of the laws.

"When those who violate the law are brought to book for their offenses
they are quite apt to give the matter s;oino study and reflection, which in
the end will convince them and their friends of th(> eri'or of their ways.

There is no way of testing the efficiency or benefit of a law save by its
rigid, continuous and consistent enforcement. If strict enforcement of
the law proves it to be defective for its intended purpose, then it should
be amended or repealed. Otherwise there is no means of securing
accurate information on the subject.

The constant changing of fish and game laws at each recurring ses-
sion of the state legislature, without a practical test of the law, has been
the one serious evil in the past. It seems to have become a prevailing
fashion, when one state enacts an experimental fish or game law, for
the other states to follow suit and do likewise without any thought for
the local conditions.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 111

As a matter of fact, however, it often happens that what would he a
wise and beneficial measure in one state to meet conditions which there
prevail may prove utterly foolish and disastrous in another state,
where the conditions are wholly different.

Some of the sponsors of experimental fish and jjame laws are mere
theorists who have no practical knowledge of the etfect of the measures
they advocate, and are unfamiliar with the conditions that exist
even in their own communities.

Tn the past, fish and game laws Avere considered to be more or less
of a novelty or farce, and the matter of their enforcement a joke, with
the result that it was difficult to impress the majority of the people as
to the value and necessity of the laws. This sentiment on the part of
the general public made the enforcement of the laws an onerous and
difficult task for those Avliose duty it its to execute the law.

While it is true that the title to all wild game is in the state, and
that the owner of the land on which it dwells or roams has only a
qualified property interest in it, as he has a right to exercise inclusive
and absolute domain over his landed estate, so he has a right to protect
the wild life upon it ; therefore he has the power to prohibit any and
every person from shooting upon his lands.

Where the woods and wild lands have been supplanted by orchards,
vineyards and fields of waving grain, the farmer stands guard and the
"No Hunting" sign confronts the sportsman today.

While there is. and of right ought to be, a limit to the landowner's
right to control the wild game on his lands, the time has not yet come
in this country for a landowner to open fire upon an amateur sports-
man and make his wife a widow and his children orphans. There are
not, however, indications that we are moving in that direction.

Submitting all the facts to a candid world, it is respectfully urged
upon all amateur sportsmen that they respect the rights of the farmer
and landowner, and that they appreciate the privileges granted to the
sportsmen by them, or the acts of vandalism committed by irrespon-
sible hunters on the lands of the farmer and landowner may lead to the
enactment of more rigid laws for the protection of the farmer 's property,
and thus further curtail the present rights of the amateur s])ortsman.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE LAKES, RESERVOIRS
AND STREAMS OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY

By Geo. A. Coleman

In January, 1927, I began a study of the lakes, reservoirs and streams
of San Diego County in order to determine the exact conditions existing
therein as a basis for stocking with the proper varieties of fish.

As the most of these lakes and reservoirs are the source of the
domestic water supply of the city of San Diego and adjacent territory,
their stocking with fish presents a serious problem. The water supply
must be kept clean and sanitary, which involves treatment regularly
during the summer months with copper sulphate and continuous
chlorination. The effect of these treatments on the fish and fish food
has been a very interesting study. For the purpose of a better under-
standing of the problem, the field data on each lake, reservoir and
stream is appended as completely as I have been able to make it up to
the present time, along with the results of some of the fish planting.

112 CALIFOKMA FISH AND GAME

During the past week, January 20-25, 1930, I have visited again
some of these reservoirs and had a chance to observe the pond-holding
system now in use and the results of holding trout fry in these ponds
during the past two months.

The holding ponds in use in Upper and Lower Otay lakes received
my particular attention. Both of these ponds are described in the
preliminary report and it is unnecessary to repeat here, since they are
both in the same condition as in 1927.

On November 21, 1929, these holding ponds were stocked with brown
trout from a shipment of approximately 50,000 tinge rlings made by the
Division of Fish and Game from ]\It. Shasta Hatchery. Mr. Webb
Toms, deputy in charge of these holding ponds, informs me that 15,000
of this shipment were placed in the cement holding pond at the Upper
Otay Dam and the balance, 35,000, in the cement holding pond at
Lower Otay.

The pond at Upper Otay Dam receives its water through a small pipe
located about midway in the dam between the bottom and top. This
water is not chlorinated and no copper sulphating has been done for
some time. On the occasion of my visit to it on January 21, 1930, I
tasted the water and observed the odor and found nothing objectionable
in either.

I took specimens of the fish in this pond, the average of 100 or more,
which I found to be in good physical condition. In the lot cap-
tured were two five inches or over in length, but the great bulk of
them, probably 95 per cent, ran from two and one-half to three and
one-half inches in length. Just as in any pond system, where no effort
is made to segregate them from time to time according to sizes, they
are of all sizes, and an examination of the stomachs of the larger speci-
mens would reveal the remains of many of their lesser fellows.

The holding pond at Lower Otay is the same as described in my
report of January, 1927, and the same as mentioned in the article by
Mr. Muehliesen in California Fish and Game, October, 1929, pp. 314-
316, Fig. 104.

This pond now receives its water supply from the main pipeline and
is taken off just below the chlorination plant. As it is less than 1000
feet from the chlorination plant, the water supplying the pond receives
the full dosage of chlorination daily. Consequently the 35,000 brown
trout fry placed in this holding pond November 21, 1929, did not do
as well or make as good gro-\^i:h as those in the pond at Upper Otay.
On January 15, 1930, Mr. Toms sent specimens of these trout, which, on
examination, showed symptoms of having been gassed. On January 21,
1930, in company with Mr. Toms and Mr. R. C. Wueste, supervisor of
the water impounding system of the city of San Diego, I investigated
the conditions at the Lower Otay Dam and Pond. I found that the
pond had not been cleaned since the fish were put in two months before.
There was a great accumulation of algae on the bottom and walls of the
pond, which they were endeavoring to clear up by the use of copper
sulphate. Mr. Wueste stated that on December 28, 1929, there occurred
a great overdosage of chlorine in the water in the pipeline and that the
water in the holding ])ond received the full dosage. Mr. Toms reported
that the fry in the pond innuediately showed signs of distress by whirl-
ing rapidly around, finally coming to rest with the head down, in which

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 113

position tliey died and sank to the bottom, where they turned black
in a very short time. They died off so rapidly that on January 17
what were left, estimated at 5000, were turned out into the lake.

Mr. Toms reported that the steelhead fry placed in the small pontoon
cages at Barrett Lake were not doing as Avell, or making the growth, as
the brown trout in the pond at Upper Otay.

Under date of January 23, 1930, Mr. Wueste wrote me as follows: "I
am a believer in making haste slowly about some things. This is
especially true of (piestious which have good arguments on both sides
and require a considerable time to deteriuine by actual experiment.
One such question in my mind is the efficacy and economic wisdom of
trout planting in San Diego County. T expect some time later this year
to compile data on trout jibinting in Han Diego County, with results
to the fishing public. It occurs to me that an equal amount of time,
effort and money devoted to fishes more suitable to the local environ-
ment might have yielded immensely more satisfactory results.

"What is your opinion on the suitability of the large and small-
mouthed black bass in San Diego County .' Also, what other fishes do
you believe would thrive equally well here and get along neighborly
with the black bass ? "

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

It is very evident from a study of the data obtained in the survey of
these lakes and reservoirs that the temperature, food and other condi-
tions make them more suitable in general for bass, crappie, bluegill,
sunfish and perch than for trout. Tjake Cuyamaca is the only real trout
lake in the county.

The effort to stock these lakes with trout is, therefore, an attempt
under the handicap of natural conditions and, while it may succeed
to a limited extent with the brown trout, which is the only species of
trout in any Avay suited to the conditions in most of these reservoirs,
it is bounil to be an expensive undertaking, both in money and fish.

It seems to me that much more satisfactory results would be obtained
by working with nature in the stocking and maintenance of species of
fish in each lake which are suitable to the enviroiniicntal conditions in
that lake.

The bass, crappie, bluegill, perch and several species of sunfish will
.stand a much stronger dosage of copper sulphate than trout. Since
nearly all of these lakes require treatment with copper sulphate during
the warm summer months and continuous daily chlorination, these
species of fish would be much more likely to succeed under the condi-
tions than trout. The natural food in these lakes is also just what is
required by these fish.

As a further and conclusive ai-gunient in favor of bass, crappie,
perch, sunfish and bluegill, especially the latter, they are species of fish
which can be caught with little effort by people who are not expert
sport fishermen, but who enjoy catching and eating a few fish. As the
city of San Diego is anxious to promote general camping, picnicking,
boating and fisliing at these lakes and reservoirs, it seems to me
this is the solution of the problem.

Berkeley, California, January :^(t, 1930.

114 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

FIELD NOTES ON BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LAKES, RESERVOIRS AND
STREAMS OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY (PRELIMINARY REPORT)

January 20 to 26, 1927.

RESERVOIRS: Upper and Lower Otay lakes. Located 19-21 miles southeast of
San Diego.

Upper Otay: Elevation, 521 feet. Temperature of water, 57.8° F. Capacity, one
billion gallons. Frei-sh water algae: Baclllariaceae (diatoms), very abundant;
(Closterium), abundunt ; Spirotryra, Zyaniniu. etc., abundant. Planlclon : Water
fleas {Daphnia pulex), very abundant. Qopepods : Cyclops biacuspidatus, abundant.
Diaptomus bakeri, very abundant. (20 minutes towing yielded 1 ounce solid material.)
Fish : Black bass, crappie and bluegill planted here are reported to be doing fine ;
no tnmt.

Lower Otay: Elevation, 399 feet. Temperature of water, 57.8° F.. Capacity, 19
billion gallons. Sample at 50 feet, dissolved oxygen=:98% saturation; carbon dioxide
=20 pts. per million. Sample at 20 feet, dis.solved oxygen==118.2% saturation;
carbon dioxide=20 pts. per million. Sample at 107 feet, dissolved oxygen=98%
saturation : carbon dioxide=20 pts. vev million. Hydrogen-ion-concentration of all
samples=Ph. 7.8 (slightly allmline).

F'resh water algae: Baclllariaceae (diatoms) very abundant in surface water.
Closterium, very abundant.

Plankton: Water fleas {Daphnia pulcx), very abundant. Oopepods (Cyclops
bicuspidatus ) , very abundant. (Diaptomus bakeri) (found at 50-107 ft. depth).
(20 minutes towing yielded 1 oz. solid material.)

Fish : Black bass, crappie and bluegill said to be fairly abundant. Trout intro-
duced here seem to be very scarce, which is laid to bass eating the fry.*

Larger insects: Dragon fly larvae abundant in algae along shore.

Higher crustaceans: The "Scud" (Hyalella knickcrbockeri) was dredged up from
the bottom in 15 feet of water and seemed lo be fairly abundant on ai^ae covered
limbs.

TROUT NURSERY POND: At lower Otay Dam. This pond is one of the best I
have seen. Cemented sides and bottom, water well aerated by a continuous stream
from hydrant and tiny streams from an encircling water pipe : shade furnished by
a covered pergola. Fresh water algae are very abundant ; spirogyra, zygnema, etc.,
forming a thick mass on the bottom at present, which later spreads over the surfa,ce.
Plankton : Water fleas ; wheel animalculae ; ciliate protozoa ; very abundant.

The trout fingerlings here look very well (only a few with fungus spots). They
vary in size from 3 to 6 inches. Only a few hundred could be seen. Still being fed,
althougli there is an abundance of natural food.

HOLDING POND AT UPPER OTAY DAM. This pond is on the lower side of the
upper Otay Dam, receiving its water through a pipe from the reservoir above. It is
constructed by using the natural rock wall on the upper side, while the outer side
is of concrete; bottom of earth and concrete. It is about 8 feet in depth and 20
feet long. All the aeration the water gets is what is brouglit in at the surface from
the inch pipe supply. Tlie lower third of this tank is now covered by boards, which
are not shown in the photograph.

Just as in all other ponds, the large trout eat the small ones, only a few hundred
being visible when fed. They are of all sizes from 3 to 6 inches in length, except that
here the small seem to predominate. Mr. Toms says they do not grow as fast here as
in the pontoon cages. The natural feed is not very abundant in this pond. There is
no way of cleaning it ; hence in all probability the bacteria of decomposition use up
the oxygen which would otherwise be available for the trout. No attempt at segre-
gation has been made in this tank. As it is a hundred feet, oi- more above the level
of the water in the lower reservoir, it will be necessary to dip the trout fry out when
fliey are to be planted, ,nnd T am not sure that any way was provided for drawing
down the water in order to do this.

PONTOON CAGES AT LOWER OTAY. These cages are constructed as follows :
A framework of 2 by 4, covered with a very fine meshed screen on the sides and
bottom; top covered with heavy chicken wire over which removable boards are laid.
Mounted on woodpipe pontoons, with screw lever.s at each corner so that they can
be raised ont of the water for cleaning and lowered again without disturbing the
fry in any way.

Size 20 feet by 20 feet by 10 feet in depth and when lowered there is about eight
feet of -water in the cage. They can be moved about and anchored anywhere, which
is a great advantage during warm weather. The only trouble seems to be in getting
a good circulation of water through them (on account of the fine meshed wire).
r)uring the warm summei-, when the surface is very quiet, it is absolutely necessary
that some means of circulating and aerating the water be provide<l. This was
accomplished this last summer by running an Evenrude at one end. A better plan,
it seems to me, and I so recommended, would be to provide a pipe coming up through
the bottom and producing a spray over the surface. A small electric centrifugal
pump, with which the cooler water from the bottom could be brought up and
sprayed over the surface of the water inside the tank would, I believe, solve the
problem. The trout in this cage are in fine condition, larger, 4 to 7 inches in lengrth.
than in either of the ponds.

I believe, therefore, that the cage, provided the suggested improvements for
aerating the water are made, is the solution of raising trout in these lakes to a
larger size. However, the cage is subject to the same objection as the pond, viz,
the larger fry will eat the smaller. The only way to overcome this difficulty is to
put movable partitions in the cage made of wire mesh. This, together with a separat-

•I believe that on account of the abundance of the above bottom feed it will be
found on Investigation that the trout are at the bottom feeding this time of year and
possibly in the warm summer months and have not been destroyed by the bass.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 115

liig screen of wire mesh vvhifh will permit s«paratins the smaller ones from the
larg-er without handling thorn at all, will, I believe, make the cage the Ideal
arrangement.

MURRAY RBS'ER^'OIR. Located 10 miles northeast of San Diego. Elevation 440
ft'et. Capacitv 2 billion prallon.s. Temporature of water 55.0° F.

Fresh water algae: Bacillariaceae (diatoms), very abundant; Fragillaria croto-
ne7isis (floating colonies), very abundant.

Plankton: Water fleas (Daphnia pulex), very abundant; Copepods {Dmptonius
bakeri), very abundant; Wheel animalculae (Anarthera aptera) common; Protozoan
flagellates, common ; Volvo.i prriilobatoi-, forming green scum.

Fish: Bas.s, crappie and bluegill, .said to be doing fine.

Pontoon cages are not so elaborate as the one in l(nver Olay. A large one and
two smaller ones have been provided and an attempt at segregating was made. When
they were separated about a month ago. only six hundred large ones were found
and removed to one of the smaller cages. "The thou.sands" left were called up to
feed, but only a few hundred were visible. What I did see were all sizes from 3 to 5
inches in length.

Recommendations : The same objections apply to these cages as to the one
at lower Otay, viz, no means provided for circulation of the water. If, therefore,
it is desired to keep the trout fry during warm weather, it will be necessay to provide
means of aerating the water, and the same plan as outlined for the lower Otay
would apply here. Otherwi.se, it will be neces.sary to turn the fry out before hot
weather comes on.

B.ARRETT L-'VKE. Location 40 miles east of San Diego. Elevation 1306 feet.
Capacity, 14,500,000,000 gallons. Temperature of water, 49° F. Color of water,
very murky. Bottom: Mud and muck of dark colored decaying vegetation, with
odor of HoS. No large green plants.

Fresh water algae : Very sparse (a small amount of spirogyra on rocks around
part of shoreline).

Plankton: Practically all of the tow-net plankton collected from tlie .surface con-
sisted of one species of water flea (Chydorus popri) a species not found in any other
lake or reservoir. Daphnia pulex, found in abundance in other lakes is here very
scarce. Likewise, Cyclops hicuspidatus , abundant in other lakes, is here very rare.

Insects : The only insect found in any abundance was the "red larvae," a species
of Chironomus found in abundance in the bottom mud. This species is the same as
the one found in mud potholes in Clear Lake, Lake County ; hence indicates that
very much the same condition occurs here, viz, an accumulation of decaying vegeta-
tion in the deeper holes and potholes in shallow water. There is. in this lake, a very
greatly unbalanced condition, owing to the lack of green vegetation of the higher
plants, and of fresh water algae, which would cause a lack of oxygen and an over-
supply of carbon dioxide.

Fish : The effect of the above conditions was well illustrated following the last
rain, when the keeper took out 77 dead perch which had floated up around the dock.
I found one which had been dead for some time and was covered with a heavy growth
of white fungus.

Recommendations : If it is desirable to stock this lake with fish, it will be
necessary to change the above conditions by the planting of green vegetation around
the upper end, especially where the Cottonwood Creek and other creek.s enter, viz.
such plants as crowfoot, potamogeton and watercress, which would gradually spread
and furnish a place for insect life to breed. Something could also be done in the
way of removing dead trees and bushes from the upper end and coves.

MORENO RESERVOIR: Location, 59 miles southeast of San Diego. Elevation:
2915 feet. Capacity: 17.333,000,000 gallon.s. Temperature of water 4fi.4° F.

Fresh water algae: Bacillariaceae (diatoms) abundant; Cladophora sp., abundant
on rocks.

Plankton: Practically the entire tow net plankton collected from the surface con-
sisted of two species, Daphnia pulex and Diaptornus bakeri- These are very abundant ;
however, 20 minutes towing resulted in about 2 ounces of solid material.

Insect life: The larger water insect larvae, Dragon and damsel Hies, water bugs,
etc., are very abundant around tlie upper and southeast shoreline, where there is a
great area of submerged grass land and green vegetation.

, The only trouble here, so far as I could see, would be the varying conditions pro-
duced by the rise and fall of the lake, which may amount to as much as forty feet.
It is about forty feet below the overflow of the dam at present and is likely to remain
.so for a long time to come.

Fish : There are said to be sunfish and small minnows in tliis reservoir in great
abundance. It has been planted entirely with the brown trout, which have not
begun to show up very much as yet ; that is, they are not readily caught ; therefore,
"very scarce." Deputy Olidden caught f)ne about 16 inches long last summer, which
he said was fat and in fine condition physically.

Recommendations : That the planting of the brown trout be continued here,
to the exclusion of other trout, just to make a test case of whether they can exist
and increase.

LAKE HENSHAW: Location, 66 miles northeast of San Diego. Elevation, 2650
feet. Capacity, 53,500.000.000 gallons. Temperature of water, 46.4° F.

Blue green algae (Clathrocp.stus) very abundant.

Fresh water algae: Bacillariaceae (diatoms) abundant. Bacillae,* several
species, mostly rod .shape, very abundant along ujlli the blue green algae in surface
water.

♦The presence of these bacclllae along with the blue green algae would Indicate
that there is a very heav\' growth of fresh water algae and all plankton durlncr the
summer months which dies down and sinks at the approach of winter conditions,
producing a mass of decaying matter from which these bacteria obtain their food,
but which they are working over into assimilable food for the new crops of algae
and plankton.

116 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Plankton: Water fleas (Daphnia pulex), very abundant. Copepods (Cyclops
bicuspidat^is) (Diaptotmis bakeri). about equally abundant and sufficient at present
for a good supply of fish food.

It would appear that there is an abundant supply of food for all kinds of fish in
this lake. The only danger being that they are smothered with the heavy growth
during the summer.

LAKE CUYAMACA: Location, 56 miles southeast of San Diego. Elevation, 4fiOO
feet. Capacity, 3,500,000,000 gallons. Temperature of water, 44.6' F.

Fresh water algae: Bacillariaceae (diatoms), abumlant ; Desmids (Closterium
sp.), abundant; Spirogyra, abundant; Zyfinema, abundant.

Plankton: Protozoa (ciliate), very al)undant, several species; Wheel animalculeae
(several species), very abundant; water fleas (Daphnia p^dcx), vory abundant;
(Chydorus popei), a few; Copepods (Cyclops bicuspiflatus), (Diaptomus bakeri),
both very abundant.

Fish: Rainbow and steelhead, both doing fine. Tliis is a real trout lake.

Holding Pond : Was submerged in storm and fish escaped.

Recommendations : That the planting of rainbow and steelhead be continued.

SWEETWATER LAKE. Location, 10 miles southeast of San Diego. Elevation,
142 feet. Capacity, 10,000,000,000 gallons. Temperature of water, 53.6° F.

F'resh water algae: Bacillariaceae (diatoms) very abundant; Spirogyra and
Zygnetna, abundant.

Plankton : Copepods ; Daphnia pulex and Diaptomus hakeri, in about equal numbers
form the entire net plankton. They are about ten times as abundant here as in any
other lake, which is presumably due to the lower elevation and higher temperature
of the water at this time of year.

Water insects : All kinds are very plentiful.

Fish : Sunflsh and perch are exceedingly abundant. Crappie and bluegill need
replenishing. This would be a good bass lake, but I would not recommend it for trout.

LAKE HODGES AND SAN DIEGUITO RESERVOIR, not visited.

RIVERS AND STREAMS. The San Diego River probably carries the largest
amount of water during the winter months, but goes entirely dry very early in the
season. A large dam is being constructed, which will make a very large reservoir
on this river. Another dam is also being constructed on a tributary, which will
also make a reservoir.

Up the coast, Santa Margarita River and Escondido Creek are the only streams
which have any water during the summer and are tlierefore eligible for trout. The
amount of water depends, of course, upon the snow and rain, and they may go dry
any summer.

Sweetwater River, I believe, always has a fair flow of water, and is therefore
a fair trout stream, especially at the upper part. It is a good sized stream now.

Cottonwood Creek has very little water in it now and soon will be entirely dry.

Pine Valley Creek comes under the head of mountain streams, and is the only
real little mountain trout stream in the county.

There are several other small mountain streams whicli might some years support
trout, and where they enter a lake might afford some spawning ground for trout.
These, however, are limited in extent, and subject to drought and higli water con-
ditions to such a degree that they are very undependable.

General Considerations and Recommendations : On account of the limited
number of streams, and the fact that most of these streams are subject to drought
and high water conditions, it is vey evident that the supply of sport fish must be
furnished by the lakes and reservoirs, and with San Diego's rapidly increasing popu-
lation, this will become a very serious problem, not only from tlie point of tlie .sports-
men in furnishing a sui)i)ly of fish, but from tlie sanitary standpoint, as camp
grounds and picnic grounds are being established at all these lakes and reservoirs.
It is now under the permit system, and supposed to be regulated according to strict
sanitary practice. However, the feeding of the fi«li in these reservoirs will bring up
a problem; the pollution of the water, which I believe, no one has yet thought about.
The city is beginning to establish clilorination plants on some of them and it will
be an interesting study to see how this will affect the fish and the plankton and
insect life.

As the season advances and the water warms up during the summer months there
is produced an enormous growth of fresh water algae and plankton. I understand
this begins about June 1.

It would be a good thing to make a study of the conditions in these lakes, reser-
voirs and streams, during the latter half of June and possibly the early part of
July in order to watch the effect of this growth on the fi.sh in the lakes and streams.
If, also, some of the trout fry in the cages and ponds could be held and released at
this time, a study could be made of their fate after release.

I would therefore recommend that since the sportsmen, city authorities and county
supervisors are all so much Interested in developing the fl.shing in these lakes and
reservoirs and perfectly willing to bear all expenses incurred for construction and
maintenance of the pontoon cages, that this system bo given a thorough trial, and
that I be given authority to assist them in any way possible by suggestions as to
the reconstruction of the existing pontoon cages and for improvements in any new
ones constructed.

A continued study should be carried on from time to time of the conditions exist-
ing in these lakes and reservoirs, both as to the food supply for fish and the general
health of the fish ; also, a bacteriological survey of the waters from time to time to
determine whether any infectious diseases aie developing fi'oni the handling of
the fish.

CALIFORNIA KISM AND GAME 117

FIELD NOTES ON BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LAKES, RESERVOIRS AND
STREAMS OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY (SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT)

LOWER OTAY LAKE

Temperatures

July 16, 1928,

10 a.m.

1 foot depth 76° P.

10 feet depth 1^6 F.

20 feet depth ^5 t.

30 feet depth ^4 b.

40 feet depth f^„ :^-

.-,0 feet depth 55 t.

i;o feet depth ^2,, ^•

70 feet depth ^5, .^•

Upper east arm — shallow water !-•, ^,-

North tule cove — shallow water '^^ ^•

(Taken from the records kept by the keeper of the reservoir.)

Plankton : Flagellate Protozoa: Volvox perolobalor, all Cerutiuni. hirundinella,
abundant Pleodorina caUfornica.

Diatomaceae: Fraaillaria sp. ; Rotatoria: Synchaeta sp.. Notops sp., Asplanchno-
pu sp, all common; Oladoceroa : Scaphuloberis (nncronafo, abundant; Copepods .
Cyclops biscxcspidattis, abundant; Himlella knickerbockcri ("Scuds ), abundant.

Large aquatic insects: Damsel fly, dragon fly, may fly, all abundant.

Large aquatic plants : Wild sago, Potainogcton, forming heavy growth around
margin.

Fish: Bass and bluegill, crappie, few trout. All in good condition. Young bass
very abundant.

MURRAY RESERVOIR. July 20, 1928. Temperature: Open water, surface, 8
a.m., 76° F.

Plankton : Abundant, consisting of frafjUlari, volvox, ceratinm, cyclops, daiJhma,
scuds.

Insects : Damsel fly, dragon fly, may fly.

Plants : Potamogeton and ranunculus, very heavy growth ; a few tules.

Fish : Bass and bluegill. Young trout in cage, % inch long.

Recommendations: That pontoon cages be made smaller, long and narrow, and that
they be moved to new locations occasionally, in order to get new natural feed.

BARRETT LAKE. July 19, 1928. Temperature: Open water, surface, 77° F.

Plankton : Ceratium, chydorus, cyclops, very scarce.

Blue green algae : All killed by bluestoning which is carried on regularly.

Plants: Heavy growth of wild sago, exclusively.

Fish : Perch are still fairly abundant.

In general, the condition of this lake seems to have improved since January, 1927,
due, no doubt, to the growth of wild sago which furnishes a breeding place for aquatic
insects and stationary plankton.

Recommendations: It might be well to plant sunfish in this lake to see if they
would survive and furnish food for bass.

MORENO RESERVOIR. July 19, 1928. Temperature: Open water, surface, 78° F.

Fresh water algae : Abundant.

Blue green algae: Mostly killed by bluestoning.

Plankton: Abundant, consisting of protozoans (rotifers), Cyclops and HyaleUu
knickerbockcri.

Insects : Dragon fly, may fly, etc.
.Plants: Wild sago and Potamogeton.

iFlah: Bass and bluegill. (I saw and photographed a fine catch of 2 to 3 lb. bass.)

Recommendations : I examined Dr. "Wilson's reports on this lake and found
there was a heavy growth of Anabaena in March, which was mo.«tl>' killed by blue-
.stoning in April. As some other algae and diatomaceae are now showing increase in
numbers, I recommended bluestoning lightly asrain right away. This is a good
illustration of what may be accomplished by intelligent bluestoning in order to keep
down the injurious algae and not injure the fish.

CUYAMACA LAKE. July \1, 1928. Temperature: Open water, surface, 70° F.,

1 1 a.m.

Fresh water algae: Hormidium, Pedinstrum, abundant; Diatomaceae: Nav-icula,
Encyonema.

Plankton: Ceratium most abundant species; Brachionus. second; Sida, third.

Insects : Dragon and damsel fly, abundant.

Plants: Potamogeton almf)st exclusively, lieavy growth.

Fi.sh : Minnows (shiners), viviparous perch, trout, 3 to 5 lbs., bass. (It was reported
the keeper had introduced bass from another lake very recently.)

LAKE HENSMAW. July 17, 1928. Temperature: Open water, 82° F.

[•Yesh water algae : Hpiror/yru, Moayetia, Hydrodicfyoii : foi-ining scum which floats
into all the shallow bays and .ilong snnily slinres.

Diatomaceae : Navicula.

118 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Plankton : Abundant, consisting of Brachlonus. Chydoru*. Cyclops Nematode*
(Triloba), abundant.

Insects : Damsel and dragon fly, water beetles.

Aquatic plants : A few tales, others very scarce.

Fish : Perch, abundant ; brown trout have been planted ; bass, a few ; fishing not
good.

Recommendations : That minnows be introduced, which can be had in abundance
at Lake Cuyamaca.

SWEETWATER LAKE. July 20, 1928. Temperature: Open water, 8 a.m., 80° F.

Fresh water algae : Very abundant.

Plankton : Very abundant, consisting of rotifera, crustaceans and scuds.

Insects : Dragon and damsel fly ; may fly ; snails, abundant.

Plants : Wild sago ; potamogeton and a heavy growth of chara.

Fish : Bass, fine. So many young bass that fishermen complain of having to put
back so many undersized.

LAKE HODGES. July 17, 1928. Temperature: open water, surface, 80° F.

Fresh water algae : Very abundant.

Plankton : Abundant, consisting of protozu, diatomaceae and crustaceans (scuds
abundant).

Insects : Abundant, especially a very large may fly.

Fish : Perch, bass, trout ; fishing for all species excellent.

STREAMS: PINE VALLEY CREEK. July 17, 1928. Temperature in pools, 78° F.

This little stream is well supplied for its entire length with water plants : Ranun-
culus and fresh water algae, which furnishes a fine breeding ground for insects, viz.,
may fly and stone fly, caddis flv.

Fish : Hundreds of young trout, 3 to 5 inches long in every pool.

PAMAU CREEK: We visited it back of Pala Indian Reservation and found most
of water had been taken out for irrigation. Farther up Glidden reports more water
and fishing conditions good.

General Recommendations : In a talk with the officers of the Sportsmen's
Association at a luncheon tendered me at the San Diego Athletic Club, it was brought
out that this club is very anxious to give every assistance to the commission in the
work of stocking the lakes, reservoirs and streams of San Diego County with fish.

They are now constructing four 400 gallon tanks and an oxygen equipment, to be
used on a large truck for transporting fry, or larger fish. They will attend to the
reconstruction of the pontoon cages and are willing to bear tlie expense of any
other experiments we may desire to inaugurate.

In a conference with the superintendent of tlie San Diego City Water Supplies,
I learned that the city is very anxious to have the trout planting in the reservoirs
controlled by the city continued. Although the superintendent stated that some of
these trout had already cost them at the rate of $130 each, he would be glad to
continue regular annual appropriations for this work.

With regard to the bluestoning of those lakes and reservoirs controlled by the
city, Dr. Wilson of Los Angeles is on their regular payroll charged with making
weekly examinations and reports on the algae in all the- reservoirs. The superin-
tendent gave me free access to Dr. Wilson's reports for six months past. I find that
Dr. Wilson only considers the diatomaceae and blue green algae, which are likely to
cause bad odors or tastes in the domestic water supply. His counts are there-
fore confined to about three species, Navicula and Fragillaria (of the Diatomaceae)
and Anahaena (of the blue green algae). His work, therefore, has no bearing on
the matter of a supply of fish food, except as the species studied by him, or the blue-
stoning of the reservoirs may affect the fish life.

The superintendent stated tliat he would be vei-j' glad to have me consult with
Dr. Wilson and continue my studies of these lakes and reservoirs, in order that
there might be no conflict between the water department and the Fish Commission
in the matter of bluestoning.

Since it is an absolute necessity to bluestone these waters in order to make them
fit for domestic use, it would seem that we are bound to exercise regular control over
the bluestoning.

Sanitary Regulations : The city is putting in force rigid sanitary regulations
with reference to the use of the rfservoirs find lakes controlled by them by
visitors, campers and fishermen.

The city has a big problem in the triple use of these reservoirs, and since they
are one of the main sources of sport fishing in the county, we should give them
particular attention.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 119

THE BURRO DEER IN CALIFORNIA

By Donald D. McLean

The burro doer (Odocoilcus hcmionufi eremicus) is a laro:e, pale form
of the Eocky ^lonntain mule deer found in the southeastern desert
roo-ions of California. It is found in the Colorado Basin principally
south of Parker on both the California and Arizona sides of the river.

It was never a very common animal in California, beinir a Mexican
species entering: California via the Colorado Valley and found in the
state only in small scattered fi^roups in suitable locations. At one time
it was thought doul)tful if any still existed within the bounds of the
state. However, it seems that there were some still in the state even
at that time. Now it appears that burro deer are on the increase and
in some sections are even present in considerable numbers. This is
especially true of the territory adjacent to the Colorado River south of
Blythe, Imperial County. The metropolis for the species in that area
seems to be in the district about fifty miles south of Blythe in the
vicinity of the Haslam ranch. During; the dry seasons the deer are
generally found nearer the river than during the rainy seasons when
they often go out into the desert mountain ranges as much as sixty
miles from the river. There are always some deer to be found in the
mountain ranges even during the driest time of the year. They stay
at that time -uathin reach of springs and "tanks." Hunters and pros-
pectors say that if it rains in a mountain range, even if it is miles
away, the deer will go to it in order to secure the new fresh feed which
starts up immediately after a shower.

The rainy season is generally during the late summer and early fall.
At Desert Center on the Blythe to Mecca highway, we learned that not
infrequently deer are secured in the Chocolate, Chuckawalla, Palen,
Coxcomb and Granite mountains and also in the Black Hills during
the rainy season.

Normally the burro deer is found either along the river in the jungle
of arrowweed, willows, cottonwood, mesquite and screwbean or up the
dry washes adjacent to and emptying into the Colorado. In the latter
type of habitat they are associated with the ironwood, mesquite, palo
verde and cat-elaw. Their favorite food seems to be the tender ter-
minal foliage of the ironwood and twigs of palo verde. They seem to
use the large broad w^ashes for traveling and feed principally in the
narrow insignificant side washes, where they could be easily overlooked
by anyone searching for them. When moving from one wash to
another, they generallj^ travel the wild horse and burro trails on the
intervening ridges. Sometimes, especially during the rut. individuals
travel great distances on these higlier eminences. In the upper parts
of their range they are associated with the desert mountain sheep, but
on the whole the sheep range at a higher elevation than do the burro
deer.

During the time from tlie 14tli to the 20th of December, 1929, when
this territory was visited, we saw little, if any, evidence of places where
burro deer had come to water. ]Most of the "tanks" in the upper
reaches of the washes showed no evidence of having been used by deer
and only on rare occasions by mountain sheep. Coyotes and other
smaller animals had been using some of these tanks extensivelv. There

120 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

were soiut; old deer tracks along the edjic of tln' Coloiiido River, where
they had ajipareiitly eonie to drink, but this had been lonp: before as
the river had dropped several feet sinee they had been there.

Of the eight deer seen by our party, six were seen at from five to
eight hundred yards; one forked horn was seen at about seventy-five
yards for about two jumps: one large buck was seen lying down at
about eight}' yards with another smaller animal. The type of country
in which they are found makes it extremely difficult to make a close
approach as they can sight approaching danger at a considerable dis-
tance and the terrain is very rocky so it is difficult to progress without
making a considerable amount of noise. The sound of rattling rocks
in the desert is carried for long distances.

Although the actual number of burro deer found in that district
would be rather difficult to compute, I am led to infer from the state-
ments of local residents that they are increasing in numbers over their
entire range in California as well as in the district below Blythe. The
character of the country, the climate and the wariness of the animals
makes the hunting during the open season rather difficult. At the time
the season is open, the meat is apt to spoil before it can be gotten out
to cold storage.

We are certain that in the district around the Haslam ranch there
were no less than twenty-five or thirty head of deer at the time we were
there ; probably nearer forty. There were many fawn tracks, so appar-
ently the reproduction is good. Most of the doe tracks were accom-
panied by two fawn tracks. They seem to travel in small groups of
three to eight, but as many as twelve have been seen together by local
residents.

The future of this large deer in California seems to be pretty well
assured unless something unforeseen should take place. They were
harassed several times by airplane hunters, but I understand such
activities have ceased in California. Apparently only three bucks were
secured by hunters in that territory during the season of 3929 and
these were obtained by local people. Fortunately, residents of the
region wish to perpetuate the animals, and are quick to take exception
to law breaking.

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF

THE CALIFORNIA SARDINE

(A contribution from the Hydrobiolog-ical Survey)
liy K. C. Sco FIELD and M. J. Linder

One of the most important results of the Ilydrobiological Survey*
during the year 3929 was the discovery of the eggs and larvae of the
California sardine. These forms were first discovered in a net haul
made five miles northwest of Point Vincente on June 2, 1929. Though
this is the first time that eggs and larvae of this species have been
actually obtained and closely examined, W. F. Thompson, in 1918,
expressed tlie belief that they occurred in this same region. During
1918-19 Thompson did considerable collecting in the Gulf of Santa
Barbara in an attempt to locate the spawning banks of the albacore,
and in his samples many varieties o\' fish eggs and larvae were found.

♦ An account of the organization of thi.s survey and of its general program is to
be found in the January. 1930, issue of this publication.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAME

121

m ^ 9/

122 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

He was of the oi)inion that these young stages oeetin-ed in his material,
especially since many young sardines as small as two centimeters
(about I inch) were recorded. His work, however, was never published
and the eggs and larvae were left undescribed on his departure from
the laboratory at San Pedro. Although his material was preserved, it
has now deteriorated so that little or nothing can be gathered from it.

A part of the present program of the Hydrobiological Survey is the
continuation of the pioneer work done by Thompson, namely : the pur-
suit of a better knowledge of the early stages of the more valuable
marketable fishes as an important step in the conservation policy of
the California Division of Fish and Game. With this general aim, we
have .selected the sardine as the object of our first investigation, since
the California sardine fishery is the largest in this state as well as one
of the largest of its kind in the world.

This program, which follows, is divided into three parts. The first
step will be the determination of the exact spawning area of the sardine.
The southern waters off Mexico, and the California current (the warm
offshore current running south along the entire California coast) will
be studied in order to determine if the sardines seek a common spawn-
ing area in the southern waters of this state ; if they go farther south
to spawn or if they go farther off'shore for the same purpose. This
information will be important with respect to our present hypotheses
on migrations and races. It may be pertinent to emphasize in this
connection that the length frequency data accumulated by the Cali-
fornia Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during the past ten years,
primarily for the purpose of tracing dominant year classes in an effort
to determine the presence or absence of depletion in this species,
undoubtedly will prove invaluable to us in our attempt to unravel the
complicated appearances and disappearances which characterize the
sardine along the California coast.

The second step in this investigation will be on early life history
studies ; that is, it will be concerned with a study of the rate of develop-
ment of the eggs, the rate of growth of the newly hatched larvae, the
drift of both ^'hile in these helpless stages, and the food of the larval
and post larval stages. Egg development can be .studied most definitely
by securing and artificially fertilizing the mature eggs. Similarly,
the growth rate of the very young larvae can be obtained in a fairly
accurate fa.shion by hatching and artificial rearing. It will be neces-
sary to discover, in the open ocean, tiie depths at which the eggs are
laid, and whether they remain at the level in which they are deposited
or whether they rise or sink in the course of their development. The
drift of thes(^ stages will b(> determined with the aid of a cui-rent meter
— -an instrument that is capable of I'eeonling the vehx-ity and direction
of the current at any depth, provided the boat can be anchored. Pood
studies of the larvae may reveal imi)oi-tant results. Lebour * states
that metamorphosed forms of the European sardine up to at least 82
millimeters usually feed on mud containing microorganisms. If cor-
responding stages of the California sardine are found to behave simi-
larly in their feeding, there will be offered an important aid in gaining
information concerning their movements up to the time they enter the
commercial catch as "quarter oils" or until they attain a size of 100
millimeters or more.

* Journal of the Marine Biol. Association of the United Kingdom. Vol. XII, Sept.
1921.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND 0AM E

123

The tlurcl strp in this iiivrst i^iit ion will l»f to Jisccrtain yearly the
success of spa^vnin<,^ This study will necessitate the niakinj? of an
actual count of e,f><is and larvae from rei)r(>sentative net hauls in certain
localities durinp: intermittent periods of the si)awning: season. Accu-
mulated tlata of this luiture ^vill pvovide means for a measure of the
abundance of the resultinp: adult fish and will aid in the explanation
of the dominant year p;roni)s that come and fro within the commercial
catch. Also, it may show the actual condition of the fishery; that is,
the same number of eg:<is and larvae obtained from year to year would
tend to indicate a steady fishery, while annually decreasing; amounts
would pi-obably indicate that (h'pletion was oeeurriufr. due to the killinfr
of too many adults or s])aw2iers. Periodical scarcities of the efr^s and
larvae, which are very likely to occur in any fishery, Avould i)robably
be due to adverse spaA\aiing conditions, namelj- : physical and chemical
conditions of the water. In such studies, however, one must be careful
to distinguish between the natural and artificial causes of the fluctua-
tions in abundance of the young stages.

At present, some phases of this program pertaining to the first step
have been accomplished. The coastal waters have been explored for
eggs and larvae to a distance of ten miles otfshore from Eureka to San
Diego. Monterey Bay, wliieh is one of the main fishing centers, was
thoroughly searched during April, 1929. At one time we made net
hauls forty-five miles offshore but found no eggs or larvae. During the
early part of May the search was extended north to Eureka, and
throughout the latter ])art of May and all of June the search was to
the south. It was on this southern cruise that we finally met with
success, for upon entei-ing the Gulf of Santa Barbara eggs and larvae
were found in considerable abundance. Unfortunately, the patrol boat
Alhacore which we were using had to return to patrol duty at the end
of June and our work was interrupted so that we Avere unable to ascer-
tain the actual limits of the spawning area. Therefore, during 1930
this aspect of our work will be continued.

Throughout the course of this investigation hauls for eggs and larvae
were made with a hoop net twenty feet in length, consti'ueted of strong

FiG. 36. Manner in which the egg and larva net was operated from the Albacore.
Any depth could be fished, depending on the amount of cable played out and
the amount of weiRht attached to the net. The net consisted of very small
meshes, especially in the bag where No. "O" silk mesh was used. This captured
eggs less than 1/25 of an inch in diameter.

2 — 74383

124

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

cable cloth, with a silk bag of No. "0" mesh at the tip. This net was
five feet in diameter at the opening, tapering down to three inches at
the tip, into which a bottle was inserted to collect the material strained
from the water. Hauls were made down to as deep as 50 fathoms for
a set time of 15 minutes. This time limit did not permit the eggs and
larvae to become crushed within the net; consequently, many perfect
specimens were captured.

A sufficient amount of material was accumulated (210 eggs, 476
larvae) from which we could identify these young stages as those of
sardines, and from which a complete series of stages in growth was
obtained, from the egg to specimens approximately 35 millimeters in
length which were readily identified as sardines. We offer at this time,

therefore, a brief description of these eggs and larvae :

1. The eggs are pelagic and float freely in the water
from the snrface down to at least 50 fathoms. (Not hav-
ing sufficient cable, we were unable to fish any deeper
than this level.)

2. The eggs are transparent while in the water and
are not readily distinguished.

3. The eggs average 1.89 millimeters in diameter.
(About 1/14 inch.)

4. The space between the yolk sac and the eggshell is
very large. This is characteristic of the eggs of only a
few species of fishes.

5. The yolk is about one-quarter the size of the entire
egg and is divided into many irregularly-shaped segments.

6. Only one oil globule is present in the yolk. This
lies in the hind region and averages 0.15 millimeters in
diameter. (About 0.0167 inch.)

7. The larvae upon hatching are about 3.5 millimeters
long. (About 1/7 inch.) The yolk sac and oil globule are
still intact.

8. Characteristic pigment sjwts form along the ventral
surface of the early larvae ; prominent among these spots
are those which appear directly behind the vent and on the
lower rays of the caudal fin.

Fig. 37. A sardine egg
in a late stage of de-
velopment. Notice the
large space lying be-
tween the yolk and
the egg wall ; the ir-
regularly shaped seg-
mentation of the yolk ;
the single oil globule
in the hind part close
to the tail. Drawn
from preserved speci-
men by Rolf Bolin
(1.9 mm).

Fig. :!8. A sardine larva in the premetamorphosed stage of development. Pigment
spots are forming along the ventral surface. Typical pigments already appear
behind the vent and on the lower rays of the caudal fin. The dorsal and caudal
fins are just forming. The yolk sac has been absorbed and heeding has prob-
ably commenced. Drawn from preserved specimen by Rolf Bolin (10.5 mm).

9. The vent lies well toward thi; posterior end of the larvae.

10. Eggs and larvae were removed from water which ranged in temi>erature
from 57 to 70 deg. Fahrenheit.

Acknowledgment.

We are greatly indebted to Mr. N. B. Scoficld and Mr. H. B. Nidever of the
California Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for their hearty support and timely
suggestions in this invesitgation. We wish to thank the members of the State
Fisheries Laboratory who have helped, especially Mr. W. L. Scofield and Miss
Frances N. Clark, whose long experience in the study of the California sardine
proved a great asset in the guidance of our work. Lastly, we wish to thank the
entire crew of the patrol boat Alhacore: Walter Engelke, captain; Erol Greenleaf,
Roy Moseley and Ernest Schmidt. Their eagerness to help and their warm com-
panionship made our many days at sea extremely pleasant.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 125

REPORT ON THE RELATIVE MERITS AND DEMERITS OF
PURSE SEINES VS. LAMPARA NETS IN THE TAKING OF
SARDINES

By Paul Koxnot, liureau of Commercial Fishorie.s
[With two pliotoKraphs by the author]

Duriuj-- tlu' Monterey sartlhie seasons of 1926-27 and 1927-28, two
purse seiners were employed in the fishery in an experimental capacity.
The boats were a success as a means of takin<>' sardines under the local
conditions. It was found necessary to develop a new method of unload-
ing them, as they could not go under the cables used for unloailing the
lampara lighters. A suction hoist is used, its main feature being a
high-speed centrifugal pump. The suction hoist is not very efficient, as
it delivers the fish in a pounded condition and tears up a good many.
The percentage of fish rendered unfit for canning by being torn and
broken in the suction hoist will sometimes run as high as 50 per cent.

Because of the success of the first two purse seiners, more of them
are being added to the Monterey sardine fleet. The lampara fishermen
have entered complaint against the purse seiners, tiieir chief premise
being that the purse seines are much more destructive to the fish than
the lampara net.

During January and February, 1929, 1 made, a number of trips with
the purse seiners, and also with lampara boats, studying their methods
of fishing. The purse seiner Agnes S was used for the gathering
of data for this report. The Agnes S is a new boat. She is 65 feet
in length and powered with a 120-horsepower Atlas Imijerial full Diesel
engine. The hold has a capacity of 75 tons of fish, and 20 tons more
can be carried on deck in good weather. The purse seine used is 180
fathoms in length and 30 fathoms deep. The smallest me.sh of the
webbing measures If inches.

Due to periodical scarcity of fish and stormy weather, only two trips
on the purse seiner were productive of first-hand information regarding
the fishing of this type of gear. The last trip w-as on February 12,
1929. The Agnes went on the beach at King's Beach on the night of
the 13th and was towed to Oakland for minor repairs.

After the Agnes went ashore, 1 made several trips on one of the
newer lampara boats, the Umherio Nohilc. The Umherfo Xohile is a
documented boat 44 feet in length, powered with a 65-horsepower Diesel
engine. She carries a lampara 200 fathoms in length and 40 fathoms
deep. The lighter has a capacity of about 20 tons and the boat will
carry a deckload of nearly as iiiucli more, (^ne trip was made to Santa
Cruz, where we obtained nothing. < )n another trip we took 40 tons of
fish within a mile of shore just north of Point Pinos. The greater part
of the fish landed at ^lonterey are taken \\itliin a five-mile radius.

I have gone into some detail in regard to the method of using the
purse seine in this repoi't, as I do not remember ever having seen it
written up. The lampara has alreadj' been written up, so I have not
made a detailed description of its use.* With minor differences the

♦Methofl.s of SardiiK' Fishei->' in Southtr-rn California, E. HipKins and H. B. Holme.s,
California Fi.sh antl tJame. 7, 219-23f", 1924. The Lampara Net. X. B. Scofleld,
California Fish and Game. 10, 66-70. 1924.

126

CAI.irOHNIA FISTI AND GAME

handling of both nets is the same, and this will apply also to the loading
of the fish from the watoi- to the boats and from the boats to the cannery
hoists.

The basis for the present complaints against the purse seiners can, I
think, be traced to the conservatism of the Italian lampara fishermen
against any change of gear, a characteristic true of most fishermen,
and to some extent to racial i)rejudiee, the purse seine crcAvs being for
the most part Austrians.

METHOD OP PISHING WITH THE PURSE SEINE

(Monterey, January 27-28, 1929)

This trip was t3'|)i('al of several and gives an idea of the way in which
the boats and net are handled.

I boarded the l)oat at Monterey at 4 p.m. and we left the mooring at
4.30 i).iii. Thcic was a slight south wind and the sea was smooth. We ran
a course a little west of north, which put us abeam the cement works at
Davenport about 9 p.m. Here we encountered small schools of fish. The
water Avas full of phosphorescence and the fish were easily seen. The
seine skiff was dropped a short distance astern with two men in it,
attached by the necessary ropes to the purse seine. The boat proceeded
slowly now, and after a short time encountered a larger school of fish,
around which she began to circle. At the auspicious moment the
captain yelled a word which sounded like "Pola" and the skiff was at
once set free. The resulting drag on the net caused it to run out astern
over the roller on the net table. The boat continued to circle, the
distance being so nicely estimated that the skiff bumped the bow as the
last of the net went out over the stern. The purse ropes were brought
in, taken around the power winch, and for the next few minutes the
inch and three-quarter line came in steadily, both ends being brought in
at the same time. When the purse rings were on deck the lights were
turned on. The purse seine when laid out encloses a circular area of

Fig. 39. The purse seiner Aonea S. unloading sardines at Monterey, California,

February 13, 1929.

CALU'UKMA I'ISK AND CAMi: 1 liT

Avnit-r. tin' rorks on tho surfuce, of course. The ii(>t luiiij;-s straight up
aiul down. Tho purs(^ riniis liaii.u' 1'i-oiii tlie lead line by sliort
7'0|..'s. The purse ro[)e acts as a draw string and brings the rings
abo.ird. leaving the fish itii|MiiiMdc<l in a net l)ag supported by the cork
line and the boat. Tho whole operation, from tlie time the captain
ordt^red tlie net laid out until the ]iui'se i-ings were on deck, was eon-
ducted in darkness and silence. The table was now tnrned at right
angles to the boat, the roller being on the port side. The chain drive
was connected np to the roller and the end of the net toward the stern
of the boat was brouglit in slowly, nntil the impounded fish were con-
fined in a small enough space to be worked with the brail.

The school of fish pursed n|) in the haul was disappointing. There
were about 15 tons of small mackerel and enough small sardines to
thoroughly foul the net. The sardines were about six inches in length
and nearly all of them were gilled in the net, so that the crew was
compelled to clean it of these gilled fish, a long and tedious job. The
net was laid out at 9.30 p.m., and it was 4 a.m. before it was on the
table and everything ready to start again. As soon as the captain
found that the impounded fish were mackerel the boat was reversed.
wlii<h ])ulled the net tight, from the bottom, sinking the cork line and
releasing the fish, wdnch dejiarted at once, apparently none the worse.

After putting everything shipshape we ran north until we had the
Pigeon Point light abeam. Here we ran into a school of fish which
were jumping. They made an audible sound like the falling of heavy
rain. The boat was stopped and we drifted until daylight, the fish
jumping all about us. At 6 a.m. we laid out again. The same pro-
cedure was gone through with. This time the captain estimated that
there were about 100 tons of fish in the net after the rings were on
deck. "While getting the net in, the fish sank part of the cork line,
boiled over aiul departed like a herd of stampeded sheep. The captain
estimated that 20 tons escaped in this way. His estimates were fairly
accurate, as we loaded about 80 tons.

After the fish were confined in a small space, the cork line enclosing
a circle of about 20 feet in diameter, the skiff was pulled around so that
the enclosed circle lay between it and the boat. One man manipulates
the br^il from the skiff. The brail is hoisted from a block on the
hoisnng boom, the other end of the rope going down to the power winch.
The operator in the skifi: shoves the brail into the impounded fish by
its long handle and, when he considers it has a load, yells "Riva,"
when it is lifted and swung inboard. The brail is a net bag hung from
a r. und iron hoop. It has a wooden handle 8 to 10 feet long, and is
rais»-d by a three point suspension of ropes which connect with a tackle
on the boom. The bottom is pursed together with a number of small
rings through which a small chain runs. When the brail has been
brought over the hold the man holding the purse string releases it and
the fish drop out into the hold. The first fish drop about 10 or 12 feet.
The fish are very lively and kick and struggle themselves out level so
that no labor is necessary to level out the load. The struggles of the
fish also tend to pack them solidly in the hold.

This set took from 6 a.m. until 2 p.m., when we started for Monterey.
Being loaded, we ran more slowly than when coming out. We tied up
to the hoist at Hovden's cannery at 7.45 p.m. and started unloading
at once. The last fish was delivered at 12.30 a.m.

128

lALlFOHMA lISll AND GAME

Fio. 40. A brail load of sardines being unloaded from the purse seiner Agnes S.
at Monterey, California, February 13, 1929.

Time k^ynopsis of Purge Seine Trip io Pifieon Point

Leave Monterey -4.30 p.ui.

Set at Davenport 9.30 p.m.

Net back on table 4.00 a.m.

Set at Pigeon Point (>.00 a.m.

Fish loaded and net aboard li.fK) p.m.

Arrive at loading hoi.st -- 7.45 p.m.

Last fish unloaded . 12.30 a.m.

Tliis load Avould exemplify the average distance range of a purse
seiner at Monterey. The imponnded fish Avhieh were taken at 6 a.m.
Avere alivf and in very good shape np nntil 2 p.m., when the last of thera
■were loaded into the boat. The last ton or two in the net were, of
course, dead, as the space into which they were confined was made
gradually smaller and thev were churned continuallv b^- the brail.
From the time the fi.sh were pursed (6 a.m.) until the last of them were
delivered (]2.:>() a.m.) about 18 hours elapsed, but the only fish which
were soft were those in the bottom of the Ijoat. The suction hoist used
at the Ilovden cannery is inadequate, having onh^ a 6-inch intake, and
the four hours needed to unload these fish could be cut in half with a
12- or 14-inch intake.

THE PURSE SEINE AND CONSERVATION OF FISH

The captain and crew of the purse seiner seemed to be able to estimate
very accurately, not only the fish in the net but also the various schools
through which the boat passes. They will not set out the net for a
school which they think contains less than 70 or 80 tons. The setting
of the net and the subsequent labor of taking it in is tremendous, and
being able to estimate so closely it does not seem reasonable to believe
that they would catch and purse up vast quantities of fish knowing
that they can load only so many tons. In case a large school was
pursed the surplus fish could be gotten rid of by the simple expedient
of sinking the cork line and allowing the required amount to escape.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 129

A good deal of erroneous information is given out by the purse seine
fishermen themselves to impress the lampara fishermen. Tn the case
of the trip which I have cited several Italian fishermen informed me
that the purse seiner had taken 300 tons of fish. Their information,
they said, was from the purse seine crew. Considerable per.sonal feeling
enters into the matter between tlie purse seiner and the lampara fisher-
men, the main cause being, I think, that with a more extended range
the ])urse seiner obtains fish Avhen tlie lampara boats get nothing, due
to weather or distance.

On the other hand, knowing wliat my object was in going fishing with
them, the purse seine crew would naturally not do anything before me
that would jeopardize their position in the present fishery, and would
therefore carefully refrain from any nefarious practices. Several dis-
interested individuals, of undoubted veracity, have told me that they
have seen the ])urse seiners purse up large quantities of fish, take on
their limit and leave the sea covered with dead fish. One of these men
worked with the purse seiners in Monterey Bay when they were first
used there. He is of the opinion that with a more experienced crew
this waste might have been eliminated.

If purse seiners .should replace the lampara boats at Monterey a great
many fishermen would not be able to fish. A purse seiner can handle
larger cpiantities of fish from greater distances, and therefore the num-
ber of boats would necessarily be reduced with the present number of
canneries. A purse seiner operates with a crew of nine men against
an average lampara crew of thirteen.

A COMPARISON OP THE PURSE SEINE AND LAMPARA NETS

The purse seine and lampara nets are very much the same thing
from a standpoint of wasteful methods of fishing. Both nets impound
the fish in a more or less confined space, and if too tightly packed the
fish die. The capacity of both nets is in excess of the accessory gear
(boats and lighters), and if judgment is not used a great deal more fish
can be impounded than can be loaded, thus leaving fish which have
been bruised and pounded by the brails to die.

The purse seine and its accessory equipment are comparatively large
and expensive, the net costing around $5,000 to $6,000 and the boat
$20,000 to $25,000. Because of its size the pur.se seine is handled
slowly, even with the provided power. The crew is composed of nine
men. The net is capable of handling large quantities of fish, and the
large boat makes fishing possible at some distance from the point of
delivery.

The lampara net with its equipment is a smaller unit of gear. The
net costs about $500 to $600 and the average boat from $6,000 to $8,000.
The net is handled entirely by man power, the average crew being
composed of thirteen men. The net being cnmi)aratively small is set
for small schools of fish when large schools are wanting. The impound-
ing and brailing of the fish are carried on in much the same manner as
the purse seine, the only difference being that the lampara can handle
about 60 tons of fish, while the purse seine can impound up to 200 tons.

SUMMARY

From personal observation and information which I have gathered
I am of the opinion that the pur.se seine can be used in the sardine

1.30

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

fishery without loss of tish either by the fishermen or from the element
of time Avhich enters into the matter when the fish are at some distance
from the utilization point.

The fishermen have wasted fish in the past, perhaps from inexperience
and carelessness, but the crew is culpable, and not the gear. "When
handled properly and with due regard to conserving the fish, the purse
seine will compare favorably with any unit of gear which handles fish
in large quantities.

THE CALIFORNIA WHITEBAIT FISHERY

By Paul Bonnot
[With four photographs and one drawing by the author]

Nearly everyone with a taste for fish is familiar wuth "whitebait,"
but very few have any idea as to what it is. where it comes from, or
the methods of obtaining it. Whitebait as a trade name has been in
use a long time. "Whitebait was taken in the Thames River and
sold in England about 1800. Some question was raised at the
time as to -whether or not it was the young of valuable fishes,
especially the shad. A Dutch zoologist in 1806 determined that it was
not young shad, and the fishermen, of course, maintained that it was a
small di.stince species. Subseciuent inquiry into the matter has resulted
in establishing the Thames whitebait as the young of the herring and
sprat. In various parts of the Avorld 3'oung fishes are taken and
marketed. In English-speaking countries such fishes are indiscrimi-

FiG. 41. FiVf species ot lish in ;i random handlull
taken near Fort Point, San Francisco Bay, Cali-
fornia, October 23, 1929. They are jack smelt
< Atheriaopsis californiensis) , surf smelt (Hypo-
iiifsiis prttosns) , panzarotti (Atherinopsis afflnis
affinis), anchovy (En<jranlis mordax namus)
and herring (Elupea pallasii).

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

131

nately called whitebait. On the east eoast of tlie I'nited States
whitebait is used to designate the smelts found in both fresh and salt
water. Althou'i'h primarily applied to adult smelts and silver sides,
the whitelniit of the Pacifie Coast may be any small oi- young fish.
Young sardines (Sardinid caendcus), anchovies (Eiujraidis mordax)
and herring (Clupea ijallasii) will be found in the markets as whitebait.
The Pacific Coast smelts and their relations are worked over ever so
often by the taxonomists, Avho ])i'iiig out new species ptM-iodically, and
it is rather difHcult to say just whicli fishes are represented in the com-
mercial whitebait. Lockington (1880) says: "There are thus four
species of Micvostoinatidae on the Pacific Coast, United States, viz.,
Thaleichthys pacifieus, Hypomesus olidus, Osmerus thideichthys and
Osmerus atteuuatus. The first of these does not occur in the markets of
San Francisco. * * * 'Phe other three are brought into the mar-
kets in the fresh state. ' '

Hubbs (1925) lists six species of "smelts" which range from central
California northward, viz., AUosinerus attenualus, Thaleichthys pacifi-
eus, Spirinchus starksi, Spirinchus thaleichthys, Hypomesus olidus and
Hypomesus pretiosus. "The surf smelts AUosmcvus attenuatus and
Spirinchus starksi make up the larger portion of the commercial white-
bait." ]\I()st of the other species will no doubt be found among the
whitebait in varying numbers.

The conuuon name smelt is used in California to designate several
species of small fishes. Some of these are true smelts and some are not.

The true smelts of the family Argentinidae may be distinguished by
the presence of an adipose fin, an appendage which shoAvs the close
relationship to the salmonoid fishes. "In fact the true smelts may be
considered degenerate Salmonidae, smaller and weaker tluni the trout,
but resembling them in all respects except in the form of the stomach."
The true smelts range, on the California coa.st, from San Francisco

4

I'^lG. 42. A surf net for taking whitebait. Pliotograpli May 28, 1929, at the month

of the Russian River, California.

132 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

northward, one species only extending its range to Monterey. The surf
smelts (Hypomesus) and the smelts (Osmerus) spawn in the surf. The
candle fish (Thaleichthys) runs into fresh water to spawn and, like
the salmon, dies afterwards.

The silver sides (Atherinidae) are not true smelts. These fishes lack
the adipose fin and are closely related to the mullets. Along the lateral
line there is a silvery band of color sometimes underlaid with a black
line. They are carnivorous fishes traveling in large schools and, some
of them at least, spawn in the surf. Three species are important in
California. These are the jaeksmelt (Atherinopsis), the panzarotti
(Atherinops) and the grunion (Leuresthes).

The systematic position of the whitebait fishes :*

Argentinidae. (Smelts.)

Osmerus. Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. X. 310, 1758.

Osmerus thaleichthys. Ay res, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1860, 62. (Smelt.)
Osmerus attenuatus. Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,66. (Smelt.)
Hypomesus. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 168.

Hypomesus pretiosus. Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1884, 155. (Surf

smelt.)
Hypomesus olidus. Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., III. 391, 1811. (Surf
smelt. )
Thaleichthys. Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., Fishes, 325, 1858.

Thaleichthvs pacificus. Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am. III. 226, 1886.
(Candle fish.)

Atherinidae. (Silversides.)

Atherinopsis. Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134.

Atherinopsis californiensis. Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 135.
(Jack smelt.)
Atherinops. Steindachner, Icth. Beitr., Ill, 01, 1875.

Atherinops aflSnis. Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1860, 73. (Panzarotti.)
Leuresthes. Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 29.

Leuresthes tenuis. Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1860, 76. (Grunion.)

The spawning habits of the whitebait fishes make it possible to take
them in large numbers. When the spawning period comes, during the
summer and fall, different species spawning at different times, they
resort in immense numbers to clear sandy beaches. Here they work
along the edge of the white water, sometimes being stranded between
breakers. The eggs and milt are liberated in the edge of the foaming
rollers. The water is continually churning, thus insuring contact
between the eggs and sperm. So numerous are the fish at this time that
they cause the water to boil and eddy, and so great is the amount of
their spawn that the water near the beach has a *' sticky" feel, is
slightly milky in appearance and posses.ses a distinct odor similar to
that of freshly cut cucumbers.

The candle fish (Thaleichthys) is very oily and when dried will burn
up completely if ignited. Smoked candle fish are golden yellow in
color and are much esteemed by the northern Indians. Few candle
fish are sold fresh by the Indians. In Oregon and Washington candle
fish are canned and smoked by several concerns on a commercial basis.
The surf smelts are too soft and delicate to stand any process of pre-
serving and are sold fresh, although some may be hard salted.

*From a check list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of North and Middle
America, Jordan and Evermann. Report, U. S. Comm. Fisheries, 1895, App. 5, pp.
207-584.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

133

Fig. 43. An Indian surf net used for taking whitebait. Photograph May 31, 1929,

at mouth of Mad Rivei-, California.

As the smelts and tlieir allies raii^ie from central California to
Alaska they liave ahvays been one of the sonrces of food supply for the
Indian inhabitants of this repion. The fishinu' methods and gear
evolved by the Indians to take the Avhitebait are still in use today. The
snrf smelts, which constitute the jureater i)art of the present commercial
•Nvliitebait, are taken by the Indians with the surf nets invented by
their ancestors. Before the advent of the Avhite man the Indians made
the Avebbing- for their nets from the fiber of the stinging nettle (Urtica
fJioica). The webbing used now is the ordinary cotton or linen twine.
The nets in use today are of several sizes and shapes, depending on
their uses, and in some cases on the tribe of Indians who make them.
The nets used in California are of three types. In the district about
the mouth of the Russian Uiver the net is built in the form of a large
dip net except that the hoop instead of being round is oval, being
flattened at right angles to the pole handle. See figure 42. This type
of net is now made by the white residents of the Russian River district
and rented to vacationists who wish to catch their own fish. Another
modification of the dip net evolved by the Indians is obtained by lashing
two poles together to form a curved ring at one end, to support the net,
and bringing the other ends together as a handhold. See figure 44.
The largest and most widelj^ used net is a departure from the dip net
Type. A reference to figure 45 will give a much better idea of this type
of net than a written description. In using these nets the operator
"wades into the surf up to the waist and handles the net as if it were a
scoop shovel. The bag of the net is held in the hand which holds the
butts of the poles, so that a small quantity of fish may be imprisoned M'hile
the net is in operation. The fishing is done either by night or day, as
some of the fish spawn during the day and others during the night.
The Indians distinguish these different fi.shes as "dayfish" and "night-
fish." At times a single thrust of the surf net will capture so many fish

134

CAIJI'ORXIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 44. A type of small dip net made by the Klamath
Indians and used for taking surf fishes. Photograph
Sept. 12, 1929, at Requa, California.

that the opei-Mtoi- innst go ashore and dvinip it. Any one school of fi>;h
does not take very long to spawn and depart. A school will generally
work along a given beach for only a couple of hours. During that time
the fishermen work fast and pile up large heaps of the fish on the sand
or put them directly into sacks. During the last few years tourists and
campers in northern California have learned to catch the surf smelts.
Some of them have made nets patterned after the Indian nets. Others
have constructed all manner of dip nets, and during a run of fish,
inspired by the rush and excitement, they will sometimes jump into the
water 'and catch fish with their hands.

CALIFORNIA I'JSIl AND GAME

135

I'lG. 45. Kurf net for taking surf fish (whitebait). The poles are 7 feet long ami
the net K feet wide at tlie top. The back of the net from cross bar to point is
24 inches. Mesh of webbing i inch. Sketch August, 1926, Trinidad, California.

Tn the old days the Indians dried and smoked the surf tishes for
wintei- nse. Those who did not live on tlie coast moved down and
camped on the beaches during the i-ims. They built rude shelters of
driftwood and cured their fish on tlie spot. While some of the fish are
still cured and used by the Indians in northern California, most of the
catch is sold to the wiiolesale fish houses and the Indians get their
winter fish from cans.

136

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Whitebait Catch Figures — Northern California*
Jan., Feb., Mar. Apr., May , June Jnly,Ang.,Sept. Oct., Nov., Dec. Totals

1'j24 4,222 58,552 55,614 3,386 111,774

1925 1,576 :?3,315 33,259 2,818 70,968

1926 7,215 34,762 43,425 155 85,557

1927 19,582 85,755 21,439 7,373 134,149

1928 9,388 93,428 31,967 1,303 135,186

Del Norte, Mendocino, San Mateo,

Hvmboldt Sonura Marin San Francisco

1924 53,461 172 3,715 62,096

]925 38,017 ___ 4,845 28.106

1926 73,242 .__ 4,233 7,689

1927 101,272 313 30,955

1928 100,230 16,470 233 14,388

* Compiled by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

A SHOCKING FISH TALE
Electrocuted Tuna Easily Landed

By COBURN F. Maddox
[With two photographs by the author]

In 1920 Captain Guy Silva was cruising- in his boat, the Alice, oflt' the
Soccoro Islands, about 250 miles south of Cape San Lucas. They were
not havino' very g-ood hick, but finally ran into some big Allison's
yellowtin tuna weigliing between two hundred and three hundred
pounds each, and were working hard to land these big fellows, it took
four or five men to bring these big yellowfin tunas to gaff. Tlie idea
oeevii'red to Captain Silva at this time to try electrocuting these biu'
tunas so they could be handled by fewer men. He also had discovered
that local tunas as well a.s the Allison's would not take bait on the
heavy gear and large hooks necessary to bring them aboai'd tlie boat.
Being somewhat of an electi-ician ('a])tain Silva figured out he did not
have enough voltage on the boat Alice to successfully kill or stun so large
a fish, so he had to let the experiment go for a while, but when he
launclied his new boat, th(> /-o/.s iS, in 1926, he had his first chance to

Fig. 46. Large tuna secured by new method of electrocuting fish to hasten capture.

CALIFORNIA FISIT AND GAME

137

Fig. 47. Landing a large tuna taken by the new method
dpvelnned at San Diego, California.

try out the idea that had occurred to him rears before, and which he
had carefully worked out in the meantime. Hi.s first victim was a
130-pound bull shark which was shocked and stunned so he was easily
gotten aboard, but the current of electricity did not kill him. This
time a current of IK) volts was run oft' batteries, and one of the crew
while landint; the shark must have hit the hook as he gaft'ed it, and was
severely shocked. This accident stopped the fisliinu- along this electric
line of operations for a month or so. but the cajitain had not given up
the idea and worked on it and finally perfected the original gear so as
to make it practically "foolproof." Even when assured there was no
danger the crew was loath to operate the electric gear, saying, "Look
what it did to the fish." Finally a catch with the new gear was safely

138

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

lU'iiioiistrated and as the skeptics were oonviiiced that all danger had
been eliminated the fishermen erew then took hold and fished witli most
gratifying results, for it was found that two men could easily handle a
250- Or ;3nn-]iound tuna, while it had required at least four men by the
old method of bringing them fo gaft': the whole operation taking only
50 seconds. One load of these Allison's tunas taken in this way
weighed seven fish to the ton, some of the said load being shown in the
accompanying pictures, with members of the crew standing beside
them to give the reader a better idea of the size of the tuna fishes
caught by this electric system. The lone tuna in the picture with W.
Ashlock, a member of the crew of the Lois S, was seven feet long and
weighed 328 pounds, being the largest tuna caught with this small hook
electric gear, though a 500-pound shark was the largest fish secured in
this way.

The accompanying sketch and explanation will, I hope, make it clear
to the reader just how this electric gear is constructed and operated :

Voltage required 120 volts direct current 'off a generator or battery.
The generator must have 3 k.w. (kilowatts) capacity as it takes at least
30 amperes 50 seconds to kill a big tuna f though ordinarily they are
just stunned when brouglit to gaff). The fourteen-foot pole is of ordi-
nary bainboo about two inches through at the butt end with a metal
ring on the tip end connected to positive side of 120-volt system or
circuit through an insulated wire "A-B." The negative side of the
system being grounded in the water "W." When a fish takes the bait
on hook "C" he pulls the contact ring "X" to the metal contact ring
"Y" by means of cotton line "T-D," which sends a direct current via
flexible wire "K" to contact ring "Z" and on to hook "C' which
administers the coup de grace to the tuna. It was found that if the
current was run directly from tlic battery to the hook tluit two bad
results would follow : first it killed the live bait on the hook and second

Me/i/7>/) ■' Y

-^_ To Ba^^iy (/i3i/'»e \-]

' — //tst/Af/t^ Co/ifier Mfjre

M Aimiat /i/e

S/ee/ H^y/v ^attFT ene/asey/r? /A/n /^^Ae^ /^f£//a//ivt.

yiMtr ( f/tja/„i — )

f/aa/r

Fio. 4 8.

Graph showing metliod of employing tilectrieily in tlie capture of large

food fishes.

CALIFORNIA IISIl AND (lAMK 189

caiisod tlie hook itself to ()xi(li/(>. rciiflcrinji' it uscloss aftov the ciirrciit
had been applietl for more tluiii fifteen minutes at a time -when in the
water. This is the reason for the sAvitehinp: device on the tip end of
the pole.

This system wjis ;iIso nsed by Cri])tain Seeley of the boat Niirhiiw to
catch swordtish. but due to the difference in the method of catchinjr
tlie swordtisli, that is by harpooninp; them, it wtis found th;it it was not
prfu'tieal ;is it resulted in spoilinjr the white meat of the swordtish by
burning' and discoloring: it for some distance at and around the wound
caused by the entrance of the harpoon into the swordtish due, no doubt,
to the wreat amount of surface charged with electricity iu the harpoon.

This method is beinf>' used reo-ularly by Captain Silva and 1 would not
be surprised at any new electrical devices he may invent or develop,
as he has already invented a niajrneto, an ignition system for internal
combustion engines, and has received patents for a number of electrical
devices.

SALT-WATER PERCH IN THE SAN PEDRO WHOLESALE

FISH MARKETS-

By Frances N. Clark

Because of their minor importance, many species of commercial fishes
of California are entirely neglected in the scientific studies carried on
l)y the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Division of Fish and
(iame. Due to the necessity of concentrating these studies on the major
fisheries of the state, this neglect, although unfortunate, is unavoidable.
While jiursuing these researches, however, many scattered bits of infor-
mation are gathered concerning the lesser commercial fisheries. All
such facts, if made available, will eventually form valuable contribu-
tions to the total sum of our knowledge of the commercial fisheries.

Such a minor fishery is that for salt-water perch, family Embioto-
cidae. These fishes are known variously as pogie. porgee, shiner, surf-
fish, surf perch, viviparous perch, perch, and salt-water perch. Since
these fishes are very different from the true perches, family Percidae.
found only in fresli water, the ruime salt-water perch is here usrd as
it distinguishes this grou{) from the true perches, and avoids confusion
with certain smelts, members of the family Osmeridae, also called surf
fish. In addition to their commercial use, the salt-water perch are
popular fishes with the anglers of the state, who fish for them from the
rocks, and from the lieaches, casting theii' line out into the surf.
Because of theii' importance as angling fishes, these species are closed
to commercial fishing fi'om May 1 to July 15 of each year.

JMuch confusion exists among the common names of the iii(li\idual
species of FiHl)iotoeidae. due partly to the local application of thest^
common luiiiics and partly to the difficulty experienced by amateurs in
distinguishing between species. I'.eeause of the inaccuralc application
of these common names, in the catch records gathei-eci by the liureau
of Commercial Fishei-ies, all species of salt-Avater perch are listed under
the name perch. The first step, therefore, in securing information about
the salt-water ])erch in the commercial fishei-ies of California, is to
ascertain thr I'elative im')ortance of the different species in the catch.

* Contribution No. 89 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, Februarj-,
1930.

3—74383

140

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Such an estimate I'or the Los AngeU>s region was tlie purpose of this
study. The data here used were secured incidentally during visits
made, in the interest of major scientific studies, to the !San Pedro whole-
sale fish markets. The work was carried on during December, 1928,
and for the entire year of 1929. With a few exceptions, the markets
were visited twice weekly, and an estimate made of the percentage of
each species of salt-water perch seen. The procedure was as follows:
Fish are delivered to the markets in boxes. The number of pounds of
fish in a box was ascertained from the dealer, fish selected at random
were counted out and the number of fish of each species recorded.
Estimates for each box were based on from twenty to forty fish, with
thirty the usual number. These numbers were .converted into ])ercent-
ages and the percentage of each species in a box of salt-water perch
thus determined. To ascertain the jiercenfage of each species for all
the fish observed, the percentages for each box were multiplied by the
number of pounds of fish in the box and these weighted percentages
summed. To secure the proportions for a day the weighted percent-
ages were summed for the day and divided by the total number of
pounds observed on one day ; for a month, the weighted percentages
were summed for the month and divided by the number of pounds
observed in a month ; and the proportions for a year were secured by
summing the weighted percentages for the entire year and dividing by
the total number of pounds observed in the year. The results of these
calculations are given in Table 1. Approximately 18 per cent of the
entire surf fish catch of Los Angeles County, for the thirteen-month
interval of the study, passed under observation.

TABLE 1
Percentage of each species in the commercial catch of salt-water perch delivered to the San Pedro fish marl(ets

Species

1928

1929

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

10 mo.

Phanerodon furcatus,
white perch

48.6

46.8

1.4

86.4
13.2

84.8

14.3

0.9

90.8
8.7
0.4

88.4
10.7

0.5

0.1

61.0
6.2

16.0
7.5

50,2

34.7

0.7

2.7

4.2

34.7

64.2

0.2

0.6

79.6
19.7

73.8
21.6

81 97

Hyperprosopon argen-
teum, wall-eyed perch

Rhacochilus toxotes,
rubberhp ..

14.05
1 38

Damalichthys vacca,
fork-tail perch

0.7

2.0

0 89

Erabiotoca jacksoni,
black perch.

3.2

0.1

0 37

Amphistichus argenteus
barred perch

0.3

2.0

0 04

Tacniotoca lateralis,
striped perch

0.4
8.9

1.2
6.3

0 11

Hypsurus caryi, rain-
bow perch

1.06

Hyperprosopon agassizi

0.4

0.04

Cymatogaster aggre-

0.3

0.6

0 09

Of the fifteen species of salt-water perch recorded from the waters
of southern California, ten species were found in the commercial catch
during 1929. One species, Hyperprosopon agassizi, also termed Tocich-
thys eUipticus, has apparently not been recorded previously, south of
Santa Barbara. Two of these fish were found in the San Pedro markets
on January 31, 1929. This would constitute a new southern record for
this species were it not for the fact that boats occasionally make

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GA.MK

141

100

■

^^^

~ -*

• • White Perch

0---0 Wall-eyed Perch

BO

Other Speaej

^

S, 60

•^ A /

5

^^/ y

/^ /\

0- 40

\

\
\

■•••/ \

20

\

/•••. V--

_— (

\

~^^-

-^

._-^

/

0 ' '*■■■■•

■Cl

t.

i-

x^ N 6, "S, -- ^

o

Oj r^

%,

J?

Q.

•? a a => «• '-' °

Ci -:>

u

5-

T

S -^^ -T <o O *

Q

.'92S

1929

c

Fig. 49. Percentages by month.s of white perch and of wall-eyed perch in the com-
mercial catch of salt-water perch delivered to the San Pedro fish markets.

(.leliverics to the !San Pedro markets of lish caught off Santa l^>arbara.
While such deliveries consist almost exclusively of flat fish, the possi-
bility exists that these salt-water perch may have come from the Santa
Barbara region.

The percentages of the different species of Embiotocidae comprised
in the commercial catch of Los Angeles County are shown for Decem-
ber, 1928, and nine months of 1929, in Table 1 and Figure 49. Because
of the ch)sed season from May 1 to July 15, no fisli were observed in
the markets during ^Fay, June and July. The major portion of the
catch consisted of two species, the white perch and the wall-eyed perch,
and of these two, the white perch far exceeded the wall-eyed. For
the thirteen months, the white perch constituted practically 82 per cent
of the entire catch. For the species other than tlie white and wall-eyed

20

16

0.

12

-• White Perch

o — -o Wall-eyed Perch
Other Species

1928

^ -^ ^

1029

Fig.

JO. Montlily catcli in pounds of white perch and of wall-eyed perch delivered
to the San Pedro fish markets.

142

f'ALlFORNIA PISTT AND OA^^E

peri'li. till' <ir(';ilf.st |)ci'ccii1;i<i'('s were taken in Aii<iiist and September.
Durinji: Aup-ust, the lubbei-lip tompi'ised ](i.O per cent of the catch,
the fork-tail perch, 1 .') \)cv cent, and the rainbow pereh 8.9 per cent.
In September, the rubberlip formed less than 1 per cent, the fork-tail,
2.7 per cent, and the rainbow, 6.3 per cent. For the other months the
percentajre of sjieeies other than the AVhite and wall-eyed pereh Avas
praelieally ne<rli?ible.

To determine the number of pounds of each species broufrht into San
Pedro each month, tlu> monthly deliveries for Los Ang-eles C/Ounty
were divided on the ba.sis of tlu' pereentatres of Table 1. These results
are shown in Fii^'ure ;")(). The number of pounds of wall-eyed perch was
relatively constant throufihout the year, but the pounda<i'e of white
perch showed a decided seasonal fluctuation. By far the largest quan-
tities wei-e taken in March and Ai)ril. Because of the closed season, no
Hsh were taken in ^lay and June. By Aug-ust. the white perch catch
had dropped to less than that for January and February, a minimum
was reached in October, which was followed by a slijjht rise in Novem-
bei- and December. Aueusr and S(>ptemb(M- wiM-e tlie only months in

Fig. 51. White perch, iihancrodon fnrratus.

Fig. 52. Wall-eyed perch, Hyperprosopon argenteuin.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 143

whit'h tlu' luiscelUmt'ons spi'cics fiiiui-rd in llic coiuincrcia,! catch. Sea-
sonal fluctuations in the total catch of salt-watci- perch were the result,
therefore, of fluctuations in the catch of white perch.

Tn tlie course of this study, a few observations were made on the
breedinjj: sea.son of the Enihiotocidae. tSince these fish ai-e viviparous,
givin<; birth to live young, the dates were noted on which females were
found with young easily extruded by a slight pressure on the body.
The. white perch wei-e found in such a condition during late Pebruarv,
March and April; the wall-eyed perch, during March aiul the first half
of April ; the rubberlip, in late Februaiy and March; and the fork-tail,
on one day in March. During late August aiul early September, the
rainbow perch were found with young. The largest catches of white
perch oceurre;! during the breeding season, aiul it is jirobable that the
closed season of May and June affords considerable protection to these
flsh as many individuals were in a breeding condition at the end of
April. The breeding season apparently had little effect on the size of
the catch of wall-eyed perch or of the rubberlip, for the wall-eyed catch
was relatively constant throughout the year, and in August when the
catch of I'ubberlip was gi-eatest. no individuals were seen with young.
On the othei- hand, no rainbow perch were observed except in August
and September when several individuals were bearing young.

The results of this brief study of the salt-water perch delivered to
the San Pedro fish markets showed that the catch was maintained
chiefly by the white i)erch, comprising approximately 82 per cent of
the total. The second most important species was the wall-eyed perch,
which formed 14 per cent of the catch. The remaining 4 per cent con-
sisted of eight different species. The number of pounds of white perch
delivered fluctuated during the year with a maximum in .Maix-h and
April and a minimum in October. This fluctuation was i-eflected in
the variations of the total salt-water pei-eh catch, which followed vei-y
closely the changes in the white {)erch catch.

THE LILY-IRON RETURNS TO MONTEREY BAY

Shark Fishing Recommences on a Harpoon Basis "

By CiEO. Roger Chute

Monterey, old whaling station, is likely to become Monterey, the shark
port. Where the cachelot was once out-drawn, and full blubber-pots
bubbled with body-oil tried from niinced '"horse-pieces,"' and where
sweating Portuguese rolled greasy barrels to the water's edge, there
now, in these more modern times, W(^ may presently see arise specialized
reduction and by-product institutions designed ffu' a ncAv ])ut different
oil trade.

Of course, the whales ai'e gone. .M;ii: with his custonirii'v rai)acity
slew the majority of these a half generation past, and one can no longer
stand on China Point and count a dozen or twenty spouts, as often
could be done twenty-five years ago. The long files of inshore "grays"
and "humpies," that in pregold days furnished whatever excitement
there was to stir the drowsiness of the adobe ^^lonterey pueblo, have
vanished. Indixidual sulphur bottoms and sperm whales that used to

* Contribution No. 90 £iom the California State Fisheries Laboratory, February,
1930.

144

CALIFORNIA VliM AND GAME

parade around the harbor during the season of sardine abundance, as
well as in times of storm, have become fewer and fewer until now the
appearance of some last Mohican of the Cetacean tribe occasions as
much comment and discussion among seaside watchers and bay-town
papers as though Fenimore Cooper's own Cliingachgook and Uncus
were to stalk down P>road and Wall streets, buckskin-clad and in paint.
Let the truth be told: The}- all have been boiled; their fats and tissues
have been reduced to liquid oil; the Staten Island (New York) tanks
of Procter and Gamble have received this contribution from the Pacific
and added it to the millions of that firm's accuiuulated wealtli by the
altogether primary process of converting the oil into luimerous mer-
chantable products, not the least of Avhich is Ivory soap, esteemed for
milady's batli.

So the past is dead. Let us turn the page to a new chapter.

Ancient Residents.

A sensationalist would have a discouraging time of it, trying to stir
up excitement around Monterey with the announcement of the dis-
covery of large schools of giant sharks in the bay. Everyone has known
the fact for years. Nineteenth century whalemen found it out, and
are reputed even to have practised a little, and had some sport during
dull days, with the pot-bellied, hideous-looking fish. Then, in later
times, Chinese came to angle for such of them as could be landed on
baited hooks having chain leaders. l)uriu.g the la.st two decades the
resource has been almost forgotten.

Almo.st, but not quite. Occasionally the big brutes blunder into some
fisherman's way, and by the havoc that they make with iiis tackle and
gear, impress upon him a painful reminder of continued presence.
Fortunately, as a general thing they frequent a portion of the bight
not visited bv sai'dine netters. but the usual good luck of the .seiners is

Fig. 5a. Close along- the beach, especially between Moss Landing and Seaside,
school.s of sharks can be seen finning almost any sunny day. A Nantucket
lily-iron and -"Ji-inch manila line are used in the harpooning, and after the fish
has been killed, a sliding bowline is slipped over the flukes and the flabby
griant towed ignominou.^ly homeward, wrong end first. Photograph by Gilkey
1929.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 145

pnnctnatcil here and tlirrc l)y disastrous ciu'ountt'rs. Periodically they
purse up one of those creatures. The fisherman's chastisement result-
in<r from this sort of ha|)[)eniiiii- impi'esses a never-to-be-forjrotten lesson
— the costly tuition of that universal i)eda<i-o<i-, Experience'.

All Is Not Fish That Gets Into the Net.

"L reniend)er of seeing- a shark cau'/ht in a lampara in 1!)2H." says
Milton l.indner, one of the scientific statt" of the Commercial Fisheries
Department, who was stationed at Monterey for several years. "The
Italians of the crew were makinp: a tremendous racket while excitedly
and ineffectively endeavoring; to p-et a ro])e noose around the thing's
tail. The shark was rolling back and forth alongside the boat and
finally wore his way ont of the net and escaped, for the men had nothing
\dth which to kill him. lie was half as big as tlu'ir vessel."

To get a shark into a sardine seine is to depreciate the net's value
immediately. Thousands of needle-like spines that protrude from the
skin of the animal cut away the twine and so weaken the whole fabric
that after one or two later usings it suddenly falls into tatters wherever
the lacerating .shagreen of the Avallowing fish's hide came in contact
with the cotton. Not seeming to appreciate that it is nothing more
than the abrasive action of the rasping sides of the shark that ruins
their webbing, many seiners speak of the damage that is done to gear
as attributable to the "slime" of the baskers, which they seem to think
rots or dissolves the mesh just as acid or lye might do.

"I was one night aboard a lampara boat that had already set on fish
"when a shark was discovered lying in the area surrounded," says Lind-
ner. "The crew then made no effort to close the gear, but instead
hauled back one of the wings so that the way would be made easy for
the escape of the shark. When these big creatures are known to be
about the fishermen will not set their gear."

The destructiveness of the baskers is well illustrated by an instance
in which a tuna seiner was concerned. During October of 1929, while
fishing off Cape San Lucas, ]\[exico. Captain Jack Berntsen, then master
of the ])urse boat Mahcl, by i)erverse fate cast his net around the very
spot where one of these animals was feeding, or lying asleep, apart
from his fellows. After a half day of heaving and cutting the elephan-
tine monster that had been corralled was finally gotten free — at a cost
of a. thousand dollar.s in damage to the net.

A Monterey Sicilian whom the writer questioned about the presence
of sharks in the bay there declared:, "Yeh! We gotta heem allaright —
heeg one. lika submarine! No fun for fall overboard, I tell you dat I"
But this la.st remark was entirely facetious, for although their enormous
proportions make their appearance an aw^e.some sight, no maii really
fears a Jonah "s fate from tlie torpid beasts.

Noncarni voroiis Foragers.

Boatmen have an explanai ion for every phenomenon of the sea. Coin-
cidences and ai)]iearances seem to their lay reasoning as acceptable
evidences of fact, thus it is common belief among them that the
"whales" (for so they speak of the big baskers) feed on jjilchards.
This is the outgrowth of the observed fact that these sharks often are
encountered in the midst of sehooling sardines. It does not occur to
the fishermen that perhaps the shaj-ks and pilchards are mutually

146 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

agreeable, and that they happen to be found tojr<>thei- for the sob' but
excellent reason that both ai"e f(^edin<r on the same masses of plankton
and diatom life that swarm in the water there. l>askers that have been
taken ashore for examination have been found to contain gallons of
fresh plankton in their stomachs without the slightest trace of sardines
or other like fish being discovered present. ^Moreover, the teeth of the
species are degenerate and in no way suitable for a predacious, meat-
eating creature, and a highly developed system of gill-rakers is found
within the basker's mouth, nature having provided a set of strainers
there which ])arallels tlie baleen of certain wliale species. It is because
of this whale-bone appearance that the basker is known in some parts
of the world as the "bone shark," or improperly, as the "whale shark."

Introducing "Chuck" Gilkey, the Shark Harpooner.

Riding at anchor somewhat seaward from the outer end of the munic-
ipal fish wharf of Monterey you can descry a handsome white-painted
cabin cruiser of rather unusual ])roportions. Should the breeze swing
her broadside you may make out her name to be the Two Brothers, and
if your interest carries you farther, you can learn, by applying at the
local oflfice of the Division of Fish aiul (rame, at the wharf -head, that
the owner is Chester E. Gilkey, radio electrician, sportsman, and skip-
per of summer outing j^arties aboard his white cruiser, (xilkey — or
"Chuck," as he prefers to be called — has revived the ancient busines^s
of heaving lily-irons into the bulky carcasses of sea creatures, having
commenced this joyous avocation out of curiosity to see what would,
happen Avhen a 160-pound man drives five fct^t of steel into a shark
weighing tons. He continued at the precarious sport because it invested
him with notoriety and stimulated the popularitx- of the Tvn Broihers.
among landsmen voyagers, who ])aid to go along on cruises that they
might witness the feat and derive a vicarious thrill — "get a kick" by
proxy, if you ])lease.

Look Out for His Tail!

"How long a i)hiiik lia\'c you, and wiiat sort of i)ul|>il do \-ou use.'"
1 asked young ( Jilkey.

"1 never liave had 1o use a plank," he answered. "1 stand in Hie
bow and strike them from there. It is no trick getting up to them—
they are all regubir Kij) A'an Winkles, sound asleep for twenty years!"

lie tells of having run against them witii his launch, and describes
the usual manner of harpooning as that practised by Nantucketers of
yore who chanced upon a sleeping whale: To "beach" the boat upon
the "fish." the bow-man sinking the ii-on into the animal at exactly
that instant of contact. The whale would awake with a start, aroused
both by tlie .jar of llie impact and by the sting of the steel, and sound
with an elaborate gestictdal ion of flukes which invariably came down
upon the surface of the sea with a resonant and ci-ashing defensive l)l()w
at the moment of submerging. It was this terrible wallop of the i)uni-
tive tail that was so dreaded by the whalei-s; the moment that a bow-
man j)lante(l his iron, all hands fell frenziedly upon their oars, backi)m-
for dear life in an effort to get out of range before the whale should
deliver his parting salute. On the occasions when crews were too tardy
in this maneuver, and the Avounded animal made correct selection of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

147

tlic i)lace wlici'coii to strike, splintci'cd ffa«;ments of boat floated upon
the sea, and a few years latei', perhaps, monuments were erected in old
Nantuclvet. or tal)lets set in the ^■ray stoTie walls of the Seamen's liethel,
New lU'dford.

The new story is )i()t very diU'ei-eiit.

"We have to look out for their tails," said Chuek. "They have sueh
Weight that if the\- ever hit you — well, that's what makes it sport."

Tons of Mushy Meat.

One mi<j:ht thiidv that with the speariiin' made easy because of the
luitural slothfulness of these shai-ks, to finally capture them would he
simple, and merely a matter of time. But no, says Gilkey, the real
crisis comes after the making fast, "and it isn't a question of the tight
that they put up, either. This is how it always happens: -lust as soon
as you hit a shark, he sounds. He goes straight to the bottom and rolls
around tliere on the mud, trying to work the harpoon out of his body.
And the sur])i-ising thing is that he succeeds in about half of the
instances. Last summer I struck 18 sharks; *J of them I landed; !J got

Fio. y-l. Tlie 7'ir') lirolhrrs towing home a
20-f()Ot hii.sker tli;it had rf<|iiire<l -'I hours
of playing to itill. t;ill<ey .states that three
is the largest number of sharks he has
harpooned and captured in a single day.
Photogiaph by Gilkey, 1929.

148 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

away. Two broke the three-qnartor-inch manila line and cari'ied off my
liarpoons, but the other seven pulled out the irons."

The muscular tissues of these animals are described as watery and
flabby in the extreme. Unless the harpoon is planted in the boney
sections of the head, or is driven throujrh the rubbery skin of the
cartilaprinous fins, the probability is prreat that the shark will roll
around until finally twisting but the toddle-head on the shaft, even
ihough the iron Jias been thrust entirely through the fish.

Shark Products.

It is this high percentage of loss through escapement that makes the
fishery unprofitable from the standpoint of the simon-pure operator,
says our authority. Had he not supplemented his gross income by
carrying pa.ssengers or s})ectators, the work would have been done at a
loss. Usually eight or nine individuals were ready to pay $1.50 for a
passage, and in this way the running expenses of the big launch were
met. Whatever was derived from the sale of sharks represented profit.

All of the fish taken were disposed of to Max ]\I. Sehaefer, whose activ-
ities at Monterey and Seaside have centered about the production of
commercial products through the utilization of waste materials of a
wide variety of sorts. Sehaefer paid $7 a ton for the big fish, produc-
ing two distinct salable articles from them : liver oil and meat scrap
or meal.

The quality of the oil is said to have been excellent — a clear, white
fluid, high in viscosity and of good price. It is said to have enjoyed
ready request at 60 cents or more per gallon. Petaluma poultrj-men,
skilled in compounding scientifically balanced egg-producing chicken
rations, combine the costly oil with other foods and feed it to their
laying flocks for the virtue of vitamins, in which the oil is excessively
rich.

It is well known, of course, that certain fishes in the sea store much
of their fat in the liver. The cod family is noted in this respect, the
cod, haddock, pollock, cusk and hake constituting a vast population,
numerically, of this type of bottom-feeder. Sharks of all sorts likewise
have the same characteristic, and indeed shark-liver oil is not to be
distinguished from liver oils of the cods except by experts equipped
with scientific apparatus enabling chemical analysis. It has been
claimed that the basking shark — the sort obtaining at ^Monterey — is the
world's record holder for enlarged liver, and that no other fish produces
so much oil in proportion to its gross weight.

"The largest shark that we harpooned and hindefl weighed about
three and a half tons," states the fisherman. "We took more than
1200 pounds of liver out of that one, and this produced 155 gallons of
pui-e, white oil. But the flesh was so watery that little was realized
from it. There seems to be so little substance in it that when processed
nothing remains. I would say that the average shark gives only about
150 pounds of meal — and queer-looking stuff it is, too; looks like shred-
ded wheat, or something of that sort.

"The liver oil is the main thing; from the nine sharks something
over 950 gallons of oil were produced."

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 149

Selecting Small Ones.

Probably Oilkoy's estimates and ti<rures should not be taken as
exactly representative of wliat the fishery would do wei-e it (h-veloix'd
seriously. This cautioninf; is based upon Ids own dcclaralions 1hat tlie
two larprest sharks that lie struck ])oth came to tlie surface aftei' an
initial dive to the bottom, and by plun<:'iii<j: around i)art('d Ids line.
Moreover, he exercised a certain dep:ree of caution in selectinp: from
amont; the drowsy schools of finnin<i fish some individual of a size
suitable for tacklinp:.

"There are sharks out iIi-tc as hij^- as a small wlialc" he says.
"Why, the larjjest one that we bi-oujjht in was more than tliii-fy feet
long, and it didn't begin to measure up to some of the others. We saw
one out there that certainly was twenty feet longer than the Two
Brothers, and she is a fifty-footer. Of course, we weren't wanting to
tackle anything like that."

Candidate for a Jonah.

But our friend Chuck's great circumspection about making fast to
too monstrous a monster is seemingly belied by his ai)})ar('nt abandon
and injudicionsne.ss in sallying nonchalantly to sea in a skiff' to worry
the sleepy old liver-fish. Fir.st of all he harpooned two of them from
a 22-foot speed boat having an outboard motor — and spent three
hours towing one of these a distance of only two miles. Then, on an
occasion when one of the creatures was stui)idly following Gilkey's
skiff, the boatman stood up with the iron and crashed it through the
fish's head. When finally it was gotten ashore it Avas found to be
twenty-five feet long.

Tenacious of Life.

Sharks are an undeveloped and exceedingly ])rimitive sort of animal,
comparing with the skates and rays and other low forms of fish life in
that they have cartilaginous frameworks instead of bony skeletons,
and an undevelojied nervous system. This latter remlei-s' them hard
to kill, for. like many fi.-^h and re|)tilian forms, they will continue to
manifest life even after having been hori-ibly injured, or even dismem-
bered.

"When one of them has exhausted himself rolling around on the
bottom we i)ull him up. It may seem sti-ange. l)ut it is a fact that
they always come to the top tail fiist. They are very hard to kill, and
you have to shoot them in a certain small spot in the gills or tlH>\- \\\\\
goon livin<j for hours."

By- Products Overlooked.

"What did you do with the skins. ;ind to wliom did yon sell the
fins.'" 1 asked the harpooner.

"Funny thing about that." said (Jiuck. "\Vc nc\ri' ti-icd to skin
them at all — but they cei-tainly lijixc ;i tonirli hide. In fart, tin- hiile
is about all that lidlds llir !i;ii-p(,(in in thctn ;it ,ill; il ouLilit I<i ni;ikc
fine leathei-.

"And about tiic tins: well, we didn't know that iliey were wortli ;in\-
thing. We hauled the lish up on the beach and then the Chinamen
came along at night and stole ;dl those fins We didn't find out until

150 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

later that they were worth about as much as the rest of the fish. About
the time that we quit fisliiuj? one of the Chinamen came to see me about
getting all of the fins- — he was a sly old fellow; wanted me to set the
price."

So certain canny Orientals have had sundry barrels of sharkfin soup
free of cost at this, their New Year 's season.

Now a word from IMilton Lindner aj>'ain : "T even tried eating these
fellows. In October one was landed that measured twenty-four feet
and weighed two and three-quarters tons. Some sardine boat brought
it in. They cut it open there on the beach and exposed the long gray
liver which was an enormous organ. When it was tried out it produced
over 100 gallons of colorless, odorless, tasteless oil— better to every
appearance than any cod liver oil I ever saw. It sold to egg-raisers for
about 60 cents a gallon.

"Well, the meat of the fish looked so fresh and good that T decided
to try eating some of it. I cut out a nice steak and took it home, where
I fried it. It turned out to be as tender as the finest of steer beef, but
it savored of ammonia somewhat, and was not really suited for frying.
If I had parboiled it first it would have been excellent."

Lindner explains that the displeasing taste of fried shark flesh results
from the fact that these fish have a slow^ elimination of uric wastes
from their blood. At all times there is present in the tissues a con-
siderable amount of substance that is incompatible with fine flavor
unless the food be prepared in a manner which will free it from the
accumulation of nitrogenous matter.

Scientific Dope.

Dr. David Starr Jordan, the great ichthylogist of Stanford University,
has written brieflv on the Monterev "elephant shark" in his volume
entitled "Fishes," pages 196-197 : "

"The largest of all living sharks is the great basking shark {Cetor-
hinus maximus), constituting the family of Cetorhinidue. This is the
largest of all fishes, reaching a length of 36 feet, and an enormous
weight. It is a dull and sluggish animal of the northern seas, almost
as inert as a sawlog, often floating slowly southward in pairs in the
spring and caught occasionally by whalers for its livei'. When caught
its huge flabby head spreads out flat on the ground, its weight in con-
nection with the great size of the mouth-cavity rendering it shapeless.
Although so clumsy and without spirit, it is said that a blow of its tail
will crush an ordinary Avhaleboat. The basking shark is known on all
northern coasts, but has most frequently been taken in the North Sea,
and about Monterey Bay in California. From this locality specimens
have been sent to the chief museums of Europe. In its external char-
acters the basking shark has much in common with the man-eater. Its
body is, however, i-elatively clumsy forward ; its fins are lower, and its
gill-openings are much broader, almost meeting under the throat. The
great difference lies in the teeth, which in Cetorhinus are very small
and w^eak, about 200 in each row. The basking shark, also called ele-
phant shark and bone-shark, does not i)ursue its ])rey, but feeds on
small creatures to be taken without eifort. Fossil teeth of Cetorhinus
have been found from the Cretaceous, as also fossil gill-rakers, struc-
tures which in this shark are so long as to suggest whalebone."

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 151

Big Shark Schools.

During many years past Icchindic fishonncn liavo prosccutod an
annual summer fishery for the bnskin'r shark. In that country many
people dei)encl foi- their livelihood iii)ou the products of this enterprise.
Liver oil is naturally the primary interest, but the entire fish is utilized.
Chroniclers who assert that they have witnessed the Icelandic opera-
tions tell that the boatmen go to sea armed with harpoons and lances
as secondary apparatus to accordions or other musical instruments
with which "to lure the tisli within reach. It seems that the basker is
mildly curious; it is characteristic of him to follow boats. The Ice-
hmders believe that he will follow more closely in order to hear their
nuisic. and so set up a high-seas concert until such time as a shark
comes up close enougli to stick an iron into him. These six-foot island
Nordics credit the fish with artistic discernment, so play at being male
Loreleis by singing and wielding a concertina, using music and art as
the seductive bait — as many another astute fisher has done !

But whereas oflf Iceland, and elsewhere generally, these animals .show
themselves only in pairs or as lone individuals, Gilkey declares that in
]\Ionterey Bay they often ai'e seen lying together in whole rafts.

"They are here all the year round, I am sure of that," he says. "The
reason that they are not seen more often is that they lie clase to shore,
in waters where fishermen seldom go. Almost always we can find them
close along the beach, rarely more than half a mile from the laud. It
may be that they collect there because the shoal water is warmer than
farther out — anyway, that's where they fin. I have seen as many as
500 of them schooling together at one time, and to spot fifteen or
twenty together is the regular thing."

If the resoui'ce really is abundant, and if through annual migrations
the local sui)ply is replenished, there seems a possibility of fine profits
for someone who will undertake its exploitation, properly equipped and
in serious fashion. Were the skins utilized, and the fins prepared for
the Oriental nuirket, no doubt the individual sharks would contribute
twice the return that has been derived thus far. The Schaefer reduc-
tion company is said to have accepted willingly all of the fish that have
been brought to it in times past, be it market trimmings, Vito Bruno's
trawl-caught dogfish, or Gilkey 's basking sharks. As soon as it opens
its new establishment it will no doubt be in position to receive indus-
trial fish again.

Should the utilization of sharks attain considerable projiortions in
^Monterey Bay, old residents may have recollection (piickened by a
return of the days of the ocean chase, and the sn])tropic "Nantucket
sleigh-ride." The "pui'I)lo's" veteran citizens remember when boat
crews put out fi'om shore-stations on tln^ beach to pursut> i)lume-like
spouts espied by watchers stationed on Presidio Hill. In those times the
intoned hail of the lookout man t(M-niin;it('d the noon siesta with an
abruptness and finality that was eiuirely unnative; "Tha-a-ar .she
blo-o-o-ows ! One p'int off the rocks, thar." But in future there wull
be no tar barrel made fast in some tall tree's top. Instead, the harpoon-
boat will sally to sea on a sunny morning, following the strip of white
sand beach around the wide arc of the bight until the lookout in the
crow's ne.st, or perluips the gunner on the forecastle head, will sing out
the tidings of profit: "Fins — Oh! Give 'er a spoke to starb'rd, Sam.

152

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

There! Steady as she <;oes — jiorl a litth-. jiort, i)or1. PORT!
Stea-a-a-ady ! Slow ])ell ! Let 'im have it I" And as the crash of the
Sveii Koyii jerks u]) the bow of the litth> tu^, an echoing' thud sounds
from beneatli the st'a where the detonatiiifj' bomb exploding at. the
harpoon's ])oint makes a short end of the shark — and a sure prize of
the rich liver — bet'oi'e the stni)id fish lias time to take t'i'i<rht, and sound.

CONSERVATION THROUGH VISUAL EDUCATION

A List of Educational Films for Loan by the Division of Fish and
Game, California Department of Natural Resources

Ever siuee motion pietui-es eame

into wide use for entertainment

and instruction, the Pivision of

Fisli and (lame. Department of

Natural Hesourees, lias been ac(|uir-

in<r educational films depictino- the

fish and jjame resouices of ( 'alifor-

nia. Educators complain that too

much p !• o m i 11 e n c e i .s <i'iven to

l<iio\\ led;je uained fi'om books and

poiiil fo the need for closer eon-
tacts with the living' oljject in its

natui'al environment. Jlence. the

l)i\isioi! has made a consistent ef-
fort to aecpiire natural history
films which siiow the life history and characteristics of important
species in their natural setting.

The game animals of the .state that are iioled for tiieir abundance
and wide distribution have been made the objects of an accurate visual
record, and those that are known for their scarcity and isolation are
shown in their native habitat. Special apparatus and telephoto lenses
were used in taking pictures of mountain sheep, antelope and little
brown crane. Practice, patience and perseverance were necessary to
make the first photographic ircord of the nesting and home life of the
long-billed curleAV and pinyon jay.

Throughout each series, emphasis is placed on the need and value of
California's fish and game rf^sources. The pictures also serve as visual
aids to an understanding of the methods and means being emploj^ed by
the Division to protect and produce game. .Many of th(>m are designed
for school use and are suitable as visual aids in courses on the consei'-
vation of natural resources. Others emphasize features of interest to
sportsmen and fish and game organizations.

These wild life films are available for loan to responsible organiza-
tions throughout the state. Sine.- no cluirge is made for their use, it is
expected that the borrower will pay carrying charges and will be
responsible for any serious damage.

These films are utilized also to illustrate lectures on the conservation
of fish and game given by the stafi' of the Bureau of Education and
Research. A serious effort is made to make this lecture service state-
wide, rather than confining it to the more densely populated areas of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

153

California. No chai-f^n' is made tor llicsc pi-ojrrains, luM sponsors are
expected to furnish a standard film pro.icctoi- and coinix'tcnt operator.
Requests for motion ])ietures or lecturers should be addressed to the
Bureau of Education and Kesearch, Division of Fish and Game, 510
Russ Buildinfr, San Francisco, California.

LIST OF MOTION PICTURE FILMS

January, 1930

Standard 35 mm., 1000-foot reels.

FISH

Game Fishes

Trout

*1A Trout Culture and Angling. By K. A. Salisbury.

Close up view of trout. Operations Mt. Shasta Hatchery— artificial spawn-
ing-, culture of trout eggs and hatchery operations. Planting. Angling for
steelhead on Klamath River.
1 B Same as above.

*2A Life History of Steelhead Trout. By George Stone.

Prizma color. Dams, impediments to natural migrations; fish ladder and
screen. Egg-collecting station on Klamath River — trapping steelhead, arti-
ficial spawning. Operations at Mt. Shasta Hatchery — culture of eggs. Plant-
ing. Catching large steelhead on the Eel River.
2B Same as above — also shows microscopic food of trout.
2C Same as above.

3A Trout Cultural Operations at Mt. Shasta Hatchery. Photography by Sidney
Snow and others. Edited by Rodney S. Ellsworth.

Panorama Mt. Shasta Hatchery. Close up views of trout. Artificial spawn-
ing and hatching operations.

t4A Trout Transportation and Planting.

'rran.spf>rtation by rail to Yosemite National Park. Planting in High Sierra
lake.s and streams. ;

20A From Hatchery to Creel. (Trout cultural operations in California.) (Three
reels.) Photography by Sidney Snow. Edited by Rodney S. Ellsworth.
Part 1. Mt. Shasta Hatchery — brood stock and ponds. Trout cultiual opera-
tions— artificial spawning, care and culture of eggs.

Part 2. Mt. Shasta Hatchery (continued). Hatchery operations — feeding
trout fry and fingerlings. Transportation of fingerlings by rail to Yosemite
Nationai Park.

Part 3. Transportation of fingerlings by truck and pack animals to High
Sierra. Planting from truck in Tenaya Lake and Tuolumne :Meadows. Fish-
ing scenes — Lake Almanor. Catching large steelhead, Klamath River.

Salmon

25A Salmon, King of Fishes. By H. C. Bryant.

Salmon culture operations — trapping salmon at Klamathon, artificial spawn-
ing. Hatching eggs at Mt. Shasta Hatchery, scientific investigations — age
studies and migrations. Klamath Indian ceremonies.

26A Salmon Egg-taking at Klamathon. Photography by Sidney Snow. Edited by
Rodney S. Ellsworth.
Traiiping and sitawnins salmcm.

27A Salmon Culture, Salmon Hatching at Mt. Shasta. Photography by Sidney
Snow. Edited by Rodney S. Ellsworth.
Biological development of salmon eggs. Care of fry.

Angling

35A Trout Angling. (Lessons in fly casting.) By H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney.

Close up of trout fishing scenes. Fly and plug casting.
t40A Steelhead Angling. By B. S. Cheney and others.

Close up steelhead. Fishing scenes, tidewater and stream.

45A Out for Stripers. By E. S. Cheney.

Striking evidence of the sport furnished by the successful introduction of the
stripid bass in Califninia. Fishing scenes San Francisco Bay and sloughs.

t46A Introduced River Fishes. (Spiny-rayed fishes.) By E. S. Cheney and others.
Close up views of black bass, blue-gill sunflsh and others. Angling for black
bass. Rescuing stranded fish and planting in live waters.

154 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

Marine Fishes
50A Sardine Fishery.

Sardine boats and gear. Fishing' for sardines, Monterey Bay. Canning ope-
rations.

•55A Tuna Fishery.

The tuna industry from the capture of the fish to the finished canned product.
55 B .Same as above.

60A Shad of Caifornia. By E. S. Cheney.

Shad boats and gear. Fishing for shad, .San Joaipiin River. .Shad roe. Can-
ning operations at Pittsburg.

t75A Fresh Fish Market Supply. By E. S. Cheney.

Salmon, halilmt, barracuda, sole, sandabs, rock fish, yellow tail, hei-ring, sea
bass, bonito. Fishing scenes. Methods of fishing — boats and gear. Fresh

fish markets.

v78A Fish Canning Industry of California. By E. S. Cheney.

Scenes at canning centers. Methods of canning sardines, mackerel, tuna,
skipjack, albacore, anchovies. By-i)roducts — fertilizer, oil, etc.

Mollusks

80A Pismo Clam. By E. S. Cheney.

J^ife history. Scientific researcli — yeai'ly census. Methods of digging for clams.
Apprehending violators.

Crustaceans

90A Spiny Lobster. By E. S. Cheney.

Ijife history. Fishing boats and traps. Methods of preparing loVisters for
iTiarket. Law enforcement and inspection.

BIRDS

Game Birds

*^100A California's Waterfowl. By H. C. Bryant and K. S. Cheney and others.
Ducks and geese.

100B California's Waterfowl. By H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney and others.

Hunting scenes. Mallards, pintails, canvasbacks. Ducks and geese in flight,
Sacramento Valley. Ducks on California's oldest game refuge. Whistling
swans.

105A Ducks of California. By H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney.

Hunting scenes. Mallards, pintail, teal, widgeon, ruddy duck, canvasback.
Lake Merritt Refuge. Life history — nesting waterfowl.

115A Geese of California. By H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney.

Canada goose, speckled-belly, Hutchin's goose, snow and Ross geese. Life
history of Canada goose — nesting, goslings, and home life. Hunting geese.

119A Goose Hunting in California. By E. A. Salisbuiy.

Historical. L'.ag of over 100 geese at Mallard, Solano Count\-. 1913. Shooting
from ))its, live decoys, professional goose callers.

120A Duck Disease. Photography by E. S. Cheney, Edited by H. Van Roekel.

1-ii.ss through disease. ScMentific investigation — attempts to discover causes.
Methods of i)revention and treatment.

122A Waterfowl Refuges in California. Photography by E. S. Cheney. (Two

reels.)

I'art 1. Ducks on I.,ake ^lerritt, California's ohlest game refuge. Scenes on
Richai'dson's Bay and bird life. J>evelopment of Los Banos Refuge (pur-
chased by state, winter of l!i2!t.) Closeups of ducks, geese and swans at-
tracted to refuge.

Part 2. Home Life of Birds in Los Banas Refuge. Life histories and habits
of some ducks, shorebirds and marsh birds.

'125A Shorebirds. Photogi-aphy by E. S. Cheney. Edited by H. C. Bryant.

Nesting and young of long-billed curlew (first photographic evidence.) Young
black-necked stilts and American avocets. Nest and eggs of western willet.
Killdeer, mountain plover, dowitcher, jacksnipe, sanderlings and sandpipers.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAME

155

»130A Little Brown Cranes. By K. S. Cheney.

Life history. Wintering brown and sandhill nanes fn Califoiiiia.
131A Marsh Birds. Photnpi-aiihy hy Donald Dickf>y, K. S. Cheney and other.s.

Kditod by H. C. Bryant.

-Mud hens, grebes, rails, herons, American bittern, egret and glossy ibis.

135A Upland Game Birds. By II. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney.

Band-tailed pigeon, Sierra grouse, sage lien, valley quail. Quail hunt with
dogs.

t136A Quail. Photograpliy by K. S. Cheney. Kdited by K. S. Cheney and D. 1).
:\rcLean. Life history and home life. Valley quail, mountain quail, desert
quail.

t137A Sage Hens and Grouse. \'>y 11. (\ Bryant and 10. S. Cheney.
Life history and home life.

■M38A Band-tailed Pigeons and Doves of California. I'.y H. C. Bryant and K. .S.
Cheney.

145A California's Game Farm. By H. C. Bryant.

Propagation of Chinese ring-necked pheasant, Youiitville fJame Faini. Dis-
play pheasants, peacocks.

146A Propagation of Quail and Other Game Birds, Yountville Game Farm. Photog-

rapliy liy Sidney Snow and others^. JOdited by Kodney S. Ellsworth.

*147A Game Bird Propagation. By Sidney Snow. (TwO' reels.)

Part 1. Propagation of Chinese ring-necked piieasant.s, .state game farm,
Yountville. Birdseye view of game farm. Preparation of food. Breeding
stock. Incubating eggs — use of domestic mothers.

Part 2. Propagation and liberation of Chinese pheasants. Care of young
pheasants under artificial conditions. Methods of liberation of immature and
mature birds.

t170A Bird Migration. Photography by E. S. Cheney. Edited by E. S. Cheney and
D. D. McLean.

Congregating before migration. Routes of m.igration — flocks and individuals
on the way — arrivals and departures.

Non-Game Birds

'175A Bird Life on Clear Lake. By E. A. Salisbury.

Cormorant, white pelican and heron rookeries. Home life, showing nests,
egg's, young and adults.

'176A Bird Life on the Farallon Islands. By E. S. Cheney.

Nesting birds — niuries and purlins. Sea lion and seal rookeries. A whaling
vessel in action.

176B Bird Life on the Farallon Islands. By E. S. Cheney.

Nesting birds — eorninrants and western gulls.

*177A Feathered Fighters of the Farallon Islands. By E. S. Cheney.

The storj- of the struggle for existence by sea birds. Life histories and inter-
relations.

178A Birds of California Coast Islands. Photography by Donald Dickey and E. S.
Cheney. Edited by H. C. Bryant.
Brown pelicans, murres and other seabirds.

180A Predatory Birds. Photography by H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney. Edited
by H. C. Bryant.

Home life of osprey. Young of golden eagle and turkey buzzard. Great
horned owl and burrowing owl. Nesting habits of prairie falcon, red-tailed
hawk, marsh hawk and Swainson's hawk.

185A Song Birds. Photographv bv TT. C. Brvant, E. S. Chenev and Donald Dickey.
Edited by H. C. Bryant.
Mockingbird, least vireo, bush tit, house wren.

186A Song Birds. Photography bv E. S. Chenev and Donald Dickey. Edited by
H. C. Bryant.

Chickadee, Sierra creei)er, russet-backed thrush, wren tit. Nests of sage
sparrow, horned lark, California song sparrow. Birds at feeding table.

190A Non-Game Birds. By E. S. Cheney and Donald Dickey. Edited by H. C.
Bryant.

Gulls and terns.
4 — 74383

156

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

191A

192 A

M98A

Non-Game Birds. Photography by K. S. Cheney and H. C. Bryant. Kdited
by H. C. Bryant.

Blue Jays, pinyon jay.s (first photographic evidence}, black-billed magpies,
hummingbirds, swallows and black-crowned night heron.

Non-Game Birds. Photography by K. S. Cheney and H. C. Bryant. Edited

by H. C. Bryant.

Hairy and white-headed woodpeckers, swifts, roadrunner, blackbirds. Pigmy

and red-breasted nuthatches, western kingbird and black phoebe.

Bird Architecture. Photography by K. S. Cheney.

and D. D. McLean.

Nests — their character, shape and construction.

Kdited by E. S. Cheney

200A

210A

*220A

230A
230 B
250A

t260A
t270A

MAMMALS

Game Mammals

California Valley Elk. Photography l)y H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cht-ney.
Edited by Rodney S. Ellsworth.

Survivors of countless thousands in their native haunts. Preservation of
vanishing big game in Yosemite and other refuges.

Deer- of California. Photography by H. C. Bryant and E. S. Cheney. Edited
by Rodney S. Ellsworth.

Methods of conserving big game species. History of deer conservation in
Califoinia. P.lack-tailed and mule deer.

Prong- Horned Antelope. Photography by E. S.

Cheney and Rodney S. Ellsworth.

History of anteloi)e conservation in California.

haunts.

Big Horn, IVlountain Dweller. By E. S. Cheney.
Life history and habits of desert mountain sheep.

Same as above.

Non-Game Mammals

Cheney. Edited by E. S.
Survivors in their native

H. C. Bryant and E. A.
Ellsworth.

Stealthy Stalkers. Photography by E. S. Cheney,

Salisbury. Kdited by H. C. Bryant and Rodney S.

Skunks, ring-tailed cat, badger, black bear and cubs, baby bobcats and young

mountain lions, wild cats and mountain lion treeing and roping.

Fur Bearers.

Non-Game Mammals.

Flying squirrels, marmot, porcupine.

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

300A Conservation Accomplishments in California. By E. S. Cheney. (Three reels.)
Pictorial record of the iirogram to protect and restore fish and game. Depart-
mental activities related by a deputy in a camp in the woods to hunters.

NATURELOGUE NEWS REELS

370A Duck Hunting. By E. S. Cheney.

Just before opening of 1929 season. Duck marshes and ponds. Opening day
— some good bags.

MISCELLANEOUS

400A Friends of the Summer Vacationist. Photography by H. C. Bryant, E. S.
Cheney and E. A. Salisbury.
Yosemite Falls, chipmunk, jays, fawn, bear, porcupine. Trinity Game Refuge.

450A California's Fish and Game. Photography by H. C. Bryant and others.
Edited by H. C. Bryant.

Glimpses of operations Mt. Shasta Hatchery — salmon culture. Close up views
of river fishes. Important game species — deer, elk, bear, ducks, geese and
grouse.
J1000 From Hatchery to Creek. (Three reels, narrow 16 mm.)

A portrayal of trout cultural operations in California. Same as 20 A.

* Available only with lecturer.

t In course of preparation.

ISeries 1000, narrow width 16 mm. film only.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

157

CAUFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California Division of Fish and
Oame.

Sent free to citizens of the State of
California. Offered in exchange for
ornithological, mammaloglcal and similar
periodicals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the Cali-
fornia Division of Fish and Game. Edi-
tors of newspapers and periodicals are
invited to make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant. 510 Russ Building,
San Francisco, California.

MAY 15, 1930

"The man who illegally takes game and
fish cheats his fellow man and defrauds
his state."

EMPLOYEES' CONVENTION

The Fifth Annual Coiivciition of Em-
ployees of the Division of Fi.sh aud Game
met at the William Taylor Hotel, San
Francisco, on March 11, 12. 13, 1930.
Some one hundred and fifty employees
were present. It was not possible for
hatchery superintendents or their men to
attend the meeting because of the rush
time of year.

There was a distinct chaufje in the plan
of the meeting this year. Practically no
outside speakers appeared on the plat-
form and instead tlie time was devoted
to discussion of various subjects by the
men themselves. The lack of formality
proved helpful and tlie response was
pleasing. There was much wholesome
discussion, each man contributing valu-
able ideas useful in reaching a reasonable
solution of ihe ])rol)lem in hand. The
morning of March 12 was devoted to vari-
ous subjects concerned with law enforce-
ment and the afternoon to various topics
related to game nmnagement. On the
first afternoon, the men were given ad-
dresses of welcome by Director F. G.
Stevenot, President I Zellerbach, Com-
missioner K. G. Fernald and Executive
Officer J. L. Farley. Interesting re-
sponses were made by tlie two men oldest
in time of service, H. I. Priteliarrl and
.J. E. Newsome. Charles A ^'ogelsang,
chief deputy 1901-1910 and executive
officer 1920-1922, gave an interesting
address on "The Old Days." dwelling
principally upon the secviring of tiie liunt-
ing license act in 1907.

The evening of March 11 was devoted
to a showing of new films : a three reel

featuie devoted to Division activities, a
reel depicting the new waterfowl refuge
at Los IJanos and a reel of the best
scenes taken by official photographer E.
S. Cheney during the past year. The
program ended with a splendid film de-
picting fisliing on tlie Klamalli which was
lo.nned l)y the U. S. Forest Service.

The last day was given over to a pistol
slioot and barbecue at the Yountville
Game Farm. Tlu' silver ctip wliieh has
been in tiie liands of Deputy Taylor Lon-
don for two years passed into tlie hands
of Deputy Cliff S. Donliam, of Escon-
dido. Deputy London was only two
points behind. A special competition
passed between teams frfim the field and
a team made up from tlie office force
resulted in a team of three from northern
Califoiiii.'i taking the prize money. A
splendid picnic dinner was served under
the direction of Walter Welch. The
barbecued beef was tasty and bountiful.

In the afternoon a baseball team made
up of men from the northern part of the
state won the contest from tlie team from
the south.

In many respects tliis c(uivention was
the best held. The men themselves felt
that they had a real opportunity to con-
tribute to the success of the meeting. In
attendance, it also held a record.

IS FREE HUNTING DOOMED IN
AMERICA?

All thinking sportsmen are beginning
to wonder whether the American system of
hunting can continue in view of the
riglits of the landowner and the obvious
decrease of game. A symiH^sium at the
American Game Conference in December
participated in by two well known con-
servationists was devoted to this subject.
Both were agreed that changed conditions
must bring about a modified system. In-
creased license fees and perhaps a daily
fee for hunting to encourage the land-
owner were included in suggested modi-
fications in the present system.

The present system will be justly criti-
cized until game is restored and a better
feeling maintained between those who
raise game and tliose who hunt it. A
thouglitful presentation of this impor-
tant subjcK-t will be found on a preceding
I page under the title: "The Rights of the
I Amateur Sportsman." On this page we
, expressed the thoughts of a field deputy
on the subject. The oncoming generation
is going to rind open hunting difficult if
; the present one does not respect the
: rights of those who furnish the hunting
grounds.

158

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

AREAS CLOSED TO HUNTING
As time goes by nioi-p and more t-acli
year the rancher and property owner is|
tiphteninj; down on allnwinR hunters to
enter and hunt uiwn his property. Twice
as much acreage is now closed to hunters, ;
in and adjacent to Ventura County, as
there was five years ago.

This condition to me looks like one of
the largest and n)(>st important problems
now before the ralifornia Fish and (Jame
Commission and the siwrtsmnn as well.
If the problem exists generally over the
state as it exists in this vicinity in a few
jears the sportsman will have no place'
to hunt except on land owned by the fed-,
eral government within the national for-;
ests, or by paying landowners a fee to
hunt upon their property or will, for the
most part, not be allowed to hunt under
any circumstances. Most all ow ners who
have ix»sted their property against hunt-
ing will, and do, give permits to a selected
few to hunt thereon. The average hunter,
however, can not get this privilege, but
they are at the same time the ones who
contribute the most of the license fees
to the state.

We are protecting the game on areas
that are closed to hunting the same as
on areas which are open to public hunt-
ing. It is true that these private prop-
erties, for the most part, whicli are closed
to hunting do act in some degree as
refuges and places where game can breed
and increase, but why protect and raise a
lot of game if the general public derives
no benefit from it.

I have heard many sportsmen the past
two years make this remark : "Well, I am
going to sell my shot gun and quit hunt-
ing because everybody has their property
posted and there is no place to hunt.
There is no use in buying a liunting
license."

This state of affairs, it seems to me,
will materially reduce the sale of hunting
licenses, and this is a matter that vitally
affects the Fish and Came Commission in
its operations. I feel there is only one
solution of the problem. The sportsmen
must get together with the ranchers and
propei'ty owners, and agree on some
action which will allow the sportsmen to
hunt and yet will give sufficient protec-
tion to the projjcrty owner.

I believe it is the duty of all employees
of the Fish and Game Commission to
assist all they can in getting the sports-
men and property owners together on this
matter. These circumstances and condi-
tions in relation to deer hunting ai-e not
so provoked, of course, as with small
game or bird hunting, because we have
vast areas of government lands to hunt

this species of game on, but the same
lands in many localities do not afford
much small game shooting. — Walter
Emei-ick. Ventura. California.

ARE THE DAYS OF FREE SPORT
GONE?

It is pointed out very clearly by William
C. Adams, director of the division of fisli-
eries and game of Massachusetts, in liis
annual report, that fishing and hunting
can no longer be regarded as cheap sport,
according to a bulletin of the American
Came Protective Association. Free hunt-
ing and fishing can no longer be enjoyed
in America in the sense that it can be
had for nothing. It is only within recent
years that the gunner and angler have
paid anything for their sijort in the -way of
license fees, which are as yet ridiculously
small when it is considered what is ex-
pected by way of return for the expendi-
ture. It is unreasonable to expect the
invest)nent of a dollar or two to yield the
maximum of game and fish whicii the
gunner and angler is allowed by law to
take within each open season, it is time
that sportsmen realized that the fish and
game they bring to bag can only be in
proportion to the investment they make
in it. Elaborate and expensive etiuip-
ment is necessary to maintain the propa-
gation plants which must be supported to
produce the large numbers required for
planting and there must be greatly in-
creased facilities for management and
protection.

Mr. Adams says : "A large percentage
of us still persist in nursing the hope that
some miracle will occur to restore the
abundance of the past. Too many of us
insist on harboring the fallacy of the
Cod-given right of free hunting and fish-
ing. Some still nurse the cliimera of a
so-called American system of free fishing
and hunting. These ideas must be thrown
into the discard once and for all if we are
to deal with this problem on its merits."

^Ir. Adams would undoubtedly insist
upon maintaining the maximum of o])i)or-
tunity for all citizens on an etiual basis
and to that end he strongly advocates
increased hunting and license fees which
would enable the state to incrpa.se its
facilities for sujjplying the streams, lakes
and fields with fish and game. "'The pro-
tection and propagation of tliose forms of
wild life which are used for sporting pur-
poses," he says, "is today recognized as a
business. In the densely .settled sections
of the country it is useless to hope for
the return of certain species of large
mammals classed as game. Likewise it is
nursing a dream to expect, in the future,
to fish in crystal streams flowing through

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

159

primeval forosts. In many of our Htrcains
and other waters, natural reproduction of
the fish life can not be counted on for
any appreciable additions to the wild life
stock. In many sections oidy the artifi-
cially propagated species of game caji be
relied on fnr sport."

WATERFOWL BAG LIMIT REDUCED
Following r(>commenda)i<in by the Ad-
visory Board Migratory Bird Treaty Act,
Secretary Hyde of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture announced on
December 31. 1029, that he will issue a
regulation subject to the approval of the
president cutting the federal bag limit on
wild ducks from 25 to 15 i>er day ; on
geese from S to 4 per day : and providing
for a possession limit of 30 ducks and 8
geese for the 1930-31 season.

For several years there has been a
trend of sentiment toward a refluced bag
limit. A year ago when the Advisory
Tommittee met it looked as if a favorable
recommendation would be furthcoming,
but decision was made to await further
data as to decrease which was being se-
cured by the United States Biological
Survey. This year the chief of the Bio-
logical Survey reported that the investi-
gation indicated that waterfowl have not
been returning in usual numbers. As
indicative of a changing sentiment, it
sliould be noted that some 20 different
states have reduced the bag limit below
that set by the federal government.
Though a strong .sentiment favoring
reduction has developed in most other
states, opinion is still markedly divided
in the states of Louisiana and California.
In our own state, rnembeis of a duck club
organization have fought the reduction
of the limit, maintaining that increased
feeding grounds were far more imi)ortan(
tlian the bag limit reduction. On tlic
other hand, a majority of unattached
s])ortsmen apiwar to have favored a lower
bag limit. The reduction has been vigor-
ously insisted )ipon by the principal game
associations, the Izaak Walton League of
.Vmerica. the Western Association of
(lame Cominissioners and the Association
of North Central States Came Commis-
sioners. At its annual meeting in Decem-
ber. 1020, the American Game Confer-
ence adopted resolutions to this end.

The new regulations will go in force
before the opening of the next waterfowl
season. It is expected that there will be
littl" trouble relative to violations in that
njost sportsmen will wish to take any
step which may improve the status of
wild fowl.

WHO IS GOING TO ENFORCE THE 15
BAG LIMIT ON DUCKS?

Ever since the Secretary of Agricul-
ture i.ssued a statement indicating that
federal regulations now provided for a
fifteen bag limit on ducks, tliere has l)een
much discussion as to how ih" regula-
tion could be enforced in California where
a twenty-five bag limit was re-ently ok'd
by a session of the legislature. It is evi-
dent that state officials can not take an
active hand in enforcing the new bag
limit. Many are. thenjfore. prerlidMig
conflict of autliority and nuinerous viola-
tions when the duck season opens next
December. The situation, however, is not
serious, for there is a federal game war-
den in California and he has authority to
appoint numerous deputies. I'"'urther-
more, federal game wardens coidd easily
be concentrated in those states u-hei-e
difficulties were expected. The danger of
being hailed into a federal court will be
a deterrent to all except tho.se who are
willing to take a chance.

But why this discussion? WIm i^
going to violate the law? Will a true
sportsman, even if he believes in states'
rights, purposely violate a law designed
to help his sport? Will those wlio have
talked most about their altruistic interest
in conservation attempt to upset a plan
backed by the organized grotip of fisli and
game commissioners of western states?
Will the minority systematically violate
a regulation because they do no"- approve
of it? We tliink not.

MORE ATLANTIC SALMON FOR
CALIFORNIA

Assurance that the experimental intro-
duction of the Atlantic salmon into suit-
able waters in California, is to be con-
tinued is to be found in the announce-
ment that 20,000 eggs of this tish have
been allotted to California by the CInited
States Bureau of Fislieries. In addition
an exchange agreement has been enrerrd
into between the Bureau of P^ish Culture
and the Department of Marine lisitcvies
of the Dominion of Canada for an addi-
tional 25.000 Atlantic salmon eargs.

These eggs will be delivered in tin-
si>ring and will l)(< liafclit-d and re.-ifcd ;it
tlie Cold Creek Hatchery in Mcndociun
County. The water supply of this li.-itcli-
ery has been found to Ix* particularly
adapted to the rearing of this .fish. Dur-
ing the season of 1020. 25.000 Atlantic
salmon were reared in this hatchery.

The propagation of Atlantic salmon by
the Bureau of Fish Culture is being car-
ried on in an effort to establish tliis
species in the streams of the northwest-
ern portion of the state where it is ex-
pected to greatly improve sport.

160

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

IN MEMORIAM

EDWARD D. RICKETTS

D('l)uty Edward I). Ric-ketts, one of the
veteran deputies ii] tlie Patrol Deiiart-
ineut, was stricken by the liand of death
January 4, 1J)80, at CoacheHa. (Jalifoniia.
Mr. Rieketts was appointed as a deputy
on October 1, 1910, and served for many
years: at Live Oak in the Sacramento
Valley. On account of his varied exi>eri-
ence, "Sir. Rieketts was particularly val-
uable in the duck country. He knew
ducks and their habits as few men do. In
more recent years he was stationed in
southern (California, more rec-ently in the
Imperial Valley.

He was born at Live Oak. Califjriiia,
in November, 1881. The remains were
shipped to Live Oak for interment. A
son, Edward D. Rieketts, Jr., 12 years
old. lives at Daly City, California. In
addition to his son, a sister and two
brothers, he leaves a host of friends to

mourn his sudden passing. As he was a
member of the I>enevolent Protective
Order of Elks, it is fitting to quote:
"The faults of our brothers we write

uiK)n the sands.
Their virtues upon tablets of love and
memory."

STREAMS CLOSED TO FISHING, 1930

In kcciiiiif; with the plan to work with
the siportsnicii of the state in conserva-
tion matters, the I>ivision of Fish and
Game of the Department of Natural Re-
sources has announced a program of
stream closing to be effective when the
trout season opens in California on the
first of May.

In order that sportsmen, vacationists
and re.sort owners may be forewarned of
the proposed closing of certain streams
to angling, a list of the streams where
fishing will be ]>rohibited has been pre-
pared. In all cases these streams have
been set aside only upon a showing that
the proposed steps are essential to the
conservation of trout.

The purpose of this closing order is to
furllicr protect the trout with which the
various waters of the state have been
stocked, of insuring their growth and
better means of propagation as well as
providing an adequate supply of trout
eggs for the various trout hatcheries, to
tlie end of imiiroving fishing conditions
generally throughout the state. The
streams closed rei)resent only a very small
propoi'tion of tlic fishing waters of the
state.

Tlie following areas are affected by
the closing oi'der :

Sacnnnoilo h'irer Water Shed

^fodoc County — Mill Creek and tribu-
taries above Clear I^ake in the South
Warner district.

Shasta County— All of Hazel and Shot-
gun creeks and tributaries; Old Cow
Creek from the l\ G. & E. Go's, hydro-
electric plant to its source.

Siskiyou County— All of Soda Creek
and tributaries.

Tuolumne County- — I'liocnix Lake and
tribut.-iries closed during 1980 (does not
include Sullivan Creek). Emigrant.
Buck, Deer and Huckleberry lakes and
all tributaries closed until July 1, 1930.

Plumas County — Clear Creek and trib-
utaries. Thon]i)son Creek and tributaries,
Tollgate Creek and tributaries. Black
Hawk Creek and tributaries, Rock
Creek and tributaries, all in the vicinity
of Quincy ; Red Clover Creek and tribu-
taries (a tributary of Indian Creek) ;
Butt Creek from Almanor Tunnel to

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

161

Butt Lake (Butt Creek closed only from
November 1 to May 29) ; Mos(niito
Creek, tributary to the Feather Kiver
near Belden ; Hamilton Branch of the
Feather Kiver from the Iron Bridge
located three-fourths mile above the Ked
River hydro-electric plant to the mouth
of said branch, and thence all of that
portion of Lake Almanor within a radius
of 300 feet of said mouth.

Sierra and Plumas counties — All
streams flowiuK into (iold. (!rass, Jami-
son, Smith, Lons, Kound and Rock lakes
for a distance of 2000 feet upstream
from their mouths and all outlets for a
distance of 2000 feet from the lakes and
all that portion of the lakes within a
radius of 'SOO feet of their inlets and out-
lets will be closed until July 1, 1930, and
will close after September 30, 1930. All
of these lakes are located in the Mt.
Elwoll section near Blairsden.

Nevada County — Culverson Lake and
tributaries. Upper and Lower Lindsey
lakes and tributaries.

Tahoe and Truckee River Water Shed
IMartis (a tributary of Truckee Kiver),
Alder (a tributary of Prosser Creek),
Sage Hen (a tributary of Little
Truckee) and all their tributaries; Griffs,
Slim Jim, Burton. Ward. Blackwood.
iSIadden. McKinney. General, Meeks.
Lonely Gulch, Rubicon. Eagle, Cascade.
Taylor, Upper Truckee, Trout and Cold
creeks and all their tributaries. All of
these streams with the above exceptions
ar(> tributaries of Lake Tahoe.

El Dorado County — Waco or Crystal.
Pyramid, Gefo, Jabu or Summit, Cup,
Clyde or Emerald. Ivouiid. P^lbort and
I>ardanelle lakes.

Alpine County — East and West Carson
i-ivers from the California-Nevada bound-
ary line to their sources, closed to May
30. 1930. Winnemuca. Scotts and Burn-
side lakes and tributaries closed to ^lay
30, 1930.

San Joa(iuin Water Shed
Tulare County — Brush Creek and trib-
utaries and Tobias Creek and tributaries.
Kern River and Big Kern Lake between
Horse Trail Bridge and the outlet of
Itig Kern Lake.

Fresno County — All streams and their
tributaries flowing into Huntington Lake
except Big Creek.

Coast Counties
Humboldt County — Prairie Creek and
tributaries to its junction with Redwood
Creek. All that portion of Dobbyn Creek
and tributaries lying in Humboldt
County.

Mendocino County — All that portion
of the North Fork of the Noyo River
and tributaries above its junction with
the Noyo River at North Spur.

Lake County — Willow, Rice. Deer,
Trout, Sod.'i and Salmon creejjs and trib-
utaries.

San Mateo and Santa Cruz r-ounties —
Pescadero and Butano creeks and all
tributaries above tidewater.

Santa Cruz County^All watei-s after
August 1, 1930, excei)t tidewater.

Southern California

Mono and Inyo counties — Middle Cot-
tonwood Lake and streams connecting
with lakes above and below. Reverse
Creek and tributaries between June Lake
and Rush Creek. That portion of June
Lake lying north of an east and west line
drawn to close the north one-third area
of said lake.

Many streams that were dosed during
the 1929 season will be open to fishing
this year. In Humboldt County, Yager
Tud Anderson creeks will be open. In
El Dorado County, Rainbow. Grouse.
Toem and LeConte lakes will again be
open. Bunker Lake in Placer County is
again open to fishing. All streams flow-
ing into Shaver Lake and all streams
tributary to Dinkey Creek in Fresno
County are open. In Tulare County.
Mclntire. Boulder, Bear, Coy and Alder
creeks and tributaries are open. In
southern California, Devil's Canyon
Creek and tributaries in Los Angeles
County and Holy Jim Creek and tribu-
taries in Orange County will be oiieii.

CLUB PLANTS MORE THAN A
MILLION TROUT

The Mt. Ralston Fish Planting Club
()f Sacramento has put energy into a
single project, that of systematically and
wisely stocking the lakes and streams of
the Echo Lake region. Ijfist year the cluh
planted l,0ri8.0.32 trout. Many of the
lakes planted by the club (hiring 192.~>.
1920. 1927 and 192S. were restocked.

The club has now planted ten lakes
which never before had trout in them, and
five other lakes in which little or no
evide!ice of tish life could W found. Such
of these lakes as were planted in 192.">.
192(1 and 11>27. were carefully inspected
during the past season and the trout
showed wonderfid growth, giving promise
of raie sport in the years to come.

With the heavy stocking of these
waters the members have turned their
attention to the planting of trout foods,
and this matter will receive most careful
consideration during the coming season.
Four years ago nniumnnix Afresh water

162

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

sliriini)) wcip introdiict'il into several of
the lakes. These gammarus are taking
Iiold in several areas where they were
introduced, but enough time has not j'et
elapsed to forecast from observation the
jwssible value of gaiiniinnts in these lakes.
(Uitnitinrns were again planted in 192S
and l'J2!l. In a number of lakes contain-
ing mud bottom areas, wild Sierra water
lilies and vai-ious other water iilants and
water grasses have been planted.

Such activities are most hcliiful to the
consei'vation cause.

CALIFORNIA'S DEER

A recent summary of big game animals
.sent out by the United States Forest
Service gives a total of 748.00:> tleer in
;ill of the national forests of the United
States and Alaska. Of that number, 245,-
000 are credited to the national forests
of California. That means that a third
of all the deer in the national forests of
the country are in California.

The same summary shows that there
are in the same national forests 52,281
black and brown bear, of which number
11,200 are to be found in California,
Mlniost 22 per cent of the bear popul.-ition
of the forests of the entire cvnintry.

PHEASANTS PLANTED IN MONO
COUNTY

On December IS, 1929, forty pair of
)-iiig-necked pheasants were planted in
northern Mono County in Aiiteloiie Val-

ley. Though the birds were delivered on
the evening of December 16. due to
stormy and unsettled weather conditions,
they could not be released until Decem-
ber 21. However, they were kept in a
very large and clean enclosure until the
day of their release.

On December 21, 1929, the pheasants
were liberated on the i)roperties of Sampe,
Chichester, Pitts and Soomeepon. When
out of their cages, some of them flew a
quai-ter of a mile while others flew but
a few feet and ran to hide in some shel-
tering underbrush or willow patch. Most
of them when coming out of their cages,
would fly straight up for about ten to
twenty feet and then straighten out.
After settling they would hide.

By a petition circulated in September
among the landowners on whose land the
birds were to be released, over seven
thousand acres of the most suitable
pheasant lands in the entire valley were
reserved. Every signer has been helpful
and cooperative in every respect, being
very pi-oud to have this game bird intro-
duced into the valley.

There is no reason why the plieasant
will not prosper in Antelope Valley.
There is an abundance of food and above
all, wonderful cover. The justice of the
l)eace of Antelope Valley states, "Woe
be unto the man who molests one of these
birds."

The Nevada Fish and (iame Commis-
sion brouglit the pheasants from Reno to

n

51

s

III

1

^i\

■Via. 5.j. Buildings for help and the incubator house, all of Spanish architecture
at the new Serrauos (Manie Farm, at Chino.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAMK

163

^liiiilon, and Ilciiry Achisoii n{ the Forest
Sorvifo brouglit tlioin on into ( 'olcxillc.
They, too. dpsorvo a srejit deal of tliaiiks
for thoii' siileiulid cooperation.

CONFISCATED GAME

When Imntcrs and tislicrnicn aro found
with s<'"in' l>irds, animals or lish in their
possession contrary to the game laws of
the state, wartleiis making arrests are
empowered to seize tlie illejjal kill. After
the niiiteriiil has been held as evidence in
the trial of the \i()lators, the seized evi-
dence, if ill condition to be used, is at
once given to those organizations whei'e it
will do the most good.

A large (piantity of illegal game was
seized dining J.inuary l!)oO. Included
was f)8.~) i>ounds of deer meat. Aiiother
important item was wild duck, with a
total of 457 birds being taken from
hunters.

A total check of the fish .•nid game
taken from those who had it in their pos-
session illegally sho^\■s that, besides the
venison and waterfowl above noted, 204
lobsters, 1 pheasant, four cottontail rab-
bits, 19 quail. IMo nougame birds. 471
abiilones, .34S Pismo clams, 1 dove, 108
crabs, 53 jacksnipe. 25 trout. SO pounds
of steelhead and 2 striped bass w^ere
seized. In value these donations to

charity amounted to $1,527.80 in .Janu.ary
alone.

SEEK PROTECTION FOR BALD
EAGLE

Many a visitor to <':ilifi>i-nia has been
thrilled by the sight of a bald eagle
perched on a crag of one of the coastal
islands. Likewise, the summer vacatirn:-
ist has been thi-illed by the fishing activi-
ties of a bald eagle in some high mountain
lake. Such thrills, however, are becoming
of rare occurrence, r.jrd students now fear
the actual extinction of this notable bird.

Senate Bill 200S. by Senator Peter S.
Xorbeck, and House P>ill 7!)!>4, by August
IT. Aiidresen introduced in congress Jan-
uary T), 1930. have the en^lors'-im nt of
the National Committee on AVild-T>ife
Legislation.

Each bill reads :

"Be it enacted hi/ the Senate and
Ifousc of Representatives of the United
States of America in (Jon<iress assembled.
That it shall be unlawful for any i)erson
to kill or cai)ture any bald eagle ( com-
monly known as the American eaglet
within the continental United St.-ites.
Alaska. I'orto Kico. or Hawaii, oi- to dis-
turb or destroy any nest, or egg or eggs of
such sjiecies of eagle found therein ; pro-
vided, however, that it shall not be un-

Fio

.")tj. Pine Marten, one of the fur bearers, the take of which is diminishing-
from year to year. The average price of pelts taken last trapping season
amounted to .?14.50. Photograph by E. P. Steen, January 10, 1929,
Huntington Lake, California.

164

CALirORNIA FISH AND GAME

lawful to kill any such eagle or eagles
within such area when in the act of
destroying wild or tame lambs or fawns,
or foxes on fox farms.

Sec. 2. Any person who shall violate
any of the provisions of this act shall be
subject to a fine of .$100 or confinement
in prison not to exceed sixty days, or both,

Sec. 3. Tliis act shall be Utiowu by
the short title 'Bald Eagle Protection
Act.' "

Sentiment alone should have been sufl5-
cient to protect this noble bird. Certainly,
it will be strong enough to assure the
passage of a bill now before congress,
approved by the National Association of
Audubon Societies, which will afford full
protection to the bald eagle througliout
the United States and Alaska. It is
surprising that so worthy a jneasure lias
been so long delayed.

CALIFORNIA'S TAKE OF FUR-
BEARING ANIMALS

Ever since a trapper's license law was
enacted, a computation has been made of
the annual take of fur bearing mammals.
As was to be expected, the compilation
for 1928-29 indicates a marked decrease
in both take and valuation. At least one
reason for smaller figures during the past

year is to be found in the change in the
law which took all protection from fur
bearers in the great central valley.

As indicated in the figiires more than
64,000 less animals are reiwrted and the
income to the state has dropped nearly
;';2(K),()()0. Average prices r;inged higher
the past year on skunk, foxes, mink, ring-
tailed cat, badger, weasel, river otter and
fisher. It is interesting to note the
dwindling numbers of those rare fur
bearers, the fisher and wolverine. Where-
as twenty-nine fishers were reported two
years ago. but seven are recorded for the
past year ; the wolverine no longer ap-
l>ears in the report.

It should be noted that minors under
the age of 18 years are not retiuired to
take out a license, nor are there records
for furs taken for private use or those
killed in predatory animal campaigns.

THE NEW LOS BANOS REFUGE
ISIy impression of the Los Banos
Refuge at first was rather disappointing,
and it is only after spending s(>veral
weeks in close contact with the proi>erty
that I have been able to realize some-
thing of the value of these 3000 acres as
a game refuge, and their possibilities for
development. Water is plentiful, being

SUMIVIARY— FUR-BEARING MAMMALS
Seasons 1927-28 and 192&-29

Species

Estimated number

Average price

Estimated value

1927-28

1928-29

1927-28

1928-29

1927-28

1928-29

3kunk --- --

56,438

19,182

14,242

24,736

12,250

13,941

9,425

5,854

4,368

2,208

844

1,216

661

495

700

239

163

123

88

29

39,407

10,758

10,751

10,262

8,401

8,021

5,788

2,751

2,486

1,196

1,098

916

452

448

431

146

101

51

37

7

SI 56

5 47
2.50

70

2 82

6 45
63

7 78

3 28
78

2 36

2 14

91

15 30

14 09

&93
17 74

6 48
12 85
39 28

$1 68

5 00

2 91

49

2 22
5 81

60
8 50

3 41
66

2 60

3 24
93

14 50
13 23

4 16

$88,269 03

105,002 27

35,661 97

17,537 82

$66,203 76

Raccoon

53,790 00

Fox (erav)

31,285 41

Muskrat _....-

5,028 38

Wild eat ---

34,655 25 18,650 22

89,947 33

5,994 30

45,555 83

14,331 41

1,735 49

1,996 90

2,605 89

606 80

7,574 49

46,602 01

3,472 80

Mink -

23,383 50

Ringtailed cat

8,477 26

Onossum -

789 36

Kit fox ---

2,856 80

2,967 84

420 36

Marten .

6,496 00

Beaver __._

9,867 90 i 5,702 13

Bear -

1,657 47 607 36

18 63 ' 2,891 95 i 1,881 6:?

Red fox --

18 60 ' 798 15 ! 048 60

12 06 , 1.131 06 ' 446 22

Fisher ---

42 86

1,139 15 300 02

Totals

167,202

103,508

$468,960 46 | $280,309 66

1927-28

1928-29

5,243

3,402

64.9%

6,482

3.652

56.3%

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

165

supplied from a generous diU-li aloufi
about two miles of the west iKniiulary.
Then there are a number of natural
watercourses, some of whieh are used as
spawning groun<ls for salmon. The land
also contains a number of lakes and
iwnds, extensive arras tluit can be easily
ditched and made into resting and feed-
ing grounds. There are also numerous
swales and sloughs that are inviting to
the nesting birds. Considerable of the
land is suitable for the production of
grain and other crops for feed — tlie grain
to be harvested oi- the fields flooded and
left to the birds. There is a great deal of
natural feed which has held thousands of
ducks this season. On shooting days 150,-
000 to 200.000 dncks could be seen on
one of the larger ponds at one time. One
slough running through the proiK-rty has
held upward of 10,000 green- winged teal
at a time. Geese and cranes find plenty
of pasturage and a safe retreat. Swan
have been seen daily upon the ponds,
where 140 were counted, 30 of which
were young birds. One day over 800
Ross Snow geese settled down just above
my blind ; other Snow geese were present
every day by the thousands, and a lesser
number of Ilutchins, Cackling, and Can-
ada geese.

I saw many winged birds, and many
with crippled legs about my photographic
blinds where I had the ground baited.

This refuge is c("rtainly a move in the
right direction, and something that every
sportsman should he interested in seeing
develfiped. — V.. S. Cheney.

SERRANOS GAfVIE FARM DEDICATED

Tlie formal dedication of tlie new
Serranos (Janie Farm at Chino occurred
on December S, ]!lli!l, with an im|>ressive
ceremony and barlx'cue. The Izaal; Wal-
ton chapters of southern California pro-
vided a i>i-ogram of evetits stimulating to
the sportsmen ami lover of the out-of-
doors. Many tine trophies donated by the
Jlichtield ( )il Company were won as re-
wards for skill in marksmanshij). A
special lilwi-ation of fifty phejisants was
made. I'esides fifiicers of the division, I.
Zellerbach, president of the Fish and
Game Commission ; Fred G. Stevenot.
director of the Department of Natural
Resources, and Ray L. Riley representing
(Governor C. C. Young, spoke.

The new farm was fully stocked before
its dedication with pheasants, quail, part-
ridges and wild turkeys from the Yount-
ville farm, and will participate in profliie-
tion this year.

The land on which the faiin siluat<><l
was donated by the L)avi(lson Investment
Company of Long Beach throtigh the gen-
erosity of C. E. Davidson.

The lo<*ation is Ixdii'ved to be ideal for
projiagation purjioses. In its structural
features, the farm represents the most
improved type of construction. The en-
closures are entirely of steel sui)ports
permitting galvanized wire to be used to
a high advantage from the standiMiint of
durability. The hiiihlings are patterned
after the Mission style so charactei-istic
iif <';ilifciniia. and comprise, besides coin-

I

Fig. 57. Seining -striped ba.ss near Tracy, California. December, 192S, for experi-
mental planting in Salton Sea. This Is typical of the work of the Bureau of
Fish Rescue anrl Rpclamation. Photograph by Oeorge Neale.

166

CALTPORNIA FTSH AND GAME

fortable living quarters for tlie attend-
ants, an incubator liouse and rooms for
storage and prej)aration of food. The
same type of siirinkliiiii: and watering
system which so luaterialb* aids efficient
oiJeration at the Yountville Game Farm
is used. The electric incubator and
brooding system, considered impractical
until proved successful at the Yountville
farm, is also to be employed. In short,
the farm embodies in almost everj' detail
the latest advancements and improve-
ments in the field of game bird production.

IT IS UNLAWFUL TO KIDNAP FAWNS

Despite repeated warnings issued by
the Division, ijcrsons seem to feel the
urge to "save" some "poor little aban-
doned fawn" and insist on picking it up
and taking it home. It is a violation of
the game laws to do so. Recently a resi-
dent of Sacramento Valley paid a fine of
$50 for taking a fawn.

Persons who come ujton fawns which
look emaciated and as though they have
been abandoned by the mothers must real-
ize this is their natural appearance. A
mother deer never abandons her young
and often is away foraging for food,
watching from a concealed spot while the
baby deer is taken.

All persons are warned not to take
fawns. In case they feel the fawn has
lost its mother, tlie thing to do is fix the
location in one's mind and notify the
nearest game warden or forest ranger,
who will see tliat the little animal is
taken care of.

CALIFORNIA QUAIL SELECTED AS
STATE BIRD

The campaign to select a state bird has
been closed. The California Audubon So-
ciety and the Audubon Association of the
Pacific, two organizations most active in
promoting balloting, liave announced
votes totaling in tlie hundred thousands.
School children were urged to study birds
in order that they might vote intelli-
gently. Women's clubs studied birds in
order that they miglit cast a ballot. No
finer campaign of education lias been
waged in recent years. Tlie California
valley qiuiil led a scattered field with
western bluebird, Bullock oriole and
Anna hummingbird tiailing.

In view of the discussion as to which
variety of quail should be ciiosen the fol-
lowing statement by a well known old-
time sportsman and writer, Y. T. Payne,
is pertinent :

"Glad to hear of your success in plac-
ing the gamest of all bii-ds on the escut-
cheon of the state. The Lophortn-r cdli-
forniciis f the type \0jf the genu?)-, is the

only bird in America that is found no-
where else but California. The Lophor-
fijx califoniicus vaUicola, a species of the
same genus ninges from the Oregon line
along the foothills of the Sierras to their
southern extremity in Kern County.
There they are replaced by another spe-
cies, Lophortijx r/ainbeli, which is found
also on the eastern side of the Sierra as
far north as Mono County, California.
From here it spreads eastward into the
desert country of southern Nevada and
eastern Utah and thence through north-
ern Arizona and New ^lexico. So you see
this species is also found in four other
states. The VaUicola. beginning about the
latitude of Monterey County, spreads
across the state to the coast, south to
the Colorado desert and down the penin-
sula of Lower California to Caiie San
Lucas. So it, too, is not a true Califor-
nian but enters a foreign country. While
the bird you have selected is found no-
where else on earth but in the foothills
and valleys of the western side of the
Coast Range from about the latitude of
Monterey north to the Oi'^gon lino.
Therefore the Lophortijx californicus is a
real native son, so proud of his birthplace
that he has never yet left the state except
in captivity. Therefore, I think I can
say without fear of successful contradic-
tion, that if this bird is adopted as the
state bird, California will have the dis-
tinction of being the only state in tlic
Union to adopt a bird that can not bf-
found outside of its geographical bound-
aries."

ESTABLISHIVIENT OF QUAIL
REFUGES URGED

It has been demonstrated that tlie ter-
ritory for several miles surrounding small
inviolate quail sanctuaries or refuges will
become stocked each year provided that
water and food for the birds has been
developed and the law enforced.

The solution of the problem of how to
restock the game fields of the state with
valley quail may lie in the establishment
of small quail sanctuaries on every farm
— large or small — in every county inhab-
ited by valley quail within the state,
where all hunting and sliooting at any
time of year be absolutely prohibited.

It is believed that by the establisliment
of numerous small quail sanctuaries as
outlined many acres of suitable (piail
habitat within the state can be restocked
with valley quail within thi-ee years from
the nucleus of wild quail already in the
field.

Volunteer deputies of the Division of
Fish and Game have been asked by Cap-
tain Walter Welch to take an-a<?tive part

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

167

Pig. 5S. Rescuing small striped bass from irrig-ation ditch for use in stocking
Salton Sea, one of tlie outstanding accomplisliments of the Bureau of Fish
Rescue and Reclamation. Photograph by George Neale.

in seeing to it that at least one quail
sanctuary is established on some farm in
his locality this year.

DEER DAMAGE TO BE INVESTI-
GATED

Constant rejwrts from many parts of
the state that deer are causing damage to
the crops of agriculturists lias caused the
Division of Fish and Game of the Depart-
ment of Natural Resources to appoint
Gordon True, a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Californi;i, Department of Agri-
culture, to prosecvite an investigation of
ways and means to pi-otect the interests
of farmers.

The work of investigating conditions
will be carried on througliout the state.
The kind and nature of tlie damage will
be studied. Every known device which
will serve to keep deer out of cultivated
areas will be tried. A thorough test of
all known repellents to wild animals,
used in this state and in other states, will
be made. Both those tiiat act as a deter-
rent because of odor and (liose effected
because of taste will he tried.

Mr. True will cooperate with landown-
ers who are faced with serious diihculties
growing out of abundance of deer and
their activities in relation io farm crops.
It is highly probable that some landown-
ers have already devised workalde scliemes
to prevent damnge and repel the deer.

Included in this investigation v,ill be
studies of the diseases of deer. Of par-

ticular importance will be the studies ol
the parasites of deer in order to determine
what relationship, if any, exists between
deer parasites and those of domestic ani-
mals. Lung worm is a dangerous disease
of sheep and of deer as well, but whether
the same parasite is concerned has not
been determined. In this research work,
Mr. True will work under tlie direction
of Professor William B. Hernis and will
use the laboratories of the Parasitology
Department of the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley.

DUCKS IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY

San Diego County has greatly increased
water areas by the building of large im-
pounding dams in various mountain can-
yons. As a result, tliere have l>oen arti-
ficially formed attractive loafing places
for waterfowl. With the construction of
these lakes has come added sport in
waterfowl shooting. For a number of
years the supervi.sor of the San Diego
Water Impounding System has reciuire<l
a census of the birds killed.

The census for the i)ast season pub-
lished in the San Diego Inion, February
IG. 1930. indicates that the total killed
for the open season lSt2S— 29 was 53,}H)<>
ducks and 714tJ mudhens. During the
open season of this year, the total amount-
ed to 41,7G5 ducks, 10,353 mudhens and
11 geese. These totals represent only the
birds actually counted and are not com-
plete as .lome hunters who do not hire

168

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Ixiats siiccft'd ill IciiviiiK without filling
ill tlie blanks.

Ducks in ortler of their iihuiidanct'
were ruddy. 23.1.35 ; cnnvasback. r)ri20 ;
bluebills. ."lits; ; pintail. 3822 and wid-
geon, 1430. The golden-eye duck, the
gadwall and the cinnamon teal each num-
ber le.ss than 20 for the season.

A tabulation of the number of hunters
whose kill was checked shows 10. (►82 for
the season 1028-29. and 8410 for the sea-
son 1920-30.

The smaller take for the past oi>en
season is partly explained by a 15-bird
duck limit imposed by a <*ity ordinance,
and limitation of shooting to three days
per week.

THE LIMIT OF TRUE SPORT

Theodore Hoover, brother of the presi-
dent, a professor at Stanford T'niversity.
is a thoughtful sportsman as is evidenced
by the following ipiotations from an
article detailing some objectives of a
sound conservation ix)licy which appeared
in Associated Sportsinen for January.
19.30. Mr. Hoover sets a limit '"as above
which will be true sport."

"The present situation represents the
efforts at conservation of the state and
the sportsmen over some twenty or thirty
years. Hundreds of thousands of dollars
have been spent yearly in hatching, dis-
tribution and other measures, and it is a
wise thing for us at the present juncture
to examine critically and calmly just what
this very large expenditure of time, labor
and money has produced. * * *

"Now what can one propose as a decent
objective in the line of a day's sport as
distinguished from child's play? I have
given this considerable thought and have
come to the conclusion that for myself the
absolute limit where I would draw the
line between sport and child's play would
be at a minimum of ten 10-inch fish or
fifteen 8-inch flsh.

"Others might be content with less and
still consider it sport, and perhaps under
all the circumstances if we say the prac-
tical objective of any sound conservation
policy should be a minimum of fifteen
6-inch fish we will be setting h limit which
can be obtained without straining the pos-
sibilities. I have fished in South Africa,
New Zealand, Norway, Finland and Eng-
land, in all of which countries our steel-
head rainbow (Salnio iridrus) and our
closely related inland variet.v of rainbow
(Salnio Shasta) have been introduced.
There the practical result of conservation
is much higher than any ideal here sug-
gested. You can have a better day's sport
within fifty miles of New York City than
you can find within 200 miles of San
Francisco. Therefore it does not seem to
me an impractical dream to set a limit as
above which will be true sport.

"California advertises itself as the land
of the great out-of-doors. We Invite the
world to come here and enjoy our climate,
our parks and our sport. Our climate is
as good as it was in the beginning; our
parks are improving as the years go by ;
but our sport is in a steady decline, and
we should either take what measures we
can to bring it back to a decent standard

or cease to advertise it ; moreover, our
difficulties are sure to increase as the
years go by, for we contemplate ten mil-
lion people living in California within
twenty years, besides the visitors.

"Any real effort to bring our trout fish-
ing back to an acceptable standard is not
a task of small size. It will take all the
resources at our command. It will require
a lot more money than we now put into
conservation and sooner or later we must
come to a realization of that fact if w^e
are to have any angling worthy the name
in the future.

"In order to have good sport we must
place our fish and game con.^-ervation
polic\- on a thoroughly ration;Uized basis
where the first item in our program is a
sound plan of scientific research. We are
simply deceiving ourselves if we imagine
we can carry on this highly technical con-
servation function wth "rule of thumb"
methods based on theories built up on the
imaginings of us sportsmen and even less
capable observers. The sportsman is a
keen observer, but he is not accurate and
he generalizes from too few observations,
riip only evidence needed of his inaccu-
racy is the well-known fact that if there
are live fishermen in a room discussing
the habits of the trout we will have at
least two fights and maybe three going
on at once within half an hour after dis-
cussion begins."

WINTER FEEDING OF GAME BEGUN

Heavy snows throughout many sections
of California during January caused the
Division f)f Fish and Game to issue word
to all sportsmen of the state to report at
once any cases of failure of food supply
for game birds and animals to the near-
est deputy fish ;ind game commissioner.

In many i>laces deer, quail or other
game birds or animals faced starvation
because the available food supply was
covered with snow. In Modoc County
many birds were found dead. Conse-
quently man jiowcr and finances were im-
mediately made available for the purpose
of taking care of the situation. Several
hundred dollars were spent for food, and
wardens and others helped in spreading
feed.

Not since the severe storms and heavy
snowfall of 1915 has any very general
demand been made upon the Division of
Fish and Game for the care of game
birds and animals. During that season it
became necessary to provide hay for deer
in many i>arts of their range, where nat-
ural feed was covered by the snow's. At
lower elevations, where the snow was not
so deep, but too deep for the quail to be
able to forage for themselves, grain was
provided by interested siwrtsmen and the
deputy fish and game commissioners.

Captain E. H. Ober of Big Pine has
rendered a report concerning recent
work in connection with feeding quail
which faced starvation following a recent
heavy snowfall in Owens Valley ;

"A snow^ storm of unusual magnitude
drifted into District 4 J January 9th and

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

169

continued intermittently during the tliree
following days. Exceedingly cold weather
accompanied the snow as the therninme-
ter dropped down to zero throughout Owens
Valley for several nights. The fall of
snow, however, through the eastern high
Sierras could be spoken of as being son/c-
what freaky as little snow fell in the
higher mountains compared to the lower
valleys. The extreme lower end and the
middle sections of Owens Valley received
the heaviest snowfall, w'hich made it nec-
essary to feed quail around Lone Pine,
Big Pine and west of Bishop. This work
was carried on for several days and good
care was furnished upwards of 1000 val-
ley quail. Our practice of feeding was to
scrape off the ground clear of snow or ice
for twenty or thirty yards each way near,
if possible, to willow or tree protection.
Then cracked corn or wheat was scattered
twice a day. Deputies Crocker and Tal-
bot assisted in this work. In all of our
efforts connected with patrolling and feed-
ing of quail, we have never run across
any of the Hungarian partridges that
were liberated in the valley last summer.
"The mountain quail have been brought
down to the lower foothills due to the
snow, but have in no way experienced
particular hardships. Deer continue to be
more plentiful along the lower reaches of
the Sierras than for years back. Many
have crossed east to the White Mountains.
Ringneck pheasants are plentiful through-
out Owens Valley, particularly around
Bishop and Round Valley. Our recent
snow storm has afforded us a chance to
take stock of these birds and it is most
gratifying to report hundreds of them
scattered throughout the valley."

NEW SPEED BOAT

At the special instance and request of
the Fish and Game Goramissionors, the
new speed boat, used in the patrol work
by the volunteer deputies of the Division
of Fish and Game, has been named the
"Walter R. Welch," in appreciation of
the activities of that individual in the
service of conservation.

In 1896 Walter K. Welch afiiliated
himself with the Fish and Game ("oni mis-
sion as a volunteer deputy. • In 1901 he
became a regular deputy for the state or-
ganization. In 192ri, when the i-eorgani-
zation of the volunteer deputies was
bronglif about, Welcli was made Captain,
in charge of this groui). a imsition which
he still occupies.

HUNTING LICENSES

According to a late compilation of the
number of hunting licen.ses and income
therefrom for 1927-28. California ranks
fifth in number of hunting licenses and
fourth as to income. The tigures for New
York and Indiana included angling
licenses and are therefore not considered.
Penns.vlvania ranks first with .">17,729
licenses bringing in an income of .$1,006,-
ir)9.70; Michigan and Ohio are not far
apart in the number of licenses sold, but
in income Michigan is more than l?l.">0,000
ahead. Only one other state has more

than .S:',()(»,()(K) income from the sale of
hunting licens<'s and that is Illinois.

California's total for 1927-2S was 22S.-
(!9(> licenses bringing in a revenue of
.i;404,14r).

THE LATEST BIRD BANDING
EXPERIMENT

On February 10 and 17, 19:i0, a liber-
ation of sixty-seven pintail ducks from
Louisiana was made on Winter's Island,
a well e(iuii)i>ed duck club on the Suisuii
Marsh. The object of this lil>eration of
banded birds is to determine whether
they will find their way back to the east
coast in subsecjuent migrations or whether
they will stay on the west coast and be
shot later by local shooters.

The members of the Winter's Club co-
operated with the United States Bureau of
Biological Survey and George Tonkin, fed-
eral game warden for the district of Cali-
fornia in liberating these banded birds
from the gulf coast. The ducks were
taken on the Mcllhenny refuge at Avery
Island, Louisiana. Records have already
shown that western ducks occasionally
spend the winter on the gulf coast.

HERE'S THE PROPER TERM TO
APPLY

It is common these days to hear a man
talking about bunches or coveys of ducks,
geese or other wild fowl. As this is en-
tirely wrong, it is worth while to recall
the correct names of different gatherings
of birds :

A bank of swans. A fleet of coots
A bunch of widgeon. (mudhens).
A brood of grouse. A flight of plover.
A bevy of quail. A gaggle of geese.

A band of jays. A paddling of mal-

A coil or spring of lard.

teal. A rafter of turkeys.

A covey of partridge. A sedge of herons.
A crowd of red- A tribe of sparrows.

wings. A whisp of snipe.

A fall of wood-
cock.

— William \V. Richards, Pa':ific Sporl^-
wian. Vol. VIII, no. 3, May, 1929.

MUSSEL AND CLAM QUARANTINES
LIFTED

Because of the appearance of a large
numlier of cases of poisoning caused by
eating mussels gathered along the (Cali-
fornia coast, quarantine was establishe<l
on .luly 22, 1929, under which the sale or
offering for sale of all mussels gathered
on the California coast from Monterey
County to Del Norte County, inclu.sive,
was prohibited. Because of the appear-
ance of ca.ses of poisoning due to eating
clams gathere<l in San Mateo, Sonoma
and Marin counties, similar prohibitions
were place<l August 6th and 9th upon the
territory covered by those three counties.

170

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

On Nuvi'iubtT I'd all of lliose iiuaraatiues
were tenninatcd because examinations of
clams and nnissols gatluM-od in tlie <|iiar-
antinod area showed tliat their toxic con-
dition had disappeared or had become
so low that it was harndess to human
beings.

A total of fifty-five cases of poisoning
due to eating mussels occurred during the
past summer season. Only one of these
cases was fatal. 8ix cases of poisoning
due to eating clams occurred during the
same period, three of which cases were
fatal. It would appear that these shell-
fish become toxic each year, particularly
during tiie summer months. This fact
will jiiobably make necessary the annual
issuance of yuarantine orders on both
clams and mussels gathered along certain
sections of the coast line of California.
These shellfish become less toxic after the
summer season has passed, and it is be-
lieved that they are absolutely harmless
to human beings, generally, during the
period November 1st to ^March 1st. —
Weeklji Bulletin, California Department
of Public Health, December 7, 1929.

COOPERATION IN LAW ENFORCE-
MENT
A number of counties of the state hire
game wardens whose duty it is to help
enforce the state laws protecting fish and
game. The most notable cooperation of
this kind comes from IjOs Angeles County
where a county forester an<l tiro warden
and a large group of deputies aid greatly
in enforcing state game laws. A recent
compilation shows a marked increase in
numbers of cases made by Los Angeles
County game wardens. Though in the
year 1020 but a single arrest was made
with a resultant fine of .$15, the total for
1929 showed 9(t arrests, 82 convictions
and .'i?2,770 in fines actually paid. The
total nundicr of arrests for the period
amounts to 1193. The illegal ix>ssession
of abalones caused the arrest of 3(J4 men,
whereas hunting without a license got 108
men into trouble.

Fines and Arrests Made by Los Angeles
County January 1, 1920, to January 1,
1929.

Calendar year 1920—

Arrests 1

Fines paid $15 00

Calendar year 1921 —

Arrests — 25

Convictions 23

Fines paid $295 00

Pines suspended 1,525 00

Jail sentences served none

Jail sentences suspended- 10 days

Calendar year 1922 —

Arrests 191

Convictions 187

Pines paid $3,082 50

Pines suspended 425 00

-Jail sentences served 33 days

Jail Sentences suspended 610 days

Calendar year 1923 —

Arrests 1

Convictions 1

Pines paid

Pines suspended

.Tail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended--
Calendar year 1924 —

Arrests 2

Convictions 1

Pines paid

Fines suspended

Jail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended

Calendar year 1925 —

Arrests

Convictions

Pines paid

Pines suspended _-

Jail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended

Calendar year 1926 —

Arrests

Convictions

Pines paid

Fines suspended __ —

Jail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended

Calendar year 1927 —

Arrests 2

Convictions 1

Fines paid

Fines suspended

Jail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended-
Calendar year 1928 —

Arrests — — 1

Convictions 1

Fines paid

Fines suspended

.Tail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended-
Calendar year 1929 —

Arrests

Convictions

Pines paid

Pines suspended

.Tail sentences served

Jail sentences suspended-
Totals, calendar years 1920
elusive —

Arrests 1,1

Convictions 1,1

Fines paid

Pines suspended

Jail sentences served

.Tail sentences suspended-

93

78

1

19
94

$8,010 00

505 00

150 days

,850 days

$5,300 00
800 00
none
,173 days

1.17

88

77

1

$6,185 00

745 00

210 days

,125 day.s

73
66

$1,780 00
790 00
5 days

lOr. days

06

93

$4,487 50

4,195 50

5 days

142 days

07
02

9(1

to

93
03

$6,522 00

1,505 00

240 days

none

$2,770 00

1,465 00

37 days

487 days

1929, in-

fS8,447 00
11,955 50
680 days

i,502 days

List of Fish and Game Cases January 1,
1920, to January 1, 1929

Hunting without license 108

Fishing without license 32

Hunting without deer tags 5

Hunting at night 23

Shooting from power boat 2

I-'ireariiis in game refuge 53

Shooting game from auto 14

Trespass posted property 35

Illegal deer hides 8

Illegal deer meat 61

Killing spike buck 24

Ivilling doe IS

Killing fawn -- 10

Failure to retain deer head and hide_ 4

Tvilling deer in game refuge 2

ICilling deer out of season 28

Failure to tag deer 1

Running deer with dogs — 2

Killing tree squirrels 3

Killing nongame birds 35

Killing wild pigeons 6

I-Cilling cottontail rabbits 2

Killing waterfowl on illegal day 1

Undersize crabs 1

Undersize Pismo clams 11

Overlimit Pismo clams 17

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

171

Overllmlt trout 21

Selling trout 1

Out of season trout 2

Illegal black bass 10

Overlimit black bass 1

Out of season black bass — 3

Catch black bass with net 9

Illegal lobsters 46

Out of season lobsters 4

Illegal abalones 364

Overlimit abalones -- 65

Using abalones for bait 21

Spearing abalones 2

Selling corbina 1

Selling spotfm croaker 1

Illegal pheasants 1

Out of season doves 19

Overlimit doves 12

Out of season ducks 33

Overlimit of ducks 1

Out of season quail 41

Selling quail 2

Trapping quail 3

Purse seining 23

Operating boat without license 1

Total 1193

IMPORTATIONS OF GAME BIRDS

Much interest has been displayed dur-
ing the past two or three years in the
importation of Hungarian partridges.
Since this species has been successfully
established in several western states,
others have sought to obtain breeding
stock to build up their game resources.
New York has been particularly active in
this respect, and during the year has re-
ceived several large shipments. The sup-
ply of birds is obtained chiefly from
Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and the
demand has been so great as to cause ap-
prehension as to the source of supply.
Early in the year shipments from Czecho-
slovakia were suspended for a time be-
cause of the disastrous effect of the cold
winter on the stock of native birds. In
addition to exporting 00,000 to 100,000
dead partridges annually. Czechoslovakia
exports a large part of the live birds en-
tered in the United States, England and
Switzerland. Many of these birds are
bred solely for the export trade, and the
prices vary from $1.75 to .$2.9-4 each, to
which is added a 25 per cent ad valorem
export fee. Several shipments of pheas-
ants were imported from Europe, chiefly
to introduce new blood into the stock in
the United States. A limited number of
grouse, chiefly ruffed and sharp-tailed
grouse, were entered from .Mhorta, and
nearly 500 diminutive button quail (PJx-
calfactoria lineata) from the Philippines
and Australia, and 40 tinamous (Nothura
maculosa) from southern South America.
— Report of the Chief of the Bureau of
Biological Survey, August 30, 1020.

EXPERIMENTS ON INCREASING

BIRDS ON THE FARM
The experiments in attracting birds to
the experimental chestnut orchard at
5—74383

Bell, Maryland, being carried on in co-
operation with the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry, continue to yield good results
from year to year. In 47 bird boxes
erected on a tract of 2i acres there were
produced during the season of 192G, 17
|)artial or complete broods to the acre.
In 1027, with the same equipment, the
number of broods rose to 40, an average
nt IG to the acre. In 1928, 52 additional
hird houses were erected, making a total
of 99, scattered over 3i acres, and 65
broods were produced, an average of 18. .5
to the acre. The kinds of birds and the
number of broods of each in 1928 were
as follows : house wren, 33 ; European
starling, 9; English sparrow, 8; purple
martin, 7; bluebird, 6; flicker, 1; and
crested flycatcher, 1. This cooperation
with the Bureau of Plant Industry is
enabling the bureau to experiment in
bird-attraction methods and is yielding
valuable information in that field, as well
as fulfilling the primary object of the
studies — from the point of view of
orchard management — namely : to increase
the number of insectivorous birds in the
locality. — Report of the Chief of the
Bureau of Biological Survey, Aug. 30,
1929.

ECONOMIC VALUE OF PREDATORY
ANIMALS AND BIRDS TO BE
STUDIED AT STATE UNIVERSITY.

Decision has been made by the Bureau
of P^ducation and Research of the Divi-
sion of Fish and Game to prosecute an
investigation into the food habits and
economic relations of those birds and
animals considered destructive to game in
order that one resource may not be saved
at the expense of another. The science
laboratories and other facilities of the
University of California will aid in the
investigation planned.

It is the duty of the Fish and Game
Connnission adequately to care for the
lish and game resources of the state. One
of the first resources that was utilized
was that of the fur-bearing animal.
Search for suitable trapping grounds first
brought the white man to the western
state. However, as a resource, the fur-
bearing animal has dwindled. Numerous
adverse factors are concerned. Among
them is the cultivation of land and the
ever present demand of the cattleman and
sheepman to control predatory species.
Organized groups of sportsmen join in
asking for campaigns of destruction.
There is opposition to a program of pro-
tection. In contrast to this viewpoint is
that of many a scientist who maintains
that the predatory animal has a real

place in nature and that its destruction

172

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

endangers the success of other animals in
the forest. Stomach examination of
black-listed forms has shown them to be
valuable as rodent destroyers and prac-
tically innucuous to game birds. Addi-
tional research is needed b«'fore these ani-
mals can be evaluated.

When an attempt is made actually to
line up facts to support either of the
above contentions, they are hard to find.
Tliere is much loose talk on both sides of
the controversy. Scientific and economic
values are not as yet well known. As a
consequence, the Division of Fish and
Game is planning research to gather facts
helpful in deciding whether the depreda-
tions of predatory animals warrant cam-
paigns of destruction or control by letting
the trapper harvest an annual crop. Like-
wise more information will be gathered
on the relation of hawks to game birds.

Arrangements liave been completed
with the University of California to direct
an investigation to determine important
facts relative to predatory animals. E.
L. Sumner, Jr., has been employed as a
Kesearch Fellow to i)rosecute the investi-
gation. He will work under the direction
of Dr. Joseph Grinnell, director of the
.Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

The study will include :

(a) Detailed first-hand investigation of
life histories of various species -with
special reference to their methods of feed-
ing.

(b) Intensive study of a particular
species, which will be emphasized above
others in order to direct and conserve
time ami energy efficiently. This inten-
sive study to be supplemented and en-
hirge<l upon by findings relative to other
species.

Of prime importance will be a study of
the interrelations of these animals to
other species. Such interrelations will be
determined by making studies . of the
methods by which these animals secure
their food; by taking censuses on a given
area showing ratio of number of indi-
viduals to number of animals upon which
they prey; by study of seasonal changes
in food habits as dictated by changes in
food supply ; by study of conditions re-
sulting in regions where these animals
have been greatly reduced in numbers ;
and by estimates of normal food consump-
tion of species studied.

The attempt will be made to gather
dependable data that will prove or dis-
prove the truth of the statement made
by some zoologists that "predatorj-" ani-
mals play an important part in preserving
the balance in nature and that their ex-

termination produces results harmful
rather than beneficial to the species upon
which they prey.

If this can lx> done, one of the most
mooted questions connected with game
conservation will I)e solved.

WESTERN FISH SURVEY PROPOSED

At a meeting of the game officials of
Wyoming, ^lontaim, Utah, and Idaho
at Yellowstone National I'ark on July
17 and IS, it was proposed that congress
make provision by appropriation for a
survey of the streams of the Rocky
Mountain region of the United States to
determine what varieties of fish are suit-
able for each stream and what is needed
to be done to provide an adetiuate food
supply in each. Congress will undoubt-
edly be asked at the coming session to
make such an appropriation.

Participating in the conference were
representatives of the National Park Ser-
vice, the U. S. Forest Service, the U. S.
Biological Survey and the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries. — American Protective Asso-
ciation News Service.

NON-PROOF FENCES FOR DEER

Barbed wire, the mark of the home-
steader on the frontiers of the old West,
marked the beginning of the end for the
great herds of buffalo. Wire fences still
present a problem in game management
in California.

Through the cooperation of the Divi-
sion of Fish and Game of the Department
of Natural Resources and the Southern
Pacific Company the latter organization
is experiment iug with a plan to prevent
deer, during their migrations across Mo-
doc County, where a new railroad right-
of-way has been opened up, from becom-
ing entangled in the mesh of a fcnee
along the right-of-way.

A strip of country some ci,?ht mih-s iu
length, between Ambrose and Boles, has
been the subject of much complaint, with
numerous cases being reported of deer
having been killed or crippled by being
caught in the wire fence along the i ail-
road right-of-way. The solution of the
probliMu, according to the consensus of
opinion, is the placing of a board along
the top wire of the fence, thereby mark-
ing the obstacle so that it can be seen by
the migrating animals.

If the plan jn-oves successful, the
Southern Pacific Company has indicated
that the practice will be extended ro the
fences of the company for the entire dis-
tance where injuuy to animals has been
reported.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

173

REGULATIONS UNDER WHICH COM-
MERCIAL DUCK CLUBS MAY BE
OPERATED.

General Order No. 9

Regulation No. 1

Shooting days limited to three day.s a

week: Sunday, Wednesday and Saturday.
Additional operating days, tlie o|»(MiiriK
and closing of tiie season and all legal
iiolidays,

Ileguluatiou No. 2

A blind must be within shooting dis-
tance of water. Blinds must be a reason-
able distance apart, to depend upon local
conditions.

Regulation No. 3

Each shooter must be given a satisfac-
tory blind. No shooters to be allowed to
hunt at large when blinds are full.

Regulation No. 4

Must cooperate with the Fish and (Jame
Commission in law enforcement.

Regulation No. 5

Where clubs adjoin, no blinds ti- be
located within 70 yards di adicdning
boundary, excei)t under mutual agree-
ment.

Regulation Xo. 6

The continual shooting at birds out of

I'ange will i)e regarded as a nuisance acd
the clul) may at its discretion, refund the
money paid for shooting privilege and
bar shooter from further hunting.

Regulation Xo. 7

I'nder no consideration is a club tu
guarantee limit.

The foregoing order is hereby approved
and ordered tiled as "(ieneral Urder Xo. U,
Division of Fisli and (iaine, of the De-
partment of Xatural Resources of the
State of California."

Dated : This 30th day of September,
1927.

i. zelleri5ac1i.
Rkginald Fek.n.vi.i),
Ceo. B. Clakksox,
Fish and Game Commission.

VALLEY QUAIL HUNTERS FIND
BIRDS SCARCE

The 1929 season on valley quail closed
on December 31. Unfavorable reports
were received from many parts of the
state. Birds were rei)ort('d as scarce and
few limits were secured. The scarcity of
birds last year came after sever.-il suc-
cessful seasons which seemed 'o indicate
that the shorter open season in the middle

Fig. 59. Up and over. A steelhead trout jumping the fishway at Snow Mountain
Dam on the South Eel River. Photograpli by E. S. Clieney, February, 1930.

174

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of the wiuter with the aid of several suc-
cessful breeding seasons had really
brought this favorite game bird back to
satisfactory numbers. The usual reason
given for the poor season last December
was "drought conditions." Few birds are
more subject to marked lluctuations in
numbers than are the upland ijame birds.
A few successful breeding seasons in-
crease numbers to a maximum, whereas
an unfavorable season reduces birds to a
minimum. It has often been reported
that in dry seasons, flocks of quail do not
separate out into pairs, but remain in
flocks throughout the breeding season.
Though there were not many reports of
this kind last summer, the scarcity of
quail this past winter certainly indicates
a poor breeding season last spring.

THE CHUKOR PARTRIDGE

"Within the past few years a number of
Chukor partridges have been imported
and various game farmers are now propa-
gating them. Experiments with this bird
have received support because of the
rather negative results thus far secured in
this state with the Hungarian partridge.

Unlike Hungarian partridges they are
very easily mated. A male bird can be
transferred from one female to another
without any trouble and will mate with
several in a season. They will stand any
amount of heat without discomfort. That
was well proven this summer during our
hottest spells when the birds sprawled
flat on the ground in the hot sun and
seemed to enjoy it vei-y much.

These birds came from India, \v'hfre
they are considered to be a very tine
game bird. The flesh is light colored
throughout. It is not quite as light as
our valley quail, but almost. In the
birds which I handled there seemed to be
a faint pinkish tint. Unlike the Mongo-
lian pheasant which seems to like (ulli-
vated areas, this bird would probably
take to cover. It is a ground roosting
bird, but it will also roost on the perch.
Where there are ground enemies, it would
probably take to the trees. — W. E. Ung-
lish, Gilroy, California.

VOLUNTEER DEPUTIES

In order to avoid conflict of authority
and possible friction, the Division of Fish
and Game has found it necessary to adopt
a rule whereby it will not appoint any
deputy sheriff, deputy constable, or the
keeper of a gun club or shooting preserve,
a deputy of the Division of Fish and
Game.

Deputies of the Division of Fish and
Game are vested with the highest author-
ity of any public officer of the state, viz,

that of the right to search buildings, other
than dwellings, and all receptacles, other
than the clothing actually worn by a
person at the time of the search, where
there is reasonable reason to believe that
fish or game is illegally held or had in
possession. In the exercise of this author-
ity all volunteer deputies are advised to
use the word "inspect" instead of
"search." The volunteer deputies are ad-
vised not to search any market place, cold
storage plant, hotel, or other building, or
ice box, except under the direction, super-
vision or approval of the regular deputy
or the captain of the regular patrol of
the district.

The volunteer deputies are advised not
to make arrests for technical violations
of the law. The deputy must be able to
prove that the spirit and intent, as well
as the letter of the law, has been vio-
lated before he can expect to convict the
person arrested.

Volunteer deputies are informed not to
accept any gi-atuities or privileges from
the owners of gun clubs or any other
person, and are strictly forbidden to use
their authority or badge for the purpose
of securing any gratuities or privileges.

Volunteer deputies are appointed on
three months probation, and upon their
activities during these three months de-
pends their future continuation as depu-
ties.

All volunteer deputies are instructed
that under no circumstances shall they
accept any money for bail, or any other
puriK)se, from any person that has been
arrested by them.

All volunteer deputies are to work
under the direction of the regular patrol
through a captain and lieutenant — the
captain to be elected by the deputies, and
the lieutenant to be appointed by the cap-
tain.

All captains of the volunteer deputies
are elected to serve for a term of six
months from the date of their election.

All volunteer deputies who receive iu-
fonnation of a violation of the fish or
game laws must report such information
to the regular deputy, or to the captain
of the volunteer deputies, before taking
any action on such information.

All volunteer deputies have the author-
ity, and it is their duty to make imme-
diate arrest without a warrant, any per-
son who has committed a violation of the
fish or game laws in their presence in any
part of the state.

When a volunteer deputy has made an
arrest for a violation of the fish or game
laws it is his duty to immediately take
all the evidence to the regular deputy, or
to the captain of the volunteer deputies,

CALU<'OiiNIA FISH AND GAME

175

Fig. 60. Another steelhead climbs the fish ladder at the Snow Mountain Dam on the
South Eel River. Photograph by E. S. Cheney, February, 1930.

and inform him of all the circumstances
surrounding the case. The regular dep-
uty, or the captain of the volunteer depu-
ties will then inform the deputy who
made the arre.st what further action will
be taken in the case and supervise the
filing of the complaint against the party
arrested.

The captain of the volunteer deputies
shall require the deputies under his con-
trol to report to him monthly, giving an
account of tlieir activities in the field. A
summary copy of these reports must be
filed by the captain of the volunteer dep-
uties with the association or club sponsor-
ing the appointment of the deputies under
his control. Said niontldy reports must
be filed by the captain, with the captain
in charge of volunteer deputies, 510 Russ
Building, San Francisco.

It is the duty of the captain of the
volunteer deputies to report all informa-
tion coming to him to the regular deputy
and not to take any action on sauie
except under the advice, direction and
approval of the regular deputy.

Applications for appointment of volun-
teer deputies must be signed by the presi-
dent and secretary of the organization
recommending their appointment au<l be
indorsed by the captain of patrol of the
district in which the applicant resides.
As the secretary of state will require a
fee of $5 for filing the bond of each volun-
teer deputy, said fee of .^ij must accom-
pany each application and recommenda-

tion for the appointment of volunteer
deputies.

Each volunteer deputy will be paid a
salary of $5 for his first month's services,
to compensate him for bond filing fee.
Thereafter his services to be volunteer
and without compensation.

All volunteer deputies are advised not
to enforce the provisions of section 627
of the Penal Code, which relates to tres-
pass upon private property, or tlie provi-
sions of any county ordinance, or, in fact,
any law except the state fish and game
laws. The activities of all volunteer dep-
uties must be confined to the county in
which they reside, except in cases where
a violation of the fish and game laws
has been committed in their presence out-
side their respective counties, or when
they have secured permission to perform
special duties outside their respective
counties from the field assistant of the
Divi-sion of Fish and Game or from the
captain of patrol of tlie regular deputies
of the district in which they reside.

The efforts of the volunteer deputies
should be to build up an active, efficient,
harmonious, cooperative body to coordi-
nate with the regular patrol for the en-
forcement of the fish and game laws and
to educate the people as to the value and
necessity of such laws. Therefore, the
actions of the wardens should at all times
be such as to reflect with credit upon
themselves and those responsible for their
appointment.

176

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

PHEASANT BANDING GIVES VALU-
ABLE INFORMATION

How far will phcasaiits travel? Will
pheasants travel long flistances when re-
leased in ji«i)(\ pheasant territoiy, or do
they travel long distances to get into good
country?

Answers to these and many other ((Ues-
tions are being sought by the deinxi'tnient
of game of the Wisconsin < "onservation
(Commission by a comprehensive bird
banding program. Every pheasant sent
out from the state game farm carries an
aluminum band upon its leg which bears
the inscription, "Notify the Wisconsin
Conservation Commission," and beneath
this a serial number.

Every bird rai.sed by the game farm is
individually card indexed with a com-
plete history of its development and re-
lease.

The conservation commission has been
obtaining some extremely valuable infor-
mation regarding the ring-neck pheasants
which were released by the state game
farm in its first year of operation. In
the case of pheasants, even more so than
with most birds, little is known as to
their range.

The latest return to the Wisconsin
Conservation Commission of a band is
that of a pheasant hen raised in 1929 at
the state game farm, shipped to the Out-
agamie County Fish and Game Associa-
tion, and released just north of the vil-
lage of Kaukauna in Outagamie County.
This bird was found dead last week in a
sand pit in the heart of Appleton. It
had been decapitated but whether by a
predatory bird or by what means is un-
known. The significance is that the bird
had traveled seven miles from the point of
release in less than three months.

Further inform.ation is needed on the
habits of pheasants, and anyone finding a
ring-neclv pheasant or any other game
bird with a band upon its leg. is asked to
get in immediate touch with game offi-
cials.

LAWS NECESSARY

Man can not live at all in a civilized
state without law. It is the cornerstone
of civilization. Without it there can be
no liberty. Without it there can be no
protection of per.sonal and property
rights. Without it life itself becomes in-
secure. Without it there can be no en-
forced conservation, and there can, under
existing conditions, be no general conser-
vation unless it is enforced.

What then should be the attitude of
those interested in conservation toward
government and toward law? Wouldn't
it be a good plan to popularize the gov-
ernment and the laAvs which we have

enacted V Wouldn't it be well to call to
mind once in a while that the laws which
we have were not handed down to us
ready made by any governing king, prince
or iwtentate, but that they are our laws,
enjicted and kept in effect by us and our
repre.sentatives? Wouldn't it be well to
cease to regard the law, as some now
regard it, simply as something which cur-
tails our liberties, something to be avoided
if not evaded, and to regard it as the
protector of our liberties, the preserver
of our peace and happiness, the founda-
tion of our prosperity?

When the American loeople cease to
wink at lawlessness, when the average
citizen fully appreciates his duties as
such, and decides to take his proper part
in the important business of government,
the laws will be enforced and crime will
decrease, and with a growing respect for
all law there will inevitably come a
greater respect for laws relating to con-
servation.— Outdoor America, Februarv,
1930, p. 37.

VOLUNTEER PRESS AGENTS

Emphasis needs to be continually
placed on the importance of molding
public opinion in favor of conservation.
Because the press is foremost and all-
powerful in shaping the public's sym-
pathies and interests, a column on fish
and game in the principal county news-
papers of the state supported by the local
association of sportsmen would prove
very effective in stimulating a greater
appreciation for fish and game. Califor-
nia is making a distinguished success of
its volunteer wai'den system which has so
ably aided game law observance. Why
not, therefore, extend the volunteer con-
ception into the realm of education and
have volunteer press agents?

J. H. Neustadt in advocating this plan
writes in the Associated Sportsman for
December, 1929, as follows:

"There is a touch of interest about
these personal home doings that arouses
the curiosity of all county newspaper
readers, and through this familiarity with
the subject of fish and game, the public is
educated to an appreciation of what is
being done, and soon graduates into pro-
tectionists and active backers of the offi-
cers of the law and sportsmen generally.

"The plan has been practiced by the
San Mateo County Fish and Game Pro-
tective Association for the past year, and
many are the new subscribers who read
the fish and game news to their growing
children and encourage them to become
sportsmen of the true type.

"Every student of human nature
knows there is an element of good in

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

177

every man, and that Rood cnn bo I)ronght
out by example and education.

"Where there is little knowledge there
is little progress.

"I know from experience, as the pub-
licity man of our club, the newspajiers
want the new.*^, the wardens want the
encouragement, and th(> iiul>lic only nee<ls
the light and understanding of the great
meaning of conservation to become sup-
porters of the valuable work."

A NATIONAL WILD LIFE POLICY
DRAFTED

During the past year a committee of
the Amciican Game Conference of the
American Game Protective Association
has been at work on the preliminary draft
of a wild-life conservation policy. A
report was submitted by this committee
to the recent sixteenth annual conference
held in New York December 2 and 3.
The committee, which comprises 15 or
more of the leading students of this sub-
ject in the country and of which Aldo
Leopold, in charge of the National Game
Survey, is chaiiman, submitted a prelim-
inary report at the conference, not as a
final result of its work but as a basis of
further study. All conservationists,
game officials and others w'ho are study-
ing this problem are invited to examine
this report carefully and make sugges-
tions as to modifications and improve-
ments.

The report, which is too long to print
herein, analyzes the game problem, divides
game into four classes and discusses each
class and its requirements at length. One
recommendation of the committee which
covers advanced ground is that for class
one, or farm game, consisting of non-
migratory species such as quail, pheas-
ants, grouse, etc. There must be an in-
centive on the part of the landowner in
order to guarantee a continuing and in-
creasing game crop. This incentive must
be more than sentimental and the com-
mittee frankly states that the farmer
should be encouraged to grow a game crop
by permitting him to charge for the priv-
ilege of shooting on his land. But it is
specifically pointed out that this privilege
should not extend to land which is not
managed for game. By raising gaine on
farms it is not proposed to emi)loy artifi-
cial methods but to use the natural
method of providing cover, fopd and pro-
tection.

Two other alternatives, it is i>ointed
out by the committee, are to be f.nced :
one, outriglit adoption of the Euro])ean
system for farm game and. two, eventual
complete closure of open sca.son on farm
game.

Other classes of game which are found
in tiie forests and open ranges and in the
wilderness recpiire different treatment and
are discu.ssed fully in the report. Migra-
tory game, including waterfowl and shore
birds, constituting class four game in the
report, appear to be provided for under
the system establislied by federal law in-
cluding the Aligratury I'.ird Treaty Act,
and the Migratory Bird Conservation Act
which piopose to establish an extensive
series of refuges throughout the country.
This, according to the committee, is not
sufficient, however, to meet the needs of
this class of game completely and should
be supplemented by the establishment of
state and private refuges and the acqui-
sition by the public of all available re-
maining marshlands. There must be
also a vast expansion of fact finding in
relation to migratory birds under the
leadership of the U. S. Bureau of Biologi-
cal Survey.

The committee finds that the game
restoration program of today is on too
small a scale. It is far from commen-
surate with the needs of existing popula-
tion and to meet future growth. Knowl-
edge of facts is far from adequate. Re-
search must be greatly extended through
cooperation of state universities and other
institutions of learning. There must be
more trained leaders and workers well
grounded in scientific and technical knowl-
edge. The work must be more adequately
financed either by increased license fees
or some other method.

The preliminary report of the commit-
tee was published in full in the trans-
actions of the recent Game Conference
and in American Game, the oflScial bulle-
tin of the American Game Protective
Association. Those interested in studying
this report may obtain information by
writing the association at 233 Broadway,
Xew York City.

WHAT IS A SPORTSMAN?

The word sportsman is a much abused
term. To the nature lover who would kill
no form of wild creature, the term is
anathema. To the average gunner, it is
any man who goes afield with a gun in
search of game.

It has remained for William B. Mer-
shon of Saginaw, Michigan, nestor of
American sportsmen, to clarify the term.
In a notable address before the recent
game conference, Mr. Mershon defined the
term. He pointed out that sportsman-
ship during the passage of the years has
changed in teciinique but not in principle.
When this country contained only thirty
or forty millions of people and an abun-
dance of game, when firearms were primi-

178

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

tive and transportation slow, it was con-
sidered sportsnianlike to shoot without
limit, provided none of the game was
wasted.

Today that is not the case. Vast in-
crease in population, in efficiency of fire-
arms and in rapid transit have made it
necessary for more stringent restrictions
so that today the true sportsman is not
the man who looks upon the size of his
bag.

Time was when it was perfectly legiti-
mate to shoot a partridge out of a tree,
but no sportsman would now pot a bevy
of quail or shoot a duck on the water.
Unfortunately, there are gunners who do
these things, but they are not entitled to
the designation of sportsmen.

With changed conditions we must of
necessity raise our standards of sports-
manship in this country. — Field and
Stream, January, 1D30.

PROGRAM FOR ELK PROTECTION

A commission for the conservation of
elk in the Jackson Hole region of Wyom-
ing was created during the existence of
the president's conference on outdoor rec-
reation. While the conference has ceased
to function the elk commission intends to
carry on, says an American game protec-
tive association news bulletin.

At a recent meeting held in Washing-
ton on December 5, 1929, the commission
voted to voluntarily continue its activi-
ties. The need of the elk which came
down from Yellowstone Park to the Jack-
son Hole for their winter range is en-
larged range capacity. The frequent loss
of elk in this region from st:u"vation dur-
ing the winter time is well known and
the remedy is well understood. It ap-
pears that the Snake River Land Com-
pany has acquired some 25,000 acres of '
land which it proposes to offer to the gov-
ernment for elk range provided an equal
amount is secured by congressional ap-
propriation. The refuges now owned by
the federal government in that locality
for the winter range of the elk are wholly
inadequate for the purpose.

A complete program for the adminis-
tration of the elk is to be worked out
through cooperation with the Wyoming
State Game and Fish Commission, the U.
S. Forest Service, the National Park Ser-
vice and the Biological Survey.

The elk commission is composed of
representatives of the Izaak Walton
League of America, the Dude Wranglers
Association, the Camp Fire Club of Amer-
ica, the Government of Wyoming, the U.
S. Forest Service, the U. S. Biological
Survey, the American Game Protective
Association, the Boone and Crockett Club
and other interested organizations.

BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF FEDERAL
LAWS

The federal migratory bird laws and
their regulations provided at once a har-
mony of protective measures, based on
zones, times of flight, and relative abun-
dance.

They furnished in a central organiza-
tion the means for accumulating infor-
mation relative to the migratory game-
bird situation.

They prohibited the commercialization
and the spring shooting of migratory
game birds, and prohibited also such de-
structive methods of taking hitherto per-
mitted under the laws of many states, as
night shooting, trapping and snaring.

By providing equal privileges in all
parts of the country, the federal laws
eliminated the dangerous effect of jeal-
ousy among gunners in different sections
and developed the principle of a mutual
interest in a common possession.

However, the establishment of the
principle of administration of a national
resource by the central government was a
strong incentive to increased cooperation
among the several states in game-bird
protection. The evident common sense,
fairness and effectiveness of the principal
of federal control arrangement gradually
reduced all lingering opposition. The
spread of this helpful spirit of cooperation
is registered by the fact that forty-five
states have voluntarily brought their laws
relating to the protection of migratory
game birds in harmony with the federal
regvdations.- — From an address by W. C.
Henderson, Bureau of Biological Survey,
before the Federation of the Bird Clubs
of New England, at Boston, Mass., Janu-
ary 16, 1930.

COLLECTION OF LOCH LEVEN
TROUT EGGS

The superintendent of the Bozeman,
Montana, station has again reported a
record-breaking take of loch leven trout
eggs at the auxiliary station at Meadow
Creek, Montana. These eggs, secured
from wild fish running up Odell Creek,
have been taken in increasing quantities
during the past few years. The total col-
lection for this season, aggregating over
17,000,000, represents the largest number
of eggs that has been secured in this field
to date. These increases have been based
upon a return to parental waters during
recent years of the product of not more
than 40 per cent of the eggs taken. This
fact would seem to indicate that when
proper conditions prevail 60 per cent of
the potential egg supply to be derived
from a population of trout can be diverted
to other waters without crippling the

CALIFORNIA FISIT AND GAME

179

natural production. — Fisherim Service
Bulletin, January 2, 1930, No. I.TG.

MUSK OX REFUGE SAFEGUARDED

Tlie Tlu'lon (Jaine Sanctuary, cast of
Great Slave Lake in the Nortlnvcst Terri-
tory, which contains the last known herd
of musk ox on the Canadian mainland,
has been closed. No person, either Indian
or white man, will be permitted to enter
this l.">,()()()-mile preserve unless by special
arranfccment. The musk ox is rare, and
action has been taken by order-in-council
to conserve the herd of approximately 2.j0
known to have their habitat in this area.
— Science, vol. 70, No. 1823, December 0,
1929.

FISH REFUGES IN WISCONSIN

By the establishment at the last meet-
ing of the conservation commission of 121
fish refuges in twenty-seven counties of
the state of Wisconsin, the commission
has commenced the work of protecting
fish by setting aside areas in which they
are safe the same way game has been
protected for many years.

Although this idea is new in Wisconsin,
it is not new in other states. New York,
Pennsylvania, and other states in the
east for several years have had fish
refuges, which have materially bettered
fishing conditions there. In the upper
peninsula of Michigan there have been
several refuges established. In one in-
stance in the upper peninsula, east of
Watersmeet, one whole stream was closed
to fishing for several years. People in
the upper peninsula respected this order,
and although the stream runs for several
miles along the road there have been very
few violations of the order.

The purpose of establishing fish refuges
is to protect the spawning beds and home
of infant fish. Establisliiug trout refuges
does not affect fishing at all, as the only
parts of the streams which are closed arc
the very headwaters or the small tribu-
tary feeder streams into which big fish
go only at spawning time.

The only way refuges can be estab-
lished in lakes for pike, pickerel, bass,
muskellunge, and other lake fish, is to
designate a certain area which is known
to be either a spawning bed or a lurking
place for baby fish. Because spawning
beds can not be limited definitely by feet
and inches, it is necessary to restrict

fishing in an area large enough to be sure
of including the sjiawning beds. Connect-
ing streams between lakes are very fre-
(luontly favorite places for spawning, and
though the entire stream probably is not
used Ijy the fish for spawning beds, still
the beds ai'e close enough together to
make it iniiierativo that the whole stream
be closed if tlie beds are to receive ample
protection. — Duane H.. Kipp, Outdoor
Life, January, 1930.

BIOLOGISTS TO STUDY WILD LIFE
IN FORESTS

Two research specialists have been ap-
Iiointed to positions in the Bureau of Bio-
logical Survey, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, effective at the beginning of the
year, in accordance with cooperative
plans to place qualified biologists at
various experiment stations of the Forest
Service. These scientists will study the
relation of wild life to the forests, as
authorized by the recently enacted INIc-
Sweeney-McNary Forestry Research Act.

Thomas D. Burleigh, for the last nine
years head of the division of forestry of
the Georgia State College of Agriculture
and one of the appointees, has been ap-
pointed to the position of associate biolo-
gist and will be stationed at the Appala-
chian Forest Experiment Station, Ashe-
ville, N. C. He is a graduate of Pennsyl-
vania State College and the University of
Washington. He has devoted consider-
able time to the study of the bird life of
Georgia.

Oliver L. Austin Jr., of New York, a
graduate of Wesleyan University and who
has done three years' graduate work in
Harvard University, has been appointed
assistant biologist to cari*y on studies of
wild-life and forest relationships at the
Dake States Forest Experiment Station,
St. Paul, Minn. He spent the summer
of 1925 studying jungle ecology in British
Guiana, South America, and has made
three trips to Labrador to study the dis-
tribution of the vertebrate fauna of the
region. On his Labrador trips he did
notable work in bird banding, particularly
with Arctic terns, in cooperation with the
Biological Survey. Two of the terns that
were recovered, one in France and another
in South Africa, established remarkable
tlight records, the latter flying the longest
distance of any banded bird ever recap-
tured, as far as any known records show.

180

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

Bureau of Patrol

During tho iiiontlis of November, De-
cember and January 71!) arrests were
made by the Bureau of Patrol for viola-
tions of the fish and game laws. As a
result of those arrests, a total of $22,-
669.50 was collected in fines and jail sen-
tences of IISO days were meted out by
justices and judges. During the same
period one year previous, 721 arrests
were made and $20,480 was collected in
fines. These figures indicate that the
Bureau of Patrol is still one of the most
important departments of the Division,
and that the work along this line will be
a never ending task.

Deputies L. T. Ward and Charles
Sibeck apprehended two hunters with
deer meat in their possession during the
closed season. A $1,000 fine was levied
in this case, which is an enviable mark
at which many of the deputies may aim.

Seven deputies of the Patrol Depart-
ment who were in their probationary
periods of service were separated from the
force during the month of January be-
cause their work was unsatisfactory.

The patrol boats Quinnat and Ilunier
were enlisted in the search for the body
of Perry E. Bobo, who was drowned in
the Petaluma River in the vicinity of
the Black Pond drawbridge. Bobo was
the night custodian of the railroad draw-
bridge.

Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries

On November 8 the bids on the new
patrol boat were opened in Sacramento.
Nine companies bid on the boat and the
bids ranged from $57,801 to a little over
$79,000. The lowest bidder was the San
Diego Marine Construction Company, and
they received the contract. Mr. L. E.
Geary, the architect, calls it a "service
boat," and it will be about the following
dimensions : Length, 86 feet ; beam, 18J
feet ; draft, 7 feet .3 inches. The specifi-
cations call for a single drum winch to
be used in research work. It was esti-
mated this winch would cost about $1,250.
It has since been found that a double
drum winch will be needed, and in order

that such a winch may be installed, per-
mission has h(H>n obtained from the De-
partment of Finance to increase the
amount which can be expended on the
new boat (including the architect's fee)
to $03,000.

The lampara fishermen believe that the
sardine supply at Monterey is being de-
pleted by the present fishing operations
and they blame principally the purse
seine. They are opposed to the operation
of additional oil plants on the ground that
the sardine supply can not stand the
strain. They say that they will be thrown
out of employment if the sardine supply
fails and their families, who work in the
canneries, will be without work.

The sardine season opened in southern
California on the first of November and
during the month large quantities of sar-
dines were caught. These fish practically
all came from the islands 80 to 100 miles
distant. Duinng all of the month they
ran quite small, and during the first of
the month these fish came in in poor con-
dition, making it difiicult for the canners
to get their 13.5 cases to the ton, as
required by law.

Monterey canners all made their 13.5
cases per ton of sardines during the
month of December. Very few, if any, of
them packed a higher percentage of the
sardines than the law requires.

An investigation by the State Fisheries
Laboratory as to the reason why some
boat loads of sardines are in excellent
shape while others are in very poor con-
dition when they are delivered to the
canneries was made during the month of
January. It was determined that the
poor condition of the sardines is caused
by keeping them in the boats too long
before delivery to the canneries and that
there is no evidence that the fish at one
point is in, poorer condition when caught
than fish in another locality.

Bureau of Finance

In the early part of December, the 1930
series of hunting and fishing licenses was
received from the State Printing Oflice
and was checked and verified by a repre-
sentative of the State Controller's Office.
The value of the hunting licenses received
was $709,000 and of the angling licenses,
$691,000. Other licenses received during

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

181

the iiioiith for issuanco in 1030 wore gaiue
breeder's in amount $1,250; kelp, .$50 ;
domesticated fisli breeders, ip.lOO ; domesti-
cated fish importers, .*?12r) ; and a siipple-
ineiital order of mari<et fishermen's
licenses in the amount of $20,000. The
face value of all licenses received was
$1,481,925.

The sales for m.arket fishermen's
licenses to January 31, 1030. amounted to
$36,400. This is an increase of $4.0r)0
over the 1028-20 series at this time last
year. The total amount of fish packer's
tax receipts as of -Tanuary 31st was $89,-
659.60. This is for the period July 1st
to January 31st. For the same period
last year, $70,403.75 was received.

Bureau of Fish Culture

The collection of Quinnat salmon eggs
at the Klamathon station was very disap-
Iiointing, due to the clear, di-y weather in
Xovember and early fall. For good runs
of salmon in the river, rains are neces-
sary. The poor runs have not been con-
fined to the Klamath River, as the same
conditions prevailed at the three govern-
ment salmon stations on the Sacramento
River. While the take at the Klamathon
station was small, it was as large as at
any of the other stations. The total take
for the season was 3,103,000 Quinnat sal-
mon eggs, all of wliich were shipped by
truck to the Fall Creek Hatchery.

While the run of Quinnat salmon on
the Klamath was small, the run of trout
was the largest in many years. From
150 to 300 large trout were caught in the
traps for salmon daily for over six weeks,
and liberated in the river above the racks.
Besides these, there was a very large run
of smaller trout that went through the
racks, of which no count could be kept.

During the month of Xovember. the
4395 Atlantic s;ilmon which were being
held in tanks at the Prairie Creek station
were planted in Redwood Creek. They
had reached a length of from four to five
inches. During the cold weather of the
fall, with consequent lowered water tem-
perature, they added but little to their
size, not feeding very heavily in the cold
water.

On November 12, 24.000 of the Atlantic
salmon raised in the Cold Creek tanks
were planted in the South Fork of the
Smith River about 40 miles from the
mouth. The first plant of 25 cans was
distributed in Hurdy Gurdy Creek. Forty-

five cans were distributed in the main
South Fork of the Smith River after a
long, hard trip from Eureka by truck.

A reconnaissance survey was made
during Noveml>er of the principal streams
of San Mateo County, followed by a re-
port of the project. The object of this
work is a biological survey of these
streams. George A. Coleman made the
survey.

On Decembtn- 13, 1020, 808,000 Quin-
nat salmon were liberated from the Mt.
Shasta ponds into tributaries of the Sac-
ramento River. The fish were in fine
condition.

On December 30, 1020, 25,000 brown
trout eggs were shipped to Samoa. This
shipment was made in accordance with
the request of Mr. C. W. Dunlap. Chief
Pay Clerk, United States Naval Station.
Tutuila, Samoa, for a quantity of fertile
trout eggs, sufficient to stock a stream
leading from the upper reservoir of the
naval station.

On December 9, 1920, the remaining
6000 Atlantic salmon in the Cold Creek
hatchery were planted in Cold Creek and
the Russian River. They had grown
quite large and were in fine condition.

The egg-taking station on Shovel Creek
has been opened again this season, and is
still in the experimental stage. This was
the first egg-collecting station operated on
the Klamath River, having been estab-
lished in 1889. It was abandoned in
1011. Being located above the Copco
Dam, any eggs collected will be from
native river trout and not from sea run
fish. Just how many trout enter the
creek to spawn is unknown. A .station
for taking native trout is very desirable.

Bureau of Education and
Research

Many additional features have been
added to the library of motion picture
films. The entire film library has been
reorganized, all negative and positive
film has been properly labeled and a
complete list of films available for loan
has been prepared.

Beginning December 10, 1020, the
Bureau of I'ublic Relations was discon-
tinued and the work of that department
was placed under the supervision of the
Bureau of Education and Research.

The publicity work was originally a
part of this bureau.

182

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

E. L. Sumner, Jr., a graduate of
Pomona Colloyre, who is now working for
a doctor's degree at the University of Cali-
fornia, has been appointed a Research
Fellow to investigate the relations be-
tween predatory species and game. It is
hoped that an impartial investigation will
bring together much useful information
on this subject of controversy.

Gordon True, also a graduate student
of the University of California, has been
temporarily employed to study the rela-
tion of deer to growing crops. There has
been much complaint of damage by deer.
^Ir. Ti'ue will also investigate disease in
deer and its relation to domestic stock.

Bureau of Game Refuges

A final cheek upon the deer killed for
the season of 1929 showed the total to be
21,222, only 280 short of the kill for last
year. A check against the returns of pre-
vious years shows the proportion of well
antlered bucks has remained constant
during the three years that the deer tag
system has been in effect. Statistics also
show that there is an average of nearly
one four-point buck to every four deer
killed throughout the state.

During the year 1929, 314 bounty
claims were filed for mountain lions killed
the state. Jay C. Bruce took five

m

lions alive, for which no bounty claim
was filed. Of all the lion hunters in the
state, Bruce was high, with a total of 22
animals killed and five taken alive.

During the year 1929, 321 game breed-
er's licenses were issued ; ISO in southern
California and 141 in the northern part
of the state.

Bureau of Hydraulics

The Mendota wier on the San Joaquin
River, operated by the San Joaquin and
Kings River Canal and Irrigation Com-
pany, has been repaired and now func-
tions in a satisfactory manner. The com-

pany has also cooperated in the construc-
tion of the fish ladder at this wier.

Bureau of Game Farms

During November, 1929. 30 wild tur-
keys were shipped from Yountville to be
liberated in the Breckenridge Forest Re-
serve nei^r Bakersfield. The birds were
trucked to Crockett, where they were
placed on a Southern Pacific train for
Bakersfield. Here they weie pi'^-ked up
by truck and taken to the point of libera-
tion.

On December S, 1929, the new IjOs Ser-
ranos Game Farm was officially dedi-
cated. The dedication ceremony was at-
tended by 7947 visitors. This was one of
the conservation events of the year, with
the Division of Fish and Game, the Asso-
ciated Sportsmen, the Izaak Walton
League of America and other public spir-
ited organizations starring in the activi-
ties of the day.

Volunteer Deputies

During the month of December, 1929,
the volunteer deputies of the San Fran-
cisco district purchased a boat suitable
for their work in bay control, and they
have equipped the same with motor and
trailer at the cost of about $1,000. The
boat, motor and trailer have been turned
over to the Patrol Department of the
division and will be used by the volunteer
deputies of the San Francisco district for
the enforcement of game laws in genei-al
in all districts and the fish laws in the
noncommercial fish districts in the bay
region particularly.

Between July 1 and December 31, 1929,
volunteer deputies, in addition to patrol-
ling many thousands of miles of game
fields, streams, coast lines and bay shores,
checked 12,064 hunting licenses, 14,9G1
angling licenses and 9S5S deer tags. They
made and assisted in making 392 arrests
for violations of the game laws, in which
cases fines in the sum of $10,975 were
imposed.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

183

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

THE MIGRATION OF THE WESTERN
MOURNING DOVE (ZENAIDURA
MACROURA MARGINELLA) IN
CALIFORNIA

Tho wostorn mourning clove is widely
distributed throughout California in
spring, summer and fall, but in winter is
found only ill the southern end of the
state and sparingly in the central valleys.
(Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No.
11, 1915, p. G2.) This seasonal distribu-
tion necessitates migratory movements in
spring and fall, but the question is, how
extensive are the movements? Do the
birds shift to the nearest suitable winter
areas in the fall and then back to the
closest summer range in the spring, or do
they make long migratory flights?

The returns from banded mourning
doves east of the Rocky ^Mountains indi-
cate that they make long flights in spring
and fall. Two publications of the Bureau
of Biological Survey (Dept. Bull. No.
1268, U. S. Dept. Agric, Oct. 16, 1924,
and Tech. Bull. No. 32, U. S. Dept. Agric,
Dec, 1927) give the record of 130 returns
of mourning doves banded during the
years 1920 to 1926. All but one of these
birds were banded east of the Rocky
Mountains. Ninety-nine of these birds
were taken at or near the place of band-
ing and give no information as to where
they were between the time they were
banded and when they were shot or recap-
tured. But the remaining thirty-one birds
made long migratory flights ; as for in-
stance, birds banded at Kansas, Illinois,
were taken in Alabama, Arkansas, Flor-
ida, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.
Georgia seems to be a favorite winter
resort for birds from a wide area to the
north, as birds banded in Illinois, Indi-
ana, Ohio, New Jersey and New York
have been taken in (Jeorgia.

The records of the Western Bird Band-
ing Association for the years 1924 to
192S, iTiclusive, show only seventy-three
mourning doves banded in California dur-
ing those five years. Almost one-half of
these were nestlings, which in some
measure accounts for the scarcity of re-
turns. Only two returns from these
birds are known to me : No. 33S912,
banded as a nestling near Artesia. Los
Angeles County, May 23, 1920, by James
A. Calder, was killed at Downey. Los
Angeles County, September 1, 1927, by
T. F. Slusser. The distance is about five
miles. No. 3C5512, banded as an adult at
361 S. Thirty-fifth street, San Diego, by

E. H. Glidden on February 10, 1928, was
killed two miles east of National City,
September 1, 1928, by Julia Weisser.
The distance is about five miles.

A third return has recently come to
my attention that shows that our Califor-
nia birds, in common with their eastern
kindred, sometimes make long flights :
No. 365539, banded as an adult at San
Diego, January 3, 1929, by E. H. Glidden,
was killed at Boise, Idaho, October 2,

1929. by John Crowe.

Obviously we need more bands on
mourning doves in California. The trap-
ping and banding of adult mourning doves
in large numbers, would be sure to bring
many interesting returns, and the infor-
mation thus gained would be of real value
to the administrators of the laws designed
to conserve this valuable game bird. Such
banding must be done of course under
permit from the Bureau of Biological
Survey and the Division of Fish and
Game. I would be glad to correspond
with anyone who would be interested in
banding mourning doves in California, or
anywhere in the west. Here is an oppor-
tunity for some one to do some construc-
tive conservation work. — John McB. Rob-
ertson, Buena Park, California, January
29, 1930.

COLORADO RIVER TROUT CAPTURED
IN IMPERIAL COUNTY

That the Colorado River trout (Salmo
plciiriticus) occasionally appears in Im-
perial County is evidenced by the taking
of fish of this species on January 21.

1930, in an irrigation ditch connected
with the Colorado River by F. E. Cres-
sey. Mr. Cressey reports having planted
it alive in a pond. — H. C. Bi-j-ant, 510
Russ Building, San Francisco.

OPOSSUM TAKEN AT SAN DIEGO
The capture on January 2 of a Virginia
opossum in the henhouse at Allen's Dairy,
in Mission Valley, is worthy of note. This
animal was taken not far from the place
where an opossum was killed on October
24, 192(). but there have been no records
of opossums in the meantime. In fact,
this latest specimen is only the fourth
occurrence in San Diego County known
to the staff of the Natural Histoi-y Mu-
seum— the other three having all been
secured in widely separated parts of the
county during the last three months of
the year 1926. It is supposed that the
animals, which are liable to become a
pest, have been artificially introduced.

184

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

but definite information is lacking. — The
Natural History Museum Bulletin, San
Diego, California, February 1, 1930.

BREEDING HABITS OF MULE DEER

On November G, I'JliU, in an open flat
on the Yankee Jim Allotment, Warner
Mountains, Modoc County, California, I
saw a band of deer acting as though some-
thing was bothering them. I left my
horse, sneaked up to a point about 200
yards from the deer and climbed a small
juniper the better to observe what was
going on. I soon perceived that the ani-
mals were rutting. There were 17 deer
in the band — 14 does and 3 bucks. One
was a large seven-pointer, the second, a
three-pointer and the third buck a forked-
horn. The large buck was continually
trying to drive the smaller bucks away
from the does. I watched them for about
an hour and a half. The large buck
would chase the three-pointer about 100
yards from the does, then look back and
see the forked-horn with the does. He
would then chase off the forked-horn
while the three-pointer would follow back
to the does. During the time that I
watched them, the small bucks made nine
covers and the large buck not one. The
large buck's exertions were telling on him
and he was nearly run down.

On June 17, 1927, I again crossed the
Yankee Jim Allotment. I saw 7 does
with 11 fawns which all looked to be
about the same age. There are always
many deer on this range.

On November 3, 1928, I saw nine does
and a forked-horn buck on Bear Flat. 1
watched them for about two hours and
during that time the buck made six
covers.

In Long Valley, the early part of No-
vember, 1927, I saw a band of does feed-
ing. A large buck came out of the tim-
ber, separated one doe from the band and
drove her off down the valley into the
timber. I have noticed this occur many
times. The old bucks will single out one
or two does and herd them away from the
other deer. The young bucks, on the
other hand, will run witli a band of does.
Many of the old residents of Surprise Val-
ley have observed these same habits and
will vouch for this statement.

From my observations I am of the
opinion that the breeding season for the
mule deer in the Warner Mountain sec-
tion is from about October 20 to Decem-
ber 20. The heaviest breeding season is
during the first twenty days of Novem-
ber. The gestation period for mule deer
is 212 days. From records I have kept
during the past six years, 75 per cent of
the small fawns I have noticed were born
between June 5 and July 1. During this

l>eriod in 1929, I saw 129 small fawns
that looked to be from five to twenty days
old. In the same period in 1928, I saw
142 fawns. The earliest fawn I have any
record of seeing was born ]\Iay 17, 1926.
and the latest fawn I ever saw was born
on August 7, 1929.

On the evening of August 6, I noticed
that an old doe, which had been staying
in the horse pasture at Patterson Kanger
Station for the past five seasons, was
heavy with fawn. The next morning
when I went after my horses this doe
got up out of some brush and trotted
off. The dog went over toward where
she had been lying and the doe came
back after him. I went over to see why
she was chasing him about and there
were two fawns. They had just been
born and were still wet. I watched these
fawns to see how long it was before they
istarted following their mother. On the
sixth morning when I went after my
horse I found that they were following
her. I noticed them nearly every day I
was at Patterson Hanger Station until
about October 1.

This old doe has raised ten fawns in the
six summers. In 1924, she appeared on
June 12 with two fawns; on June 10,

1925, she had one fawn with her. In

1926, on July 11, I saw her with two
fawns and on June 14. 1927, she had one
fawn. On June 0, 1928, she had two
fawns and on August 7, 1929. two fawns.

A good many of the small bucks run
with the does the entire season. Several
times I have seen a band of does in July
and August with two forked-horns and a
three-point buck with them.

On August 15, 1929, I saw thirty-three
deer in one band at the head of Shilds
Creek. There were 12 does, IS fawns, 1
three-ix)iut buck and 2 forked-honi bucks
in the band. Tlie next day. I also saw a
forked-horn buck with eight does ami
fawns. I can not recall seeing a large
buck with does before October 10 and
then only occasionally. From all appear-
ances the large bucks do not begin to
come out to the does until about Octo-
ber 20.

For the past five seasons I have kept a
list of the deer I have seen : 192."), 8(il ;
1926, 1232 ; 1927, 1321 ; 1928. 1420 : 1929,
1426. I did not attempt to keep a sep-
arate record of the bucks.

I am of the opinion that the buck
under five years of age is the best breeder.
We all know that the two- or three-year-
old bull is better than the older bull on
the range. All the successful sheepmen
do not believe in keeping a ram over four
years old. — Oscar L. Barnum, U. S.
Forest Ranger, Cedarville, California,
January 7, 1930.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

185

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

N. B. SCOFIELD, Editor

HOW ABALONES ARE SOMETIMES
PLANTED

The bulk of the fresh abalone that is
eaten by ("iilifornians comes from Mon-
terey. During the past few years over
2,000,000 pounds of this delicious mollusk
meat have annually left the Monterey
markets. To help supply this demand,
eight abalone boats deliver to four of the
markets at Monterey that are equipped
to handle abalone. During the abalone
season, which lasts from March 16 to
January 15, one of these boats will bring
in from 60 to 250 dozen market-size aba-
lones each trip. As high as 1600 dozen
have been unloaded by these eight boats in
a day.

Early on the morning of November 5,
1929, the Japanese abalone boat Nagato,
carrying a crew of five men (including
two divers), was coming in to deliver its
capacity load of 250 dozen abalones to
the A. Paladini Company. It had suc-
cessfully made the run up the coast from
below Point Tx)bos, and was well within
Monterey Bay when the boat ran into a
heavy fog. The fog confused the pilot of
the Nagato, who failed to allow enough
clearance for China (Mussel) Point, on
which the Hopkins Marine Station of
Stanford University is located. The boat
hit the rocks of the point and turned over
on its side, throwing men, eciuipmont and
abalones into the water. Luckily, an-
other abalone boat had been running
alongside farther out, and so the Nagato
crew swam to the other boat. As the law
specifies that abalones must bo brought
to shore in the shell and in a live condi-
tion, and as the wreck occurred in a
district closed to diving, the result was a
plant of 250 market-size abalones on the
rocks of China Point.

The Division of Fish and Game of Cali-
fornia has found that specifying an
eight-inch lower limit on the size of the
abalones taken by the market fishermen
will not deplete the supply to any e.xlent,
for at this time the abalone has siiawned
.several times and is past the peak of pro-
ductive spawning, so that the weeding
out at this size may be really beneficial
on the whole.

The abalones landed at the Monterey
markets are obtained entirely by diving
in District 18 (which extends from the
mouth of the Carmel River to the south-
ern boundary of Santa Barbara County).
The diving must be done in twenty or

more feet of water, as the law siwcifies
that no abalones may be sold that are
taken between high water mark and
twenty feet below extreme low tide in
Districts 7, 10 and IS. This insures a
permanent supply for the sportsman,
whose activities are naturally confined to
wading at low tide. — J. B. Phillips, Cali-
fornia State Fisheries liaboratory. No-
vember 30, 1929.

SHOULD THE SWORDFISH BE
PROTECTED

For many years .-inglers at Santa Cata-
lina Island considered the leaping tuna
the finest of tlie game fish. In more
recent years, attention has been diverted
to the swordfishes. Meanwhile, a market
has developed for swordiish and a number
of fishing boats ai-e equipped for the tak-
ing of these great predatory fish. Anglers
now claim the supply has diminished.
Zane Grey, famous author, maintains that
anglers are leaving Santa Catalina waters
and are finding better sport in other
places. He also maintains that the broad-
billed swordfish should be protected by
law and its sale prohibited. This stand
is taken not to furnish a few millionaire
sportsmen with some game fish to catch,
but on the basis of saving a valuable
asset of California wliich furnishes a
great advertising medium. The big fish
of southern California are classed along
with such other glories of the Golden
State as redwood trees, high Sierra, sun-
shine and good roads.

One of the iwints to be considered in
giving the swordfish protection is that
this fish has never been abundant and
that intensive fishing for it might make
depletion more rapid than when an abun-
dant fish is considered.

ABALONES IN DEMAND

Statistics which have just been com-
piled by the Commercial Fisheries Bureau
show that (luring the past several years
over 2.000. (XK) jjounds of abalone meat
have been t;iken off the coast of Monterey.

To help supply demaml, eight abalone
boats deliver to four of the nmrkets at
Monterey that are equipped to handle
abalone. During the abalone seas<in,
which lasts from March 16 to January 15,
one of these lx)ats will bring in from 60
to 250 dozen market-size abalones each
trip. As high as 1600 dozen abalones, all
alive and in their shells, have been deliv-

186

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ered by the eight operating boats in a
single day.

Experience has shown that specifying
an eight-inch niiuinmni size limit on aba-
lones taken by market fishermen does not
deplete the supply to any extent, for by
the time the abalone has reached that
size it has spawned several times, and is
past the peak of productive spawning.
Weeding out at that size may actually be
beneficial to the species. Here is an in-
stance where suitable protection has
brought about conditions which allow of
a large annual harvest of a delicious
shellfish without endangering the supply.

TRANSPORTING TOTUAVA BY
TRAINS

The totuava or ^Mexican white sea bass
is now being transported in refrigerated
railway cars from Guaymas to San Pedro,
a distance of about 800 miles. This is a
departure from the old method of hauling
the fish over the long journey by truck.
The trucks which are used to haul the
fish shorter distances are now also being
equipped with ice. This fish is caught
in the Gulf of Lower California and was
originally sought mainly by native In-
dians for their sounds, which were dried
and sold to Chinese markets.

NEW COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
PATROL BOAT

Late in December the contract to build
the new, up-to-date patrol boat for the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Division
of Fish and Game, was let to the San
Diego Marine Construction Company of
San Diego. The boat was designed by
L. E. Geary, well-known naval archi-
tect, from rough plans by Capt. H. B.
Nidever, and is a substantial service boat,
well suited to the business of enforcing
the state fisheries laws and to carrying on
scientific research. Work was begun on
this boat immediately and she will be
ready for service early in May. She is
86 feet long, with a beam of 18^ feet,
and will be powered with a 200 h.p.
Atlas-Imperial engine of the direct re-
versible Diesel type. The budget allow-
ance for building the boat was $00,000
and the bid of the San Diego company
was the lowest received, it being $58,800.

In carrying on research work on both
sardines and tuna, it will occasionally be
necessary for this boat to travel a long
way from a fuel ^supply, and she is there-
fore equipped with fuel tanks which give
her a cruising radius of 0000 miles. There
are accommodations on the boat for
twelve persons, although she can be han-
dled for ordinary cruising by four per-
sons. The extra accommodations are for

additional deputies for special patrol work
and for occasional trips of scientific
workers. A small laboratory is provided
and a special feature is a double-drum
winch, operated by a 7 h.p. electric motor,
for hydrobiological work in connection
with the sardine and other fisheries re-
search. Each drum of this winch carries
1000 fathoms of 5/10" steel wire cable
wliich will enable the boat to be anchored
in very deep water by the cable of one of
the drums, while a meter for determining
the currents, and nets, water-bottles, ther-
mometers, etc., can be operated at all
depths at the same time by the cable on
the other drum.

When the boat is put in commission in
southern California, the Albacore, which
has now been in service twelve years, will
be moved to northern waters, with her
base at Monterey. She is to be equipped
with a similar double-drum winch for con-
tinuing the cooperative arrangement be-
tween the Division of Fish and Game and
the Hopkins IMarine Station in carrying
out a hydrobiological survey of the Mon-
terey Bay region. — N. B. S.

METHODS OF CONSERVING FISHING
RESOURCES

The following brief article by Lewis
Radcliffe, Deputy Commissioner, United
States Bureau of Fisheries, splendidly
suras up the means to be taken to prop-
erly care for and administer the fishery
resources of state and nation :

The abundance of fish attracted the
early explorers to our country ; in fact a
cod fishery existed prior to the establish-
ment of the first permanent English col-
ony in this country.

When the Pilgrims applied for a char-
ter for the Mayflower from King James of
England, they asked "leave to worship
God according to their own conscience,
and to catch fish." W^ithout an abun-
dant supply of sea foods, some of the
early settlements would have been de-
stroyed from starvation.

At one period the fisheries were "the
cornerstone of New England's prosper-
ity." They are still the most important
resource of Alaska.

Despite the richness of our land in
aquatic resources, within a century after
the signing of the Declaration of Tude-
pondeuce — on February 9, 1871, to be
exact — a joint resolution of congress was
approved appointing a commissioner of
fish and fisheries to conduct investigations
to determine the facts and the causes of
the alleged diminution of the fish supply
and the feasibility of remedial measures.

From this humble beginning there has
developed the Bureau of Fisheries of to-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

187

day, devoting itself to the manifold fish-
eries problems — husbandry, iiropaeation,
fisheries technology, marketing and tl)o
administration of the fisheries' of Alaska
and the fur-seal herd of the Pribilof Is-
lands.

The history of our fisheries during the
last half century resolves itself into three
phases. During the first phase the fish-
eries for certain staples such as shad,
sturgeon, whitofish, lake herring, lobsters
and oysters, reached their maximum pro-
duction succeeded by a downward trend
which clearly indicated depletion. The
maximum production of six such staples
exceeded 370,000,000 pounds as compared
with a present level of less than 1GO,0(JO,-
000 pounds.

During the second phase an enlarged
market, created by a rapidly growing pop-
ulation and other factors, made additions
to the stock of staples necessary. This
was accomplished by replacement with
hitherto unused or neglected species on a
huge scale.

During this period we have witnessed
the catch of pilchards in California in-
crease from 1,000,000 to 420,000,000
pounds ; the growth of the herring in-
dustry of Alaska to nearly 80,000,000
pounds ; the growth of the fishei-y for
shrimp in the South Atlantic and Gidf
states to 70,000,000 pounds; the crab
catch of Chesapeake Bay to 50,000,000
pounds ; the haddock fishery of New Eng-
land to over 200,000.000 pounds ; and the
pike perch fishery of the Great Lakes to
27,000,000 pounds.

With the end of the second phase,
when large replacements are no longer
po.ssible, we are entering the third phase,
which is characterized by an era of more
careful husbandry of the existing supply
and the development of aquiculture as a
means for supplementing the natural
stock.

A knowledge of these phases is essen-
tial to an understanding of the fisheries,
situation as it now exists. The care and
upbuilding of our fisheries involves four
main phases :

1. Husbandry of the existing fishery
resources.

2. Development of aquiculture or water
farming.

3. Technical research to assure the best
use of our fishery products and uses for
the neglected products of the sea.

4. Fishery administration.

PISMO CLAM CENSUS

Low tides, accompanying the full lunar
stages of the middle of November, afforded
opportunity for the annual clam-count of
Pismo Beach. W. L. Soofield, director,

and several staff members of the Califor-
nia State Fisheries Laboratory, gathered
at Pismo on Friday, November 15, 1929,
and brought out rusty clam forks, hard old
wading shoes, measuring ropes and old
work clothes in preparation for the chilly
job ahead. The plan was to "make the
sections" during the extreme low tide of
Sunday.

This busine.ss of ".sampling the beach"
is an annual happening. The thing had
its commencement some years ago, and
has been carried on ever since. The way
the trick is done is to rope off a narrow
strip of sand, from high up where no
clams of any size are found, to as far out
as the receding waters of the low tide will
allow. The sand between the two parallel
ropes is dug up and run through a sieve
to catch all of the clams, no matter how
small they are. These clams are counted,
and classified as to age, and on this basis
the condition and clam crop of the whole
beach is determined. It has been found
that either because of surf action or other
causes the population of the beach is kept
quite uniform in disbursement. Of
course, the "sections" that are dug up
each year are always laid out at the same
places along the Pismo-ocean shore. The
results have been very successful. — West
Coast Fisheries, January, 1930.

PROPORTIONS OF KING AND QUEEN
FISH IN THE SAN PEDRO WHOLE-
SALE FISH MARKETS

In the catch records gathered by the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the
numbers of pounds of king fish, Genyone-
mus lineatus, and of queen fish, Seriphus
politus, are recorded under the name king
fish. To determine how greatly these
records were in error for the San Pedro
catch, an analysis was made of the pro-
portions of these fish delivered to the San
Pedro fish markets.

The study was carried on from Decem-
ber, 1928, through December, 1929. In
order to correlate all scientific studies
with the fishing industry, these markets
are visited semiweekly by the writer. In
the course of these visits, the proportions
of king and queen fish were estimated on
each visit. The percentages thus secured
were weighted by the amount of fish ob-
served, and the monthly and yearly per-
centages for each species calculated. The
average for the thirteen months involved
in the study was 98.98 per cent king fish
and 1.07 per cent queen fish. These pro-
portions were relatively constant from
month to month, the highest percentage,
5.25, of queen fish occurring in the month
of Februai-y.

6 — 74383

188

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Although these percentages represent
data based on rather rough approxima-
tions, it is evident that almost the entire
catch off San Pedro of these two species
of fish is composed of l<ing tish. Since
queen fish occur but rarely north of Point
Concepcion while king fish are taken off
Monterey and San Francisco, the records
for the northern localities involve king
fish only. Very few king fish are reported
from San Diego and the error involved in
classifying king and queen fish under the
name king fish is practically negligible
for the southern California catch and also
for the entire state. — Frances N. Clark,
California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal Island, January, 1930.

A RECENT PUBLICATION ON WHITE
SEA BASS. FISH BULLETIN No. 21

A report by S. S. Whitehead of the
California State Fisheries Laboratory, on
an "Analysis of Boat Catches of White
Sea Bass {Cynoscion nohilis) at San
Pedro, California," has recently been
published.

This investigation was carried on in
order to determine the present condition
of the white sea bass fishei-y. The pro-
cedure used was a calculation of the re-
turn per unit of effort for each year of
the period 1918 to 1928. In order to
fully understand the fishery, a study of
the gear and fishing methods waS also
made. The yearly total catch and average
yearly boat catch (total catch divided by
total number of boats engaged in the in-
dustry) were discussed as a criterion of
the fishery. As the inaccui-acies of total
catch and average boat catch per year
were too numerous, a finer method of
computation was found necessary. Both
average boat catch per month and average
boat catch per trip were tried, and the
former was chosen as the more accurate
method so it was used as the index of the
condition of the fishery. Various methods
of computing the average monthly boat
catch and average boat catch per trip
were calculated and presented in graphic
form.

Both the mouth and trip catches by
their downward trends indicate marked
depletion of the fishery, and show the need
of protection to insure against commer-
cial extinction.

Copies of this publication may be ob-
tained by writing to the California State
Fisheries Laboi'atory, Terminal Island.

HERRING IN CARQUINEZ STRAITS

The Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, is
found in considerable numbers in Califor-
nia in Tomales, San Francisco, Monterey,
and San Diego bays. At rare intervals

immense runs of herring are reported.
One such migration occurred in Carquinez
Straits near the head of San Francisco
Bay early in February, 1930. Fortu-
nately, a trained field observer, William
Everson of Selby, was on hand to record
the facts. According to him, nothing
unusual was to be seen on Saturday, Feb-
ruary 8th, but the next day incredible
numbers of herring were to be seen all
along the Contra Costa County shore
from Kodeo up to Port Costa, a distance
of seven or eight miles. The heavy run
lasted three days, after which the numbers
of fish became fewer, although many fish
were to be seen for three more days. The
fish were without fear and could be ap-
proached with ease, although they would
not take bait of any sort. They were in
such large numbers that people using
snag hooks, improvised nets and pieces of
old wire netting, had no trouble in pro-
curing sacks and buckets of them. One
man caught 150 pounds in an hour with
an ordinary trout landing net. Mr. Ever-
son filled three buckets with herring by
walking along the shore and picking them
off of the rocky beach where they had
been stranded. The fish were uniformly
small, seven to eight inches in length
being the usual size. The uniformity of
size suggests a successful spawning dur-
ing a recent season. According to old-
timers, the last run comparable at all
with the one of this year was thirty-two
or thirty-three years ago, and was similar
in all respects. Rumors reported large
runs at Sausalito and at the mouths of
the Russian, Garcia, and other rivers
during February.

Spawning was evidently the reason for
the fish coming to the shore. Tony Dow-
rellio of Crockett claims to have found
herring spawn on the rocks along the
shore in other years, but never in such
large amounts. The fish spawned in shal-
low water up to high tide mark on rocks
and piles but not on sandy or mud bottom.
The eggs, which are about one millimeter
in diameter in the ripe fish, swell to one
and one-half uiillimeters after immersion
in the water. The eggs are yellowish,
and although not sticky, adhere firmly to
the rocks and to each other. Nearly
every pile and rock along the shore was
covered with half an inch of eggs by the
time the run ended. In places the depth
of the egg deposit exceeded two inches.
Mr. Everson visited the rocks late in
February, and the eggs at the outer edge
of the layer seemed to have hatched, but
the inner ones appeared to be dead, un-
doubtedly suffocated. — Richard S. Cioker,
California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal Island, February, 1930.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

189

CANNING OF MACKEREL DURING
SARDINE SEASON AT SAN PEDRO

It is well known that almost all the
sardines landed in California are caught
on dark nights. Moonlight is too bright
to permit locating schools of Hsh by the
phosphorescence in the water. During
the full moon period there are about three
daj-s when the moon shines from dusk till
dawn. Besides this there are several
more days when the dark part of the night
is exceedingly short. As a result there is
a period, sometimes as long as ten days,
when no sardines are caught. Prior to
the 1928-29 season the canneries lay idle
during these periods. However, beginning
in October, 1928, they started using mack-
erel as a- lill-in-product during full moons.
From February on till the end of the
season, the fishermen are usually able to
catch sardines in daylight, thus insuring
a continuous supply. As a result mack-
erel were not in great demand during the
latter part of the 1928-29 season. The
current season (1929-30) is not over yet,
but the demand for mackerel has fallen
off greatly (February 27, 1930).

Mackerel, unlike sardines, are caught
in daylight and consequently are ideal to
fill in during full moon. At first many
boats used their sardine nets to catch
mackerel. Since then most of the boats
which decided seriously to fish mackerel
have built special nets for this purpose.
The mackerel are caught principally by
the smaller sardine boats and by boats
too small to profitably fish sardines.

During the summer months canneries
use large quantities of mackerel when
tuna are not being brought in, or even at
the same time if the supply of tuna is
not large.

The mackerel catch at San Pedro was
30,000,000 pounds during 1928, and 44,-
000,000 in 1929.— D. H. Fry, Jr., Califor-
nia State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal
Island, February, 1930.

MEXICAN FISH IN SAN PEDRO
MARKETS

The San Pedro fish markets, always
interesting, are particularly attractive
during the winter months when the large
boats which fish in Lower California un-
load their catches of exotic species of fish.
This year more than ever before there has
been an increasingly large supply of spe-
cies new to our markets, the old standard
importations — barracuda, yellowtail, hali-
but— losing prominence to the grouper,
cabrilla, shrimps, totuava. Compara-
tively large quantities of smaller fish,
such as the tai, mojarras, robalo, palo-
meta, Mexican pompano, Mexican cor-
bina, Gulf corbina, scaly tinned corbina,

have augmented our local supi)!y of mis-
(■('llaiifous species. While these smaller
fish are still of slight importance com-
mercially, who can say how soon the
demand for local species (as distinguished
from cannery species) will exceed the
available supply, necessitating a more
extensive exploitation in waters farther
south?

The Mexican fish which have been iden-
tified during .January and February, 1930,
by members of the staff of the California
State Fisheries Lalwratory, Terminal
I.sland, are as follows:

Acanthocybium solandri (Wahoo)
Anisotremus cwsius (Mexican sargo)
Uracil II deitter us leuciscus (Burrito)
Calamus brachysomus (Mexiciin tai)
Cenfropomus viridis (Kobalo)
Ci/noscion macdonaldi (Totuava)
Cynoscion othotiopterus (Gulf corbina)
Cynoscion parvipinnis (Small-finned
corbina)

Cynoscion xanthulus (Scaly-finned cor-
bina)

Epinephelus analoyus (Mexican cab-
rilla)

Onathanodon speciosus (Mojarra dor-
ada)

Kyphosns analoc/us (Salema)
Micro pogon ectenes (Verrugato)
Mugil curcma (White mullet)
Mycteroperca sp. (Grouper)
Neomcpnis aratus (Striiied snapper)
Neomwnis argentiventris (Silver snap-
per)

Neomwiiis novemfasciatus (Black snap-
per)

Pomadusis macrncanthus (Buito)
Scomberomorus sierra (Spanish mack-
erel)

Trachinotus kenncdyi (Palometa)
Traohinotus paloma (Pompano)
Umbrina xanti (Roncador)
Xysfcema cincreum (White mojarra)
— L. A. Walford, California State Fish-
eries Laboratory, Terminal, February,
1930.

LARGE PISMO CLAMS

Two unusually large Pisnio clams,
Tivela stultorum, have recently been sent
to the California State Fisheries Labora-
tory, Terminal Island. These clams were
taken by W. G. Williams on Grover
Bar, Pismo Beach. The first specimen,
found on December 23, 1929, measured
172 mm. (6.9 inches) in greatest diam-
eter, and by means of the number of dark
rings in the shell, was estimated to be 27
years old. If this age is correct, this con-
stitutes the oldest Pismo clam on record.
The second individual, also secured from
(Jrover Bar on Februai-j- 15, 1930, meas-
ured 183 mm. (7.3 inches) in diameter.
Xo clam equaling this size has been re-

190

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

corded previously in the Pismo clam
studies of the Division of Fish and Game.
While the largest clam on record, this
latter specimen did not equal in age the
former, being apparently only 23 years
old. — Frances N. Clark, California State
Fisheries Laboratory, February 21, 1930.

RELATION BETWEEN COD AND HER-
RING CATCHES IN THE DANISH
WATERS OF THE BALTIC SEA

In European waters the cod has long
been considered one of the worst enemies
of the herring. Several investigations
have shown that cod feed upon herring to
a considerable extent. In a recently pub-
lished paper, Aage J. C. Jensen '■ indicates
an association between the herring catch
and the cod catch from the Danish waters
of the Baltic Sea.

By means of detailed tables the author
of this paper demonstrates that the fluc-
tuations in the yield of both the cod and
herring fisheries of these Danish waters
have not been dependent on changes in
the amount of fishing gear or on changes
in fishing intensity resulting from price
fluctuations during the period 1909-1927.
The total catch of the Danish cod and her-
ring is, therefore, indicative of the size
of the stock, and the total catch records
are usable to demonstrate the relation
between the cod and herring catches.

Herring are taken by nets and pound-
nets, drift-nets, and purse seines. The
purse seines take, as a rule, a larger
quantity of small and young herring than
do the other types of gear. The net and
pound-net catches are composed of some-
what older and larger fish, and the drift-
nets take the largest herring. A good
yield from the net and pound-net fishery
was followed by a good yield in the drift-
net fishery in the same and the following
year, which is explained by the fact that
the drift-nets tend to take older fish than
do the net and pound-nets.

By means of careful mathematical an-
alyses, a negative correlation was shown
to exist between the total cod catch and
the total net and pound-net herring catch
one and two years later. A similar nega-
tive correlation existed between the cod
catches and the drift-net herring catch
two and three years later. Thus a large
cod catch was followed from one to three
years later by a poor herring catch. Pre-
sumably the cod feed mainly on small

1 On the influence of the size of the
stock of cod upon the yield of the herring
fishery in the Kattegat, Belt Sea, and
western part of the Baltic, and some
other causes of variations in the cod and
herring fisheries. Meddel. Komm. Hav-
unders0gelser, Serie : Piskeri, Bd. 8, Nr. 8,
pp. 1-16, 1929.

herring one and two years old, while the
herring do not become an object of the
fishery until their third and fourth years.
But Jensen points out that other causes
than abundance of cod can affect the her-
ring fishery. In good spawning years so
many herring may be produced that even
a large cod stock is unable to prevent a
good take of herring in later years. Con-
versely, a small cod stock will not in-
variably be followed by a large herring
catch, for poor spawning years may keep
down the size of the herring stock.

One explanation for the fluctuations in
the cod yield is suggested in the high
relationship between the total cod catch
and water temperatures on the bottom
four years previous. High water tem-
peratures were followed by large cod
catches four years later. The largest
number of cod fry are found on the lowest
water layers, and possibly the higher
water tempei-atures tend to produce more
favorable conditions for the survival of
the fry. — Frances N. Clark, California
State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal Is-
land, January, 1930.

RUSSIA COMMENTS ON CALIFOR-
NIA'S COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

Interesting statements may readily be
culled from a French or German scientific
publication, but the pages of a journal
printed in Russian seldom show a recog-
nizable character. However, it has been
possible to discover that in the "Report of
the Scientific Institution of Fisheries,"
Volume 3, Number 4, published in Mos-
cow, there is an article "On the Methods
of Catching the White Sea Herring"
which contains a reference to fishing
methods used in California. The discov-
ery was made easier because of the use of
two sets of figures which appeared in an
article entitled, "Methods of Sardine
Fishing in Southern California," Cali-
fornia Fish and Game, Volume 7, Num-
ber 4.

There is also to be found a bibliographi-
cal citation to our publication at the end
of the article. As far as we are aware,
this is the first time that this publication
has given recognition to California meth-
ods of fishing.

SEA LIONS PROTECTED IN ALASKA

Sea lions are given protection in Alaska
by the federal government. The killing
of these animals is prohibited in the Ter-
ritoi-y of Alaska or in any of the waters
of Alaska over which the United States
has jurisdiction. Provision is made that
the natives may kUl these animals for
food or clothing, or they may be killed in
the necessary protection of property or

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

191

while such animals "are actually engaged
in the devastation of nins of salmon." —
From "Alaska Fishery and Fur Seal In-
dustries in 1928," U. S. Bureau of Fish-
eries.

SOME NOTES ON THE FOOD OF
SEALS AND SEA LIONS

A questionnaire was recently sent to
seal and sea lion hunters by the Chamber
of Commerce of Port Orford, Oregon.
The men who returned these question-
naires have killed thousands of seals and
sea lions, and some of them have had the
curiosity to examine the stomach con-
tents. Their unanimous opinion is that
the present Oregon bounty should be re-
moved, as the seals and sea lions are not
destructive to commercial fish and fishing.
They list as the food of sea lions, skate,
ling cod, snappers, octopii, squawfish, red-
fish and crabs.

In a report of the Chief Inspector of
Fisheries and Game of Victoria, Austra-
lia (1929), is the following regarding a
species of fur seal found in Australian
waters :

"The complaints of fishermen that the
seals are a serious menace to the fishing
industry on the Victorian coast have not,
in my opinion, been substantiated. That
there is some interference can not be
denied, but it would appear that on the
whole most of the reports have greatly
exaggerated the trouble. * * * Investi-
gation has proved conclusively that seals
will and do eat fish whenever they get
the chance, but it would appear that the
majority of the commercially valuable
fish, such as whiting, pike, snapper, and
so on, are well able to look after them-
selves."

In the Report of the Sea Fisheries of
Wales for 1926, appears a short notice,
under the heading of "Fishery Pests."
This states that a bounty has been paid
for seals (Phoca?), when the stomach
has been turned in with the scalp. The
report states that "the results have been
inconclusive inasmuch as all the animals
had been feeding on some species of pele-

cepod." This statement opens the way
for some mild sarcasm. If the stomachs
had contained coinmorcially valuable fish,
the result would no doubt have been con-
clusive enough.

All the investigations, which have been
made by competent men, regarding the
food habits of the seals and sea lions have
resulted in showing that these animals
are not detrimental to commercial fishing.
Yet ever so often, a furor is raised and a
demand made that the seals and sea lions
be killed, as they are consuming vast
quantities of valuable fish.

A point which has been generally over-
looked is that during the last century the
number of seals, fur seals and sea lions
killed for their hides and oil ran into the
millions, completely exterminating several
species and reducing others to the point
of extermination.

If, after these millions of animals have
been removed, certain species of fishes
become less numerous, the logical conclu-
sion (to a biologist, at least), is to at-
tribute the condition to the animal known
to take these fishes in vast quantities,
and that animal at present is Man. — Paul
Bonnot, 510 Russ Building, San Fran-
cisco.

A CORRECTION

In the article, "Comparison of English
and United States Fishing Ports, 1926-
1927," by Genevieve Corwin, appearing in
California Fish and Game, Volume 15,
Number 4, Portland, Maine, should not
have been included in the comparison,
since the landings of this port are insuffi-
cient to figure with the other ports listed.

As was explained in the article, the in-
formation for United States fishing ports
outside of California was obtained from
the Statistical Bulletins of the United
States Bureau of Fisheries (Nos. 729 and
773). Unfortunately these bulletins do
not carry an explanation that the figiires
are incomplete and due to the fact they
cover landings by vessels of five net tons
or over, the figures for Boston and Seattle
would be augmented, but exactly how
much is not known, since no records are
kept for the boats smaller than five net
tons.— G. C.

192

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME
October, November, December, 1929

Abalone

Barracuda, pounds

Ba8B, striped-

Bass, striped, pounds.

Catfish, pounds

Clams

Crabs

Carp, pounds

Lobsters, pounds

Lobsters

Nets, seines

Salmon, pounds

Silmon._

Steelhead, pounds

Steelhead

Sunfish

Small fish

Spears [illegal)

1,089

10,568

261

800

75

1,609

57

50

1,297

1,436

5

330

81

80

11

50

51

6

Deer

Deer meat, pounds.

Doves

Ducks

Geese

Hides

Nets, bird

Mudhens

Pheasants

Pigeons..

Nongame birds

Quail

Rabbits

SeagxilL.

Shorebirds

Swans

Squirrels, tree

Traps, steel-

48

302

33

759

81

14

2

3

18

2

161

69

16

1

114

3

3

4

FISH CASES
October, November, December, 1929

Violation

Number
arrests '

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences
(days)

Violations of Angling License Act

Abalone8;overlinut; small

Barracuda; small

Commercial Fishing License Act; violations of.

Claras; overlimit; small

Crabs; closed season ;fenjale..

Crappie ; closed season

Lobsters; small; closed season

Nets; set lines; illegal

Striped bass; small; overlimit

Spears; fish; illegal

Sunfish; overlimit

Salmon; overlimit; closed season shooting of..

Small fish , -

Trout; closed season

Totals -

22

52

3

24

43

2

2

40
19
37
49
2

22
2
2

321

$510 00

1,050 00

250 00

515 00

1,475 00

100 00

25 00

1,440 00

1,360 00

1,095 00

940 00

70 00

435 00

40 00

50 00

$9,355 00

60

5

25

12H

102H

GAME CASES
October, November, December, 1929

Violations

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

(days)

Violations of Hunting License Act

Commercial Gun Club; nolicense

Deer; spike buck, does, fawns, killing of; failure to tag; closed season

Do ves;closed season

Ducks; illegal shooting day; over limit; selling of

Geese; closed season; overlimit... -.

Nongame birds; killing of.

Quail; closed season; trapping of

Rabbits; closed season...

Refuge; firearms in; killing deer in

Pheasants; killing of

Pigeons ; closed season

Pollution of streams — -

Night hunting

Shore birds; lolling of

Swan; killing of

Shooting from auto; motor boat

Trepassing on posted grounds

Trapping License Act; violations of —

Tree squirrels; killing of —

Woodducks; killing of

Totals

130
2

87
9

15
5

51

27
7
9

10
1
2

37

53
1
8

14
9
6
4

$3,750 00

50 00

5,090 00

290 00

430 00

125 00

1,620 00

1,330 00

125 00

250 00

800 00

100 00

885 00
1,195 00

50 00
185 00
340 00

95 00
175 00

50 00

487

$16,935 00

25
'400

60
30

516

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

193

REPORTS

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1929 fo December 31. 1929 of the Eighty-first Fiscal Year

Function

Adnunistration:

Executive and legal

Clerical and office

Printing

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage ....

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express.

Rent

Heat, light and power

Accident and death claims...

Accounting pro rata

Legal

Total administration.

Education and research:

Chief and assistant

Clericaland office

Traveling

Photographer

Librarian

Publicity..-

Exhibits

Research

State fair

Freight, cartage and express.
Lecturers

Total education and research-

Publicity:
Chief of Bureau.
Traveling

Total publicity.

Patrol and law enforcement:

Chief and assistants

Clericaland office

Automobiles

Traveling

Captains and deputies

Fish planting

Watchmen

Launches

Volunteer deputies

Premiums on bonds

Freight, cartage and express -
Rent.

Total patrol and law enforcement.

Commercial fisheries:

Chief and assistants

Clericaland office

Automobiles

Traveling

Research

Captains and deputies

Launches

Statistics

Laboratory

Fish tags;

Postage-

Botulism.. -

Freight, cartage and express .

Heat, light and power - .

Inspectors

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

$8,409 96
8,964 45

3,535 00

$20,909 41

$3,291 94
1,092 00

600 00
960 00

1,825 00
276 00

1,620 00

$9,664 94

$1,650 00

$1,650 00

$6,630 00
1,450 00

105,583 27

1,602 66

30 00

1,020 00

425 00

$118,740 93

$5,250 00
4,469 39

3,302 50
7,990 00
2,490 00
1,470 00
15,589 50

15,512 11

$618 38

2,755 40

150 62

Service

and
expense

$24 70
570 28

$3,524 40

$76 34

81 48

110 86
260 71

$529 39

$90 56
1,471 87

231 04
388 81

518 75

$2,701 03

$96 87
171 47

62 98
947 28
299 00
337 72
412 50

Total commercial fisheries -' $56,073 50 | $2,327 82

11 40
2,385 52
1,947 96
2,211 87
1,398 08
8,732 15
132 38
2,192 02

319 45

$19,925 81

$10 00

114 76

1,581 23

176 25

20 00

2 00

30 00

800 35
2 00

$2,736 59

$253 61
39 40

$293 01

$12 64

790 62

70,614 05

1,091 88

998 00

210 36

1.255 00

4 77
95 18

$75,072 50

Property

and
equipment

$102 85

$102 85

$296 37

593 27
45 24

30 70

$965 58

$205 15
828 00

$1,033 15

$48 59

61 21

9,158 23

10 62
896 84

908 95

20 00

7,500 00

28 07

2 U

$21 08
506 02

18 00
4 70

158 18

Total

$8,434 66

10,255 96

2,755 40

162 02

2,385 52

1,947 96

2,211 87

1,398 08

8,732 15

132 38

2,192 02

3,535 00

319 45

$44,462 47

$3,301 94
1,579 47
1,581 23
1.369 52
1,106 72

2 00

30 00

1,966 56

1,337 06

2 00
1.620 00

$13,896 50

$1,903 61
39 40

$1,943 01

$6,630 00

1,553 20

2,262 49

70,614 05

107,111 34

3,817 47

30 00

1.749 11

425 00

1.255 00

4 77

95 18

$195,547 61

$5,250 00

4,635 93

738 70

9.158 23

3,302 50

8,081 60

4,338 82

1,769 00

16,994 35

412 50

20 00

7.500 00

28 07

2 11

15,512 11

$18,634 62

$707 98 I $77,743 92

194

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES— Continued
For the Period July 1, 1929 to December 31, 1929 of tlie Eighty-firsl Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Fish culture:

Chief and assistants .- -

$3,300 00
1,950 00

$3,300 00

Clerical and office _

$31 08
2,793 87

$4 00

1,093 08

6,966 76

418 83

662 13

451 62

1,923 16

$3 05
1,227 50

1,988 13

5,114 45

Traveling.

6,906 76

Telephone and telegraph

418 83

Rent

662 13

Heat light and power

451 62

67,469 39

33,988 93

2,361 95
332 00

105,743 43

Hatcheries — additions and bettennenta

332 00

Special field investigations. .

5,780 00

18 97
105 59

218 08

1,203 84

3 90

212 24

6,017 05

Fish cars

1,309 43

3 90

212 24

Total fish culture

$78,499 39
$2,970 00

$36,938 44

$13,157 64

$18 37
26 50
78 55

782 83
36 15
13 23

$3,924 50

$132,519 97

Hydraulics:
Chief and assistants . -

$2,988 37

$14 42
225 29

40 92

303 84

Traveline _ - _ _ _

782 83

Cooperative research

1,500 00

2 10

1,538 25

13 23

Total hvdraulica

$4470 00
$2,060 00

$241 81

$955 63

$5,667 44

Game propagation:
Superintendents

$2,060 00

$219 41

$21 88
1,472 53

228 54

$864 51

1,105 80

1,472 53

Heat, light and power ,.

228 54

Laborers ---

3,695 27

3,695 27

3,882 77

270 31
27 67

1,364 83

5,517 91

Telephone and telegraph

27 67

Total eame propaeation

$5,755 27
$2,419 00

$4,102 18

$2,020 93

$102 60

1,047 91

69 00

$2,229 34
$4 10

$14,107 72

Fish rescue:
Chief and assistants

$2,525 70

1,047 91

Rent -

69 00

Total fish rescue

$2,419 00

$1,999 98
900 00

$1,219 51

$4 10

$3,642 61

Game refuge:
Chief and assistants

$1,999 98

$0 20
293 98

$1 25
262 82
813 33

901 45

Autonnobiles

556 80

Traveline _- . ,_

813 33

Lion hunters and trappers

3,540 12
1,393 42

3,540 12

73 33
40 58

1,466 75

Grame refuge supplies

40 58

Lion bounties

2,320 00

2,320 00

Total came refuce

$7,833 52

$408 09

$3,397 40
$23,868 60

$11,639 01

license commissions ._

23.868 60

Game ref uees

3,928 08

Construction of Russian River jetties

17,750 00

Expenditures to pay claims for return of fish

83 50

Expenditure to pay claim of Harry L. Hopper . .

658 50

Prior year

132,529 93

Grand total

$679,988 87

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 195

STATEMENT OF INCOME

For the Period July 1, 1929 to December 31, 1929 of the Eighty-first Fiscal Year

License sales: Detail Total

Angling, 1929 - : -- $329,783 95

Hunting, 1929 - 298,030 87

Market fishermen'slicenses, 1929-1930 25,250 00

Wholesale fish packers' and shell fish dealerBM928-1929 20 00

Game breeders' licenses, 1929 105 00

Fish breeders' licenses, 1929 - 75 00

Trapping licenses, 1929-1930 — 3,138 00

Commercial hunting club, 1929-1930 - 2,565 00

Commercial hunting club operators', 1929-1930 -.- 730 00

Deer tag licenses, 1929 107,204 80

Kelplicenses, 1929 - - 10 00

Fish importers' licenses, 1929 - 55 00

Wholesale fish packers' and shell fish dealers' licenses, 1929-1930 1,065 00

Angling licenses, 1930 _ 89 00

Hunting licenses, 1930... - 262 00

Total license sales $768,383 62

Other income:

Game tag sales -- J23 01

Court fines 49,489 94

Fish packers' tax - - 50,211 51

Kelp tax - 51 13

Fisbtagsales 1.755 54

Miscellaneous sales 376 80

Interest on bank balances 3,168 04

Total other income $105,075 97

Total departmental income - $873,459 59

196

CALIFORNIA FISII AND GAME

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BUREAU OF PATHOL

E. L. MACAULAY, Chief of Patrol San Francisco

K. P. Allred, Assistant Chief of Patrol San Francisco

C. S. Bauder, Assistant Chief of Patrol Los Angeles

Walter R. Welch, Captain, In Charge Volunteer Wardens San Francisco

SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE

C. L. Bundock Hollister

J. L.. Bundock Oakland

M. S. Clark Niies

A. G. Curry San Francisco

T. K. Duncan Concord

C. E. Holladay Morgan Hill

M. F. Joy Burllngame

I. L. Koppel San Jose

G. O. Laws Weaverville

McPherson Lough MayfleUl

Forrest J. McDermott Santa Cruz

R, C. Marshall Monterey

C. R. Peek San Francisco

Fred Post Salinas

J. C. Schneider King City

J. P. Vissiere Watsonville

S. H. LYONS Sacramento Office

E. I. Hiscox Nevada City

Nelson Poole Sacramento Office

Albert W. Sears Placerville

Chas. Sibeck Sacramento Office

R. L, Sinkey Woodland

A. H. Willard Rocklin

WM. LIPPINCOTT Eureka

Ray Diamond Crescent City

Scott Feland Fortuna

Wm. J. Harp Areata

Ed. Clements Requa

Wm. F. Kaliher Hayfork

R. J. Yates Euieka

S. R. GILLOON Mt. Shasta

C. R. Love Redding

Brice Hammack Yreka

A. A. Jordan Alturas

Ralph Newsome Hamburg

Fred Starr Macdoel

S. J. CARPENTER Maxwell

Roy W. Anderson Orland

Lee Atkinson Arbuckle

Harry N. Brittan Red Bluff

L. W. Dinsdale Yuba City

Taylor London Oroville

A. D. Miner Gridley

J. V. Shearin Stonyford

A. J. Stanley Chico

J. D. DONDERO Lakeport

Earl Caldwell Covelo

Ovid Holmes Fort Bragg

Geo. N. Johnson Napa

Earl Macklin Ukiah

L. A. Mitchell Point Arena

K. J. Ransdell Calistoga

HENRY LENCIONI Santa Rosa

J. H. Groves Cloverdale

V. E. Vox Arx Sebastopol

W. B. SELLMER Fairfax

Wm. H. Dyer Crockett

C. M. Bouton San Rafael

Bert F. Laws San Rafael

Lee Straight Vallejo

JOSEPH H. SANDERS Truckee

C. O. Fisher Susanville

W. I. Long Wi'Stwood

L. B. Mercer Portola

O. T. Schumacker Loyalton

J. E. NEWSOME Newman

H. E. Black Madera

C. L. Brown Mariposa

C. L. Gourley (ju.stine

L. W. Longeway Sonora

Geo. W. Magladry Modesto

R. C. O'Connor Merced

H. I. Pritchard Atwater

John W. Davison Los Banos

J. O'CONNELL Stoctkon

W. J. Black Jackson

Wm. A. Clark Vacaville

Frank A. Carillo Murphys

Alvin Granstrom Ryde

Wm. Hoppe Walnut Grove

Geo. R. Smalley Tracy

E. W. SMALLEY Hanford

F. A. Bullard Reedley

Ray C. Ellis Fresno

H. S. Vary Coalinga

O. P. BROWNLOW Visalia

A. R. Ainsworth Taft

Lester Arnold Bakersfleld

Ray J. Bullard Porterville

Vernon R. Sutton Kernville

Roswell C. Welch Tehachapl

E. C. Vail Dinuba

LOS ANGELES OFFICE

R. E. Bidwell Ventura

C. S. Donham Escondido

Walter R. Emerick Santa Paula

E. H. Glidden San Diego

J. H. Gyger Perris

T. R. Jolley Indio

K. K. Langford Victorville

R. J. Little Banning

W. C. Malone San Bernardino

Webb Toms San Diego

L. T. WARD Santa Barbara

W. C. Blewett San Luis Obispo

F. L. Brians Santa Maria

Walter Goff Paso Robles

E. H. OBER Big Pine

A. F. Crocker Bridgeport

W. S. Talbot Mammoth

J. W. Thornburg Lancaster

C. J. Walters Independence

LARUE F. CHAPPELL Pasadena

W. E. Adkinson El Toro

E. A. Chan Long Beach

L. W. Hare Santa Ana

R. J. Sadler Venice

C. Savage Ontario

C. L. Towers Los Angeles

Launch Patrol

C. M. Bouton : Launch "Qulnnat," San Kafael

Lee Straight Launch "Hunter," Vallejo

Wm. Hoppe Launch "Rainbow," Walnut Grove

San Francisco Office Launch "Walter R. Welch," San Francisco

Captains indicated in capitals.

CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OmCE
SACRAMENTO. 1930