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California Fish and Game
V. 18 1932
Bound volume

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DATE DUE

M California Fish and Game
_ V. 18 1932
Bound volume

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California Resources Agency Library

1416 9th Street, Room 117

Sacramento, California 95814

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SEP 5 1935 ' ^■'''''' '7 '^

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VOLUMB 18 BACHAMKNTO. JANUAUY. Ili3J No. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SOUTMKHN CAMIHUIMA 1K3VK SUOOTINC >..i. ,f il.Oaffty J

I'oNIUTlnNS AM) OONTUkL l»F lUiTl'I.ISM (UUt'K OISKAMK) IN V
KtiWh />r. U. H

INUSUALLY <:(>t)l» KISIIINO IN AND i>yy MONTKIIKV I«AY-^. B. rhitUp» -M

THK CALIKOUMA QIAIL SANCTl'AltY AND <iA.MK UKKl'tJK CAMI'AHSN

_ Walirr H. H'rI.fc 2*

STUDIES OF THAIJ..irM IH>ISONI\i', IN OAMK BIRDS I'aul A Shair ?••

AN orTLINK OK THK IIAIMTS oK TIIK STKIl'KD SKUNK AND I.fTTI.K
SI't»TTKD SKl'NK WITH SK.MK 1 H llK«*TlONS Vitll TIIAI'IMN<;

h: I,. Sutu,.- ■ . ^ ■ .«

<;IANT KKLI' I'TILIZKD AT MONTKKKY. J H I'kitltf,, tz

FIFTY YKAUS ACO ON THK SI'ISFN MAItSll 11 W Hukardi> ♦:

KHITimiAl.S

<;amk fish

• •(IMMKUCIAI. KlSllKKV NoTKS

ll'hAM) (iA.MK milDS

watioufdwi. - :«

MAMMALS '1

MISCKLLANKOCS •»:

IMVISION ACTIVITIES »»

MFE IIISTOUY NUTKS- ^ '•

KK PORTS —

Violations of Fl»h and Came I^aws — lOJ

Deor Klllr.l In Cnllfornia J"«

Statomont of Expcmliturea 10*

StntcnuMtt of Income .... _. — _ . — .... — .... 109

Fishery Procluota, July. AuKti!<t niul September, 1931 110

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DOVE SHOOTING

By Ernest McGArrcT

THE MOIRXIXG DOVE, or as it is sometimps ealled. the turtle-
dove or Carolina dove, has l>otMi for some time on the list of pame
birds in California, and a nnnibor of the Sonthorn Stat«^ of the
Uniteil States. Krom tinio to time efforts have Won made to take it
from this list, but without avail so far as the Golden State is concerned.
Such efforts are not alone confined to the dove, for in Ohio there is no

90465

2 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

open season on the bob-wliite quail, that splendid little game bird hav-
ing been designated as a songster. However, the mourning dove is
likely to remain on the game list here in California, not only by reason
of the fact that he is not, as yet, a rare species, but because of the
variety of pleasure which the sport affords, and the further fact that
the dove, when properly cooked is an extremely delicious morsel. Doves
are very prolific although the female only lays two eggs, but they nest
and bring out their young during a number of months in the year.

Their nests are sometimes on the ground and sometimes in bushes
or trees. They roost sometimes on the ground, and sometimes in the
trees at night, and are found more or less numerous in all of the
counties of southern California, according to the favorable or unfavor-
able conditions of the season.

In southern California the open season for the birds is confined
to the month of September in the counties of Ventura, Santa Bar-
bara, Kern, Tulare and San Luis Obispo; in all other counties the
season runs from September 1st to October 31st, inclusive Doves
are not only found in the cultivated portions of the country, but also
on the desert areas, where excellent shooting is often had where the
birds are seeking their food among the greasewood and sagebrush of
such localities, in the bare spots between the clumps of such growth.

There are three separate and distinct general methods of bringing
them to bag. One is by jumping them from the stubbles, sunflower
patches, or desert growth, and shooting them on the rise. When this
angle of the sport is follow^ed, especially in stubbles, dove-weed, kaffir
cornfields where the corn has been cut away, or the sunflow^er grow^th,
the shooting is not unlike jacksnipe shooting. Singles and pairs are
the rule, and as with the jacksnipe, a winged bird will make its presence
known when the shooter nears it, and wall not attempt to hide, like the
quail or other upland birds.

Another method of enjoying the sport is for the hunter to station
himself at the edge of a water hole or small pond, and wait for the
doves to come in for their morning or evening drink. While a number
of these ponds do not afford any concealment, a very crude and yet
effective "blind" can be made by taking a hatchet along, cutting off a
good-sized branch of a tree, and sticking it in the ground close to the
pond. Two branches make a better "blind" than one, as the shooter
will then be hidden from view on both sides.

Doves come into such places, especially where the water holes are,
few and far between, in very large numbers. The shooter can either
rise and fire as the doves swerve away from the water, or he can wait
until they light and then rise and take them as they are speeding away.

It is simply the most murderous and unsportsmanlike pot-hunting
to shoot them on the ground.

Still a third method of dove shooting is practiced which is the
best sport of all. This is by the hunter locating himself at a point one
or two hundred yards from a water hole, and shooting at the doves as
they come into the water. This is practically the same method as
pass-shooting on ducks, and will test the skill of the best shot if he
expects to get his limit. The limit on doves in California is now
fifteen per day or thirty in a week.

Wlien doves are coming into the water, they fly with a rapidity
of flight which necessitates a considerable lead on the birds. Incoming

CAUKOKMA riKII ANI> (UMi: '

flovoN an* cxtmiirlv diflinilt fdr hiuim* HlnxilrrM, aiul I have known m«*n
who iiuulc lip tor tlit'ir |H>or innrkMiiiHiiship nt inroiuprx by whi^'lintf

Ihf instant tin- liini was t-oinint; in ami Ht>niit Hfty yanU nway, and
(•al«'liin^ liiin just as In* pjissnl ovrrhi-ad.

This trick can hi* sonnwhat I'asily mastered by Koino Hhootem, whilr
uthi'i'K appear to miss thi* kiuu'k of whcrlini; at the i'xact moment, mt an
to present a shot at the last disappearing; l»ird when he is within }f«MMl
shoulinjf distance.

On a windy day. if tlie th»ves are eouiinu' in, shooturn will have their
hands t'ldl in ^ettin^ their birds.

Another Torni of dove shnotinir whieli pitM-nt.s j^reat dilTieiiltics js
when the birds are scattered iininnj.; a hiw j:rowth of oaks, and are
lluslied from the trees by tin- hunt«'r. in such eases tlu'V dro|) <|uiekly
Iroin the branches, twistint;. cbirtin^'. and swerviiifj away with Wime-
thin^: akin to the /iu'/a}.' Myinir ot" the jaeksnipe. Often there \h nu\y
the cliunce of a snapshot between tree trunks, and (juite often a in<Te
jiliinpse of the dove as it tiles outward tiirou^'h the branches of the
trees. Nu one ))ut a man who is aeeustonied to snap shooting; will ever
be able t»i solve the intricate movements of the birds under such circum-
stances.

In Imperial County thousjinds of doves are killetl in the kafTir corn
tields an<l other Indds. hi S;iii l)iej;o County they are found in the
pastures, fiehls. and stubblfs, as well as ahuij; the cr«'eks and farm lands.
In ()ranj;j' anil Los Aii;;eles counties tln-y are found in the jjrowth alonj;
the iiceks, in the can\«»ns. and alouf; the foothills, and in the oak j;rowth
and stubbles on the difl'erent ranches. In X'entura, Santa Barbara, and
San Luis Obispo counties tliey are found practically in the same locali-
ties and in tlu' stubbles of Kern County and Tulare County as well as
in numerous other localities in these ••ounties many birds are broujrht
to ba^ during the season.

In Inyo and in Mono and San iJi-rnarilino counties, which with
San l)ie;;o ^rivc tlovc shoot in;; ilurin^' the months of Septendjcr and
October, many hunters are found during the .season, and when the
tlight is good the sport is excellent. Fine dove shooting is often hail
in Kivcrsiilc County, and this includes the desert [)ortions. Desert
shooting in San Diego County anil Los Angeles County, Imperial
County and San Ueriuinlino County is sometimes very goo<.l and at
other times rather ipiestionable.

Imperial County iloubtless gives the best dove shooting of any of
the i;{ soutlnrii counties, at least this is so in my ttwn personal
experience.

.\s to the kiiul of gun to be u.sed in dove shooting that will depend
cntirel>- upon the fancy of the hunter. In these latter days of wing
shoi)ting. the small bore shotgun of "JU-gauge. and occasionally even
28-gauge. is used, while lb-gauges are the favorites of many shooters.
I still stick to my old 12-gauge hammer gun, cylinder bored in the
right barrel, and the left-hand barrel full choked. With a gun choked
for iluck shooting, if this is done with both the barrels, you may siuasli
your bird if you have to shoot him at close range.

Shots at doves vary all tlu* way from 15 to 60 yards. If a pair
jump at say 2") or 30 yards, you are equipped, in my judgment to get
both of them, if a good wing-shot, using the cylinder barrel, of course,
for the tirst shot, and the full choke for the second.

4 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Number eight shot is my preference, although many shooters use
number seven and one-half. In the early part of the season, I have
known some hunters to use number nines.

It is a good precaution to clean birds as quickly as this can be
done, and by wiping them dry and wrapping them in a clean cloth
they will be kept in much better condition, especially if the day is warm.

What the State needs badly in regard to protection of these birds
is an additional number of game wardens. These men could patrol
the country and see that no doves were killed out of season by rabbit
shooters, or by unscrupulous hunters when the closed season is on.
Doves are subject to the depredations of the Cooper hawks and sharp-
shinned liawks, as well as some members of the four-footed vermin
families, and bounties on these game destroyers would be a good invest-
ment for the State.

Doves come in for water at the water holes both in the morning
and in the evening, especially in the evening, and sometimes these
vantage points are literally thronged, particularly on the first two or
three days of the season.

With the advent of the automobile, the continued extension of
modern paved highways, and the advance in numbers of the army of
liunters, the mourning dove will be exterminated if care is not taken
to give him a chance for his life. It is a curious phenomena of nature
that in the city of Los Angeles numbers of these birds appear to have
taken up their permanent residence. They nest in the tall tops of the
native palm, and in other trees, and will be found here year in and
year out in the same areas. Whether or not they read the daily papers
and look over the publications of the Fish and Game Commission is
beyond my knowledge; but for the past six years I have noted, from
my office windows, the presence of a number of mourning doves, who
not only roost in the trees about an old residence adjacent to the build-
ing of the Automobile Club of Southern California, where my office
is located, but who have regularly come back, every day, to the place
where that residence once stood, and forage and feed on the bare
ground where the house was once located, and light in the trees which
were left after the building had been removed.

The low and melodious notes of the mourning dove are among the
sweetest sounds in the gamut of bird calls. A young dove, properly
broiled, is one of the sweetest tidbits imaginable on a well-ordered
dinner table.

lAMFORNMA Jimt AVn nAMR

CONDITIONS AND CONTROL OF BOTULISM
(DUCK DISEASE) IN WATERFOWL

Contrlhiilinn fi»<m tho Sinin I'lnh uiul <;arn<- »' IC'x.iKir K-itiia'!^

Mitllral Ili>ie«r<h, Sun Kr ifornln.

Introduction

A) i; 1' I X n !•'. (Ifcrcasf (if watiM-t'iiwI can !)•• noficfil thrMiiirliouf th«'
state. Tlu" irri^'utinii of laud for uirriculturnl purpows in
contuH'tion witli seven tlrv years lins hrouj?ht about an en<»r-
iiKUis (Ifst ruction of hrerdini; autl fecdini; t;rournls for waterfowl. On
tlif otliiT hand tlif so-calli-d duck di.sea.s*' or western duck sirknejw has
ilci'iniatcd the reinaiud<'rs. The exact runnher of the lo.»i.se.s due to this
disease, however, is unkn«»wn. hut an approxiniate estimate would 1m»
.diMiit thirty millions of birds

'i'he cnnscrvatinn of wild life rc(|uircs tlic si ud \ "f then*- lu"
luipnrtaut pnihlcins. The subject nf this paper includes only the diiT. i
ent «piestions about du«'k disease. It may be retranled as a eontinua-
tii.ii of an earlier publicati(»n by the .same writer, entitled. **I)uek
I>i,s.>a.se Caused bv the Poison of the Hnrillu.'i hntulinii:^." Caiavohsw
I'lsii .VM) (i.vMi:. vol. If), no. 4. pp. 'JS.') 28r). 10:10

History

The till!.' and place (»f the first appearance of the duck disease in
the west remains unknown. Tn Talifornia the sickness has been
ob.servtMl since about ISfM). After 1 !•()!» it becam.' strontrer an«l
stroiiL'er. The eiKwmous stock of waterfowl existent at that tune and
the tremendous losses due to that malady is indicated, if we read, in
that .')().()()() to 100. 000 sick and dead waterf«»wl have been fouml on one
lake during; a few days, ('.\). The duck disease at this time spread over
the difTerent states in the west Theret'ore the other name. Western
Duck sickness, can be understood. Foci of the disea.s<» at this time were
at Bear Kiver. Weber Kiver. Jordan River. I'tah ; Southern .Toarpiin
Valley. S()leta Lake. Goose Lake. Huena Vista Lake. Tidare Tiake.
Salton Sea, and others in California.

It nuiy be recalled that the duck di.sease in the beirinninp was
observed at the mouths of different rivers, on borders of shallow lakes.
and on marshes, and more recently also on the artificial ponds of some
jrun clubs.

* KoiTOU's Note: Duo to the wittospn^nd inten«st in duHt sirkn«^<« the nivi«tion
of Fi.sh and Came is t.nkinc thi.«; opportunity to present the results of the Rtudjr of
this niahul.v t>.v its pntholoiri.st. Vr. M. Hol>mnier.

At tlu' snnio tinio. ntttMition is calltMl to similar ."ifndies that have he««n t
ciited by tho T'. S. Hurrau of Hiolocicnl Survey and particnlnr reference is ■
to the pniKTs on the subje<-t by E. R. Kalmbach : Western duck sieknew pr«iduce<i
oxporinicntally. Srirncf, New Series. Vol. 72. No. 187S. pp. fl5.S-«?60. Peoemher 26.
I!>:i0 : Pr(>'.:ross in western duck sirkness studies. Sciemcr. New Series. Vol. 75. No.
1032. pp. r.7-r>^. January S. 1032.

b CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Since large areas of forest land have been cut down and on the
other hand the natural water supply of lakes and streams have been
used to a larger extent for agricultural purposes in irrigation work,
many of the rivers, lakes, and marshes dried up entirely in the fol-
lowing years. However, before becoming dry, they showed vast areas
of mudflats and sloughs, with rotten stagnant water. These conditions

Fig. 1. A duck recently killed by duck disease. Note per-
fect condition of the plumage, indicating its death
without a struggle. Tule Lake, Siskiyou County, Calif.
October 12, 1928. Photo by E. S. Cheney.

have been found most favorable for the appearance of the duck disease
during the hot season of the year.

In 1931 only two principal foci of the disease could be observed;
It was prevalent on some gun clubs around Colusa and on some of those
around the Salton Sea.

James Moffitt of the Division of Fish and Game has collected
valuable information from a number of gun clubs in the Sacramento
A'alley. According to these reports the disease was confined in 1931
to the west side district between Colusa, AVilliams, and Maxwell during
the month of September. The disease disappeared about the first of
October with the decrease of the temperature in this region.

Around Salton Sea, especially along the south shore, the disease
occurred throughout the month of October in accordance with the
higher temperature prevailing in this region.

Symptoms and Post-mortems

The first sign of the disease in ducks is a weakness of the body.
Instead of flying, the diseased birds try to swim away. In this rela-
tion the observations of Chas. C. Sperry are interesting. He writes :
(1) *'In rare cases a bird can thus be pursued for many rods while it
flops over the surface of the water or dives and dodges about among the
thin reeds when, having apparently worked up a surplus nervous
energy, it at last actually gets in the air and once on the wing flies
steadily until lost in the distance."

Later the wing muscles and muscles of the legs become more and
more paralyzed. The sick birds remain at the same place even when
disturbed. The muscles of the neck may not yet be affected. The
sensorium of the birds is still normal. A paralysis of the nictitating
membrane is apparent in many species. The discharges of the intestine

f'AI.IFOIINIA rirtll AND OAMK 7

art* iiion' fnM|ii»'Ht in thr ••nrlnr Nlnt;i>?t ol I In* «Iihi-«»m'. laUT a conrlu«ini
In to l)«* iuit«'<l.

At till- •'11(1 of the (li.Hi'aMf, till* liraii tIropM on thr Imrk or it in
Htrrtchnl out on tlif rarth Tin- binl. H«'«-niinKly «li'a«l. rmiaiiM in thU
poNition for houiH until tiratli arrivrs, Mont hinln tlif without an;,
strujrul*' »••'! <''••>' "'■•• "fti-n rmiiHl m if oviTfomr in Mlorp T»
fi'Htlii'is uf thr l)ii(ls an- runiftl. Tlii" ••>»"* an* ofirii foiiml i-|iih«m!. tl ■
i-yilids Immu;; stuck tn^rtlirr by a niurouH tliwliarK''

I'lu' outstaiulinj; syinptoni of tlif disraHi- \h tin* roniplfi*' \fSH i»f tin-
l»(i\vrr to My uikI to walk, oftt-ii .■umiIhihmI witli a paralysiH of th*- nirfirn
tiiij; iiH'iiihraiit', pf'-in.-id}.' m\ .ili^i.lnt.l \ li.l|ili-ss i-iiiniit ion in tli-
ilisi'ast'tl hinls.

I'ost-njortnns an* tliarH»'t«'ri/iMl by tlw ahsrnrr of iri'osM patholoy
ical It'sjoiis. ( )nliiiarily tin- Itinls ai-f in normal flfsli. Tin" in'
tract l)f|o\v flic caeca i>, distended and filled wifli urine This*!......

nieiit of the lower intestine is ai remarkable cban^'c in sn far an it mrre
sponds with the paralysis of flie urine bbnlder often found in botulism
in animals.

Kio. L*. Iiil'-rnal ornnnH of n Murk Itint <n«'«l from diH-k «li»«'n>w
;U tin- llollywtMiil i;un «'luh. Kerii t*i>iiiii% iv,(.!~.r Tt^s.
Notp tlie ciilai'KciniTit of t!i«< lower Ini- n

of arrows, h tvplnil ."smi'toin of till- • y

K. S. Cheney.

If other t'hantres are present they nuiy be prmlueetl iliu* to another
disease. Ca.ses can be observed in which the specimen is sufferinp from
duck disease and from another tlisease at the siune time. One of thes«'
onlinarily seen secondary diseases is the presenee of a destrueted wall
of the stomach in ilucks. produced by the i>resenee of round worms.

It is well known and most noteworthy that siek birds taken from
the ponds and placed in pens recover to a large extent.

8 CALIFOENIA FISH AND GAME

Diseased birds have no voice and after having recovered, the
voice remains raw for a long time, as is ordinarily observed in food
poisoning in man.

Theories

Duck disease has been studied by various observers. A valuable
work has been done by these investigators. Among these the names of
Charles C. Sperry (1), Frank Clark (2), Alexander Wetmore (3),
Donald D. McLean (4), E. R. Kalmbach (5), and others, must be
mentioned with admiration. The facts drawn to light by these investi-
gators are exceedingly important.

The same can not be said about the theories concerning the etiol-
ogy of the disease. It would be wasted time to repeat the different
theories about the origin of this sickness. Only one theory may
briefly be mentioned as being the most popular one and especially since
it has received scientific consideration.

This theory suggests that the duck disease is caused by an alkali
poisoning. In this relation the conclusions of Chas. C. Sperry (1) are
much to the point: "Alkali may be a factor in the duck sickness of
Oregon but it certainly can not be considered as the only one and it
more than likely is not the chief cause of this malad}^ . . . Experi-
ments disclosed the fallacies in a number of more or less popular theo-
ries and substantiated the more advanced belief that the trouble was
due to the toxic action of a chemical or a vegetable poison. It appears
that this poison accumulates in the liver for in one experiment the
sickness was produced by feeding affected liver to a healthy bird . . . "

Paul A. Shaw (6) 1930, a defender of the alkali poisoning theory
states in his paper: ''Several normal birds were given suspected water
to drink for a period of ten days. For one series the water was con-
centrated to one-fourth the original volume for the experiment. All
these birds remained healthy and the blood tests at the end of the
period did not show the changes characteristic of the diseased
birds . . ." He was not able to reproduce either the clinical or the
pathological picture of the disease in his experiments with water of the
suspected area.

The Cause

The writer spent October 10 and 11, 1930, at Klamath Falls,
Oregon, where he consulted with E. R. Kalmbach, of the Biological
Survey, who was studying duck disease at that point. Mr. Kalmbach
advised that he had succeeded in reproducing the duck disease in
healthy birds by feeding them the livers of ducks that had died from
this disease. These organs were kept in incubators at about 85° F. for
some time and were then administered by feeding. The writer collected
material at Colusa and at Klamath Falls which he brought back to the
laboratory with the aim to ascertain the reason of the toxic effect of
liver in the experiments of Mr. Sperry and Mr. Kalmbach. According
to my previous hypothesis that the disease closely resembled botulism
in birds, the writer used anaeorbic media for the isolation of the sus-
pected causative organism.

On October 24, 1930, the writer announced that the disease is
caused by the toxin of the Bacillus lotulinus, probably type C. This
statement was made after having isolated this microbe in toxic cultures

CAI.irOKNIA FIHII AND (iAMR 9

"hIaiiKMl from internal orj^aiiM of a iiiH<-a.H«><l and two rifail ciurkm,
victims of tlM" (li«»'a.s«». (K«'j>(>rt to IVt'siili-nt I Z«'II«Tharh ) Kurthor
cxplatiat imis liavi* Ihtii irivfii in two papci's nf tin* H«ini' y<'ar '7. H).

In arj apprndix to tlw intrri'Mtinj; paptT of Kalinharh ''>\ (liltncr
and Gou(;h canic to th<> Knrno concluHion

\u 1 !)."{! the writrr isolated tlw catiNativr organism from twenty-
two wild ducks nut of twi-nfyfuiir Mpi'cinu'ns. Tin* two r- •■ ■ -np
ducks sliMwrd rii-illicr the causative or^^arusjn nor otlwr pat al

changes. Hy f««cdinj,' tliese cultures to nornud l)irilH the identical pic-
ture (if the disease cniild he produced

The writer could further denxmst iiite the tuxiii of Hnrd' 'u

hnus typ«' (' in the I)1imkI >treiin> of diseased hirds, as later d' :.:■<!.

These (indinfjs provp that the du«'k disease is n true fo<Kl poi.Hon-
iu;; caused by the poison of the ISacilliis hotulinus (', in a similar way
;is food pnisoninir in nuin is eaused l)y the poison of the Hnrillux hotu-
a mis types .1 or />. It nuiy he mentioned that cases of foo<i poisoninj;
with this hotulinus typo C in man liave, a.s yot, not beon obsen'ed.
Thousands of disi'aseil ducks have been eat<Mi by man without any
detrimental elTeet.

< >n the other hand the duck disi-ase is clos«'ly related to the so-
• alltil limbern«'ek td' «'hickens. It may be mentioned tlmt there i« a
ilitVerence in the susceptibility of ditTerent species of birds for the
puison or toxin. Tame ducks are much less susceptible than wild duck«.
About ten times more poison is re<|uired t(» kill a tame duck than, for
iiistaiwe, a teal, and about twice as much to kill a chii-ken as a tame
duck. This indicates by no means that this type of botulism is exclu-
siveh related to wild birds and nuiv be T)racticallv harndess to tame
birds. Ca.ses on Salton Sea where wild diu'ks and tame ducks pot the
disea.se on the same pond are of interest to note.

It iiuiy be mention«'d that in experimental work food poisoninir in
wild birds can be jiroduced i\ot oidy with the toxin of liacillu^ hntu-
linus type ('. but also with the poison of types .1 and />*, (7). The
fact, that food poi^oniMlr due to the poi.son of types ,1 and li has been
ob,ser\cd. as yet. exclusively in barnyard fowl ami not in wildfowl under
ordinary conditions, indicat«'s that the bionomics of both are ditTerent
it> some way from those of type (', since K. F. Meyer (lO) re<»ards
liiirilhis hnfulinii^ types .1 and /.' practically idiifplitous in rnlif'.rTii;!

Development and Duration

Most of the dead ducks are found in «»oo«I condition. Onliiuirily
emaciation is not ]u-esent. This indicates tliat the duration of the
disease is short. In ca.ses of emaciation the post-mortems often reveal
tht» presence of other diseases. Observations in the field show that
normally the sickness lasts from one to three days. The shortest time
in experimental work required to kill a wild duck by fotxi poisoninu wa.s
tour iiours. t)ie regular time is one to three days. The disease can last
one wetk and lonsrer. In this ease an emaciation is developed. The
end of the disease is either death or reeoverr. Sometimes reeoverx"
occurs in a few liours. sometimes after one to two weeks. The voice of
recovered ilucks remains raw t'or a lonii time.

AVe do not know how many birds recover under natural conditions.
but it is well known that diseased birds placed in pens recover to a

10 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

large extent. In experimental work the same condition can be repro-
duced with small doses of the toxin. This reveals the important fact
that the birds in the field ordinarily consume small doses of toxin.
Large doses of the toxin may kill every bird, when there is no recovery.
The experiments show further the possibility to produce the sickness by
feeding the birds repeatedly with very small doses of the poison, a
single dose of which would be not sufficient to produce the disease.

During the disease the birds do not eat or drink. As recovery com-
mences they begin to drink, later on to feed and finally to clean the
feathers, then they try to stand up and to fly.

Every excitement of the diseased birds is followed by an exagger-
ation of the disease. We suggest that sick birds forced to fly may die
in a short time due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles or due to
heart failure.

The length of the time between the consumption of the toxic food
and the outbreak of the disease is different. In experimental work the
first symptoms of a bird having received a large dose of toxin could be
seen in two hours. Smaller doses produced the first symptoms in eight
to twelve hours. A minor dose of the toxin produced the first symptoms
after one to two days. Under natural conditions the incubation is
reported as being eight to twelve hours.

The course of the disease is different. Only a few birds are sick
ordinarily on the first days of an outbreak. After three to five days
the highest number of sick birds can be found. Then follows a decline
of the disease of varying degree.

Even when hundreds of birds are sick the disease can disappear
entirely in a few days if the temperature lowers. This fact has often
been observed in the fall. During the hot months of the year the dis-
ease is ordinarily not only stronger but also of longer duration. An
outbreak during the winter time is unknown.

A decrease of the temperature of the water therefore must be con-
sidered as an essential factor in the disappearance and in the control
of the disease. On the other hand an increase of the temperature in
itself is not sufficient to produce the disease as generally known.

The disease can be observed not only in one bird at different times
in the same year, but also it can occur repeatedly on the same ground.
The development of a so-called immunity has as yet not been ascer-
tained.

Affected Birds

About fifty species of birds have been found affected with the
disease. Most of them are waterfowl and many of them shore birds.
It is of interest that Wetmore (3) found many species of birds habit-
ually or accidentally feeding or drinking in the shallow portions of the
bays liable to contract the disease.

The same investigator declares the domestic chicken highly
susceptible to contract the disease. He seems to be sure that muskrats,
frogs, large beetles (Ditiscus sp., Cyhister sp.) have been found appar-
ently dead or helpless due to the malady.

Most of the susceptible birds eat combined food, plants and insects
too. Investigations of the food conducted by Sperry (1), "Wetmore
(3), McLean (4), the writer, and others, showed no indications of any
poisonous plants or insects. One of the generally considered seed-

CAMroKNiA KIHIl ASH QAMK

11

efitiiit; binU, whirli oft«-ii cuii Im* foiiiul UiwaMMl, in the muillim How-
ever. tliJK bird may coiitnirt llir NickncMH in tlii' sauw iiuiiiiirr a.H th<-
liawk, Uy rating' ilyiii;; (u* ilcad ilinkN aiiil otluT birds That in in
arrnnbiiMM' witli nbsi-rvatioMs in fxprruufiital uurk Spi-rry * I » bait
inaib* the iniporianl diNrovcry bil«*r cunlirniiMt by Kahnbaib i ■> > and the
writrr (7, 8). that livrr rnmi a dnrk having dird fn»m dui-k dnwaiM*
IVd til H normal bird may prtiilni'c tbf Hickn<'H.H in a typiral nninnfr

.Must of thf atVft'lrd birds fVi-d n-irnbirly on tbr snspfrti-d u'r>Miii.i
l-'fw of tbt-ni may hv rmind thiTf onl> orcasionallv. Iik«' im-adow birkn.
Iihickbirds or rlilT Hwallows (Mrl<i>aii

Till- symptoms obscrvi-d in tbcsi- bird«. alwaxs an* thr sani(> aa
ili'si-ribi'd I'Xi'i'pt lor IIm' t;ir» that tlif niftitat intr mi*mbnirn' ran not n*un-

S*:».^

■iX.l»

-•V

ii'^'

LVVV

!■ li;, ;!. Aim I )• an .1.... .1. uiialiii' (n w»m ii iij . KiiKwlllK lliiln-a'

H<>llywi....| (•■11, ('Hi»>. <H-tt>l»r •.""., \'.K's, I'hoto by K -

l;irly It.' scmi |'.ii ;ii w.-d m all spfrii-.s. Mab's and Ifinalfs an- dis«*asiM|
t'i|n;dl\ .

Botulinua iind Food Poisoning

111 iMi.i \iiii Ki nu'nirt'n (J)) discovered tin* cansjitive op^anisni of
food poisonini: in man and has jjiven publicity to the im>st important
findinpfs on this subject. The dilijxent work of other investigators later
on lias aniplitiiHl otir knowled«;e of these matters. (10).

The liarillus botulinua occurs in ditTerent types. These types are
ditTeiTiitiated only by minor (pialities. That is shown by the name tyi>€
instead of species. All these types are considered as microbes of the
soil, unable to complete tlieir life-cycles under natural conditions in
any animal. They arc dancrorous for beinsrs due to their production of
poi.sonous substances or to.xins. which even when inpested with foxi are
able to i)enetrate the blood stream and to produce an intoxication which

12 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

is in many cases fatal. Botulinus types A and B are closely related to
food poisoning in man. The toxin type C is known to be deterimental
especially to birds and horses, a variant of this type in Australia, to
sheep. Intoxications of birds due to the toxin of types A and B have
been repeatedly observed, but as yet no intoxication of man from the
toxin of type C.

The microbe occurs in two forms. A vegetative form in the shape
of rods can be observed and a permanent form, comparable to the seeds
of plants, the spores. The toxin production probably takes place by
the transformation of the rods into spores. The spores are highly
resistant against destruction and they are absolutely necessary for the
maintenance of the type. They show no vital reactions until favorable
conditions awake them to new life. These conditions are especially
the absence of oxygen, a temperature between 72° and 100° F, and a
favorable medium for growth consisting of plant, or meat, products.
These conditions sometimes are fulfilled by improperly prepared food-
stuffs of man, oftener by foodstuffs of birds and mammals, therefore,
food poisoning in man is rare, meanwhile botulism in birds and mam-
mals is more common.

The clinical symptoms in man following the consumption of poi-
soned food are quite similar to those observed in intoxicated animals
and in cases of duck disease.

Food Poisoning in Barnyard Fowl

The State Botulinus Commission of California (11) reported food
poisoning or botulism in chickens, turkeys, and ducks in 1922. One
hundred six outbreaks covering the time between 1903 and 1922 have
been reported. The commission feels that only the major outbreaks
were available. According to this report many thousands of domestic
birds have been lost due to this disease.

The foodstuffs primarily responsible for these intoxications were
spoiled string beans, bean hay, corn, asparagus, spinach, potatoes, bread,
apricots, tomatoes, salmon, fried chicken and sour milk. Most of these
foodstuffs were home prepared and a part of them were at the same
time the cause of food poisoning in man.

The picture of the disease was the following : ' ' The birds are inac-
tive and dull, refuse to eat, remain quiet in one place with feathers
ruffled. As a rule the movements of the nictitating membrane are
sluggish and sometimes there is a marked constipation, but the general
picture of extreme weakness governs all the symptoms, the wings droop
and the beak or side of the head rests upon the floor of the cage or the
barnyard . . . The clinical manifestations are exceedingly character-
istic and easily diagnosed." (Dickson). Apparently these symptons
are quite similar to those of the duck disease.

In 106 records of outbreaks eighteen times the Bacillus totulinus
type A was found, four times the Bacillus botulinus type B, and once
probably the Bacillus botulinus type B. In ninety-three outbreaks the
tjToe remained unknown. No case of intoxication with the poison of
Bacillus botulinus type C could be revealed. This type was discovered
in 1922 by Ida Bengtson of Washington (12), as the cause of many
ca.ses of botulism in birds. The type frequently could be found in the
soil of barnyards and horse stables, where food poisoning had occurred.

CAUFORN'IA riHIl AND GAMK 13

Acronliii); to I{ot>inM«»n (\'\) tlio Hotulinus type C in very common
ill South Africa. It roiild )>«> iHolatrd from tin* \yn\y of wild di.
Iiaviiij; dii'tl at'tiT a licavy rainfall in a pond of tin* /oolo;.' inli-n «l

I'li-toria. Till' .sami* typr of IliictUun hntuhtnix Iuih Im-.i; ' *iV

ii(»lMii>soM ill tiirkrvM, ill wild rats, in liorsi-s and in iiiiilfs. r.i „ h-
Miss or dratli. lhjr>i4'.H an* liijjhly HiiHooptibli; to thin tyf>c C in South
Afrira and thf siime is n-fonlrd hy hi'ii^t.Hoii for tin* vanl of the I'nite«i
Stat.'s.

In California tin- lypi' (' wa.s isidatml for tin* first tiiin* from wild
ducks (llobmaicr) aiul in 1!).'{1 in two cases from wild ruts ^Ilohmaicri
Kiirtlicr an outbreak of limbcrncck in turkeys, in which forty-thrcf
died out of fort V seven diirin'' three davs was eailM'd bv this tviM*
( llobniaier).

Since a part of the cases rcfjistered by the State Hotiilinu.s ('om-
mission are clostly conneete<l with the region of the duck disi-aso sueh
as Colusa or Klamath Falls, and haviiij,: found this microbe in one
outbreak in tame birds, it is not unlikely that this microbe type f
occurs in California too as a caus4> of foml poisoning' in animals and
tanu' birds; but most remarkable are the losses of wildfowl due to the
toxin of this microbe

Bionomica of the Bacillus Botulinua Type C

Till' Hiiiillns butiiliniis type C occurs in two variants, alpha and
bcia Cohiiian (Hooper Foundation) lias iletermined. that the type C
coiueriud with the ihick disease is the variant (' alpha (not yet pub-
lished I .

The causative or<;aiiism of the disease therefore must be consideretl
as th«' orilinary American type C strain of liavillus botulinus of Ben^t
s(Ui and (Jraham, causin;^ limberneck in fowl and botulism in horses.

A .series of experiments has been conducted to establish the prop-
erties of this type under natural comlitions. Media have been I'hosen
available for the microor^^anism on the ponds and around them.

Earth or mud. water, and the or«:anic matter desired to be tt^sttnl,
has been mixed until forminu' a paste. This mixture has been sterilized
in small bottles. After an inoculation with spores of the liaciUus botu-
linus type C an incubation followe<l at 2')'' to 'M^ C. for a period of
three to ten days.

Tht> s;ime expiTiiiu III was ifpi-ateii ilrowiiinj? the substances in
pure water.

The results obtaineil were the following:: Cultures containinjr
barley were more toxic than thos«' with rice. Cultures with carcasses
of ilitTerent animals, beetles, «^'rasshoppers, tly larva, molluscs, fislies,
protluccil toxin cultures. Cultures, however, containing substances of
animals, etc.. produced more powerful toxins than those prepan^l with
seeds.

It is of intert>st to note, that iira.sshoppers for instance, remaiiuni
poisonous to ducks, even when washed for twenty-four hours in fresh
water, before feedinijr.

In a second series of experiments mud was taken from duck ponds
around Colusa and around Salton Sea. An addition of water was
made until a paste was formed. The medium was inoculated, after
sterilization, with spores of Biuillus botulinus type C. After an

14 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

incubation of from three to five days the cultures were tested on wild
ducks. Death could be produced in one to three days by feeding the
paste as well as by feeding the water of the paste, but only in six cases
out of fourteen different samples, meanwhile eight produced no disease.

The Diagnosis of the Duck Disease

The diagnosis of the duck sickness can be based on the epidemi-
ology, the clinical picture, the isolation of the causative organism, and
the demonstration of the toxin.

1. Epidemiology and Clinical Picture. Appearance, course, and
disappearance of the disease are highly characteristic as previously
shown. Together with the clinical picture there is no other sickness,
which could be confused with that disease especially as far as wildfowl
is concerned. Methylalcohol poisoning, encephalitis lethargica, and
cerebrospinal meningitis, three diseases in man similar to botulism, are
unknown in waterfowl.

2. The Isolation of the Causative Organism. During the last year
the causative organism of the duck disease has been isolated from the
liver of twenty-two cases of the disease out of twenty-four cases in the
laboratory of the Fish and Game Commission. All these specimens
were in good condition. Eight of them were killed. Forty-seven inves-
tigations on birds not having suffered from the sickness failed to show
this organism. These findings justifj^ the conclusion that the isola-
tion of Bacillus hotulinus type C from the liver of diseased or freshly
dead birds is of diagnostical value in the case of botulism in fowl.

3. The Demonstration of the Toxin. For this demonstration are
required 0.4 to 1.0 cc. blood of a diseased duck at the height of the
sickness, for an injection into a white mouse. Eight experiments con-
ducted in this line gave positive results in all cases. Five of the inocu-
lated mice died, three recovered, all showing typical symptoms of botu-
lism. In accordance with the method indicated by Weinberg (14) the
type of the botulinus could be determined at the same time.

Bacillus Botulinus C in the Field

Investigations were performed in the laboratory consisting of
examinations of soil and mud samples from different shooting clubs
around Colusa and the Salton Sea during 1931. Duck disease occurred
in both regions in this year.

Seventy-six mud samples were secured from the levees of fifteen
duck ponds and especially from sloughs, and wet and dry mud from
near their borders. Only places suspected of the presence of the bacil-
lus were chosen. The number of samples taken from every pond were
two to six. In eight cases the foam on the surface of the water was
tested. Twenty-eight samples out of seventy-six showed the presence
of the toxic hotulinus strain type C. Two samples out of eight of a
greyish foam on the surface of the water were found to contain the
causative organism.

The ponds around Colusa received water from rice fields and the
Sacramento River (drain 2047). Four samples were taken from an
evaporating ditch and four from a ditch nearby that had dried up
entirely. In three samples of the former and in two of the latter the

(AI.IKOKN'lA »•-" \S|i itAMK 15

Hiirillus holiiliniis typo (' (M)iiI(I Im» iM(|{tli><i Thf H^iurrc of !h»« |M)||iiti>>n
rniiiiiru'ii imkiinwii. Tin- fioHsilMlif h-s urn- |iullufiofi fr«>in ilrniii 2<M7,
frniii rirr liflds «»r fr«»iii tujlh't watrr nf tin- Miirr<>iinilin^ poruU

l"'irt«'«'ri .H{iiiipli*.s wi'p' H«Tiir«*«| from mi Jin-n of rn-r fii-Ms in«nr thi*^»^
thick pontls 'Dm* tiflils wcif tlraiiuMt A poml hti)l n*mairM'«l in th«
initldlf (»f tin- iH'hl.s Mhiiv \VHt«'rff»\vI nuiM Iw wrn thrn*, but im mh'Ic
«»r ili'ad binls. I.ittir pouU with «liM'ayiii>f tish of (lilTi-n'rit .Hi7.»'H wit**
alxiiiilaiit ill lln'sf lirMs Two out of tlii* lifti'fii H4iiiipli'H p>Ttoriiii'tl
i'>xic (-iiltiireM of Jtatillus bolulntus typr f, iiMiiit; ciirichnuMit iiiftlitt
J''iiitln'r iiiVfsti<,'atioiis in this liiu* nn* r«M|uiri»l to aMci>rtaiit if thn**
fii'hls an- of (liri'cf or only imliriM-t iinportaiio- in thf onthrrak.H of
thi' tlisrasi'.

'I'hrt't' saniph's out of thn*«' taken fr«)ni niutl of th** siiltworkx on
tht* north shore district of the Salton S«'a jjavc nejjativr n*sult.H. Thin
staft'iniMif is of iniportant-c in so far as the saltworks i>« i.'»'n«'rally con-
^i'ltTt'tl as thf chii'l" cause of tlic disease in tliis rej;ion.

SixtiTU samples taki-n from the mud of the temporarily overfl<»we«l
shore line of the South Salton Sea showetl the prewnce of the limtHus
in seven eases.

In a series of experiments i»\.iii\ niud s^imples collected from
ptintls n«'ar Colusa and Salton Sea \v«'re investitrated for the pres«'nce
of the toxin. Without any prej)aration oidy three samples ppMluci-d
Kymptoms of h«itulism hy feedintr the mud to wild ilucks After an
ineuhation fi»r seven days at about MO ('. six more .samples were foimd
to he to.xic.

Kotulism in a normal duck could also be pnKiuced by feeding;
barley collecte«l from an erudosure on a duck pond on the Ant.'«'lus Club.
Salton Sea In this enclosure tlie call-ducks }uid |)reviously di»'d from
duck ili.sca.se. They had been fed with barley thrown in a heap in the
water and on the water itself.

Oti the Coachella Club lu'ar Salton Sea. deeavin<» ducks were fojincl
on the borders of a pond. Myriads of tly larva were found on the car-
casses, and numy of them had also drowned in the water. Feeilin^» a
.small (juantity of these drowned tly-larva to a healthy duck j)riKluce*l
the typical duck diseasi-.

The water of live tlitTerent pontis was tested without positive
residts. These few experiiiuMits. however, ilo not prove that tlie water
is harmless in outbreaks of the disease. Snuill accumulations of water
nuiy be of importance, like the water contained on certain places in the
nuid.

The e.xperinuMits show that the presence of the li<uil[us botuhnus
type r as well as the toxin on various substances in the duck ponds and
on other feeilin«; places of the waterfowl can be demonstrattni. It is
noteworthy that the metlia jziviup positive results were niastly rich in
orirnnii' matter.

Sources of Pollution With Bacillus Botulinut Typ« C

1 The most important sources of pollution are the carcasses of
waterfowl havinjr died from duck disease. The easiest way to isolate
these micnxn-iranisms. as shown by Robinson (13\ is if the specimen is
allowcil to dt'i'av for ;i montli ov lotiijer. In the same way the carcasses

16

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of rodents (wild rats) and other animals (for instance horses) having
died from botulism (C) may produce a pollution.

2. The droppings of sick waterfowl and mammals suffering from
botulism, living near the water.

3._ Botulism in barnyard fowl. The pollution may be affected by
throwing the carcasses in rivers or lakes or if drainage water can reach
the places where these carcasses are decaying. An aggregation of the
spores at the mouths of rivers or in marshes and lakes may be under-
stood in this way. The theory the duck disease primarily originated
from these sources is most convincing. The same pollution, however,
is brought about in the same way due to carcasses of other animals hav-
ing died from botulism type C and handled as above mentioned.

F^G. 4. Decomposing carcass of a duck that died of duck disease. Tule
Lake, Siskiyou County, California, October 12, 1928. It is in tliis
manner that the author suggests a spread of the organism causing
the disease, resulting in probable recurrence of the sickness in a fol-
lowing' season on the same ground. Photo by E. S. Cheney.

4. A similar undesired effect may be expected, if manure of diseased
animals has been used for fertilization of fields flooded in fall and used
as duck ponds.

In earlier times the running water of heavy run-offs seems to have
cleaned the rivers and lakes bringing the spores of Botulinus down to
the sea. More recently slow and smaller water run-off has changed the
situation. Floating matters now silt up to a large extent the borders
of our lakes.

Conditions on Duck Ponds

Duck ponds on which the duck disease is prevalent are character-
ized by unsanitary conditions.

To attract waterfowl the gun clubs provide water and feed, even
on places on which there is naturally no water and no food. Gun clubs
with artificial ponds can be seen during the shooting season.

Most of these ponds are dry during a part of the year. They are
flooded in the hottest time of the year. The water used is of different

rAI.IKOKVIA KIHII AND 04MI! 17

r|ualtly. iJraiiia^jf \vni«T »h uiirn u.h«'iI mr inai jjiirp«r«r niui mii-il lie
f-'itlNiilrri'tl aK polllltril.

Ill nnli r In prf>vi(lt> foiNl for tin* tliirkN moiih* ;;iiii tIiiIm HikmI har-
stfd arniu lainls rrrtaiiily many fiHHlstuffs an* nuitainr*! in a poiul
lurtiu'd l»y tlruwiiiii^; tin* laiiiia ami llora of a i»raiii fi«'lil. I ' i-

iiatrly in iloiiit; ho tin* fli-jiriiii; priM-i-vn of tin* wairr im '!••' . -r
«Mitiicly .Misprmlitl. I'lulrr tin* mlliniH'f of llii* hot tniip an

lindcsiriMl rcnncntation takrs pla«r Dm- to tin* MhortnKi> of water iwu-
ully MO wattT cliaiiu''' i?^ provuli-il. l>«Tiiyiii'/ oru'anic inatlrr^ ilfVflop lu
Mil iimisnal ili-i/ii-f rflliiluM- liiictrria followfil by swamp hhh priMliiftion
(•Mpcciall\ .Mi-lliaii aiitl SlI., iiulirat in;; that thi- ann-roh )iart«M-ia iiiMtcail
of the H«rol)«'.bart«'iia an- pri'vah'iit in ihr.si' pontls. The ininl smrlU
batl anti a j,'n'yish loam partially i-ovits thr watrr snifarr. If th-n-
an* spon-s of thf liarillus hotiilintis typ«' (' in tin* \vat«T or mii«l,
an oilthifak of tin* »listas«' t-an hf »'X|)(Tt«'t| diirin;; tin* hot Ways, sinri*
thr fornn'iitatioii itsrlf raisrs the tnnpfraturc «)f the water.

Similar roiulitioiis are pruthierd if the land is tloodeii without
huildiiij; h'Vfes around ponds. Mudflats and slotij^'hs art* formed at lh<*
bonh'rs. The sta^inanl water is of a dark color and its ti-mperatiire
Honietiiiies rai.v>s to 75® to hi) K. A eontinual decn-asi* of the water
due to evaporation ean !»•' observed followed by tlie formation of inon*
nindthits and sluip^dis.

It must br lonsidfii'd furthermore as detrinn'iital if the siime pond
is tlomled vear after vear. durin^r the late summ«-r or earlv fall without
thanin;,' the frrouml. Too mu«-h orjranie mattrr is deposited on the
bottoms of llicsf ponds due to the used wat«r. the droppiie/s <»f Mie
waterfowl, and the det-ayin;,' of plants and animals.

The prr.senee of siek anil d«'a»l wat«'rfowl on these ponds, sutTerinjj
or having; died from botulism is a potential souree of the sauw dis4'as«»
durinir the followinir year. On Octobt-r M). \*XW. a d^atl wild duek.
havinj; died from iluek disea.so was buried behiml tlie laboratory. Soil
samples taken from this plaee on September 15. \\)'M, showed the
presenee of Bacillus hot ill inns type (\

Other Foci of the DiseasA

1 1 In known that in earlier times the lieavirst losses oeeiirn'tl at the
mouths of dilVt'rent rivei-s, on marshes, ami on the bonlers of shallow
lak«'s. Most of tlu'se places dried up entirely. The appearanee, how-
ever, (»f the sii'kness on one of the.se plaees. is of «fn>at imp»»rtanee due
to the faet that larirer tloeks of waterfowl eoneentrate in sueh situations
and the lo.s.scs resultiuj; are more numerous than on other plaees.

The appearance of duck ilisease in WW was reported from Salton
Sea only from the south shore ilistriet. This part of Salton Sea is very
flat. Slou<rlis and mudtlats oxten«l approximately 100 yards in the
direction of the lake ami form its biu-der. Many eareassos of dead
wild binls eoidd be found alonjr the shoreline. If the wind blows from
north the dryinjr mudflats are overflowed, forminfr ponds. If the wind
ehaiiLres in tht> loulrary dire«'tion the lakeshore consists of wet and
dryini; nuultlats. Tlu^ mud is a loamy earth and contains ill smelling
matter. It is of interest to note that in this region of the shore large
(piantities of water from irrigation ditches and from two rivers flows

18

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

into the lake. This water forms a red zone about 200 yards wide along
the shoreline. The water of the lake itself is of a blue color. It indi-
cates that the water from the rivers and the ditches is not completely
mixed with the water of the Salton Sea, but that the former is spread
along the shore. The dirt from the ground seems to have been brought
to the shore partially by the water of the New River and by drainage
water. Some may have been developed there itself due to the fact
that alfalfa fields existed there two years ago to be since drowned out.
It will be remembered that on this shoreline in seven out of sixteen
samples of soil the Bacillus dotuliniisi type C was isolated.

On the east side of the Salton Sea around Bombay Beach, there is
no water from irrigation or from a river at all. There about 5000

Pig. 5. Ducks that had been picked up in helpless condition due to duck disease often
recovered fully within three to Ave days after being put in pens and provided
with clean water. Hollywood Gun Club, October 26, 1928. Photo by E. S.
Cheney.

ducks were aggregated at the time of my visit. The shore does not
indicate the same unsanitary conditions as described for the south end
of the Salton Sea. On a route of about half a mile along the east
shore the carcasses of only six wild birds could be found. No sick
birds were present. No Bacillus hotulinus type C could be isolated
from soil samples taken there.

This short description of the conditions on Bombay Beach and on
the south of the Salton Sea serves to bring vividly to mind, that not
the water of the Salton Sea itself, but the unsanitary conditions of
certain spots on the shore must be blamed for the outbreak of duck
disease in this region.

< Ai.inm.NiA nmi asu oamk I'J

8uoe«ttiong for th« Control of Ouch Oi«««*«

Tin- ilisfjiM" wa.H olmiTV*'*! at Iwo priiiripui ■' .ii i.. i.Miih

Khol't' of llir Saltoii Sea atitl on ||ii> |m>iii|m of van-' n i'IiiKh. m> it i<t

nfCCSMiry tn provide Kjinitary fuiiilitmnN nl iIh^m* plH«'<*s.

If tli«' ^'»m chiliH had suflifiriit watrr In ttoml th«?ir poiulH, th«Te
would prolialily !)•• no troid)lr of din-k di.H«'nM' on thriw pnnd.H Thf
<|Ui'stiiiii is, lli)T('forr, liiiw is it posMiblr to pi'inIud* s^iniliir\ nuiditioiiN,
in this I'asc. un tin- dtu-k pontls. witlioiit (;i-ttin(; a lar^iT wati*r siipplx '
Kor tilts piirpusr I would prnposr ilic followini; nii'asuri'M for iinpfriird
};un i-lul)s :

1. I'll iKintttun htftnt flniulnuj: '\\> lilsl suImiiiT'^i- lanil |4» Im- ..- ..
for duck ponds is tlioii;;lit to !)•■ iinpra«-tifal, a.s it is tlx- practiri* to plow
or disc tirlds of haricy or ntlii-r ^'raiii under prior to HiNHlin^;. This
prai'tin* nuiy not hf dctnnii'ntal to wild life, if the iio<Mlin^ taki*> plare
durinj; tin' month of Octohi-r. wlu-n llif wratlu-r is not as hot as i-arlu'r.

It is nt'i't'ssiiry to uv well Irvrlrd ponds. Slou^^hs, niudtlats anti
shallow places should not br fornn'«l in tluvs** ponds as the teniperatun*
ran he kept down easier, the elearin;; process of the water accomplished
in shorter time and therefore the conditions kept less favorahle for the
yrowlh of hiiiulinus, if such ilo nut exist. The shurtaj^e of tin* water
supply nuikes it necessjiry tt» aeconuno«late tin* size an«l numher of ih»'
ponds to the available water supply.

I'rior t(» tloodinir the bottom of the pumls llit\ Nimuld )u- r\fiii\>->\
of excess ve<,'i'tablc material.

Ue^^^ardin;^' the shape of the |)onds, round ones or jionds with round
corners are preferable, since more ctiinplete water circulation is
obtained in such than in oni's with square coriu-rs.

The feeding; places shoidd be clean and c<ivereil with dry saml.
The footl may be mixed with };ravel. It is preferable to feed on the dry
marj^'ins of ponds, to throwinj; the jrrain in the water

The inlets and outlets of the ponds should be »-arefiUly prepared
to pr(tvide a chantjc of water if it is de.sin'd.

2. Flonilin<i of the i>niiils: The fl(MHlin<r j)f the ponds should bo done
as quickly as possible. In doin«; so the teujperature of the water is
kept tlown.

Artesian water as used on the north of the Salton Sea requires Uo
special treatment. Xo draina^'c water at all shoidd be us««d. if it is
possible. If draina;;e water can not be avoided in tl«HHlin^ I>onds this
water may be cleaned by the addition of chlorin-

:?. llauiUiiui lifter flmnUui) : A pond pn'paretl as imiuaied rctpures
little further care. The tirst recjuirement is to k»'ep the water at tin*
same level durin}» the season. If water and levi'os ar»» clean the tem-
perature of the pond should be watched The thermometer shoidd not
exceed 7'.! ' K. at any place in the pond. If the temperature on any
place in the pond reai'he.s this lieitrht, it is nece.ssjiry to open the pates
and product* in this way a permanent movement <»f the water. It nii^ht
be mentioned that especial care should be given to the fe^Nlinir places.
Carcasses of any kind on the ponds ami around them should be removed
immodiatdv.

20 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

4. Handling in case of duck disease : In case of duck disease the
sick birds should be collected and enclosed in pens with fresh water,
the dead ones should be carefully collected and burned. An inspection
of the sanitary conditions should be made. The Fish and Game Com-
mission will always be very glad to help clear up cases when informed.

It will be repeated, that all these measures are only proposed for
imperiled gun clubs. On other places steps like those proposed are not
required.

South Shore of Salton Sea

The waterfowl on the Salton Sea and on the gun clubs around the
sea are continually imperiled due to the unsanitary conditions on this
shoreline. To make sanitary conditions there is an important problem
of conservation of wild life. There is no doubt that the pollution of
the shore line is caused mostly by polluted water running into the lake.
This water seems to be polluted by two sources. One source is the
water of the ditches. Another important source is the pollution
brought about by garbage and industry and from farmers. From the
standpoint of conservation of wild life it is necessary to show these
people the importance of keeping the rivers clean at the present time.
Without this cooperation of industry and farmers on the borders of the
rivers and shores a satisfactory sanitation of the shore line can hardly
be performed.

The sanitation work requires, furthermore, the deepening of the
• mouths of the rivers running into the Salton Sea. It is necessary to
destroy the sloughs and the mudflats on the south shore line by moving
their borders forward about 100 to 200 yards in this region.

Conclusion

The so called duck disease or western duck sickness is an intoxica-
tion of waterfowl due to the poison of Bacillus hotidinus type C. It is
a real food poisoning like botulism in man. The water on places on
which the disease is prevalent is polluted with spores of this microbe.
During the hot months of the year these spores grow and produce
toxins, if, at the same time the water is rotten and hot.

Keeping the water clean and its temperature low are means of
preventing the duck disease. The installation of sanitary conditions
in affected areas will reduce the losses. It may not be possible to des-
troy all the sources of the disease at once, but only relatively little
effort, as shown, is required to diminish the losses, and in doing so to
establish a valuable conservation of wild life.

Donald D. McLean and James Moffitt of the Fish and Game Com-
mission were of the greatest assistance in this study giving every pos-
sible information, both traveling to different places around Colusa, and
Mr. Moffitt besides helping me in the formulation of this paper. J.
. Hecker, Game Warden in Coachella, assisted me in my visit to the
Salton Sea. It is a pleasure to acknowledge their kindness.

Literature Cited

1. Sperry, Charles C. Report on the Duck Sickness in Southern

Oregon and Northern California, Summer
1927. (Manuscript.)

I'AUroK.VIA yiHU \SU OAMK

21

2. riurki-, hriii.k <

3. Wrtmorr. A.

I' rffMirt .n'«Mi ••

•iinii \ nil- > 'I ■• Kail luir. r..«»«i..f

Vol i.'i. i-\, ju ■ -in

.Mi>rliiliir iinionK Wntrrfowl arouMl flfwal

^ I ' I,nkr, I'tnli i ' t

Jl .. lit I.'.. 'Iht- I»i|.

I>«|>t. Airlr. Hull. No. 073. lOlH.

K.mhI Con.!;' 't \

|{<*i:nri| 111

I>urk Vrrnrry ( .MniiiiiMTl|»l ), li'-'"»

Wmirrn I)i ■ ■

tnlly. Sri.

lli.'ln

ItiTfiit I'r-'uri-HH III l»iiiK In-i-iinr

A. V. M. .Unit. Vol. 71'. No. 30. No.

Diirk I)iw«»M» ('nu««l by tin* r"t«M.n of Ih*-

Itarillut holutinun. < ' \I.ir<»RM \ Fl^' ' '

<;\ME. Vol. 111. No. I. OrtolHT, 1J».'W»

Diirk I>i!M'n"«o ('«ii««l hy the Toiln of CloMlri-
Hium Itolulinui C I'nw. of thp Htyt- for
Kx|H.r. Hiol. iiii.l .Mi^lir Vol. -JH, No .VMi.1 p,.
:CM>-3lO, i»:m)

l>)T l(a<-illllH HollllilillM Mini Mir I

lliiiiilliiii'h <liT I'lithoKniiMi Mikf'

2. Aull. Vol. ». 1;»I2.

Hot ' llnn<lhu<h (lor I'nthoi;' n- m -Mik

r.«.i. II. Vol. 4. I.fk'. 2<». l'.»2H.

Thi> K|ii<li'inioloKy of HotuliMii. I'iil>li<-

n.-iil(li lltill. No. 127. 11>22.

Slmlios oil OrKiinisiiiH ('oiiii'rnoil iim CaiiMitivr

FartorN in Rotiiliiini. Ilyeirnic I^lMtratorjr

Hull. No. i:m. 1!>2I.

Tin* Hintrriii of tin* (Uoalridium ISolultmrnm

C nnci /) fy|>«'s. HUh lli-|>«irt of tin- V.-t. S«t-

viffs niid Aniiiiiil Industry Oni|««nttf|»«Mir«.

rri'ioria. Aujj. VX\n

\N <inl>»>rK. M ., ainl < Jin.slMiurB. H. I>onnwi* r«><i'nt«*« siir U'H luimilx's «ua«'ri>l»i«*n-

no.M nt la ro|«» !•' '.ii;ii« It I' ■ '

SI \\r>. Mom.. . .1.- n

ISV.'T

t M i.i-aii. liMiiaM !•

n. Kaliiiliat h, Iv K

n Sliiiw. Paul A.

7. Iloliniaicr, M.

S. lIoluniiitT, M.

'.) \ ail Krnii>ni;<Mi. K.

in. .M...Mr. K I

II. «;tMi;ir. .1 , I>i(*kKoii, K. •'

ami .Mi-ycr. K I'

III. Itfiii;t>*oii. Ilia .\.

i:?. K..l.ih.s..n. K. .M.

H.

UNUSUALLY GOOD FISHING IN AND OFF
MONTEREY BAY

By J. B. Pmillii's. Callfornlu State Fisheries I..aboratory

4 I'.Ni >U.M .M.I.V liii^h tomporatures of the water alonj; the Cali-
Z\ foniin t'oast, prnhal)ly duo to warm (H'ean i-urrcnts, are mcxst
-^ ^ likrly rt>s|>i>n.sil)U» for tho unusual riuis oT fishes. •
scniitropioal forms, that have occurred in and otT M..Tit.
in.LT IIKH.

The early fall season of \93\ furnished what is probably the best
nuickerel tishin«r that dock fishermen have ever experiencetl at Mon-

lly tho

\ dnr-

• Submitted for publication Octol)er. 1931.

22

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

terey. The fish referred to is the Pacific mackerel {Pneumatophorus
japonicus diego), commonly, although not correctly, called striped,
zebra, or common mackerel. Oldtimers, who have spent their entire
lives at Monterey, have prononnced this season's "run" as exceptional.

Fig. 6. A portion of a Monday crowd on one side
of the Municipal Pier at Monterey while the Pacific
mackerel "run" was close to shore. Ordinarily the
mackerel schools fluctuate beyond the fishing boat
moorings in the distance, but during a six-week
period in August and September of 1931, wharf fish-
ermen experienced the best fishing that they had ever
had at Monterey. Photo by J. B. Phillips, September
21, 1931.

Never have they seen such a prolonged run so close to shore. During
the last three weeks of August and the first three weeks of September,
great numbers of fishermen lined the Municipal Pier and at times the
Fisherman's Wharf. On week ends, choice standing and sitting room

rAi.iF'oit.viA n.mi ash ti.wtt: 23

wa.s at a prfiiiiiiiii. Slnuiu', (^rari't'iil, liuliliiiK iiui*-k>-rrl, v.
Iial!" t"> lliri'c pouiulH, hrokr inaiiy a wiiitlow on thf Miuik ij.ai r.i
wln'ii ovcr-aiixioiis lislirriiii'ii •iwiiii;; llii'ir i-atcli out of tin* wutiT, Many
nNluTincn stoppfil lisljinj; wIumi they filled a Mark, but othcm won* inoiv
ciitliusiaMtif. Fish won* fr«M*ly fjivni to oiilook«'n» aiul to
wIm'Ii tlif (islH'iiiiffi i-fturtu'(| liuin.v Many rauu'lif inori', JH"^! ;..| tr.-
sport uT fatcliiii;:, tliaii tliry tlimiM*! vrs rojild us*- On .HMin«" \\f-k i-ihIh,
a constTvalivc fstiniaf** of tin* amount taken by Msb'Tmr'n on thi* «l«H'kH
alonr sonnMinioN would amount to !.'> or 20 ton.H. Th<' amount taken b>
tin* sportsnn-n is an I'sliniati* oftt-n easily fortrotti'u. Tln' Califoroiii
Division of l''isli and (iann* has no n-cnrd, at pn-wnt. of the jh'livrri'-''
showinj; spiM'ies. wei^rhts. and prires paid sport fishermen, a« it has for
the eommercial delivi'ries.

Several nonnally siiulliern ('alilornia lishrs are appearing in
ahundanee in Monten-y Bay and just outsich'. Many tons of barra
iiida (N/)/i !/'"<"»</ iirf/cntrn) have been taken durin*; the periinl of
Auyust and Septendier Barracuda have not ap|)eared in any jrreat
nund)ers in Monterey Bay for several years. Cateh fijrnres show thi>
season's landin;rs from Monterey Bay to exceed by many tons that of
iiny other season represented. The catches of barracuda liave bc.-n
aee«»mpanied by record cati-hes of l>onito (Snnln rhUimsis). Many of
the bonito specimens ranire between 7 and B> pounds in wei«;ht. This
tish is sometimes misnamed ski|>.iack in the Monten-y re'jion. The most
easily reco;;:iii/.cd. (list in^'uishin;.: marks of tlw-e two tunas are that the
bonito (Siinln rhilicnsis) lias narrow black l>ars extent! inir morn or b'ss
nbli(|uely across the back above the lateral lino, while the skipjack
( K<itsiiirniiiis iithinns) has dark horizont:d stripes on the lower half of
the sides. Albai-ore {(itrtuo itlnlitiujit) . the prime mendicr of the tuna
!.M*oup. made its appearance otT the coast just south of Monterey Bay
durinj; the second week of Septend)er. This is the second eons«»eutive
season for a nund)er of years that the "chicken <»f the sea" has
appeared in any numbers in this rej;ion. The njost easily recotrni/.e«|
charai'teristic of the albacore is the Ion;; saberlike pectoral fin. which
reaches well beyond the front of the anal fin All the tunas (bonito.
skipjack, yellowtiii, bluetin. and albacore i as well as the other mend»«'r».
of the nnu'kerel family, hav'- -..•».o;ii finlets followimr •'"' bt-t .!r.r..il
fin and the anal tin.

()n Septend)ei- I-'). \'X\\ . there w«'re landed at Monterey iStM)
pounds of saury, also *'alled skipper or bluetish, Cnlohihis hiuri rosins
(perhaps Tiot separablt> from tlie dapanese species. Cnlolahis .sviini'.
Tliis is a slender, mackerel like fish more clo.sely related *to the flyinjr
fishes anil ntn-mally found in the open seas. The saury is a small tish
not exceedin<» IS inches in lenirth. with the dorsid ami anal fins in.sertefl
about two-thirds the ilistance from the heail to the tail, followed by
several tinlets. Small, bright blue blotches appear haphazardly alonp
the sides. ^Vhen a school of .saury is pursued by tuna, the fish erowd
forward and in their anxiety to escape, the hindermost ones leap for-
ward from tlie water. skippin<r and soaring for probably a hundred
feet.

24 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Sardines (Sardina caerulea), on the other hand, have been scarce
in this bay during- August and September, when the sardine plants
are in operation. This season, during the two-month period mentioned,
approximately 30 per cent of the catches of sardines were made in the
bay, the balance coming from north of the bay. During this same
period for the two previous seasons, approximately 90 per cent of the
catches were made in Monterey Bay.

A misleading report is that yellowtail are being landed at Monte-
rey. The reference is to the yellow-tailed rockfish of the species
Sehastodes flavidus and not to the true yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis),
whose range is normally from Point Conception south.

During the last week of March and the first week of April, 1931,
several California sheepshead (Pimelometopon pulcher) were taken
from Monterey Bay. The normal range of this species is from Point
Conception south.

Usual landings of commercially important fishes from Monterey
Bay include members of the rockfish group; flatfish group; perch
group; smelt group; herring; anchovy; Pacific cultus or cultus cod;
kingfish, with which are mixed a small percentage of queenfish ; sable-
fish ; horse mackerel ; white sea bass ; and salmon. The season on some
of these species, such as salmon, white sea bass, or horse mackerel, is
short, due either to legislative restrictions or the migratory nature of
the fish. Squid (a mollusc related to the octopus) landings are also
larg-e enough to be of importance. Aba] ones are taken by diving in
District 18, which extends from the mouth of the Carmel River to the
Santa Barbara-Ventura County line. Small amounts of octopi, or
devilfish (mollusks) and prawns (crustaceans) are taken just south of
Monterey Bay.

THE CALIFORNIA QUAIL SANCTUARY AND
GAME REFUGE CAMPAIGN

By "Walter R. Welch

When old Dame Nature created the Valley and Mountain Quail
of California she made a beautiful as well as a brave and game little
bird, to which the sportsman Avho enjoys a day afield with gun and
dog, the farmer, rancher, orchardist, and vineyardist is most deeply
indebted.

Not very many years ago the valleys, hills, desert areas, and
mountain slopes throughout this great State were alive — so to speak —
with these beautiful native game birds, but today, sad to relate, there
remains but a pitiful remnant of that once bountiful supply.

During the past thirty odd years laws have been enacted, theories
advanced, and efforts made to protect and to bring back the supply
of quail, but without an}^ very noticeable or beneficial results.

It had become quite apparent that if our native quail were to be
saved from total extermination, it would be necessary to ask the State

rAI.IKOKN'IA riHfr ANfJ OAM»! 2'>

Loi^iMlntiirc to cnnt-t a law tlint winiM iilT<»r<l ipiajl lh«- protr.-tion of

an nltsoluto fI(tH«'tl siastui for a prriiMl of from Ih • • • • — - in

order to save tliiiii liniii tin- som; l»ir<l lint, for jmi . -n,

unloKN Moine statewide MyMtnii rould bt* put in oprralion whereby
the KUpply of «juail fotild !«• iiwiintai: ;' not iiu'rpa.srd, without

thp tifti'ssity of takitii: siirh drastii-

With tiiis vit'w in mind, and i- J that future quail hunting

ftnd shootitJK in tliis State will nrcrsMarily l>e conHned to a ifr»'at extent
to private property, and timt no system or efTort to i in or

reestahlish the supply of tpiail ran. or will result sti' — fni.. ^>tthout
it inet'fs witli the support and eooprration of tlie i s, ranchers,

orehardists and vineyanlist.s throU)?hout the State, the Fish and
Game Commission, in \9'M), put in operation, throutrh the medium of
the N'ohintetT Deputies of the Division of Fish and (iame. a stale-
widf nuivenu'nt to riu-ourajre farniiTs and other owners of latid to
voluntarily set aside part of their land as inviolate quail Kanctuarien
and tranu' refutjes. and to elose to hunting ami shootinj; the areas thus
set aside for a period ttf three yrai*s.

^Yhile the lands that are thus set aside are private property over
whiih the Fish antl (Jame (Commission has no direct super\'ision or
eontrol. and are not State ^ame refu;»es. this movement on the part of
fhr Conimission has Iwrn met with the spontaneous and enthusiastie
support and cooperation of farmers, landowm-rs and s|)ortsmen. The
result is that aithou^'h the eampai^'ii has been in operation «)nly a little
ovt'r one year, upwards of twelve hundred inviolate quail sanctuaries,
aiiil jrame refiiires have hferi voluntarily «'stal»lished on private property
where quail ami r)ther jrame nuiy now proj)a'^ate undisturbed and
unmolestt»d in open br«»edinir irronnds. from the nncleus of wild birds
in the fields.

This nio\ .-ni'-iii . as il i-> al pii-st-iil lifiM'_' cnntiurirci i»_\ ih<' Fisii
and (J.iine Comniission in Its I'tTorfs to sohr the quail probh-m in Cali-
forni.i. lias met with sup|)ort ami cooperation. It is ^irovinp to be
s\ic('«'ssful and benefieial. and interest in it has not abated or l»»ssene<l
atid bids fair to continue, as is evidene<'d by «'orrespomb'iu'e and
photoi^raphs received from farmei-s and landowners who have set
nsi<le part of tlu'ir land as quail sanetuari<'s and irame refuses, editor
iais. cartoons, and articles published in newspapers, and reports from
Volunteer Deputies who have assisted the farmers and landowners
in estahlisliinfx quail sanctuaries and irnnic i-ffu-jes antl i»i nostine the
areas closed to huntini: and shootinir.

Tn this connection it may be briefly stated that thirty od<i farmers
and rauihei-s in th»> Sierra National For«'st and vj.inity. durini: the past
year, have set aside part (^f their land as inviolate <puiil sanctuaries
and «ranu^ refujres. This was done in n\sponse to a letter addn*ssed to
tilt in by Ftirest Supenisor M. A. Ucneilict of North Fork, ralifornia.
These fanners without exception state as a result of establishim?
sanctuaries there has been a noticeable and de«'id«nl increase in the
supply of quail and other irame on tlu'ir land this season. They are
heartily in favor of repostin;: ami eontinuinir the sanctuaries

A landowner near T.os Altos. Santa Clara County, states that
there arc more (piail on his land this year than there have been at
any time durinjr the past twelve years. The owner of a forty-acre

26 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

vineyard near Esealan, San Joaquin County, reports over one hun-
dred and fifty quail on his land this year where less than a dozen
birds were to be seen two years ago.

A farmer in Ventura County states that he can now see fifteen
or twenty grey squirrels around his home where none were to be seen
two years ago. The wives of farmers in Santa Cruz and other
counties report that from thirty to fifty quail now come to the house
and feed with the chickens every day.

Many farmers have reported that the supply of quail and other
game on their land has increased very noticeably since the estab-
lishment of a sanctuary and that they now frequently see deer in
their orchards, vine3^ards, or fields.

In many instances the wives of farmers and landowners have
manifested a deep interest in, and have contributed to the success of
the quail sanctuary campaign by supplying the birds on the sanctuary
established on their property with water and feed, and in assisting in
affording them protection.

All of these facts indicate that the farmers and landowners of Cali-
fornia are now beginning to realize that while the title to all wild
game is in the State, a good supply of it, if maintained on their land,
is a valuable asset to them. They realize also that it would be properly
protected and conserved and that the campaign for the establishment of
inviolate quail sanctuaries and game refuges on the lands of the farm-
ers, as it is being conducted by the Fish and Game Commission of Cali-
fornia at this time, is one of the most constructive cooperative move-
ments to reestablish the supply of native game birds, such as quail,
that has ever been attempted in this or in any other state, and that it is .
proving to be an unqualified succe'^s.

As it is a practical impossibility for the State to maintain public
shooting grounds, all well informed sportsmen of the present genera-
tion are aware of the fact and now fully realize that the day of free
hunting and shooting of quail and other small upland game in Cali-
fornia has passed and that we must now depend upon the farmer and
landowner for our future hunting grounds.

While, as heretofore stated, the title and ownership to all wild
game, so far as it is capable of ownership, is in the State and while as
a matter of fact the owner of land has no title or ownership to any
of the wild game thereon, and can not hunt, pursue, take, kill or have
in his possession any wild game found on his land, except at such time
and in such manner and quantity as is provided by state law, Section
627 of the Penal Code of this State provides that it shall be unlawful
for any person to hunt, pursue, take, kill or destroy any animal or bird
on any land that is private property without first having secured the
written permission of the OAvner of the land.

Therefore, at this day and date, when the russet days draw on,
and we long to go afield with gun and dog for a quail or other upland
game shoot, as a license to hunt, granted by the State, gives its holder
no right to hunt upon private property without the consent of the
landowner, we are reminded, as suggested in Frost's painting, "The
Conciliator," to have the foresight to provide ourselves with the
necessary flask, the presentation of which so frequently causes the

rAI.iroiiMA

I f . I f I \ f .

•tern r«-al(ireN of the iiuriiyliaiHli'tl uuner of Iniid to rrUx mod mmrm

into a welcoiiiiiit; Miiiiir hh Ii«> n ptii tlii«t '" 'o bw hunting

t»roiiii<ls.

Ill any cvfiit thf tiinuu'hlfiil man \\\n» hnM l>r«<n »rniit'Ml p«-:
Kion to hunt oti thr hinds oT a farniiT, nit|N-<'tH th ^ and

xpri-M^st's liis ^ratitiuh* an<l appreciation for Hii>-it pn.U«t{c Uy prv-

Kio. 7. Hiforo cvlvllixatlon piicron'
was not a clltllcult timk t<> k*-' " ''"•■ '"
above pioturo, tiikfii In I'JO'J ii-

birds — a nii-r artfrni>on'.M hunt •

air. left to ilKbt. "J.nr,"" a |».>lnJ«r .

KnKlish setter. It Is bellwfd that m.»;- - .--

(loplotcd quail population, rhoto iiubmltii>4l by A. L^nl. San Ft
1931.

I>««:«iob«r 1.

sentini; the farmer's wife with a hox of ramly ;i ~ child' 'h

sonio fruit, thus niakini; his return not only w.*i. ..m. but r».-j>.-,i;«Ki
inui desired.

I was born and raised in Talifornia and have personally witnesMd
the vnnisliiiii; of this State's onee abuntlant supply of wild life.
ineludiuL: our native »|nail. Duriiiir the last •'••-" five years I have
been in tlie irame tield>. of the State in the di- ^- of the duties of

28 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

a game warden, working and many times fighting to protect and
succor our wild life. During all of these years I have tried, and seen
tried, many different plans and campaigns for the propagation and
protection of wild life, only to see them result in a battle between
the "Army of Destruction" and the "Army of Defense," and prove
to be a failure in their intended purpose.

Much has been said, and still is being said, by sincere wild life
conservationists relative to the necessity of a campaign of education
in regard to the value of wild life as a lure for healthful outdoor
recreation and pleasure and the need of its protection and conser-
vation. Such a campaign has been and is now being conducted by
the Division of Fish and Game, and has proven to be of great value.
But, as the time has now long gone by for the use of soft- voiced, soft-
handed methods for wild life protection, and the time has arrived when
we must resort to drastic and strong armed practice, if we would save
the supply of our wild life from being reduced to the verge of total
extermination, in no account should the value of education as a prac-
tical factor in wild life preservation be stressed beyond its real poten-
tial value.

However, while it is far from me to discourage any move that
offers even a fighting chance to save our wild life from extermination,
whether that move be one of education or otherwise, I would at this
time post one note of warning. Until such time as it has been fully
and definitely determined whether the present quail sanctuary and
game refuge campaign as it is being conducted by the Fish and Game
Commission of this State has proven to be either a success or a failure
do not be sidetracked or deceived by any theories that may be advanced
or advocated by "Lotus Eaters," who dream that the depleted game
fields of California will again become restocked with quail that have
been raised in captivity on State game farms, and that we will again
be able to enjoy free hunting and shooting on the lands of the farms
and landowners, or on public shooting grounds maintained by the State.

Nevertheless, too much can not be said in favor of the State game
farms that the Fish and Game Commission of California have estab-
lished at Yountville and Chino, nor too much credit be given to
August Bade, superintendent of the farms, for the splendid and
capable manner in which he has conducted them, which has resulted
in there having been liberated into the game fields of the State within
the past few years, msny thousands of pheasants and other desirable
game birds.

"While onr State Game Farms are necessary and will be beneficial
to the efforts being made to establish and maintain a supply of quail
and other upland game birds within the State to a sufficient degree
to afford good hunting and shooting to reasonable and appreciative
sportsmen, it can not be accomplished upon the basis of providing the
sportsmen with future free hunting and shooting on private property,
or on public shooting grounds maintained by the State — not by a long
shot. Make no mistake about that. Also make no mistake that the
success of the effort to reestablish the supply of quail and other upland
game within the State, depends upon the attitude of the sportsmen
toward the quail sanctuary and game refuge campaigns.

If the sportsman who enjoys hearing the valley quail's call of
"Here we are," "Here we are," "Here we are," and is thrilled at

iooinj; a covey of tlu?Mc lM«nutifut litili* k • for c

will Hclivoly hikI liariiiMiii«iiisI\ . . ' .•.,;

OWiiiTs in tin* quail .saiiflnai \ iiii •»

fidcnt that within thni* yvnr*> llir

Ix'on Hullli'ifntly nTstaldishiMJ to not only u

liiit also a jtlaiM' to luiiit atiil Hhoot, n..* ' :ar::icr

and lantlowntT, hnt also on t-vrry ar: • i* >>u

laitM'd in the twenty niillitm nrrcn of n 1

within tht> Stati', and upon wlii<|| at tlii' prvM'nt tunc the |>r<i|)k arr

alidWfd to hnnt

STUDIES ON THALLIUM POISONING IN

GAME BIRDS

ri ^ 11 ]•; I SK of thallium as an active JnKri*dient in California ro»lrnt
I rontfol work has raised many t|uestions in the min'
JL sportsmen, and otlu rs in re^'.ird to its elTeet o:
That serious losses have occurred amoni» hirils, fur hcari:
tie animals is reali/ed Ijn a nuij«)rity of thos** who come in »*oi
with the work, and has recently hei-n forcefully ' ' ' to ih

tion of the puMie thrt)Ut,di the comprehensive arti . . . ; i->r. 1
(1). and Dr. Hall {2). The technical side of the (juestion
with the pharmacolo{?>' of thallium and its use in rodent control has
also been jniMished recently in a technical hid! ' v Dr. ^' ' •'.

A fourth publication by the Kniilish authors i... .. .. ""' ^ n

cites and discusses a number of human cas«\s of \\

followint; oral administration for the purpose of pr«

(loss of hair 1. These papers should be of value to all liiitM. inlcriAU'U

in the thallium problem.

A series of studi«'s has now been ct)mplet«Hl at the Fi-^h nnd Game
Laboratory at the Hooper Foundation for Medical H- of the

University of California dealin*^' with the elTeet of • u on ^aiue

birds and analyses to determine the pr. ' ' ' • •' - • n-

in,s» to humans through consumption (»f , , . .«

detail of this work is also to be published in a techn irnul. We

feel, however, that an article Kiving general ii i in rei;artl to

thallium, together with a summary of our own ■ .. :ii i -f

interest to many readers of C.m.ih>kni\ Ft^ii
other publications are not availabb

History. Occurrence. Properties And U««« of Thallium

The metal thallium was iliseovered by Crookes, in 1>G1. while

invcstiLTatinjx, by means of the spectr'^- — ' '•• ''--■m

a sulphuric acid plant in Knijland. Tl i-

tion jn-otlueed by the thallium tlame is responsible for its name
which is derived from the Latin thallns. meaning a young shoot or
green twicr.

30 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

In many physical and chemical properties thallium is similar to
lead. It is a heavy metal (density 11.8), soft, bluish white, and
forms a series of crystalline salts when treated with different acids,
the common ones such as the nitrate, acetate, and sulphate being
white and water soluble. The iodide is an insoluble yellow com-
pound, which characteristic forms the basis for one method of
detection and estimation.

Small quantities of thallium occur in pyrites ore from many
parts of the world; higher concentrations of thallium are found in
combination with other elements in certain ores from Sweden and
Macedonia. While the distribution of thallium is rather wide the
total amount available is quite small and the cost is correspondingly
high. As a rodent poison the sulphate of thallium is ordinarily used ;
in medicine the acetate is used to cause loss of hair during the treat-
ment of ringworm of the scalp in children. It is also used in certain
optical glass requiring a high refractive index, and is of value else-
where due to its photo-chemical and electrical properties.

Toxic Action of Thallium

Soon after the discovery of thallium it was found to have toxic
properties. Lamy, while working on this element in France about
1863, developed general lassitude and weakness of the lower limbs.
Susi)ecting that thallium was the cause, he conducted a series of
animal feeding experiments that definitely indicated its lethal power.
Many investigations relating to the action of thallium were con-
ducted during the following years. In 1909 an excellent article was
published by Swain and Bateman of Stanford University, in which
the lethal dose and toxic sj^mptoms were determined for several
species of laboratory animals. As previously stated the most recent
and complete contribution of a technical character is that by Dr.
Munch, consulting pharmacologist for the U. S. Biological Survey.

Thallium is a cumulative poison, several small doses being as
effective as one larger dose unless the interval between doses has
been several weeks. The poison is eliminated very slowly and has
been detected in practically every body tissue. The poison may be
absorbed following application to the skin and produce toxic symp-
toms in this manner as well as when administered by mouth. The
action is slow but definite ; paralysis, respiratory distress, lack of appe-
tite, and diarrhea usually develop in three or four days. It requires
a dose several times the lethal dose to produce symptoms in one day,
and with just a sufficient dose to kill the symptoms will not be delayed
greatly although the subject may remain in a paralyzed condition for
a longer time before death in this case. The immediate cause of death
is respiratory paralysis. Autopsies do not reveal a sufficiently char-
acteristic condition to warrant diagnosis by this means.

The lethal dose is reported as approximately 25 milligrams per
kilogram of body weight or 1 unit weight of poison to 40,000 unit
weights per subject. In some instances a much smaller dose has proved
fatal. For a human adult, irrespective of weight, it is considered

unii&f(> tu in(;«>>it iiinr«> iIihii 'i(M) inilliL'riiiim; tl of 5

KruiiiK, tin- wri{»lil of thr or: m

MiiltM hiivt- n liiirli HpiM-ifir 'i.nn .. 'h

the Hi/A' of NtK'h a tal)l«-t \\*itili| \u- il n

yours of 0^0 5 to H niilli^^'raiiui of Ihr •. per l>

wri^'lit has bn-n rxti'iisivi-ly iiM'd to ^.

worm of I 111' Hcalp. This trrafnit-r • '

WfrUs, rollowfil hy a In'avi.r r-
Iroatnu'iit luivr iiNiially <K'currr<l in •
I'ifs in roinpntin^' the tl
ifity, its salts j,'ivi' no n.u. n. li.iyi
stomach pump or a vomit in:.' .iLfftil is u^-
no known antiilutc

Introduction aa a Rodent Poison

Thalliinii was tirst intro<ln«'i'tl '' ••*•• ;-..'»-—i:-..i --^

|)oison hy a (icrman company ahout

I'. S. (lovirnnu'iit men for study in 1^26, and by I'J'JJj pi.

toot for its use in California. Sim-f its use I;

hi'i'ii rapidly introduced anil cxtcr-'- •■''

counties, principally th<»sc south of ;

the Siciia The tenth atniuai report of tlu' i'aliforniii Dr;

A^iiculture states that .').'»S.(I0() pciunds of i;rain '

were used in California during the y '■■ •' '

on a I'onecnt rat ii»n of O.S p«'r cent i

lethal dose of 2.') nii,' kj^ this is sufliciiMit to kill 1

livinir mattei-.

Poisoning of Geese at Lake Yosemite Near Merced

Early in l)ecend)er, \'.i'M). I refeived word that iiinny d^ad and
dyiii}^ <;iH«se were to be found at Ijake Yosemite near MenMnl. In com-
pany with Deputy U. C. O'Connor and Dr. M II 1 thiN
area on December lOth. We counted ai lul
ilyin^' ;;ei'.se alon;; one mile (if shore line anil , -it
to the laboratory for invest i^ration. Additional ilata from t .-a
indicates that the total fatality was not less tl Informa-
tion from another source indie. iti-s that i ' 'to
phosphorus j^'rain spread durinir the pen . .. . :h.

Preliminary qualitative te.sts eomlneted b f the

intestinal contents on a platinum wi tiame. and

observiiej: throuLrh a speetrosenpe slmw^a : > line

of thallium on '>V2 <»f the specunens. A' Dr.

Ilobmaier showed patholoirieal chancres of f later

observed in birds experimentally poi-soniMl with lb I have noted

statements to the efTect that thalliinn p' ' ' ' 'i-

lied by observini; the ^reen coloration pi .. of

tin* flesh or stomach contents in a jras tlam< , I do

not believe that such an identitieation ean Ix* made, as the yellow flame

that is produced by sodium sjdts eontaine<! '' ■ will

obscure the jrreen prodM'-'-' l>v a small , . F'-r

n

rat

1

by

re

on

- il

,f

III

d

in

32 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

positive identification a portion of the flesh such as the gizzard, thigh
or breast should be destroj'-ed by acids and the thallimn separated by
chemical reagents. A confirming test in the flame or spectroscope can
then be made on the pnrified salt.

Analytical and Experimental Work

The question has been raised many times regarding the possibility
of secondary poisoning to humans following the ingestion of thallium
poisoned flesh from game birds. The flesh on hand from thallium
poisoned geese offered excellent material for a j)artial answer to this
question.

Twenty samples from the breast, thigh, and skin of 17 of the geese
were analyzed quantitatively for thallium. The amounts found ranged
from 4 to 57 milligrams per kilogram of flesh with an average of 29
mg/kg ; the figures indicating that higher concentrations were probably
deposited in the thigh than the breast. On the basis of the average
value, and considering 320 milligrams (5 mg/kg for 150 pound person)
as the highest dose that could be safely ingested by a human adult, it
would require 11 kilograms or 24 pounds of poisoned flesh to supply
this amount. The probability of killing birds, following ingestion of
thallium grain and previous to development of toxic symptoms that
would cause suspicion, and of eating such flesh in the quantity above
indicated would appear very remote. The ex]3erimental work discussed
later also bears out this point. However, to establish more definitely
the quantities of residual thallium remaining in the tissues of birds
poisoned in the field, it is planned to analyze those si3ecimens available
during the next few months.

In any event, the following precautions by sportsmen should
eliminate any danger :

1. Do not shoot or keep any bird that appears sluggish or partially
paralyzed.

2. Refrain from sliooting on or near an area that you know has
been recently treated with thallium. An inquiry or two in the neigh-
borhood should establish this fact.

3. In case you do eat material of which you are suspicious, refrain
from eating the gizzard or drumstick which will contain the higher con-
centrations if any thallium is present.

Experimental data on the toxicity of thallium in quail, ducks, and
geese has been obtained by feeding both poisoned grain and pure
thallium sulphate. While tests have not been made on a sufficient
number of birds to determine the absolute lethal dose, the following
values are believed to be approximately correct.

Lethal dose of metallic thallium
Bird milligrams per kg.

Quail 12

Geese 15

Ducks 30

Believing that these figures will be of more value when expressed
in terms of poisoned grain and birds of definite weight, the following
table has been computed.

rAt.lPORSiA riNII AN'D OAUK SS

U'r4tflk( %/■

Quull • ; -,

(JUHll t n 1 -7

I>ui'kM

DucKm ■ """ : "-

Duck "

• « • i ;•

• ;■•-.■ « ^ - « o

* Ttiiillliiiii now |irr|Mirt>«l arrtirdlnc lu iha 111

fi>riiiulM ■■•iiiiuiiin .,)>.' ;.,.iii;ii ..f iliMlMiim miliilinln iwr 100 pound* bo
UN (H'r t't'iit iiii'tullli- thallliiiii

■riii'H«' \«lm n iiir iiiiM<'<| lilt an nvrrnifo «»f 36 k<>rn«U pwr tfr»m of ifc^isa t^tAiu.

« •

III jfcncral trrins \v«« iiuiy Htatr that for i»«'tii»' ntui qiinil 0 2 prr

criit nf the IkmIv wt'i^'ht in poisniD-il ^raiii will vnv

and fnr (lufks 0 1 prr fciit of tlif Ixuly \v«mj,'IiI hi i

lit' a li'tlial tinsiv .MiiiK'li ill Ills work on rats foimil

cent of tin- liody wcitrlit of fooil wan conHiinit'd in Ifjw thnii nn hour

< hi this basis it is easily scimi that tin* i|iiaiitity of ;,'rain rt'<|iiir«*4l for ■

Ifthal (lose iiiiu'ht hr '^rratly fXi'i-rtli'd at on** ffi-dinif.

With just the jrthal dos«' a ^oosi> dird in 14 dii> s ; by iiicrfaniiiK thr
<losaLri' to '1 or ■'{ tiiiifs th** Irtlial d(»S4>, dcatlis (M-ciirrtMl in 2 to 3 dayii
(,|iiail a|ipar<-iitly wt-ri' not as rfsistaiil. di*atlis usually «m- I

to 'J da\ s ; in tin' siiiaih'st dosair<" tfiviMi dratli (MTiirpMi m i
Ducks arc more resistant than ireeM- and may not «lir for 2 to \\
t'oljowiii^' the iiiinimnm lethal dose; larger t|os«>s may kill iu 1 to 3
<la\s Tests conducted on thicks iiulicatc that the poi>«>ii act-* iijt»n'
rapidly and in smaller amtmnt when •.'iveii in solid form by cii|Mulr
than when iriveii in solution by meaiiN tif a pipette

The (|uantity of tliallinin absorbed by the ctlible tivnues was Htudirtl
on ilueks aiitl {jccsc. In both species it was found that the brt'ast MM*at
idisorbs an amt)iiiit parallel with its propt»rtit»nal juirt i ' •' ' "'

ratiti ilecreasini:. liowt-ver. with excessive titles and tic
tieath A l)iiil tlyin;; in 1') days still rctaiiu>d an appni'iablf amount of
thallium in the breast. The tliiirh ami L'i/./aril wen* found to iMMitaiii
considerably liiy:her concentratitnis than the breast, while the liver
containetl less. The follow in;; table will Iw of interi'sl fn»m tin* staiui-
point of i»rt»bable secondary poisoning'. The il«»?iaj;«' has b«fn exprejBtnJ
in terms tif kernels tif irrain rather than the pun* thallium sulphate
which was Lriveii. The birds were mallard tlucks wei);hintr approxi
iiiately 'J "J pniinds eat-li

K<rntl.s !>/ u/ f ' ! ;

Sjriiin ttaij" to ilfilh in' ./f

11(1 ,„ I.'. tiimi:. 4t'.

KMI I'i .■■->u; Jii

i:l»o '2 • :'» !•

i.r.7 I •••!» lo

:mo 1- "<» «

tiT'i 1- M.-XB 14

!• rt)m this table it will Ih« s«»en that the greatest danjjer U from
binls dyinp: in 1 to J days; this fact, however, is oftsot by ' likeli-

hood of sccnrini: such birds before suspicious syutptoms havi ... . :ope*i.
Where the symptoms have been delayed by a smaller dosage the

4—90465

34 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

amounts of flesh required for secondary poisoning liave been increased
far beyond tlie probability of consumption by one individual.

Summary

Game birds, such as quail, geese, and ducks, are killed by the oral
administration of 12 to 30 milligrams of thallium per kilogram of body
weight. The poison is largely retained and distributed throughout the
body, being deposited and concentrated somewhat in the thigh and
gizzard.

Secondary poisoning to humans would occur only after the inges-
tion of relatively large amounts of poisoned flesh and the probability
of such poisoning is slight.

Poisoned grain as prepared by the Biological Survey is of sufficient
strength to carry a lethal dose in less than a single feeding.

A summary has been given of the history, uses, toxic action, and
introduction of thallium as a rodent poison.

Literature Cited

1. Linsdale, Jean M. : Facts Concerning the Use of Thallium in California. The

Condor, Vol. XXXIII ; pp. 92-106, May, 1931.

2. Hall, E. Raymond : The Poisoner Again. Outdoor Life, April and May, 1931.

3. Munch, James C. : The Pharmacology of Thallium and Its Use in Rodent Control.

Technical Bulletin No. 238, United States Department of Agriculture, April, 1931.

4. Lynch and Scovell : The Toxicology of Thallium. The Lancet, Vol. 219, pp.

1340-1844, 1930.

AN OUTLINE OF THE HABITS OF THE STRIPED

SKUNK AND LITTLE SPOTTED SKUNK WITH

SOME DIRECTIONS FOR TRAPPING

By E. L. Sumner, Jr.

1. Relationship of Skunks

SKUNKS belong to that great group of weasels and weasel-like
animals, the family Mustelidae, although one might not suspect
such a relationship at first glance. As a matter of fact, skunks
have long ago departed from the main line of evolution followed by
their more lithe and energetic relatives and have struck out upon a
separate path of their own. Probably the most important single
factor W'hich has determined the direction in which they have evolved
has been the enormous development of the anal scent glands for defense
purposes. These glands are present in all the members of the weasel
group but are nowhere else so prominently developed as in the skunks.
With the acquisition of such a potent armament, the skunks have not
found it necessary to preserve the agility or the quickness of reaction
which is so characteristic of the majority of the weasel family. So, too,
with this slowing up of life's activities and general dulling of the
senses vre find a corresponding restriction of the diet to small and
easily captured creatures such as mice and insects, which is humbler
food than that of most of the weasels.

CAUrORNIA ri'Mi am» >,.\Hr. 35

2. Kindt of Skunk* »nd 0<«lribulien

Tli(> Hkiiiik i^roiiit In iliviilftl inin ihri*** Hr|| marked ^ >. two

if whiih ar«' n-prfHrnftMl in ('<ilif(triiiii Of lh»iir t»»
.uiupri.M's till- cointiiiiii lur^i* nr >»tri|H'<| -'^■•.t ■ «:. • ••- '
I III- oIIht nnlirju-fs tin* litllr M|Mitti-«l '»r

'i*iv«'t I'Hts, " UH tlii'V an* ofliMi rMlliNl by Irnpi

Tin* coriimnti Ntri[)iMl skunks m- • vrr lh«' *v tl»

\iiifri<Hji colli itii'iit soiiili of No\/i •' - "•

.mil iioitliiTii Hriti.sh Coluintiia an«l >

wImtcvit siiitaItU* coiiilitioii.H arc to bo foiinil n|i«i latiiiK

witli »lt;iisr covtM*. I'Mprcially if it In* in strips in tin- | ""r,

iri' pri'fcrnMl to <1«mi.s«» fon'sts or to lint ami plains • • •-

>\' tlit's»' aiiinials an* elastic, howcvi-r, and for thin r-

ilwavM rtMnain anions; tin* fonunoncMt of niir wilil rArnivnrotni BiitmiUii.

Till' little spotf«Ml skunks an* nion* soiithnrn in thi'ir n.

•xli'itiliiii.' tfirtluT ilowii tliroiitrli ('rntr.' * *' ■ ' •••I

l<iiiiks, liiit lirin^,' rf*tri«*tt'(l to a rorn-. i^f

iiortliwanl. Altliouirli tlwy iH-cur in Huitahli* plar«>M throiiifhout (Cali-
fornia, tJH'v <lo not iMMMir farth'M* nortli«nnl than s- ''hIi
< 'oliiniltia on tin- I'aciHc Coast, sontlicrn Mmnrsi • • . ..u .. _. <'...int;
.111(1 .soiitlnrri l«ialin in the interior, northi*rn ><i in the All*--
'^littiii's ,'iMi| <it>or^ia on tin- Atlantic Citast Witliin their rnnK«^, how-
<\cr. the little >pott«>(l skunks show an anlaptahilily to vnryint? cuntli

tioiis of eliiiiate aiul topo>_'rapliy about as * '' ' •* •' i .-._,,.,.

relatives for roeky ledLjes liii;li iij> on the -hy

.iiiyons. or hot ticsert plains .s«>cni to prove alnioMt iH|iially attractivi*
to them.

3. General Habita of tho Stripod Skunk

A Milliliter of observers have followcil the tracks ina«lc in tin* Hnow
by forairinu' skunks from the time th«' animals left their tieiw in the
early eveninir nntil their return once more at tinwn, an«l they all ajfree
that the home rani;e of ea'-b individual is very ^- " '".--•ly do
tracks lead from the den farther than .'»(>«) feet, .i total

distance eov»>rcd by a sini;le anitnal in a niirht may ranifp b«»twr«»n four
and eiijht miles.

There has been some eoiilio\ ■•! >\ tr<Mii tunc to iituc ;i>i to Mht-tht-r
or not striped skunks can «'limb tre.-s, although then* in no i|iit>Htii»n
abouf the ability of the little spotted skunk in this re»»|H"»t. Ak with
most t|uestions roijardinff the Iwhavior of animals, it Ih not i> to

make an ab.soluteiy hard and fast statement ' i: ^ 'hen' u no

exceptions. As a rule, striped skunks do n«»t <■ ^. or in- iiiy

ether upright objects, but this rule like most others is not inviolate and
we do have a few records of the climbinir of tre.^ hy thes»« nnimaU.
Seton, in his "T<ivos of fJame Animals'* lOii*. New York. Vol. II)
records that one particular skunk which he rais«»«l on his fur farm
developed a habit of clindiinir straiirht to the top of a ten-foot perpen-
dicular fence by hookinsr its loni: claws into the wire mesli. but this
sort of behavior was in his experience the rare exception.

Altliouirh skunks an» not usually c<msidere«l aipiatic. there are
numerous instances of their enterinir water, not only when hajrd
j>ressed. but even voluntarily upon mvaMion. l*n?ble relat*>H the fol-

36 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

lowing instance which illustrates the habit of voluntarily taking to
water in the Canada sliunk. "While paddling up the channel between
AVindy and Pine lakes on September 12, we saw^ a skunk swimming
across the stream a hundred yards in front of our canoe. On seeing us
he redoubled his exertions but we overtook and shot him just as he
reached the shore." (1902, North American Fauna No. 22, U. S.
Biological Survey.) They are said also to be fond of bathing at the
edges of shallow ponds and streams (Lantz, 1914, Farmers Bulletin
587, U. S. Department of Agriculture).

Although skunks are usually silent animals, they may on occasion
utter a low "ehurring" or scolding note especially if disturbed with-
out being greatly excited, according to Seton {op. cit, p. 334). When
two males fight, they utter low snarling sounds, and if one of the con-
testants is overpowered it gives vent to loud long drawn squeals of
fear. A characteristic "''warning" gesture, used bj^ a skunk at bay
either when confronted by some other animal, such as a dog or another
skunk, or by man, is a rapid stamping or scratching motion of the front
feet, the tail being raised straight up meanwhile with every hair erect.
Apparently this behavior is for the purpose of intimidation.

Although capable of digging dens for themselves, skunks prefer
to enlarge the burroAvs of ground squirrels and woodchucks, or to
appropriate hollow logs, recesses beneath tree roots, or cavities in rock
piles. Haystacks, covered drains and other retreats afforded by human
occupation are also made use of upon occasion. When skunks dig their
own burrows they seldom go below the ordinary frost line and are
usually content with a rather short tunnel ending in a rounded cham-
ber containing the nest. This nest is a bed of leaves or dry grasses
and is raised somewhat above the level of the tunnel for drainage. In
desert regions, a favorite den site is beneath a clump of prickly pear
cactuses or yucca plants.

In northern latitudes the animals remain indoors during the
period of severest cold, although thev do not seem actually to hibernate
in the sense of becoming completely dormant. If dug out at such
times they are found to be quite lively and indeed they are in the
habit of coming out and wandering about whenever there is a tempo-
rary period of mild weather. Usually a considerable number of indi-
viduals is present in the den during the winter montlis, and while in
some cases there may be family groups they are not always so, for
usually the members of a family separate in the fall. Some winter
dens may contain as many as a dozen individuals all of which appear to
be adults, wliile in otlier cases certain dens ma}' harbor groups in which
young only two-thirds grown jDredominate.

The striped skunk mates during February and March, and the
young, w^hich number from four to ten, are born in April or May, the
period of gestation being 62 to 63 days. Newborn skunks are blind
and nearh^ hairless at birth and no larger than a full grown mouse.
Their eyes do not open until about the fourth week. By the sixth
week they begin to creep to the entrance of the burrow at the approach
of dusk and move about uncertainly Avith their tails held straight up
in characteristic adult skunk fashion.

By the seventh week they commence to follow their mother about
on her excursions, often in a long single file over logs and stones or

(AMrORN'IA »'I«II ANt> OAMf. 37

ncrosA rondwn^s Tn .HUinimT th«> fnnuly Mtll ittart nut upon lU forac-
iii(; lirt'on* Niiri.Hrt and rnny remain nliroad all niffht.

4. Food of Striped Skunkt and Their Ccenemic imp«n«M««

SkiinkN an* (iiiiiiivoroiiH, Init frr«l chirfly ii|miii
iirarly all of whifli an* injiirinuH fi>
insi'ft.s const ittitc a siirprisini;|.\ laru'-- i-
niici', ^<i|ilii>i's and similar au'ricnltiiral

this tinii- (>tlii'r food iti>nis which have Ihm'ii found in of

skunks arc li/.anls. turtle c^^'s, ^atiT •

nuindiM's, fish, crustaceans, cartliu.>i iii>, niojc, -.,,..
iiiid \arioiis small l)crri«*s, as well as carrion It im
lliaf I lie c«»mmon ;;ardcn toa«ls which arc univcnuilly r
JHMiclii'ial l)> reason of their destnictjon of n
always refused hy skunks with every appcai
because the skin nf toads is providiMJ with a i
is (listastcful hotli to hirds and animals.

Amonir the insects cvrn waMps and Imm^h an* ralrn in ',
and it sometimes happens that hee keeper- ' : •

the attacks nuidi> by the skunk upon their i

he entirely avoided, however, hy placini? the hivi's ii|>on !••
the lower, horizontal limhs of trees.

The eciinomic status of the striped skunK

airain and a^raiu durini: the last twfnty years lu

.d* a^'ricultuie, both state and federal, in many part* of •
In every case. jud;.'meut pass<>d upon the nkunk haM Inn^n
and yet even today popular prejudice a'j:ainst th-
stronjr in numy localities. I)oubtlc,s.s th»* unfo'ii
I'fTect produced by their mlor is partly to blame '
of fact, hardly any animal can \u' rei;arde«| as more ••b«»n'
the stamlpoint of the farmer The followini: M''
nulletiu \o. .'jST of the C. S. Department of ^•'
as typical of the conclusions reached bv all ir itors

"The belief that skiinks f.M»d mainly upon binU and bini*' egs*
is so ireneral that statements to the contrar\ ar.' of-

While the animals occasinnallv cat wild birds .'•■ ' ''

fui-nished by stomach examinntion.H is over. **»

skunks and proves that, on the whole, they are \u-

observers siiu-e the davs of .\udidion have r

usefulness of these animals, but popidar prej...ii. .- ...

come.

"A skimk makinp its home nntler sheds and other buildinsK roani«
about them at nij:ht in sean-h of foo«l. ihiefly rats, n '».

That it should nceasinnally learn \o take chickens ar- ' ir-

prisini;, but this happens far b'ss freipiently than • -d.

Tt is a habit learned by a very fow individuaU an«l not a characteristic
of skunks as a family * * * Of cours.'. the individual skunk that
learns to kill and eat chickcTiN should W diMrnyitl "

Persons interested in the preservation and propaxration of frame
birds are particidarly hostile to the skunk. Indievinj; that it destroya
pheasants, quail and other eroiind n»M»tine birds and their ec^rs. As a
matter of fact, evidenoe supporting' this view is verj* mea^r. while

38 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

upon the other hand, the great mass of information gained from
stomach contents (see appended bibliography) points in exactly the
opposite direction. Indeed, there are many records of quail which
successfully hatched out their broods within a few rods of a skunk den.
"The truth is that at the season when the native game birds are nest-
ing, skunks have abundant insect food, and by the time this food fails
the birds are strong of wing and seldom fall a prey to this mammal."
(Farmers Bull. No. 587, p. 11.) Before attaching importance, then,
to the loss through these animals of an occasional bird we ought, not
only in fairness but from self interest, to consider the great good
which they accomplish by their constant destruction of harmful insects
and rodents.

5. General Habits of the Little Spotted Skunk

In so far as they are known, the habits of the little spotted skunk
are similar to those of its larger striped relative. However, it must be
admitted that our knowledge of this animal is less extensive than our
knowledge of the common skunk, perhaps because the former seldom
goes abroad in the daytime and because it partakes more closely of the
original weasel characteristics in being swifter, more restless and
more secretive in its habits than the larger animal. In proof of its
agility, it may be mentioned that when pursued by dogs, it will take
refuge in trees with almost the nimbleness of a scjuirrel.

Like the striped skunk, it prefers to make use of natural cavities
in rocks, the inner recesses of cactuses and other thorny vegetation or
the burrows of other animals rather than to dig its own den. Dr.
E. W. Nelson, formerly chief of the U. S. Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey, states that "On the plains of Arizona they have been known to
live inside the mummified carcass of a cow, the sun-dried hide of which
made an impregnable cover" (1918, Nat. Geographic Mag., p. 475).

The young are two to six in number. Little spotted skunks are as
playful as they are active and graceful, in marked contrast to the heavy
bodied striped skunk. Dr. Nelson, in the article already quoted, gives
us two delightful and highly amusing pictures of the antics of these
little animals as he lay and watched them on moonlight nights. Lack
of space prevents quoting his anecdote of the bear hunt during which
one of these little skunks came galloping up to within a few inches of
his face and surveyed him with curiosity. The other incident is
related more briefly, however, and may be given here.

"Once at the mouth of a canyon at the southern end of the San
Joaquin A^'alley, California, I camped several days at a deserted ranch.
At night I spread my blankets on the bare floor of the house, from
which the doors were gone. LTnder it led several burrows of some
animal which I at first supposed to be a ground squirrel. Each night
while there I was awakened by the sound of little footfalls padding
rapidly about over the floor on which I was sleeping, and in the dim
light from the moon could see two or three little spotted skunks pur-
suing one another around me like playful kittens. At the sligHtest
movement on my part they dashed out the door and into their dens
under the house. As there was no food of any kind in this room, it
was evident that the little fellows were there for a frolic on the smooth
board floor. ' '

(ALOfiKS'lA I'IMII A.Vt> flAMr 39

I r»Tall un amusm <■-%-' U_

SiiiiiniM-, al Sfripps Ik . . . i l»

situati-d on a Uiuh M'auarii-fnriiii; lilnlT w of

itN original wildiirsM. For vtwiri t> 'ft
for varioiiH faiuilit'M of thf^w playfii

\ I'llHMlCf to plTxitlN atloVl* To Ix" v

< vi'iiiuk'H MOW aiul tlirii ulirn wr «•

takahlf otloi, wlicn'Upoii MMiiroiii* wuuM riiiiark, 1
thasiin; flit- skunk kittrns au'ain'" Mni tl ' '"

niori< than fonipt-nsiitiMl for \n \\u- Iri-ipiiMit

at'trr siippi'i- Willi tin- Maslilik'lit anil pan uf l< ntf

onr of the l»rii;lil. impiiHitivi* litllr rr-
Ih'IiiikI old lioxi's ri«.'lit hy our fvv\ in /inu..,
whirli \vr Nvoiilil throw to it. Siini«*tinirH tin- ■

tln» stairs ol" till' lm«'k poivli and Iimivo n trawry of tntiilily littlr fool-
prints as tln'>' scampi'iTd about on it
ion to wlii«'li I rt'l'iM*. my aunt was u'l^'ii-; ■• '•" ■■
I lowd with till' usual hiistjr of trays and triipotn in
kitchen, and in th*' hurry and confiiKion tin* McriN'ii (IfMir >•■
li'ft open. What was my aunt 's astonishii
to flu" kitchen, to hphohl a >kiink kitt--'
^mk ]iiid the stove with every appeiiran< •

111 justice to the skunk it should he ailde*! that it irmxl natiirrdly
.illowi'd itself to he shooed oiitd(H>rs once iiion* and hack to it<( own
<|imrfers in the hasenient.

<»iie of the most characteristic pert'orinaiifOM of fhr- titrJp .n.ttiNl
skunk is the "hand stand." called this Imtmuhc of i* 'h**

human acrobatic feat of the s^itih" name wiien^in Ihr u—il for

walkiuir ami the body and fe«'t are held ve-* " ' *'

case of the skunks, this position mav be hehl f. :

the animal stands still, or for eonsideraldv lon^'er i' 'it. in

which cas«^ balanoe .seonis to *»o mnintainod mor»« miily. .1 at

use the "hand stand" renction may serve, if it h« - '* • ilt

to sa.\ . Tluit the reaction is instinctive seems pr ry

youni; skunks exhibit it. ami that it i« eivpn whoni'vcr t) nal w

startled is a matter of observation. Ilowevor. it ia that

when a skunk is closely pressed and is preparim' *• • ■*

.-cent it abandons this posture for a I' sli.i!-'.!

feet on the jrround and b.ith *»nd!« of the • the cnrmy

simultaneously.

Alex Walker, u ho has raised lliesr ;iiiimals aii<l «' -tl

th«' "hand stand" reaction hiindrel- '" • rues tl •• ' • •

part siin|>l>' an indication of pla\ .trii!

whon LMven in a spirit of hostility e than a bluff. The

stampinir reaction with the forepaws i> . in a n)ann<>r aimilar

to that of the striped skunks when tlie <iMir.,.t> ■> alar- r>-'

6. Food of Little Spotted Skunks and Their Economic Importance

Like its striped relative, the little siu>tt»»d nktink is oninivorotu>
but from the farmer's point of view it is even lesw to he censured in

reirard to its foo<l habits, ^fice a? ' * "' ' principal food.

althougrh other items <;ueh .i-; H/nrd-. ^ •-^. ^nriall eronnd

40 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

squirrels, mushrooms, cactus fruit and persimmons have been found in
the stomachs of some individuals. An instance of its value in destroy-
ing house rats is quoted from D. E. Lantz in Bulletin No. 129 of the
Kansas State Agricultural College (1905, p. 389).

"At one time, my family occupied for two years a house with large
cellar openings on the outside. * * * The cellars, and in fact the
entire house, Avere overrun with rats and mice. A couple of months
after we had first occupied the house, I noticed that a little striped
skunk was present in the cellar. We could often hear the fights
between it and rats and I was careful not to disturb it when I went
to the cellar for coal. I often saw it in the cellar, and it did not seem
to fear my presence there. In a very few weeks, we could hear no
more fights with the rats, and all the rats and mice were either killed
or driven from the place."

7. The Scent Glands of Skunks

The scent glands of skunks consist of two oval sacs located just
beneath the skin below the base of the tail — one on each side. They are
provided each with a duct which leads into the rectum, opening near
the anus. "When the animal is on the defensive it raises its tail high up
out of the wa}^ and by contracting the muscles surrounding the glands,
e.jeets the fluid through the ducts in two fine jets of spray which unite
to form a single stream. The ordinary distance to which the fluid is
thrown is from six to ten feet but large and vigorous animals have
been known to eject it to a distance of twenty feet. A skunk can aim
its stream of musk with considerable accuracy. If the object is on
the right side of the animal, the hind part of the body is directed as
much toward the object as possible and the musk shot in greater quan-
tity from the left gland than from the right. Similarly, when the
object is on the left side the greater quantity of musk will come from
the right gland. A skunk can cover any object within its range with-
out altering the position of the forepart of the body which is often
lield facing the observer, so that the animal is bent in a U-shape. The
popular idea that the skunk discharges a stream of musk upon its tail
and then flirts it at the ofi'ending object is quite unfounded. That a
skunk can not discharge its musk if it is held in such a way that its
hind feet are off the ground is another popular notion equally false.
AV. Kenneth Cuyler, who has hunted skunks for many years, states
that if jarred or in way startled when held up by the tail they will
invariably discharge their scent. On one occasion, when holding a
skunk up in this manner, he received the full discharge in his eyes
{Journal of Mammalogy, 1924, p. 185).

The liquid emitted by skunks causes nausea in many persons, but
not in all, and I suspect that as in sea sickness the cause is often psycho-
logical. If it strikes the eye, its acrid properties make it very painful
so that a copious flow of tears is produced, but the idea that blindness
results is erroneous. Cuyler {op. cit.) and many others have testified
that their eyesight was quite unimpaired although they had had their
eyes filled with the fluid many times. The experience of dogs, some
individuals of which get their eyes filled several times every year, is a
further proof of the harmlessness of musk in this respect. Bathing

CALirORVIA riMII AVn OAMR 41

lilt" i'\i' U'itii u»il'T. "t \Nii(i ii>>iiii-|i' iii'i'i it n^aiioOi'" i» r*"' "H!i!iT-' .
a I'fliff I'lir ttii* iMl!niiiiiuit ii>n

Wjisliitij; in <'hlori(le of iiine or . • will remove thi» odor

from oii»''h IuiikIm but thi* fMrinrr i>» n«»t r- ni

hrcniisr of ifn rfTi-ct on rolorol fnhrii'n C •'
ua.sliiii|{ t Ill-Ill ill uasiiliiii', ainiiioniii or Inmi<

ill a Kiiiiny, wiiuly place; thry may nUo be btirird in mout «oil for a
few (lays or iiiiiiH'rsrd in llowini; wnti-r

Skunks iiiakf intfrrstint; mu] ■ •" ..,.-•:.,. .t.,t. :f --i,,^

fniiii tin- first in captivity. Oltl in*

wild, ami skunks wlijch liavr Imm-ii luiravm-d from time lo liini? by d"^

an* likely to use their seent when diHturl»ed hy '^

animals, hut skunks which have )N>rn kindly t

practically m-ver u'ivi* olVeiis*' in thi^ «ay ami i

settled neiv'hliorhooiU without eniiNint; annoyniiec. The removal of

Hcent ^damls is very simple in yoiin^' animals, and ' 'n

fake this added precaution are refern-d to i ' :k

li. Ashhrook's liook ciililleil, ' " Kur farmii «

Nork^ for simple directions for |>nH'edure. with dwit'rnin il

directions for the care and hrecilin-^ of Hkiink.H are hImo iii>'iutir«l in
I liis Work.

8. Natural Encmtct of Skunks

Altliou^'li s«ciiiiin.'ly feirless in its u>ual demeanor, nnil n''* ■••v»h
pos.ses.sed of a wi'apoii whose diri- elTe«-t upon other animalH : - -n

witnesM'd too oftiii to he doubted, yet the skunk is not without Mverml
natural »'nemies. Mountain lions have not infr«'<i " '"^

whose fur reeked with the smell of skunk an»l .>..— re

(•iiiiliniiatorv evidence of the nature of their la.st meal. ^' ••*.

foxes. aii<l had'^'crs also kill skunks at times, while anion? the bmU of
prey the horned owl is a mo.st iletenniiuMl hunter of th* " -ly

a hunter can recall pickinu' up oin* of tlies4» owls which u -*

of skunk, but upon liirtlier investiyration diselo>ed a »•
with the black and white-furred meat Ilanlly ever i« it piven to
human eyes actually to witness such an encounter Ih'Iv
owl. but there is one such case on record by .1 Norman \'. .^. ^ . ......

it is so vividly described as to merit tpiotiiiL' Iwre

"One morniuff, late in the autumn. T was drivini; • S the

wo(vls wlien T heard a flisturbanc.» in the dry ' »t a li' ■*'

from the road. T stopped my horsc and. as I l..,.r,... m the .. ■ ... of
the sound, saw soinethini; struui.'lin«r on the trround. As I dn*w near.
I saw (dearly the eause of the disturbance. A few feet in front of
me was a lartre horned owl in a sort of sitting p«Mituro His bn-k and
head were a-jainst an old lojj. Flis feet were thru<t fori.-.t and
firmly ijrasped n full wrown skunk. One foot ha»l hold of jnk'«

luvk and the other olutehoil it tiirhtly by the middle of the back. Th**
animal seemed to be nearly «lead, but still had st- * ' \p

oecasitninlly into the air. in its endeavors to shak. •• . .^ - -.r-

inir the strui;«:le. the owl's eyes woiiM fairly bla/e. and hr \p

bis beak with a noise like the ••lappinif of your hands • • •

"The skunk could rxo more fre«> itself from the owI'.h elavs than
it could have done from the jfiws of a steel trap. Its stniiTRles grcv

42 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

less and less frequent and at the end of about fifteen minutes they
ceased altogether. Then the owl loosed one foot, settled himself in a
more comfortable-looking position, and appeared ready to enjoy the
spoils of his battle." {Bird-Lore, 1913, p. 369.)

9. Directions for Trapping Skunks

That the striped skunk is California's most valuable fur-bearing
animal is demonstrated by the figures for the total value of the fur
sales for the State. A greater return is received for the skunk than for
any other species of fur bearer.

Skunks because of their unsuspicious nature are easily trapped
and no special precautions are neeessar.y. Traps should be set in such
places as the paths they travel to obtain water, or near the openings
to their dens. Occupied dens will be clear of cobwebs and have a
slight odor of skunk, with often a few skunk hairs about the entrance.
Among the signs revealing their presence, in addition to tracks along
the muddy banks of streams and ponds or in dnsty paths, are the
numerous shallow pits one or two inches deep made by the animals in
fields and pastures where they have dug for Avhite grubs.

If the tra])s are set at the entrances to dens the^^ may be left
unbaited ; if set along paths they are best baited with a chicken head, a
piece of tainted meat, or best of all, a bit of skunk fur or meat. If
the den is inhabited by more than one animal, time may be saved by
setting several traps in the vicinity. It is a matter of common experi-
ence among trappers that skunks are strongly attracted to any place
where one of their number has previously been killed and that a trap
site for these animals becomes better in proportion to the number of
skunks which have been caught there. A No. 1 trap is the best size for
skunks, although a No. 2 can be used. Traps should be set lightly and
a little trash, such as leaves or grass, scattered over them in such a way
as to leave the place looking natural. The bait may be placed in a
V-shaped opening between two rocks, or between two traps, with sticks
or stones on each side to guide the animal over the traps in its effort
to get the bait. Another good set is made by suspending the bait by
a wire or string just out of reach of the skunk and directly above one
or two traps so that the animal will step into them while trying to
reach the bait.

Skunks when trapped do not often discharge their scent so as to
defile their fur but are likely to do so when being killed unless care is
exercised. If the trapper will move slowly, and stand still for a
moment whenever the skunk shows by its actions that it is about to emit
its scent, he can get near enough to strike the animal a sharp blow
across the back. This paralyzes the hind quarters and prevents any
discharge. Box traps are particularly recommended for use in cellars
and other places where it is essential that the skunk be removed with-
out any liberation of scent. (For details of construction see a leaflet
entitled, "Trapping on the Farm," 1919, obtainable from the Bureau
of Biological Survey, Washington, D. C).

Bibliography of Reference* lo lh« ^ ood riab>ia of bhunbt

Aitlibrook, i'.

llt'JM. Fur fiirniiiiK fur proril MaiMHUi I*. 7

('ii.vl.-i. W. K.

lit'Ji. (ilmi-rvnllnnH on ttir hnbira of (hr iitri|>r«| akiink Jumtm Umm S. p I'll.

l»i.V, 1,4-.

lli'Jtl. Skunk fiUj* kiitn- .... ;. . 7 i i

IHxon. .1

l1'-.'>. I'imhI |>ri-<li|i-rlii>n« u( t"*Hialory uinl tur braiutc tnamnuiU. Jomr m ll««.
6, pp. .'II. MI.
Il.iiiiillnn. NV. J., Jr

UrJM Thr winliT fwMl uf Ihi' .i ,,..'. t ; ... Ilrwrdfi . . , i

IIuwkII. a. II

IIHKl. Kovicw (if the NktinkM of iin- K''"'"! >/'W-i-vu{r. .\ . \me-r r««»«. 3S

liinl/. I>. K,

IIhCi KiniMnH tiiiiinnitilN in (licir rflntion (<> ncHrulturv Kan. Mlal* AsHr.

(•.•ll.-K<' Mull. V^K p. rWK.
t'.H I iMimoniic viiliH* of North Ann'rii-nn nkuiiliM. U. fl. D»pt. Agrir. Vmrm^rm

Itiill .'.ST. p. D.

\.-i>..h, i: \v

ini.s. \Vil<l iiMinialM of North Amrrii'n. .Vol/. 0«op. Umo., pp. 47r», 47**
."<i'tt>n. i:. 'I'

Ui'_><l l.ivrs i.f i;ani)> nnlmiilo. I »ouliliHln.v I'ii(p and Co.. N. Y. 2. pp. .IHS, ISO.
.SImw. W. T

t'.t'j.s rill- .sprinK »ii<! Ntinunor nctivitim of tlir duakjr akunk in cnptivtiy. N. Y.
Siiitf Mn.s. IlnniltxMik, 4, p. W.
.Swfiisoii. S. 15.

ll^lll. Hole piuinto of MiiiiH-?i<>tii. f'iM«. Feolkrrt and Fmr, No. 70. pp. 29. SflL

GIANT KELP UTILIZED AT MONTEREY*

liy J. H. I'Hii.i.ii-.x, I'ltllfornla Stntn Kt«h<Tl«ta I^bormli>r>

Si: \\\ i:i;i)S arc amoujr th«« mast vnliiahle of aquatic resouim of
ih.' .lapancso Kinpinv Tlu' Jnpnnok' have ineenioUHly utilize
tht's«' plants to tlu'ir fullest cxtont in the iTi-ation of U^h\ ■ t*

ill tlio form of jrlli«»s, soups, sal.ids aiul ^' 'iR^ : i'" '' '«^-

turc of clarifyiiiLr at'cnts for l)t'v«'rau'«'s, a>^ ^r for i -r-

tiliztr. as a cultural inodium for l)n('ti'ri«>lojri»*al work, ami a.H iodine.
Tilt' seaweeds of California aiv utilizrtl in the pr n of chemi-

' .lis. fertilizer, food for himian eonsumption (mttnu\ « hinme and
• lapaiiese\ and as a stoek foo«i.

A iriant kelp l>usine.ss of minor importan«*e in in tiic •w^'ond year

r opt«ration at Monterey. The kelp harvested is entirely of the it|M»cie«

\rn'ori/s(i,t hitkratia. and is sonietimeH ealleil w'r'- » • • ' ' ' \tx\\\

kelp, seal head kelp, or onion kelp. It trrows in : :... :. ro»-ky

eoastal zone from Point Sur northward, with an abundanoe in Puget
^onnd where it sometimes attains a length of 300 feet.** Thi« kelp
IS not to be eonfiised with, another form, ^f * ' :, that is

harvested meehanically on a larire .scab' in ■■■..'. water*.

In the region from I'oint Coneeption to S«n Dieiro the outtin)? w done
1\\ harvesters similar to irrain reapers, which cut the kelp two to four

• Submittod for luiblU-Htlon. CVtolvpr. 1?.H

•• Swan. .Tnm(>s (•. On tho oc«M»omlr \-nlu«« of lh«< stent k«lp and otbvr m^»f*A*
f the northwest. U. S. Fl»h Comm.. Bull, for 1«»S. voL 1». p. ST1-«T«. !•»♦.

44

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

feet below the surface. As the boat pushes forward, the cut kelp falls
on a slanting conveyor and is carried onto the deck. The species of
kelp taken at Monterey cannot be handled in this manner but is cut by
hand.

The Division of Fish and Game of California has control of the
kelp beds, and stringent Iravs are in effect to govern the cutting of this
marine groAvth. To protect against depletion the beds are numbered

Fig. 8. Launch docking at Monterey with 6 to 7
tons of g-iant bladder kelp, gathered off Carmel High-
lands. Photo by J. B. Philips, August 17, 1931.

and a system of opening and closing, together with cutting regulations,
has been worked out in order to give the kelp time to grow again dur-
ing the closed season.

Nereocystis lutkeana grows from a holdfast on rocks, the smooth
stalks growing commonly up to 100 feet in length and terminating in
an enlarged portion or air bulb, from the crown of which about 50
streamers, 30 to 40 feet long, float at the surface of the water. The long
stalks, which are as much as 3 inches thick just below the air bulb, may

rAiJroiivi* f'"" »^'' 'UMC

4f.

I

Fio. 9. Unloadlnir plant bladder kelp al Mom»r»v Th* •llpp»rv vt

are pussod ui> to th«> d<H-k and loadtd on at- -r ribbon-

stivumt-rs kiowIuk from tho top ot tUn- air t)ulb wh^e t-

Kathorod. as can b.> noted l>y tl>- .-lit i>urtluiu ^tx tlic bulbs xUW-
I'hoto by J. B. Phllllpji. August ::o. li'il.

46 CALIFORNIA FIgH AND (JAME

taper to about one-quarter of au inch in diameter at the holdfast
portion.

Last season (1930) about 200 tons of kelp were harvested at Mon-
terey during September and October. This year it is expected that
about 450 tons will be harvested ; operations commenced during the
middle of August and will continue until the late fall storms, probably
m late October or November. The harvesting is being done by two
crews, and occasionally, a third, using gas-powered fishing boats of
80 to 40 feet in length, with 3 to 5 men comprising a crew. Gathering
operations are carried on between Point Pinos and Point Sur, directly
south of Monterey Ba3^ This year (1931), $10 a ton is paid for the
cut kelp, delivered on dock. By dint of hard work a capacity load of
6 to 7 tons can be gathered in about 5 hours. The kelp is obtained by
tying the boat to a bunch and then cutting the kelp within reach.
Stalks are cut to a depth of 15 feet below the surface by means of a
10- to 15-foot pole, having an 8- to 12-inch blade attached at one end.
The cutters claim that the stalks are more closely bunched 12 to 15
feet below the surface of the water, and so several can be cut at a time.
The cut stalks are hauled into the boat with the aid of a hook on a pole.
Only the large beds are chosen, as the working operations, in order to
be profitable, can not be interrupted by much moving about. The crop
is unloaded at the Monterey Municipal Pier onto trucks, and carried
to the grinding plant in Oak Grove, Monterey.

The kelp is ground and packed in barrels for shipment to a
chemical firm in New York. The grinding is accomplished by running
the stalks through a power-driven machine resembling an oversized
meat grinder. The machine grinds about one ton an hour, one to three
stalks being fed at a time. Excess moisture is pressed from the ground
kelp with the aid of a screw press and a slotted barrel. Kelp when
ground resembles small amber colored chips of wood. This product
is then packed for shipment in barrels, each of which weighs from 450
to 500 pounds. The reduction in weight of the kelp after grinding is
about three-fourths of the original.

The final product, as extracted by the New York firm, is a dark
vaseline-like substance that lathers freely in water. This product is
used extensively as a binding agent in the process of dyeing artificial
silk. The substance is dissolved' in water and the artificial silk threads
dipped in the suds formed, preparatory to dyeing.

The late fall storms that usually occur during the latter part of
October or in November put a stop to the harvesting operations by
tearing up the beds and washing them ashore. Last season kelp that
had been gathered from the beaches was used when cutting operations
necessarily ceased. Formerly, operations of the kelp firm now in Mon-
terey, had been centered on Puget Sound, Washington, but the unre-
liable weather conditions during the short period available for harvest-
ing curtailed steady production. A. K. Anderson is manager for
this company and C. M. Simpson is foreman in charge of grinding
and shipping operations.

I.AI.IIUKMA f 1 11 \''l> >>AHr

47

FIFTY YEARS AGO ON THE SUISUN MARSH

|l> \V. W ItliM^nlM

1\ I III". ^ l",.\K IsT.s, till' yuiiiiK«>Nt lii'ir in ihe ClminlirrUin nuir
-wiiiiiK ."»<MM) ai'irM on thr StiiHiiii innnth txM'nmr of agr Prior !•»
that linn- timt nvn hail Ih«mi hhot ovrr by mark'-' ' •■■ • -t for
yi-ars. 'VUv two most Ijuiious inark«'l huutiTH «if thi* ■. Jim

I'ayiu' ami Srth Hfckwith. partinTM for luniiy ymni. Thi? ('liAmbrr
hiiii propt'i'ty w«M suhdivuh'tl in I'^TM aii«l <li{T»Ti*nt portiomi of it wer*
ii'liti'd to t'onii st'Vfral rliihs.

At Tial Station, the Tt-al ('lul> ssnn forniftl. It irifltwI.Ml (J. Frank
Smith, promim-nt hiwyi-r of that day, California Sta' .tor W. W,

'Prayhu-, after wh(»m the Trayh)r Poml wim iiam«><l. Mr. T tli**

stock l)r»»ki'r, \V. IV Mratlfor*!, who ranni'il sjilmon on UoUi •. iiiand
opposite Aiitioi'h lor .stvcral y»'ars. Will Hopkins, and a f«'w olhrm
Tlu' area l.a.srd hy tli«' Ti-al Club wa.s b«'t\v.'»«ii 7(X) and MJU nerti* and
imlihli'il thr iMH) ai'ifs ilin'ftly ru-st of tlu'ir mum hohhiiK. the Imcl
Ivriuuii a> tlu- Six Keacli I'hihI,

riu' writer took a 10 y«ar>' h-a.se for titn a«'rt*>» aloiitf tin* Frank
lloraii Sloii^'ii. lit" formed a elub tln'rr known us the Siring of PomU
and iiu'liuled siieli well-known .sportsmen as Fred S. Hutlfr, Matt
I'liller. Cliarlie llaiidall. Ueii Stiekney and Low Wcinmann in the
iiH'iiiiiersliip.

What is now the Tide Helle l*re.s«'rvf at Cy^jnu* Station waM then
sliot over for a mimlxr of years by Charlie .loslyn. Frt-d Van Sieklen.
n.'niiaii (>eI^ieh^ and others. Prior to that time, tl ' ' " ' it
lUOl) aei-es was owned by ohl man Thiekbritom. ami u .., _ v-

eral hundred aeres were owned by Timmy O'Brien, both of whom
rai.sed honk(>rs for the market. During u iiuntint; M>a.s4)n, thia lanti
was alive with mallard, teal aiiil jaeksnipe

What is now and has been for the past 14 \<'ars. the Ibi.s Club. Ha.H
then known as tlu' Ilanlland pomls Their mend»«»rship invluded 10 or
1*2 of the most prominent sportsmen in the State inehulint; Harry !*ab
eoek. M ll.ill MeAllister. .lohniiie ( )rr. Ilillii- Cerln-r ami others

The rrin^jle I'ontl near Suisun hail loiiu In-eii shot over by aiiyliody
and everybody of that hx'ality ami alt seeured full lm»r» of canvn»l>aek!i
San Franeiseo. April 14. I '.>;{!.

48 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conservation of wild life and published quarterly by
the California Division of Fish and Game.

Sent free to citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for
ornithological, mammalogical and similar periodicals.

The articles published in California Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals, provided due credit is given the California
Division of Fish and Game. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to
make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be sent to Leo K. Wilson, 510 Russ Building,
San Francisco, California.

Vol. IS JANUARY, 1932 No. 1

An investment in g-ame production will pay big- dividends
in health, recreation and food. Why not buy a few shares?

REORGANIZED FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

On January 8, 1932, J. Dale Gentry, Earl B. Gilmore and I. Zel-
lerbaeh met in tlie San Francisco offices of the Division of Fish and
Game for the organization meeting of the Fish and Game Commission
which had been appointed the week previous by the Honorable James
Rolph, Jr., Governor of the State of California. At the meeting,
J. Dale Gentry, rancher and sportsman of San Bernardino, was elected
to the important position of president of the reorganized commission.
This act terminated the long and successful career of I. Zellerbach as
president. He was originally appointed a commissioner during the
tenure of Governor Friend W. Richardson, in Maj^, 1925.

Never have the sportsmen of California been so fortunately repre-
sented as under the direction of these three outstanding leaders.
President Gentry has been associated with the Commission in the past
as a member of the Game Refuge Committee and is thoroughly familiar
with the needs of the sportsmen and of the actiyities of the Division
of Fish and Game.

The past fine record of Commissioner Zellerbach calls for no com-
ment. Commissioner Gilmore has long been interested in the fish and
game activities in the State and from this group may be expected
some outstanding accomplishments in future j^ears.

THE RETIRING COMMISSIONER, C. R. BELL

During the tenure of office of C. R. Bell as a fish and game com-
missioner, much progress has been made by that group. Always an
interested conservationist Mr. Bell cooperated fullj^ at all times with
the sport.smen and with his fellow commissioners and much of the
progress of the last year may be directly attributed to liis unfailing
interest in fish and game problems.

GRAHAME B. RIDLEY, NEW ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE OFFICER

In the selection of Grahame B. Ridley as assistant to the execu-
tive officer in September, 1931, the sportsmen of California have found

fAuroBNU y

♦ •• nxuK

49

tt rri«*ii<l ill coiirt wlioM* kiio\vli'<lt;<* <>i j;nfn«' r<iiii|iiiiin« anil

lii'arfiMl iN'siri' to >|i)*rati' willi ml'

mad)* liiin ati oiit.stiiii<litii; IimIi ami ^ai..
liiiiitiT ami tiMlicrmaii uml tm th«* |>aMt pi
liortsiiirirM (groups in tin* Stato phwiH* him in a ;
lUM'ils <»r liiintrrs ami nM|ii>rim'ii tliroii{;|i<iiit thn Siai«-

PERSONNEL CHANGE
Kalfd ax om* ol tin* most ixjui-jfiu'cd ti
W II "^lifMi-y is m»\v tish (Miltural advi-- ■ .... ...

.-.• ,1 n n

to know ihm

First m<»«>tln>r of th«> forunnlspfl FNh •«n'1 0«»m» r'Amml'wIon hold In th« rMvl«k»n
• if Klsli iiiul iliiiiu- DftU-fS ii'
l.> ilnht : J. l>«li' <;<iur.v. 1
I'hotu iiUbnilltfil lliri>ll|;ll the CuUlUsj ul lIl-- .">»'» rrimim> r.i-ii'.ii'

Ho was formerly in I'harjje of Xho Hiin'au t»f Fisli t'liltun' but : n

fi-ft'il frtiiii tlit> hurdfiisomt' admiiii.strativ«' tlt'tails •' ' ' '■.• ^'•^'^»

a tryini,' position in onler that his j;r«'at fum! c ^ oan be

nvailablc without interruption. lie has st»n-p<l this State for more
than 47 years.

For some time the Fish and tJann' Commi^;- — "'-^^ ' ' r-

in^; to work out some arranjrement to lijrhten t: . .y

growintr bunions attached to jjaiuc fish propagation and distribution.
and thus allow Shebley to rejrain his health.

I'nder the present plan Dr. J. O. Snyder of Stanford rniversity
has been named as .letive administrative head of the Bureau of Fish

3—9046:.

50 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Culture and lie and Sliebley will cooperate in their efforts to carry on
the excellent work in this State. Such a plan has been approved and
Shebley's priceless knowledge of fish culture will be available without
seriously retarding his physical welfare.

Shebley has spent his entire life in fish cultural work in this State.
Historical records show that his father, J. V. Shebley, established the
first mountain hatchery for trout propagation in Nevada County in
the early eighties.

It was Shebley's good fortune to study under the late J. G. Wood-
bury, originator of fish cultural work in California. Shebley showed
such an aptitude for the work that he was placed in charge of this
Nevada County Hatchery in 1885 ; in 1887 he was placed in charge of
the Hat Creek Hatchery and in 1893 he became superintendent of the
Mount Shasta Hatchery. He has led this work up to the present date.

To Shebley goes the credit of developing the entire fish culture
system in California. Through years of patient study and labor he
advanced the plan from one to 29 excellent hatcheries. When one
considers the tremendous encroachment of civilization over this state
during the past 50 years, the work of the Bureau of Fish Culture in
perpetuating the natural acquatic life and reintroducing species into
"dead" lakes and streams is second to none throughout the world.

Dr. Snyder has worked with the division for many years on scien-
tific fishery investigations. In assuming the administrative responsi-
bility of the Bureau of Fish Culture he announced that he would not
only endeavor to maintain the excellent record as established by his
predecessor, but would utilize every available means in order to cope
with California's fast growing angling population.

DUCK CLUBS COOPERATE

Appreciation should be expressed to those duck clubs and those
members of duck clubs who this year cooperated with the State and
Federal governments in making the 1931 waterfowl season a breath-
ing spell for the migrating flocks of birds that wintered within the
borders of our State. Almost without exception, duck shooting prop-
erties were flooded and feeding operations were carried on as in past
seasons in spite of the fact that this necessitated a considerable expense
to the members with a greatly diminished return due to the one-month
shooting season. This is just one more indication that the duck club
in California has been a vital factor in the perpetuation of migratory
waterfowl in this State.

CHANGE IN HANDLING OF STATE BIRD-BANDING PERMITS

The Division of Fish and Game and the Western Bird-banding
Association wish to announce certain changes in the methods of issuing
and renewing scientific bird-banding permits.

First it shall be noted that the Association's headquarters have
been transferred to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of
California, Berkeley, whence all future correspondence relative to band-
ing should be addressed. Here the Association will function under the
direct supervision of T. T McCabe, president, Elinor B. McCabe, secre-
tary, and E. L. Sumner, business manager. The desire to centralize
the office where the officers were located was the reason for this recent

(At.irORNIA riMII ASU OAMr 51

chilli^*'. 'Vhr DivinioM umi ihi* WrHtrrii Kinl iNiiMlint; ' > wuih

1(1 ackiio\vl«'(lj;i' tlii'ir thiinkM ami appr-

tioii and work <ifVolr<l lo thJH '•" ;..

HiUMia Talk. Caliroiiiia, ami Mr^ !• ui I* <*liiry,

lorrjia, who rtuim-rly haii<ll«Ml tin* pi'rnuts uml rfporU for lh«* A«K>ria-

tioii.

( 'oiiiiiiciifiinf .lamiaiy I !'''" m-w prrinit foi •■• J—"—' '"^

tin- WfsttMii Hirtl-liamliiiK A ."n 'I'hr nrw j

on a tanl 2J x 4 in<'ln'H in size, to rorrcMponti with the Fr<|rnil permit
s\/r. This, it is frit crrtain, will hi- fotiml ■
carry on fhi' person than thi* ohi lftt«'r-si/.i'«l p. lim i
expire at no tletitiite <late, hut an* valid until i
validity, however, will depeiul Upon the perniitti'<»'H ajfriM'tiiPiit with all
the eonditions of the permit, whieh are printed otj the r» of

the eard. ()!' <>'reat iniportanee in thin n'l^'ard, iH the i. ii.f . ..ik of
leporls of handin;: operations at retpiired intervals Fadnre to do
so will nvsult in automatic eancoUatioii of permitM.

All applications Tor new bird handin-; permit.s Hhoidd )>«* made on
•lie newly prepaii'd I'oiiii and siddiiitti-d direct to the As-mM-int- •• ' ■• '
(|uarters in Berkeley. Here the Asso«-iatinn wdl approve ord. . .
the application. It approved, the permit will he mailtnl direct to thr
applicant after duplicate reeonl cards have he«»n pr- One of

these rei'oi-d cards will he retained for the As-siM-iation '' • *' "

will he nuiiled to the Division of l-'ish ami (lame at on<'e .., ,

cation will either rocoive final approval or, if disiipprovetl, the permit
will he canceled. Permits are signed by the Chief. Itureau of K<luea-
lion and Research and are countersii.'ned hy an oflicer of the Western
Hiid handing' Association.

It is felt hy all concerned that the .system outlined above is a preat
improvement over the old nuMhtMl of handling th'^se permits, yet it
redui-es clerical work to a mininiuni

Fiiudly all sportsmen, hunters, or other pei-sons, 8h(K)tini; or find-
ing; handed birds, are up^'ently re(piested to e(M)perate in this iminirtant
work to the extent of nuiilinj; the bands in. either to the Western Binl-
banding' Assoi-iatioii. lierkeley, California, or to the \' ^ Biological
Survey, Washiiiirton, I) C

DEER DAMAGE RELIEF

The following infornwition is j;iven to clear up a threat many ques-
tions rejraitlinjr the admiiiistration of the law an' 'he Fish ami
(iamc Coiniuission to issue permits to kill deer d<>.i._ .........^'e to cro|wi.

The Cummission is intereste«l in the relationship b«'tween posted
lu-eas and deer damajje, but it is obvious that many i>o«tted arean are
wholly unfit for huntiiiir purposes, so ptvstin^ is not a bar to th
of a permit. In fact, section <)0*J of the Peiinl Co«le pr
huntiii}; on fenced or cultivated property without written j .

of the owner.

A huutinj; license is reipiireil. but permits and special deer tags.
with postui^e paid, are issued without cost to the "•

The disposition of carcasses is determineil ir, iividual case,

it beiuj; the intent of the Commission that, in gejieral. the meat will be
used in charitable institutions or by welfare organizations to feed the

52 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

poor. In no case, however, will the permittee be required to deliver
the carcass beyond the limits of his property unless he is willing to do so.

A number of agriculturists have demanded the use of the deer
meat for their own consumption, but the Commission feels that the
primary purpose of the legislation is to reduce the amount of crop
damage being done by deer, and has adopted regulations to accomplish
this purpose. It is certain that the sportsmen of the State will question
the sinceritj^ of the agriculturists if they insist upon using the venison
on their own tables.

In the case of State aid in the building of deer proof fences, specifi-
cations for the fence are included in the act, and the Commission has
no authority to change these specifications.

DAVID STARR JORDAN

In the deatli of David Starr Jordan the world has undoubtedly
lost a very great man. Here in California where we have been in such
close contact with him, the loss Avill be felt all the more keenly.

Doctor Jordan was very much interested in our fish and game
problems. His advice and council was extremely valuable in this work
and he was very generous in assisting the Division. He also was a
contributor to our publications.

In recognition of this friendly association, a card has been received
at the San Francisco office, addressed to the Employees of the Division
of Fish and Game, and reads as follows :

To the multitude of friends of David Starr Jordan who
recently have expressed enduring devotion to his memory
and profound sympathy for his wife and family in their
bereavement they wish to express their most heartfelt thanks.

As all living things must do, he performed his station in life and
then retired to the humble grave. In the years to come, new facts will
be brought to light and many changes will take place in the advance-
ment of wild life science, but it is an assured fact that his contributions
will form a permanent step in this important work.

IN r/iEMORIAM ALEXANDER EUGENE CULVER

Alexander Eugene Culver was born in LaSalle, Illinois, on October
25, 1859. He moved to Ohio with his parents in 1861 and resided there
until after the close of the Civil War. Then he moved to Missouri
where he attended country school until about 15 years of age, at which
time he entered high school in Trenton, Missouri, and graduated from
there in two years. He taught school two terms, and then entered the
normal school at Kirksville, Missouri, and graduated from there.

In 1883, he went to Kingman, Kansas, and entered the employ of
a large dry goods firm as bookkeeper.

He came to California, landing in Los Angeles in 1884. Later he
came to San Francisco and went from there to Sitka, Alaska, as book-
keeper for a large mining company. He returned to San Francisco
and took a position as bookkeeper for the Red Cross Lumber Company.

rAI.iroilKIA •'"I' *^'T> r.KMt:

Lator hv wrnt to Dtinsmiiir fiii«i ••!
lir took a position hh iiuiiuii;''!' for llic NtiMii ii'iiu>

A. K. CulviM- rlltilrtl tlir I'lnploV

of tin- Statf ill 1!»1M. an v. •....>
Miirvcyor f«>r I In- Kinh aiui '
rominisNioii, in tin- hnrrau of V
Culture, wliiTi' In- inailr ni|>i<l projs
rcMH with thf work. lie v
ardfiit spfuMsinan and Iovit ».;
lifr 111' was well poHt«'«l «»n llo
habits of the salmon ami tront 1 1*
math" many ••xpiTimrnts ilurinjr tin
yoars that hi* was mirairf I as .sriTi'ii
siirvi'vor lor I In* ("ommission.

.Mr, ('nlvrr was a loyal frimil.
a (li'pfndahli' man and trnstworth\
servant of thf Staff In his pass
in^r, tlif State has lost an ••flirifnt
employt't' who hail the v'ooil will ol
all his cnworkiTs. Jlr will l»f
missi'd hy all his associates as In-
was always <;ood nalnrrd no maltci-
how many trials ho was fai'in!.'.
Kvcn dnrin;: thf years of his fatal
illness, he never eomplainotl.

lie died Septemher *JH. !!• !!
and is survived hy his wife ;m
their five ehildren. W . II. Shoblcy,
Xovemher 'JO, VXU.

Thrn

r * ••::i I >auji

ALEXANDER ELT.ENE CfLVKR

A. A. A. STARTS DRIVE TO SAVE ALL WILD LIFE

The American Autoniohile Association has tlcHnitfly ••ntetwl th**
lists for wild life conservation. In cooperation with the riiite<!
Rurean of Hioloirical Survey. Charles V. Clark, v

association, recently opene<| an edii' ••■ ' '■■•

life restoration hy tnrnini; the W.i
into an exhibition of live ;rame birds

In a statement to the American (Jame A Mr riark -said

he believed ever\ motorist shoidd realize the ncvu i"V intellipont con-
servation.

"The Ameriean pt^ple have b«M'n brought in closer contact with
the out-of-doors in the ln.st decade of automobile d at

anv time in the past oO vears, " he declared. "This
irreatly beneticial to th>' mntcivist but mIso it often pr
nature and her works.

"It is clear that if depletion ol wild lite and forests continues as
it has in the past ten years there will soon bo little left of our great

54 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

natural resources. To get to the heart of nature most men use the
automobile. If the A. A. A. can convince them of the necessity of
conservation, the battle will be nearly won.

"There are too many men whose pleasure and health depend on
hunting and fishing to consider the legal prohibition of such sports.

"If we can influence the millions who annually 'ride into the
country' after every recreation, from picnics to big game — if we can
show them the necessity for a new and more rational attitude toward
plants, birds and animals — if we can impress on them that they also
will suffer if present methods continue, then the A. A. A. will have done
the Nation a lasting service in conservation."

A CORRECTION

In the April, 1931, issue of California Fish and Game there
appeared a short story, on page 198, entitled "Moose-Elk in Montana."
The story told of the killing of an animal that apparently was a cross
between a moose and an elk.

Due to the source of the information it was not deemed necessary
to check this report directly with the fish and game authorities of
Montana. This was a mistake.

Here are excerpts from a letter that was received from J. W.
Carney, assistant game warden in Montana:

"While reading your April issue of the California Fish and
Game, on page 198 I noticed the article Moose-Elk in Montana, and
was very much interested, as I happened to be one of the men who
arrested this man for killing the moose, which was supposed to be
part elk.

"The man who did the shooting claimed to be an old hunter and
a good sportsman, from Butte, Montana, and the story published in
your magazine is the one he told when he returned to Butte, to alibi
himself. He no doubt sent this story out to the different sporting
magazines. * * *

"I am writing you to give yon the facts in this case, as the moose-
elk as called in the article was one of the truest types of moose that
one would wish to see."

It is hoped that this will right the wrong and clear the mystery
and we are greatly in debt to Mr. Carney for being so generous in
volunteering such excellent information.

STATE HAS MANY REFUGES

In the news comes the story that a speaker in southern California
said "that the State should set aside refuges for the game of the State,
not one or two, but fifteen or twenty. ' ' Data at hand reveals that we
already have more than 40 refuges established by the State, and to
proceed still farther there are at least 12 national parks and monu-
ments where protection is afforded the wild living things. And not
only that but money is constantly set aside by the State for the pur-
chase and development of refuge lands.

rAt.irfiitvi V I !-,!( wn fSAMi:

56

GAME FISH

NEW EGG COLLECTING STATIONS

'I'wii l\r\\ lii-M >lalH>lls !i>r lllf cnlltTl HMI of *' ' '

t'stal>li^li<-(l 111 till* .Mount \Vliilii<>y <liMiri<'( iiikI nh u

(if ln'int; very MiircPHstiil Tin* NtatioiiN wori» opriiwl nlMtiit \hr flnrt of
Offttbrr hikI closftl tln» niiiiilh' of N'»iv»'inh«T. I'l.'M

Oil*' trap Mil Kiisli ('r«'<'k sii|»|)lii't| iiii>r«' fli.
millioTi I.nrli l.fvni I'lTtTs Tills IS a iiiuili laru'tT '
patt'd

Till' tullfrtiMM of liorli li««v«'n vinm III tluH ^'
j'ffort on tlir part nf tin* division to in*-n-a.M> thf p

t|li«. vinr'ii-s ill tills U . .Ililil-f"lll Illolllltaill si'i'tinll T

Kir.. 10. Otittloor ntitinrlum nt the Ycw^mi

tims shiny ix-nnU'S to the t' • '

work of c-loiiiiliiK the iiqiiai

1921).

rv. Hi

who

that liocli iit'vcii f<;<;s have Wen oolloft»»«l at this ltK-utii>ii ilurinf; tin*
latter months of th«> year.

Till" otluM- new station lias hovu (>.stablish<>«l on Littio Walkfr I*akp.
Eastorn brook trout ejjjrs aro rolleototl h«*nv Tlu' fjJirH oolIectM have
ntltltnl considiM-altly to the available supply for tin* hatrluTV in thr
district.

Tho Ciull Lako station, which has Ix'on operating for several yoars.
lias ]iroven to be very suceessful. The take of eastern brook trout eggs
totaled well over the million mark.

TROUT CREATE 'STRIKING' FUND

Althoujrh «;reat eountries are ei>nstantly tiisslinj? with the silver-
LTold standard problems, trout at the Yosoniito IIatcher>- of the division
have stolen the raareh and readily agree on copper.

56 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Of course there may be a number of sly angles to this copper
standard business and perhaps a line of discussion would not be amiss.

It seems that there is a beautiful outdoor aquarium at the above
named hatchery. It also seems that interested spectators are in the
liabit of tossing- pebbles into the water in order to see the fine big trout
rise and strike.

Now then, Peter Topp, the fellow who cares for these trout, soon
discovered that the cleaning up problem had assumed the proportions
of a major activity. Shoveling piles and piles of pebbles from the
aquarium during the sombre moments after the crowds had disap-
peared sort of appealed to his inventive sense of mind.

One day he dropped a shiny copper penny into the pool. The
trout nearly butted each other out of the tank to get at the lure. After
a quick nibble the successful trout merely dropped the copper to the
bottom.

And this is how the pebble tossing ended. As soon as a crowd of
potential pebble throwers would assemble, Topp would edge up to the
tank and casually toss a penny to the fishes — the effect was almost mag-
netic on fish and spectator alike. Pebblers retired in dismay.

Soon a regular shower of pennies slithered through the water.
The bottom of the aquarium assumed a beautiful coppery lustre.

Thus the die was cast. The cleaning process is not nearly so
laborious, according to reports, and the State hatchery is gathering
quite a '' striking" fund.

Will some one kindly step forward with a fcAV dimes or quarters?

"FLYING FISH"

Airplanes are obtaining excellent results in fish planting opera-
tions, according to word received from Warden C. J. Walters of Inde-
pendence. In a recent report to E. L. Macaulay, chief of patrol,
Walters said:

"We have been busy planting fish night and day, by airplane and
every way possible, in order to get them out before the cold weather
sets in.

"Hope to be all through this month. On August 28th, 1931, we
took 10,000 steelhead trout by airplane from Lone Pine to Monache
Meadows — it took the plane 14 minutes to make this trip. Two trips
were made in all. ' '

Under ordinary conditions this trip would require about 26 miles
of automobile travel and 12 miles by pack train — a real hard trip for
one day over a high mountain pass, not only for the men but for the
fish also.

TROUT LIVE LONGER IN REARING PONDS

Trout live longer when held in rearing ponds and spawned by arti-
ficial hand methods than when allowed the natural freedom of the
streams, according to W. H. Shebley.

Several reasons could be advanced for such a conclusion, he said,
but the main cause can be attributed to ' ' better care. ' ' In the rearing
pond the fish is protected from natural enemies, is fed regularly with
the proper foods, is spawned at the proper time and leads a more
peaceful life in general.

< AI.IKOKVIA t'lKII AN'P fSAUi:

57

III tlir Htrciiiii.H till* trout not only iian to r
(Irpi'inliMit, to a Kfriit I'Xtoiit, on tin- v ' ■
that, S|i)|)|i<y mini, liiit till* trout han to
di' an army of natural cni'inii'M, inrludintr mnn.

At the Mount Shasta Trout II

kind in tin- roiintry, thiTi ' '

Hi t hatfhin^ trou^'hs and ^'

Ironi .sliiilics of the fish, ht* Miiid. M

also Ih'cu iiukIc at tlii.H station ami tin* wurk wiU '

STRIPED BASS IN NEWPORT BAY

A Htripnl Itjiss plant has hrcn nunlc in Newport Itav

A consi^'niiKMit, conKiMtin); of ^'idO liNh, arrivni at the d<^tinntion

diifini,' (•ftolirr. ll'.'ll. and was ini' ' " • = •
surn)iiiidiii'j'>i in fhi- sIkiIIhu wit.is

in trout TimmI h«vp

Via. 11. ShowliiK iiirthtHl of
Tracy to southern Cullfor-' ■
S«'H aiul N«'\\|>i>rt i;.i\. '1
Phi>tii sulnnlttiil l>y K<'ti.ic ......

IxtMl

i

... ., too

31. ita*.

hav

ranged

I'onsidtM'od a vtM\\ t>xt't'Ili>nt plant wIkii it is
oriijinal, and i>Mly, plants in tin* San Kmt. •;-•..
of less than .")()•) youns; striped hav,. Th-
thrro is now a pliMitiful supply.

Workers who .seeured th«' ha.ss •
to (MLrht iiu'ht's in liMijrth aiul wt'iv ••
in i'hari;e of the Hur«'au oi" Fish 1. aiul K

were seined in the braekish waters that |MMielrate the sloughs ol the
San Joaouin Vallev near the eitv of Traev.

* • • •

Sportsmen in this southern s«'etion of the State have btNMi dtsciis-
sinjr the possibility of introiluein}; the favorite "striiHr" into some
likely waters, and due to this keen interest the division sent experts to
make a survey of the situation.

58 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Whether the striped bass will adopt the new waters and become an
abundant game fish of southern California is a question that is beyond
the power of man to decide, the executive officer said. One of the big
problems that the fish will have to overcome will be to locate a suitable
spawning area and, generally, upon the success of this quest hinges the
life of the project.

ATLANTIC SALMON IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

Atlantic salmon, a great and prolific food fish native to the north-
eastern coast of this continent, have again been introduced in substan-
tial numbers along the rivers in the northern section of California.

Records show that this plant consisted of about 40,000 fish and
occurred during the month of October, 1931. They were reared in
the Mount Shasta and Burney Creek hatcheries and then transported
by train and truck to branches of the Smith Eiver. As the division's
distribution railroad car is equipped with air hoses and all modern
facilities to give the fish plenty of oxygen, the loss en route was
negligible.

In addition to this plant, Shebley announced that there were also
planted approximatelv 15,000 of these fine fish in Beaver Creek, a tribu-
tary of the Klamath River. These were planted under the supervision
of E. V. Cassell, superintendent of the Mount Shasta Hatchery.

The Smith River planting was done under the supervision of J. C.
I^ewis, superintendent of Fort Seward Hatchery. He reported that
the young salmon averaged better than three inches in length and
were in excellent condition.

A part of the eggs for the plant was received by the division from
the Department of Fisheries of the Dominion of Canada through a
friendly exchange for other varieties ; a part was also received through
the United States Bureau of Fisheries.

The Atlantic salmon is an excellent variety of food fish that seems
to prefer the cold waters of the northeastern coast of North America.
Its life habits appear to be somewhat similar to those of our own steel-
head trout ; that is, these salmon do not die after spawning but return
from the ocean to the parent stream from year to year until the life
cycle is completed. Salmon familiar to us on this coast die after the
first spawning.

The Atlantic salmon also groAvs to a very profitable size for a food
fish. In the native waters fish weighing from 40 to 50 pounds are not
uncommon. Like our steelhead trout the young fish run to sea as soon
as they are strong enough to assume the rigors of life development and
it is in these secret waters that they find the nourishment that pro-
duces size and weight.

If these fish will adapt themselves to the water conditions of the
northern part of our coast they will prove to be an invaluable asset,
but, like other types of introduced wild life, it will require several years
at least before an accurate determination can be made.

DON'T IMPORT OR TRANSPLANT FISH

It is absolutely against the law to import or transplant fish in the
State of California without the authority of the division.

fAf.irnuviv Jisif Asri fiAwr S9

OccaNidtiully ri'portN coiiiv tu the tliviNion thnt \ft

tinn.H nrf» (M)iitrnij)latiui,' Hurh plnn* ' ' • .

tt) \h- f,'iv«'n to the daina;,'"' thnt •
Hcconlin^ to fiNh culturiNtN

III ifjjartl to thr Mubj«M't, .John L. I'nrli'V, i-x- r of thr

(livisinii, said: "()iir rmtivi* fish ami i^aiiM- rnust ' • *

undi'.sirablf MpecioM fr<tm other Mtatrs niul coui.:.. ..,.

rrithiisiastically intnMhiml into Califoniin in the belief thnt ifn-n!
hcnrlitH to the State woiihl follow The ile«f rurti<in of koo<| : • Jind

the niiiwtnre tliey have iTeate«| are familiar to nil. yrt thrac DMh ar«
jitili hein^' ciirelessly addi'il to new uateni in the State.

'■('alirornia laws are striet and d<>tinito. No i\nh. f\%\\ rinpi, or
ai|iiatie plants or seeds may he le^'ally hroui^ht into the State for th«*
purpose of prnpiij^al ion without proper notiee to th*- l)i ' " -h

ami (lanie, followed by an inspeeti«»n of the pr<'....^..' . .;i.

The division nuiy destroy diseas4>d shipmi*ntM, and .t or

destruetion of delet«'rious tisli. r\:\is, aipiatie plant.n or immhI.h '

All sportsmen and public spirited oriraniziiti' •

in the eradieation of siieh mistakes. With full r.-..j.. , .. . , . ., j...,
sible to keep sueli danirerous prnetiei's down to a minimum

ANCIENT FISH HOOKS

ropju'i" tisli iioiik.N useil \t\ li>h« rm«'n on the Uiver Kuphrat«-s thou-
^rinds of years aj:o are in the possession of the Field MuMMim. and are
said to be not very ditTei-ent froni nunlern h«M»ks, aeeordini; to a July,
r>:!|, issue of Scienrr \nrs Inciter.

RETURNED FISH SURVIVE

Do infnntilt^ fish, jerked aboxi- w.iter t"or their tirst ir •■.-'- = 'i-(i
\ iew of the world from the end of an ani:ler's line, die o: k

after bein<r returned to the water? This question, wljieh has l)oth«»r«l
fishermen ever sinee many states placed a size limit «)n u»ame ■<.

has been answered by tJOO little fish at the Ilarietta Hn* ' -• i-

j;an. jieeonliii'r to the Anii-riean (ian»e Association. Tb . il

experimentei"s bit an assortment of hooks and artitieial flies in the cauM
of scicnc<» and all but a small perccntaije of them were living to tell of
"tlieir operation" two months later. All siiv** two and a )\alf per cent
of the yountr fish cauirht with flies survived, while a tenth of those
caupbt with barbed hooks, the most diflicult to n'move. pai«l with th«*ir
lives The fish division of the Miehitran Consorvation Pepartment
believt>s its invest i<ration> have proved that the per *•' of yoiinjf

fish Rurvivins:: an em-ounter with the hook justities sp ^idy ob^rv-

anoe of the law. It has urped antrlers to remove hooks carefully, wet-
tinp the hands before touehinp the fish.

WORM FARM

Demands of present <lay anirlers t'or niore hours aloni; the stream
and less time in |>reparation for the trip have en'atitl a new and sonie-
wliat wrifTirlinsr industry near Los Anpeles. Fishing-wonn farms are
said to bo doin«i a squirminir business.

60 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Angleworms are raised in special earth beds, fed scientificallj^,
harvested by tender hands, placed in comfortable containers and
shipped hither and yon.

And just as this nniqne business gets under way comes the report
that Lieutenant Governor Earl Cooley of Colorado has invented a
rubber fishing worm. It wriggles and twists, too, reports say. It is
not only designed to fool the fish but relieves the anxiety of those who
suffer qualms cognizant to the mistreatment of angleworms.

SNAGGED STREAMS MAKE BETTER FISHING

Streams can be made more attractive to game fish by building
snags out of logs, brush and rocks. By changing or slowing up the
current water pockets are formed, it is easier for fish foods to collect or
become attached to the obstructions and areas of shade and rest are
established, according to the American Game Protective Association.

Restocking experiments carried on in Michigan waters by the late
Dr. Jan Metzelaar and his successor, Dr. Carl Hubbs, State fish
research specialist, have proved the value of the so-called resnagging
system of restoring fish to small flowing bodies of water.

When nature is left to follow her own method of taking away and
rebuilding the earth's surface, obstructions are formed. These natural
barriers have been removed in many streams throughout the country
as a result of driving logs, a desire on the part of landowners to
change water courses for landscaping purposes or to make possible the
navigation of small craft.

Dr. Metzelaar 's survey shows that fishermen using streams where
resnagging experiments have taken place generally approve the work.

To snag a stream does not mean to dam it up altogether, but to
slow, up the water course at convenient points. People owning stream
or river frontage can build satisfactory obstructions with material
at hand.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

DECISION ON STRIPED BASS CASE

Early in September, Frank Vitalie, a commercial fisherman of
Collinsville, was taken into custody by wardens on the patrol boat
Quinnai, and charged with taking striped bass other than with hook
and line and taking more than five bass in one calendar day. A writ
of habeas corpus was granted by Judge Hugh Preston of the Appellate
Court, Third District, at Sacramento. This case, which was designed
to test the constitutionality of the new bass law, came up for argument
on October 5 and attracted a great deal of interest on the part of
sportsmen and commercial fishermen. On October 19, the court
upheld the constitutionality of the law, dismissed the writ and remanded
the defendant to the custody of the sheriff of Solano County. As this
decision is important as well as interesting, we give the main part of
the decision:

"It U nrKI|r«l llini hrt<i<» liMi»mr> rii(niiKlr«| kn Ihr mrmh •»(
lawfully fiienK*'<l l» rtwhinK f«»r nhatl »n<l Ihne Ihrr -f - -*•-* - '-
If iliiH }>«• Inn- lIuTi' ii|>|MiirH iiM K'omI rt-.li.. II v*

i.fiN iiion< frf<|ui>iilly (•> prevent the ItniM trum <l>titfi au4 iL<:u cciura
u liter.

Neither Im the net niiihlcuoutt or unrtui"
kIuiiI by ineniiH nf ii net tlnriiiK n iK.relini '
lmit>i in pruliiliiliii. fi>r the reiiMni that ft
fnmi hin net. The fmt Ihui one nmy l>e uimM-- i-
net when he Im lawfully xeinine for iihinl. «l"e« not r
unronHtilullunnl. If one may not lawfully rntrh nhiicl without ui

IdlMH, llie niiilt niiKlit rimliT tin- ili:i.l (m rniir ll.

Iiltlire !•> n-.lrirt Ihi- riililuii^' "f '• ■ ^ '■■• ■ '•"■

HH It) uphojil the law if re, "I nii-l

fnnillieH i>f liMh. There in nil .... .. . •■ ""i"- '

anil plaee of MpnwniiiK. or that llii-y >iwlm In the wini. IJoth of the«» f«i

of IihIi lia\e I n Irah'.pliiiiliil to tl • ' •' .- ■ '-. ' ' ^

I.eKinhitiin- has wi-M-ly n-.-^trii-teil the u

iiatiiin. In the ahuenre of evidence to the o»ntrnry. we ntuit n

in the rules fur reculatini; lishiiiK fur nhml nn-l '^■" »• "• ■ >•••■■ ,. 1

reaMiiii.

ll'JNa of the I'enal Coile is lioi ■«•

jfrapli two prohiliitN the catihiiiK o( «•

uf tt hook anil line, while the latter portion of the i

Nule of sui-h ha.sN in u s|MTilieil ilistrirt, ilurinc a U«-.».. i- '-*

are 'aiiiiientaliy taki-n" while lawfully xeinitiK for iihatl. Thi* entir** •«<rtioo of tbr

roile was fiiiit-li-<l at the same time. 'I'he latter i

ap|H'ars to he an express exreplinii to the general pr ' .

Kraph. It doeN not appeiir t<> In- an unreaiMinable rrculation In tbr toUtuitrT ot

hxhiiiK for lias.s.

The ipicstion as to whether the petitioner wan rncacecl in (Uhinf for ahad In
jtoimI faith, ami was respoiisilile for the illegal catrhinc ■ "» ot

defense. Mere matters of defense whith do not go to the -lion

will not avail to di.sdiarRe ii petitioner on halM-an «i>rpus. but must be : •! on

the merits to the trial i-ourt. ( \'A Cal. Jur. 'S\s, »,«•<•. 10; "JU i\ J. -14. ar.- .>•> i

The writ is di.sfharKed ami the petitioner ia remanded.

J. TllouifMt.x

\N f eoneur :

.1. lMrM.\lKK,
r .1 I'KKSTON."

LOS ANGELES ENLARGES ITS FISH HARBOR

liO.s AtiL^i It s i>. ^pnulinj; an aililitii>iial $MMttMM» in .iif.ir.'iiiL' ami
ini|)i'(ivin>; it.s li.sii iijirl)iir at Tt'iiiiiiial Island, m '>

llailitii, wlnTi" till' tuna and .sjtrdini* ranni'ri«*s iir»* ltK*Mt»'ti, hoM bi'-
ti»i> .siiijill to ai'i'oiiiniMdatr tlu* ti.sliin^ !»•. '~ T'
st'iiir l)(tats and tin- laii;t' tuna i"lippfi*>% ;... .
tlation.s. riu' t'nlarj;«'d harbor will maki' rtHiiu for ^^^ •<
in^ boats. It will jjivo ovt-r two miles of iHTthiiijf
lor tisliiiiLT boat.s. Tlu' plan.s proviib' for tin* ' ' '■

$l.O()l),()l)0 lor jt'ttiivs and breakwaters, wlii.-*- i^-. .--.■- >

Fish Harbor one t)f the host in tin* world.

INTRODUCTION OF MEXICAN FISHES INTO SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA WATERS

Duriiiir till' suuuncr of li)31. tho California livo-bait boat.s fishing
tor I una otY Moxii-o ivturned to Snn Pedro with Iwiit. taken in tlu-se
southern waters, still alive in their tanks. These tish were released in

J

62 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Los Angeles Harbor or in the region adjacent to it. Should any of
these fishes succeed in establishing themselves, new species may be
added to our California fishery. In the month of September occasional
specimens of anchoveta appeared in the fresh fish markets of San Pedro,
taken incidentally in the round haul nets supplying these markets.

The following species have been identified from collections secured
from these live-bait tanks when the tuna boats returned to San Pedro :

Anchoveta Cetengraulis mysticetus.
Thread herring Opisthonema libertate.
Runner Oligoplites saurus.
Big-eyed bass Xenestius calif orniensis.
Conodon s&rrifer.
Micropogon ectenes.

— F. N. Clark, California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Terminal Island, October, 1931.

MACKEREL CANNING

Although it has fallen from tlie heights it attained in 1928 and
1929, the mackerel canning industry is still one of the most important
fisheries of southern California.

Four Los Angeles Harbor canneries packed mackerel during the
summer and fall of 1931. Two of these had to pack steadily to keep
up with the numerous orders that came in. The others packed inter-
mittently in advance of orders.

The market for canned mackerel was much better than in 1930 but
prices remained low ($2.25 to $2.50 a case, according to reports) due
to the competition of the large pink salmon packs of recent years.
Both export and domestic markets have picked up markedly. The
Philippine Islands, which were the best market in 1929-1930 and the
poorest in 1930-1931, began to take considerable quantities in July.
Fairly large orders have been received from Greece, Italy and the
Southern States of this country recently.

A recent development in the mackerel industry is the manufacture
of canned dog and cat food from mackerel. One cannery has this
animal food in production and reports increasing sales. A carefully
planned newspaper and radio advertising campaign, something new in
the California fishing industry, is probably responsible for the success
of the venture as much as the undoubted quality of the product.

The amounts of mackerel delivered to Los Angeles County can-
neries, by months, for the summer and fall seasons of 1930 and 1931,
are shown in the following table :

1930 1931

Pounds Pounds

June 920,000 1,180,000

July 790,000 800,000

August 120,000 1,610,000

September 220,000 930,000

October 4,090,000 1,850,000

Totals 6,140,000 6,370,000

The availability of the mackerel to the fisherman varied consid-
erably during the period under consideration (June-October, 1931).
During several periods of about a week each the fish were so numerous

I'AiiroHVM I'tmr wd cauc 6S

I hat Ihf fiMhiMiii'ii liiul littl.- (Ii .-lir lo

Sail I'rilifi. At iitlirr liriu'H tli>,\ u. nr -'>l

always .siU'CT.H.sriil in tlirir «|U»-Jil. Tin* !• . "
ninaiiH'd coiiNtniit at $10 por ton for ih** \>'

(HliFornia Stut«' KislnTii^ Liiboratory, Trriniiini lilaml •

OYSTER GROWING IN CALIFORNIA

Kaily ill l!»;n a iM»o|HTUtivr arraiit'.'Hirnf fi.r\Vi.'n th.- I»ivinir,n nf
i''isli ami (laiiu* ami the !'. S. Bur-

wlit'ri'by llif Imn-aii was to ffivi* tli • the : an oy»lrr

••xptTt, tlif (lirt'ct ohjfft lii-iiiu' to iMi •• thr > ' --••-n.

Til"' I)ivi.si(»n of Kish and <Jaui<* was t! >li a In- „ ';t,

uliitli arraii;;riiu*Mt is in liiir with the policy of th-- hur«au to .<rt

tlu' statt's ill the latest aii<l l»»'st iiirth<N|M nf oysliT ni' that

they may l»' al)l<' to carry on the lUM-csjgiry hiohi^ricul .•»uji» r\ j-^iun thom
st'lvi'S.

Altlioii^^'li soiiif prfliiiiinary survrvM have Imm-h iiimlc and experi-
ments liavc hiMii startfil in the State. lM)th by an expert of the bureau
uoiUin^; imIi'pemlcMtly ami in cooiieration wit' " ' "^' ite

iiurcaii of" Commert'ial Fisheries, the eooperiii i .■ ..i '»l

Btart until (trtolMr 1. llt.M. At that time, II. C. M- . .tt

of the United Stales liureau of Fisheries with much exiHTii-ncr in
oyster work in \Vasliiii;,Mon ami ()rei:"U. to<»J< up tli- " t-

iiiLT H tlioroiiirli oyster survey in Calitornia. I'aul I ; n*

reseanli worker of the Division of Fish anil (Jame, w had a troo*I

hioiofrieal trainini;, was assi-jnod as assistant.

The first work w ill be a survey of the oyster eultun* im> m

the State. The survey started with llumholdt hay. where it ■ d

that eumlitions are not ri'^dit lor the culture of Ka.>teru or •■ . -
oysters but are very favorable for the cultivation of the wnall native
oyster of the Pacific Coast. There is a jjootl supply of • in

and about the mouths of some of the slouuhs tlo'. .lud

their Lrrouth is remarkably fast. There an* at 1< : tide

hnul. in Humboldt Hay. which are suitable for the rniMinf; of native
oystei's.

For many y«'ars we have heinved that tli ' '••test

in this State for the development of all <iyster _ n-

sitlerabic proportions. The ctTorts to raise oysters in rnia duriuK

past years have been devoted almost entirely to .:ht from

our own Atlantic coast, but «»ur water temper. " i>'<< low to pet

good results with Atliuitic oy.sters. and very 1. :t is now being

expended on them. Some slijrhl elTort has been devoted to the little
native oyster, found from Mexico to Alaska, the .v h has

made fajuous the city of Olympia. Washinj.Mon. wi ' 'ni

of the native oyster has ijrown intt» an industry of , u»,

mainly for the reason that the industry was wise to employ

bioloirists to direct their work. By intellijrenl methixis they have accom-
plished wonders.

A number of yeai-s aj;o. the division employed Dr. IlaroUl Heath
to investiirate the possibilities of deveb.pinp the native oyster industr)'
on Tomalcs Bay. Doctor Heath reportetl that he believed the industry
could be profitably developed but that it wouhl require that a biologrlnt

64 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

be constantly on the ground to devote full time to the work. The
United States Bureau of Fisheries was then appealed to, but at that
time the bureau was not able to supply the demand for an oyster expert
for the Atlantic oyster industry, an industry much more valuable than
that on the Pacific coast. Since that time, however, the bureau has
developed a corps of oyster men whose researches have developed
improved cultural methods that have given new impetus to the industry.
Our recently renewed appeal for aid in developing the California oyster
industry resulted more favorably, as already stated.

Although only very limited surveys and experiments have as yet
been carried out in California, it is confidently believed that in a
number of localities both the native oyster and Japanese oyster can be
satisfactorily cultivated and the area of suitable oyster ground is suffi-
cient for the development of a very large and profitable industry. — N. B.
Scofield.

SOFT SHELL CLAM BEDS IN THE VICINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY

The soft shell clam {My a arenaria) is not a native of the west
coast but was accidentally introduced with the first shipments of
eastern oysters brought to San Francisco Bay in 1879. Since that
time the clam has spread along the California coast to the north until
it is found at present from San Francisco Bay to the Oregon line in
every suitable place. Its natural habitat is a firm mud bottom with
a fair amount of current. Although so widespread in distribution it is
nowhere very common unless given protection. The stingrays and
flounders eat vast quantities of the clams. The stingrays will dig and
eat the whole clam. The flounders bite off the siphons. If only the
tip of the siphons are lost the clam can replace it, but if several inches
is nipped off the clam dies. A good sample of what protection can
do for the soft shell is illustrated by the bed of John Connell at Bay-
shore. Connell fenced off the cove at Bayshore in 1925, intending to
plant the enclosed area with soft shell clams. About the time he fin-
ished fencing he took a job in another city which kept him away for
two years. At the end of tliat time he returned and, as his fence was
still intact, looked the cove over with a view of carrying out his
original intention of planting clams, flowever, he never planted any.
The protected area inside his fence was thickly set with clams and he
has dug clams from it on a commercial scale until this year (1931).

It has been demonstrated by this and other similar instances that
any favorable mud flat in any of the larger California bays will pro-
duce clams in quantity wherever they are protected from the stingrays
and flounders. A great number of clams are dug annually by ama-
teur and professional diggers on public unfenced beds, but the pro-
portionate number found on such beds is very small compared to the
number inside a protecting fence.

There are only a few enclosed beds in the vicinity of San Fran-
cisco at present. Several beds have been destroyed or abandoned dur-
ing the last two or three years due to expiring leases and pollution.

Soi'Tii San KHASciMro Hat

Roiitfi City (near Kiilltr I'ainl Workm, a fn I of «hrjut 25

ncrcs. Tlir \uu\ was stakiMl iti Is!mi at ' ■ \hi'u t I rvrr wner

\>y a faiiiily iiaiiicd .Mail/.iT. It is in ;.;. ;.a|M* at , . ...

W.sttrn I'ipn and Str««| I'lant. Thin Iw'd wa« frnrM in ITOO by
.loliii ('(iiiii)ll ami wn.H worked by hitii and Intrr by hiji mod. U wm
<|t'.str(iyt'(l ill 1I>2() liy tli<* sliijiyard uliirh wmh built tb«T«'

Hayvicw. A .staked bi-d of '><) arr»'.H hiid «)ul iti l^in) by f'«>iin.l|
It was worked until IDM), when it wn.H abaiuloiied due to in d

uastcM which an> dumped into the bay. Thi« condition haii brrn
steadily inirpasinj; as more and moro faotori<^ lo*^ato on that part of
the i)ay.

liayshore. This bed was stakod in 1925 by Connrll. It wm an
enclosed bay of about 10 acres. It was dcstroyi'd in 1931. Connrll'ii
lease rail ouf and the city took over the cove and i.s now Ailing it up
with ret'use from the incinerator.

San Leandro Hay. This ln-d is not fcnciMl. It is (juite larjfe. A
gootl nuiny clams are du^: for the market fron> this In-d by ChincM?.

NoKTii San KuANCisctJ Hay

All the beds from Sixteenth Street. Oakland, to Cosy Cove with
(lie e.\t'ej)tion of (^uoni; Sanir's bed nt Albany nr«« njcrely op»'n flat*
whore any one fan dij? clams.

Albany. This bed is enclosed by a v»'ry modern s<|uare -1

wire fence on redwood pasts. The fence encloses about !<><) a' I

there is a small house where a couple of Chinese live who act ay -

and dii;i,'crs.

Martine/ and Napa Kiv.i-. I iiave not seen these U-d.H. They arc
reported to be j^ood. niLTLrinLT on them startetl this year. The rei>ort«
I have received all claim that clam beds so far up the river are due
to the lack of fresh water and the conse<juent upriver push of salt
water.

Tiburon. There arc three small be«ls here, all staked and owned
by John Connell, who owiu'd the be«ls about South City. The beds
will cover about 8 acres of Imttom.

ToMAi.h^s Hay

There is oidy one staked bed in Tomales. It is i: •• lar - • !

bed in the vicinity. The an'a enclos»'d is about '^^>0 a r- s. „-^

to the Pacific Oyster Co. and was oriirinally intended for It

is at present under lease to the Hop Luni: Clam Co. Although there
are soft slioll clams all over Tomales Hay. they can only be found in
I>aying ipiantititvs insitb^ this fence.

BonEUA Bay

Tlie whole bottom of Hmlesia Hay is j;o<xl clam ground and six or
seven species are taken in commercial (pmntities. includinc the soft
shell. A izreat many of the clams of all specit^s are iLsed by the local
fishermen for bait. None of tiie l>ottoni is fenced.

5—90465

66

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Enumeration of Clam Beds

Location Acres Started Destroyed Owner

South City : fenced 25 1890 Maitzner

South City fenced 25 1890 1920 Connell

Bayview fenced 50 1890 1930 Connell

Bayshore fenced 10 1925 1931 Connell

San Leandro Bay unfenced 100 Public

Sixteenth Street, Oakland_unfenced 150 Public

Brooks Island unfenced 50 Public

Sobrante unfenced 100 Public

Wine Haven unfenced 100 Public

Cosy Cove unfenced 40 Public

Albany _ fenced 100 1928 Quong Sang

Tiburon fenced 3 1930 Connell

Tiburon fenced 2 1930 Connell

Strawberry Point fenced 3 1930 Connell

Tomales Bay fenced 300 1910 Pacific Coast Oyster Co.

— Paul Bonnot, November 15, 1931.

NEW FISH BULLETINS IN DEMAND BY PUBLIC

The four fish bulletins recently issued by the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries have been so well received by the public that scores
of readers have felt urged to write us praising certain features that
were considered especially noteworthy.

The "Handbook of Common Commercial and Game Fishes of
California," by Lionel A. "Walford (Fish Bulletin No. 28) has been
more appreciated than any other publication because its photographs
and brief descriptions serve to identify easily the species and settle
questions as to the use of common names. Hundreds of sportsmen,
marine research institutions, housewives, business firms, scientists,
commercial fishermen, libraries, elementary and secondary schools, uni-
versities, and plain staj^-at-home citizens from all parts of California,
as well as from other states, are writing in for this handbook, the
schools and universities often requesting several copies for use in
zoology classes. Some 4500 copies have been distributed already, and
the indications are that the flood of requests will continue for many
months. Fortunately, we have a large supply to meet this demand.

Another bulletin in great demand and one that has also brought
letters of praise, is No. 29, "The Striped Bass of California," by E. C.
Scofield. This is of special interest to the army of anglers and surf
fishermen of central and northern California, and requests for copies
of this booklet are still arriving with every mail. The clear, direct
style of writing and the interesting material included have made this
bulletin more acceptable to the ordinary reader than is usual in a
report covering rather technical subjects.

Bulletin No. 30, ' ' The Commercial Fish Catch of California for the
Year 1929," appeals to the reader as a citizen rather than as an angler.
This is the third and best of a series of bulletins picturing the impor-
tance and diversity of the fish catch in this State. The text makes for
more entertaining reading than you are led to suspect from the title,
and several of the articles have received warm praise from leading
citizens throughout the State. Some of the most flattering letters have
come from the eastern states and from officials and tradesmen in
Europe.

"Studies of the Length Frequencies of the California Sardine"
(Fish Bulletin No. 31, containing two articles on this subject by Frances
N. Clark and H. C. Godsil), is a title that warns the reader that the

CAuroKsik rmn an-d gamk 67

.sulijr'ft niattJT JH trclinical, but lh«- 1; 'h

hi^,' words and the stylo in Jiimi ' • is. .'^ iS
not tin- widi" a|t|ii*al (»f llu* j ijh'HI,
di'tuand by th(>K(> intvrcHtrd in the Hnrdinc indiiHtry.

Tlit'so bulletin.s arc piiblishpil for frci* d ■■ e

Siali- Mild copii's may \u- had by writiiij,' t"» :;.• ' 'i-

••rits Laboratory, 'rtTrniiial Inhiml. Any ftTort.H M

drputioM toward (?iviii{; thrsc piibliratioiiM widtT ; .iy will be
apj)rei'iHti'd.

SALMON PROTECTIVE MEASURES UPHELD

I'rofiM't ivf iiifasurt's If^^'isliitcd by thr Stat** for our •* ' ••-

been uphehl by Superior .hul^'e Warren V. Tryon in th«- IJl

County court. Th« case revolves around restrictionji which t the

transportation of salmon tbrou^'h eloscil distrietM durinij elo ■ i ■-■ i "UJi
ami has bfen of special interest to both comniereial fiMhi-rmrn aiiU con-
s<'i-\ ationists.

In the districts involved, Nos. 6, 7. 8 ami 9, the commercial fuhing
season on salmon closed Septend)er I'jth. Kishermen then announced a
(jt'sire to lish beyond the three-mile limit, on the hiph seas, but resitric-
tions pn'vented tliem from pos.session of salmon within t* -• *^' ■•■• !inut«
ill that territory. They soujrht an injunction to pri-vi-nt • ' '>n of
I'ish and (huue from enforcinj? the State law. .Iudj»e Tryon ruled that
I be order restraining; the State from enforcing? the law be ilisjtolvcii.

The reason for such a restriction i.s not to form a hardship on the
tisbiii}; imlustry but to hold the conuiiereial catch, as near as (KMAible,
to a point where a supply is insured for seasons to come. The district*
are opened aJon^ the coast when the s^ilmon, through years of study,
are known to be running in the larjfer si/.es.

In ruling a^'ainst the po.ssession of sidmon ilurinjj th'- •' \ teasoo.

the State is not oidy endeavorinj; to protect the ti.sh wr e three-

iiiih' limit but also on the liitjh seas. These are the fish that run and
spawn in our rivers, according to commercial fishery authorities.

CATCHING SEA LIONS ON THE LOWER CALIFORNIA COAST

Durinj; the early jiart of Aujjust, VJ'M, the San Dicjfo ZoologicaJ
Society sent an expedition into Ix)\ver California for the puriMMe of
collect inj; sea birds and sea lions for their zoo. I was privilegeti to be
on this expedition and at Asuncion Islaiul Dr. Harry We^eforth,
President of the San I)iey;o Zooloj;ieal SiH-iety, ami I caught the five
California sea lions {Zaloi)hits californianus) we brt>ut?ht back with ua.
The methods and equipment used for this work are We used

a three meshed trammel net of the .same type used for : 'y it waa

of larjrer mesh and heavier twine than is ordinarily us. . ... :ish neta.
The net is 50 feet long and 25 feet deep. The cork line is well bouyed
and the lead line has only comparatively few leads and is tbereiore
light. The eenttM- webbing is of 9-inch mesh and the two outside pieeM
are of 25-inch mesh.

Our mode of procedure was to lay out the net along the kelp jost
outside the breaker line and close to a beach where the sea lions were
hauled out. A good many of the animals would leave the beach while

68 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

we were laying out the net and, as they are very curious, swim
around and around the boat. We tied one end of the net to the kelp
and kept the rope at the other end in the boat. When a sea lion hit the
net it acted in the same manner as a gilled fish, floundering and kicking
and becoming more and more entangled. It never seemed to occur to
them that they might endeavor to back out. When we had four or five
young sea lions, preferably yearlings entangled, we signalled for the
motor tender which towed the whole thing to the ship. By towing
slowly none of the animals was drowned as they could raise their heads
at intervals and breathe. When we arrived alongside, a large wire
crate was lowered on a boat davit and the tangled net and its catch
were carefully floated in and the door dropped. The crate was lifted
to the upper deck and the animals released by cutting a few meshes of
the net and gradually working them out under the door. We made
only two hauls, after which the net had too many holes in it to be
effective. In each haul we caught a big adult cow which we did not
want. Both of them managed to free themselves before we got along-
side. We successfully crated six sea lions but at Guadalupe Island a
couple of hours of unusually bright sunshine killed one of them before
we realized that an^^thing was amiss. We turned the salt water hose
on the remaining five. They seemed to thoroughly enjoy the bath.
Their crates were then covered with canvas. They were landed in
San Diego in good shape and taken to their new home in the San
Diego Zoo. — Paul Bonnot.

NEW FISH BULLETIN

"The California Halibut and an Analysis of the Boat Catches" is
the title of a bulletin published by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
of the division. Authorship is credited to G. H. Clark.

This report is presented to aid directly the administration of the
division in their conservation program. The bulletin gives an account
of the California halibut fishery and a detailed analysis of the catch
in the Los Angeles harbor district by means of the catch per unit of
effort expended.

The paper is so arranged that the general and fundamental aspects
of the fishery and the results of a catch analysis are briefly given in
the first part. For those who may be interested in the detail of the
fishery some of its life history and methods of boat catch analysis
employed, the balance of the paper will be of importance.

This bulletin, No. 32, wiU be mailed free of charge to any person
writing to the California State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal Island,
California.

HARBOR IMPROVED FOR FORT BRAGG FISHING FLEET

End of construction is in sight on a jetty being built by the Federal
government at the mouth of the Noyo Eiver, Fort Bragg, to provide
shelter for fishing craft. Several hundred salmon trollers operate out
of Fort Bragg during the fishing season and the breakwater will also
give protection to the larger trawl boats from San Francisco.

In the past, fishing boats have been able to cross the bar at the
mouth of the Noyo only at high tide. When the work is completed

CAtaioUMA nun ASU UAV': M

then; will Im" n (rlmniwl. KMJ frit wi«li» ami 10 frrt de«p from th«» motith
up till' river i:»M) f

A total of $I7'»,"|"» s I) HIV ■ ' ' ""' u

for the dmltrini^' of fli-- cliaiinfl ;1

p. 29.

OYSTER VERY POPULAR

The oyster is found in every wneiijiHt Stnt«« in thi* country, and a

eomnirrcinl (IsIhtv for it in r(iiiiluete<| in all tliev •<■ ' « "

and New llainpshiri'. A'-'-"'- '"u' to r«'ernt flj;tiri><« ;.

oyster nuats in I'J'JH was 1 l.iKK) poumU, vnlue«l n' lo

the eoininereial oysternji-n A eonsiijerahle proportion of thw w taken

fro!ii |)rivati'ly owned oystfr bfds upon wliieh th«' <■ ' *

that is, the oysters an- planted and harvr.sf»M| in a J:.

to the plantiuj^ und harvesting of erops on Innil. — Fnh

Trcuie.

UPLAND GAME BIRDS

STUDY LIFE HABITS OF QUAIL

California valley quail are eertainly pettinij a very fair opjjortunity
to detnonstrate their abilities as tield numnpers under pres«'nt modrm
CDnditions.

In nuikini; advaiued stu«li«'s on the life habits of this excellrnl
upland ^'anie bird the division has established two traets of land in San
!)ie«;o County win-re conditions afTeetiuf? the valley quail will be
observed by reseaieh worki-rs for the luvxt few years.

One traet of lainl remains praetieully undisturlj^-d. aeeordinc? tn the
plan, anil the birds are all{»wed t«) proeeed un<ler natural c- :uk

Outside of the elinjination of hunting', very little effort will be made to
promote the welfare of the cpiail in this secti«m except the aiKlition of
better water and food eoiulitions.

On the oth.r traet of land everything is Ikmup d«»ne to protect and
assist the binls in the affairs of life. Known pr«'dnt«)rs are stUilie«l ami
eliminated, if deleterious, and waterinj; faeilitieK are underpin);
development.

A comparison of results from the two traets will pro«luce valuable
information. The studies will include, amont? many other faetorn. the
relationship between hawks, coyotes, skunks ami other jUlepnl ; r*

and iiuail ; relati(Uiship between rodents and ':■ ' - ' - ' .^.

cially the etTeet of the small mamnuds on .s«'ed 1 _ , , 'ul

the seasonal habits of the binls under various natural c<nulitioas.

This important e.xperimental work in the field is coniluctetl under
the supervision of Dr. Paul Kadir. from the bun^au of refwjfes. He is
a.ssisted by Alan McKean.

Kadir is makinjj: surveys of the land and is constantly checkinfT the
bird and animal population. OKservation stations are liKated at every
]ioint of vantaire. The invest iirat ion will take at least four or five ye«r8
before real iletinitc conclusions can be determined.

70 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Officials of the division said that the exceedingly important work
was launched to learn if proper game management could be developed
in the field without depending entirely on the planting stock produced
at the State game farms near Yountville in the north, and Chino in the
south.

QUAIL BRING NEW INTEREST TO HOSPITAL PATIENTS

California valley quail are playing an imortant role toward the
convalescence of patients at the Veterans Hospital, near Livermore, and
the Frank R. Howard Memorial Hospital, at Willits.

In communications with these two institutions, some very interest-
ing facts have been brought to light.

A letter from Guy M. Johnson from the Veterans Hospital reads
in part as follows :

"There are many natural attractions on this reservation for quail and song
birds. Sloping hills, a creek, acres of green lawn, trees, shrubs, thickets and high
native grass.

Every effort is made to encourage and attract the quail. They are fed twice
daily, and if the feeding is delayed, they scold until fed. They have multiplied each
year, but only by constant work on the part of everyone have we been able to main-
tain them. No firearms are allowed on the hospital reservation so the toll is not
taken by man, but by house cats. We are constantly waging war on these pests.
After the cats have had a taste of quail meat, they turn into real hunters. We have
made traps out of orange boxes, baited them, and they are proving to be successful.
Everything is being done to keep the eats down, for it is the only way we can hope
to maintain our present flock, and hope for an increase. When people think their
own cats wouldn't kill, they are mistaken, for I have trapped several of these pets
right by the roosting place. Eight cats in one night is our record. Gats are, as I
said, being warred against constantly, but they keep coming in. None of them
frequent the buildings, but are to be found out where there are birds.

A word or two for the deer. They frequent the vineyard, browse around, know-
ing they are safe.

Wild life is an attraction to everyone hospitalized. We study their habits and
encourage their presence. The oflBcers in charge of the hospital are doing everything
in favor of our feathered friends."

W. F, Whitney, U. S. Commissioner and Justice of the Peace, has
been very kind in sending the following information from Willits :

"In the winter of 1927, construction on the $70,000 Frank R. Howard Memorial
Hospital, a gift to the city of Willits by Charles S. Howard, of San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, was started.

During the months of construction from November, 1927, to May, 1928, a small
flock of quail consisting of about twenty-five, was noticed from time to time by
those in charge. It is claimed by old residents that this same fiock of quail had
made their home on the hospital location for over ten years, but had never increased
in size.

As soon as the hospital was opened, Dr. Raymond Babcock, in charge, asked
that the city authorities help in protecting the small fiock, which they agreed to do.
Also the nurses were ordered to place feed for the quail every day on the lawn south
of the hospital. Under protection and with the feeding of the quail during the winter
of 1928 and 1929, a flock of over thirty quail could be counted on the hospital lawn
nearly every day. In the winter of 1929-1930, the flock had increased until it was
nothing to count from 100 to 130 every day on the hospital land, and in the winter of
1930-1931, the flock had increased and at one time 225 quail were counted eating on
the lawn south of the hospital.

As the quail at this time have not started to bunch it is impossible to get a
real count but Dr. Babcock, and the nurses in charge estimate that the flock has now
increased well over the 300 mark as the number of small quail seen is larger this
year than in the past years.

cAf.rroRviA nmr avd nwr. 71

Thi' Howiir'l ll'ipi'ii ■. X -m .. r.i -.ifl

'llNiittiliK iif nlmiit ltiiri\ ' ■-■'•! ar^ nif

• ••!» iliiriiiK tlir ••iirly iii" t ■:•. the

.. -Hpitul lawn and ilriiikii„ txmda

to tamo till* liirtU in any ri-*i|M<(. 1' -o iIm
binli U-iiiK fully prutwtrtl fn»m hunuiig aiii ■ui- r ••ticuiie* ul llMi viuaii. wiili iW
proiMT fotiling."

CALIFORNIA QUAIL IN MONTANA

It is iiiifriNtiii;,' to ri"a<l a story in M ' W ' ' ■' r,

II'.'U, wliii'h say.H that "Califurma ijuail. t , . . ^ ;.e

lu'KI, have hwu HiUMTssfuIlv n'artMl this vrar under m im well

jis natural siirroimilint^s at th»« Stati* ^'aiin' fiirm. aii<! con-

diictt'd by Siipcriiiffihlfnt .1. V. Ilrinlrirks ilfino- ■ ■' xy

llit'r will at im late ilnti* hft'omc a Tavoritf with .^' , ''

H'-adinp further in the story it says: "This Hpriiif? a •liJZJ'n paim
w«»rc rt'h'Hs«'(l nhout ont* niih* from tho pamo farm ahmu th*- hnnkt of
Warm Sprini?s Crock. Th«» lil)i'rattM| birds hnvo mnlti: ' ' :n much
th»' same maiiiu'r as ilivscribt'd by Kllis I'arkor in 'Tics i: . .. .. " "

It has h)n(f boon a prnctice in our own Stnto, California, to raiic
valley cpiail for stookiiif? jiurposes. Tho report from Montana nhould
sot aside any «lotibt ns to tlu» practical value of such n '••, cvon

thoujxh (pKiil are one of the most iliniciiit species to pre in cap-

tivity. Our decidedly moilern methods of artificial j : it ion by

electrical e(|uipment has eliminated many of the hazards formerly
encountered when domestic hens were u.s<'d for hatchini; purpoiu>«.

CATALINA CATS AND QUAIL

lu a It-port received from Herbert M. Sanjjler, volunt«'er »leputy,
it is revealed that there are quite a number of (juail on Catalina iHland,
but the binls do not seem to increa.se from year to year in large
numbers.

"Tiiis is due to the fact, I believe, that ther-- "•• in.tiy stray and

homeless cats which roam the island in s«'arch ^>^ lid.

"Since January 1, 19:11, more than 110 cats have b«fn trap|>ed.
Fish seraj) is used for bait. The number of cats »h(^ and killeil Ls not
known."

He also reported that many cattle, goats and horses roam over the
island and probably destroy many of the quail nests. The refnirt also
stated that dove are not i)lentiful on the islaiul, due in part, to the same
reasons that afTect the quail supply.

INCREASE GAME BIRDS IN SOUTH

Plans for the increase of upland game binls in the southern part
of California were discussed at a meeting hoKl at I'pland between mem-
bers of the I/.aak Walton League and ofiBcials of the Division of Fish
and Game.

\'cry much interest was taken in affairs by the southern sportsmen
and the problem of propagating greater hatches of California valley
quail at the State game farm at Chino for stocking purposes was con-
sidered in detail.

72 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

It was broug'lit out at the meeting that many localities are making
complaints which state that quail are causing a considerable amount of
damage to certain 'agricultural crops. State game officials feel that
trapping and transplanting of quail and general game management in
the field should be practiced before the commission resorts to game
farms as a major source of supply. These birdb respond readily to
protection and feeding. Field methods should be supplemented by
work at the game farm.

It was also revealed that large areas controlled by water companies
have been closed to public shooting for years and that through special
lease it will be possible to open a part of these lands to sportsmen.
Other parts of the area will be established as quail sanctuaries and will
yield birds for the trap-plant methods.

Members of the league expressed satisfaction with the plans as out-
lined at the meeting and it was believed that some very constructive
work was accomplished. Among those present from the Division of Fish
and Game were John L. Farley, executive ofScer; Grahame B. Ridley,
assistant executive officer; W. H. Shebley, fish cultural adviser of the
Bureau of Fish Culture, and August Bade, superintendent of State
Game Farms.

DOVES AND PHEASANTS ON REFUGE

Other game birds besides waterfowl are nesting on the Grey Lodge
migratory waterfowl refuge, according to Asa McLellan, superintendent
in charge of development work. The refuge was recently purchased by
the division and is destined to be a fine resting ground for migratory
waterfowl in proper season.

Chief among the nesting birds noted so far are pheasants and dove.
Both of these fine game birds like plenty of water, McLellan said, and
they find conditions ideal here for propagation.

"There is a wealth of tall marsh grasses and tule clumps on the
refuge," the superintendent said, "and I have not had the time to
ascertain the approximate population of these birds, but I know that
they are here, and doing well. ' '

He also stated that the land was quite free from predators and that
it should not be a difficult matter to keep this problem under control.
Former owners of the property conducted a very successful war against
waterfowl and game-bird menaces and this asset will give the division
a long head-start in development work.

DOVES SHOW INCREASE

From all information that can be gathered the past season has
been one of the best dove years sportsmen have experienced in a long
time. An official report from Jack Boaz, of the Bureau of Educa-
tion and Research of the Division, revealed that: "Many limits of
doves were checked by the wardens throughout the districts of south-
ern California. The great abundance of this bird was noticed in the
Imperial Valley country. From all reports and appearances, this
species of upland game bird is on the increase."

I Al.ir "MiNlA flHIi A-.i» nAilK 73

DON'T SHOOT HOMING PIGEONS

A l.tt.r WHH n-ffivrjl by the DiviHioii from W K 'A

I'liivtT.sity Avfiiiir, Hcrkrli'v. uliirh Hit - • '

an- l)t'iiit? shot arnl mutihitrd iliinni; tr

Till' iiotr Haiil that "duriiij? th«' I'.KU) yninik' I'
HoiiH' valuahh' birds that eaim- hoiiif. flyinu tlintaiuM's ran^'i'it; up lo :'iOU

milt's, with thfir \viii;js and hr«'aslH pim-i-d with nhot " " ■' -^

birds air valufd at iin»ri' tliaii $1(M). |iij,'rou t-Iub •■•'''•' '

thfir worth as iius-sfiit^i-rs in tiiin*s of war or
iiiinicasiiralih'.

Dovi'S can hr «'a.sily di.><tiii;;ui.«»hfd Irom \ by tl -il

appi'arani't'. Thi-y havi* hm^'fr tails than pi^f-n^, .h .,

have shar|»cr ri-atiircs and. in most casfs. n luon- !• •?.

The lli^'ht of both birds is swift.

HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGES IN FRESNO COUNTY

HiiiiL'arian |>artridi;i's appfar to bf iiuMt-asiiii,' • ' in Fp-^no

I'oillity, aft'orditiir t" .1 I'l'ii- r.-.'.i\r.I by flf I)ivi>i.. (Irortrf W.

I'ifrson, rancher.

This species of upland ^'amr bird was ndeased on the Pirpton
Haiifh diiriiit; thf past yt'ar by Au},Mist Had**, Sup<'rint«'ndfnt of Stat**
danii' Farms at both Voimtviih' and Chino. Tin* ranch. -r p^portinl
that he counted between 50 and 7') birds in one canyon where th*>re was
a sprini; ami some preen feed.

Picrson also .said that: "At other p(»ints on the ranch and down
throu!.rh the valley I have seen other small numbers of lit!"' ■-• m
partritl^'cs and I feel .satislied that there has been a nice in« : ..f

these birds ilurinj^ the season."

The Huntrarian partridfje, known in Europe as tlie jjrey partrijlp^,
is considered by many sportsmen as the best tranie bird of all. Hade
said. In the State of Washin^'ton a check showed that they multiply
just twice as fa.st as phea.sants or quail. Their bnKKl.s. aeeordinu to
that check, averaj^ed sixteen, while «piail and pheasants could do no
better than eiirhf. These tiirures are for matured families and not the
number hatched, the superintenilent saiil.

In discussing; the habits of tlies.' fjame bird.s, Rade said: "The
averajje nest of the Huntrarian partridge will contain at least twenty
e«;i;s and the larirer jicri'ditau'e of matured birds from that ha* ' • is
due mostly to better care on the part of the parents. Very I^ . .ids
show so much practical knowleil-re of how a family should be reared.
Botli parents have an etpial share in the family life and thU care and
jruidancc ctHitinucs until the family breaks up ' ' th«' f

sprint: for the matinir sea.son. At no time in the .... ;y of th^
do tluy come toircther in tlocks but remain as separate family in.

"This practice leads to a wider distribution of the hiriU over any
}?iven areas, as one family will battle another for the territorj* they
have selected as their own. When this trait is ut"'- '-^hhI it Ls easy to
see why. with their prolitie proiluction. they will ; te a jriven area

sooner than any other «;ame bird."

74 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME'

Bade also said that these birds will not flush from cover when some
one of its enemies of the air try to get them excited and on the wing.
A hawk will do little with birds that refuse to flush, he said, and this
factor alone probably will be a great factor in aiding this bird in its
bid for existence.

CITIZENS PROTECT WILD TURKEYS

Wild turkeys liberated in Humboldt County by the Division are
receiving full support and protection by citizens in that locality. This
has been demonstrated in a case decided by Judge E. G. Kay of
Blocksburg.

The guilty party, Felix P. Senestraro of Loleta, received a sentence
of $250 fine or 125 days in jail for having wild turkeys in his posses-
sion. Arrest of the law violator was made on the Fort Seward Range
by "Wardens Captain J. D. Dondero of Lakeport, E. J. Johnson of Gar-
berville and Scott Feland of Fortuna.

Information that the birds were being taken by a clever law viola-
tor was received in the bureau of patrol through the cooperation of
citizens. The three wardens from outlying districts gathered together
and made the drive.

The confiscated meat was distributed among needy families in the
district.

WATERFOWL

CONSERVATION OF OUR WATERFOWL

By the President of the United States of America

A PROCLAMATION

The long-continued and severe drought of the past two' years has
inflicted not only economic hardships by seriously curtailing crop and
stock production, but also has resulted in an emergency condition as
regards the present and future safety and abundance of the waterfowl
of the continent. In large areas of the United States and Canada,
through lack of the water on breeding grounds essential to rearing the
young birds, the drought has entailed widespread destruction among
the former hordes of the wild fowl that migrate to our several states.

This devastation has constituted so great a menace to our wild-life
resources and to their future enjoyment by our people as to impel the
Secretary of Agriculture to adopt a regulation compatible with the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (40 Stat. 755), whereby during the coming
fall there will be an open hunting season on these birds of only one
month.

Now, therefore, I, Herbert Hoover, President of the United States
of America, do hereby urge that all persons take cognizance of this
emergency, and I call upon all game and conservation officials. State
and local, all members of game-protective organizations, landowners,
sportsmen, and public-spirited citizens generally to lend their coopera-
tion to effect full observance of this regulation, to the end that adequate

C'AMtOIlMA J J.1II A.NU (JAMi; 75

nuinb4>rs of watrrfowl riiny rftiirii to th«'ir lirri'Mint.' tfnminl* nrxl •|»rtr.i.'
and that fhcn* may hi« no r(>|>ctition of t
that has nlifatly ovi-riakni Honn" H\f

111 witiu'H-s wh'Ti'of, I havi' h"-;
seal of the IJnitnl StatoM to Ix- nfllx«"(|.

Doiir at tho City of NVashiiij^'ton thi
yrar of our Fionl nitn'tmi hMinli«'«l aii»l fl
Ufiiff III' thi' I'liitfil Slatt's of AriK-rii-a tli'

llidiiinrr Hootsm.

hy ihf I'rcsiihMit :

WlI.MAM K. {'aHTI.K,

Actiiij? Socrtary of State.
AuffUstlMJ. li):n.

CLOSE BIRD REFUGES TO HUNTING

Till' SoiTJ'tary of Apriculture has revokod ordont that hiretofore
permitted huntiiifj on Fech'ral bird reservations at Salt Hivrr, Arizona;
l?ij» Ijiil<«'. Arkansas; Tide liake, California; Deer Flat, Idaho; N •
I'ipi' aiul Pablo, Montana; Hio Crande, New Mev , i ,• i i v. -

Oref^on. Tills aetion was taken. ofVieials of the I. ,. . - .
I )'l»artment of Aijrieulture, explainoil. l)eeau.He of the droiiirht emer-
Heney confront iiij^ wild diieks and jjeesi*.

Of the I'it^'hty one reservations I'stablisli.-d by •
plaeeil under the administration of the Miohnjieal ^ . .

are the oidy ones on parts of whieh hunting; lias Iwen |>ormi
new series of refufjes beinj; establishiul iiiuler the niijrratory birci <•< :.
servation art of l!)2!) will be inviolate siuietiiar' • - » ' ' — • •

will not be permitted after they arc niid.'r a. in
lojjical Survey.

The secretary's order, it was j)ointeil out, is in line with the I'r- >.
dential proclamation of Auunist 2r)th shorti-nini; the - • - ' •
jjeese, brant and coot, to thirty ilays and calling: for C" ,
eoii.servation of waterfowl. These enier}»eney raeasuren, it was
explained, have been necessitated by severe drought in the n-
plains states and westward to the (^aseade Montr • ■ ' • "'
provinces of Caiuida, the principal wild-fowl br ^ „

eontinent. The dryins? up of Hlou>rhs and marshi*s in this region has
prevented the binls from rearing normal numl»«»rs of younf?, and as a
rt'sult the annual tliirht of ducks antl peese tliis fall is exiH«ctetl to lie
the smallest on record.

WATERFOWL SHOOTING REGULATIONS

FoUowini; are the migratory waterfowl shooting retndalioiiii as
observed in California during: the se.'isi>n of lOltl :

(California's huntin}; season on ducks, f;e«»s«', brant and coots or
mudhens opens at noon November 16 an»l elos«»s at sunset on Decem-
ber If).

Basi and posses.sion limits arc as follows:

Ducks (except wood duck), 15 per day in the aggregate of all

kinds; 30 in possession.

76 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Geese, including brant (except Ross and cackling geese), 4 per day
in the aggregate of all kinds ; 8 in possession.

Coots or mndhens, 25 per day.

There is no open season on the wood duck or Ross and cackling
geese.

It is unlawful to shoot migratory game between sunset and one-half
hour before sunrise.

Throughout the State hunters may shoot on any day of the week,
except that shooting days on commercial clubs are restricted to Sun-
days, Wednesdays, Saturdays and all legal holidays. The season begins
at 12 o'clock noon on the opening day and the last day of the season is
a legal shooting day throughout the State.

Blinds on commercial clubs must be situated at reasonable distances
from each other, but in no event are they to be less than 80 yards apart,
and at no time shall more than two hunters occupy any one blind.

Commercial gun clubs are strictly prohibited from guaranteeing
bag limits.

It is unlawful to shoot game from a power boat, sailboat, automo-
bile or airplane; or to hunt waterfowl from a scull boat in districts 8
and 9, except on Wednesdays and Sundays, or at any time in District
12, or in the Napa Eiver south of Edgerly Island, or to use a shotgun
larger than ten gauge, or to possess an extension automatic or a cane
gun.

STATE WARDENS ASSIST FEDERAL SERVICE

Waterfowl regulations as prescribed by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture were strictly enforced during the past season by
State game wardens. Such action was almost imperative since more
than 120 of our deputy fish and game commissioners were drafted into
the Federal service during the drought emergency period ; they supple-
mented the force organized and working under the leadership of George
Tonkin, Federal game protector for California. It was purely a coop-
erative action between government and State, with all interests centered
on the protection of the depleted waterfowl supply.

$25,000,000 FIVE-YEAR WATERFOWL PROGRAM PROPOSED BY
THE AMERICAN GAME ASSOCIATION

The American Game Association was born of the original struggle
to protect migratory birds. For twenty years it has studied the situa-
tion and has recommended constructive programs. Only part of these
have been put into action. The present waterfowl crisis demands heroic
and immediate measures.

Restrictions upon shooting wiU always be necessary, but instead of
more resfrictio7is ive must have more production. Until nationwide and
international producing machinery is put to work in a big way, we will
never save the ducks.

The remedy for the present calamity divides itself into five major
phases :

1. Restore and set aside ample breeding, feeding and resting
grounds, scattered at strategic points throughout the entire range of
our migrants.

2. Adequate enforcement of the regulations to stop poachers, duck
bootleggers and game hogs.

I

CALIFOUMA KIHII A.VO OASCe 77

■ i. Orcatrr protoction of the l)rf'«Mlin(? (n'f>uniU ai^aifiHt natural

■I. Mon- \vnt«Tf<iwl hri-f. iiin,' by Mtnl«vt, chibM -it..! 'm.lii.Hiiii'
ilUTiMlM*' llir Hlipply.

'). Nrj^oliati" a iuij,'ratciry biril tn-nty with .MfXir«»

I'HKSKNT fliiMiUAM (JIUJKKLY IN'AI)K*ifATK

riif im'srnt $S,(MH),()()<) ti'ii-yrar Norlx'c'k ArKln^wn r-^""- '."."r.!..
authori/.t'tl hy ('oii|frr.Hs in IH'JI* is tfrossly ina«l<'iptat<*. an<l
will h«' (Mitirrly too sl«iw. Tho slalT of FtMlprnl khuw protiTlom im far loo
Hniall to itMidtr rfTrctivo s«'rviri', an«l the HtutrH are not yet tloinj? th«'ir
full share to hel|».

It is obvious tliat Cohu'Hvsm is not likely to appropriate more money
than already aiithorizetl undir the NorlxH-k Andresen refiij»e pro(fram.
Many feel that nndi-r present eonditions ('onuT' v Im- Irjath to

apjtropriafe the full aiununl authorized, and that ; l)C difT^-'il* f©

obtain enou^di money to iin-rea.se the foree of Kfderal jjame pi . h

to un adecpiate stafT.

SAI.I.S TAX (IN AMMI NrrU)N UOfHTFl'L

In lI'LT) an effort to finance a bitr national waterfowl p--"- m
throu^di a sales tax on amis and anuininition was bitterly • . 1.

Iveeent suggestions of a eent a shell on mnmunition have met with the
same detenniiii'd opj)osition. Kven thouj;h it mijrht be an •• " ■••

method of eolleetin^ the necessary fuiuls, the past attitude of < -s

in the nuitter of sales taxes holds little or no hop*- for funds fi it

source.

Contributions from or<^'ani/.ations, iinlividuals and clul»s have U-en
.suj,';;ested to su|iplemeiit State and Federal appropriations, but past
experience indicates that this method of tinancing is far t«K> slow t<» i;»*t
(piick results.

In view of the fore'^oin<;, the American CJame AsxK'iation at a
mectini,' of its board of directors on September Hi, VJ'M, ileeide<l to
recomincnd the following; profjram :

1. Federal Brceilinfj: Grounds and Administration:

To jjet (|uick action under the nuichinery established by the Xor-
Iteck-Anilrescn Act of 19'2!>, and to supplement that proj^ram in several
important direetion.s, Congress will be urged to enact legislation as
follows :

(a) Bond Issue: Provide a spwial fund of $25,000,000 through
the issuance of special bonds at the rate of $.").()()().( KM) annually ftir tive
years to purchase, lease ami nuiintain migratory binl breeding groumls.

(b) Federal Tiicense : Retire the.se bonds from funds >■ I
tlirouijh a $1 Federal license to hunt migratory game bird- «.ii-
tinuc the work thereafter from .said revenue. Licen.scs to be .. -le at
postotTices to attach to State licenst^;. Exempt landowners on land.s
whereon tliev reside. It is believed the income from such a license will
be $-J.r)00.000 to $3,000,000 annually.

(el Contributions: Make provision for the acceptance of contribu-
tions to this migratory bird conservation fund from organized groups,
public-spirited individuals, and others to expedite the program.

78 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

(d) Division of Funds : Use not less than 70 per cent of the income
to this fund to purchase, lease and administer breeding grounds and
refuges, the balance for enforcing the migratory bird regulations.

(e) Cooperation with Canada: Provide that any part of this fund
may be expended in the establishment of migratory bird breeding
grounds in cooperation with Canada under a workable plan to be
evolved by the officials in charge, or by an International Migratory Bird
Commission established for that purpose. o,

(f) Cooperation with States: Provide for State and Federal coop- 1
eration under this program of establishing breeding grounds and
refuges on a fifty-fifty basis of participation in cost, such jointly pur-
chased areas to be turned over to the states for administration under
the Federal regulations. This will double the amount available and
will be especially helpful in the creation and administration of many
small areas of 1000 acres up.

2. State and Local Action:

Urge the states to expand their refuge systems to benefit migratory
birds. Utah, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan and several other
states have already shown the way in the matter of waterfowl breeding
grounds. All other states should follow their fine example.

Encourage local associations, communities, clubs and individuals
to restore and administer breeding grounds and refuges wherever
possible.

3. Natural Enemies:

Control the natural enemies of our nesting birds on the northern
breeding grounds. Crows, certain gulls, coyotes and other predators
are said to be destroying terrific numbers of eggs and helpless young
waterfowl, shorebirds, and song and insectivorous birds annually. i

Fence off portions of good breeding sloughs and marshes to prevent
undue disturbance and destruction of nests by live stock.

4. Waterfowl Breeding:

Help develop an acceptable plan to encourage individuals and clubs
to raise wild ducks both for shooting and for stocking purposes, and
urge its general adopition. Numerous clubs are producing as many
ducks as they take annually; some of them considerably more.

5. International Surveys:

If further surveys are needed, they should be initiated at once ; but- ij
the waterfowl needs of both the United States and Canada are quite
well known by the officials in charge. They can very quickly assemble
any additional data and agree upon an interlocking program of action.

6. Treaty with Mexico :

A compact similar to the treaty between the United States and
Canada should be consummated without delay between the United
States and Mexico.

This program is somewhat similar to the one the association and its
coworkers recommended ten years ago, which resulted in the adoption
of the Norbeck-Andresen program in 1929 — but this plan is much more
comprehensive and will produce results far more quickly.

1

CAUrOUNIA » I.Hi I ASH UAMt 79

Had tin* oriKi""! I»l»'> •"•<•»> lulopti'd morf than ♦ir>/KX),fKX) worth of
rt'<'Mtal)lisln(l hriTdiiij,' marshcH wotiM now \h' proflurtitK duckA iimtrad
of thistlfs.

To l)uy up iiiari^'iiial and unwiMdy drained landit and flood ihrm
with watiT will take millions of nrrcn out of (>om|>olttion with pro
live farm landH, th»Tfby ludpin^ tho furmrrn «>f Ami-rirn and lutAuruiK
it futiirt- supply of miifratory l)ir<ls.

Now is till? tim»' to act wliilr hotli land ari>! ""•"••'^ "•'• ''••■f ■•»..;.;,
All I'onsiTvation and sportsman's cluhs and a ;»

ofllcials, and others are nrtffd to join with th«* Ammcan Oann* Aks/k-ir-
lion in tin* promotion of this cnnTpMiry proi^'nim. Ac '"

Association. Investment Building'. Wjishinyton I> ('
llKll.

MOUNTED POLICE PROTECT MIGRATORY GAME BIRDS

'lliousautis of niii^Tutoi V ;,'imn' hirds lluit visit a ^froup i>i snidil
islands in the St. Lawrence Iviver just eiust of the Islantl of Orleans art?
to rt'ccive special protection by a patrol of two Quebec mounted police,
accordiufj to a report received throujjh official channels by I*aul 0.
Kcdiii^'ton, chief of the l>ureau of Hioio^'ical Stirvey of the I'nited
JState.s Department of Au'riculf urc from the American consid at (Quebec,
Canada.

The ()l)jcct of this patrol, accordint? to the local division of the
Provincial A.s.sociation for the Protwtion of Fish and (Jame, is to pro-
toot the birds that rest on the islands durinj: their spring' trip north
from molestation by resident hunters. The only known floek of ^'n-ater
snow geese comes rej^ularly up the St. Lawrence each spring after win-
tering in Virginia and Nt>rth Carolina. These birds rest several tlays
on those islands before continuing north for the summer. Other game
birds appearing tliere at this season are Canada ge«'se, brant, black
ducks. i)intails. mallards, atul teals. These siime birds return in the
autumn with their young en route southward.

It was reported that a similar police patrol for 2.1 days of Aprd
last year stop|)ed much of the illegal hunting of these birds. "Occa-
sionally," it was stated, "hunters dres.scd in white clothes were making
u.se of motor launches i)ainteil white .so that their approach wouKi not
be readily discerned by flocks on the river surface, the stream being
usiuilly partly lilh-d with ice and snow at this time of year."

In commenting on this effective cooperation to con.serve the wiKl
birds of the continent, Mr. Kedington. who heads the branch of the
United States Government charged with carrying out in this country
the provisions of the Migratory Hird Treaty, said that patroL ,: — -'ir
in purpo-se are being maintained by the Biological Survey by n .f

game protectors stationed in various parts of the country. "It is only
by such cooperative measures on the part of the two countries," he said,
"that wo can hope to fulfill our ol)ligations under the tn^aty and save
our wihl fowl for future generations. Both Canatla and the I'nited
States are also creating and maintaining nationwide systems of refuges
that furnish sanctuary for many species of our migratory birds." —
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Office of Information.

80 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

MAN-MADE DROUGHT

A resumption of wet years will not materially cheek the downward
trend of this continent's wild fowl supply, now at its most alarming
level in history, H. L. Betten, member of California's advisory com-
mittee on waterfowl sanctuaries and nationally recognized authority on
wild life conditions, declares in a statement made public by the Ameri-
can Game Association.

"In the great prairie regions of America and particularly in the
wheat belt of Canada unwise and unrelenting reclamation and drainage
projects have been extended so rapidly that a perpetual man-made
drought now exists on the most important breeding grounds, ' ' he claims.

Lines of transportation flung across Canada and the northern tier
of states have sprayed millions of settlers over the land, paving the way
for drainage of tremendous areas of lakes, sloughs and marshes which
served as natural reservoirs for water as well as waterfowl and shore-
bird nesting grounds.

"Under the direction of private interests and a governmental
bureau obsessed with a mania for reclamation, ' ' he charges, ' ' hundreds
of worthless projects have been foisted on the country, bringing ruin to
thousands of settlers.

"Congress might well direct an investigation in such channels to
determine responsibility for these unwarranted if not criminal develop-
ments and to check further useless desecration of invaluable water
sources and of wild life resources.

' ' The crux of this restoration problem lies within Canada and can
be reached only through cooperation with Canadian sportsmen," he
believes.

DUCK MARSH POSTED IN MICHIGAN

Conservation officers in California who post their territory with
signs warning hunters and anglers that a game warden may be watch-
ing them at any time have nothing on special conservation officers in
Ottawa County, local hunters report.

Before the opening of the duck season last fall signs were erected
all around Bruces Bayou reading as follows : ' ' Hunters beware. This
entire marsh is being patrolled by conservation officers. Don't start
shooting until a half hour before sunrise and don't shoot after sunset.
Giving the ducks time to feed and rest is good conservation. Remem-
ber guns and boats can be confiscated if you are arrested."

The signs were printed in striking black letters on red cardboard
and were put up in conspicuous locations.

Inquiry among hunters on the bayou indicated that the results
obtained from this posting were well worth while.

CALirOKNlA t'lHIi AN't> OAMI! 81

MAMMALS

THE TULE ELK

rill' lull' «'lk |)i(tp«»sitioM lias hi-i'ij iM'forr uh for Honn* tinw. ait«l
mumTdUs facts liave Imth ilisrus.s4>(i in rcuard to their past hintory atul
what tln'y will do in tlw fiitun'. I ani M«'ii(lin^» you n frw fact* I hav.*
patliritMl from ohstTviiiK' tln'in.

I liavf lu'anl from tlif old tiim- H<'ttl«TH in tin- Ituttouwdlow duitri«-t
that st'Vfral tliousainl r\k rnanuMl tlirrn at on»' tirinv Ilo\v«'V»'r. th«Tf
jir»« only about 170 tlu'n* now.

During' tin* latlt-r part of I'.iJT 1 niadt* srviTjd lounts i»t thfs*- v\k,
having thf ln'lp of two or thrr«' mm at dUTrrtnt timi-s, and found that
IhtTi' wi'rc (»idy srvrnty two at this timr. Now, four yi'ars luti-r, «••
havf ahout 170 of tlu'sr aninuds, whith nu'an.H Ix'ttor than 100 jwr rent
iiu'n'as*'. 1 bt'lii'Vt* tlu'y will incrrasr fastrr in an ••ludosun* if it i.s jtuit-
ahlf for tlu'in.

The tulf I'lk ran^'«' in widi' areas, travelinj; four to Mix milon to
waiti- At one tiino this sprinp durinjj the jrreon jfrass pcriotl one herd
of ahout tw«'nty-i'i}.rlit was known to ko for twcnty-fiv*' days without
wattT. They may !)»• able to p> a lonj;«'r pori<»d without drinking;, but
1 h;i\t' nut any rci-ord of sUfh an evfut.

Anothi-r unusual trait attributed to tin* tule elk is that while they
art* an excellent jumper for heij;ht, an ordinary wire fence with the
bottom wire about six inches from the ^rrouinl will hold them out of a
(ielil of ^ooil feed. If the btittom wire is twelve to ei^'hteen inches
above the j;round they will crawl under the fence. It is quite a sij»ht
to .see a bi^ bull with a larjje spread id* antlers (^oin;; under a low wire
t'cnce

If you are crowding; a herd and they are runnin-r, they will run
tlirouj;li a wire fence and break it down instead of jumping over it,
which they couUl do very easily. When a small herd was run into the
pen in the Huttonwillow district one cow elk jumped and cleare*l the
fence which is built on a steep bank. The jump woulil bo e«|ual to
eight feet, sheer hei^'ht. This is the onl\- instance I ever witnessed
where an elk jumped a fence.

Durinj; the breeilin«x season these elk ilo not mate, but run mudi
the same as our California ib»i'r.

The bulls are severe tijrhters and usually one bull elk is boss of the
herd. Once 1 fouiul a dead bidl elk with his horns broken bailly and
the jrround torn up for two or three hundreil feet around. This indi-
cated that lie had been tiijhtini; and was evitlentlv killed bv another
bull.

When a herd of elk are traveling the bulls always take to the rear
as thoufjh to watch behind and to hurry the cows along. Whenever they
are beiiitr chased there is always a cow leader.

There are always a few bulls with a herd of cows, even though it is
not in breeding season, but there is also a herd of bulls running alone.

These elk are about the fastest animal I have ever setni. They can
outrun a fast horse easily. They do not jump like a deer when in full

82

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

V

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CAUFORSIA I'lHlI AKD OAMB 88

IliKlit, Ijut run like a horw. Thoy food ot nJKlit like de<?r do, much lo
our (liMcomfort and very mm*h lo the liuttonwillow fnrinrr*' iwjrrow.

Klk can be tanie«l very I'a.nily in conflm-nient, wIhmi hantlU'd by
innn, aixl do not sn-m to become pni^twicioim an hi>iu>' aiiimalt do.

'I'lii' «'lk are a li^'bt brown in sunirnrr ami a dark brown in wintrr.
'I In* bulls will wei^,'ll about ;')()() pounds and tbe cowh alxmt rV) on f<»<)l.
rill* bidls sbed tlieir liornn every year. A. K. Ain.Hwortb, Warden.

DOES HAVE ANTLERS

Two dof.s who had the niisfortutH- to ifrow antb'rs ar ' ' '
anionj? the luissin^' from the h.-vil's harden I)i.Htricl of th.
National Forest. The.se were killed by Kujjene Patton of Lakeporl
and Calvin Simms of Odarville. «lurinu' the VXl\ sea.Hon. Both car-

Via. la. DisiTt inoiiiii.iiii .slu <ii at .i v^.iUil.i. ■'>-

mala uro extroiufly wary uml o.n.stUiit«' n nioiil .; i-

.stuily. I'hoto by K. S. Cheney, OoIoIkt. 192'J.

lied tine antlers, being 26 antl iN inches in spread, respectively.
While all the l)ueks had rubbed and polished their antlers at the time
these were killed, both ihn's were in the velvet, which wa.s, however,
thoruuj^hly dry, iinlicatiuir peilmps that does whtMi bearini: antlers do
not rub them.

Other male eiiaracteristics were evident on one animal and botli
were evideiitiv wiiiiout fawns. — F. P. Crouemiller, Forest Supervisor,
November 13,' 1931.

INVESTIGATE SHEEP DEATH

Duriii}^ the past fall a report was received that licM^rt n n

sheep wore dyin^r from thii-st at Hidden Spring in southern Ca-... .;..a.
The report said that: "Hidden Spring, a strange, bubbling pool in a

84 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

canyon several miles east of Mecca wMcli for many years has been an
oasis for wild animals of the region, was reported as having dried to a
mere cupful of water. Near the lessened water supply, which rises
mysteriously from the desert sands with four or five gaunt palm trees
standing guard over it, were found carcasses of two yearling sheep.
The animals had died of thirst."

An investigation was made by Deputy R. J. Little, of Banning, and
he reported as follows : ' ' Have checked up on this report and find
that it is true, but can't say that the two sheep died from lack of
water. There are other water holes within ten miles of Hidden Spring
and mountain sheep will go far for water. I think that the two animals
died from other causes.

' ' The water holes on the desert side of San Bernardino are lower
this year than ever before to my knowledge. I found two dry springs
last week ; heretofore there would be between 400 and 500 quail at these
locations but now there is no sign of any birds. Almost all of the pros-
pectors on the desert keep the water holes open for the quail and
animals. ' '

Reports from Inyo County indicate that desert mountain sheep are
increasing in numbers. E. H. Ober, authority on mountain sheep, told
D. D. McLean, field naturalist, that quite a number of big-horn sheep
have been observed watering at Deep Spring Valley in Inyo County.
Ober is the author of an excellent article on "The Mountain Sheep of
California," which appeared in the January, 1931, issue of California
Fish and Game.

EXCELLENT DEER SEASON

Deer taken during the past hunting season totalled 25,805, accord-
ing to figures tabulated by the Bureau of Refuges of the Division. This
shows an increase of 1673 more than were taken during the season of
1930.

Counties in which more than 1000 deer were killed include Mendo-
cino, 1706 ; Siskiyou, 1516 ; Modoc, 1486, and Humboldt, 1069.

Out of the entire 58 counties in this State only two were registered
where no deer were taken — San Francisco and Imperial counties.
Sutter County holds the low record of but one deer bagged. Sacra-
mento runs a close second with a grand total of four bucks on record.
The remainder of the counties range from 10 deer on up to well above
the thousand mark.

Such a successful season reflects not only the practical results of
sensible legislation and effective enforcement, but also indicates that
sportsmen are giving their full support to the protection of these big
game mammals throughout the year.

DEER IN CAVE

It is easy to imagine bears, pumas, or skunks in caves even though
we may never have seen one there, but a deer in a cave seems quite out
of place. I was therefore somewhat surprised as I walked along the
bridle path below the old village, to see an adult doe bedded down in a
large cave. A large rock which had fallen down over two smaller
rocks formed a cave about eight feet wide and ten feet deep. The
opening was considerably smaller than the space within and the deer

CAurouNiA riHii and game 86

wuM lyiiiK with Iut ln'ad aboul hIx i'i<-l from lip- i-ntriit)<«v 8hc wn*
ttHniii srcii in the hhuu' cavr twjri' tin* f»»lliiwinif wwk. iiliowinj» that
tiuM wjiM Imt rejftiliir rotreat whi*n not (urnKiuu A. E. Hon'II, ranger-
iiatiiraliMt, Yo.si'iiiit*' Nuturo Noto«, OctolMT, \'Xi\.

SHOTGUNS WOUND DEER

Sliotjjim liUMtriH liavr vvoiiiuhMi innnv <1«mt in tho northi'ni part of
tlif State. Tin- cnrruHJM'M of the aniiiials havi? Immmi found by iiporta-
irirti and intlifaf ioiiH show that in many vniU'S Uw aniinali {M^riahed
.iftiT much sulTt'iin);.

Wliili' hiws .sciiii not to havf Immmi n«T«'HJMiry to pri'Vi-nt thia type
dT (h'cr hunting, every effort is heinj; Tnatle to diMeouraf^e the praelice.
Sportsnnii will iMuloiihtfilly t'0(i|)iTafi- in eliminatini; the uhv of thin
type of >;iin from the hiij ^rame field and this will not only |)revent mtieh
sutTerinj: anumt; the animals Init will also help prevent ^^real lojwru in
the doer population.

BRUIN AND THE FLUME

Where is the elassitication line between aecident and lidut and
how can it be applied to the bear family?

This (|uestion has eome down from the mountains of Amador
County and the Division of Fish and (Jame is huntini; for the answer.

And the reason for all this serious study is none other than Mr.
Ilruin — a 400-pouiid bear. He has been splashinf? around, aeeidently
oi- otherwise, in a ik \v hydrm^leetrio development flume alon}? the
.Mokeluiniie Kiver, if all reports are true.

The first time this ^'reat mammal was di.seovered in the tlume. a
ery of -Aeeident ! arose amonir biir hearted workmen, so Bruin war
rescued and deposited on dry land in a rather undi^jnified manner.
A lasso around his neck, coupled with a wire looped to one hind lejj.
aeconiplished the delicate task. Due to the nature of the subject at
hand, no one had the time nor inclination to make a count of the man
power applied.

Several ilays later when Mr. Bruin was ajrain sijjhted in the
sparklin'JT waters a cry of protest arose from the "reseue" crew: "It
inuNt l)t> a Iial>it." they declared, and decision was made to let the furry
clown do a little rescuinj? on his own account.

The bear evidently succeeded in lo«'atin>; a runway escape from
the coiuM-ete water chatinel for he was later observed swairirerinp Inildly
up a mountain side. It is easv to ideiitifv Mr. Bruin because he still
carries a w ire danplin«» from one hintl lep — notoriety of some sort awaits
the p(>rson who attempts to remove this decoration.

His presence in the tlutiu^ has been observeil s«n-eral times since.
Takinu: all couilitions. inchulintr icy water, into consideration, the prob-
lem is a puzzle. Whether he is entering the channel through accident
or by habit is a question that, so far. defies solution.

Members of the Division of Fish and ("tame account for one certain
fact, however. Bruin is a real t(Mi<;h customer.

BEAR MEAT SHOULD BE COOKED

All persons who obtain bear meat should cook the food thoroughly
before using.

86 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Several eases of trichinosis are generally reported to the Division
every year following the opening of the bear hunting season and these
could be eliminated in a very simple manner. The danger lurks in
eating jerked bear meat or otherwise utilizing the food in the raw
state.

In commenting on the subject of trichinosis, Dr. M. Hobmaier,
pathologist for the division, said that bears are often infected with a
parasitic hair-like worm known as trichina. The larva of this parasite
enters the blood stream through the intestine. From the blood stream
the trichina work into the muscles of the animal. Many conditions
regulate the effect of the parasite on the health of the animal.

"It is possible for a bear to live many years with this parasite
in the muscles," Dr. Hobmaier said, ''and this is true with other
infected animals. The parasite will live in the animal after death for
several weeks so that if another carnivore should feed on the carcass
the disease will be transmitted in this way."

The severity of the infection depends on the amount of infected
meat that is consumed by the subject, according to Dr. Hobmaier, but
the discomforting effects, even in ease of recovery, are liable to pursue
the members of the human species for many years. The disease often
creates a condition similar to rheumatism.

By cooking thoroughly the parasite is killed and the meat is as
harmless as any other useful foods. This method of insurance against
infection is by far the most satisfactory.

And, in conclusion, don't feed the raw bear meat to your dog, or
any other animal, because if the meat happens to be infected the disease
will be transmitted to the innocent party.

Nevertheless if you would be sure that your bear meat is free from
trichinosis, send a raw piece of the diaphragm muscle to Dr. Hobmaier
of the State Fish and Game Laboratory, Hooper Foundation, Second
and Parnassus avenues, San Francisco, for microscopical test.

ALASKAN BEARS PROTECTED

The monarchs of North American wild life and largest carnivorous
animals in the world are losing some of the illusions of dangerous
ferocity built up around them by sportsmen — ^but gaining a new grip
on existence, says a bulletin of the American Game Association in
announcing recent measures to save from extinction the giant Alaskan
brown bears.

One of the outstanding moves has been the extension of the
formerly inland Katmai National Monument to the coast line of
Shelikof Strait. It was found that the brown bears — often weighing
more than 1200 pounds — like nothing better than to amble with their
families down to seashore resorts for the summer, where they have
been an easy prey to an increasing number of sportsmen.

Other recent regulations, announced by the U. S. Bureau of Bio-
logical Survey, increase from five to seven the number of Alaskan areas
in which brown and grizzly bears are protected by a hunting season
limited to the period from September 1st to June 20th.

Lately conservationists have urged protection of the Kodiak bear,
famous cousin of the brown variety, through creation of a preserve on

CAUFOItNIA riHII AVD UAME 87

Kn<link IhIuihI, lyintj directly twrir^H Slwlikof Strait from tli.- Kntmai
National MomiiiH'nt ro.wrvotioi

It i.s now In-Ill that th** ri-|Mit«»l il.i r%

IS mostly fal)l«', ami that in th** wiMs th.^i ,,■ •• . ...... r ;^ ...^m

unlf.s-s coriHTftl or in a fnry of piiin.

K»'vis«*<l Knuw n-irnlationH havi- IxToino noceiwary in Alanka, ofHriaU
of the IlioloKi<*al Siirvi-y Htntr, \f .f tin* i of r\- in

thr ti'iritory and the ^fre-at popular. .. .. tip- • .»■>,. ,|

for Anifriran spori.snHMi. Tin* laru'f Ifars, i «I

tropliirs, have l)«'«'n faord with extermination.

DON COYOTE STEPS FAST

llow last rail a iii\i)ir run/ .\fc(. rilinu' to a rrport by .Iirsi-ph
.lolTt?, assistant supiM-intcndt-nt of Yrllowstonc National I'ark, om- ha«
boon tinH'tl at .'!.'» miU's per hour. The superint«'ndent was travelinjf
in his automohilf over tin* snow one day whon Mr. Don Coyote npp«'ared
ill the roadway. lnst«'ad of hidintr in tin' woods thr aiumal strurk out
down the road. dolTe spt-rdid up and leaiiK'il that the eoyote eould
hold his own at a very lively elip. After a fast race the coyote dodged
to one side of the road and was last seen doubling? back on his trackn.

MISCELLANEOUS

GLENN-COLUSA APPEAL

Defendants in the (ilenn-Colusa !rri}»ation District ease have
appealed to the Supreme Court from a ri'eent dfeision of the Sup«'rior
Court, ac'i-onlin^' to .lolin Speneer, in ehaige oi the Bureau of Hydrau-
lics, ivalph Seott, assistant attorney for the division, said that it would
jtrohably be several months before the higher eourt nuule a decision.

This ease has been of keen interest to those coiiin-eted with the con-
servation of fish life and irri<?ation projeels. As .smaller water diverters
in various sections of the State are r»'<|uired to use .screens to protect
tish life, the division insisted that the large projects should be required
to do likewise. The (ilenn-l\ilusa Irri^ration District mair ! that

the fish that went throui,'h their pumps were mostly rou^'h ^i > of no

value, that the pereentajre of loss ^'oinj; throujfh was small, that screens
would preatly interfere with the operation of the pumps, and various
other reasons.

Judi^e 11. S. dans, presiilin^r over the Superior Court at Willows,
uphelil the attitude of the division when he tlecided the case during the
early summer.

REPORT BIRD BANDS TO U. S.

Sportsmen huntinj; wild fowl and other paine birds are urged
by the Division of Fish and Ciame ami the American Game Pro-
tective Association to keep a close watch for bands on batrjred birds and
report those found to the Cnited States Bureau of Biological Survey,
Washington, D. C.

88 CALIFOENIA FISH AND GAME

Bird-banding cooperators of the bureau, in advancing its studies
of North American waterfowl, have banded game birds at more than
fifty stations in the United States and Canada, from the Arctic regions
south to Louisiana and Georgia and from Maine to California, officials
of the bureau announced.

The Biological Survey desires a report on every banded bird that
is recovered, and requests the cooperation of sportsmen. The report
should state the number printed on the band (including any series
designation, such as A, B, or C) and the date and locality where the
bird was obtained. In return, the Biological Survey will tell the person
rendering the report where and when the bird was banded, and send
interesting information on the application of the banding method to
bird study.

Bird banding, as conducted by the Biological Survey and its 1700
cooperators, furnishes a means of obtaining information regarding con-
servation measures. The banding records of the bureau have furnished
much information on hunting and conservation problems, such as show-
ing the regions that are visited by particular concentrations of birds.
The solution of these problems means much to the perpetuation of the
sport of wild-fowling, and sportsmen are accordingly urged to examine
the ducks and other wild fowl in their bags and report banded birds
to the Biological Survey.

FIRST EGGS OF HARRIS'S SPARROW ARE DISCOVERED

A gap in the bird study of North America lasting for almost a
century has been bridged with what is believed to be the first authentic
discovery of eggs of the Harris sparrow. Credit for this find goes to the
naturalist, George Miksch Sutton, and his associate, John Bonner
Semple. Both have recently returned from an expedition to Churchill,
Canada, on Hudson Bay, the nesting region of the bird.

Harris's sparrow, a shy individual with a black hood and white
underparts was one of the few American birds left whose eggs had not
been found. Sets of doubtful identification, however, have been pre-
served and descriptions generalh^ held erroneous, also given.

In reporting his discovery to Science Service, Mr. Sutton said:

"The eggs are not 'creamy-white' (as a previous description
states) , but are very pale greenish-blue, spotted, blotched and scrawled
more or less all over with brown, lilac, gray and rusty."

It was not until the nineteenth century that the breeding range
of the Harris sparrow was known. Half the year the bird haunts the
Missouri River basin and migrates northward to breed with the
approach of spring. The bird was unknown to ornithologists until
1834 when it was discovered near Independence, Missouri, by Thomas
Nuttall. — Science News Letter, August 22, 1931.

CAUrollNIA riHIl AND OMtt

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

Fish plants math" <luriiij? thr past three inonthN briiitf the 9PMnn'»
liifal lip to m-arly forty million. TIhvm' plant-H wrn- ma.h' in ih

antl lakfM wlifrr wat<M' n.iMliliuns u'avf aKsnranrr i.f ' ' ' — I

rerrt'shi'il hy llif wintt-r rains. With l\\r li<avy i. il

occnrivil in the monntains «lurinir the rarly winter (iHh cultiiriiitJi of
tin' l>un«au have exprrssi-tl the ht'liel' that water shortat'i' will not \)c
as atiitt' this fi.miii;; season as it was in the past ami that the ftHh life
will hcni'tit ai'i'orilin^'ly.

Salninn eu'^rs totaling' l.{,()4:i.(M)0 were taken at Htations along th«»
Klaiiuitli UiviT atul wi'iv ilelivereil to Fall Oeek and Mount Shasta
liatcluM-ies. This is thf jrreatest wilnion I'U'ir take in the past tive years
ami flu- youiiLr fish will he rea»ly lor plaiitinj; in the early sprinir.

Saml ami jrravi-l filters have been installed at various hatrheries
ami other improvements are heinj; nuule that will add to the efficiency
of the entire trout propajjation system.

The fall take of e^'U's. from the fall spawninj? si)fM-ie>, *v.i> eom-
l>!('tetl and prepai-.itii'iis ;ir.' uiuI.t w.iv for tlie sprinu' spawning
artivities.

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

lIuntinET lictMi.sfs, wliidi lnTt'tofore have Immmi on a ealeridar basis,
are for an eij,'litoen months' period, bcint: etTeitive from .January 1,
\\y,V2, to .lune ."JO. l[)Xi. Thereafter, they will \)c on a (Iseal year basis.
The denominations for each class of huntin*: lieen.ses for this particular
ciirhteen months' period are one and one-half times the repular fee,
as follows;

Class Kt-'iular jrti Inrretisrd fre

Citizen *2.0(1 $3.00

Citizen, junior ' '"^ l''>0

Nonre.sident U).<x> l-''v^>

Alien -''OO 37m

Declarant alien - KV'X^ l'''>^

Commencingr "with the 19:^^^-34 series of huntin}; lieen.ses, the
denominations will revert back to the re;:ular fee.

While the dcmorali/.injr ctTci-ts of the «lrou};ht and jjeneral busi-
ness depression somewhat curtailed the activities of sportsmen, certain
branches of field sport, particularly deer huntinp. not only held up
well but sliowed a substantial iTictvase in revenue over pn^vious -is.

It is believed tliat with tiie promise of better waterinp ci :. .. . iis
durinir the coming seasons, outdoor sports will call many perstms into
the field.

90 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

Predatory animal control work on and adjacent to refuges is
being developed under a very careful plan, and in all cases a record
is being kept of stomach contents of animals killed, so that their food
habits may be determined. Mountain lion hunters were very active
during the past three months and during the month of November
alone took more than 23 of the large predators; this brought the 11
months kill up to 258 lions, ending in November.

The Gray Lodge waterfowl refuge, near Gridley, more than lived
up to expectations and proved to be a wonderful resting grounds for
the migratory birds. There was ample water on the refuge and yet
enough high ground exists to raise feed for the ducks that remain
through the dry part of the season.

The new refuge on Joice Island, in the Suisun Marsh, was made
available and is an excellent location for conservation purposes. This
refuge is subject to complete control of water conditions.

The past deer hunting season was one of the most successful in
the history of the State. Records show that nearly 26,000 bucks
were taken and the loss to the deer population was not perceptible.

BUREAU OF PATROL

In order to enforce Federal regulations limiting the duck hunting
season to one month, all State wardens were appointed Federal Game
Protectors by the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey. Comfortable
living quarters were maintained in both the Sacramento and San Joa-
quin Valley duck areas, giving our field men a chance to change into
warm clothing promptly after their work for the day or night patrol
was completed. It is gratifying to note that practically all hunters
complied with the regulations limiting the open season to one month.
Very few arrests have been made for shooting before the official
opening date.

Our bay and river patrol reports that striped bass violations are
now largely confined to the use of set lines, some of them being over
1000 feet in length, with many hundreds of hooks attached. Due to
the unusually heavy snow fall in December, many of our wardens have
been busily engaged feeding deer and quail, particularly in Modoc,
Siskiyou, Shasta and El Dorado counties.

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION

The season of 1931 was one of the most arid in the history of the
State. Many of the lakes, streams, and a number of artificial reser-
voirs, all containing valuable food and game fishes, became dry for
the first time in history. Added to this condition was the excessive
heat, causing rapid evaporation which necessitated the hurried removal
of live fish and placing them in living waters.

"With the valuable assistance and fine cooperation of wardens,
sportsmen, and various individuals and organizations, the bureau was
enabled to rescue 7,855,865 fishes during the summer and fall season

CAuroRNiA rmu and oamc 91

I nil. liH'luilcd ill thf r«'H<*no«l Jl>iln?j« wi?n* 'J, 5 "ill, 4. '»6 Uri^' mnnthr-.l
uk bajw; l,:n!M(M) liliirtfill HiiiiHNh; 1,()1H.I>UJ un-.n nunfbih ;
catHHli; .'rj-l,4'>0 calico hnsH; .i'J.lMM) Maliiioii fry; I hatm, anti

<»tlirr varictii's, iiaiiD'ly, Sacramcnld perch, Mt«'<'lii<aa iruui, Miad, yellow
IMTch and ailiilt .salmon.

Tln» rcMcnctl tisli were jfivcn witle difitribntion to various irjiorta-
iiicM i>r;;ani/atioiiH tor Ntockin^? piirpoMCM. The larger finh of the Hpawn-
iii;^' a^'c will furni.sh a pcriiiaiicnt .su|)ply of naturally hatchctl tUh for
lln' future.

It i.s not uiicomiiion to rcM<!iie from fifty to one hiindn-d thouMand
yoiiiij; fish hatched hut a few «lay8 and remove tliem from the iMolatiMj
.shallow waters to their permanent homes in which there is an a'
dance of plant or a<|uatic irruwth. 'I'his j^rowth furnishes hoth i" -i
and shelter fur them where they may develop until they are nhle to
protect thcm.selve.s aK'ain.st predatory fislie.s.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

Kxct'llenf work is hcin;.' Ai>tn' in the State throut;h tli*- l.-i-ture
pro<;ram of this bureau. Members of the bureau have ai"'"-d in
almost every secti«)n of Calilornia duriiif; the past few n. and

have addressed and shown motion pictures to sportsmen '.h orf^aniza-
lions, clubs, fraternities, schools and other ajjencies of public interest.

Six instructive motion picture reels were completed dur- '■'»

past three months and are now in circulation. Followint? a . d
re(|uest from the east coast, three reels were arranged and shipped to
the American Ciame Conference which was held in New York City
(lurinir the first part of December last year; these reels were arranged
to cover a wide raufre of subjects and met with instant favor.

l''icld research men have continued with (piail investigation work
and some very valuable information is beini; a.s.sembled.

An exceed iiiLrly important paper on duck di.sea.se has been pre-
pared by Dr. M. Hobmaier and appears elsewhere in this i.s.Nue.

Work on various bird studies and deer damajre is propressinp
uiuier detailed plans and publication of results of some of these
iiivesti','ations will be made in the future.

Durinir the past three months approximately \')(M) new •
clippin;:s were returned from stories sent to the pre>s from the !
ilie.se clippiufjs represented about ^00 newspapers.

The library is beinj? used constantly, not only by our own office
ami field fon-e, but also by thi>se recpiirinpr definite information on
some partiiMilar activity.

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

The improvement work on the Fol.som fishway at the Folsom Dam
on the American River has been completed and has the . inee

of a very <r(Mid job and shoubl be of preat aid to the m*-.' in'-ut of
anadromous fishes.

I^enbow Power Company has completed the first portion of its
d;un on the south branch of the Eel River at Benbow but failed to

92 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

install a permanent fishway as ordered by the Commission. Arrange-
ments were made for a temporary and immediate construction of a
fishway to take care of this season's run of salmon and steelhead and
with some interruptions these fish have successfully passed the dam
with the exception of the first run of King salmon.

The Commission, through superior court action, has attempted
to have the owners of the Cosumnes Dam on the Cosumnes River install
a fishway. A court order was obtained for the installation of an
efficient fishway but the construction as carried on by the owners can
not in any wise be considered a fishway and hence the Commission
has been forced to cite the owners for contempt of the superior court
orders. This matter is still pending.

The Department of Public Works Division of Highways of the
State has completed a fishway on a culvert installed by the Department
on Rattlesnake Creek in Mendocino County.

Some falls which have been obstructing the run of fish in Hull
Creek in Mendocino County, except in very high waters, have been
blown out and reports state that fish will now have no difficulty in
ascending this stream.

The Pacific Gas and Electric Co. is continuing the work of deer
protection on its Salt Springs project in Amador County.

The Associated Oil Co. at Avon has built new and additional
sumps and improved reclamation equipment very materially so that
no oil pollution will occur at this point.

Some of the Southern California beach cities being interested in
the preservation of the beaches called for a mass meeting which was
held at Long Beach with the result that a committee of thirty was
appointed to study the matter of beach protection and prevention of
pollution. The Commission's representative stated at the meeting that
the main sources of oil pollution occurring along the. Southern Cali-
fornia beaches originate outside of the State's jurisdiction as prac-
tically no oil pollution now occurs which originates within the State
which would effect these beaches.

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

Activities at the two State game farms, one near Yountville in
northern California and the other near Chino in the southern part of
the State, during late fall were centered on "brushing in" the game
bird pens and making other preparations for the winter months. As
much land as possible was placed under cultivation for the purpose
of raising greens and other feed for the stock birds.

Substantial plantings of pheasants, quail, turkeys and Hungarian
partridges were made in various parts of the State where it is believed
that the birds will have a reasonable chance to become established.

As increased demands are constantly being made by sportsmen's
organizations for pheasant eggs every effort will be made to increase
our output for the coming season. Ample stock have been held over
to produce eggs and very encouraging results are predicted.

CAUrOUNIA KIKII AND GAME 93

Dur to tHir iniHirrii m<'th<NlH of propairation, tlimui^h tiie tue of
cl(M'tric iiu'iihatiirM niul briMMlrrH. «jur two (»"'"•• farms have bM»n pur-
ticiilarly frci* from diM'a.scM that attack our iiplaiul ;;aini* h.

t»xc«'ll<'rit ('i)iiilit ittiiH of our j^anu' farms attrartc*! fimrli \
iMtinini'Ul Iruni liiindn'ils nf visit.'- t...tl. rr..iu this atw!
tries.

Arrau^'cnuMilN are also hfMn(? nuith* at both unuw farms to inrrrimr
thr output of vall«\v (|uail ho that th«*ri> will )m> more Ntork binU to
plaiif ill tlfpli'ti'tl an-as.

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

Tlif Statr |)tpnitturnt of I'uhlic Hraltir.s ipuirautiuc on inu-
ami clams, which ran to Scplcmlicr 30, was cxtendod to Octolwr
1;') for fhc coast hctwccu the (iohlcu (Iat«' and the Klamath Hivcr.
Tests hy the Department of PuMic Health showed that miiHsels mid
clams around liodc;;a May still carried enouuh of th(> poison to cndatiu'''r
the iifi of those who (>at them. Tlu* quarantine au'ainst takiin; iiiuh-
sels or clams in the rc^jioii from th«> (iolden (Jate to San Kuis Oh
{'outity was lifted on Oetoluu" 1st. as it whs found that south of :;.
(joldeii <iat«' these mollusks were le.vs toxic than usual at that time of
year.

Merrill W. Itrown, wh<» has heen workiiiu' on thi- salmon ni\'
^'atioii, siilVered a painful accitlcnt on the niirht of Octoher 'J. \V;....
inspect ini; the tishway at the little dam on tlu* Shasta Kiver, he fell
over an cndtankiiicnt. hreakinir oue ankle, sprainiuir th«' other and
partly crushiiii,' a vertchra. He was taken to a Yreka ht)Npital and
will ap|>ari'ntly be laid up soiiu* wc«'ks.

Stii|)c(l hass continue to be plentiful in tlu' San Franei.seo Hay
and ii\ir districts, and the price paid fishermen deelineil in Oetolwr
from ]'2\ c«'nts to 1<> cents a j)ouml. These bass are beini; caucht by
t'ommcri'ial hook-and line tishermen. as it is unlawful to tak«' them in
nets except while tishiiij; t'(U* shad between March I'lth anil May 1st,
inclusive. The Hurcau of C'onnnercial Fisheries is very anxious to
get an accurate reconl of all ba.ss caui^Jit commercially ami wouhl like
to have the wardens sec that all bass bouirht from anuders are properly
reconlcil on the tripliv'ate receipts furnishctl by the «livision. There
is still much confusion on the part of comujereial fishermen and dealers
as to the jirovisions of the new law and it is believed that these receipts
are not bcintr made out in many cases, uiuler the Ndief that it is
unlawful to Iniy ba.ss which are caut;lit in districts which were fornu^rly
closed and in eases where the tisherman has more than five bass in
possession.

IIultIi K. Israel has been cni,'ai;ctl by this bureau lo undertake an
invest illation of the life history of the ralifornia shrimps. This work
will be carried out under the supervision of Dr. Frank Weymouth,
of Stanford University, who is also in eharije of the Louisiana shrimp
investiirations for the V. S. Hureau c^f Fisheries.

In compliance with a resoluti»ni passed by the Assembly at the last ses-
sion of the Loijislature, a committee composed of Assemblyman Hubert

94 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

B. Seudder, Jerrold L. Seawell and Henry McGuinness was appointed
and instructed to make a study of the fish and game in California with
a view to its protection and conservation. This committee, accompanied
by Major Farley, visited the Klamath River early in September to
investigate commercial and sport fishing conditions at the mouth of
the river. On September 9th this committee was joined at Monterey
by N. B. Scofield, where it put in three days studying the sardine fish-
ing and canning methods at that place. An all-night trip was made on
one of the large purse seine boats and the committee was able to get
at first hand the method of catching sardines with these large nets.
Near the end of the month this committee visited southern California,
where they took in the State Fisheries Laboratory and the fish packing
plants at Terminal Island. From this place they were driven to San
Diego, where they made a study of the fish canneries and the large
tuna boats which catch their tuna from as far away as the Galapagos
Islands.

Lionel A. Walford, of the staff of the State Fisheries Laboratory
and the author of the Handbook of Common Commercial and Game
Fishes of California, resigned at the end of September to enter Har-
vard University, where he will study for a doctor's degree. The Hand-
book is having a widespread popularity, being in great demand by
schools, libraries, sportsmen and those interested in the fisheries indus-
try, and Mr. Walford 's resignation is a distinct loss to this bureau.

VOLUNTEER DEPUTIES

That farmers and land owners are taking interest and actively
cooperating in the state-wide campaign being conducted by the Fish
and Game Commission through the medium of the volunteer deputies
for the development of the supply of native quail in open breeding
grounds, is evidenced by the fact that Mr. Anthony Crafton, a farmer
who resides near Concord, Contra Costa County, has established
upwards of 75 quail sanctuaries on the lands of farmers in the San
Ramon Valley.

Volunteer Deputy Captain John E. Warman, of Stockton, reports
that upwards of 150 quail sanctuaries have been established in the San
Joaquin County district.

In order to know whether or not the quail sanctuary campaign
has been a success or a failure in its intended purpose, a questionnaire!
has been sent to each of the 1300 farmers and landowners who have
set aside land as an inviolate quail sanctuary and game refuge. With-
out exception, those who have filled out and returned the questionnaire
state that there has been a decided increase in the supply of quail on
their land during the past season, and that the establishment of the
sanctuary on their land has proven beneficial.

Volunteer Deputy Edward C. Gordon of Los Angeles has con-
tributed a .38 caliber Smith & Wesson revolver as one of the prizes to
be awarded to the volunteer deputy who sends to the office of the
division the greatest number of predatorj^ bird and mammal stomachs
in the aggregate of all kinds, during the sharp -shinned, Cooper hawk,
and bob-cat prize contest, which closes March 1, 1932.

\

i

cAMroRN'iA rirtii Asr> r,s\ip 95

Tlu' urtivitii'M of tho volunti^r ilr|)Utii'«« in pr*»«lntory binl and

iiiitiial cdiitrol oil <|iiail wiiictiinrit'H lias resulted in '* ^n of

ilioiit i'AHH) of tin* various m| !••>• ■■'' l-i>.|- nii«t n , . ..I ar«»

illi'lfiMl to br the riirniioH of (|uail

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

BASS TRAVELS THIRTY MILES WITH LINE

On llif iinMiiiiiu' of .\«ivfmbfr 1, n Cliiiu'si* lad. F. Thorn of ('upitol
Stri'«'t, was tiollinj; noar tin' Sfars I'oint Hriiltjf nt Vallrjo with a
rt'<'or<l IMU'iij;rr No. 5 «poon and with a section of pork rind attut'hed.
He hookt'd a tish which ln' judj:«'d to wcijrh ahont I'J pounds.

After playing; his catch for alntiit .') minutes the line part<>d and
Thoni lost alioiit 'JO feet of line alon^ with spoon and hook. I should
mention here tliat Thom had scratched his name and aiMresM on the
Hpooii.

No more was thoui^'lit of the incident until the following' Saiturday
wlu'ii a .Iai)iinese by the nime of Kirmauri. of Post Street in San Fran-
cisco, callcil on Thom and asked him if he had hooked a fish and loMt
a spoon.

When told that he hatl. Kirmauri asked TIn-in in i-..mi>- Iu i\\> <-.m
if he wished to see the tish that took his line and spoon. The strijM'd
bass with the spoon and line still dan^'linj; from his mouth weifhed 48
pounds.

Kiiniaufi said that it had b«'en cau^dit that momintr in >ui>un
Siouj^h. a distance estimatetl at about :{() miles from where the tisli
was hooked by Thom. The fisli was finally taken on sardine bait. —
S. A. Ma^'istrini, L"J1 (ieorj;ia Street, \'allejo. California, NoveiidM'r

17. i!t:n.

MOUNTAIN PLOVER AND KILLDEER IN LARGE FLOCKS

lietwcen (iilroy and llollister to the east of the Bolsa road are
liroatl fields which are pr«'tty thorou^dily j;razed by cattle.

On Xovcnd)er 10. lll|}l. while .scoutin;,' about in search of shore bird
ilata I chanced to come upon a larj;e tlo«'k of killdeer feeilinj; in one of
llii'si' dry tielils. There were several hundred individuals in this flock.
While watchiji",' these birds throutrh the <:la.sses 1 noted that scattered
here and there amoni; them were a ir»>odly number of mountain plovers.
Since that time I have been throu^'h more of this .section and tind that
there arc more of both species scattered here anil then* over the whole
section.

This, 1 believe, is a recent western record for the mountain
plover which normally winters in the San Joaquin Valley on the east
side of Mount Hamilton ranjje. There are other records from the Santa
riara Valley but none of recent date.

It is also intcrcstinij to note that the killdeer were in very larpe
flocks anil not in small scattered companies. — I). D. Mcl>»an. 510 Russ
Huilding, San Francisco, November 17, 1931.

96

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

QUAIL NEST ON FRONT PORCH

Soon after_ moving to our home in the Sequoyah Hills, Alameda I
County, we noticed that quail in the vicinity were becoming very tame.
H. L. Dewing, who lives mth his daughter, Mrs. H. A. Post, cultivated
the friendship of these beautiful birds by scattering feed for them.
The quail became so tame that they would not fly very readily although
we approached quite closely. We have counted more than 80 of these
fine birds on our lawn at one time.

When nesting season arrived in the early summer, one pair of birds
selected a hidden corner in a window flower box on our front porch.
Although the nest was but a few feet from the front door the birds
were not the least disturbed as we passed back and forth.

Pig. 14. It is not difficult to cultivate a friendship with California valley quail.
H. A. Post, of Sequoyah Hills, Oakland, observed a pair that nested and hatched
a covey in a window flower box on the front porch of his home. Photo submitted
by H. A. Post, August, 193L

After the young birds hatched we observed the mother bird coax
them from the nest. It was only about two hours from the time we
discovered the first bird until the entire young covey, consisting of
eleven birds, was ready to follow their mother.

She flew down onto the porch floor and began calling to the tiny
"chicks." Soon one little bird jumped down to her and she continued
fluttering around the window flower box until they all joined the party.
After the last bird had responded to her calls she took them to one
corner of the porch and hovered them for about twenty minutes. Her
next move was to lead them to the steps and down onto the ground into
some shrubs near the house where they hid for several hours.

It is very interesting to watch the matured birds feed when other
birds are around. The quail do not seem to molest the sparrows but I
have seen them dart at blue jays and chase them away. — H. A. Post,
Sequoyah Hills, Oakland, California, August, 1931.

• Ai.iMtti.M.i KISII A>i' >,\Mi 97

PRAIRIE FALCONS

A frtiiah* pruirii' falcun, a Hitpp(M4><ily notoriouM \iutue bird kiU^r

wliii'li I collfrlrtl lu'iir tlif FiO.s I'aiios watfrfowl rffiitfi*, wan ' ' t*

stullVd with .scvfUtrt'ii JeruHulftu cru'kel.s. llowcvrr, a ruai' . .y

tliu matr of llir ubov»«, wus a.s (M|ually mIiiITimI with tin* iWsh ainl r%

• fa rt'inali* Hpri^. Ttiis in peculiar in that thr frinaN- pruirif lairon ii
miK'h la^^;t•I• uinl inon- pnwi-rful than thr inah* an-! ' •r

pn-y.- I). I). .Mcl-'iin. .'>l<i Kuss r.iiil.liin' S,iii I ^a,

November 12, ll«;n.

EFFECT OF EM ASCULIZATION

A lew (lays belore the eloM* ol tlu* tlrrr s^-ason, ' 'i'l<)l>er 1-*, I'JAl,
uliile patrolling west of the Milk Kaneh, near lli^^hlamiH I>akoM, I niaile
the I'ollnwinj^ observation wliieh may be of interest t<> sportsmen.
Shortly after I arrived at a hunter's eanip, one «)f the men came in
with the antlers of a fine four-point buek, aloii;; with thf hintl«|iiarterH.
One ^'lanee at the antlers indicated that they had come olT at the
thimble where thev norniallv drop when shed.

The hunter told the story. As this partieular buek JuuiimmI h«"
lired aiitl hit the deer throu^'h the n«'ek, droppin;; him imni«'diaf<-Iy.
T'pon walkin;,' up to the btxly, he was much surprise*! tu tind both
antlers lyinj; on the };n)und, one on either side of the «b'atl animal.
Upon dressing; out the eareass, he found that it had previously l>een
wouiuItMl tlirou^'h the testieles, the bullt»t raiiLrini; on throinrh the flank
On examining: the hind(|uarters, I found that the wound was mon*
or less infeefed, nlthou<;h the injury stMMned to have (K'eurre<l some
10 or 1') days before the death of the animal, and it is possible that
flif deer would have rei-ovcrid from the wound. — J. W Tho -nburp.
Markleeville, October 17. l!i:n.

EAGLE ATTACKS WORKMEN

July 24th at D a.m.. two men, Tom Allen and Etlward Westphal.
■were working- on the concrete flume at Salt Sprin<rs — Triir^rer Crt>ek
flume of the Mokelumne River project, near the Hear River roa«l cross-
iiif^, and they reported that a larjre ea<;le suddcidy flew at them with its
talons extended in attack. They drove it away twice, and the third time
it flew at them, thev hit it on tlie head with a shovel. Thev took it to
camp and turned it over to James Smith, I'. S. Fire Wanlen He in
turn presented it to Henry Warriiij^Mon, of Sutter Creek.

\Varrin<rton identified the bird as a polilen eaple (Aquila chrysae-
los). It wei|^lit>d approximately twelve pounds, with a winp.pread of
six feet. -Information furnished by Pai'ifie (Jas and Klectrie Company,
SeptembtM-. VXW.

WHITE COYOTE

A white coyote was killeil during October in Monterey County.
This coyote, probably about nine months old. has been running on the
A. L. Eade place in the Sweetwater district. This property is situated
about five milts east of KitiET City. Tho animal was the only white one
in a litter and had furnished a bewildering target for many an unsuc-
cessful hunter. No one seemed to be able to get the proper range on

7—90465

98 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the animal and it remained for the automobile to accomplish the deed.
On the night of October 18, Eade was on his way home from town when
his automobile struck the white coyote and killed it. Because of its
unusual appearance it has been prepared for museum purposes. — Orben
Philbrick, King City, California, October 22, 1931.

FOOD HABITS OF THE PACIFIC HARBOR SEAL

{Phooa richardii)

In the Journal of Mammalogy for August, 1931, Theo. H.
Scheffer and Charles C. Sperry of the United States Biological Survey
have an article dealing with the examinations of the stomachs of harbor
seals taken about Puget Sound and Willapa Bay, Washington.

Dr. Scheffer has championed the seals and sea lions for many years
and has been able to demonstrate his beliefs about them by many
stomach examinations. He says in this article, "The seal's habit of
feeding commonly in the tidal reaches about the mouth of a stream
tends to reduce in numbers and frighten away predators upon young
salmon fry that are swarming about before dispersal in the salt water.
Any fish culturist will agree that the enormously preponderant losses
in fish propagation occur in the egg stage or when the young fry are
learning to dodge the foes that are besetting them on every side. From
the evidence of other studies in the struggle for existence among animals
it is not at all unreasonable to assume that the seal will save alive many
more salmon by preying upon the enemies of the young fish than it will
have opportunity to catch when of edible size. To strengthen this
assumption with factual data will require, in turn, a study of the food
habits of the creatures preyed upon by the seals in their activities about
the influx of spa^vning streams. Certain it is that balanced relations
were sustained between salmon and seals in the days when both were
very much more abundant than they are now."

After giA'ing a detailed account of the stomach contents of 100
harbor seals a summary is given as follows : "Fish comprised 93.58 per
cent of the food. The chief species were tom-cod, flounders, Pacific her-
ring, hake, sculpins, cod, blue-cod, pollack, and shiners. Salmon were
found in only two stomachs. Squids were eaten in winter and octopuses
in summer, the two comprising 5.82 per cent of the food."

Whenever a scientific study has been made of the food habits of the
seals and sea lions, the iuA^estigator has in all cases found that the food
of these animals consisted of species which were of minor importance
as food for humans, or of species which prey on food fish and whose
destruction is a direct benefit to the fisheries. Still, there are organiza-
tions and individuals who brush aside this evidence and demand the
slaughter of the seals and sea lions. — Paul Bonnot.

A NOTE ON THE FISHING OF THE CALIFORNIA SEA LION

On August 8, 1931, at Cerros Island, Lower California, I was
afforded an opportunity of observing fishing methods as carried on by a
California sea lion (Zalophus calif ornianus) . The animal was a large
cow of that species. We had hung a flood light over the side of the

»AI-IH)llMA risll AN'I) IJAMI: 99

ship uiiih'r uhich liiul «'(j||iM'ttMl a larj,'*- nuint>«rr of tlyiUK 'i*i». «» ^""^
I cDriiiMiants ami n vast nmiilx-r uf littlr yrllow nrrrin worinn all ?•■ ' • •
ahoiil ill till- piilrh of li^'lit. 'I'll-- '♦••a wal«'r luTt? ih v.-ry ilr^-p an<l
I ally ch'ur ami obj«'clM can be diHlinctly seen to a doplh of 40 or ^) (•■■ ■
The sea lion was ratlwr timid nt first, plnyinj; around at thr p<lge

of the lif^htfd area but ij:radiially brraiiu' iMildi-r ius nolhuiK ? • -'?

uml I'Xtrmlrtl her oprralions to im-hidf tin* area uiidiT Ihr :
She would dive out in the shadow and come toward the Uial MWimmuiK
Ion her back at a depth of about .'ID feet. When she arrived dif' ■'
iiiidiT the millirif? hcIu)o1 of fish she would suddenly iM'iid upward ..i. .
hhuol up at tin- tish at an almost unbelievable speed and seldom fiiib-il
to make a capture. She nte six larjje tlyinj; lislj to my certain knowl
edpe. A ^'ooil many of the tish had l)een badly hurt by llyiiik' blindly
nirainsf the side of the ship. When the .seji lion aeeidentally eauf' ' ■ ••••
(d' tliesr she would hold it in her mouth a few .se^-onds and if it i

little or no si>fn.s of life it was i)ronjptly diM-arded with a jerk of the
liead.- Paul Honnot.

MONTEREY SPANISH MACKEREL LANDED IN MONTEREY

Two sjieeimens of the .Monterey Spaiusli maekt-r'-l < Scomht romorus
voncolor t wei«' lande<l in .Mt)nterey by tishermen on Mareh M), VxW.
This is the first record of this species having been taken in this re^iou
lui over ftu-ty years. From 1870 to 18S0, this fish, althou^'h .scarce, waji
taken in eominereial (luaiitities. It was e«»nNid'Ted a <^'reat delicacy and
commaruled tabulously liiirli prices in the San Francisco market.^. Dur-
ing the cijrhties. it disappcarcil entirely from the catches of Monterey
fishermen ami has not been seen a}?ain until this year -I I'> Phillips,
(October. Pi:n.

WOLF-FISH TAKEN AT MONTEREY

Duriiii: tlu' year elapsing' since tlie last report (,Cai..ik«»kni.v Fish
AM) ({ami;. Vol. 17, No. 1, j). So. VXM) on wolf-fish {Alepisnurus aescu-
lapis I at Monterey, no less than three of tlu'.se voracious tislies have been
taken at Monterey: one in March, one in April, and one in September
of li^M. All were eauj,'ht in the surf in an exhaust»'d comlition, the
natural habitat of this fish beinj? at considerable tlepths in the ocean. —
.1 H. Phillips, October. VXM.

RIBBON FISH TAKEN AT MONTEREY

Probably one of the rarest tishes taken olV the coast ui i aiilornia
was brouLrht in from Monterey Hay on October 7, P).'U. The remarkable
specimen belonprs to the family known as ribbon-fishes or "kinp of the
herrinirs." and is calleil "kinj? of the .salmon" {Trachypterus rex-
salmonontm). Only a few specimens of this apparently ileep-water fish
have been reconlod ofT our coast, as it is cvitlently taken only through
some accidental cause. The jM-esent specimen was fourteen inches long,
but mlult specimens may be as lonp as seven feet.* The body is com-
pressed to exceptional thinness, and is covered with a naked skin shining

• Kino.nlil. Trovor. .\n .innotated Hat of Puget Sound flshes. W».<ihlngton D«pt.

rios. OlyinpiH. p. i~, 1919.

Klshorlt

100

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

like burnished silver. Tlie dorsal fin extends far forward and runs for
almost the entire length of the body. At its anterior end there is a
raised finlet consisting of a few greatly lengthened rays. The tail fin,
instead of spreading out fan-like in the usual manner, is greatly elon-
gated and directed diagonally upwards. The under part of the body
along the margin is thickly set with prickles, as well as the base of
each dorsal ray. The caudal and ventral fins are bright red in life,
while the other fins are colorless. The anal fin is absent in this species.

Fig. 15. Captain Ishikawa and his record breaking-
skipjack. Photo by R. S. Crocker, October 14, 1931.

Characteristic markings of this fish are a black splotch as large or
larger than the eye, about two diameters of the eye above and back-
wards from the eye, and also three large dark blotches along the sides.^
The anterior portion of the head is also darkened.

R. F. Classic, in charge of the Division of Fish and Game office
at Monterey, was responsible for recognizing the specimen as a raritj
and making arrangements with M. Lewis, at whose market it was oi
display, to have the specimen identified. — J. B. Phillips, October, 1931J

RECORD SKIPJACK LANDED AT SAN PEDRO

The largest skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) on record for the!
eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean was brought into Los Angeles Harbor]
on October 14, 1931, by the tuna boat Whiie Rose. The fish was 36|

CAUI'UKNIA ririll ANU (UMI: 101

mrlii-s lorif^, luni a jfirfli of 27 itwh«*«, aii'l \\<-i;,'! " ■]

i-ales wlifii lamlftl. On ( )«'loU'r 4, thi* day it •■ : _ a

little over 40 poiinclM but it loMt Hornf* of itit \vri(;ht iluriiif; th** * i

licforc it ronrlu'd San I'nlrf). Thf oviTiiifc wimkIiI of Hkipjark »h iimier
I .'» pounds, so tlif H\/.>- of this sprciini'n is n-ally rfinnrkahl«*. Dunntr
llir \*X\\ s«'ason, ill fact, li.HlH'iiiuMi had diflli-ulty in jjrtlin;; anv nundxT
of skipjack ul>ovj« thr ininiinum Ifjjnl \vri}»ht of ftvp pounds

The skipppr of the White Itose, Captain Ishikawa, rau^ht this
exi'('|itinnal ski|)jnfk on the Han(;«'r Hank olT liowrr Cahfornin alHiiit
40n niilfs .sinith of San IN-dro.

Some ffw years ajfo, the CoaHt Fishinp ('(unpany received a ship-
inent of frozen skipjack from Hawaii that contained a numlvT of 40-
pound fish, .K-cordiiii,' to Mr. Takahashi, the foreman, hnt such lari^f tlnh
have not hitlicrto heeii reported from this coast K. S. Crok«'r. ("ali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory. Terminal Island, October, 1931.

102

CALIFORXIA FISH AXD GA:ME

REPORTS

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

July, August, September, 1931
Fish—

Abalones 58

Barracuda, pounds ___..^ 660

Bass:

Black -. 93

Rock, pounds •_- 160

Striped, pounds 5 608

Bluegills 43

Clams 1,468

Catfish : 19

Crabs 58

Lobsters, pounds 262

Perch 12

Mussels ---- 200

Skipjack, pounds 6,800

Smelt, pounds 75

Sahnon, pounds 13,830

Trout 242

Tuna, (YelloTvfin) pounds 19,239

Traps, lobster i 50

Miscellaneous fish, pounds : 113

Game —

Deer 69

Deer meat, pounds 702

Doves 218

Ducks 37

QuaU 42

Rabbits 19

Shorebirds 1 2

Squirrels... 7

Nongame birds 2

Pheasant . 3

FISH CASES
July, August, September, 1S31

Number
arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

(days)

Angling License Act; ^nolations of

Abalones; small; over lunit

Barracuda; small

Bass —

Black; selling cf; over limit

Striped; small

Catfish; closed season

Clams; overlimit; small

Commercial Fishing License Act; violations of.

Crabs; closed season

Dynamiting fish

Illegal fishing apparatus

Fishing near mouth of stream

Lobsters; closed season

Nets, seines; illegal use of

Night fishing

Salmon; closed season

Trout; over limit

Totals

55

20

1

11

36
1

42
7
1
3
9
6
6

30
2
6

18

255

Sl,081 00

395 00

10 00

690 00
984 00

745 00

75 00

25 00

200 00

30 00

100 00

330 00

925 00

50 00

95 00

347 00

$6,082 00

59

30

10
10

30
650

789

( AUrOltMA KIHII AND UAMK

l»]l

103

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llunliM U«MM> A

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M

104

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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106

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1931, to November 30, 1931, of the Eighty-third Fiscal Year

Function

Bureau Administration:

Executive

Clerical and office

Printing

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express.

Rent -

Accident and death claims-
Accounting prorata

Legal

Premiums on bonds

Publicity

Total bureau administration.

Bureau education and research:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Traveling

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express. .

Photographer

Librarian

Research

Blue printing

Publicity

Exhibits

Lecturer

Total bureau education and research.

Bureau patrol and law enforcement:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express

Rent...

Heat, light and power

Captains and deputies

Launches

Fish planting

Volunteer deputies

Premiums on bonds

Temporary help

Cooks

Total bureau patrol and law enforcement...

Bureau commercial fisheries:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express

Rent

Heat, Ught and power

Research

Captains and deputies

Launches

Laboratory

Blue printing

Statistics

Fish cannery research

Fish cannery inspectors — seasonal

Total bureau commercial fisheries $46,533 90 S2,938 29

Salaries

and

wages

$3,400 00
9,125 81

1,125 00
2,750 00

S16,400 81

$2,500 00
934 95

600 00

850 00

4,375 00

1,575 00

$10,834 95

S4,595 00
1,605 32

87,916 33

2,377 72
360 00

24 00
525 00

$97,403 37

$6,645 00
4,300 00

3,961 00

7,075 00

5,270 00

13,600 00

5,682 90

Materials

and
supplies

$413 86

5,539 95

126 43

$6,080 24

$94 34

12 78
118 58

$225 70

$19 63
3,827 85

768 63
606 04
539 81

$5,761 96

$174 56
335 93

13 16

128 18

1,715 95

314 91

255 60

Service

and
expense

$138 25

153 96
1,157 50
1,967 53
2,000 14
1,397 82
6,394 39
1,538 68

137 23
12 50
68 86

$14,966 88

$107 38

2,808 02

11 43

79

76 75

32 17

12 66

353 94

8 25

$3,411 39

$8 68

1,752 36

48,733 90

142 19

668 98

16 96

215 45

6 82

214 62

468 61

205 00

539 47

$52,973 04

$66 67
133 05
9,464 01
2 52
285 92
320 95
535 00
112 61

22 22

269 01

567 26

2 52

689 35

3,750 00

$16,221 09

Property

and
equipment

$150 23

75 55

$225 78

$620 35
69 63
28 00

$717 98

$11 47
613 76

142 90

$768 13

$41 00
3 00

53 54

10 00

167 50

108 12

42 15

$425 31

Total

$3,400 00

9,828 15

5,539 95

280 39

1,157 50

1,967 53

2,000 14

1,397 82

6,394 39

1,538 68

1,125 00

2,962 80

12 50

68 86

$37,673 71

$2,500 00
1,136 67
2,808 02

11 43
79

1,297 10

964 58

4,521 58

12 66
353 94

8 25
1,575 00

$15,190 02

$4,595 00

1,645 10

6,193 97

48,733 90

142 19

668 98

16 96

215 45

6 82

89,042 48

1,074 65

3,122 53

360 00

53 647

24 00

525 00

8156,906 50

$6,686 00

4,544 23

468 98

9,464 01

2 52

285 92

320 95

535 00

112 61

4,027 70

7,235 40

7,422 46

14,590 29

2 52

987 10

3,750 00

5,682 90

$66,118 59

CALl>t>KMA 11 It A*.t» rjAMi:

107

tTATCMCNT or i xri NUi luNU

PuMtioa

m4

awl

r

'^

Hurtau Arab eullufv:
I'hiel aivl MteUoU
Clcfieal bimJ otTlM

Aiittiliiiihi ro

r
•|
1 .

Kent

lUnU li<kl u)d puwvr
H-'

1
It

11 jno no

1 . ; ) '. ,■

» . ( - • ■

ll'

,1 ll

"jaw

1

7 »

"4

id; 11

31 M
l« 11

4

)i ii4l>:'lic(> MAUUiil iH-<u->nA:

<TI JO

M 4ICI •..'

0

t i)(al iMtrnku fiah cuUurr

I utanU

( iflu-.'

\

1: .
I'uiliUO

T»lr|ibonr and IrlrcrBph . .
Cooperative itaourh

Total bureau hydrauHM..

Burraii <ainr iiriii>aotinn:

Aut.

uUittlo(ait«

Travrlim

I'lwlaitT'

Trlriiliuiio ami telrgraph

1'— •' • \gr ami pi

11 .^id |)OWrf .

M _ .■

A.iiuiiiaaia

Total buraiu (anir (ifitivaicatiiiii

Burinu fiah rrnfur
Cliirf and aioiitantj*

Traveling

Kent

Total bureau fiah rnicur

Burrau rtan«< rrfintr
Chirf and a.'^.^i.it.'Uit.^

u ...^

I'ltttofo ,

Tflr|inonr and teleiiTaptt . . .
Frright, r»rtai;r :\nd ri|>rnia
Lion bunion ami (rapivra. . .

Rrfiiiti> ixwtiiiit

IVrxlatory anima! oontrai

TomiHirAr) hrl|>
Ki'fugr maiiitriianrr

Total bureau (ainr refute

ir.'

13

i*

II

OM VJ
475 00

:U) uo

7il 00

,375 00
40 00

»-■•'

IIS 44
J04 S4

«,ll« IS

17,531 15
12.152 00

12.153 00

13.541 65
888 71

3.378 50
I»5 00

4.330 M
2.375 00

tU.0I8 53

1333 3fl

1215 73

4.408 16

I4.618 m

13 17

405 87

218 33

108 40

W7 n

I 00

4 n

4 1 nr> 'itt : t.'n,',, 1 44

ll.4:« 01

41 n

••■. 24

J'

1 00

4 »

IJ90 00

MrtM 75

141 44

6 07

4.'0 7y

4« riJ

ll.tMS 00

1144 83

1.250 .M

■ •• •

li.iri 'w

«') ijij

:<i :i

• JS 11

i M

141 40

407

4X> 7V

I -

< 1M 7«

...

«,ll« U

IS oo

114.134 0«

I2J90 tt

• .'^ >4

JO

tl.4«0 Ot>

III! 44

I.5W "'

i -iU 04

M

taa 00

2.340 00

13.148 47 1 15.101 54

1703 47

MOO

i 541 44

<jn «

r i\

i« :j

1 IW

1« lU

M

1378 40

1.438)0

3^80 00

4.3»4«

Sw733 00

»«I4 47 lATOft 3D

108

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 193T, to November 30, 1931, of the Eighty-third Fiscal Year— Continued

Function

Property

and
equipment

Total

Construction, improvements and equipment:

Improvements at Lake Almanor Hatchery

Telephone and power line from Chester to Lake Almanor Fish Hatchery

Filter at Big Creek Hatchery

Permanent repairs on Brookdale Hatchery

Construction of dams on Cherry Creek

Completion of egg collecting racks at Chester

Construction of rearing ponds and a temporary house for an attendant, Hat Creek, Inyo

County -

Tank and egg collecting station at Huntington Lake

Filter at Kaweah Hatchery.l

Repairs and improvements at Mt. Shasta Hatchery

Permanent improvements on Snow Creek Hatchery

Total construction, improvements and equipment.

License commissions

Purchase of game refuges

State Fair and other exhibits

Prior year expense — 82d fiscal year only...

Grand total proprietary group.

$1,312 97

2,400 00

114 07

761 30

1,000 00

486 82

1,068 21

1,509 92

47 84

854 98

1,233 12

$10,789 23

$21,013 98

55,000 00

4,801 06

14,930 87

$539,553 65

CAUKOKMA KIHU AND UAMK

109

tTATCMCNT or INCOMC
For llM Pwlod July I. lUI, to Niiimiif M. lUI. if UM ti#W> BM»< fkw^ Vi

l<iCVtM0 IB MB

I ilVOdV?

Dmrtawtel I
AagUagHw
CoooMnkJ iilkww. IWI

riih brMdar*' licvMm. ivn i
KWb trnporten' llmiMai. I .« 1 1

(laflir hfrrtlrf r;* JK'rfuioB, 1>II
II •'■,1

K

y 1U31-33

■!■

w ■■ • ■ ■

I 1 Irom importm

( .

Full j.a.^. n' Ul. ,

Fltil la»f i.ilril

i; . -^•m .

I >nk tatlarx-ni

K... ....

MUKMillaiKWiu *Bln>

Total ottiT inrontr

Total dpiartmeotal inroiur

liirum<> for the Htale fnivefwly Kun'l
Krlji Us

i«-o«»». iMul j;

it»ija7«

IJHM

tuto

IQQlMaOO

MM

UM

IMM

I70J37 40

to 00

1 1 oo

1 WJ

1

IS 4*

%4<^\ \juk »ii

».:'jI.'.:: ■>:
IS a

110

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CC

ui

CO
Ul

a.

UJ

M

3

II

U

3

e:

<

>

F

-1
3

E

O

o

li.

..

O

o

3

«5

es

I

h-

3

Z

CD

O

?

E

cs

UJ

C3

I

^

H

c

cs

oc

£

o

u.

b.

</}

■fi

t-

o

o

3

o

]«

o

CC

5

a.

><

A

>

CC

■g

til

z

CO

■i.

U

I

</>

UJ

CC

u.

<

z

CC

o

u.

_l

<

u

Monterey

19,162

31,441

93,669

8,602

I CO

1 '"'

r TjiI>.cO

CO CO
1 CDOO

I =^

15,986

16,284

318,432

105,711

OS

l>-

'CO

m

367,549

4,201

1,968

1,953

33,624,249

o

CC
CO

Santa Cruz

1 1 c^-^
1 looS

lOO

1 "^

§

1 1>.

'3

CD»0
O C»
00 CO

1 00

CO
CO

t^

cq

108,442
59,644
59,748

coo
oocq

U3
CO

CO

San Francisco,
San Mateo

CO CO

1 OS

i03
I 00

1 CO

I '^

oot^-*

OiO '^
lO CO CD

Oco

COM
OCO
c^ CO

oo

CO

os"

1— <

COU5 OO OS u5 to

CM OO CO CD CO CO
CS'iJ^^OO Cft ^^

00 i-^oTtM CO

OS O CD

-* CO

CO

Alameda,
Contra Costa

»o

CD

(M oicq
ooc^i ^

Sacramento,

San Joaquin

toio

(M

o
o

as
'J'

o>

CO
CO

(M
iM

Solano, Yolo.

CO 00
Oi-*

<M

CD
Oi
I<
00

tM

CD

Marin

CO

CO
CO

CO

■*

Mendocino,
Sonoma, Lake

; ;

CD
CO

O
(M

in

CD

cooo coeq
■<*<co(Mu:>

T-Tco

CSJ

CO

Del Xorte,
Humboldt-

1 ;

CO

s

61,155

810

411,398

oo

156,161

198,148

2,225,683

105,262

CO

Albacore.

Anchovies

Barracuda

■1

o

m

6

t

6

o

1
o

.=

a

3
C

2

1

1
1

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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I

ABSTRAa

CALIFORNIA SPORTING FISH AND GAME LAWS

VALID UNTIL 90 DAYS AFTER CLOSE OF 1933 LEGISLATURE

1931 OPEN AND CLOSED SEASONS 1932

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON. NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

OA.JME>

DEER

l-lVri

s4-as

Rabbits— Cottontail and Brush

Bear, Fur Animals

Ducks, Geese,
Jack Snipe, Mud Hens

Quail— Valley, Desert
and Mountain

Dove

ALL
CXCEPT 4%

ALL

-pqr

I StPJ I OCT. I KOV. I DEC.

nsasDEja

BAG AND POSSESSION UtUTS, ETC

No Does, Fawns or Spike Bucks

No Forked Homed Deer in Dist. IX

No sale of Venison or Deer Skins

Two Bucks per Season

except in 1 H where limit is one

S« Notes 6-9-I0-I2

ISpertfiy. 30 per week. No limit in District 4
No prolcttion in i%

bet Note 7

Pralalwy itiwls ijii;rolttlt< i» feltkis 2-l'A-i-H'/i

15 Ducks, 30 in Possession; 4 Cecsc, 8 in Possessitr,
;0 Snipe, 25 Mini titns. No Ross Snow of Cidlinij Ctest

25 Ducks, 25 Snipe, 25 Mud Hens, 50 Per W««k
Coose limit SeeNole 4. See Noles 9-I0.II-I2-U

m

nnnuHEiimm

All EXCEPT

4-4Vi-4y.

4-4>/j.4y4

BJJBiBLL

Valley and Deiert
15 per day. 30 per week

Mountain
10 per day. 20 per week

15 per day
30 per week

There is no open season on Elk, Antelope, Mountain Sheep, Sea Otter, Tree Squirrel, Sierra Hare, Rail, Wood Duck, Pigeon, Swaa,
Shore Birds (except Jack Snipe) , Grouse, Sage Hen, Imported QuaU, Wild Pheasant, Partridge, or Wild Turkey.

I^ISSH

Steelhead and
all Trout

(except Golden),

Whitefish

Unlawful to take trout
in waters closed by Gov-
ernor's proclamation

Klamalh River. Uhe Almanor

2U

Tfuckee River

■HE
■■■1'^

5«(Nolc22

■I

IH Winter KIdiTuUi River

Golden Trout

BLACK BASS

DuuiZUIZ

__„__rr]

■pgnii

Russjdn, Ndvdrro, Napa and Ee
lDisl2)IillewalerDisls-2 3-l5

ALL

Sunfish

Sacramento Perch
and Crappie

CLEAR LAKE
IN LAKE CO.

ALL

ALL EXCEPT
CLEAR LAKE

BAG AND POSSESSION UMITS, ttC.

Bag limit for taking
and poiseuion, 2S trout
or 10 pouodt and one
trout.

5 Troat rettrdlell o( wctgbt

No Sale

No Spearin;

For oUier

leslriclioiis

See Notes

12-15I6-20

21-22-28-2}

31-JJ

On this

ard

) Trool rcgirdleu of weight

20 per day. None under 5 inches

Not more than 10 Ibi. and one

15 per day

Clear Lake
10 per day

25 per day

No Black Bassunder9In(.

No sale

Book and line only

25 per day

10 per day

Hook and line only
No sale

Striped Bass

Crabs

AIL tXCtPf

1 Vi-6-7-8-9

Abalones

ALL

EDffl

Esuma

None under 12 inches, 5 per dir- None to
t>e taken from Sjllon Sea. See Note 19

See Note 24, None under 7 inches. No female

Pismo Clams

Spiny Lobster

ALL

GRTJNION

AIL

Salmon and Shad May Be

il

DDDHDO:!

U

Onfr tor rood. Miat be bfmifM to there efi.e In skd
tngliat UcBKe R^iiind. S« Note 27

None under 5 indies. No sliipmciiL 15 per diy
itnutni! licemt Reanired Distritt 18« Oiut

NeWcetMraL No«ciM«» to^erevte ItimJMe

See Note 24

aken ai Noted in Paragraphs 19-23. No open season on Sturgeon (poMctiion prohibited).

NOTES

IT IS ALWAYS UNLAWFUL

1. To hunt, kill, possess wild birds or mammals, to possess
firearms, except under written permit from tlie Commission,
witliin districts la, lb, Ic, Id, le, If. Ig, Ih, li, Ij^ Ik, Im,
In, lo, Ip, Iq Ir, Is, It, 2a, 2b, 3a. 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h.
4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4^, or General Grant Refuge, or the Mt.
lamalpais Game Refuge, including Richardson Bay, or San
Francisco Refuge, or Silver Lake Refuge (water fowl may be
killed in 4a and 4e), or to hunt quail in the Bolinas Quail
Refuge, or to hunt or discharge firearms in Huntington Lake
Refuge or San Leandro Bay Refuge.

2. To hunt birds or mammals excepting predators without a
hunting license.

3. To possess any bird net or to net, trap or to hold pro-
tected game or birds ot any kind, their nests or eggs 'except
under written permit from the Commission.

4. To ta,ke or possess more than 8 geese per day or 50 per
■week; or more than 8 honkers or sea brant per day or 24
per week-

5. To take or kill non-game birds, except blue Jay, butcher
bird, English sparrow, sharp-shinned, Cooper or duck hawk,
great horned owl, linnet, white pelican, shag, and in diatrlcta
1, 2, 3, 4 and 4}. blackbirds.

6. To hunt deer without a deer tag license. To fail to
attach to the horns of deer immediately on killing, properly
filled out license tag or at the same time to send duplicate tag
to the Division. To carry a deer into a closed district with-
out having license tag countersigned, or to have untagged
deer in possession. To fail to retain in possession during
open season and for ten days after the skin and portion of
head bearing horns of deer killed and to produce upon
demand. To use more than one dog to the hunter in hunting
deer or to allow dogs to run deer in closed season, or to
possess doe or fawn skins, or deer skins not bearing evidence
of sex.

7. To trap for profit bear, ring-tailed cat, coon, pine marten,
skunk, fisher, wolverine, mink, river otter, fox, beaver or
muskrat, or to kill these animals during the closed season,
except when destroying property. To interfere with the
traps of licensed trappers. To use saw tooth or spike jawed
traps for taking fur bearers.

8. To use any animal other than a dog to stalk wild birds.

9. To shoot game from a power boat, sailboat, auto, air-
plane ; or to hunt waterfowl from a scull boat in districts 8, 9»
except on Wednesdays and Sundays, or at any time in dis-
trict 12 or Napa River south of Sd^erly Island, or to use A

iO/,., - >

• Ml

I* .M i.M ^«M^« r.* I'k fciiaaax *A »tl«1k«l*A kiaH r* aA« ki^^^M.^A k<4AC Th t *k« M«.c« («.&« I tik.-vnift* ft«« *•#

E

•4

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It. 1. •

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-» In

41

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In laMHMlon (or ll<h •r'ar or ■•!( (*ir«^

- ') I. I ) tc<t t<? Ai.x U&« Of MrVAm »K««

. IM fxl of IK* atoqlll

:'. 1 . f .n Ih I t*rlb..«

.'w«ii.« i..i^ .fc.-i U'.: • :i aiwi SI

1>m% m akftar* Csutanu* ••• !■■• » 4 ^

Un.|<f I ^<.«A.|.«

lk«a I >»■■«<■

LICENSES

LICENSE PROVISIONS

"ooMamvATtoN or wilo lifh nmot <iH m.vATr.x

VOLDMB 18 > SACRAMENTO. APRIL, 10 !2 \ . 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I'auk
AUTIKH'IAI, MI0TllOi»S OK I'UOI'AUATINU OAMK MlltMS Auf/uat llaJr JJT

KIFTY-KIVt: YlCAUa AGO ON TlllO McCLOUD HlVKIt t:dw€trd .V. J/«..

UAMACK HY 1>I:KU TO CItOI'H IN CALIF<.iHNIA Ourdun U. True, J,

YSTKU I'lOSTS IN CALIKOllNIA Harvvy C. UiMtlUn A faul Btmnot UT

IKCLK IJII.L NKTTINO FOlt SMKLT / ll l^H^lli^.

ICI'KLLIONTS AND DKKH DAMAUE CONTUOL Uurdtm H. Tru«, J,

ooKINi; AND CLKANINd LOSSKS IN CANNING TL'NA D. U Frv, Ji

\ SIMI'KIO MKTHOD ».)F AGE DETEItAIl NATION OF STRIPED

HASS _ _ Eugtne O. «eo/l#W Ua

HE I'UESKNT STATUS OF THE I'lSMu C'l.AM (TIVEKA

ST f LTOU I' M ) - . . Framcea X. Clark 1 ; 0

t:i)rr<.)HiALs .,.

COMMEUCIAL FISHERY NOTES

DIVISION ACTIVITIES MS

REPORTS—

Stutciiu'iit «»f Ini'oino 1»1

StateiiuMit of Ex|>enditures \9Z

Vluliitloiiii of Fish iitiil tfiinie LjfiH.s _-__--__ 19*

FlsiJu'iy I'riuluftji, tvtolKT. Novumbor uiiU UtOfinWr, 19S1- 19<

ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF PROPAGATING

GAME BIRDS

Hy Al"0U8T Baob, Supt-rltUfmlfiit of Sf;it.> HiiniK Farttvn

rf^llH MOKE WE DELVE into tins inu'ivstini: Mil)joot of , .il

iiK'ubatitui ami broodinji ami bei'ome familiar with i*- ■ i-

tics. the more we are ooiivinooil that the system lias c tv

and p:anie birds of tlie future will be prtxluced via the incubator and
brotnler. Quite naturally there are a few minor details to be worked

93971

T

118 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

out, but practical breeders of the present day are well agreed on funda-
mentals. The adjustments that will be needed will be more in the
nature of changes to suit local conditions.

Brooding practices will hold quite true in all localities but the
incubator presents troublesome details that will test the patience and
ingenuity of the operator. "We should not be discouraged for history
tells us that the orientals are past masters with artificial incubation
although their equipment is very primitive.

One traveler relates this interesting story. While visiting in the
Hawaiian Islands he witnessed three Chinamen taking off a hatch of
14,000 ducks. For incubators they used holes dug in the bank of a
rice paddy and common manure furnished the heat. Each hole or
incubator contained about 100 eggs and about 90 per cent of the eggs
produced ducklings. Surely if a Chinaman can secure such good
results with primitive equipment we ought to be able to do equally
as well with the fine equipment at our disposal at the present time.

Modern engineers have given us positive heating elements in gas,
oil, and electricity, as well as ventilating systems that change the air in
a machine as often as desired. In addition to heating and ventilating
systems, our modern machines are equipped with moisture devices that
will meet the incubating requirements of any kind of egg under any
climatic conditions.

Experience has shown that chicks properly hatched are easy to
brood, so the time to start getting results from your brooder is in the
incubator. The best of brooding equipment, the choicest feeds, and
the best of care will not make good poults from poorly hatched chicks. It
is not enough to get the chicks out of the shell, but rather the important
thing is the way they get out. Many chicks develop within a day or
two of the hatching time and then die. Some even pip the shell and
can't get out. These facts are indicative of poor incubation.

Generally speaking heat, moisture, and ventilation are the chief
factors in incubation. Or putting it in another way, and possibly the
correet way, it is the proper combination of these three factors that
produces fine healthy chicks. Modern engineers have given us positive
and dependable heating units in electricity, gas, and oil, so that we
know we can maintain an even temperature in any kind of an incubator.
At the same time ventilating systems have been tried and proven so
it is possible to change the air in a room or incubator as often as
desired. A power driven fan is usually employed for this purpose.
Incubators using this system of ventilation are called forced draft
machines. The Buckeye, Jamesway, Lincoln, Bobbins, and Petersime
are representative types.

Then there is another kind of incubator in which air circulation
depends entirely upon the principle that warm air, being lighter,
will be replaced by cold air, and in that way the machine is ventilated.
This type of machine is called a flat top. The Charters (now "Wood
Bros.), the Petaluma, Prairie Queen, and J. "W. Miller machines are
typical types of the flat tops.

Probably the greatest factor in good incubation is a well ventilated
and arranged incubator room. The best of machines placed in poorly
ventilated rooms will give mediocre results. A basement, an outbuild-
ing, or unoccupied room is often pressed into service as an incubator

CAUrOKNlA KI.HU ANh ' '"f HO

room with poor rittultw. Many tiiiioH llio particular iy\*e of mu

iisi'tl \h t)laiiii')l Tor tlir ■'••siiIlM wlii'ii tin u matter *if furt thi* fauli itc»
•'iitin*ly vvitii room coiulitioiiM.

Siiu'<> till' iiuMil>ator must brruthc or taki* up tlu> air in the room.
It iM cuHily NCiMi that if the riNim in not MuppliiMl with frc^h air the
iiMMihalnr will siilTiT. Wi* an* all familiar with th»- ■■* of havini;

slipt in a poorly vnitilati-il room. Aftrr an t-Ki; I' -,..■ to incutMitr
and till* K*'>'>i> (li'VflopH it throws olT carhon dioxidi' juxt an we <lo in
lir«*athinu' If the room *loeM not afTord elean, frrsh air in Muftieifut
i|iiiiiititii-.s to |irodii«*i* and siislniii lift*, tin* t'U'^s will not luiteh wril, uml
uiuil \r\\ do hatch ari- linhh- to h«* short lived.

The lirst reiiuisite then in any pro}?ram of artith-ial inenhntion is
a well ventilated rtiom. In addition to hein^ well ventilated all
ilraii;^'ht.s should he avoided aiitl the air admitted so it will he t;radnally
warmed as it enters the ntom. If this is done it will he mueh easier
to keep the room at an even temperature, which is a M'cond requisite
tor the pioper operation of an incuhator. If the room temperature
shows too much of a variation it will he hard to keep the machine at
the proper teiiip«'rature. So far as possihle the room tempi-rature
^hoiiltl he kept at ahoiit 7S and then it will he found mueh easier to
onti'ol moisture conditions in th(> incuhator.

Most of the l.'ite model niachines have ample moisture facilities S4>
with the aid of the hy trroinetcr it may he known ••xai-tly what moisture
iniiteiit is present in the ma«'hin»' at all times. Tin* hys;romet»'r is just
as iiiuili a part of the eipiipinent of a •;o(hI incul>att)r as the titer-
iiit>meter is in reailtiiu' the temperatiir<> in the machine.

If a forced draft machine is hein^' used it shouhl be st't for a i> oi
peralure rcadiiiLT of !»ll. and the machine let run for a day at least
lo he sure it is holdin^r this temperature. I'or the first week the
hyj^rometer should rcail TO and this n-adin^ may be inerea.setl Hve
points each week.

After the lirst hatch is otT it is possible to cheek more closely on
the moistuie c.niteiit according; to how the ejrjrs liateh. A ^'o<h1 way
to judj,'e the moisture is by the develoi>ment cd' the air cell in tin* etrj;.
This can be done very well by sett in"; a hen at the siime time the
incubat(M' is started and compare the etrj^s as the process of incuba-
lion proceeds.

The hen should be set on the •jround with just enou^'h of nest
litter to jirotect the eir}r< from cominir in contact with the soil. If
conditions are ri;:lit the air cell at hatching; time will occupy about
two-fifths of the len<;th of the ejr}?. The development of the air cell
shouhl be frradual and if the air cell in the incubator epps is not
dev(>l(>pin'^ as fast as the e<jr«_'s under the hen then cut down on the
moisture in the nuicliine. The common ej;}; tester may be usetl in
examinini; the air cell. If this instrument is not available a common
flashlit^ht and cardb(^ard with a small hole in it may be used

At the end of ei'jrht days it is well to test all ef»trs so tuc mtcrtile
ones may l>e discarded. I'luler the li};ht of the opj; tester the infertile
ejr}j:s will show white and the fertile ones will show blood veins and
the form of the chick. As the incubatinj; peri<^l advances fertile epgs
will become darker and the only liirht spot on the epp will be the air
cell at the large end of the egg.

120 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

If a forced draft maeliine is used it is not necessary to air the
eggs as is the common custom. There may be some justification for
this procedure with the flat top, although it is a debatable question
among hatcherymen. But the turning of eggs at regular intervals is
very important. They should be turned at least twice daily and four
times during the twenty-four hours if it can be done. If eggs are not
turned, crippled chicks will be the direct result.

When the flat top type of incubator is used the temperature read-
ing is different. Experiments with this type of machine show that the
best results are had when the temperature is held between 101 and 103.
In taking this temperature reading care should be taken to always
have the bulb of the thermometer in the same relative position, which
should be the center of the egg. It must be remembered that the heat
in a flat top machine drops rapidly as the bottom of the incubating
chamber is approached. This test taken with a thermometer will con-
vince anyone of the necessity for always taking the temperature at a
given point.

The following table of temperatures and relative humidity will aid
the operation of flat top machines in hatching game bird eggs :

Time

Temperature

Relative humidity

First eight days
Second eight days
Last eight days

101 to lOli F.
101 to 1011 F.
lOli to 103 F.

45
45
45 to 55

DRY DOWN OR EVAPORATION DURING INCUBATION

As the period of incubation advances eggs become lighter in weight
and experiments have shown that the best results are had when this
evaporation takes place according to the following table :

The first eight days will show a loss of 4 per cent in actual weight.

The next eight days will show a total loss of 9 per cent in actual
weight.

The last eight days will show a total loss of 13 per cent in actual
weight.

If one cares to check this closely the tray can be weighed when
empty, and then weighed when full of eggs, and the difference in
weight at the end of each period noted.

Present day incubators are made as near fool proof as possible
with automatic controls and thermostats, but there is always a place
for the personal element and the ingenious operator will always get
added returns for his care and painstaking attention to details.

Seldom are two places found identical in climatic conditions so
it is useless to lay down hard and fast rules and say that they will at
all times give good results. The safer way is to master the fundamentals
of artificial incubation, study local factors, and adjust your machine
to meet the requirements. A record of outside temperatures night and
day, average room temperature, and a complete record of the machine,
will generally help the operator to solve local problems. And if these
records are not kept accurately they will be of little value. If there
is a local hatcheryman in the locality who is successful, he should be
consulted as he may be familiar with local conditions and in a
position to give real help.

CAt.irORNU riKII A.VD OkUK

121

TIIK AHTinriAl. liHOOUKK

■ fill <T»hii»«

I

.f

MiDfMlcrH. like inriihntorx. arc of rnniiy typ"
'/o<mI, atui othiTM not wi fftlcifiit. Ilpn* a^'uin u

U'ctririty for dovcljipiii}; the n«'<'»v«iMiry lirat. Ilowrvrr. »i!
tririty i.s in ^mrral n-w hidI wiili-Iy ilisf rilnit#'<l
Inrly with this typ«' of hiooilrr. Khciric hrootlii, .,. ;..
two types, thi' hot air ami the rmliiint typiv \Vi- will .
ilt'tails on the ni«>rits of th«* two only to rrnuirk in pasMini; that in th«>
past fi'W yt'ars tin* ratlianl typr has t'r«»\vn into (;nn(>ral nne ami i«
pnssilijy opi>ral(>«| with h'ss attrntinn to drtails.

If till- hn>o«|i'r room is well vcntilati'd, ami it Hlionhl tio, vrntilation

. of no conforn. cxrfpt as it applii>M to dran^hts. wImmi thr rntlinnl
type <»r hroodfr is iis«'d. if tlu' hot air hroodi-r is iis»'d, attmtion nnn»t
hf y:iviMi tn its ventilation in ordrr to got y^nnl ri'MidtH.

KiK'. Ifi. UAPIANT TYPE KI.K" "TIMc ' lloV) r. IIO

volt.H. r)00 wutt.M. will takf r.ir.- of 1<mi pi for «

l>««rl(>it of 30 (lays. Thl« o«|uipintiU wi>rks \Diy nic»ly lit uii i x li-(o*>l room
with 11 6 X r.'-foot rini.

In the study ol ailitii-ia! inenhiitn-n we were f«.iurru.'a with but
three factors, heat, ventilation, and moisture. In hnxnlin}; we arc
"idy interested in heat and ventilation. As was pointetl out under
ineid)ation the first step in successful bromliii}; is a well hatched chick.
Th(^ next consitleration is the kind of eipiipment, and the third is a
baliuieed feed ration.

The particular type of bromler is not so essential but it must have
positiveness so it will maintain the proper heat at all times and under
aJI eireumstnnces, with ventilatinir facilities, either in the bnu^ler.
or throu<;h the room ventilation, so that a uniform temperature may
be had at all times of the day and nifiht. Of all the brmxlinj; ills
chilling is positively the worst as it leads to many other incurable

122

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

i

troubles. In the selection of the brooder it should be made certain
that it is equipped with a thermostat and ample heating units so it
will be able to keep the temperature at an even level, day and night.

Fig-. 17. SMALL INDIVIDUAL BROODERS. — For the person who desires to raise
but a few broods of birds this equipment is ideal. Tlie hover will fit into the
average field coop and the heating elements develop about 150 watts.

Fig. 18. CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL BROODER. — These .small brooders are made
either square or round. The square type here shown is 14 inches across the
base and 6 inches at top. Height of side is 10 inches and length of legs 4 inches.

There are many types of thermostats in use and like incubators and
brooders they vary in dependability. The cheap type of thermostat
very often proves costly in the end. Care should be taken to get the

CAUKOR.SIA riMIl AND OAMC 123

|)«'Nt \vii(>ii hiiyiii^ a tliiTiiMMtiit, iiiiil tlii-n if Khotiiw i- ..•.■..! ix>fore
chick.s uro put in thv brotnlrr.

111(1 MiDINii TKMI'KKATt'KK

The iiiirMfi'V i-lititiiliiT of tilt' iiii'tilmtor. if tiu* lint top ly\H! in
UH«'»I. will \u- alxiiit I'M til- ^(» it is w«'ll to start ' " ' ' ■ r

VITV «lits«' In this ti'Ilipi;.;: ill onJiT that th>i it

i*haM{;r to caitsr cliilliiiv'. In tin* haiidiiiit; of llo' rhir. i-

hator ciii'f NJioiihl )><> takfii to avoiil (•hilliiii;. Do not rfiiiovc lh(* ft
li'tiiii till* iiinthatni- till tlifv ai'i> «li'V aiitl tliilTy IT t)

nursiTV tray of tin* mnihator for twi'iity fntir Ih»ui . ...-^ ;

bcttrr n'siilt.s will he ha*l than if lliry urt> roiiiovcd hooikt.

1 1 thrn* art- «>ii(>ii(;h rliickM for two hroiHl«>i*}i it IM well to j»ra<l«*
tlu'iii as tli«*y arc tak«'ii out of tlic iiMMiliiitor. plarin^' tht* stroiii; livrly
oiu's tnj.'t'th»'r and thf slower inovinir fhicks in flu* si-cnmj hr<»o<l«T. At
lh«' finl of thri'c or tour days thi'n* may Im* jitljr difT«Tfiif"' in th»'iii
hut tin* first f'rw days in tin* hrtMnli-r may make a lot of diffiTcnrc
wh«*n' sinui;; an<l wrak birds an* plarrd lo^'otlu'r.

Sl/K OK |l|«M»|>KKS AM> KKtMiiMii ,......:

• i.iiiif liirds can not be i'row«b*d in a broodfr t>> iii>- i\i'iii that
ilonicstir poultry can, and one fact to be rcmcndn'rcd at all tim«*s is
i'> pive th«'iii amph' s|)acc. Kxpcrituicc has proven that pheasants and
birds of that type reipiire at least It) sipiare feet of floor spaee per
l)irtl in order to <ret the best results. If lar«:e numbers of them are
beiii;^' l)rooded. a room Sx IJ feet with a s«-reeiietl in run bx 12 feet
will take eare of 100 birds. I'm- a room of this size the 250 ehiek nite
radiant type of broinler with r)(M) watts of heatin<; units is us«'d

Tht" brooder stove is phu-ed in the center of the ba«'k six teet of
the room and the birds are coidined arouml the hover for the first few
• lays by the use of a circle that can easily be made with stroiij.' building:
papfi- IS inches hi;rh. The cirele should be started about eij;ht inehe>i
tioiM the edjre of the hover and ^rradually widened as the birds develop
until about tiie end of the tifth day it will be out at least two feet fn>ni
the ed^M> of the hover and tlu'u it may be removeil entirely, '^'ivinjr the
birds the use of the entire room. If the weather is very warm they
may be permitted the use of the screened in run for several h«»urs
after they are six or seven days old.

The back portion of the brooder ro<»m ll«»or. the space ti x )3M4H>t
where the brooder stove sets, is covere<l with an inch of eoar^ river
sand. The other half of the broo«ler room fl«M>r may be eoveretl with
riee hulls to the depth of an ineh. This atTords tine floor litter as well
as providing: snudl ;;rit for the birds. The floor «tf the run in front
of the brooder is covered with loam mixed with fine sand to the ilepth
of two inches. This screened in run not only afT(»rds extra exereise
s]iace but a tine dustinir place and brin«_'s the birds in contact with the
direct rays of the sun. The front of the brooder lunise is covered with
one inch niosh poultry nottinp in addition to havinp a muslin curtain
that is used at niirht and on cold ilays to keep the room warm. On
warm days this eurtain is removed, allowing extra ventilation as well
US direct sunliijlit to enter the room.

124

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

For convenience in keeping the room as well as the run in a sani-
tary condition the floor of both is made of concrete about four
inches thick. The brooding period lasts about thirty days after which
the birds are ready for the open rearing pens with no heat but that
furnished by their well feathered bodies. The litter of the brooder
room floor as well as the loam on the floor of the run is removed,
disinfectant applied, and a new coating of sand, rice hulls, and loam
put on, before another lot of birds are placed in the brooder house.
If this procedure is followed little trouble will be experienced with
any of the many ills coming from unsanitary conditions. So much
then for the large brooder house and its equipment.

Many people want to raise but a few birds so we have devised
a small brooder stove and equipment that will meet their needs in a
very satisfactory way. This brooder stove is equipped with a small

'^^ ^^'^"^

^ yt'^^'^'^ ^— •> few«p-Tw

""5'^'^

ft',-..

BK2£*«i^' ito^e^-Si"*—.-

Fig. It). SMALL, BROODERS HANDLING QUAIL.— This picture was made May
22, 1931, at the Los Serranos farm. Six hundred Valley quail are being brooded
in this battery of small brooders.

lieating unit of about 150 watts and will take care of from 16 to 20
pheasants or partridges. These hovers are built to fit into the ordinary
field coop that was formerly used when the domestic hen was the source
of brooding heat. These hovers may be either square or round in
construction, and are supported by four inch legs. Experiments have
proven that chicks placed in this type of brooder and treated in every
way as though a hen were their foster mother respond normally and
naturally to this metal hen.

However, the metal hen has this advantage. She does not step on
any of .the young birds and is always hot and ready to brood them
when they become chilly. Anyone who has attempted the raising of
pheasants or quail with domestic hens will appreciate this feature of
the metal hen. This is not the only advantage this type of hen has
over the Buff Orpington or Rhode Island. The metal hen carries no

CALIFORNIA riHIl AND UAMK

125

(liwJiMc i)r external puraHiU-H to worry Ijrr votinj; «'hari:r^. but i* clean
ami .sanitary in every way.

If tln' artificial rearing of >;ani«' Innlji lunl no i*tj
iitxl it has many more than havi- Im-i-u i«nnm<'rnt«M|, ih*- • imu.i.i i- ^ of

Fig. 20. BROODER IIOUSI3S OF VARIOI'S TYPES. — Hero are various t>-p*« of

brootlcr hou.fos In uso at Yourdvllt.- farm. Notice whlto mualln curtaJfm. n.>— '• '•■
phico aiul others laid back to give more ventilation and direct sunllRht.

tlu' ili.^t'iiso hazaiil wuuKl ju.stity its uso. It has Wen truthfully said
tliat this is an oleetrie aj^e. Tho averaire boy or pirl knows more or
loss about electrical appliances and is familiar with the savinps in
labor and actual results accomplishetl. It is only natural then that

126

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

this type of equipment should appeal to them because it embodies the
every day practices of household duties and much of the common work
of the farm.

But when it comes to domesticated hens and their handling, there is
an inclination to not be interested, and as a matter of actual fact how
many of our younger generation understand the hen and can get along
with her? Not many, I assure you, judging from experiences on our
game farms. But it is different with electrical equipment. Our boys
put in long hours working with the incubators and brooders and at
no time do the hours seem to hang heavy. The work is interesting at
all times and the results are far better than they were a few years ago
when the old domestic hen held forth.

There is another advantage seldom thought of and that is a matter
of actual room required, and the general working conditions. The

Fig. 21. The Ring- Neck pheasant in breeding- pen.

average back yard can be utilized for the rearing of many birds up
until the time they are ready for liberation, which is about ten weeks,
and the space so used, and the equipment, is easily cleaned, disinfected,
and made ready for another lot of birds.

FEEDS AND FEEDING METHODS

According to experiments at both of our farms during the past
three years we have secured the best results from a combination of the
wet and dry systems of feeding. A dry mash that is made up of the
following ingredients is kept before the young birds at all times.

DRY MASH FORMULA

25 lbs. ground yellow com

25 lbs. ground barley

25 lbs. ground wheat

15 lbs. best fish meal

5 lbs. dried buttermilk

5 lbs bone meal

2 lbs. ground limestone

OALIFOKNIA KIHII AND OAMC 127

For tin* (list two wprk«' fprilinK the dry lunnh w if round in the
oidiimiy WHV, but aftrr tluit n ronnM-r jfriiul '\h uhjjI am tlwrc U \cm
wiiHtf in tin* friMlini* pro<"*H«.

Tin; WKl MAM I

'I'lif Wft iiiuhIi Is iiiailf with viirioiis riimltiiiiit loim at lue

uprratur ami his pa.st ••xpfrifH''-- 'f '"• 'uis had un> I •• in

liiosf i.'<MU'ral iis<' is as J'oHnws .

I'limMJiiit ini'iil. iiiitiibrr 11! .'I.'.' ;

lliinl ImiiIihI ricK flnrlv KmtiHl, or rgg ri|iitnr<l 1"''

( ')iltnt:<- flift-Hr iir M ilkn .-..-.- 1"' ,

I 'riMMfl or iixh tii*-al . ......... 10%

liii.ly ilio|i|>f4l ^•r..•l•- t,]„\.-r t.ffu... knif, or alfalfa) S.'l'-;

l''ur thf first tla> fi tw.. it jn w.II tn fi'i'd just th«' urat.Ml .-^^i; wjlh
Ihr ciJttap' fhiM'Sf or Milki). ami a litth' (»f thf lim'ly cut >;n'«'iiH. Aftrr
this thf n'yular ratimi inav he us»mI for th«' m*xt two w»><«k.s whon th«*
ainiiiiiit of •'j»},'s is diM-nMisiMl ami its place taken with morn i^nfiis
l»v the cud of the third week leave tin- e:;;: out entirely, ami at thin
lime chan;,'e the ninnhcr 12 meal for the number .'», whi"-'" '- •''■• •"••>'
lar«;er size.

now TO I'UKI'AKK IMIKASANT MKAI.

Pheasant meal is a very dry. well cooke<| pr<Mluct that recpiiroM ,
nioisteniu}; l)«'l"ore it is ready for use in feeding?. Never try to feed it
dry. If this feed is not piopcrly moistened there will he a ^rrent ileal
of waste in its use as the hinls do not cat the ilry hard particles. If
prepared in the followinir way it is not an expensive feed to use. For
every four parts of dry meal add three parts of hot milk or water
and stir well until every particle comes in cnntact with the li<piitl. As
soon as it is well mixed it should he allowed to stand for live minut»'S,
iind then ndx it a^'ain. (Jo throut:h this pnu'cdure three or four times.
As the meal is worki'd with the hands the swellijii: of the partieU»s will
he noticcil and the object is to ^ci the meal fidly cxpande«l In'fore it
he<;ins to I'ool.

After if is fully expanded let it set for an hour or so until it is
perfectly cool bet'oi-e usitij; it in the feed. It is well to mix the morning
feed the niudif before and each followinir \'i'*'*\ at least two liours iM'fore
it is needed. Wy this is meant the preparation of the meal. The other
in;;redients such as cIum'sc. crissel, jrreens, etc., ure mix»'d with the
nieal just |)rior to f.'edin^ time. If a cool place is available in whieh
to keep the nieal the entire day's supply of moistened nieal may b<*
pn'paied at one time. If left in a warm place it will .sour cpiickly.
Avoid any kind of sour feed.

Wet nuish feed is best served on boards about a foot wide. The
ordinary redwood lumber a half inch thick and ten or twelve inches
wide wluMi cut into two foot hMiirths makes exi-ellent feeil Invanls. As
soon as the birds are throUL'h eatinir. the fee<l boards shotdd be leane*!
up apiinst the rtm or side of the bnnMler. These boanls should bo kept
clean at all costs. The dry nuish is b««st fed from snuill metal feeders.
Those can be had in all desired leuijths. Fill the dry mash trays
about two-thirds full and less waste will be evidenoeii. and a saving
will bo effected in the amount of mash consumed. If these metal

128

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

feeders are placed on 1 x 8 boards it will be found easier to keep them
clean.

Use the wet mash feed four times a day, a small amount at a time,
just what the birds will clean up in about ten minutes, and at the
end of two weeks cut the feed to three times daily. Continue this
program until the birds are eight weeks old when two feeds a day are
sufficient.

IMPORTANCE OF CLEAN WATER

The inverted crock or watering jar will give good service as these
may be had in convenient sizes. Always wash them daily and know
they are clean. When very young birds are first watered, do not give
them cold water, but temper it to the temperature of the room. After
they are older they will readily take cold water with no injurious
diseases begin in and around the watering devices.

results. Many

Fig-. 22. Valley quail breeding pens where flock breeding is carried on with g-ood

fertility and egg production.

Always treat the watering of birds as though it were for human con-
sumption and no trouble will be experienced from this source.

REGULAR FEEDING TIMES

Game birds are naturally regular in their feeding habits and if
a regular schedule is carried out with them they will respond much
better. They are early risers and the morning feed should be made
about 6 o'clock, the second at 10, the third at 2, and the last feed at
5.30 or 6 in the evening. The first feed to be eliminated is the 2 o'clock
feed. The next the 10 o'clock, and then the birds are eating at the
same times as they do in their natural wild state. All game birds are
morning and evening feeders. During the remainder of the day they
are quietly resting in the cover of their habitat. Here is the clue to
successful handling of birds in confinement.

Always sow some kind

CALirORNIA KIHH AS'« '•»^•^•

1?0

of cover crop in the roarinj? p«'iw to afTurd iho biriN IhU natural pro-

ti'ctioii till* saini* hm they wmiM hav** in a

slioiiltl Itf providiMl with tin- hhiw ammui.

i)V l>it'f(lintj pens.

KlK. -o. Til- J>iilI(lliiK'« lincl jiome of the titet?! rearing pt-na at t>

of an IS-lnoh circle sot to start with iiboiit six Inches from e

hover. Day by ilay this circle is enlarged and at the end of »". ■.-' J

entirely.

KINDS OF COVER CROP

Buc'kwhoat has proven one of the best cover crops for the rearing
of young birds. It alTords cover protection as well as excellent green

130 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

food. For breeding pens, transplanted kale plants, about 24 plants to
a 24-foot square pen, with oats and vetch drilled in rows 8 inches apart.
Seed the oats and vetch together. In order to have breeding pens ready
for the season it is necessary to start preparing them in the fall so they
will be suitable for the birds about the first of March.

BR3^^ffff»^

J

^ik 1

B " J

immmkmv ■

wm^c-:MKmBmmmm^^-^''-''^''i

1

m :

aB^^^^^^k ^HL , -• t J^^^^^^^HH^^^^^BM^^^^^H

^9^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^fft/i/ii9lSfK/

Fig-. 25. Dry mash feeding trays and watering jars are placed near the hover until
the birds are well acquainted with this equipment. This picture shows the
division of the brooder room floor, the back part being covered with sand and
the front half with rice hulls.

RATIONS FOR BREEDING STOCK

A good scratch feed and a wet and dry laying mash will prove
beneficial for all kinds of game birds during the egg producing season.
Use covered feeding troughs or hoppers for the dry mash and metal
plates of some kind for the wet mash. The scratch feed may be fed on
the ground. Pheasant meal number 5, prepared as before mentioned,
10 per cent erissel, and 25 per cent rolled oats, will give a good laying
ration. The following formula affords a good dry laying mash, and
should be ground coarse. Ground yellow corn 30 per cent, ground
wheat 30 per cent, ground barley 15 per cent, fish meal (good grade)
12.5 per cent, dried buttermilk 5 per cent, alfalfa blossom meal 4
per cent, ground oyster shell 2.5 per cent, and ground limestone 1 per
cent.

Ring Neck and Mongolian pheasants breed well in the ratio of five
hens to each male with at least 64 square feet of pen room per bird.
Valley quail do well when mated in the ratio of 7 males to 10 hens.
Most of the partridges are strictly monogamous and seem to do better
in pairs. Silver, Golden, and Amherst pheasants do better in trios.
The Reeves breed well with three hens for each male with plenty of pen
room.

CAUrORMA riKlI AKD OAUC

131

ruliT t

It Ih not advihiililr to wl <IiITit»miI ■
jirii iliit' to ttit' ililTrrriit iiiciihat iii(; ilut<-^ i ii<
tin* imubatiii;; pfiiiMl for iminy of tin* roininon \>i- y

kept in conflni'nu'nt either for plfiwurc or profit.

Kinj; N«'«'k plicuMint 2.'i to Ul dnvM.
.Moti^'oliati pli)>nsaiit 21 to 'J'l davM.
(^iiail (Valli'V aiul Mountain) '22 to 2.\ flnys
I*aitii(lt;rs 22 to 2'.\ tlavH.
Silvt-r pheasant Ud days.

AnihtM'st and <iol*liMi |)licasant L"J to 2'-i ilayN.
lu'i'VfS pheasant 'J.'l to 'J I days
I'lirkfys *JH to ;{() ilays.
(Juinea fowl 28 to :«) days.
Durks 2S, rxcrptiii;: Miisfovy Xi to H.") days.
(i(M'st« ;{() to :{:{ days.

ri;,'('ons 17 days from tinu* second oj;j; is laid.

Domestic chickens 1!) to 20 days for li^;ht hrc'eils to 21 for h»»avy
types.

Kl»r. 2C. S|K>elul qiinll brooilor. Tills brooder, seven fe«'» \r>ng. two f««t wl<l*. and

illvitloit l>y two partitions Into tl>r«'«> i-ompartment."*. ■'»•

r»>oin. Tlio houtliiK olt'inontst uro niUTonif wlr««. Ti ir

to that u.soil In .sin.ill Incuhatorji. The l)roo<lor will Tj liir^l*. IS

to oai-h con»i>artni«'nt. At the enil of ten day.t the tw . nre retnovod
aiKl tho hlnls trt\itt>d as one Hock. These brooder houses are vlKht fe«l squar«
with an 8 X 12-foot run.

Tn siu'h a sli(>rt bullet in it is not po.ssihlo to j;o into all the iletails
so we have tried to lall attention to the more important facts as they
iiave impressed ns in our years of experience breeding ami rearing
j:ame birds. It is the liope of the antiior that some poixl may bo done
and the wimU of the amateur breeder made easier.

132 CATiTFOBNIA FISH AND GAME

FIFTY-FIVE YEARS AGO ON THE McCLOUD

RIVER

By Edward N. Moor

FIFTY-FIVE YEARS AGO I received the answer to a long desired
wish, to fish the McCloud River in northern California. I have
a record of this trip in an old sketch book, with dates on the
sketches that pin my memory down to June, 1876. At that time, even
when all the streams within easy reach of San Francisco presented good
sport for the lover of angling, the McCloud was looked upon as being
the one place of all others to visit.

I recall in those days the possibilities within easy reach of this
city, and the man who now passes these places in his automobile,
unquestionably doubts that such could have been the case, even in
horse-and-buggy days. A small rivulet that passed right through the
present town of Burlingame was "fishable" in April, when the season
opened, and enough could be caught for a fair mess ; San Mateo Creek
from San Andreas Valley right through the town and to tide water,
was good; San Francisquito, and all the small streams below that to
the south, would surprise one, for they were overlooked most of the
time. In Napa County every ri^nilet that debouched into Napa Creek
on both sides of the valley was well filled with trout ; in fact, a trip
to any of these places brought satisfactory results ; a bit further away
in Sonoma County, both forks of Austin Creek, Ward and Kidd creeks ;
the Upper Gualala; all almost untouched by outside visitors, and even
the residents, farmers and stockmen, seldom indulged in the sport.
It was the exception when one met another fisherman on these streams,
and there were no beaten paths or footprints on the creek bed, gravel,
or sands that told of a procession of fishermen being ahead of you.

There was no limit, and I do not remember a single instance
wherein waste or wanton catches were made. There were always
plenty left for the next fellow.

Even all these possibilities of April first paled when the McCloud
came into one 's thoughts, for that place was the ultimate.

The train trip to Redding, an all-day ride, and the stage from
Redding north about 9 p.m., an all-night ride, brought one to Sisson's
the next morning about breakfast time. It was a rough, rapid ride,
thoroughbrace stages carried the mail, and they were hard riders, and
all bumps worked vertically — on the passengers, and plenty. Sisson's
was the starting place for the sportsmen, and they came from far and
near at times to that place, seeking a good game country. Mr. Sisson
kept a hostelry wherein everything could be had to go north, south,
east or west. He knew the country and had about him men fully
capable, and good companions as well, to give the visitor every answer
to his desire to angle or hunt.

My companion, Jim , and self joined forces at Sisson's

with two San Francisco business men off on a trip, and we four, with
Jerome Fay, the guide, outfitted for a visit to the McCloud. Jerome
was one of the best men I ever went out with and he had many tales

CALirOKNIA KIMir *^ti OAMK 1*^*^

nf (•xprriiMin'K ill that ciMiiitry Om* limt rviilnirifl Ium Mtniiiliiit; wom
ol' a iiiu'lit pa-ssril oil till- siiiiiiiiil of .Mount Slidnta Willi that woiuiprful
loviT ftf natiirf. .loliii Muir; caiiu'lit in a storm latr iii tli«- ••-•• th«*y
(lid not ilai'f ilcsci'iid tlir inoiiiitain, and |iaK>M'd tin* niu'iil I .' the

I oiiirortaliN- wariiitli of a hot sprint' >)«'low the Miiiiiinit Mr Muir. in
lii«i iiitrrt'st in all nhoiit liiiii. could not Im« lun'd to lowrr kvrU until
too latf to do so with nalrty.

'I'lii' ridt' to the McCloud tixtk one through lint* tiiiilNT. uiitourh<*<l.
mid th(* road wa.s practiially a rou^'h trail throtmhout. The (intt view
of tin* strraiii i-niiif Iroiii thr imIu'i* of tin- lava rap, ahovr its roursi-. and
a stiM'p p:raih' leading; down to tin* river at tin* llorjiivshor llniil. A
larvr<' pool, with whiti* water at itM upper end. and the Haine Ix'low it,
wa.s a si;:ht thoroti^'hly satisfying', for in it s^ilinon and tnmt could
he seen in (|iiaiitity. A foot loj; erossed the rapids ahov«'. a 1.' -Ilow

pilM' tree hole; and the fi T ih-- vtr.aiii Jllst ahoot if^

Upper side.

Into eaiiip. on a strip of land in the hi^'ht helow the p«M)l, we H«>ttiiHl
down and u'oi into sha|)e to stay indefinitely until we had ' h.

I owned an Hnj,'liNh ;.'reen-heart salmon tly ro«l. and a.s s4m»ii a.s ; ...;!ie
ri^';:ed up and soiij^ht the eenter of the foot loj; at tin* head «tf the pool.
It was hait lishin^'. with spawn, for it was accepted that when the Halmon
came up to spawn that was the only meth<Ml to follow. I dropped my
tackle (hiwnstream from the loir, and almost liefore 1 had settled my.M'lf
into a reci'|)tive position I had a strike and the trouhle starteil. TIm»
manner in which that fish rammed ahout the pool showe<l that he pos-
sessed streii'^'th iiiul det«'rmination as well. I jiandled him all ritrht. and
as mij;ht he imatrined. full of exi-itement and as husy as could he,
when riu'ht in the middh' of the fracas one of the pair we joineil with
walked out on the loj;. rod in hand, and tried to net me to pass him
my rod; h»' couldn't keep his hands ofT. l-'inally };ot him sulxlued (I
mean the man), and ahout that time tin' .salmon came upstream. passe<l
under the foot loj;. and I was handling the hmI on the lower side, with
tho fish. 1 should say. thirty yards upstream ahovi* me; mana^'i'd to
keep from sna«r^:in^' the lo«.'. and the next move was a downstream
rush the leu'^'th of thi" pool, into the rapid outlet of .same. I L'radually
jiut on hrakes, and when the liiu' was ahout irone we parted company —
ahruptly And the other fellow saitl " I told you sol" I have found —
we all have — that thiii'^ will cn»p out of humanity, when tishinj; and
campiiiiT. in pursuit of happiness, that cause woiuh-rment as to just
how tliey ever entered the other fellow.

That was the last one 1 lost. A weak line, from siilt water, was
the cause, and soon correctetl.

That day was enouirh of the salmon. Some were fresh run and
in li^htinjj: shape, hut many were hattereil and hrui.M'tl from their long
ti«rht upstream. Li^'hter tackle and the rainbow trout kept nie busy
and interested from then on. Some distance helow camp a small
stiTrtm came into the McCloiul from tlie west. Thert» was an t'ddy
caused hy an out-reachin|_' point and accessible, with }»«hkI laiuiing
s^iTroundiuLTs. 1 took from tliat spot and a reach just below, seven
fish tluit scaled twenty-one pounds weij»ht one afterntH>n — rainbow,
witli the exct^ption i>f one Holly Varden, six and one-<piarter pounds.
]t was by Ioult patiiMit work tliat J tiiuilly succeeded in Lreftinir that

2—93971

134 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

large fellow to liook. He had an abiding place between parallel reefs
of rock with the stream bed, in about six feet of water; my first cast
close to him brought him forth to within about a foot of the hook, and
then a retreat into his runway where he could be plainly seen stem-
ming the current, which was rapid, but not surface-broken. I do not
remember how many times he came so far and no farther. Jim and I
determined to get him if it took all day. My companion derived as
much pleasure from carrying the landing net as from fishing, and he
rested and took it easy, enjoying everything in his preferred way.
After a number of pipe smokes, much trying, and patient waiting
after these rushes that stopped short of the goal, I swatted the hook
down good and hard right over him and the offense was too much
for him, and a rush came that finished in firmly hooking him, carefully
I worked that fellow up to the net, and it was done. That one fish
was worth the trip, and he was the only Dolly Varden taken by any
of us.

From the coolness of the water came what were really acrobatic
trout, for not only once into the air would they go, but time after
time, and no give-up until they had actually exhausted themselves
with efforts to get free.

There was no one on the stream outside of our party, and no
indications of others having been ahead of us. It was as virgin to
the fisherman as if it had been one hundred instead of fifty-five years
ago. Now I understand that all that ground is owned by individuals
and covered by expensive and elaborate summer homes, and I believe a
trip there would produce heartache when comparisons were made and
companions thought of, in those unspoiled days of 1876.

The fish not eaten on that trip were packed in snow from Shasta's
slopes and were brought to San Francisco in perfect shape, despite
the length of the journey. There was absolutely no waste of a fish
at any time. One hundred and forty pounds of trout were in that
ice box.

We disbanded at Sisson's that year and I went back of Eddy
Mountain to the west of Shasta with Jerome, after deer. As it was on
the McCloud, so it was with the deer on that trip, which ended as
far as sport went at Castle Lake, on the way back.

A year later, 1877, Jim and I picked two friends and we went
again. We unpacked at the Horseshoe Bend in a driving rainstorm
and evers^thing was soaked before we could get under cover. Discon-
certing to our two new recruits, whose camping trips had never bumped «
into anything like it. "

After some satisfactory days there a tramp upstream with the
rifle brought us to the falls and we determined to investigate the lay
of the land above them. They were of such character to preclude
salmon getting over them, and if fishing could be good, should be
above the falls. ■

Looking at the map, I believe our camp to have been about where
the present town of McCloud now is.

We picked our way through the timber and struck the upper river
at the lower end of a long meadow above the upper falls of the river,
and made camp in a grove of tamarack pines close to the stream. That

was a Htn-uin — fairly alive with llsh, and the tiy wouhi no Mo<jnpr Und

than \n' fakrii. I rjiiij^'ht within ralliiii; disfanrr <'" ' -r

fifty six fish, and if oiw drMinul, a t-a-nt of ihrrc ... . ... . .... .i)

would HonirliiiKVH nil hrfor** you pot all in They wrrr djffcr«*nt in
build from the raiid)ow, Nliinnicr and not a.H larpc in nuf ; juMt about
riplit to make it intcrrstint: with a lit/ht outHt

rp.stri-anj not far almvf t'ani|» wrrr thnM» diHtinrt rolonipn of
hraviT; dani.s, indication.H of tlx'ir dili};cnt workinu''*. all alMnit. and it
wa.s with prrat interest that sitnu* tune wa.H |ia.H.Hi>d in watching them
I shot one, and (;ot hini aft«M' u'oin^' in up to my shi>nld«*ni and stuhhint;
my toes against his hody, for I luid elippi'd th<* erown of hi.s head off
a.s it ju.st cleared water, swimminj; upstream, lie .siink in easy \*atiT
and air hid)hles showed his loeation. We nm.sted his tail, and rhat'<t
as fiir as we ^'ot. Tin' |)elt I eured and hroiit^dtt home, and a.s well the
Hkull with its wonderfully eflieient ehiscis in tin* lower jaw.

At the heiid of the stream, with their dairy house huilt over the

utput of a hi^' sprint;, anil a harrel ehurn operated by a paddle wlo'el

I herein, was a eamp of hutler nuiki'rs. They earried their opt-ratioiiM

on there wlu-re the f«'«Ml was ;:Mod until the advent of winter. Put U|»

tlit> l)uttt>r in tirkins and hauh-d it out at tht> fiul of the .M'a-son.

Sisson told me afterward that he did not know of a K4)uI that hail
tislu'd that upper streteh of the river, ami there was no indieation
of fanipiiii; anywhere to he sfcn. One tnan in an hour eould take
more fish than we eould eat in a ilay. Too far away to j,'rt out to
anyone, ami the oidy way was t<» ilo .somethin^j el.se or stop fishing;
We sent the t»'am hack to Si.sson's and f^ot some of those butter tirkin.s
from a harn'l factory there, a supply of salt, and the larire IinIi were
^plit down the hack ami put up exactly as New En^dand mackerel are.
and each of us had plenty to take home. They were fine eatinj;.

That was fifty-four years nao, and if anyone ever earapetl in an
ideal spot that upper river certaiidy was the place Arrivinir at
Si.ssctn's on the wa\ hack, the balance of the party went home. 1 joined
a party of four and we went to Vreka. and from there north across the
Klamath at Whittles Ferry, and from then' into lower Oretron, and
northerly to a sjiof called Buck Lake which could not have been very
far from Ashland. Orc^'on ; from there hack, northeast of .Sha.sta, touch-
ing the lava beds, ami back to Si.s.son's over an old emi(?rant road to
the north of Shasta. On this trip after pa.ssin«; the Klamath no one
was met until we ^•ot back to that river. Throuirh the country to
Sisson s I ilo not believe we met half a do/en men.

We encountereil a very larjre band of antelope north of Sha.sta.
at least three hundrctl in the banil. Did not hunt them. On these
journeys cnoui^h venison was had to meet camp nee<ls. no more. It
would have been possible west of Sisson "s in the Eddy Mountain
country to kill a dozen deer a day and not half try. and the .same in
southern Ore|.;on.

T hope this will convey some ade»piate idea a> lu nortiicrn California
at that time.

I am the only one remaining of all those men, and fifty-five years
brinii cliauiros in country, and as well to thase livinf; in it. that certainly
mark time.

136

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

DAMAGE BY DEER TO CROPS IN CALIFORNIA

By Gordon H. True^ Jr.

THE EXISTENCE of competition between wild deer and culti-
vated crops in California has long been recognized, but only in
recent years has the problem begun to assume economic propor-
tions. In many places, today, we hear demands for relief from those
of California's agricultural frontiersmen who, on their far-flung battle
line, are waging war against the depredations of the last and most

DEER DMAGE

IN

CMJFORMtt

AREA OF

KIR POPULATION

AKEA OF

DEER DAMAGE

1

Fig. 27.

CAMroKMA KIMII AN't> (iAMK

1.17

Miirc<*>4.Hfiil ot Miir liiu' u'""'*' Hp'Ti's flu- luitivf l»ljirk aim i I

iliMT. SiiuT it iMM'iijiM* (il)vi<iUH lliat, withi.iit prof-' f I'-ri. our ■. I

follnw tin* ro««| tnkfii by tin* nnt«'l«»p«" ninl ••!' • rnr** m

t(i iiioHt of UH — wt» hiivr lM«nt I'viry ffTort tnwartl ihfir c«.

TIh'V Imvf r«'.Hp«tiul«*<| iiohly hi pr«»jiTliii^ (|r«T f ''

aiitl sportiiiLr valuf wr liavf Imtiiiih- iiivnlvnl m iiii . i

with aiiotliiT ;:i-t)iip in tin* litiiiiaii popuhilion

That Wf iiiiu'ht iM-ttrr iiiul«*r>ttaii(l thf <I«'it «luiiiHi.'f pmhiciii hikI
wt airivf at its suliitinn with h-^N difHiiilty. npiM-ial stinly of thi- si*
tioii was math' hy tin* iJiinir DrpriMlatmns Study ('oiiiiiiitt«'«* ot
Ciilironiia Statr ('haiiih«'r of ('oiiiiihto' in th«' autumn of l!».'.o I)if<i
wrvv ohtaiut'«l throii^'h thf iiictliiiiii of ipirstioiinain^M snit out to tiih

Kti;- -!i. Wi .St ix'i'tiiiii t>f \ln<'>aitl lu'.ir utUt laixl vv;;,
or kllloil by tlfor. Vlnoyartl i>f < ;u1.m«'|>IH' Uiu-hi-jtl. n
County. Cnllfornla Photo by T. I. Storcr, tK*tob*r 11. l:>io.

.1.4

HUtl ^'aiiu'. for»'st and ai:iii'ultural ofticials and from i'orn*spon«UMirf
in the tiles of th«« Division of Fish and (iaiii«' ami th«" State Chamber of
CoinnuM-ro. In all. two liun<lnMl and nin«*ty-two such reports w«>r«»
available from tifty-onr t-ounties. The aim of this paper is to paint a
pieture of the ileer dama^'e situation. nsin«^ as materials the mass of
information obtained throu«rh the medium of this survey.*

Deor tlamai:*' oei'urs in forty-three out of our fifty-eiirht eountii^s.
Those eouiities whieh have little or no ditlieulty are Del Norte. I*axs«ni
«nd Plumas to the north: Sutter, in the Saerameuto Valley: San

• Special nimlysis of the de«r (lamAgt> ivpcrts was ntade by Dr. T. I. Storvr

und O. H. Tnio, Jr.

138

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Kings and Kern, in the San Joaquin
Valley; San Francisco and Contra Costa, in the San Francisco Bay
region ; Mono, Inyo and Alpine, in the southern Sierras ; and, in the
extreme southeastern corner. Imperial County. These counties are
situated for the most part in the high mountains where there is little
agriculture, exclusive of grazing, or in our great central valley, where

Fig-. 29. View of gladioli which have been damaged by deer, the ends of flower
stalks which have been eaten appearing as white spots. Nursery of E. D.
Rodgers, Swanton, Santa Cruz County. Photo by Donald McLean, 1929.

tliere is no deer population. Those counties in which damage occurs
include within their borders, in most cases, portions of the Coast
Ranges or the Sierran foothills. Damage is often found to be localized
in certain mountain valleys or in the immediate neighborhood of State
and national forests and parks wliere deer are protected. Game Refuge
lA, in the northern part of Siskiyou County, is an example of this
latter condition.

The majority of reports indicate that deer damage is seasonal in
occurrence. Although in some places damage occurs throughout the
year, in by far the greater number of cases the period of destruction
is limited to the actual growing season of the crops affected, with special
emphasis on the late summer and early autumn months. On the coast,
where the deer population of a given area is relatively constant
throughout the year, there is little variation in the amount of damage
throughout the period during which it may occur. This is also true
of the lower Sierran foothills. At middle elevations in the Sierra
Nevada and in the northeastern part of the State there is a noticeable
increase in damage over the normal amount during the period of
migration of the deer to and from their summer and winter ranges.
This has been noticed particularly in El Dorado County, where the
deer damage problem has been given especial attention. Regardless
of the fact that the greatest amount of damage has been reported as
occurring during the latter part of the growing season, the author has
observed that, at least in the coastal region, the most serious damage
occurs during the early part of the summer when plants are sending

OALirORNU riKII AND OAME

130

out I lit" fii^t ti'iulrr sli....!.-, Ai ilii.H iiiiif u ffw do |n*^"«'»"'v

mure (IniiiuKf tlmn a lar^'T miinlMT lat»T in ti It i*

to a.sMUine, however, that a yn-atcr minibir of deer livr at the farn
expcnsr (liirinj? thiit pi-rioil wlirn nattiriil fornu'f i-^

ciiltivattMl iiops kfpt yriTM l»\ irrigation m ' 'i .jj i

to, tlic wild loraj^'f.

Opinion He«»niH to Im' tliat tlvrr ilaniau'c iH (Irtlnitriy on the incr
ill California. A fi-w prr^ons rrporl that no rhanu''* in
or that ihtMi' is a diM-n'asi' in thr amount of UamuKe. Th«? 'i- -

Fljt. 30. Indivuliial vino show idr •

8oine ilaiiuiKc tt) Iwrrle-t. \'.r .

northwest of Yount vlllo. Nnpa County, CatifornI*. i'hoto by

T. I. Storrr, Octnli.r It, 1930.

ai'tivitio.s of tiio ilotT si'oni to liavt* ai-tually ronie to a stamlstill or to
be ileiroasinj; in only one area. Tuolumne County. This nuiy be
aeeountoil for by the faet that the iUmm* population of that region has
not yet recovered from the reduction wliich occurred durini? the
epidemic of foot atid mouth tli.sease in U'"J4-"J.">. when over 22.t.MX) deer
were slautrhtered in sueeessfully preventing the further spreail •>*' *' n'

140

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

malady. A majority of tlie reports from over the State indicate that
the present wave of deer damage complaints is founded upon an actual
increase in deer, rather than being- a hysterical response to the increased
attention that the problem has received.

Reports concerning the period of time over which deer damage
has occurred are exceedingly variable. Several state that deer have
been damaging crops ever since the beginning of agriculture. Others
indicate a ten to twenty year period. In most instances damage is
reported as more serious during the past one to five years.

Innumerable factors have been mentioned as the causes of deer
damage. Among them are shortage of natural feed, scarcity of water
on the deer range, increase in deer population, desire for succulent feed,
concentration around salt-licks, planting of crops in the midst of deer
inhabited areas, and a lessened wariness on the part of the deer.
Several correspondents have suggested that, while the present situation
is due primarily to an increase in the deer population, particularly

Fig. 31. View of orchard showing- malformation of trees due to continued eating-
back. The branches in the foreground have been brolten off by deer. El Dorado
County. Photo by R. C. Berriman, February 27, 1931.

does, we must consider as an indirect cause that factor which has aided
to such an extent in bringing about this increase ; namely, predatory
animal control. Campaigns directed toward the extermination of
predatory species, principally mountain lions and coyotes, have relieved
the deer population of considerable pressure. This has resulted in an
almost startling increase in the deer population of some areas. We
have only to look back at the Kaibab situation in order to realize that
such an assertion may not be entirely without foundation. However,
the deer damage problem can not be attributed to any one factor.
Granting that our deer population has increased, that increase, plus
any one or any combination of other factors, would be enough to bring
about a situation such as we are facing today.

Despite the fact that an opportunity was afforded correspondents
to express an opinion regarding possible competition between live
stock and deer on the wild range, this was mentioned as a factor in only

CAl.UOUMA J l-ill .\.M» liAMl,

141

II fi'W cnsi'M — tiMi, to Iw I'xnct — 4'noiii;li In show tlint thrrc m at WomI a
potent iiil |»n>|)lriii prist-uti'il by Hiirh «M»m().

All atfrnipt to arriv*' at an rHlimati' of tunn. . ■•■ ui

.1 wlmli', as a n-siilt of ilnT fffilm;; Upon nillua _ ..i| \tf

Hii nlnioHt inipos.sil)lr tank if itiw wiTt* (l«>pcnili>iit s«l««ly upon tlu* flifurwi

oMtaiiH'cl ill tin* (l«MT <laiiiak'«' r«'port.H < >ni« iniliviiliuil iimv ni'i thi* Umm

> his (iiiiMty at ti'n thoiisaiul i|o|lai>; aiiotlirr in<livi«lual from thr

..iiiif i'oiinty may arrivf at a imicli lowrr ••Hiimatr or iiiihratr \\\v

fiiiaiiiMal lo.HM an iii'uliu'iMiv Tlirn' an* ra»i*M in which thi* n-pratptl

loMM ri'|)ort»Ml hy an imliviiliial farimT far tXitimIh th«' ••Htimalivl Wmm

ri'portftl l)y soiiif otln'r rorroNpoiKlriii for flw fiitin* <"oiinty Wi* may

iis-sumr. liowfVfr. that the fstimatf suhiiiitiiMl hy an in<liviilual an to

his own h»M.s is nion* lu-arly cornH-t. nut of thr tantrlcd masj* of tiu'iirm

at our disposal thr acrompanyin^' tahh* has hrni assriiihlrd. It afTordn,

liowcvcr, only a vi-ry roiiL'h ami iiu-oinph'tf jiictiinv

TABLE 1

EttlmAtet of nnAHclal lot* due to deer dain.^ge to various individual* and countiea in

California

I':«lliimt«Ml KliiHiiclal I<<>iM |M-r Iiullvlihml

< . '7

1. I ...

!.«>« AnK«'l''"*
MontcrfN

ltl\> mhl.'

HlMkl\ oil

Tilnlly

i:i I ><>ru«l<> . . -

l-ilitl Itrr

.Sum her of

.I/IM

^ ' 1

' '/

' ■ /«,r»«

ftio <IU

1)

. '

,

1X0 110

;:.uuo

i.:i

:,ds»

11

■JO 00

2.000

16R

1.170

7

100 00

2,000

385

3.300

»

loo 00

1.500

66.1

2.S50

4

)'i uo

1,000

200

,1.009

16

1 50

856

18i;

1 •..::■«

89

Total for Ht>vi>n c«»untU«i« HO

.\vt«ruK«' I""* P»'r Inillvlilual iii tii'\«'H rriuniit'j* -l-iu.a"

KMtimali-il KInaiu'lal Lomt |)er (Nuinly

If ill.

.1/(14.

f 'oKitfV

1500

$2,000

Sail Itornartllfi

■J *■ ' •

1,0110

.><an l>l. .

■J 1 1 1 1

3.000

.^lUI l,li

.'■nil

1.000

SaiilH t 1.1 1 1

2011

500

.»<afita fiiij:

I'.ooo

W mI. ! V ..II

1.000

10.000

500

300

'Y.ooo

■I'liliirf

3,000

3.000

T»ioliin>H'-

>;. w

« 'oiiii' ly

1 |)or.i.l<' $500 $2,000 .Sim Itornartllno $! 5 '. . "00

Kri'xiio

l,iak<<

I..- •- I-

.M

hi .... ...

Napa - -- 1.000

N«"vailft

Oran»{t> . _ ,---
Hlv.r.sUI.- _

Totnl.M for Iwonty oountlfM '" J

.\vi>raK>< MiliiliniiM) lo.t.s per c-oun(> $1,375
.\vi-r;ii;t' iii.i\liiniiu Iom.m jn-r i-ountx S I .'> 1 1

III llKU) a survey was iiuulc nj ilaiiiair«' hy (U'»*r lo ori'harils of
El Dorado County. Iiy .Mr. Ivan W. Lillry. farm ailvisrr. who has
kindly supplied the following' data. Due to his eareful and painstakint;
Work wr ai'e able to pre.sent a very eomplete statement of the finaneial
h».ss to Kl Dorado County farniers as a result of ib'er damai;e. Krom
about ."{00 (piestiouiiaires .srut out. reports were reeeive«l from ninety-
eijrht farniei's. Of the.se, ei«^hty-nine reporteil damap> to Held ennxs. to
youn«» trees set baek one to three yeaiN. and yoiinj; trees kiileti wliieh
had to be replaeed. The uumb«'r of trei-s set ba«'k one year was ll.t>4(>.
two ye.irs \y2\'2. three y«'ars S.'ititi ; the number of one year trees replaeed
n.Srj. of two year trees re[)laeed lUi'J.'i, of three year trees replaeetl
'i\^'^]. The v;due of trees lost totaled $*J7.riH4 (usinp cost records com-

142 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

piled by the University of California of $0.90, $1.40, and $1.90 for one,
two and three year old trees, respectively). The damage to field crops,
owner's estimates, totaled $9,915. The total damage reported for
eighty-nine farms was $66,667.84, or an average of $740 per farm. The
annual damage totaled $16,728.27, or an average of $185 per farm. The
annual damage on farms varied from $1.50 to $855, and the total
damage to individual farms from $5 to $872.

Concluding this general discussion of the deer damage situation,
it will be well to consider more in detail the crops which are damaged
and the nature of the damage to each type of crop. Deer, in those
sections of California where they are in the habit of invading culti-
vated areas, enjoy a large and varied diet. During the study carried
on by the Game Depredations Study Committee, those complaining of
deer damage were asked to name the specific crops affected. The
resultant list of crops (see Table 2), compiled from reports received
by the committee and supplemented with observations by the author
during his study of the problem in his official capacity as a member of
the Division of Fish and Game, is appalling in its variety. If one were
to call the roll of agricultural crops grown in California, there would
be only a few among those present which could not be also found on the
bill of fare of the deer.

For the sake of convenience the crops subject to depredations by
deer will be considered under subheadings, as follows : orchard crops,
truck crops, forage crops, cereal crops, and miscellaneous.

TABLE 2
Crops damaged by deer in California. Statistics compiled from questionnaires sent
out by the Special Game Depredations Study Committee of the State Chamber
of Commerce. Many correspondents reported damage to several crops; this
explains the seeming discrepancy between the total number of reports received
and the number of reports of damage for the several crops

Number of Number of

Crops reports reports

Orchard : Truck— Continued

Apple 83 Squash 1

Pear 48 Artichokes 1

Prune _ 36 Truck gardens (misc.) 91

Peach _II 33 — -

Citrus 25 Total 144

Apricot 20

Avocado 14

Forage ;

Cherry 5 Alfalfa 78

Persimmon 1 Range — 10

Plum 1 w^r''.77 I

Oli^p 1 Hay (?) 4

uiive — J. Vetch 1

Almond 1 Timothy 1

Walnut 1 Sudan 1

Chestnut 1

Fruit trees (misc.) 26 Total 100

Total 29 6 Vineyards:

_, Various varieties 94

Potatoes 9 Cereal:

Beans 7 Barley , 3

Corn 6 Oats 3

Strawberry 6 Wheat 1

Cabbage 4 Gram 15

Lettuce 4

Carrots 3

Total 22

Tomatoes 3 Miscellaneous;

Peas 3

Beets 2

Flower gardens 18

Seed gardens 15

Melons 2 Bulbs 10

Cauliflower 1 Acorns 2

Celery 1 Forest plantations 1

CAI.irOliS'lA PIHII AND OAMK U.'i

Jl<a»linj,' tin* list by n \nr\*r majority w«» (iiul the orchard cro|>».
TIhto are '2'M'> r«*porlM of (l{uiiai;«> to fruit irvtii of whi<'h 270 rf?fi»r to
^I i(h' vuriotirs. Tho rt'inaiinlrr an* nimply <li»«ii ' mt "fruit

irri->i" or "orchartl." To sonn*, thr Nvi«lr variation ii> m- '-rM of

it'ports of injury to .m-parat*- varii'tirs iiiit;ht iutlicati* that t r arc

•li'ctiv*', profrrrintf (Uir variety of fruit tree to another, (irontinif that

.lilTrn'McrM ill palalahility arr untlouhtnlly u foctor, there i« little

mcstioii that this variation in primarily «liie to «'rop di.stri* •• •• In

thiT wonls. tlif varirtii's of fruit lri'«'s which suffer the n- rnai»e

<-,' those wliieh are >,'ro\vn extensively within the rani;o of the «i-r

\p|)les, for instanee, are foitutl throuu'hout the foothill ami niountain

t.-iri<'us of ('alifi)i-iiia and are i;rnwn on a eoinmereial scale at hi^'her

altitudes than any oiIht orfhar«l crop. Is it not prolnd)le, then, that

apple trees would In- more subject to danui^e than other varietiwi of

trees not so well adapted to mountain conditions? VA Dorado, I^ake

and McndfM'itui counties are the finest pear pr<Mlucinu' sections of the

St.ite; and, llicy arc amou'^' the first in amount of deer damaj^c.

The }»reatest anu)Unt of dama^re to fruit trees oecurs durint; the
first one to three years after |)lantin^', since, durinir this pericnl, the
deer are able to reach the tender termiiwil shoots. If these shoots are
destroyed durinir the early years, the tree suffers a serious .set-back.
Often, if tiiese shoots are eaten early in the season, they will prow out
ajjain during the same ycai* It" they are ajrain destroyetl death of
the tree is a common result. Kven if a tre«' does survive several attacks,
it becomes so stunted and malt'orincd that it never becomes an e«'onomic
nuMubcr of the orchard. That more trees are destroyed during their
first year than in tlicir second, ami more in their second year than in
their third, is borne" out by the statistics obtained from the deer
(lamaire survey of Kl Dorado rounty. previously mentioned. It was
tnund that, over the period of time duiiii|.j whit-h the farmers of that
imty had bciMi troubled by de«M-, it had been necessary to replace
1 l.Sl*' one vear old trees, ;{()l*r> two vear old trees, and onlv \9'M three
year ohl trees. The dey:ree of susceptibility of a tree to deer damajfc
•lecrtNises mai-kcdiy with increase in ay:e and conse(pierit increase in
hei;;ht. In comparison to the amount of injury done to young trees.
tli«> amount done to mature trees is slight. In Santa Cruz County, the
author has visited a number .of orchards, planted before deer had
htH'omt> troublesome, in which it is imp<».ssible, due to the increase in
the dc(>r population, to rear young trees at the present time. The
mature trees, however, show little evidence of damage. Damage to
mature trees is limited, for the most ])art. to the *'i)runing" of the
lower branches.

There is, as a general rule, little damage to the fruit itself, which
i> usually safely out of reach. Prune growers in Napa. Sonoma, and
iSaiita Cruz cimnties. lunvever, state that they sutler considerable lasses
due to the deer eating the prunes that have fallen to the ground. The
truth of this statement is supjiorted by the observations of the author,
who has not only seen deer picking up prunes, but has .seen the ground
literally covered with the stones of the fruit that had been eaten
previously. Some growers find that they can reduce their lasses to a
considerable extent by jdcking up all the prunes from the ground at
the end of each day. Thus, the prunes that have fallen between mom-

144 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ing and evening are saved and only those which may fall during the
night are likely to be eaten by the deer.

The list of truck crops includes all of the common vegetables with
the exception of spinach, turnips, radishes, cucumbers, egg plant, and
peppers. In referring to the table, however, it will be noted that ninety
one of one hundred forty-four reports merely state that "truck crops'
have been damaged and name no specific varieties. It might be possible
that some of the common vegetables not included in the list would be
found susceptible to damage if more specific reports had been made.
In view of that fact, it would not be fair to state that deer will not eat
those varieties. In reporting damage to truck crops correspondents
did not differentiate between damage to the average farmer's kitchen
garden, containing small amounts of a variety of vegetables, and the
commercial truck farm of large acreage, devoted to the cultivation of,
at most, only a few varieties. We know, however, that a number of the
truck crops upon which deer have been known to feed are grown com-
mercially within the deer range, principally in the coastal region south
of San Francisco Bay; among them, beans, peas, lettuce, cabbage, cauli-
flower, and artichokes. In the northern part of the State, particularly
in Shasta County, strawberry plants are grown commercially. Deer
seriously damage some of these strawberry plantations not only by
actually eating the plants, but by walking between the rows and thereby
breaking the innumerable runners sent out by the "mother" plants.
This latter procedure greatly reduces the yield of young plants with a
consequent reduction in revenue. If one doubts the ability of the deer
to subsist on a wide variety of forage, one has only to review the truck
crop situation to have the omniherbivorous nature of the deer most
emphatically emphasized.

The forage, or hay, crops, by virtue of including alfalfa within
their ranks, are found to occupj^ third place on our list. Seventy-eight
of the one hundred reports of damage to these crops refer to alfalf i.
Where this crop is grown within the deer range, and much of it is, an
immense amount of damage is done. One Lake County farmer Avrites,
"I have two fenced alfalfa fields of approximately the same acreige.
One has not been pastured this season (1930) and the other has Hiiyt-
ported a band of sheep throughout the summer. Deer have kept the
unpastured field eaten down shorter than the field in which sheep have
been kept. With the aid of a flash-light, I have counted as many as
sixty-eight deer in the field at night." This is but one example of the
injury that deer may cause the farmer who depends on alfalfa for all
or part of his livelihood. There are numerous cases in which the farmer
has been able to cut only one crop of alfalfa hay, the first, the deer
keeping the green alfalfa cropped short during the remainder of the
season. Losses of from three to thirty tons annually have been attrib-
uted to deer. That deer will travel long distances to feed on green
alfalfa is shown by the authentic case of a buck, killed in Lake County
at a distance of twelve miles from the nearest cultivated land. His
paunch was found to be full of alfalfa. It is interesting to note, among
the reports of damage to forage crops, ten instances of competition
between deer and live stock on wild range. I. B. Barrass, Covelo, esti-
mates that, during the 1930 season, deer destroyed one-third of his
winter feed. While such reports are few in number, we have enough

I

fAriiouNiA Kisii \su r,\\ti: IA'»

inrdinuition to hUuw tlial thr I'xiHlriu'u of HUfli coiii|H'titirm can not br

•rlnokfil.

Siiicf, on our li.Nt of cnipH. tlir vnriotiM Miibhr}MliMU<H haw Ixfn
rniiK't'd iic(M>nliii(; t« tin* nrtual nimilirr of n>p<trtM HTiMwd, vini'yanU
iiiuHt n«'(M'.H>uiiily takr fourth phu-iv Dhiiwii;*- to vim-yHnU m, ho\vr%'iT.
iiiori' sciioiis than this position wouhl in«licatr. In tli ■ ■ • ' •'-

uiitlior, (hmui^f to viin-yartls is scfonil only to that Hutl-
Thf inilividual vini'H coiupoHini.' a vinryartl. lik** thr triM-w of uii or*har«l.
nn- nonproiluctivf durinu thr lirst \r\\ yrars of thrir ••xisti'm-i' ; in <•'
wiinh. until thfv hiu-onir nuitunv Aftrr nuiturity thr vim*?* must .^
(lipcndftl on to prodiic*' an annual t-rop. If a vinr, likr a tr«'«*. is injun-d
diirini,' tin- cours*' of any ouf jfr«)\vinK M-ason. thr injury not oidy atTrrt.s
Ihf rrop for that srason hut f»»r futurr om-s jis well. If this injury or
srrifs of injiirii's should result in tin- di-ath of thr vinr it must Ih-
ir|)lat'fd. 1 lu' nrw vinr must hr ruliivatrd "for nothiiiK" until it
comrs into hrarin;;. It is ••asy to srr that thr farmrr win* must ron-
tinuall\ rrplacr vinrs that havr hri'u drstroyrd will not rrap lar^r
profits, siner hr will always hr riilt ivatinjr and t-arint' for a numln-r «»f
vinrs that arr not produrin;;. Thr loss to tin- vinryartlisl is thrrrforr
jrrratrr than thr loss to thr trurk or j^rain farmrr who plant.n hiH t'ro|>s
annually, or to thr makrr of hay wlu) throws thr typr of rrop that ran
withstand prriodir riittiiitr hark,

'I'lir •riratrst aiimiiiit of in.jui\\ to vinryartls orrurs whrii the tirst
Iravrs arr iiiakinir thrir a|)praranrr in thr sprinj;. If the vines are
drfoliatrd durinj; this prrioil. thr ^rratrr portion of thr tlowf r rlustrrs
— thr riiihryo rrop arr drstroyrd. In sj)itr of thr hrst rultural
llU'tliods vinrs so injuinl will j)rodiu-r at hrst only a li^'ht s<'rond rrop
of ^'raprs. Ajrain romparinjr thr vinryard with thr orrhanl. it is found
that drfoliation of thr vinrs rausrs tlirm to suffrr a si«vere Sft-bark.
Surrrssivr attacks ifsuit in dratli. \'inrs whirli havr surrrssfully
passrd throui^di thr rarly ;rrowiii;; staizr and havr drvrlupril a Wfalth
of foliaLrr srrin to losr much of thrir t«'mptinjr (pialitirs in so far as
drrr arr eonrrrnrd. Huwrvrr. wlirrr thrsr animals arr numrrous and
huiiirry, vinrs may lir drfoliatrd during thr lat«' summ«'r ami rarly fall
months, rvrii until thr autumn-hiird Iravrs fall to thr };round. Not
content inir thrmsrlvrs with the foliayrr alonr. drrr fnMpirntly vary their
dirt with tlir Imnrhrs of «;raprs. Thry strip thr fruit from the strms.
and. judLriiii: from thr skins and srrds to hr ohsrrvrd on thr ground in
tlir nri;::hl)()rhood of thr vinrs, surk out thr juirrs. disrardini: the above-
inrntionrd parts. Oftrn, rather than drstroyinj; a wholr bunch, they
will mrrrly takr a hitr or two. It is nrrdle.ss to .siiy. however, that even
a sliiriitly injurrd hunrh of jri-aprs has hrrn rrndrrrd uiunarkrtable.
Aithou-rh thr author has nt)tril no instanrr in whirh any onr varirty has
irinaiiiril immunr to drrr-invasion. it is rvidrnt that ilrer show a nuirkeil
jirrferrnrr for somr varirtirs. In Napa County, for instance, deer
srrm to prrfrr Prtitr Sirah. a winr jrrapr; Musrats anil othrr vari»'ties
of tahir jxraprs. C'onsidrrahly Irss ilanui^rr is di>ri«' t,, vi.iin> nf fli.- nther
w inr i^raprs. such as Zinfamlrl ami Huijiiuuly.

nainaije to cereal crops, or j^rain. is not very extensive, most of the
reports of damairr to this typr of crop haviu'r oriiriiuitt'd in Trinity
County. As a whole, very little jrrain is j;rown in deer inhabited
arras, and while here and there a small grain tield in a mountainous

146 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

area may be damaged, the total loss over the State can not be very large.
Deer injure grain principally by nipping off the heads when in a green
condition and by trampling down the stalks.

Injury to flower gardens, standing first under the subheading
"Miscellaneous Crops," is, from the observations of the author, a more
serious problem locally than the number of reports would indicate.
Deer damage questionnaires that were filled out and returned referred
to farming communities alone and did not include suburban areas, such
as may be found in the vicinity of the Mount Tamalpais Game Refuge
and in San Mateo County. The author has spent considerable time in
the neighborhood of Ross, San Anselmo, and Fairfax, all towns border-
ing the Mount Tamalpais Refuge in Marin County ; and if, from those
towns alone, all rei^orts of damage had been available, they would have
amounted to many times the number actually received. The amount of
damage done to gardens in this area is quite extensive, the semidomesti-
cated deer entering them in broad daylight to feed on the choicest
blooms. Damage to flower gardens, regardless of financial loss, is
extremely annoying to the owners, many of whom have built homes in
suburban areas that they might make a pastime of floriculture. The
fact that most of the eighteen reports which have been listed originated
in rural districts indicates, however, that such damage is not entirely
limited to localities beyond the metropolitan areas. In these last it is
merely aggravated. Deer will eat at least part of most of the common
annuals, perennials and shrubs, showing a decided preference for roses.

Fifteen reports were received of injury to seed gardens. In no
case, however, did the complainant specify the varieties of seed. The
damage, here, is undoubtedly of the same type as might be found in
any truck or flower garden and needs no further discussion.

A few bulb growers, particularly in Santa Cruz County, have suf-
fered losses. Deer seem to be rather partial to gladioli and it is from
those who grow these plants that the greatest number of complaints has
been received. Deer usually begin working on a gladioli patch just
before the first blooms appear, Avalking down the rows and removing the
buds as they go. This destruction of the buds not only prevents the
grower from marketing flowers but interferes with the "rogueing"
that is necessary to keep varieties pure. Deer have also been known to
eat freesias and narcissus. They do not seem to care for calla lillies,
which are grown extensively in Santa Cruz County. Fortunately, the
number of bulb growers who are carrying on their activities in close
proximity to deer country is small, and, therefore, though the losses to
individuals have been rather large in certain instances, the industry
as a whole has not suffered to any extent.

Reports of damage to acorns came as something of a surprise, since
they are not ordinarily considered in the category of agricultural crops.
One of the complainants, a resident of San Luis Obispo County, made
the statement that in the past he had been able to fatten 100 head of
hogs annually on acorns on a certain area. In recent years, however,
the deer had become so numerous there and had shown such a liking
for acorns that he had been forced to abandon that profitable practice.

The Los Angeles County Forestry Department reports deer damage
to a large percentage of their reforestation projects, the damage being
localized in small plantations. The damage consists of nipping off the

CALIFHRvr^ vfmr Avn HAvrr 147

tips r»f yoiim; IrtTs, Imtli coniii'ni jiimI linr<lwiHMi.H, pfirtinilnrly of Al-
PiiH', IiirfiiMf ('••fliir, Hiu' Trvr, HI, irk f/<MMiHt, Ari/nna Anh ami Cnr-X'
Tht'v also ilaiiiaLT)' tr<'»H l»y trainplnit; inul rolling, ami hy iiiakiiiK runs
and IxmIh thniiiulioiit tlif plaiitatidiiH. I'rartically all th<> (ilantav
aro within a |fain«' rcfii^f. On onr plantation, in >uinipl<> itrt'tm of staked
Alfpp" I'i'if ami ('aroh, jill of tl>«' trri>H wt-n* i-at*-!! ; on anothpr, \H) \)rT
<"iit of tlic trtTs dird as a ri-sult of lU-rr injury.

'Plu' subji'ct of rontrol «)f dn-r dania^r will not Im» diwuMwd hfre.
Of tho throe principal im'tliods of control fcncintj, tho killinff of tl»'«T
doin^,' dainaj,'f. and the use of repellents the former has Iwcn ir ' ' "
subject of a previous papiT.* Thi' killing: of nuiraudin^ dc«>r 1 n

made possible by re<'ent l«'i;islation but, as yi't. there are no r< m

lumd upon which a discussion of the effects of that pnM!edure can \y
based. A discussioti of the use (tf rfpfllcnls is of suftlcient imp ■•

to warrant separate consideration and \ii" fli,T,-fi,f >>•• m.i . .••
subject of another paper.

OYSTER PESTS IN CALTFORNTAf

Hy IUhvkv ('. McMii.LiN and Paul Bonnot

G.M.I 1 I >K.\ I A has a native species of oyster (Oslrea luri^la) which
lias jjreat commercial possibilities but which Ims never b^^en
utilized t(^ any ^'reat extent. From the b«'j:innin<r of the industry
exotic species have been broutrht into the State with varying; ile^jrees of
success. Tlie jjrowers have been encoura}?ed to brinjir in the foreign
oysters and their investments have been protected by leirislation. There
has, however, becTJ no i)rovision made for the inspection of inconiinp
shipments ami as a result some of the California bays have become
heavily infested with the Eastern drill (Uro salpinx cinereus. Say)
atul flic slipper shell {Crepidula furnuuita, Linnaeus). The drill is
always destruefive l)ut the slijiper shell on its native heath, in the
presence of its natural i-hecks. is not harmful. When transplanted the
slipper shell may become a .serious pe.st in the new environment. The
native oyster itidustry in particular has sutTered from its introduction,
and it is important that due consideration be jriven this species in the
adnunistration of the oysti-r resources of California.

The American slipper shell or "quarter deck" is normally scattered
alon<» the New Enirland coa.st and .southward to the (lulf. They usually
inhabit tide pools and shallow water, clin«;in^ to rcn'ks, shells and other
solid objects. They appear nnist freipiently in clusters of six to ten
individuals attached one upon another to a sintrle object. The life
history and embryoloiry of this form have been of interest to scientists
for some time, and the facts concewiini; its prowth and development
of the species have been well worked out. Only in recent years has it
beoonu^ of economic importance as a pest on the oyster beds.

• Storer. T. T.. and True. G. H.. Jr., D«cr Proof Fences In Caltfomim, California
Pish and i".!inu\ Sarramonto. Vol. 17. No. 3. pp. 2S4-26$>.

t Trinted with permission of the U. S. Bureau of Pisberles.

148 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

■Eecently the American slipper shell was introduced in the oyster
producing waters of Great Britain through transplanting of American
seed oysters. They have reproduced rapidly and have become a great
menace to the oyster industry. In the lower end of Puget Sound where
the native is produced in large quantities the slipper shell has become
established. On the natural beds where the land has not been graded
and diked the slipper shell does not grow in large numbers; on the
artificial beds they are a serious problem.

The artificial beds are made up of a series of terraces each level of
which is surrounded by a low dike which keeps two to fifteen inches of
water over the bed at low water. The bottom is solid and covered with
shell and oysters, making an ideal breeding place for the slipper shell.
The damage by the pests is from three causes: (1) culling is made slow
and difficult, (2) the pests occupy a large proportion of the room in the
dikes designed for the oysters, and (3) from the condition of the oyster
from infested areas it appears that the food of the oyster is taken by the
slipper shell.

In the harvesting of some beds over half of the labor involved is
in the handling of pests. More equipment is necessary to maintain
production and the cost per bushel for harvesting is increased. If left
on the beds the slipper shell would fill the dikes to the water level in a
short time and prevent the growth of oysters therein. Removal of the
pests from the beds is also necessary to prevent depletion of the food
supply of the oysters.

It is possible that some means of biological control wdll eventually
be worked out but at present removal by hand is the only relief. It is
important, whenever possible, to prevent the introduction of pests of aU
kinds and avoid the serious loss which follows. At the present time
we have no diked areas in California, but it is proposed to cultivate the
native oyster in Humboldt Bay by this method. This place offers an
ideal set of conditions for the industry and is entirely free from natura'
and imported pests. The introduction of detrimental species should be
carefully avoided if the beds are to be made to produce to capacity.

Since the seed imported from Japan has been subjected to inspec-
tion the quality has greatly improved. At present practically nothing
accompanies the oyster that is large enough to be visible. As an added
precaution it would be well worth while to isolate imported seed as far
as possible, and grow one species in each bay. In the case of Humboldt
Bay it is strongly recommended that no opportunity be given to pests
to establish themselves there. No foreign seed should be planted at any
time regardless of its condition or the inspection it has been through.

rAMF«>i»vn nKII AVI. .;iui t4''

CIRCLE GILL NETTING FOR SMELT*

i.y .T T" I'ltil.i.i

KMKLTH IN TIIK MONTKia;Y KlSlltUtV

AliAIiCK r< HiTlOX of tiM' smi'lt catch of the Monterey v Ac

Irrsli tisli iiiiirkils is Itnm^^'ht in hy opfrjitors of circh* i,'jll u>Ih;
the hahinee is liilivcnd by operators of round liaul and nn;; ni'tM
.1 purse net). ('ireh« ^'ill n'-ttinu' is carried on during; the months thai
the smelt are in shalhiw waters. Wljen Hinelt move into deeper wateru,
durin;; the winter months, netting operations are mainly with round
haul and on <tceasions with rinj; nets. Snn-lt are landed at Mimterey
tlirouj;liout tlu" greater part of the year altlnMiirh peak p«tundiii,'«' laiul-
inp:s come in during; the summer months

The term "smelt" is a rather univ«rsal one. In Calitornja »t i-s

.ijjpiied to the members of two families of lishes; the Osri: ••■• ' - true

wnelts, aiitl the Atherinidae or silversides. The most oi; . dis-

tin^'uishin;; eharacteristie of the two (groups is the pn*sence of an
•adipose tin in the Osm.'ridae and the absence of such in tin- Atherinidae.

At Monterey the smelt catch is compctsed maitdy of two r: ' rs of the

Atlu'riiiidac ^'roup: the jack smelt [Athtrinopsis cdliforn. and the

'ay smelt or pan/arotti { Athniuops nffinis). The prrunion {Leuresthes
nuis), third California ntend)er of this };roup, is not presinit. The
i>. dance nf the smelt catch is composed of whitebait { Allnsimriis ntttn-
iinliis^. and surf smelt [ llyjtonusus pr» liosius), members of the Osmer-
II lac or true .smelt p:roup. From observations made during 11)31, it iK
s.ife to say that throiiv:liout the year !K) per cent of the snielt laiuled at
Monterey art> jack smelt.

Tiie bay smelt may be ditTen'ntiated from the jack smelt by its
Blijjhtly ileepcr body ; its lar;j:er .scales; the upper jaw projecting: slijjhtly
over the lower jaw. whereas in the jack sm»'It both jaws are even; the
back jMirtion of lii;liter color than that of the jack smelt ; the teeth being
forked at the ba.se, tho.se of the jack smelt simple.

Circle ^ill nettinj; for smelt in Monterey Hay is divided into two
phases: the lar^e jack smelt phase and the bay smelt phiLse. Circle

jrill iiettinLT for jack smelt may be termed a sprinjr and - "r

fishery. It commences about April and usually runs into S«j .r

or October. Durinir this period the larj;e jack smelt are in shallow
water. AVith the movement of the jack smelt into ilee|M'r water in the
winter months, this type of fishin«» ceases. Catches are then made with
round haul and in a few ca.ses with rinj^ nets. (Jill nettitig of smelt,
when po.ssible. is preferred to capturinj? by round haul or rinp nets.
The wild nature of the smelt when fri<.rhteneil nuikes the latter nets
hard to handle while beinir pulled in. With a i;ill net the proper sized
tish are lulplossly ".rilled, i\\u\ the net easily hauleil in from one end.

Circle <;ill nettinj; for bay smelt may be termed a winter fishery.
Operations commence with the first appearance of the bay .smelt during

* Contribution No. 120 from the California State Fisheries Laborator>'. Jai>u>
ary. 1932.

3—93971

150

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the latter part of October or the early part of November, and may run
into January or February. However, the heaviest catches are made
during the first month or so of the ' ' run. ' ' The catches then diminish
and may be intermittent during the balance of the winter.

The basic principle of circle gill netting for smelt is to surround a
school of desirable smelt with a net of webbing of uniform mesh. Then,

Fig. 32. A gill net laid out in a circle for smelt fishing-. Photo by J. B. Phillips,

November, 1931.

II

Fig. 33. Process of frightening smelt into gilling themselves while circle of netting
is being decreased in size. The common method of "scaring" is as shown in
Figure 34. Photo by J. B. Phillips, November, 1931.

as the smelt hover inside the circle with apparent uncertainty, they are
frightened into gilling themselves by use of a "scare." The set is made
in shallow water so that the lower edge of the net approaches bottom,
thus preventing escape in that direction.

CAUPORNIA riHII A.VD OAMC 151

III j,'fnrral. a trill m-l is n nTian^fuliir strip ni vv- =' r

b«'t\vt'«'ii a cork liii»* at thf iipprr r<lK«' h>i<I a li-ail line a:
TIk! iin'sh of lliis vvrbhinu' Ih orMinarily all of oiu- ni/.i' but •
net is leiij^tlifiH'd hy tarkiin; on aiu»tlnT wctioii of wi'hhint;, the mnth of
wliicli may not \»' of tin* miuir Mi/.c an tin* iiH'.sh of thr ;
Tlu" Division of l-'isii aixl dann" rf;:nlatr.s thr inininiiin. ..
\n' umihI in certain districts iiml for ocrlain flMhi^H, ho an to innuf th*-
eHcapc of tlii> Hinallcr fi.sh. •

A jfill net functions a.s fitlli»ws: Fisli tluit an* Mniall«T than ili--
iii.slics of the net \io through. Fish of a certain si/.e ran;;e an? not >m»
lortniiate. In atteinpiiii^j to escape throii^'h the niivsh of the net, th»-
tapcrintJ IhmuI of the fish allows it to make forward protfrcHH until the
bulkier portion just back of the u'iil covers causes it to wedjje in •'•
niesh. I'Miuliiiir that it can make no further forwar<l projjress, the ti-,ii
attempts tu hack out. This is prevented by the twine of the mesh Hlidinu'
under the tjill flaps, with somewhat the winie efTect as an attempt to pull
an umbrella throu^jh a chicken wire fence, haiulle first.

Inasmuch as there are some variations in the actual flshitij; per
furmaiiccs in i-apturinj; jack smelt and bay smelt, these two pha.s«'S of
smelt fishing' will be treated separately.

tilLIi NETTINO FOR JACK SMKLT

(iill nets useil for jack smelt vary from r)(M) to h(MJ feel in leiujth
ami are LT) to .'{") feet in dei)tli. The size of mesh varies from 15 to -
inches, stretched nu'sh. .Me>h in this si/.e-ran^'c ^'ills jack .smelt of
nuiiidy 8 to 12 inches in lenj:th. The lar«;est jack smelt of about 16
inches lenjjth, will wei^h three-ciuarters of a pound each. However,
there is more of a market demand for tlie metlium sized smelt of al>out
eijrht inches len<;th and ruiinin;; about nine to the pound. So the
tendency is to add mesh of the smaller size, when nuikinj; adtiitions or
replacenuMits to a pill net. .lack smelt may be taken anywhere alonj;
M(uiterey Hay. Sometimes the Monterey trill netters may journey tt>
the tlats otT Capitola for their cafches. When the jack smelt nu»ve
into (h'cper water, with the fall and winter months, this type of
flshinj; ceases.

Two men and a skill* ordinarily comjiose a circle pill net y^T'-w
The net is pilcil on the stern of the skitT. When travelinp any distance,
a motor-powered launcli is used for transportation, the actual fishinp
beinp accomplished with the aid of the skitT. Durinp the 1931 seas4)n.
one crew was able to supply most of the market «lemand. St)me s«»as4ms
several crews operate. Most of the nettinp is ilone at nipht, while the
moon is absent. The smelt are at this time located by the characteristic
huninescence that they produce in the water. Tides are taken into
eonsideration as fishermen find that smelt move iti with the tide. Oi'<-:\
sionally e;itelu>s are maile durinir dayliirht, l)ut this method is vnU
i\hon\ a tliirtl as successful as the nipht fishinp. When a desirable soh<x>l
of snu^lt is located one nuin commences to pay out the net over the
stern of the skitT while the other man rows in a circle. When the circle
is completed there is an overlappinp of ends so as not to leave any
openinp. Wliere the ends overlap the cork lines are fastened topether.
The net now hangs in the water in the form of a cylinder; the
buoyant property of the corks alonp the upper line keeps that edg«

152

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of the net at the surface of the water, while the weight of the leads
along the lower edge of the net stretches the rest of the net downwards
in the water. The smelt, in the meantime, hover rather uncertainly inside
the circle. They are frightened into hurriedly gilling themselves (if of
proper size) by the splashing of a brick or rock in the water or by the

. — ^ 'iC>c^ -„ '^ '

Fig. 34. The more common manner of scaring- smelt into hurriedly gilling them-
selves. One man propels the skiff inside the circular wall of netting, while the
other man repeatedly throws a brick or rock into the water. The "scare" is
tied to one end of a rope so that it can be retrieved. Photo by J. B. Phillips,
November, 1931.

Pig. 35. Extricating bay smelt from a gill net that has been circled around a school
of smelt. Photo by J. B. Phillips, November, 19 31.

flashing of a light at or under the surface of the water. The "scaring"
is done by one man while the other rows around inside the circle. The
brick or rock scare is tied to one end of a small rope so that it can be
retrieved and used repeatedly. Sometimes, when the smelt are close to
the beach, the circle is left open in the direction of the beach. The

CALironviA rwn and oamf. 153

jikifT, fliirinj; tin? "si'iirini;" \< '!

'■ TliiM iii'"f hod is mnst rlTiTtivr if :■.■ i.,...;. ■■ 'I

I with thf lift. AftiT thr Hinrit havr Imtu fi .

I nolvfH, the iH't i.H pulh'tl into thf xkilT, Ktartin^ with our cud. the wiwlt
1 b«Mn(? cxtricntcil as it i.H broui;ht in

(ill.I< NKTTINU run HAY SMKI.T

(Sill luts ii.srd for Imy Him-It vnry from l.V) to 350 fpot in IcnR^th
and ir» to 2.') feet in depth. The ni/e (»f the mesh \m>i\ in ordinarily 1 to
1| iiu'ht'S, strftchfd. This size of iiu'sh j;ills snp'It ; " a 4 to

6-in('h si/.f. which run ahoiit IH to the pound. For .. ...r-,!

years the enlflifs of hay siin'lt for the Monterry m •'

made almo.st entirely in Distriet Hi. In the IVnal ('<Mle of the
Cnliforniii, Histriet HI is delini-d as "ineludinu' th«»s«' waters an. I

hinds to hiirh w.-ifi-r mark of that portion of .Monti-rey Bay to th<' s

of ;i line drawn linin thf fxtrfiin' northfrly puint of Point I'ini>s in a

. .L-* !

Ji>

IBB^HMiMBi^Wii»BM8M8aMiiMilM—afc=aM>^B—l

Tig. 3(5. A lontT pill net bolnfr lUvltlod Into > I.

The two smaller cirdea uro then work' ■■*,

November, 1931.

strnicrht line easterly to the eastern shore of Monterey Bay to a point
north of the town of Seaside known as the 1st stake, a povernraent
sur\»>y monument." The most suecfssful net tins; is just ofT of the
Mcmterey sariiine canneries and the fresh tish markets. *

All of the bay smelt nettimr is done in the daytime. Two men in a
.vkitT compose n trill net crew. The net is piled on the stem of the skiff.
ami eireliuir optM'ations are the same as those e\' ' ' 1 for '' -k

smelt. In praetieally all eases, the smelt are eomj . : ... encin h

the net and the ends fastened where they overlap. The fish ar .t^

tied into jjillinir themselves by the use of a brick or rock "scare. " One
man rows the skitT around inside the circle, while the other man repeat-
''dly throws the weiijht into the water.

Sometimes a lontr net is divided into two smaller circles after the
initial large circle has been made, so as to facilitate "scaring" opera-
tions.

154

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A rare variation of the above netting performance is for one man
to start drawing in the net from one end as soon as the circle has been
completed, the other end being anchored to the skiff. As the net is
being pulled in by one man, the other stands in the stern of the skiff

into the water so as to prevent the smelt from

and throws the "scare"

Fig-. 37. Unloading' a catch of jack smelt at Monte-
rey. The launch is used mainly for transporta-
tion to and from the fishing grounds. The actual
fishing is accomplished with the aid of one, and
sometimes two, skiffs. Photo by J. B. Phillips,
August, 1931.

passing under the boat and to frighten them back into gilling themselves
as the circle diminishes in size.

A few days after the evident appearance of the bay smelt off Mon-
terey, the catch by gill nets is about 90 per cent bay smelt and the
balance mainly jack smelt. After the first month or so, the percentage
of bay smelt in the catches decreases until their disappearance from the
commercial catch about January or February.

OAUrORKIA riHH AVD OAMC 156

About the tinif of tlu" app'-araiMT «jf thr Imy hii! '• ■• •'

ciul catfli, lar^;t• catchrH of miiiuII jnrk Hiijflt. rall'-d "
tlH'ir appearand'. Thi'M> urr Minclt that raiiK*' >» thr main from thn**-
to four iru-hi's in h'li^'fli. and an* rau(;ht with hhwiII n ra

IH'ts ill shallow water. Whereas th<' ••atehen «if hay ■=•• a.UT

the lirst month or so of their appearam-)' in the ron ,,, the

catches of "fryers" are eoiitiiiiioiis throii(;hoiit the winter monthn
((lependin)^' upon weather eontlitioiiM ) . K.xaniinalion of tit of

"fryers" (luring' the \'Xl\ srason shownl Ihi-rn to Iw eontp*'-"'! ■•. jn-k
gnielt in the nuiin. No hay smelt were foninl mixed in then** cati-heM.
Often times, however, there are f<»und up to 'JO pi-r eent of Niniihir ni/rd
sardines and (M'easionally smaMer amotintH of whitebait and surf Hinelt.

oTm:» DiciJT oiiJ< NirrTiNi; in montkhky iiav

As has Itrt-n mejitioned. tlif l)ay smelt phase seems to Im" ronfined
entirely to Distriet Iti A leirislative enactment allows a «lrift (rill net
BH the oidy type of n«'t * that j-an he us<'d for fishini; in this district,
except that a round haul net or a |)urst' net nwiy he n.s«'d ojdy for the
[impose t)!' ealeliin;,' stpiid. jinehovy and sardines.

A set k'\\\ net is ditTerentiated from a drift jjill net, as follows: "A
't '/\]\ net is one that is made fast in any way and shall not Im« free to
tirif'f with the tide or current, or a net so placed as to catch <\r ' nd

tisli within a l)iLrhf. I)a\'. oi' cstiiat\' ji'j'.iin>^t flu- sliort- n|niii tl}.-
tide."

Drift irill nets, of about 4-inch mesh, are al.so us<'d in the taking; of
various perches off the shallow rocky portions of tlie bt-ach in |)istri«'t IK.
Two men in a skitT operate the net. Instea<l of circliu};. the net is more
often placed acro.ss an indentation in the shore or a small cove. Ciillint;
of the fish in this ca.se is accomplished by frij^htenin;; the fisli outward
from tlit> shore.

(iill nets are also used in Monterey I^ay for the capturini; of kinp-
lish. herring, white sea bass and halibut, but these nets arc more often
in the nature of set jrill nets.

UKFKHKNCKS
I5i>imiit, I'iml.

IIK'.O. The (':tlif<>rnia wliiti-tooi tisluTV. Ciil. h'lsh nml iJaiiir, vul. 10, no. 2, |»|».
i;U> VM.

I lark. Kranops N.

lOL'S. Tlip .snielt.s of thr Snn PtMlro wlioliwilo fisli mnrkols. ('«!. Fi«lj aiid (iaiiir.

vol. 14. no. 1. pp. 1« '2\.
IJVJ'.I. Ttio life-liistory of tho ruliforniii jack >iinrll. \lhTn10p9it raliformirmtiM.

("al. I>iv. Fi«*h (wim#». Fish Bull., no. !»'., T2 p.. V2 f\K*.

Walford, Lionel A.

UVU. llaiidhook of conunun commcrcinl and Ranip fisthon of ralif<>rni:i. i'a]. Dir.
Fi.sh Game, Fi,«<h Rull.. no. 28, pp. iV^ iW.

• Fyko npts, shrimp nets, or crab neta arc not considered aa Mt ncla.

156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

REPELLENTS AND DEER DAMAGE CONTROL

By Gordon H. True, Jr.

COMPETITION between wild deer and cultivated crops in Cali-
fornia has, during the past decade, been steadily increasing until
it has come to constitute a problem of considerable economic
importance. The necessity of some action whereby the situation may
be relieved has been recognized by the Division of Fish and Game and,
as a result, considerable effort has been expended toward that end. One
line of endeavor is represented by the investigation that has been carried
on by the author in determining the role that repellents may play in
deer damage control. It is the purpose of this paper to present the
results of that investigation.

The author wishes to express his thanks to those who have aided
him in this work. A number of farmers have gladly given assistance
and various members of the patrol force of the Division of Fish and
Game have devoted part of their time to this work. The author is
indebted to Mr. E. M. Mills, U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey, for
valuable suggestions.* Material obtained through the medium of
questionnaires sent out by the Game Depredations Committee of the
State Chamber of Commerce was also of aid.

At the outset of the investigation, all available data concerning
repellents that had been used, not only in California, but in other sec-
tions of the country as well, were gathered together with the idea of
subjecting to rigid tests those repellents which appeared to be of value.
It is needless to say that these were found to be in the minority. The
value of this preliminary survey lay in the fact that it brought to light
the nature of the many difficulties to be encountered in attempting to
control the depredations of deer by this means. Through it, also, the
possibility was recognized that, guided by the experiences of others, a
i-eally practical, effective repellent might be found.

Actual field tests of various repellents have been carried on through-
out the State during the past two years. Although these tests have not
been entirely restricted to any one part of California, the greater
portion of the experimental work has been carried on in Santa Cruz
County and in the more mountainous parts of Napa, Sonoma and Marin
counties. In selecting a location for a test it has been the practice to
choose a farm on which only one type of crop is being grown and, if
possible, one that is immediately adjacent to others on which the same
crop is being grown under similar conditions. Thus, in the first place,
the confusion that might arise from dealing with a variety of crops is
eliminated and further, the neighboring acreages serve as controls. It
is of the utmost importance that the owner or tenant of the land on
which a test is to be made be in sjrmpathy with the investigator and
willing to assist in the work. The observations of the farmer must of
necessity be depended upon to a certain degree and his aid is often
required in the application of repellents.

* Mills, E. M., The Fruit Grower and Deer Damage, The Rural New Yorker,
Vol. 89, No. 5108, pp. 658-659, May 17, 1930.

CAI.IKOHNIA KIMII ANl» OAMB 157

Ij<'t UH (li'liuf H rrpflliiii in tli

tinn of Hul)stain'«'s wliich, «lur to it.H '•......;.. ,; .

will srrvi' to proffcl a(;riiMiltiiral rropn from th'* tl'i.' 1

diMT. Krpt'llriits may Iw tlividiul into two clii . rhi-inical

n'pt'll«'nt.s, wliii'h art tlirouu'li tin- rfT«'ft tlifv ma;. ;

of smt'll or taste, ami ({••vin-M wliirh intensify tin- i.

nt'SM. Tlir lirst riavs incltult.s tiiosi' .Hiitistan(M>M whirh niiiy ^i^^c the
form of sprny.s or ihiMt.s. applii^l diroctly to tin* foliaKC, or may hti

«'ITc«'tivi' tliroii^'ii mt-rfly Ix-in;? plii 1 in tlw pr 'v of th«' ' 'f

pln?it Mil' tn !)«' protrctrjj. Tix" siTontl cla.ss is i uli-tl l»y ti.

makers and of her contrivant't-s wliifli arc rale: to friu'liti-n

wliicli approach tlinn. It is not Hiifllrirnt that a n'pi'llrnt \h' •
In addition it mnst be n-asonahlt' in prii'c. easily and <piickly i •

operation and must retain its repellent properties over n re.i
Inn^' period ni' time. The two elasses of repellents will Ik? d: I

parati'ly.

niKMICAh HKPKI.LANTS

The first uroiip of ehemieal suhstanees to he dis<'uss«Hl arc animal
I'.v-prodiiets of the meat paekinir industry; namely. hl<»od. irroninl blmxl
meal, irroiind meat sera|>. dijrester tankairt* and jrroimd hone meal.

lUoud has been employed sueeesstiiHy as a spray for the proteotion
of yonnir cherry treos in the II. (Jansbertrer and neiirhborini; orehardn
•situated in I'alomares Canyon, between Dublin and Ilayward. .\" 'i
County. Fresh warm blood was obtained from a neiu'hborintr sl...._. • r
house, plaeed in containers ami stirred until cool. After the .stirring
process all coajrulated material was removed and the containers were
placed in the siin until their contents had become more or '
posi>d. An i^pial Volume of water was then added and the e\i. -i.. .wi.u'
mixture was sprayed on the folia^'i- of the youiu; cherry trees by means
of an ordinary knapsack sprayer. If the a|)plication was repeated at
intervals of from one to two weeks, this method resulted in almost 100

per cent control. Knirs dippe<l in blood and hunir about the ore' ' "r

vineyanl have bct'ii made use of in some sections with varyinjr s

of success. Vineyardists in tlie vicinity of Geyserville. Sonoma County,
painted the «rrMi)e stakes with blood but found that that treatment must
i>e renewed too fre(|uently to be practical. In no case has the blood
treatment been as cfTective as when used as a spray, aceordint; to the
method outlined above. The use of blood as a repellent is, unfortu-
nately, limited by the supjdy. There are few cases where that material
may be (obtained in amounts lartrc enough to control deer damage over
an area of any size.

Ulood meal, ground meat .scrap and digester tankage are all
- niployed in a similar manner and. if frequently applied, will afford a
considerable degree of protection, i. e.. from ;'iO to 100 per cent. These
substances may be useil in the dry condition or mixed with water. In
the first case the material is merely sprinkled on the foliage. The wet
mixture is best applied by throwing it on the foliage with a whitewash
bru*;]! or whisk broom. Since it is necessary to repeat the npv' * n
of the above substances at intervals of a few days, they are not { : :il

for use on large acreages. If used in an ornamental garden they have
the disadvantage of being unsightly. Mr. J. A. Winkleman. Placer-
ville. reports that blood meal, mixed with water and allowed to putrefy,

158 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

bas given good results in some places in El Dorado County. Meat scrap
has been effective in the protection of young apple trees on the ranch of
Mr. F. C. Clarke, Laytonville, Mendocino County. The best type of
meat scrap is that which possesses a putrid odor and may usually be
obtained from the small-town butcher. It is much more satisfactory than
the ordinary commercial grades which often lack that necessary quality.

Bone meal was recommended to the author as an excellent repellent
but has proved to be almost without value, both in the dry condition
and mixed with water. It is almost without odor and, the particles
being extremely fine, is readily blown away.

Current prices for the above materials per cwt. are : ground blood
meal $2.75, ground meat scrap (commercial) $2, digester tankage
$1.50, and ground bone meal $1.50. No prices are quoted for whole
blood.

D4

In July, 1930, Bulletin Number 1, of the New Hampshire Depart-
ment of Fisheries and Game, was received by the author. The bulletin
was in the nature of a progress report dealing with D4, a proprietary
spray for deer damage control that had been used in New Hampshire
with considerable success. A supply of D4 was obtained for trial under
California conditions. D4 is applied as a water solution, one part
of the former being mixed with sixteen parts of the latter. Nothing
has been divulged concerning its composition. It is distributed by the
Merrimac Farmers' Exchange, Concord, New Hampshire. The retail
price is $2.50 per gallon f.o.b. Concord.

Experimental work with D4 was begun on January 29, 1931, at
Ross, Marin County, California. On that date two adjacent rose
gardens on Southwood Avenue were sprayed with the repellent. On
February 5th two gardens directly across the street were similarly
treated. The spraying was done with a 2^ gallon pressure sprayer of
the type commonly used in the control of insect pests. Inspections at
intervals of one week were made throughout the course of the experi-
ment, which was terminated on April 18, 1931. At the time of the
first application of D4 the leaf buds were just opening and the work
was continued until the roses were in full bloom. At each inspection
the gardens were carefully examined for evidence of damage and for
the tracks of deer. Only twice were tracks observed and only once, on
April 10th, were there any signs of damage. On that day it was
observed that two shoots had been taken from one rose bush. The
gardens were sprayed four times during the experiment. It was
deemed necessary to repeat the applications because of the rapid growth
of the plants with continual production of new foliage. There were
also several showers of rain which, it was feared, might have washed
the repellent from the plants.

The results of this experiment would seem to indicate that D4 had
successfully protected the rose gardens from deer damage, since, dur-
ing the corresponding period in 1930 the rose bushes had been com-
pletely defoliated. Also, during the course of the experiment, rose
gardens in the immediate vicinity of those treated had suffered con-
siderable injury. On the other hand, the almost complete absence of
deer tracks in the gardens indicates that D4 did not receive a thorough
trial, for it is inconceivable that a repellent of that nature would keep

CAIJFORNIA riHll AND OAMi:

159

dcjT entirely out of the arenji over whieh it had U-i-ii a;
of year must nl.s<» be taki-n into " l>ii'

nionthM thert* Im an ahmulance . . .. .. ; . . .iu'e in

uikI, (•oii.se(|iu-iitly, lierr are not drivm to eullivaf

later in the snninier when the wihl foraije haM Iwcome (lr\

On May fi, 1931, a prune orehanl helonjjint? to Mr \V. K. 1 rmtt,
iJuiiny I)(H.Ii District, Santa Crn/. County, w -rayra v :•» tu ti,„
ten Jiere on liaiti is houmhd hy a roatl on oir , by al-

yard and pasture hind on another, and by wild lan<l on the other two.
Deer had b»'en donik' more or U'ns <lamau'«* to thi' pru* i

period of ten years. During' thf past ffw years it had I. .. .
to replant an avtra^'e of one hundn-d tre.-s per year. In the n

iuiir of the orehard, a block of 176 trees of all aj?e.s wa.s .sprayed. whd«-
the renuiinin^ IL'S trees were nplants s4Mtt«'rcd about the rfmaind«T of
thf orchard. Twenty one trees had alreacly b- • ' ■• •.^,■,1 and r' ••
were marked with ta;;s. Nine ^r.iiloiis of spray v The iipp.

tion took one hour and a half.

Inspection of the orehard on May Uilh revealed no sign of damage
to urjta>;j:ed trees. On May *J7th it was found that a numi s

had been injured. The latter inspection was nui'!- insi i.

rain of two days duration. The orehanl was h full of

tracks. Whether the injury had been done before or after the ram
iiid not be determined. The trees were resprayed on May 27th. the
iiees danmired since May .')th beinj: ta^'j.'cd. (Jn .June I'Jth the orchard
was visited for the lourtli time and it was noteil that nearly all of the
Rmall trees had been nibbled, and lower braiiehes of the larper trees,
in the west end of the ordiard. had been partially tiefoliated. There had
been rain on the 'ith v\' .lune. The orehard was sprayed a^ain on
that tiay. Att«'r June I'Jth the damaj;e became »'ontinU(»us and by
the »'nd of the month all of th«' snudler trees had been almost com-
pletely ilenudeil of leaves. No furthei- applications of 1)4 were made.

Diirini: the early part of Novnidier, l!>.{(). a supply of 1)4 was sent
;.. K. .\. lirowne, Castella. Shasta County, in order that it mii;hl be
Hiven a trial with reference to the protection of a strawberry planta-
tion that had been ilamaired extensively by dt'er. The spray was first
applied on November '20. 1!K!(), and was ap|>arently effective for a
period of one month. At the end of the month winter snows set in
and nunle further applications not only impossible but unnecessary.
Sixteen jrallons of the spray were required to cover sliirhtly 1 n

one-half acre of strawberry plants Mr. lirowne reporteil thai autinjj
the month followint; the application of the spray deer had entered
the plot but had done no feedins;. The only damaj;e consisted in the
breakini; of the runners from some of the plants by deer walking
between the rows. Duriuir the summer of IH-'U the strawberry- plants
were sprayed aizain and witliin two weeks sever.nl deer rnn>?iiin.d 'he
entire crop.

G. JIaneardi. Laurel. Santa Cruz County, used L)4 on young
prune trees and reported serious injury by deer after a period of three
to four days. E. D. Kodijers. Swanton. Santa Cruz County, found that
deer regardeil iiladiolus buds as palatable at from four to six days
after treatment with the spray.

160 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

From the experimental data concerning D4, we may draw the
conclusion that that material is not an effective repellent mider Cali-
fornia conditions. Although it is reasonably effective during the
winter and early spring months when green wild forage is available
or when untreated crops are in the immediate vicinity of crops that
have been sprayed, it has little repellent effect during the dry summer
months when deer are forced to resort to cultivated crops for succulent
food.

WHALE OIL SOAP LIQUOR CRESOLIS COMPOUND

A spray composed of liquid whale oil soap and liquor cresolis
compound (surgical) has been used with good results for the protec-
tion of vineyards. Early in the course of this investigation, the author
observed that whale oil soap had, for a short period, a decided repellent
effect. After some experimenting it was found that this repellent
effect was increased and lasted for a longer period of time upon the
addition of a small amount of liquor cresolis compound (surgical).
The proportions used were five gallons of liquid whale oil soap and
two quarts of liquor cresolis compound to one hundred gallons of
water. On the basis of ten gallons of water, two quarts of the whale
oil soap and fourteen tablespoonfuls of liquor cresolis compound should
be used.

On June 1, 1930, the vineyards of Mr. G. Gaudino and F. Caldera,
Atlas, Napa County, were sprayed with this material. The vineyards,
comprising some twenty-five acres in all, are isolated and completely
surrounded by wild land except where they adjoin each other. Both
had been damaged considerably bj^ deer. The spray program involved
the spraying of a strip six vines wide around the vineyards with
the exception of one block of 650 newly grafted vines in the
Gaudino Adneyard. In the case of the latter all the vines were sprayed.
A fifty gallon barrel mounted on a horse drawn sled and supplied with
a hand pump was used to apply the spray. Although the vines had
been injured to quite an extent during the early part of the season, the
deer left the vineyards strictly alone until the 21st day of June when
a few vines in an isolated corner of the Gaudino vineyard were dam-
aged. The vineyards were sprayed again on June 26th. This second
application was effective until the second day of August. At this
time it was deemed inadvisable to continue with the spraying since
further use of a liquid spray might have resulted in injury to the
grapes, which were rapidly maturing. The owners of the vineyards
were satisfied with the use of the spray. During the months of June
and July the vines had become full grown and consequently less pala-
table to the deer. After the cessation of spraying the only damage
done was the nibbling of the ends of some runners and a few bunches
of grapes.

During the month of October, 1930, a visit was paid to the vine-
yard of Mr. W. R. Depew, Bonny Doon District, Santa Cruz County.
It was found that the vineyard had been almost completely defoliated
by deer. The vineyard had been similarly damaged in 1929 and to a
less extent in 1928, the first year that the condition had become notice-
able. It was estimated that deer had destroyed eighty-five per cent
of the 1930 crop. The four acre vineyard is bounded on two sides by
apple orchard and on the other two by wild land.

CAUrORN'IA ri8II AND OAME 161

III the Mprink' of I'J.'ll. juMt prior to the (frowiiii? neamn, the owner
of the viiH'.VHrd wjim mipplifil with n •luantity of whale oil Map and

liquor {•rt'.solJM coinpouml ami was i '••«1 to '

ut th»' first si^rti of di-cr tlaiimmv Ti.- ...^i «pr ■

uftiTiioon of th<' '2'>\\\ ami th.- inorniiik' of th- "X

ifallnijM of spray were used. Th««n» was no furtlwr <l iniil April

Itli wIk'm a few vini's wit*' sli^fhlly iiijiirtMJ. On ■ ' ''••

viiifvartl was sprayed for thr siTond tiiio". Nin- ;. r.-

re«|uir«'d for tin- sri-ond sprayinj;. this incrrasr hnim dii«- to th*-
lart;«'r anuumt of f«)liaj;»' to \w eoveml. A hravy Hhower wawhril thr
i.pcih'iit from thf foljjip' an<l tlirn-hy ii- \U-i\ a thii " 'i-

fatioM on May 7lh. Sixty tralloiis wi-rr ..^. .. Th«n* w .;..>r

spray applications diiriii;; thf ninaiml.r of thr srason sinn? the owner

as iu'sitaiit with rejrard to. the uso of n liquid spray on the vim's while

tlif huuchfs of irrapcs Wfn« maturini». niirinir the " ' i?

from March LMi to June 1. VXil. Icvs than t\\-- re

injured and thcsr not seriously. Fresh iicrr tm dd In- s.-i-n in

the vineyard at any tinuv The vines wen* in excellent eondition and
showed no sij;ns of injury tliat mi^'ht hav«' heen atf- ' ' to th«»

spray. Since furtlier use of a liquid repellent was impr.i another

mctlmd was resiwteil to that successfully protected the vineyaril for
tiie renuiinder of the .season. The nature «)f that method will be diii-
eussed inidcr another headimr. Tiie cost of materials for the protec-
tion of the viiu'yard for the periotl mentioned was $"J .'54 per acre for
iiuiterials. Three days lal)or hy two men was required for the three
applications. The spray was njjplied hy means of a KKJ gallon orchard
spray machine.

The whale oil s()a|)-liquor cresolis spray was used m an allempi
'M protect tjladioli at the nursery of K. 1). Kodp-rs. Swanton. Santa
I ru/ County, and was etTective for jieriods varyin^r from six days to
two weeks. The author attempted to prevent deer injury to the vine-
yard of (5. Lucliesi. Yountville, Napa County, with the .siime spray.
The results of that experiment were di.sastrou.s. Due can not spray
a tifteen acre vineyanl with a two and a half «jrallon spray pun and
keep ahead of the deer and the weather.

Since, iu the case of vineyards, the critical periml is iluriuj; the
early part of the pri'owiuj^ .season, the whah* oil soap-litpior cresolis
eompouiid spray may he rcconimcndeil for use at that time. It has
been found that if a vineyard is atTorded protection durinjr this critical
l>eriod the daiiuiire later in the season will he sli;;ht in nu»st instances.
Deer do not liiid old foliaire nearly so palataMe as the temler shoot.s
of the tirst spring «;rowth. This spray shouKl not be used on trees
as it will burn the foliaj^e. If u.seil in the reconinuMuletl pro{>ortioii8.
however, there will be absolutely no burnin;; of ^rape vines

Liipiid whale oil soap may be obtained from any spray tlealer ami
lit|Uor cresolis conjpound (^siirjjical) from any druirizist. Michel and
Telton. Kmoryville. California, quote the foUowinjf prices for the
above materials: whale oil soap (liquid), fifty-tive gallon drums. $0.55
gal.; five Lrallon cans. $;>.r)0; one jjallon cans. $1; liqm^r cresolis com-
pound t^surirical). thirty fjallon tlrunis $l.oO pal.; tive pallon cans.
$1.(.)5 gal.; one gallon cans. $1.80. Five gallon cans containing whale

162 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

oil soap and liquor cresolis compound already mixed may be obtained
from the same concern $4.25 per can.

NAPHTHALENE FLAKES

Naphthalene flakes have proved to be an effective repellent for the
protection of young orchard trees. The naphthalene method has been
employed in various orchards throughout the 1930 and 1931 seasons
and has resulted in from ninety-five to one hundred per cent control. In
preparing naphthalene flakes for use, two tablespoonf uls are placed in a
piece of white muslin about eight inches square. The corners of the
cloth are then tied together to form a small bag. One of these bags is
hung in each tree to be protected about three feet from the ground.
In the humid coastal region one treatment lasts for approximately^
two months. Where atmospheric moisture is low the treatment must
be renewed as often as once a month. Successive treatments must over-
lap, that is, a fresh supply of the repellent must be put on before
the material used for the preceding treatment has completely evapo-
rated. In the case of trees over two or three years old it is wise to
increase the number of bags to two or three per tree, depending on
their size.

Naphthalene flakes were used in the protection of young prune
trees in the orchard of Mr. J. Haub, Geyserville, Sonoma County, dur-
ing the summer of 1931. Prior to treatment with naphthalene a number
of the trees in this orchard had been injured to quite an extent.
Naphthalene bags were put out and a smooth circle was raked around
the base of each treated tree. Although deer tracks were frequently
observed on the raked areas, no further damage was done throughout
the remainder of the season. Control, in this instance, was 100 per cent.
In November, 1930, the Thornhill Broome Estate, Oxnard, Ventura
County, found itself faced with a serious deer damage problem. Deer
were rapidly making away with a newly planted orange grove. Naph-
thalene flakes were recommended and, at once, 1700 trees were treated.
The naphthalene was placed in small sugar sacks obtained from a nearby
refinery and was in the form of moth balls rather than flakes but, in
principle, the method was correct. On February 30, 1931, Game
Warden R. E. Bedwell, Ventura, reported that deer damage control in
the Broome orange grove had been 100 per cent.

On May 4, 1931, young apple trees in the orchards of Mr. Harry
Baker, Mr. William Ryder, and Mr Glenn Spencer, Aptos, Santa Cruz
County, were treated with naphthalene flakes. The Ryder orchard,
the most open to attack, suffered only a slight amount of damage
throughout the rest of the summer, about five per cent. In the Baker
orchard injury to treated trees was negligible. A number of trees in
this orchard were left untreated and these were destroyed. The Spencer
orchard remained undamaged until the latter part of June when the
owner neglected to renew the supply of naphthalene which, by that
time, had evaporated. A large proportion of the young trees were
then destroyed. The Ryder and Baker orchards were treated three
times, at intervals of approximate! }■ two months, during the season. It
is significant that in the three Santa Cruz County orchards considered
here, the rearing of young trees had been regarded as impossible due
to the certaintj^ of their destruction bj^ deer. Mr. Ryder lost almost

n

CAUrOR.VIA rttLB AND GAME 163

tiitin* plant iiit^M for ut IruMt tlirw yi-an* l>«?foro iiaphlhalene
.1 With tin? aiivent of Uw luiplittuilcnc troatiniMit the ownom of the
hauls w«M(' ahlf to hriiijj yoiinK trtM-n throiiKh the 1931 netuum

,u.('«'.s.sriilly.

NaphtliahMii" llakr.H may bo ohtniiu'tl in fifty pouiul lotn for ♦<) 11
I . r pound. In sinallrr anioiintM thr prirf will vary from $<).15 to $<) 20
[mt pounil. Kvrn at tin* lattt-r priff. hoWfVtT, tin* tnwitnuMil in r

'Iv iufxpt-nsiviv I'sini^ one ha^j In vtwh ♦?■ iw pound will f' i

• ' "^ .

ASAKitKTIDA

(luni asafoctiila may l)<> (Muployi'd in the huiuo manner as that
omnnMulfd for naphthalfiH' llaki's, a \uovv of th«» .soft u'um alxfUt the
• of a ^.'olf l)all hi'iuv: placi'd in farh hajr. Althouu'h a.saf ■ ' ■ has
I boi-n as clTi't'livc as naphtlialfiH', it has the advantajje of ; for

lontfiM- time. The mat(>rial is rtTrrtivt* as lon^r as it rrmains in a soft
ulitiuH l)Ut when it heconu's hanl. tin* o«lor is lost and it i:
ii'Wfd. In Santa Cru/ County on«" application proved to !■
lit for an entire suninirr. In northern Sunnnia County tin* a*ii t

tx'.anir hard and worthless in about throe nmnths. Gum usafoetida
48 $()•>*.'> |)rr pound in fifty pouml lots. One pound will treat twelve
! II 'es.

rUKOSOTK

('reosotr ami iTeosotc dips have been wid«'ly ust-d for the purp<Kse

deer damai^rf prevention but in most cases the method has met with

III tie sueeess. Tlie usual proecdun' has been to saturate strips of eloth

th the li(iuiil and hanvr them at various points in the vineyard,

■hard or •garden. Since tin* strips of doth are expose«l to the sun and

wiiul. the creosote rapidly evaporates and the repellent etTeet Ls lost

'liiu a few days.

(liinie Warden .1. 1>. Duud'Ti.. Lakeport, Lake County, evolvetl a
111. "t hod w hereby creo.sote beeom'i's nitu'e i-lTeetive. particularly in the ease
orcharils. Heavy w()<»len material (old blankets, overcoats, etc.) is
It into pieces ten to twelvt' inches sipnire. Each piece is then rolled into
liirht ball and secured with a picee of hay wire. The balls are then
uked in creosote or sheep ilip until they beeome thorou^'hly .siiturat«il.
• Mie is then \\m\\i on each tree in such a nuinner that none of the liquiil
will ci»me in contract with the tree ami injure it throu;rh burning;.
The balls of cloth nnist be re«lipped at intervals of from two to three
weeks. The fact that the pieces of cloth are rolled into balls cuts ilowu
evaporation and is the basis for the success of the Dondero metlKnl. The
method has been responsible for almost one hundred per cent control
in s»>veral Lake and \ai>a County orchards. It is primarily il- -■• > 1
fi»r orchard iiroteclion. lieiu'.r iiiueh less etYective in the case •
yards and gardens.

Airricultural Commissioner J. A. Winkleman. IMaeerville. El Dorado
County, has outlined a metluxl of usini; creosote that has been employed
successful! v bv some of the orchardists in El Dorado Count v. In prin-
ciple, it is identical with the Dondero method. Small pieces of wood
about the size of playinjr cards are dipped in creosote and suspended in
youns:: trees by means of wire. The chips are reilipped about twice a
month.

Creosote costs 50 cents per gallon iu 50-gallou drums.

< I

a
■i

164 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

slutman's formula

It will be remembered that, in connection witb the use of whale
oil soap and liquor cresolis compound in protecting the "W. R. Depew
vineyard, Santa Cruz County, another repellent was used after further
use of the liquid spray was considered unsafe. The repellent that was
used is the inA^ention of Mr. William Slutman, La Canada, Los Angeles
County, and was used by him in the successful prevention of deer
damage to his vineyard during the 1931 season. Mr. Slutman allowed
the author to use the dust under the condition that the formula be not
divulged. Consequently nothing can be said here concerning the nature
and composition of the repellent. Mr. Slutman has been busy perfect-
ing his concoction and expects to place it on the market, where it will
be available to those who wish to make use of it for deer damage control.

SCARING DEVICES

Scaring devices of many kinds have been widely used in an effort
to prevent deer damage. Such devices, while serving as deterrents for
a short time, have been ineffective as long-time control measures. Deer
invariably become accustomed to them. Probably the most striking
instance of this is the automatic flash gun.

The automatic flash gun is a contrivance especially designed to
frighten wild animals and birds. The machine is operated by carbide
gas and is so arranged that the gas explodes at intervals of from two
to ten minutes. The explosion may be compared with the report of a
.30 caliber rifle. In addition to the periodic explosions, the pilot
burner throws a beam of light. The machine is hung from a tripod
and, at the point of attachment, is fitted with a swivel. 'As the gun
swings about in the wind the beam of light is thrown in all directions.
An automatic flash gun was put into operation at the nursery of Mr.
E. D. Eodgers, Santa Cruz County. The deer were naturally consid-
erably frightened at first biit after the machine had been in use for
about a week they could be seen feeding in its light, merely raising
their heads in mild annoyance at the sound of each explosion.

Scarecrows resembling humans have been used extensively with
little or no effect. Strips of white cloth or pieces of bright tin strung
on lines are seldom of value for more than a few days, a week at the
most. The discharge of firearms may frighten deer at first but, like'
the automatic flash gun, effects no permanent cure. One farmer hung
kerosene lanterns at various points in his vineyard. When questioned
as to the success of the method he remarked that the deer seemed to
appreciate his efforts in their behalf. He had merely provided them
with light by which to feed. Lake County farmers who tried the same
method in alfalfa fields came to the same conclusion.

Many have tried the effect of bird shot upon hungry deer but find
that, though the deer leave their nocturnal repast at the time of the
bombardment, they usually return to the feast within an hour or two.
The control accomplished by this method has not been sufficient to war-
rant the expenditure of ammunition and the loss of sleep that it necessi-
tates.

Dogs have been used with varying degrees of success depending on
the type of dog that the landowner happens to have in his possession.
Hounds have been generally unsuccessful since they take one deer out

CALironS'lA PIHII AND OAMK 165

roxK thi' country Iravinj; the rc«t tofontinuc with the work of d«ilruc-
111. The inon^'rrl MhrphiMil, harkint; at aiiythiii(? and (•ver^thin^ will

(Icrr away until Iw ^tIm tir«'<| of the npurt. In
.J., of (loy has h«'rn n-niaikably i-tTiTtivc Th«- '•■•-'

•ii tin* author's attention was oni' that ronlin h

•oinul his owner's vineyanl jlurinj; the <Iay linn*. He wan hnntini;
il)l)its aiitl s(|uirrels and kept up a eontiniud elanior. I' ' v

at lu) deer bedded down in the nei;;hh<»rho«M! .r »' •' I

rise(|uently there were fewer to enter it at li r

crihed his hiek of deer djiina;;e entirely to the doj;. Him neit^hboPN all
nl heen dainajjeil extensively. I-'ew are the instanees, I r, in

liieh do^'s have consistently alTorded protection over a l.i.„ ,'riod
I time. In most oases, thou^di at first anta}.'<»nistic. tin* do;; and the

■ leer hecome accustomed to one am»th«'r aiul, like the lion and lainh, they

li»' down to}?ether.

CONCLUSION

Tlie elTectivoness of any repellent has been found to b*- ' mIchI

M a nunil>»'r of conditions. Such fa«'tors as t«'mperature, i.. . the

number of deer in the neij»hborhooil, and the n-lation of the property

wild laiul all have their etTect. The combinatitui of such factors in

ly one place will often be the decidinj; factor in determinir' - -i •»'■ -r

: not a repellent will jrive satisfactory results aiul to wi

\ method that has bei'ii hi^jhly successful uniler ore |?iven set of condi-

•ns may prove entirely worthless under aiu)ther.

hi coiu'lusioii it may be stated, that while the itieal n* ' ^

nut been found, there are nuiterials that will ^jrcatly reiluce ' ;it

: ileer dama«,'e. Whether or not any of the repellents herein desi'ribed
lie used is, of course, up to the individual farmer. In tho.se ca.s««s w
I he amount of (h'er dania«;e is small, the expense connectetl with th«- ii»-
"t" r»>pcllents, thou;.'li not threat, willprobably not be justiticd. In ijises
where tleer are causing: real lo.sses, however, the Siivinj? aeeomplishetl
iliroui;h the use of repellents will more than counterbalance the cost of
'Utrol.

COOKING AND CLEANING LOSSES IN
CANNING TUNA

By D. TI. Frt. Jr,

THIS WOKIv was carried out to learn how much wei;»ht tuna.s lose
at ilitlVrent staj^es in tlu' caiuiiuLr privess. The amount lost in
cleaning is of interest to statistical workei-s who freqn-""'^- '' 've
to eonvert cloaneil weiirht into round weiirht ; while law » it

ofllcers have to be sure that the cleaned fish in canneries were not under
the le;j:al weiirht limit when roiuul. liesides this, cannery officials like
to know when the loss at any one step in the CAUiung process becomes
excessive.

'Contribution No. 121 from the California State Fisheries I.Alraratory. Januar)*.
1933.

4—93971

166 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

When tunas are taken to a cannery, they are first weighed then
given to cleaners, who remove the entrails. The next process is to
steam-cook the fish for a length of time, which varies with species, size,
fatness, etc., then they are allowed to cool, and sometimes to stand an
extra day. After this the head, skin, dark meat, fins, and bones are
removed, leaving nothing except white meat which is then sliced and
l^laced in cans with a little oil and salt.

The first load examined consisted of iced yellowfin tuna from
Mexico. Sixty of these fish, ranging in weight from six to twenty
pounds, were taken from the cannery floor a few at a time, weighed,
placed on a cleaning table and reweighed after they had been given the
preliminary cleaning by regular cannery workers in the routine
manner.^

The fish examined were then placed on trays and steam-cooked in
the standard way. The rack containing the trays was marked and each
tray numbered to make it easy to keep track of the fish and to reweigh
each one after cooking. To get the weight accurately it was frequently
necessary to make use of the theorum, "the whole is equal to the sum
of all of its parts. ' ' In other words, the fish Avere much inclined to lose
outlying portions of their anatomies as they were removed from the
trays. The length of time the yellowfin were cooked was not ascer-
tained, but was the same for all — a condition which would not be likely
to occur ordinarily as larger fish are usually cooked longer.

One hundred and three skipjack were treated similarly. These
fish were also from Mexico and had been on ice for ten days. Cooking
in this case was for three hours at 220 degrees Fahrenheit. The rack
was weighed ten hours after cooking and again twenty-four hours after
that to ascertain the loss on standing. After the second weighing of
the rack the individual fish were weighed and returned to the rack.
They were then taken to the cleaning room and given to two regular
employees of the cannery who removed skin, dark meat, bones, and in
fact everything but the white meat which goes into the can. The white
meat of each fish was weighed separately.

In examining the figures it should be borne in mind that they are
the result of only one run of fish of each kind, that differences in the
technique of the cleaners, length of cooking time, temperature used,
fatness of the fish, and so forth, will each undoubtedly make some slight
difference. Just how much could not be determined without an exhaus-
tive series of tests. The figures therefore do not claim to be more than
an approximation.

„ ,, „ Per cent of Per cent of

leiiownn round uwic/ht round weight

Yellowfin tuna (6 to 20-pouncl fish) : lost remaining

Preliminary cleaning 7.5 92.5

Preliminary cleaning plus cooking after about 10 hours

standing 36.0 64.0

Skipjack (3i to lOJ-pound fish):

Preliminary cleaning 7.0 93.0

Preliminary cleaning plus cooking after about 10 hours

standing 34.0 66.0

Preliminary cleaning plus cooking loss after about 34

hours standing 35.0 65.0

Total loss after final cleaning had removed everything

but white meat 69.0 31.0

2 To carry out this preliminary cleaning the worker makes a small, lengthwise
slit in the body cavity, then while reaching in and grasping the viscera with one
hand, cuts them loose from the head with the other ; a heave then slides the fish on
its way and removes the viscera. The process takes less than five seconds. The fish
are then rinsed and placed in the cooking racks.

CALrrOK.MA H.HII AND OAME 167

I'liis tublr (fivtfi tlu> total 1<>hm up to unci iiirluiliiiK each ittrp mm-
tii.iuMi. l*frrent«i»«' of roinul wi-iulit lont at riwU utrp can be
.sul)fifictinK' tin- loH-H ii|) t(» ami itirliitliiit; tlu* /iff it • ■

i'x'luiliMK' till" .stajje in nufHiion; for ••xaiiipl*', tin- ., ■

mflintr is .'If) pi?r ciMit Iohh .11 per cent lruvi»»i a rrHiiit of 1 iH*r cent of
iiiiiiiij vvi'ii^'lit.

rKKMMI.VAUY ChKANINU U)>«

I'rrliiiiiiinry clraiiinj; Utsn appcarn to Im* al»ouf tin* H<im»' lor .til
sizes of (Isli of tilt' saiiu- spfi'irs. i ' . i small lisli |os«vs fhr Haim* |M'r
centa^'f of its w«'i}^'lit as a larjje oiw

rUKI.IMIN'AHY ('<K)KINU AND CLUA.VINO L.088

(liven the sjinie amount of eookinjj. a small fish Iom-s n
greater |H'i'<'entaj;e of its wi>ii»lit than a lar^T oru*. This i-.
explained hy the faet that tin- steam does not havr to p«'n«'trjit«- a^ : ii
in a sjuall Hsh and eonsequently e(H)ks it more thoroughly in a tfivi-n
len}?th of tiiMf. The skipjaek sample under dist-ussion wouhl indi
that foiii pound fish lose on tin* averair«' ahont 1 or U per cent un>i'-
than tM<;ht -pound lisli ( / » , 1 11 |i.r i'ctu of i-oiuid wfitjht).

LOSS ON STANDING

A load of skipjaik which, wln-n round, had wei>;hrd Vt'2'2 pounds
lOHt about sevi'ii pounds after st-nidin-; an extra 24 hours, i.e., about 1
per eent (the larj,'i' platform scales used for this wei^'hinj; would fi"i
cheek themselves within a pound).

TOTAL LOSS IXCLrDIXO FINAI- CLE-VNINO

Here aijain the percenta<;o loss is jjreater for small fish. In this
case the dilTcrence seems to he about tin* same as that caused by the
COokinjr (1 li per cent). IMdbably about half of this is due to c<M)kin}f
and half to the lo.ss of .small bits of white meat which the workers con-
sidt'r bit; enoui;h to be worth savinj; fn»m larjre tish. but not from snuill.
Rouirhly half of tln' cooked lish is left after the tinal cleaniiiir. Any
loss which will amount to say li per cent of the round w.i^ht in the
' iioked tlsh will be retlueed to about one-half of that after the tinal
cleaninij, since one-half of the shruidcen material is dis«'arded ami
lint enter into the final weiirhinir. There is a possibility that the w<i>i<
parts (if the tish, such as tin- lu'ad, dark meat, tins, etc., may lo.se nearly
all that they are poinj; to in the first part of the eookinp. and that
Irom then on the largest part of the h)ss is sustained by the white
III. at This of course would invalidate the statement made al)ove.

As nientioneil at the beirinninjr of the article the tiiial cleaninjr was
done by two workers. They happenctl to be quite different in technique
and in the amount of white meat they retained. One worker in scrap-
ing ofY skin, dark meat, clotted blooil. etc.. retained white meat to the
extent of '.V2 per cent of the rouiul weijrht of the tish. This ojM^rator
used lonir strokes of the knife and rarely went over the same pround
more than once. The other worker was inclined to l>e more fussy and
scraped with sliort strokes, quite frequently over the same ground.
She retained wiiite meat to the extent of only 28 per cent of the
original weight. The ditTerence would amount to about SO pounds of

168 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME!

1

canned tuna per ton of fish. The worker who used long strokes, in
addition to retaining a higher percentage of white meat, was able to
clean about sixty fish while the other was doing twenty-six.

If the differences in the method of cleaning consistently produce
this result, it would certainly be worth the while of the canners to
teach the workers to use the more efficient method. We have no way
of knowing if this would prove to be the case. Only two workers were
tested and the differences in skill of these two might mean far more
tiian the differences in method.

I wish to thank Richard S. Croker of the California State Fisheries
Laboratory for his assistance, and the officials and employees of the
local (Los Angeles harbor district) tuna canneries for their coopera-
tion in this work.

A SIMPLE METHOD OF AGE DETERMINATION

OF STRIPED BASS

H

By Eugene C. Scofield

OW OLD was that striped bass which you caught several years
ago? Find the record, get its length, then refer to figure 1.
This chart offers a simple method by which you can obtain
the age of any female striped bass between the lengths of 1 and 48
inches.

Comparatively recent research on the life history of the bass
(E. C. Scofield, Cal. Div. Fish and Game, Fish Bull. No. 29, 1931) has
enabled the author to establish very definitelj^ the age, rate of growth
and the weight-length of this species. However, due to the lack of
sufficient data there has been some uncertainty as to the accuracy of
material exceeding 30 inches in length. Through the courtesy of
various vSportsmen of California there have now been gathered data
from about 200 female bass, all of record size, or exceeding 30 inches
in length. These data have made possible the completion of the age-
length, and length-weight curves as presented in figure 38.

The chart not only shows the age of a female striped bass of a
given length, but it also presents a few other facts of general interest.
Observ'e the age-length curve, perhaps more commonly called the
growth curve. It will be seen that a striper grows much faster in its
earlier life than later when it is eight or nine years old. For example,
it grows 6 inches during its second year, while during its eleventh
year it grows but 2 inches. In its twentieth year it only grows 1 inch.

Xow turn to the length-weight curve. The order is here reversed
and we find that as a bass grows it takes on more and more weight in
relation to its increase in length. Until a bass reaches a length of 12
inches it is less than one pound in weight. When it is 36 inches long
it weighs about 19 pounds. However, when it is 51 inches it is 53
pounds in weight.

Referring back to the age-length curve once more, we can observe
that when a bass has reached the ripe old age of twenty years she is
still growing considerably since there is no indication of a tapering off

CAUFORN'IA riHI! AND OAMK

169

FIr. 3S. In the iibovc chart the age-lengrth rMrv<« represents the annn»l ln(

In Icni^th of fomalo strlp'^l bass betw- and twenty yearn Th«

lonRth-wolBht curve roprosents the pr .ite Increase In we. ■■ the

Increase In UnKth of foniales. To detorniiinj the are of your female Lam locate

Its total lenKih In Inches on the vertical scale to the left From this point

trace across horlrontally until the line Intersects the ap-

atre of your bass will then be the number directly ab*v.

only the welRht Is known then locate the welpbt of your 1

scale at the bottom. Trace up vertically until the line '■

welpht curve. Then trace to the right, horliontally. until i:.e line Intcrs-cts

the avre-lenKth curve. Read the numt>cr directly at)0%e on the curve. This

will be the age of your fish.

curve. The
o curve. If
,. ' -\T -'al

::■•- ■• ■ .:'h-

170 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

in the curve. It is evident, therefore, that there are a few bass linger-
ing in deep holes which have an excellent record of 25 to 30 years
behind them. From a reliable source has come the statement that the
record striper from the east coast was well over 100 pounds in weight
M^hich would undoubtedly class it as 30 to 35 years or more.

HOW TO AGE YOUR BASS BY THE CHART

In order to age your striped bass by using the chart, all you need
know is either the length or weight of the fish. The length is pre-
ferred since it is more constant. Assume that your fish is 36 inches
long. Locate 36 inches on the vertical scale to the left, then trace
across horizontally until the line intersects the age-length curve. Since
it intersects at a trifle above 11, the fish is in its twelfth year.

Now assume that the length of this fish was unknown, but its
weight was 19 pounds. Locate 19 pounds on the horizontal scale at
the bottom, then trace up vertically until the line intersects the length-
Aveight curve. From the point of intersection trace vertically to
the right until the line intersects the age-length curve. The result is
11 plus, or the fish is in its twelfth year.

One can expect to use this scale with a fair amount of accuracy.
Among bass over 36 inches in length there is a great deal of variation
in age-lengths. Below 36 inches the age variations in respect to length
are greatly minimized. Because of this condition it can be said that
the chart can be used very accurately in age determinations of fish less
than 36 inches in length, but, one can expect a certain amount of
error in aging bass more than 36 inches. For accurate age determina-
tion of very large bass it is requested that the scales, along with the
length, weight, sex, date and locality, be sent to the author in care of
the Division of Fish and Game, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, San
Francisco.

THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PISMO CLAM

Tivela stultorum^

By Frances N. Clakk
ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE

WHEN the first settlers came to California, they found on all
the exposed sandy beaches of southern California a great
abundance of exceptionally thick shelled clams, which in these
later years are known to everyone as Pismo clams. These clams have
been taken as far northward as Half Moon Bay, just south of San
Francisco, and are reported from this point southward along the
coast of southern California and Lower California to Socorro Island.
Their exceptionally thick shell fits them for a life in the sand con-
stantly exposed to the heavy beat of the surf and it is only on such
open beaches that the Pismo clam thrives.

ber, ^^gjo^t^^'^ution No. 115 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, Decern-

CALirORNiA ri«II ANt» OAMK

171

'Ig. 39. rismo clam. Tircia ntultorum. 1. Kxtorior v; a ■-•: -.v.: .
liidicatiiic: that the clani was in Its fourth year u ';■•:•. • .k- ■
(From Calif. Fish and Game Comm., Fish Bull., no. 4, pi. 6.;

172

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Stories of the abundance of these clams in the early days tax the
credulity of the present generation of clammers frequenting these same
beaches. At low tide the beaches were reported as "paved" with clams
and in various localities, notably Pismo and Long Beach, the farmers
are reputed to have plowed the clams out and used them as hog and
chicken feed and for fertilizer. This tremendous abundance persisted
in some measure at least on Pismo Beach as late as 1919 as is attested
by figure 40. In this view of a portion of Pismo Beach at low tide in
the fall of 1919, every mound and pit represents a clam. In addition

Fig-. 40. Pismo Beach at low tide in 1919. Each mound
and pit represents a Pismo clam. (From Calif. Fish
and Game Comm., Fish Bull., no. 7, fig-. 15.)

other clams which do not show in the picture were present deeper m
the sand.

HISTORY OF LEGISLATION

Before 1919, Pismo clams had become scarce on the more southerly
beaches, notably Long Beach, and in Monterey Bay to the north.
Because of this growing scarcity the first legislation to protect these
clams was enacted by California in 1911, when a limit of 200 clams
per digger per day and a minimum size limit of 13 inches around the
outer edge of the shell was defined. This law remained in operation
until 1915, when the bag limit was reduced to 50 clams and the size
limit to 12 inches around the outer edge. In the succeeding three

CALiroRVIA riMII ASO OAMK 173

IMS of tlir l,«*msialurr, tin* la«H n-latiii;; ••• ini: " n?

. ii..ni,''«l in ••aril hii'iiiiimii ami vnvh in-w art Ikimiim- v I.

In VJ\1 thf Hi/.«« limit was chanu'^tl to 4J iiu-lu*^ in jfrrnliitt ?>,

th« bat? limit rrmaiiuMl at '»() claniM. Imt a rl«*H4«l M-aMUi wan •!

fp'iii May 1 to AtiuMist .11. appliraMi- to Disfrii-t 17. >' "
In I'.M'.i till- si/r limit was l«-ft at \] iwhrH an<l tin- -•!■ -r

Montrrry Hay rrmainiMl unrhanu'rd, hut tlu- daily Imjf limit wan rwluccd
to :«) rlams In llir n«'Xt li'tfislativf yi-ar. IML'I. tin- si/'- limit and
closnl si'ason au'iiin ri'tiuiiiMMl nni-lianu'i-<l. Imt oner inor«* tlie bai; limit
was riMJiU'i'd. this time to l'» rlams per «lay.

Altrr IUJI the IMsmo clam laws wrrt* not rhanurd until 11I*J7, wh«*n
tin* minimum si/.c limit was incn'aNf<l to .'> in«*h(>M in urvatrHt dian
tilt' hair limit n'maim-il at l.'i clams and tin* closi'd si-ason r ■!

rfTrctivr, In .'idditiiui sliipmrnt of rlams was prohilutrd anti it ; ..;nc
mihiwful t<» iTtain flams in possession if rmiuvi'd fnun tin- shrll. Thiji
Inst rt'jfulation was passed to simplify tin- iiifon*«'nwnt of the si/.e and
li.itr limits In 1 «»*_".» all the rrstrictions of ]1»*J7 wtTi* timi ' but

in a«lilitii>M a flosi-d area was <T»'atcd known as I)istrn't l.*"-. i'oni-

prisini: tin' snuflirrn portion of I'isnu* llrai'h. In this rlosi-d area no
rIaiMs may hf duu' duriii}; any season of the year. In \'X\\ the lawn
vere a;:ain iii.nle* more strint'ent by applyinj; the trenvrjil anirlinc
license law tt) I'isnto <'lams. All amateur dijiuci-s must first secure an
jiii','lin;r license costin;.' $'2 p r y«'ar for residents of Califonia. $•'{
for people from other states, and $'> f«)r aliens. Throughout all thifM*
\ears commercial clam di'^irers have operated under the eommer«*ial
lishiiiL' li'-ensc laws. The si/e limit of ."> inches, tin* hair limit hf 1')
clams, lln» closed .season for District 17. and the close<l area f<»r nistrict
ISA rcmaincil unchanjjed in 1!>;{1.

StIKNTIFIC INVESTUiATION'R

|)iii-iiiir the Nf.trs when all these laws were passeil for th' ' <••

tioii of the IMsino clam, the Division of Fish and (lame of C ;::ia

has nuidc a scientific study of these clams. The work was inaugurated
by Weymouth in lUlH ami in \'J'2'-i he published the first detailed
account of the life history and abundance of this sp»H'ies. Follnwinjr
Weymouth's work further studii's of life liisfor\- juul ubuutlaiic.' w.-r.-
nuule by llerrin;;ton and published in I'J.'Jd

By means of the dark rin^rs on the shell i see titrure M)) it is poN>.iblr
to determine the a<re of individual clams and the residt>{ of Weymouth's
and Jlcniiitrton's work indicate that I'ismo »-lams are mature and
spawn for the first time at the bej^innini: of their third or f«)urth year.
The present le«ral size limit of 5 inches is reachetl botweon 6 and 10
years with an averapre of 8 years. The former limit of 4J inches was
attained lu'tweon ') and 8 years and the average sized elams were of
lepal dimension at 6 or 7 years. This means that under protective
measures which have been in force since 1*)17 clams eould have spawned
from :} to 4 times before they mipht be taken from the beach lepally.
The etVcctivcncss of this size limit is iliscussed later in this n»port.

In addition to life history studies. Weymouth inaupurate<l in 1919
a statistical study of the clam population on Pismo Beach. Each fall
since that date a censiis has been nuule of the clams to be found in
this rcjrion. The method consists of digging a trench of standard width

174 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

and depth across the intertidal zone and recording the number, age and
size of all clams found in this trench. This gives an accurate record
of the number of clams of each year class to be found in any season
on the beach and makes possible a comparison of these numbers from
year to year. The increasing scarcity of the clams as revealed by these
censuses has brought about the more and more stringent protective
measures which were passed between 1919 and 1931.

STUDIES OF ABUNDANCE

One of the most striking revelations of this statistical study of the
Pismo clam has been the great variation in the yearly set of young
clams, the result of each season 's spawning. In some falls the clams of
the year have been exceedingly numerous and in other years so scarce
as to indicate that the season's spawning was practically a failure. The
largest set that has been recorded occurred in 1919 ; the four succeeding
years were characterized by few young clams ; and in the fifth year,
1924, a good set of clams was found. The clams of the 1924 year class
were only one-fifth as abundant as those for 1919, but about three times
more numerous than the total for the four previous years. After 1924
again four seasons elapsed when each year's set of young clams was
very few but in 1929 the set was once more very good. In 1929 the
clams of the jear were somewhat more plentiful than in 1924 but only
one-fourth as abundant as in 1919. The following year, 1930, produced
another good set equal to 1924 and again in 1931 young clams resulting
from ^ that season's spawning were very numerous. The 1931 set
exceeded the 1924, 1929 and 1930 year classes and was almost one-half ,
as great as the 1919 year class.

Weymouth and Herrington, through studies of the cross-section j
material and through data from the commercial catch, suggested that
successful spawnings for the Pismo clam may occur in intervals of 5
to 7 years. The finding of good sets in 1929, 1930 and 1931 furnished
further indications of this same time interval between good sets. The'
set of 1929 occurred five years after the 1924 successful spawning and
the set of 1931 seven years later. One difference in these later sets
remains, however. The 1919 and 1924 year classes were immediately
preceded and followed by poor sets while from 1929 to 1931 three
successful years occurred in succession.

Since the 1919 and the 1924 year classes were each followed by
poor spawning years, the Pismo clam fishery until 1929 was largely
maintained by these two age groups. For this reason the history of
these two groups graphically describes the history of the entire popu-
lation on this beach. Herrington traced the abundance of the 1919
group and found that until these clams reached legal size, the decrease
in numbers was not excessive, but after 1924 when about half of this
age group was of legal size these clams began to disappear rapidly.
By 1926 there were no clams of this year class left on the beach. Thus
within three years after the exceptionally abundant year class of 1919
had reached legal size it had been entirely removed from the inter-
tidal zone of Pismo Beach — a very striking commentary on the
intensity of clamming in this region.

The history of the 1924 year class is even more tragic. This group
of clams was never as abundant as was the 1919 group which may

rALrroRviA rmn xsn oaite

175

M'couiif ill part for \\h iimn* rupiti (liHa|ipiariin<r Tlic i If**

rnrn ID'JI to 1!>2'>, Imwrvcr, was no i,'r«-Ht«T than the 1 w,>» the

(.nt'spoiidiiij,' yvnr of lili* fur l|i.> \'t\'J cla.Hj*. 'I'Um l«xi.i utiiiK to

liout .'}() prr (M'lit prolmhiy rfMultr«l from tin* natural death rate brought
lioiit l»v I'livironiiHMital conditioiiH. IJi'lwrfii th«« fall of lf»'J.') n 'ft

III
liiiiis of corn'spotxliiit? Hp*s whit-h n'siiltoil from juKir netH. Heff»re any
of till- l!''Jl clams rcai-hnl Wnnl size in 1!«.'M» tlw ptitirr irroiii) had flw
ap|H'aifd rroin fli<' intiTtidal /.otic. Altliouv;h tin* IIM'J y«*ar «-las.H wa*
takfii from the lu-acli within tlircr years aftrr it rrachf<l h'lfal siw,
tlu* \[)'2A year flass did not survive lonjj enouf^h to jfrow to Icjjal n'lzc.
n«'<*aiis<« we have no records of cx«'cptionally unfavorable environmental
t'«»nditions during' flic years that the 1I>24 jfroup was ^'rowinuK to

'ic rln?iis of the ][)'2i year clavs de<Tea.s4v| alarmini^'ly, at ' * •
loiip liati been so greatly pduced as t«i be no more i

Flir. 41. Tlio r.'.iiilt.M of .1 .[••ss ^.■. lion macic almut 1919 to 19;:. A tm.-f. ...t-
been diiK and tl»o cIuid.s fiuitul In oach of four nu-UTH iimi a. twrt of a fjfih
metir aro shown. (From Ciil. Kluh and Game Comm.. Kl»h BuU. no. 7, fl*. H.)

maturity, we must conclude that the rapid decrease in clams of this year
class resulted from their beinj; taken by the clammers before they had
attained a le<;nl size limit.

The fact that dams are iu>w beinj^; removed from Pismo Beach
before they are of legal size testifies to the great paucity of clams in
this area. Were large clams to be found in the intertidal zone, clammers
would not bo tempted to encroach mt>re and more on ♦'"•• "Mdersired
clams. A comparison of figures 41 ami 42 further ilh. the tre-

mendous change in abundance which has been brought about in the
past ten years. Figure 41 shows the results of a cross section census
made about 1!M1> to IDlIO when clams were fairly abundant. The trench
was nuirked otT in meter segments and the clams found in four meters
and part from a fifth are showu in the picture. The trench was 16

176

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

centimeters in width. Figure 42 is the picture of a census made in 1929.
Three meters of the trench have just been dug, the sand has been care-
fully forced through a screen, and everyone is intently watching for
the 3, 4 or possibly 10 clams which may be found in the three meters
of trench.

Each year the results of the fall census are more discouraging than
the last. In 1931 clams comprising year classes older than 1929, the

'./i.^.r,/fC'Af.<j^J,„^^i_^jyjUC:^

^^ ', U.-^tftlfc..,.

Fig-. 42. Results of a cross section dug- on Pismo Beach in 1929. Three meters ofl
trench have been dug-, the sand forced through a screen, and everyone is watch-
ing carefully for the three, four or possibly ten clams which may be found in|
the screen. Photo by R. S. Croker.

first good set since 1924, were almost 50 per cent less numerous than for
corresponding year classes in 1930. The total number of clams on the]
beach increased between 1930 and 1931, but this increase was brought
about by the exceptionally good sets of 1929, 1930 and 1931. If these
three year classes had a fair chance of survival the future prospects
for the Pismo clam might be less dismal but the history of these groups
bids fair to be even more tragic than that of the 1924 group.

In figure 43 are shown mortality curves for all year classes since
1918. In order to simplify the presentation, these year classes have
been combined into two five-year groups, 1919 to 1923, 1924 to 1928,
and contrasted with the ,1929-1930 combination. Each of the five-year 1
combinations represents the survival curve of an abundant group and of
four sparsely represented groups. The clams found in each fall's set
and representing 0 age were considered 100 per cent, and the number
of clams in each succeeding year of life were expressed in percentage
of the numbers in the 0 group.

For the first five-year combination. 1919-1923, the percentage
decrease was not great until after the third year. Between the third
and fourth year the curve drops rapidly and this decline continues until
the sixth year when there were practically no clams of these year
classes left on the beach. Throughout most of their life, the clams of
these 3^ear classes were protected by a legal size limit of 4f inches. Thus
the clams of each age class reached the legal size between 5 and 8 years.

CAUKOUNIA riMil ASU OAMi:

m

a

Thf rapid (Ifcrcnm" in nuiu)M*ni Im'Iwi'i'h ff"- ttiirit iiu! fi.nrffi vi-nr
«uuk'«'Ht.s that cIhiiiiiut.s W'Tv contiininllv tn mI

»)/.(> aii<l that any one iiKv k'roiip w iii iitiii

it had attiiiiH'd an aiitli<>ri/«'d si/r iiiiiii. ii

of umltr.si/.«'«l I'htins. thf rapid dr«»p whirh •-■

the third ami fourth y«'ar \vr»uUl not hav»' (HTiirnal i.
HfVcnth yrar Sinro th«« HMD VJ'2'i nirvi- n'prfH.'nt>» an
yrars, \vi? f«'«'| juslitlfd in t'otifliidinvr that th»' rapid
of clams just smaller than th«> l<-;;al si/.«* limit :
inroads on the population and not from unfavorable i
No natural ratastroplu* could hav«' concent rated on the ii
the third and fourth yejir. If any one year ejass lum
uiuisuiilly poor environmental conditions li.fu. .11 the thii<l
vear, these sam«' comlitions would have a i the !

vear classes between the first and si'cond, and the
years, resp»'etively. At tin* same time the two p'
would have been atTeeteil between their fnmfl n
sixth years. Thus in a curve such as pr

ties for each year class woubl have Ix'cn averajjed out and not concen-
trated between the thini and fourth year.

'I'lie survival curve for the ne.xt live-y.-.n - .>

un even ;;reater mortality rate than for the pi. il.

The decrease in clams between the 0 and 1 aj;es was very little {greater
than in l!(l*J l!»*j:{. but between the first aiul i. and second and

third years the clams disappeared rapidlv. Tli-- w> « iirie from t' •' 'rd
tt) the sixth year was somewhat slower, but as in the previous : , ir
interval practicjdly no clams of the 1!»'J4— 1928 year classes remained in
the intertidal zone of I'isnio iJeacli after their sixth t for

this second ;.'roup of liv(» a^re classes, the relative numi"i ■■•re

so rctluccd after the lifth vear that these vear classes pl.i .',!

II
d
h

1 ami third

, ...f

Fia. 43. Mortnllty curves for nil year ••'■•^•- ' .1 •>• i"-^ it.. ,.t, .1, .-.. ; .u.

Tlio curvos rt>i>''»''-'*»'i>t t^vo nvr-.N»>ar .i«

cuiislilcrcd 100 p«r cent and ouch n^> , , ^ ^ ..^ . . ,. ,-^. «»

of the 0 in'oup.

nej^li^iblc role in maintaininj; the clams on the beach. The clams of
the 11)24-11)28 year classes thruuphout most of their life wen? protected
by n lepfal size limit of 5 inches instead of 43 inches, and yet they were
removed from the beach at an earlier aire. It is evident that as clams
become scarcer the temptation to take undersized clams bi'comes pro-
portionately greater anil each year clammers are removing smaller and
smaller clams from the beach.

178 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Because of the pathetic scarcity of clams comprised in the year
classes from 1919 to 1928, the survival of the good sets of 1929, 1930
and 1931 is exceedingly important. Nothing can be said as yet for the
1931 year class, but the history for the first two years of 1929 clams
and one year for 1930 is shown in figure 43. Between 0 and 1 ages
these clams decreased over 50 per cent and the decline from the first
to the second year was almost as rapid. Since in former years the
normal decrease from 0 to 1 was only about 30 per cent, and since the
1929 and 1930 year classes both experienced a decline of over 50 per
cent, the conclusion seems inevitable that the rapid disappearance of the
1929 and 1930 year classes is brought about by man's depredations.
The clammers are now taking their toll from clams of all sizes evenj
the smallest not yet two years old.

Since clams spawn for the first time at the beginning of their thir(
or fourth year, probably not more than 50 per cent of the clams of the
1919-1923 year classes spawned more than once before being taken 'b^
the clammers. For the clams of the 1924-1928 age groups probably no^
more than 20 per cent were allowed one spawning before being removec
from the beach. If the heavy drain on the 1929 and 1930 year classes
continues less than 10 per cent of these groups will be permitted to]
produce even one lot of spawn.

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES

It is evident from the data presented in figure 43, that the increas-l
ing stringency of the laws hasaiot served to protect the clams on Pismoj
Beach. The reasons for this failure require careful analysis. Twc
explanations can be offered, either the protective measures enactec
have not been adequate to check the depletion of these clams or the^
laws have not been properly enforced.

We have no measure of the adequacy of the laws, but we do know!
that it has been impossible to enforce the protective measures. Let]
it be clearly understood at the outset, however, that this failure toj
enforce the laws protecting the Pismo clam has not been due to negli-
gence on the part of the enforcement personnel of the Division of
Fish and Game. For several years one deputy has devoted his entire!
time to the Pismo clam work and in addition he has received the aid]
of other deputies carrying on game protective work in the region.
Furthermore, on holidays during the summer one or two additional!
deputies have been assigned to the Pismo clam patrol. The failure!
of enforcement has resulted, therefore, not from inefficiency on the]
part of the Division of Fish and Game but from lack of cooperationj
of the general public. Part of this lack of cooperation has been du€
to ignorance. Individuals coming to Pismo Beach from inland regions]
do not realize the seriousness of the Pismo clam situation and feel
that the few undersized clams which they take will have no appreciable
effect on the population as a whole. They quite forget the thousands
of people who are acting under the same impulse and the resultant]
tremendous toll taken from the clam population each summer.

On the other hand the residents of San Luis Obispo County should!
be especially active in their cooperation. The Pismo clam is an invalu-
able asset to this county because of the tourist diggers which it attracts]
to the beaches and because of the increase in restaurant trade. At|

OAUrOHSU PIHIl AND UAMK 179

prcHciit IMmiiio claiiiM may not Ix* Ictfally Hhipp*'*! o«f of ■ t,

and due to tlio Hcarcity of th«*ji«» rlaiim oil other !)• '*

of this «'oimfy nri* prartically tin* only oiuh in t'

may wrve I'ismo cImiuh Iru'ally. For thrw r^

iniportann* for San l.uis ( Jltispo Coiinfy lo m.i of

I'isnio claniH.

'riit'i'r is iiMU'li tliat privati* cJli/rnM i-an ilu ti> l.

Kach n-sidiMit .slundd fi'»>l it his iM-rsonal n'Jiponsi -.. . ill

Htranj^iTN ar«' inr<iniu'«l of thr laws profiM'tinj; thf flaiii-.. 1- rr

importance, althou^'h li'ss tant^ihh*, in the cri'Otioii of a coi 'y

altitiidc lavorinK' law tMirorft'iniMit. In past y ■
haiidii-aps to tin- t'nrorcfnifnt of the I'ismo {Ann, u.- ..
rrliU'taJiro of thr jud^'i-s to maki> runviftioiis wJH-n
laws were l)n>uj;ht up for trial. Time after time the ju«ltf«*M i it-

missed the eases or suspemle«l sentenee. The only result *>■ a

method is that the violator ^oi-s mit and sins aijain. I'nder -^ n-

dilinns the hainls of the «|eputi»s have heen tied and they h. .|i

ahle to do little to decrease the nund>ers of consistent law violatont.

Ill times past, especially when the l'J24 year class w. ril

on ilu- heju'li, the most important factor in the deph-tion luiin

was the tourist ditrirer. llerrin^Mon calculated that on a sin_ ■• tide

as many as :{()<)() amateur clammers have at times soii^^ht fof clauiM iu
the intertidal /one of Pismo Beach. The residtant numher of clamK
thus removed from the beaches ihrouirhoiit the snmmer i>: '' 'St
heyond concept ion, hut is dearly proven hy the almost conn is-

appearance of the 1!)24 year class before it had reached h l aud

by the even more rapid mortality rate of the I'J'Jl) and !!>:}() year i^roups.

As lon^ as a fair number of adult clams remained in deeper
beyond the reach of amateur di}.'^'ers there was sr>me hope \)< '^
eient spawn would be j)roduced to repopnlate the beach. IJiit t, U

population is beinj; drawn upon continually by the commercial ili'_
and because the later year classes are beinj; taken before they rtacii
ailulthood, it is inevitable that the supply of clams in d.- > • >• m .t,.r
must decrease. The evidence of this decrea.se is found in i at

e«»mmercial ili«rirers are yielilinir more and more to the temptation to
take undersized clams and to poach in the closed area where all di^rtfint;
is illcj;al. The supply of adult clams is now so low that tli-'- i- "(Vi*
ilanger of reducin«r tlu' spawners to the point where a<: ts

can not be supplied. Thus the number of a<lult elanis taken by the
eommeicial di^'<r»'rs is of much ;:reater importance now than they
were a lew vi-ars ai;o.

I'OSSUUI.ITIUS FOR TIIK KITIKE

With this dark picture of the i)rosent status of the Pisino clam
confrontiufr us : What of the future? If the clams are not to bo reduced
to a state similar to Lont; Beach where the occasional - nd

is a rare curiosity, it is imperative that some way be f< , . ot

the 19'J!\ I'^iJO and 10:}! sots until they reach lejral size. Our pres<*nt
laws without adequate enforcement will not do this, and if the present
laws could be enforced, the clams are now so seriously depletetl that
they mijrht not furnish sufliciont protection to build up the stock.
More laws will probably have to be passed. The mildest of these will

180 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

be the clarification of the measures relating to the closed area and non-
shipment of clams. The law should be amended to prohibit the posses-
sion of clams or the possession of any digging apparatus in the closed
area and to px'ohibit the sale of clams outside of the San Luis Obispo and
Monterey regions. This would somewhat simplify the enforcement prob-
lem. Further protection would be afforded if the sale of clams was pro-
hibited in the entire State. A more drastic measure, but probably the
only one which could now augment the numbers of clams, would be the
complete closure of the entire beach for an indefinite number of years.
Under such a measure permission to reopen the beach should not be
granted until the annual census made by the Division of Fish and Game .
indicated that the population had increased sufficiently to justify such a
procedure, and this justification should be decided by disinterested
experts in population studies.

But these added restrictions will be of little value unless the laws
can be enforced, and the ability to enforce these laws depends chiefly
on the residents of San Luis Obispo County. Within the past few
months citizens of Pismo and neighboring towns have taken the pre-
liminary steps to aid in the protection of the clams by creating an
atmosphere favoring such protection. If this constructive work can
be continued the outlook is much more promising. In fact enforcement
officials ckn do nothing further without such support and the future
of the Pismo clam is dependent on the actions of local residents. But
may the warning be sounded that the efforts expended by the people
of this region to protect their clams must be a united one and must
be maintained over a long period of years.

REFERENCES
California Fish and Game

1922. Cold weather kills Pismo clams. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.

124-125.

Clark, Frances N.

1928. Pismo clam census. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 86.

1929. Pismo clam census. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 72-73.

1930. Pismo clam census. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 75-76.

1930. Large Pismo clams. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 189-190.

1931. Increasing scarcity of clams on Pismo Beach. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 17,

no. 1, p. 84.

Herrington, William C.

1925. The Pismo clam crop. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 103-109.

1926. Depletion of the Pismo clam in California. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 12,

no. 3, pp. 117-124.
1930. The Pismo clam. Further studies of its life history and depletion. Cal.
Div. Fish and Game, Fish Bull., no. 18, pp. 1-69.

Weymouth, Frank W.

1919. A case of destruction of Pismo clams by oil. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 5,

no. 4, pp. 174-175.

1920. The edible clams, mussels and scallops of California. Cal. Fish and Game

Comm., Fish Bull., no. 4, pp. 29-34.

1921. The abundance of young Pismo clams. Cal. Fish and Game, vol. 7, no. 2,

pp. 103-106.

1923. The life-history and growth of the Pismo clam {Tivela stultornm Mawe).

Cal. Fish and Game Comm., Fish Bull., no. 7, 120 p.

CAUKONNIA t'lHIl AN'U (JAMi: iHl

CAIJIOKMA llbll \\U L.A\IK

A publicullon (1*vnt*d (o th« conMrvatlon of wild llf* •nd published qua: f

the (.'allforiilii hlvlnl^'ri of Kluh «»nil •Jnin".

Hniit frno to riiit.im of Oio Hinto <.f ' 'iIifornlA. OfTerwd In •xchttnc* for omitho*

lotfU-nl. iiutiiiiii.iN'Ki' it nnd nlinilar |>- -'

Tlio IllUil-n l.ilt.ll-.lir.l I" '•«' > I • -; ANOOaMIT nro i..,t . .,f,Vf I»-t,'<».1 aT.I rt a y

be rciinxtiiiril In i.iliiT !•• i"**! dun credit :

■Ion (if KlHh mid (iamo. J-,;.i..i™ ..' ;.. ., i>i>iii>orii and per. .: ~ -.c : -c

Uite of iiortlnttnt ii\ntorlnl.

All iniitrrlul for piiMlcatlon ehould ht, mint to I^o K WII»on ''" I' ■-- ri..ii,iine.
Sail l-r^iuim-.i, CullforiilA.

Vol. 18 APRIIa 1»82 'O. «

MEETING OF THE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

At tin- iiH'ftiiii: of the Kish and (iann' I'tuniiiissioiuTS which was pn*
sidftl over by I'n'sidnit J. Half (ii-ntiy and at whirh Earl H. (Jiliiion*
aiitl I. Zilli'iliach wiTf prt'st'iit. hrhl in San FranciM'o on .laniiary *JH.
VXVl, thf follow iiiLT ri'sdlution was adnptt-d i-fhifivr to r(Ml»«nt «'<>jitro| in
California :

lit sol ml. That tht* Fish and (laim- ( onimission luis «uiilid«ii<«- in
tli<' r. S. liioloLricd Siirvt-y and thr State Dcpartnifiit of Airricultiin-
and ••nthnsi's their contiinn-d supervisinn and if^riilatioii of predatory
animal and r(»dent eontrol work, hnt urj;es these aj,'eiieit»s to incrraut'
their elTorts to prevent unaiitliori/e<l and eareless use of poisons.

h'fSDlrrtl. That the Fish antl tiaine ( 'oininis.sion further ur/- '' *
the use of poison he avoided when »»ther «'fTeetive methods are a .
and iir^'t'S the eontinuauee of studies for the development of control
niethoils which will not he a ha/ard to humans and to desirahh- wild life^

Hecause of the lack of a settled policy and the •;eneral misin'*'- '"
standiii;,' that has surrounded nnlent control work in California,
resolution came at a very happy time. It is to be liopetl that as a result
of this action that future cooperation between the Hureau of Hi 1

Survey, tlw State Department of AL'iiculture and the Division ... i ;^ii
and (iaine will proceed in a reiriilar and orderly fashion.

SUGGESTED SEASON ON WATERFOWL

In order that the sportsmen of California may have an «>arly under-

Standintr with reirard to the open season (»n waterfowl ilurint? th>- u

of VX\'2. the Fish and (Jame Commissioners at their rejrular : lT

held early in March made certain definite recommendations to the Hon-
orable Arthur .M. liyde. Secretary of Ajrriculture. with regard to the
"Waterfowl situaticMi in Calif<unia. The contents of the letter forwarded
to Mr. llydK' are herewith set forth in full.

"As the result of a careful study of waterfowl conditions in Cali-
fornia, the Fish and (Jame Commission of this State recommeiuls to
you the chaniritiLT of the Miirratory Waterfowl rejjulations to provide for
California an open season duriiiLr the entire nuuiths of Xovembor and
December. 11)32.

5—93971

182 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

"It is further recommended that the bag limit for ducks, except
wood ducks, be fixed at fifteen and that the bag limit for all geese,
including the brant, be fixed at four.

"It is further recommended, and strongly urged, that the posses-
sion limits be the same as the bag limits in this State. In California it
is entirely practical to make daily shipments of legal game, and it is
impossible to enforce a daily bag limit when a larger possession limit
is legal.

"It is further recommended that the present distinction between
species which gives complete protection to Ross and cackling geese be
removed, as the protection is unnecessary in this State, and the enforce-
ment is wholly impractical.

"It is further recommended that due cognizance be taken of the
special conditions which maintain in this State, and that the regualtions
affecting this zone be established in accordance with the requirements
of the zone, irrespective of unrelated conditions which may exist in the
East and Middle West.

"The Fish and Game Commission of California further recom-
mends to you the selection of an alternate member for each principal
selected for membership in your recently reorganized Advisory Com-
mittee. The selection of such an alternate would insure a proper repre-
sentation of all sections of the country, even though pressure of personal
business might prevent the attendance of the principal.

"Assuring you of the wish of the Fish and Game Commission of
this State to assist you in the preservation of our migratory waterfowl,
I am, (Signed) John L. Farley, Executive Officer."

The recommendations contained in the letter from John L. Farley,
executive officer of the Division of Fish and Game, to the Secretary of
Agriculture, contain in so far as possible all of those opinions which
would appear most equitable to the majority of the sportsmen of the
State. It is extremely difficult to please all shooters, but from the com-
mendation that has been given the commissioners as a result of their
resolution, it would seem that the recommendations contained in the
above letter are as near perfect as it is possible to produce.

H. L. BETTEN RESIGNS

H. L. Betten of Alameda, member of the State Game Refuge and
Shooting Grounds Advisory Committee of the Bureau of Fish and
Game, tendered his resignation as a member of the Advisory Committee
to the State Fish and Game Commission at its meeting held on March 2,
in San Francisco.

The resignation was accepted. A delegation of the Associated
Sportsmen were present and asked that they be given an opportunity
of making suggestions as to a successor for Mr. Betten. The request
was granted and the Sportsmen Association will present a list of names
of those they believe suited for the position.

OPIE L. WARNER, NEW PUBLICIST

Opie L. Warner, San Francisco newspaperman, has been appointed
publicist for the Division of Fish and Game, taking over the duties
of the office March 1.

Warner succeeds Earl Soto, who for the past two years has
occupied the position, and who placed his resignation before the State
Fish and Game Commissioners in February.

CAl.IFO||N'l\ »'|H|| ANl» 'UWI' MI

For iiu>r« than 'JO yrnnt Warner hoji Im**'!! on the T*

t I 111' Sttn Fntncisti) ('till niu\ Th* /' '

l.ittiT paper Hoiiif tivr yi'ai*M. I'rmr t ., - :. : . .

i'ii;,'a^c«l in ni'\v.spapi»r work in Sun Jlrrnanlino, whnrt', !>-

general cilitorial \v<irk, \\v ownoil nmt rditi-tl nt vorimw tinn ly

un«l ilfiily paprrs.

'I'lir nrw piililifint i.s un ardrnt dutcloor f.ni ha.H nprnl inurh time
in himtinj; arul fishin;;. and with hin rxp in thi^i line coupled

with fjis newspaper experience will he ahh- to ehronieh* tl of

the Division of Fish ami (Jaine in a manner that will k- itt

number of huntiTs antl lisliermen informed of the work t/ ttg

ilone to stock the streams an«l huntini? ffrounds of California

A CORRECTION

In llie interest of scientific accuracy 1 wish to correct an error
which appeared in an article written hy nie for the July ijwue of Cau-
FDHMA Fisij AM) CiAMK, entitled "Some Notes on the Birds and Ani-
mals of the Los Hanos Duck Kefui^e, With Special Kefercnce to
I'rcdattiry Species." On pai,'e 'JTti, in I'ommentint; upi»n the reversiil
in the killdcer of the usual marital duties of the sexcH, I cited an
article l)V Dr. (Javle I'ickwiU. who has made a special studv of this
species. In (|uotiiiu this article I attributed to it more than it actually
states, tlnreby creating; the impression that it asserted that the female
is more ajj^'ressive than tin- male ami that the male constructs the
nest. In reality, the evidence presented by Dr. Pickwell indicates
only that the m.ile is more solicitous tlian the female in the process of
incubation, as Dr. I'icUwell has l»ccn j;ood enouy;ii to point out to me.
My own observations on the greater activity of the female in driving
away intruding' killdeers may be rc«»artletl as new, then, while the
question as to which sex constructs the nest remains open to further
invest ii::ati(>ii. M. L. SuiiiMcr, .Ir.

REVISED MAILING LIST

AVith the October, 1I>.')1. nuiiil»er of ( ' Ai.iKtujNiA V\>i\. and Game.
an elTort was nuide to wceil out those indiviiluals who were receiving
the ipiarterly and yet who had no interest in its contents. For that
purpose, a slip was attaclicd to the front cover a.sking thi>se interested
in continuini; their sub.scriptions to forward the same to the San
Francisco olVice.

As a result of this action, the present mailing list is found to con-
tain approximately TOOO names; slightly less than 'J(KH) were removed
from the mailing list. In .some instances this has been due to faulty
mailing adilresses and not to a bu-k of interest in tlie ipmrterly.

In oriler that no interested readers may be overlooked, it is
requested that those ilesiring to be placed upon the mailing list indicate
their desire bv a letter in writing to the editor.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

Alaska has developed a food fish reiluction situation similar to
that wliich has been bothering us in California for a number of rears.

184 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

About the onl}^ difference between the two is that in California it is
the sardine, while in Alaska it is the herring which causes the diffi-
culty.

In Alaska the herring packers are permitted to use in reduction
plants the herring which are not suitable for salting, but the way
this works out in practice is that the reduction of herring into oil and
meal is the main business and the salting a side issue. A great indus-
try, with millions invested, has been built up and now the investiga-
tions of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries show that the herring supply in
southern Alaska is being depleted bj'' overfishing.* The people of Alaska
who would conserve their fisheries are asking each session of Congress
to pass a law to prohibit the reduction of food fish in Alaska. At each
session of Congress the bill fails of passage, the arguments against it
being: It would destroy an industry which represents millions of
invested capital and employs many men in the capacity of fishermen
and reduction plant operators. It is also contended that there is little
demand in late years for herring as food, and to close the reduction
plants would not increase the output of herring for food. How
remarkably like our California sardine situation is this herring contro-
versy in Alaska!

If the reduction industry of Alaska runs true to form it will
object to and defeat legislation which would reduce the intensity of
fishing, designed to prevent the exhaustion of the herring supply.

We, in California, have been asked: "Why do you care about
what happens to the fish after they are caught? Just limit the catch
and let the plants do what they please with the fish." This is good
advice, provided the fisheries regulatory body has the power to regu-
late the fishing ; but if it is left to Congress or legislatures to pass the
fishing regulations, no reduction industry, with millions invested and
looking for quick profits, is likely to be put out of business or seriously
curtailed to conserve the natural resource represented in the herring
or sardine supply. — N. B. S.

According to the annual report of the Biological Board of Canada,
an investigation of the pilchard, or sardine, and the herring is being
carried on jointly by the Biological Board and the Provincial Fisheries
Department in British Columbia. The pilchard investigation was
started about three years ago. Samples of the catch have been col-
lected and analyzed as to length, weights and sex, with the object of
detecting the signs of depletion. A study is being made of the specific
characters of the pilchard, the object being, it is stated, to determine
the migrations of the schools and determine the relationship between
the British Columbia pilchard and California sardine. Studies are
also being made to determine age from the otoliths, as the scales are
not satisfactory. They are also collecting material for the study of
the pilchard's food throughout the year. Their program, it can be
seen, follows very closely the sardine program which is being carried
out by the California Division of Fish and Game.

The herring of British Columbia is being investigated along the
same lines. In addition, an attempt will be made to each year inspect

* Fluctuation in the supply of herring {Olupea pallasii) in southeastern Alaska.
By George A. Rounsefell, U. S. Bur. of Fish. Bull. No. 2, 19,31, 41 pp., 26 figs., 14 tables.

CAi-lJ DUMA t 1>H A>1> i.A*!!.

till* spawiiim? iirfiis aixl rollfrt <lntn on whirli to hnv pi
th«' fiitiin* Hiipply of licriiiiif. — N. B. 8.

160

IM of

Uiuh'r tin* lU'W Hlriprd I)hh.h law it i« li-jjul ' r*

m«'ii t(» market tin* slripi-il haxs wliidi an* arciil' In*

lifts wliilr tlh-y nvv i'l^Uiin; for sluui lutwrm M _ 1.

TluTo wrre not many .shatl runninu' prior to Marrli 15 and iheri* wm
very littlr, if nny. protit in lishintr shad alom-, but \vln'n • t**

nrrivi'd on which bans cotiM hf If;;ally fakm in fh«' sh ' • •
at onc«> bfi-ami' prnliijiblc Larjfi' numbrrs of ba.vs w-
markets and MM)n there was an oversupply and the price to fl«hermfn
deeline«l until, in less than two weeks. th»' priee hail reaehed -4 eentn a
pound the lowest price ever paid for bass in the history of th- •• ' — y.
As a matter of faet. I lie lisliermen eould not <ret even the 4 .l.H

the dealers refusi-d to take any more.

This ^'lut of the market adds more eomplieiitions to an already
difVieiilt situation. Striped bass are eontinuin^ to iner«'ase in abun-
ilaiiee and the river is alive with them at this time ( Miireli '_'•'» i . The
net tislu'riiien are prohibited from takinjr tliem until Mareh 15. when
the market is .soon irlutted ami there is no outh*t for the b n-

tally cau^'ht ilurini:: the shad tishint' operations. Most ■ *" " -• are

dead when they are taken fnim thi* yill net, and it re is

nothing' the tishermen ean do but throw them baek. even if they are
deail. To thus wa.ste tish is a teehnieal violation of the law al.so, as
there is a statute whieli prohibits the wa.ste of tish. The new law,
whieli |)eriiiits eomnn icial liook-an<l-line lishiiu; in all parts of the
State where .striped bass are found, apparently permits a larger com-
mereial eateli than tin- did Ian X I'. S.

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

BUREAU OF FINANCE

This ilepartmeiit has taken over the luuullinj» of tish packers' tax
and fines, thereby entailini; extra work. It has bit^i found necessarj'
to install a new system of aeeounts, ami one was provided whereby
mueh time was saved ami duplieation avoidi^l.

All iloliiiiiuent tish packers' taxes have been satisfaetnrily settled,
with the exception of one packer.

()w ini; to there beinj; a lull, as usually follows the end of the year

and the bi'iriniiinii of another, license income has fal' '"** T^-rvever.

with the api)roacli of the tlshinir season tluM-e is e\ , riish

for the necessary permits.

The Los Anireles oilice has caui;ht up with all the work. County

clerks are ri\spoiuliiiir in a splenditl mann«'r with their '• - 'urns.

display ini; an excellent spirit of ciniperalion. Such • - that

have arisen has been made so by the slowness of subagents.

186 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

Water condition on all refuges are reported as being good, a con-
trast with previous quarterly reports. The many rainy days has
caused delays on development work planned at many of the refuges.

With water increasing at the refuges, many ducks and geese are
observed frequenting the refuge areas.

The purchase of 1100 acres adjoining the Imperial Valley Refuge
was announced by the Commission at the March meeting in Los
Angeles. This, it is believed, will cause a lessening of complaint by
farmers of that section about ducks damaging their crops.

Mountain lions killed during the months of December, January and
February totaled 108. The total slain during 1931 was 293, one less
than the preceding year. February marked the largest kill of lions
reported for a single month since 1912. The number of big cats taken
out of circulation by the state lion hunters being 55, six more than any
month since 1912.

Good progress is reported in the San Diego Quail Experimental
area. This district is being freed of predatory animals under direction
of an experienced trapper.

The refuge crew is completing its work in the southern end of the
State and preparing for a trip northward.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

The heavy storms of the present winter, ending the protracted!
spell of drought, brought joy to those who have seen the streams of]
this State dwindle to nothing. With the heaviest rain and snowfallj
in years a plentiful supply of water for the lakes and streams is assuredf
for the present year.

However, the rain and snow, though badly needed and greatly]
appreciated, also brought its share of hard work to the hatcheries.!
Precautions to protect the plants from the sudden rise of streams,]
demanded long hours of hard work of the hatchery forces. Snow I
had to be cleared in those high up in the mountains, roads had to be
opened, and in some instances distribution of eggs was made difficult]
by the bad conditions of the roads.

The members of the various staffs met the situation and with the!
exception of the Snow Creek Hatchery, which reports the loss of some]
25,000 rainbow trout, but small damage was done.

All the hatcheries were busy preparing for the eggs distribution!
from the main hatcheries. Quotas were received in fine shape, and I
the hatching of the eggs exceptionally good, in spite of the unusual j
weather conditions.

The planting and distribution of trout for the season of 19311
was completed in the latter part of December, and over 33,000,000 of j
this species of fish were shipped or planted during the year.

The heaviest planting of Chinook salmon made in ten years was
finished during February when over seven million were freed in thai
Klamath River, and nearly four million in the Sacramento River. All]
these salmon were hatched at the Mount Shasta Hatchery.

The first experiment in gathering salmon eggs from the Klamath!
River, taking them to the Mount Shasta plant and planting the hatch]
in the Klamath was pronounced a great success.

BUREAU OF CAME FARMS

With the Piulin)? of the hoavy rainy wiihou ami thr n -(

.spriiiU' tin* <tiill(M)k is |n'ft«T than for wvi-ral •m-iihijiih for pr iij- ij^.m-jn
Work oil l)oth ^aint' farms.

With tin* cominK' of March rj?K fjalhrrinj? wan pomi: and

preparations complrtrtl for halrhinj* rj^i^H of the pi 1,

(froiisf ami tiirkt-ys. Thr |»ro<M|rrs an- n-ady an«l «?\ir^ > in!}^ 11 in
8ha|)<' to till thf t)nlfrs for hotli •t'jjs and yuiinu' I'IpIh.

This yt-ar in adilition to furnishinj? i'M\pi and Iwrlv- » old

birds. arraiif;rmfnts havr hvvu niadf to wnd out 'o

r«».spoiisil)|«' pfopli', who will si'c to tln'ir carr and ! "c

of an a^,'t• j)ropcr for lihrration. Thr :!() day old <'li . d

tln' danj,M«r staf»e and will thrive in properly eonstriicted tjuartcni and
with the proper care.

Inspi'ct ion trip ov«'r the State, takm;,' our Snpiin ''ir

south as Imperial \'alley. diselosed tiie fact that tranu- d

in the past are thrivinjr, and he was more than pleasetl with the »ur\'ey.

I'.akerstield ami I'lesno spt»rtsnien are eonipletin;; their plans for
4S stamlard pens to aeeommodato 2(K)0 pheasants, whieh ihey will
maintain under our supervision.

All our hretilinLT stoek is in splendid eon<lition and a banner year
is indicated.

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

This Bureau was busy with cleaning' up oil from tn-ean waters,
ooeasioiu'd by the breakinj? of pipe lines at various i)oints alonj? the
coast. One of the most serious was in San I'edro h: ■•' - '.vhen a line
break ilumpfd some 3."i() barrels of oil into tin* bay However,

eflieit'ut ecjuipment soon cleared the bay.

.\i Kodeo the StandanI Oil line broke and relcas.1l aUiut .'>00
barrels into the bay. but by dammin!» the small creek into which the
oil had ^one, little, if any, j^ot out into the op«-n waters of the bay.

The Benbow Tower Company has apparently been able to install
a proper lish ladder at their power danj, as the steel heail are gettipg
up stream in a satisfactory manner.

The l'\)lsom lishway has b.-i-n completed, mectinir a lon^' re«juired
need.

The disposal systems of .southern California oil ctanpanicsj with-
stood the riiri^rous storms of the season in excellent manm'r.

Inspection was nuide of the I'acilic (Jas and Kleetrie work in
Amador County, also the Cosumnes dam ami lishway.

This Bureau is cooperatin}; with the State Hii;hway Co( >n

in installinir bridcrrs over creeks alonir the new Coast Line llii;. .*.ay
betwei>n MoiitiM-ey and San Luis Obispi*.

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION

The ratlical chanjre of water comlitions Ix'iween the winter of IMl
and this year eauseil the work of this Bureau durinij March and Feb-
ruary to be somewhat ditYerent. Last Si>ason. with low water, it was
necessary to remove and transplant over .seventy thou.sand ti.sh ; this
year the total amounted to only 1589.

188 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Flooding of the State streams during the heavy storms of the winter
entailed much work, to see fish were not left in areas that would be
left high and dry when the streams subsided to a normal level.

The year ending December 31, this Bureau accounted for the rescue
of 7,038,972, while deputy wardens rescued 816,893 fish.

From a survey over the State it is evident but comparatively few
fish have been lost during the year. Fish rescued were placed in per-
manent water, close to the point of rescue.

BUREAU OF PATROL

The heavy snowfall in the high Sierra during the storms that
featured the past winter presented a problem to the patrol that called
for iDrompt action and understanding. With the mountains covered by
high drifts, deer and quail were facing starvation, their feed being cut
off entirely in many localities. Our wardens, with the splendid coopera- ,
tion of sportsmen and landowners, met the situation and relieved the[
dangers by carrying feed to birds and animals. As a consequence the
latest survey show the deer to be in good condition, and reports indicate^
that but few were lost.

The bulk of the work was in Modoc, El Dorado, Tuolumne, Lassen,
Plumas and Siskiyou counties.

The arrests for the past three months show a falling off and aj
consequent reduction of fines.

Arrests for December, January and February totaled 467, as]
against 588 a year ago. Fines were $10,070, a decrease of $7,828 from]
last year.

Since July 1, 1931, to February 29, there has been 1441 arrests, and!
fines collected amounted to $38,215, which is over $20,000 less than a]
like period to February 28, 1931. This condition is due to the fact that!
there has been less hunting and fishing than in former years, due toj
economic conditions.

The wardens also assisted in fish rescue work where the swollen!
streams were spreading fish over areas that would be dry soon after]
the heavy rains had ceased.

The Reo truck and crew were sent from Owens Valley to assist in]
the salmon planting from the Mount Shasta Hatchery.

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

AVitli the closing of the sardine season, February 15, came the end]
of one of the poorest seasons of several years. At Monterey the delivery i
of sardines was over 44,000 less than the previous season. Poor prices'
for canned sardines, meal, and oil — lowest for years — is responsible for
the lessened delivery. There were plenty of sardines but no market,
and it is estimated the Monterey carry-over will amount to 200,000 cases.

Monterey fishermen were granted permission to bring in 3000 tons!
as an emergency measure by the Division of Fish and Game. Theyi
asked for a permit for 5000 tons, their petition being backed by the
mayors and chambers of commerce of Monterey and Pacific Grove, who
pointed out that it was a splendid economic move, furnishing work forj
many men who otherwise would be out of employment, and with boats
to maintain. However, owing to inclement weather the fishermen only
brought in 510 tons.

Si'rious triiiit)l«> whs thrfut«Mn*(l In'twriMi tiiiui liHhrnn»'i» a

• Sjiri I'imIi'm, anil at .Motit«T«'y with tl • . ^j^^j linit.r;

.'■lit it appi-ars that piMiiiaiiciit hrt-uks .

Ili-avv HiMis «liiriiiu' th«' rfrrnt storiun „»•• to nmin'm

1(1 llshrniH'n arouiiii Montrn'v Hay ainoitiitiiiu' tn h«»iiii' »■
Thf AlhitiDir hi»s hri'n Ininy pat rollini.' froni M

'.'■•ycs, kf«'|)iiii,' lishiTiui'ii hryoml tin* thri'i* luih* limit, .u. . :.^ . ..;i;f

at thr floating ii'iliii'tioii plant ship kept out of Stat** Wiitrm. A e\n»e
•>ck ha<4 Ix'cn kept hy this (|cpartin«>iit on thi> output of thin flimtiiiK
'liH'tiyii plant, and whilf tli^uii's inili«'at«' thi-y will not innk«' n i»rolU
us srasiin, on account ot' low pricr.s, it doivs nIidw that in normal tim**»
ii'h ships coiihl l)«' maintainctl at pnormoUH protits. and would prov.- n
•luift' ill n'dui'iujr the supply of siirdim'.n alonj? tin* Califoruia i
Tlif Ittw fin nuidc insprction trips for oil s- • • j

h sniujTKh'rs alonj; llu* lower coast from San 1'. _ — :.. ' . i/.

I Ijintls. ()(T Anacapa Island th«' ithitfht nvsourd the llshijiir Ijoat
' 'or» ;•. which was in ilistrcss.

The llliirfln, during: the early part m1 ihe year, was overhauled to

riie extent, and ladio eipiipped. Thus titted out, on February 4. it

I. ft for a cruise to Mat.'dalena Hay aud alotij; the const of I^<»wcr (,'ali-

iMrnia. Many hauls were nuulc for siirdinc i'nas and larvae, and seining

I )r younjr sanlines in sheltereil waters. A dctailetl account will be

.ailahle in a short time on the results of the cruis«v

H. ('. Seotiehl was tnuisferred from the Hopkins Marine station to
>' laboratory, where for s«)me time he will furnish information on
rdine spawiiin;: and developmi'iit.

This bureau is woiUiii^r in hainioiiy with Stanford In'^'-'^v on
eanoi^raphic work, and interest ijiir developments will !)♦• \> d at

I le end of the survey.

Miieh interest has been displa\eti in our I'lsh Hulletui. We now
' !ve "JOOO names for copies from those interested in the HuUe'i" "••?)-
lily and .'}()()() applications from those who are interested in !•»

few of the subjects covered.

Paul Honnot. of this department, with the State iJi>arii ol ii«'.iitli
III r. S. representatives, has completed a preliminary survey of oyster
iiuls alontr the California coast, ami workin*^ out plans to insure .sani-
tary handlinir of oysters and prcvcntinj; the markctint; of those from
iitaminated beds.

Merrill Hrown. .lunior Fisheries lve.sear*'her. nuulc a trip to plan
! r installation at Mount Shasta Hatchery of wire screen ami trap to
imt salmon iroiu}? to sea. The proper racks have been installctl and
r. ady when the youiur salmon start to mi}.'rate.

In northern waters there have l)een but few vio!"'"- •'" '' -' '"sh
laws and. as down in southern waters, those who bn ro

i|uickly arrested ami punished.

VOLUNTEER DEPUTIES

Much valuable work was done by the v«»luutary deputies during
the heavy snow storms which cut otT the feed for thous;inds of quail.
Plenty of proper feed was taken to points where the quail were virtually
on the point of starvation. In some instances the feed had to be taken
by men on snow shoes.

190 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The volunteer deputies are devoting mueli time to the supervision
of quail sanctuaries. The results derived from these sanctuaries can be
surmised by the reports received on 300 questionnaires sent to those
landowners who have set aside a part of their land for the propagation
of quail. All replies but very few indicate a goodly increase of birds.

The vounteer deputies, who now number 400 in the State, have in
addition to looking after quail sanctuaries and relief work for quail
during the year, rendered valuable service to the deputy wardens.

The annual report shows they have checked 49,364 licenses ; hunt-
ing, fishing and deer tags; assisted and made 413 arrests, from which
fines amounting to $10,378 were collected, and have killed, by trapping
and shooting, 7068 predatory birds and animals.

The predatory bird and mammal prize contest closed March 1st,
and the response to the contest was most pleasing. Prize winners were
announced in the April Service Bulletin.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

James Mofiitt during February took the second annual census of
black sea brant in California. He made a personal count of the birds
at Tomales, Humboldt and Morro bays. Through the kind cooperation
of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and the members of the San
Diego Museum of Natural History, counts were also taken at Bodega,
Drakes and San Diego bays. A detailed report of this census will
appear in a future issue of this magazine.

E. L. Sumner, Jr., is working on the area in San Mateo County
where experiments are being conducted on quail environment and habits.
Pens have been constructed and the enclosures planted to food suitable
for the birds. The quail are under constant observation and from
what is learned of food conditions, life history, natural enemies and
habits, it is hoped that valuable information of a practical nature will
be secured to the end that the division will be in a position to put the
theory in practice on other areas to benefit quail conditions and ulti-
mately replenish their abundance.

Extensive lecture programs have been carried on in the schools of
various counties. It is hoped that through this concentrated effort it
will induce the County Boards of Education to introduce nature study
in the curriculum.

CALIFORNIA riHII AKD OAMK

191

HI.I'OKIS

Total Ji<|nfUiu<oUl IneoiM.

Ineomo for the State UoivanHy Fund:
Kelp t*x ,

STATtMtNT or INCOMt
ror the Pcfiod Ju*y 1. till, (o Oacem'

,...,. . .

I.K<-n.M mtit»

iMall

ToW

nil

1313.:;^

Hi. 139 00

MOO

Ift 00

130 00

li 00

asojv *■'

V li •

(.!

('. . lB3l4a

||

1

1 ;

1 1

1 ij

li

1 1

• lionim. Its 1-93

1 • :i-33

V and ihell fitb dMlen iiimimm. 1891-33.

Total lUTivir Halm . ...,,.....„,..,„.„..„.,..

ITOCMM

OUier iticomo:
OontridutioM from tmpartan......... ........................... .........

f

11. '
3.W>( .:
4» iS
A«t 3ft

Court liiioB

Piih iwkrni' tM ................. ^

Fkb tat uIm

Game lai mJei

IntDmt on lnuik L«lanc«i.....

KrlptAX ...

MUoellan«oui mIm. ....................... .............

Total nthi*r in«OllM , . . , ^ . .

f^ijn n

try 1.033 !•

134 «3

192

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1931, to December 31, 1931, of the Eighty-third Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Bureau administration:

Executive

Clerical and office

Printing

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express.

Rent

Accident and death claims-
Accounting pro rata

Legal

Publicity

S4,200 00
10,985 81

2,250 00
3,300 00

Total biueau administration.

Bureau education and research:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Traveling

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express.

Photographer

Librarian

Research

Blueprinting

Publicity

Exhibits

Lecturer

$20,735 81

$3,000 00
1,219 95

720 00
1,020 00
5,250 00

1,890 00

Total bureau education and research-
Bureau patrol and law enforcement:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express

Rent

Heat, light and power

Captains and deputies

Launches

Fish planting

Volunteer deputies

Premiums on bonds

Temporary help

Cooks

$13,099 95

$5,520 00
1,620 32

104,554 31

3,767 72
360 00

24 00
975 00

Total bureau patrol and law enforcement...

Bureau commercial fisheries:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express

Rent

Heat, light and power

Research

Captains and deputies

Launches

Laboratory

Blue printing

Hydro-biological survey — Monterey Bay.

Statistics

Fish cannery research

Fish cannery inspectors — seasonal

$116,821 35

$7,980 00
5,310 00

4,543 09

8,450 00

6,305 00

16,065 00

8,611 61

$648 67

6,979 05

126 43

$155 58

$171 26

171 11
1,696 97
3,025 73
2,375 28
1,592 15
7,654 31
1,737 68

386 65
68 86

75 55

$7,754 15

$18,864 32

$246 81

$109 97

12 78
133 88

$107 38

3,088 55

13 03

79

77 54

50 24

$846 00
84 10
28 00

12 66

398 43

8 25

$256 63

$3,756 87

$958 10

$34 91
3,928 42

769 09
638 04
539 81

S8 68

2,072 41

65,557 36

224 35

943 88

24 59

248 15

6 82

272 46

572 29

205 00

$11 47
613 76

286 65

561 97

$5,910 27

$70,697 96

$206 75
351 97

$77 67
151 99
11,151 91
3 52
320 44
384 21
616 42
140 72

$911 88

$41 00
3 00

13 16

128 18

1,864 94

388 50

271 10

36 57

1,361 75

697 46

2 52

750 00

758 35

7,500 00

53 54

10 00

184 20

150 86

42 15

Total bureau commercial fisheries $57,264 70 $3,224 60

$23,953 53

$484 75

CAUrORNU riKtl AND OAMC 193

tTATCMCNT Of IlFfNOITUNU
fm dt« P«»«<Mi Jii*y t, lui. M OMM*«r It. ini. i« *• tmwi iin»< rkwi Vmt ^'-im i t

ruaHlM

m4

Matarkb
u4

Tatal

*-' -"iqfer

tlwr

\

1

'te ami Icicrraiiti
•' ' -•111 IMjwrf ,

• ■ f

It
I4.W«7»

1

1 M

I
1 M 4V

t
4:<i ;

»:: •-

■ M

I .1

• •
■ 1 > 1

1.1
« . ««

o

M
«
t

I iiUint iHiinntl...^.

I'oOil Imrrau I'wh eullurv

Kt70 00

'

! t

138 13

33 »7

IS3 06

1.097 W

1 00

t

IratiltCfl'

! ini.UnU .

1 « 1 •

tBce

•1144

»4M

J -

•;ni|>h.... ...... .........

Ii

l^MOUn

I'olal burrau byJrauliea........ .

U,670 <

II.A50 00
40 00

(

! -1
10 00

t3S5 67

1 (Mil >;

Ml M

451
i3:

>J» ZJ

i

I 001 iO

S 00

.. , , . iir Sf"! •-'-r — '-'- ........

113 it

Krrijhl. r.irt... ^ ........

f u"

Ileal. Imhl :i.'

«' VS

Maiiit<iumc«i

4,»U IB

AmauUiiU

'r.lM 15

ToUl burfau (unr profMgation

M.88e 16

tlMOOO

•s.iaou

13.383 »7 tl.r

(1 1 -. - .

1

. ;,n-f ami MauUnt*

i; :•' -

Tra\rli»f

1 ; ^ Sj

UrnI

lotol bumu fiah rtweue..

•ZMOOO

•■.. 00

1

1

it <

Burrau (ame rvfufc:
Cbwl and awMUiiU.

H :«/ -'

ClwiMi ud oaSM

133 76
447 M

<

IS M

^* - ' '■

AutomohilM

' ' 1

Travrhnf .............................

; ; . . I

Puilai;r

Tplrphoiif uii.l t.'.ijraph. .................

,

Frrieht. ■•\-r.ii!o .in»i cuirtM.. ....... .......

1

Li' wmI trapiwra....

4.01»50

4.tv

R.: .; ^

118 44

1*13 m

1 : I

PT'^; :iial conUoL..

T..:.,.-, . ■..:i,

K.i .., ,.........,„

a^oM 11

1730 00

""iiii w

1

..:'.«> refucc ........

tMLOSSM

ta.40140

MLIM M I»I7 04 1

mtTT a

Lietu

U9.0»4 10

194

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1931, to December 31, 1931, of the Eighty-third Fiscal Year— Continued

Function

Construction, improvements and equipment:

Permanent repairs on Brookdale Hatchery

Improvements at Lake Almanor Hatchery -..----

Telephone and power line from Chester to Lake Almanor Fish Hatchery

Filter at Big Creek Hatchery

Construction of dams on Cherry Creek

Completion of egg collecting racks at Chester ----.--.---- ^---y

Const ruction of rearing ponds and a temporary house for an attendant, Hat Creek, inyo County

Tank and egg collecting station at Huntington Lake

Improvements, and equipment for filter at Kaweah Hatchery

Repairs and improvements at Mt. Shasta Hatchery

Permanent improvements on Snow Creek Hatchery

Total construction, improvements and equipment

Purchase of game refuges.-

State Fair and other exhibits

Prior year expense — eighty-second fiscal year only

Grand total proprietarj- group

Total

S761 30
1,380 68
2,400 00

141 85
1,000 00

497 38
1,238 58
1,920 17

316 98

875 37
1,233 12

111,765 43

127,650 00

4,801 06

14,998 86

$717,525 17

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

October, November, December, 1931
FLsh:

Abalones 1.036

Abalones, pounds 270

Bass, striped 60

Bass, striped, pounds 400

Clams 1.857

Crabs 17

Cockles... 312

Lobsters 575

Lobsters, jwunds 3,048

Mussels, pounds 150

Salmon, pounds 895

Spotfin, croaker, pounds 56

Skipjack, pounds 215

Trout, steelhead 17

Spear (fish) 4

Nets 1

Miscellaneous fish 9

Game:

Deer 209

Deer meat, pounds 1,358

Deer hides 3

Doves, pigeons 42

Ducks, geese, mudhens 646

Non-game birds 119

Rabbits 7

Shorebirds - 44

Swans 6

Skina (animals) 37

Traps (animal) 18

Turkeys, wild - 5

Wood ducks 10

Bird neta 4

CAUPORSIA riHil AN'P OAMC
rilM CASCt

It) I

195

Noito

fWa|*Ml

.•"■ ,' ^' ' * ' ''«lkMMaf...
.•^liaii...

.lOB .....

u
u

u

as

11

1 i

;4
U

( : . 'lul, umJenUctJ

Cr

IdQ

('. .'

I).

}■,

a

II . -•..■,
I.

M

M

lit

N,.

10

Nr'

IM

IV.

10

Trout: elinnl iira.vi|i ....................................

TouU..

3M M

IK

GAMe CASES

0-. . . «. , a,tj„f_ Decemb«>r. 1931

Numlw
wrarti

riMiaid

■faU

Commrrcuil Oun Club IJeciiM Aet..^.....,.,..,........ ...... ...........

5
M
86

8

II

78

»4

6

49

88

4

0

»4

3

38

8

8

7

15

1

7

8

838 00
a.840 00
LUOOO

}lV) iV)
1.4

TBi QQ
680 00
188 00

678 00

I 14i !>■'

i

Dwr: doritxl irawy ' •'■•.- '\wn». do«, tpike baeka

808

IVrr In; 1 u ir- ■ ^i; hiinlmc without lac*- - ■••••••■••••••••-••-

a

ivu. 1 > • ...r ."

V .

II;

H4

Nrtr ' liirdi; illrg*!............,..,...............,.,,,,,...............

Niglit liiiiiliiiK

Itt

Noci-i?am>- i'lriU; killing ol. ..............................................

Pigrtnii; ilirirj urason

I'liCiuaiit; ilmol --nrjuOD. ......................................... .......

138

Quai' l■!'^■ ! i»'i-i,'ii ..................................................

8

I«v

Sli. :.

M

SMUirro . ^<>1 iWkton............... .............................

Bwsn; 1- . n

ShiHitiii,; tr 'ui iiiuior boat; aulo. .........................................

Tm<i>a>.->ini;

T-. ■ ' '••llinc of

138

1' ^it; violation of........................................

140

W. id

Totab

48T

81X00100

lift

196

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

MoDterey.

00 ocsi o

^ ^ t^ CM

05 CO O t^

1-HCOt-l

O i— GO
QO O '-'

ITS 05

Santa Cruz.

lo lo t--

CO O CO

05 -^

00 <M

COCO
lOOO

c^ to ^

CO

a>

»"

oc

llJ

CD

S

111

u

u

o

Q

z

<

cc

III

tn

m

?

03

UJ

>
o

•fe

U.

z

es

DC

s

UJ

F

m
O

E

1-

o

CJ

u

o

ll.

3

o

SI

CO

I

3

1-

<z>

z

F

o

cS

?

CD

T3

UJ

C

T

(-

CO

OC

U.

o
u.

"o

c

</>

o

1-

U)

o

Q

O

O

>*
^

Q.

c.

>

CC

UJ

o

I

O

CO

San Francisco,
San Mateo..

ooo

CO ITS

OO C4 Oi cOC<l
O C<1 m O C35

t— CO "^ OO '-t

O O CD
■^ CM CO

Th '-H to

CO CO

CSI OOO
CSl CO iM

Alameda,
Contra Costa.

00 oo
O lO

Sacramento,
San Joaquin.

Solano, Yolo-

Marin.

Mendocino,
Sonoma, Lake.

CJiC3

Del Xorte.
Humboldt.

UJ

cc

z
oc
o

<
o

"* -^ lO o c^

o o -^ (M oo

O oo T-i .^ CO

Oi 1— < O l>-
CO C^ CO CO

□o coco o

<s

7^M n.

£

o).S3

Wa2

CO tn 1?

i^J^lfefcfeJ ; i|m|lg|i.sii|J|

2 o^^ ?iT5

= c rt o c9 c3 3_2 C rt c3 c3 a;i . ;::; Ji; /:>; " ^ s -* 5 o O'^'zi 2 H r!

i.y i.y tJ UJ OJ 43 ^ *>:]

^ 0:^0:20:202 CO 02 ZG

CAUrOKNiA riHlI AND OAMK

197

1

Of."

1-

1 « ■- :;

as : :

-u.

•^9

?:?.

Sis ! S ; :

•?5

^3

§

* t

^-K. >^ ~: % ^ -^ ~ ^ ^ ^ -^ — i

£ u^'j: -J? :/: :n H H H H > :ff > 3S
6—03971

l&^

1 fc o ^ R.

5

198

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Total fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California.

lO lO CO

1

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California
via San Diego

•ID CO
11 (N

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California
via San Pedro

00 !>•

oo
ooco

CD

s

bJ

U

u

a

a

z

o

<

fS

fr

f

bJ

CO

CO

b.

S

*5

bJ

>
O

Z

E

o

cc

C5

bJ

CO

o

O

—

»-

03

u

o

3

CO

u.

O

a

V

</)

a

I

CJ

t-

•a

7

c

o

S

00

bJ

b.

I

o

H

c

OC

o

b.

>

n

1-

o

£

3

o

1

o

O.

K

b

n

o

O

>-

oc

bJ

I

m

b.

I

<n

Total.

■»t<COOOOWCOOO'^OcDO-OiiO"rf'— 'f:©

CO 00 CO od c4" uD o -^ oi t^ o (^ o lo ■^ lo

»-( lO C^ lO M Tl* CCHO CO 1— < O 00 ^

lOCOOrfiOSi— lOHOMtC!-^!— lOOiO'^WS

oocoooco=oi>-if5c^cot-*Tf<c-ai>-iocs)

CO QTi (■-— m r<i r-^ ro ^h t--™ riri ^^^ i-^

t^COC^t-^CO'-'I^-CO'-'C^C^OS
t*O05C<H>-'-'T-ii000c0iO'-i
coco ■<** »M

San Diego,
Imperial.

lO CD

t-H CO
COU5

Oi CO
CO ^

cocq

Ol t-^ lO CD lO

C<J ot^ooc^
oooooo
cococ^t^co

O^ CO
t-Ow

cq '^p Oi

Orange.

o

W5

Los Angeles.

COOOCD^O
OOO cDrr CD
tr- OO '-^ c?i 0?

c^ ^ oo

(M OO

CO CO

CO

OO Oi O
OGO CD
CO CD 1— I

O

CDCS
■^ CD

CD CO CDI>- O

(M io»ooocq

tCOOlM CD-^

^co

CO i-t OS
t— C^l CD

^'-^'^

OOOiOOCOCDOOiTj*
OiOOOiOOit^OiOa

iooocqc<ioi-<c<ic^

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

O CM

oco
oot^

ooo cso

CDf-H 1-1 oo t^

Oi C<) CO OO

Z
OC

o

<

*s > ^

o 5 o o

.a

■^ B M-a £ £ £ '' ' ■ Stg-S-i cj' R i

3^

apacQ

3 IS ca
u a; (u

CQtZJCO

» (S.t?
CQCOOO

CALIFORNIA riHil ANIi liAMi:

199

1 I * • 1 •

\ ^

1 «

i-a

8

5||

^^ ^ ^, ^ .. ^ ■•11 '• »»^ 91m ■£ —^ —T, » I ■ I

Sr

28

3n

§i

"■^

s;; s

g

'S

n
8

^

« g^ » or M I J-.

n

•«5 ' '■*

83

CO ^

i

-a a

?J

, w 5; - •/

s

I ^

Is

a

e

ABSTRACT

CALIFORNIA SPORTING FISH AND GAME LAWS

VALID UNTIL 90 DAYS AFTER CLOSE OF 1933 LEGISLATURE

1931

OPEN AND CLOSED SEASONS

1932

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASOfi

1. NUMBERS

IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

0^\.AIE 1 "^'"'

...

""i-i-i-

...

S("

OCI.

,...,

Die.

BAG AKD POSSESSION UWTS, HC

VA

i

!

'IHH

No Does, Fawns or Spike Bucks
No Forked Homed Deer in Dist. !*<

DEER

Z-ZVri

■

■■■■Hir^lH

No sale of Venison or Deer Skins
Two Bucks per Season

24.38

1! .

n

■ "•.ijC' ■■'

IE

except in ■Mi where limit is one

S« Noles 6.9.10-12

RabbiL<;— CotlonUil and Brush

ALL
EXCEPT 4'.

nnrr -

1

i

rSpwldy. 30per»e€k. Ho limit in Diitrid 4

Ho proledion in ilt

Bear, Fur Animals

■ ■

■»

■

i

1-^

Sec Note 7
Pfrtilmy JiiiMk iiprolKlri l« iiilikh l-l'A-'H-iii

Ducks, Geese,

flDUUU

ALL "•

"in: -7

1

NOON

on. 1

15 Ducks, 30 in Poss«ss«ii: 4 Geese, 8 in Possesun;
20 Snipe. 25 Mud Kens, No Ross Snow or CadJinj Geese

Jack Snipe, Mud Hens

1

■

— 1

■

25 Duk. 25 Snipe, 25 Mini hens, 50 Per Week
Goose limil See Nole 4. See Noles 9-10-II-12-U

Quail— Valley, Desert

ALL

EXCEPT 1":

■

ii

- 1

1

I

■■1^

-1

Valley mud Detert
15 per day. 30 per week

and Mountain

1H

AH

Mountain
10 per day. 20 per week

ALL EXCEPT

4.4V'2-4y4

1

1

«■

- - =

Ntnl SeisM
Opets Urn
St;ltibtrl

15 per day

4.4'/:-4%

■

1

■

30 per week

There ii no open season on Elk, Antelope, Mountain Sheep, Sea Otter, Tree Squirrel, Sierra Hare, Rail, Wood Duck, Pigeon, Swan,
Shore Birds (except Jack Snipe) , Grouse, Sage Hen, Imported Quail, Wild Pheasant, Partridge, or Wild Turkey.

Jp^'JJ^J-J DisTcicis nx. na. mn. *pr.

Hir

iLixE

lULT

AUG,

StPT.

ocr.

KOV.

VK.

BAG AND POSSESSION LIMITS, ETC

1-1:t1!..2.J.4-1:;-4^.-15
KbnuUi Rner. lake Ununor

• ■-

1 ■

■

Sag limit (or taking
and poitetsioB, 25 trout
or 10 pounds and one
IrouL

No Sale

Steelhead and

2!i

2S

■

m

I3O

NoSpearin!
For oilier
reslritlions

all Trout

(except Golden),

23-24-25

■

'

1''

.^

Whitefish

Truckee River

■

lis

See Notes
12.1S.16-20

Unlawful to take trout
in waters closed by Gov.
cnwr's proclamation

Sic Nolc 22

■

|H

Ii

■

■

21-22-28-29

IHWinlcrKlinMlii River

:^r ^- ■

5 Tfool ref irdleu of wiijhl

31-JJ

On this

7iissun, N«>drro. N«[m tad Et!
D»l2)I«)e»jltiD,sls.2-315

3 . ■ ^' ■ ■

3 Troal re{trdleu of wei|fat

Card

Golden Trout

ALL

J

■

■

■

■

n

■

■

20 per day. None under 5 inches

Not more than 10 lb*, and one

BLACK BASS

ALL

EXCEPT 4=;

15 per day

Na Black Bass under 9 im.

CLEAR LAKE
IN LAKE CO.

Clear Lake
10 per day

No sale
Hook and line only

Sunfish

ALL

3 U-^-

1

25 per day

Sacramento Perch

ALL EXCEPT
CLEAR LAKE

25 per day

Hook and line only

and Crappie

CLEAR UKE

10 per day

No sale

Striped Bass

1-3-12A

■

hone under 12 inches, 5 per dty. N«h ta
be taira tmm Sallon Sei. See Note 19

Crabs

1 /r-6-7-8-9

l_ -M

i««v>" Dainds t i>6.7.»-9 AufuU 31. Dncmbcr 14

Sec Note 24, None under 7 inches. No Eemale

Abalones

ALL

ri E

1 1

OiUr to* rood. Must be braugM 19 ihtm *ltv« 1m .ac«
AngiiBf Ucease Required. See Note 27

Pismo Clams

17

■■~1

r.LU

"i jB

None under 5 indies. No shipmenL 1Sper4>y
Anrtnj literse Required DisWct 1 8l Oosid

Spiny Lobster

ALL

E

KsUolUiM. rt<»ta.inlOH>r«>f1<l«l>a

See Note 24

GRUinON

ALL

■ DHBI

Salmon and Shad May B« Taken as I

otec

in Paragraphs 19-23. No open season on Sturgeon (possession prohibited).

NOTES

1. To hunt, kill, possesa wild birds or mammals, to po.sses3
flrtarma. except under written permit from the Commission,
within dlFtrlcta la, lb, Ic, Id, Ic, If. 1b, Ih, II, Ij, Ik, Im,
In. lo. Ip. Iq Ir, 1». It. 2.1, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3c, 3f, 3^, 3h,
4«. *b. «c, 4d. 4e, 4f. 4([, or General Grant Refuge, or the Mt.
Tamalrala Game Refuge. Including Richardson Bay, or San
rrttnrlv!o Retuec, or Silver Lake KefuBe (water fowl may be
klll<<l In 4a and 4c), or to hunt quail In the Bolinas Quail
Kefuee, or to hunt or dIscharEe ftrearms In Huntington Lake
Befuge or Han Leandro Bay Refuge.

t. To hunt birda or mammala excepting predators without a
nonting license.

a. To posaeru any bird net or to net. trap or to hold pro-
tected game or birds ol any kind, their nests or eggs "except
BDder written permit from ihe Commission.

4. To take or possess more than 8 geese per day or 50 per
week: or more than 8 honkers or sea brant per day or 24
per week. r j • ~^

Ki^j '^ *^!'l*"' *"" non-frame birds, except blue jay. butcher
Dira Engllih sparrow, sharp-shinned. Cooper or duck hawk,
great homed owl, llnntt. white pelican, shag, and in districts
1. *. a, 4 and 41, blackbirds.

IT IS ALWAYS UNLAWFUL

6. To hunt deer without a deer tag license. To fail to
attach to the horns of deer immediately on killing, properly
filled out license tag or at the same time to send duplicate tag
to the Division. To carry a deer into a closed district with-
out having license tag countersigned, or to have untagged
deer in possession. To fail to retain in possession during
open season and for ten days after the skin and portion of
head bearing horns of deer killed and to produce upon
demand. To use more than one dog to the hunter in hunting
deer or to allow dogs to run deer in closed season, or to
possess doe or fawn skins, or deer skins not bearing evidence
of sex.

7. To trap for profit bear, ring-tailed cat, coon, pine marten,
skunk, fisher, wolverine, mink, river otter, fox, beaver or
muskrat, or to kill these animals during the closed season,
except when destroying property. To interfere with the
traps of licensed trappers. To use saw tooth or spike jawed
traps for taking fur bearers.

8. To use any animal other than a dog to stalk wild birds.

9. To shoot game from a power boat, sailboat, auto, air-
plane ; or to hunt waterfowl from a scull boat In districts 8, 9,
except on Wednesdays and Sundays, or at any time In dis-
trict 12 or Napa River south of Edgerly Island, or to use »

HMKuii Uifcf th»m t— fim, •» •• tmm—» •• ••!««.••

... ..... .... M..|...>. I..1 ::i'..l>f<

w ikwi t 4«r« >i»«« »>■■»» •/

IT. To oyoittU • C'

• la

A (Iff (i 4"i w:'.h r".l «" I I '" »■-' 1
wun itkofl« ib«a I auro^tuf t.A4«« wf

mar A*K a^Ar or iMff (t«<-«t^
<( wl on/ U&« u« •lf««m oh«n

c — * U o *»A0 1 og

IU.U4 I»»**4i U* U .it*. Ui^l..*..-. li

■ rA«if\ln« J<.lt tr ol^Mn 1^ fr-itfi i-t

.1. - . .- . ..... ...^ ^^<««a« %»•

• *4 O MM

4lllvi> (hot ilM aio con not bo ukoa, or lu ■»>< hato • Uadia^ Mch.

LICENSES

LICENSf PROVISIONS

in-NTl-NG

1*1). h^f It
11

CAMI'OIIMA I'"I>II \\I) (. Wll'

"CONaKKVATiON or W|U> Ur% niMOt Ull KUtXATIOM.**
VtiLUMB IH HAl'UAMKNTo. JII.Y. H'-J-' No. 8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PISKASKS Dl'* WU.li l-lli; 1 U.\N>Mi>.>liii.i. i>' MAN K F Ur-jrr SO)

A sritvKY OK Tin: I >i:htut •< -r I v!:\ I :ss «.k sxjmmn-k vkts used in

TMK MONTIOHKY UK* WON .J. B. I'hilUpt 301

IlKLATIVK DKSTIU'CTIVKNKSS OF SAUDINK CIKCLK NKTS IN HOL'TH-

KItN ("ALIFOHNIA O. //. Clark ~ • -^

TAKASITISM DF THK CALIFORNIA VAIXFTT QUAIL BY HAEMOPn"
Tins Lol'llnllTYX. A l'U()Tt»Z(»AN IlLool* I'AHASITK...*. C. O'l

FlSinVAYS IN CALIFOUNIA John 8peme<r U9

BAUCIO FISHINiJ. A SOl-'THEllN CALlFoUNIA Sl'OHT.. Donald It. Kry, Jr. :u

VKKH MICAT INVKSTK'.ATION. .1/. W. BitUl

THK CUl'ISK «>K TIIK •.%! A YFI^OWKH to6Hn« F. Jfaddotx Sii

EDiTouiAi^s n«

LIFK HISTORY NOTES . J»7

C'OM-MKUOIAL FISHKRY NOTES. a«0

DIVISRJN ACTIVITIES Ml

REPORTS —

VMoliitloitM of Kl.sh uinl (inmo Laws _-_.- 370

Stutonu'iit of KxiKruUtiircM ._ S73

StntcmiMU of Incomf- -__-«_. ._. tH

Flahory I'roducts. Jiiriuury. February and Mnn-li. i ■ JTt

DISEASES OF WILD ANIMALS TRANSMISSIBLE

TO MAN

By K. F. Mbyeji. University of California

TIIK KN'OWLKDiil'] that diseased wild aiiimnls play an important

rolo in tlio rt'aliu ol' public healtli is not irt'nerally n* <1. It is

belit'voil that wild animals possess a hijjh stamlaril < ■ ••'••h

is continuously maintained by the action of natural se! .ie
it is true that animals arc normally much more healthy than human

16686

204 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

beings, and that the weaklings are weeded out by the natural enemies
of the species or the severity of the environmental factors, they are not
free from epidemic disease. In fact inquiries instituted by various
agencies have shown that there exist a number of unstudied epidemic
diseases in wild species with which man and his domestic animals are
daily in contact directly and indirectly. It is not unlikely that a study
of these epidemics offers a possibility of tracing some of the epidemic
maladies of man to reservoirs in the wild species. That the animal king-
dom may be a source of discomfort, distress, sickness and death has only
been appreciated in recent epochs. In the past, empirical experience
guided man in avoiding the harmful and destructive effect of animals.
Today scientific knowledge is required in order to break the chain of
transmission from animals to man. Preventive measures can only be
instituted provided detailed information concerning the cause and the
course of the epidemic in the animals is known. There is some evidence
that by continuous observation one may forecast with some degree of
accuracy the outbreaks of wild animal plagues. This is a great advan-
tage since it is very seldom possible to predict a strictly human epidemic.
Furthermore, medical science has benefited tremendously by studying
epidemics in animals. Attention is here directed to the fundamental
contributions made by Topley, Webster, and others (See Science^ 1932,
Vol. 75, p. 445), who have diligently analyzed the progress of an infec-
tious disease in experimentally created mouse villages.

As already intimated, little is as yet known concerning the epi-
demics, except in the cases of tularemia, plague, rocky mountain spotted
fever, etc. A brief review of the essential facts may be of general
interest.

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, is probably
not a "new disease," but it has without a doubt existed unrecognized
for a long period of time. California has played a conspicuous part in
this disease, for not only was the causative organism, the Bacterium
tularense, discovered in 1911 by McCoy and Chapin in Tulare County,
from which it takes its name, but the first known human case occurred
in National City, San Diego County, as long ago as 1904. Only quite
recenth^ was this fact established. Dr. T. F. Johnson, for many years
health officer of National City, stated in a letter to Dr. Edward Francis,
of the United States Public Health Service, that his son contracted
tularemia as a boy, 15 years of age, when hunting and dressing rabbits
in Maj', 1904. The blood serum still agglutinated Bact. tularense when
tested in June, 1928, or 24 years after his illness. Between 1904 and
1928 only three laboratory infections at San Francisco and Los Angeles,
and two cases due to handling jack rabbits in the vicinity of Sacramento, ;
were reported. Early in June of 1928, the game deputies in the Alturas j
region and near the Nevada border reported an enormous mortality
among the jack rabbits. Unfortunately suitable specimens for exam-
ination were not secured. But the simultaneous appearance in August
of six cases of tularemia in laborers stationed in the Alturas district and
subsequently treated in the Southern Pacific Hospital at San Francisco,
left no doubt that the rabbit disease was tularemia. As an aftermath. ;
of this intensive distribution of the rabbit infection which was ushered,
in by an extensive mortality among the rabbits in Oregon and Idaho, as
early as 1926, the incidence of human tularemia was 16 cases in 1928

CAUFOKNIA PIHII ASD QAMC 206

iiiul I'l ill I'.tli'J. Of tilt? 58 proved infcctioiiM, 36 were caunrtl thmtiErh

haiiilliuu rahhitH, 15 followrd tin* bitr of lhi« clrcr fly and v

While tin* wiUI nil>l)it ami linn* contribiit*' tin- ii <>(

infiM'tioM for oIIht animals and in ' . - . . ,^

iiiiil traiiMiiitliTH HUfh as w»m»«1ii. . , tt

hIhi'|), and priliap.s quail and n nrw Vfctor i

indicate the ever wiilenini; spread of tin* infeftion to :iui of

nnitiial and innrct life. This situation is almost cirtnin t" : "hi

prrpctJiat ion of the ilist-ase anion;,' lowrr animal form-* and ti -

the pos.sil>ilitie.s for the develo|inient of the infeetion in human l»
Annually, >t{H) ciim'S, with a mortality of el(»M« to 5 per rent, r nt

the tiihuie Nvliich tin* people of the I'nited States pay to the Imar-mm
infestftl woodtick and its temporary host. tli«- wild rahhit.

In Maho and Montana tularemia is transmitted to sheep, s. .•«

causing; heavy losses amounting; to over 5 per cent of the nfTeetrd tNind«.

Those who rarely if ever eonif in eontaet with hidHinie f>r piuMimonie
pla;;ue ean not appreciate the I'eelin;; of um'asines.s which must ^ . vail
in a territory where this disease exists in the rodents. A.s a - of

the tfreal pandemic which ori>;inated in the city of Canton nml in iion^-
konj;, the American continent was invaded by plairue |at«- in l*^'»Ii First
seen in San l''rancisi'«)'s famous Chinatown, it extended over four yt-ars,
but linally vanished only to reappear in l'.M)7. It is not unlikely that
chronic pla^ruc persisted in the rats and after the fire an •
miirialion set in which scattci-ed the diseased rodi-nts. Ilowrv:. ii j>
not unlikely that the rats became infecteii from the ;;round sipiirrels.
it is now known that in HUM) epidemics of pla^Mie existed amont; the
s«piirrel popidation of the San Francisco East iJaiy counties. Invejiti(;a-
lions have repeatedly shown that «.'round s(|uiirels and • 'y the

same burrows and that «'Xchany:e of ectoparasites such quite

common. The ;;eneral belief that pla;;ue was ori^'inally brouj;ht to the
California coast by rats on ships which ilocked in the Sacramento Kiver.
and that these rodents t'st-aped to the mainland and thus Npread the
pla^'ue virus to the ^rouiul sipiirrcls, is in all pn»bability correct.
(Iradually pla^rue as an epiilemic disease of roilents has spread south
until every county borderiiifr the Pacilic. from the Sueramento Kiver to
lios AM,L,'«>les ('(tunty. has yielded in the coui-se of vjit > a

variable pcrci'iitajre of inf»'ctcd j;n»unil squirrels. At p ,. ...al

intervals extensive epidemics of plague reduce the iMpiirrel and rat
population of certain areas. Observations in California indicate that
liuman cast's of ])lau'ue, whether bubonic «)r pneumonic in character, are
invariably preceded by such epidi mics anions: the roilents.

The ilanirer fnmi infected .stpiirrels is twofold: they convey their
disease accidentally to num (1) by contact, usually while Ikmuj: skinnetl
or dressed, and (2) throui;h ectoparasites. The first is preventable by
educatinir the huntei-s to beware of sick squirrels. The prcH'edurt^s to
reduce the chances from the second source ean not be outlined until the
factors which are operative are better undcrstooti. The California
ground squirrel is infested by two species of fleas which can carry the
plajjue bacillus. AVhether or not in rural districts when* no infected
rats are found j^la^ue is transmitted to them solely throuph the instru-
mentality of those fleas, remains to be determined. The role of passive
wild animal carriers of fleas from the ground squirrel nests or burrows

206 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

to the human habitations must be studied. Moreover, until one has
investigated the factors which lead to the periodic plague epidemics
among the rodents, which are probably much more effective than all
eradicative measures, the problem of plague in California remains an
important field for research.

Quite recently attention has been called to a new human disease,
relapsing fever, in which rodents are apparently involved. Since 1921
sporadic cases of relapsing fever or Spirochaetosis have been diagnosed
in people who had camped in widely separated areas of the Eastern
California mountain ranges at an altitude of above 5000 feet. Nothing
definite is known concerning the mode of transmission. By analogy
with similar relapsing fever infections in Texas a tick is suspected as
the vector of the parasite. However, in view of the brilliant studies of
the Tunisian workers, Nicolle and Anderson, who had shown that the
spiral parasites commenced as parasites of small mammals and that
burrowing rodents serve as reservoirs of the disease, an inquiry in this
particular direction was instituted. Preliminary blood examinations
of a number of animals in 1931 incriminated the squirrels as possible
carriers of the spirochaetes. Early in 1932, Miss D. Becks of the State
Department of Public Health obtained conclusive proof that quite a
percentage of chipmunks examined in the mountain regions of Southern
California are heavily infected with the parasite of relapsing fever long
before ticks have made their appearance. Obviously these rodents serve
as potential reservoirs which bring the infection and the transmitting
insect close to the human habitations. Again an endless chain of ques-
tions must be answered by further investigations.

Eock}" Mountain spotted fever is dreaded in the sections in which it
is endemic. The mental worry prevents many people from enjoying
the opportunities for outdoor life and far outweighs the economic loss
due to the actual occurrence of human infections. The prevalence of
the malady among those concerned with range management frequently
presents a real problem for wool growers. Rocky Mountain spotted
fever is primarily an infection of rodents and certain small carnivores,
while human infection is accidental. The two-host ticks (wood tick)
which are concerned in the transmission of the parasite — a rickettsia — •
among the ground squirrels, chipmunks, rabbits, or prairie dogs, have
complicated life cycles ; the successive stages of the insect feed on sepa-
rate hosts over a period of two years. The control of the disease by
means of tick eradication has been found impractical. However, the
painstaking studies of Spencer and Parker of the United States Public
Health Service climaxed in the preparation of a prophylactic vaccine
which has yielded very promising results. More than 4000 persons have
been inoculated. The results suggest that the vaccine confers full pro-
tection against the milder types of the disease, and ensures the recovery
of those who are attacked by the virulent type which occurs in the noto-
rious Bitter Root Valley of Montana.

Since 1926 evidence has been furnished by Maxcy and others that
endemic typhus fever observed in the eastern and southern United
States must be associated with a reservoir in rodents. The origin of
some of the cases was traced to food establishments and places receiving
visits of rats and mice. Through the studies of Dyer, Rumreich and
Badger (1931) and others it is now proven that the rat is a reservoir
for the infection in man. Bloodsucking arthropods were suspected as

r'AI.IKOKNIA riKII AND OAME 307

flir traiisiiiif f iiiu' au»»MitM. To \w Hiin* it wiij* (Inixn'.f f .Nil that t>>«. .•imm.
tivf ortraiiisiii <»f typhus f.-vrr vrry rIoMi'ly : that ■ kv

MountHin Kpottrd frvcr in rnpuhlr of inniiitiiiiiini; itKrlf in th« ffuta of
iK'dhiiu'H and n«'as Dm-f iiml Shi'linin* hn^ il rat

iiiitjvs which f«*iMl oil th«* lirowri rat m

To (|at<' this mite is known to o'->"- ■ — ; ..; ,

ami (luir coastM, |iartii'uhirly . It in not nn •

thfsr vectors and coiistMjuonlly n widrr di-strihution with all ita come*
qin'iicos Im'Iomj^'s ill tin* r«'alni of pn-vsihilitiis I''iirrli.riii<.r" M
latioiiship of Kofky Muiiiitain spotted fi-ver to «'iid>Tiiii'
attrat'fi'd coiisijiiTahh' attriitioii sim-.- »•,.. f,.ifM.r- h .s i;.!,
n'co<.Mii/.iMl in Virjfinia.

Irichinosis has hmi iiiidiily |>n'valfnt in California i»inci' lUliy.
In thi« conrs*' of a study to drtfrniine the 8ourtM»s of the heavy infenta-
tioii of hot's with tliis round wonii, two instances were rt ' ■ ' i,.|i

the trichiimus ni«'at of hears shot on the open ranire in . . '^

has caused a severe and fatal human disease. These uni<pn-
emphasi/e anew the importance of trichinosis as n s<»rious dim'as*' which
continues to offer many involved problems.

As an endeniii' disease of doirs rahies assumes Iroiii tiiiu- to time
epidemic proportions. If by chance the covott's become infected a very
embarrass in;,' situation both to the inhabitants and to thi-ir live «to<'k
may develop. Several years ajjo rabid coyotes endan^i'ied the life of
school children in Shasta County and caused frreat los.ses amonj? bands
of sheep. A viirorous campaitrn finally eradicated the infection, hut
ther«' is no assurance that in th«' course of a spread of «'anin<' ••■'.;■- •
similar catastroplu> may not repeat itsj'If. It is trenerally i
that skunks may propa<»ate rabies amonij their own kiiul. In fact
skunks have been known to attack jiersons also. The relative inoppnr-
tunity or lack of the tendency to bite when rabid is probably the only
reason human rabies due to skunks is very rare.

.Many more examples or a more detjiiled account of the dis4>as«*s
idrcady mentioned could be triv«'n, but these were merely chos«»n to illus-
trate the ever increasing complexity of the factors which endanper the
health and welfare of the inhabitants in this State and <' ' re.
Medical visitors are (]uite crencrally impressed by the many n- -> j-ioh-
lems which are sometimes thrust upon the public health worker in a
western State. There is no need for anxiety as lonp as everybody con-
tinues to contribute his share to the investigations and the control of
the maladies.

208 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A SURVEY OF THE DESTRUCTIVENESS OF

SARDINE NETS USED IN THE

MONTEREY REGION ^

By J. B. Phillips^ California State Fisheries Laboratory

TWO CLASSES of circle nets have been responsible for the build-
ing up of the California sardine industry — the lampara and the
purse nets. There is only the one type of lampara net, called the
Italian round haul; of the purse nets there are two types, called the
purse seine and the very recent ring net. The lampara net, having no
purse rings, must depend upon the speed with which the wings can be
pulled in and the fish safely impounded in the deep central bag. The
impounding of fish with the purse net depends upon the quick closing
of the bottom of the net by means of the purse rings. The lampara
net can only be successfully used on a lampara type boat, while the
purse seine can only be successfully used on a purse seine type boat.
The ring net can be adapted for use on either type of boat.

As the lampara net has not been a factor in the commercial sardine
fishery in the Monterey region for the past two seasons and inasmuch
as the operations of the lampara net were presented at an earlier date,^
the present survey is confined more or less to the two types of purse nets
and accompanying gear. •

CONTROVERSY NOT A NEW ONE

A historical review of the sardine fishery at Monterey reveals
that the competition between the lampara net and the purse seine is not
new. With the start of sardine canning in 1903, purse seines were
used until 1906.^ In 1905 the lampara net was introduced on the
Pacific coast at Monterey, displacing the purse seine, one or two of
which continued in use until about 1915. No purse seines were then
in operation until 1926. From 1926 until 1929 two purse seine boats
using purse seines competed against an overwhelming number of lam-
para gear. , The 1929-1930 season brought an influx of a large number
of purse seine boats. In the face of this competition the lampara
crews by the end of 1929 discarded the lampara net in favor of the
fast working, effective ring net.

W. L. Scofield reported in 1926 •* that there were several reasons
why the purse seines of the early days failed to yield a steady supply
of fish. Among the reasons were — unfamiliarity with the habits and
movements of the fish, crude methods of operating gear, and improper
gear with which to operate the net.

1 Contribution No. 124 from tlie California State Fisheries Laboratory,
March, 1932.

» Scofield, N. B. The lampara net. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 10, no. 2,
p. 66-70, 1924.

» Gill nets were used for the taking of sardines for bait.

* Scofield, "W. L. Purse seines for California sardines. Calif. Fish and Game,
vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 16-19, 1926.

CALirOKN'IA riMIl AND QAUt

209

ll in intiTcstintf to note that the n?ccnl rrttirii of thr pur^r ^.-inr
boat aiul improved (iMhiiit; t^ear to the Nanliii'
miH^tint; with th«« hhuw opixrsition that thf ' a nri tnrl with whni

it was iiitr(t(luct'<l. Althmnfh thr lainii- • ' -•■

to Mtttvc ulV ihf Mcw ijt'ar l»y discarilim; p

rink' net, they an* still at a iliMadvantajje in regard to w

of hoat and it.s tMonoiny of operation.

It is Mppi'Dpriatf at this tiiiu* to <pii>te from N. iV .^-olii'lU m art)t:Ic
on (•••• ' !i"v '-.'i !"•' ;...»>'•-•'••■! !" r'LM"

Kl|;. ii. A purs.' ?.. 111. i'lt ullh ii liiir.: • ■ ' ■ • > •• • i ' • ' '

the larK'T tyi>f.s nf inirr<r .seliu- buiit

Tho purso si-ltic bout is coniplotc In ;i. .;

!ia r«<pri>aeiued In KlK ■•6. Vhoto by J. B. I'hllllpn, October, l»3w.

N'ow that the use of tho Iiunpnra not is firmly e«tabli-shetl in Cul i»

consiiit'retl to bo n rikiiI niul It'citiniato not by neiirly nil ti-sljormon, it . ..at

to jjo back to tho time whon tliese nets wore inti^mtHl into the sardine li'ibrry at
MontiToy aidl to soo tho Mttor opposition which was mi at

thnt timo. Tho iiitroiliiction of this not has holjHHi pri)!);i ..rr

cvntributinK factor in the development of Cnlifornia'a K^eut aanline imluatry and it
is hanl now for tislionnen nt Monterey to realize that n InrRe number of them
bitterly oppostnl its iiao ton or twelve years hro. The intro«luotion of any n»>w fi>rtn
of tishiiiK near which profoundly affi-ots a tishery is usually met with -n

from fishermen who can not successfully t»m|>ete with their oldttyle „ .... .lud
their opiwsition is always on the ground thnt the new gear is unduly destructiv*
ftnd will ruin tho fishery.

In IDl.'l a bill was intnxlucod in our State Legislature which pn<hibitM) lb*
use or the pos.sossion of a lampara not in Monterey Hay, and this bill bad a good
cbnnce of passiiij;. Tt is as much the duty of the Fish and C,nv ■■ >' to

prevent ill-advisinl loKi.slation whenever IK>s^iblo as it is its •. ite

restrictive measures wherever any fishery is in danger of exhaustion. Therefor* the
Commission, ilosiriiiR more information in roganl to the u»« of this new ni*t, for
the bill was to como up before tho Assembly Fish and Game Committer within ■
few ilnys. asked the writer to proceed to Monterey and report on conditions as h'
found them.

For similar reasons tho pres*nit investigation of *'>'^ d'*<trnctive-
ness of sardine p:oar was inaugurated.

•Scofleld, N. B., loc. clt.. p. 66.

210

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ASSIGNMENT OP PROBLEM

The present writer has been stationed at Monterey for the past
three seasons checking on the commercial catch. Freqnent trips on
sardine boats are required as part of the duties. In view of recent
improvements in fishing gear and the objections raised, an intensive
survey was carried on during the past sardine season in regard to the
wastage of the nets. The aid of the Division of Fish and Game patrol
boat, Albacore, was enlisted on some occasions.

Although it may seem in this report that many phases of the
sardine fishery are treated in detail, it is felt that an understanding
of the many principles involved are necessary for a better understand-
ing of the problem. The results of the survey are summarized at the
end of the article.

Fig. 45. A lampara lighter with the launch alongside. The lighter carries the catch
and is towed to and from the fishing grounds. These two boats are about 45 feet
long and the lighter will hold about 50 tons of sardines. Photo by J. B. Phillips,
September, 1930.

NETTING OPERATIONS WITH A PURSE NET

Before going into the question of any wastefulness of the nets, it
may be an aid in analj^zing the problem to give a brief outline of the
netting operations, schooling habits of the sardine and the available
fishing time.

Inasmuch as, during the past two seasons, the bulk of the lampara
boat ring net crews have changed the landing bag from the middle
of the net to one end, the netting operations of the two types of purse
nets (purse seines and ring nets) used in the Monterey region are very
much alike.

After a purse net has been circled around a school of sardines the
net hangs in the water like a curtain. The next step is to purse the
bottom of the net. This is done by reeling in both ends of the purse
rope which passes through the rings attached along the bottom of the
net. In the meantime a waterproof electric light is let down about

CAUFOKN'IA riMll AND OAMK I'll

ir> 20 fatlKtiiiM ami flashiMl iijt«Tinitfrutl\ -•••^ ••'^ T*' !- •■••■ I'ln?

frik'lit*'"'* •'»•• 'i**'' "I' "'••1 H^vuy from the n\ nm

of Immmk cIojmmI. Aftrr tlin iMittom of thr net ih pur<«<*<t nml thr rmipi

aif on Ixiard, tlu* oprratmif liwlif-s may hr ttirni<l on With t'

iliiu'M imlim-d to "Noiiml," th.« tiiruinif on o{ th«- .•••'■'

kiTpM tlif tish iMinath thi* siirfarf whih* thi? net in t

With Hay lifty tonH of fish in the net, an unitiated pinion wouhl think

that there wen* only a f«'\v (Vsli in thf n«t. as thr dark

(»n thf hai'ks of thr .s:ir<liru's make them vrry ru-nrly in-..-....

or two Ix'htw the siirfai't'.

The heaviest wehhini; of the net is nt one end and t)je ratrh in
liimehed into this .motion <if the net ealled thf landir The

iiiLf is ai"<'«>mplish«'d l>y pullint: in th«' other i-nd i-i in. ' • •
herdint; the catfh toward thf laiidiiiir htm. As the fish
and more hunched, an o<'fnsi(»nal ht»ilin'^' up of AhH will Im* olHMT%«»d
After enonu'h l«'ny:th of the net has been pull«'<l in so timt the tish ar«*
wi'll hiun'hi'd, the catch is concentrated preparatory to unloadinj? the
net. This is accomplished hy pullint: in the wehhini; to form a rela
tively shallow hair. To prevent as mn«'h as possible the eseape of the
tish over the cork line at this time, the larjje skilT is stationed on the
opposite side of the net and a section of the e(»rk line piilled into it.

SrilOOI.IN'O II.MUTS OK TICK SAKDINK

lufereiice has l>cen matle t<» a .Monterey Hay period of .s«'areity
which may he termed a transitional perioil. In the fall months l)efore this
p«'riod. the size of the .sardine's in the population is fairly constant; in
the winter months after this pcriotl and until the eml of the sea.son, the
si/.e of the tish incr«>ases hecausc the population is niade up of older
year classes. The fishermen say that the fidl pf)pulation tends to form
in shallow schools and the winter population to form in deep whools.*
There is not oidy a seasonal variation in the depth of the - ' ' in
one reirion. hut the shap*- or -.'cncral outline of the .scho<''< ca-

sionally vary. This is also claimed to he true between i For

example, the outline of the .sehools in the Monterey rei;ion tends toward
compactness, while in the San Pctlro rei:ion the tendency is toward a
loni; wave-like f<u'mation. Obviously where a sardine school is in its
most compact form, not so nujch wclibiny; will be required. Invariably
the San Pedro crews have shortened their nets 20-50 fathoms for ti.sh-
inij in the Monterey resjion.

Altlioui:h the bulk of the sardines is locateil by the lui;
the fish create in the water, this is not always the case. S
luminescence is absent or only slight ly present due to murky water.
In this case sardines are sometimes hvated by the splashing they cause
when feeding at the surface. The luminescence is only visible durinij
the dark of the moon and the deirree of visibility depends upon the
clearness of the water. When hauls are maile diirinir moonliiiht, at
sunset or at daybreak the fish are usually located by their splashinp.
In such ca.<;es the .sets arc usually bliml. Even durins: the dark of the
moon, the sardine schools may remain at the surface for only a short
periixl and then "sound." Then a^rain, the sehools may be moving

* This is partly substantiated at Monterey by the writer'* otMenrationa.

212 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

rapidly in various directions. During the latter part of the season
just closed, storms interfered a great deal with the scouting and fol-
lowing up of schools.

AVAILABLE FISHING TIME

Sardine fishing is divided into lunar periods, that is, from one
full moon to the next. The average lunar period consists of about
twenty-nine days. Fishing is carried on almost entirely at night and
the bullv of the night fishing is done during the dark of the moon, so
that the luminescence will be readily visible. As has been pointed out,
due to murky water, hauls are occasionally made during moonlight, at
sunset or at daybreak, when fish are jumping.

At full moon time there are usually a few days when fishing
activities cease. Within a day or two after full moon time the avail-
able fishing time gradually increases nightly until it is dark all night
at new moon. The number of idle days at full moon time varies with
the season of the year.

SCARCITY OF FISH IN MONTEREY BAY

The complaint that since the ingress of the purse seine boats there
has been a scarcity of sardines in Monterey Bay is not sound. In
1930, Lindner' made an analysis of fishing localities for the California
sardine from November, 1919, to March, 1929. The results of his
analysis showed the following: To meet the increased demand for sar-
dines the fishing area has been expanding to the north each year. A
period of scarcity in Monterey Bay sardine fishing appears every year
throughout the late fall and winter months. This period has been
increasing in duration since the 1921-1922 season. The facts pointed
out by Lindner coupled with the placing by Legislature of a restricted
season for the first time with the 1929-1930 season were undoubtedly
the major factors responsible for the ingress of the purse seine
boats and gear during the 1929-1930 season. The purse seine has
proven itself by its ability to scout greater distances for fish during
periods of scarcity.

COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE PURSE NET AND PURSE SEINE BOAT

It is claimed that there is a relative scarcity of sardines in Mon-
terey 'Bay and the purse seine gear is blamed for this.

It is claimed that the purse seine gear destroys many tons of sar-
dines by impounding more than can be utilized. When an excess of
fish is set free after brailing out the boat limit, the balance of the fish
die because of suffocation and loss of scales.

Of course there are other lesser complaints, but these are in the
nature of grievances.

J Lindner, Milton J. Fishing localities at Monterey fnom November, 1919, to
March, 1929, for the California sardine (Sardina caerulea). Calif. Div. Fish Game,
Fish Bull., no. 25, p. 8-27, 1930.

CAMrOKNIA riHII AND HAUE 213

I'lrr';!' >4rtvr \irv iii i j vu TllHtK OtlAn

Siiiiim.irily, lii«' jmr^i- Mini-- iifii dc^nd t! -"--'r* •

Altliouk'li iIhtc art' tiim-s timt it is liar.l tn iu<lk'«' ' at

is tx'iii^; circh'd, noriiially wlii-n liiin oo In ; - the amount of

lisli cun hf ••stiinatt'tl fiiirly well by lln* •*i/i' of tin- iun
Sclituds vary a j;r«*at di-al in .si/.*' and whrrj a partinilni i,^ -m

i.s l()cati'«l only a portion of it is cin-lrtl, cnon^h to till i. jl.

Tlwy adntit that it is lal)oriouM to liandl»' n purs*' h«miu« nnd ■ fiitly

lik«' to niakr tlirir limit in ouf wt if pos.sil)|i' Tlo-y rlaim that ' -t**

Hviw iiii;;ht \u' cnjisiih-ri'd advajitau'fon.s inasiniifh as th«'v ofti-r
many small si-liools that tin- l.impara rrt'ws coiihl takf with •
n«'t.H.

Tin* piirsr scini" cri'ws wish that a «listinrtion Ix* mad«" '
pursi' st'int' typr of boat and thr lampara typr of boat. 1 (!• _.
that thf pursi" si'ini* typ<' of boat, bft-aiisf of its lar^'*- crnisin;; r
and accomodation facilities, is able to make extended .H4'oiitin{; tripM at
such times as there in a st-areity of fish in hx-al waters or when thr
Nirdiiies in InenI waters miirht contain "L'reen feed." are mixe«| ir: -
or are mixed with other varieties of lish. They woidd also like tn
it known that the pnrs«« seine boat has the faeilitie.s for takiiif? Rood care
of the catch in instances where an over-limit is unavoidably impounded.

\VASTKFULNI->!S OF THK IMRSK StTT

The wastefulness of the purs«* seine and rinj; net is eonsidrred in
two phases Tirst. the possibility of avoiding' the eapturini.' of an over-
limit ; and second, tlii' facilities for takinj; care of an unavoiilable over-
limit haul.

LAYINO Ol'T AM) HAULIN(i NKT

It has been claimed that the purse soine and riua net continually
capture more tish than they recpiire and that when this surplus Is
released it is doomed. In this cast- it is the type of boat and not the
type of net that is one of the major factors. In the tirst place, the
voluntary shortenintr of nets by the San Pedro purse seine crew's in the
Monterey rejrion indicates that a jrrcat excess of lish in the n»'t is unde-
siriil)le. Toll is taken i»i damai^ed nets.* Nt'vertheless. there is no doubt
that the jiurse type of net has the capacity of impounding; more Ilsh
than is sometimes needed. This is more apt to be true when low limits
are levieil by tht> canneries. However, at such a time any net may have
the capacity of takin;.; over the limit. In cases where lar};e luminescent
areas imlii-ate the presence of .sardines, only a portion need Ih' circled
at such times. Ihit when fish are located by tlwir splashini; it is hard to
estimate the amount present. In the latter cases the s«'t is bliml and n«»
approximation of the amount of the tish in the net can be liad until the
net is beinj; pulled in. After the tish have been well bunched a crew
can tell very closely the tonna«?e in the net by pushintr a pole down and
considerinir the surface area.

In instances when the crew is certain while ptdlini; in the net that
they have an excess of tish. they may divide the net into two portions
before the fish are too well-bunched. The dividing of the net is accom-

* In addition to overlondinff. nets .nro often damnsed wben sharka or s«a lloiu

are Impounded wltli the catch.

7—93971

214

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

plished by starting with the lead line and pulling in the meshes of the
net until the cork line is reached. The fish in the one portion of the net
are allowed to remain in slack water while the other portion is further
bunched or concentrated preparatory to unloading the net. If enough
fish are obtained from the one portion, the fish in the other portion can
be freed unharmed. Because dividing the net involves quite a bit of
added labor it is doubtful that this is done very often.

It has been suggested that where the bag is at one end, as in the
case of the purse seine and most of the present day ring nets, that the
one end of the bag nearest the boat can be let down and the excess of fish
allowed to escape. Although this is possible, it is more apt to lead to
total escapement. The strong schooling habits of the sardine would
undoubtedly exert a great pressure on the opening and even prevent its
being closed until the bulk of the fish escapes.

Where several crews are fishing in the same vicinity, as is nearly
always the case, one crew if it has a surplus will donate to another less

Fig. 46. A lampara sardine crew unloading at a cannery with a shallow dip net.
This same dip net is used in unloading the catch from the net. Photo By J. B.
Phillips, September, 1931.

fortunate crew. Crews are attracted to the vicinity where another crew
is making a haul or is unloading, as the chances are good that there are
other schools nearby. "With low limits, sometimes two crews agree to
alternate, with one crew going out for two limits.

UNLOADING OF CATCH

It is the degree of concentration of catch preparatory to unloading
and the time thus held that are most important in cases of over-limit
catches. It is just as necessary for a fish to have oxygen as it is for
other animals. However, a fish is so constructed that it can only extract
oxygen from water. In their efforts to resist suffocation, when the catch
is greatly concentrated, the fish attempt desperately to free themselves.
In this manner the sardine may lose scales. The sardine can lose some
scales without ill effects, as all loose scaled fishes have power of regenera-

CALIPOKSIA riKil ASP OAUK

215

tion of Hcah's. N'l'VtTthrlfjwj, tin* Iohm of a tfn-at many i-'/i?.-^ ^t i.n*. fim.-
would no (loiil)t havL* dire effeetM throtitfli infrrtion

OlKsrrvation.H niadi* of tUv iinIoailin(? opcratinnM of thr lantpara t>'|)«
of l)OMt and llif pursi- winr typf of boat hIh.w r! ' •■ ■' ' - fo

b** in a l)fttiT position to take i*iir«' of thi* imp' ,.. . . .-h

mast, th«» lonjf boom and tin* ad<Ic(l powiT of thf pnrn- .jl

tilt' tiM«> of a dip not having; a very loni; ha(r for unloadtni? tht* catch.
Thrsr dip nrl.s liavi* an iron rinvr from l '> f.i-t in <linjn<-t«T freuu which
IM HUspfiHliMl a hau' of iM'ttinj,', l*^ -I f«'«*t lonj,'. A loni.' • ' - > i;,,^
UHually tlif l^Il^,'t)l of tlir ba^'. is attaidit'd to thi* rinj; ho • . .ih

of dip net can b<* guided. The net i.H lowered or hoi.strd by mi'aiui of
a rope, attached to the rin^, which runs up through a lihx'k at the end
of the boom. The end of the ba^ is (dosed and terminates in a r<>p«' that
runs np throu;,'h another block at the end of the l)oom. Tin* dip net m
emptii'd by placing' the rin;^' pt-rpendiciilar to tin- cdir'- of tli.' hold iind
by hoisting' up on the end of the ba^'.

Fljr. 47. A pursio Koine crew unlnadlnfr n» n riinn.Ty wi'h
This illp nt>l I.M only uaod for un'
of u loiiK bui; dli> net, which 1

ht' Si-t'M htlllKIOK lllH>Vt> th«> rlfClu iniu t •!»,,• ,.i wi.- n .1

ngxire 48. Photo by J. B. Phillips. August. 1930.

••hnllnw <llp n»L

.\>n-' li iMJtil a\ryi III

Unloadinj; operations of the lanipara type of bwit are conducted by
means of a sliallower dip net. N'early all of the dip nets used by thia
type of boat liave a rinj; or mouth from 3-3 ^ feet in diameter. The baj?
of webbiiiir attached to the rinj? is ab(nit 4 feet deep. A fairly long
haiulle is attachcil to the rinjr so that the net can be (guided. The con-
tents are emptied throuffh the bottom of the dip net. This is accom-
plished by relcasiii}; the tension on a chain that runs throufrh small rings
slon^r the bottom edjre of the webbinp. The net is lowered or raised by
means of a rope rumiins; throusili a block at the end of a short boom.
Previous to the wholesale ailoption of rin>j nets by the lampara crews, the
catch used to be unloailed by the u.se of 3 or 4 small hand dip nets with 3
men to a dip net. The unloading time was slow — probably with 4 of the

216

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

man-poAvered dip nets working at top speed, as much may have been
accomplished as one of the present day shallow dip nets.

Obviously, in the case of the shallow dip net, the catch must always
be concentrated to a great degree in order to unload the net efficiently.
In the case of the long bag dip net the amount of concentration
varies with the diiferent boats. Sometimes, as with a weak purse net,

Fig. 48. A long bag dip net which is
part of the equipment of sardine
purse seine boats. The long handle,
attached to the iron ring, is here
shown slashed to the ladder. This
dip net has a 4-foot mouth and a 20-
foot bag. Photo by J. B. Phillips,
February, 1932.

the fish are hardly more than bunched. Sometimes the degree of con-
centration approaches that of the small boats. In any case, when the
catch is concentrated to such a degree that in their struggles the fish
continually break water and produce an audible hissing noise, any
surplus that is freed would undoubtedly be doomed if held very long.

CAUrORN'IA FIHII AVD OAUC 217

111 tiiiiiiiK tlx' uiiloailint; op<Tiitioii)t of the IkmiU UMiiiff thr loti^
him (lip net and the mIuiIIow dip nrt, thi> folUiwint; wm found: Thr

boats UHiii(; tilt* ioM(; him dip net ran nornially iM)l<>a>l '

hour at l')(M) .'{')()() pounds piT di|» from th'-ir ■ '

Hhallow dip n«*t, «'> iJ.'i tons an hour at MM» i.(M» j

normal rati* of unloading, fnch-r vrry favorahh* conditioiw. thr long

htm d\\i nt't can unhuid KH) tons prr hour, as • 4M t' ir

for thf shallow dip tn't. TIhtj* is njon* of a tine ^ .; .

him liip nt't hrrausi' of tlu" variation in s'l/.r of n-

con('i>ntration of catrh. Tlu' shallow dip nrts an- fairly wrll " I-

i/i'd as to HV/.v, and eoncrntration of catch must Im> fairly u'r<-<il for

etTfctivcncss.

Wlit'ii Honnot " made his survey during th«* IIVJH l!»2'.> tifuium, the
two purse Hciiu* hoats then iit Monterey were still usinj? a shallow dip
net. With the start of the I'J'J') ID.'U) s.-ason and th.- i;
hcine lioats. the Ion;: hii\i or stocking' dip nrt was intro '■
of dip net is now part nt' the eipiipment of all the pij
well as shallow dip nets which are used for unloading; the fbth from
the hoat at the cannery. The lanipara boats iis.- tin- sani«- v di|>

net for utiloadin;: the eatrh from the m-t and for unloadiiiK >i>'- catch
from their li;,'bters at the eanneiy.

Ljini|)ara and purse net crews alike a*lmit that <h*ad or weakened
sardines tend to "sound," that is. head downwards. Fish in such a

condition ;ire practically dead wei'^'ht in contrast to the her*! — ':ty

of live and active lisli. It is harder work, with more ilan^er ,: a

not. to haul in just a few tons of dead or weakened s^inlines than to haul
in many tons of live and active sardines. Probably the Ixvst .• nt

lor the use of the loni; ba;; dip net is that the mouth of it can b -d

down far eiioiiL'h to scoop up tin- dead or urakfind tish from tl in

of the net.

I'lSll A.M) CA.MK 01U>i:U NO. 12

I")iirinir previous .sca.sons there have bc-n nuiiiy tons of

wastcil in the course' of a seasoii because of the dumpinj; of i... ; ;

catches after the crews had unloadetl at the canneri«'s. Kvcn though
limits mi;,'ht have been pronounced by tlu* canneries, crews sometiineM
miirht have brou^rht in over-limit c.itclu's in the anticipation t' " -t

crews had missed or had torn their nets. liefore the start of i;. . .1-
VXV2 .season the Division of Fish ami (iame issued Order No. 12. con-
sisting of two re^rulations. Keirulation 1 prohibited tlie dunipiii); of
fish and rcipiirod a bona fide oriler for the amount of fish delivere<| to
the plant. Keirulation 2 retpiircd that not more fish U* ini|>ounded in
th«* net than the crew actually had an onler for. and that !'"^ -'irplus
of tisli be rclased in a healthy condition Ud'ore brailinu ope: . com-

menced.

One would ;;athcr from hearinp the one side of the controversy that
the jnirse seine boats captureil a jjreat deal niore fish tlian t' 'ually

needed every time they .set out. Durinj; the 11)31 1*J32 just

dosed, either Order No. 12 had the desired etTect or the o hinp

properties of the purse seine have been over-rated. In iroing through

• Bonnot, Paul. Report on the relative merits and demerits of punw seines til
lann>arn nets in the t&klngr of sardines. Calif. Fish and Game. voL K. no. 3.
Ik 12&-130. 1930.

218 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the regular season sample records, purse seine boats are represented as
making 129 catches. Forty-eight of the catches, or 37 per cent, fell at
least 5 tons under the limit ; 44 catches, or 34 per cent, at least 10 tons
under the limit; 37 catches, or 29 per cent, at least 20 tons under the
limit. There are no records of the boats that missed entirely. In cases
where no limit was levied by the cannery, just the hold capacity of that
particular boat was taken as the limit. It is evident that in 35-40 per
cent of the cases throughout the season, the purse seine boats made
hauls that resulted in 5-10 tons under the limit loads. When fish are
loaded into the hold of a boat, the tonnage can be told quite accurately.
If the fish are available, in cases of limits, the load is apt to be a ton
or so over the limit, or in cases of no limits, the hold may be filled with
possibly a deck-load in addition.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Any efficient fishing gear has capabilities of catching more fish than
the fishermen can dispose of, especially at such times that limits are in
effect. In the case of sardine nets, it is not the gear that is responsible
but the handlers of the gear. However, no type of fishing gear should be
encouraged unless it is shown that the gear, properly handled, does not
continually destroy a large surplus of fish.

A survey of the netting operations of purse seines and ring nets in
the sardine fishery in the Monterey region may be summarized as fol-
lows:

1. A period of scarcity of sardines in Monterey Bay was present
and growing in length of duration at a time when the purse net was not
in use at Monterey.

2. The voluntary shortening of purse seines by southern California
sardine crews fishing in the Monterey region tends to show that an
excess of fish in the net is undesirable. When luminescence is absent,
the haul is more or less blind, and an excess is impounded, a purse
seine can be divided or the surplus allowed to escape over the cork line.

3. In the case of the purse seine boats, the use of the long bag dip
net reduces materially the time that fish are held in a bunched state
and allows the weakened or dead fish to be scooped first from the bot-
tom of the net. For the proper manipulation of this dip net, the catch
should not be bunched too tightly.

4. That purse seine boats are not continually making over-limit
catches is shown in an analysis of sample records. Based on the 1931-
1932 season records, hauls made by the purse seine fleet resulted in
under-limit catches in 35-40 per cent of the cases. No record is avail-
able of the times that the boats missed entirely.

5. Continued enforcement of Order No. 12, issued by the Division
of Fish and Game prior to the 1931-1932 season, is all that is recom-
mended at this time.

CAUrOKN'IA riMII AND OAUK 219

RELATIVE DESTRUCTTVENESS OF SARDINE
CIRCLE NETS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

T

lly n II CUANK. Cnllfomla flU(« naherlea i^bomlary

fl^ II I. t^lKS'I'loN has coim* up riMTiitly an to the r-

iiviiu'ss to sartliiHvs of tin* thr<'<' typcn of riri'l*- i i in

suufliriii Calitoniia watn-H: tin* laiupura, tin* riii' ' ! the

purse sriiuv Tlic purpose of this rrport Ih to HUimimri !•

tioiis Miatli' l»y tin- hu'iiiImts of tlir California Statr Fi *-

tory stall* aiul tlirir n'Sfan-hfs into tin* suhji-rt of tin* "i
usf of tlifsf vjiriotis iH'ts. It lias hrcn roucludi'd from I:
here presentoil that if the fishcniu'n operutinjr nny one of the three
lu'ts iisi' a fair amount of judu'iiuMit that none of thrso nct.H will ch'stroy
any appnciahli- amnimt of lish lift* other than that which in taken for
f(H)(l to tile iiuirkets and eaiiiieii'-v

Ol'KUATION OF NETS

The three types of eireles nets nseil in li.shin^ siirdines in southern
('alifornia are operated in ahout the same manner. That is, ' re

laitl out in a eirele around a selio«il of tish ; then the net is mai...... .:<-tl

so that the fish are eaptured and held in a hai:. The tish are then
furtlu'r eoneentrated in a smaller spaee and dipped into the Imat by
means of a larjre tlip net. The eonstrnetion of these nets is " rit
so that the nu'tluxl of impoundiiiLT the tish is not the s^ime for «... .. ... pe

(if ^ear. As far as the si^litin^' of sehools of tish, estimatinu' the num-
her of tons in them, and the aetnal setting of the net are eoncerned,
the erews usin^r any one of the three ty|)es of net follow similar metluxls.
Experienci'd tishermen are remarkable in their ability to estimate
the toiiiiau'e of a scIkkiI of tish. If the sejiool, aceordin^ to their best
estimate, contains the tlesired amount of lish, they will eirele the entire
seliool (depemlinir on the type antl si/e of their fishini; i;ear', but if
the school is too larire they may "split" the ma.ss and eirele half or a
third of it. "Split tin-:" ean be done if the lish are not too "wild" or
aetive.

After eirelini,', the tish are impounded, in the case of the lainpara,
by liauliiiLT iu the winirs and lead line in order to eontine the tish in
the "bunt" or bair; with the rinj; net, by simultaneously pursing the
net and pullinir in the winjrs. ami with the purse seine by completely
pursins; the net and then haulinir aboaril the rinirs ami the lead line,
together with part of the net.

After the tish are impounded, the enptain may decide that there is
a surplus, in which case the eork line (on that portion «>f the net
farthest from the boat) is submerired until a suflieient number of fkli
escape. The cork line is then allowed to come to the surface and the
rcmainiler of the capturcil tish is confined prior to beinjr dipped into
the boat.

'Contribution No. 122 from the Callfornlji Stale Fisheries LAbormtoo*. Janu-
ary, 1932.

2— 956S6

220 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

In the event that the sardines are "wild" and it is impossible to
estimate accurately the tonnage in a school, the fishermen using a purse
seine may set the net and impound the whole mass. Then, in order
not to destroj^ the fish or to confine all of them too closely, the
impounded fish are divided into two groups by pulling along a row of
knots in the net. One group is then confined more closely and dipped
into the boat. In case the first group does not contain the required
amount, some fish may be taken out of the other section. However, if
the first group fills the need, the second group is liberated by sinking
the cork line, in which case no fish are destroyed.

DIPPING OR BRAILING

Dipping or brailing the sardines from the water to the boat is
done in the same way regardless of the type of net used to capture the
fish. A large dip net with a long handle is operated usually from the
skiff, which is stationed on the opposite side of the net from the boat.
The net is dipped down into the water where the fish are confined,
pushed by means of the handle, and dragged along by the rope attached
to it from the boom. Then the net is lifted clear by the boom rope
with the aid of a poAver winch. The dip net is pushed to a position
over the hatch, and the purse line which closes the bottom of the net
is released to allow the sardines to drop into the hold. If a small
(shallow) dip net is used, from 500 to 700 pounds of sardines can be
transported to the hold of the boat at each dip. Using this type of
dip net, the fish can be removed from the impounded area at an average
of one ton every three minutes, or about 2 hours for a 40-ton catch.
However, if the larger dip net is used (this type was employed almost
exclusively for sardines in southern California during the 1931-1932
season) the fish can be unloaded from the net at the rate of about a ton
a minute or even faster, so that a 40-ton catch can be unloaded in about
30 to 40 minutes. These large dip nets are from 20 to 25 feet long
and scoop up from 1500 to 2500 pounds at a time. Such dip nets are
operated from the boat; they have no opening in the bottom but
are inverted into the hold. Some of the sardines near the bottom of
the confined area in the water are bound to be smothered, but this is
only a very small percentage. Such fish are still good and of course
are loaded on the boat wdth the rest of the catch. No large numbers of
fish are impounded in the net above the amount wanted by the fisher-
men. As stated before, experienced fishermen seldom catch much
above the required limit ; perhaps there may be a difference of one or
two tons above or below the set amount, but this is not enough to be
of any consequence. In our opinion, very few sardines are destroyed
in the operations of the three types of circle nets if the fishermen use
reasonably good judgment.

BOAT LOADS

After the sardines are loaded on the boat, the net is piled aboard
and the boat goes back to port to deliver the catch. If the fish are.
delivered the same day (24-hour period) as caught, they are almost
always in a good condition. Very few fish are crushed during the
dipping process from net to boat or from being stored in the hold. It

CALIFUKNIA nKil AND <iA\lK 221

liHS Imtij Ijoticrtl rrpi'JitiMlly tlint inarkiTi'l CAIItfht rclnfiv.fv c\rwu> to
|)(iit hy a ciirlr in'l iirr Mtill alivi- \vhrn drliviTrtl to ihr " i«,

tlu' oiu'H on top of till* lioatlotid, niul ihi'Mv nrr ilu* linh wiurh nn* i
last from tin* nrt. wliirli iixliratcs that tlw «ii!.'Jit of th-
in.f smothiT or riiinh thi* oii»*h on thr hott«tio In >...'>,.
• itl liavr Itfiii known to h«' so livrly aftiT ili'liv«M •!'

otr th«' ruttini: tahh-n in thr .annt'ry. "Soft arf thrown away,

not hfoauso of hoinjr crnshi'd in thr nrt hut
III thr hohl fur two tbiys •>r niorr or wrrr tra;. j ■.. . ■; .. .
ruiisiny tlir lish to hi'i'omr soft and unfit for rannint; Ti
uHually orrurs whrn inrhMnrnt wrnthrr hitidiTM the lioats from rrtum-
in,; to port immrdiatrly aftrr thr ratrhrs arr mnde.

I.ttKIKINTIS IV OI'EKATING NCTS

'I'hf hiiiipara iki is im i-n-. i a fnctor in snrdinr cnnnrry *•»-•<••
in soiith«'rn (alilOniia. Soiiir of ilir siiiallrr markrt hoat.s tise Ian .
lor various «)thrr spocirs of fish hut no u'rrat amount in takrn by thU
•/rar. iiamparas arc rmploy«'d a u'rrat (h-al in rat^hini; livr hnit (
small sMnliiifS), thr samr iiirthod Itrini: usi-d as in lishin^' *' ■ -i

si/.rs of sanlinrs, rx<rpt that thr fish iiiuirht for hait arr ; in

tanks to hr usrd hitrr as live hait. Naturally, thrs** tish are not
drstroyril hrcausr it is to thr fishrrmnn's advantaf^c to ktfp thrni alive.
Ilowrvrr. thr oprration of thr lampara nrt is thr snmr as whrn tlshini?
tor markrt sprrirs.

Kin^' nrts and purso seines, and not lamparas. are usrd for com-
mrrrial fishini; for sjirdiiu's and markrrrl. (The oprratinjj nietho«LH
liavr hrrii desrrihrd ahovr.)

Tlir iiuiin ditVrrriirr in tin- un.- of thr rini; n«'t and thr p"--- <-inc
is the lart that thr rin^' nrt is rasirr to handlr. A rrew eUii . j; a
rini; nrt ran rirrlr a small sehool of fish, whrrras, in the case of a purse
seine rrew a small srhool woidd not he ronsidered herausr of thr irrratrr
amoutif of lahor iiivolvrd in oprratinir a pursr srinr. It is prrhaps trur
that the pursr srinr is lapalilr of impoundim: and holdini; a larjjrr
amount of fish than rithrr thr ring net or the lampara, altht)Ut;h if
proper rare and jud^'inrnt arr exercised, purse s«Mnes nrr«l W no more
drstrurtivr of fish than thr lampara or rini: nrt. Thr wl ' *' -

of drstrurtivrnrss of fish in rirrlr nrts rests with thr in;.

direrts thr fishing' oprrations. Kven thouirh a rini? net or lampara
impounds a smaller number of tish each set, such jrcar must make
more sets in order to equal thr tonnaire semred by a purse srinr l»oat.
For instaneo, if thr rannery limit is 40 tons, a purse seine crew may
impouml r)0 tons in the nrt and rrlease 10 tons; a rin^ net or lampara
rrew may make 'J s.ts. the first impoumlinp 20 tons and the
next attrinpt 10 tons, in whirh case they would have to be con-
tent with ;U1 tons or nmke an additional set that may result
in 20 more tons. The y'u\\: net or lampara crew then would
have to release thr surplus of 10 tons, as in the caae of the
purse seine, and keep the rest, or they ran dip out half the fish in the

nrt and then dump the remain»ler out of the net. nl'' M the fish

may Imvo been damajred. It is not the net which li . ^ fish but

destruction is due to the lack of good judgment and care on the

222 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

part of the individual fishermen, ^regardless of the type of gear used.
Criticism of the purse seine has been based on the fact that it can
impound larg'e amounts of fish. Suppose a purse seine does capture
200 tons but can use onh^ 40 tons — the crew does not keep the 200
tons in confinement until 40 tons are dipped into the boat, as this
great weight of 200 tons might tear the net if retained very long. A
ring net or lampara is subject to this same danger if too large a school
is impounded.

SUMMARY

All circle nets (lampara, rin^ and purse seine) are operated
similarly. Catches made by such gear are brailed in the same manner.
These nets can be operated in such a way that excess impounded fish
can be released from the net without being damaged. The purse
seine is capable of impounding a larger amount of fish than the ring
net or lampara at one time, but the ring net and lampara have to be
set more often in order to obtain the same tonnage as the purse seine.

If fishermen are careful, no appreciable amount of fish need be
destroyed by any of the three types of circle nets.

REFERENCES
Fry, D. H., Jr.

1930. The ring net, half ring net, or purse lampara in the fisheries of California.
Calif. Div. Fish Game. Fish Bull , no. 27, 6.5 p.

Phillips, J. B.

1930. Success of the purse seine boat in the sardine fishery at Monterey, California
(1929-1930 fishing season). Calif. Div. Fish Game, Fish Bull., no. 25,
44 p.

Scofield, W. L.

1929. Sardine fishing methods at Monterey, California. Calif. Div. Fish Game,
Fish Bull., no. 19, 61 p.

CAUrORMA KIMII ANt> HAMt:

PARASITISM OF THE CALIFORNIA VALLEY

QUAIL BY HAFMOPROTEUS LOPHORTYX.

A PROTOZOAN BLOOD PARASITE

Ity I.
(With nvc neurrii nn«l two plAlo* by th« »v

ri^lIK CAMKdKXIA VAM.KY (^I'AIf^ I.ophorttfJ caUforniea

I Simw, lias littitr hi-rii itlfiif iliftl in I In- v ' '
JL Stall' 's most pri/.t'd j^ann' hiril. Ir> tl'- ■
natiiralistM, it is similarly a favoritr. CI
with the (Ij'Vj'iDpiiu'Mt of the foimtry liave brciuijhl about rl
trihiitinii and rfiativc juiimImts of (|uall, t' iM'iulicial lu ih^-

Wfllaiv of the hinls ami in others jusl tl.. .

One of the at'tivities of the Division of Fish an<l Oaine ennccrninff
quail has been n series of studies into the poHsibilitie.H of pnrn.Hitism and
tlistase as heinj; factors of importanee in influeneinp the pn-iscnt dU-
trihufion and nuinhers of the hirds.

in the f(tlIo\vin<; paires will be found a eompreluMisive aeeount of
observational and experimental work with a bl(M»<l parasite of the
valley (piiiil which was discovered near Yonntville. r " ' in 1927.

The (piail on whii-li the orij,'inal discovery was mad. ,. .... .r ♦»,..

state L'aiiic farm, and the thouirht that immediatciv

was that possibly the parasite had been broufjht into the state throujfh

introduced frame birds that were beinjf propaLrnt««d at t)

In ortlcr to test this hypothesis, several s|tccifs . '
the ^'ame farm as well as wild birds taken near the p
but none of them revealed the presence of the parasite that had been
found in the (puiil.

The survey was flien cM ••nii.ii in ;ireas tar rfiiiii\,d fr

farm and .several additional reconls obtained of the pn

parasite in (piail. From these records it was apparent that the parasite
has no relationship to introiluced };ame birds. In the meantime, evi-
dtMioe was accumulaf intr that the parasite was of

imjiortancc and mii^'ht be the cau.se »>(' v.M-i.mv <i. . ...>

nmon;2r quail.

I'loin available literature, it was evident that the or);ani.sm under
ob.scrvation was proto/oan, belonirini; to either tlie ircnus //
teus or Prott'osoma, sjioro/oans which are capabb* or" -.»•. ■i-- •••
in birils known as bird malaria. The important b
between the two genera is that Proteosoma can be transmittetl by direct
blood inotMilation. whereas IIiu ninpritlnis can not Ihv The first c\j>ori-
mental work that was done, therefore, was a series o*" '>'■■! inoculation
experiments. Blood from parasiti/cil quail was ii ed into sus-

ceptible yonnir quail as well as into younp pheasants and chicks. All
such attempts at transmi.ssion were futile fixing the identity of the
parasite as llaemoproteus.

A complete ihck of the literature on the Ilaemoprottidae of birds
indicated that this particular species was new to science. It has there-
fore been described as such under the name of Haemoproteus lophortyz.^

224 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

As soon as the investigations were well under way, the work
resolved itself into a series of studies along the following lines :

1. Host and geographic distribution of the parasite.

2. Collecting ectoparasitic louse flies of quail.

3. Experimental transmission of the parasite.

4. Life histor.y of the parasite.

5. Pathology, disease symptoms in infected birds.

6. Some problems of infection and immunity.

7. The possible influence of certain ecological factors.

The various studies were carried on concurrently, each week's obser-
vations usually contributing towards progress along several of the above
lines. For clearness in presenting the results of the above studies, they
will be grouped under the headings outlined above.

HOST AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

The records of parasitism of birds by various species of Haemopro-
teus are largely from the old world, although Opie (1898) - gives a
list of several North American birds taken largely in the vicinity of
Baltimore, Maryland, which were parasitized with blood parasites of the
genus Haemoproteus. He did not include any quail, partridges or
other gallinaceous birds in the list and did not assign specific or varietal
names to any of the different kinds of Haemoproteus which he found.

A typical example of one of the more comprehensive European lists
of host birds is that of Galli-Valerio (1902).' He examined 101 birds
belonging to 29 genera and 36 species in the Alpine regions of central
Europe. Among them he found Haemoproteus in 16 genera and 18
species. In the present studies, an attempt was made to examine as
many species as possible which were to be found in the same environ-
ment as the valley quail. Twenty-eight genera and 36 species in all
were examined. Ten of these species, however, were wild ducks and
geese and should really not be included in the list for comparison. In
all, a total of 170 individual birds were examined. Of this entire lot
of birds other than quail, only one species, Aphelocoma calif ornica,
yielded any Haemoproteus. Three individuals, only, were parasitized.
They were all from one lot and were shot near Orinda, California, Sep-
tember 30, 1928. Parasitism in these blue jays was very light and the
species of Haemoproteus was not determined. Fourteen other blue jays
taken at various places and at various times were not parasitized.
Whether the parasites in the blue jays may have been Haemoproteus
lophortyx is not known because of the inability of the writer to identify
them from the scanty material.

Contrasted with these negative records previously enumerated is the
widespread distribution of Haemoproteus lophortyx in quail of the
genus Lophortyx taken in California. Collecting extended over the
period of time from December, 1927, to July, 1929. Wherever pos-
sible, the blood sample was taken from the wing vein of the living quail
in order to avoid needless sacrifice of the birds.

» O'Roke, Earl C. The morpholo&y of Haemoproteus lophortyx sp. nov. Science,
Vol. 70, No. 1818, p. 432.

2 Opie, E. L. On the Haemocytozoa of birds. Journ. Exp. Med., 3, 79-101, pi. 9.

3 Oalli-Valerio, B. Untersuchungen uber die Hamosporidien der Alpenvoeel.
Centralbl. Bakt., 1, Abt., 31, 162-165.

i:XI'I. \N.\TI()\ ol" n.A'I'KS

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Salivary glands of Lynchia hirsuia. Iron-haematoxylin stain,
photomicrograph, X 280.

Fig. 2. Sporozoites in salivary glands of Lynchia hirsuta. Iron-haematoxylin
stain, photomicrograph, X 80.

Fig. 3. Oocysts on wall of mid-gut of Lynchia hirsuta. Sketch from living
material. X about 350.

Fig. 4. Section of spleen of infected quail shovping pigment deposits.
Unstained, cleared material, photomicrograph, X 200.

Fig. 5. Section of testis of infected quail showing pigment deposits. Iron-
haematoxylin stain, photomicrograph, X 200.

Fig. 6. Smear preparation of lung of infected quail showing pigment
deposits. Unstained, cleared material, photomicrograph, X SO.

Fig. 7. Sausage-shaped schizont from spleen of infected quail. Iron-haema-
toxylin stain. X 1266.

Fig. 8. Male gametocyte, just preceding liberation of male . gametes. Dark
field illumination. X about 2500.

Fig. 9. Living microgamete. Dark field illumination. X about 5000.

Fig. 10. Merozoites in epithelial cell from liver. Giemsa's stain. X 1866.

Fig. 11. Sporozoites of Haemoproteus lophortyx. Iron-haematoxylin stain.
X 3500.

Fig. 12. Sporozoites of H. columhae. Redrawn after Adie (1921). X 3500.

( 226)

.r

r'i

•■^

»>^*

^

%

,«•

i«i.ATi-: I

PLATE 2

All figures drawn with camera lucida. X 2533. Methyl alcohol fixation,

Giemsa's stain.

Figs. 13—16. Developing gametocytes.

Fig. 17. Mature male gametocyte in blood cell.

Fig. 18. Mature male gametocyte out of blood cell and rounded up prepara-
tory to gametogenesis.

Figs. 19-23. Successive divisions of the nucleus of the gametocyte resulting
in the formation of the nuclei of the microgametes.

Fig. 24. Male gametes in various stages of development. One mature male
gamete visible.

Fig. 25. Residual mass of male gametocyte after the liberation of the micro-
gametes.

Fig. 26. Free microgametes.

Fig. 27. Female gametocyte in blood cell.

Fig. 28. Female gametocyte outside of blood cell and rounded up preparatory
to gametogenesis.

Fig. 29. Macrogamete and polar cell.

Fig. 30. Zygote with fertilization membrane. Thickness of membrane exag-
gerated.

Fig. 31. Elongating ookinete.

Fig. 32. Motile ookinete.

(228)

* A

0

^-. .A '^,

I V ^1 ,•

'■'i %■ ^-.r i3- r.

^' ^ ^:^'1»<

%

' ^

^tt

•• •

Pl^TK 2

CAlAt un>i\ ^1►^II A>u UAUi;

The Hource of Mupply wan the State (;ame farm at Younlville, nuro-
louM private uviarieH, birilM trapp<<l ami fwnt in by tlrputin or ihot

liv the writer. For the purposr of thr i it wa* nerrswiry

to shoot Hevernl (pjail during the elo*M><l s* ..,-.,. . ... ij«ni?i' '.•--•■•»;••.• wu
to take sainph'.s hiTf atitl there from oumfrous eovi-yn vrvre

operating in settled communiti<>fi wc alway.s made it a point to explain
to the raiichriii'ii what we w«'re doiuj? and why we wrre doing it and

V

'-^^^ii^rs

QUA/L DV£ffC COIL£CTCO

*Scn Jost

• V,c*9'.''k

\

SoM D-^f* _ _x — - -

to ask permission to take the necessary samples for study. Altogether
>12 (niail wore examined. These included all of the species and sub-
species of the jjenus Lophortyr which are to be found in California,
incluilina: Santa Catalina Island. Of all of the quail examined, 45
iier cent were uarasitized. Parasitism in different lots varies from

230 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

0 to 100 per cent. No species or subspecies of the genus Lophortyx
■was found to be free from the parasites. The highest per cent of
infection, 100 per cent, was found in Gambel Quail at a private aviary.
The accompanying map shows the locations where collections were
made.

It will be observed that only a few places did not yield parasitized
birds, and it is quite probable that more extensive collections made
there would have sho-\vn that these localities are not exceptions to the
general rule.

COLLECTING ECTOPARASITIC LOUSE FLIES OF QUATL

Since the Sergent's work (1907)^ in northern Africa had proved
experimentally that Haemoproteus columhae Celli and Sanfelice is
transmitted by the bite of the louse fly Lynchia maura, it seemed prob-
able that some species of louse fly would be found to be responsi?jle for
transmitting this newly discovered parasite of the valley quail in Cali-
fornia. Accordingly^, a survey was made of entomological collections
in California which might include such flies. From this study it was
ascertained that two species of such flies had been reported from quail
in the state. They were namely, Lynchia hirsuta Ferris and Stilhome-
topa impressa Bigot.

The former species had only recently been described by Ferris
(1927)^, and was represented by only three specimens in the collections
of Professor G. F. Ferris, of Stanford University. The latter was
represented by two specimens in the University of California collection.
With this information as a starting point, field search was instituted.
Guided by the knowledge that the louse fly of the pigeon deposits its
pupae about cracks and crevices and around nests in pigeon lofts,
examination was made of the quail pens at the State Game Farm in
the hopes of finding the flies or their pupae. Repeated examinations
made during May and June proved to be fruitless. The next step was
to drive the quail into cloth-screened pens at the game farm in the
hope of finding the flies on the birds. This likewise yielded negative
results. Operations were then extended to the field. Penned quail
were taken out into natural environments of the wild quail, left for
a few hours and then placed in cloth bags to be examined for any
flies that may have alighted on them. Wild quail were trapped and
similarly examined, but with entirely negative results. Jn the mean-
time, examinations of the roosting places and haunts of wild quail
were continued but no hypoboscid flies were found.

Following upon the failure to obtain flies or thr-ir pupae by any of
these methods, it became necessary to shoot quail and place them imme-
diately in gauze bags. These bags were made up into conical shape,
about a foot long. Field practice indicated that unless a quail could
be shot in an open clearing and placed in the gauze bag within a few
.seconds after it was killed, any flies present among the featliers of the
quail would make their escape. After a quail had been placed in a
bag, the bottom of the bag was closed with a rubber band. It was

oi ^o^^^ol!}' -^.^ ^/'^r, ^>^ Etudes sur les hematozoalres d' olseaux; Ann. Ist. Past.,
21, 2.J1-280, pl.s. 6-7, 5 flgs. in text.

» Ferris GF. Some American hippoboscidae (diptera pupipera) Canadian Ento-
mologist 59, 24G-2ol, 4 figs, in text.

CAI.IFOKNIA n.HII AND UAME

231

tlipn hi'ld HU.Hpcndp*! by the aprx niul niiy fli**-^ •*■ ■• •* nt

ifiviiriahly cniwlf*! up into th«? t«p«rMnf part of t; r«j

Ik" the instinct of t\\v My to leave it.H hoxt iuimi*(liati>ly after the drath

of tin? lattrr. Afti-r the ttu's hml erawlni up iiitn tl

traiisffiriMl to L'L'inin. slu'il vials which wfrr i-an-f':"

baK aiitl tiiovcti upwards until thr t1i**.s hatl l»i><-ii it

Fio. 50. Lirnchia hirauta Ferris. Female, wings removed. After Ferris.

About 3S X.

232

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

fly taken by this method was captured on July 7, 1928, at the Whitman
Ranch, near Mount Diablo. By November this method had yielded 32
flies. The greatest number taken on any one quail was four. Many
had none at all and several only one or two. The only species taken
throughout the investigations was Lynchia hirsuta Ferris.

Collections of flies were made from several places in the vicinity of
Mount Diablo and at a few localities in the Berkeley Hills between
Berkeley and Orinda. When a fly was transferred to a vial, it was
customary to put the vial in one's shirt pocket in order to keep it
alive and warm until such time as it could be used in transmission
experiments.

Fig. 51. Screen cage, used at Yountville Game Farm in a series of transmission

experiments with quail.

During the course of collecting flies, a few facts were gathered
which may be of assistance at some time in the future to anyone work-
ing out the life history of the fly, which is unknown. No flies were ever
found apart from their hosts. A pair of flies were observed in copula
October 5. Three different flies were observed to oviposit a pupa
immediately after being taken from quail and placed in vials. These
ovipositions took place July 7, August 2, and October 5. All of the
pupae were placed in a constant temperature box maintained at 35.5
degrees Centigrade. The one obtained August 2 gave rise to a fly in
thirty-one days. The other two failed to hatch. The longest time that
a fly lived in captivity was five days. They must live considerably
longer than this as will be apparent when consideration is given to
the development of Haemoproieus lophortyx in this fly.

(?AUK(JKN'IA Kimi A.VO OAMK 2^

I llt\N lire, liii\M-\ i|-, ii'ii'iit"" aii'i tti'ii" .' ' 'n

llii' wflltirr of tlifir luwl from wlnrh ili«-\ hu n

whirh they ohtaiii warmth. An will Im* m't-n in th<* ^'

Miif, thi'ir piii('h<*r-lik«? fret mablc them to hold fawt to the : m

thi'ir hosts ainl thrir Hat iMxIioji t-nahlr thdii to Klidi* una<T ibe

■ itlii-i's t'asil\'

KXI'WtlMKNTAI. THANHMIKSION OK IIAKM<il'»t<iTKlM l.o|'|IOKTYX

I lirou^h till' cooperation of August Ha<l«-, Miiprrinti'iitlnit of thr
State (iam«' Farm, at Youiitvilii*. Uti youiik' quail were plar.<i with ih'ir
liroiMl.f ht'ii^i in sfn'fiKMJ ca^ri'.s iinmi'diatcly aft<-r hati-hint; <»n *' ''»,
l'.*L'>. At tilt' l)«'i;inninj; oi" tin* rxpt'rinicnl.s onr catfi* containtni ... ..e
little «inail and tin* otlirr fourteen. The most riu'id tart* was rxercijMHi
\>\ A \V. KIder and K. D. IMatt at the ^»ame farm to keep the.H«? cagt's
iii.si'it Irif diiiinj; the time that thi* quail wcrf heini; kept for ujie io
the expfriniiiils. Sotue of the qujiil were renioveil from time to time
iiid transferred to smaller eajfes for the fly-hitin^r experiments. The
la.st of the ({uail were not removed from the sereenetl pens until Decem-

\'<T 7.

.\ lon^ series of transmission experiments was planned ainl earri«'«l

it. These be^'an by merely placing' an infeettnl and uninfectetl quail

I lom the screen caj;e in a small laboratory sereeneci caj^e about 6xlL'xl2

•lies tojjether with flies taken from t|uail shot in the Held. Scarcity

; Hies necessitated improving this proec«lure and eventually the fly

t'ltiii^ method adopted was to place the i\y in a sunill biting cup about

inni. in diameter and made from bobbinct ami gummed pa|>er tape

Nsliicli was scaled into position tlirectly ajrainst the skin of the bird.

The usual practice was to contiiie the tly over niijlit on th.* ImhIv of a

mail. When it became apjiarcnt that the scarcity of Hies iaij;ht pre-

nt a tlioroujih test by this method of the hyp<tlhesis that Lytuhia

rsutii Ferris was a transmittinjj best of the parasite, still more

luratc experiments were planned Wlu-n Hie.s were taken on para-

ti/cd qujiil, tiicy were subjiclcd to micro.scopic analysis to determine

wlicther the infective staj?e (sporozoite stajre) of the para.site was

present in the in.sect. Three such infected Hies were found. One of

ihese taken on October ;"). 11)*JS. was heavily infei-ted, i' ' ' • is

lu'iiijr iroi-jrcd witli tlic .sporo/.oitcs of 1 1 lit inu pru( tU^ ^. ,.. . i.C

ilivary jrlands of this Hy when clu)pj)cd uj) in few cubic millimeters

nnniial saline solution and injected intravenously into the wing

\'in of a tpiail produced a positive case of transmis.sion of the | '•',

the infection ilcvelopinjr in about thirty ilays. The control tp. it

were kept in the orii;inal screened capes at the game farm r- .1

tree from infection with the parasite.

LIFE lUSTOKY OF THE PARASITE

Ilaemoproteu!^ lophortifx is n sporozonn hnvin;: u cni:!,;! aied life
oydo similar to that of the causal organisms of human malaria which
is transmitted by the bites of mosquitoes. There are two distinct phases
in its life cycle, the sexual and the asexual phase. Trai. n is

biolo^rical. the jiarasitc jroinu: throutrh the .sexual part of its cycic ;n the
bodv of the ilv. A convoniont tlioiijjh perhaps not logical starting

234 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

point for discussing the life cycle is the gametocyte stage in the red
blood cells of the quail. When freshly drawn blood is placed between
a slide and a cover slip and examined under the microscope, it will be
noticed that the mature male and female gametocytes are at rest in the
red blood cells. Within a few minutes after the drop of blood is drawn
the male gametocytes escape from the blood cells and round up pre-
paratory to gamete formation. By a process of successive nuclear
divisions, the nucleus of the gametocyte forms the nuclei of from four
to six male gametes. In addition, to the nucleus, the male gamete is
provided with a small amount of cytoplasm. By rupture of the mem-
brane of the gametocyte these, gametes are liberated. They are ex-
tremely active vermicular organisms.

In the meantime, a single large macrogamete or female gamete is
being formed from each female gametocyte through the throwing off
of a polar cell. This process is a little slower than that of gamete
formation in the male gametocytes. After the gametes are formed,
fertilization takes place by the complete entrance of the male gamete
into the substance of the female gamete. The process requires but
fifteen seconds. As a result of this process a zygote is formed. About
twenty minutes later this zygote begins to elongate into a motile
ookinete. When this process occurs normally in the stomach of the
louse fly Lynchia hirsuta Ferris, the ookinete soon burrows through
the wall of the stomach and comes to rest on its outer surface, where
it develops into an oocyst.

Within the oocj^st, repeated nuclear divisions give rise to from 500
to 5000 sporozoites. The mature oocyst then ruptures liberating the
minute sporozoites into the haemacoele of the insect. These sporozoites
then enter the walls of the salivary glands and come to rest in the
central cavities of the tutular glands. When a fly thus infected bites
a quail some of these sporozoites are discharged and enter the blood
stream of the quail. From here they enter endothelial cells of the
blood capillaries of such organs as the lungs, liver and spleen. Through
repeated divisions numerous merozoites are produced. These in turn
produce more generations of merozoites in the tissues of the organs
mentioned above. Finally some of these merozoites give rise to game-
tocytes Avhich enter red blood cells and grow to maturity. When such
mature males and female gametocytes are present in the blood, the
bird becomes infective to another bird.

PATHOLOGY, DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN INFECTED BIRDS

Numerous investigators have studied the pathological conditions
which are revealed by autopsies performed on infected birds. Few,
however, have paid any attention to the appearance and behavior of
infected birds and to the possibility that disease produced by Haem-
oproteus may be serious and even fatal. During the progress of this
work special attention has been paid to this phase of the studies. As
mentioned early in this article over 300 quail have been actually
handled. Hundreds of others have been observed in the field. As a
result of the observations on living quail, and of autopsies performed
on birds used in the investigations, four types or stages of Haem-
oproteus disease may be recognized. These are :

CAUKOKNIA riHIl AND UAMK

235

Tlio followiiii; (lia(;rain illtiNtrat«>H the tiiiw* .t'n.i-t.i invulved If '•>••
sexual (•yclc.

FlO. &2. I>ltiKra>n shuwInK the time i-lcmont Iru
fvrtilixaUoii aiul ot>klii«-tt< fonuatloii on the i:
111. nml» Kin"''tiicyte in blootl cell; lb, feiii
2b, gaini-tiK-yles out of blood cell anil r« •
tfaniftes foriHoil anil liberated ; 3b, Kanii-t
fertilization: 6, fortllliutlon lutinbrane r
elunKAtlns c>6kliiete ; 11-12. motile ookleicte.

6-7.

d

I.

1. Milil. chronii'. Tliis is by far the most I'oinmon, tlu* <iiiail exhib-
iting no outward symptoms of tlisoase and the presence of i- -^
in the blood lu-iiii; tlio only indii'Ution that the binl is j.i \.
This typo of infoi'tion is oxtremoly persistent, extending thr _ iit
the year. Birds thus infectetl are undoubtedly carriers although they
may manifest no disease symptoms themselves.

2. Mild, acute. This type apparently results from an initial infec-
tion tho m;isxnitude of which is sufTicient to cause the bird some dis-
comfort. It is restless and "otT feed" for from two to four days,
whereupon the infection is either tbrowu off or settles down to the
chronic tyix\

-956S6

236

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

3. Moderate, clironic. This type is commonly observed under field
conditions. The bird is thin and anemic and more or less weakened.
Such an underlying condition might well account for losses of birds in
the field due to secondary causes, such as exposure or exhaustion fol-
lowing the nesting season.

4. Heavy, acute. This type occurs in late spring or early summer,
whether as the result of new infective fly bites or the lapse of an old
infection is not known. The percentage of red blood cells containing
gametocytes that have reached the pigment-producing stage may be
as high as 10 per cent and even more. The bird loses flesh rapidly, is
unable to fly, refuses food, becomes droopy and may die. Only four
fatal cases have actually been seen by the writer, and they are believed
to be rare. It must be remembered, however, that under natural field
conditions, the struggle for existence might eliminate birds before they

Not
infected

Light
chronic

^

Moderate
chronic

Light
acute

Heavy
acute

Fig. 53. Graph showing the relative percentages of quail harboring the
various classes of infections observed. Chart represents 100 birds,
sample population.

reach such a stage of helplessness. Several cases have been reported
from widely separated localities of quail that were unable to fly and
which could be caught with the hands. Four such cases, personally
investigated by the writer, showed the birds to be heavily infected
with Haemoproteus lophortyx. Two of these cases ended fatally and
post-mortem examinations disclosed no lesions other than those due to the
Haemoproteus infection. No acute fatal cases have ever been observed
in young birds less than six weeks old, but it is conceivable that such
cases do occur. If, for instance, the brooding birds should be heavily
infected and if they should harbor a large number of flies which trans-
mit the parasites, conditions for infecting the young would be ideal.

CAMKORNIA riHll A.Vn OAMK 237

Hill anyone faniilinr with ll»«' hahjU of \ ' *-- • -• "he

rluiiicis of llii(iinu' tin in wluTf liu-y may ; ^

HurroiHHlin^'s an* almost nt •^,'ll^fil)l^^ Thn fort thftl ; -d

at liiiuw farms and private aviaripM arc not found to In- '-d u

probably dm- to tin- cinMnnstanrrs undrr v.' > .^ - -,,j

raisrd apart from ihrir pannt.s, thus not I" . _ to

any lli«'.s wliii-li nuKlit be livinj? on tho adult birdM.

Ah to iliaunosiH of the disra.m* and postinorti-m
Mill* in tlif rrd blooil ci-lls of baltrrsliapid «-> i

black piymiMit d<*po*'itJi is «liarai-trri>tif. Tin- ni. m

l>anLsiti/t'd niay run from a fraction of om* por riMit to mon- than ten
per cent. An ahnost constant lesion is an enlarfjed bl -n

contrasted with tlie mucb sniailer pink spleen of the ikjiu. d.

Similar black pij^ment deposits may also be found in the In mJ

liver. Destruction of the red blood cells by tlie parasites brir it

an anemic condition of the bird. Hypertrophy and loss of ty of

the blood cells due to the |)reseiice of the parasites tenil.i In brinjf
about con^'estion in the smaller capillaries of t)i.- limgs.

In a case of a suc«-cs,sful experimental tra: on wherein a por-

tion of a luntr of an infect etl ipiail was transplanted to the Innly cavity
of a susceptible (piail. the artificially infected bird was at its 1« bb

just before the di'velopin^' j;amctocytes be«'ame visible in ii- ;.. . J.
This period of depression of the bird was marked by .severe anemia.
which threatened to eiul fatally before the bird rallied and
recovered. It is conceivable that such a heavy, acute infection could
be produced in a natural way by insect transmission and terminate
fatallv without anv LMinetocvtos bein«? discernible in the red blood
cells. ■

I'Vom reference to the life cycle of the p ' on pre-

vious pafjes, it is apparent that there is con-i.i. i..;,.. .»;.... of

luiiir and liver tissue with the multiplication of the n .■>'s

of tlie parasite in the endothelial and epithelial cells of these organs.
This, to};ether with any toxic etT«'cts that may be produce.: " of

the presence of the parasites, may account for the severity (^ .... ....i;al

infection of ^reat intensity.

SOME PROIU.EMS OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

As previously noted, pap* 23(5. infections nuiy vary fri»m extremely
lij^'ht to fatally acute. The.se variations are probably due to several
causes, such as the number of parasitized Hies, variations in the viru-
lence of the parasites, and state of natural resistance of the host.

Transmission would seem to be fa«'ilitated by the observed fact that
ganu^toeytes may be found in the blootl of the quail throuphout the
year, and that flies have been reported from nearly all months of the
year. The ijrrej,Mrious habits of quail would also contribute to the ease
of transmi.ssion. Tendinj.? to limit the extent of the infection among
quail could be the small number of flies observed, the low percentage
of infections amonj; them and the licrhtness of such infections. It is
also possible that the flies are limited to certain portions of the quail
range, a subject upon which more data are needed.

238 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

For the most part the experimental work involved in this paper has
been done under controlled conditions where the various factors were
known and could be evaluated. In a state of nature, it is not always
possible to arrive at such precise values. For instance, one hears
reports that quail in certain partly protected areas do not increase, and
in fact become reduced in numbers. It would be of interest to make
most searching investigations into the actual field situation which gives
rise to the reports. Does full protection at first result in overcrowding
and may such a condition be followed by flare-ups of parasitism and
disease which defeat the purpose of protection? What is the situa-
tion with regard to parasitism of quail by Haemoproteus lophortyx
in this respect"? We have data showing that in some cases in private
aviaries the quail were 100 per cent infected. The highest percentage
of infected birds found in any one lot in a state of nature was about
65 per cent. Does the presence of heavily infected, weakened birds
react unfavorably upon the rest of the covey? Would such birds
under normal conditions be eliminated by predatory animals and cer-
tain species of raptorial birds? These are practical questions which
can not be answered except by the most painstaking comparative study
of field areas over a relatively long period of time.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In the foregoing pages an account has been given of the incidence
and pathogenicity of Haemoproteus lophortyx, a new species of blood
parasite of the California valley quail, Gamble quail and Catalina Island
quail. It is widespread in the state, having been found in numerous
localities. Fortunately, by far the greater number of cases seem to
be light, benign infections, showing that at least partial immunity is
well established. Fatal cases do occur, however, and it is possible that
Haemoproteus lophortyx may be the indirect cause of losses commonly
attributed to other causes. The parasite is transmitted from quail to
quail \)j the ectoparasitic louse fly Lynchia hirsuta Ferris.

Plates I and II in this paper are identical with those appearing in
a more technical account ^ published by the University of California.
This publication contains a complete bibliography.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Cxrateful acknowledgment is made to the many captains and depu-
ties whose assistance in the field was invaluable. Special credit is due to
Professor C. A. Kofoid of the University of California under whose
supervision the experimental and laboratory work was done.

To Mr. Eugene D. Bennet, Dr. H. C. Bryant, Mr. E. E. Ludlum,
Mr. D. D. McLean, Dr. H. Van Roekel, Dr. K. F. Meyer, Professor G. F.
Ferris, Professor AV. B. Herms and Professor E.*^ C. Van Dyke the
writer is indebted for cordial cooperation and assistance.

The painstaking care given the experimental birds at the State
Game Farm at Yountville by Superintendent August Bade and his
capable assistants as well as many other courtesies extended by Mr.
Bade have been greatly appreciated.

' O'Roke, Earl C. The morphology, transmission and life history of Haemoproteus
lophortyx O'Rokfe, a blood parasite of the California valley quail. Univ. of Calif Pub.
in Zool., Vol. 36, No. 1, 1930.

i

CAMroHN'tA riHU AN'D OAUK 239

L

FISHWAYS IN CALIFORNIA

By JoHM flnwcsD

IT HAS |'.i;i:.\ SAID that lifr ana li" ■■
IlH'lll. ( 'i)M.H« rVHlioll woikrrs will ; !»|f

that i(l<>a as it is uppamit at all tinu-M in < ii work and

the perpetuation of the wild life i.s eontiiiu'ent iipuii uit A-

ineiit. Civili/atinM is foiiHlantly rUfroai-liiii ' '' ly

orcu|)i('(i liy tish aixi uaiiie in uii(listiiri»Ml ( . h

to cxpeet tliat \\v may au'aiii have a eon«liti<)n an ri'lat«'«| ' -*,

when (s'l'cat hiM'ils of ilrrr were seen and "hiniN in Kueh it < thnt

their fli^'ht ohseurrtl thf smi." with " iiiit;ratinif fixh ho ' 'he

streams that prrsons walki'il from shore to -~li'>i<- ..if)
Thesi' storifs of ahnndanee may he sliu'htly «'\.

oner as eompart'tl to prc.m-nt eonditioAs may not Im* drnied i-ven by the
ski'ptieal. Thf many rstahlislicd fai-tors wliirh have • ' 'il

are not so ^'rin'rally known. Intelliirfut eonsrrvatifjn ■■ li-

/ance of these factors and makrs ffVort tc» anticipate r; li-

tions so that appropriate measures may he atTeeted and thu.H minimize
or postpone the ill etTects that otherwise would aecnie or ponible
destruc'tion of the species.

I'rohahly the first advei-se factor afVectinif fish life in thi.H State
was the atlvcut of the t'old miner in 1H4I>, who very shortly be^an
pollutinj? the streams, makini: them undesirahle to fish life and con-
structiiiir dams for the diversion of water with no means provided to
enahle miLrratim; fish to pa.ss these «lams to the spawning' LTi-uri'ls ahove.
This continued without restriction for many years.

In ISTO, twenty years aft«'r the State was admitti'd to tf: n.

n Hoard nf I'^jsh ( 'oinniissjimers was ereated i-hariTed hy law wr.n the
restoration ami preservation of fish life. The sum of $o,UlX) was
appropriated to carry on this work. Tlie Commissioners were to U'
appointed hy the (lovernor and .serve at his will and pleasure, without
pay. No ehanircs have necurred in this latter pr'

Th»> I'eeords of the early work of the Com;... a fi!*-"'-'' •■...si

interestinir readinir. Manv prohlems confronteil the earlv • ru

but prohahly the most difficult was the iiulifTerenee of the ^neral
public, as few ri'ali/e«l or would a<lnut the n> of a' d

chani;es. Increased responsihilities were u'iven tli. * .i: •■■••• ■ . n\e
passaire of jrame laws in 1S7S and later the leu'al na .• the

Pish and (lame Commission. Too much credit may not W piven thoso
early and conscientious conservationists who pioneered and brouffht
about the jias.saire of the basic fish and i»an>e laws.

No doulu the early Commissions thouu'h tlw' problems presentinfr
themselves diflicidt of solution but time has not lessened but rather
increased these ditVieulties. Many more factors enter into the prob-
lems and must now he considered if any ' .• i i 1^^

maintained between wild life and the advan _ .. j . ie.

In 1872 the first fish ladder or fishway law was enacted by the
Lesjislature as it was reeo'jnized that the continued con.stmction of

240

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

dams by the gold miner would in time destroy the runs of fish up the
streams unless suitable means were provided for the passage of fish.
Amendments to the law have been made at different times as necessity
demanded.

The law now in effect (section 637, Penal Code of State of Cali-
fornia) briefly states that the Fish and G-ame Commission may order
installed on any dam or artificial obstruction, a fishway for the passage
of fish over or around the dam or obstruction, when in its opinion one
is required ; such construction being- at the expense of the owners.
Accompanying the order the Commission must provide a plan of the
proposed fishway setting forth location, form and capacity. Legal
processes are established for the protection of the owners as well as
the State. If there is noncompliance with the order the Commission
may carry the matter to the courts for determination. In lieu of fish-
way installation the Commission may require the construction of a
fish hatchery or have fry planted.

woietmpool I

En'^rance port '-"

^-•L\p of pori -'-i'.

Fig. 54. Portion of concrete fishway without flow of water showing typical con-
struction and nomenclature. Downstream face of dam at left, stream immedi-
ately in front of fishway and not shown in photo December, 1928.

In carrying out the obligations imposed on the Commission by the
above law a survey of each dam is made and consideration given to the
many factors entering into the design of an efficient and adequate
fishway. Its location is important. The entrance to the fishway is a
major factor in determining the location though the exit into the
reservoir together with the general layout receive study. In general
it may be said that the entrance should be at a point in or in the
immediate vicinity of the line of travel used by the fish and should be
as close to the base of the dam as possible and yet avoid the overpour
of water over the dam. At some dams freshets or flood waters may
cover the lowest pools at times but the entrance to some pool above
may be readily found. It appears that the instincts of different species
of fish vary, some being very "set" in their ways. Where more than

OAUrOKNIA FIHII AND OAMC 241

on<? Npcrii'H inhaliit u Htr(>niii thn fiilniiirn to the iWiwnv in prartirjilly
lii'tiTiiiintMl liy till* IcMt fli*xilil«* himm'ui* of flNh. \i •* do occur.

tlioiii;!!. wluTf our iUUwny for a ilaiii it ii«>' ' ''lii of

oprrati<tii hy tin* owiht, inti-imity ai)<l ' «.....-

tlir (liiiii, ar<-f.H.si|jility ami |>i>ssiliilily i>.

th(> other itnim ^ivrii th(>tii;ht. Tlu'.s<> |iointM, ^ r Mith a > ng

of flu' physical coiKlitioiis, tinally ilrfiTiniiH' the !■ ^" rt

is tiia(h< to protlticf a plan thiit will r«'«piir«' tin-
aritl attt'titioii hy tlu> owiirr ami at the s^irin' tn
lor till' i)assaK'i> of llsh.

Whih' Ntudyiiiu' thr riitraiicr ami locjition of
hi'i'ii ill thi> ini'iital hai-ku'roiiml an outlini- of thr :<>i!m .uim •
rt'(|iiiii'i|. Tin' material to he n.si'«l in ••oii'»tni'"tioTi rnnv nnt ! »..-•

Npcciticd in the order thon^'h in an entlenvor to
^'estions are made whieh may he adopted or not, lui the owner wMhes.

The pool type of lisliway, whieh h ' ' , , i . .

most etVit'ient for trout and anadromows .

hoxes or pools, eaeh hijjher than the preeedinij one by a <!• " -•<!

amount, the pt)ols joined toirether ami eaeh having; a stationnry depth
of water at h>ast equal to the ditVereiiee in elevation
(heiirht of juiiipK At the junelion of the pools tin. .. ....

tion (port) throii^di which the water flows and henee the sr ,r>'

water height is increased hy the tlepth of the water flowinif throuirh
the j)orts. As the fish in their jiuiipinsr efforts may misjuilce diree
tion the sid«'s of the hoxes or pools are eontiniied his,'her hy two to
four feet. The outside wall ailjaeent to the port is continued at the
.same elevation for a distance of about four feet on the next lower pool
formini; an atlditional u'uanl and reducini; the povsibility of fish jump-
in;: out of the tishway. The width of the port opening i- ' :^ one-
half the width of the pool and the port lip should not In? '. . 'ban
six inches unle.ss it is properly beveled. In line with the : i\\;
for iiiiuM-atini; fish of moderate size tl>e minimum size of pools will at
least he ti' X S' by tJ' hii:h and at least havinij 'JV-V to .T of stationary
water, l-'or lar^'e salmon ami or where the runs o.-iv .....iir in a short

space of tim«' an area of -.'lO square feet is not e\ r eneh pool.

The ditTerence in elevation between pools (jumps) is determinetl
after coiisideriiii,' the varieties of lish that are in the stream or that
may be planted, distance and obsta<'les overeonu* prior to arrival at
lishway— that is. the estimated ability or vitality in necotiatin^ the
tishway. water conditiims, and the praetieability and reasonableness of
eoiistruetion of the tishway. In some llshways it is nee»»sjiary to inter-
post> I)etw4'eu the re^Milar pools larijer ones •" >•• ' >atiny or n»sting areas
as an aid to the ascending fish.

In the operation of dams ehanires in water level in the reservoir
oecur in many instanet^, these beinsj from seasonal to daily fluctua-
tions. This necessitates a sli«:htly ditTerent treatment of the upper
pools in order that a reirulatcd flow of water may be pnssine through
the tishway as required.

In a few instances the topography and formation Ih»Iow the dam
is such that w ith very little work the natural cround m.iy l>e used for
the tishway. Where such consfruotinn !>^ T>iissit>l.> t)'.> results are gen
erally very satisfactorv.

242

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The photo showing typical construction of tishway has the open-
ings or ports on one side. This is the general practice followed, though
changes are made as necessity demands. Construction of some years
ago alternated the ports from one side to the other of the fishway.
This method created currents contrary to the line of travel by the fish
and also lessened the area of quiet water used for resting while pre-
paring for the next jump.

It is apparent that each dam is a problem by itself and before
any order and plan for a fishway may be prepared a survey must be
made so that the many and varied factors shall be given proper con-
sideration and also comply with the spirit and letter of the law by
specifying location, form and capacity of the proposed fishway.

Some streams have one "run" or migration of fish each year
while other streams may have two. "Where streams have different
varieties of fish the "runs" of these varieties may or may not coincide.

Fig. 55. Fishway of concrete construction. Natural rock bank forms bottom
and portion of one side. A float at upper port regulates amount of water
through fishway.

Some fish are in advance of the main run and others may be termed
stragglers, so that there may be some merging of the runs. At times
there may be such numbers that there is some concentration or "pil-
ing" up of fish at a dam as all can not use the fishway immediately
but this occurs only for a limited time. Sometimes the concentration is
due to lack of desire to proceed but w^hen the "urge" to move comes
the fishway is used and in a short space of time no fish will be visible.
When fish are loafing near a dam or in a fishway criticism as to its
efficiency generally results as people expect to see a steady procession
of fish through the fishway and no false leaps. If the conditions are
favorable when anadromous fish enter the mouth of a stream the move-
ment upstream is generally a leisurely one but when the fish are held
back by low water and other factors rapid movement may occur when
the adverse factors are removed.

I

CAI.irOKMA M.HIl A.NU li.KMt:

•243

Wliilf then* in ii wraith of iiiti'rt>Mtiiitf inforiimtion almul flihr* ihr
IM-actiral appliration with thr vi»«w of i-oiimitviiik ami aililinK to thr
iuiiiiIhth is not i-asily <h'tiTinin«M|. Thrrr ar. " " ' ' "

lirsidfH thr nri'd of Ji.shwayH at ilaiiiH th'.ii"t> "

^lil.TtMl ill this artirhv Siiiiihir to oihi-r tli. ha* |je«n

inafi'i-ially chaiiifnl from thr rarly ilayn aiui thr lifvrhipinrnt haa
pvolvrd thr cfllt'ifiit po*)! typf for th«« trout and
This type has Ihm-h in iisf for many yrarM. \Vt,.i.
fully divsi^iH'd the «'onstnn'tion should In* in

plans has niH'os.sitat«'d rtM-mist ruction of certain lishwayn winch rrjuilirtl
in a loss to the owner and also |os.s of fish hefnre •' -n-

pleteil. When o|M'ratini; conditions at a dam ill.'" ' ,,.;,. in

ink' when the tishway was oriu'inally desii;ned all- ^ in tli . ay

may ho required to meet the new conditions.

1 ir. &«;. Kljihwny over KolBom flam on Amerlcnn Hlv*r. Maximum dlff«>r»n<« In
olovntlon. 4 5 foot. l>.)\v.-.Mt four pools (at left) complcloly aubmvrged. Four
ndJuMtablo ports at upper sti-tlnn.

TiuTc arc instances where tishway installation on dams have been
delayed or have been inctlicient resulting in decreased fish life in that
stream, (^nlv l)V keepini; the streams free from obstructions or by the
installation of appropriate tishways at dams may Iish lilc be mamtaineci
on a normal basis. This is especially true of anadromt)Us fishes. If
prevented from ascendinir to their natural spawning ifrounds for a
few yi>ars the run up that stream will be entirely eliminat«Hl and only
by laborious and expensive j^lantinj? ()f tish fry ami proper treatment
of obstructions and ilams can the run airain be built up.

In c(»nsidcrini: dcsiszns of fislnvays the known instinets of the fish
shoulil be utilizcil. They may be induced, but attempts at compul-
sion result in failure. Mechanical liftini; devict>s have l>een tried in
lieu of tishway construction and also a combinn*''^" ^f both. As far
as known these can not be classed as entirely sr, il. An illustra-

tion of t)ie latter type of construction may be seen in the Baker River.
at Concrete, Washiniiton. A dam about 200 feet high was I'onstnicted

244 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

there several years ago and equipped with a fishway consisting of
pools and a mechanical hoist. Prior to construction Baker River was
well known as a salmon stream. The first reports made shortly after
construction indicated the successful passing of anadromous fish over
this dam. Later reports would indicate that the salmon run up that
river is becoming less and if continued Baker River as a salmon stream
will cease.

The prosperity of California, in the main, is dependent upon the
most efficient utilization of the State's water resources and probably
the most ardent conservationists or "dyed in the wool" sportsman
would not expect that this development should cease because of pos-
sible conflict with fish life. The thought prevails that with orderly
and regulated development the benefits of both may be had and enjoyed
by the people of the State if due consideration is given the problem
and approached on a friendly and cooperative basis. It should be
borne in mind that this development creates a problem which here-
tofore has not been present and the burden of its solution may not
honestly be passed entirely to conservation agencies.

The problem becomes more acute as the tendency appears to be
toward higher dams and nearer to the floor of the valleys and unless
intelligent and well directed experimental work is carried on with the
views of successfully passing anadromous fish over these barriers to
the spa-waing grounds beyond the State will lose the valuable com-
mercial and sporting varieties of fish which up to this time have been
enjoyed.

BARGE FISHING, A SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

SPORT

By Donald H. Fry, Jr.

IF YOU LIVE within fifty miles of the coast in southern California
you are likely to answer your doorbell almost any summer evening
to find a neighbor standing on the porch with his hands full of fish.
"Can you use any fish?" asks the neighbor. "We went out on a barge
today and caught more than we can use. " It is only etiquette to accept
as many as you can cram in your ice box, particularly if you have been
guilty of dumping your own surplus in the same way.

Fishing barges are scattered along the coast from Santa Barbara
to San Diego, but are thickest in Santa Monica Bay. They are anchored
from a hundred yards to several miles off shore. Some of them are
what the term "barge" indicates — low, flat-bottomed, square-ended
structures of the type used for hauling gravel. The others are old
schooners stripped of practically everything, to make room for as many
fishermen as can fit elbow to elbow along the rail. In late years the
schooner type has become the more common, probably because it is
more seaworthy and can accommodate more people. From the fisher-
man's point of view the flat barge has one great advantage, as anyone
who has tried to lift heavy fish up the high sides of the schooner can
testify. It also has one disadvantage — for those who get seasick easily.

CALironsu riMii and oamc

■^4J

rhc MtihooiHTM un? uiil«'l»«'vulj|y MtPii<ly. In the cotim** of over Iwcnly
tripM to llifin I have iu?vi?r m«m«ii a «iiiKlf |ia«»»MMigfr arii%'r|y M>««ick ; ih*

trip from Hliort* may makf a jxt-hou rr'-/^'y, hut UHtially h»? (or »he) fr^U
uli rik'lil atfaiii after a nliort tuin' un \hr baru''"

The Ix'st tim«'M of year for baru'** IIhIijh^ an* thi* Nummrr and
autumn. Kisliiii^; in th<> lati* Mprinu i** H«im«'tim<H {?o«m1 but ciin not b«
rt'lifd upon. Wiiitrr and early sprint; are i " !

Kates for a day's lishin;r ranK'" from ti::,. .t..tt..rM .t„|

n half. The eharjje covers the li.se of a lonk' •••

prefixed by the word "telej'raph") with a hook, sinker, and tifte«'n irrt
of line attached to if . Hand lines and dead or euf ' '■•<{

in the priee. Live bail is ^'eiierally Jivailable. It ;. ... .... , nl

sonietimeM eosts a cent each t«) twenty five cents a jIozimi, and • n-

ally comt»H as hi«:h as live cents each.

KIk. 57. A typical ilnhliiK burKo of iho Bchooiirr typ^.

Most live bait is siipplitd by tishormen who take their catch in the
niorninir with a sm.ill roiind-haul net. and deliver it to floiitinp; receivers
hiinir alonirside the barj;e. A second methoil is to take tlie bait with a
hir«rc hoop-net hunj» over the side of the bar^re itself. This system
produces a .scanty supply of inferior (pudity. At Catalina the bait is
taken with hooj)-nets, usually baited, but the fishermen t»o after it
instead of waitini; for it to cnine to Th.'in The sunnlv is k.M>r in
receivers.

The bar<;cs are reached by "speed" boats which take off from a
nearby ]nt>r. At luHloiuhi there is a bari;e which has for a landini; a
motor-driven, tloatin-r platform, with a passenger ileok elevated several
feet above it on stilts. A lon^ }ran^plank stretches to the shor*. the
passenijers embark, ami the whole contraption crawls i;rumblin{; throuffh
the surf, draLTLrini; its uanu'plank behind it. A speetl-l>ojit meets it
beyond the breakers ami carries the passenjrers the rest of the way.

When a fisherman arrives at a barjre. alon^ with a load of his
fellows, the first thinir he does is to make a rush for the best looking
place and establish himself. Then he irets ,«;oine bait, a pole (unless he
irathered one up in the course of his rush^ and starts tishinp. If he
uses cut bait his first catch will probably be a mackerel. If he strikes

246

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

soon enougli the mackerel will come sailing through the air and land
with a thud on the deck; but if he hesitates and the mackerel gets its
head down there will be a fight out of all proportion to the size of the
fish. The mackerel must be taken off the hook with an air of disdain.
The fact that he is able to outfight many justly famous game fishes must
not be allowed to count in his favor. He is just too darned common.
To be sure, on barges located in kelp or near rocks, where the mackerel
is comparatively scarce, it is sometimes in great demand — as jewfish
bait. Mackerel is supposed to be poor eating, but the trouble is that
most people do not know how to prepare it. The next time that you
have a mackerel, try boiling it fifteen minutes in a saturated salt
solution, split it, break away the dark meat, bones and skin, and serve
the white meat with a good cream sauce. If more people did this they
would probably put their mackerel into their gunny-sacks with more
respect.

Fig. 5S. Loading live bait into a floating receiver alongside a barge.
Note the empty receiver hanging in midair. The searchlight is for
night fishing.

If the fisherman uses live bait he may hook a mackerel, bonito, or
barracuda. Bonito, the smallest of the tunas, is very like a mackerel on
a somewhat larger scale, but is much more highly regarded. A barra-
cuda can generally give a good account of itself during the few seconds
allowed it on barge tackle, but if he has a chance to fight he soon proves i
that he has not the almost unlimited endurance of the bonito or mack-j
erel.

If the fisherman lets a hand-line down to the bottom he is likely to I
get a halibut, rock cod, sanddab, flounder, or kingfish. The last three]
are not caught when you are fishing in deep watei- — they are merely i
discovered waving feebly on the end of the line. The sanddab and
flounder are highly regarded as food; but as the epicurean qualities of-

CAUrOKMA rtHU AND OAMC

247

till- kinu'fi'th nrv rdiiiiiinnly ri)iisi<|i-r«-«I on n par with its " ■ y,

it is Hiiifrily iinhooktMl arui thrown bnck inl" •' • • - .-r

has ))t'*-n ruptiircd in tin- trip up from thi- <. it

floats hrlplcasly with th«' rurn'nt until Hwallowfil by a |M*liran or torn
to pi«'ccs hy SfaK'iills.

Thi* l»i»w, and to n h'ssiT ••xtrnt thf nt. • -• •" ' ,,

otrcupit'd by the lishrriiim who "fJy tifih" • .•'

lor bonito, always kfcpinj; a wi-athtT py«« out for yi'llowtnil. \Vi
.school (if ycllowtail shows up nio.st of thi> fcathrr ji}^ an* abiindnniii

I'ltf. o'J. S\vU)i;:itg u iiiackL-rvl uuvarJ.

for the huLTost live bait (up to ten or twelve inches) that the tishemien
can lay thoir hands on. They cast out lar^re live sardines and reel them
in slowly, hopinir to iret a strike, while others are still tryinp ' - \y

to jrot suitable bait. Yellowtail bait is not often found in ... .. i'

receivers of a barire, so the fishermen catch their own — usually by
Lrini:. When a yellowtail is hwiked he must not be allowed to run far.
AloiiiT tlie middle of the barge, lines are often only three feet apart,

248

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 60. GafBng a shark that tried to get away with a jewfish bait.

CAUKOKNIA nsil AND OAMC 249

ml il thf \rllowtiiil Claris tli»jnt» n v ' •n

. rrafr a siipfrlativf iin-HH. Litrhl tat-u. .. .... r

if a Vfllowtail or rvi-u a WiK iMHiito tiiaki>M up 1 .*•

can not In- luoiiiptly diKHuadi'd with anyliiint; iniirh liKtitcr than a
Hiirf roil.

'I'liriT' art" il frw of tlu' uHMi iit tin- how who fl.th for •'"• ''•'"•• •.t.'-k
wa hass or jfwllsh. Thi'V oflm i'iji»at;«* in Hoim- oth«T : tg

uhih' thoy wait for a hitf. Thf jrwtlshrrninn, unliko the man who w
at'tt-r yt'lluwfail. dtifs not iisf livr hait. II«' jm-wh an rntir*- - ' ' ?o
a hiiu'*' hook and U'ls it (h)\vii to thf hottom. Thi* jfwfi.sh i*» . ._. .. ..i>-
cnitr ahoiit picking; up a hait and when hi> (hH>M take hohl of it hf* muirt
h(* (^ivcn ph'iity of tinn* to ^<'t it far (>nout;h into his mouth mi that a
Ktrikr will s«'t tin- Imok instfad nf nuTtly pidlinu' it out (•■ ' ' -h
hook tilt' j«'wli.sli, till" tlslnruwin i.s in for pliiity of hard wuri c

monster I'uts tin* j'ntt'rtainnnnt short hy takinj; a roupli* of i •■*

around tlu* aiu'hor chain or hy pallopinif straight out of the diHtnct.

Around tlif liari;«'s lucati'd in kflp beds or <dos»' to r«M*k.s n "I

nn* less I'onnnon hut tlu-rr ar«' many additional <<>--''--^ not t'..... . in

thf opt'u s«'a. Kofk hass. slu-cpshcad and white s -.-•♦ an* H4>me of

tlu'Ui. 'riifsf ar<' all ^ooil (ish, both to i-atch and to eat. The whit»* !*«'a
ba.ss is a special prize.

On the harj,'es. as every whore else on earth, justice is lanw'utnbly
lacking'. 1 was oiu-e lishinj^ on a harj^e when a lot of experienced ti.iher
men wen* olTerin;; all the specially cauy:ht live bait they could lay their
hands on to a yellowtail that showed not tin* least interest. A rawdxined
middle-westerner, obviously on his first barj,'e trip, walked up to the rail
with a piece of cut hait on his hook and droppeil it in. An instant later
he trave a niiy:lity heave and the yellowtail lay lloppinjf on the ii»M*k
beside him. While everybody looked on, j;reen with envy, he eyed the
fish thouirhtrully and then ask.'d, *' What's that?"

ir you decide to jro out on a harp' don't iM'jjin by en|?a^int; the
photoj;raplu'r to take the picture of you and your jewfish in the tin»e-
honored po.se. You probably won't catch a yi'llowtail, either, and you
may even be passed up entirely. Hut take aloni; a irood bitj ^unny-.saok.
anyhow, because the chances art> that eveniii}; will find you (or your
wife) rin^rinjr your neij^hbor's doorbells and askiu}?, with your best
smile, "(\in you use anv fish?"

DEER MEAT INVESTIGATION

By H. W. EsTn.L. nt>|>nrlmont of Baiteri. .vcmUy of CaUfomla Mvdical School.

Sin . ■•

Tin; l'KoliLi;.M of the ditTerentiation of deer from varioiLs other
meats, for example, jroat and beef, i.s a very real and pressing
problem with which the Division of Fish and Game has lH?en
confronted for some time. So far as the writer is aware, no entirely
satist'actory tost has boon evolved.

Althoui^rh some work on the precipitin test has been done in this
laboratory in connection with the problem, practically the entire time
has been <;ivon to a study of the anaphylaxis reaction and in par-
ticular the sensitized szuinea-pig uterine strip method of Dale.

250 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

In the eases where it can be used, no method known to immunology
can compare with Dale's technique for the differentiation of closely
related proteins, which, of course, is the problem involved. The out-
standing merit and value of this method is the exactness and finality
with which specific desensitization to various heterologous antigens can
be determined. At the same time the Dale reaction is by no means
devoid of traps and pitfalls, which is especially true of a problem like
this one where meat extracts must be used, for example, a change in
pH and toxic effects are items in point.

The blood-serums of the various species involved were first used asj
possible sensitizing agents and control substances because of the rela-
tive ease with which they are obtained and their stability over con-
siderable periods of time. The serums were also used to become
familiar with the technique involved before any work was done on the
meat extracts. Although it can not be definitely stated, it seems i
reasonablj^ certain that the blood serums of the deer, goat, beef and'
sheep can be differentiated from each other. Also it has been quite
definitely established that these serums can not be used as sensitizing
substances for testing meat extracts.

It was further shown that meat juices (kept constantly in aj
freezing mixture) of the deer, goat and beef were unsatisfactory asj
sensitizing and control substances.

Dried raw muscle preparations of the several species are now]
being tested in the hope that they may be satisfactory standards of
reference and will yield proteins which are sufficiently soluble so they]
can be used as antigens. These preparations consist of the finely pul-
verized muscle (as free from gross fat as possible) dried first in a cur-
rent of warm air, then over calcium chloride and finally over phos-
phorus pentoxide. A 0.9% sodium chloride extract of these prepara-'
tions is being tested at present and gives evidence that it may be satis-
factory.

Although the w^ork on the saline extracts of the raw dried muscle
preparations is incomplete, the data furnished by gross shock in the
guinea-pig and by the virgin guinea-pig sensitized uterine strip method
of Dale suggest that

(1) these freshly prepared extracts contain enough soluble,
unaltered and specific protein to act as a sensitizing medium.

(2) desensitization can readily be accomplished with heterologous
antigens and yet leave sufficient anaphylactic antibody so there is a
sharp and definite reaction to the homologous antigen.

(3) many control guinea-pigs (which received none of the
extracts) have shoM^n practically no reaction, in marked contrast to
the extract — treated animals.

"Work is in progress with regard to such items as appropriate
sensitizing and assaulting doses, possible pH changes, and the presence
of toxic or histamine-like substances to determine whether this method
will be satisfactory.

CAI.iniKMA » IMI AM) <iA>li:

.;-»i

THE CRUISE OF THE '^MAYFLOWER

»»

D

\T..i *»i

ri'. f.-it

My Coui-MN K Mammix. tiurtmu of Commorctal

•>('KIN<i at hrr hoiiu* port, Snn Hi-'
tiina flipptT Mni/floifrr fompli'lnl »• •.

I'll is is Miid to !>«• tli«> loii(;<>Ht llshinK voviiuf on nt-or*! aiul made
^hu'v 111 tin- (•oiimiririnl liHliiiii; iiidiiHtrv a^ "T fn-

h.iiin'salvc iiwulf Ami'riiHii liistorv at IMvinoiitli K.- n ,i, i'.J-

Tlir Minjflotiir, larp'st of tlif Itwal tuna Mi-it. was Imilt for flvr

irtiurs. Dave ami (icorKe Caiiiplx-ll .loa)|iiiii ami Maiitirl O. Mriuliim

m1 Saliiiia Iiiom. Oriu'iiialty it was plaiim-«l t< ;;

'iiifinL,' trips t'or scliouls of alluirorr. She is pi.\> mm ;•

I iiion Dii'si'l fiiijim' ami has a fuel fa|»aiMty of 'jr>, (HHI ^ h

ivivs Imt a «'niisiiii: ra«lius of ahoiit S'lOO mili-s.

Miimu'l (). Mt'dina coiir«*ivril tlif trip to th«- Hawaiian
thouirh he (lid not inakr tlu' voyajrt'. Tlif vi-trraii tuna lis
Joatpiin (). Medina, eaptained the eivw of f«nirte«'n mon and .. is

naviirator on the famous trip. Tliouirh thoy hoptni to secure a load of
albac'oro for delivery to tlie Point Loma plant of the K. Hovden Com-
pany, tliev were unable to siu'ht any of these tish during their cruise.

'Pile Slaiifloutr left San l)ie;;o Mareh ItJth for the vieinity of Maj;-
dalena Hay in soareh of bait. Twenty-two tons of bait, "anchovetas,"
similar to aiul about the size of larije "quarter oil" sardines^ were
cauiiht. Those small tish are found only at Cape San Lueas or Mag-
dalona Bay. or ail.jaeent waters. They are more iK^irable for bait
than sardines because of their resistance to changes in water tempera-
tures. After irettinir used to the bait tanks they survive wann water

3 — 956SC

252 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

currents 60 to 100 miles wide, running as high as 87° Fahrenheit — a
temperature that would kill sardines.

On April 6th, after experiencing considerable difficulty in securing
the desired bait, the vessel left Magdalena Bay on the longest leg of
her voyage — Christmas Island. She arrived at this point April 19th,
having logged the 3000 miles at an average of 10 knots per hour.
From Christmas Island the clipper went to Palmyra, Fanning and
New York or "Washington Islands and took a few yellowfin tuna at all
of these islands, about 45 tons in all. No skipjack were caught.

At Christmas Island they began to be uneasy about their fuel
supply and dared not do too much prospecting. Three weeks had been
consumed in securing bait, and the auxiliary- engines had to be kept
running to keep the ice plant in operation, as well as to keep the water
in the bait tanks circulating. It is believed, had it not been for this
contingency, a much larger catch would have been made.

Being the largest fishing vessel ever to visit the islands, the
Mayflower created considerable interest when she docked at Honolulu.
That she came from so far a point as San Diego added to her fame, and
Captain Medina and his crew were most hospitably entertained during
their seven days' stay. Two days were devoted to unloading the cargo
of 45 tons of tuna, which was delivered to the Hawaiian Tuna Packers,
Ltd., of Honolulu, at $90 per ton. This is a higher price than is being
paid by local canners. As there is no bait around Honolulu, Captain
Medina had no trouble in getting $2,000 for that remaining in his
tanks. The canners buying this bait sold it to their local fishermen.
These fishermen use diesel-operated "sampans" — flat-bottomed boats
not unlike those used on the coasts of China and Japan. The Hawaiian
boats have bait wells, and the rocking motion of the craft furnishees the
necessary circulation of water to keep the bait alive in the tank.

The cruise of the Mayflower into Hawaiian waters may revolu-
tionize the tuna industry. Having pioneered the w^ay to unknown
fishing banks, the vessel got in touch with a market hitherto unused
by California tuna fishermen. When it is considered that the distance
from San Diego to Honolulu is 100 miles shorter than to the present
southern tuna fishing banks or the Galapagos Islands, and the market
somewhat higher, it is not unlikely that a number of our local boats
may follow the example of the Mayflower.

The main drawback to such a voyage -^vill not be the lack of cruis-
ing radius, but rather of bait storage capacity, and the problem of
keeping the bait alive and in good condition. Fishermen never know
what bait will do in the tank, but after they get used to the tank and
feed on the raw fish, which has been ground in a meat grinder, no
further trouble is had in keeping them in good condition. They swim
in a circle in the tank, their course always to the left. This peculiarity
of turning to the left has caused fishermen to term them "left
banders." I think this custom of swimming to the left may be due
to the fact that the water enters the tank on the port side, in the
majority of cases, and the bait swim against the current created by
the incoming water.

As the main object of the Mayfloiver is to catch albacore, it is not
unlikely our California canners may get to pack this most popular

CAUrORNIA riHII AND HAME 'J^

flsli ill laiK'"' 'jtiHiititifH, an they i\'u\ yvun «»;•» Thr own^m '»f th** %»-«»«#•!
have foiiiHl ttwy iiKty criii)U> thoii.HjuulM of miliit for I'
Ih'I* of tin* inm-kfri'l family niul, if not • <.y

till ii|) tli)Mi' spaiT with yi-lltiwtiii ami '■ i .%■

covfifil will timl a rratlv market in 11' i, nii«l ill

jilwayj* \h' dcsiraMc to California parkcm.

So imicli faith havr thr o\vn«*rH, captain a- that

tlii'v ar«' now otT on a kitoikI rriiis4' to llawuii.in •■.i •:. * »n their
scroml voyaiTc tlwy ohtaiiifd hait morr r«'ailily ami rxix-r to rrarh
llonoliilii with a ^o<h| rar^o of ttina anti, with warmer y\ hop«> to

strikr alhai'on* for the ('alifornia mark«'t. Thry arn \ PIhmI

lor iiinrt' rxtt'iisivf prosj titij; than thi-y wcri' on tl ■ :nj'.

'I'lic result of tlu'ir tirst trip was noted by the in. . . with much
interest, who are maintaining' a still (l(>e|)«>r intercMt in thin npcoikI
cruise of the Mniffloin r, which has, I think, the itixmI will ami l)«rt
wishes of the industry fur this pro|fres.sive venture into little known
waters.

254 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conservation of wild life and published quarterly by
the California Division of Fish and Game.

The articles published in California Fish and Game are not copyrighted and may
be reproduced in other periodicals, provided due credit is given the California Divi-
sion of Fish and Game. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to make
use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be sent to Leo K. Wilson, Division of Fish and
Game, 450 McAllister Street, San Francisco, California.

Vol. IS JULY, 19 32 No.

NATURE'S CARE OF HER OWN

Nature takes loving care of all her own

"With marvelous cunning and with watchful eye,

So that her countless brood may* multiply,
Xor leave their mother desolate and lone.
To the wild fruits hy care of man unknown,

That ripe where winter at his stormiest blows,

She gives more seeds and better than to those
In cultured garden delicately grown.
And so in him that on the rugged breast

Of mountain finds his joy and his repose.
Who makes the pine his fellow, and with zest

Treads the great glaciers and their kindred snows,
A strength is planted, that in direst test

Dares all the devils of danger to oppose.

Edward Robeson Taylor.

IMPOETANT NOTICE

Beginning with the current issue for July, 1932, California Fish
AND GrAME, the quarterly publication of the Division of Fish and Game
of the Department of Natural Resources, will be distributed on a
subscription basis for $1 per year.

This is not an attempt to enter the commercial printing field, but
the move is made only because of an overwhelming number of requests
from sportsmen arid others to be placed on the mailing list.

A free list will be maintained for the benefit of schools, educa-
tional institutions and libraries. The magazine will be available for
exchange for publications of a similar nature. For accepted contribu-
tions, one year's subscription will be furnished free. As the official
organ of the Division of Fish and Game, this magazine will be sent
free of charge to all officers of the Division and to trie heads of other
State departments. All others interested will need to pay the sub-
scription fee.

Those who wish to subscribe should fill in the enclosed attached
subscription blank and return to this office not later than Septem-
ber 30, 1932, with subscription fee of $1. Stamps will not be accepted.

CAMKUHNfA KIMII AN'D GAME 2^

SiibHcriptioiiH will bcjfin with the current July number. Thu
will bo the last number tliHtributcd unlenii «ub«cription blanks we
loturnod Stamps will not be accepted to cover fubtcription fee.

CHANGE OV ADDRESS

On May l;i. I'KTJ. ihi- San KrnnriMrn ..•'»' »- ,^„

ind (Sanir was ri-movrd from •')ll) Kush I'.i nrw

finartcrs in the State Anm'X Uiiihlini;, nl 4*>0 McAlli Kmiii

this time r<>r\vanl that addn^Hs will ti<< th«- shi-*! hrinlt|iiiirtrrN of

till- Divisiiin of Kisli and Oann' in San Friui> i^<<>

Tin* lios Anj;fl«'s olllrf, as of dat«' Miirch .'IM, ]'Xi'2, wiut rt*mnvrd
frtim the AssociatrtI licalty Muildin;; to Ktxini 'ilO, in the new '
fornia Stat*' Hnihiin^'.

Tlii'sr i'lian;;i's ot* l«» .lii hk- m line with the pnln-N mi in-- jt'-h'-mi
administration lo ^Toiip all Stati- oi'L'ani/ations into the ww Statr
building's.

NEW PATROL ADMINISTRATION

\\'ith till' start of tlu' ci'^dity-fourth liscal year, thr eomnirrria! fi.nh-
•'rif.s patrol, sinrr its inception a separate unit in hiw • ot

Work in the .State, luis been mer^red with tlu' aetiviti»'s of :.. uu

of Patrol. This transfer was made by the conimi.vsioners to effect
eertain ee<inomies in personnel by takinj; rare of the overluppini; of
patrol activities. K. L. .Maeaiilay will InTeaftt-r be in ehap/e of thr
commercial li.sheri«'s patrol as well as fli.- uurk i>\>r uln.-l. Ii.- twis
presided in the past.

.\ I'.. Scofiehl will carry on as ehief of the Itureaii of ConumTcial
Fisheries. Scofield's wtirk. as in the past, will be mainly c' ••<!

with scieiititic invest iirat ion and the le;.'is|ative pro^'ram ••'
this field.

The commercial lishery patrol, while operating: as a si-parate unii
under Chief Macaiilay ami while bein;r accounted for si ' he

liiiancial reports of the |)i\ision sine*- it is financed by »• ^il-

inijf ia.xes, will cooperate with the c(»mmercial tisheries hilxmitory as it
has in the past in the seeuriu«r of .seieiititie infonnalion and the eon-
iluctin^' of invest ijjatiiuial work.

IN MEMORIAM

GEORGE ALBERT COLEMAN
(1866-1932'

(h'or«j:e .Mbert Coleman died siul»h*uly of a heart attack at HaiUxi.
California. April 28, iSKJ'i, while eonduetinj; ri'seareh work for the Cali-
fornia Fish and (uime Commission. He was anied by his wife

at the time ami had only jrone to southern Cali; a few days U^fore

to continue invest i<;at ions at the Salton Sea. where he has b«*en workinjf
for .some years on the po.ssibilities of e-stablishini; the .striinul ba.ss in that
larjre inland sea. The major part «>f his life has Wen sjxMit in t' ly

of entomology and fre.sh water biolojry in (.'alifornia. He was :. - . .d.

» .Vmerlcan Mon of Selene*, od. 5. p. 1"" ' • -"^- •• -- " -keley Gaxette.

p. 20. Aoril 2t>, I 'JUL'.

256 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

of a very generous and kindly disposition, and overcame many serious
difficulties by patient and conscientious hard work and continuous
endeavor. He was born at London, Nebraska, September 24, 1866 ; at
the time of his death he was biologist of the California State Fish and
Game Commission and engaged in a biological and ecological survey of
lakes and streams in California. This entailed studying the life his-
tories and making collections of aquatic insects, protozoans, rotifers,
cladocercas, copeds, ostracods, higher crustaceans, water mites and plant
life, as well as the parasites of fishes; also a study of physiological
environment in the fish hatcheries and in the streams with a view to
bettering cultural practices and food conditions for game fishes.

He served ten years in the U. S. Biological Survey, prior to his
graduation from Stanford University with the degree of A.B. in 1903.
The degree of A.M. was received from the same institution in 1905, and
B.E. and a life diploma from the Nebraska State Normal School, Peru,
Nebraska, in 1906. From 1903-1906, also, he was forester and entomol-
ogist of the Pacific Improvement Company in California; from 1906-
1908, forest supervisor in the U. S. Forest Service ; from 1908-1909,
biologist, California State Fish and Game Commission ; from 1909-1911,
horticulturist and entomologist, from 1911-1913, curator of museum
and apiculturist, University of California; from 1914^1920, instructor
in entomology and apiculture, University of California; from 1914-
1920, instructor in entimology and apiculture. University of California ;
after which he again accepted a position with the State Fish and Game
Commission.

Coleman was specially interested in the systematic study of scale
insects, Coccidae, and published a number of important papers on the
same while at Stanford and the University of California, and did a great
amount of work on a monograph of the Coccidae of the world, which he
was unable to finish. He also wrote on apiculture. His private exhibit
of apicultural methods and way of studying the honeybee in the school-
room, accompanied by daily demonstrations with living bees, and weekly
lectures delivered to the public at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San
Francisco in 1915-1916, won for him a gold medal and highest praises
from the Exposition officials. He also directed and made five reels of
motion pictures illustrating the life of the honeybee and beekeeping,
one of which is in the Edison Series No. 11. The results of his ecological
work have appeared in the Monthly Bulletin of the California State
Fish and Game Commission. Among his more important papers may be
mentioned the following:

The redAvood mealybug {Dactypolius sequoiae n. sp.), Calif. Acad.
Sci., Proc. (3), Zool., vol. 2, pp. 409-418, pi. xxvii (1901).

Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species
from California, Jour. N. Y. Entom. Soc, vol. 11, pp. 61-85, pis. v-vii
(1903) ; suppl. no. 1, vol. 16, pp. 197-198, pis. iv-v (1908).

Beekeeping for the fruit grower and small rancher, or amateur,
Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Circ. 185, 11 pp., 8 figs. (1917).

He made a collection of birds and mammals in Nebraska, which
was exhibited at the New Orleans Exposition in 1884-1885, and also a
collection of insects which were given to the University of Nebraska.
His large and valuable collection of the Coccidae of the world is the
property of Stanford University, to whom he also bequeathed his private
library.

I

C'AI.IKOKNIA I'lHIl ANU UAMK

•J57

Some of till' Californiti Cim-!'! •■• t........! ».. r*..t...., ... .r..

K<t|\vo<»(l iii«*alyl)ii(;, l'niu*l

* 'Hliforiiia nutnu'K infalybtijf. I'uto cuprr^n ' roltiimn

\' iflorocrtis mncrncurfHU' ( 'oli'inaii.

I.iucnsins ktllntfiji ( Ciilciuaii ).

I'hiisitkt rmt s tnsifitliiw ('olrinatl.

DoiiU'Ihs lir f^-ali', Aspitliolus thrhorni ('olciiuiii.

Kr*|\V)i(><| seal"', Antiiiliii shn.stiif (( 'olrmati ' .

('oliiiian's iiii-alyhuj;. I'st uilmocruH rnlimnni ( Klirhom). wmi mijiirti
tor liiiii.

Since mil 111" lias inadi* his lionu' in Hfrkrlry. hi^ n-^iiflrnrr at flip
liint' mI* his ilcalli lu-inir '2i'>VJ Kiis-srll Slr»Tt. Ilr in Hurvivi-il by hw
willow, Mrs I'Morrnt't' ('. Colfnuin, ami an »inly ilauiflifi-r ^'•- !r-'---'<l
V. IltlliuM', and a grandson. Ilainlil ('«»lrinan ll«lTn«T. of t r-

nia. lit' was a incndxT of tin* An)fi'i(>ati AsjimMntion for the Advunrc-
liH'iif of Scii'iu't'. tin- I'intoniu|o;.'ifal Snrij'ty of AnuTii-a. I'uMir II>-idth
As.s(K'iation, Aiiifrican Kuj;fnifs Sttcirty, llu* Califor"- ■ \iMd«-rny of
Scit'iicfs, tlu' San Kranrisco Aqnariuni Society, the rd Aliiiiini

A.ssociation. and the Thousand Oaks Lodj;e, No. 47H, K. and A. M.
E. <>. Kssiij, Tniversitv of California.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

A MENDED NEEDLE FISH

A tislicriiian came to the State l^'ishiTies l.;ilioiMtory <»n TerininHt
Island tlie other day with a specimi-n an«l a im/./letl expression. He
8nnl that he had been lishinj; in these wat«'rs many years hut had never
seen the like of the creature he had with him. lie wondered if we could
identil'v it.

1' 'K V . <' i ■ .i.-.h with dcformrd Jnws ami a tii>rMuii lIllll^ Kiuiti i<>r cv>mii«truH>n.

Wc hat! never seen anythinir like it. either, but the iden' n

was nevertheless ik^ very hard. The object of concern w ,b

lliat had met with a bad accident; the eml of its hinj; j. ^s

niissinir. Perhaps it had been bitten off in a fijrht or i^^rhaps it had
Ihm'm rammed airaitist somcthintr. At any rate, it was bmken clear ofT.
and what was left was so damaireil that the two jaws had s«»t in the
peculiar curve showu in the aeeompanyintr photoifraph. The f^esh had

258 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

liealed entirely, and the fish seemed to have been in otherwise good
health when it was caught. Unfortunately, when we took the specimen
to the window to get a better look at it, the fisherman walked out
unnoticed, so we did not learn where or how it was taken. — D. H. Fry,
Jr., January 26, 1932.

TWO ECTOPARASITES OF THE CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL

During the latter part of November, 1931, two species of ecto-
parasites taken from the California valley quail were sent in for identi-
fication by Deputy Roswell C. "Welch of Kernville. Deputy Welch had
discovered the parasites on dead birds while checking quail hunters.

The parasites were identified as a quail louse-fly, Stilhometopa
impressa, and the common fowl tick, Argas persicus.

The louse-fly is a member of the family Hippoboscidae of the order
Diptera, or two-winged flies. To this family belong also the common
sheep "tick" and deer louse-fly, well known to all who have had any-
thing to do with their hosts. The louse-fly may be winged or the wings
may be lacking as in the case of the sheep tick. All the Hippoboscidae
are blood suckers and are parasitic on birds and mammals. They do
not lay eggs, the larvae being nourished within the body of the female
by special glands. When they become ready to pupate they are extruded
and the dark brown pupal case forms almost at once. The pupae
remain attached to the hairs or feathers on the body of the host. At
the end of the pupal period the adult louse-fly emerges and begins feed-
ing at once. In the case of the wingless forms the entire life history is
passed on the body of the host. Little is known of the biology of the
louse-fly and the winged forms are rare in entomological collections.

It is improbable that the quail louse-fly due to its blood sucking
habit alone is responsible for any serious amount of injury to our quail
population. It may, however, be an important factor in the spread of
disease. Lynchia hirsutus, another louse-fly from the valley quail, has
been implicated in the transmission of Haemoproteus lophortyx, a blood
parasite of that bird.

With regard to the other parasite, Argas persicus, this is not the
first time that it has been reported from quail in California. It has also
been reported from the western mourning dove. The instances in which
this tick has been taken from wild species of birds are relatively rare,
since it is commonly a parasite of poultry and is in its element in the
henhouse. It is not likely that it will ever become -a serious pest of_
quail. — Gordon H. True, Jr.

THE PRONGHORN ANTELOPE

The game warden of the county of Los Angeles has land under lii|
protection where roam some of the last of the once numerous pronghon
antelope. The pronghorn antelope range in scattered remnants througl
out California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, Coloradol
Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota and Nebraska. In Los"
Angeles County the last fcAv members of one of the most graceful of
animal groups are living in the valley to which they have given their
name — Antelope Valley.

In the present herd there were counted on March 13th of this yeaij
(1932) .seven individuals: one large buck, five does and one individm

OAl.irOKNIA nXII AND OAUK I'w'J

HiiialliT tliati I 111* n-Ht tlitit IcMik.H liko a vi'iirlin}; tlm* Th.-H#« romjirUMP

thf liiMt uf a herd that iiiiinlN>r«>tl, nccorilinir to old r '* of thr

rt'tfioii, an hi^'li »*♦ Hvi- to nix Iniiitlrfil an:-

rt't'i*"!- Ah with olhrr natural r«vsi.'-

th«' pn'siTvatioii of ihi-sr animals, i

they rnutu' for the iiuist part on low hilU ami tint Krntm !ai> i|>-

plits thnn with a iiiotlnatf aiiiniiiit of prot.

Tlifir jirt-at wrakm-NS whirh luis ai-i-oinii. .. < - -• .T.. ..t :...i..t..i^.

is tlit'ir rjiriosity. Winn starth-il liny will run ^

huii<ln<l yanls and tlu-n turn aiul faro thr puniuiT I -m b««

attracted liy waviiij; a llaj; or hy tin- oM iinliaii iiH'fhiHl i •

hai'U and waving' tin- h'U's. liy sui'h nn'thods llu-y an- -.•-..;. .»...,*....

within ^'unshot.

Tin* pronjfhorn antrlopr is tin* only living npocM'ji of itM kind nnd
fossil r<'niain>* show it to Im* one of tin* oldest (»f Anirriran
Whi'n thf last |)r«>nu'horn is \:ntu\ thrn* will Im» no ,•••••••■

on till- rarth. llMcviiv T. Andkhson. .Ik . .Iiinii»r .'>
(lame Warden. County of Los AuL'eles.

ON THE DESERT

While walking' alon^r a desert trail near Snow CriM'k in llivi-rsidr
County, one of the desert killers was seen in aetion. A kinj; snake wan
ohsi-rved just after he had seize<l a water snake by windint; t'

of his hody aroumi that of the water siuike. T' oils w

three-fourths of thf way haek from the water sunk id and

of a half hitch ami two direct coils.

The kinj; had apparently just eaptun-d his pn-y and Wii •••r-

ately proci-cdiiii.' to reduee its resistance siinicicntly S4) that '1

utilize it for food. The kinj; snake was about twi-nty-two in
and the water snake two or three inches shorter.

The kinj; w(»n' down his antat.M»nist by winding' its hea<l around
and around the body in «*ver ti};hte(unir eoils. Kaeh eoil was ilrawn up
and tiu'litened separately and. «'Xeept for the thre«> original <••■•'- <...-.•
about oiit' iiu'h apart. When the scries of coils neared the wat.
head the kin;; seized its neck in his jaws. This hold was continued until
the water snake's mu.scles commenced to relax when he releas«'d his
hold aiul tried to .seize its head in his mouth, .lust at this moment the
water snake opened its mouth and kini: seized th.* low«'r jaw only; the
water snake clo.sed down on tlu' kind's upper jaw anti tln'V remained
locked in this position for several minutes.

Eventually the water snake's jaws relaxeil and the kinj; viciously
tore loose his hold and reaehinir his head around in front of the other's
head seized the snout of the water snake in his capacii»us jaws.

Imnu'diatt'ly the kinir commenceil a swallow in;; proei\«vs by extend-
injr its jaws and neck muscles and jjradiudly pulling; the head and Ixnly
of the water snake into its mouth. He apparently ti>ok ailvantape of
each spasmodic muscidar movement of his victim, re! the eoils

which he had wounil artnind the other's li4idy as the ^».iiM.winir per-
formance continued. When the three oriirinal eoils were reached these
were loosed (piickly and the renuiinin;; portion of the water snake's
botly and tail rapiilly disjippeared down the king's throat.

260 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

During the swallowing process several attempts were made to dis-
tract the king's attention by grasping the water snake by the tail and
holding them np off the ground, but the king paid no attention and con-
tinued cruelh' in subduing the other.

After the king had finished swallowing the water snake he was
ready for battle and viciously resented any interference with his journey
into some leaves at the base of a cactus bush. After waiting several
minutes the leaves under which he had crawled were carefully raised
and the king w^as lying comfortably coiled but wdth head up and tongue
darting showing resentment of any interference and a fear that his
hard earned repast might yet be taken from him.

This circumstance was witnessed by D. A. Clanton and A. E. Burgh-
duff. October 25, 1931.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

An illustration of the value of investigations in connection with
fisheries conservation was given by N. B. Scofield in a talk on size limits,
before the recent San Francisco conference of deputies.

As a result of an investigation of the commercial crab carried on a
little over 20 years ago by Frank W. Weymouth, of Stanford Univer-
sity, when the San Francisco crab fishery was declining and fishermen
believed the minimum size limit of six inches was too high, it was shown
that the size limit was too low, as it did not protect the male crabs until
after they had a chance to breed. AVith the evidence obtained it was
easy to convince the Legislature that the minimum size should be raised
to seven inches.

A few years later, when the first crop of crabs under the protection
of this new law reached the seven-inch size, the production of the fishery
suddenly doubled, and since then has increased until the fishery pro-
duces annually 75,000 dozen more crabs than it did before the law was
changed. This increase in production is worth $185,000 annually to
the fishermen — or more than the average annual budget of the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries. — N. B. S.

FISHING CONDITIONS, MONTEREY COUNTY

Along tlie rocky coast line between Monterey and the Big Sur more
sports fishermen are engaged in salt water fishing this season than in
any previous year. Rockcod, bluefish and sculpins are the gamest of
the fish caught along this coast line and considerable fishing tackle is
being sold by local hardware dealers. The bait used is sardines and
abalone trimmings, and good catches are made during the incoming
tides.

The local office of the Division receives many calls and letters
regarding salt water fishing in IMonterey Bay, and over the week-end j
and holidays two or three hundred anglers are in boats salt water fish-
ing.— Ralph F. Classic, Monterey, California.

rAMKfiHNIA KIMII AND (lAMK 361

Thf CjilifjuiiiH Stnti" H«mnl of I'lihlir ll-ahh on Mny L'Hth ininiiftl
new NhcliriMli ri-(;ulationN nn followN:

My rt'a.snn of s«'\vni,'f pollution of Snn Kr ■ *' - * '

i|iifiilial (Ihii^'it of typhoiil ffvrr anil u'aslm. , -il

ijiiarantinc jh htTt'liy <>sta)>liMli«Mi, prohiliitini; the tnkini?, fui\f or nfTrrini;
I'lr Mal«> of all clams, inchitlint; soft sh<>ll f*r nuid clninM fi m-

CISCO Hay aiiil trilmtary slmii^'hs in tin* connfics i.f " r.wi-

'isi'D, San .Matcii, Santa Clara, Contra Costa, > : an<l

Marin, rxtrcpt at tin- followinjr placoM in Marin (^oiinty :

(a) For otu' mile each side n{ California Point.

(h) The sonth shore of Tilmron I'minsnla on Hichiirdson llii\ (nr
one mile north of Hclvcilcre

(c) Hetween McNejir Point and (ialliiui.t Crcrk northerly fniin
MeXcar point,

SKASONAL yiAKANTIM: «)N UA/OU t I.A.MS ANh .Ml'.SSKlJ< KKOM MONTK.RKr
COt'NTY TO TIIK KLA.MATM KIVKU I.V DKL NOHTK «orNTY

By reason of the toxicity of ra/or clams and nni.H.H«'lH. a seasonal
«|uarantin«' each year is cstaMished, prohihitini; the takinvr. jude or
olVcrini: for sale of ra/or clams and nuisscls from the coastal ar«'a of
Califonda extendini; from Monterey Connty to the Klamath Kivcr in
I)«'l Norte Connty, with the exception of the Bay of San Krancini-o.
The duration of the (|narantine is to he deti'rmine«l each year hy lattora-
tory tests for toxicity. F«)r the year PKliJ, the <|narantine is hereby
nuule etTcctive May "-Nth to continue throuudi Scptemher MHU

A seasonal (piaratitine is herehy anthori/eil prohihitinc the takini;,
sale oi' otTerinj; for .sale of <|uahant.' danjs, eockles. Washinirton elaniM,
horseneck clams and soft shell or mud clams as .soon as • has

been demonstrated. The (|iiarantine, herehy authorized. ..wi-. the
coastal area of Califoi'iiia from .Monterey Connty to the Klamath Kiver
in Del Xortc County. In order to execute this order each dealer jjath-
erinjr the above dam.s is hereby re<|uired ti» subnnt siimples of each
variety — such samples to be taken at weekly intervals each year (furin*/
the iiiontlis of Ma>-, .lime, duly, Augu.st and Sej»tend)cr

hr. I'laiik \V. Weymouth, in chartje of the shrimp investigation
for tile r. S. Bureau of Fisheries, was a visitor at the California Slate
p*islu>rics Laboratory on May LM. at which time he »liscuss«««l " ' •• s
conservation wovk with \V. L. Scofield and other mendiers of t.. .iif.
as well as rebitini; the proirress that has been niatle in the work on
shrimps. l>i- Wevniouth was on his wav from Stanfonl rniversitv to
New (Orleans to resmne active supervision. For the past few months.
Dr. Weymouth has btM>n at Stanford I'niversity. dnrinc which time
Milton J. liindner. former statV member of the lal>oratorv. has l)een
diret'tincr the scientific program.

This invest iirat ion, commenced in W^-iO by the I*. S. Bureau of
Fisheries, in which three irulf States — Louisiana. Texas an' ' ' -zia —
are cooiieratins::, will take several years to complete, a :ig to

Dr. Weymouth. The shrimp industry is an important one in the

262

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

United States, ranking fifth in value and sixth in volume in comparison
Avith other fisheries, but until the formation of the present extensive
program no adequate study has ever been made of the shrimps.

On May 5 and 7, 1932, Dr. Cecil von Bonde, Director of the Fish-
eries and Marine Biological Survey for the Union of South Africa,
was at the California State Fisheries Laboratory to consult with W. L.
Scofield, and gave interesting accounts to the members of the laboratory
of the fisheries resources in South Africa and what is being done in
investigating the potential fishing areas and in carrying out marine
research for the further development of the fisheries. Dr. von Bonde
is on an extensive tour of the United States and Europe to study
methods of fisheries investigations used by various countries. He has
already been in the eastern part of the United States, -and while in
Washington, D. C, conferred with Henry O'Malley, U. S. Commis-
sioner of Fisheries, Elmer Higgins and other members of the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries staff. While in southern California he also visited
the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at 'La Jolla. On May 8th
Dr. von Bonde left for the State of Washington, and. later intends to
go to Europe for a stay of a few months before returning to South]
Africa.

BIG-EYED BASS AND STRIPED BASS

In the October, 19-31, issue of the California Fish and Game
appeared a note that striped bass were taken by sport fishermen at San]
Clemente. Howard R. Hill, of the Los Angeles Museum, has since]
written to say that the fish, on further study, proved instead to be the]
young of the big-eyed bass (Xenistiiis calif or niensis) . That peoplel
may not confuse these two fishes, the following brief description is]
given of the big-eyed bass.

a 4-

INCHES

Fig. 63. Striped Bass {Roccus lineatus.) The eye of the striped bass is propor-
tionately much smaller than that of the big-eyed bass, being much less
than one-third the length of the head, and the pectoral fin does not reach
beyond the tips of the ventrals.

CAMKOKNIA KIHII AND OAMK

L'W

iCcUitiomhip: Tin' only fb»h of lln* Mnap(i«'r fritnilv I.firinnifar;
vliit'li o«'fm*M ill Califoiiiia. Tin* fuinily in u la n»

inlmliitiiit; whi'Iii M4*aN tlirnii{;|ioiit tho world. Many %\ of

tln'iii of iiuTfasiiii,' ••oiiiiiH'rfiai iiiipoi* iir in l.«iW'r •

PLftiiKjuishinif ihurmhristirs: 1 .. : .. no f.-?ti •■' .,«T

(that in, in the iM'nt«»r of tin* riMif of flu* month f»«rt of

thf maxillary bono is covrrml by the lM)nfM jiint alKjvr it; li in

lar;^'!', htiiij; a liltjf Ifss than om* tliini thr ' ' of thi* hia«i, th«"

ptH'loral tins fxtfiul rartlHT hai-k than th«' tip •• vnifr^il ?mih

Color: Mrtallic bluish abovf, silvery (»n ti -• ami Iwirk

and siiU'H with six or Hcvrn hori/ontal, oranu'i' brown Mtri|N>fi. Attaiiut
a Ifiiirth of about a foot.

Distrthtitinit : San r«djii sonthward, into thr (iiilf of f * .t;f,.rf,ia
to (iiuiynias, Mexico ; not comnion north of liowor Cnliforn U.

A. W.MJoKD. California State Fisherii^s Laboratory, February. l!»:i*J.

<^

\

s.

Fig. G4. HtK-<-'ye IU\»» iXcHiatiuM cuil/omirN^U. )

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

1

BUREAU OF FINANCE

Thouirli April .start»'tl out witli very bri^'lit p' r a prosjHT-

ous l)usines.s in aiiirlni'T lieenses. the unfavurab ;..• e«)iuiitioiis

caused a ilroppinj; otT duriii'^r May and the ineonie from this s«)uree was
not up to former years. However, with the assurances there are plenty
oF fish in the lakes and streams, and with more favorable weather, a
brisk business was e.xperieneeil durinj; June.

The unset tieil eeonomie eomlitions are Immh^t felt on the income of
tlie Division of Fish and (lame. .luiljres are disposed to bo more lenient
in assessinjr tines on jjaine law violators, and jjiviii}? as well, time to pay
such tines as are levied. This inerea.ses the work of this bureau.

Lieonses issued to credit ilealei*s are beinir kept at as small a number
as po.s.sible, owing to retpiests from the biuidin^ companies covering
tliese licenses.

264 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fish packers' tax and fines have fallen off, although all packers
are paying promptly with but one exception.

The bureau has also taken over the larger field of direct distribution
of licenses, formerly handled hy county clerks.

An order has been placed for 320,000 metal deer tags, and 160,000
cardboard tags for distribution when the deer season opens.

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

Early indications that the present year, on account of the abun-
dance of rain, would prove a successful one on the migratory waterfowl
refuges have proven true. Ducks nested well on the Gray Lodge Refuge
near Gridley, nests being found on almost every section of the place.

The San Joaquin area reports all the more common species of ducks
were found taking advantage of the excellent water conditions, the best
for ten years.

On the Suisun refuge the number of sprig nesting there was sur-
prising as were they on Gray Lodge and at Los Banos.

Reports show a good crop of ducks will be hatched on Buena Vista
Lake and in the Kings River area.

By raising the water level at the Imperial Refuge thirty inches,J
thus stopping spreading of tule growth, a larger surface will be affordec
migratory birds for a loafing place.

One of the most devastating predators the Los Banos Refuge had!
to contend with was the house cat gone wild. These animals werej
destroying the nests of the waterfowl, but with the killing of 51 this
hazard is believed to have been eliminated.

Los Banos reports great numbers of geese — Hutchins and cackling.]
Although there have been some egg lays the females don't seem to bej
interested in raising families.

At Gray Lodge a good crop of mallards have materialized from thai
domesticated birds and wild domesticated mallards have laid well at|
Los Banos, but their eggs do not seem to be so fertile.

Quail results throughout the State are good and many refuges are!
being posted, especially in southern California and that area south of]
San Francisco.

The eight predatory animal trappers have made it tough for coyotes I
and bobcats. The report for the year so far on waterfowl refuges shows]
130 coyotes and 108 bobcats killed.

Lion hunters for the year to June 1 have turned in 159 scalps, 141
more than at this time in 1931. May was a big month — 13 females and
12 males being killed, 4 over last year. April was a dull month for lion
hunters. They only bagged 13, but for March they turned in 39 scalps,}
20 of which were from females. The kill in March, 1931, was 29.

To date this year, 345 game breeders have taken out licenses.

The fur animal raisers have filed their annual report and show a I
great falling off, as the prices have been less than half of last year and]
.still less than prices for pelts in 1930.

The State Department of Public AVorks has let the contract fori
fencing the Kern County Elk Refuge. The rate was $700 per mile for 1
the metal posts and wire necessary for the seven-foot fence. The Anchorj
Post Fence Company was the successful bidder.

CAI.irOHVIA riKII AND UAUK 265

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

TIiIm hiirraii Iiun ilrvolrd iMuiHiilcralili' tinir* to ki-i'|iint; fnf fmni
pollution iiumy MtrraiiiH iiot«*«l for uanw (IhIi |)ri-ilu'«-H I'li tin- Mfrml aiul
TiiolmiiiH' rivtTH luivt* «MK)prratiM| to k«'f|i th«- \\at»TH rli-ar ami have
followed sum,'«''*ti'>ll.s from tin* head of tliin » •••■ m

.lolm Spi'iiftT, cliiff of tin* Ixiri'aii, n d the n»«'«'fint' "f tlir

('aliforiiia Srwa^'f Workfrs AKHtM'iation hrld in Yo«M'ini!r .^ l|r

also took part in tli«« drIihrrationH of tin* Stati* ChandM^r of < tv

wliirli rtsulti-d in tin' llrtdxiw company a^ri'cint; to put in a |>ri*pvr linh
ladd<-r in llifir powrr dam.

A siirvi'V was nunlf of th«' propos«'d site for n commorciid liatchcr}*
on r>ull (icfk to hi' opcriitcd by a Mr. Kotlwrmud. K'-portN of thin
suivj'V liavi' iM'i-n forwar«lfd to tin* Hurfaii «)f Fish Culluro,

TIm' Sierra IN>w«'r Company has instidlfd a paralh*! hnr >MTi*«'n on
tlif Trncki't' liivrr at Floriston.

Appt'aranct's in ronrts totah'd ov«'r \'2't; and nuips. planH and
skftchi's pp'part'd for tlu» (h-partmt'nt amounted to over 500 in the thrve
months just passed.

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

March found I Ik- ;^'ame fai"ms all set for the annual ej;if layinj;
.season. Pens had Ix'en eleaneil, plowed, sowed Jind otherwis*- made
hahifahle tor the .seleeted brood stoeks that were to be plaeed in them.

The demand for jrame bird e'_';;s was heavier than in any former
season, and the allotment of ;{(),()()() rin;;-neeked phea.sjints was spoken
for Ion;,' before the hei«,dit of the v^ii lavin;;.

The (juail ejjjj crop was splendid, showiri}; an inereaM* over pa«t
years. As this species of bird is to be distributed more in southern Cali-
fornia, the ej^'jjs gathered at the Yountville (Jame Farm were s«'nt to the
Los Serranos (iame Farm, at Chino.

Interest in raisin^r pheasants, turkeys ami ipiail has shown a
marked inerea.se.

In Petaluma, the hatching' plant handlin*; phensjint ej^pi turned out
a hif^li pereenta^'e of ehieks and thi'se birds when at the projx'r ajje are
to be distributed in Marin and Sononui counties.

In the San .Joatpun N'alley .section, threat success has attended the
efl'orts of sportsmen's or«rani/ations in raising; pheasiints, and they have
been properly distributed.

The new Jamesway incubating; plant has proven its worth ami
added to the convenience and producti<»n facilities of the Yountville
farm.

Superintendent Au«;ust Hade is lending every assistance to James
Moftitt and A \\ Elder in inspectin)» ami selecting? sites for quail
sanctuaries otTered by public-spiritcil laiuh)wners. To date six sanc-
tuaries, four in the south atui two in the north, are expix'ted to bo posted
and under proper supervision of the Fish and (Jame Commi'isic.n by the
end of June. Others will follow.

The Ciame Farm, at Yountville. has atTorded work to several local
families, thus contributing its part toward It^sseninp the depression.

266 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

The closing of the sardine season in southern and northern Cali-
fornia waters in March was followed by the opening of the salmon and
I una season in April.

In southern California, the five sardine plants reported an increase
of 4000 tons over the 1931 season. Most of the cannery inspectors have
been laid off. In Monterey some canners are experimenting with a new
pack, using agar-agar jelly which dispels the fishy odors and keeps the
sardines more solidly packed.

Low prices of salmon have kept many fishing boats from going to
sea. In Eureka, but a small portion of the 125 trollers have gone for
fish, and those that did brought in small catches as compared to former
seasons. Salmon running from 10 to 12 inches were brought in by half
the salmon fishing fleet that sail out from Noyo. The boats report as
high as 400 pounds of salmon per vessel.

In the Shasta area, reports were received that many spawning beds
were destroyed by overcrowding. A survey was made to determine how
large the loss is.

The migration of salmon fingerlings, which ended May 15, was
heav}'' this year.

Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers report a good run of shad,
but prices dropped considerably. There was a good eastern market that
made conditions desirable.

San Pedro and San Diego canneries started operating in April
with the opening of the tuna season. Nine of the 11 major tuna can-
neries have formed a cooperative association, known as the Tuna Can-
ners Institute. The purpose is to prevent overproduction and endeavor
to promote the widest market for this commodity. Sardine canners are
planning a similar organization.

There was some trouble about prices between the tuna fishermen
and canners at the beginning of the season, with the result there was a
one-third dropping off of the tonnage delivered during the opening
month. However, as the trouble has been settled, it is expected this
decrease will more than be made up.

From January to June 1, 3,500,000 pounds of mackerel were
delivered to the canneries.

The Bayside Fish Flour Company, of Monterey, made formal
application for a permit to manufacture 20,000 tons of fish flour. They
intend to erect a new plant in Richmond.

Low prices for the fresh fish caused dealers to give away tons of
yellowtail brought from Mexican waters to San Pedro. This bureau
gave a half -ton of confiscated tuna to the Whittier State School.

Harvey McMillin and Paul Bonnot have made an extensive survey
of oyster lands along the California coast. All lands available for oyster
culture have been filed on.

]Me]\Iillin went to Eureka April 7 to remain until July 1. In Hum-
boldt Bay it has been found native oysters thrive and mature in much
less time than in more northern waters. McMillin and Bonnot super-
vised the installation of the first dikes on the California coast for the
protection of oysters from climatic changes and to keep sufficient water
over the oyster beds during low tide. This dike was built in North
Humboldt Bay. Experiments were also carried on in Newport and

CAMFOiiMA 111*11 ANU OAMK 1!67

Morro bnyM and Mut^'it liiKooii in ovhIit iduntinu. Tin* pinniinu '*( 370
b«x<'s of .lapani'Sf oyKtiT "nt'ed" in KIkhoni hIoukIi whu u
plislunrrit of Ihrsi* »'X|htI.h. It Iuim Ih-imj provi-ii thai :i.! .j >••

oyHttTH in Kikhorn nuitur<- in U'hs than half thi* turn- f i'- '■ .r

nativ«» watoiM, and that thry an* richrr in protiMn f«H n

oyHtiTH fotwid in any phuM* in tht* worhl.

( 'ooprraf irij,' uitJi I)r. tl. (). Snydrr, of th** I"
thij* hun-aii is working out n record form by \m.. .. .. , . ..

may bo krpt of fish rauj^ht by sportsmen from (x'pan pirn*, h .
chnrttT party and flshint; barjjcM. Krom rrHult.s obtained no far in the
expcriiiii'iit, it lias Itn-n found that sportH Mshermen in the Ia>«» An/ '
ni'ea cauu'ht as many lish as the eominereial fresh tlsliermen.

Small catfhes marked the oj^eiiini; of the salmon trollinp •»**a.Mjii
April 1.

S(|uid eatches in the Monterey district fell otT one-half over furm«T
years. AH dried on the heath for Chinese trade; none were prepared
for Italian trade.

Tho patrol l)oat lilut/in, after boin^' put in repair, made a itirvey
trip to determine the delinite nuixinunn sardine Kpawninj» area. Thia
was found to he from the Mexican border to Point Coneeplion and
extendiiij; 100 miles out to sea.

During' April, the patrol boat Alfxuorr weekly aide<l the hydro-
biolojjicnl survey in its work aloni; the northern eoa.st, and patrolled as
far nortli as Point Pcvivs. The crew also put the snuill boat Steelhead
in coiulition.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

Severe weather in the early part of the second (pmrter of VXV2
with hiu'h water nmninj; in many streams, delayed tish ei»i,' ^atherini?
sonu'what. but by the eiul of the season, around May 31, the work had
been well done. The "take" of eirtrs this vear was verv sjitisfaetorv,
many species of trout slu)win«; a iiuirked increase, others hoKlin^r their
own. However, the ei;gs of the rainbow tliis year fell a couple of mil-
lion less than the average. This loss is made up. however, by the
increase of other varieties, and will not lessen the supply available for
the anixlers.

After much planniiiLr, the new experimental hatchinj; ami n'arinjj
ponds for black ba.ss nt b'riant. Fresno County, has been ei>mpleted by
the Department of Puldic Works and turned over to the Division of
Pish and Game. Already, a small supply of snuiU-mouth blai'k bass has
"been transferred to tlie ponds from Stockton as brood stock, atui several
tlunisand trolden shiners to furnish foml for the bass receiveil from
San Dicijo.

Minor defects are being remedied and the experiment is being
Ljivcii every encourajrement. Merrill W. Hrown has been placed in
iharLTc with Carlton Koijers, as assistant.

Durincr April, a shipment of 28,lKH") Atlantic salmon eggs were
received at the Mt. Shasta Hatchery from th,> Canadian Department
of Marino Fisheries.

Tlicre was groat activity in all the hatcheries during the past three-
months period, seeing the trout eggs were given the proper attention.

5 — 956S6

268 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The hatch was above normal, assuring a good supply of sport fish for
the streams and lakes of this State for future seasons.

Plans were started in June for the annual planting in trout
waters, and the anglers are assured of some 35,000,000 of these game
fish for the streams and lakes, while the salmon plant will increase the
fish planting to some 4^0,000,000 for 1932.

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION

March was a light month for this bureau, but its personnel was

busy in May, rescuing and moving nearly 2,000,000 large-mouth black

bass. This action was made necessary on account of the cannabalistic

tendency of this species of game fish — the parent fish eating the young, |

'sometimes when they are 30 days of age.

The young fish rescued were taken to permanent waters, awayj
from their native haunts, where conditions would be ideal for their|
maturity.

Sports fishermen are continually increasing their demands fori
black bass, to the exclusion of other species of spiny-rayed game fish.}

The total of fish rescued for May was 1,842,861. For April, the]
total was 390,430. The receding waters of many streams made it]
necessary for this bureau to take prompt action to save these thousands]
of fish for the anglers.

In line with the policy of the Division of Fish and Game, many^
nongame fish were caught, destroyed or given away.

BUREAU OF PATROL

A change in the attitude of magistrates toward violators of thd
fish and game laws has been very noticeable during the second quartei
of this year. While justices of the peace are convinced the laws shouldl
be enforced and arrests made, they seem inclined toward leniene^J
when it comes to fining those arrested. They seem to feel that during
the depression it would be well to go a little easy on those who have
not violated the game laws too glaringly. In one month, out of 20(
arrests, 57 defendants found guilty were given suspended sentences.

With the opening of the trout season May 1, the usual number ol
anglers were found without a fishing license. Forty-five of these were
arrested by deputies. Sixteen arrests grew out of the fact of fisher-i
men being unable to read, or at least they did not pay any attentioi
to the signs posted, declaring certain streams and lakes closed to fishing.]

Arrests and money collected as fines fell considerably below the
total for March, April and May. For the period from January 1 tc
May 31, 1931, $73,000 in fines were collected; for a like period this
year, only $46,070.

Deer meat possessors to the number of 34 were arrested, and finec
or jailed for having venison in their possession out of season.

The bureau heads are busy trading in automobiles owned by the
State and used by the patrol since 1930. In purchasing new autos,]
small type cars with closed cabs and pick-up bodies are being favored.]

CAI.UUKMA riaU AND UAME 260

VOLUNTEER DEPUTIES

Volunteer tlrputioj* have takni jfrral int«T«»t in the work of

rsfaldisliiiiK' (|MHiI snn<'tUHri«**t tin ' '•'.'■ ',.J

111 posliriK' souii' I'i.iMto niTf.H of I.k. ; . i . . .. wf

tills ii()t«'<l K'l'ne l)ircl. The Hanctuari»>ti that luaki" u; • are

Nicnti'*! ill Sail I)ie(;o, San Matro, Tularv and San JoAquin • h.

Hrports trmn tli«« volimtiMTs imiiratnl tliat il jj

«ea«(in tin- quail i>aiif<l olT Hplriulidly, ni-Mteil well ai. . ....:. ...... ..ui

a fr^Kxi hatch.

Captain flohn Wannan of th<> San .Joatpiin area writoA in to My
th«*rt' wvrv 2r)() pairs of (piail on one ranch .H«*t a ■

l-'nllowiiiLT tilt' poliiy of till' Fish ainl <iaiii. i ..in ' ^P

the list of voluntcfr (h'putio.s to Jis small a nunilx-r a.s , . ■ ^ in

Waltrr Wtlrh has hrcn busy \V(M'ilinj» out tluwr who have iihown no
Ifrcat interest in tisli and j,'aiiu' consiTvation and in tin* iMifonrmpnt of
the laws of the division. The rrdiiction of tin* ranks hait l)cen
an-oiiipiislK'd in a niaiiiicr that has arous*Ml no ill fc«-lin^ among tlioee
spon.sorinjf tho deputies dropped.

The volunteer deputies did much work prior to the opening of
the trout season, preventinij tishinjf before May 1. Many ■•^

licenses were checked and a nuiiiher of arrests were .T'-'lif'-d to ... .. .>f

this hureau.

Predatory birds and animals in lar^rc numbers fell li«'fore the fire
of the volunteer ileputies durinj? the past three months.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

Some of the outstandiiis,' wurk of the I'.ureau of Kducation and
Research was conlined to the wild life displays and the visual eiluca-
tion exhibits. E. 8. Cheney erected an exhibit booth at the Butte
Council of the Boy Seouts of America exhibit which was hehl at
Marysville the latter part of April. In athlition to this, exhibit assist-
ance was rendert'd by this bureau in the installation of an exhibit in the
windows of the Pacific States Savinp» and Loan Avsooiation. This
exhibit is a traveliii}; one and will be shown in the principal cities in
northern California.

The rapid -growth of the mailinj? list of Calikoh.sia Fish and Gamb
necessitated a chant^e in the nietluxl of distribution from the old com-
plimentary system to that of a subscription basis. Details of this
pr(\iect were worked out by the Department of Finance and the s^'stem
became functional with the current issue.

An elaborate investij^ation of the effect of roilent control on quail
populations was conducted by Ira (iabrielson, of the U. S. Hureau of
Bioloj::ical Survey, W. C. Jacobsen, of the State Department of Agricul-
ture, and Leo K. Wilson, of this burt>au. This work was d.-ne in
Monterey and Kinj^s counties.

Gordon II. True, Jr.. completed the work umlertaken by James
MofTitt on the etTect of predatory animals upon the nestintr waterfowl
population in northeastern California. This work will be the ba&is
oi' a report to be published in the near future by James Moffitt.

270

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

REPORTS

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

January, February, March, 1932
Fish:

Abalones 1,062

Bass, striped, pounds 1,150

Bass, striped (fish) 195

Crappie, perch, sunfish 41

Crabs - - 316

Clams 1,537

Lobsters -- - 224

Lobsters, pounds 1,289

Nets, illegal -- 1

Miscellaneous fish 306

Mussels, pounds 496

Steelhead - - - 536

Spears, illegal 5

Salmon, pounds - - 134

Trout - 56

Traps, fish - — - 32

Game:

Deer 14

Deer meat, pounds 721

Deer hides - - — 23

Doves -- - 5

Ducks, geese and mudhens - - - 728

Elk meat, pounds - — - 55

Non-game birds 171

Pigeons 33

Pheasants 10

Quail — - 20

Rabbits 19

Shorebirds - 32

Wood ducks 1

Skins, fur bearing animals - -_ 7

Trap, bird 1

FISH CASES
January, February, March, 1932

Number

arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences

(days)

Angling License Act; violations of

44
46

12

1

53

12

31

10

2

15

28

33

12

1

1

4

16

2

1

3

$578 00
580 00

350 00
100 00
740 00
770 00
320 00
240 00

64

Abalones; closed season; small

60

Bass-
Striped, small; netting of .

Black, small

Clams; small, overlimit..

185

Crabs; small; female .

6

Commercial Fishing License Act; violations of .

25

Illegal fishing apparatus ._

130

Fishing in refuge .

Lobsters; small.. . _

205 00

53

Mussels; overlimit

336

Nets; seines; illegal

1,017 00
243 00

368

Perch, crappie, sunfish; closed season

36

Pollution

Salmon in closed district

50 00

40 00

435 00

Spears, illegal .

Trout; steelhead

25

Traps, fish

Yelowfip; telling of. .

10 00
5 00

Taking marine life from Hopkins Marine Life Refuge

Totals

327

$5,683 00

1,277

CALirORSIA riHIf AND GAME

271

QAMC CAMS

Dwr: dflMd MMM

Ducks, ■«<■•. mudb«M; ekaad m«*

I)«ivr« rlivM^I acaaoo . .

Aet. TtoUUoM ol.

i /*».,...

kllUncof

^•M liMOB.

clawdMMOiL

4td MMOA. • .. .

<«oJ WAffOA

por«r| po«(.

. .c

tcenM Aet. ««...«.•••,

»

1
3i
11
•
•
3
1
1
I
I

tw

ii

iTn

272

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1931, to March 31, 1932, of the' Eighty-third Fiscal Year

Function

Salaries

and

wages

Materials

and
supplies

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Bureau administration:
KTPcutivp

$6,600 00
16,603 23

$6,600 00

1862 97

17,426 25

225 79

$320 92

$171 26

17,958 38

Printirp

17,426 25

Automobiles

213 54
2,595 90
4,026 78
3,370 38
2,057 93
11,435 95
2,885 32

439 33

2,595 90

Posts ge

4,026 78

3,370 38

Freiffht cartapp and excress

2,057 93

Rent

11,435 95

Accident and death claims

2,885 32

3,375 00
4,950 00

3,375 00

Legal

718 37
87 50
68 86

182 46

5,850 83

87 50

Publicity

68 86

Total bureau administration

$31,528 23

$4,612 94
1,962 05

$18,515 01

$27,781 45

$353 72

$78,178 41

$4,612 94

Clerical and office

$163 71

$230 80

4,724 74

16 78

4 10

141 04

113 10

$26 70

2,383 26

Traveling - - -

4,724 74

16 78

Freight, cartage and express

4 10

Photographer --

1,080 00
1,530 00
8,144 68

1,190 32

101 13

28 00

2,411 36

Librarian

23 08
310 08

1,767 31

8,482 76

Blueprinting .

12 66

518 32

8 25

12 66

618 32

Exhibits—

8 25

Lecturer

2,835 00
18 63

2,835 00

Temporary help . .

18 63

Total bureau education and research

Bureau patrol and law enforcement:
Chief and assistants

$20,183 30

$8,295 00
2,415 32

$496 87

$5,769 79

$1,346 15

$27,796 11
$8,295 00

Clerical and office

$70 32
6,550 20

$17 91

3,134 29

95,120 66

331 07

1,517 93

45 95

461 85

21 27

405 13

850 39

226 00

Sll 47
1,286 14

2,515 02

Automobiles

10,970 63

Traveling

95,120 66

331 07

Telephone and telegraph .

1,517 93

Freight, cartage and express

45 95

Rent

461 85

21 27

Captains and deputies

156,492 99

1,634 38

2,138 07

539 81

291 65
46 33

158,824 15

Launches

3,034 79

Fish planting ..

4,922 72
440 00

5,688 53

Volunteer deputies

440 00

Premiums on bonds

2,215 48

2,216 48

Temporary help .

30 00
1,536 29

30 00

Cooks ..

1,636 29

Total bureau patrol and law enforcement— .

Bureau commercial fisheries:
Chief and assistants

$174,132 32

$12,075 00
7,964 72

$10,932 78

$104,347 93

$1,635 59

$41 00
8 60

$291,048 62
$12,116 00

Clerical and office

$230 92
566 46

$97 42
242 12
16,242 84
3 52
495 47
476 50
890 68
310 50

8,301 66

Automobiles..

808 58

Traveling .

16,242 84

Postage

3 52

Telephone and telegraph

495 47

Freight, cartage and express

476 50

Rent

890 68

Heat, light and power

310 50

Research

6,863 09
12,590 00

9,410 00
23,435 19

78 61

141 05

3,679 41

541 91

80 90

10 00

228 35

693 65

7,022 60

Captains and deputies

Launches

36 57

1,965 52

1,159 90

5 94

750 00

1,355 67

11,250 00

12,777 62

15,283 28

25,730 65

5 94

Laboratory...

Blueprinting

Hydro-biological survey — Monterey Bay

750 00

Statistics

696 19

48 15

2 100 01

Fish cannery research

11,250 00

Fish cannery inspectors — seasonal

15,040 55

15,040 65

Total biireau commercial fisheries

$87,378 55

$6,934 55

$35,282 65

$1,010 65

$129,606 40

CAi.ir "itSiA fi.-iM AND OA M r.

273

tTATCMCNT or CXI^NOITUIiIl

rw MM P«M Mrl. Ittl. I* MMiHII. IMt •( *•

tt.9\0 00

a,7« n 1 1

' I and po««f

'•»... . . •••

Id invcallcaUoM^.

I' -.unf

( .«.iTiaH»rrn»«rc|» ,,

I'bh batchcry aaaUUuil irmiotnl.

ToUl bureau fi<h eullun..

Hum

CI.; A-'.

I'Irn. ji II .1 uliic«.......

Autiimot ilp«

Tnnrlmg

I'lMtaiJr

Trlr|'lii<np aad latumph.
Coo|>«mivr rrararea.....

Tolal burrau hydrauli

.Uon:

Burr I .
Sill-

Clrr.. .., ^..,i„.„.^

Auloiiiotulw ...............

Trurhtu ........

Pontngr .,„

Telrpliunc and t«lecraph....
Krrifclit. c3rt.tKr iind eiprtM.

Ural, light aiid power

Maiiitriiance ...........

AasLitaiita

Total bureau guat propaxatioo-

Burr.t

I'll.

Traicliu^. ..
Kfnl

tanu.

Total bureau fish rtaeue..

Boraui game refu(r:
Chlrrand iLv^Litaots
Cl.r 'lee

Au:>

TrnM-Um. ....... .......

Poalaci- ,„.

Tfli'l'iumr anit ! ' . '
Krrmht. ourt.iv v

Lion huiitor< a;.>; l;.., ,. ia

Rrfugr ;niHtiM|j

Pmlatorv aninial rootrot.

TfiniHirary help

K«{u«r uiaintrnance.....

Total t<ureau game refuge.

M.44« M , SS.IlM M

l.VU M in II

t,eM 00 3ia 4«

an

10 is

tl3S.7(M 43 MUI3 W I llft.7M 14

t«.3ft5 00

131 KO
333 80

I3A M

f ■

1 '-

6 .'•

%&.!Mi I

t3.47S 00
40 00

10.149 IS

tl3.M4 IS
t3.7MOO

t3.7W00

•9374 n
1.440 00

CMsa

! 44

tasi M

74S6 01

t7.707 es

I1.V67 <'

111: V'

1.41.' \j

& (..

303 4 '
33

aw

796 w

t^n^atfl

«:: i«

ijia4

?iii "t«a

ajMM

(.'.UP uv

I10JI7 lA

I3.47S 00

40 00

444 M

UI3 !•

S 00

303 4*

sa 7a

•M 73

laaHM

ML.I4* U

I3.IH 3i

r* •

1176 :.

l.«S« 3 '

180 O'J

13.116 0*

133 00

M

Mjni 71
i.4Mae

II.M6 03

t31 39

6»4 t»A I

133 91

10.538 U
4.m 00 I 3^7 93

J. -

• I >:

17 ::.

m 00 : ISJ3I «

*U74 t7

1.471 n

«67 M

j.ir-i o

1 >:

i: i

1.)

J.'M v»

4, -
3.064

MOO

t3«.137 70 * »U4« 97 > I11.7S7

1017 04 I W.M, 'C

274

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1931, to March 31, 1932, of the Eighty-third Fiscal Year— Continued

Function

Construction, improvements and equipment:

Telephone and power line from Chester to Lake Almanor Fish Hatchery

Improvements at Lake Almanor Hatchery

Filter at Big Creek Hatchery. -

Permanent repairs on Brookdale Hatchery

Construction of dams on Cherry Creek

Completion of egg collecting racks at Chester

Construction of rearing ponds and a temporary house for an attendant, Hat Creek, Inyo County

Tank and egg collecting station at Huntington Lake

Filter at Kaweah Hatchery , -

Repairs and improvements at Mt. Shasta Hatchery

Permanent improvements on Snow Creek Hatchery

Total construction, improvements and equipment

License commissions '

Purchase of game refuges

State Fair and other exhibits

Prior year expense — eighty-second fiscal year only

Grand total proprietary group -

Total

$2,400 00

1,391 55

141 85

761 30

1,000 00

601 16

1,245 18

1,924 69

466 16

1,333 44

1,233 12

$12,498 24

$39,503 45

127,650 00

5,183 81

14,998 86

$999,726 27

CAUrORNLA riHII AND QAMB

275

• TATCMCHT Of INCOMC
fm MM Pifiod tutf I. 11)1. 10 Jufl* M. Itl}. 9l llM

Vflv

Tatal

IttI ,

1(93

>i huoUoc club lircn«r
I h'iiiliO([ club ut«r«'.'

•fami. IWI.

"I't l)fm«c*, ini-33.

"t* aii<i itwU flik iImWtc' iMtOMB, IvJi-o.'.

Oil.

'oa from importva.

balaiwn.

Total otl'cr i:; ...

Total drpartntentol income.

IniMtiir for thr State Unircnity Fund:
Kcly tai

:jatm
ijnm

MM

I

««8

uoo

MM
tMM

z,: J", i
1... , .-I

10 00

2«.iao 00

MOM

t.mM

UMM

JO 00
M.U4 M

87.710 87

3^78 7«

IM W

4^1 a

MM

mto

tUul

IHtSCt H

lAMIM
tLIIMM l«

276

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

z

o

<
S

a

z
<

>

i ^

ea ■£

i i

05 •

I =

I- m

S <s

? =

I- cs

ec -g

£ ^

fe 1

Q >

O D

CC ><

a. -a

tiJ O.

il

I

CO
UJ

E

Z

o

<
u

Monterey

lO lO 1 1 iiOeO t 1 ICO 1 ICO lOlOit— 1 I'"** IU3 1 iCOlO lOOOO

t^ n-H 1 I iooi>- 1 1 1 uo 1 1 cq liooocq 1 1 cq ico i it-cr icoct>oo

■^1 II icq 111-^1 1-^ '=^^0 1 icq ii-H 1 icOlO lOOCO

^1 111"^ JliCqlJt^ I CO oi" 1-7 I lod I I Icqcq I ic
CO I 1 1 1 cq 1 1 -^ 1 I *-" 1 *o '^ cq I CO I I »o I un

1 III III t 1 1 II 1 1 1 CO ■ <^

iiii 1 i i i 1 ; ; i ; : : ; ^

I III III II 1 II 1 II 1

Santa Cruz..

IIII III II 1 IIII J II 1 ,

O 0> 1 1 1 it^iO 1 1 II-H 1 lOO I C5 1 1 1 lO ICO 1 1 t^ CO 1 i-^O

g 1 : ; ;sg^. i i ;s i ;"= ;q ; i i :k !^ i iss ; iss

cq III I"30 I I I*-" I I I*^ I I I I'-^ I I I CO cq I lo

till III II 1 till 1 1 ( 11

IIII III II 1 1 1 1 r 1 II II
IIII III II 1 IIII 1 II II

San Francisco,
San Mateo ..

500

""l'4"2",448'
285,833

10,033

61
11,649

"2'3"8',975'

290"

"2"8"6"367'

28,509

60

188,893

,925,720

538

Alameda,
Contra Costa

1 1 1 |I>.W5 OO 1 1 1 1 f 1 i^H 1 1 1 1 lo 1 1

1 1 1 it^^H 1 1 t 1 1 1 tc<lcc 1 1 1 I 1 i lO IIII ICO 1 1
1 1 1 lOOO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 «_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ICO 1 1 1 1 lO ■ 1

1 1 1 1 -^1111111 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-^ I I

Sacramento,

San .Tnaqnin

'2;903"
47,161

Y,7i2"

1 1 1 1 1 1 i-W 1 1 1 1 Ico 1 1
1 > 1 1 1 I 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 lO 1 1
' CO 1 1 1 1 1 rt 1 ,

■ 1 t' 1 i' 1 1 1 I 1 I I |o ! I

1 1 1 1 icq ; J

Solano, Yolo

1 1 1 1 -^ UO 1 1 1 1 1 t I I

1 1 1 it-O

1 1 1 l-<J(t^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 ^H 1 1

t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1

III 1 lO 1 1

I I i' ■' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I o^ 1 I

Marin

1 1 i 1 CO 1 1 <M I 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ■ i 1 1 1 cq 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1

1 1 i liO 1 i(M 1 lO 1 i 1 1 1 1C<3 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 i 1 i»-^ II 1 1 1 1 1 1 -TJI^ 1 CC IIII

I ! 1 1 ■' 1 I I J I I I ^ I I I I I I o ! ! ! J I ' ' ! '

O — 1

IIII II I 1 1 1 1 1=^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mendocino,

1 1 1 im I0»0 1 1 1 iOO!0 IIII 1 lOOO lO 'ten

1 1 1 ICO I0500 t 1 1 iir3C<10> 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 tcDO 1-^ iS
1 1 1 IC-J iC350q 1 1 1 i-«(Tj.t^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 , icniS IM l"^

1 1 I i'"* [nm 1 1 1 1 c» 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,',',' 1 03 loo 1
, , , , •— 1 , 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Del Norte,
Humboldt

1 1 1 1 1 loscq 1 1 1 i-<}4 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 it^ 1 I 1 1 cq ^H too 1

lOO 1 1 1 lO it^ 1 1 1 1 1 t -^ 1 1 1 IC50 it^ 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 OO »0 1 1 1 ICO 1 C^ 1 1 1 1 1 t tjH^ 1 1 1 f<*,t^ 1 05 1

1 1 1 1 1 I ^eo I I I !^ !»o I '. '. ! J Ico I I I I »j:3 »o I uf I
1 1 1 1 1 1 ■* "^ 1 1 1 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 I -^ 1 1 1 1 c<i cq 1 rt 1

1
•3

i

Anchovy...

Barracuda

Cabrilla.

Catfish

Flounder.

Hake....

Ha li but— Calif ornia .'..'. .'.".'.'.'.'.'

Hardhead

Kelp Bass

Mackerel — Horse

Mackerel— Spanish

Mullet

Perch ...

Pike...- ""

Pompano

Ray

Rock Bass

Sablefish _ ___

Sand Dab

Sculpin...

"^j

•I i» ig '-n ^5

! :•• ',b -d

:•* itt :-

CALIFUUNIA FIMII AND OAUK

sf?B »f ■ ?-«?'^ -511

277

i

SAS -1 ;;; [^ J

%

^i^

S

li

rr

s

f|!!

^^2

i

.2

i 5

i[

s

tf

s§

ss

^

3 i

1

ss

RS

ca:£

h

coa.

s

[8§

H

S

j:* :-•

III

• ■ •

• • *

n

\

a

I

^'3

■%

■?

is^^

00 ca da £ sc cc H t-> t-* ^ ^ >* S

lli

31;

1

278

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Total fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California.

t^ -^ irt

■^^ 00

^ i-T

o 00

O W3

o >o

CD t*

CDQO

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California
via San Diego

o »c

■*}< 00
Q0»0

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California
via San Pedro

M coeM

Cs ^ ^J<

X
u
u:

> •=

IE o

t^ c£) C^

05 00 CO

Total.

■^ CO O lO O O O TP ■•— * 1-H C5 CQ CO lO

■.— 1 CO C^ r-H 1— I Irt C^ CO CO CO 1—1 .-H

C<l CO CO 1— I lO 1— f 1— I QO

!:0^**»-'COt-*cD'-*Ob-.CO-^cO'<s<

•"^-cocoooiooo-^-rt^cot^-^t-cs

1— iC^COt>-tOC300C5CQCOi--'C3i05

'"d^odi-T CO tCco lO cocTtCoo

CO CO Ci lO -^ •— ' CO I— < CO

00 1—1 03 CO tH

1-H CO

San Diego,
Imperial.

u:

X

i-

z

o-*o

COOO ca
00 C» M

cqcooo

Orange.

■^ cq COiOO
■^ O U5 OO — I

CD CO C4"

coo

Los Angeles.

£ J

(/> >

t- Q

° f
E »

>- o

UJ

X
</>

X

CO

CO-«:Ji CO
OiOO C^J
1— t CO t--

CO O lO
*0 C5 IC

o -^

''^CO
OGO

Ci CO O Oi
CI -^ lO -*

■-# lO O CO Ci

oo lO r^ t— QO

iTS 03 CO C5 t^

lO CD CO c^

as i>- "^ o

t>- t^ Tt^ 00

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

■rt J ^^ iffO

1-H »0

o c^

O CO

r-H !>.

cc

<

o

<

•s

eg

3z

CJ«

I l-i

I II

o n ^ ^ - ' -

C3 C3

= JS-3-^-s-H s s-s.s 5 s 33 gi a ^ I g|||

O fe fc M W W W W W W W <; <5 ,^ S CL, (Xi fe rt rt Ci 02 M M c

CAUrORN'IA H^M AM> <.v>!i.

279

a;:s

;8

;8'

:1!

S M I :
» t • • •

SIS

< I '
I i t

II

5Sii!!^i

8§

1:8

i §111

§S9

*l

8

^

I

S

"S? :=^?

a

8R'

i

s

8

I

1^5

^» «o o

ro J* — *

S

s

as

I • * • t

1

\

I

i

11

i;Si

ODacxa:x:cxdB x x x x {- —

i!^

1

3

ABSTRACT

CALIFORNIA SPORTING FiSH AND GAME LAWS

VALID UNTIL 90 DAYS AFTER CLOSE Of 1933 LEGISLATURE

1931

OPEN AND CLOSED SEASONS

1932

WHITE SQUARES IMDICATE OPEN SEASOK

. NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

oa.aj:ej 1 '"'"'"'

)*".

riB

Nm.

•PI •» tm juiT iw. 1 sin 1 OCT. 1 >DY. 1 Die. 1 BAG AND rOSSESSION LIMITS, ETC

VA

■

□ -■■:-| BE'

B

No Does, Fawns or Spike Bucks
No Forked Homed Deer in Dist. IX

DEER

Z-ZVr-i

1 '

■:.•

~

.

. ■

1

'w^l^^l

1
1

Mo sale of Venison or Deer Skins
Two Bucks per Season

|.|!,'.4.<»!(-4!.'-a3

a4-as

"7'

■

MB

B

9

IJII6

IB

except inV4 where limit is one

See Notes e-9-10-12

Rabbits— Cottontail and Bnish |

ALL
tXCtPT 4%

m

HMHBWI5

1

ISpailjy. 30 per week. No lifnit in Dislikt 4
No protection in 4H

Bear, Fur An.
Ducks, Gees

unals

ALL

■BHHBI

iEbi-^

Sec Nole 7

Prrialory animals tmpfolttled in diitritts 2-2M-3-W5^

>e,

r(D[RAl
WW

%

■■BBBB

OPIHS
NOON

oa 1

1 5 DutV5, JO in Possession; 4 Geese, 8 in Posusston;
20 Snipe, 2S Iriud Hens, No Ross Snow or CidUinf Oecse

Jack Snipe, Mud Hens

1'

BBB

9

25 Dudes, 25 Snipe, 25 Mud hens, 50 Per Week
Coose limit Set Note 4. See Notes 9.10-1 1-12-13

Quail— Valley, Desert

ALL

EXCEPT 1"/s

rr

1 -

B

B

■•"

ii

IBBI

-1

Valley and Detert
15 per day. 3D per week

and Mountain

m

'. -'

B

- ■

1

Mountain
10 per day. 20 per week

Dove

ALL EXCEPT

4-4'/2-4y,

--^

r

■

1-
1

!■

■

-■-

reiltnl SfiM
Senlabal

15 per day

4-4>/j.4%

a

■11

30 per week

There u no open season on Elk, Antelope, Mountain Sheep, Sea Otter, Tree Squirrel, Sierra Hare, Rail, Wood Duck, Pigeon, Swan,
Shore Birds (except Jack Snipe) , Grouse, Sage Hen, Imported Quail, Wild Pheasant, Partridge, or Wild Turkey.

I^ISH 1 ■»^™^

l»H.

fie.

Mim.

*PH.

,.,

JU*it

lUlt All

G. stn.

OCT. MV.

DEC. j

BAG AND POSSESSION UNITS, ETC.

Kbmath River, lahe Almanor

■

m

■

■

fiig limit (or taking
asd poittMion, 25 trout
or 10 poundi and one
trout

No Sale

Steelhead and

2'A

28

B

I30

NoSpcarinj
ror other
leslrklions

all Trout

(except Golden),

23-24-25

M

• -

I30

,

Whitefish

Truckee River

B

lis

B

Set Notes
12-15-16-20

Unlawful to take trout

k( Nole 22

■

--•

B

fl

21-22-28-2»

ernor's proclamation

U< Winter Klamath River

,:-.'

--■

Bl

IB

1
- 1

5 Tronl rcgirdleii ol wciihl

31-JJ
On this

Ricyan. Navirro. Napa and fc
iIlisl2)Ii(icwatoDisls.2 3-l5

•

■

a

Bi

■■

) Tronl reitrJIeu of wtiflil

Card

Golden Trout

ALL

■

fl

■ 1
■ 1

fl

20 per day. None under 5 inches

Not more tlian 10 lb». «nd one

BLACK BASS

Bran™ ■■■-

,;

15 per day

IhdMHSwMit^;

CLEAR LAKE
IN LAKE CO.

Clear Lake
10 per day

No sale
Hook and line only

Sunfish

ALL

B

■

■

B

25 per day

Sacramento Perch

ALL EXCEPT
CLEAR LAKE

I..':

■

■

1

1

25 per day

Hook and line only

and Crappie

CLEAR LAKE

10 per day

No sale

Striped Bass

1-3.12A

a

B

None imler 12 indies, 5 pa diy. None to
be talien rrwri Salton Sen. See Note 19

Crabs

ALL uctpr
1Vi.6-7-8-9

II

il

■

F

bcMon Da^J^ct^ 1 ;>6-7.A-9 Awgiat 31, Dtambtr 14

See Note 24, None under 7 inches. No Female

Abalones

ALL

II i' B

Ontrfof rood. MutbclifTwlMtoilHnolhtlniJMa

Anglim lieenst fttifini. Set Note 27

Pismo Clams

17

1

■

■

■1

l~

None under 5 indies. Nn stafoitiit ISpcrdqr
Anifn license leguired District 18l Oosed

Spiny Lobster

ALL

1

■ L

1 ■ 1

KoSakolUttt. FMM>,i<irlO)<oranrl<l«l«>

See Note 24

GRimiON

ALL

1 1

SthnoD and Shad May Be Taken ai h

ote(

in Para^aphs 19-23. M

0 open season on Sturgeon (possession prohibited).

NOTES

1. To hunt, kill, possess wild birds or mammals, to possess
firearms, except under written permit from the Commission,
•within districts la, lb, Ic. Id. le. If, Ig. Ih, 11, Ij^ Ik, Im,
In, lo, Ip. Iq Ir, Is. It, 2a, 2b, 3a. 3b. 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h.
4a. 4b, 4c. 4d. 4c, 4f, 4g, or General Grant Refuge, or the Mt.
lamalpals Game Refuge, Including Richardson Bay, or San
Francisco Refuge, or Silver Lake Kefugo (water fowl may be
killed In 4a and 4e), or to hunt quail In the BoUnaa Quail
Refuge, or to hunt or discharge firearms In Huntington Lake
Hefuge or San Leandro Bay Refuge.

2. To hunt birds or mammals excepting predators without a
bunting license.

3. To possess any bird net or to net, trap or to hold pro-
tected game or birds ot any kind, their ncata or eggs except
under written permit from i.he Commission.

*• To take or possess more than 8 geese per day or 50 per
Week; or more than 8 honkers or sea brant per day or 24
per week-

\.th "^^ **^* ^^ **'" "on-ffome birds, except blue Jay. butcher
Dira, h,ngllsh sparrow, sharp-shinned. Cooper or duck hawk,
peat homed owl. linnet, white pelican, shag, and In districts
1« Z» 3, 4 and 4|, blackbirds.

IT IS ALWAYS UNLAWFUL

6. To hunt deer without a deer tag license. To fail to
attach to the horns of deer immediately on killing, properly
filled out license tag or at the same time to send duplicate tag
to the Division. To carry a deer into a closed district with-
out having license tag countersigned, or to have untagged
deer in possession. To fail to retain In possession during
open season and for ten days after the skin and portion ot
head bearing horns of deer killed and to produce upon
demand. To use more than one dog to the hunter In hunting
deer or to allow dogs to run deer in closed season, or to
possess doe or fawn skins, or deer skins not bearing evidence
of sex.

7. To trap for profit bear, rlng-talled cat, coon, pine marten,
skunk, fisher, wolverine, mink, river otter, fox, beaver or
muskrat, or to kill these animals during the closed season,
except when destroying property. To Interfere with the
traps of licensed trappers. To use saw tooth or spike jawed
traps for taking fur bearers.

8. To use any animal other than a dog to stalk wild birds,

9. To shoot game from a power boat, sailboat, auto, air-
plane : or to hunt waterfowl from a scull boat in districts 8, 9,
except on Wednesdays and Sundays, or at any time in dis-
trict 12 or J^apa Rfver south of £dgerly Island, or to use A

--■-■- — t

»l To 1

^, «u» «/

tl T. .

- ••-■«:-• »-«»-**««ti •M fc<

I— — -»^- ■ • - -^ - '-^ .--.-■» ..- - -.- - - -

*b>

•i*(*

t<

IT. To . t . - ■ ■" , . lu ^,.K ..^ |k«HM.

:i

11 Tu 1 1. l|. ».

»>--

II. lit, '^•'^

«l :

Wt«

h«*o

III.. .11., I«

1 :

•n4 -'

10 ■ U In llM

luna Li » iij .w 1. *.i ; •;;[*. r t * :•• wf hm^*

than ) huuki.

SI Tu h*v< ! anr Hah irxr w (*n (••'•«<

^

Un<liff< K^^rTi « ct m/ anjr U&« or Mf««m »■»«•

MA>

UA.»w(ul to sp* -

11

3» T.. I.W.- » 'i^a »l«».Ln !") ff*( .^» »»-« rrv^talll

>». i'. -••^

o( . > l«

wllh r H

II T» ok

lu Aw«4«( 1.

tl To lak* Mimon on apawaln* b*Ja et wllhta 1* mnM af

fc «.,^» . t, k ...^ «i .' . r, . r 5 t.. ;r B IL : • r i f 1 • ' .'» f I; f

'. »- .* ♦' *•• *«• I

t. II. It 1. Iw «. t. t^

•Jiy aA •» I* lAte I

MA Wa« fr- «» W«r I %m

tltU<.ii U>*1 U.« ft>A« *..kn t;^; t« lAACi;. v( ;~> U.l :.A .

IK tNStS

MLST BL SHOWN UPON

DEMAND

UCENSt PROVISIONS
HVNTTNG

Hii I..W ••4«> II l< ••

Help '^
Prevent
Forest ^
Fires

^JSH «, CAME

DisrniCTS

CAUFORNIA

CaL1F()KM\ I'ISII WD (,A.\ir.

"CON»i:mvatiun uv niu> Lire niHui uii cut <-ATio<« '

VOLUMR 18 BACKAMENTO. UCn«»Ul{ 11132 V..4

■■

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I'AOC

('4)Nsi:itVA ri<»N AS inic.Mi HI N ri(A«Tiri:i» iiv iin: im»ians in

IIIK KI-A.MAIII IC1\I:K Ki:«.h»\ /.•«««* hrllrlt Kohrrl* .>:\

Tin: III i: iiisrouv am> tiii: «n.\Tu«»i, <»i rm: ntni'WMUM.

CAl'll.l.AUI A rtt\|n|j|A |\ <.»IAII ' '• '■ Ih.i.mmr, j;«>

Tin: sriciri!!' i:ass srn-i n tasi am» 1'Ui:si.\i ■. //. ri.tri. i.i»T

SK«oM» A.NM Al. llhAi U IIUANT CEN^I < IN < Mil nUMA

. •htmra Uoffitl 'J»»S

ATAVISM IN A 1 Al 11 mU\1A IIALIiHr / /' l'h>lUp» lUO

SI'«»UTIM; lACKI.i: 1"«»U SPmUIIVK STKKI.IIKAhS Tod I'-.u^rll :\V2
TIIK Wliri'K SKA I'.ASS AM' Kl!) A IKP SI'KriKS THAT AUK S<)I.I>

l\ (• \1.II<M;\I A I ISII MAUKKIS W. S. Irokrr Ms
l.Ml'ICoV K.MliN IS l\ SAKI'IM: IISillM. <.l\i; IN rllK mo\tk

Ki:v KiicioN ' '•■ '''^'""■- -y^s

KlUrnKIAI.S -!-

MFK llIsnUtY NUTKS :-t«>

lnvisioN A< ri\iiii:s ••'<-

ItKltHiTS -

Stat«*iiH'iil of Iiui>iiu'- "l-***

Stiiti'iiit'iit of Kx|KMiililurf.s ''V'*

N'iolatioii.H of Fish iiiul (Jaiin* Ijiws •l«'>-

KisluT.v l^o«lin-ts, April, Mny inul June, VXiJ. ■■«•'►*

CONSERVATION AS FORMERLY PRACTICED
BY THE INDIANS IN THE KLAMATH
RIVER REGION

By Ruth KKi.i.»rTT RoHatrs

Till' INDIAN'S suhsistnl <m tlu' i»'s«>u!r«'s whuli natiir«> pro-
vulcil. Wiujv natural n'soiin-i's were bountiful, the popu-
lation was most nnnu'rt)us. Str«'jinis nnd aivas that ab*niiul«Hl
in fooil supplios ht'camo. naturally, the permanent alxxles of the
Itulian.

Tilt' lower Klamath Hivti i.u'ion supplieil all the nei-.'ssities
of food, shelt.'f. clDtiiintr. aii.l mat.M-ials for ti'.ensiU. whieh their
9:s33

284 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

mode of life required. Througli its entire length the Klamath Eiver
drainage area was supplied with foods in great abundance and variety.
The waters of the river teemed with fish and the neighboring forests
abounded in deer and other game. A rich supply of acorns was fur-
nished by the oaks ; and grass seeds, pine nuts, and berries were easily
obtained. The Indian name for the river itself is said to have meant
"abundance," and it naturally followed that this locality supported
manj- thriving Indiaii settlements. The density of the pre-white pop-
ulation of this region was noted and commented upon in the early
investigations of Stephen Powers,'- and in the later studies of A. L.
Kroeber.^

During the acorn gathering season, the population migrated to
areas where the oak trees were most numerous and frequently estab-
lished camps there. Similar excursions were made for the purpose of
gathering grass seeds, pine nuts, sea weed, berries, and other necessities.

Fig. 65. Trolling at the mouth of the Klamath River.

Regard for property rights among them was very much higher
than it is among some of our more civilized people. They were
not obliged, upon their return to their established homes, to make
an inventory of the depredations committed upon their property
during their absence.

An exchange of products among the Klamath River Indians
amouhted to a commerce which provided all groups with such supplies
as they were in need of. Sea weed and other ocean foods were
exchanged by the Indians living near the mouth of the river for such
necessities as were more plentiful along the upper stretches of the
stream.

The Indians, of necessity, avoided diminution of any natural
resources upon which their life depended. Public opinion and com-
munity law disapproved of any waste. Trees were felled only for

1 "Tribes of California," Cont. N. Am. Ethnology, vol. HI, Washington, 1877,
Stephen Powers.

2 Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78, Handbook of The Indians of
California, A. L. Kroeber.

OAI.irOKNIA riKII AVD OAUR

FlK'.

l.'iklnK up tho Kliiiiuilh Ui\'r ii'iii !.■ ji.i H'-<1 M-'uit.iin m ftitr U.

const met inn of t-anoos ami lu»iis<'s, and dry brush ami stirk.H wt-n* ujmnI
for llrrwood. Seasonal linrnin«,' over of certain areas was r ' * ' t»
their moth' of fanning', as it served to pro«luee ^rra>.H veds ; hI.

and ha/.el twijrs and jrrass Un- basket weaving'. This \vh.h «lom« i«vpr>'
two years. It aUo protected their {fame by dostroyinjj the under-
brush slielters of predatory animals. Systematic burninfj did nuieh
to rid the immediate iifiirld)iirlit»t»«l of rattlesnakes, inountiiin li"" ">•!
bear, and to eheek the increase of insect life.

To destroy wild life for any other n'ason than to meet hin iummI
of food would have been as ridiculous a procedure to the Indian as if
we enttTcil our own jjardens or went amou'^ our own herilN and •'• -' •■•^ •••'
for the sheer enjoyment of our prowess as destroyers.

This "hap|»y iinntiu}; «;round' of the Indian showtnl no depb'tion
of its remarkable resources of tish and «rame until after the advent of
the whites.

In contrast to the white man's idea of sportsnuinship, the Imlian
killeil only what he needed for fo(Ml, and he waste<l n«» etlible part.H of

Fis- C7. K.'l traps used on the Klamath River.

»

286 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the pame taken by liim. Even the entrails of animals were dried for
winter food for the dogs. Any one who caught more fish or killed more
game than he and his family could use shared it with others who were
less fortunate. To the Indian, hunting was not a sport ; it was a means
of obtaining his food supply, and the killing of wild life was limited to
his necessity for sustenance. To destroy this supply meant nothing
short of self-destruction.

The white pioneers of this region killed off great herds of elk
and deer for their hides and left the carcasses to be devoured by the
buzzards. The modern "sportsman" catches steelhead and salmon for
the "sport," and in many cases takes a quantity far greater than he
has any use for and leaves them on the shore to rot. Prowess as a
killer of wild life is still mistaken by many as an indication of superior
sportsmanship. This notion is very largely an inheritance from early
days in the West, when wild life was plentiful and when boastful satis-
faction was proportionate to the killer's skill in destroying it.

A Yurok legend tells that woman held the hidden knowledge of
the source of food supply and guarded this secret jealously. In this
respect Indian tradition agrees closely with the belief that prevailed
generally among other races at the dawn of history.

The origin of the most important food supplies, such as salmon
and acorns, is accounted for by legend. According to the Indians, the
Klamath River at one time emptied at the site of the old Indian village
of ' ' Omen, ' ' at the mouth of Wilson Creek, four or five miles north of
the present outlet, but no fish entered there and the Indians were
hungry. The Creator, seeing their plight, shifted the river mouth to
it's present location, and brought "Oregos" (a tall rock shaped like
a woman) from "Omen" to "Rekwoi," the Yurok village at the
present mouth, and placed this rock for "luck," and as guardian of the
river. Still there were no fish; and so "Oregos, " at the suggestion of
an Indian boy who had been prompted in a dream, went across the
ocean by canoe to another land, and brought back a charmed fishing
rock. This was divided by "Oregos" into two sister rocks, with
identical names. One was placed at the base of "Oregos" on the north
side of the river, and the other near the foot of the liills on the
opposite side of the stream, marking the limits within which the river
at various times shifts it's outlet. After the placing of these rocks,
fish came into the stream, and the annual runs have continued ever
since.

The food supply was regarded as the gift of the Creator, and the
taking of fish was a solemn and prayerful undertaking, governed by
very strict formulae. The first salmon to enter the Klamath in the
spring was permitted, with elaborate ceremony, to pass up the river,
as the Indians believed this fish acted as a leader for the run to follow.
It was thought that this salmon in its ascent to the spawning grounds
left scales on the rocks to indicate the route which the salmGU entering
later should follow, so that the Indians up river would be assured of a
food supply. Other leaders, and then the whole run of salmon, fol-
lowed, leaving their scales ; and by the time they reached the spawning
grounds they were battered and exhausted.

One of the earliest, if not the earliest, observations to be made of
the condition of the salmon in the spawning stream, is that recorded

CAiJKniiviA nmi .\Ni> «;amk 287

III tin* diary «»f tin* uv«'rlaiul piirty of iIh* \Vilkf«»' ! li-

tinii, fjirly ill ()i'tiil»T. 1^11 Art'onliiii; l<> iIhh r»*r<.i.i !.. •.< rn

|)Urilias«il two saliiioii which I hi* liiiliaiiH had laki-ii frmii ti Aa

UivtT. Thi'ir Wi-MrripliMH of the IWi in: **Thf Miliiinn wi»n» of a whiiiiUi
. .»h>r. and not at all di-liratr lo tin* tasti'; thrir tails wi-rn worn off. and
In* fish othtTwiHi' hniisfd and injiiri'd."

Uiftri'iufs arr iiiadf iti indiiin Ion- to HiaHonn when IIhtc wran a
liiiiitid run <d' IImIi. One tah-, antolatin;; tli«' roniint; of t)ii> whitr man.
'.'IIm (if a war iM'twriMi th«' Tolt.wa Indiann of Smith Kivrr and the
Karok Indians of tin- Klamath. hnMiirht on as a ri'snit <.f tin- fart that
fhf lisli, in this partitiilar year, had ••ntm'd tin- Klamath, hut n-' '' ■
Smith Kivt'r Tin' Tulnwas hIaiiH'd tin- KamkN for thin «'al.
Alx'Ut IJiio warrinis from Smith Kiv.-r rrossfd ovor by thr trail thai
jaftT hfcaiiH' known as tin* Krlsry trail, and di-scfiidi'd n|)on th»' '
at what is now Happy Camp. hnriH-d tin* hons«-s, kilh-d »is many • .
inhaliitants as they cMiild. took tin* Kamk fotKl siippliivs and rano«««.
and started down tin- river. N'l'ws of this attack rcaclnMJ the Iiulianw
<|own strram. who closed in upon tin* marauders in the {jorue at
|shi|)ishi l''alls. ami killi>il all hut threi- of them.

Another le^rend tells of a ^reat famine that spreail anion}; th<*
Indians alonj; the entire lower stretches of the Klamath Kiver. when no
fish or eels came ill Other food soun*es had also faile«l. Kven the
mussels were blasted, and there were no aeonis 111 the h»'lief that three
sisters who r«'sideil at the Yiirok villa'^'e of "Ki'kwoi" had s**orot
knowled«.'e with which tiny had prevented the entrance of the finh.
the KaroUs and Iloopas descended u|ion the villajje hef«)re the iniiabi-
tants were awake, and set lire to the houses Many Yuroks. hoth men
and woiiieii. were killed, and a •/'■•'"♦ ^^■"•" involvin;/ »'"• ul...!.- r."_'ion
from Smith Kiver to ()rleans and lloopa resulted.

The food supply sources w<'re not in all eases common prop»"rty.
Many of the acorn prodiicintr trroves and irra.ss seed and hrtMlea patdies
were owned by individuals and by family Lrroups. Sint-e salmon was
an ini|>ortaiit part of the food supply of the Indians on the river.
individual and family ownership of fishinj; places developiHl and was
scrupulously respected. A sinfile lishintr place was .sometimes liehl in
joint ownership by several individuals or families. The women and
pirls ilid not lish, but assumed responsibility for smokins; and tlryinj;
the catch. Persons who did not own a fishinjr place, or who were not
allowed dippiniz privih'fjes by the owners of such places, were jjiven
fish ill pa> iiient for assistance rendered to those who had sncli risrht.s.

Owiiersliip of these tlsliin«.r places louhl be transfcrreil by will for
care in old a«re or duriiii; illiu-ss. and could In* sohl. Ownership was
sometimes staked in L'amblinjr ami h>st. an<l was sometimes triven in
advaiu'c payment to an Indian doctor. (Jood do«'tors became very rich,
both in possession of tishinjr places and in Imlian money and flints.
AnuMiir some Indian };rt»ups there was a law ajjainst a doctor exacting a
mort^aLTc on a lishin«r place, or acquirinir a fishini; place in advance
payment for "doctorinir."

r»esidt>s the individual ownership of tishinir places. tlu*re were com-
munity projects, such as at the mouth of the Salmon, in the pinils l>elow
lshii)islu l<'alls. and the fish weirs at ' * liO-olejjo * ' (an Indian villape
just above AVeitchpec, now extinct^ and at Kepel. Jede<liah S. Smith's

288 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

party of American trappers recorded the presence of a "fishing estab-
lishrnent" in the vicinity of Weitchpec, in May 1828, which was
probably the one at "Lo-olego."^

Frequent mention is made throughout Smith's diary of the volume
of water observed in all of the streams of this area, which would
indicate that in 1828 a very much larger tiow existed than at present.

A fish weir was put in at Kepel in September, and was allowed to
remain until carried away by high water, about a month later. The
weir consisted of a series of traps extending across the river with a
space at either end, near the banks, wide enough to allow canoes to pass.
This space also permitted the passage of fish. Many fish jumped over
the weir, which projected about three feet above the surface of the
river, and made their way up stream.

The several important families who sponsored the construction
o*f the weir had prior dipping rights. They took what fish they wished
each morning, and were followed by those who possessed no fishing
places or privileges.^

At the height of the run, when there was danger of the dam being
broken by the crowding of fish against it, the traps were opened after
the day's fishing, and the fish allowed to pass through until the next
morning. Indians in great numbers from a considerable distance up
and down the river gathered here for the annual fishing event and
for the merrymaking that accompanied it.

At the mouth of the Salmon, and in the pools below Ishipishi Falls,
quantities of salmon were taken in dip nets. In the fall, Indians came
here from great distances to fish. It has been reported that the salmon
were so numerous that thirty or forty were taken at one time in a net,
and that several men were required to drag the catch to shore.

Another instance of the recognition of established community rights
with respect to a food source is mentioned by Kroeber.^ This was in
the case of whales that were occasionally washed up along the Hum-
boldt and Del Norte coast. The tribal boundaries determined the group
ownership of the whale carcass. Each man took a cut a half fathom
wide, and the rich man, a full fathom.

In describing methods of fishing, Kroeber states : *

"The dip net, or lifting net, as it may be called to distinguish
it from a smaller instrument on an oval frame occasionally used by the
Karok and other tribes to scoop boiling rifiles and rapids (PL 6), was
let down from a scaffolding built out over the water, almost invariably
at some eddy or backwater. Here the fisherman sat on a block or little
stool, holding the bone button of the string which closed the entrance
to the pyramidal net stretched out in the current. This net was hung
from the bottom of a long A-shaped frame with a bottom crossbar.
The whole was hauled out as soon as a pull on the cord had inclosed
a salmon, which was then struck on the head with a club. A single
night's vigil sometimes produced a hundred salmon, it is stated — a
winter's supply, as the Yurok say. At other times a man will sit for
half a day without a stir. The old men are much inclined to this
pursuit, which would be trying to our restless patience, but gives them

I Dale, The Ashley-Smith Explorations.

= Originally thf weir was equipped with eight traps, but with the decrease of
Indian population the number of traps diminished to four.

• Kroeber, op. cit., p. 14.

* Kroeber, op. cit., p. 85-86.

CAI.iroKNIA KIKII AND OAMK 289

M|ij)iirtiinity for iiii*liNttirl>«'<l mnliliitton or il reaming •• •••• iiwit i-'Aen

iliiiitr with H s4'nM«' of prolitabli' rM*(Mipati<in HMi 4,7 >

■ liainprryM, riiMtoiuiirily known an ce\», tiiurh prix«?«l by the Yurok
lor tlnir rich (»rrnsini'MH. jiIho as4-<Mi<l tin* riviT in i:
Htiii't^i'oi) art* not rartv Hotli sp<rii-s ari* tak«'n niui i.
tli<>ii;;li of foursc with a nrl of i|iiT«Ti'nt nu'sh In th'*
pot.H wrn* also set. Trout in thr aniurnt cn^ks art* too umall lo b** itiiirh
COMsith'rctl hy a proph< fnMptiMitly nrttint; 'JO pouml HnlinoD

"liolh saliiMiri ami laniprt-ys wt-rf split for ilryinir fh< "
a wmnh'n haiulh'd knife (IM. 16) of ' whalf r(»lorrti' Hint
cmiIUmI it ; thf hitter with n hon«' awl. A st«'i| knifi* pr
a (lifftient and perhaps a more preeis** hantilint;. no that until a frw
years aj;o tlii* ohl women chin;,' to th<' al»orii,'iiu»l tiw.ls M<. * '' 'hr
llsh was soin«'what smoked and put jiway in old baskets an ., or
slabs The pidverized form <'onvenient for paekint;, ktiown al«M) on th*-
(!olund)ia, was probably more prevalent nnion^ interior anil b-jw «««'ttliH|
tribes like the Shasta. Surf fish were often only sufi dri-'d u' ' nd

kept hun^' from pole.s in rows. They nuike a palatidib* fiMnl in : .)ii

(lition. Dried salmon is very hard and nearly tasteleKH. but rathrr
satisfying and, of course. luLrhly nourishing.

"A lon^r net was sometimes set for sturtjeon. One that v '^1

had a (5 inch mcsli. a width of '.\ feet, and a Icntrth «>f s.'» ... ,...; in
U.se was doubled to half the leu^'th and double the width.

"A measured salmon seine bad a seant .'linch mesh, a wi»lth of 3}
foet, ami a len<,'th of over 60 feet.

"Nets were nuub' of a splendiil two-ply corda;;e rollc«i \m!1
from fibers of the Iris macrosiphoii leaf. The «;atherin}» of i:.
and extract i(ui of two fiiu* silky fibers from each by mean.s of an
artifieial tlunub-nail of mu.ssel shell was the work of women. The
string' was usually twisted and the nets always knofte«l by men The
mesh spacer and netting' shuttles were of elk antb-r; net weu/li'-^ u.-re
grooved, pierced, or naturally perforated stones. C FiiJ. 7.)

"The sahnon harpoon, whieli eouhl Ix* nu)re frequently «so<l in the
aborifjrinal period than now when mining: reiub'rs tlie river opaque,
bad a slender shaft, sometimes more than 20 feet lonvr To •' - >•■--•
attached two sli-^htly tliver^'iu^' fore-shafts, one a few inches tl
on which wore set the loose barbs of pitched and wrappe«l bone or
horn. Tlu' lines were short ami fasteneil to the main shaft, a pay line
bein^ uuneoi^ssary for prey of the size of a Sidmon. In fact, an
Unto^<,ded l)arl)eil spear would have suftlced but for the opportunity its
resistaiu'e otTei*s a lunivy fish to tear itself free. This harpoon was made
with no e.ssential variation in praetieally all fishable parts of (' la,

and it is the oidy harpoon known, except for a heavier inip!«iii'*nt
driven by the Yurok and Chuinash into sea lions."

In small streams fish dams were made of jrreen poles with a fill
of brush and roeks. but always with one end of the l»arrier free from
the shore, whieh permittetl the pa.ss^iire of fish.

Trout were eau.i;ht in a V-shaped set basket whicb looked like a dip
net. Set baskets were also used for trappii\sr '"els. These wer*» set in
the river anil emptitnl at intervals.

The huliau fished praetieally throuirhout the entire year. No Umit
to the catch was impo.sed other than that determined by the ueeds of

290 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the person or family fishing. Fishing rights were determined by owner-
ship (or lack of ownership) of a fishing place, possession of extended
fishing privileges, or accessibility to a common fishing place.

Salmon were permitted to pass up the river for a half moon before
any were caught. Most of the spring salmon were allowed to pass,
except what was wanted for immediate use. This run was so rich in
oil that the fish did not keep when smoked. The summer and fall
salmon were preferred for drying. This may have been because they
contained less oil and particularly for the reason that by taking the
later run the winter food supply need not be carried through the warm
summer.

Open deer season was fixed at a time in the fall when wild celery
seeds were ripe. Deer and elk were trapped in pits or snares, or were
taken with the aid of dogs. If bucks could be found, does were not
killed. Each family killed as many as it could use. All surplus meat
was jerked for winter use. Quail and grouse were not taken during
the nesting period unless a family was starving. There were no
restrictions upon the taking of eels.

It was an established belief among the Indians of the lower
Klamath Elver region that any person who violated accepted fish and
game regulations would "loose his luck" as a hunter or fisherman, or
would not live to hunt or fish another season. This belief had a very
restraining effect. The conservation of fish and game on the Klamath
River, as elsewhere, is very largely a struggle to restrain the white
man in his delight in killing.

THE LIFE-HISTORY AND THE CONTROL OF
THE CROPWORM, CAPILLARIA CONTORTA,

IN QUAIL

By Adele Hobmaier

TWO IMPORTANT species of cropworm in quail belonging to
the genus Capillaria are known, namely Capillaria contort a and
C. annnlata. In the eighteen cases of the past year in which the
presence of cropworm has been observed in the State Fish and Game
Laboratory, Capillaria contorta exclusively could be collected. Only
in one case a ring-neck pheasant {Phaseanus colchicus torquatus) was
the host, meanwhile quail were found to be infested in the remaining
seventeen cases. Fifteen of these parasitized quail were raised by
breeders, and two wild living ones. This observation may justify the
statement, that C. contorta is the ordinary cropworm of quail in Cali-
fornia and that the importance of this parasite is more significant in
game farms than in free living quails.

The life-history and the control of Capillaria annulata is closely
related to that of C. contorta. Having ascertained, however, C. annulata
as yet in no ease, the description is confined here to that of Capillaria
contorta.

rAI.IKnICMA KISII AM* l.AMr.

'JO I

Klc «;>>. Kkkn of ('. loHlurla (nIso about l/IK Itu-h). <i.

contuinlni! nii a<-ll\r riii>>ryi>

Intnmlurc vku b Kcs

lis I'ojitrol is of importaiici'. Besides the faet. that health of the
liiitis may heeome weakened and fven death nuiy «H'eiir, there remainH
llir piissiliilit y of spreadiiiir th<' iiiri'statinn to luriditifs hith»Tti» frf«'
from this parasitie disi'ase. Tlimisands of (piail are rai>ed every year
tlirniiirhoiit California to he lil>erated later. It is inipfrativ«' that tln-s«'
birds arc frei' IrDni any haeterial or parasitie <lisease.

Keferenre is made \n thr vahiahli" wurk dMni" by other inv«>r
especially by t'ram. who luis contributed mnch tnwanls our kn*. •.■...._.
(in this subject. It nniy be recalled that Dr. Henry \'an Ii<M'kcl pre-
viously has published two pictures of the parasit«> in the Caijkoknia
l''isii A.M) (lA.Mi:. \'ol. 1"). \o. 4, showiu}; the ailult rtuindwornis ami a
part of an ej,';,'-bearintr female.

LIFE HISTORY

The life eyele of parasites is ditT«'rent in .some way by every ceniis.
The preveiitiim nl' infestations and even often thi'ir control dep«*nds
on the knowled<;e of their life liistory. There are two principal forms
of devclopm«>nt of parasites: A direct one completed without usinij an
intermediate host and an indirect one, which recpiires the pres»»nco of
an intermediate host.

The i-ropworm of t|uail belonirs to the irroup of para^ii-^ "liuoiit
intermediate host. Kvery adult fenude cropworm livin-; in the mucous
lUtMubrane of the crop pHnluees thousjinds <»f ej;}js. Thes«» e}»}js pa.vs
out toiretlu'r with the droppinirs. the e«rj;s. however, if swallowed by
other birds are as yet uiud)le to prinluce an infestation because of
tht> immature staj^e of tin* ei^'^s. They are as yet nt^t embryoiwit«Ml • Fip.
tisaV Vacw under suitable conditions about five weeks are rwiuired
to produce an endiryo ( Kij;. (>Sb">. Tho,s<> e«»irs containing an active
embryo are infcstive. (^xyiren. a i-ertain amount «if moisture, and a
temperature not far below (JO F. are necess^iry for this «b've|opment.
The absence of one or more of these conditions priMluees a retanlation
in the ilevelopment anil finally death of the ejjirs. Even wljen kept in

292 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

cultures the time required for the embryonisation was different. Mean-
while the first eggs reached the infestive stage in 4 weeks, the
greater part ripened after about 5 to 6 weeks. Others showed advanced
segmentation 9 to 10 weeks later, and a certain amount of eggs had S
died under the same conditions. Complete dryness lasting longer than
three days was able in my experimental work to kill the eggs in develop-
ment as well as the eggs with a developed embryo. The observations of
E. Cram, however, show that cultures with embryonated eggs remained
infectiA^e for about 11 months if alternately dry and wet.

That behavior is able to throw some light on the epidemiology of
the disease. Wild living birds are less infested because the eggs are
spread over a larger area, meanwhile the possibility to become infested
is a very great one in the small pens of home raised birds. This
development shows on the other hand, that the infestation is dependent
to a large extent from climatic and hygienic conditions of the pens;
That will be remembered hereafter discussing the control of the
disease.

The infestation of the quail is accomplished in a simple manner.
The embryonated eggs are swallowed with the food. The microscopical
eggs from the size of about 60 fi in length are lemon shaped and closed
on both ends by a mucous plug. (Fig. 68.) These plugs become dis-
solved in the crop and the larvae leave the eggs and penetrate the
mucous membrane of the crop.

About 5 weeks later adult females and males can be found and
ovoposition takes place. The adult worms are embedded in the mucous
membrane. Both are threadlike worms. The full grown female is
about 6 cm (2-| inches) long, the male about 3, 6 cm (1^ inches). Both
show a white color. The ovoposition, however, has been observed by
females already 3, 5 cm long. The adult worms disappear in the course
of at least one year after infestation.

1
4

OTHER HOSTS

From the standpoint of the control it is noteworthy, that the para-
site is not exclusively found in quails but also in different other birds.
It is noted by different species of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus, Ph.

I

50

Fig. 69. Esophagus, crop and gizzard of a heavily infested California valley quail.

OAMrOHNIA n^i" 4vr» OAU»:

293

r

I'lk'- -l). «■ K|>Ul>< I ui ' .ii-a) >•( iUv iiiiii:>>Uit II.' 4

tli-Mtnictloii iiiiil ell. 6. l'iii>lll;n' of fh*> n

c. MtiMculnr lls.suo ot ilic crop. d. <

In tiiiiiii'ln nt-iir lli<> |>a|>illit<-. »• S«-.

t'ti-rl l\lliMi widi (>KKH uiiil vKKn ikiouiiil il4>* Muiiii. ^•

tlonM of I'KK^ ill ttiiuirLs i)f tli<- i-iililivliuin. y. Sc-ut; it

the tiiirfnoo of ttu> iiuicouh mt'mbruiiv.

rolfhicns tttfijiiatus) , by (loiiit'sticatcd aiul l>y wiM ducks aii«l by dif-
iVront other wild bii-ds which an* (»f less iiuportaiu'e.

(^Iiii'kfus could be infcstctl in the l''ish and (iani<* 1 by

ft'cdiii'^ with t'lnbrymiatcd cltlts ot' Cnpilliiria cnntortii coU.i ..i i-in a
Calit'ornia valley (jiiail, meanwhile earlier invi'sti}»att)rs were not able
to produce an infestation of tlu'S<' binls usinpr n strain collectetl from
a rinur-necked pheasant.

NO ditTereMC(>s couhl be observed in llie dcvelopnidil ni i a;

in ((uail and in chicken. Kj;};s of the parasite appearotl in i : :;

ab(»ut six weeks after infestation like in quail. One nmnth later the
birds have been killed without showinj? symptoms of di.sease. Post-
iiiorteni examinations revealeil an inflammation of the i'
brane of the croj) and the presence of dozens of roiuulw- ; ;.. , i ..._.
about the twentieth part, however, of the parasites fed previously to
the cliickens hail ileveloped into adults.

Apparently this is the first record t)f an experimental i :on

of chickens due to a strain obtainetl from rpiail. Infest. i. '

chickens under natural conditions, however, are reportitl. In tl
and Game Laboratory the parasite has been found lH»sid*»s in the Cali-
fornia valley (|uail and in the bobwhite quail in a rinp-neek pheasant,

294 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

in accord with observations of other investigators. "Working on duck
disease (Botulism) a large number of different species of wild ducks
carefully has been investigated, but no crop worms of the species
Capillaria contort a could be as yet detected. The parasite, however, has
repeatedly been observed in pintail (Dafila acuta) by other investi-
gators.

PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES

Slight infestations with the roundworm ordinarily remain undis-
closed during the life of the bird. A microscopical investigation of the
droppings would be required to detect the eggs of the parasites. Even
a detailed post-mortem examination would show no peculiar micro-
scopical changes besides a slight inflammation of the wall of the crop
and the presence of the roundworms. These unrevealed carriers, how-
ever, later on may be detrimental to the entire flock spreading the
disease under more suitable conditions.

Heavy infestations are followed by general and local disturbances
of the bird. Emaciation and weakness ordinarily are well marked.
The crop shows particular changes. (Fig 69.) Its wall appears to be
enlarged, thick, stiff, and reddish. The crop mostly bears no food.
Its content consists of a copious creamy white-yellow fluid. A micro-
scopical investigation reveals that it consists of desquamated epithels.
mucous, and a large quantity of eggs. The subjacent epithel layers of
the mucous membrane are soft, cheese like, and thickly folded. The
spying glass reveals the presence of a great number of roundworms
lying in snake-like curvings under the epithels, especially near the
borderline of the muscular tissue in the papillarzone. The wall of the
epithelium appears about twice to three times thicker as ordinarily,
meanwhile the muscular tissue of the crop is not evidently damaged.
Similar changes may be present in severe cases in the mucous membrane
of the undilated esophagus, especially near the crop. Microscopical
slides are required to reveal the finer changes of the diseased tissue.
The wall of the crop as a part of the esophagus consists of two plates of
tissues of a mucous membrane inside and of a muscular tissue outside,
both are fixed together by connective tissue. The mucous membrane
is steadily peeled off on the surface to be renewed by the germinative
cells of the papillae. The upper layers of epithels are mortified and
hardened by a natural horning process.

The histological slide above (Fig. 70) presents the picture of a
heavily infested crop. Different sections of roundworms may be seen
(d, e). All are situated near the papillae in the strata of the germina-
tive cells. They have formed tunnels in this region of the mucous
membrane. Some of these tunnels partially are filled with eggs (e).
Tlie large amount of eggs produced by a single female worm may be
seen on the section of the uteri of worm (e). The layers of the
mortified epithels are enlarged, and partially liquified (a). Accumu-
lation of eggs are visible on different places of the mucous membrane
(f). Eggs are scattered on the surface and near the surface of the
mucous membrane (g). The irregular shape of the surface and the
destruction of these cell-layers is of interest. Besides the fluid exu-
date only a few round cells are to be seen in the papillae and near the
tunnels. The muscular tissue (c) of the crop shows no changes.

rAIJHiKN'IA KIMII AN'I» f 1 % Ml'. 1"»',

W nil tills luclut'i- ill iiaiiil lh>- lili- rjkt-li- «>l
hotly of till- ImihI j-nil riiAily In- llllrr|il'i-|i'«|. Till' ;

on the ^criiiitiative i-i>1In of the iiiiintUM iiiriiihruiir \V.

tlM>y f<*«><l on xUvmr n'iJM or if tlify fonHiinii* tin* ti«Miii- \V<-

bclicvf tin' hilliT. Ill iiii<l«*rniiiiiiit; IIiih n't'inn i|ii-\

atitl ill doiii^' Hii tlii'V riiiis4> a (IrHiniftinn of xUr uumf •

of tin- n»u«'oiis nictiilirani*. Tins |inMT.s.H ih fo||o%%'i-<|

lioriiint; proccMN of the niortilii*«| r|iitlii*l laycrn ami by n lr<>

of tissiu' lyiiipli into tin* rpitlirl. Iloth ••luinv""'' |»'

• >r till' niiicutis iiii*iiil>i'aii«', niarkctl by a frrani\ tin -!

Til)* ovopositioii takes |)hiri* in.Hiib> tlic tiiiiii<-.
i-ontiiiualiy ar(> bront^'ht Mi'an>i- to tin' Nnrfarr of tbc niiicoiiM niiMnbrnm-
by its imtural ^Towin;; prorrvs (fi. I'*iiially tli-
the siirfacf ( ^' ) . Now tbry bavr tlii' poH.sibilit_> ;•■ ,.
»lroppiiif,'s. Ill tlii.s way tlu' liif cyrlf of tin- parasite i
may ori^iiiati* a^aiii.

SIONIFICANTK

Slij,'lit iiitVstations witli tin- frop\vi»riii produce n«» markt^l iiyinp-
tonis of iliKoaso in ((iiail as pointi'il out pn>vioiiH|y. I li>sf caMMt i>rili-
iiarily ri-iiiaiii iiinb'trrtc*!. Tlic daiiiriT of a s«Tioiis uiiibrcak of crop-
woriii-(lisi'as«', however, is to bi* tfared, fspivially iliirinii; tbo rainy
season of the vi>ar.

lli-avy infestations may pnMJiu-e weakness of the binU. emariation.
and tv»*n death. Most of the invest ij;at«»rs ludieve th«' deadly
of the eropwonii may be an indirect one. prepariiij^' the T- ■■
entranee id' dilTiTi'iit ;r<'rms. ()ther theories a<lvane«>tl t"
ileatli of the birds assume an obstnietion of the esopha^'iis. a mivhaniral
inertia of the wall of the eroji. and an asphyxia priHiiieed by prt'xsure
<>n the pnenmoirast rie nerve.

After my in\ fsti-rat ioii^. I believe the d»»ath of infested quail is
eaiised by a distnrbanee of the dijrestion followetl by a ehronir starx'a-
tion. postmortem examinations n'veal in these eas«*s an
di;,'estive tube and an extreme lo.ss of bo«|y wei^rht besidi-s the e
above described in the wall of the crop. If on the other hand ii
birds are f(timd dead bein<r ill irood Hesh the death mav Ik* eaustnl bv
another unknown disease. The presence of eropworms may !h« incon-
siderable or having' favored the entranee of deadly jjerms.

CONCH'SION

The i)rincipal faets in the life history of Capillariti conlorta are

the follcnvinir:

1 The infestation of (piail with the parasite lasts about one year.
it' dtNiili do»»s not ocenr,

'J. Dnrinir this time thousainls of ei»<;s are depoeiited wlfb fti.»
dri^ppinj^s, eontaminatinj; the soil.

;i. I'luler snitable conditions the ejjps iH^oome infestivo about 5
weeks aftt>r their deposition.

4. Laek id" oxyiren. froezinjr temperature, and dry"e« mny 'b'tay
the development of the eirp? and tinally ilestroy them

;v An infested pen renniins infestive praetieally throughout the
year.

296 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

6. Slightly infested birds show no symptoms of disease. They are
carriers and therefore responsible for new outbreaks. Heavily infested
birds succumb to the infestation.

CONTROL

From the development of the parasite we have learned that there
are stages of the roundworm inside the body of the host and that others
exist outside the host. Therefore two possibilities exist to control
the parasite; namely to destroy the eggs outside the body, or to kill
off the mature forms of the worms inside the host.

If we intend to kill the adult worms the use of certain drugs is
required. Carbon tetrachloride has been recommended. It is the best
of the parasiticid drugs, but unfortunately highly dangerous by
improper administration. It would be preferable to use a milder drug,
for instance a solution of 2 per cent carbolic acid or a solution of 1 per
cent copper sulfate (bluestone), added to the drinking water or to the
mash.

The second way and a more preferable procedure to control the
disease would be to interrupt the development of the eggs outside the
body. Remember that the ripening process of the eggs requires
about 5 weeks. The use of any disinfectants is not required if we
remove the eggs prior to that time. The worms have no possibility
to become developed, if the pens are properly handled according to
hygienic requirements. That includes to remove one to two inches
of the dirt surface of the pens every second week and to replace fresh
sand. This time would be sufficient to prevent the cropworm develop-
ment. To perform that procedure without molesting the birds and in
order to do it with accuracy the use of a double set of pens is com-
mendable. Avoid wet places in the pens. Wet places are favoring the
outbreak of different diseases. Use a wire-mesh square about 1 yard
large and about two or three inches high to put the water container
at top. Quails may be kept strictly separated from any other birds,
especially from chickens and turkeys.

Take the opportunity to send birds at the beginning of a disease
to the laboratory for investigation and do not delay until the disease
has spread over the entire flock.

rATirriRviA I'lmi Avn fiwir

397

THE STRIPED BASS SUPPLY, PAST AND

PRESENT

Ily O. II. CkANK

IN LINK Willi tin- )ii»liri«'H of tin* Divisimi nf Kinh ninl 'tann* to
aHcci'tniii the coiulition of our HsIii'rir.H fnuii yvar to yrar. the
.stri|)f«l Imss j-atcli in tin* San Knint-isfn Hay ami a
n'jfions lias Ixm'h niialyznl - for tin- vrars I'J2H An^fUMt 14, • ' •■. iii> i>i
Hivt'.' This rniiiiniHMl tin- work of CrJii;; *

i'lu' n'sulls of this sttuiy an* of iniportanro to ovrryonr Hpoii*-
mm, I'onuiirrt'ial lislifrnirn. dralris and laynn-n of tlu- State.

('raij; (IH.JO) dcnioiistrati.l that tin- total i-at«-h *>( •-•- ' "•
(lid not t,'ivt' a corrtH-t indi'X of tin* availahdity of thlM sj
flsluTint'n. l'\iv this n-ason in tho prrwnt as well a.s in CraiK's rfport.
inilividual boat i-alchrs w»'n' iis«'<l to dctorininr the yirld |M»r rfforX
expt'iult'd.

KIk- "'• Av.niKf ilally l>«:it lalrh of .itrlp.d Iiumh In |M>umlM calfulaled for Ihe ycnr*

19:.'0-AilKU.sl 14, 193!.

Tht* souri'c of niati'rial u.scd -tlu' hoal cati-lifs oi tiu- v< ■ lai

nt'ttcrs anil thf nu'thoils of aiialvsis Wi-i-'- tin- s.ini.- as .fhi h\

Craijr (lil.U)).

The result of these methods is the eateh per lishinjr unit and time
expt'iided it is a trustworthy measure of tlie availability of stripetl
bass to the tishermen.

Figure 71 shows that tlie striped bass boat eateh was fairly ronstant
from 1!»'J() to ID'JT, inelusive. In 1M28 the eateh dropp«tl slij;htly. only
to reeover in 1!^_'!' and \*XW and to reaeh a new hiirh i>oint in 1931.

> Contribution No. 12G from the Culifornin Sljtte Fi»h«rlra I.rfiboralorr. Ausuat.
1932.

"This !irtloli» Is a brief summary of th«> ili>taittnl n>i>ort ofi tin' »««• rtia

of stiipcil bii.sti catches from li»2S-.\UKU.Mt M. 1931. which Is In n . >rm

ttwaitinp publication.

» Tlu" analysis was carried on with data from the commercUl net catche* to

.Vujrust H, liOl. only, Ix-cause on that date It ' '••■'•.il to take vtripcd bmam

l>y nican.s of nets at any time except whei 'ally In »had iM(a in

lilstrict 12H l)ctweon March li-Aprll 30, inc....... . .; ., :.ot lllecal howerer to

take bass for the nmrkel by hook and line.

«CraiK. J A. An analysis of the catch statistics of slrlp«d twaa (Aocrm*
IiNC-<itii.s) fishery of California. Calif. Div. Fish and Game. Fiah Bull., no. 14, 193«.

298 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Without doubt the striped bass were extremely plentiful in 1929-1931^
Aside from the biometric study here presented, the fishermen (botl
sportsmen and commercial) can testify that striped bass were abundani
and that catches were larger and easier to make in these years. The
commercial dealers found fish so plentiful that it was necessary to^
place limits on the boats for the first time in the history of this fishery.
These limits were set in the fall of 1929 and during parts of the seasons
of 1930 and 1931, in order not to flood the over-supplied markets and
to prevent any further decreasing of the abnormally low striped bass
prices.

The fact that commercial fishing methods and gear have not
changed to any extent in the last few years and that the unit of effort
has remained constant, indicates that the increased boat catch was due
to an increased abundance of bass. The numbers of bass taken by
anglers ^ undoubtedly have increased each year, for this sport has
become very popular with anglers, drawing more and more sportsmen
to striped bass fishing. In spite of this increased drain on the striped
bass population, this species increased in 1931 to a point higher than
in any previous year analyzed in our study. (See Fig. 71.)

It is difficult to point to any one factor or factors and say this or
that is responsible for the increase of the striped bass abundance. Very
likely, however, the early legal protection given this species as well as
the later additional wise conservation restrictions of fishing areas and
sizes of fish are responsible for a great part of the gain in the popu-
lation. This protection, of course, was both direct, through the limi-
tation of the total catch, and indirect, through the protection of sizes
of fish and restriction of waters, so that successful spawnings of striped
bass occurred year after year. The last striped bass law passed in
1931 is not considered a conservation measure, as it throws open all
previously closed fishing areas to commercial and sport hook and line
fishing and gives no protection to large spawning bass.

From the results of this study and of this investigation, it appears,
if conditions remain the same, that there are enough striped bass for
everyone. However, intelligent conservation of this species should be
continued. The restrictive measures previous to 1931 did not seriously
hamper the fishermen, both commercial and sport, and assured a steady
yield to all concerned without depleting the breeding stock.

SECOND ANNUAL BLACK BRANT CENSUS IN

CALIFORNIA

By James Moff^tt

THE RESULT of the first annual census of the black brant (Brantc
hemicla nigricans) , undertaken by the California State Division!
of Fish and Game and voluntary cooperators February 6 to 12,1
1931, was announced by the writer in California Fish and Game, Vol.]

1 For catch analysis in future years, It would be very advantageous to havel
a record of the catches made by anglers together with the effort expended. At the!
present time we have no record of the number of striped bass anglers or statisticsj
of their catch.

('AI.IXilCMA KiHil AMI liAUK

299

17, No. 4, pp. .T.M> 401. Ill tliiH pHpir. I p«.iiilr«l oul •
arf«»iirif of till* ciitirrnlriilioii of lliis liinl mi u f«-*' ■' "k- »

Imjk.s .-iiipptirliny: ;;ro\vlliM of rrl ;;i-a.sM i/i»»/»;<i im it in \>

to WM'iirr ruthiT acc'iiriiti* cciihiiwm of ilN iiiiiiilN*rM within our Stair.

TliiM foiiilition is pnu'timlly iiiiiipip in brant aiimn;; w; •

tin* n'Ht of tin* spft'irs ill this ;,'roup I" •'. i<li-ly

the Statf a.s to iiihIit aii\ riTort at (•••n .: Iioih

and inacciirati*. It«*faiis4> oiir winlrr population of blark hraiit ri>uM

t)(> counti-d .HO ra.sily and at a iioniinal rxp>"

liil^'hly tli'sirjihli" to tak«' annual invi-ii' •<•■ ••

importaiil t,'iiiii»' bird. Thus, if .similar r- (in* tai.

tlif .saiiu' linic and plar«'s and pri'f«'ral)ly by thr saiin* oIw4«tvi'IX wc will

soon liavf a v«ry \hhm\ indication of tin* HtatUH of tin? bird.

tlifs«' ri-fords will incrcasi" in valiir as tin- nvsnlt of ••jn-li

year's I'uimt is olitaiin'il. wliicli fai't in it.s«"lf provi-s thf n.

fontinniii}; thi.s work i*«'y:ularly vnvU sra.son.

Ill 1!>:{1, 111!' jn'riiKl Frbnrary Hi to 111, ini'luHivi*. wan chiMrn f'-r
ii'iisiis takiii;,' as wc coiisidfn'd tin- iiiaxitiiiini tninitx'r of bii
ilicii lii> present on our waters. It now appcarN that this <lat
what early for this condition to exist, particularly after a lieavy wint.-r
as was our last one. for the liirds seemed to be rather late iu rvachini;
our waters in III.'J'J and maximum coneeutration probably did nor
heltire March 1 this year, llowi'ver. the fact that the tirst ■- . .
was taken on these daites outwei;;hed this conilition S4» wc planiii'tl to
take niir ll'TJ counts on the .same days

More time for or-janization of tlie work in l!'.l- rcMilied in
heiiiLT made at all important points this year. Thus «-eiisu.ses wet. ....> ..
in \'X\'2 on Ilodc^'a and Drakes bays, which had t«» be omitteil in \'>M
because eooperat<»rs could not be orj;ani/e»l to take them. The rcMiilt.H
in l!*i{2 siiow the importance of includinj: the.s«> waters This was p-.^
sible tlirou<xli the kind cooperation of Mr. T. T. McCalK* <ind Dr. Ji-an
Linsilah" of the Museum of \ertebrate Z«M)lo;:y. Herki'ley. who volun-
teered their services to take eeiisu.ses on the respective bays, aiul to
Dr. .loscph (iriiuiell. Director of the Museum. f<M* permitting: Dr.

iiinsdale to do this work. AcknowJed<^ment of similar i ■'■ -

al.so tlue .Mr. L. M. lluey an.l Dr. Clinton (1. Abbott of ti
Xatural History Museum for observations iiuub* at San Die};o aiul
.Mission liays, and to Mr. C. I. Clay, ami Captain of l*atrol William
Harp of the Division for a.ssistance rendered at Huinlioldt Hay.

The results of the various c«>unts in \*X\'2 follow, ainl for compari-
son, the ti^ures for VXi\ are also proviiled where censuses were made
ill that Near.

T.ocaliti/
Humbulilt Bay

Boilojni Hay
I'linuiU'-s Ua.v
I>r!iki\s Hay
,M»>rn> Hiiy
.Mi.ssion Hay
Sail PIc.ijo Hay

K.b.

Date
12. 1932

IVb. 11, 1932

K«b. 11, l'^•^■^

K«b. 11. 1932

Keb. 10, 1932

F«'b. 11', l'.>31'

Fob. 12, 1932

Obscrvrra
<'. I. t'iny,

Ja 'Ml

Jiiiiii-.t .M
U M. H
1. .M. ilu«y

Sumbrr of buds
tommttd

t»sa

tfSt

None
Non*

NoiM

Tiie eount secured on Humboldt Bay this year is thought to bo at
least 8.") per cent accurate which fact is most trratifyinjr after the great

2 — 9 7 S3.-?

300

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

discrepancy that existed between two observers' figures in 1931. At
tliat time, C. I. Clay attempted to count the tremendous concentration
of birds on South Humboldt Bay from the shore, which is quite imprac-
tical, and there is little wonder that the figures he gave evidently
highl}' exaggerated the number of birds then present. When viewed
from a distance, a strip of birds three or four miles long and one or two
hundred yards wide, as the brant are wont to consort on Humboldt
Bay, gives the observer the impression of "millions" of individuals.
Indeed, some residents of Fields Landing, hunters at that, seriously
assured us on the day we took the census this year, that there were
"millions" of brant present. However, a very careful count failed to
record more than 24,415 birds. This shows the difference between]
estimating and counting.

Messrs. Clay, Harp and I left Fields Landing in an outboard motor]
boat at ten o'clock in the morning, February 12, 1932. The tide was!
low (1.5 ft.) at 10.08 a.m. and all the brant in the vicinity weref
apparently feeding in the bay at this time. A brisk northwest wind]
made the ocean outside quite rough, which fact furthered our supposi-
tion that most, if not all, the brant were in the bay. Most of the birds!
were strung out along the shore in an almost unbroken line from ai
point a little south of the entrance to the southern end of the bay atj
Table Bluff, thence eastward to Hookton Slough and north halfway toj
Fields Landing. (See Fig. 72.) This condition made for rather accu-
rate counting, for with Captain Harp running the boat and Clay andj
I counting independently, we circled the bay in this direction, count-
ing only those birds that flew back of us or to the center of the bay,
which all had done by the time the circle was completed on our return]
to Fields Landing. At the conclusion of the count, 2.00 p.m., af
check-up between Clay's and my figures revealed almost identical'
results. We then drove to North Humboldt Bay by automobile and]
scanned its waters for brant with glasses from the road. No brant ^

HUMBOLDT BAY

CALIF

SAMOA.

Scale of M'l«6 , ,.^

ARCATA

A-

ENTRANCE' _ , . .

Legend: One Dot •
Represents PoSif'ion of

, FIELDS

A^e.8e.che..M.p /'V^ 'j^l'^^''''^ JOOO BlflckBrant.

of Humboldt Coun-h^. />>• '>> .0\

Fig. 72. Map of Humboldt Bay, California, showing position of black brant on

its waters, February 12, 1932.

rAI.IM»KVr* f'l'ilf AVf» HAMK

301

5c4l«

(Mll«g)
/Sf K V- U-S.ci-S. Tf»PO. NAP

I' Ij;. , i. 1 I'Mi.ii' ■ I •■'> . Ma 1 in < "Uni \ , > .im • 'i :ii.i, in' *> . jik i' •• .i w :
brant at inUl-tlayl K.l.iii.iry IJ. 1^32. Kath ili>l r.pr.»tin» the .
brant.

was st'tn botwtvM Kuroka ami Areata wluTf Iho water was quite rouph
frniii the then stmn}; iiorthwrst wiiul. A eonsith'rahh^ mimh«'r of brant
was st>cii hftwi'.'ii Areata ami Samna, mainly lyintr far otT shore where
they wore ilitVu'ult to eount t-xactly. We estimated their numUT to the
best of our al)ility after watehinj; them throujih f;hiss«»s and 'lOOO binls
was the unanimous eonelnsion we arrived at. It is n';:rettable that

time dill not permit oiir also eountim: the brant on North I! ^ ' '•

Hay from n motor boat. This eensus was uuule betwtvn

4.;{0 p.m. lliirh water (4.:^ ft.) was at 3.58 p.m. and as is their ciwtom

the birds had t\'d on the ineominj; tide anil were rt'stinj? ami

wIumi we took the eensiis. whieh neeoiinted for their .si-attere^l iHiMin-ii

far from shore.

1 made iiupiiry amiMiLT luinters and others while in Kuroka Kebni-
ary V2 as to the relative abundanee of brant on Hnmboldt Ilay this
year ajjainst a year ajro. Numerous hunters. Captain Harp ami othor
iiuMubers of tho Division's patrol foree were in agreement that mor»»
birds wore pro.sent in VXW, but all tluniirht that their numU»rs then
wore not more than 25 per cent greater than at the same season this
vear.

302

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Dr. Linsdale took the census on Bodega Bay, February 11, 1932.
He counted from the shore with the aid of a telescope between 11 a.m.
and 2 p.m. and at the conclusion of his work felt quite certain that
he had secured an accurate record of the number of brant on the bay,
3200 birds.

I took the census on Tomales Bay from an outboard motor boat
the same day, commencing at noon and finishing at 3.15 p.m. The
day was cloudless and calm until one o'clock, up to which time a very
accurate count was obtained. A stiff north wind sprang up about that
liour wliieh rendered counting more difficult thereafter. The tide was
low (1.7 ft.) at 8.41 a.m. and high (4.0 ft) at 2.51 p.m. The accom-
panying sketch map (Fig. 73) shows the distribution of the birds
on the bay that day. I believe most, if not all, the brant in the vicinity
were in the bay as I saw no flocks flying back and forth to the ocean
across the bar. It is singular that although Tomales Bay extends south-
eastward about 7 miles from Marshall, I have never in some 40 to
50 trips to the bay seen a brant south of a point a half-mile north of
this town. At first, I attributed this condition to the fact that their
main food, eel grass, did not grow south of this point ; but I now under-
sand that it does, so I am at a loss to explain this matter.

Mr. T. T. McCabe counted the brant on Drakes Bay, February 11,
1932, working from the shore with glasses. He comments on his work
as follows : " I caught the six o 'clock ferry and in the course of a long
day covered all of the west and practically all the east side including

DRAKE5 BAY. ^

fMites) j^

Fig. 74. Drakes Bay, Mai in Countj', California (after U. S. G. S. Topo. Map),
showing- position of black brant, February 11, 1932. Each dot represents 100
birds.

• Aiifr-oHNiA nmi -A\i» i»A%ir.

U. S. I'l. S. To|Mi. Map). »th<«\v
watiTii, 10 a. in.. Ft-liruary 10, 1>...
eai-li.

JHHT »«|'i« ->■

.ill (if the various ai iiis. all of wliu-li I was at lra>t al)l.- • ••' ■-- fi.......l.

I iliil imt i|iiit»' pfrft'ctly covor tin* iipptT t'lul of llu* IN

tour. 1 coiiiitt'il 'JIOS brant. Almost all «»f tlnvst* w«t<? ooiml»tl binl by

hitil I (Mulosf a trai'iiij; from tlu' tt»po}»rapliii'al map si

tilt' tloi'ks \\t>ri> [soc FifT. 74], thoii^jli towards mi«l-nft«-iii."'ii ii.-.v

was .mhiu' sliiltiii}; back and forth."

I nuulo tlio count on Morro Hay. K»'bruaiy 10. 1932. ci«ininenrinR
at 0 a.m. and fmisliin}: at noon. Apparently nil the binls wore fe«l-
iiiir in tiic bay as un floi-k was .simmi intcn-lianirinir position \ - it

and tlio oconn. Tlio tido wn.s low (1.6 ft.) at 6.44 n ir ■ •• ' '• ■
at l.'Jl p.m. The day was partly cloudy with a n
which blew with incrcasin<r intensity up t«» nwm. The a«H*oinpanyintf
map {V'\\x. 75) shows that most of the birds wero found in the center
of the bay. This was contrary to the condition that -■ • 1 in IP.'U
wiicii the brant were concentrated in the lower, or » st end of

the bav. A verv siitisfactorv count was sivuretl. mainlv lKH*ausi' there

• • • •

were no tisluMiiieii or other boats out to interfen^ with my work and

distui-b tht> birds.

304 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Mr. L. M. Huey kindly searched Mission and San Diego bays for
brant on February 12, 1931. He wrote the next day as follows: "I
spent yesterday afternoon scouring San Diego and Mission bays for
brant, but was unsuccessful in seeing a single individual. I selected the
most promising time for this search, which was the lowest possible
tide with afternoon light enabling me to use glasses and scrutinize most
of the large flocks of water birds that had sought the mud flats as their
feeding grounds. I called up Mr. Glidden and he reported seeing
six brant about a week or ten days ago at the south end of the bay,
and I believe Mr. Gander saw a half dozen brant near Coronado dur-
ing our Christmas bird census." Apparently brant are becoming
scarcer annually on Mission and San Diego bays. Evidently too much
lumian activity, especially boating and shooting has all but succeeded
in driving this bird away from what was once one of its favorite winter-
ing grounds.

The black brant census work has already provided highly interest-
ing indications in regard to the migration of these birds to and from
our waters. It now appears that this goose's migratory flight along
the Pacific Coast is quite unique in that the majority of the birds
apparently fly far south into Lower California waters in November,
where they remain until late December to gradually work northward
into our bays and probably those of Oregon and Washington during
late December, January and early February. Thus we have a con-
tinual southward flight of brant along our coastline during November
and early December with little or no halting of the birds in our waters.
Our real winter and spring visitant brant do not ordinarily appear
until December and are not abundant on our bays until mid-January
or later. Evidence, as later provided in this paper, points to the fact
that these birds come to us from the south, rather than from the north
as one would naturally believe. Our brant population reaches its maxi-
mum in February, when it remains about constant until early April
when the true northward migratory flight to the breeding grounds
commences. This continues in full swing throughout this month and
by May, most of the birds have left us. A few belated migrants linger
on our waters into May, some, mainly immature birds, not leaving
before the latter half of that month. That all Lower California winter-
ing brant do not leave its coast in mid-winter is attested by the fact
that some flocks of these birds are noted flying northward along our
southern coastline at the time of the main migratory flight in April.

Evidence in support of this theory is as follows, no contrary evi-
dence has yet reached my attention. Mr. Silva, professional brant
luinter of Morro Bay, a man thoroughly familiar with the habits of
this bird, told me that as usual there had been a continual southward
movement of these birds past that point for thiry days commencing
November 10, 1931. None of these birds stopped over at Morro Bay
longer than to rest there a few hours. Silva said that the first birds
to stop in the bay appeared about December 15 and that these and
those arriving later came from the south, as, he stated, they always
do at this season.

I visited Tomales Bay November 11, 1931, where I noted but two
flocks of respectively 33 and 26 brant on that date. Mr. Henry J.
Jensen, of Hamlet, told me that he saw the first brant of the season

CAMFOKMA n.mi A\l> tiXMr.

.ta't

KiK. 7 6.

Ml>Ull(>'(l N|'

• >f t>la<
f r. I,r

: brAttt. ((unt

tllt'li- ell .\n\.tlllni- >, a llmk n\' alxMlt 1(M) Mfils. I I: i

Tomalrs Hiiy Drccinl)*-!- 1.'), ]\K\], wIumi I comitnl M>4 hrniit <•: r

|)ay ami atljac»'iit ocinui. Tljcsf birils wore fvidontly new arrivaU.
possibly hi'latt'd soutlihouiid iui«;iant.s or pi'rhaps tlu* vnnjjunr' " ••
lu^rthlmiiiiil birds from Lower ("aliforiiia, for they liad ii< * ■ ' •!

tliciiiselvi's to tilt' l»a> aiitl llew almiit the outer hay atul a ^ ill

ill a iiprvous manner. Hraiit. wIumi srttUvl on Toinales liay. have n»tru-
larly tiniotl (lifjhts between the oeoan and their fet'dinj; f»n>i i the

inner l)ay near Hamlet, whieh are dependent tipon tidal eon<iii. \t

this time, deiisen advi.sed that southbouml };roups of .'lO to 1' ■ i<»

per Mock had strafrjrled past tho bay from Novemln'r 10 to date ami
that at no time prior to December 15 was any greater numlxT of
birds present on the bay. I5rant were later than usual in b - "r»
lommon on 'I'omah's Bay last winter an«l then* were s«'areely !•'•' is

present on my next visit to the region .lanuary G, VX\'2. IihIimhI. ms
previously stat«'d. maximum winter nund)ers were not ' 1 by

eensus-taldni; time February 11, for on a later vi.sit to tu.- bay,
•Mari'h Iti, more birds were noted than in February.

If weatlu'r is any faetor in <;overnin}» the time of arrival of brant
to our waters and if the birds reaeli us from the north, as is the ca»»
with most mii:rants breeding; to the north of us, then we shouM exjMvt

the brant to have arrived earlier than usiuil last winter, wb- ' ui

unu>uallv eariv ami heavv one. That the eiuitrarv was th- n

favor of the supposition that our wintering; brant reaeh us from the
south and that the severe weather pixssibly dolaytMl their m .t

northward. In furtherance of this theory, it may bo pointoii •• i :i«it
brant beeame eommon on Tomales Hay early in the fall of VX\0 ami
;{()S7 were counted there on December 16. 1928. both of which were

306

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

light, late winters. (See California Fish and Game, Vol. 17, No. 4,
p. 398.)

Mr. T. T. McCabe writes as follows regarding an incident witnessed
by him at Drake's Bay, February 11, 1932, which is in further support
of this supposition: "I ate my lunch on the beach under the cliffs a
little east of the sandpit and while I was there, a flock of 18 brant
swung up the shore toward Point Reyes, and followed the shore until
they got opposite the life saving station, where evidently they could see
across to the outside. Here they abruptly changed their course and
swung across the neck. In other words, this small flock seemed to be
traveling northward along the coast. They did not come out of Drake 's
Bay."

I was at Humboldt Bay January 20 and 21, 1932, when brant were
just commencing to reach that place in numbers. I estimated that not
more than 3000 of these birds were then present on South Bay and
residents said they had arrived within the preceding three or four days.
This makes the date of their first arrival there about January 16, or
ten days later than when 1500 birds were seen by me on Tomales Bay
some 170 miles to the southward. If the birds come to our waters from
the north, we should expect them to reach Humboldt Bay before Tomales
Bay, that the contrary is the case suggests that they fly northward from
the south of us. January 18 was a stormy day with a strong south
wind at Humboldt Bay. January 20, fishermen who had been out-
side Humboldt Bar or entrance on January 19 stated that "flocks of
one or two hundred brant were continually arriving from the south"
throughout that day.

In order to confirm these indications regarding the black brant's
migration, information relative to the manner of the birds occurrence

Fig. 77. The .same birds shown in Fig. 7G. Eastern brant (left) shows the
lighter under.surface and narrow collar. Photo by James Moffltt.

cAumusiA riMii ^ 307

to till* imrtli tiiiil Hoiilli of iiK JM iin|H>rfitivc 1 ai|ttr*>^'Mil •wvcrol |M>ni(iit«i

ill r«'trai''l to thf HtatiiH of hrniit in Lowi-r Ciil '

few data an* availatiliv 'I'lo' only iiiforinatioii I ...

kin<lly proviilnl by Mr 1. M liin'v and is partly >

llirory I i|Uotf fnmi hin l«'tl»*r an follnwH: "Voiir idfo of Hir brant

inakiii^r a Mon-Mlop nii(;ratioM to I,«i\v»t <'ali'

«|iiilt' t'l-nsiblr, as thix si'i-nis to rb»'«'k witb m i. .■..,....

bi't'ii nbli' to nr\ from my lishrrmiMi frit-mis wlm vijtil tlw

*»ii till" wfMt const of liowi'r California. Tliry trll iijp tbnt brant rtniurv-

t'jiti' ill vast iiitiiil)i*i'M tlicn- diiriiitr l)«'frmbi'r, .laiiiia' ! imrlx

Kfbniary. but toward tin* md of l''««bniary, ' •■■ • ■■ '•

was till* condition I found ulirn in San \,

Iia<;oi>ii diiriiiLT April 1!>'J7. At tliat liiii«>. only alMiiit 'J(Nl brant w
Wfii, wliirli arrtirdiiiir to Captain Si-rly. wa> but a drop in lb«' biit'k*'t
to tliosr Ih' had snn <liirin;r .laniiary in tli«' siiinr liM-aJily,"

III n'sptui.sf In my impiiry ri'lativr to tin* maiiiifr of »MMMirnMi<-"
of lilfiik liraiit in the I'li^rrt Sound ri'irion. Mr. .1. A. Munro. Cli;' •
Kciliial .Mi'^Miitory jlird Oflicrr for tin* Wrstfrn Provinrwi of Canada
kimlly wrotf as follows. I'l'bruary 24. \*XV2 . "I liav*- no " '
of arrival ami di-partiin-, but I i*an sav with «'»'rtaintv tlia; .... ,. ...
do it'iiiaiii ill the (lulf of (i«'or;;ia in i'onKidi*rablr numlx-rs ilunn'.'
I)t*iMiiil)«>r and .lamiary. All rrport.s of hunti>i*s indicat** that an iiu*r» i-
occurs in February and that the first southern (liu'lit in in N' ' "

I expect to .sei'ure more data relative to this biril's winter •
to the iioith of California, particularly in Orejron and W,
this winter, which information I will publish later.

.\iiotlier factor, asitlc from weather condition.s. hn.s suirt;est«^«l it.s<»lf
to me ;is perh.ips iiifliH'iiciuL.' the I'acilie Coast black brant •
fli;;lit, namely that of food supj)ly. It may be that the foo.;
birds in Lower California becomes dcpletctl in mid-wintrr :
some <if them back north to moiv plentiful fee<lin«j yround.s long lM»fon*
the true mi>„'ratory tli;.'ht commences. It also s«'ems more than m-
coincidence that black brant appear on Toiiialcs Hay ('also Mori'- .....;
Iliimholdt bays, I am told i coiiiciileiit with the tirst spawninj; of the
Pacilic herrinj; (('lujntt /><///(/.siO. This M.sh (b>posit.s it.s ej.'i;s mwii «h»|
j^rass and other marine ve-retation. The fii-st spawnini; m-IumiIs of
herriiiij come into Tomales Bay ordinarily between November l.'j and
21 and at tirst spawn on isolated patt-hes of »»e| j,'ras.s almut the bay.
Iwiter ill the .st'a.son, when the herrinjr run is at its heifjlit. the tish spawn
on practically all of this jrra.ss in the northern third of tlie bay. The

brant arrive on Tomales r>ay shortly after the herrif- •

spawniiiir and their partiality in feeding: on the isolated j'
;rrass that have been spawned mi by this fish is shown by their con-
centration at tlu>se points alon<r with irulls, loons, .scoters and other fish
and spawn eatiiiir birds. In fact it is through the presence of these
hirtls that tht^ tiNlieniien locate the schools i>f spawninir herrinfr.

The pluttojrraphs acconipanyiiii; this paper are publisheil to iiulieate
the ditVerencPS in plumai;e between tlie black brant i lirnntti bernicta
nitjnrans) of tlu> Pacific coasts of America ami Asia from the eastern
or liirht-bcllied brant (Hiunia hrrnirla hrota) of our Atlar"- .lx»ard.
Tln> bhu'k brant breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of ^ i from

the Taimyr Peninsula eastward across northern America to Coronation

308 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Gulf and oii the islands east to about longtitude 100° W. It winters
south on the western shores of the Pacific to Japan and northern China
and on the east from Vancouver Island south to Magdalena Bay, Lower
California. The eastern brant breeds in the Arctic regions of eastern
North America and in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, from about
100° W. Long, eastward and south to latitude 74° N., on both western
and eastern coasts of Greenland south to 70° N. Lat., and^ on the
Spitzbergen Archipelago. It winters chiefly on the Atlantic coast
of the United States from New Jersey to North Carolina, casually
south to Florida, and also on the coasts of northwestern Europe. The
European brant, the third member of this species, breeds in northern
Europe and Asia from Novaya Zemlya to the Taimyr Peninsula, in
Franz Josef Land and on Kolguev Island. It winters on the coasts of
northwestern Europe.

Occasionally, but very rarely, eastern brant are reported from the
Pacific Coast and black brant from the Atlantic Coast. These occur-
rences are regarded as casual stray birds. Thus there is one known
record of the light-bellied or eastern brant's occurrence in California,
an adult male taken near Bird Island, Areata Bay, Humboldt County,
January 30, 1914 (H. C. Bryant, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 183). Doubtless
other eastern brant have been killed in California and their capture
either not reported or recognized. Sportsmen securing specimens of
this rare bird in California are urged to report the fact or preferably
to send the specimens to the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
or to this Division. The eastern brant apparently occurs more often
on the Pacific Coast in the Puget Sound region. Major Allan Brooks
has recorded it from Comox, Vancouver Island, several times and
states that "about 8 per cent of the brant in Comox Bay are the
eastern species." Conversely the black brant has occasionally been
reported from the Atlantic Coast, thrice in New York state, twice each
in Massachusetts and New Jersey. While the black brant's migration
route is along our coastline, it is not infrequently recorded from the
Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and has also been taken as far
inland as Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and even on the Bear River marshes
of Utah.

For a long time, the black brant was considered to be a species
separate from the eastern and European birds. In fact, many authori-
ties and even the latest (fourth) edition of the American Ornithologists
Union Check-List of North American Birds (1931, p. 38) consider
it a full species, which means that it has not been found to interbreed
or "intergrade" with either the eastern or European birds. While the
nesting grounds of the black and light-bellied brant apparently meet
in northern America between 100 and 110 degrees West Longitude, I
know of no single specimen ever having been procured in America
shoAving indications of interbreeding. The breeding range, however,
of the black brant meets that of the European brant in the region of
the Taimyr Peninsula in northern Siberia, where some authorities
believe that intergradation between the two birds may exist. Hence,
J. L. Peters in his Check-List of Birds of the World, Vol. 1, 1931, p.
149, follows the opinion of Schioler {Danmarks Fugle, Vol. 1, 1925, pp.
497-523) and of others in considering both the black and light-bellied

CALIffmNiA ri-M %si> -.KUf.

.arj

brant an Niinply .Hiilis|MTi«*n of tin* Kuro|N>nn bini
of iKiiiii'iiclatiirr that F |»rrffr t«» fnlluw.
TIm" Mark ami liu'lit IwHi"**! I»rnnt —
N|)('<Miiii'ns I liavr iiiiliratf that the I*.
lar^i'i I'liiinat^c puttrriiH nrr idoiitirnl in Iwith
M\y (him* V'm. 7.H) hikI th.- bark i h.i- I-
{in* very iniii'h li^'btn* than in thi* black ■•!.
tin- cttllar pfirfijilly ••nrirrlinj,' Ihr iiffk of thr

•'■rf

I'lK. . >. Siimj- >Kms lit aiiiiit i. iii.ii-- i
ami t-asti-rn lirnnt, tri>iii tlw m;
I'hoto by Janus .MorlUt.

ilovoloptMl in tlio I'ai'iru' form. 'IMu'si' arr ab«»ut tho only i;
tinirnisliiiiMf the two forms, wliii-h are Siiiil to b«* iilentioal tu iiauii:*,
vi>u't\ tli'jht. i>ti'.

It is a pb'asuro to state that the report of the First Annual Black
Brant Census broujjht many letters and expressions of comnientlation
from (California sportsmeiv. It is hop«Ml that tli'-

similarly received that this wtirk nuiy U' eontini; ^ ,.;

Thanks are again ilue to the vt>luntary eooperators. It wouKl .

310 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

be gratifying if interested parties to the north and south of California
could arrange to take similar census at places of brant concentration
along the whole Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower Cali-
fornia ; in which way a complete census of the number of these birds
wintering in America might be obtained. Persons so interested are
invited to correspond with the writer in this regard with the promise
of his complete cooperation.

ATAVISM IN A CALIFORNIA HALIBUT

By J. B. Phillips^ California State Fisheries Laboratory

4 TAVISM is a biological term meaning the recurrence in a descend-
/\ ant of characters of a grandparent or more remote ancestor, in
-L A. other words, reversion to a more primitive type.

A flatfish that had developed pigmentation on most of its lower
side as well as on the upper side was an object of interest at one of
the Monterey fresh fish markets on March 25, 1932. This flatfish or
flounder, 27 inches long and 8i pounds in weight, was a specimen of
the California halibut (Paralichthys calif or nicus) . The specimen was
normal in every respect except for the atavistic pigmentation. Ordi-
narily the California halibut, as well as all members of the flounder
famih", develop coloring only on the top side, and the lower or blind
side remains white or colorless. In the present specimen not only did
the top side have the characteristic greenish brown coloring but the
lower or blind side, except for the head region, was also colored a dark
brown, the same shade as on the upper side but lacking the greenish
tinge.

The flounder family of fishes, including the flounder, halibut, sole,
turbot, and plaice, is an interesting group of fishes with us today,
which demonstrates the working of evolution. Throughout the cen-
turies, the flounders apparently have evolved from an ordinary sym-
metrically built pelagic form to the present unsymmetrical bottom form.
The flounders still retain their ancestral characteristics in their early
development. The eggs of the flounders are pelagic and free-floating
in the water. When the larvae hatch from the eggs and for a short
period thereafter, the young are normal and symmetrical as are other
true fishes. The young after a short period, however, settle down on the
bottom, developing the characteristics by which they are easily identi-
fied. The cranium and bones of the head become twisted, one eye
migrating over to the other side so that both eyes are on the same side
of the head. In the meantime, the body becomes flattened dorso-
ventrally. The flounder's normal position in the water is with its
blind side to the bottom, which permits the fish to lie flat on the bottom
or to cover itself partially with sand. When it is lying on the bottom,
the protective coloration of the exposed side makes the fish invisible to
its enemies. The flounder swims by undulations of its body and fins,
with its blind side down.

The bottom habit of the flounder has resulted in a lack of pig-
mentation development on the lower or blind side of the body so that it

«'AI<I>*OU>| A I l-l! \>|> !i\ill.

.ill

JK u'iiiti* or coliirli'HN on IImm nulr. The iippcr siilr mi ihr ottirr liaiul ha*

stronuly «lcvi*lopf(l rolorinu' 'riial lliin pi n i«t ■!

riTt'cts uf lii,'lit luis Ihm'Ii sIhiwii liy VJir "

of tin* fiirlii'Hl ami iiinsi fiTrftivi* rxp-

I 'iiiiiiitit;lifiin,* who workctl with |>hiii'i- Thi* phii<->- u< l in an

Fig. 79. A Onllfornia h-.i.>...« • r- .i..h,k... ...;..

fornivua) tluit hati

nu»Ml ttt thf luwor i>;

lop ..r <\>i\ dido. Pliulu by J. B. Phlllliw.
Maroli. laj.'.

ai|Mariimi ami all li^rht sliut out oxi'opt that which wais roth'cteil from a
inirrnr tm tin* bottom of U\o tank. H»* chose yoimir plait-e that hail
th'vcloprd to tlu> |)oint wluMv tlu\v luul just lost tlicir syminctry ami luul
setth'tl to tilt' bottom. The results of his experiments showetl that in
tlio earlier staires of its development the plaiee i>ersisted in its acquirM
tendencies of no piprmentation deveh)pment on the lower «»r bliml side.

• Cunninpliain. J. T. An exiH>rimoMt roncernintr th<> absence of color from lli«»
lower siil.s of Mat-tisbt<s. Zck>I. An«.. vol. M. p. 27-32. 1S91.

312 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

However after about two weeks, pigmentation began developing on the
bottom side. The coloration first started along the margins of the
sides and worked inwards, finally covering the entire side.

It might be surmised that the present specimen lived over a shallow
bottom that had a composition which reflected light such as in Cun-
ningham's experiment. However, this is highly improbable in that
more specimens with the same characteristic would have been taken
from that same area. The most feasible explanation is that the halibut
had for some reason lost its sense of equilibrium. When away from the
bottom, it was just as apt to turn bottom side up as top side up.
That fishes and other marine animals can lose their sense of equilibrium
has been demonstrated by experimenting with the inner ear cavity.

Other instances of atavism around us today are the occasional
presence of three toes on a horse's leg and the extension of the spinal
column to form a tail in some humans.

SPORTING TACKLE FOR SPORTIVE
STEELHEADS

By Tod Powell
(With three photographs by the author) *

A LONG THIS Pacific coast of our Golden State is the habitat,

l\ natural environment and home of the fightin'est freshwater fish

-L ^ that ever flang his lip over a hook. You of the anglers' clan

Ivno w ' ' whatof ' ' I speak— the steelhead of our coastal streams — the

he-battling fish tha^t lures Waltonians from the world around.

Big Sur, Carmel, Soquel, San Lorenzo — at seasons you'll find the
finned scrappers in these streams. Pescadero and San Gregorio —
vou'll find the husky steelhead there, too, when the bars are open in
the latter part of winter. And then there's the Papermill Creek of
Marvelous Marin and the White House Pool near Point Reyes, and a
jump farther north to the Russian River with its Duncan's Mills,
Bohemian and other pools.

The Gualala, Garcia, Navarro, Albion, Big, Noyo, Mattole and
many another stream up coast are splendid steelhead waters. But all
of them are comparatively minor to the Eel in the heart of the Red-
wood Empire, and the mighty Klamath, the great daddy of all Cali-
fornia fishing streams, the one by all the rights of the gods and the
laws of man that should forevermore be kept entirely free for the
perpetuation of the grand and glorious salmon and the tackle-smashing
steelhead. This river is the one last stream of consequence in all the
thousaiid-mihi coastline of California which could be set aside for salmon
and steelhead to insure their kind against extinction.

Tackle! Steelhead tackle! That's my subject, but I wandered
afield, or rather upstream as it were, with my enthusiasm locating pools
and riffles for you.

• These photographs releaser! for use or reproduction only as illustrations for
Tod Poweir.s article, "Sporting Tackle for Sportive Steelheads" in California Fish
AND Game, Volume 18, number 4, October, 1932.

rAI.IFMHNIA i,.ii ASi, i,A%l»

aij

liiaNniiirh iiM fly (iKhiiii; In by far the M|iorti«-«it nunuipr in whirli

to tJlkf Htfillirjul, wlirlirVtr Hllll wll«TfV«T it ilt pixMltlll*, th« itiJiltpr of

that type of tarklf will Im> takrii up lii-fit.

I'My timI.s IDr sttMllinni tiNJiinu' hIioiiIiI I- i...vi.i • .r t... t

hniir, plus — enough powrr In witliHtaiKJ tl

*tf n loufi liravy lint*. The ila.Mlii's of hi(? tish in wnlcr rn

will ffivc a dmI ^'irat Hiraiii. I>ut llii> action ih iptii* ttirTrrrnt aittl it»(

Kiir SO, WhlppinK the miKhty Klaiuuth with <» ... ...i .... ... -tMit'

\wni\ tliiit lurt-.s Waltonlniiit frt>m th» world nround.

lu'arly so vinlcnt to tlio rod as it is wln-ii you rotrifvo your loiip lim* —
pick up your fast — From hoavy water. Iii;rlit nnis are not to he n'ttim-
mondfil for sttvlhoad fishin«». They will lan«l tish. to be .sure, but the
puiiishiiuMit from this typ.> of fishini; will 1m' too much for thorn, ami

tliat isn't fair to a tine tly rod.

A stiirdy D-foot rod of from 5} *•> ^J ounet^ may bo used sucoess-
lull> . hut uidoss yon are some inches al>ove six fwt in height you had

314 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

better use either a 9|- or 10-foot rod. This additional six or twelve
inches is to offset some of your depth wading waist deep in the stream,
as it will require all of the reach it is possible to command to clear
the long forward cast and then pick up the retrieve against water
friction. A 9-^-foot rod should weigh at least 6 ounces preferably a
half to three-quarter ounces more, and a 10-foot one should weigh from
6f to li ounces. Once, on the Rogue, I used a 10-foot rod weighing
only 5f ounces. It was a grand rod, but most assuredly it was an
exceptional one — one in thousands.

The long 7-ounce — or more — rod would readily become a very
tiresome piece of equipment in case one wielded it all day long on an
ordinary trout stream, but for the period the best steelhead fly fishing is
really on — an hour and a half or more before sunset — it isn't such a
task to work the big stick, especially if you have some activity on the
water-terminal of your line. My old pet heavy bamboo became very
light one evening when I fed a whole pear-picking crew along the river
b\' taking on a fly, five snorting good steelhead, total weight 39 pounds.

The best rods for steelhead fly fishing are specially hand-made by
skilled artisans, but any fly rod, regardless of price, which has the power
and specifications mentioned above will give you what you want — the
capacity to cast properly a fairly long line and to stand up under heavy
work. As this sort of fishing is done tvith the rod, your selection should
be centered on this part of your equipment — ^not, however, neglecting
the other items used.

For steelhead a single-action fly-reel is best. In trout fishing your
reel is more or less just a house for your line, but in steelhead fishing
you want a better reel and a larger reel. It should, by all means, have
an adjustable tension, because when one of these fellows takes your fly
and starts away with it, he goes places at express speed and a reel which
has no braking action, click tension or adjustable tension of some kind
is quite likely to race on and on with the burst of speed, thus causing
your Line to backlash and creating a snarl that means the end of that
particular catch right then.

The reel should have capacity for a full 30-yard fly-casting line,
with about 250 feet of backing. Steelhead often make an initial run
of more than 75 yards and if you haven't the line there to take care
of it — good-bye fish ! The best of the reels have been made in England,
but of late years American tackle-makers, appreciating the demand for
a high-class product, have turned out reels that will do the work quite
as acceptably.

As for a line, the best is a fairly heavy double-tapered product of
at least 30-yard length and of soft smooth finish. The newly developed
triple-tapered line has added advantages, especially on lighter weight
rods. The reel and line should balance your rod, and achieving this
balance by fitting a line to the already selected rod and reel is a job
for an expert. Here is one place where you should deal with a sales-
man you can trust, at least until you have acquired knowledge through
j'our own experience.

Spliced to this tapered line should be your backing, and this can
be either light-weight braided silk or cuttyhunk. Be sure the splice is
small, .smooth and even, that it may run readily through the guides
of your rod. The best of the tapered lines, like the reels, originated in

rAMKOKNIA FIMII ANI> OAMK

:<i:>

I i' » 111 111

10n;;laiitl hiii v<*ry ntunl mirH iii'i* lM*iiit; iiuhIi* mi itiiM cuiiiitry i
can'riilly (lrc.HS«*tl iiihI vartiiiiii lilh'tl mi that they an- miiiimiIIi ....

Of coiii'sr strfllicail call Ih* caiiulit u'itlioiil iihiii;; u ta|MTi-i| Iiik*
N()iii<- pfopir liavf taki'ti I rout on tlircnil aiiti a ImmU pin — but a lapi-ntl
liiif makes for a rli-aiiiT t-ast anil tin- wiM(;|it Itark of thr ta|>4>r tuki**!
tli«' liiir out far l»<-ft«T.

Fig. si. Tho "Sirip canter" in aotlun.

Lfjidcrs for the stt'ollM'ail llv <rain«> pn-frrahlv run aroiiiul 71 (eeX
in lenj^Ui and may \h- iMtluT It'Vfl or taponul — I prefer the tapered —
l>ut in anv vvvnt sliould he of ahsolutflv first otialitv. Steelhead h-ader*
slKnild hi' without hiopv;, as in this sort of tishin^; tlie us«» of hut one tiy
is (h'cidodly sound cthifs.

Flies for steelheatl are jjenerally hir^e, nuuiher four or number
six, ;ii-r tied wet inodf aiul tisht'd wet. Sometimes a number eight is

3 — 97833

316 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

used, depending on whether the water is clear or not. The hooks should
be sturdy ones, never the delicate Sneck bend or such models. Most of
the successful flies are gaudy contraptions that look like nothing a fish
ever ate or saw before, though of recent years the more modest buck-
tails and streamers have been used to advantage.

A great many of these flies show red but there is no more exact rule
for selecting this color than for any other department of angling, unless
some steelhead, sometime, may advise that the red in fly-tie gives
semblance to his favorite tid-bit, the roe. It is a good idea to buy your
flies from a dealer who lives near the water you intend to fish and
Imows something of the local idiosyncracies of the fish and stream.

Some flies have been developed especially for steelhead and, con-
sequently, have been named for California anglers whose catches of
this heroic battler have won them fame. Among them are the Carson,
Soule and Sam Wells. The Railbird, Kate, Red Ibis, Royal Coachman,
the old reliable Parmachene Belle and the March Brown are other flies
frequently used with success. Most of these are additionally millinered
with a couple of feathers from the neck of India's sacred bird, the
Jungle Cock.

Steelhead flies ordinarily are not snelled and should properly be
tied by the angler to the leader of his choice.

A net or gaff is very nearly useless and not quite the sporting thing
anj^way in fly fishing for steelhead. The best way to land this fish is to
wear him down bj^ skillful angling and then beach him. And a creel or
basket for he-sized steelhead is out of the question.

Fly-fishing, desirable as it seems to many, is not, however, the only
means of taking steelhead. There are a percentage of fishermen who
prefer to use spinners or bait. In spinner fishing a heavy fly-rod can
be used but it is not advisable, as the strain takes the action out of it
and deprives it of the very thing for which it was made and pur-
chased— the finely actioned ability to make a long and accurate cast.

For this sort of fishing, especially when done from the shore, the
lure-casting rod used for bass and other spiny-rayed fish is both
preferable and superior, and split bamboo is superior to steel. Many
anglers use a 5- to 6-foot rod ; the foreign type of spinning rod, a few
feet longer, makes a sportier outfit and gives more flexible action.

In this type of fishing the reel is of greater importance than in fly
fi.shing. Consequently you will wish to give more attention to the reel
used for this sort of work than to the rod. One of quality with a low,
wide spool and quadruple action sho]ild be selected. Ones made in
America lead the world.

For a line, silk, the ordinary bait-casting line, but not too heavy
gauge. A line with a breaking strain of 12 to 15 pounds makes cast-
ing easier and since you're not out to land your fish with an anchor
chain and windlass, why not use the sportier tackle anyway?

And don't forget that a hundred yards of line will seldom, if ever,
be too much.

You will need about a 6-foot leader for this sort of work — and, of
course, it should be proportioned in strength to the line you are using.

Spinners numbers 3 or 4 are most used. Some anglers use
brass, some copper, some copper and nickel and some use all three, or
ratlier four in the additional case of the nickel and copper reversed.

r?Ai.uoKMA hhu ash oami:

3i:

AimI many HpiiincrN iimmI un- iiiuiti! up uith ri-<i
shank. Till' niallrr In om? of imliviiliuil • •
Til'- «'<)ppt'r-nifkrl MpiiniiT in ofirn iijmmI :
watiT mIiowm iiiiii'kini ^

It i.H a well known futt that thi* ^'
-.tiiiun and ari- voracitjUM rati'i"J4 nf juilin-'ti i"> i n-
which ran li** tihtiiiin-il n*a*ly pri-pan'il in jant or '
So also i.H lh«* roc* from freshly raiiifht luilmou an*! ovm ' -m

stt'flhrUtl.

In Ihr winirr runs, ihf Mt«-.'lli.a<l vory srMom tnk«*Ji n f'-
opinion that a stri-lhratl rarrly, if rvrr, taki-.s a t)y a.s hait
IS instead attracted or anp>ri*d l>y thi* flash of the l)rii;ht «'o|or lh«* Mim<*
.iH tht' Mash of ii Kpinm-r will ronsi* him to action. For tl in

winter, with more or les murky rain run-oft iiinkiiii; iKiiioni utuiiig

Flir. S2. In mlil-wlntor on the Ounliiln. anKleri* of Imth ji.x.h iir«> t« Ik» found loaalnc
"strawbcrrlesi" un barlxd hunk.H nl unttUkiM-cllns slcclbc-a-'

the rule, it seems a spinner or salmon ej?^, or pro;
salnu)n ocrtrs. tied up in eheeseeloth, maline or tull •'••

us a ".strawiierry "— is the best lure. It ean l> , of

red fabric to eontain the e«;};s and red threail f«>r tyinj; it up

Many anj,'lers who <;o after steelhead in the late are now

making use of a method developeil, I believe, in Califoinui .ir ! -.ii«»
"strip easting;." This nu'thod has the ailvantat;«'s of jjreat >•;
eonveuienee. For it the angler provides himself with the wire tiling
basket from his oftlee desk, a ft)ldinj; eanvas washba.sin or simie similar
tray-like eoutainer whieh he attaches to the fn>nt of his Ml. He iiaes
a sporty D- or ID-foot rod. a free running reel aiul a "■"•' >>. a rd braided
silk lino. Son\etimes the line is waterproofeil. as tl. .i: is usually

in braekish water, the reaches of tidewater. Sometimes, too. the line
is made up of 10 or 50 yards of synthetic Japanese gut leader backed

318 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

with the same amount of silk or cuttyhunk. This gut becomes very
flexible and free-running when wet. A light bell sinker is used on the
line.

With this outfit the fisherman simply strips the line from his rod
after every cast and arranges it in coils in his basket or tray before
him. Then when he casts again it picks up very rapidly and, because
of its extreme flexibility, the accuracy of his cast is limited only by
his own skill.

Waders and felt-soled shoes are the accepted garb of the steel-
head fisherman. Hip boots are, almost without exception, useless in
llic heavier steelhead rivers. In case you are fishing heavy waters and
are ill at ease regarding the safety of waders, you can step out in wool
SOX. wool underwear, wool trousers and either felt-soled shoes or
brogues with hobs. However, this takes a pretty hardy constitution,
for steelhead waters in the fall and winter are cold and most of us
cannot stand the chill which they set up.

With equipment such as I have outlined above a man may enjoy
steelhead fishing for what it is — a fair battle between a smart, gamy
fish and a man who has deliberately reduced the odds given him by his
intelligence and physical strength to a point where he is somewhere
near fish-size. I have seen many men on the rivers after steelhead
witli deep-sea rods and lines and everything else in proportion.

Personally, I see no more real sport in this than in shooting tame
quail on the ground. If you eliminate the difficulties of a sport you've
eliminated its charm. Sporting tackle for sporting fish, say I — and
leave the other stuff to the meat-hunters.

THE WHITE SEA-BASS AND RELATED SPECIES
THAT ARE SOLD IN CALIFORNIA FISH

MARKETS '

By R. S. Croker

FOR SEVERAL YEARS California fresh fish markets have been
selling several closely related species of fish under the names
"white sea-bass" and "corbina." Prior to about 1927, how-
ever, the or\]y species sold under the former name was the true white
sea-bass (Cijnoscion nohilis), and no fish called corbina was offered for
sale. At present, California fishermen operating off the Pacific coast
of Lower California catch several species quite similar to the white sea-
bass and dealers sell them under the names "white sea-bass," "sea-
trout" and "corbina." In addition Mexican fishermen, operating in
the Gulf of California, ship two other similar species to California
dealers under the names of "corbina" and "white sea-bass" or
"totuava." All six species are so much alike that a casual observer
would not distinguish them.

1 Contrilnition No. 127, from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, August,
1932.

CAUmilNIA riHU AMI liAMi: .119

Tlu* vvh\ whilr M>aliit.HM ij» proii't'li'il frmu •
•<• .i>.<iti iiiiil a iniiiiiiitiin li/i* limit.' Iml the r<-l<iti-''
.iiiiclf has Ijrni prfpan-tl to fiuihlc (i.slurin.ii .!■
iiDiit oftirrrM to iliHtiii(;iiisli the VMrtMiM they i

tnitioiuil violatioiiM aiut uiiiHM'rH.Hary arrr«is 'lUin |>n|HT ii1m> at'
to itiitaii^'lt' tin* ••xistiii;; fotifiiHioii «if t'onitiinii n
ami n-tail dralrrs will !»•• alili* lo hi«|| rarli himtii-^ !•. .-^ ....
ainl HI) tlii> consiiiiu-r will know jiiol uluil •ipiM-ii*^ of I'ihIi hi- ,

I'lio Califoniia rorltiiia i Mriitirinhu% mululaluM) in pri h>'

law.' A (IrsiTiplioii of this Hp«'firs is iiiflinh-il in thr p
point out thr (lilTfriMUM's liftwiTii it and \\u' otlirr rorliumi .".ii!' rs hum-
Mil lrj;a| |)rott'ct ion.

Thr Tollowiny: kvy inctudr.H all tin- Hp«'ri»'s of tlw tri'MilH t'ttnnti'ton
illii* white sfa-liavs, ^ulf corhina ami their allioi that are to

occnr in the waters of ( 'alit'ornia. Lower ( 'iiliforniii. Sonorji. anA .Ninn

loa. If it i.s not iM-rtain that an>' lish in <pie>tion is a ni«"- ' •' •' -

U'lMiiis. the use ot' the key in the " I lamlliook of ( 'uinnion ( 'on

(laim- Fishes of ('alit'ornia" ' is reeomnii*mle<l. If the .H|>4><Mm<>ii kryii

down to seetion 95 (pH);e 2*2 of the IlamllxHik), it ix a ^ of

Ciinosi ion. As th«' k«'y in the llandl k ineludes California

only, the followinj; key ha.s been |)reparei| to take the place of -
!>.'). Fijrure HM illustrate.s the anatoinieal terms emplove«i in the \
kev.

*Ct>ntiiilt I'urroiit fluh uiul Kiirnc lawn for ditullii of tln-iic r«|{ii
* Walfortl, Lloiiol A. MaiiillxKik of rornnioii <-«>miiifrriul uiiU ^■
foriila. Ctillf. IMv. KImIi and Cunio. FM\ Ittill . No. 38, p. 13-:S. 1 .•

320

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIES OF CYNOSCION
THAT OCCUR ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF MEXICO

1. IF : The anal and second dorsal fins are densely covered with small scales,
the fish is a Gulf Corbina {Cynoscion oihonopterus) . See page 321.
BUT IF : There are no scales on the anal and second dorsal fins, see section 2.
(IS'oie: The low sheath of scales at the base of the fins is not to be con-
fused with the scaly covering that extends over nearly the entire fin of
the Gulf Corbina.)

2. IF : The back is covered with dark horizontal streaks and there is a light

stripe along the lateral line, the fish is a Striped Corbina {Cynoscion
reticiilatus) . See page 322.
BUT IF : There are no horizontal streaks or stripes on the body, see section 3.

^ ^ ^ ■»■■

3. IF : The lining of the mouth is bright orange yellow and the tail fin is

yellowy the fish is an Orange-Mouthed Corbina (Cynoscion xanthulus) .
See page 323.
BUT IF : The lining of the mouth is white or pale yeUow and the tail fin is
dusky, see section 4.

4. IF : The anal fin has 2 spines and but 7 soft rays, the fish is a Totuava
(Cynoscion macdonaldi) . See page 324.
BUT IF: The anal fin has 2 spines and 9 or 10 soft rays, see section 5. (Note:
The anal spines of all species of Cynoscion are often imbedded in skin
and consequently hard to see but it is the number of soft rays that is
important here.)

IF

BUT IF

The inner surface of the pectoral fin is black and the pectoral fin
reaches to or beyond the tip of the ventral fin when both fins are fiat
against body, the fish is a White Sea-Bass (Cynoscion nohilis) . See

page 325.

The pectoral fin does not nearly reach to the tip of the ventral when
both fins are fiat against body, the fish is a Short-Fin Sea-Bass
(Cynoscion parvipinnis) . See page 326.

Note. — The California Corbina {Menticirrhus undulatits) differs from the Gulf,
.Striped and Orange-Mouthed Cortainas in the possession of a barbel on the lower jaw
and in the possession of a snout that projects beyond the lower jaw. It differs from
other related forms in its slim body and in having but one anal spine. See page 327.

First Dorsal Fin
\lComposcJ of spines) Secotxj Dorsal Fin

1 {Composed oT Soft ra^s)

Opercle or
Gill Cover

Pre/7,ax//^3^^^^,^---^^;;^^;;;>;;^^^

.♦<r,i:»s»-5.,.

Caudal Peduncle

Maxillary

Preopercle \l\ ^ ^

Pectoral Fin \

Tail Fin

Lateral Line

''Anal Fin

\ Ventral Fin
Fig. 83. Illustrating anatomical terms used in key. (Drawing from Starks, 1921.) '\

CALIFORNIA riMII AND UXitK

321

\

^

KiK. K4. I'tiud) liy llnwIhom« Mludloa. Lo« Aninira

GULF COKBINA

Distinguishing Characters: All litiH fX<-«>pt tintt cluritnl «|rniM>ljr covrrvd wllh

line SI iil«»s ; 'Si i>r innrf riiys in s«-<'<>ml ilorsiil !iii ; |Mi-tiiriil t. ' ' - - •

ri'iii tiiiiK to li|i i>f v<-iitriil till ; I or '2 Ioiik •aiiiiif Inlli in ii|i| -
I'ni'H on ••iifli siili- of ihcni. Colur: Slrt-l Miif nl»oVr iiini on ih«' niilri, l»
Im'Iow ; tint' dark |M>inls i'Vjtj wlu-rr ; 1o\v<t liii" x.l1..wi.li iM..t..rt,|
linn dusky.

Distribution: (iiilf of ('iilifornin.

Fishing Season: AiKiiinn, wintrr iind .sprini;.

Importance: ( 'onunorriiilly the tnoMt iin|>or(nnt of the iitrbiiinii : IIKU tlrliverim
li» ('Hiifornia niaikt'ts i>\(iim|is| 11.".(HH> imhumIs. SIuiiih-iI tiverlaiicl by (rui'k froa
(iulf |K)rts lo San I'ftlro ami Ia>s Aujceles.

Fishing Gear: Hand lines, .srt liiioH

Unauthorized Names: Mi'vii-an itirliina, s«-a luiss, -i-a inml.

322

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 85. Photo by D. H. Fry, Jr.

STRIPED CORBINA

Cynosoio)v retioii-latus

Distinguishing Characters: All fins without scales; pectoral fin inserted
directly above ventral fin insertion and its tip reaching beyond tip of venti-al fin ;
back covered with dark brown streaks ; lateral line in a light stripe bordered above
and below by darker ones. Color: Back and sides marked as described above; belly
silvery ; lower part of sides, head and tail with many small dark points ; tail fin
yellow : inside of mouth orange.

Distribution: Lower California south to Panama.

Importance: Not brought to California in commercial quantities.

CAUFOIIMA nxll ASt> OAMK

Kit:- !tb. riKiii) i>> iitiMiiioiiii' Muiii

ORANGE MOUTHED COKBINA

VynnmAon xintthiiluit

Oittingiiishing Charactert: Suft tint miiIi''
till just III' iinl i|uiii> ri'iirtiini; tn tip of vciilriil i
(nil till yi'lliiw. i'ulnv: Klnisli iilMivr nnil uii MiiicH ; Hiivcrv tn-
with iiiiinv sniiill ilark |M>iiii.H; linini; of inoiilh i>riiiit'-' v-'n..ii.

Distribution: I'nrific omml of Mi-xieo.

im-k

Flsliing SeAton: Itrniitrlit In < 'alifornia iM.rts ciiniiiK 'ni- lui. niiiif-r

spiiiii:

Importance; (if minor coiniiu'ri'iiil iiii|>ortnii<-«>.

Fishing Gear: llaml liiit>s, s«'t liiim*.

Unauthorized Name: Soiiii>tiiii(>s niisciiliiHl Nru-lroiil.

324

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

„,««&>'

Fig. 87. Photo by Hawthorne Studios, Los Angeles.

TOTUAVA

Cynoscion macdonaldi

Distinguishing Characters: Fins without scales; no horizontal stripes on
body ; anal fin with 7 soft rays ; lining of mouth pale yellow ; tail fin dusky. Color:
Metallic, bluish gray above, becoming dusky silvery on sides and belly; tail fin dark,
other fins pale. Young with coarse black specks along lower part of the head and
sides ; back with many iiTegular spots which disappear with age. Size: The females
attain to a weight of over 200 pounds; the males are said to be much smaller,
seldom exceeding 75 pounds.

Distribution: Gulf of California and mouth of Colorado River.

Fishing Season: Fall, winter and spring.

Importance: One of the most important species handled by California fresh
fish markets ; 1931 deliveries in California were over 1,300,000 pounds. Shipped
overland by truck from fishing towns on Gulf to San Pedro and Los Angeles. Also
shipped by truck and rail to Arizona cities. A soup stock, which is popular with
Chinese, is made from the air bladders of the large females. Sportsmen hold this
fish in high esteem.

Fishing Gear: Hand lines, set lines, spears.

Unauthorized Names: Mexican sea-bass, white sea-bass. The Mexican fisher-
men i-;ill the males "machorro" and the females "totuava."

rAUrORNIA riMII AND (iAUE

■ Nv.HCft

KiK. KK. I'htiio by lluwihitrno Htuillon, Im>» Aiis<^lrii.

WHITE SEA BASS

Cynoanon nobilia

Distinguishing CHaractera: Soft liiiH without »cnlm ; no tioriiontal atriiirv on
biHly ; nnal liii witli *.t Hoft rii.VM ; |N>floral liri i*x((>ti<iinK Wurkwar
Vfiitrul lit) wlii'ii iMttli tins arc flnt nRtiiiiHt Ixidy ; tail fin UiiHky :
wliiti' : (lark brown or black s|i<)t at basi> of |if<-toni! tin, i*xtrtiilini; '
faci» of tin. i'ulor: Hhiish uray alM»v«*, fn*?*!!**! .silvrry Ix'low ; n i

|Miintt4 on Ixxiy ; dark h|>o| at base uf {Mi-toral tin ; all linn tlunky. \ . _
have 3 to 7 vtTtioal on»s.M bnndM on Unly mid nn entirely black |»"-toral fln.

Distribution: Puk'-i Sound to (Sulf of fulifornia ; not cuaiiiiuo north of 8an

I rani-i,s«i>.

Fishing Season: l.t-gal opon m'artou in from July 1 to A ■ '. at pmwot

wriliiiK il'.'.">-i. .M:i\inniiii lamlinK's art- during' do- --uninKT ui

Importance: Om- of I lie most imiHtrtnnt !4|(«'ci«vs di'livrrrd t" th.- frr»L fi»h
niark.t.s of California. The total mtrh for llKll wnH l.;isr».Ol»i> j-
.■{4(>,(t<K> |>otinds rami- from tin- west i'oast of I.owor ('■' ' ' riji

are made at San Polro and San l»iti;o. IliKldy rstiN-ni

Fishing Gear: ronunorciul — round hnul not.**, ring nctn, pun** seine*, (ill ; '
lioi»k and line; 8|H>rt — hook and line.

Unauthorized Name: The youni; are wtmetiuu*;* miM-»llv<(J sm-troul, many

lislicrnit-n hii.stakiiiKl v tliinkinK lliey are of a <li(Terent «t|H*«-i«-H.

326

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Fig. 89. Photo by Hawthorne Studios, Los Angeles.

SHORT-FIN SEA-BASS

Cynoscion parvipinnis

Distinguishing Characters: Soft fins scaleless ; no horizontal stripes; anal fin
with !) or 10 soft rays; pectoral fin short, not nearly reaching to tip of ventral fin
when both fins are flat against body ; a pair of long canine teeth in the middle of
upper jaw ; tail fin dusky ; lining of mouth pale. Color: Metallic, bluish above,
lighter on sides and belly; sides and back with numerous small dark points; lower
fins white, others dusky.

Distribution; Pacific coast of Lower California, and Gulf of California;
occasionally strays as far north as San Pedro, California.

Fishing Season: Brought to California ports during fall, winter and spring.

Importance: Of minor commercial importance at present writing (1932).
Forms ;i small projjortion of the white sea-bass catch.

Fishing Gear: Caught in Mexican waters by California boats using hand
lines and gill nets.

Unauthorized Names: Incorrectly called sea-trout, bluefish.

CAMFOKNU PIMII AND UAMI:

rtlolii li\ IlilW llixrilr Slllill'

CALIFORNIA CORBINA

Urn I ifirrh im h >i</ii In tun

Dittinguijhing Characters: ltarl><*i on lower jiiw ; .itioiit projti-in Im\.>ii.I I..Mi-r

jaw : hiiiKlf xpiiM' on anal tin : lonK. Ml)'ni|fr ImmI>. Color: Kntirrl> m- I
liliii* on till' Ixifk sliiiiliiii; into kiiiv on (In- >'uU' ami iM-i-oiuini; wli:'

vaicni-. ilark. wav.v linrx niiol** !>> dark |M>inl.v in tin- renter >>( u

upward ami liarkwanl on tiH> l)n(*k : tin* hark Nonx'ti nil's liaH fnint m>H» liorN ; man;
-niiill Mai-k <|i>ts are on the lower part of tin* si<le«t.

Oittribution: Point Coiuvption HoulhwanI into the (tulf of Cnlifortiui
I ii-easionally roiiml as far north as San Fran<-isi-i>. I'sually raujcht rlox' to th«>
shore in tin- surf of simtly iMiirlu-ji.

Fishing Season: Caught hy sportMnicn tliroui;lioiit thr ymr.

Importance: At pn-sent writing (l!».11i», it is i<i>ntrary to the law to mli-h
this >pf< if> with net- 'T I" -e)! ■.>■ |.>i\ ii i.. < 'iilifiirniM IleM in hiKh «*j»tr«»iu by
s|H>rtsinen.

Fishing Gear: Caucht with hook and line fn>ni piers or in the aiirf (mm
sandy hearhes.

Unauthorized Names: t':ilifomia whitinif. «s>r%ina, surf tisli.

328 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

IMPROVEMENTS IN SARDINE FISHING GEAR
IN THE MONTEREY REGION (1930-1932) '

Bv J. B. Phillips
("With three photographs by the author)

PREVIOUS to the 1929-1930 sardine season, the la.mpara net
furnished almost the entire supply of sardines to Monterey
sardine plants. During the 1930-1931 and 1931-1932 seasons,
the entire cannery supply of sardines at Monterey has been caught by
crews using purse nets. The purse nets are of two types: the purse
seine and the ring net. The purse seine has evolved through years of
use while the ring net is a comparatively recent gear.

The modern ring net came into being at Monterey during the 1929-

1930 sardine season. The influx of a large number of purse seine boats
during the aforementioned season caused the lampara crews to abandon
the entirely hand-operated lampara net in favor of the more competitive
semipowered operated ring net.- The ring net gained early popularity.
Because of its light construction it can be adapted for use on either the
lampara or the purse seine type boats. On the other hand, the purse
seine can be successfully used only on a purse seine type boat, while the
lamjDara net can be successfully operated only on a lampara type boat.
The purse seine may readily be differentiated from the ring net by the
fact that the heavier webbing of the purse seine permits it to be tarred
(webbing is tarred but once before using), while the lighter webbing of
the ring net is tanned. (Tanning is accomplished by placing the net
in a hot tan bark solution, preferably once every two weeks during
continuous fishing.)

During the 1929-1930 sardine season about 90 per cent of the ring
net crews had the landing bag in the middle of the net. The landing
bag is that portion of the net of heavier webbing into which the catch
is bunched preparatory to brailing. The rest of the ring net crews had
the landing bag at one end as with a purse seine. Having the landing
bag in the middle of the net requires more men as the net must be pulled
from both ends at the same time. Also the net must be replied aftfer
each haul, but when the bag is at one end the net is piled in position
for the next lay-out while the net is being hauled in. During the 1930-

1931 season the crews with ring nets having the landing bag in the
middle, commenced changing the bag to one end, so that by the end of
the 1931-1932 season only about 10 per cent of the crews were fishing
with ring nets having the bag in the middle. The original placing of
the landing bag in the middle of the net was most likely a carryover of
the lampara net which had been in use at Monterey for so many years.

1 Contribution No. 123 from the California State Fisheries Laboratory, April,
1932.

' Phillips, J. B. Success of the purse seine boat in the sardine fishery at
Monterey (1929-1930 fishing season). Calif. Div. Fish and Game, Fish Bull., No. 23,
1930.

Fry, Donald H., Jr. The ring net, half ring net, or purse lampara in the fisheries
of California. Calif. Div. Fish and Game, Fish Bull., No. 27, 1930.

CAUrORNIA KIMII AND OAMC

I

l''i|C- yl- '^ .\li«lili-| f \ i.iii.iMi4i iM»iit <-i«'^^ !■ I'iiiimK thi'ii iiti*-;

|>ru<-(ti->* with rlnK txtN. TIr' luiii|>aiii tMiat unit U :

IlKtiti-r. iiHfd for ir>iiiit|><>rtliiK tlii- cud-h, whl<-h In (<•»•'■ i^ m' .1

l''urmi'r laiiiiiara tTfWs now iisiii;; nun "«'t-** l>av«' Hpc«*«liHl up »•>••
layiiij» out of tlu'ir luMs by nttarhiii<; on** t'lul of tlie n«'t to a I-
iiist«'atl of tlif lij^hter. Tlu* buoy is usually a 10-<;alloii barri'l whi.
wci^'litnl so that a prott'ctcil small li^ht bulb tloats upp<'riii'>sr '| i.u
bulb is li^'liti'il by a tiry cfll insiilf tlic barrrl. A lanipara !>• ■' '-' "•^
outfit consist cil of a lauiub ami a lijrlitt*r wliit-h was to\v«-«l :
lauruh tor transport in<^' tbf i-atcli. Tlif rit't was pib'd on the Klorn of
llu' lauMcli. Wlifii tin' ritii: Uft was tirst un»m| oti this typf nf b..at. iii«>st
of till' iTi'ws oniployt'd the following; proceduiv wlu-n nuikiiii: a si-t ii»r
sanliuos: When a scIhm)! of siinliiuvs was sij^litrd, tin* li^hti-r wt.ubl he
drawn up to flic launch and one end of the net fastene<l to the li(;hter.
The lii^'litcr would then be cast free and the circle of net laid out 1

the tisli. Wlu'u the tircU* was completed and the launch had 1

the lijrliter. the first end of the net was taki'ii on boanl the lain I

the net hauled aboard. This procedure was umloubtedtv n carryover of
lampara net days. The univcrsiil metluMl now is to have •
net and also the lifjliter rope tied tti the biioy. The lighter ; ,..
the buoy and the liv:hter is then jriven a turn or two ar«)und tl
post (»f the lauut'h. When fish an* sij;hted the li-jhter rope is freini and
the buoy cast overboard. The n'sistance for pulling; the net " " ■■
launch is still furnishcil by the lijrht«'r. but when the circle is coi
only the buoy is picked up. The li'^hter is not pullinl up to
until the catch has been bum-hed pn'panitory to brailing. On the other
liaiiil, the purse seine boats are not handicapped l>y liavin}? to tow a
li-^fhtcr inasmuch as the catch is loaded into a lu>ld on boanl A In'-"-
skifV is taken alou«;, to which oiu» cn«l of the net is made fast. \V.
tish arc sii^hted the skifT is east lo«>se with stinietiines one or two men on
the Uuiij: oars to furnish adtled resistance, if necessary, to start the net
into the water.

330 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A lighted buoy is sometimes used by purse seine boats to mark a
small school of fish, while cruising around in the same vicinity in search
of a more desirable school.

Another improvement of the lampara boat crews now using ring
nets is the use of an electric light for a "scare" while the net is being
closed. This consists of an incandescent bulb in a water-tight socket,
cittaelied to a waterproof cord. The light is dropped far enough in the
water so that the fish are frightened backward and upward from the
opening of the net, as the net is being pursed. This method of fright-
ening was introduced by the San Pedro purse seine boats during the
1929-1930 sardine season. Fry (1930) reports that the use of the
electric light scare originated in southern California waters during the
1928-1929 sardine season.

The larger purse seine boats on which ring nets have been used
are being changed back to purse seines again. At Monterey, the ring
net was first tried on the purse seine boat during the 1929-1980 season
when four crews, or about 15 per cent of the purse seine boats, used
the net. In all cases the turntable was removed and the net piled
directly on deck. During the 1930-1931 season about 15 crews, or about
50 per cent of the purse seine boats, used the ring net. However, as the
season progressed these crews found that the ring net was not as well
adapted to the large boats as might be. Toward the latter part of the
aforementioned season, some of the boats commenced replacing their
turntables and either used ring nets on the turntables until the nets
were badly worn, or directly replaced the ring net with a purse seine.
During the 1931-1932 season, about 9 crews, or about 25 per cent of the
jjurse seine boats, were using ring nets. Some of the Monterey owned
purse seine boats that used a ring net previously and changed to a
purse seine during the 1931-1932 season are : Pal, Francis, Banger,
i^t. Joseph, Dante Alighieri, Serra, and Johnny Boy.

Fig. 92. A sardine purse seine boat of the larger type waiting to unload its fare
at a Monterey cannery. Note the long movable boom which is hinged to the
mast at the lower end. The hoisting ropes run through the blocks at the top
of the boom. This boat Is about 80 feet long. February, 1932.

CAhU'OUNIA nHll AND IIAMI;

:m

k

■4

A iiuiiiImt <»f |UirH<! nc'mv rn*WH liavi* roini' fr»iii •nuiilurn CalifiiniiJi
wutLM'H t«» (ImIi ill th«> MontiTi-y rvKum. TIm?jm' it^wh have all fuuiul ihiit

tin* iM'tM iisftl ill Ihr stMilhtrii WiitiTi Hr«- ' '

ill till' iKirtlifi'ii walri'M. iiiiil have invartati.,.

ralhoiuM, This lias Imtii iIik* to tin' ini»ri' rom;

HurdiiioM ill till' .MuiitiTcy ri'tfioii I'rurticnily nil lU'tN unril by pn

si'iiit' l)Mat.H ill thf Moiiti»r«'V r«*^'i«»n
(I'J.'Jl I'J.'I'J) raiii;«- hi-lw.-ii ' H.n "on
rathoiiiH in h*ii(;lh.

All of tin* purs** Hi'iiu? Iy|»«* InialH
ill till- .Moiitiifv n-;;itiii an* ( IIK'M lIKll* >
iisiii^ till- li'ii;; liiiu' ilip ii«-t for unloading'
(iT tli<< t-atfli t'niiii till* ii«>t into thr lioM.
Tlu's*' (lip iH'ts miiKist of an iron rinu
4 to r> fri't in iliaiiwtfr rnnii which is
susprmlftl a lui'^' of wrhliinu' \^ to 24
liM't Inn;,'. This ha^' is riosrd at tho oihI,
ttMininatin^' in a ii»|tf which runs
tliron}.'h a Mock at tin* ctuI ot° the nmva-
hlc hooiii iivcrlwatl. A lontr wooden
handle, nsiially the len;,'tli of the weh-
hin<r. i^< fastened to th)> iron hoop so tliat
the iiioiith of the dip net can he '^Miitled.
The dip net can he raised or lowered hy
means of a rope attached to the ho«)p in
a three-point susp<>nsion and rnnniii<;
thron;,'h a hlock at the «Mid of the mova-
hle hotiiii overhead. The contents are
enipticd hy placine; the hoop perpen-
dicnlar to the openin*r of the hold and
then raising' the closed end of the net by
re<>lin'_r in on the rope attached to it,
also running throiiirh an overhead hlock.
Tho rope is reeled in hy takinir a turn
or two on a small revolving: drnm. The
advantaire of the hint,' ha'_' dip net is the
speed with which the hunched catch can
he unloadotl from the net. I'lnm l.')()0-
■"{.'lOO pounds at a dip. or at the rate of
tiO M) tons per hour, can readily be
loaded. Also tlu' Ion;,' hai; dip net can
bo pushetl deep enon«;h so that the dead
or weakened (ish can he sooopoil up from
thi' hottom of the net tlrst.

A centrifu^'al suction pump for
unloa«linp: of tho eateh from the not into
tho h(»ld of tho boat was <rivon prelimi-
nary trials on the purse .seine boat Pal

duriuj: the latter part of the lI'.U IJK'I'J .season. Tho principle is ::•
same as that involved in the suction pumping of the fish from the
fishint; boats to the eannorios. However, the pump has not yot b
peifVi'tt^l foi" nse on boats, ami its hii;h cost nt this time mako a
prohibitive.

4—97833

K.K

w>. |. h

332 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conservation of wild life and published quarterly by
the California Division of Fish and Game.

The articles published in California Fish and Game are not copyrighted and may
be reproduced in other periodicals, provided due credit is given the California Divi-
sion of Fish and Game. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to make
use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be sent to Leo K. Wilson, Division of Fish and
Game, 450 McAllister Street, San Francisco, California.

Vol. IS OCTOBER, 1932 No. 4

THE OUT-OF-DOORS

"A call from the open spaces, a call from the forests dim ;
A call from the rushing rapids, from the partridge on the limb ;
A call from the endless marshes and the driving flocks of ducks ;
A call from the great white waters or a challenge from antlered bucks.

Sometime, somehow, it comes to us that vague, unreasoning want —
The ghost of the long ago returns our lives to haunt ;
A voice of the time in the long ago when man hunted flesh for his life,
And fought and killed and ate and slept and lived in the forest's strife.

Those times are gone, and now we sit — bloated with other's kill —

But the call of God"s own earth comes strong and we heed it as God's will.

We go to the open spaces, we go to the forests dim ;

We go to the great white waters, we camp on the blue lake's rim.

We go to the endless marshes, we hunt the flocking ducks ;
We fight with the rushing rapids, we answer the antlered bucks ;
We go back to the ways of our fathers, we do as they did then ;
We live the life God meant us to, we live the life of men."

— Eeic Jordan.

IS CALIFORNIA'S GAME A REVENUE PRODUCING RESOURCE?

Beginning several days before the opening of the 1931 deer season
and continuing for the full thirty-day period, the Sierra National
Forest maintained 24-hour registration stations on all roads entering
the forest. Under the Hazardous Fire Area law all hunters were
requested to register both in and out of the forest, thereby making it
pos.sible to obtain practically a perfect record of the deer killed.

In all, 6145 hunters were registered, an average of 207 per day for
the season and 1920 automobiles were used on the trip, each averaging
300 miles, or a total of 576,000 miles. Estimating that these cars would
obtain 12 miles per gallon of gasoline, and an oil change each 1000
miles, 48,000 gallons of gasoline and 3000 quarts of oil were consumed —
equal to 975 drums of gas and oil.

The total number of hunters, running 3.2 men per car, traveled
1,844.000 man miles by auto and 100,000 man miles on foot.

Estimating that each man shot 12 times on the trip, either at game
or in testing his rifle, a total of 73,740 cartridges were used — equalling
3687 boxes or slightly over two tons of ammunition.

CAL.irf)KNIA riHIl AMD HA MR 333

I'ho rcconlH imlicati* that carh iiuiii Kpr-nt nn nvrrnErr nf 6 'i •lavs • n
liis lidiitiiit; tri[) — a total of ')9,1M'2 man da

A total of 1 UK) ili'iT wiTf rf^MMtrrtMl h 4 -4 i

•' 'Tiiicli liiy'luT nviTau«« than had Im-i- '

iiii^^ly dry wmtlirr and i«'siillant ii'
In 1(55 euHi>s, huntont wm* nbln to Hccun* thrir full i|Uota of two burk.^
TIm? total niinilMT «»f dfi-r waH rstirnati'd at HM) pKundft •
70 tons or L* carloadM of dr<-H.s4'd vi-niM<tn. Contrary l<. • •
|)l«'l»' H'fords, and to fomnion Ix-liff, r>!l |M'r n-nt of
ln'tt«'r than forkt-d horn.H. Tin* artnal rorord follows

•J points- -574 II pointH 'VXi 4 poinln .'lOH 5 point

(i points It 7 points - (i H poinls t* f> fM)int» 2

III atldition to the i{il.S,4:{'i which wi> know was N|irnt for liiint •
litt'iisi's and ta^'s, it is «'Ntiinat<*d that «*arli man spent an a%'i*r
for the nt'crssit ics of thi* trip. This indicates an ••xpcnilitnr- ■■ r ' » • .
1)00 for 140.000 ponnds of nu'at, or $1 per poiiml for v<-ni.H..n. All of
which hrin^^s us to the conclusion that the Iwuvestint; of th<> annual (ie«*r
crop lias a potential value of $|(M) per Iwad. When it ih ■ I

that there is an annual kill of at h'ast 'JO. (MM) de.-r in otir ' i

national forests, we have an »'.\pcndit ure of sonic $•_*,< MMIIKMI , .,
Ilial would not be spent if our deer crop failed throut'h illevjal hunting
or destruction of tlu'ir feed and habitat by lir«'. Tin" IwMiity of ••
whoh' tliinj^ is that the money is spent in our own S* • ■ ' •'''
practically every enterprise indudin;,' tjas stations, j;uii
and sho<' nuMchauts, grocery ston's. dru};f»ists. fjarajres, mechanics, tire
dealers, tobacconists, sport iufj t^oods hous4«s, nuitrazine staii'
and packers, hatters, clothiiiir stores, etc., etc. Therefore it i> ••>.
business for all -whether bi^' t^'anie hunter, justice of peace, or >
— to assume a direct interest in i^ame c«>nservution and forest proteetion.
always bearing,' in mind that breedini; stock and youn^ deer have an
c(|ual value with the le^'al buck.- Rov II. lii.iMii), Sierra National Foresrt.

A CORRECTION

At ti'iit inn wishes to be i-alled to an error which appeared in tlie
July, VXV2 (Vol. IS, No. 3), issue of Cai.ikounia Kish and (Jamk.

()u pa.Lre *J7.'>, Statement of Income reads "For the I'criiKl Julv 1.
l!);n, to June :{(). 1!>:{2. of the Ki^rht v-third Fiscal Year."' This should
road "For the Period dulv 1. VXW. to March M, 19:12. of the Kightv-
third Fiscal Year."

THE HUNTER S DAILY DOZEN DON TS

1. 1)(>.\'T j)oint vuur i.'un. or let it p>iiui iisdi. at ••. any-

time, anywhere. Komcmbor, it is always the empty jjun t..... ....Is.

'_*. DC^X'T keep your «xun loaded except when actually hunting.
Ill camp aiul when others are arouml k»*ep the bolt op«Mi

.{. DOX'T slioot at any «jame until you are sure and know that
your partner is not in the line of tire.

4. D()N"T ever handle your ltuu by the mu/Jtle. It is bad enough
to have a fool at the other end.

334 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

5. DON'T fail to unload your gun when climbing fences or where
there is dangerous footing.

6. DON'T go buck hunting without wearing a red hat. It might
save you, for it is unlawful to shoot woodpeckers.

7. DON'T fire a gun unless you are positive that the gun barrel
is clear of all obstructions.

8. DON'T go hunting without first having bought a hunting
license. The game warden never sleeps, would pinch his own mother,
and is a darn fine fellow- — if you are.

9. DON'T lean on the muzzle of a gun or rest it on your foot.
You won't look so nice mutilated.

10. DON'T neglect to clean and oil your gun as soon as possible
after firing. A gun's efficiency is 99 per cent in the rifling. Once
rusted the gun is ruined. •

11. DON'T shoot harmless creatures just to see them die, or game
that you can not use or pack to camp. It is always unlawful. The
greatest charm of the forest is its wild life. Be decent. Treat all
forest animals and game as though they were your own private
property.

12. DON'T trust a ''safety." It isn't always safe. A gun in your
hands is a death sentence if your vigilance slackens for a moment. Be
careful and in addition to that he careful!

HUNTING ACCIDENTS, 1931

Number of persons killed 60

Number of persons wounded, not killed 115^

Number of self-inflicted accidents —

Fatal - 34

Nonfatal 64

Niinilier of accidents inflicted by others —

Fatal 15

Nonfatal 49

Number of accidents, unknown how inflicted —

Fatal 11

Nonfatal . 6

Occurred while hunting large game (deer, bear, etc.) —

Fatal 23

Nonfatal 36

Occurred while hunting small game (rabbits, duck, quail, etc.) —

Fatal 16

Nonfatal : : — 55

Occurred while hunting unknown game —

Fatal 21

Nonfatal 28

lALIFoltNIA KIHII A.VU UAMC

:::i'.

ViK '-'• Small nwhltiB InuncJi. - ..< .1 ,.i.. ,. ,

J. H. I'hIlllpH. Juiip. 1932.

■'»...•.. ».^

FISHERMEN REPAIR THEIR OWN BOATS

( iiinmi'ii'ial tislu'rimii aif also hanl pri'ssoil (luring; llie pr«*««ont
l»ffi<Ml of hiisiiu'ss (liillii.ss All «'vi(li'iic«' of ttiix is kIiowh in tin*
a('(M>iiij)anviiiir photMirrapli of a I't'W jii; boats di-awii up <>u th-
at Muiitfrcy fur hull sfrapiujr. I'friodir scfai)!!!-: ami pair*'- • m-.
an* ut'ct'ssary Ix'caus*' of tin* arcuinulatiou <>f al^ia** ami !■ In
this i*aso till' tislicniu'ii lwiv«* tak»*u atlvaiita«rt* of th«* lii^h •laytinie t
(lurinj; i-alni wcathfr to h»'a«h th«'ir craft. Tiiey can then work on iln-ir
hoats (lurint: low tide tu* for about tivc or six hours until th'- • '' ' ■ ^^•
tide coiiii's ill. whi'U the boat.s can be tloatetl ^tT the beach. ])< i
times the coniuiercial tisliernian considei-s liis tinjo mor« valuabb* an«l
will niakt" use of the boat vard wavs at about $'> a trip. The la'
sardine or net boats can not be beached in this manner b«'fau>«' of tii- u
weii,dit. .1. r>. Pmi.l.iPS.

336 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

LIFE HISTORY NOTES

DEER FEED AND ITS RELATION TO HUNTING

The last few weeks of the deer season have brought to light an
interesting coincidence in regard to the failure or success of the hunter
in getting his limit.

Deer, like all animals, wild or domestic, have well known prefer-
ences for certain herbaceous and browse plants at definite seasons of the
year ; and food, or the lack of it, is one of the chief factors responsible
for their movements. Water, while equally necessary, may not always
be of such importance, deer being able to travel a considerable distance
for it.

Information gathered from various sources shows that two zones
within the Kings River Canyon district on the Sequoia National Forest,
differing widely in elevation, have given the best results.

In the Goat Mountain-Wildman country at an elevation of 8000-
SoOO feet, several parties report good hunting, and in most cases have
an average of success of about 60 per cent. Hunters scouring the White
Deer-Sampson country, of 2500-3500 feet, appear to have been equally
successful. Those who covered the more open flats or plateaus in the
yellow pine-fir type around the 5000-7000 foot elevation, have not
averaged better than 10 to 15 per cent.

These reports concur with th.e estimates of forage conditions for
both deer and domestic stock using the range. The ' ' successful areas ' '
offer a good assortment of forage during September and early October,
and would indicate that deer, instead of being "where you find 'em,"
are where the feed is.

I have seen numbers of hunters in the vicinity of Big Meadows
and Redwood Canyon, carefully working their way through types of
country that even a self-respecting goat would hesitate to live in. It
would seem strange that a deer would choose a densely timbered area
to hide in, with little chance of cover or feed, when there are acres and
acres of likely bed-grounds with plenty of food and from which a good
view could be obtained, close by.

Distribution of animal life, wild or domestic, is primarily depend-
ent on food. Acres of chinquapin {Castanopsis sempervirens) or man-
zanita, may provide cover but you will find the deer on the edge of
these types and not in the middle. Variation of palatable forage plays
an important part in the deer's bill of fare, and they are more likely
to be found where there is an intermingling of vegetative types, and
consequently a larger variety of forage, than in large areas of similar
type and character.

The two "successful" areas seem to fill these requirements. Both
offer a good assortment of feed, and water is not scarce. The feed-
types in the high country while comparatively small, are interspersed
with those containing little feed but ample cover. Those of the lower
country, while larger and containing a high percentage of dried forage
and browse (especially oak), are in many places overlapping.

CAUroKNIA riMII ANt) UAME

:i:n

Klir. 9>'>. l>rpuiilt i>r two tidrit: cine In ii thiii llnr In the picluri) near tlM tepu

ft, ..I,, i.v 'ft. I.. I.. n....w!

TIm' ili'rr Iroin llu* lu^'lilaii«l> \\«i«' iii t\i<'ll«iil »oiiilit»«>ii. j>! '

lat, and tlir liidf quite l)lin'; tliosi* fnnii tin* l<»\vlamls wm* w. „ -I
sliapt', but not tniu|tU't«'ly slu'«l otT. - C. S. Kominson, .Junior Kanp*
Kxainincr, S«M|U()iu Natioiuil Korrst.

CRABS

(»n 'riiui>Mi;iv. -liMn- '2'\, l!'.'{"_'. lln-if ua> a i 'inarkal'i-
iial) rarapaiTS anil U'},'s on the \Vatltl<'ll IJcacli in iIk- north' r

of JSanta I'ruz County. This consistt'»l of rinpty carupncfs ami il«tar)M'.l
le{»s, in thf main, alth()U;;li ah)n|,' the hijrii tiiU- lin«' thfri* werr- n.n-

si(h'iaMi' MimiltiTs of t-arfasscs with li'j;s atta«-hi'«|, the int- ' ' !v

parts bi'inj; mivsiny;. From tlie appearam-i' of lii^'h and h>\v •

-'"■■^

K.K. dC. 1'

{ tides. Photo by Tho— '■ ••" »«-^>v.

338

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

bution of these parts it is inferred that the main deposit was made
probably one or two days before the date of observation. Two typical
ten-foot cross-sections of the beach were measured off and the carapaces
counted. In one there was 103 and in the other 125 ; if we say that the
average was 10 to the foot this would give over 50,000 to the mile and
the deposit extended for at least two miles by actual observation. They
Avere all about the same size, from six to seven inches across the
carapace. Specimens were sent to Professor Harold Heath at the Hop-
kins ^Marine Station at Pacific Grove and were commented on by him
as follows:

' ' The crabs have just arrived, and all prove to be Cancer magister,
the edible crab of the markets. Also, all prove to be molted shells, so
that it would appear that, possibly coming into shallow water from
deeper levels, they molted and their cast off shells washed in. Mac-
Ginitie here is especially interested in the enormous numbers you report,
and to all of us it is a revelation — no one has suspected that this species
exists in such abundance, and I am surprised that commercial compa-
nies have not exploited the region before this. The crabs are of market
size and with conservation measures the fishing for these animals may
mean much to the people of the State. ' '

On Jul}- 2d there was another tide which brought in about as
many more.

The illustrations show about the average of the two miles. — Theo-
dore J. Hoover.

PHEASANTS LAY EGGS IN CLOSE CONFINEMENT

In an experiment employing twelve female Chinese ring-neck
pheasants (one to two years old) retained in very close confinement, it
was observed that some birds would lay. The birds were placed in
individual cages (28" x 24" x 24" in size) on March 22, 1932. They
were fed scratch grain (cracked corn and wheat), chicken laying mash,

Fig. 97. Depcsit of tides. Photo by Theodore Hoover.

CAUFOKNIA riMll A.M> liAUl:

Ill IrnKth ; 6 1>Iii>'K>11n, d" IniMlh .
IfiiKtli . 3i oitrp. utMiut 6" loniclh.

«

;rrit. ami wjitor. ('<m1 livrr oil was jjivtMi \v«*«'kly in tin* H4THt<*h trrain
After Ajtril 7 all liinls ucri" liandltMl at N-ast oiu'i- a wi-i-k aiui H«iim« w»t«*
liainlli'd iiiurt' of'ttMi.

Tin' tirst rjrt.' was laid di A|>iil 1"^ and mi May I'l uiw •.<.■.-...»-
wjTi' ill j)r<HliU'tiiiii. Tlif n-niainiii^r tlin'f did not attain i>
diirin;; a peritul of a|)|)n»xiniat«'ly four months At tlii* end of thi«t
period tlifV wen- iircropsifd. In two tlio ovarifN were
the third the ahdnniiiial eavity was impacted with
niat(M'ial. The lar^rest niinilier of e«j^'s laid by oiu- pi
This nuinher of e<r«rs was laiil l)etwe<»n April 20 and .Inly lU A total
of 171 e;;'^'s were laid durinj,' a |)erio«l of approximately four ;
hy nine pheasants. At the eml of this peri«Ml they were neero;
)dl Imt three had aetive ovaries. It was ohMTved that a ffw
hati develop(»d the habit of cjj}r-i'atin}j ; thorefore. it may b«-
some e;;jrs were destroyed, without beiny reeurded. One Itird

small sized «>«jrir di cm. in diameter • which contiiincti : ' •.i..j...i

yolk (approximately '.\ mm. in diameter^.

These observations may lie of interest to pame fancieni ami
lireeders, since it lias been reported that pheasants will n«»t la
undi'i- conditions so reunite from nature. H. \'an" IJ • ' • • '♦ -
t»f \'eterinai-v Si-ieiiee. .Massachusetts Airrii-ultural 1'

THE WHITE PELICAN

Of all the predatory birds and animals that prey upon fisli lifo ihi*
white pelit-an is the worst of all. Mr. Pelican is strictly v He

feeds entirely in fresh water, he likes his tish fresh, at- ' •'

alive. lie is the most etiicient tisherman extant, one j
does eat more fish per day tlwin would supply n larpe family, he is not
particular as to size, he can swallow a live-ponnd fish as easily as a
live-iiu'h one.

340

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

His pouch and maw will hold several pounds of fish which he will:
carry to the nesting grounds to his one, two or three babies and regurgi-
tate the contents of his maw into theirs.

One of the most disgusting and foul smelling sights to be seen is]
a visit to the rookerj^ or nesting grounds of these birds.

Thej^ select the so-called nest in the open barren ground, preferably]
in holes in the bedrock, there is no semblance of a nest, just a hole with i
one or two sticks to keep the eggs from rolling out of the cavity.

As soon as the sun appears, they leave the nest and let the sun doJ
the rest, after hatching occurs and during the first few days the!
3'oungsters make a marvelous growth and keep their parents busy]
supplying them with partly digested and disgusting fish food.

On Lone Tree Island, five miles above the city of Sacramento andj
before reclamation, but now known as the Natomas Farms Company,!
with its wonderful orchards, the writer has seen many thousands of]
these birds, the pictures show but one of the groups in a small area,
but there were twelve miles of them, when he took the pictures.

Since the reclamation of these wonderful farming lands, made sol
by overflows from both the Sacramento and Feather rivers, and the wild
water fowl which wintered there, these birds have sought other places in
which to nest, their natural home and habitat is Pyramid Lake in the]
State of Nevada.

Unlike the sea pelican, their brown relative, they do not dive from]
the air to take their food on the water. A long line of from thirty to]
fifty of these white birds will maneuver high above the water taking!
their bearings like a company of soldiers, then dropping down suddenly
well out from shore, will line up in a new moon curve and each bird
thrashing his wings on the surface thus driving the fish to the shore]
where the feast begins.

They live upon live fish, frogs and other aquatic beings. When the
pelicans beat the fish rescue crew to a pond where thousands of fish,;

' WW

■^i 'T' r-^ ■*■»**- ^^

.-4-

^mm^^^.

4%

Fig. 99. Pelican nesting grounds.

CAl.troKNIA riMli ASt> OAMi:

M\

Flir. 100. Pclloan nrntlne itrourida.

ami iiiostlv '^ami' fjsh t«)n, were vcstiTtlav, \\>'\\ it's tiM) ha<l for thnv rnn
t Itaii it out as cloaii as \v«' can with nots.

The HiinNiu ot" l''isli K«'sriu> ciulfavor to looutf the binls ami wh»Tr
thfv an' working' ami head thi'iii otT ht'f(»r«> tht'y t;ot in tlioir ■'
\vi>ik. Wf kill a jm-at many of tlicm. i)Ut it is of littlt- us«« <i;. ;_•
tlifui to some other ft't*(lin«; ;,'roun<ls, they an* just now. Au^u.st. rf'tnrn-
int; from th»' ncstin}.; };roun(ls ami raisint; havoc with the panit* fuili,
altlioiiirli tlifv arc not in llic least partimlar as to specie, catfish or carp
arc just a delicacy to them.

An examiiuition of tln> poucii and stomacli content will (;ive an
idea of the M\nnl)ei' of tisli consumed by them, and which is but about
.')() per cent of the amount rfipiired to feed their youn^; at nesfintr lini«'

An examination of three of s.-vi-ntifii killed on -Intv 'Mf) mst
comin«r from feedin<,' showed:

Xumhei- 1 riin-e hardheads an«l nine carp of about one pound earh ;

\nnd)er _' I'ive black bass of IJ pounds each, four crappie and two
carp S inches each ;

Xundxr .5. Fourteen snu»ll black bass. 4 indies each, ninety-two small
forked catfish. 2 im-hes. tive larj?e pollywojr^, two small frt^pt ami

t\v(^ small blue trill sunfish.

•Inly 'Jti. ll'.{"J, nine j»elicans were killed, one ttt which
Held nearby rej,'ur;;i fated lifty-three lish of ilitTer-"' -•
bass and crappie. as seen in the picture. All the j
on the Cosumnes Kiver t)vertIow and froni whence we res*'ue al>«>ut 40
per cent o[' our fish. — (.iKokgk Nkalk. Sacramento. California.

342 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

DIVISION ACTIVITIES

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

Sardine canners on the California coast, some 23 in number,
appeared before the Division of Fish and Game Commissioners in July
and asked that they be allowed to reduce more sardines to edible oil and
meals than heretofore. As an emergencj^ measure the Commission
granted the canners permits, that aggregate some 130,000 tons for the
season.

There was much wrangling among cann-ers and fishermen as to
prices to be paid the latter, but there seems to be every promise that
this feature will be adjusted on a basis of about $4.75 per ton.

A few canneries opened before September, but the most of them
waited until later as up to September 1st there is a deficiency of oil in
this species of fish.

Wliile only two reduction ships are known to be preparing to go
beyond the legal limit to gather sardines for reduction purposes it is
rimiored a third will be in the field. The Lansing, to be operated by
a company made up of fishermen is about ready to put to sea from San
Pedro, and take up a position off the Monterey coast.

The District Court of Appeal denied the plea of the Bayside Fish
Flour Company to force the Division of Fish and Game to give them an
unlimited permit.

Salmon trolling season closed on June 30 in the Monterey area
after a poor season of three months. Fish were scarce and prices low.
In the San Francisco district the season was extended one month, from
August 15 to September 15 at the request of Governor James Eolph, Jr.
Some salmon fishermen endeavored to retail their catches at the San
Francisco wharves but the idea was unsuccessful. Prices dropped to
as low as 4 cents per pound for cleaned and headed fish.

Xorth of San Francisco to the Klamath the salmon catches were
better. The cannery at Eequa opened and after canning 1000 tons
turned to selling their supply to fresh fish markets.

Anglers had plenty of good salmon and steelhead fishing at the
mouth of the Klamath. At one time 180 boats and 50 men were seen
fishing on the lagoon or from the shores.

Three canneries on the river were operated under the name of
"Sportsmen" plants.

At San Diego and San Pedro the tuna turn in has been splendid,
prices holding up fairly well.

A San Diego superior court judge decided the fishermen last season
did not break tlieir agreement on prices with the canneries and ordered
those canneries that held out a third of the money due during the last
half of tlie 1931 season to pay the money to the fishermen. One cannery
is said to have held out $90,000 pending the outcome of the suit.

Some apprehension was caused by the receipt of shipments of
canned tuna from Japan. This tuna was offered for sale here for less
than the expense of canning in California. However, despite the

(.'AI.IKORMA riHIl AND fUMi: I ■

I'XrelN'nry of tin* t)u|>aiii'.H4' I mm it in iint i>x|N*i-t vill tiri.*!- a

iiifiiacc to lo<-al tuna caniu'rii--

'riii> Nliail M>a.H<>n now rlowil on tip

Koi'k roil ami iiunkt-n*! wi-n* rum ui

i.uitiu' to low price ilaily limits lirn- ln-l'i

In .Hotillirrn CaliFornia iiunilrrtlH of |)<
\vi>rf InrntMl ovi>r to piiblii* and cliarital)!*-

ifci-ivnl froju tlir.sr lliankiiit; iIm* |)ivi-Hioii a ana 'fiim-- i^r :i:'ir

limiat ions.

Two conipiinii'K IcaKint; ki>lp bnls have mt ilown thrir liar^
to a ni'W low level, tlir <|fpn*HMion <*vii|i>ntly Immhk frit in tluji 1
I'Milcavor as in many otlu<rs.

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

AttiM* niontli.H of controversy this Inirean fonnil it n
the case oT the Itenliow Improvement Company into courr
iu-tioii on the ctitist nift ion of a proper fish laihler at tl
\'A'\ Kivcr. Wlicn a representative of the company .1, , ... .
jnsticj' of the peace court he promised to rush tin* work ami ha
ladder eompleteil for the run of stcelheail.

Some major oil compaides in the San I'etlro ui.sniit i-x
fonsitlerahli- loss and were j)ut to tMinNiderahh' elTort to clear Uj
of oil. foilowinj; hreaka^je in their |)ipe lines. However they u
the Work of cieaninjr up the watt'rs and .s;ilvaf;in}; what oil t! dd

in a iiiamier that .»^t>()n rei'stahlished conditions to a normal 1

Oil companies ajou'^' the Santa Harhara coast ha^^-- .Ii.'>,- . ii.»

to satisfactorily control the oil wastes from their \'
wateis are tree from pollution.

A survey and an inspection of water ni,'liis has been nni«ie

Forest Home Hatchery propertied r utly taken ..*.»• l>\ »'.• T)

ui Fish ami (Jame.

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

The liuttoiiwillow KlU retuu'c in Keiii County 1
Till' cost of the feiu-iu},' was $*J()() per mile le.s^s than esi ,i,..i;- ..
the lu'rd cncloseil on the Miller Lu.\ ranch has been placed in th.
ran«;e and work is starting; on roundin}? up some *J.')() others that nwun at
Inv'^o. (^>uail ami cottontail rabbits have foinul the r
to m), and it appears this area will be an excellet;* •
birds and animals to increas*' under absolute pro!

.Mountain lion hunters have showed ijreat activity. To Aii{?tU(t 31.
■JK) si-alps have been turned in. M al)ove the average for the first S
months of the past '20 years.

Wild ducks have ncsteil more numerously on the refuges tlii'? vear
than for many years past, ami never iu the history of the I. «w

refujrc has there been seen so nniny young ducks as this year.

Frank r.ooth of San I'Vancisco domited to the P " '' '

ami CJamc 'JGO dt)mosticated wild jrray mallards and UX' : .

These birds were raised on Winters Island, but the salt water was not
conducive to their well beinjr. and in the fresh waters of Gray, Los
Uanos and (iridley refuges it is expeeteti they will show improvement.

344 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

These birds will be allowed to hatch their young under natural condi-
tions, in large enclosures. The young will be banded as they are
liberated.

The falling off of the number of deer killed in districts 2, 2^ and 3
cheeks with the decrease in the sales of hunting licenses. Deer were
numerous throughout the three districts, and hunters had no difficulty
in getting their bucks, and many got limits in short time.

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

The hatching season has ended on the game farms, and the work
of distributing j^oung and strong young birds has commenced. Pheas-
ant, vallej^ quail, wild turkeys and guina fowl are being placed in
various sections of the State. Especially in northern California have
wild turkeys been doing well, and more are being sent to selected
regions.

Various cities throughout California have given wonderful coopera-
tion in rearing pheasants, and especially has success crowned the efforts
of sportsmen of Oroville, Etna, Redding, Chico, Fall River Mills, Look-
out, Alturas and Bakersfield.

At Bakersfield the pens erected by fish and game associations and
the county, were filled three times with young pheasants from Yount-
ville which were held until 12 weeks old and then released in the county.

On one new quail refuge in southern California 200 quail have
been released. These were properly banded so a check can be kept of
the range of the birds. Hunters killing any quail with a fish and game
band on its leg should send the band to the nearest branch of the
Division of Fish and Game. Over 7000 acres of land has now been set
aside for quail refuges in the south.

Attractive game bird exhibits were sent from the Yountville farm
for fairs at Sebastapol, Stockton and Sacramento. The Chino Farm
prepared a live bird exhibit for the Pomona Fair.

BUREAU OF FINANCE

With the fiscal year report completed, this department was kept
very busy getting out the licenses and deer tags for the opening of the
deer seasons, the first of which started August 1. It was noted there
was a falling off in the sales of hunting licenses and deer tags for this
year's deer season. The new metal tags seem to have been favorably
accepted throughout the State by the hunters.

The 84th annual fiscal report shows a falling off in fines, and a
decline in fish packers tax. Court fines have been collected quite
promptly, and at the end of the year there was only $8,000 outstanding.
An effort, by this bureau in collecting the fines held by magistrates,
has resulted in over $2,000 being brought in during the past few months.

In the coastal area, first opened to deer hunting, the three offices of
this bureau were kept busy issuing licenses and a brisk business was
expected when the Sierra and southern California districts were thrown
open on September 16.

A survey of the business done since July 1 in license sales indicate
there will be quite a decrease in sales of all licenses this year.

CAMFOHNIA FIMII AND OAMi: MS

BUREAU OF FISH C(ji.iuME

Till' I)ivtMiiii of I''ihIi ainl (iaiiic tiMik •
of llfiiry KobbiiiM, wliirh tin- lulli-r ha.'* <»i'
lioriiartlino County UuriiiK thv pnMt IG yi>arM Ti
C(|ui|i|HMl and with a supply of Honw 2.' > trout r ironi

(In^'i-rliiit^'s to I'J iiifhivs, is situatoW at an • i- ' «M»n»«: l.'j'j'J ferl,

anti .splriitliilly litt«-«l out for hatclun;; an<l rai :.

Dr. S II. Davis and Dr. I'aid U Nrrdham of thn T S Iturt-Au of
FisluM'ii'N nuidt? an inspfction of tin* plant for the Fish ami <• m-

ini.s.sion and pronouni-cd thf tisit in )*xi-i'||rrit rond '

To n-iicVL' the tTowdi'il rrann;; ponds thr r !••" Ktiirf.-.f ft,.-

lart^cst plant of niaturtMl trout that ha.H over Ix^on i:
8onu> :M)(),()<)I) fish ran^'in^ from (i to 12 iufhcs un* \huuk ht> in

Htri'ams aii<l hikivs of San Mrrnardiiio. N'rntura. I.
auU' i-ountu'.s. An},'lrrs lurni-tl out in unpn-fi-.I.'

these fish and any who had a pole and a I. luid i. m

getting' limits. In some instances (grownups borrowe*! nei^dilMir <*hddr<*n
to aid in an^'iumtinir the supply for the erefl.s.

( 'hccUs were nuide of the nundx-r placed in ••"•'> -"•■' ■■!..! fiirfK..r
ehei'ks will ho kept to see how numy of the fish «•

those not caught eomc throu^'h the winter. In sf>me cIimmmI areoM plantii
are bfin^' made to observe if the trout will spawn in mountain watrn
Jit'tt-r bi'ini,' r;iise«l in a hatchery.

The c.xpcrimcnt in ^'raylin^'s has proven a success. An insix'ction
d* (iraylinj; Lake, in tin- Yosenute area was maile and it was found the
lish released two years a;:o have ;,'rown to from 12 to 14 i-
presence of many younj; j/raylin«;s in the stream below the !..,.. ..... ...•

the <;raylin^'s are incrcasin<; in their new environments.

Tlie I'riant plant for small mouth black Iulss is (^ettint; throu{;h the
lot summer of the Fresno re^jion in ;,'o(m1 order. Tlu' temperature of
the wat«'r has been held low enouj;h so the lo.ss has been sm ■"

There is plenty of food fish for the bass and it is . d the

learinj,' ponds will produce many of this variety of aiiuw lish the eomint;
season, and which will be planted in noiitroiit waters.

Durini: the past three months the planting' <d' trout thr'"'' •"" ''•■
>itate has j,'one on uiuler the direction of this bureau, a
wardens and anj;ler associations. Throut.'h the chxse eooi>eration exist-
iiiir between these and the railroad companies the loss of younj? trout
(luiin«x transportation has been netrli^'iblc.

From present indications the plant of trout ami salmon this \''ar
will ivach the jjreat total of over .'>(*», (KX),(KM). ..f which siune 1~ "W

are salmon.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

The exhibit at the California State Fair, at Sacramento, which ran
from September 3 to 10 was one of the outstamlini; proups at that

exposition. In the County l?uildin«r. an el." ' was set

up showiiiir the tish and ijanie resourci»s of Ca... ;. ... • ■' — '•t*

of the south to the reilwood belt in the north. In the very of

this scene was a replica of StrawlxM-ry Cr»»t»k on the American Hirer
Canyon, the waterfall pourins* over into the hole in which there were
many of our native lishcs. In addition to this exhibit, the aquaria on

346 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the outside of the exhibit contained representatives of all of the spiny-
rayed fish to be found in California waters. This work was sponsored
by the Bureau of Fish Rescue and Reclamation and attracted con-
siderable attention.

In the Western States Building, an exposition of deer heads was
sponsored. Prizes were offered by interested sportsmen and conserva-
tionists and the showing" was a remarkable one. This was the first year
that such a plan had been put in operation and it is expected that in
future years this deer head competition will be one of the important
works at the Fair.

A handbill covering the new waterfowl regulations as fixed by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture was prepared and released for dis-
tribution.

Dr. M. Hobmaier worked out the control method of scabies infesta-
tion of tree squirrels in Marin County and has continued his investi-
gation of duck sickness. A rather serious outbreak of lead poisoning
among the ducks of the Suisun Marsh occupied much of his attention.
Considerable time was spent securing material from that area, and it
was found that what was first thought to be a recurrence of botulism
was only lead poisoning due to the fact that the birds had picked up
shot from the bottom of the ponds. These ponds have been shot over
since the earl}^ 70s and there is a considerable quantity of shot on the
bottom of the ponds.

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION

The recession of waters in the mountain streams during the summer
months has called for much activity on the part of the bureau in rescu-
ing fish left in pools formed by high waters earlier in the season.

In sloughs much work was done as the water levels lowered.

During July 625,462 fish were rescued, over 300,000 of these being
catfish, and over 150,000 green sunfish.

August the catch was 322,581, with 265,054 catfish, 35,151 green
sunfish and 11,294 striped bass.

BUREAU OF PATROL

During the past quarter the patrol and the cannery inspection
activities, formerly conducted by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
were merged. Seventeen employees were affected, and this number
added to the personnel of the Bureau of Patrol.

During July, 3,575,565 pounds of tuna were brought into San
Pedro, being inspected by the men under this bureau. Some five tons
of undersized tuna were confiscated and donated to the Los Angeles
County hospital.

As a result of the close harmony existing between the deputies and
the new men added from tlic cannery activities force, the patrol of the
clam grounds about Pismo Beach are said to be the most effective for
many years past.

The opening of the deer season caused added activities among the
wardens, but for the most part the large army of hunters observed the
law. The new metal tags seemed to give but little trouble, and deer
were plentiful. Less than 30 arrests were made for violating game laws
as affecting deer hunting.

('Ai.iroKNiA riMt A.vn (Uiic :U7

ICxtni wanlfiiM wrn* M>iit In .Mmio nw\ Atititi'* ■ t to r|i«^k tip

on rc|iortN of illrt;nl trout ti.Hhin^'

Many arn-Hts um* nunli' iiroumt I'lltMlniru i.t u
nniltTsi/.t-ii Mtripcil liasM.

S|)()llii;lit liuntcnH in tin* Snn Fran«'i««-.. «;n?ii<« \l'-f >}•'*•
l|jr Sprin^f N'allry watrnihi-il. n-r.-iviil «••
arn'Hf.s wrrr tnut|i> of liiintrrs Hrrkinir il-i-i

Sunn* .sln'fp j,'ra/.in;' ii'>'!'>- !..iiiiii n. fi. it ...

tiring' killi'd.

Stati'owncd ant<>iiiot>il«>ri that liavt* noon two yrant miil with

,'{.'»,()()() or nioiT iiiilr.s lii'liiml thrill an* fM'iii' ' ' i n«'U ~

nt'W iiiifs arc of thf t-hisnl rah typf with \>. .. .j-

Th«' Alhitmn has h«M'n «Ioinj; patrol work »•
Ohisjii. Arn'Ml.s wrri* inaih- hy th«* crrw of \\\o re of mrn imtot'

iMfj^al tlra^r net*'. Thf AlUnrorr was \<> -t t4. .\1

a survey hriiij^' iiijuh' lor tuna, an*l ; .1 if . ^. ■...., .„■

Nahial>l«> (lata rrlativc to this eonini'-ri-iiil lish in ti

Till' liliiifin has had wirt'h'ss installed and ih ready to roam th«-
hif^h s«Mis in any dinrtion.

VOLUNTEER DEPUTIES

X'oluntcor doputit's. diirinj; thf lii-st six months of thisyrur, •
!>.").') Iiiintin;» lircnst's, ll.l.tl an^din^; lii*ens«>8 and arr«'sti*il or a
in airt'stin^r ^''> violators of fish and ^'anu* laws, in whirh fuwa !•» ihf
anmuMt of $2, MO.') wt'rc inipusrd.

In addition to a.ssistin*; in ivstahlishin;; small ^'amc .sjinrtuariirH, thry
killed the followiu'^' nnmlx'r nf prt-dators on small ^amo : )Hth «*at.H, 47;
lii»nst> cats. ;;«mc wild, *jr)() ; skunks. '.\'}\ ; coon. ]'i; f«)yot«*s, 13; oth»*r
such animals, 29, and carnivorous hirds, 826.

The tone of voliintt-cr deputies has heeii roducc«l from 500 to 32.'>.

He|)orts from volunteer deputies indicate (|uail have increatwl
materially during' the past year, due in a measure to the pustintr of
I'Uudieds of aeres set aside as a rcfu<:e for these hirds.

6—97833

348

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

REPORTS

STATEMENT OF INCOME JULY 1, 1931, TO JUNE 30, 1932
83d Fiscal Year

Hunting, 1929

Hunting, 1931

Hunting, 1932

Angling, 1928

Angling, 1929.

.Angling, 1931

Angling, 1932

Deer tags, 1931

Deer tag, 1932

Market, 1931-32

Market, 1932-33

Trapping, 1931-32

Game breeders, 1931

Game breeders, 1932

Fish breeders, 1931

Fish breeders, 1932

FLsh importers, 1931

Fish importers, 1932

Wholesale fish packers, etc., 1931-32

Conmiercial hunting club, 1931-32

Commercial hunting club operators, 1931-32.
Kelp, 1931

Total license sales.

Kelp tax

Fish tag sales

Fish packers' tax

Interest

Game tag sales..

Importers' contributions

Mi.->cellaneous sales

Court fines

Lease kelp beds

Total other income.

Total income...

Division

of Fish and

Game

S237,509
3,826

264,861

63,545

69,360

1

29,290

25,950

2,858

130

877

85

445

15

95

1,285

1,375

345

10

S701,863 GO

$90 22

3,023 10

84,446 17

5,437 94

145 98

45 GO

728 IG

54,498 19

1,256 40

S149,671 10

i851,534 10

County
clerks

S523 68

161,865 90

1,251 00

2,104 32

2,383 80

155,418 00

43,423 00

59,645 GO

5426,614 7G
Judges

$426,614 70

Total

$523 68

399,374 90

5,077 50

2,104 32

2,383 80

420,279 00

106,968 00

129,005 00

1 00

29,290 00

25,950 00

2,858 00

130 00

877 50

85 00

445 00

15 00

95 00

1,285 00

1,375 00

345 00

10 00

$1,128,477 70

$90 22

3,023 10

84,446 17

5,437 94

145 98

45 00

728 10

54,498 19

1,256 40

$149,671 10

$1,278,148 80

CAMFdllMA riHtl AND OAMR

inn

tTATCMCMT Of CJmMOITIMU
For ih. Period July I. lUI, la i«n« M. I«UL •« ill* V^tt, 0«*< I'^Mai t<

Funrtiun

Md
1

'-**

' ' iMlhL^lfali >ti

,rtl*-r

\

J

r.

1 . .;

t

; K '-. «.t

\ . , .

.ti« OQ boixia
i iiiiu-Uy ,

I v.' ..1

\

«

Total silmlntilratlon

11. ■>.. ...

4..

1 . .. «;

•

4 .

.■ . I'.
,■ 1.

^'nUlu

1.440 i«i

1,007 1

10.«7I ...

■ 1

u

1

■«

. ; ■■<♦

i:ilui.it.i .

l4?CtliriT

Tniinifary help . . , . , .

3.780 i"i

77 U-.

■ :1

11

Total educaliun and rOMWeh .

137.100 H

»■>.. .

> -, .

t '* ■

Auu.:u,,l..,-,.
Tru\rUii£

-!

io.o«a M

I ■
1.

1 o

V • 1 '

I'lntattP - .

Trlrpliuii« Knd tel(<cn>|>h ...

Krcticlit, rarta<e bimI oipraai

Itnii

Ilcat. Iicht antl pow«r

Captaiiu Mill (|«puU«

l.a'iH'-hM

Ki ■
\

Trr;'..; .:u* un (KMui,i .
Trm|«>rary help . .
( 'oolu . .

aM.713 16

«.077 72
435 UO

30 ui
I.91I

1.MU M

3.M8 M

044 -■

t ; . M
•V4 «

1'olal introl and law eoforrcaicnt

\

; 1 1 ■ '

C'oinm^rpts! fiiherim:

CI uUoU

( ifiee

Aill.':i; '|il.iT( . .

Trav fluid .. .

Ti*ita«p

Trlriilione ami tclcKriph

Krwcht, cMtagv ami i).t)>r«Mi. .

Itviil

tltl.170 00
10.3M 7a

30.74,s

1343 63
7W II

l.tUi U

1117 -•:

»41 »■ »

Heat, liaht and powar

KcMareh

C^litaiiw and depulias

Ijumchcw

ljilH>r;itiir>'

Illtio printing

Hi h tap

Hv.ir>^-()ioly«icalaurT«3r— MontertOT B«y

....

4»

■ '. tiery mK«u«b .. .

>' < h 1' ;tiini>ry in»|>rrtnrt — iiMumnkl

15.010 U

Uc>tt U

Total rommereUl fiatMTMS

tio».4n3t

IS.737 W

w;.nM v>

t..u.i .^ licrjnrM

350

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES
For the Period July 1, 1931, to June 30, 1932, of the Eighty-third Fiscal Year— Continued

Function

Fish culture:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express

Rent

Heat, light and power

Hatcheries

Special field investigations

Fish cars

Blue printing

Cooperative research

Fish hatchery assistant — seasonal.

Total fish culture

Hydraulics:

Chief and assistants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph.
Cooperative research

Total hydraulics.

Game propagation:

Superintendents

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express.

Heat, light and power

Maintenance

Assistants

Total game propagation.

Fbh rescue:
Chief and assistants.

Traveling

Itent

Total fish rescue.

Game refuge:

Chief and assbtants

Clerical and office

Automobiles

Traveling

Postage

Telephone and telegraph

Freight, cartage and express.

Lion hunters and trappers

Refuge posting

Predatory animal control

Temporarj' help

Refuge maintenance

Pump and pump shelter

Total game refuge.

Salaries

and

wages

$9,700 00
4,119 67

113,347 16
9,735 66
3,540 00

1,856 45
29,490 46

?171,789 40
$8,340 00

3,000 00

$11,340 00

$3,300 00
90 00

14,297 57

117,687 57

$5,034 00

$5,034 00

$8,645 00
1,920 00

7,466 59

16,497 29
5,306 00

$40,334 88

Materials

and
supplies

$192 68
5,951 01

67,947 38

178 88

427 60

9 24

85 43

$74,792 22

$23 82
449 04

$472 86

$473 60

10,560 08

$11,033 68

$14 94

$14 94

$32 89
1,038 18

122 91

4,441

$5,635 96

Service

and
expense

$35 20

2,684 17

12,147 26

110 57

1,204 00

1,279 19

1,549 84

1,388 81

1,862 05

20 19

2,559 74

40 91

909 18

$25,791 11

$50 66

47 54

271 27

2,261 26

1 00

8 25

$2,639 98

$136 05

2,379 99

19 60

268 98

63 68

1,030 02

1,233 26

$5,131 58

$198 62

2,188 47

210 00

$2,597 09

$4 00

299 29

4,654 78

1 97

21 35

50

252 60
7,970 00

4,816 77

$18,021 26

Property

and
equipment

$42 80

93 35

3,862 06

2,607 31

7 25

19 61

310 25

$6,942 63

$41 00

$41 00

$537 72

4,209 56

$4,747 28

$68 00

$68 00

$863 04

6,429 60
3,916 13

$11,208 17

Additions and betterments — construction Russian River jetties (Payable from Support — 83d F. Y. Chap.

183-31) ...

Additions and betterments — opening Salinas River channel (Payable from Support — 83d F. Y. Chap.

183-31) ..

Total

$9,742 80
4,440 90

12,497 24

12,147 26

110 57

1,204 00

1,279 19

1,549 84

1,388 81

185,763 90

9,941 98

6,546 95

50 15

3,161 31

29,490 46

$279,315 36

$8,431 66

71 36

720 31

2,261 26

1 00

8 25

3,000 00

$14,493 84

$3,300 00

90 00

1,147 37

2,379 99

19 60

268 98

63 68

1,030 02

16,002 90

14,297 57

$38,600 11

$5,315 56

2,188 47

210 00

$7,714 03

$8,645 00

1,956 89

1,337 47

4,654 78

1 97

21 35

60

7,466 59

1,238 55

7,970 00

16,497 29

21,493 75

3,916 13

$75,200 27

$48 02
42 50

V

CAUroRNIA riHil AND OAMC
tTATCMlNT Of imMOITuMS

rmulm

^ TeltptwM JTlS^^Bl^CSrUi t.a* AlMux* ruh iUu Wv
laprovMBMla •! tZmBaar lUiettwr

nhwa* f"r'' — ^ 11.......

I'oMtf

Conitr •> Immm* (or %n •ll«n>l»nl, 1: .

't > / Miltn-llnf lUllati ■! lluBllliCtoli l«kr

K >- «im1 Drjr Hootn Cro^r. •.
K

li,-

( 1^

1 . . (^vek lUlrbny

ToUl euiutrurllon. ImpruTvinanu umJ ttiulpciMiit .

IUJM«:

^IwodUum to |«y claim o( Klwtrn MrULi <'om|*nr

CilwodilurtB luu> cUuit "''"*" M Ualbnl. U. J. Uttoip^'*^- K"«>.^<> >''—-'

M«rcMlll«Co.

Ueeiii* rnminlwiiiin

(V< ' KiMHsn Kiv«r )HIUm |»y»bi« fram C'kuptor «t>-iaai. .

h.r. .

SUtr hai; a:,.! ^.tLrr ciliiUU .
iVlor year r>|'rii.i«> 83d flan\ yttkt

m II

..'^mm

(ir»nd loul propriaUry group. . .

J .. .»

Non.- I0.378.BI vu Inoifemd from FU> utd OanM PMMnrklioii Fund oaly U> 1)m .>-(>'.' >
Fund.

L

352

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME

April, May, June, 1932
Fish:

Abalones 1,184

Bass-
Black 15

Striped, pounds _-■. 488

\STiit? sea, pounds 516

Barracuda, pounds ._ 4,073

Crappie and perch - 268

Crabs _.: 232

Clams 1,167

Catfish, pounds 162

Cockles, pounds 500

Halibut, pounds 24

Lobsters, pounds 210

Miscellaneous fish, pounds 105

Mussels, pounds 200

Steelhead, pounds _-_ 260

Shad, pounds 170

Trout, pounds __- 409

Tuna—

Bluefin, pounds 56,093

YeUowfin, pounds 1,337

Traps, lobster 12

Game:

Deer 4

Deer meat, pounds 369

Doves 20

Ducks, geese . 17

Grouse 1

Pheasants 4

Quail 2

Rabbits 5

Squirrels 10

Shorebird ' 1

Sagehens 4

FISH CASES
April, May, June, 1932

Number

arrests

Fines
imposed

Jail

sentences
(days)

Angling License Act; violations of

Atelones; overlimit; small

Barracuda; small

Bass-
Black; closed season; small

Striped; small

White sea

Clams; overlimit; small; closed district

Cockles; small

Crappie; perch; sunfish; closed season

Catfish; selling small

Crabs; small

Commercial Fishing License Act; violations of

Lobsters; closed season

Mussels; overlimit

Nets; seines: illegal use of

Spear; too near stream

Shad; closed season

Trout; closed season

Tuna; celling overweight of

Traps; lobster .._

Fishing with several lines; fishing near dam

Taking marine life within the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge

Totals

82
2

5

19

1

49

7

9

4

17

43

1

7

8

5

1

52

3

4

414

§1,248 00

1,320 00

25 00

80 00
350 00

25 00
535 00

25 00
100 00

20 00
215 00
190 00
000 00

35 00
258 00

27 50
000 00
596 00

25 00

60 00

40 00
5 00

S5,179 50

79
30
2J^

245
30

100
22J^

242
"86'

847

I'll li i.i/vi I I IHll AJ«I» '^"'

OAMC CA«f ^
A##«l. Mav. Iw>e. lUt

l.l.l-

: 4

1
1

•

1
1

'■ .

354

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

LU

>
<

< s

li. E

O E

o

CO o

o

3

s

3

m

U

T

ffi

K

b

a

cc

O

o

•C3

u.

c-

ed

<A1
1-

o
— 1

U.

Q

o

O

cr

CC

o

n

CO

CC

O

iii

>,

I

^

(/)

•a

UJ

oc

2
CC

o

<
o

Monterey

in 1 1 1 1 1 O CO 1 1 'CO 1 lO iCOt^CO 1 CD ICO 1 it--^COOSfM i i 'rt^

O "* »0 ' 1 't^ ' lO ii-lt>-0 1 C) <CO 1 iiOOSCOiO^ 1 < OS

O 1 1 ' 1 1-^ 1 ' 1 Oi 1 ICO it^C<3_C^ ICO 1 1 iO-^l>^l>^CO 1 iCD

OO ' ' I I Ic^ 1 I lie I 1 !oiO'<:ji' ItC ! I 1 odi>^od coo I It-T

CO S-H CqCOOO OO CO OS

1 , ! 1 ! ill 11 I ^1 1 11=^ c^ 1 I

, 1— ( OO 1 00 1 03 CO 1 1 I CO 1 -^f 1 CO ICO 1 1 <0 CD 1— 1 CO lO CO i CO

1 1 1 1 1 ICDOO iO 1 CD CO 1 1 't^ 1 00 1 CO 1 <M i i O I>- lO CO lO i-" i lO
1 1 1 1 1 ii-iCO 1 C<l piOCM 1 ' lO) 1 OO 1 U3 1 ■ -OSCD'^OcOfM i

! ! 1 ; ! \cS^ Ico' Ico" cm" ; ; Io" icsT ;c4" ; ; ;oo^''c^'';^"ic ;

CQ i— ' 1 1 1 I 1 '"' 1 1 1 , , CO Tf^ "<** CI ,

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 . "^ 1

San Francisco,
San Mateo - -

IO 1 1 I 1 lOaiO tO 1 1 CO 1 1 pO iO ' IO i i j i GO CO O O »p CO i i
tC I 1 1 1 lursoa ICO 1 1 iO i > i cO i co 1 1^ i i i i CO lO ■^ Oi I^ OS 1 1
,—1 1 1 1 1 idOO Jt^ 1 'OO 1 1 fi— < lUO 'OS 1 1 1 1 »0 t^C^ t^ CO CO 1 1

CO ! I I I 1 00 CO 1 I[ 111 1 1 IllliS'-^ SS'"''!
«5 I 1 I . 1" 1 ; ; I ; ; ; | I | | |2 ^ ; ;

I 1 1 I I 1 11 III 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 J

Alameda,

2-479-

7,791

167

,—1 1 1 1 1 t
K 1 1 1 1 1

»^ I I 1 1 1

0:1 ; ; 1 1 1

Sacramento,

San Joaquin ,

itiiiO"<*< OOiiiliii<^ii'r

lili»Ot^ii cOiiii'ii"tti''i

iiiicOtMiirilt iicqiiii

! ! ! 1 c^ 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , 1 ; <M > 1 , i 1 , 1 1111

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00 1 1 1 1 1

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CD j I 1 ! 1

t 1 1 1,-H Tjl 1 1 I

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CO , ; ! , ,

Marin

lltllilT-Hllll-^JIlllllll^Hlllll

iiiiiilT-HiiiiCDiiiiiiiOOiii'i
1 t I 1 1 h t 1 P 1 1 ^ r 1 t f r ! 1 1---

0> 1 r 1 1 1
(33 1 1 1 1 1

Mendocino,
Sonoma, Lake -_

1 1 1 r 10 1 eC 0 1 CO 1 1 T— 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oi r 1 1 1 ,— I 00 0 0 1 r 1 1
1 I 1 ICO 1 0 »-H 110 1 1 02 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 (3 ,— < T— ( C3 1111
1 I 1 .03 r 00 OS 1 Cq 1 1 CO Ci Ill |-^CC>O00 I 1 I I

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Del Norte,
Humboldt

1 1 1 1 1 i-^O i»0 1 iC-1 i*-H Ik/5 1 1 ' 0> 1 1 1 i»0-^<NOO 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 i-rt<(M lO 1 ICO 1^ 1 05 1 I lO 1 1 1 ir-C^COCO 1111
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^ N '^'Mt^'-'iii

Species of fish

Anchovy

Barracuda

Bonito

CabriUa

Carp

Catfish

Cultus

Flounder

Flying fish --. .--

Hake

Halfmoon

Halibut— California

Halibut — Northern - - -__ . .. _

Hardhead

Herring

Kelp Bass

Kingfish

Mackerel — Horse

Mackerel^Pacific _ _ _

Mullet

Perch

Pike

Pompano . .. . ...

Ray

Rock Bass

Rockfish

Sablefish __._..._...

Salmon

Sand Dab

Sardine

Sea Bass — Black

Sea Bass— White

b

f-

SI ^^'^[

KIMIi

1

A.VO UAMK

r

S

i

2

1 M

m

5

-■i

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l"5il M

356

I

356

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

o

cl
to

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z>

m

< j:

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a- s

X

o

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O J2

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s I

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<

Total fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into California

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into San Diego .

Fish from south of the
International Boundary
brought into San Pedro.

Total.

(M O CO

O '-< CO

o c^ to

to 0> 00

:o --H t-

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OO CO

o

inO»00000'^C005GOCS)l>-Ot^O'-Hi—'c^COOb~COC^OOi-^tOb--^005i— !"«*<£)

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oo CO c-i *^ ^ ,- i, -_ -_^ - v -------- -^ V --- -

C<f -^O O cTiO I>rx>rcO CO O OU^CO i-^CO CzTiCS CO CO
in CO l>- CO CO CO O CM CD CO t— O (M O" CO

1-1 (M -^ Cq 1-1 (M C^ (M r-( i-< Csl

^^co < „ _ ^

,— , CO oo" i>^ oT 00 lo'c^TcT
1— it^ooiOGJscqcor*

l-H '(t* CO -^ '-H to

CO

San Diego,
Imperial.

Orange-

Los Angeles-

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

^

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oo ■.-< CO
O CTt CO

oo cq i>-

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»-! OO I>-

cq 00 ic

Ol 1-1

=!.^ ;:

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OS -^ oo O- OS to
!>■ O Tj^ cq CO t>-

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CJiCDiO cO<M
TPlOC^ CO
COOJ (M CO

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Csl Tl< C> (M t—

1— ( CO '<*< Oi

00(MCOC<lcOC^i— tOiOOO

-«rOi-^COcOi— ii— llOtOcDi— I
i-^_-^OC0CS lOi-HOcDOO

CO co-^co" i-Tco'c^rco to"
to CO cvi CO cq Tjl

1 oj cj.t:; r; rf " Jn ^

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COt^OO

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tAi.iruU.M A I IMI A.NU UAMt

357

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?iii I Lit

I

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4

3

INDKX TO VOLUME 18

All iuiinl»rrM In IImII>-<< i>rt i t.. i'-

.u tnf'

VIM. niiitiin O., 2»».

^ ' ;i«i>i> liir<l '!'i'-.ii\ ; « . '

\ >., A It . Ill- ml.- .u.. s ! s :

\ ■ •■■ 1,

I '. ;. 310.

I . , .i iinta. »».

\ III. '.1 7.

I . 1 Uttt II Kll tus. Hf.

T tlic AdvnncA-

1

itnrtii

I

• ) « w a •' ■

• 3.

i"»n, Ji9, III', ^11, I'',

••nr proKittni prt>-

l-i!':

nrlmr l''.ii ■«• I'oul (^oiii|Ntny. 2C'I.

\ iii-|ii'\ il.l. US.

V' • ' ■ , 24.

Sii.i' ■ M, A. K.. iC

ViiilorNi-ii, M iix.v T.. tUr |iri>ni;horn nnlo-

lop.-, 2r.S •.•U9.
Viilnial ti -ilblc to itiiiii UltuutiH'it iif

wll.l.
\nlfliiiM-, /i., i i7.

I'roriK'liiini, tiS, 2i9.
li/iiU<i r/ir|/.-<ii>'rii.<r, ;i7
Vitltlftal niiih.i.lM i.f proiHtRntlne ifiimo

Mnl^, //7 i.tt
Ashl.roi.k. Kniiik «;.. il. 43.
Avs ..iiittti Oil I'liiiftwiii.v. 92.
Atiivlsm Id ., ("iillf.irnlu hullbut. SIO SIS.
[thrriniii>!t (i/riiii.i, il»
( rArrliiop.viA i-iiUfornirnsiji. I i!>.

B

H:il>fi>rk, Iliirr.v. 47.

I ■ I !• iii-k. Itavinoiiil, 70

i;.i.|., .ViiK'u.st. 73. 73. 7'». 233. 238. 2f.5 :

ardtlcliil iiK-llioils i>r |irop{iKatliiK

k-aiiu- binlji 117 131.

i:.i.k-.'r. -11.

!'■ ik.r. llarr.v. n;:*.

liartcf fl.shlnK. a .•toitlhom rnllfornln «iM)it.

Karraoiiila. S3, 2-ir..
Karras.s. 1. H,. m.

n.i'^-t trav.'ls tlilrt.v mllts wUh line. 95.
i;ii:-t>yeil. ss : niul .strl|M<(l. SCS-SSS
Ithu-k, 2t".7. 3 41.

S.>a. Si9.
Cnllo... '.U,

I<nrKo-ini>uthed Mark. 91, 2tiS
Hock. L'4t".

Small-nnnithol Mark. 3 45.
Strli>.«l. ;tl. 93. 34«"i; in N.'WiK>rt Bay,
S7-5S; cast'. (Ifclslxn •>ii. S0-6t: »lm-
pl«-' mot hod of UK'- d<-tfrnili)a(lnn of.
J6S-no : law. tas: M»r-t\vt«d buss and.
Bti3-Sfi3 : .supply, pa.st and prt s<nt.
Si>7-S9K.
Whito s.n. 24, 249 ; and relate*! spoclfw
tbat aro sold in CAlifornIa fish nmr-
kofs. 5/S-.1J7.
Bnysltle KIsh Klour Company, 266, 342.
l>ear. -SS ; and tho flinn.>. S5 ; moat should
ho oookcd, S5-S6"; should h'> pr.>tected,
Al.iskan. 86-87.
Kodiac. S6.

/ ". 42.

1 I. n

r«»v.

In

V.r.T-

\i>. tl n'

,

dlMra*^

nd control uf. j

Mra.)

. <7.

Hrant. 76, 76.

IMa.k. I?":

renmjn In « '

oihI

I.

Brar^^l '

'^T

i;i.

i'>I Ulll.

I'>r\ an!

! ■ ■

S3ii, tat.

I-;.iii. 1 1 ii.ii

J*»

.1 r..-

Tch.

f ». I«

Kl-h OiUur«. ^». RO T«. »»,

h lo and !

/ ■> . » * ', ff<8, 3 4 I. J »•»
Onmo Farma. 7S. 73, »t-f*.

r.

H ■

I'ntrol. *«», I--

IV.iri:V.,!:fr A. l: .
! S.. 4 7.

IM, t«?-

ftr. tM.
■if

360

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Caldera, F., 160.

California Academy of Sciences, 257.

California Fish and Game, 5, 29, 54, 84,

155, 183, 254, 269, 291, 298, 306, 333.
California quail sanctuary and game

refuge campaign, 24-29.
California Sewage Workers Association,

265.
California State Chamber of Commerce,

137, 156.
Canning mackerel, 62—6.?, tuna, cooking

and cleaning losses in, 165—168.

Capillaria contorta, in quail, the life his-
tory and the control of the cropworm,
290-296.
Carney, J. W., 54.
Carp, 341.
Cassell, E. V., 58.
Castle, William R., 75.
Cat and quail, Catalina, 71.
Civet, see skunk.
House, 264.
Catfish, 91, 341.
Census in California, second annual black

brant, 298-309.
Cetenc/rauKs mysticetus, 62.
Cheney, E. S., 6, 7, 11, 16, 18, 83, 269.
Chipmunk, 206.

Circle gill netting for smelt, lJf9—155.
Clam. 37; quarantine on, 93; in San
Francisco Bay, permanent quarantine
on, 261.
Pismo, Tivela stultorum, present status

of the, 170-180.
Soft shell, beds in the vicinity of San
Francisco Bay, 64-66.
Clanton, D. A., 260.
Clark, Charles P., 53.
Clark, Frank, 8, 21.

Clark, Frances N., 155 ; introduction of
Mexican fish into southern California
■waters, 61—62 ; present status of the
Pismo clam, Tivela stultorum, 170-
180.
Clark, G. BL, 68 ; relative destructiveness
of sardine circle nets in southern
California, 219-222 ; the striped bass
supplj^ past and present, 297-298.
Clarke, F. C, 158.
Clary, Benjamin L., 51.
Classic, R. F., 100 ; fishing conditions,

Monterev Countv, 260.
Clay, C. I., 299, 300.
Club, duck, cooperate, 50.
Angelus, 15.

Automobile, of southern California, 4.
Coachella, 15.
Hollywood Gun, 7, 11, 18.
Ibis, Jf7.

String of Ponds, 47.
Teal, 47.
Tule Belle, //7.
Clupea pallasii, 307.
Cod, Cultus, 24.

Rock, 246, 260, 343.
Coleman, George Albert, in memoriam,

255-257.
Cololahis brevirostris, 23.

saira, 23.
Commercial fishery notes, 60-69, 183-185,

260-263.
Committee, Game Depredations, 137, 142,
156.
Game Refuge and Shooting Grounds
Advisory, 182.
Conditions and control of botulism (duck

disease) in waterfovt^l, 5—21.
Condor, 34, 308.
Connell, John, 64.
Conodon serrifer, 62.

Conservation as formerly practiced by the
Indians in the Klamath River region,
283-290.

Cooking and cleaning losses in canning

tuna, 165-168.
Cooley, Earl, 60.
Corbina, 318, 319, 320.

California, 327.

Gulf, 321.

Orange-mouthed, 3 23.

Striped, 322.

Correction, a, 54, 183, 333.

Coyote, 41, 264 ; steps fast, don, 87.
White, 97-98.

Crab, 260, 337-338.

Crafton, Anthony, 94.

Cram, E., 291, 292.

Crappie, 341.

C'repidula fornicata Linnaeus, llf7.

Croker, Richard S., 168, 176 ; mackerel
canning, 62—63 ; record skipjack landed
at San Pedro, 100-101 ; the white sea
bass and related species that are sold
in California fish markets, 318—327.

Cronemiller, F. P., does have antlers, 82.

Cropworm, capillaria contorta, in quail,
the life history and the control of the,
290-296.

Cruise of the Mayflower, 251-253.

Culver, Alexander Eugene, in memoriam,
52-53.

Cunningham, J. T., 311.

Cuyler, W. Kenneth, 40, 43.

Cynoscion niacdonaldi, 320, 324.
nobilis, 318, 325.
othonopterus, 320, 321.
parvipinnis, 320—326.
reticulatus, 320, 322.
xanthulus, 320; 323.

Dafila acuta, 294.

Damage bv deer to crops in California,

136-147.
Dante Alighieri, 330.
Davis, Dr. S. H., 345.
Deer, 81, 97, 134, 135, 188, 286, 290, 332,

343, 346; damage relief, 51-52; sea-
son, excellent, 84; in cave, 84-85;
shotguns wound, 85 ; to crops in Cali-
fornia, damage by, 136-147; damage
control, repellents and, 156-165 ; meat
investigation, 249-250; feed and its
relation to hunting, 336-337.

Department of Agriculture, 181, 269.
Natural Resources, 25 4.
Public Health, 93.
Public Works, 92, 264.

Depew, W. R., 160.

desert, on the, 259-260.

Dice, Lee, 43.

Dickson, B. C, 12, 21.

Disease, duck, in waterfowl, conditions
and control of botulism, 5-21; of wild
animals transmissible to man, 203—
207.

Division activities, 89-95, 185-190, 263-
269 3A2 347

Division of Fish and Game, 6, 23, 25, 28,
44, 48, 50, 51, 59, 63, 71, 85, 87, 100,
137, 151, 156, 170, 173, 178, 181, 182,
183, 184, 188, 210, 217, 218, 249, 254,
255, 263, 267, 268, 297, 298, 342, 343,

344, 345 ; also see Fish and Game
Commission.

Michigan, 59.

New Hampshire, 158.
Division of Highways, 92, 187.
Dixon, J., 43.
Doe have antlers, 82.
Dog, 207.

Dondero, J. D., 74, 163.

Dove, 73; shooting, southern California,
1—4; show increase, 72; and pheas-
ants on refuge, 72.

r-AI.IFOlCNIA riKII AM) OAUV.

361

!>u(k. sa. IB, $tB. lit. t«t. t»4. Ill: dto- I

- . r. In wn* - - • - • • '

■ r»»l of \>
iO ; II....

M i.i.ii.l. ■17. 2CI. 313

Ml \S

Ittiih '

I :m. ! \

"n. 97.
■im, n»w. &S.

t. iki-. ' J.

• I», *iff»w| iif

11

•!• III.l II ,

i:>)llll. II. W., il< • r in«»nt liivpMtlirnllon.
■.'•'' -JtiO.

I'ikli'oii, pralrlo, 97

1- It I. \ .1..1 I. I. ~

r.'j, ~i 'i I I M'

•II Ihc McCluud River.

/J.

ii-M UK" on ih« SulMun inanth, p
, i-'iitthtra tiud /•'to-, 43.

Kuiiic. iS I'lt) : (lun't Import or trniiM-
l>lallt. is- J'l ; t ' * 5 9 ;

.tiirvlvf, ri'tiirii. K<>m

!...._. V , ... 1. . . ,,,..,

1 .

ninv, 6."i ; III.

iiii'l r<-l:it<-«l

!•• white ««'a liiiM.H
tiiat lire .told In

(•'lull timl <iaii)n * 'oliiliiis.tlon, -I, ' '

*.»fi. ','s, 4'.t. M :m'> •::,:,,

I ■■ of tl;i . tSI .

U and Oamc.

rm. n i ir ■•\\ !i lio.ita, SS5.

'"!/. .S'ci' V'rjiW'', '.'.•.

. . ■...iiic In aii.i ,: .MniiiiT. \ I'.ay, unusu-
ally fjiiod. 21 ii: \v..iiii farm. 5;> 6o :
sii:ii;i:«m| .Mtifaiii-- i:.!.. 1.. it.i lUt
II. .t, harbor Inn
'■ ■• -;!> ; of the t '

II. t.- on the. 98-i'y , I'oiKhtioii.H, Mmi-

t.T.v •"'ouiity, S60 : a .tuuthirn <'all-

harKe :'»!-? 19; Rear In

rei;li>n. Itnprovi-nientji In

■-. I ! • 1 1 III*. ."> : "^— J5 I.

ishway.s In rallfornla. 239-2U-
Kol.sdin. p/.
Fhittlsh. 24. 310.
Kloumler, L'H;. SIO.
I'ort israuu tl.shlnjj fleet, harbor Improved

for, 68-69.
Fox. 41.
Frn Mci.1. .triO.

Kranols. I">r. l-Mwnrd, 20 4.
KrIant. |vuids, 2G7.
'"roK. 10, 37.
'fv. n. H., Jr.. cooking and cloanliiK

li'vs. s In cannini; tuna. Ifij-lfis ; birtie

li-hiMir. H southern Oalllornia s>|><>rt.

-44 24'.); a mendeii needle tlah. 257-

2r>s.

Kuller. Mat, 47.

<,uin',i I'V.

Ilu.
Ilnl

H

II.

1-

II

II

M..M-

.-■

2c:

.V. > ••

\ , •'..,,.

Si

\

J.

r. 4. 94

>. 57

Pn^^kT

hi->l .r\ aii't Tt

ill.)

* . I.

Howard. Krmnk K.. Uvmorlal llocpllal. '•.

llUf\ . I

362

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Hunting, close bird refuges to, 75; acci-
dents, 1931, 53.}; deer feed and its
relation to, 336-337.

Hyde, Arthur M., 181.

Hypoynesus pretiosiis,. I'lO.

I

Iniprovements in sardine fishing gear in
the Monterey region (1930-1932),
128-3S1.

Indian in the Klamath River region, con-
servation as formerly practiced by
tho, 283-290.

Ishikawa, Captain, 100, 101.

Israel, Hugh R., 9 3.

Izaak T\^alton League of America, 71.

Jacksnipe, 2, 3, 47.

Jacobsen, W. C. 269.

Jensen, Henry .L, 304.

Jewfish, 248, 2',fi.

Joaquin, Dave, 251.

Joffe, Joseph, 87.

Johnny Boy, 33 0.

Johnson, E. J., 74.

.lohnson, Guv M., 70.

Johnson, T. F., 204.

.lordan, David Starr, in Memoriam, 52.

Joslyn, Charles, 47.

Joui'ual of Mammalogy, 40, 43.

K

Kalmbach, E. R., 5, 8, 11, 21.

Katsiiwonus pelamis, 2S, 100.

Kay, E. G., 74.

Kelp utilized at Monterey, giant, 43-^6.

Killdeer in large flocks, mountain plover

and, 95.
Kingfish, 24, 246, 2//7.
Klamath River region. Conservation as

formerly practiced by the Indians in

the, 28.9-290.
Kroeber, A. L., 284, 288.

Lamprey, 289.

Lancet, the, 34.

Lantz, D. E., 40, 43.

Lark, meadow, 11.

Lent, A., 27.

Leurethefs tenuis, US.

Lewis, J. C, 58.

Lewis, M., 100.

Life hi.story notes, 95-101, 336-341.

Life history and the control of the crop-
worm, Capillaria contorta, in quail,
200-296.

Lilley, Ivan W., 141.

Lindner, Milton J., 261.

Linsdale, Jean M., 29, 34, 299, 302.

Lion, mountain, 41, 90, 186, 285, 343.

Little, R. J., 84.

Lizard, 37, 3 9.

Lobster, 189.

Los Angeles enlarges its fish harbor, 61.

Luchesi, Guiseppe, 137, 139, 161.

Ludlum, R. E., 238.

M

Mabey, W. E., 73.
Macaulay, E. L., 56, 255.
Mackerel, 2/,.5, 246, 247, 249, 253, 343 ;
canning, 62-63.

Horse, 24.

Pacific. 22, 23.

Spanish, landed in Monterey, 9 9.

Magistrini, S. A., bass travels 30 miles
with line, 95.

Mailing list, revised, 183.

Mammal. 81-87.

Mancardi, G., 159.

Mayflower, cruise of the, 251—253.

McAllister, M. Hall, 47.

McCabe, T. T., 50, 299, 302, 306.

McCloud River, fifty-five years ago on the,
132-135.

McGaffey, Ernest, southern California
dove shooting, 1—4.

McGuinness, Henry, 94.

McKean, Alan, 69.

McLean, Donald D., 8, 10, 20, 21, 84, 138,
238 ; mountain plover and killdeer in
large flocks, 95 ; prairie falcon, 9 7.

McLellan, Asa, 72.

McMillin, H. C, 63, 266 ; and Paul Bonnot,
oyster pests in California, 147—148.

Memoriam, David Starr Jordan, 52 ; Alex-
ander Eugene Culver, 52—53 ; George
Albert Coleman, 255-257.

Mendina, Manuel O., 251.

Menticirrhus undulatus, 319, 327.

Mephitis, 35.

Merced, poisoning of geese at lake
Yosemite near, 31-32.

Merrimac Farmers' Exchange, 158.

Metzelar, Jan, 60.

Meyer, K. F., 9, 21, 238; diseases of wild
animals transmissible to man, 203-
207.

Michel and Pelton, 161.

Micropogon extenes, 62.

Mills, E. M., 156.

Moffitt, Jam-es, 6, 20, 190, 265, 269; sec-
ond annual black brant census, 298-
309.

Mole, 37.

Montana Wild Life, 71.

Monterey Bay, unusually good fishmg m
and off, 2J-2-'/; giant kelp utilized at,
lfS-^6 ; county, fishing conditions, 260;
region, a survey of the destructive-
ness of sardine nets used in the, 208-
218: region (1930-1932), imnrove-
ments in sardine fishing gear in the,
328-331.

Moor, Edward N., fifty-five years ago on
the McCloud River, 132-135.

Moose-elk, 54.

Mouse, 14.

Muir, John, 133.

Munch, James C, 29, 30, 34.

Munro, J. A., 307.

Museum of Natural History, San Diego,
190 299
Vertebrate Zoology, 50, 190, 299, 308.

Muskrat, 10, 205.

Mussel, quarantine on, 9 3.

Mustelidae, 34.

Mya arenaria, 6^.

N

National forest, Modoc, 83.

Sierra, 25, 332.
National Geographic Magazine, 43.
National Monument, Katmai, 86, 87.
National Park, Yellowstone, 87.
Neale, George, 57 ; the white pelican,

339-341.
Needham, Paul R., 345.
Needle fish, a mended, 257-258.
Nelson, B. ^W., 38, 43.

Net, sardine, used in the Monterey region,
a survey of the destructiveness of,
208-218; sardine circle, in southern
California, relative destructiveness of,
219-222;
Bag dip, 331.
Dip, 288.

Lampara, 32.9, 330.
Ring, 328, 330.
Newport Bay, striped bass, in 57—58.
Nuttall, Thomas, 88.

CAKII"K=NiA r i-'ii i.^i' w.iMK

npji

I. M • *

on, TlnioHi), 47.
r. U. f.. 3J.
21.
It.iiii.li> IT

II lit

itht t httt', (tS.

^,t ••'••f'illX "

(ilpn^J.— «» titr

'•II, .1 • ' 1 1 1 ; , i I

' >.4(rrl| llli t)/(l, 1 47.

. ...'./ I.ifti. 34.

r Hi. l>.it.ii« ..r
1 t»ii. Hull' II-
noiiiti ilirt'i tltiiui f<>r tirt|<i>titg, J«-^J.
■ >wl. hurti.il, 4 !

• I UK lit ' '
ir, «!'.
< ".iiir.Tiiiu. I i7 lit.

I'liu

i i>r< blrdN, nrtw

I'Ublir iiKnllh As'

guull. <J, 92. III.

/'ill i/l<- /

I'initl.- «. CiMupuny. 92. 97.

187.
I'lirlMi' liii|irnv«*mciit (^>lnpllny. 256.
I'utltlc .'•iiikti-H HiivliiBM iiiitt I.OIIII Annn-

I'liitliiii, 209.

/'.if. :;:!0.

!• 111/. II.. HI, H9.

rtti.tu. h"- ~ -■■■'■' - 10.

I'ariiMlti I villi. ■>■ qimll

i.\ . . >rtyx, n pro-

I .iM I : .1 paruHitc, S23-SSH.

r.iik.r. iniiM. 71.

I'iirtiidKO, tSl.

lliiiik'url.in, 'J'i : 111 Kr.-.Hii.. i*i>unty, 7J-
7J.

I'litrul udmliilMtriitton, new, 855.

I'iilliill, lOllU' II-- "^'t

I'l-lli-an, tho whii.-. 3S9-Sil.
IVr.h, 24.

.^arraiili'iilu, t»l.

Ytllow, 91.
I*t>rinll. lilril-liuiulliiK. clianKi' I" hamilliiK.

3 0 5/.
I'lTsoiiiii'l r|i(iliK<^, 49-50.
fi-t. TS. J. I*. 308.
r/:.iN ''iu« ttilchU-iia taniuatua, 290. 292,

I'h.aVaiU, 92, 1S7, 292, 344: on -
ilovi'8 ami. 7i : m«al, h>>\\ ti> i
J27-IS8; lay ••«>:« In cl">.«n» r..iiiiii.-
in.iit. .t.t.t .«.«,•» .•
.•Vinh.T.st. ISO, at.
• iolilill. ISO, tSI.
Mi.i>K«.|lan. n<». /.</
Itf.v... t.io. IS I.
UliiK-iuiki'tl. I. 'I,, i.m. tu

Sllv.r, tSO, iSI.

I'lillbrlck. OrlM'ii. \vlilt>- >><y>>t<\

I'liilllps. J IV. umi.siially k<>"»1 tUihlnis' In
ami off ^^on^.•|•.•y Jlay. 21-24: k
k.lp utlllxiul at Montfi-.-y. 43
MontiToy Spanl.ih maokirol lanil<-il in
Moiit.rty. '.''.' ; wi»lf-f\sl> tnk«»n at
Mont.r.'V. 99 : rll«l»i>n H.vl at

Monti-rov, 99-100; ilivio imk

for .tiuoh. 149-ir>'>; a slll^■^ ; th.-
do^<t^u^•tiv«•M«'S.«< of .Harillin- ii«-t>
in thi> Montoroy r«»Klon. 2""^ ' ' '^
vism In a ralifonila halil.
linprovfiuoiit.s In .sardlno t
ill tho Nrontoroy ro»cloii i
32S-3:U : llshorin«-n r.'iwii
boat.o. 335.

Pliovn rirhnnlii. To-mI habits of, 9S.

Piikwell. C.aylr. 183.

6—97833

in.

Qu

'. t«t.
Qu. 24.

QuiHnat, 60.

Kabbit, 204. 20S, S06. 343.

.•r.:

2 'JO.

•.» 7 - ;• >«

i;.

us.
1 r

It!
It

i:

... .'-.4.

k. 264.

n. 77.

imnc* cnntrol, l'-

h taken lit Mi>ntiT«'y. f>-JM.
■" *• nrtv y«>»i> .- - ■'-
47.

n<>w- awUrtant

. ?-s-nf Inn a«

Ji.lui ^■

C S . •% unA Urn rrU-

.11 lo hunting;, .j ^^-337.

364

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Robinson, E. M., 13, 15, 21.

lioccus lineatus, 262.

Rockfisli, yellowtail, 24.

Rocky mountain spotted fever, 204, 206.

Rodent control resolution, ISl.

Rodgers, E. D., 138, 159, 161, 164.

Rogers, Carlton, 267.

Rolph, James, Jr, 4S, 342.

Runner, 62.

Ryder, William, 162.

Sablefish, 24.

St. Joseph, 330.

Salamander, 37, 39.

Salmon, 12. 24, 89, 91, 93, 133, 188, 266,
267, 2S6, 287, 288, 289, 290, 342; pro-
tective measures upheld, 67.
Atlantic, 267; in northern California,

5S.
Chinook, 186.

Salton Sea, 57 ; duck disease, 5, 6, IS, H,
15, 18, 19, 20.

Sanddab, 2 46.

San Diego Zoological Society, 67.

San Francisco Aquarium Society, 257.

San Fi-ancisco Bay, permanent quaran-
tine on clams in, 261.

San Francisco Call, 183.

SaK Francisco Examhier, 49, 183.

Sangler, Herbert M., 71.

Sarda chiliensis, 23.

Sardina caen'ulea, 24.

Sardine, 21,, 153, ISJ,, 188, 189, 266, 342;
nets used in the Monterey region, a
survey of the destructiveness of, 208-
218 ; circle nets in southern Califor-
nia, relative destructiveness of, 219—
222 ; fishing gear in the Monterey
region (1930-1932), improvements in,
328-331.

Saury, 23, 260.

Scheffer, Theodore H., 98.

Science, 5, 204.

Science Neios Letter, 59, 88.

Scofield, E. C, 189 ; a simple method of
age determination of striped bass,
168-170.

Scofield, N. B., 94, 184, 185, 255, 260;
ovster grovi'ing in California, 63—64.

Scofield, W. L., 208, 261, 262.

Scomberomorus concolor, 99.

Scott, Ralph, 87.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 262.

Scudder, Hubert B., 94.

Sculpin, 260.

Seabass, short-fin, 326.

White, 24, 249 ; and related species that
are sold in California fish markets,
318-327.

Sea lions on the Lower California coast,
catching, 67-68 ; note on the fishing
of the, 98-99.

Seal, Pacific harbor, food habits of, 98.

Sea.son on waterfowl, suggested, 181-182.

.Seaweed, see kelp.

Seawell, Jerrold L., 94.

Setastodes flavidus, 24.

Semple, John Bonner, 88.

Senestraro, Felix P., 74.

Seriola dor satis, 24.

Serra, 330.

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 35, 36, 43.

Shad, 91. 266.

Shark, 248.

Shaw, Paul A., 8, 21 ; studies on thallium
poisoning in game birds, 29—34.

Shaw, W. T., 43.

Shebley, J. V., 50.

Shebley, W. H., 49, 56, 58, 72 ; in memoriam,
Alexander Eugene Culver, 52—53.

Sheep, 205 ; death, investigate, 83-8Jt.
Mountain, 83.

Sheephead, California, 2Ji.

Shrew, 37.

Shrimp, 24, 93 ; investigation, 261.

Sierra Power Company, 265.

Simms, Calvin, 83.

Simpson, C. M., 46.

Skipjack, 23, 253; landed at San Pedro,

record, 100-101.
Skipper see saury.
Skunk, 207, 346.

Little spotted, with some directions for
trapping, an outline of the habits of
the striped skunk and 34—Jf3.
Slutman, William, 164.

Smelt, 24 ; circle gill netting for, 11,9—155.
Smith, G. Prank, 47.
Smith, James, 97.
Smith, Jedediah S., 287.
Snake, king, 259, 260.

Rattle, 285.

Water, 259, 260.
Snyder, J. O., J,9, 50, 267.
Sole, 310.
Soto, Earl, 182.

Southern California dove shooting, l-l,.
Southern Pacific Hospital, 204.
Sparrow, Harris's, are discovered, first

eggs of, 88.
Spencer, Glenn, 162.

Spencer, John, 87, 265 ; fishways in Cali-
fornia, 239-244.
Sperry, Charles C, 6, 8, 10, 11, 20, 98.
Sphyraena argentea, 23.
Spilogale, 35.
Spirochaetosis, 206.
Squid, 24, 267.
Squirrel, 26.

Flying, 37.

Ground, 205, 206.
State Board of Health, 261.
State Botulinus Commission, 12, 13.
Steelhead, 267.
Stickney, Ben, 47.
Storer, T. L, 137, 139.
Sturgeon, 289.

Suisun marsh, fifty years ago on the, 47.
Sumner, E. L., 50.

Sumner, B. L., Jr., 190; an outline of the

habits of the striped skunk and little

spotted skunk with some directions

for trapping, 34-43; a correction, 183.

Sumner, P. B., 39.

Sunfish, bluegill, 91, 341.

Green, 91, 346.
Surf fish, 289.
Sutton, George Miksch, 88.
Swallow, cliff, 11.
Swan, James G., 43.
Swensen, S. B., 43.

Tabler; Guy, 55.

Tackle for sportive steelheads, sporting,

312-318.
Thallium poisoning in game birds, studies

on, 29-34.
Thom, P., 95.
Thompson, J., 61.
Thornburg, J. W., effect of emasculization,

97.
Tivela stiiltoruTn, present status of the

Pismo clam, 170-180.
Tonkin, George, 76.
Topp, Peter, 56.
Totuava, 32i.

Troclivpterus rexsalmonorum, 99.
Trapping, an outline of the habits of the

striped skunk and little spotted skunk

with some directions for, 31,-1,3.
Traylor, W. W., 47.
Trichinosis, 86, 207.
Trout, rS6, 267, 289 ; create "striking"

fund, 55-56; live longer in rearing

ponds, 56-57.

rAI.IFOUNIA KIHII AM> <iAMi:

iM.IIv V.ixi'fi, 133, t34.

i( nft.

Hi . »l. H?. ;<«! : niwrliliC

U'. )t l^'v«n. St.

liM.- i: tli.ii If . Jr. ;«!1 : rtnitiaK'- tiy t1r»T

W

r*4

fi.l Iil.i ■. .ill. ■. ,, . s

TruUi. W. It.. l&U.
Tiyoii, Wtirmi V., 67.
't'tilitrciitln. 10^.
Tiuut. 21. IK'.). :•<«. 351. 3&2. 3&3. 348, 34« .

i....Kii.K t> •! clrniilni: I<i«««n In cnii-

til UK, t •'. . I OS.
IMii. flu, 23.
V.-ll..«nn, 23. 353.

tH IllMtltUte. 306.

itiikny, i:;. 13. 03. Mf. IK7. 3CS. 396, 344

Willi. cltltt'iiH i»rn.>ft. 7i.
Turtlti. 37.

u

irnltftl SlutoH Iturfiiu of IIIoIokIcuI Sur-

V..V. 6, 8. 30. 30. 38. 42. 51. 53. 75.

' S6, 87. 88. »0. 98. 156. 181, 250.

I 1 1 1. riM. 63. 64, 93, 147. 184. 201. 262.

:; I...

I'nitril S(at«M I>i-i>arlim>iit of Aicrlculturr.
346.

irnlt«H| .Stutrn Ki.rt'Nt Sorvlco. 256.
I'nllrtl StatoK I'ubllc ilvalth S«rvu->-. 204.
206.

fiilv. ivltv of rnllfornln. 60. 238. 256.
ll.ii\.iril. 94.

Kaii.s.iii Slat<> AKrit-ultural. 40.
Slanfonl. 30. 4l>, t»;i. SfiO.

I'ro ttolpinia cinerctta, Hau. ' P.

Vail I'>yk.>. K. C. 238.
Van KriiK-iiKuii. 10., 11. IM.
Van KiM-kfl. n. 23S. •."Jl; iilioa.santH lay
OKK" In closi' conf)nein«Mi(, a3S-339.

Van Slcklon. Kred. 47.

\'i't<r.in.s lli>Mt>ltal. 70.

Vltalle, Frntik. 60.

V..lunl..«r «|.-i>ntl<'.s. 94. ISU-190, S6$,

von Bondo. Cecil, 262.

Itirv.

U.

\V«-Hll.!i,i!.

Witiniirr. \

\V«' ' ' " ' ' I- I It 1 1 n .

\V1.

\\ I: ' ■ '

ir;.

WJ

Wli

WW

Wll K . 2»1».

Wh . J. A., IS7, 1«3

Wolf. 41.

\Voir-n-.h «.Tk«-n nt Monler

\y,.. I .

\V..

NVoriu r.irni. ii' 'f

Xeneatiu* cah/untien*U, fli, 3(3

Yrllowlnll. 24. 2 47. «♦».

Y..

/.aloph

/^■I'ta.

Zellcrbttch. 1.. ». i*, 4», 1»1.

;i

uC

;>7S33 3-;53 ;;m

ABSTRACT

CALirORNIA SPORTING FISH AND GAME LAWS

VALID UNTIL 90 DAYS AFTER CLOSE OE 1933 LEGISLATURE

1931

OPEN AND CLOSED SEASONS

1932

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON. NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

O^-S-AIE:

DEER

1^2

2-2H-3

. I FIB I KII.T »rll. I lAY j JUHt I JUU I »

□nnnnnnBiBD

BAG AKD POSSESSION UMITS, HC

t-i'.i.t-aH-'Hi-aa
aa-3S

Rabbits— CoUontail and Brush

Bear, Fur Animals

Ducks, Geese,
Jack Snipe, Mud Hens

Quail— Valley, Desert
and Mountain

ALL

ALL

ALL ■

ALL

EXCCPT I '4

IK2

No Does, Fawns or Spike Bucks

No Forked Homed Deer in Dist. IX

No sale of Venison or Deer Skins

Two Bucks per Season

except ini'A where limit is one

S« Notes 6-9-I0-12

15 per day. 30 {mt wed>. No (imit in DisUict 4
No protecHon in 4K

■ ■

oFPJT

NOOH

on 1

Brnannuam

__JE

See Note 7

Pfedalory ammats miprotttlri in distrkk l-2}4-l-i4*^

1 5 Dutk5, 30 in Possesston; 4 G«se. S in Possession;

20 Snipe. 25 Mud Hgas.WoRpss Snow orCadJingCttst

25 Ducks. 25 Snipe, 2S Mud Hens, 50 Per Wok
Goos€ Limil See Note 4. See Notes 9-10-11-12-13

I!

Valley Uld Dewrt
IS per day. 3D per week

Mountain
10 per day. 20 per week

Dove

All EXCEPT

4.41/i.4y4

■■■■■I

4.41/2-4%

■S8

ftdtnl SusM
OpmKew
Stpltiba I

15 per day
30 per week

There 15 no open season on Elk, Antelope, Mountain Sheep, Sea Otter, Tree Squirrel, Sierra Hare, Rail, Wood Duck, Pigeon, Swan,
Shore Birds (except Jack Snipe) , Grouse, Sage Hen, Imported Quail, Wild Pheasant, Partridge, or Wild Turkey.

Salmon &iid Shad May Be

oted in Paragraphs 19-23. No open season on Sturgeon (pouession prohibited).

NOTES

1. To hunt. kill, possess wild birds or mammals, to possess
firearms, except under written permit from the Commission,
within districts la, lb, Ic, Id, le. If, Ig, Ih, II, Ijv Ik, Im,
In, lo, Ip. Iq Ir, 1b. It, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, Sg, 3h,
4a, ib. <c, 4d. 4e, It, 4g, or General Grant Refuge, or the Mt.
lamalpais Game Refuge, Including Richardson Bay, or San
Francisco Refuge, or Silver Lake Refuge (water fowl may be
killed In 4a and 4c), or to hunt quail In the Bolinas Quail
Refuge, or to hunt or discharge firearms in Huntington Lake
Refuge or San Leandro Bay Refuge.

2. To hunt birds or mammalg excepting predators without a
hunting license.

3. To possess any bird net or to net, trap or to hold pro-
tected game or birds ol any kind, their nests or eggs except
under writton permit from ihe Commission.

4. To take or possess more than 8 geese per day or 50 per
week; or more than 8 honkers or sea brant per day or 24
per week.

wi^i "^ '^'" °'' ''"' non-Kamc birds, except blue Jay. butcher
_ . ^"K">h sparrow, sharp-sWnned, Cooper or duck hawk,
rreat homed owl, linnet white pelican, shag, and In districts
1. Z. 3, 4 and 41, blackbirds.

IT IS ALWAYS UNLAWFUL

6. To hunt deer without a deer tag license. To fall to
attach to the horns of deer immediately on killing, properly
filled out license tag or at the same time to send duplicate tag
to the Division. To carry a deer into a closed district with-
out having license tag countersigned, or to have untagged
deer in possession. To fail to retain In possession during
open season and for ten days after the skin and portion of
head bearing horns of deer killed and to produce upon
demand. To use more than one dog to the hunter In hunting
deer or to allow dogs to run deer in closed season, or to
possess doe or fawn skins, or deer skins not bearing evidence
of sex.

7. To trap for profit bear, ring-tailed cat, coon, pine marten,
skunk, fisher, wolverine, mink, river otter, fox, beaver or
muskrat, or to kill these animals during the closed season^
except when destroying property. To interfere with the
traps of licensed trappers. To use saw tooth or spike jawed
traps for taking fur bearers.

8. To use any animal other than a dog to stalk wild birds.

9. To shoot game from a power boat, sailboat, auto, air-
plane : or tg hunt waterfowl from a scull boat In districts 8, 9,
except on Wednesdays and Sundays, or at any time In dis-
trict 12 or Napa Rfver south of Edgerly Island, or to us« a

•» 1* IIUMK •• rtlMMM*

'

. <>WMXI

' 1

V«*A1*4

:? •►»f •r-,t< -n H,

.•-,.-•.7.

r«>>

. « ai«^M

• t«ta

1 '

Si : .

I

1 .

•t.l

;

;

h*r

1

tr.A.

.•MU U«i it

-. _. - . : « ^.U la !•<'

• Itff* WHM uuvtm *!■•« A •tt«»«iw« l*>4iHi> wf It

- ~ nuf t»h tixr or ■>> (•■r«|..

m4 t

la Aufual I

iSiituit tiiAt tiia ■!•■ c«ii it^i w i«k«a, wc lo ^^^t^ iia«« a uiMitn^ vaiIx.

■«<•« w aMirlBa »1*M« Is

LICENSKS

MfST Bl SHOW N LPO.N

UtMANU

LICtNSK PROVISIONS

Help '■' \
Prevent •
Forest
Fires

yiSU ^ CAME

f^ DisrniCTs

CMJFORNIA

IA3I — lftS2

»

I

i

I

CALIKBNIA
nSH-GAME

'conservation or wild ufe through education*

£ Voliinir \n

San KruiiciM-o. January. 1932

NllM.hr 1

Lv^

ll ^wm^^^j^K^ ajII

^

r^rl

(F\ -

^ — . W

r^ ^*^^S^ ^vn

^jiWl^

l^^l

1 ^^

^M..^^k^ J

^^ JS^^ li^

90465

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

J. DAIjE gentry, President San Bernardino

ELAJRL. B. GILMORE, Commissioner Los Angeles

I. ZELLERBACH, Commissioner San Francisco

JOHN L. FARLEY, Executive Officer : San Francisco

Grahame B. Ridlev, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Francisco

Ralph "W. Scott, Assistant Attorney San Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.
BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

J. O. SNYDER, Chief San Francisco

W. H. Shebley Fish Cultural Adviser . Sacramento

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Chief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. BurghdufC, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent Sacramento

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berkeley

A. E. Doney, Surveyor Sacramento

E. V. Cassell, Superintendent of Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

D. A. Clanton. Superintendent Southern California Stations Pine Knot

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

Earl Leitritz, Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery . Copco

■ Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Davenport

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery . Ukiah

H. E. Cole, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessen, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Lake Almanor Hatchery Chester

L. C. Dockham, Foreman Basin Creek Hatchery Tuolumne

Ralph Ledgerwood, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Guy C. Tabler, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottville

Archie Thompson, Foreman Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Ross McCloud, General Foreman Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

L. Rider, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COIVIIVIERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, Chief San Francisco

S. H. Dado, Assistant Chief San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Field Inspector San Francisco

S. H. Lyons, Supervisor of Fisheries Patrol Terminal Island

C. H. Groat, Captain Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Captain San Diego

W. L. Scofield, Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. P. Thompson, Consultant State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

COMIV1ERCIAL FISHERIES PATROL

N. C. Kunkel Terminal Island T. W. Schilling Pismo Beach

Ross W. Markley Terminal Island T. J. Smith San Diego

Tate F. Miller Terminal Island L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Motor "Vessel "Bluefin," Terminal Island

Hugo I. Calren Motor Vessel "Bluefin," Terminal Island

Bta.rry A. Lynch Motor Vessel "Bluefin," Terminal Island

L. J. Weseth Launch "Albacore," Monterey

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," Monterey

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS
H. R. DUNBAR, Chief Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

LEO K. WILSON, Chief San Francisco

Earl Soto, Publicist San Francisco

James Moffltt, Research Assistant San Francisco

Dr. :\4. HnV>tnaipr. Pathologist San Francisco

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Rodney S. Ellsworth, Lecturer San Francisco

Jack Boaz. Lecturer Los Angeles

E. S. Cheney, Photographer Oakland

Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, Chief San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

A. D. McLellan, Game Refuge Supervisor San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER, Chief San Francisco

Clarence ElUger, Assistant San Francisco

E. A. Chan Long Beach

,„ „ BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE. Chief Yountville

E. D. Piatt, Assistant In Charge Chine

ntlPPAll n KT criCLj DCrcr^lltr a ki r\ nrr/^i a ivii a -t- i ^ ki

BUREAU or PATROL

B. L. MACAULAT. Cblnf of raUul

K. P. Atlrvd. AMUiUnt Chief of llitroi...
O. 8. Dauder, AMl«tant CbUf of Patrol..

Walter It Welch. CaptaUt. lo Chart* VoIuot««r War^M*..

■AN riiANCisco omcs

C. I. k If

J. I* <

M. H. LUi:.

T. K. l>iiiu»n-..«_^,.«_-__ <

I.
J. IL Or

V. E. Vui

JOSBI'M It

VI.-..

Jlkmm

A . I

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M

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l-V;.

a u.

I'niil
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WM. M

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.«0O I

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,\%

>TT.

.8aa

A. 11. \' :D -

Ruv < r

) ■! X

N'-' ■• I ■■ Sacrani'

Albert W. Svarl

Chaa. SIbock Sncran.

R L. SInkey

WM. .1 llVltl*

1^! , ".1 ~__.i

S. U. «;il I.OON II .k

C. IL I «_«•.__ ivi'iuiing

BrKo lok Treka

K. r I Do

I'tiii! '. . .

rroil Stiirr — —

8, J. CXI •'•'VTER

Roy \ son..

E. o.

L, W lo

W. V. :■

Tnylo: :i

A. J.

J. D. ni ' ) Lak«port

Enri I I . . Covelo

Ovid Hoimii) Fort Bran

Geo. N. Jn'.nson Nnpa

Ejirl ^• Uklah

Kay 1 Wlllitji

1* A. 1 Point Arena

K. J. ;i Napa

.. lln
Muci1d«I

M.v.vvll

A':

c. o.

W. I.
L. C.

K. y

C. I.

kl

K. W.

F. A. iJuiiari

Kay C. KUU

H. S. Vn

O. P. BRO
A. It A
I^alAr A

LOS A
W

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E. II n— .
W. l:
J. II
W. I.

F. \\
T. R
}'.
\\

Taft
tiaktie«l«t«l

i4 Tuxu
ofutMo

1
\V. .

L. T. \\

II. C. J.i'tuon.

R H. OHKR
A. V. C-
C. J. W.

<i;,tit
■-tdaoca

Launch Patrol

O. M. Bouton

W. J. Black

Wm. Hoppe

Stockton

Ell. 1- ,s

XaoDch **QalBMa." Baa RafiMl

Ijiaoch "Raaicr." VaII«Je

ob "Ratabov.'* Walwrt Ovova

...Launch "WalUr R. Walcfc." Stodrtoo
. Lanncih

CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE

HARRY HAMMOND, STATE PRINTER

SACRAMENTO. 1932

CAUFORNIA

nSH-GAME

^CONSERVATION Of WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATIOM'*

•1971

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

J. DALE GENTRY, President, ^^\?| AnSs

EARL B. GILMORE, Commissioner San FraSffsco

I. ZELLERBACH, Commissionei^ ga-n ^rancisco

JOHN L FARLEY, Executive Officer ga,n ^rancisco

*^° Grahame B. Ridley, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Franc sco

Ralph W. Scott, Assistant Attorney -— •r,-„-n~*^" Francisco

510 Russ Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100.
BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

J. O. SNYDER, Chief San Francisco

W. H. Shebley, Fish Cultural Adviser Sacramento

J H Vogt, Assistant to Chief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Burghduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent San Francisco

George A. Coleman, Biologist Berkeley

A. E. Doner, Surveyor Sacramento

E V Cassell, Superintendent of Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

D. A. Clanton, Superintendent Southern California Stations Pine Knot

.1. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

Earl Leitritz, Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Davenport

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

H. E. Cole, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessen, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Lake Almanor Hatchery Chester

L. C. Dockham, Foreman Basin Creek Hatchery Tuolumne

Ralph Ledgerwood, F'oreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Guy C. Tabler, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottville

Archie Thompson, Foreman Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Ross McCloud, General Foreman Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

L. Rider, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOPIELD, Chief San Francisco

S. H. Dado, Assistant Chief San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Field Inspector San Francisco

S H. Lyons, Supervisor of Fisheries Patrol Terminal Island

C. H. Groat, Captain Terminal Island

R. F. Classic, Captain Monterey

Coburn F. Maddox, Captain San Diego

W. L. Scofleld, Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES PATROL

N. C. Kunkel Terminal Island T. W. Schilling Pismo Beach

Ross W. Markley Terminal Island T. J. Smith San Diego

Tate F. Miller Terminal Island L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

Launch Patrol

Walter Engelke Motor Vessel "Bluefin," Terminal Islandl

Hugo L Cairen Motor Vessel "Bluefin," Terminal Island

Harry A. Lynch Motor Vessel "Bluefin," Terminal Island

L J Weseth Launch "Albacore," Monterey

Erol Greenleaf Launch "Albacore," Monterey

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

H. R. DUNBAR, Chief Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

LEO K. WILSON, Chief San Francisco'

Opie L. Warner, Publicist San Francisco

James Moffitt, Research Assistant San Francisco

Dr. M. Hobmaier, Pathologist San Francisco

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Rodnev S. Ellsworth, Lecturer San Francisco ;■

Jack Boaz, Lecturer Los Angeles

E. S. Cheney, Photographer — --Uakiana

Bessie W. Klbbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, Chief San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

A. D. McLellan, Game Refuge Supervisor San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS „

JOHN SPENCER, Chief San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

E. A. Chan__:__l Long Beach

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS ^ , ...

AUGUST BADE,, Chief ^° nS

E. D. Piatt, Assistant In Charge i..mno

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALE. Chief Sacramento

BtmEAU OF PATROT.

»

' . --. i ^

t:. I. .MA' Al I. \ •
K. I'. Alircl. A-

C. 8. Baudcr. A>«U(ni>t (.*hl«f of 1-.^ :

Wnltcr R. W«lch. CHptato. In Chitrse Volunt««r WMrttr<

HAN Kl- 1

• • t. • H"llteft-r '

J. U. 1 ...~.^.
M. H •

T •

I •

1..
J I

WM I. II
L.<t' A
W. J.

r >t ■

TT

'11(1....^.-.

1{. J. V.l!.«

L«<o SfrjiU-ht ■■ , . „ ,.

A. H W .

Iluy c> ..

'■•rl I. UiM.wX

'. 'Inon I'iu>l» ._,«_;

Allxrt W S.iir«..I

Ch.iH. Sil.r.-k

H. 1.. Siiikoy ."-'-"_

WM. J HAUP

s', -tt r. '.ind....^...

■ i ';:: i i ,■ ..-y

IM .1 : .n

IM ' ■: nts

S. U. UIM.OON-

C. R. I,..v.._

San I

A

San i.

San Ant

'lllHI

Kn I rf!»t

in

Wui'dUud

~—..^.. Arcnta
...... -la

.-C^•^ ■ V

c

R A

J

I-:, w. .

K. A
Ray t
R. J. !

'». P. in

A. R

r.- .'. •

I ; ■. .1

Kl 1.1 Wr<il

K. C. Vall._

Hrlio !■

A. A. .1

f? I' '

!■.<■;' '.. .

k

i'l.a .-

S. J. CARIM

Roy W \ ,.j,

E. O. \

I., w I _ ■

■^^^ ^^ "— -VJL"

Taylor i

A. J. Stiiiiloy - - ,

I- I! ' . J"^

1 1\ ! ■■ .rrr.

'■■ ■ ^ i\S"I".

i:.irl M

Rav IV ;^

L. A. .^'

K. J. K.w..-.U«»U

-Ut. Sha«t.i

RcddInK

Yroka

Altunm

.Dour- • 'v

;H

.«!

.11

1 ft

..... V

.-..Viii' I < .IV
WIlloWH

Orovlll*

Chico

.. Lak«|>ort

.. Covelo

-.Port BrasK

Napa

_ Uklah

wmim

..Point Arena
..~~ Napa

W. F

K. H

w. n

J. H
W I.

K \V

T

W.

C. I... Tiiu

I.ARUR «•
H. S
W. S
C. L.
R. E.
W. C.

L. T. "\\

J. W. !

H. C. J
E. II O

A. K. ■

C. J. Waiters.

l>aalA
-van tMamo
lloltirww4

ftM

Launch Patrol

C. M. Houton.

W. J. Black

Wm. Hopp« ^.,

Stockton

Ed. elements

.Launch

. L

J^anch "Walter R. Wetdb"

..Launch "8thr«raltf«.** m

Captains indicated in capitals.

CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTINS OFFICE

HARRY HAMMOND, STATE PRINTER

SACRAMENTO. 1932

CAUFORNIA
FISH™" GAME

^CONSERVATION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATION^'

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

J. DAX.E GENTRY, President San Bernardino

EAUL, B. GELMORE, Commissioner Los Angeles

I. ZELLrERBACH, Commissioner San Francisco

JOHN L. PARLEY, Executive Officer San Prancisco

Grahame B. Ridley, Assistant Executive Officer San Prancisco

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Prancisco

510 Russ Building-, San Prancisco. Phone Sutter 6100.

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

J. O. SNYDER. Chief San Francisco

W. H. Shebley, Pish Cultural Adviser Sacramento

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Chief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Burghduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

Li. Phillips, Field Superintendent San Francisco

A. E. Doney, Surveyor Sacramento

E, v. Cassell, Superintendent of Mt. Shasta Hatchery and Klamath

River Stations Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

D. A. Clanton, Superintendent Southern California Stations Pine Knot

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Port Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

Earl Leitritz, Foreman Pall Creek Hatchery Copco

Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Davenport

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

H. E. Cole, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed. Clessen, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Lake Almanor Hatchery Chester

L. C. Dockham, Foreman Basin Creek Hatchery Tuolumne

Ralph Ledgerwood, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Guy C. Tabler, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

James L. Stinnett, Foreman Beaver Creek Station Gottville

Archie Thompson, Foreman Mt. WTiitney Hatchery Independence

Ross McCloud, General Foreman Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

L. Rider, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, Chief San Francisco

S. H. Dado, Assistant Chief San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Field Inspector San Francisco

L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

W. L. Scofield, Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS
H. B. DUNBAR, Chief Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

LEO K. WILSON, Chief San Francisco

Opie L. Warner, Publicist San Francisco

Dr. M. Hobmaier, Pathologist San Francisco

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist , San Francisco

Jack Boaz, Lecturer Los Angeles

Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, Chief San Prancisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Prancisco

A. D. McLellan, Game Refuge Supervisor San Prancisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER, Chief San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

E. A. Chan Long Beach

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS

AUGUST BADE, , Chief Yountville

E. D. Piatt, Assistant in Charge _Chino

James Moffitt, Field Production of Game San Francisco

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALE, Chief Sacramento

BUKEAU Ur I'ATROL

I-: f ,

i; I'

A

ta Trm

MAN KIIANCISCO orKKi:

C. I-

J. I

M.

T. K.

r. I-:

\1 !

.\' I ■

til

iiiCNnr uwciOKi

I

:..ol

It i-.iirfax

.____.. >ian AriMolmo

u II. wn Sacnimtntn omro

Tv u I I 1, ..... Aiit.iirn

o _.8.i

'^'- .-:«'nni _.

■ • ■ k Sacra '

Sliilv.-y .. w 1

HAP.P I

'• h

r
w

r.

J K.

1.'.
!.

J. «.
Al'.
W.
O*

Vr
J

E. W.

P A

I9UI.

.T*^^k*«

Wj

Nl

sy.

•1

lUy J

itoMWell C Welch.

E. C. Vail

I ■hi,

U. I,.

\VM J

IM ■

s.-..(i (■■■' uid.iminiiiiiiii..

S, R. OILI.OON Ut I

c. n. i>.v.. ._ .1 „ . . K-

"rl'" " l< Vreka

•^- -^- J Alturna

K. <V M ■> (iiul Dousiaa City

Pnul Ktlinr __... Adin

KroU Siiur Uacdo«l

8 J. CARPKNTER MaxwHI

Roy W • ' ,,n I;. r

K. (>. \\

I, \y I "I'll Y

^v'. K. I -"-'-7I7."_

T''*'''"'„ ' ■ l-on.vum

A. J. Stiuiloy Chico

J. n ixivoKRO Lakeport

Iirl 1- iMwell Covelo

«'vi.i 1I..W....S IPort BniKB

i;.- X .' iuison Napa

f'.;irl M.uklln IJklnh

Itny I>lniiuind Willi tn

Jf A. MIti-holl Point Arena

K. J. Ran.tdell Napa

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES PATROL

S. H. LYONS. Supervlaor Fl»hfrK>it I'atn.I

C. H. OU(>AT. Captain _.

R K. CI^VSSIC. Captain .VL "....„

COBUllX K. MADDOX. Captain

N. C. Kunkel Tormhml Island T. W. S

Rosa W. Markley T 1 Ixlarul T. J. Smith

Tate F. Mlllor n 1 uUuu\

t

■y
•I

:»«U>»

TVrmfnat la^aj

Walter Enrelke.
HuRo I. Calrcn.

Harry A. Lynch

L. J. Weapth

Erol GreenU'af ..

C. M. Bouton

W. J. Black

Wtu. Hopp«

Stockton

Ed. Cloments

Launch Patrol

Motor V«>*»«! •'Pfa«»fln.*

.Motor \>!i««l "Mluenn." Twrwimmli

[otor Vr»i^! "\\'\:<-"- " Tormtr-al IjI^b4

" ■ • r

I III t

La * IUr»«l

V^ltaje

L." ■ *;r.trt

.L*uncb ' Sab
Launch "sunriidaw"

Captains Indicated In capltala

CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE

HARRY HAMMOND, STATE PRINTER

SACRAMENTO. 1932

CAUFDRNIA
nSH^GAME

CONSERVATION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATION*

Volume IK San Frnndsro. Ortolwr. 1012

25c p«p copy

1 1.00 0*^ 7**'

STSSr

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME

San Francisco, California

Fish and Game Commissioners appointed by tlie Governor. Term at pleasure of

Governor. No compensation

J. DALE GENTRY, President San Bernardino

EARL. B. GILMORE, Commissioner Los Angeles

I. ZELLERBACH, Commissioner San Francisco

JOHN L. FARLEY, Executive Officer San Francisco

E. Lingenfelder, Assistant Executive Officer Los Angeles

EUGENE D. BENNETT, Attorney San Francisco

450 McAllister Street. Phone Underbill 8700

BUREAU OF FISH CULTURE

J. O. SNYDER, Chief San Francisco

W. H. Shebley, Fish Cultural Adviser Sacramento

J. H. Vogt, Assistant to Chief of Bureau San Francisco

A. E. Burghduff, Field Superintendent San Francisco

L. Phillips, Field Superintendent San Francisco

B. V. Cassell, Superintendent of Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Geo. McCloud, Superintendent Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

D. A. Clanton, Superintendent Forest Home Hatchery Forest Home

J. C. Lewis, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint

Earl Leitritz, Foreman Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

Peter Topp, Foreman Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite

C. L. Frame, Foreman Big Creek Hatchery Davenport

J. W. Ricker, Foreman Cold Creek Hatchery Ukiah

H. E. Cole, Foreman Feather River Hatchery Clio

Ed Clessen, Foreman Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers

George E. West, Foreman Tahoe Hatchery Tahoe

Wm. Berrian, Foreman Lake Almanor Hatchery Chester

L. C. Dockham, Foreman Basin Creek Hatchery Tuolumne

Archie Thompson, Foreman Burney Creek Hatchery Burney

K. H. Shebley, Foreman Kings River Hatchery Fresno

Guy C. Tabler, Foreman Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville

John Marshall, Foreman Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

Jam«s L. Stinnett, Foreman Klamath River Stations Gottville

William Fiske, Acting Foreman, Mt. Whitney Hatchery Independence

Ross McCloud, General Foreman Mt. Shasta Hatchery Mt. Shasta

Donald Evins, Superintendent Distribution Car 01 Mt. Shasta

L. Rider, Superintendent Distribution Car 02 Mt. Shasta

BUREAU OF COIVIERCIAL FISHERIES

N. B. SCOFIELD, Chief San Francisco

S. H. Dado, Assistant Chief San Francisco

H. B. Nidever, Field Inspector San Francisco

L. G. Van Vorhis Terminal Island

"W. L. Scofield, Director State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

W. F. Thompson, Consultant State Fisheries Laboratory Terminal Island

BUREAU OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS
H. R. DUNBAR, Chief Sacramento

BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

LEO K. WILSON, Chief San Francisco

Opie L. Warner, Publicist San Francisco

Dr. M. Hobmaier, Pathologist San Francisco

Paul A. Shaw, Toxicologist San Francisco

Jack Boaz, Lecturer Los Angeles

Bessie W. Kibbe, Librarian___ San Francisco

BUREAU OF GAME REFUGES

J. S. HUNTER, Chief San Francisco

Jay C. Bruce, State Lion Hunter San Lorenzo

D. D. McLean, Field Naturalist San Francisco

A. D. McLellan, Game Refuge Supervisor San Francisco

BUREAU OF HYDRAULICS

JOHN SPENCER, Chief San Francisco

Clarence Elliger, Assistant San Francisco

E. A. Chan Long Beach

BUREAU OF GAME FARMS
AUGUST BADE, Chief Yountville

E. D. Piatt, Assistant in Charge Chino

Gordon H. True, Jr., Field Production of Game San Francisco

BUREAU OF FISH RESCUE AND RECLAMATION
GEORGE NEALB, Chief Sacramento

BUEBAU or PATROL

I :

; Walt«7r it v. :ti ClMrtfv •

; HAN K»t » ^'
C J. I.

M

■I

1' H

••♦rt«.l 1

,.., ..1 ■!

J .

WM l.ir
C. 1^
1a T

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It

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W. J.

r M

A. H W:

1.' ... 1 J

Al'

\

..Ban 1

1-. .V

tUjr •
It J.

R. 1.

WM J 1

K«l. ♦'U'liH'iii-.
John lliirU>
Kc! Johii.Mou ..

Soitt I'l'l.tnd .
a H. CIM.OON

C. U. I-«>vi'

Brir.. I-
A. A.
R. <• ^'

.'.""''V_ Ml.

u

K. II
W. R

I'i r

, ,

J. II
J W

R J.

W I.

It< ' "

■—->-.—- li

p w

E. <■>. ^

W. C 1

H. C.
T R

W, h'

Tn

-___-__--_.-- --Urovilto

C. L.
W. S

J. r>

> Lakeport

1. \I!IM:

Oviil li

Fort

Karl M
Ray !■

."'""'"" ^^

J. w.

II I >

l^ A >:
K. J l:

Point

^

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES PATROL

>. H. I-YON.-;, .-^ui>. rvlaor Flsherlea Patrol.
■ • TT c:!:i)\r 'i-iin

K

(■■ ■ ' ■ ; !i - -

\. C K'liiik. I Torrniriul Nlmd T. ^'^

i;.is.-< \\" Mitkli'V TormlnnI l^hlr^^ T *

.Terminal iMlanl

Launch Patroi
\ M,.' - \.

if

I -.1 __-.___ «_«_.^--.

1 •. Uiur.>

Tvi. >, .. ,,,. ,,..-)

P.ntit;i l'i<5 iri(Hi-atf>(^ In ranltals.

,..• • . .

CALIFORNIA. STATE PRINTING OFFICE

HARRY HAMMOND, STATE PRINTER

SACRAMENTO. 1933

• «

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