{CALIFORNIA
FISHGAME

i ‘CONSERVAT ION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION”

San Francisco, April, 1917 Number 2

Volume 3

BURLINGAME
PUBLIC
LIB.

EK.
G

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIO’

Commissioners appointed by the Governor, by and with the Saneatt of .
Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation.

F. M. NEWBERT, Pragidantd:.<. eae -eiveniae Pee nec
BM, .3.. CONNELL, ‘ Commissioners so 2- ope eee

Hh, £."BOSQUI, .Commissioner..ho06 22 22 Se peat se

CARL WESTERFELD, Executive Officer_______-_-_______ ey =
J. 8. HUNTER, Assistant Hxecutive Officer____------------___--_--Sar
Re D.DURI; Attorney 21 Ore ee lot ate ae
ASD, PRERGUSON; Wield Agentoo27 00 Sc. oe es

DEPARTMENT OF FISH CULTURE. Met
W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Fish Culture. 0 2 gee
W. HUNT, Field Agent, Dept. Fish Culture____- neta aes ek pees
H. LAMBSON, Superintendent, Sisson Hatchery____________-___

s s s &

W. H. Shebley, in Charge.

A. E. DONEY, Fish ta :
A: HW. CULV ER,. Wish, Sereens 222-2522 225 2 a eee
A. M. FAIRFIELD, Water Pollution aby Ll)

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge__---_ oe pean intel oS eee RE
H:B.-NIDEVER,, ‘Assistant. 22 oe Se See ae

STATE GAME FARM. ey
W. N. DIRKS, Beperaeoee State Game sed Ss

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEAI
DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Gharge 0) ics ne hea eae

CONTENTS.

PAGE
TiS} CTE TORS RANI Dn Sea SSL ee 2c le Ae ee na ie La nc ba 50
AN UNFAIR ATTITUDE ON GAME LAWS-_-_----------- Frank B. Hoffman 51
PEM ESED or A See HY Liss EP EN Ge eee ea el es ee C. M. Boutan 53
THE BFFECT OF POWER DEVELOPMENT ON FISHING IN THE
DERG Here SIRE RG EG AS = 2a ee ee ee ee A. D. Ferguson 55
Vien Sie ee “ON LOO BIG" BAR VALDLbY=. 22222 2 ees W. C. Malone 60
WHAT WE CAN DO TO PROMOTE FISH CONSERVATION--_-----------~
ee eee ate eran Se me Faye 2 eo tT AL ee ee eee Chas. M. Blackford 61
TRINITY NATIONAL FOREST GAME REFUGEH___-_--_~_-- EH. V. Jotter 65

THE CASE OF THE SPORTSMAN vs. THE CASE OF THE FARMER_--- 68

PEDO CANT GSS Sk os ce a el a Se elk ak SAS eel oh et ee ek 70
Rien CS THER C SV are IN COME Hse Sess ae ca eS bi BS ie i eee ae 83
SO SEER VEACE LO ING ON OTHER SILAS ses 2 Sas ee ee ee 87
GEE MEA en VarN OUEH Sikes: ser 0 eo a OR ee ees 88
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION--~-_~--------_=- 90
TPE TET EDODS go eh ema pe a a ee BO are et Om Ce ge eee neta ee 92
Wishery. Products, October to: December, 1916 -___--__.----.___--_______ 92
Violations of Fish and Game Laws__~__-------___-- A ban Se egy Se 94
| SVRIIAV S| a cs SA NN Ape Bt a Ou PGS eA IE ES 94.
ERC TU PLCe MO GP teers ee owe ele rl ee eh SE 9 eee ee) 95

29093

IN MEMORIAM.
JOHN PETER FISHER.

John Peter Fisher, game expert of the California Fish and Game Commission,
with headquarters in San Francisco, dropped dead while hunting in the marshes
* near Los Banos, on Sunday, November 26,
1916. Apparently there was no presenti-
ment of death, as he left home in his usual
health and was as cheerful and jocular as
ever.

Mr. Fisher was a native of San Fran-
cisco, being of a pioneer family. His
father came to California in 1848, and set-
tled in El Dorado County in the early six-
ties. Mr. John P. Fisher married Miss
Summerfield of El Dorado County, and
two children were born to them: a daugh-
ter, who died when quite young, and a
son, whose tragic death by accidental
shooting occurred when the young man
was but eighteen years of age.

John P. Fisher was a lover of nature.
He knew the woods, the birds, and the
animal life of northern California as thor-
oughly as few men have come to know
them. He was an exceptionally well-
informed man. Always reading, observ-
ing and studying, he was able to thor-
oughly discuss a wide range of subjects.
He held many positions of trust, where an expert knowledge of men and
conditions was essential. For many years he was connected with the tim-
ber interests of El] Dorado and adjoining counties, and the people of El Dorado
County twice elected him to the position of county clerk. He was promi-
nent as a national guardsman, and as such was recognized as one of the best
shots in the United States, his possessions including many medals and trophies
won in open competition.

He was known and loved for his genial disposition. Few men could number
the sincere friendships accorded to him. No matter how he may have felt; no
matter his secret troubles or sorrow, it was always a smile and a cheerful word
from John P. Fisher.—W. A. Gett.

PAUL SMITH.

The following fitting words were spoken at the funeral of Paul Smith, one
of the commission’s trusted deputies, by Assistant Executive Officer J. S.
Hunter:

“It has been my privilege to be associated for several years with the man
whom we today have come to pay our last tribute of love and respect. I want
to emphasize that it has been a privilege, for it is seldom that in all the
multitude of people we come in contact with each day, that we find one in
whom we can entrust every confidence as we could in him.

“In my association with him it was a pleasure to study the true nobleness
of character, sincere integrity and high regard for duty that permeated his
entire being. No duty was too severe, no task too hard; never complaining,
always giving the best that was in him, his life was such that we can take
from it a lesson that will make us all better men.

“To the wife and baby girl | would leave this word: Do not think of him as
dead, but as one who has left all trials and troubles behind and who now
rests where there are no sorrows, no partings, but, in their place, eternal peace.
His memory is with you. Take consolation from the fact that his life was
upright, his character sterling, his every act above reproach. He lives in your
memory and in the memory of his friends and those who loved him.”

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

“CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION”

Volume 3 SAN FRANCISCO, APRIL, 1917 Number 2

AN UNFAIR ATTITUDE ON GAME LAWS.

By FRANK B. HorrMan.

I recently attended a trial held before a Justice of the peace in one
of our mountain districts, the defendants, three in number, being
charged with a violation of the game law. As to the result of the trial
in as far as it affected the defendants, I have nothing to say, but I was
forcibly impressed and immeasurably shocked at the utter lack of
respect shown by some of those present for the officers of the court,
and the openly expressed sentiment against the arresting officials. The
idea seemed to prevail, as it does in other small communities, that
because of the nature of the case the proceedings were to be something
on the order of a vaudeville performance, and at least 50 per cent of
those in attendance showed by their attitude that they were there to
contribute their share toward the entertainment. T will not dwell upon
this case, except to remark that instances of this kind have a demoral-
izing influence upon the community in which they occur, for contempt
for, and disregard of one law and its representatives, soon leads to
contempt for another law and the officers appointed to enforee it.

I do not attempt a defense of the game warden, for neither he nor
his position need defending, but I wish to register a vigorous protest
against the unfair attitude assumed by a certain element of society
toward these capable representatives of one of the greatest movements
ever inaugurated for the benefit of the present and future generations.
The populace turns out en masse to assist other officers in the capture
of wrongdoers, and even the vile desecrator of the sacred hen roost is
considered legitimate prey, all citizens, high and low, lending their
best effort to aid in his apprehension. The officer who effects his capture
is publicly lauded for his zeal and bravery, and where his office is
elective, he is unanimously returned to office because of his record as
an efficient officer. But because of some strange inconsistency in the
human makeup, we place the game warden in a little niche by himself
and deny him the whole-hearted support that is the due of every officer,
regardless of which branch of the law he represents.

The admirable and conscientious manner in which the majority of
these men perform the duties assigned to them, speaks well of their
physical and moral courage, for it is a lamentable fact that in some
districts the sentiment against them is so hostile that they must possess
these qualities to a high degree.

Even the hardened criminal recognizes the necessity of law and
order, although he may look with disfavor upon the laws which affect
his particular line of endeavor, and while he will resort to any measure
to avoid capture, once he realizes that resistance is useless, he submits

OL

HD CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

to arrests and entertains nothing but the friendliest feeling toward his
captor. But in most cases, violators of the game law make their arrest
the basis of a bitter hatred for the man who brings them to task, con-
sidering it in the light of a personal affair between themselves and the
game warden, seeming to forget that he is but an instrument of society.
A certain calibre of chronic offenders voice their hostile sentiments in
very forceful language, endeavoring by threat and presentation of a
warlike front to intimidate the resident game deputies. It is interesting
to note the souree from whence these threats emanate. In every case,
the salient features of the physiognomy of the one who utters them
proclaims the fact that his mental peregrinations do not extend beyond
bounds usually referred to as ‘‘narrow.’’

In some districts it is a difficult matter to secure a jury who, will deal
fairly with the people in these ‘‘game trials,’’ and men of high standing,
who consider themselves law-abiding and upright members of their
community, will resort to every subterfuge to avoid jury service in
these instances. Sometimes they are moved to this as an act of business
or social diplomacy or because of the fear of incurring the ill will of
others. Others, who can and will qualify as jurors in the trial of any
other case, seem, upon these occasions, unable to adjust their mental
processes in a manner which will enable them to lay aside their per-
sonal feelings and opinions.

Citizenship carries with it certain responsibilities, which, in all
fairness to ourselves and our fellow man, we must not shirk. I consider
jury service one of the most solemn and high duties we are called upon
to perform, and while it is, at best, a disagreeable duty, we can not
deliberately avoid it without feeling that we are shirkers. It is dis-
couraging to the game wardens, when, after the conscientious perform-
ance of their duty, they are denied support from the quarter from
which they naturally expect it. I refer particularly to the lack of
cooperation in some districts upon the part of the district attorney and
other county officials. However, if I am correctly informed, it is pos-
sible to proceed with the prosecution of a case without the assistance of
these officers, and I believe it would be an excellent thing could these
trials be held before any justice of the peace in the county, when, owing
to the strong sentiment against game protection, it is impossible to
secure a fair-minded jury in the locality where the offense is committed.

Our game is one of our most valuable assets. It is the means of
bringing to our state thousands of dollars annually which otherwise
would go to states more favored in the line of game, and laying aside
all other considerations, from this standpoint alone it is to the interest
of every man and woman within the boundaries of our state to lend
their hearty support to any movement that has for its objective the
preservation of our game. Society has appointed representatives to
enact its laws, and as long as these enactments remain upon the statute
books they must be observed and upheld by all, and the ones who are
delegated to enforce them, instead of being anathematized and. con-
demned, should receive the moral and active backing of every citizen.

Every true sportsman should cultivate the acquaintance of the local
representative of the Fish and Game Commission in the district where
he usually hunts or spends his vacation. He will find the deputy a good
man to know. As a general rule he is a veritable encyclopedia of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 53

information pertaining to things that are of interest to all lovers of
the great out-of-doors. He can tell one where the best hunting and
fishing is to be had; point out the best camp ground, and be useful in
innumerable small ways that I am sure will be highly appreciated.

I hope to see the day in the not distant future when the true status
of our game wardens will be firmly established in the public mind, and
the warden will be accorded the respect to which the dignity of his
office entitles him.

Meet him on the open ground of good fellowship; extend to him the
hand of welcome when he favors your camp with a visit, and as he is
usually the possessor of a pleasing personality, he will, if afforded an
opportunity, win your good will and friendship.

STRIPED BASS FISHING.

By C. M. Bouran.

My first experience angling for striped bass was sixteen years ago.
After several fishing trips to San Leandro Bay, where I caught nothing
but sting-rays, I succeeded in hooking a two-pound bass in San Pablo
marsh near where the city of Richmond now stands.

The clam was the only bait used at that time. The preparation of
a clam for a bait consisted in taking it out of the shell and splitting
the neck lengthwise, the idea being to make a pocket of the neck, for
the clam belly is soft and comes off the hook easily when cast. The
hook was run through the little hard teat on the belly, then through
the belly and twice through the neck lengthwise.

Our fishing was confined to the sloughs and good catches on some
occasions were made.

In July, 1901, Al. Wilson perfected a bass spoon which he brought
to San Pablo to try, and it was my good fortune to be there fishing
at the time and to see the results. Mr. Wilson informed me that the
spoons would be on the market shortly, and upon securing one I made
a hasty trip to try it out. Large numbers of bass were oceasionally
caught with this spoon, both in the sloughs and on flats outside in
San Pablo Bay. But the striped bass is a queer fish and on some days
it would not strike the spoon. The fish were small, ranging from one
1o four pounds, but occasionally a larger one was landed.

A couple of years later some men tried trolling for bass in Raccoon
Straits and secured a nice catch, so several of us went over to try our
luck. Fishing was so good that we formed a club known as the “‘ Pacific
Striped Bass Club’’ and purchased an ark, which we still maintain at
Belvedere. There were two distinct runs of bass in that neighborhood,
one in March and April, the other in September and October. Seldom
was a fish caught under five pounds and from that up to fourteen
pounds, with a few as large as twenty pounds. Two men generally
fished together, using the ‘‘armstrong’’ motor. Rod holders were
clamped to the sides of the boat to hold the rods. It was ideal fishing,
with plenty of excitement, especially when two fish were hooked at the
same time, which often happened. The fishing was mostly done close
to the rocks.

54 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

A good many bass were being taken in San Antonio Slough in Marin
County at this time on bait, but I made only a few trips up there, with
poor results, although I have seen men returning from San Antonio
with all the bass they could carry.

Five years ago it was found that the small erabs of the species Cancer
magister were fine bait. The water in Carquinez Straits and Petaluma
Slough and at Benicia and South Vallejo was alive with them. Where
they were present, a clam used as bait would not last a half minute.
A man who had used crabs for bait in the East showed us how to pre-
pare them. Break off all the legs, cut the edge of the shell all around
and lift off the back, then break off the two lower parts of the shell and
you have one of the best striped bass baits. A large hook, seven or
eight 0, is used and the bait is put on whole. When bass are taking
crabs well they seemingly taste the bait first, then grab it and run.

A 35-pound striped bass that it was my good fortune to catch in
Petaluma Slough had in its stomach a erab about five inches across
the back. At another time a 12-pound bass was found to have devoured
thirteen small mud erabs, called ‘‘fiddlers.’”’

An arrest was made for having small Cancer magister crabs in pos-
session, which put a stop to their use for bait. They are a real nuisance
when fishing with other bait and the few that would be used would be
nothing to the numbers that die each year when the freshets come down
the sloughs adjoining Petaluma Slough.

A large crab of lawful size can be used, but it must be fresh and
uneooked. A dozen good baits can be made of it.

The salt water bullhead is the predominating bait at the present
time. The head and tail are cut off and the hook, a number four or
five 0, is put into the throat from the inside.

Some men strike with the line when the fish grabs the bait, while
others have the clicks on the reel fixed very light so it runs easily and
the fish is allowed to run with the bait from 20 to 100 feet or until it
is thought he has swallowed the bait. The fish is then hooked in the
stomach or throat. A fish so hooked does not put up as good a struggle,
in most cases, as one hooked in the mouth.

Monterey sardines are used a good deal for bait, also herring. They
are cut into chunks or split lengthwise. Fishing with herring one
night in January, 1913, in Petaluma Slough, I landed 125 pounds of
bass in three hours, the largest fish weighing thirty-six pounds.

During the summer months the fishing in San Pablo Bay, Napa River,
Petaluma Slough and their adjoining sloughs is mostly carried on by
trolling with spoons, and during that time the fish are usually small,
although an occasional large one is caught. It is in winter the bass run
large and they are then caught on bait.

The largest bass caught with rod and reel was caught by William
West of Napa, in the Napa marshes, on a spoon September 26, 1911.
Its length was 51 inches, girth 31 inches, weight 624 pounds.

Seemingly, there are millions of striped bass in San Francisco, San
Pablo and Suisun bays and the rivers and sloughs flowing into them, .
and with the protection that the Fish and Game Commission is giving
them there is no danger of their being depleted

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 55)

THE EFFECT OF POWER DEVELOPMENT ON FISHING
CONDITIONS IN THE HIGH SIERRAS.

By A. D. Frereuson, Field Agent, California Fish and Game Commission.

The construction of great dams across natural streams for the pur-
pose of diverting or storing its waters, gives rise to difficult and trying
problems in the way of providing for the free movement of ascending
migratory fish over or around such artificial obstructions. To devise
a fishway which will enable fish to surmount a dam a hundred or more
feet high is no mean engineering feat. Such problems the Fish and
Game Commission must solve. It can, and does, happen, frequently,
that the construction of a great impounding dam works a very decided
improvement in fishing conditions. The major streams of the
high Sierra Nevada mountains of central California occupy deep can-
yons and their tributary waters tumble more or less directly over
canyon walls. The minor or tributary streams of the high Sierra
region were, because of impassable falls in their lower courses, natu-
rally devoid of fish life. Most of the feeder waters of the river systems
of the vast Sierra watershed have been stocked with trout through the
agency of man’s enterprise, but while there are fish in the main
streams and tributaries, the chief movement of fish life as between main
streams and feeders is downward and not upward.

The impounding dams now in the Sierra Nevada mountains have
been constructed either in connection with hydroelectric power devel-
opment or as an aid to economical lumbering and are located on
tributary streams high above the main rivers. In the first instance the
site was chosen for the double purpose of securing a large area for
the impounded flood waters and of securing a great perpendicular fall
for the piped water in a short lateral distance. In the second instance,
the lumberman makes his reservoir nearest his standing timber. And
thus it comes about that some people seeing a high dam across a stream
where fish are found above and below such dam wonder (and some-
times complain) that the Fish and Game Commission has not compelled
the construction of a fishway to enable ascending migratory fish to
pass over the obstruction. The unusual conditions existing in such
cases minimize the necessity of aiding the fish to ascend the stream.
Furthermore, the artificial lake above the dam has made room for thou-
sands of fish where dozens could have existed before the construction

Fig. 19. Transportation by means of pack-train in the high Sierras. By using this means
of transportation it is possible to plant many streams otherwise inaccessible. Photograph
by A. D. Ferguson.

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of the dam. Typical instances of how commercial enterprises have
benefited a natural resource and given pleasure and profit to thousands
of people, in a way their projectors never dreamed of, are to be found
in eastern Madera and Fresno counties.

Before the San Joaquin Light and Power Company, taking advantage
of a natural site, impounded the flood waters of the Crane Valley
watershed, North Fork Creek in Madera County supported but a few
trout and apparently had no future as a popular trout stream. The
building of Crane Valley Dam made Bass Lake. This beautiful sheet
of water, some six miles long, a half-mile wide and a hundred feet
deep, is now teeming with both trout and ‘black bass. A popular

Fig. 22. Bass Lake (Crane Valley Reservoir) in eastern Madera County. Power develop-
qaeaie was responsible for the formation of this fine body of water. Photograph by A. D.
erguson.

summer resort is upon its banks and hundreds of campers annually
visit its shores. .

Stevenson Creek in Fresno County, stocked in 1888 with black-
spotted trout, would never have furnished an incentive to visits by
anglers, had it not been for the construction of the ‘‘Shaver’’ Dam by
the Fresno Flume and Lumber Company. In an old-time biennial
report of the (then) Fish Commission, it was stated that a careful
survey showed that Stevenson Creek could never become a trout stream
of consequence. Now, and for many years past, Shaver Lake, formed
by the construction of a dam just above the point where Stevenson
Creek starts tumbling 4,000 feet in four miles: down into the San
Joaquin River, is the mecca of thousands of people from the San
Joaquin Valley, who, in summer, camp upon its shores and enjoy the
good fishing to be -had there.

The latest instance of how a high and impassable dam can sometimes
prove of great benefit to the people’s fishing interests is at Huntington
Lake in Fresno County. Big Creek, stocked with rainbow trout in
1897, soon became a good fishing stream to the few people who in that
day found its waters. In the then little known back country, its

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 59

isolation was its protection. In the year 1911, came the Pacific Light
and Power Corporation, with thousands of workmen, to invade the
solitudes of Big Creek Basin. At the lower end of the basin, at the
head of the gorge through which Big Creek falls some 2,000 feet in a
trifle over a mile, the company built a huge concrete dam. At first
but 120 feet high, the dam is now being raised to a height of 150 feet.
It impounds 150,000 acre-feet of water, and to the stock of rainbow
trout already in the creek, the Fish and Game Commission has added
several hundred thousand Loch Leven, eastern brook and rainbow fry.
A mountain railway and a county wagon road permit an annual influx
of several thousand people from all over the state to the shores of
beautiful Huntington Lake. A fine hotel and many lesser ones are
already located there. The Forest Service and the county of Fresno
will jointly build a scenic road along the north shore of the lake during

Fig. 23. Huntington Lake, Fresno County, elevation 7,000 feet. Photograph by A. D.
Ferguson,

the coming summer, and the playgrounds commission of the city of
Fresno has selected a site on the lake shore where it is planned to give
annual outings to 5,000 children.

Here, as elsewhere, the fishing is the chief lure which draws so many
people to the mountains, but there is little danger of the fish supply
becoming depleted; for not only will the lake support and harbor
vast numbers of trout, but each spring, from out its depths, will emerge
big, strong, spawning fish to ascend every tributary stream and the
process of natural reproduction will go on to replenish the annual
drain.

Other notable examples of the incidental (or accidental) benefits
which may follow the building of high impounding dams across moun-
tain streams, are the Highland reservoir in Calaveras County, the dam
at Strawberry and the big dam at Relief, both of the latter being in
Tuolumne County.

60 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

MY FIRST TRIP INTO BIG BEAR VALLEY IN THE
SPRING OF 1916.

By W. C. MALonrz, Deputy Fish and Game Commissioner.

On the 18th day of April I received instructions from the Division
Office at Los Angeles to take two men and go to Big Bear Valley to
rescue the fish that were going from the lake into the mountain streams
to spawn, it being stated to me that large numbers of fish in passing up
the streams were becoming stranded and that they no doubt would
perish unless some provision was made for getting them into deeper
water.

Realizing that it was a job that would call for men who were used
to roughing it and who were not afraid of cold water or hard work,
two men bearing the names of Dotts and Welch were secured. We
got into the valley on the 20th of April, 1916, and found that the streams
running into the lake were alive with trout that weighed from two to
ten pounds.

The storms of the winter had filled the mouths of the streams running
into the lake with sand and debris, and the large fish, in attempting to
get up the streams, would get stranded in the shallow waters at the
mouths, and being unable to get either up or down the streams, became
easy prey to both man and beast.

We worked for the first fifteen days rescuing these fish off the sand-
bars and placing them back in the lake. During this time we were
assisted by Mr. Phillips and Mr. Morrison of the fish hatchery at Big
Bear Lake, and a Dr. Getchell, who was stopping in the valley at the
time. I beheve that our work saved for the people of the state of
California thousands of fish that would have otherwise died, been
destroyed by animals or clubbed and speared by violators.

Probably the experience at the lake this spring has been the common
experience around the lake, for I have been told by old-timers of Bear
Valley that they used to haul fish out by the wagonload in the spring
season, and anyone who knows anything about fish when they are
spawning knows that they fall an easy prey to the man who wants to
pick them up, as they are at that time very tame and can be easily
handled, particularly while they are stranded in the shallow waters.

During the excessive floods of 1916 the lake filled up until the water
ran over the top of the dam several feet, carrying immense numbers
of large trout out of the lake and into Bear Creek. After the storm
was over we estimated that there were between three and five thousand
fish in the creek which had been washed over the dam during this
storm, each weighing between two and ten pounds. Later, when the
season opened, the anglers had great sport trying to catch the large
trout in Bear Creek. They used their light tackle which they had been
in the habit of using for brook trout, but made very little progress in
catching these big lake trout in the stream, and as one fisherman
expressed himself: ‘‘When you hooked a fish he would shake his head,
and if he didn’t break a hook, line or leader, he would brace himself
against a rock, give a lunge, and away he would go!”’

We had a very successful opening of the fishing season in Bear Lake
this year. A great many fish were caught and some very nice ones.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 61

The only thing to mar the success of the opening was the roughness
of the waters of the lake, which made it very dangerous for fishermen
to go on the lake in small open boats. I did all that I could do to keep
the fishermen from the more dangerous portions of the lake during that
day, and persons who went on the lake in the open boats had to make
shore the best way they could. A great many people do not realize
their danger in going on these mountain lakes in open boats in the early
part of the season. As the weather is more or less rough and the
waters are extremely cold, after a person is once thrown in the water
he has very little chance of getting out alive, as the experience of four
men who drowned in Little Bear Lake on the opening day of the fish
season in 1916 proves.

WHAT WE CAN DO TO PROMOTE FISH CONSERVATION.*

By CHARLES MINOR BLACKFORD, M. D.

Perhaps no country in the world possesses more societies and
associations for the promotion of various ends than does the United
States, and yet the small success that attends the labors of these
organizations must attract the notice of anyone who looks into the
matter. In every state, in many counties and in every city or large
town, we find medical societies and other scientific or semiscientific
bodies that are trying to teach the people at large how to better their
physical condition, and yet in many cases, their influence is negligible.
It was only after the brilliant object lessons given by the altered
hygienic conditions in Havana and on the Canal Zone, that the mass
of our intelligent people became convinced that the mosquito is any-
thing more than a trivial nuisance and that the housefly is a menace to
life, although the medical societies had been preaching these facts to
unheeding ears for several years. When the truth was brought home
to the people, however, they grasped the situation, and the tables of
mortality already show the results of the campaign now being waged
against these domestic enemies. .

The reason why these bodies of learned and experienced men have
so small an influence on the people around them may be summed up
in the single word, ignorance. This popular ignorance and its twin
offspring, prejudice and vanity, must be overcome before any marked
results can be effected. Mere legislation will not accomplish much.
Along our special line, the conservation of fishes, there is ample legis-
lation—indeed in some instances there is too much—but the legislation
is not accomplishing its end and we should try to find out why it is
not doing so. Many of the laws on the statute books are not wise
and would not accomplish anything if they were enforced, but the
principal reason is lack of enforcement, and it is here that ignorance
and its offspring, prejudice, come into play. One of the wisest of the
writers on law has said that ‘‘He who knoweth the law and knoweth
not the reason of the law, knoweth not the law; for the reason of the

*An address delivered before the American Fisheries Society, 1915. Reprinted
from the Transactions American Fisheries Society, December, 1915, pp. 13-18.

62 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

law is the life of the law,’’ and we must teach the mass of the laity
the reason of the law if we wish to put life into the law and get hearty
cooperation in its enforcement.

The greatest obstacle that we encounter in doing this is the vanity
of the American people. For more than a century it has been a mark
of so-called patriotism to claim that the resources of our country are
inexhaustible, and anyone who called attention to the danger of extrav-
agant wastefulness, was considered an hysterical alarmist or almost a
traitor. In consequence of this foolish talk, we are now seeing the end
of our forests, and geologists are estimating, with alarming accuracy,
the length of time that will elapse before our stores of iron and coal
will be. exhausted. National and state governments are frantically
taking steps to check the ruthless destruction of these reserves of
natural wealth before it is too late, but their efforts will bear scanty
fruit unless the people be shown that the wonderful wealth of our
country is not limitless. When this is grasped, and not until then,
conservation will become an accomplished fact.

When America was first being settled by Europeans, the abundance
and variety of the fisheries of both the salt and fresh waters made a
deep impression on the colonists. The Grand Banks fisheries played
no small part in causing the adjacent continental shores to be colonized,
and the fishes along the coasts and in the rivers supplied the colonists
with a large part of their food during the earlier years of the settle-
ments. The widespread belief that this resource was inexhaustible
led to such reckless destruction that the fisheries began to decline, and
about the time of the Civil War the shad catch had diminished to such
an extent that its restoration was one of the main reasons for the
establishment of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries,
the predecessor of the present Bureau of Fisheries. Following the
example of the national government, many of the states have estab-
lished commissions charged with the duty of restoring or increasing
their respective fisheries, and it is a part of the duty of our society to
aid these commissions in the accomplishment of their task.

This can best be done by arousing the interest of the people in the
work, and as said above, this can’ only be done by spreading abroad
knowledge of the economic value of the fisheries and showing that in
preserving them, something more is intended than merely restricting
the rights of the fishermen. Our society can do good work in this
direction, both as individuals and as an organization, and I want to
make a few suggestions as to how we may go about it.

At the meeting of the Fourth International Fishery Congress, held
in Washington in 1908, O. M. Dennis, former state game warden of
Maryland, gave some reasons for the failure of fish protective legis-
lation, and among them he placed the selfish jealousy of sportsmen and
commercial fishermen in regard to bills introduced by either class. He
said that this being true, ‘‘The country members of the legislature, as
well as the fishermen themselves, look with suspicion on any measure
presented to the legislature which has for its purpose the protection
of fish and game when such measure is presented by city men.’’
Unfortunately this is true, and it is not confined to Maryland by any
means. The antagonism between country men and city men is so

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 63

widespread as to be almost universal, and among the rural population
there is a general opinion that game protective laws are designed to
furnish sport for city men at the expense of the rights of the country
people. For this reason the game laws are very commonly looked on
as something very much like acts of tyranny, and disobedience of them
is regarded somewhat in the light of heroism. It should be remembered
that laws are but the crystallized expression of public opinion, and if
there be no public opinion favoring a law, or if public opinion be
opposed to a law, merely placing a legislative act on the statute book
will not produce any result. It is therefore necessary to create an
enlightened public opinion in favor of laws for the conservation of
fishes, and when this is done the enforcement of the laws will be both
easy and effective. :

Our society can aid in the development of this public opinion both
as a collection of well informed individuals interested in this movement
and as an organization. Our members come from many of the states
of the Union, and among them are state and national officials, college
professors, commercial fishermen, scientists and sportsmen; in brief,
every aspect of the fishery question is represented among us. We are
not sectional and we have no selfish nor class interests to serve, and
consequently we are in better position to spread the knowledge of fish
life among the people than would be any trade organization or even
a purely scientific society. As individuals it would be well for us to
write papers for the press; not merely for the big city papers, the
sporting magazines and the fish trade journals, but for the country:
weeklies that go out among the masses of the rural population. If
we were to write articles that are scientifically accurate; that are
interestingly put, and above all, are not ‘‘in a tongue not understanded
of the people,’’ many of our members would be surprised to see how
eagerly they will be read and what an effect they will produce. One
of the main reasons that societies such as ours have so little effect
on public opinion is that the subjects that we discuss and the language
in which we discuss them are uninteresting and unintelligible to most
of the people outside of our own narrow cirele. It is hard for us, who
have given much of our time and effort to the acquirement of a special
line of knowledge, to appreciate that what is merely elementary to us
is an unknown and fascinating world to many intelligent men outside
of the ranks of professional naturalists. How many of these people
could tell how a fish egg is impregnated and how it develops? How
many can tell anything of the life history of even the commonest
fishes? The knowledge—if indeed it can be called knowledge—that
most persons have of such subjects is a mass of traditional lore, resting
on misinformation as a basis, that is so far from the truth that to
eall a tale a ‘‘fish story’’ is equivalent to saying that it is false. By
putting the known facts of fish life clearly and accurately before the
intelligent people of our country, we would make hundreds of practical
students of the natural history of fishes where none are today, and
nearly every one of them would become an active aid in the conser-
vation movement.

64 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Another method of advancing our purpose is to have our members
give talks before school children. Many, if not all, of the school
superintendents will welcome the chance of having some well-informed
man or woman give one or more talks—we need not dignify them by
calling them lectures—before the children on this subject, and by so
doing the interest of the coming generation will be aroused. The
recent Boy Scout movement offers another opportunity. Teach these
boys how the black bass or the brook trout spawn; if possible show
them some of the eggs during their development, and the boys will
become ardent protectors of the spawning fish and not destroyers of
them. They will see that the despised city sportsman is a pretty
decent kind of fellow after all, and they will teach their parents
and their neighbors the value of fish conservation.

Finally, what can we do as a society to arouse greater interest in
our avowed objects? We can take a hint from one of our sister
societies, the National Geographic Society. We should remember that
there is nothing in which any intelligent man is interested that may
not be made an object of interest to any other intelligent man if it be
properly put. We are far too prone to discuss technical matters that
are of great interest to us as. biologists and fish culturists, and to
forget that these topics, although of great value, are of no interest to
the masses unless we try to make them such. At first glance it would
seem that there are few subjects less interesting than the cold, bare
facts of geography, but by putting these facts attractively, the National
Geographic Society has built up one of the most entertaining magazines
in the country, and has enrolled a membership of thousands. We
might do something of the same sort. We might try to issue a maga-
zine of popular ichthyology that would cover the scientific, the com-
mercial and the sporting sides of our subject, and by having the
articles written simply, clearly and accurately, spread the influence
of our society throughout the land. We would replace the ignorance
and misinformation that now prevail by clear, concise and accurate
knowledge, before which the obstinacies and prejudices that now
oppose us would disappear. We would enlist thousands of eager
students of all ages and sexes to battle for fish conservation, and we
would make our society a power in the land. Many of our members
are easy and graceful writers, and I feel certain that enough of them
would be willing to contribute articles to such a journal that would
make it authoritative and valuable as well as interesting and entertain-
ing, and, should the experiment succeed, we would have the conscious-
ness of having performed a valuable service to our country.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 65

TRINITY | NATIONAL FOREST GAME REFUGE.
By E. V. JottTer, Chief Forest Deputy.

The Trinity National Forest Game Refuge (Fish and Game District
No. 26) situated to the east and south of Big Bar, Trinity County,
includes approximately 65,000 acres, of which 2,377 acres are alienated
land.

The area extends from the head of a little gulch on the north, at an
elevation of approximately 3,500 feet across the Trinity River (eleva-
tion 1,300 feet) over Hayfork Bally Mountain (elevation 6,000 feet),

Fig. 24. Lookout on Hayfork Bally, highest point on the
Trinity National Forest Game Refuge (District 26). From
this section can be heard practically all gunshots within
the refuge. ;

across Hayfork Creek (elevation 2,000 feet). This range in elevation
and the south exposures afford both summer and winter range, so that
game need not leave the refuge at any time. The area also includes
a number of licks much frequented by deer.

An almost equal distribution of timber and brush types is to be
found, the latter usually being found on the steep south or west expo-
sures. The timber includes both fir and pine types, the latter having

3—29093

66 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

the most browse and grass feed. Brushfields are largely of manzanita,
white thorn, and mountain mahogany, although such browse feed as
oak and blue brush is also common.

At present 365 cattle and 14 horses are grazed here by 17 permittees. |
Very few campers use this region solely for the camping, but in the
past it was a favorite hunting ground. After the completion of the
down-the-river road, there will undoubtedly be much travel through
this refuge, and quite probably more camping along the road.

Deer are found throughout this area, quite generally distributed
throughout the summer and fall, and living at the lower elevations
during the winter and spring. It is also thought that some of the
deer that winter here regularly travel out of this region during the
summer and early fall. It is estimated that the average number of
deer found here during the summer does not exceed 1,500 head. .

Mountain lions move about a great deal, but there are very few
within this area and possibly 40 to 50 bears and 150 coyotes make
this region their home. Mountain and valley quail and grouse are
searce but squirrels are abundant.

As already stated, this region affords excellent summer and winter
feed and because of this reason, as well as the favorable climate and
low snowfall along the river, forms splendid breeding grounds. Water
is abundant, salt licks are convenient, and there is plenty of early feed.

This region has always been recognized as a good hunting ground
and it was so extensively visited in the past that the number of deer
was being seriously reduced up to several years ago. Since game laws
are being observed more generally deer are increasing. Although no
unusual number of game violations have occurred in this region there
have been several violations for such reasons as killing doe, more than
two a year, or hunting without a license. Local hunters can still use
this region with very little risk of detection, but it is not so easy for
outside hunters to go alone or in a party without being apprehended.
The establishment of this refuge created a safe place for breeding deer
to supply a great area of surrounding country. There should be but
little reason for any persons except stockmen to roam about within the
refuge, and consequently there should be less danger of fire through
carelessness by individuals.

The employment of a man to devote his entire time to this area
would permit the close supervision necessary to keep out all but those
having a legitimate reason to be in the area. Naturally there should
be a good check on those who go into the refuge, so that only responsible
parties who will be careful with fire, can enter.

At present the only supervision exercised is that done in a general
way by Deputy Laws and whatever incidental patrol and supervision
can be given him by forest officers. This refuge is fortunately located
in that the district rangers at Hyampom, Hayfork and Big Bar are
near the main trails of the refuge and the lookout on Hayfork Bally
can hear any shots within a part of the area. However, these men
exercise only incidental supervision and only two of the number are
on duty all year. It would seem advisable, therefore, for an expe-
rienced man to be stationed on the refuge all year at a salary of

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAMB. 67

$100 per month (the man furnishing his own subsistence and horse
feed).

The extermination of predatory animals should fall largely to the
patrolman who could kill such animals as coyotes during the summer
and trap or poison them during the winter. Probably $25 a year would
cover the cost of traps, ammunition, poison, bait, etc., used in this

, ee
Conyor Cg fais
Near Dedtie cal q

Fig. 25. Cafion Creek Falls, Trinity County, typical of Trinity County
mountain scenery.

work. A patrolman can do more to increase the deer by destroying
predatory animals, especially coyotes, than in any other activity, not
excepting unlawful killing of deer.

- Winter feeding is sometimes necessary and would cost from $25 to
$50, as we can assume that under this protection the game would
inerease and require more feed during periods of stress. The proper

68

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

protection of the existent species of game and bird life will be all
that is necessary to fully restock this area.

Sentiment of the local public is not favorable toward this idea of a
game refuge, as it is believed by most of the people that there really is

not need for closing any area to

legitimate hunting. They believe

that all that is necessary is to exterminate the predatory animals, to
enforce the game laws in general and particularly to curtail the
killing of more deer than is permitted by hunters who travel by auto
from county to county, killing their full quota in each.

THE CASE OF THE SPORTSMAN vs. THE CASE OF
THE FARMER.

[The following contrasted opinions
regarding the relation of the farmer to
game are of peculiar interest. Both quo-
tations are from Pastern men. Fortu-
nately, California is practically free from
this conflict of interests which complicates
the cause of game conservation in Hastern
states. Those who never carry a gun have
here actively espoused the cause of game
protection and are taking part in bringing
about the proper kind of laws. And the
sportsman is sacrificing his own immediate
good for the perpetuation of the game
supply. The farmer is as a rule cooperat-
ing in preserving wild life, even to the
extent of artificially feeding it. Only
occasionally is one found who takes the
same point of view as Mr. West. The
cause of game conservation demands a
harmonizing of all purely individual
points of view and a wider outlook which
shall encompass the benefit of all—not of
any single class. The sportsman and the
farmer must ultimately meet on common
ground and work together for a common
end—a policy of conservation which shall
ensure the greatest good to the greatest
number.—Ep1Tor. |

Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, Executive Officer
of the Pennsylvania Fish and Game Com-

mission (Bull. No. 2, Pennsylvania Fish
and Game Comm.), defends sportsmen
thus :

“The necessity for additional protection
to our wild beneficial birds is beyond ques-
tion, yet, strange to say, those from whom,
because of their professions, we expect the
most (churchmen) and those who derive
the most from the life work of birds
(farmers) have up to this time done com-
paratively nothing for the birds.

“Fortunately for the birds, as well as for
the state, there are certain people taking
an interest in this matter, and strange to

say, those who have up to this time done
most for the birds are those who in the
public mind are supposed to be bird
destroyers, and known as sportsmen. In
the face of this opinion, I assert without
the fear of successful contradiction, that
every law upon our books today giving
protection to wild birds, either game or
otherwise, was put there at the’ instance,
or through the influence of sportsmen.
They are the men who have said through
legislative enactment that certain birds
known as song and insectivorous birds,
because of the value of their life work,
shall not be killed.at any time, and that
birds known as game birds shall be killed
only during certain periods and in re-
stricted numbers, and they are the only
men who have insisted upon and assisted
in the enforcement of the statutory pro-
visions relative to these subjects. They
are the men who today are supplying
through the Resident Hunters’ License Act
the sinews of war through which protec-
tion is given not only to game birds and
animals but also to song and insectivorous
birds, and without the help of which the
labor of the farmer would, in the majority
of instances, be profitless. In addition to
this, they (the sportsmen) are providing
the fund through which the farmer is paid
a bounty for killing a weasel or other
vermin that may be found destroying his
poultry. They are the men who today are
providing the cash to pay for grain used
in feeding game and other birds during
severe winter weather; in many instances
they are paying for the labor necessary to
place this grain where the birds may get
it. Some few farmers are feeding birds
during the winter time, or are at least
permitting the birds, such as quail, that
happen to come into their barnyard, to
partake of the grain scattered for their
poultry, but the great majority of farmers
are not feeding or caring for the birds in
any way. I have been collecting statistics
regarding this matter for years, and know

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

whereof I speak. I have found but few
farmers, who, unless they were also
‘sportsmen,’ when the deep snows of win-
ter have come, will take a bag of grain on
their backs and hunt up the starving quail
to feed them, but upon the contrary, many
farmers, in action at least, say to the
quail, ‘I know you are hungry and I have
the grain to feed you, but if I give you
that grain, worth a dollar a bushel to me,
you will in all probability go over onto
my neighbor’s property, and he will either
kill you or get the benefit of your life
work, so I guess I'll stay in by the fire at
home and keep my grain.’ Along comes
the sportsman, very likely traveling in a
hired rig, who buys this very bushel of
grain, feeds part of it to the birds the
producer of the grain has refused or neg-
lected to feed; part of it he feeds to birds
on the neighboring farm. He keeps the
birds alive, for not one would have sur-
vived the winter without his care; yet
when he comes in the fall with gun and
dog to take a part of what he has saved,
he finds a trespass notice on almost every
tree and post. The farmer who has done
nothing to save the birds, in great big
letters, says ‘KEEP OFF,’ and I wonder
who will care for these birds next year.”

Alfred C. West, writing in Recreation
for September, 1915, defends the farmer’s
point of view thus:

“The farmer is also interested in game
protection. He sees the young pheasants
in his meadows. When he is near he
makes a little side trip to see how they
are getting along. In the old brush lot he
sees an occasional rabbit scurrying down
the bushy path. In the woods he watches
the gray squirrels in play and their bick-
erings and thinks what a shame it is to kill
them. He hears the quail whistling and
the partridge drumming or sees the young
ducks swimming around the bend of the
creek and it seems good to be alive. A little
later the hunting season opens but the
farmer’s work is pressing so that he can
not get out in the woods that day. He
hears the steady cannonading in woods,
meadow, swamp and brush lot. He

69

sees the automobiles rush past his place
or stop in his yard, with or without
a request that he care for them ‘for a
little while.’ Perhaps a neighbor tele-
phones in that his stock are out in the
road where some party of ‘sportsmen’ has
left a gate open or perhaps even cut his
fence. It may be that a favorite cow
comes to milking time, blind in one eye or
bleeding all along the sides from the
charge of shot of a man who may have
been nervous or only drunk. A few days
later he may get a few hours when he can
go hunting, but everything is changed.
The young pheasants are all killed. The
squirrels can not be seen. Indeed, with
all his exact knowledge of the habits of
the game on his land he is indeed fortu-
nate if he can get one or two shots. If
he tries to protect himself under the tres-
pass laws, he finds that the courts will
not uphold him. -* * *

“All this brings us to a realization that
the game is decreasing largely because
the farmer feels that it is not to his in-
terest to have it do otherwise. It has
already been shown how the mere pres-
ence of game is often the cause of a
money loss to the farmer. * * #*

“How may the game be increased? It
will be evident to any one that the game
of the country can not be protected if the
farmers are not willing to give active
assistance in enforcing the game laws and
few farmers will give any active aid while
they are made to feel that a reduction in
the number of game animals on their lands
is a distinct advantage. * * * If the
farmers could have the benefit of a good
trespass law and could be allowed to get
profit in some way, if only by the sale of
hunting permits, from the presence of
game on their lands the disappearance of
the game could be stopped. The present
game laws seem to the farmers to have
been made by and in the interest of men
who want to get something for nothing
and let the farmer pay for it, and until
this condition is remedied laws may be
piled on laws but the game will keep on
its present road to oblivion.”

70
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California State Fish and Game
Commission.

Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho-
jenieal, mammalogical and similar period-
icals.

The articles published in CALIFORNIA FISH
AND GAME are not copyrighted and may be
reproduced in other periodicals, provided
due credit is given the California Fish and
Game Commission. Editors of newspapers
and periodicals are invited to make use of
pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

April 15, 1917.

THE NEW COMMISSIONER,

On December 8, 1916, Mr. Edward L.
Bosqui of San Francisco was appointed
fish and game commissioner to succeed
Carl Westerfeld, who was elected at that
time to the office of executive officer of
the commission. Mr. Bosqui is a son of
Edward Bosqui, a pioneer printer and
publisher of San Francisco. The pres-
ent commissioner, like his father, is a
lover of field sports and has found vecre-
ation in fishing and hunting since his
boyhood days. This long experience
with the. fish and game of California
makes of Mr. Bosqui a most valuable ally
of the men who hunt and fish and of
those interested in wild life conservation.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Acquainted with the out-of-doors as few
men are, he brings to his new position a
knowledge of conditions that is sure to
count for better fish and game conserya-
tion. His slogan is: ‘More fish and
game for all of the people.”

NEW GAME LEGISLATION.

As in past years there has been much
interest taken in the fish and game legis-
lation before the present legislature. In
all 60 senate bills and 106 assembly bills
relative to fish and game were introduced
during the month of January. Some of
these bills are constructive conservation
bills; others would tear down much of
the protective work of past years.

Noticeable among destructive bills are
those relating to the taking of protection
from such nongame birds as the red-
shafted flicker or “yellowhammer,” the
meadowlark and the blackbird, and the
taking of protection from ducks and geese
in certain areas where it is claimed they
are causing damage to rice. Provisos in
our laws already stipulate that crops
may be protected from the depredations
of nongame birds. At least four bills
provide for extensive bounties on preda-
tory birds and animals. One bill sets
aside $80,000 for bounties, and still an-
other, one-fourth of all hunting license
fees. Any such step would be a back-
ward step, judging from the experience of
other states. The bounty system has no-
where been a success except in those rare
instances where a single animal of un-
common occurrence is the one on which
a bounty is paid. In almost every case
where the bounty system has been tried
it has resulted in fraud and misrepresen-
tation and in an early depletion of the
public treasury.

A number of bills of constructive char-
acter have been introduced by the Fish
and Game Commission. Many of them
are amendments to existing laws and are
designed to make enforcement easier.
For instance, the laws protecting beaver
and sea otter have been amended to in-
clude green skins as well as the posses-
sion of the animals themselves. During
the past two or three years two attempts
at conviction have failed owing to the
inadequacy of these two laws. Amend-
ments have also been made to the Bow-
man law, so that game breeding can be

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

encouraged rather than discouraged.
Regulations for the shipment of game
so as to avoid the smuggling of game to
the market by means of parcel post is
another important amendment.

New laws of interest are:

The trappers’ license law, designed to
give a record of the fur-bearing mammals
taken in the state; the taxidermist’s li-
cense law, providing for the supervision
of those who mount trophies of the hunt;
a law prohibiting shooting from an auto-
mobile; an act providing for the revoca-

71

marily engaged in the enforcement of the
quarantine laws. In addition, it is im-
portant that this commission. educate
ranchers to recognize injurious insects
and to furnish information as to the
latest and most efficient means of protect-
ing crops from the ravages of insects and
disease. The State Board of Health is
responsible for the enforcement of certain
quarantine laws and other laws involving
the public health. On the. other hand,
this same board continually carries on
educational and publicity work to help

Fig. 26.

tion of licenses of convicted violators;
and one providing for a closed season on
the black bear.

A still more important bill is one that
provides for the establishment of seven-
teen new game refuges to be located in
national forests. With the refuges al-
ready established these new ones will
complete a chain extending from the
Mexican line to the Oregon line.

TWO FUNCTIONS MUST BE PER-
FORMED BY FISH AND GAME
COMMISSION.

A study of the various state commis-
sions and their service to the state shows
that each commission has two prime func-
tions : (1) law enforcement; (2) educa-
tion and publicity. For example: The
State Hortieultural Commission is pri-

Fishing on the north fork of the Feather River.

Photograph by F. A. Farnum.

the people to recognize and combat in-
fectious disease.

In a like manner, the State Fish and
Game Commission is under obligation to
carry on, in addition to work in law
enforcement, educational and _ publicity
work necessary to acquaint people with
the fish and game laws, and to make
them take sufficient interest in fish and
game to properly conserve it.

The second function of a state com-
mission is the more constructive and
fundamental. Consequently it is desery-
ing of wider attention than it has yet
received.

SEVENTEEN NEW GAME REFUGES
FOR CALIFORNIA.

If a measure proposed by the Fish and
Game Commission is passed by the pres-

72

ent legislature, California will lead all
the states of the Union in the number
and acreage of its game refuges. It is
becoming more and more apparent that
one of the best means of conserving game
is to establish game sanctuaries, where
predatory animals are destroyed and other
wild life is allowed to breed unmolested.
Game increases rapidly in such sanctua-
ries and the inerease spreads out to
neighboring territory, where it furnishes
food and sport to all who seek it.

With the cooperation of the United
States Forest Service, seventeen areas in
the Sierras and Coast Range have been
selected and recommended as_ refuges.
With the new refuges and those which
have already been set aside, in addition
to the several national parks, California
will have a series of sanctuaries extend-
ing from the northern boundary to the
Mexican line and covering in all 2,639,250
acres.

The locations of the refuges have been
chosen with reference to the various
kinds of game to be found, where both
summer and winter range is provided and
where administration will be easy. Doubt-
less some hunters will be inconvenienced
by the establishment of these refuges
in localities where they have been accus-
tomed to hunt, but most of them realize
the necessity for such conservation meas-
ures and will gladly seek other hunting
grounds. The following list gives the
location and area of each of the proposed
refuges:

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

PROHIBITION OF THE SALE OF
TROUT NECESSARY.

Most of the states have become con-
vinced that commercialization means ex-
termination, and therefore have passed
laws prohibiting the sale of all game.
California many years ago was driven to
prohibit the sale of deer, quail and shore
birds. Now necessity demands that the
sale of trout be stopped.

The incentive to gain the dollar has
forced the market fishermen at Lake
Tahoe to deplete the supply of fish in
that lake. Nor is that the only lake
threatened, for the facility with which
markets can be reached by means of auto-
mobiles makes the stripping of other
mountain lakes more than a possibility.
The angling afforded in mountain lakes
should act as a lure to take people afield,
where healthful recreation is possible.
This can only be accomplished when un-
diminished sport can be obtained.

The market fishermen of Lake Tahoe
are making a strong fight to defeat the
nonsale of trout bill, which is before the
legislature. The bill is a sane conserva-
tion measure and will deprive no one of
his livelihood. ‘These fishermen can earn
a better day’s wage by taking out anglers
than by the sale of ten pounds of trout,
a day’s limit.

The sale of trout allows the million-
aire to obtain these fish for his table,
but the poor man can not afford such a
luxury. Stop the sale and the trout of
Tahoe and other mountain lakes will be

County Location Acres
|

San. Diego U2 320 2402 a eee In vicinity of aguna. Mountain==9 = 5 2222s 51,840
RU VOrSiGG vo. = 2- 2 ee eee In vicinity of Sheep Mountain_----—--_2- 2-25-22 69,120
Wentura , 22 ioe bears eee Near headwaters Sespe River__------_.--------__--__ 125,440
Santa Barbara) 2. oeo es 2 ee See WNear-Upper iSisaucesRivers 2 -= = eee 39,680
Tulare: and ‘Kern 2.252222. 2 esas ee Where Kern River crosses county line__-----__--____ 37,600
IPresnO? Wins 8 ee ee Near forks: of aint s\Rivetse sss ee ee eee 33,400
Amador. ¥ 22. ot a a ee eee In vicinity: of Panther, Oreek{ = eee 57,600
BI Dorado. 22-2 see eis see Near headwaters American River___-----------__--_- 64,000
PlGMag.) — ose See ee ee ae Near headwaters Feather River--_-----_.------------ 81,000
Tehama, ris. 2223 oe In -vicinity ot Milly Gredkt= ss 2s 2 eee 34,400
NG RS REIN eo ot a ee On northwest side Eagle Lake__--__---____-__--__-- 47,580
MGdOG io asso) Seon ee (eee ee eee in “vicinity Of Pinel Orecke-ss.2 5 ses oe 47,560
Madoc) f- 2. OSs bs iad Pate ee eee Ini-vicinity: of Mowitz:Buttes: =~ = 2-2 eae eee 57,000
SHASTA) Scns ens ee eee Near north side of county east of MeCloud River__| 69,000
Siskiyou, 222) 22 2 ones eee On‘ north side. Klamath River! eee 8,960
Mendocino and Lake__..-_-.-2_-_____ Near, Hull Mopnbains. 96 oe se ee eee 37,000
Monterey 2522202 03 ee ae At-head" of Arroyo. SeCO.= ste eee ere 69,000

Total number ‘of \acres2:= 66): Salae 2 3 Ee PR oe oe ee ra anne ee 880,180

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

for all alike. Anyone who wishes may
enjoy the angling which these lakes
afford, and fishing conditions will im-
prove rather than deteriorate, as they
have the past few years.

THE SPEARING OF STEELHEAD
TROUT.
The most fundamental law of fish and
game conservation is the one which pro-
vides that fish and game shall be allowed

73

can be carried to a pool where large
spawning fish are abundant and by feel-
ing around with the end of the hook the
whole pool can be stripped of its fish.
This is seldom possible when a spear is
used. The law as it now stands provides
that the people of the counties mentioned
can capture two fish a day between De-
cember 15 and February 15, a sufficient
number for use as food. The demand for
a more liberal law as regards the method

Fig. 27.

Wild sage hens feeding near Straw,

to breed undisturbed. We demand that
all of our best game birds and mammals
be given the best of protection during
‘the breeding season and the closed season
lis always made to conform to the breeding
season. In spite of this situation there
are a number of people in the coast coun-
ties who are demanding the right to spear
steelhead trout while they are on the
spawning grounds. Furthermore, they
are demanding the right to fish with a
gaff, thus increasing many times the de-
structive forces already at work. Just as
people are seeking a better grade of
sportsmanship by advocating the use of a
fly rather than bait in capturing fish,
just so the tendency should be towards
the elimination of such a destructive in-
strument as a gaff hook. This instrument

Modoc County.

Photograph by G. Courtright.

of capture is in reality a demand for a
larger catch at the time of year when
fish should have total protection. Every
spawning fish killed means a direct loss
of thousands of young fish. Furthermore,
it is always the largest and therefore the
heaviest spawners that are taken by
means of a spear or gaff.

As far as possible each section of the
country should be allowed to utilize its
wild life resources, but destruction of
such resources can not be permitted.

It will be necessary, ultimately, to pro-
hibit the destruction of fish during the
spawning season. The move to take a
larger toll of the spawning steelhead
throughout the state is therefore directly
contrary to natural law and a depletion
of the streams is sure to follow.

74 OALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

Fig. 28. Lake Tahoe, home of the famous Tahoe trout. Photograph by H. A. Parker.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE HIGH
SIERRAS BENEFITS FISHING
CONDITIONS.

In most instances the works of man
have a detrimental effect on wild life.
That bettered fishing conditions should
go along with hydroelectric power devel-
opment in the high Sierras appears un-
usual. Such is the case, however, as can
be seen from Mr. Ferguson’s article,
which appears on page 55 of this number.
Moreover, there are other good things
which follow such development. Scenic
beauties are improved by the addition of
large bodies of water, and good roads
make out-of-the-way places accessible. As
everyone knows, development of this kind
means a lessened supply of game birds
and animals. It is interesting to note,
therefore, that in many cases the opposite
is true with fish and that, as a rule,
fishing conditions are bettered rather
than impaired.

THE TUOLUMNE FISH AND GAME
PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.

We have often wondered why so few
effective game protective associations
exist in California. In eastern states
practically every man that carries a gun
is identified with the local fish and game
protective association. Can it be that
organizations of this type only spring up
when fish and game haye been nearly
exterminated? Surely there is work for
such organizations in states well stocked
with fish and game. In fact, the object
of such a society should be centered on
conserving a permanent supply of fish and
game rather than on the bringing back
of wasted wild life resources.

We are glad to announce the formation
of the Tuolumne Fish and Game Pro-
tective Association. The professed ob-
jects of this organization are the protec-
tion- and perpetuation of fish and game.
To gain this purpose the members will
cooperate with all game wardens by re-
porting violations and will also willingly
appear as witnesses at trials.

In a state such as California there
should be hundreds of such organizations
instead of less than a dozen. What a
potential power lies undeveloped! How
much it would mean for fish and game
conservation if there were many fish and
game protective associations in our state
all banded together in one great organi-

75

zation, not with a selfish or local purpose,
but with a single interest—fish and game
conservation.

HEADLIGHT GLARE CAUSES DEATH
OF DEER.

Orders recently were issued by the
Southern Pacific to its engineers to save
the lives of deer seen on the tracks at
night by momentarily putting out the
headlights of locomotives.

While deer are migrating from higher
to lower altitudes they frequently use the
railroad tracks for the journey, and if
traveling at night are dazed by the head-
lights of approaching locomotives. South-
ern Pacific trains, especially in the Siski-
you mountains and in the Sierras, have
struck and killed as many as a dozen
deer in a single month. On looking into
the glare of the headlights, the animals
are confused and unable to get out of the
way. On darkening the light, even for an
instant, they jump to safety.

On receipt of a statement of conditions
from the Fish and Game Commission or-
ders were issued by President William
Sproule and General Manager W. R.
Seott that headlights are to be momenta-
rily extinguished when deer are seen on
the track, except in instances where the
train is approaching a public crossing,
or in any other instance where the public
will be jeopardized.

A CREED OF WILD-LIFE CONSERVA-
TION.

[The following interesting creed, to
which we largely subscribe, appeared sev-
eral years ago in Outdoor World and
Recreation. |

1. The protection of all useful wild
creatures and preservation of nature’s
resources from wanton destruction that
the natural beauties of the great outdoor
world may not be rendered wastes and
barrens, but be preserved for the use and
recreation of us and those who come
after us.

2. Such restrictions upon the sale of all
game or food birds as may be necessary
to preserve a continental supply of such
birds and prevent their extermination and
secure the most practical results from
their economic value.

8. A uniform system of closed season
throughout the continent that will prevent
the killing of all useful birds from the

BURLINGAME
PUBLIC

76

first day of February in each year to
the first day of September following, and
such extension of special closed season
as may be necessary to prevent extermi-
nation of particular species of birds.

4. Such restrictions upon the use of
all sporting arms of whatever type as may
be necessary to preserve a normal breed-
ing supply of useful wild creatures.

5. A transcontinental system of game
refuges and forest reserves.

6. A wise system of practical laws en-
couraging the breeding and sale of propa-
gated game and food birds.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW CAMPAIGN
IN REDLANDS.

The October number of CALIFORNIA
FISH AND GAME made some mention of
the English sparrow campaign being con-
ducted by the city of Redlands, and a
brief summary of the results of that
campaign to date is therefore timely. I
am indebted to Mr. I. Cushman Gray of
the city clerk’s office for most of the data
given as evidenced by the city records.

For several years past English spar-
rows have apparently been gaining ground
in Redlands, until last winter and spring
they were becoming an alarmingly con-
spicuous element of what might be termed
“the downtown fauna.’’ They have been
reported a number of times from the
Heights and other outlying parts of the
city, but I myself have seen them only
in the business district and the thickly
settled region immediately environing it.
In my yard, a little over two miles from
the heart of town, I have never seen an
English sparrow during the most con-
stant wateh, though a number of the
native sparrows are common enough.
Downtown it has been otherwise, and an
increasing feeling that municipal action
was the only way to combat successfully
the menace of the increasing numbers of
the invading sparrow finally culminated
in a resolution of the pvoard of trustees
authorizing a war of extermination. This
was duly begun on July 19th. The work
was placed under the direct supervision
of the city marshal, and shooting was the
general method employed. Several hunt-
ers were engaged in the work at a com-
pensation paid by the city, but dependent
upon the number of birds killed. ‘This
was at the rate of five cents per head

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

until the “game” proved so scarce or hard
to find that it became necessary to raise
the bounty to ten cents in order to in-
sure the completion of the work. The
higher bounty has been in effect since the
6th of September. Up to the time of
writing (the last of November), a total
of 4,265 birds have been killed. The
cateh is apportioned through the respec-
tive months as follows:

JulyL9"to -Adeust 302s. aes 1,528
Septémbers tovs0 3252S" eae 1,841
October to alt ee eae eee 862
November: 2222-22522 s242222 2 34

Total, 2: 324 ee ee 4,265

The cost to the city is represented by
the following figures:

1,729 birds at 5 cents each__ $86 45
2,536 birds at 10 cents each_ 253 60
Total:cost“to.- city2 seas = $340 05

Judging from the reports which have
come in to them, the city officials be-
lieve that the campaign has been quite
thorough. But few of the sparrows are
now seen in the city, and these are said
to be mostly on the outskirts, though I
am aware of one colony and have been
told of another close to town, which are
not yet entirely stamped out. Therefore
the campaign is held to be practically
closed.

Probably the most difficult problem con-
nected with the execution of an anti-
sparrow campaign is that of the success-
ful eradication of the BHuropean bird
without too great damage to our many
useful species of native sparrows, the
presence of which is so indispensable to
the agriculturist, yet which so frequently
suffer confusion at the hands of the lay-
man with their undesirable foreign cous-
ins. Concerning the success with which
this difficulty was surmounted in the pres-
ent instance, opinions vary. Without
attempting to take a stand either way, it
may be that a brief reference to the
diverging views may be of value to those
who are planning or have in hand a
similar campaign elsewhere. The men
in charge of the campaign claim that less
than 1 per cent of the total birds killed
were of species other than the one
sought. On the other hand several citi-
zens not connected with the hunt itself,
but interested in the preservation of
valuable birds equally with the destruc-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

tion of noxious ones, maintain that the
slaughter was less discriminating and
that the Hnglish sparrows did well to
comprise half of those killed during the
war. According to this view, the major
percentage were linnets, white-crowned
sparrows, and chipping sparrows. The
hunters did not encounter much difficulty
in identifying the male English sparrows,
but the females are much harder to tell
at a little distance from other birds. Is
it not the general experience that the
only safe way to deal with this problem
is to place the entire campaign in the
hands of one who not only knows the
identity and relative value of bird species,
but who is thoroughly familiar with their
habits and appearance in the field as
well? This seems to me a vital point, so
important in the broader aspects of the
whole problem as to justify any extra
trouble or expense which in such a cam-
paign is at all likely to be entailed. It
should always be remembered that the
principal reason we have to justify the
slaughter of the English sparrow is that
he is an enemy of our native birds. In
attempting the restoration of the faunal
equilibrium, we defeat our own chief end

Fig. 29.
growing crops but drives away native
been carried on in several cities.

Male and female English sparrow. This

a

if we inadvertently destroy the wheat
with the chaff.—STi~LMAwN I. BERRY.

THE HUNTING ACCIDENTS OF 1916.

Pursuant to the custom, begun last
year, of recording hunting accidents, we
give herewith a list of such accidents for
the year 1916. The compilation has been
made in the hope that many observing the
results of the careless handling of guns,
will use more caution in the future, and
so lessen accidents of this sort. It should
be noted that in spite of the fact that
the list is a long one, many hunting
accidents occurring last year have gone
unrecorded because of the lack of definite
information regarding them. Further-
more, automobile accidents in which hunt-
ers were concerned are omitted.

A comparison of the report with the
one made last year shows a pleasing de-
crease in fatal accidents in which a man
was taken for game. On the other hand,
there is a decided increase in the number
of hunters injured or killed through the
accidental discharge of a gun. Certainly,
the report teaches that:

A gun must never be pulled out of
| a boat or under a fence barrel first.

introduced bird not only destroys

beneficial birds. Control campaigns have

Courtesy National Geographic Magazine.

78 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

HUNTING ACCIDENTS.

Killed.
Name | Shot by | Date | Locality | How shot
| | .
Sydney Harrington _-_--- | Antone Pelascini-.. Aug. 5, 1916 | Bolinas: ----_- While hunting deer.
Thomas B. Patterson_.._| Fred Hoffman* __| Sept. 27, 1916 | Big Bar, Mistaken for deer.
Trinity Co.
Chas. A. Ludekins_------ | Alex Adams -_---- Febs =, 1916 “Pine (Grove. 2| 2 ook een eee
a a ee | ee ee
*Committed suicide afterwards.
Wounded. 2
See 3 erie eee eS aero Companion ------| Sept. 31, 1916 | Mt. Meadows,| While shooting at
Lassen Co. deer.
Joe Healy (16 years)_---- Companion __--_- Nov. —, 1916 | Sacramento__| On hunting expedi-
tion.
Fletcher Pattison -------- Companion ------ | Oct. 18,1916 | San Diego --_| While trying to shoo
| ducks. :
SUNS, Daullen, Gl Wearsies posse eee aes on | Aug. 24, 1916 | Eureka —---_- Taken for deer.
Carl: Moraber es aess2 Ed Shealor _-_---- | Sept. —, 1916.) Silver Ibake!i2|£2-28 2-222" ere
Frank Warnekros ----_-_ Companion __---- | Sept. —, 1916 | Fresno ___-__ Shooting doves.
Want. «Howler: eos iete fe Companion ---—- | Dee. 12,1916 | Newman -_-_--_ Hunting quail.
Clarence Viethees (16 yrs.)| George Hogan ___| July 10,1916 | Petaluma ----| Hunting. Died.
Robert, Davis, 222-522 =.= Companion ------ Oct. —, 1916 | Yolo County_| Hunting quail.
Wm. Hardester (17 years)} Companion -_-_---- | April 24, 1916 | Lake County_| Mistaken for game.
H. ©. Hinckley_....------ Companion __---- | Nov. 19,1916 | Yolo County_| Hunting ducks.
TouisUnself $22. -2ss 2 Two hunters __--- | Aug. 3, 1916 | Ukiah _------ Mistaken for deer.
Justin Bordenave __--__-- Harry Nice ------- Dec. 10,1916 | Oakland ----_ Shooting ducks.
John. Orumileys= 22 ----_— = Unknown hunter__| Aug. 30,1916 | Sonora —----- Working in woods.
Carl] Armstrong ______ --._| Willie Collier ____- Oct. 26,1916 | Oakland __---| Hunting ducks.

Shot by Accidentally Discharged Gun.

Name | Locality How shot
I

Realy ee er ak eer os Napa) 22 ee See eee Crawling through fence. Arm shot off.
Died from loss of blood.

as hal ply ahy eater ae ONS Monterey) 26-2232 So 28s Shot in arm while hunting ducks.

rank (Kesey 4-222 2 eee Monterey: = ces anren Shot in leg while hunting deer.

Thomas jJensen) 2-2. ooo se Salinaseqweeeae ese es Shot while hunting quail.

Lawrence Beevers —__-__--__- Salinae cena ee Shot in thumb while hunting quail. _

William iryvines=. 2222 ee Salinagceo-5 nee os Shot in head while hunting ducks.

(AIStIN NS 2s ss eee IBrOgeri¢ks 22=-0 Shot in hand while hunting ducks.

Henry.) Tempuhl 222 ee BO ajOnsaa-e ee a ee Killed by discharge of gun being taken
from auto.

Leslie Smallfield ~-.-_.--..-__ Angels @Gamp 2-25-72 Shot in thigh while hunting; died of
blood poisoning.

Ton yieNaviEsa ws seme ase VENTS YS ae Seer Sos ere ees Shot in foot.

Edward) Kelly ese ie a Marin County :_._-..---- Shot in arm pulling gun through fence.

Harold McKay Noble______-- DO PIs iaee eee an es ae Killed while creeping up on ducks.

Hiei ©.) -Binckleys]- =) == eee Knights Landing ______- Shot in eye.

Albert J. Richards (19 years)| Cazadero —---__----_---_- Shot in leg. Died.

Walter B. Lander (23 years)| Guerneville __--___-______ Shot in head. Died.

Joseph Demenzet (25 years)-_|Sonoma County -------- Shot in chest. Died.

Alfred Hillyer (20 years)_--__| Reclamation -_--_-----__ Shot in groin. Died.

Russell Martin (16 years)_...| Skaggs Springs --------- Shot in foot.

Bernard Schoenings -__+_____ Petaluma S932 cee. eee Shot in legs.

Jack Dron (14 years)_---_-_- Ssernamenton 3.2.52 os = Shot in foot.

Albert Richards (26 years)_-__|Santa Rosa —---__------ Shot in leg. Died from loss of blood.

dules*Batka = ee ee Onicow ese See Shot in arm on stumbling.

Prank, Buchalla .\-22= Melones, Tuolumne Co._}| Companion tripped and fell, discharging
gun.

John Kelly (18 years)__--___- Las Gallinas =.2_..-...-- Shot in arm while pulling gun from boat.

Ohas. A. Sullivan= 2332s Gupertino: 22228222 ee Shot in arm.

Sherwood Moran ___-___-_____ Stockton 2 Shot in hand.

Clarence Smith (16 years)_-_| Seaside -.--_-_-_____-___- Shot in hand while hunting ducks.

Ralph Thomson ----__-______ Salinag’ 22osr2s eae Shot in face while crawling through
barbed wire fence.

Leland iPawly 2252 o— 2s ee Pacific Grove: ==... Shot in hand when attempting to re-
move mud from gun.

Wim. RK. Lansdale: 2 = = Anderson v2 3222S es Shot in left leg.

Paul J; Maguire----oo2225-- hos Angeles == aa Fatally shot by accidental discharge
of gun in hands of companion.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

MAPS FOR YOUR SUMMER VACATION. |NATURE STUDY

The government wisely provides help
for those who seek it. The agriculturist
is furnished with information as _ to
methods of growing larger and better
crops. The mariner is furnished with
information as to weather conditions.
Even the summer vacationist has at his
‘command information on the locality
chosen for a summer camp. The quad-
rangle maps issued by the United States
Geological Survey are almost indispens-
able to the person who desires informa-
tion on the contour of the country and
the location of points of interest, By
the use of these maps the average camper
can tell with fair certainty just where he
is. ‘These maps are available at cost
price and can be obtained either in Wash-
ington or in nearly all the large cities.
Most of California has been thus mapped,
but there are many other states that are
not so fortunate. The present movement
to expedite the completion of the topo-
graphical maps of the United States is
therefore commendable. Those sufficiently
interested should bring pressure to bear
upon the authorities in Washington, D. C.,
that more of these important maps may
be made available to the people.

Attention is called also to the excellent
recreation maps furnished by the United
States Forest Service. These maps give
dependable guidance regarding trails,
roads, streams, settlements, ete., of each
national forest, together with a descrip-
tion of the resources of the forest.

SALISBURY FISH AND GAME FILMS
NOW AVAILABLE.

The Fish and Game Commission is now
in possession of a set of the famous Salis-
bury Fish and Game Pictures. The six
thousand feet of film depicts the fish cul-
tural work of the commission, showing the
operations from the taking of the eggs to
the planting of the young fish in the
streams, illustrates the life history of
many birds and animals and vividly por-
trays many of the fundamental aspects of
wild life conservation. Schools, sports-
men’s clubs and other organizations desir-
ing to have these films shown under their
auspices should write the Bureau of Edu-
cation, Publicity, and Research, Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia.

79

IN LOS ANGELES
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Under the direction of Dr. Charles
Lincoln Edwards, nature study has be-
come an important part of the curriculum
of the Los Angeles public schools. The
whole system of nature study is built up
on the theory that children should not be
told the things which they can find out
for themselves and that nature play,
rather than nature study, is the key to
a wonderful fairyland of which the child
is a part. Without formal lessons and
examinations and stimulated only by the
spirit of play, the child may get an under-
standing of the other animals that live in
the world about him.

According to Dr. Edwards (‘Nature
Play” in Popular Science Monthly, April,
1914) : “Nature play is the true basis for
all knowledge. Through this dominant
interest the child is led to know of the
living things about him. Not merely are
the facts of nature important, but much
more valuable is the fascinating story of
how and why these facts came to be. It
is of much import to learn that the ani-
mals which bear scales and those covered
with feathers, or fur, are all wearing sim-
ilar clothing, but of the different fashions
best suited to their needs. It is still more
significant to realize that fundamentally
the minds of all animals are as allied as
are their digestive and respiratory sys-
tems. The great end of nature play for
the child is not simply to learn of the
rest of nature, but better to know himself
as a part of nature.”

In the Los Angeles system the field
trip is given rightly an important place.
Knowledge of the birds and animals
about us is acquired best through a first-
hand acquaintance rather than through
the medium of a picture or a written
description. The whole educational sys-
tem should be more closely associated with
natural objects seen out of doors. It is
to be hoped that many other cities of the
state will inaugurate nature study field
trips. When nature study is more widely
taught in our public schools the principles
of wild life conservation will become so
imbedded in future generations that there
will be no lack of champions of the con-
servation cause.

80

FUR FARMING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

That fur farming is becoming a wel)
established industry in British Columbia
is evidenced by the following, which ap-
peared in the eleventh report of the pro-
vincial game warden, 1915:

The reports received from the fox-
farming companies that are operating in
this province have been extremely satis-
factory, some of the operators having
gone to a great deal of trouble in giving
a lot of information as to their methods.
A most comprehensive report of the oper-
ations of the companies at Telegraph
Creek was also received from the govern-
ment agent of that district. Great pains
were evidently taken in getting up this
report, and it is most valuable, as it gave
most detailed information on everything
that could possibly be of interest. It is
hoped that before long it will be possible
to embody this and the other reports into
an article that will be of use to those
who are either engaged or about to engage
in the industry.

Until this year no records were received
at this office of any foxes bred in captiy-
ity, but this year eleven different farms
have sent in such records. In all, fifty-
six foxes were bred this year, and, as
far as is known, these are all still alive.
In addition, one or two litters of red
foxes were born, but destroyed as not
being worth raising. The company oper-
ating at Bella Coola reports that several
litters were born, but that heavy blasting
on a road close to the farm caused the par-
ent foxes to destroy all their young. The
Telegraph Creek companies had no suc-
cess at all; most pups born were killed
by their parents; one litter that might
have been raised was destroyed, as they
were only of the red variety.

The most successful operators were
those located at Atlin, Pouce Coupe, and
Francois Lake.

There was a fairly heavy loss of foxes
during the year; some escaped from the
pens, others got killed in fighting, but
the principal loss was through ‘‘worms.”
All such losses can easily be done away
with if the foxes are in the hands of a
man who has requisite knowledge of his
work.

The recent collapse of the boom in
fox-farm shares will eventually result in
just as much good as the collapse of the
real estate boom. ‘The industry will now
come down to a proper business footing.
Prices of live foxes having fallen, nothing
like the capital hitherto required will be
necessary, and many people will go into
it on a small basis who were not able
to do so before, and it is the small oper-
ators that are likely to meet with the
most success.

Even with the price of fox pelts 50
per cent lower than it is at present, a
good profit could be made in breeding
foxes, as it costs very little more to raise
foxes on a small seale than it does to raise

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

small dogs. ‘There is no reason why all
the farmers’ sons should not have a pair
or two as pets, in the same way that
boys in England keep rabbits, pigeons,
ete., and often make good profits. It is
likely that far more money would be
brought into the country in this way
than by a few big companies.

Every encouragement should therefore
be given to those living in the country
to make a start. It would be best to
begin with red foxes, which are easily
obtained and of little value.

THE CONSERVATION OF NATIVE
FAUNA.

The October number of The Scientific
Monthly contains an interesting article
entitled ‘The conservation of native
fauna,” by Walter P. Taylor of the Mu-
seum of Vertebrate Zoology, University
of California.

Dr. Taylor traces the history of the
gradual reduction in numbers of all of
the larger game mammals of California
from the time when, in the early history
of this state, they were abundant, down to
their present depleted state, which in at
least two cases, the grizzly bear and the
sea elephant, amounts to total extinction.

The mammals whose histories are given
are the otter, the beaver, the sea ele-
phant, the sea otter, the deer, both black-
tailed and mule, the Roosevelt and valley
elk, the mountain and desert sheep, the
prong-horned antelope, the black bear and
the six different species of grizzly bear.

Some very interesting data are given
regarding the traffic in furs in the early
history of California, when large num-
bers of skins were exported. The in-
creased scarcity of sea otter skins is
indicated by the increase of price, which in
1880 was $80 and in 1910 was $1,703.33.
Elk and deer were so abundant in early
days that three thousand were exported
from San Francisco in 1842, at prices
ranging from fifty cents to a dollar per
head.

The grizzly bear, once so distinctly a
part of California as to suggest the name
“Bear State,’ and to become the totem
on the first flag of California, has disap-
peared completely. The last known sur-
vivor of the largest species, found in
southern California, was killed in the
Santa Ana Mountains in August, 1900 or
1901.

The concluding paragraphs of Dr. Tay-
lor’s paper point out the fact that not

‘

i

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 81

only California, but the whole world, has
been wasteful of its wild life resources
for the last fifty years, and that it is
vitally important that the people every-
where understand the urgent necessity for
conservation measures even more rigid
than those already in force, in order that
California may regain, in part, what her
people have-been so prodigally wasting for
so many years. On the biologist is laid
the role of leadership in the campaign
for the preservation of native fauna and
on him must blame for ignorant and de-
structive popular action, legislative or
otherwise, inevitably fall—Punimir JAN-
NEY.

THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF BIRDS.

In order to exhibit the utility of native
natural enemies of birds and to show
the misfortunes that might follow their
extermination, as well as to set forth the
conditions under which they might need
restraint, and to point out those excep-
tions that are believed to be most destruc-
tive, a bulletin has been issued by the
State Board of Agriculture of Massachu-
setts. This paper, in the Economic Biol-
ogy series, bulletin No. 3, is entitled ‘The
natural enemies of birds,’ and is by HEd-
ward Howe Forbush, State Ornithologist.
Fifty-eight pages are utilized in treating
of the natural enemies of animals, in
pointing out the useful and the harmful
species and the means to be taken to
control those which are harmful. This is
followed by more detailed accounts of the
introduction of domestic enemies, such as
the cat and dog, rat and such feral ene-
mies as foxes, minks, weasels, skunks,
shrikes, bluejays, hawks and owls, snakes,
frogs and insects. The bulletin is illus-
trated with six plates and a number of
figures showing the comparative amounts
of the different food items taken by differ-
ent natural enemies.

As controllers of life, natural enemies
have an important place in the economy
of nature. It is well known to naturalists
that in a state of nature the natural
enemies of any species are as essential
to its welfare as are food, water, air and
sunlight. Unthinking people are slow to
realize this, as they see only the apparent
harm done by the so-called rapacious
creatures, and fail to observe and reason
far enough to perceive the benefits that

such creatures confer upon the species on
which they prey.

Insect-eating, fish-eating and flesh-eating
animals are essential in the great scheme
of nature, as they serve to check the in-
erease and regulate the numbers of other
species, which in turn, when so regulated,
tend to perform a similar office for vege-
tation. Thus these predatory creatures
may be regarded among the chief con-
trollers of life upon this planet. Man,
the savage, of course must be included
among them, and civilized man, if guided
by reason and wisdom rather than greed
or folly, may exercise a beneficial control
over many of the lower animals.

Among the menaces pointed out in the
methods of controlling natural enemies is
the introduction of foreign species which
tend to destroy the balance of nature, and
the bounty system, which, with few ex-
ceptions, has proved a failure. Bounty
laws tend to encourage the use of guns
in the fields at all seasons of the year
and they continually encourage fraud. As
evidence of the fraud which is sure to
appear Mr. Forbush quotes Dr. Jos. Kalb-
fus, secretary of the game commission ot
Pennsylvania, as saying that many men
are willing to commit perjury for a dol-
lar. One man claimed to have killed
102 goshawks in four days in July, when
this bird is only found in Pennsylvania
in autumn, winter or early spring. Many
frauds such as this have been perpetrated
in the state of Pennsylvania since the
bounty system took effect.

In recapitulating, it may be said that
this bulletin shows that (1) natural
enemies of birds are necessary and desir-
able, as they tend to maintain within
proper bounds the numbers of the species
on which they prey; (2) organized at-
tempts to increase the numbers of birds
over large areas by destroying indiscrim-
inately all natural enemies are undesir-
able; (3) under certain circumstances
enemies which have been able to adapt
themselves to man and his works and
have become unduly numerous may re-
quire reduction in numbers; (4) individ-
uals of useful species which may become
particularly destructive should be elimi-
nated; (5) self-interest on the part of
the people most concerned eventually will
bring about such reduction of predatory
animals as is needed without the stimulus

82

of bounty laws, which in most cases are
pernicious and which if enacted at all
should be directed only against the larger
predatory animals or those which are
dangerous to human life or exceedingly
destructive to domestic animals or crops.

LAWS RELATING TO FUR-BEARING
ANIMALS, 1916.

Pursuant to custom, started several
years ago, the Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey has issued a bulletin entitled “Laws
relating to fur-bearing animals, 1916,”
which has been issued as Farmers Bulle-
tin 788. This report is a summary of the
laws in the United States and Canada
relating to trapping, protection, propa-
gation and bounties of fur-bearing ani-
mals.

The introduction is of particular inter-
est: “The value of the raw fur produc-
tion of the United States and Canada
has grown enormously in spite of the
steadily diminishing supply of animals
that furnish the finer pelts. In 1915
trappers of North America earned by
their industry probably not less than
$20,000,000, a remarkable sum when it is
remembered that exports of raw furs were
only about half the normal proportions.
Conditions of the trapping industry have
been greatly improved in recent years by
legislation protecting fur animals in much
of the territory where the business is
important. As with game laws, each year
brings changes in the trapping regula-
tions, and it becomes important that the
rights and privileges of trappers, as well
as the limitations placed on their calling,
be made plain. ‘The present bulletin is
designed for this purpose. It gives a brief
review of changes made by legislative
enactments of the past year, a summary
of trapping regulations now in force, fol-
lowed by short statements of the open
seasons for taking furs, provisions relat-
ing to propagation of fur animals, and
bounties offered for the destruction of
predatory species, or those considered
harmful. These are given by states and
provinces, arranged in alphabetic order.”

The larger part of the bulletin is de-
voted, therefore, to a systematic treatment
of the laws in each state, followed by a
summary of fur protection, giving under
the different species of fur-bearing mam-
mals a table showing the length in days

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

of open season for trapping various fur
animals.

That California is lagging behind ag
regards protection for fur-bearers is evi-
dent by the following facts brought out
in the bulletin: The mink has a closed
season in Alaska, in twenty-four states
and in nearly all of Canada; the skunk
has a closed season in eighteen states;
the raccoon in nineteen states; and the
fox in eleyen states. Not one of these
fur-bearers is given protection in Cali-
fornia.

The bear appears to be given poor
protection everywhere. Only four states
now have a closed season and a few of
the states either forbid trapping or regu-
late it. In giving protection to bears
California could be one of the leaders and
it is hoped that this opportunity will not
pass unheeded.

The bulletin above reviewed comes at
an opportune time, for it will give much
necessary data in connection with the at-
tempt being made to give fur-bearers in
this state the protection which they need
during this session of the legislature.

DEATH CLAIMS TWO NOTED
SCIENTISTS.

During the past year death has claimed
two noted ornithologists. Professor Wells
W. Cooke, in charge of the migration
investigations of the United States Biolog-
ical Survey, died at his home in Wash-
ington, D. C., March 30, 1916, from acute
pneumonia. No man in the United States
knew more about the migration of North
American birds. The notes of hundreds of
observers throughout the United States
were annually compiled and the data thus
obtained form a basis for many valuable
publications dealing with bird migration.
The distribution and migration of differ-
ent groups of birds were treated in sepa-
rate bulletins, Consequently we find such
titles as ‘Distribution and migration of
North American shore birds” (Biol. Surv.
Bull. 35), ‘Distribution and migration of
North American herons and allies” (Biol.
Sury. Bull. 45), “Distribution and migra-
tion of North American rails and their
allies’ (Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 128).
The most important general paper, one
which sums up the present day knowledge
of the migration of North American birds,
treating of such subjects as causes of —

—_— =

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 83

migration, records of migration and speed
of migration, is the one entitled “Bird
migration” (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 185).
One of Professor Cooke’s published arti-
cles entitled “Our greatest travelers”
(Nat. Geog. Mag., 1911, 346-365), at-
tracted wide attention and is one of his
best known publications.

In the death of Professor Cooke those
have lost the man foremost in research on
migration. What younger worker will be
able to continue the work so ably carried
on by Professor Cooke still remains to
interested in the birds of North America
be seen.

Another ornithologist more closely re-
lated to work in California died at his
home, Branchville, Maryland, October 1,
1916. This was Professor Foster H. L.
Beal, assistant, United States Biological
Survey, a man noted for his work in
economic ornithology. Our first definite
information on the foods of birds in Cali-
fornia was the result of the work of
Professor Beal, who for several years
studied the relation of birds to fruit-
growing in California.

The economic work of Mr. Beal came
at a time when any esthetic or economic
value that a bird might have was entirely
overshadowed by depredations made more
obvious by the conditions existing in a
new country. The bringing under culti-
vation of large areas together with the
consequent destruction of native food
plants forces the birds to turn their atten-

tion to the substituted field crops and
exotic trees and shrubs. The compara-
tively small amounts of this new food
supply, which supplants the native one,
results in more apparent destruction of
cultivated crops. The dry summers form
another factor in California conditions,
for juicy fruits prove an acceptable sub-
stitute for water. With no regard for
inherent values or protective measures,
farmers formerly resorted to the gun and
harmful and beneficial birds alike met the
same fate. This was the situation when
the bulletins on the food habits of Cali-
fornia birds appeared.

The evidence brought forth in the bul-
letin “Birds of California in relation to
the fruit industry,’ published in two
parts (U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Biol. Surv.
Bull. 30 and 34), so clearly showed the
economic value of California birds that
there was a noticeable change in the
attitude of the ranchers of the state.
Many other bulletins have shown the
dollars and cents value of California birds
and to Mr. Beal must be given credit
for being the first one to show the eco-
nomic relations of California birds and
to develop interest in the protection of
the insectivorous birds beneficial to agri-
culture. For twenty-five years economic
ornithology has been enriched by the
investigations of this tireless worker who
laid the foundations of economic orni-
thology in California.

HATCHERY NOTES.

W. H. SHEBLEY, Editor.

MOUNT SHASTA HATCHERY.

After the completion of the distribution
of trout fry from the different hatcheries
of the state during the fall of 1916, the
stations were put in shape for the coming
season’s operations.

This work was completed at Mount
Shasta Hatchery during the month of
December. During the month of No-
vember the first eggs of the eastern brook
and Loch Leyen trout were taken from
the adult fish in the ponds. Operations
were continued throughout the month of
December and approximately 1,500,000
eggs of each variety of trout were se-
eured. About 150,000 eastern brook eggs

were also received at Mount Shasta
Hatchery from the Marlette-Carson oper-
ations in the state of Nevada.

Six million quinnat salmon eggs were
shipped to Mount Shasta Hatchery from
the United States Bureau of Fisheries
stations on Battle Creek and Klamath
River. These eggs hatched out during
the month of January and the fore part
of February. They have been given care-
ful attention and the oldest of the fry
have now reached the swimming stage.
When they have been reared to the proper
age, a portion of the fry will be returned
to the Klamath River, plants made in the -
upper reaches of the Sacramento River

84

tributary streams in the vicinity of Sis-
son, and the remainder will be transferred
to the large rearing ponds and lakes of
the Mount Shasta Hatchery. ‘Those re-
tained in the lakes and rearing ponds will
be fed during the spring and summer
months and liberated in the Sacramento
and Klamath rivers after the first rains in
the fall, when the condition of the streams
is most favorable for their journey to the
ocean.

Additional facilities for the rearing of
quinnat salmon at Mount Shasta Hatch-
ery are being provided. The Commission
has leased from the Sisson Tavern Com-
pany the large artificial Jake situated a
short distance south of Mount Shasta
Hatchery grounds, known as Sisson Lake.
With the acquisition of this large body of
water for a rearing pond for the quinnat
salmon, this important branch of the
Mount Shasta Hatchery operations will
be greatly facilitated, as it doubles the
capacity of the salmon rearing ponds.

FORT SEWARD HATCHERY.
A half million quinnat salmon eggs
were hatched at Fort Seward Hatchery
during the latter part of January. Pre-

Fig. 30. Hatchery A and breeding ponds
G,

Lambson.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

vious to the receipt of this shipment of
eggs, Fort Seward Hatchery had been
fitted up for fisheultural operations for
the season of 1917. The construction
work commenced during September of
last year, and the repairs to the hatching
equipment were completed during the fore
part of December. The salmon eggs are
all hatched out and the fish are in excel-
lent condition. As soon as the fish have
reached the free swimming stage, they
will be distributed in Mad and Eel rivers,
Humboldt County.

As soon as steelhead trout eggs are
ready for shipment from the eyeing sta-
tions, an ample supply will be shipped
to Fort Seward Hatchery for stocking
the streams of Humboldt and Mendocino
counties.

MOUNT SHASTA AUXILIARY
STATIONS.

Owing to the extreme drought through-
out the state during December and Jan-
uary, the egg collecting operations were
delayed until late in February. On
February 1 a crew was sent to the
stations at Bogus and Camp creeks, on
the Klamath River. These two plants

at Mt. Shasta Hatchery.

Photograph by

en

Se ee eh ee ee ee ee

7

CALIFORNIA FISH

were put in shape for the season’s oper-
ations, but it was not until the latter
part of the month that the large Klamath
River rainbow trout commenced to run.
The first spawning of the season was on
February 17, when 120,000 eggs of this
species of trout were taken. ‘The storms
throughout the northern part of the state
increased the run of fish into the tribu-
tary streams of the Klamath River,
where our egg-collecting stations are lo-
cated, and the take of rainbow eggs now
promises to be very good.

AND GAME. 85

operations and very little work was neces-
sary in the way of improvement. The
hatching troughs were repainted, and a
few minor repairs made to the building
and hatching paraphernalia. The first
steelhead trout eggs were received from
the Scott Creek Station on February 20.

SCOTT CREEK STATION.

As in the streams of the northern part
of the state, the run of fish in Scott Creek
was delayed over a month, owing to the
extreme drought, The steelhead trout

Fer. RaveER at a0
WeymouTHS
Steelhead fishing

Fig. 31.

ALMANOR HATCHERY,

On March 1 a crew of men will be
sent to Lake Almanor, Plumas County,
to open up the Almanor Hatchery, and
Domingo Springs egg-collecting station.
With the improvement in the Almanor
Hatchery buildings, traps, etc., and the
addition of the egg-collecting station at
Domingo Springs, excellent results should
be obtained from the fishcultural opera-
tions in Plumas County this season.

BROOKDALE HATCHERY.

Under the terms of the agreement en-
tered into between the board of super-
visors of Santa Cruz County and the
California Fish and Game Commission,
the Brookdale Hatchery was taken over
by the commission on January 1. The
hatchery was in excellent condition for

on the Eel River.

usually commence to run during the
month of January, but this season it
was not until February 20 that the first
lot of eggs was taken. It was feared
that our take of steelhead eggs this sea-
son would be very light; but with the
heavy storms of the past ten days we are
almost assured of at least an average take
of eggs at Scott Creek Station.

SNOW MOUNTAIN STATION.

Whereas large numbers of steelhead
trout are reported in the Hel River a short
distance below the Snow Mountain dam,
but very few fish have been taken in the
traps at this station. It is probable,
however, that with the recent storms the
fish will soon commence to run, and our
season’s take will be satisfactory.

86

TAHOE HATCHERIES.
Preparations are now being made to
open the Tahoe hatcheries at the usual
time this season. Arrangements are un-
der way to open the egg-collection station
at Tallae on March 18.

MOUNT WHITNEY HATCHERY.

On January 21 the construction of
Mount Whitney Hatchery was completed
by the Department of Engineering and
the plant was turned over to representa-
tives of the Fish and Game Commission.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

preliminary to the operation of the Bear
Valley Hatchery during the season of
1917, as far as could be undertaken
during the winter months, was completed.
All that remains to be done when the
crew reaches the station is to set up the
hatching troughs and install the racks in
the streams tributary to the lake. The
water in Big Bear Valley Lake is at a
high level this season, and our operations
should be very successful. It was ex-
pected that our crew could make the trip

Fig. 32.

Previous to our taking over the hatchery,
we had ordered all necessary supplies for
the construction of all fishcultural equip-
ment used in the operation of the hatch-
ery, as well as paint for painting the
hatching troughs. Therefore, we were
prepared to go right ahead with this
work. A portion of the hatching troughs
have now been painted, and work is being
rushed on the baskets, trough covers, etc.
The hatchery will be ready for operations
in ample time for the carrying out of our
plans for the work this spring and sum-
mer.

With the Mount Whitney Hatchery and
the auxiliary station at Rae Lakes in
operation, the work of stocking the
streams of southern California and the
San Joaquin Valley as far north as the
Yosemite Valley, will be greatly facili-
tated.

BEAR VALLEY HATCHERY.
During the month of November all
necessary repair and improvement work

Mt. Whitney Hatchery as it appears completed.

into the lake about March 1, but the
recent storms and heavy fall of snow will
probably prevent their making the trip
before the 10th or 15th of the month.
However, this slight delay should not
interfere greatly with the prosecution of
the work of egg collecting, as the fish do
not start to run in great numbers before
the middle or latter part of March.

UKIAH HATCHERY.

Ukiah Hatchery will be operated as
usual this season. Steelhead trout eggs
will be shipped to this hatchery from the
Snow Mountain station, and the fry will
be distributed in the streams of Lake,
Mendocino and Sonoma counties. It is
our intention to ship the first lot of eggs
ready for shipment from Snow Mountain
to Ukiah this season, in order that the
distribution of the fish can be made as
early in the summer as possible.

f id al

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 87

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES.

OREGON CONTEMPLATES INCREASE
IN ANGLERS’ LICENSE.

A number of the anglers of Oregon are
advocating an increase in the price of
angling licenses with the proviso that the
additional fifty cents be set aside in a
fund to be used exclusively in trout hatch-
ery work. Whether the license will be
raised from $1 to $1.50 will depend upon
the extent to which anglers support the
suggestion.

THIRTY FATAL HUNTING ACCIDENTS
IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Thirty lives was the toll taken by the
hunting season of 1916, although the total
accidents were only 102, considerably less
than the total accidents of 1915, of which
twenty-nine resulted in fatalities. The
decrease in the total number of accidents
and the fact that no one was mistaken
for game is accredited to widespread pub-
licity against promiscuous shooting.—
Pennsylvania Sportsman January, 1917,
(a5 allay

WANTED, BY NEW MEXICO SPORTS-
MEN.

1. An efficient nonpolitical game

‘warden.

2. The passage of the Game Refuge
Bill—with the scalp of the Mondell
Amendment attached.

8. A law tacking the Federal Migra-
tory Bird Law to the Canadian Treaty.
Such a law will wipe out the last chance
of the spring-shooters.

4, A federal fish hatchery for New
Mexico.

5. Nationwide action to wipe out the
last trace of market hunting.

6. Amendments to the state law sim-
plifying the seasons, bringing it into
conformity with the Migratory Bird Law,
and authorizing the governor to proclaim
temporary local closed seasons on any
species on any area at any time.—The
Pine Cone, January, 1917.

UTAH BIRD SANCTUARY.
In an effort to save the rapidly disap-
pearing wild bird life of the state, arrange-
Ments have been completed for the

establishment of Utah’s first bird sanc-
tuary, to cover an area of 700 acres. The
use of the land is given free virtually to
the state by property owners of the big
cottonwood district, about four miles east
of Murray.

State Fish and Game Commissioner
Chambers will place quail and pheasants
on the land, and his deputies will sprinkle
feed there when the heavy snows of win-
ter make it difficult for the birds to find
anything to eat.—Blue-Bird, December,
1916.

GAME WARDENS TO BE UNIFORMED.

The wardens of the Conservation Com-
mission of New York are to wear uni-
forms hereafter. The orders have been
given because the commission believes
that a uniform as a means of identifica-
tion is appreciated by the public.

That a game warden be easily identified
by people is important, but there is dan-
ger that the wearing of a uniform will
afford a ready identification to the viola-
tor. Most states have thus far avoided
the uniform and have believed more
largely in the “plain clothes man” as an
effective game warden.

SIXTH NATIONAL CONSERVATION
CONGRESS.

Among the resolutions passed by the
Sixth National Conservation Congress,
held in Washington, D. C., on May 4, 1916,
were those favoring the Chamberlain-
Hayden bill and the Federal Migratory
Bird Law. The following recommenda-
tions in the interest of aquatic life were
also made:

a. That the states prohibit the un-
necessary polluting of public waters;

b. That the fisheries in interstate
waters be regulated by uniform laws, with
the consent of Congress, not to be changed
by one state without the concurrence of
the other states affected.

c. That increased attention be given
to the cultivation of fish in ponds on
farms ;

d. That the states take such action as
will prevent the destruction of fish life
in connection with irrigation.—Recrea-
tion, August, 1916, p. 78.

BURLINGAME
PUBLIC

r11D

88

MINNESOTA ATTEMPTS TO REAR
PHEASANTS.

The Minnesota Game and Fish Depart-
ment reports that progress is being made
in the propagation of pheasants at the
Big Island Game Farm, recently estab-
lished. About 1,200 eggs were secured
from the thirty-six ring-necked pheasant

CALIFORNIA FISH

AND GAME.

hens, and eggs were also secured from
prairie chickens and quail. As has been
the rule elsewhere, a considerable toll
was taken by crows and owls, and poach-
ers and trespassers caused some injury
to nesting birds. All of the young birds
reared will be available for distribution
in game refuges only.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

MORE BANDED DUCKS TAKEN IN
CALIFORNIA.

During the 1916 open season, as in

years past, several ducks _ originally
banded in Utah have been taken in Cali-
fornia. Mr. Chris Krempel killed a

banded green-winged teal at the Green-
wing Gun Club in Orange County during
December, 1916. A report from the
United States Biological Survey stated
that the bird had been released at Bear
River, Utah. On December 16, A. J.
Buckley killed a green-winged teal at
Los Banos, Merced County, bearing a tag
numbered 3889. This bird was banded at
Bear River, Utah, September 11, 1916.
Another duck, banded at the same place
on October 3, was killed by Henry Schu-
belhut at Brito, Merced County. S. G.
Davis killed another teal bearing the
number 4138 at the same place during
January.—H. C. Bryant.

THE WOLF-EEL TAKEN
FRANCISCO BAY.

A fine example of the curious and in-
teresting fish, the wolf-eel, was taken in
San Francisco Bay, off Angel Island,
February 18, by John Peetz and Bert
Lake. The wolf-eel is a long, slender
fish, bearing a superficial resemblance to
an eel, but in reality not at all related
to the eel. Its head is strong, its mouth
filled with very strong conical canine
teeth, the roof of the mouth being filled
with rows of coarse molars. The head is
only about one-eleventh of the total length
of the fish. The dorsal and anal fins are
very long, each of about 250 rays. The
fish reaches a length of five to eight feet,
and was one of the first, if not the first,
species to be described from San Fran-
cisco Bay.

The first naturalist to study the fishes
of this region was Dr. William O. Ayres,
a charter member of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences. In 1855 Dr. Ayres

IN SAN

obtained a specimen of this fish, which
he described in the first volume of the
Proceedings of the Academy. The fish
was not only a new species, but it repre-
sented a new genus as well (Anarrich-
thys ocellatus).

The wolf-eel feeds chiefly on _ sea-
urchins, sand dollars and the like. AI-
though not often used as food, probably
on account of its rarity, as well as its
repulsive appearance, its flesh would no
doubt prove nutritious and palatable if
served in attractive form.—BarTon W.
EVERMANN,

SEA OTTERS SEEN NEAR MONTEREY.

Two sea otters were seen basking in
the sun in the kelp beds off Del Monte
between Seaside and Del Monte wharf
on October 22, 1916. They were appar-
ently an old and young one, and the
theory is that the old one came back to
look for one of her young which was
caught in a sea bass net last year.—P. H.
OYER.

WILD SWANS ABUNDANT.

Apparently there was a great increase
in the numbers of wild swans (Olor col-
umbianus) visiting this state this past
winter, 1916-17. All of the gun clubs in
the Suisun district report the presence
of swans on the duck ponds. One of the
members of the Cygnus Club stated:

“Before daylight the air was very still
and cold. The musical trumpeting of the
swans could be plainly heard. As. the
members of the various clubs wended
their way to the blinds for the morning
shooting these great birds rose from the
ponds where they had been resting and
feeding, and circled the marsh, filling
the air with their beautiful notes. The
wild swan’s note is one of the most
plaintive and musical of all known birds.”

I was on the marsh the same morning

and should judge there were several hun-
dred birds in small flocks circling in the
air.—M. Hatt MCALLISTER.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

WHITE MALLARDS.

A white mallard duck, the only albino
mallard reported during the past open
season, was killed in December, 1916,
near Live Oak, California, by Sam
Lamme, keeper of the West Butte Coun-
try Club. The bird, a male, has been
mounted and is on exhibition at the club-
house. Newspaper publicity has uncoy-
ered the fact that another mounted
specimen of an albino mallard is in the
possession of Colonel J. W. Dorsey of
San Francisco. Still another specimen,
a female, taken at Gridley, Butte County,
several years ago, is in the collection of
the California Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology.—H. C. BRYANT.

BIRDS LOSE THEIR WAY IN FOG.

During the early part of October sev-
eral reports appeared in newspapers that
numerous song birds alighted on ships far
off the coast during heavy tule fogs.
Most of the references to the kind of birds
alighting on ships were couched in such
generalities as: ‘hawks, blackbirds, spar-
rows and crows.” Although we have at-
tempted to secure more specific informa-
tion the following facts only have been
verified.

A large number of birds, of several dif-
ferent species, alighted on the Danish
motor ship ‘Chile’? when sixty miles off
the Golden Gate, in October, 1916. One
of the birds, obtained and held in captivity
for a short time by Mrs. M. C. Terry, from
a detailed description appears to have been
a spurred towhee (Pipilo maculatus).

Dr. M. C. Terry, of the United States
Public Health Service, saw a number of

89

English sparrows and a warbler of some
sort on the deck of the Norwegian steam-
ship “San Joaquin,” which docked on Oc-
tober 21, 1916. These birds were said to
have come aboard the ship when it was
off the lightship, about ten miles off “the
heads.” The pilot of the ship reported
that blackbirds and a small owl also came
on board.

On the same day the captain of the
British steamer ‘Dunstan,” sixteen days
from Panama, reported that many dif-
ferent kinds of birds alighted on the ship
from ten to twenty miles off shore. He
estimated that as many as 200 birds were
on the ship at one time. Some of them
were quite tame and lit upon his arms and
shoulders.

The above information, although lacking
in scientific detail, still points to the fact
that many land birds occur at some dis-
tance off shore, especially during heavy
fogs. The taking of such a permanently
resident species as the spurred towhee
many miles off shore is of more than
ordinary interest.—H. C. Bryant.

ANTELOPE APPEAR IN NEW
LOCALITY.

On September 9, 1916, I saw one ante-
lope (Antilocapra americana) at Coon
Camp Flat, in the northern part of Las-
sen County. There were tracks of two
more smaller ones that I did not see.
Twenty years ago antelope were quite
plentiful in this locality, but for a good
many years none has been seen there.
There are several bands in the eastern
part of the county.—F. P. Capy.

Fig. 33.

Boat load of sardines and unloading sardines at San Diego.

The sardine

Pee hear cee ee ere se

-”

tun has been unusually large this past winter.

Photographs by Webb Toms.

o>

+€

90

SEA OTTERS NEAR CATALINA
ISLAND.

On March 18, 1916, 31 sea otters, two
being young ones, were seen to the south
of Catalina Island. Although one has
occasionally been seen in this locality be-
fore, this was the largest number, to my
knowledge, counted at one time.—GEO.
FARNSWORTH.

THE LEOPARD FROG IN CALIFORNIA.

Mr. George Neale has recently called to
our attention the fact that the leopard
frog (Rana pipiens) is now to be found
commonly at Lake Tahoe. The attempt
of Mr. Neale to obtain exact information
as to the introduction of this frog into the
state has not been productive of detailed
information, but evidence that it was in-
troduced is at hand. Mr. George T. Mills
of the Nevada Fish and Game Commission
reports that the leopard frog is found com-
monly at Washoe Lake, a few miles south
of Reno, Nevada, but that no one appears

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

to know whether or not they were intro-
duced here. A restaurant man is said to
have introduced the leopard frog into the
Carson Valley reservoir, near Reno, where
it is now very common. According to
Lawrence and Comstock of the New
Brockway Hotel and Hot Springs, Brock-
way, California, this introduction took
place about eight years ago. A short time
after these frogs were planted the reser-
voir broke and Lawrence and Comstock
secured one hundred dozen, which were
planted at Tallac. Here they have in-
creased rapidly in spite of the cold winter
weather.

The regular occurrence of this frog in
the markets of San Francisco and the
constant attempts to introduce it into
other suitable localities in this state make
it important that all information as to in-
troductions of this kind be recorded so that
a history of attempts at introduction in
this state will be available—H. C.
BRYANT.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION.
L. H. WHITEMAN, Editor.

GAME REFUGE PLAN SUCCESSFUL
IN NEW MEXICO.

The proposed game refuge plan is ap-
proved in New Mexico. A report given
out by the Forest Service there confirms
the theory that deer will quickly recog-
nize and take advantage of areas pro-
tected against hunters. According to the
report made to the district forester at
Albuquerque, M. L. Cadwallader, owner
of a large pasture in one of the national
forests, forbade it to hunters. The deer
at once flocked to the pasture, and, it is
said by the local forest ranger, now to
contain more deer than all the rest of the
district. In commenting upon this, the
district forester said in part:

“The instance is said to be valuable
in that it confirms the theory of the game
refuge now before congress, which author-
izes the establishment of a_ system of
protected areas throughout the national
forests of the entire West. The theory
of the plan is that game will find ref-
uge in the protected areas, where it will
increase and overflow into the surrounding
country, thereby improving the hunting

outside. The refuges will also afford a
means for preventing the extermination

of rare species like mountain sheep and
antelope, and it is claimed will relieve
the present shortage of buck deer.

“he national game refuge bill, based
on what is known as the Hornady plan
failed of passage at the last session of
congress, in spite of widespread popular
support. It is said that every game
proteetive association and almost every
chamber of commerce and _ stockmen’s
association in New Mexico heartily en-
dorsed it. Sportsmen and forest officers
are hoping that it will be enacted into
law by the present congress so that the
work of establishing a system of game
refuges can go forward.”

THE AUTOMOBILE A FACTOR
GAME DECREASE IN EL DORADO
NATIONAL FOREST.

IN

The exceptionally fine recreational
advantages to be had in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains within the El Dorado
National Forest draw many thousands of
tourists, campers and sportsmen to the
streams, lakes and favored hunting areas
during the hunting and fishing season.
The automobile has supplied a long felt
want of rapid transportation for sports-
men and has resulted in an increased

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, Z

amount of fishing and hunting, This in
turn has to a considerable extent resulted
in a decrease in the number of wild
game, especially deer, quail and grouse.
Except in the higher mountains, remote
from roads and trails, there is annually
a decided reduction in the number of
grouse. Mountain quail are also decreas-
ing slowly but surely. The number of
bucks reported killed annually during the
open season (not including the number
of does and fawns that are killed, and
bucks out of season, and all species killed
by predatory animals) is, no doubt, ex-
terminating the deer quite rapidly.

The proposed establishment of game
refuges by the federal government in
cooperation with state legislative enact-
ment, will aid materially in the propa-
gation of wild game. Three refuges are
proposed for the Hl Dorado National
Forest, located in the extreme northern,
extreme southern and central portions, all
bordering on or near the western bound-
ary and extending far enough east to
afford game protection during summer
and winter.—H. J. Koroxk.

SUGGESTED CHANGE OF PRESENT
TROUT LAW.

As the number of fishermen increase
along the north fork of Hel River it
becomes more and more noticeable that
the classing of the Eel River steelhead
as a trout is working some hardship on
the sportsmen. As the law is now, the
limit is 50 fish, or 10 pounds and one fish,
or one fish of 10 pounds or over. As very
many of these fish weigh over 10 pounds,
a sportsman catching one of, say,
11 pounds weight, would be obliged to
stop for the day. This, it seems to me,
is somewhat of an injustice, and I would

ai

suggest some plan whereby the limit
would be three fish per day regardless of
weight—C, V. BRERETON.

SQUIRREL POISON AND RATTLE-
SNAKES.

The statement in the October number
of CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME that the
eating of poisoned squirrels will kill
rattlesnakes appears to have been ques-
tioned. Here is an incident I give for
what it is worth:

The members of Camp No. 1, of the
Biological Survey, on the California
Forest last year, found a rattlesnake
writhing in a fit and half dead. Upon
killing the snake they found it had
swallowed a squirrel and they readily
determined that the squirrel had been
eating poisoned grain. It is probable
that the squirrel was not dead when
seized by the snake, but at any rate it
seems positive that the strychnine will kill
rattlesnakes. In connection with this,
the records of the Coyvelo District for the
past seven years show definitely that the
snakes are decreasing in number.—C. VY.
BRERETON.

TROUT PLANTING IN THE SANTA
BARBARA NATIONAL FOREST.

Through the efforts of Forest Super-
visor Hall a number of streams in the
Santa Barbara National Forest were
stocked last autumn with trout fry sup-
plied by the Fish and Game Commission.
In each case the fish were planted above
impassable falls where no fish were to be
found. Bouquet Canyon received 4,000
eastern brook; Lime Canyon, a branch of
Cachuma Canyon, received 2,500 rainbow
and 25,000 Loch Leven; Rincon Creek
received 5,000 steelhead.

BURLINGAME
PUBLIC
112.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

92

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94 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

VIOLATIONS OF THE FISH AND GAME LAWS.
December 1, 1916, to February 28, 1917.

a
ottense inte oes

Game |
mMuntine “without licelses= 222-20 s225 425-3 ee eee 30 $410 00
Deer; close season, killing or possessions. Soe ee ee ee 23 560 00
Spiked ‘bucks—illegal deer hides 22: 2428 5 a a ee eee 5 175 00
Ducks, close season, killing or possession; excess bag limit_-_.-_----__---_--_____ 12 250 00
Shooting ducks from power boat in motion__-__.-__..__-_.__--__--__--__--._-__ 8) 55 00
Using “alive or imitation blind e252 o es ee ee en ee ee ee | 52 eee
Night shooting. Seo oso FS Reh re eee ee eae Bee Spd, a Ee el 2 50 00
Quail, close season, killing or possession_____-__---.--__----.----_-----.-------- 3) 125 00
Shore .birds—ldiling or possession. + 22. Sass Ses ee ee ee ee ee 2 | 50 00
Nongame birds—killing or possession. -—-.-_-._- ==. = 222th 14 | 144 00
‘Tree squirrels—killine ‘or-possession=2_-=_ 2 =< 4 so. ac se nee ee ee el ee 1 25 00
Totaliegme violations ts sees! k= Se Re ee ae ae ee ee 101 | $1,844 00

Fish |
Angeline “withoutmicensess ss Shee Se Pot le ee ia ea RS ee rae ee wee 8 | $150 00
Wishing tor profits without licensess-2-223-e2-- t= 2b ee ee seo 9) 50 00
Prout,-close season; ‘excess bag limits oo.) See Ae eee 9 370 00
Stringed pass; atmoenwel eh tess. oa ee a a ee ee ene ee ee a iy Pe Se
Black: bass, «possession; close, season: =. bo a= sos) ene enn ee eee oe 2 | 30 00
Woun eS OLsish vin’ possessions=s*" 2-255 Se ee eh ee ee aie eee eee a Lig eee
Grabs, sundersized Sas hea S re es oa es Se ee Ce ee eae ee ai 70 00
@Glams—excess ‘bag limit; ‘undersized: -.—- 2. 2222-2 ae a ee 10 43 50
Abalones—ondersized > 8 catso<se ee eee re e Bee ee e e ee 7} 120 00
Lopsters—undersized' and oversized= == 22S. so Ss a a ee 5 | 95 00
Seining within 750 ‘tect of, aswhant.—2 5.2 ee es eee 6 | 25 00
eral ishing apparatuss.\c2s sie be Poe eet Sa Se Bee eS eee re ee eee 24 | 510 00
Totaliish: violations == 5252-2 ees tee ee eee eee 89 | $1,463 50
Grand) total fish and same: yidlationse 22 =o — ae ee eee 190 $3,307 50

|

SEIZURES—FISH, GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.
December 1, 1916, to February 28, 1917.

Game.

UGK oe See Se aC eae aes ee ee ee 2,418

Geena as ee i ae See Ee aor VCR pe ie Dees gee eg a ee, See 483

1 77 es 303): | ale —; ere eee ge TO IW TT Oe SPAN WORE Ah beh air ot ished cw eg he 652% pounds
Cottontalls.< 22-2232 soe ee ee Sere ee ee 5 Oe ce ee tf

Quail yo. eee Si ee BE eae el tee ae ts Rn Re ee 2
Noneame: birds a8 as Eon a a Se 2 ee ead ce ne See ee 15
Squirrels: S22 foe. cet ron See aes Se ee a eee ee ee eae ne 1

Beaver Delis: no. as 23 ah eee ee Se a a a Se eee ee 6

Deer hides = See ee ee ee eae a ee 6 eee eee ees es 1

Fish

Striped ‘Dass sss ste a a a a ae ee ER ee ee ae ee ie 498% pounds
110010) 0 pe anes ae ine net ee es SOL Pe ie aD A SON Betas | Me neNe Sime Teeth ee 264 pounds
METRO eS ee eS ee Me ee ea 435 pounds
Bisel bass) <ts<2- 5-5 2S oe bee ae ee ee ee eee 183 pounds
QOVAaDa- a2 22 osteo ts eck SE SN Be Se, ee anes ere 332

Clams” san es Se ae a eee Ee A ee OS a on See ene eee 671
Abalones + 222220225 ek oe ee ee LES Be ee ee er fle ee ee 69
Prepared’ :abslone: 2222352250208. 5 ee ee ee eee eee ee ee aie ee ee ee eet) 3534 pounds
LODStOrs 2 oS ee el See re Se ee ee 52
Miscellantous: fish (22228252222 ee See Be ee ee Se eee 46 pounds
Nets - ccc cen2ss5 Stee er ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 18

Fish ‘traps: = 2 235. oe es ae ee ee ee 12

Set lines: 2.0 225.2523 he Se ee a ee ee eee 1,500 feet
Ohinese shrimp or ‘bag; netsis2ts2ce-2-so ee eee ee ee eee 64

Searches.

Megal fish and. game.o 52222 are a ee ee ree er 38

:

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

95

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE MONTHS OF OCTOBER,
NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER, 1916.

October November December
General Administration.

BEd bsg Yo lea eb Sy aed 1th (09 0 meee ea SE SSE i eo $1,562 68 $1,599 39 $2,199 92
messarch, publicity. and edtication= 24-222 see 387 94 203 53 288 67
BESTGEEU ENC) Pee reereairs ae ers Se ee et ee nd bk ee Mek et eee 389 77 PLO a oe open
LEVISEE: (235e 0V) SST rp FUP es aS oa a a Pe ete be ge AP Peer 351 85 23551 ile ees ae
Reere rd CRMCZC ETRE Sie te ee ee ne, Les See ers A pee OAC BE TS |e eit a eel | A See ee
DIREC a is al DR ee AB A ad es Cea eae nce 318 70 | 202 21 322 06
CHILE) On bOUNTIES-.=2n. oe ee oe Bee ee 160 00 220 00 200 00
ear na LIN Pye UN LIN ys LCONSeS saan es oy swe ete te eee anand een Re ee MEN SoA Se
RUNOe Ten me AITO LETS UNCON eS ana sass. ee Sal Sale Ee aetna Ee 738 50
Hunting license commissions and refunds_-_-------_____-______ 2,989 50 876 20 2,198 60
Anglers’ license commissions and refunds___-__-____-___-______- 1,482 50 669 90 1,281 70
Market fishing license commissions and refunds__--_---______ 181 00 DOR DO acer saree os

LUD EDU EE «i Sa eee a ae a i SR Pe eee $7,747 83 | $4,093 73 $7,229 45

Patrol

Por eritaTa Cis COR MDNS GING hose he eee eee ee a ee $5,485 78 | $5,018 66 $4,989 63
Pete etter Gan DIS LEICb ees eas: ee ee tee tae 3,567 36 3,435 12 3,336 10
eG ee Aro LORDS GN Cte ee ee Se ee 2,045 68 | =—-:1,996 05 1,767 41
ISIC HED LUO lene Caos ate eae eo ane oe See e ees 828 61 | 710 13 956 30
Prosecutions —tish: ANd pamMe l2-..-9 32 olsen so 245 68 384 10 31 40
tea WH NETRA TORC GIO TI rie tenes te eran toe ea te ees 100 00 100 00 100 00
Nirtinn pia aINO at Battin pateee pe wee eee ks, Foe ee ee eS ES ee ae ete: |e Sy | eee ee
Pevilente and demtie claims. = -o2 22 8 eh se) a TOO ee ee ees

PEM MS pape ese ee ae ti ed not See OR Ser eee $12,285 11 | $11,644 06 $11,180 84

Department of Fish Culture. |

PCH OR Ve A MTS t LAGOON aa oe a ee ee $868 90 $776 10 $816 42
Momimahactaw Hatcher yscs oso Se se ee 1,262 23 1,825 46 1,618 65
MMM pa SHasit AMAT: - StAtONS= == ok ee oe oe ee Pe ee 25 00
ECT VV ENE Y= HEL AGCHOn Ye ee a ene 680 78 614 77 742 41
Monnt Whitney. Auxiliary Stations:...) =. 2-5 = S860 OG S25 oe aera ee cae ae AE
Spa cma tChOnien ays ow a ere ah oh ee 64 87 10 50 10 00
Pine tCHelicge AlLRIIAT Vers GALIOU So toe fe eee kd ch ir Pel een ee | ee ate
Mamet Carsom erlatcnery. 22-252 28 lee eh ee 185 45 181 95 | 237 35
Rie S Gus Cle EU A CCHENVs soca See ee aceasta ees 743 21 328 14 437 57
TIRE SVEL "TRUE Gn (oy AE Sa ee Nee ey REE WS rR, SS a Amen MOR ra ag ec ison &
PrUsVeeulOuicalnaStatlOlss sco. eee) See nar 3 05 ALU fe Meier es
MELO seme l GeO Lym ese ce ms Ree eevee a A ae SNe eno AERC nee 16 00
STOTT SS) NITE Ee ISG 021 10 We am ee a 576 38 75 00 31.00
PAE DUROTRR STUDIO T es eee oe ce See UE ee 1,072 48 239 26 6 00
TRCERT WADUIEG 2 O18 I Ga ee a a ae eT 32 87 155 67 8 75
MMpAmO its SHAG ShatlON soe sos es oe ok es i 06" (bos oaee b eee oes
LESTE oi AISeiven| NOE apsl fateh We SSSR Se We See ee oe Sree ese 1,471 78 488 24 262 58
SEEMED EATIS DUI Die ae me ee ee Te ed a a Se es 1S OO) acta 15 00
Boreeneetishwayse water pollution 222 o_o 2.82 ek 539 51 585 15 505 70

LER SW HEU] ye eS Ata ie Oo eg CS See are ee CD $7,973 27 | $5,237 24 | $4,782 43

Commercial Fisheries Research and Patrol.

isherwmeresearch. and -pAatkols—--- o--ocoan- ee ee $490 26 $513 85 $344 72

REPS REHCU MME GO) Sek) Opes oe ens eee Sag he fe A $28,495 97 | $21,488 88 $23,487 44

'
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* 5

PATROL SERVICE.

SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

-B. L. Bosqui, Commissioner in Charge. Carl Westerfeld, Executive Officer.
J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer. E. C. Boucher, Special Agent.
Head Office, New Call Building, San Francisco.

Phone Sutter 6100.

Ww. H: Armstrong------------------ Vallejo| D. H. Hoen_--~---------------- San Rafael

ea

a

se

Earl P. Barnes__-----------------= Eureka |H. H. Hunt (on furlough)--San Francisco
Theo. M. Benson---------------- _Fortuna | R. S. Kimball__-------------------- Merced
See Sie Seer San Francisco |I. lL. Koppel___------------------San Jose

PSEA ss AGS SRO Porterville | Henry Lencioni----------------Santa Rosa

Mallard e kes o see Dunlap |B. H. Miller__---------------------- Ukiah

Sa Tag om RR PS ke as Oakland | W. J. Woeres= ce acre ee eae

SAA DOE Sted as ress ee Colma | J. E Newsome_______------------_Newman

The ead pre en eee San Francisco | P. H. Oyer____.—-----------_Pacific Grove

Nee pf ai es eae Ba Pleasanton | Chas. R. Perkins__--_-------.-Fort Bragg

1D) HVS ees NSN ee te SIR Sate Ae Se Fresno | H. S. Prescott-_------------- Crescent City

OPW ie Gala Way sae San Francisco | Frank Shook------~---------- Salinas City
Geo. F. Grant__----------------- Columbia | BE. W. Smalley-----~------------- Hanford
Wee rellardas os Seas Laytonville | H. ©. Foster--Launch “Quinnat,”’ Vallejo

Rie eee ie srs Co Watsonville | Chas. Bouton-_Launch “Quinnat,’’ Vallejo

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.
F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge.
Geo. Neale, Assistant.
Forum Building, Sacramento.
Phone Main 4300.

T W. Birmingham------------_- Red Bluff| R. C. O’Connor-------------- Grass Valley
Ciba pleme russ Slo Sacramento| F. S. Parke----~------------- Sutter Creek

EB. W. Bolt__-------~-------------- Gridley | BE. D. Ricketts------------------- Live Oak

Ss ompanivuke.: \Cagyo ses. ne We Susanville | D. E. Roberts__---------~~------- Murphys
sg. J. Carpenter___---------------- Maxwell | J. Sanders___----~---~------------- Truckee
Geo, W. Courtright-------------.--- Canby | C. A. Scroggs------------------~-- Loomis
_ Buell Gray---------------------- Placerville | R. L. Sinkey_------------------- Woodland
h j Greenies. see oss Sacramento | lL. A. Streuber__---------------~----- Dana
Pea an cep ears Pee Greenview | L. J. Warren________-_--__-2_-Taylorsville

OTR AES nag eee AL Weaverville |! J. S. Whites. cee ig ee Castella:

LOS ANGELES DIVISION.

M. J. Connell, Commissioner in Charge.

H. I. Pritchard, Assistant. Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant. ve
Union League Building, Los Angeles.

Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F 5705.

Tipton Mathews__--------------~--- Wasco
BAS oe ENN cere ee San Diego
eT OD GY eee eee ee Big Pine
W. K. Robinson (on furlough)----El Toro
A. J. Stout (on furlough) ------ Bakersfield
Neb b. DOW S222 a ere ee San Diego
* He
ok ‘ ‘a BURLINGAME
ek Pifeorc

CET

iN
088 01021 1621
ANGLERS? LICENSES

JANUARY 1st TO DECEMBER 31st’
Obtain of County Clerks or Fish and Game
Commission or Deputies

CITIZENS, residents of California, over 18 years $1.00 per year -
CITIZENS, non-resident of California, over 18 years 3.00 per year
ALIENS, over 18 years 3.00 per year

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Covaty Line
S. BARBARA
Hewat ;

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) i . oo
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Msi £2 GAME OSTRICTS 2 XN woh
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Benda Line f oY |
ABSTRACT OF FISH LAWS (Sporting) 2
TROUT dune 1 to Oct. 31 20 Tahoe trout in one day in this or Dist. 1;
other varieties limit as in other districts. sei)
WHITEFISH No limit on whitefish. ;

[tet [Martine 8 [0 8 10 semi wd we Tema IO
or over le : ye te 4
TROUT (other than Golden) Gees May to Oct. St ad A sel
In Dist, 2, from Dee. 15 to Feb, 14, 2 fish per Wis Be

Ps [wt on at | Mae eee

GOLDEN TROUT | an | July 81 to Oct. 1 20 per day, 5 inches minimum length. yo Ns
RNS May 1toNor.80 | 25 per day, 7 inches minimum length. No sale. ACh
Th Aaa

SACRAMENTO PERCH, SUNFISH May 1 to Nor. 30 25 per day. No-sale, Sai at
CRAPPIE ; yo ens

: Allex- | No closed season for book | 3 per day from Sept. 25 to Nov. 14. Hook and =

cept 15 and line or spear line only in Dist. 15. Sy

Apr. 15 to Aug. 31

~ SALMOR

STRIPED BASS

CATFISH, .SHAD

i aB
CRABS | AU, | Nov, 15toJulyso | No females, and none less than 7 inches, nc fe
| an

SPINY LOBSTER (Crawfish) Oct. 15 to Feb. last To be taken with crawfish traps only. None less
_ than 9 nor more than 13% inches in length. iene
Red March I to Jan. 31 Size Umit: Red, 19 inches; Green, 18 inches:
ABALONE Pink, 16 inches: Black, 14 inches. Dist. 19
Green, Pink, Black All May 1 to Jan. 31 and 20, daily limit of 10, but no black No
f drying and no spears. For food only. a iat
» - 4 Was et, }
BURLINGAME