CAUFDRNIAl FISH-GAME "CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION" California Fish and Game is a journal devoted to the conser- vation of wildlife. If its contents are reproduced elsewhere, the authors and the California Department of Fish and Game would appreciate being acknowledged. The free mailing list is limited by budgetary considerations to persons who can make professional use of the materfal and to libraries, scientific institutions, and conservation agencies. Indi- viduals must state their affiliation and position when submitting their applications. Subscriptions must be renewed annually by returning the postcard enclosed with each October issue. Sub- scribers are asked to report changes in address without delay. Please direct correspondence, except regarding paid subscrip- tions, to: CAROL M. FERREL, Editor California Fish and Game 987 Jedsmith Drive Sacramento, California 95819 Individuals and organizations who do not qualify for the free mailing list may subscribe at a rate of $2 per year or obtain individual issues for $0.75 per copy by placing their orders with the Office of Procurement, Documents Section, P.O. Box 20191, Sacramento, California 95820. Money orders or checks should be made out to Office of Procurement, Documents Section. In- quiries regarding paid subscriptions should be directed to the Office of Procurement. u VOLUME 56 OCTOBER 1970 NUMBER 4 Published Quarferly by STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME STATE OF CALIFORNIA RONALD REAGAN, Governor THE RESOURCES AGENCY NORMAN B. LIVERMORE, JR., Secretary for Resources FISH AND GAME COMMISSION C. RANS PEARMAN, President, San Gabriel SHERMAN CHICKERING, Vice President PETER T. FLETCHER, Member Son Francisco Rancho Santa Fe JOSEPH RUSS III, Member TIMOTHY M. DOHENY, Merr}ber Ferndale Los Angeles DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME G. RAY ARNETT, Director 1416 9th Street Sacramento 95814 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Editorial Staff CAROL M. FERREL, Editor-in-Chief .Sacramento STEPHEN J. NICOLA, Editor for inland Fisheries Sacramento MERTON N. ROSEN, Editor for Wildlife Sacramento HERBERT W. FREY, Editor for Marine Resources Terminal Island DONALD H. FRY, JR., Editor for Salmon and Steeihead Sacramento HAROLD K. CHADWICK, Editor for Striped Bass, Sturgeon, and Shad Stockton ( ^^22 ) CONTENTS Page Bimonthly Bird Counts at Selected Observation Points Around San Francisco Bay, February, 1964 to January, 1966 Frank II. Bollman, Peter K. Tliclin and Richard T. Forester 224 A Preliminary Study of the Relationship of Saltponds and Wild- life— South San Francisco Bay William Anderson 240 Spawning Bed Sedimentation Studies in Nortliern California Streams James W. Burns 253 Harvest of Four Strains of Rainbow Trout, Salnio gairdnerii, From Beardsley Reservoir, California Almo J. Cordone and Stephen J. X icola 271 Fishes Associated with Drifting Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, Off tlic Coast of Soutliei n California and Northern Baja California Charles T. Mitchell and John R. Hunter 288 The Reproductive C^'cle, Gonadal Histology, and Gametogenesis of the Red Abalone, Hediotis rufescens (Swainsou) James S. Young and John D. DeMartini 298 Notes White-Tailed Kites Nesting in Del Norte County, California Merlin Hehnke 310 The Sagebrush Lizard — A Ncav Locality and Comments on Its Distribution in AYest Central Caliiornia --Ttiomas G. Balgooyen 310 Introduction of Blue Catfish Into California William M. Richarelson, James A. St. Amant, Lawrence J. Bottroff, and Wayne L. Parker 311 Occurrence on the High Seas of a Steelhead Trout in Its Ninth Year Percy M. Washington 31 Occurrence of King (Chinook) Salmon in the Kings River, Fresno County Peter B. Moyle 314 Index to Volume 56 316 (223) Calif. Fish and Gavie 56(4) : 224-239. 1970. BIMONTHLY BIRD COUNTS AT SELECTED OBSERVATION POINTS AROUND SAN FRANCISCO BAY, FEBRUARY 1964 TO JANUARY 1966^ FRANK H. BOLLMAN ^ AND PETER K. THELIN ^ Department of Agricultural Economics University of California, Berkeley RICHARD T. FORESTER California Department of Fish and Game San Francisco, California A 2-year study was conducted in 1964 and 1965 to identify and count the birds using the San Francisco Bay estuary. The bird population was observed twice monthly ct 13 census areas around the Bay estuary. From 1 to 26 observation points were selected within the different census areas to provide good access without visual overlap. Five habitat types were delineated as open water, tidal flats, marsh, saltpond, and other (inflight). The birds were separated into 11 types, namely pelicans, shorebirds, loons, cormorants, herons, ducks, geese, grebes, rails and coots, gulls, and terns. in 1964 3.5 million birds were counted and in 1965 3.8 million. Most of the birds identified were shorebirds (55%), while waterfowl were the second largest number of birds observed (34%). Bird numbers were low- est during the summer months when only resident and small migratory bird populations were present, and they reached a peak in the fail and winter when large numbers of migrants arrived. The migratory species were the majority of birds that used the Bay from late fall to early spring. Waterfowl migrating into the Bay area in December 1964, exceeded 500,000 and, in December 1965, were approximately 200,000. The mud- flat and saltpond habitats had the highest bird densities during the study. Bird density records for the marsh areas were very low, possibly due to the dense vegetation obstructing observers' vision and the secre- tive nature of marsh birdlife. The magnitude of the bird numbers recorded for the five habitat types points to the San Francisco Bay estuary as a vital system for the con- tinuance of the present level of birdlife. INTRODUCTION The San Francisco Bay is a vast ecosystem which contains numerous species of wildlife. Fish, birds and aquatic animals are found in abundance on various areas around and within the Bay. This study, while concerned only wdth recording the bird counts for the Bay and its shoreline habitats, was the first basically important step in assessing the role which this area plays in support of wildlife. It was the first large-scale study of the magnitude of bird populations in a well-defined but relatively large area contiguous to a megalopolis 1 Accepted for publication May 1970. - Postgraduate researcher in Agricultural Economics. 3 Graduate student in Agricultural Economics. (224) BIRD COUNTS ON SAN FRANCISCO BAY 225 where urbanization and industrialization have greatly encroached and continues to encroach on fisli and Avikllii'e habitat. In the past, the value of land and water for fish and wildlife pro- duction and support could not be assessed ; even partial or indirect indicators, such as those presented in this report, were lacking. Intense competition for the use of habitat, especially that bordering San Fran- cisco Bay, also applies to many other marine estuaries in California. The resources involved have alternative uses. The preservation of land and water for wildlife use can incur high costs since the industrial and home real estate, water supply and mineral production benefits in some instances are considerable. Nevertheless, the demand for bird watching, fishing and hunting, whose benefits are difficult to measure, is growing rapidly. This docs not imply that these benefits are not substantial. While, in this study, the use by the populace of the bird resources of the area was not measured, i.e., the number of days of bird watching, this might well be the next phase of the investigation. "Where unique resources are involved, an analyst has to cope with defining economic and technological irreversibility. What is the opti- mum amount of the Bay's various habitats that should be maintained? Probably society can afi^ord the first yard with much less loss in marine life than that involved in taking a subsequent segment; but to deter- mine the point at which values foregone are greater than those gained is extremely difficult, demanding a good knowledge of the total eco- system and its overall production possibilities. AVhere the line of de- marcation is to be drawn is difficult to gauge, but various kinds of analysis for San Francisco Bay can give us useful insights. With the future envisaged population of the Bay area and the acces- sibility to birdlife, supported by the Bay habitats, these unique recre- ational experiences will increase in worth. Some assessment of these future benefits should enter decisions as to future use of the Bay area. The argument that society forfeits very little in terms of some of the market products the Bay habitat produces, if the habitat were to be maintained for fish, bird, and other wildlife support and production, should be critically examined. The possibility that there are more accessible and better places for obtaining some of these raw materials should be appraised. STUDY AREA The study area included specific parts of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays. Thirteen census areas were established within these two bays (Figure and Table 1). The census areas were further divided into 139 ground observation points. The observation points were stra- tegically positioned to avoid any overlap with adjacent observation points. METHOD AND APPROACH Approximately 60 trained and knowledgeable volunteer observers, most of whom were members of the Audubon Society, made the bird counts. The bird counting periods were scheduled on or about the 1st and 15th of each month beginning on February 15, 1964. Because of adverse weather, changes in access, and too few census personnel, obser- vations did not occur on all days scheduled. Although the census period did not constitute exactly 2 years, the data obtained on the days of 2— S0771 226 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME FIGURE 1 Map of San Francisco Bay bird census areas. BIRD COUNTS ON SAN FRANCISCO BAY 227 TABLE 1 The Census Areas and Number of Observation Points Within Each Area Census area number Location Number of observation points within census area 1 2 3 Pinole — Lone Tree Point to Pinole Point Berkeley- — Richmond Point to Oakland Bay Bridge Alameda — Alameda to San Lcandro _ _ _ 6 7 24 4 5 0 Hay ward — San Lorenzo Creek to Coyote Hill Slough Coyote Hill — Coyote Hill Slough to Dumbarton Bridge. . Newark — Dumbarton Bridge to Coyote Creek 19 4 9 7 8 !) 10 11 12 13 Palo Alto — Moffett Air Station to Dumbarton Bridge San Mateo — Picdwood Point to Coyote Point liichardson Bay Corte Madera Bay San Pablo Bay — China Camp to Mare Island Menlo Park — Dumbarton Bridge to Redwood Point San Rafael Bay Total ...... _ _ 16 20 1 1 5 26 1 139 observations are considered representative of two annual cycles. The counts were schednled on ebbing tidal stages in order to obtain maxi- mum bird numbers along the shoreline. Later in the survey period, an aerial surve^^ was also conducted for estimating bird numbers. It was carried out along the same guidelines as those used by the ground survey crews. The counts made by the aerial crew took in two additional areas (Figure 1). The aerial counts in January 1965 and 1966 were directed primarily toward a waterfowl census within the Bay system. The hal)itat was separated into five basic types: (i) open water, (ii) tidal flats, (iii) marsh, (iv) saltponds, and (v) other. The "other" category refers to the observation and recording of flying birds and is not properly a habitat tyY>e. The liabitat within each of the 13 census areas varied as did the number of acres of each habitat (Table 2). Saltponds did not exist at eight of these areas while marshland was 250 acres or less at five of the census areas. The composition of the habitat within a census area doubtless in- fluenced the number and type of birds supported. The bird species were categorized as 11 bird types, namely, pelicans, shorebirds, loons, cor- morants, herons, ducks, geese, grebes, rails and coots, gulls, and terns. A more abbreviated delineation of bird groups was made for the purpose of distribution, and these were shorebirds, waterfowl, and others. Bird counts were tabulated and grouped. The grouped counts were transposed to IBM punch cards for statistical ]')urposes and to reduce data volume. Two definitions were used to indicate the number of birds at obser- vation points, that is sightings and ohscrvafions. A sighiiug was re- corded when one of the 11 bird types was seen on a particular habitat. For example, if pelicans were sighted on tidal flats, saltpond and open water habitats then three pelican bird-type sightings were recorded. 228 CALIFORXIA FISH AND GAME TABLE 2 HabSttat Aeresage fcr Each Census Area Census area Open water Tidal flats Marsh Saltpond Other Total 1 . __ _ 4,000 6,240 10,000 22,000 1,700 300 1,800 3,700 3,300 315 12,000 1,700 900 760 660 2,100 3,960 1,800 11,940 3,700 3,100 550 970 11,500 2,900 750 250 200 690 1,500 180 14,400 1,200 2,000 180 330 3,650 1,400 260 0 0 0 1,500 2,650 2,640 1,800 0 0 0 0 3,260 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,010 2 3 4 _ 7,100 12,790 31,460 5 6 7 8 6,330 29,280 8,500 8,800 9 10 11 12 13 4,030 1,615 27,150 9,260 1,910 Total 67,955 44,690 26,240 14,350 0 153,235 Another example would be if sliorebirds "were seen on four habitat types then a total of 4 shorebird sightings were recorded. Sightings, therefore, were correlations between bird types and habitat. An observation was recorded when a particular bird was present at an observation point, irrespective of the habitat type. An example would be if pelicans, sliorebirds. gulls, terns and ducks were seen at a particular observation point then a total of five bird type observations were made for that particular recording period. Observations, there- fore, were correlations between bird types and the observation point. The observation points within each census area were ranked for each year, 1964 and 1965, by: 1. Total bird count for the year, that is, the summation of the number of birds counted for each observation day in the year. 2. The average number of birds per observation day during the year. 3. The average number of birds per sighting during the year. 4. The maximum number of birds observed on any one observation day during the year. 5. The minimum number of birds observed on any one observation day during the year. These ranking characteristics were repeated for the census area at a particular observation date. The density of bird populations on any one observation day at a census area may ranking for this characteristic. RESULTS be ascertained from the The lowest bird use of the Bay habitat occurred during the summer months (Figures 2 and 3). The migratory bird population increased rapidly during the early part of September and reached a peak in December (Figures 4 and 5). The influx of migrating waterfowl pro- BIRD COUNTS ON SAN FRANCISCO BAY 229 vided the largest percentage of birds in the Bay during December (Figures 4 and 5). In 1965 the total bird numbers wore greater than in 1964 with a higher count in the early montlis of 1965 than the same months of 1964. The shorebird migration preceded tlie waterfowl migration by about 2 months in both 1964 and 1965. The recorded waterfowl numbers were the highest in December for botli years (Figures 4 and 5). BIRDS IN THOUSANDS — — — roi\3rooJOJOJC>i.p».fi-F»oioioio>a)(T)a) ->i cucntDrooioo — ^->)O0Ja>«Drv30ia5 — -^-^owoitD t\3 ooooooooooooooooooooooo o T FIGURE 2 Distribution of birds by habitat and by census period February 1964 to January 1965. 230 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME The resident birds, shown as ' ' other birds ' ' in the graphs, constituted only a small percentage of the total birds counted in any one year. This does not imply that the environs of San Francisco Bay are not an im- portant habitat for these species. It does, however, point to the impor- tance of San Francisco Bay as a resting and feeding area for waterfowl in the Pacific Flyway. BIRDS IN THOUSANDS o ooooooooooooooooooooooo o o < ^m^^%:^^^i J ! L J I I I I I I L FIGURE 3 Distribution of birds by habitat and by census period February 1965 to January 1966. BIRD COUNTS ON SAN FRANCISCO BAY 231 BIRDS IN THOUSANDS — — — ^^^o^ocAloJo^(>^^^^OlOl0^o>(Da>o>^ oJOivorooioo — -fi^ooJo^tDrocjioo — ^-JoofcntDro ooooooooooooooooooooooooo T U) ^ _ ="5i > - ■D — 3J — 01 > -< 01 c 01 c > — c — o _ (/) — m — :3 5; o o CJl <5; T T — ^ — r T I T T — r 1 I r T — r 1 T I T^ i 01 I D X m JO o m -n O I o m CO JO o m — "5 si CJl J L * ■ ■ - ■ I » .^ .■ ' KM .'..Vi .••••VI I.I. .1. •!•:•■ . 1 . rKN, i I I I L J I I I L FIGURE 4 Numbers of birds by species group and census period February 1964 to January 1965. Some 3.5 million birds were counted in 1964 and approximately 4 million in 1965 (Table 3). Shorebirds and ducks, approximately 2 million in 1964 and 1:^ million in 1965, constituted the most numerous of the 11 types, while geese and loons were present in very small num- bers, 200-400 and 40-70, respectively. The magnitude of the bird popu- lation gives some overall estimate of the importance of the Bay to bird support. 232 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME BIRDS IN THOUSANDS _OJU)rooioo— -ti->iO(>i(7»torooioo — -t^^Ooio^tDro Ooooooooooooooooooooooooo — a> z - ••••••••••^ • A • « • i lJ_l I L I I t J I I I I L J I I I I L FIGURE 5 Numbers of birds by species group and by census period February 1965 to January 1966. In December 1964, 525,000 waterfowl were sighted at the land areas under observation. In December 1965, approximately 200,000 waterfowl were counted. Ducks and shorebirds provided the largest average of all birds counted in 1964 and 1965 (Table 4). Ducks and shorebirds, again provided the greatest number of sight- ings during 1964 and 1965. There were 1,509 shorebird sightings made BIRD COUNTS OX SAN FRANCISCO BAY a u < e o o "J 3 r- m 0 J. < ** «o I— in (*, ■a S. .a E 3 Z to OOOOMOiOOiOOiO CO oiracoociioc5C2roioo CO 05lO CO^OCOOO'-ICOCO 00 05 COOO M05C>) -*OOCOO CO i-H r^ 05 T-H t^ CO ■* O "M T— 1 ,__, en IM_ t:(< C0_ 03 •4-3 O 1—1 r—» co' H OOcOOOOOOOOO CO OOCOCOCOIOOICZJCOOOJ CO CO_ t-_ --<_ ^_ -1 C-1 c:^^ Tfi^ '^ -* CI 05 T-^ CO" tC lo' t^ i-j" LO O O" CO 1— I ,-1 lO l^ i-H CO CO ^ 1^ O C^l --I iO_ O-f -H co' OOtMO-^CiOOOOiO CO ^lO lO— 'lOl^-'-tilOCO y—l CO t^ t^ lO X- C". ■* lO O CO 0) 03 (MO -^ CO 00 CO ^ 05 •-H G5 CO lO 05 C-( T-H C) o O OOOiOOOOOOiOOO CO -(HO O'^lONCOI^'O'1^ 00 COTfl OOt^CCO^'-HOO'-'CO 00 o O] -t CO iM CO CI rH -* T— I O CO IM t~ 1— t 1 — 1 lOOOOiCOOOiOOO lO lOiO I0c320^i0t^i0i0 CO »o t-_ en --H o M "O^ o| o r- T— < o ^.* o OJ" of ^' of CO o" of ci" co" o -d I— < CO 01 Ol ^ o lO d lO CO o_^ o 1— ( a OOOOiOOOiOiOOiO o C3 CIO OCOO O^OCI lO C/J o I~ M CO O C0_^ CO^ C)^ ^^ ^_ -* o t-.' o' ^' ^ lo' co' co" © ■* -t 1-H CI CO .-H CI CI CO ^ CO lOOCliOCIOOOOOO •V OO OiOOOTfHt^iOO CI t^ COOOCl ^t-htHCO CO o lo" cf en ■* -t I^ 1-H CI ^H »— 1 T-H I-« ^ 1— 1 T— I !/J c3 s OOOOOOOOOOO o l^iO -ttZliO ^COOO o CO r-H en CO CT^ t^__ c^ lO^ lO t^ t- 03 f C ^'' t^" cf •-H 1-H O —1 o lOOO'O'l^OOOOO'f CO l^ O uO -t O t^ t^ lO O C) 00 CO lot^ .-leno^ o^^ t-_ 73 C2 t-' ^- co' rt<' o' co" lO" -t^ 1— 1 lO CI t^ o a C) cc -T ^" 15 OOdiOOOOiOiOOO CO coo iOTt<»0 ^t^OO o H CO en ^. t^, ^ '* o o_ UO o o" cf co" co" co" cf o" I— i O CO ^ (X) i-H C| »-H ■-H* lOOiOOOOOOOOiO lO OlOCOiOOOClClOOlC I^ CO t^ "* O lO lO t-H t^ rt ,-H CO X C5 ^" co" co" co" ©" OJ" CO t^" l-H O O --I CO CI C3 00 o_^ c3 O -^ OO'+OCCOOOiOO'O CI — iiOCO^^O OOiOCI CO CO en O C) CI CI "O^ .-^ CO CO co_ i-T cf ^" i~-" oo" o" o" cf CD cf lO o o o q_ 1— 1 ^" T— 1 o ' ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 >i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 t +j 1 i2 1 -►^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! r TJ "S c 1 ! 03 u, 1 -h 1 03 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] ffl ;S ^ .^ O K Q O O C O H o 234 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME s 0) < ■D C S < o 0) X o> *J» *• in a o< CO 0) 4 i^ =1 O - U in "O o 1. 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Some of the food items obviously were not obtained in the salt ponds. Ducks Widgeon grass seeds aecouiited for 80.!% of tlie stomaeh contents in seven ruddy ducks. ()6.2% in three pintail, and 65% in one cinnamon teal. Water-bontman beetles amounted to 68.3% of the stomach contents in three ruddy ducks collected in September 1967 and 14.3% in the I'uddy ducks collected in February 1968. Brine fly larvae and puparia made up 20% of the stomach contents of tive lesser scaup (Aijtln/a. affi)n's) (Appendix I). Grebes Five eared grebes were collected from Pond 6 in February 1968. Feathers were 62.0% of the stomach contents and unidentified matter 27.0%. The only known food items consumed by these birds were brine shrimp (8.6%;) and small quantities of brine flies and beetles. The curious habit of consuming large quantities of feathers, common to all species of grebes, is not fully understood (Appendix TI). Shorebirds Brine flies (larvae and puparia) were taken in significant cpiantities by all species of shorebirds collected. Water-boatman beetles were the key food item of phalaropes and were also taken by least sandpipers and avocets. Polychaete WT)rms appeared to be an important food item of wullets (Appendix III). Results of Salinity, Depth and Water Temperature San Francisco Bay is influenced by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and its salinity is slightly less than that of the open ocean. The Avater in South San Francisco Bay normally contains 2.0 g/liter magne- sium oxide. During the time of year when the Sacramento River is at flood stage this salt may drop to 0.8 g/liter. Fortunately for the salt industry the influx of fresh water is at its lowest during the evaporating season. Salinity in the Leslie salt plants is generally measured in degrees salometer (Sal.) or percent of saturation (Ver Planck 1958). The data on high, low and average water depth, temper- ature and salinity w^ere recorded (Table 2). There was an increase in salinity from ponds 1 through 6. The data collected demonstrated an inverse correlation between water depth and salinity. The average salinity in South San Francisco Bay is 9 Sal. although the measurements fluctuated between 4 and 12 Sal. Water temperatures had extreme fluctuations. The most severe drop in water temperature occurred between November 35 and December 15, 1967, from 68 F to 36 F. By January 15, the temperature of the water in the ponds had risen to 54 F in some ponds, 56 F in others. There is no evidence to show that a drastic temperature drop of such short dura- tion had any noticeable effect on existing bird populations. Sufficient 244 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME I food organisms appeared to be available at all times. The highest water temperature was recorded in Pond 6 on September 1, 1968, 88 F. Since many shorebirds move out to feed on the tidal tlats at low tide and feed and rest in the salt ponds mainly at high tide, the tidal stage was recorded. Differences in bird numbers caused by tidal conditions were apparently masked by other factors such as influx or exodus of mi- grants. Therefore, no correlation could be determined between pond use and tidal stage. TABLE 2 SctEinity, Depth, and Temperature in Salt Ponds Salinity percent saturation (Sal.) Depth in inches Temperature (F) Avg 11 Pond 1 23 14 33 68 Low 9 36 High 18 82 Avg 16 _ _ _ Pond 3 22 13 33 64 Low 10 36 High 28 80 Avg 24 Low 14 Pond 4 22 14 34 70 38 High 42 86 Avg 60 Pond 5 16 7 30 68 Low 41 High 80 38 84 Avg 63 Low 42 Pond 6 13 0 28 69 38 High 93 88 Results of Bird Counts Fifty-five species of water-oriented birds were recorded on the salt ponds that were studied (Appendix TV). They were divided into 12 groups based on taxonomic relationship and similarity in habitat needs. Grebes Of the two species of grebes recorded, pied-billed and eared grebe, only the eared grebe was abundant. The highest number was 6,330 in November 1967. Fifty-four percent were tabulated on Pond 5, and only 1% on Pond 1. It is evident that eared grebes showed a marked preference for ponds with high salinity (Table 3). Double-crested Cormorant These birds, at times roosted on the electric transmission towers and the service catwalks which cross Pond 3. During November and De- cember 1967 and 1968 approximately 1,000 cormorants were observed. SALTPONDS AND WILDLIFE 245 TABLE 3 Percent of Birds Utilizing the Salt Ponds Birds Pond 1 Pond 3 Pond 4 Pond 5 Pond G Total sightings Grebes Herons Dabbling dufks Diving ducks Coots Shorebirds Phalaropes Bonaparte Gull Terns 1 61 69 26 70 10 6 4 30 8 19 13 36 19 8 23 12 2 25 9 11 11 6 8 31 44 35 54 7 3 14 1 60 32 24 32 12 4 4 13 4 14 8 16 1 30,440 626 92,387 77,785 6,570 122,433 43,255 17,281 3,427 These birds evidently feed mainly in the bay since only a few were ob- served feeding in the salt ponds. White Pelican Only Pond 2 was visited by white pelieans. A maximnm of 400 peli- cans were recorded in October 1967 and 1968. Herons Three species of herons were recorded (Appendix IV). These birds were seen mostly in sloughs and marslies. The maximnm numbers ob- served in the salt ponds was 65 in September and 64 in November 1968. Sixty-one percent of all herons were encountered in Pond 1. Their numbers diminished as the salinity of the ponds increased (Table 3). Geese Geese appeared in the salt ponds only as accidental visitors, as during- periods of liigh winds. Nine Eoss' geese and five snow geese were seen in Pond 5 in January 1969. Dabbling Ducks Seven species of dabbling ducks were recorded in the study area (Appendix IV). Sixty-nine percent of the dabbling ducks were counted in Pond 1. In February 1968, 7,150 were present on Pond 1. This group of birds used the ponds from August to May. Ponds 5 and 6 attracted only 3% and 4% respectively, apparently demonstrating un- favorable reaction to liigh salinity (Table 3). Diving Ducks Eight species of diving ducks were observed in tlie ponds (Appendix lA^). They were observed from mid-September to May. Pond 3 had 36% of the diving ducks and Pond 4, 11% (Table 3). The highest count was made on November 1, 1967, when 9,000 diving ducks were estimated on Pond 3. In this group, it appears that salinity, up to a certain point, contributed to favorable food conditions related to jjond use. 246 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Coots Coots arrived in late September and October and departed for the breeding grounds about the end of Mareli. Seventy percent of all coots were found on Pond 1, and 1% on Pond 5 (Table 3). Coots thus dis- played a preference similar to dabbling ducks. Shorebirds Exclusive of Phalaropes This group was composed of 18 species (Appendix IV). The salt ponds in providing feeding and resting places for the many thousands of shorebirds play an extremely important role. The highest count made during the study was 17,140 on Pond 5 on November 1, 1967. Since most shorebirds are waders rather than swimmers the presence of shallow areas is critical. Sixty percent of these birds were counted in Pond 5 where an uneven bottom enabled them to stand and wade. Pond 6 was similar, however, periods of high salinity between 42 and 93 Sal., approached the tolerance of most food organisms. A shallow portion of Pond 1 had 10% of shorebird use. Ponds 3 and 4 each had 8% of the total, but were too deep for extensive shorebird use (Table 3). This group of birds used the salt ponds all year. Four species, snowy plover, killdeer, avoeet and black-necked stilt bred here, and some non- breeding individuals of otlier species were present throughout the sum- mer. The lowest numbers of shorebirds occurred in June. The popula- tion peaks occurred around April 15, and November 1. Phalaropes Phalaropes (Appendix IV) taxonomically belong in the shorebird category. They are treated in this evaluation as a separate group be- cause of the considerable difference in food habits. Phalaropes are ex- pert swimmers, therefore, little affected by ]iond depth. Availability of a suitable food supply is the prime attraction. The Wilson's and northern phalaropes made heavy use of the salt ponds. A third species, the red phalarope occurs irregularly on salt ponds in South San Francisco Bay, but was not encountered during the study. Phalaropes occurred infrequently from April 15 to May 15, and abundantly from early July to mid-October. The highest number re- corded was 10,260 on July 31, 1969. Pond 5 had 32% and Pond 1 6% of the phalaropes (Table 3). Gulls Five species of gulls (Appendix IV) were seen regularly on the salt ponds. There is no doubt that organisms existing in the ponds con- tributed to their diet, however, four species, glaucous-winged, herring, California and ring-billed gulls foraged to a great extent in nearby garbage dumps so that it was considered impractical to include these birds in the present investigation. The Bonaparte gull was not observed to feed in garbage dumps. From approximately August to May these small attractive gulls were commonly noted on the ponds. In December 1967 3,620 Bonaparte gulls were seen on the study area. Pond 4 received 44% of the use while SALTPONDS AND WILDLIFE 247 Pond 1 had only 4% (Table 3). No specimens were collected for food habits analysis. Terns Four species of terns Avere observed. Least terns and black terns were casual visitors in Pond 1, while Forster's and Caspian terns occurred as regular summer visitors, in fact 100 or more pairs of Caspian terns nested on the dike separating ponds 4 and 5. Forster's terns nested outside the study area as did a small population of least terns. The largest number, 260 terns were tallied in May 1968 and July 1969. No tern specimens were collected. The principal food item is small fish. The commonest of these appeared to be San Francisco top smelt {Afherinops affinis affinis). Terns were present in the study area from April to October. Their numbers were about ec^ually divided among ponds 1, 4 and 5. The nesting activity mainly was responsible for the numbers in ponds 4 and 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The study resulted in some clarification of the important role of salt evaporation ponds as wildlife habitat. It also brought to light some areas of weakness in the methods employed, and tluis made it possible to point out specific needs for improvements in future studies of this kind. These recommendations are : 1. More effort needs to be devoted to sampling of aquatic and bot- tom organisms. 2. Field laboratory techniques need to be improved to identify zooplankton and other minute soft organisms which may prove to be important dietary elements of many birds. 3. Fisheries iiersonnel and equipment could assist in adequate sampl- ing and identification of fish species and measurement of their relative abundance. 4. The nature of pond bottoms, chemical and physical properties etc. should be explored and evaluated. 5. More bird specimens should be collected. Some interesting and common species such as Bonaparte's gull were missed in collections of tliis investigation. 6. One or more tidal marsh areas should be included in any future study as a control for direct comparison. The long, narrow slough situated between Pond 6 and Ponds 4 and 5 is suggested as a suitable control area. This would, incidentally, focus some attention on marsh dwellers such as American bittern {Boiaurus Icntiginosus) and clapper rails (Rallus longirosiris) . Even non-waterbirds, for example short- eared owls {Asio flammeus) and white-tailed kites (Elanus Icncurus), were observed in marshes and possibly should be included in this type of study. 7. Inclusion of a set of salt ponds in another series of salt production lands could prove useful in assessing the validity of assumptions de- rived from the investigation. Many species of birds were observed using the salt ponds. Those birds making the heaviest use of the ponds were shorebirds, ducks, grebes and Bonaparte 's gulls. 248 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Dabbling diieks. coots and fish eating birds exhibited a marked pref- erence for Pond 1, which had the lowest average salinity. Diving ducks, grebes, phalaropes and Bonaparte's gulls disclosed a high degree of salinity tolerance and predilection for food items existing in ponds of high salinity. Shorebirds used ponds that were shallow enough for wading irrespective of salinity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to the management of Leslie Salt Company for pro- viding the ojiportunity to undertake this investigation ; particularly, James AValton who arranged permission to work on the property and Frank Vargas for furnishing salinity depth and temperature data. Bruce Browning, AYalter Steinecker, Oscar Brunetti, Don Pine and Gene Gerdes of the Department of Fish and Game assisted in the sampling and collecting of specimens. Gene Gerdes, furthermore, de- serves special thanks for providing advice and guidance throughout all phases of the study and Richard Forester for the preparation of the manuscrijit. REFERENCES American Ornithologists' Union. Check-list of North American Birds, ijth ed. Baltimore, Md. ; American Ornithologists' T'nion. lfl."7 Carpelan. Lars II. 1!».">7. Hydroliiology of the Alviso Salt Ponds. Ecology, 38 (3) : 3Sl>-3S.-.. Ver Planck, William E. 1958. Salt in California. Bnlletin 175. Division of Mines, San Francisco. 1G8 p. SALTPOXDS AXD WII^DLIFE 249 S-= o —' o > fa > 6^ &^ ■a -a 3 ^- o > to o O O I S3 ^ CO I ^^ ^-, o o CO I »-H ^H I T-^ O o Cj O ^H I C^ Q O O fa < ■ J ■ Ph ^8 •= 5 e o ■- ^ S . t~ c^ — - -^ ^ 3 c? o ■— "--::: =S S J- '^ CO -2 -2 s P O O fa ►J , s ■ o oo o o =^ ^ 1;^ -^ 5^ 2 ^ -^ Kj K C?2 G5 -4 3 -S S to ^ S3 -C C^ 'r S o — -fS 5- 5 ^ rt CJ O -^ " -=;' -b S — ^ fe; fe) O ►J a <5 03 C3 -^ CJ CJ = MCCPh a O U ►^^|:^ 250 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME I APPENDIX II Eared Grebes Food Hobits era Salt Ponds February 1968 Food or matter Vol. % Freq. Feathers (5) 62.0 27.0 8.6 1.2 1.0 0.2 (5) 5 Unidentified matter __ ^ . _ _ 4 Artcmia salina 4 Ephydra cinerea (larvae) 2 Ephydra cinerea (puparia) Coleoptera (adult fgmts.) 1 1 Note: 5 grebes collected from Pond 6. ( ) — total sample. SALTPONDS AND WILDLIFE 251 X D Z LU Ql a. < in TJ C O 0. Ji a X ■8 O o 0) o I/) S £ ^ »0 2 1 S o h- P^ :S ^ «=> Oi ^^ o o ^ o > QO CM l-H CO --H CO lO IM T-H .— 1 Is r^ ■~ fc •^ r53 Oi _fe- O O O <3J o o p. ^- o f3 CO cvD p3 is ^ r- ^ Oi (M > -;h CO --H 1 1 C -V '^ — 1 o CO ^ lO -t^ ^ CO ^ ^ ^ GO > < to 1-1 ^^ CO 1 1 ,-1 ,-H o »o O O f^ 00 CO ^ C-l ^ (M ^ CJ ^^ ^ lococ-tic^) 1 1 i-PQO^-ri 1-^^ T—T-H 1 1 CK ?> 1 1 1 c GS^OjOJ 1 1 i^-t^^co ICTJC^I S £ 11 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 t^ "fa c/3 -^ CO O O 1 1 dJ O- 1 1 O) 1 1 1 O ■ 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O 1 1 C] ^ CO 1 CO M 1 .-( 1 t 1 CO 1 T— I t 1 1 1—1 1 ( I 1 3 £ 1 1 111 1 III 1 1 1 1 CO fa 73 'to CM _6^ O r CD O* 1 Oj I 1 1 CD 1 <1> 1 1 1 CU 1 1 1 1 1 O . , O 1 1 , o 1 '^ 1 1 1 o 1 1 , , g > 2 2 -1-^ -t-» m ,-^ c* T-< 1 CO 1-1 (M CI I 1 w 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I C^ 1 1 1 t-- ""fa ' ' ' ' hS CD Ci ^65 OJ 1 c o> O O 1 t CU 1 O 1 .... 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C^ 1 . ■— - O 2 O O O O f3 lO ^ CO C] CI .-1 ^ CJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I r 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 lit 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 :3:, i i i i i i i i i^ ! i 1 i ! i ! 1 ' i i i i i i i «' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 s 1 1 ' 1 1 -^ ', ! 1 S 111 IjQ ■ a 3 Us 1 1 bO 1 1 C! , 1 ^ , -— - o 1 \ a ' I ^-. C3 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 O; 1 III ^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tC 1 ! 1 i i i 1 ' i "^ ' CDt__ 1 i^—^-t^cac-s c«c3B t icDi'-t.^caS 1 1 r 1 1 1 I '^ m t ' ' 1 ' ' ! ^3 "!= 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' K a -— 1 ! i i i 1 s^-^-i ' i ' ! ' i £; a S" a a o o •" 2 ,° 5 ^ d fc;6qOOQHSp:§faj Sis S-S S-g.2 G-s S. CD 1-^ • cdPn o o 5 c r iLi dj c^ CD 00 =J o o oc^ 00 00 '—■00 t- CO CO "-O CO CD a G Qj G r-H --H ufflehead Bucephala alheola Ruddy du.ck O.ryiira jumaicensis Red-bieasted merganser Mergus serrator Coot Fulica americana Shorebirds Semi-palmated plover Charadrtus semipahnatus Snowy plover Charadrius alexandrinus Killdeer Charadrius vociferiis Black-bellied plover Squatarola squatarola Black turnstone Arenaria melanocephala Long-l)illed curlew Nunienius americanus Whimbrel Nuinenius phaeopus Willet Catoptrophorus semipahnatus Greater yellowlegs Totanus mehnwleucus Lesser yellowlegs Totavus flaripes Knot Calidris canutus Least sandpiper Erolia minutilla Dunlin Erolia alpina Short-lulled dowitcher Lininodromus griseus Western s'andpiper Ereunetes mauri Marbled godwit Liniosa fedoa Avocet I'ecurrirostra americana Black-necked stilt Himantopus me.ricanus Phalaropes Wilson's phalarope Bteganopus tricolor Northern phalarope J^oJ/ipe-i lohatus Gulls Glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens Herring gull Larus argentatus California gull Larus calif amicus Ring-billed gull Larus dehnrarensis Bonaparte's gull Larus Philadelphia Terns Forster's tern Sterna forsteri Least tern interna alhifrons Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia Black tern Chlidonias niger Calif. Fish and Game 50(4) : 253-270. 1970. SPAWNING BED SEDIMENTATION STUDIES IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA STREAMS^ JAMES W. BURNS Inland Fisheries Branch California Department of Fish and Game Changes in the size composition of spawning bed materiaSs in six coastal streams were monitored for 3 years to determine the effects of Bogging on the habitat of silver salmon {Oncorhynchus kisufch) and trout {Salmo gairdnetii gaitdnesii and S. clarkii cSarkii). Four test streams were sampled before, during and after logging. Two streams in unEogged watersheds and the undisturbed upstream section of oiia test stream served cs controls. A variety of stream types in second-growth and old-growth forests wsis selected for observation. Speawnir^g bed composition in the four test streams changed after logging, roughly in proportion to the amount of streambank disturbance. The heaviest sedimeratation occurred ^hcEi byJEdosers operated in nar- row stream channels hssving pebb'e bott&ms. Sn a larger stream with a cobble and bouEder bottom, bulldozer operations in the channel did not increase sedimentation greatEy. Sustained logging and road con- struction kept sediment Eevels high in one stream for several years. Sedimentati'Sn was greatest during periods of rottd construction near streams end removal of debris from streams, confirming the need for speciaB measures to minimize erosion during such operations. Control sSreams changed little in spawning bed composition d'jiring the 3 years. INTRODUCTION The condition of a streambed has important implications for salmon and trout production. Tliese fish deposit their eggs and their young find food and shelter among the streambed gravels. Excessive sediment decreases productivity by smothering or crowding out the organisms living in the streambed (Cordone and Ivelley, 1061). Incubating sal- monid embryos and fry are particularly susceptible to sedimentation. Fine particles deposited in the streambed render redds less permeable (McNeal and Ahnell, 1964), impede fry emergence (Hall and Lantz, 1969), and may, by reducing oxygen levels in the riffles, cause high mortality and poor fry quality at emergence (Mason, 1969). Logging has been recognized as a major cause of sediment in Cali- fornia streams (Calhoun, 1967) ; however, quantitative data on the accrual of fine sediments in spawning gravels are scarce, since most sedimentation work has concentrated on increases in suspended solids (U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1965; Peters, 1967). Stream sedimentation in Alaska w^as temporary when reasonable habitat protection accom- panied logging operations (Sheridan and McNeil, 1968). However, the results of work in other states are not generally applicable to California because of differences in climates, soils, forests and logging techniques. Therefore, in 1966 the California Department of Fish aiul Game began monitoring the effects of logging on silver salmon {Oncorhynchus 1 Accepted for publication February 1970. This study was performed as part of Dingell- Johnson Project California F-IO-R, "Salmonid Stream Study", supported by Federal Aid to Fish Restoration funds. ( 253 ) 25-1 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME kisutch) and trout (Sahno gairdnerii gairdnerii and 8. clarkii clarhii) habitat in the redwood [Sequoia seiiipcrvircns) and Douglas fir {Fseiidotsuga Mcnzicsii) forests of nortliwestern California. This re- port describes changes in spawning bed composition accompanying logging and associated road building. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTIONS OF STUDY STREAMS AND LOGGING OPERATIONS Seven stream sections on six small watersheds were chosen for study (Table 1). Four of tlie seven were logged using methods specific to their locales. The other three remained undisturbed and served as experimental controls. Soils in these drainages are predominately loamy and moderately erodable. Heavy winter rainfall and dry summers explain the large variations in streamflow. Air temperatures along the coast are cooled by dense, recurrent fogs. Control Streams The old growth redwood forest of Godwood Creek, Humboldt County, lies within Prairie Creek State Park. This stream drains into the Red- wood Creek system. South Fork Yager Creek, Humboldt County, flows tlirougli private lands and is part of the Eel River system. Its drainage basin has no history of logging. The forest is old-growth Douglas fir and redwood. North Fork Caspar Creek, Mendocino County, lies within Jackson State Forest. Its redwood-Douglas fir forest was logged about 100 years ago. Caspar Creek enters the ocean south of Fort Bragg. Test Streams Bummer Lake Creek, Del Norte County, flows through private lands into the Smith River. One hundred and ten hectares (272 acres) of its old-growth forest were clear cut in alternate blocks on the southwest side of the stream in 19(58. Redwood and Douglas fir logs were hauled by high lead away from the stream up to the road, and by bulldozer above the road. The average horizontal distance between the stream and the road was 120 m (400 ft) and there were no stream crossings. Fifty-eight thousand m^ (25 million board feet) of timber were har- vested. A bulldozer operated in the streambed to remove logs and other debris from the 1,524-m study section. South Fork Yager Creek, Humboldt County, was divided into two equal sections. The test section extended from the mouth 560 m (1,835 ft) upstream to the lower end of the unlogged control section. Douglas fir and redwood were selectively cut to 305 m (1,000 ft) on each side of the test section in 1968. Great care was taken to protect the stream; riparian vegetation (including harvestable timber leaning toward the stream) was not cut and equipment did not enter the stream. Eighty percent of the timber volume was cut from the original 344 m^/hectare (60,000 board feet/acre). Roads were built away from the stream on low gradient slopes. Little North Fork Noyo River, Mendocino County, flows through private lands into the Noyo River. Its redwood-Douglas fir forest, logged about 100 years ago, has been subjected to periodic road construction SPAWNING BED SEDIMENTATION 255 o m 05 ^-N 10 ^N ^ s d r-l CO 'M lO 0 C3 CO (/3 0 0 0 t- 0 01 0 so 0 _ ^ 0 0 -<_^ ^ T— ( ■^ I— I ^-^ d 1 ■0 ■0 •« co" 0" ^H KH 0 oi 0 rA ft s 0 ^~^ ^^ a 0 • CO S? 0 ii v^ ° S OS o d M ^"^ -1-3 0 0 03 --^ ce lO lO (M CO 0 0 :3 -2 t- 0 CO ^^ 01 CO oO ■o 0 0 lO Tt< T-H 3 (M 10 I—* "■ — ' d 1 1 >o . ^ of 00 1— 1 M (U -H 0 17 a 03 C C ^-^ ^^ a 0 • g^ 0 0 0 0 d ^ 03 0 ^ ^ 1 0 0 0 ,,-^ ^^ ^— V r^ 0 '-- f^ .^ 0 0 0 0 01 0 CO lO 10 0 0 t - 0 ^ -^ . r^ 0 CO --1 00 CO CO . ■' 2 01 lO . ,-H ^^ T—f 10 0 C3 't I— ( I— H ^— ^ 0 1 1 CC 0 T3 0 ^'■o (M" W 0 a oi 0 0 ■ ■:3 0 M 0 0 3^ M 0 d ^ 00 0 0 ^^^ ^-^ ^^ ■^ .^ s m ^— V S. Fork Yager Cre 02 0 0 -t< CO CO -# 01 t- 0 CI 0 Cn CO 1— H —1 0 CO . .— 1 0 ;^ • CO 1~— ' 0 (K M ,-^ 0 ^ a 3 " •3 ^ Q < -< ■3 CO < 2? .H-a i OJ go m en m o >.-a n . &S co_c CO U ,-H O -"3 a a 3 o S 3 5 a.£-c g3 '-< ^ O 3 s -3 ■ ■ Oi OJ P 256 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME and selective logging since 1964. Thirty percent of the timber volume has been removed from 542 hectares (1,338 acres) of watershed since 1966. A bulldozer worked in or near the 1,530-m study section during road construction and right-of-way logging in 1966 and 1969. Average road distance to the stream w^as about 23 m (75 ft). There was one bridge crossing at the upper end of the study section. South Fork Caspar Creek, like the North Fork, is in Jackson State Forest and is managed by the California Division of Forestry. Its redwood-Douglas fir forest was also logged about 100 years ago. In 1967, 76,400 m^ (100,000 cubic yards) of road materials were removed and 10,000 ni'^ (4.3 million board feet) of timber harvested along 5.96 km (3.7 miles) of road right-of-waj^ construction. The road was built adjacent to the stream, ranging from four bridge crossings to 76 m (250 ft) from the stream. Eoad materials were side-cast into the stream and one part of the stream was relocated during road construc- tion. A bulldozer operated through 41 ^r of the 3,093-m study section during debris removal. ^Most of the fill slopes, secondary roads and streambank were fertilized with urea and seeded with annual rye grass (Elymus sp.), at a rate of 56 kg/hectare (50 lbs /surface acre) (David Burns, Calif. Div. of Forestry, pers. comm.). This grass was well estab- lished before the first winter after road construction and again bj^ the second Avinter. No loggi]ig trucks used the road during or after the first winter. METHODS Tlie four test streams were sampled from 1966 through 1969, before, during and after logging, to measure changes in spawning bed compo- sition which accompanied specific logging practices. Surveys Avere sys- tematic so that the entire stream section was examined aud most of the spawning beds sampled. Tlie three control streams were sampled during the same general period. Usually 20 bottom samples were taken from each stream during each survey. Surveys were made in the summer and fall when streamflow was stable and low enough to permit sampling. Samples were taken with a 15.24 cm (6-inch) diameter stainless steel cylinder similar to the one described by McNeil and Abnell (1964), but with a plunger rather than a cap to retain suspended sediments. Each sample was taken to a depth of 15.24 cm in the center of the stream near the head of a riffle. This location was chosen as representative of the areas in which sal- monoids spawn. Tyler screens Avith openings of 26.67 mm (1.050 inch), 3.327 mm (0.131 inch), and 0.833 mm (0.0328 inch) Avere used to separate the samples into four size classes, three of AA'h.ich Avere retained by the screens, while the fourth passed through the 0.833 mm screen. A^olumes for those classes retained Avere measured by AA^ater displacement. The fraction passing the 0.833 mm screen was measured after settling in a graduated cylinder for 10 minutes. These size classes Avere selected because past studies have defined their effects on embrA'o and fry survival. Generally, surAaval is loAA'er as the volume of materials less than 25 mm diameter increases (Shelton, 1955; MacKinnon, 1960; Phillips, 1963). Specifically, materials from 1 to 3 mm impede fry emergence (Phillips, Campbell, Hug and Claire, SPAWNING BED SEDIMENTATION 257 1966; Lantz, 1967; Ilall and Lantz, 1969; Phillips and Koski, 1969) ; and sediments smaller than 0.8 mm greatly reduce streambed permea- bility (McNeil and Ahncll, 1964; Koski, 1966), as do sediments smaller than 3.4 mm (Cooper, 1965). The volume of each size class of materials was converted to a per- centage of each streambed sample. These percentages were averaged to obtain the mean percentage of the total sample volume passing each sieve. Differences between streams were tested at the 57c significance level using Student's t-test (Burns, 1966). CHANGES IN SPAWNING BED COMPOSITION OF UNLOGGED STREAMS The size composition of the spawning bed materials remained fairly stable in Godwood and North Fork Caspar creeks during the 3 years of study (Tables 2 and 3). The amount of sediment smaller than 0.8 mm changed less than 1% in Godwood Creek. Materials smaller than 3.3 mm changed less than 8%, and those smaller than 26.7 mm less than 10%. Similar differences were observed in the North Fork Caspar Creek, except in 1969 when the mean percentage of materials less than 0.8 mm diameter was 5.2% greater than the average for the previous 2 years. This difference was not statistically significant, how- ever. Heavier storms in the 1969 water year probably increased erosion in this relatively unstable watershed; in addition, there was a greater total precipitation in 1969 (148 cm) than in 1968 (105 cm). The depo- sition of sediments behind the North Fork Caspar Creek weir was 630% greater in 1969 than in 1968, indicating much greater streambed movement in 1969 (Jay S. Krammes, U. S. Forest Service, pers. comm.). TABLE 2 Size Composition of Spawning Bed Materials in Godwood Creek, Humboldt County, California Mean percentage of total sample volume* Date Less than 0 . 8 mm Less than 3 . 3 mm Less than 26 . 7 mm Number of samples July 1967 17.3 (13.2-21.3) 17.8 (14.3-21.2) 17.7 (14.3-21.2) 30.3 (24.5-36.2) 37.9 (33.1-42.7) 30.9 (26. 2-35. G) 70.2 (64.2-76.2) 79.6 (74.0-85.3) 73.5 (65.5-81.4) 20 July 1968 20 Julv 1969 20 * 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. The unlogged poi-tion of South Fork Yager Creek also showed a large, but not statistically significant increase in the volumes of sedi- ment less than 0.8 mm and less than 3.3 mm (Table 4). For materials smaller than 0.8 mm the increase was 5.7% and for materials less than 3.3 mm the increase was 16.3%. Tn 1969 there was a significant in- crease (19.8% greater than in 1967) in the volume of materials smaller 4—80771 258 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME TABLE 3 Size Composition of Spawnmg Bed Materials in North Fork Caspar Creek, Mendocino County, California Mean percentage of total sample volume* Date Less than 0.8 mm Less than 3 . 3 mm Less than 26.7 mm Number of samples June 1967 18.4 (16.0-20.7) 17.5 (14.4-20.6) 18.2 (14.5-21.9) 18.0 (15.6-20.4) 23.2 (20.1-26.2) 32.0 (28.8-35.1) 33.5 (28.5-38.6) 34.6 (30.4-38.8) 35.5 (32.4-38.7) 40.5 (35.5-45.5) 72.0 (67.4-70.6) 79.5 (75.5-83.4) 78.0 (73.7-82.3) 75.7 (72.8-78.6) 80.4 (73.6-87.2) 20 Oct. 1967 June 1968 Oct. 1968 20 20 20 Aug. 1969 20 I * 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. than 26.7 mm. A portion of a tree jam and rock barrier immediately upstream from the control section collapsed during the 1968-69 winter. Deposition of sediments which had accumulated behind this barrier accounted for the increase. TABLE 4 Size Composition of Spawnrrgg Bed Materials in the UnSogged C©rtro! Section of South Fork Yager Creek, Humboldt Ceunty, California Mean percentage of total sample volume* Date Less than 0.8 mm Less than 3.3 mm Less than 26 . 7 mm Number of samples August 1967 August 1968 16.4 (13.2-19.6) 17.3 (13.7-20.9) 22.1 (18.1-26.0) 36.1 (28.5-43.7) 44.7 (36.2-53.3) 52.4 (40.4-64.4) 75.4 (65.1-85.8) 86.2 (77.2-95.1) 95.2 (91.0-99.5) 10 10 August 1969. 10 * 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. CHANGES IN SPAWNING BED COMPOSITION IN TEST STREAMS Sediment of all size classes increased slightly after logging in Bummer Lake Creek, although differences were not statistically sig- nificant (Table 5). They were also within the range of natural change SPAWNING BED SEDIMENTATION 259 observed in tlio eontrol streams. Such a small increase Avas unexpected, since bulldozers had operated extensively in the clear cut areas and in the stream channel during debris removal. The boulders and cobbles composing- the streambed and the wide stream channel (Figure 1) apparently kept the bulldozer from gouging the stream banks. The logged section of South Fork Yager Creek exhibited streambed com]iosition changes like those in the upstream control section (Table ()). The only statistically significant change was an increase in the class of sediments smaller than 26.7 mm, which occurred in both the test and the eontrol sections. Kelease of sediments following collapse of the up- stream barrier mentioned earlier adequately explains this change. I did not expect sedimentation to increase after logging in South Fork Yager Creek, since neither the stream channel nor the watershed was appreciably disturbed by bulldozer operations, which Avcre conducted with unusual care. Following construction of an all weather road in the winter of 1966- 67, the percentage of sediments smaller than 0.8 mm increased signifi- cantly in the Little North Fork Noyo Eiver (Table 7). By 1968 these sediments had increased 11 9f. In 1969, after a second road was con- structed on the other side of the stream, sediments smaller than 0.8 mm increased to 13.3% over the predisturbance level. Much sediment entered the stream in 1968 through road slippage. In 1969, however, most sediment resulted from bulldozer operations in the lower stream (Figure 2). Small materials composing the narrow streambed and bank were deeply gouged by the bulldozer, leaving a heavily silted stream- bed with a channel consisting of bulldozer tracks. The volume of sediments smaller than 0.8 mm in South Fork Caspar Creek increased 13.6% immediately after road construction (Table 8). The next summer it returned to the predisturbance level. Twenty-two months later, however, the small sediments were 8.8% higher than the predisturbance level. The initial increase in 1967 followed extensive use of a bulldozer to clear the stream of logging debris. The narrow stream- bed composed of small materials was particularly susceptible to de- gradation (Figure 3). Erosion was minimized the first winter by estab- lishing annual rye grass on the stream banks, fill-slopes and skid trails (Figure 4). Without additional erosion, accumulated sediments were scoured from the riffles. The increase in 1969 was probably caused by streambank erosion and tAvo winters of erosion on side casts and slides. Erosion from only a fraction of a logged area can pollute an entire stream (Lull and Eeinhart, 1965). The winter storms of the 1968 water year were mild (total annual precipitation: 98 cm) compared with the heavier storms and greater total precipitation (142 cm) for the 1969 water year. Heavier rainfall could have accounted for in- creased erosion. Moreover, there was less rye grass to hold the soil in place in disturbed areas than there had been the first winter. Bed load movement within the stream was also greater in 1969 than in 1968. There was a 73% increase in the amount of sediment deposited behind the South Fork weir in 1969 (Jay S. Krammes. U. S. Forest Service, pers. comm.). Eoad slides were common in both winters and repair was necessary each spring. Koad slides also play an unpredictable but important role in sedimentation (Fredrickson, 1965). 260 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME s u s 3 0 u 4- "o M E X u 0) 8 ml V - i ^ I "O at O >• s o O & E o u fl) * s > "3. n oj C o> CO 00 ,i, ' '. CO 03 CO G CO CO CO — C^) to ,.i O pi fl o fl o O M M O t-i M C 'Sjb o c3 a o3 P lO 02 o o 02 CO CO M 61) M O O s r- 00 a> CO CO o © 03 C35 i-H I-H ^H ^^ -tJ .+^ m to m S 3 3 bfi M M 3 3 3 O tt ^ o • HI ma w Z o a. E o » * O > ■ft o <1> M 03 o o ft C c« 03 5 O CO M CO m 00 O O O Q 00 CO CO I o 00 00 CO « a CI Oil CO 1- o o o ft o M o o o o o o 00 GO Tj< ^- c^ I o CO 03 00 CO CO CO o rH 60 03 n CJ bC c3 fcU o c^ OJ ^ ^' -^ ^ o M p s o Cj t- ^*-< 1^, ^ £ C3 03 p ^j r^ -3 o £33 CO a ti^ XJ ,J3 J 0 -4^ o rt rt a -: > > fn s H .s d (1) ?o CJ C CO c H n II t^p3 05 Z 264 CALIFORNIA FISH AXD GAME FIGURE 2 — Little North Fork Noyo River, Mendocino County, immediately after logging debris removal, 1969. The stream's course was formed by bulldozer tracks. Phofograph by the author. SPAWNING BED SEDIMENTATION 265 0) o a. in O u o So ^ 3 5 (2; m 3 8 O B C O ■s"5 .5 w 00 (D 5s lu s C m g I' C O o a E o u V * s "3 !> 03 03 o M oj -*^ a o a t-. a c 01 G -G ■4J '^ W t^ r/; > 0) 3, o -^ 03 O a ® C2 CI 3 CO O 00 o a 3 1-5 00 o o O o D 05 CO a OJ CO 6? 266 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME FIGURE 3 — South Fork Ccspar Creek, Mendocino County, immedictely after road construction in 1967. A bulldozer opsrcted extensively in the stream channel and materials from road building slid into the stream. Photograph by Paul Hubbell. SPAWNING BED SEDIIMENTATION 267 FIGURE 4 — Annual rye grass was well established on the stream banks, fill-slopes and skid trails of South Fork Caspar Creek, Mendocino County, by the first winter after logging. Phofograph by Paul Hubbell. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Changes in spawning bed composition need not be gross to affect fry survival. For example, in Deer Creek, Alsea drainage, Oregon, an in- crease in materials smaller than 0.8 mm of only 5% (from 20 to 25%) caused a 19% decrease in tlie survival to emergence of silver salmon fry (Hall and Lantz, 1969). Since I did not measure survival to emer- gence or spawning bed composition during incubation, it was not pos- 268 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME sible to relate the observed changes in sediment composition to fry survival for California streams. The relationships are probably similar to those found in Oregon. I did measure, however, summer standing crops of juvenile salmonids in the streams. This will be the subject of a later report (Burns, in preparation). Sampling during the low flow periods of late spring and summer may not have reflected conditions during incubation. For example, a layer of silt could have been deposited on the spawning bed, cutting off intragravel flow and dissolved oxygen delivery, and then washed out, leaving no evidence of its former presence. Even when turbulence prevents deposition of fine materials on the streambed surface, deposi- tion may still occur within the gravels (Cooper, 1965). Because of sea- sonal variations in Alaskan streams, investigators there used summer samples for long-term comparisons (Sheridan and McNeil, 1968). I assumed that this sampling period would also be adequate for my long-term comparisons. Furthermore, it is very difficult to sample dur- ing high water and the probability of destroying redds during intensive sampling is quite high. All streams increased somewhat in fine sediments during the 3-year study, although logged streams increased the most. Unlogged Alaskan streams liave fluctuated about 7% in the 0.8 mm class (Sheridan, Hoffman and Olson, 1965). Unlogged California streams have fluctu- ated even less. For example, Godwood and North Fork Caspar creeks changed less than 1% in this size class in 3 years, while the control section of South Fork Yager Creek changed 5.7%. The greatest increase observed in the logged streams was 13.6% (South Fork Caspar Creek). However, none of the four logged streams received extensive watershed disturbance. Except for the Little North Fork Noyo River, the logging operation was limited to one season. Furthermore, the disturbances were restricted to a small fraction of the total watershed. Heavy sedi- mentation might have been the rule rather than the exception if these watersheds had been heavily cut or subjected to sustained logging over a longer period. These results, however, provide a base for future comparisons, after these same watersheds are logged more extensively. My studies suggest that different streams may be affected differently by bulldozer activities. Narrow ones (Little North Fork Noyo River and South Fork Caspar Creek) with small gravel or pebble bottoms were adversely affected by bulldozer operations in the stream. The largest stream (Bummer Lake Creek), with a cobble and boulder bottom was not as easily gouged and eroded. Road location is another important consideration in streambed sedi- mentation. Roads on low gradient slopes or located more than 30 m (100 ft) from the stream generally did not contribute to spawning bed sedimentation. Turbid runoff from these roads usually sank into the forest floor before reaching the stream. Roads located close to a stream usually feed sediment directly into the channel and streambed (Lull and Reinhart, 1965). Spawning bed recovery may be rapid or may take several years. The riffles in streams with relative^ stable flows generally accumulate sediments more readily than those with very high peak flows. Fine sediments are readily flushed out by freshets once the source of erosion SPAWNING BED SEDIMENTATION 269 is removed (McNeil and Ahnell, 1064; Shaplev and Bishop, 1965; Saunders and Sniitli, 1965) ; liowever, continuing disturbances, such as occurred in building- another road along the Little North Fork Novo Kiver, prolonged sedimentation. Ideally, logging operations in a water- shed should be completed as soon as possible (Lull and Reinhart, 1965). Anderson and Eichards (1961) found that once logging was completed in a small Sierra Nevada watershed, suspended solids markedly de- creased from those concentrations observed during logging. Most of the sedimentation I observed occurred during road construction and removal of debris from the streams, suggesting that special attention should be paid to erosion control during such operations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Department of Fish and Game biologists Paul Ilubbell, Fredric Kopperdahl and David Graves (deceased) assisted in sami)ling and data computations. Richard Brown, Chief Forester, Rellim Redwood Company; Larry McCollum, Chief Forester, Pacific Lumber Company; and Robert Grundman, Chief Forester, Union Lumber Region of Boise Cascade Timber Products ; provided watersheds for study and data on logging operations. Jay S. Krammes, U. S. Forest Service Pacific SouthAvest Forest and Range Experimental Station, provided unpub- lished data on rainfall, streamflow and sedimentation in Caspar Creek. Many personnel from other agencies gave invaluable help. These agen- cies include the California Division of Forestry, Humboldt State Col- lege and California Division of Beaches and Parks. Fisli and Game wardens provided a good deal of information on local logging opera- tions and access. Numerous foresters and logging managers were very helpful in showing me watersheds and providing access to their lands. REFERENCES Anderson. H. W.. and Richards, L. G. 1961. Fonrth progress report, 1960-61, California Cooperative Sno\y Management Researcli. U. S. For. Ser., Pac. S.W. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Study 112. ];j4-155. Burns, James W. ]!)66. Clii-sqnare and the comiiarison of two means, p. 102-167. In Alex Calhoun (ed.) Inland Fisheries Management, Calif. Dept. Fish and Game. Calhoun. Alex. 1007. Stream damage, p. 363—380. In Man's Effect on California "Watersheds, I'art III, 1965-67. Rept. from Assembly Committee on Natural Resources, Planning and Public Works. Calif. State Legislature. Chapman, D. W. 1962. Effects of logging upon iish resources of the West Coast. Jour. Forestry, 60(8) : 533-537. Cooper, A. C. 1965. The effect of transiuirted stream sediments on the survival of sockeye and pink salmon eggs and alevin. Int. I'ac. Salmon Fish Comm., Bull. XVIII, 71 p. Cordone, A. J., and D. W. Kelley. 1961. The influences of inorganic sediment on the aquatic life of streams. Calif. Fish and Game 47(2) :189-228. Durenberger. Robert W. 1960. Patterns on the land. Roberts Fuldishing Co., North- ridge, Calif. 68 p. Fredrickson, R. L. 1965. Sedimentation after logging road construction in a small western Oregon watershed, p. 56-59. In I'roc. of the Federal Interagency Sedi- mentation Conference, 1963. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Misc. Pub. No. 970. Hall, J. D. and R. L. Lantz. 1969. Effects of logging on the habitat of coho salmon and cutthroat trout in coastal streams, p. 355-375. In T. G. Northcote (ed.) Symposium on Salmon and Trout in Streams, Univ. British Columbia. 270 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME James, G. A. 1956. The physical effect of logging on salmon streams of southeast Alaska. Alaska Forest Research Center, U. S. For. Ser., Station Paper 5, 49 p. Ko])perdahl, Fredric R. and James W. Burns. 1970. Water quality of some northern California streams. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Branch Admin. Rept. (jNIS) Koski, K Victor. 19G6. The survival of coho salmon {Oncorliynchuft kisufch) from egg deposition to emergence in three (Iregon coastal streams, ^Master's Thesis, Oregon State Univ., 84 p. Lantz, Richard L. 1967. An ecological study of the effects of logging on salmonids. //( Proceedings 47th Annual Conference Western Association State Game and Fish Commissioners, ii. 323-3.35. IjuII, Howard "\'\\ and K. G. Reinhnrt. 1965. Logging and erosion on roi^gh terrain in the east. p. 43-47. In Proc. of Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference 1963. r. S. Pept. of Agriculture, Misc. Puli. No'! 970. MacKinnon, D. 1960. A successful transplant of salmon eggs in Robertson Creek spawning channel. Can. Fish Cult., 27:25-31. Mason, J. C. 1969. Ilypoxial stress prior to emergence and competition among coho salmon fry. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 26:63-91. McNeil, William J. 1966. Effect of the spawning bed environment on reproduction of pink and chum salmon. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Fish Bull. 65(2) :495-523. McNeil, "N^'illiam J., and Warren H. Ahnell. 1964. Success of pink salmon spawning relative to size of siiawniug bed materials. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Spec. Sci. Rept. — Fish. No. 469, 15 p. Peters, John C. 196)7. Effects on a trout stream of sediment from agricultural prac- tices. Jour. Wildl. Manag. 31(4) :805-.S12. Phillips, Robert AV. 1963. Effect of logging on aquatic resources. In Oregon State (Jame Connnissiou Report of the Fisheries Research Division, p. 107-122. Phillips, R. W., H. J. Campbell, W. L. Hug, and E. W. Claire. 1966. A study of the effect of logging on aquatic resources, a progress reiiort 1960-66. Oregon State Univ., 28 p. Phillips. Robert W., and K Y. Koski. 1969. A fry trap method for estimating salmonid survival from egg deposition to fry emergence. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 26:133-141. Salo, Ernest O. 1966. Study of the effects of logging on pink salmon in Alaska. Proc. Soc. Amer. For., p. 59-62. Saunders, J. W., and M. W. Smith. 1965. Changes in a stream population of trout associated with silt. Jour. Fish Res. Bd. Canada, 22(2) :39.5^04. Shapley, S. Phillip, and Daniel M. Bishop. 1965. Sedimentation in a salmon stream. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 22(4) :919-928. Shelton, Jack ]\I. 1955. Hatching of chinook salmon eggs under simulated stream conditions. Prog. Fish-Cult. 17(l):20-35. Sheridan. William, Theodore Hoffman, and Sigurd Olson. 1965. A technique for monitoring effects of land nse on salmon streams in Alaska. Proc. 45th Ann. Conf. West. Assoc. Fish and Game Comm. p. 15.5-159. Sheridan, William Iv. and William .T. ]\IcNeil. 1968. Some effects of logging on two salmon streams in Alaska. Jour. J'orestry 66(2) :128-133. Storie, R. E. and W. W. Weir. 19.53. Generalized soil map of California. Univ. of Calif. College of Agriculture, Manual 6, Univ. Calif. Press, 52 p. U. S. Dept. Agriculture. 1965. Proceedings of the Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference 1963. Misc. Pub. No. 970, U. S. Dept. Agric. Wash'., D. C, 933 p. Vaux, W. G. 1968. Intragravel flow and interchange of water in a streambed. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Fish Bull. 66(3) :479-489. Welch, Paul S. 1948. Limnological Methods. Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, 881 p. Ziebell, C. D. 1960. Proldems associated with spawning and growth of salmonids in northwest watei'sheds. Proc. Seventh Symp. on Water Pollution Res., U. S. Dept. Health, Educ, and Welfare, April 1960, 57 p. Ziemer. R. R., E. Kojan, R. B. Thomas and R. A. Muller. 1906. Fourth progress report, 1966 cooperative watershed management research in the conifer zone of California. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pac. Southwest Forest and Range Exper. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. 88 p. Calif. Fish and daiiic ->(\(4) : i:71-2S7. 1070. HARVEST OF FOUR STRAINS OF RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERII, FROM BEARDSLEY RESERVOIR, CALIFORNIA^ ALMO J. CORDONE^ and STEPHEN J. NICOLA Inland Fisheries Branch California Department of Fish and Game Four streams of risirsbow trout, « wild strain of Komloops rainbow and three domestic strains utilized in CaSiforraia's catchable trout program, were planted as fingerSings in BecrcSsley Reservoir, Tuolumne County, from 1961 through 1966. Kamloops and Shastas, the most recently de- veSaped domestic sts-ein, were deccdedly superior to Whitneys ssnd VEr- ginnas, two strains domesticctted since neor the turn of the century. The best time of the year to plant Kamloops was in Aprii and May when they were 1.0 to 3.2 per ounce. Shastas planted in July and August from 2.5 to 6.2 per ounce were most successful. Compciring groups of these strains planted only at these timnes we found that Kamloops were harvested at a significantly higher rate than Shastess. Shastas, however, had a higher average ratio of pounds caught to pounds picanted, and a 3ov/er average cost per pound in the creei. Kamloops displayed a greater tendency to leave the reservoir during pes'iods of spiJSwety discharge, and were less available to shore anglers than the domestic strains. Moreover, they were more difficult to raise in the hatchery. The performance of Shastas v/e believe, could be greatly improved if they were available for planting at a larger size in the spring. INTRODUCTION Water developments in California have created nnmerous large, flnctnating eoldwater reservoirs. A large portion of the State's trout tishing effort is expended on these waters. In many of them, fishing is either unsatisfactory or highly variable from year to year. A major cause of poor fishing is inadequate natural recruitment from the tribu- taries. Consequently, the fisheries depend upon annual planting of large numbers of fingerling rainbow trout. In 1061, the California De])artnient of Fish and Game initiated the Coldwater Reservoir Study to evaluate various fisheries management practices on coldwater reservoirs and to define the characteristics of cokhvater reservoirs that affect fish production. The initial objective was to determine the best strain of trout for planting in such waters. This report summarizes results of stocking one wild strain and three domesticated strains of rainbow trout in Beardsley Reservoir, Tuolumne County, from 1961 through 1966. The three domestic strains used in this report were the Virginia, the Wliitney, and tlie Shasta. Tlie Kam- loops was the single wild strain studied. Beardsley Reservoir Beardsley Reservoir (Figure 1) Avas formed in 1957 by an earth and rock dam on the Middle Fork Stanislaus River in Tuolunnie County, 1 Accepted for imblication March 1970. 2 Presently on leave of al).sence with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Orga- nization, Jinga, Uganda. (271) 272 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME California. It lies on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada at an elevati(jn of 3,397 ft. Its maximum surface area covers 720 acres, and it impounds a total of 97,800 acre-feet of water, with approximate maximum and mean depths of 273 and 135 ft, respectively. The drainage area is 309 square miles. .. »•« FIGURE 1 — Beardsley Reservoir, Tuolumne County, viewed from top of dam iooicing east. Total annual fluctuation in Beardsley Reservoir from 1958 througli 1967 averaged 106 vertical feet (range: 72 to 135 ft). Tlie minimum operating level of 3,261 ft above mean sea level was approached during several years but only for relatively brief periods. At this point, the reservoir capacity is 19,903 acre-feet with a surface area of about 420 acres. An electric power plant located at the base of the dam is operated year around. Water is drafted almost continuously at the rate of from 550 to 625 cfs. The point of withdrawal is about 252 ft below the maxi- mum operating level (3,397 ft msl). A small afterbay just downstream from the dam regulates the outflow from the power plant into the river. It is about one mile long, has a capacity of 320 acre-feet, and a surface area of 26 acres. The limnology of Beardsley Reservoir is described by Nicola and Borgeson (1970). In general, it has the attributes of a moderately oligo- tropic lake. A wild brown trout {Salmo trutta) population and a small wild population of rainbow trout exist, along with dense non-game fish populations. The most abundant non-game fishes are the western sucker {Catostomus occidentalis) and the hitch [Lavinia exilicauda) . A single major access road leads to the reservoir. A check station was established on this road, and here a census clerk interviewed all anglers leaving the reservoir. HARVEST OF STRAINS OF TROUT 273 The Beardsley Reservoir Fishery Fishing at Beardsley oeeiirred eaeli year only during the general statewide trout season, from the Saturday nearest May 1 tlirongh October 31. The characteristics of the Beardsley fishery will be detailed in a later report. Only the general characteristics are summarized here. From 1962 through 1967 an average of 6,012 anglers fished a total of 29,971 hr ])er year, harvesting an average of 8,163 Irout. The average annual catch per hour of trout was 0.27. Fishing success is generally highest during May, Septend)er and October. Nearly 77% of the annual effort is expended by boat anglers, who catch about 85% of all trout harvested. Of the average total annual catch, 90.7% by weight and 93.6%, by number are marked rainbow trout of known hatchery origin. The remainder are wild rainbow and brown trout. DESCRIPTION OF RAINBOW STRAINS Virtually all domesticated rainbow brood stocks originated from rain- bow taken at the old U. S. Fish Commission Hatchery on the McCloud Eiver at Baird, California (Dollar and Katz, 1964). This trout, dis- tributed so widely throughout North America and elsewhere in the world, is probably the result of mixing resident r;nnbow and anadro- mous steelhead rainbow {Salmo gairdncrii gairdncrii), according to Needham and Behnke (1962). Existing brood stocks, however, ap- parently possess characteristics unlike those of the original stock. Virginia Strain The Virginia strain has apparently been domesticated the longest. Its origin traces back to the Federal AVytheville Hatchery in Virginia (Dollar and Katz, 1964). Eggs first arrived at AVytheville in 1882 from the McCloud Eiver Station. This original strain w^as crossed wnth rain- bow from other sources at various times until 1930 when a selective breeding program was initiated (letter from S. A. Scott to Earl Leitritz; July 30, 1956). Virginia strain eggs were shipped to California in 1955 to meet a need for rainbow eggs during the summer, and the resulting fish were first spawned at Mt. Shasta State Hatchery in 1957. Spawning occurs from the middle of July through September wdth no well-defined peak. Eggs from August spawners usually hatch in late September or early October and are planted as fingerlings at about 2.5/oz in April. Sizes at different ages for this and other strains are only approximations. Whitney Strain A precise history of this strain is unavailable. It was developed at the Mount Whitney Hatchery, Inyo County, in the early 1900 's; the exact year is not known. The first eggs came from spaw^ners trapped in the Eae Lakes, Fresno County, in 1917. According to George McCloud (pers. comm. to A.J.C., June 10, 1968), the brood stock was developed from this source and also from rainbow from Big Bear Lake. San Bernardino County, and Lake Almanor, Plumas County. These three 274 CALIFORNIA FISH AXD GASIE populations were all derived from the original Mc Cloud stock. How- ever, at various times in the past, the brood stock probably was crossed with both steelhead rainbow from the Eel River and Lahontan cut- throat {SaJmo clarkii hcnsJiawi) from Lake Tahoe. The original spring spawning time has been retained, with spawning extending from March through May, and peaking in early April. Whitney's hatch in early June, and are planted as fingerlings in September at about 3/oz. Whit- neys generally have comprised the bulk of the small fingerlings stocked in California coldwater lakes and reservoirs in the summer and fall. Shasta Strain To obtain a winter-spawning rainbow strain, trout from Hot Creek, Mono County, were crossed with rainbow from a Federal hatchery at Meader, Idaho. The original crosses were made in California in 1951 and 1952. Initially, Shasta brood stock spawned from November through February, but as a result of further selection they now spawn almost exclusively in January and February. Peak spawning takes place in early February. Progeny from these fish are planted as finger- lings at about 4-6/ oz in July, August and September. Kamloops Strain The Kamloops rainbow trout {Salmo gairchierii l-amloops) , native to interior waters of British Columbia, Canada, is characteristically a lake fish, spawning in tributaries, where the young spend variable amounts of time before migrating to the lake. From sources in British Columbia, Kamloops have been distributed throughout the Avestern United States. They were introduced in California in 1950 (Wales, 1950). For this study eggs were obtained from British Columbia and from Diamond Lake, Oregon. In all cases, eggs were taken from wild Kamloops trapped during their upstream spawning migration in May and June. Kamloops spawn from April through June with peak spawning in May. They commonly hatch in July and are planted as fingerlings either in October at about 20/oz, or in the following spring from 1-3/oz. The Kamloops not only grows more slowly than the domesti- cated strains but displays greater size variation. METHODS Trout Planting All trout planted in Beardsley Reservoir were reared at Moccasin Creek State Hatchery near Sonora, Stanislaus County. Standard pro- duction and planting methods were employed. The trout were released from trucks a short distance from the dam. All groups of planted trout were given distinctive marks, consisting of various combinations of excised fins and maxillary bones. The pec- toral fin mark was used only in 1962. The anal fin mark was not used nor was the double ventral fin mark. The adipose fin mark was always included in a triple-mark combination. The number, length, weight and mark of each lot of rainbow trout planted each year varied considerably (Table 1). Trout Avere actually planted in 1961, but only some of the groups were marked, and only a HARVEST OF STRAINS OF TROUT 275 few were censused that year. Therefore, tliese fish were not included in the analysis. Similarly, these strains were also planted in 1967, but were not compared that year because returns were incomplete. Small num- bers of otlier strains Avere also planted during intervening years and these are not compared either. Evaluation The four strains were compared with respect to total harvest in num- bers and pounds, and cost per pound in the creel. Their contributions to the fish.ery was also compared in relation to various fishing methods, and emigration from the reservoir was examined. Data were collected by a four day per week creel census at the reser- voir from 1963 through ]967. (In 1962, the census was conducted on almost a seven day per week basis, as only 11 days were not censused out of a total of 187.) Both weekend days and two weekdays per week were censused. Weekdays were censused on a stratified basis so that each was censused at least twice a month. The basic goals were to esti- mate total angler hours (effort), and total number and pounds of trout caught. The method involved attaining complete use and catch data for given days of census and directly expanding these data to estimate data for days not censused. The "expansion factor" Avas the ratio of the number of days (weekend or weekday) in a month to the number of days censused (weekend or weekday). This procedure applied essen- tially to weekdays as only rarely did we fail to census on a weekend day. Data were expanded separately for weekends and weekdays and the results summarized by month. National holidavs were considered as weekend days. We determined that on each census day at least 90%, and on most days, virtually 100% of the total angler catch and effort was recorded. For our analysis, we assumed that 100% of the catch and effort was sampled on all census days. Data were obtained from each angler on time fished (to the nearest quarter hour) and method of capture. As time permitted, trout were also measured or weighed. Many anglers cleaned their trout before leaving the reservoir, reducing the number that could be weighed. Anglers who fished in the afterbay or the river below the afterbay were also censused. They seldom fished more than one or two miles below the afterbay, as this portion of the river is accessible only by foot. A road about 1 miles below the afterbay allowed access to the river there. Anglers fishing upstream from that point toward the after- bay did not enter the Beardsley census. Costs of raising domestic rainbow trout in California hatcheries have been determined (California Dept. of Fish and Game, unpublished). The cost varies from about $1.45/lb for fingerlings l.O/'oz to $16.00/lb for fingerlings 200/oz. The cost of raising wild-strain Kamloops was determined by considering not only the actual food and manpower costs but the value of the catchable trout taken out of production as well. For example, it takes about one year to raise the Kamloops to 1.8/oz. During that time domestic strains can be raised to catchable size of about 5.5/lb. Comparative costs for the domestics and Kamloops at this point are $0.88/lb and $2.70/lb, respectively. Therefore, for any group of Kamloops and domestics of comparable size we assigned the 276 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME TABLE 1 iumber. Size and Mark of Each Strain of Rainbow Trout Pianted in BeardsEey Reservoir, 1961—1967 Date Species and strain* Number No. per ounce Markf April lS-20, 1961, April 18-20, 1961. Sept. 15, 1961- __ Sept. 15, 1961___ Oct. 19, 1961 Oct. 19, 1961 Feb. 15, 16, and 19, 1962. Aug. 15, 1962_ Sept. 14, 1962. Oct. 15, 1962- . Oct. 15, 1962- . April 22, 1963 _ April 22, 196.3- May 13, 1963- July 26, 1963- July 26, 1963- Aug. 27, 1963- Sept. 25, 1963- Sept. 25, 1963- April 16, 1964- -_ April 16, 1964--- June 18, 1964 July 31, 1964 July 31, 1964 Aug. 31, 1964 Aug. 31, 1964 October 13, 1964. May 5, 1965 May 24, 1965--- May 24, 1965___ June 15, 1965--_ June 15, 1965--- July 16, 1965--- July 16, 1965- __ July .30, 1965- -^ August 25, 1965- May 19, 1966_-- June 23, 1966--_ July 29, 1966- __ July 29, 1966--- August 25, 1966_ May 19, 1967 May 19, 1967 May 19, 1967 August 9, 1967 September 14, 1967. RT-V RT-V RT-W RT-W RT-K RT-K RT-K RT-K RT-W RT-W RT-W RT-K RT-K RT-V RT-K RT-S RT-W I{T-W RT-W RT-S RT-V RT-K RT-S RT-S RT-W RT-S RT-K RT-K RT-K RT-K RT-S RT-K RT-S RT-S RT-W RT-S RT-S RT-K RT-S RTAY RT-S RT-S RT-K RT-K RT-K RT-S RT-S 25,000 25,000 20,000 30,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 10.000 10,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 3,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 16,200 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 2.5 2.5 9.6 9.6 12.0 12.0 3.5 3.5 10.5 8.5 3.7 15.0 1.5 3.0 1.0 6.0 20.0 10.3 5.0 2.5 2.8 2. 2 9.0 4.5 18.5 2.8 51.5 38.0 3.2 2.8 30.0 1.5 16.0 6.2 27.0 4.6 2.5 1.4 14.0 11.5 5.0 3.9 0.8 3.8 3.8 11.3 3.8 Ad Ad-RV LV Ad-LV RV RP LP RV-LV RM Ad-LM LM D D-Ad D-LV D-Ad-LV D-RV D-LM Ad-LV-RV LV-LM LV-RM Ad-RV-LM RV-RM Ad Ad-RV D-Ad-RM D-Ad-LM RV D-Ad-RV Ad-RM Ad-LM LV Ad-LV-RM Ad-RV-LV Ad-LV LM D LV-RM RM RV-RM RV RV-LM LV D-LV * RT-W = Whitney strain, RT-V = Virginia strain, RT-K = Kamloops strain, RT-S = Shasta strain, t Ad = adipose, D = dorsal, M = maxillary, V = ventral, P = pectoral, L = left, R = right. HARVEST OF STRAINS OP TROUT 277 Kamloop a cost three times greater than that of tlic domestics. To de- termine the cost per pound in the creel, we divided the total cost to produce a given group of trout by the total pounds of that group har- vested. RESULTS Percentage Harvest Kamloops Rainbow Harvest rates of Kamloops rainbow fingerlings planted in the spring were consistently high (Table 2). Seven groups released in four different 3'ears were harvested at rates ranging from about 17 to 33%. When released, these trout W'Cre between 9 and 12 months old, and ranged from 3.2 to 1.0 per ounce (3.5 to 5.0 inches fl). The harvest of 32f.b/b for tlie single 19GG release was substantially greater than the re- mainder. Trout planted in late spring were recaptured at a greater rate than those planted at other times of the year. A single group of Kamloops planted in February 1962 represented the sole winter release of the entire stud}'. The harvest of this group was virtually half that realized from plants made in the spring. Four groups of fish-of-the-year, one released in August and three released in October, were harvested at a uniformly low rate. Shasta Rainbow Of the domesticated strains, only the Shasta strain was harvested in significant numbers. However, there was substantial year-to-year variation (Table 3). In contrast with the Kamloops fingerlings, spring releases of Shastas generally gave poor results. Because Shasta eggs usually hatch in earl}" March, they were only available from 16.0 to 9.0 per ounce in June compared with the more successful July and August releases which ranged from 6.2 to 2.5 per ounce. Comparing plants made in the same year, mid-summer releases tended to give better results than those released either earlier or later. Although they are at a larger size when released later in the season, conditions in the reservoir then may be less favorable for survival than earlier in the summer. The most successful Shasta group was harvested at a rate of 21.8%. Whitney and Virginia Rainbow Except for a single group, Whitney fingerlings gave uniformly poor results (Table 4). The exception was 10,000 fish at 20.0 per ounce (2.1 inches fl) released in July 1963. Percentage harvests for the remaining nine groups averaged 2.5%. All groups were fish-of-the-year released from late July to mid-October. The progressive increase in mean size of groups planted during the summer and fall was not accompanied by higher harvest rates. In fact, an inverse relationship between size at release and percentage harvest was indicated. Earlier plants gave decidedly superior results even though the fish doubled their size each month in the hatchery. This again suggests that there is no advantage to be gained by planting 278 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME •a E 6» a± CD < > (3 0) 9L >s O O J) g B 8 ^ •*■ O C 4b M « > b B X O O O pound in the creel e^eqvHNNNiHN'^ojt-co Pounds caught Pounds planted CO 00 ^OOOCOCOCO't.-H^C^t^ o x" roccNcoOOTtHcoaocooo -* 1^ t^ C2 CO OC' lO cs (X a:' o cc X X CD '-_^ rO CO (M__ M lO rt Pounds planted C t- — O t^ O (M O ^ CI l^ Tt< 05 '^l (M O ^ 1, ,-H r-1 CO iC CI X ci o u a o o s caught of number planted •!H eq N 1-1 th CO iH iH Number caught t^^^TfC0XOC2(X)C0O^ -* X_^ ro -* X X C0_ "O rt O^ CI CI rt T-i cf cf lo i-T CO 1— 1 Number planted S^ q q_ £ 5 c^ S_ £ q^ 5^ 2 q "O O o" O LO LO" CO CO c' o' o o" 1 — ^1 — ^rHi — 1 1 — ( 1 — ^C^^^r^ C| C) S per oiuice at release iCiOClOClXTtfiOuOOOO COi-HNi-ICOCqi-lrtr-lCvlLOX lO r-, ,-H CO S February 1962 April 1963 April 1964 May 1963 May 5, 1965 May 24, 1965 May 1966* June 1965 August 1964 October 1961 October 1962 October 1964 a o "3 o H HARVEST OF STRAINS OF TROUT 279 ■B O *• e o a. «o 4) 8) » c 1 Ksn n « o« e u> b CO J o UJ 0 >, 5 K Ul < .„ <4 1- s ei Bt >. S 0) Wl vn 0 ■o X k V) s 0 0) *■ c Ul • ^ V > h s X WMOJCOinOlOTHTHOOlOOOO C-0;DOU500»00 OiHOiHOcoOOiHCIONtH to Pounds caught Pounds planted •>*C-iHTi(T-( O OC-CnWrHCOWOItOWt-lflO Ot^CO^cOl^ fOiOiOO^TtH o) i^ r- r~ i~ cc "O o CO o ^ TfH -^ CO CO cc CO — _ — Lo c::_ CO oi t^_ lo o of -h" .-T t-T t-T CO o of 7—t Number planted OOOOOOOCDOC^OOO oooooocooocoo o a o o c q a C3 q^ cq o q q c" lO" O O O' lO o' o" o' o" o" c o" o o o i6 ,-H T— t S 3 per ounce at release OOOOOiOlMCOOOOiOOiO OClcOTfOTtfCO^iCiMMCOlM CO .-^ .-H May 1965 June 1964 June 1965 June 1966* July 1963 July 1964 July 16, 1965 July 30, 1965 July 1966* August 1964 August 1965 August 1966* September 1963... a o o o >> I t3 280 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME CD < Ij d t! o • rt o ft T3 £^ IrtTHOOlffsOOOWNt- 00 o MoooiflTfooNwejt- t> © ONcowc0« C r- bow F rvoir. 03 111 CO«)'*NTH(Jll>'>*tOTi4 OiHrHi-lTflWTHOTHO s s o p^ 1H 0 01 D£ Of >« >« c o 11 015 -^OOCOt^t-COCOCOO CO r^ r^ OJCOCO'MOl^TtHTtHO'lH t^ O^Hr^^HTtHCOO l-H "* 4a '" 3 CS T— t I— I '* ^ " IK V > k o X S^ oooooooooo Q -£2 ii oooooooooo o Iz; ft oooooooooo o o' o' o' o" o' o' o" o" o' o" o" T— Hi— It— I^Hi-HC^di — ^i-H^H 01 T— i O 1 S "^ OLOOiOLOCOOiOOt- C o rt ^ OODt^^OOCTOOiOCO 3 t^ o (M i-H Oa "-H 1-H ^ ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 t t 1 1 1 1 1 g 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 01 CO 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 O CO O 1 i> 1 1 , 1 . ' 1 C2 © 03 second year ; i.e., the second caleiular year of life in the reservoir (Table 6). Next higliest returns, by both num])cr and weiglit, wci-c recorded during either the first or third j-ears, depending ujion the strain. Relatively few fish of any strain were caught after the third year. Generally, fish released later in the season and/or at a smaller size were recaptured at a lower rate the first year. Eeleases made in 19()(i w(M-e not included in this analysis, and fourth-year harvests for 19(55 plants were considered zero. Recoveries of yearling Kamloops planted from February to June Avere greatest in the second year (Table 6). Kandoops planted in August and October, too small to harvest in the first year, returned in greatest proportion the third year. Only 0.5% by number and 1% by Aveight represented four-year and hiter returns from Kamlo()])s yearlings stocked in 19G3 and 1964. Compared with Kandoops planted in the spring, relatively fewer Shastas were recaptui-cd the year of release, more the second year, and about the same the third (Table 6). This can be attributed to Shastas being stocked at a smaller size and later in the year. Fourth-year recaptures of >Shastas were the lowest of nny strain. Because of their small size at release, relatively few AVhitneys were recaptured during their first calendar year in the reservoir (Table 6). Results were more variable than those for the Kamloops and Shastas, but nuich of this variability was caused by high first-year returns from the July 1964 and August 1962 plants. Ignoring these two, recovery patterns for the remaining seven groups averaged 2.1% by number and 0.4% by weight in the first year and 88.3*^0 by number and 78.1% by weight in the second year. Third- and fourth-year recoveries were highly variable. Proportionately more Whitneys were recaptured dur- ing the third and fourth years than either the Kamloops planted from February through June or the Shasta strains. Harvest of Virginia rainbow was greatest in the first year, decreas- ing progressively through the fourth year (Table 6). Greatest numbers were harvested in the first year, while the recovery by weight was about equally distributed between the first and second years. Pounds Harvested Although the Kamloops were harvested at a greater rate than the Shastas, the latter displayed a higher average ratio of pounds caught to pounds planted (Tables 2 aiul 3). Even the Whitneys (Table 4) had a ratio of pounds caught to pounds ]:)lanted nearly equal to that of the Kamloops. The ratio for the Virginias, however, was substan- tially lower than the others (Table 5). This suggests that the Shastas were able to utilize the ''productivity" of the reservoir more efficiently than the Kamloops, since for each pound of both strains planted ap- proximately ^ lb more of Shastas was harvested. 282 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME >o CO < O s s ^^ u) o e >- '^ I S I- © > ." in 3 0) •ii! .•= tfi > 8 ^ Ch rr! o> us §g2^ l» >* •>* O §,:3 M ^J iK X! 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CO -* CO IM CO o tH oi Ol Ol CO >o CO t- tH Tt< ' s rt CO lO CO O CO 01 T-H CO O) o CO t^ T-H C-l CO 1^ -H CO O (M o o o o T-H ^ o oi CI I-H o o d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d a o < m rH cj -12 m CO ^ m «J m to in 03 m t» CO CO CB to CO CO o a .2 a " a 2 a C^ r^ Cj a o a Cj a o -*^ o '-S o '-3 o O o o H^ o -^ 1 2 2. S o^ ^ _o CO o _o CO 0) ^ a s s s S s r; S J2 r- 3 p 'Pi r^ 'g s c3 O 03 O S o 3 o 3 s c3 o cS o 3 O M P W Q M 0 M p M Q w p M p W P glor ■gory c3 0) o ^ 9 o c3 o c3 O r- ^ O o O O r-" s c 0) 8) « S Si >• Q 0) X «^ ^ ^ ^ s o m X c — 1 ^ CO m CO ■o u X « u H C 0 0) u 3 O" 0) V lA 0 lb u. in «». S O 3 "O > ■B S H- O V 0) Ji E 3 z o a a CD C ^ r. S d C cS cS QJ T3 03 c o £ S o O 1-5 Q a in •-5 r» o 1-5 u O o ;_; '-' Q 1-5 0) o Q a Cif 3 rt 3 n "s Er3 ~ ^^►-5l-5 I-3W- 3 D o o O Qj O ^J 1-5 Oj >-5 C/3<;i-5i7i^^l-5l-5l-5>-5>-3Cljl-5^'-5l-5l-5Q O 1) ^ 1-5 -5 1-5 1-5 ►-J ''^ M O 05 C-l 05 O O -t< l^ C5 O CI CO lO CO IM C-) [^ I I " I I I I I CO'-HiOOiCC5iOCOCO^-< iOcocOt— icOtjhi— it^oro C5 05 GO 05 rfH ^ --I O ■^CO'*CO— I OOIO I I I I I 00 I I . I^iOt^Tf CO •-' C: to ^^ 10 I- r-H lO CM C5 C5 t^ Tt< O CO CO ^ CO ■* 05 10 CO rt o s 'S S "5 5j e e o S5 O CO fi, s to e a e S sj- !^ e b e 02 D, t>2 E-< ^ tt) S: -5 5^ 'r rr-. t^ '■c 0 "» ^ '5 a "-*» ^ ^ so ^ !^ CO m 0 •is- ,^ CO y-j '_-N ^ '^^ e^ \;j ^ Vij !o; •■^ Co Co Co cj 'w c a e •~ ^ ^ ^ ^ C "^ ^ x: '-C ^ ? ^ 2 -S ^ ^ -^ e S 00 Co CO O, ?!, !^ e c c o ~ '^ ta « » J5 <^ !>• V' cri CO ^ c/- 35 ; 5 ; H 2 O s- co a-0 £ o -c '^, a cd o O ■ yi: p s i;-^ a? t< tsl >^ H^ Ph W pq O K pq O cE Ph H P^ cc O O PQ O § j::' j= G a £: -^ cd « 5 ^ 3 =d C3 -T3 PS u rt t4_ Qj tn ^_. O >-^ O) C ^ m «- K o « a> rt °i^ 0) 292 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME tured. Both species were taken tliroughout the year, Halfmoon domi- nated the community in terms of mass since large juvenile and adult halfmoon were frequently taken whereas all the splitnose rockfish were small juveniles. Halfmoon may breed while associated with drifting kelp since both male and female specimens collected in June 196-i were running ripe. Other abundant species included kelp pipefish, SyngnafJius caU- forniensis, jack mackerel, Tracliurus symmetricus, blacksmith, Chromis pidtctipinnis, flag rockfish, Sehastes ruhrivinctus and sablefish, Anoplo- poma fimlria. Sablefish was taken only during the summer whereas the rest were taken in winter and summer. AVith the exception of kelp pipefish, adult stages in the above fish species were uncommon or never taken. Many of the species collected inhabit kelp beds along the coast as adults and/or juveniles; others, for example, splitnose rockfish, flag rockfish, and sablefish live in deep water as adults and are pelagic as juveniles. All collected species have pelagic larvae and therefore the juveniles would be available for recruitment in the pelagic environ- ment. We believe that most of the species did not form their associa- tion when the kelp was attached, but rather they Avere recruited in the pelagic environment. The kelp we saw drifting within a few miles of the coast had few or no associated fish. In the tropics (Hunter and Mitchell, 1967, 1968), we collected fish fauna beneath objects moored offshore almost identical to that beneath naturally occurring flotsam. It is j)0ssible that a few species which maintain contact with the kelp plant e.g. giant kelpfish and the clingfish, Gohiesox eugraininus, may drift offshore with the kelp plant. Fish will associate with the same floating object for as long as 80 or more days (Hunter and Mitchell, 1968) ; consequently, fish may be displaced beyond their normal range while accompanying drifting ma- terials. Juvenile sablefish were collected in June and July of 1964 as far south as lat 28°-18' N, long 115°53' AV, almost 130 nautical miles south of their reported southern range (Roedel, 1953). Halfmoon in groups of two or more individuals frequently fed on chains of pelagic tunicates, Salpa sp., (Figure 3) as well as on small pieces of kelp and encrusting organisms which drifted down from the kelp canopy. Other than the pelagic tunicates, halfmoon and opaleye consumed food items similar to those reported for their neritie habitats (Quast, 1968; Follette, Gotshall, and Smith, 1960). The jack mackerel schools we observed beneath kelp frequently fed on items that drifted past the kelp mat. The median frequency of feeding for individuals in a jack mackerel school was 14 snaps/min over about a 4-hr period. The stomach contents of one individual from the school contained 1,454 food items of which 88% were copepods of four geuera. Analysis by Conway (1967) of the stomach contents of 100 sablefish in our collec- tions showed that major food items were copepods, euphausiids, and larvacea. These observations suggest kelp association probabl.y has little effect on the diet of most fishes. AA^hen a predator appeared near drifting kelp, the associated fish fauna swam toward the kelp and concentrated just beneath it or within the interstices of the floating seaweed. Most of the time the fish were FISHES AND DRIFTING KELP 293 more dispersed. They were distributed vertically from -within or near the kelp eaiio]iy to the limit of visibility (7 to 10 m). Different species occupied ditt'erent positions in this ran^'o and penei-ally the position occupied was correlated with the size and body coloration of the species. < ^ '^4 Hn FIGURE 3 — An aggregation of holfmoon, Medialuna californiens'is, feeding on a chain of pelagic tunicates, Salpa sp. The distribution of the fishes fell into tliree overlapping zones. Zone I fishes remained Avithin a few centimeters of the kelp or within the canopy. These included all the species of rockfish, giant kelpfish. juve- nile opaleye, clingfish, kelp pipefish, kelp bass, Paralahrax clafJnritKS, kelp perch, Brachyisfius frcnatus, cabezon, Scorpacnicliihys niarmo- ratus, and bay blenny, Hypsohlennius gentilis (Figure 4). These fishes, with the exception of opaleye, were dark brown, orange brown, or had a dark barred pattern. They remained near the seaweed virtually all the time and did not stray from it horizontally or vertically. Zone TI fishes remained from .75 m to 8 m from the kelp canopy. Fish in this zone were larger than the ones in Zone I (see Table 1 for size ranges of species) and made the greatest contribution enmass to the typical community. Species occupying this zone included adult and juvenile halfmoon, juvenile yellowtail, sablefish, jack mackerel, and blacksmith (Figure 5). Among these species jack mackerel ranged the farthest from the kelp and occasionally were beyond visual range. Halfmoon and opaleye remained closer to the kelp and nearly always were in view. Species in this zone had pelagic coloration, dark above, silvery below^ except for blacksmith which occupied a position somewhat inter- 294 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME ^r t;;\ 1? " ■%:, 1: >, f^ * »* ■* % .. ..,Mjl^*fe_„ -^s^^^fflN®*^ -^t^^^ ^«' ^. ■**!, s ■^:^;. i \.. + *<* % .,.-.. ;f "■■^:-:- •m' ■:*» ■^ \ ^^^ 1 '^^^te^ '^ " -iSSi SB* >| «S)W-!S?P"- ^ »- 'J^V ^k -V! ^S. ■oi^S-:-' oj:^^ ^^^^ ^ ■■v^il ^^ ^ ■:-'ill rf .: ^^W FIGURE 4 — Occupants of Zone I juvenile splitnose rockfish, Sehasies diploproa. Portions of kelp canopy visible at top. mediate in raiioe between Zones I and II. Zone III fishes only occa- sionally came Avithin 8 m of the seaweed. They were large fish of pelagic coloration including jack mackerel, 20 cm or larger, adult yellowtaii, and mola, Mola nwla. These larger fish appeared within visual range only intermittently. The most consistent hypothesis for the association of fishes with drift- ing materials is tliat the materials provide protection from predation (Brecler, 1946; Gooding and Magnuson, 19G7). AVe conducted labora- tory experiments to test the effectiveness of floating kelp in reducing predation. Splitnose rockfish (Zone I) 53 to 128 mm tl and opaleye (Zone I) 44 to 54 mm tl were used as prey and w^re tested in groups of eight fish each. Prey were introduced remotely into the center of a plastic swimming pool (3.7 m diameter) which contained a single preda- tor, ocean whitefish, Cmdolatilus princeps 500 to 570 mm tl. A small bucket containing eight prey was tripped so that the prey swam out in the center of the tank at the water surface. Records were kept of the freciuency and duration of the pursuits of the prey by the predator and the number of fish captured in 50 min. Five groups of eight split- nose rockfish and two groups of eight opaleye were tested in the pool FISHES AND DRIFTING KELP 295 FIGURE 5 — Occupants of Zone II a school of juvenile jack mackerel, Trachurus SYmmetricus, passing beneath a drifting kelp mat. A portion of the kelp canopy can be seen in upper right. without kelp and the same number of groups of each species were tested when a portion of a kelp plant (550 em- in area) was tethered at the surface in the center of the pool. Prey were pursued more often, for longer periods, and captured more frequently when kelp was absent than when it was present (Table 2). Only 28 pursuits were recorded for all groups of splitnose roekfish when kelp was present, but 56 were recorded when it was absent. Using opalej'e as prey, only two pursuits were recorded when kelp was present and 30 when it was absent. In both species, the frequency and duration of the pursuits and the frequency of capture Avere significantly lower when kelp was present (P := 0.01). Probably pursuits were shorter when kelp was present because the predator lost sight of the prey when it entered or swam near the canopy. Thus, the absence of a kelp cover resulted not only in prey being captured more frequently but in the expenditure of more energy by those fish avoiding capture. In the field we saw large predators, California sea lions, ZalopJiiis californianus, and adult yellowtail feed on the larger fish occupying Zone II. In addition, three of the species that occupy this zone, sable- fish, jack mackerel, and halfmoon often had body lacerations presum- ably caused by predators. For example, 24 of 59 jack mackerel in a single collection liad lacerations. On tlie other hand, no evidence existed for fish feeding on the smaller juveniles tliat occupy Zone I. The small fishes probably would be consumed rather tlian injured if attacked. Nevertheless the evidence indicates that the habit of moving witliin the kelp canopy and the body coloration of the fish which live in Zone I provides them with considerable protection from predation. For the 296 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME TABLE 2 .*; ■.._,; ,^/ . Frequency and Duration of Pursuits and Number of SpEitnose Rockfish and Opaleye Captured by an Ocean Whitefish With and Without Kelp * Kelp present Kelp absent Pursuits Number captured Pursuits Species Fre- quencj- Mean duration sec Fre- quency Mean duration sec Number captured Splitnose rockfish _ 12 8 3 3 2 7.4 11.5 5.7 2.7 12.5 3 2 1 0 0 17 14 11 9 5 11.0 17.8 5.5 21.7 8.0 3 3 5 5 0 Opaleye 1 1 25.0 3.0 0 0 18 12 11.6 14.1 1 1 * Splitnose rockfish and opaleye tested in groups of eight fish for 50 minutes. other fishes, kelp eanopies probably do not provide the same degree of protection but may reduce predation to some extent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS H. Geoffrey Moser and Richard Rosenblatt assisted in the identifica- tion of tlie juvenile rockfish. We thank Mary V. Mitchell for typing the manuscript drafts and Arie R. Korporral for his assistance in the laboratory and field. Laurence Jones prepared the map of the study area. REFERENCES Baxter, .Tohn L. 1966. Inshore fishes of California, (third revision). Calif. Dept. Fish Game. Species Booklet, 80 p. Breder. Charles M. 1946. An analysis of the deceptive resemblances of fishes to plant parts, with critical remarks on protective coloration, mimicry and adapta- tion. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect., 10(2) : 1^9. Conway, .Tohn B. 1967. Food relationships and general population ecology of the sablefish, Aiioploponia fimltria and the I'acific hake, Merhtccius producius. Master of Science Thesis, San Diego State College, San Diego, Calif., 109 p. [Type- written.] Fitch, .John E. 1960. Offshore fishes of California, (first revision). Calif. Dept. Fi.sh (iame. Species Booklet, SO p. Follett, W. I., Dan Gotshall, and J. Gary Smith. 1960. Northerly occurrences of the .scorpid fish Medialuna calif ornien sis (Steindachner) , with meristic data, life history notes, and discussion of the fisheries. Calif. Fish Game 46(2) : 165-175. Gooding. Reginald M., and John J. Magnuson. 1967. Ecological significance of a drifting object to pelagic fishes. Pac. Sci. 21(4) : 486-497. Hirosaki, Yoshitsugu. 1963a. Ecological study on fishes with the drifting sea weeds. I. Method of studies and environmental factors. Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Natnr. Resonr., 60 : 66-75. [In Japanese.] . 19(;81). Ecological study on fishes witli the drifting sea weeds. II. Records of weeds and fishes. Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Natur. Resonr., 61 : 77-84. [In Japanese.] FISHES AND DRIFTING KELP 297 . 1904. Ecological study on tislics with the driftiiif? sea woods. III. Ac- (•(unpanyiiis" animals excluded tislies. Misc. Hep. Res. Inst. >«'alur. Rrsnur., Cili : (i;^-70. [In Japanese. I ■ — . ]!>(■)."). Ecol()f;'ical study on fishes with tlie di-iflini;- sea weeds. V. Relation between kinds, volume and freslnu'ss of weeds and catches of fishes, eic. Misc. Kej). lies. Inst. Xatur. Kesonr., ()4 : li()-2!). [In Japanese. | Hitz, C R. l!t<)l. Occurrence of two species of juvenile rocklisli in (Juceii ('li.ir- lotte Sound. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, IHCJ) : -!7!)-2Sl. Huhhs, Carl L. 1020. Protective coloration and habits in tlie i;elp-iisli llctcra.s- fichiis rostraius. Copeia, (80) : 19-20. Hunter. John R.. Donald C. Aasted. and Cliarles T. Mitchell. lOCC. I>esi-n and use of a miniatnr(> juirse seine. I'rojjr. Fish-Cult.. 28(;-5) : 175-179. Hunter, John R., and Charles T. Mitchell. 19(;7. Association of fishes with flot- sam in the ofTshore waters of Central America. U.S. Fish Wildl. S(>rv., Fish F.ull., 60(1) : 18-29. ■ . 1908. Field experiments on the attraction of pela.nic fish to floafinj;- ob- jects. Jour. Cons. Term. Int. Explor. Mer. 81(3) : 427-i:!4. Quast, Jay C. 19()8. Observations on the food of the kidp-bed fishes: 109-142. /// Utilization of kelp-bed resources in southern California. Wheeler J. North anil Carl L. Ilubhs (editors). Calif. Dept. Fish Game, Fish I'.ull., (189) : 1-204. Roedel, I'hil M. 1958. Common ocean fishes of the California coast. Calif. I)e])t. Fish (iame, Fish Bull., (91) : 1-1S4. Senta, Tetsushi, 1902, Studies on fioatiny sea-weeds in ear'y summer around ()ki Islands and larvae and juveniles of fish accompanying them, I'hysiol. Ecol. 10(2i : 68-78. [In Japanese.] . 1905. Importance of drifting seaweeds in the ecology of fishes. Study Series 13, Japan Fish. Resour. Conserv. Ass., Tokyo, Japan, 55 p. [In .laiianesi'. | Calif. Fish and Game 56(4) : 298-309. 1970. THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE, GONADAL HISTOLOGY, AND GAMETOGENESSS OF THE RED ABALONE, HAUOTIS RUFESCENS (SWAINSON)^ JAMES S. YOUNG Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Highlands, New Jersey and JOHN D. DeMARTINi Department of Biology Humboldt State College Areata, California Ten subtidstl speeimeris of Haliotis rufescens were collected monthly for 13 monfBis near Fort Bragg, California. Gonadal histology and cytology are described. Apparently mature gametes were observed in all speci- mens. Necrosis of oocytes occurred in ail monthly samples. No significant rank eorrelatieri existed between^ gonad index and gonad bulk index. No signifiesint variation in gonad index betv^een monthly samples oc- curced, which indicates that the gonad index is of no value for monitoring the reproductive cycle of red abalone. The lack of seasonal variation in gonad indices is correlated with the presence of apparently mature gametes in all specimens collected. Possible spawning stimuli are discussed. INTRODUCTION The red abalone is an important food species along the California coast. It ranges from Sunset Bay, Oregon, to Turtle Bay, Baja Cali- fornia, and inhabits rocky areas from the intertidal zone to depths of over 500 ft (Cox, 1962). The objectives of this study were to describe the reproductive cycle, gonadal histologv, and gametogenesis of red abalones found near Fort Bragg, California (lat 39°26'N, long 123°48'"W). Detailed knowledge of the reproductive cycle of red abalone is essen- tial for proper management. From early observations, it was believed tliat spawning occurred onlv during late winter and early spring (Heath, 1925; Bonnot. 1930 ;" Croker, 1931). Cox (1962) believed that spawning is most frequent during late spring and early summer. Boolootian, Farmanfarmaian, and Giese (1962) concluded from smears and gonadal indices that red abalone spawn throughout the year at Pacific Grove, California. Furtliermore, tliey noted that newly settled abalone were found on the lioldfast of Macrocystis at all times of the year near La Jolla, California. According to Cox (1962), the spawning season for the different aba- lone species occurring in California may vary according to geographical location. In South Africa, Newman (1967) found variations in the reproductive cycle of H. miclae at stations less than 50 miles apart. AVebber and Giese (1969) found different spawning times in popula- tions of the black abalone, H. crachcrodii, that were only 7 miles apart. 1 Accepted for publication June, 1970. A thesis presented by J. S. Young- to the faculty of Humboldt State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ( 298) RED ABALOXE REPRODUCTION 299 Raven (1966) reviewed the cytology, cytochemistry, and viteUoo-ene- sis of mollnscan oogenesis. More recently, with the electron microscope, Bolognari (1961a) illnstrated two different methods of yolk formation in gastropods. Tomita (1967) reported on the development of eggs in Haliotis discus hannai and classified egg development into a number of stages on the basis of tlu> most prominent feature of the cell in a ])ar- ticular stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS From Mareli 1968 through March 1969, ten subtidal red abalone specimens were collected monthly near Fort Bragg, California, either with scuba or by free diving. The depths from wliich abalone were taken ranged to 50 ft. The sliell of each specimen was removed and measured lengthwise in millimeters. The sex was recorded. The gonad was sampled in Uvo areas, near the tip and near the midportion. Tlie latter area was determined by finding the tangent of the gonadal-cone parallel to the longitudinal axis of the animal as the cone lay around the columellar muscle (Figur(> 1). The samples were fixed in a mixture of formalin, acetic acid, and ethyl alcohol. Portions of each sample were dehydrated in isopropyl alcohol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 7 microns, and stained with Eiirlich's hematoxvlin and eosin. FIGURE 1 — Haliofis rufescens with shell removed, showing conical appendage (stippled) and sampled areas of the appendage (broken lines). Midportion determined by find- ing tangent of the cone parallel to the longitudinal axis as shown by heavy line. The gonad bulk index (Newman, 1967) and the gonad index (Boo- lootian, et al. 1962) were determined for each specimen from the sam- 300 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME pie taken at the midportion of the cone. The mdices were calculated as follows : area of gonad in the section Gonad Bulk Index = . 100 total area of the section area of gonad in the section Gonad Index = ■ . 100 shell length Tracings of the cross-sectional perimeters of the gonad and digestive gland were made on clear plastic, then their areas were measured by placing the tracings on a Keuffel & Esser 10 X 10 to 1 cm graph sheet. To test physiologically for the presence of muscular tissue in the gonad, a light was reflected onto a wall from a small piece of foil placed on the exterior of an excised conical appendage. Electrical shocks of 15 volts at a frequency of 2 per second were applied to the gonad. Any movement caused by muscular contraction would be ampli- fied by the distance between the foil and the wall, and could be detected by movement of reflected light. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Sex Ratio and the Gonadal Indices In this study, 153 specimens (81 males and 72 females) were used for making the various determinations. The hypothesis that the sex ratio is one to one was tested by using the Chi-square test for goodness of fit. The calculated Chi-square value was 0.529 (Chi-square p. 05, Id.f. = 3.841). The hypothesis was accepted. To determine whether the gonad bulk index is correlated with the gonad index in our samples, the hypotliesis that the two indices are independent was tested using the Spearman rank correlation method (Lewis, 1966). A Spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.1953 was calculated (r [p. 05 N = 60] = 0.250). The hypothesis was accepted. The two indices do not correlate because the total areas of the sections are highly variable for a given shell lengtli. Boolootian, ct al (1962) found that monthly samples of gonad indices of black abalones showed seasonal variation in the Pacific Grove area ; however, the gonad indices of monthly samples of red abalones showed no seasonal variation. Tliey concluded that the red abalone breeds throughout the year. The monthly ranges of gonad indices of our samples overlapped extensively (Figure 2). A relative cumulative fre- quency curve of all the gonadal indices was generated on normal proba- bility paper. The points almost fit a straight line and thus we assumed that the gonadal indices are approximately normally distributed. The hypothesis that no monthly variations of gonad indices occurred within the samples was tested using the analysis of variance. An F value of 0.4897 was calculated (F [p.05ni = 10, no = 99] = 1.90). The hypo- thesis was accepted, which indicates to us that red abalone is a poten- tial spawner throughout the year around Fort Bragg, California. It also shows that the gonad index is not a useful criterion for monitoring the red abalone 's reproductive cycle. RED ABALONE REPRODUCTION 301 FIGURE 2 — Gonad indices for H. rufescens for period April, 1968 through March, 1969. Dots are mean values and the vertical line for August, 1968 represents the extension of range to include a single spawned nnale that had a low gonad index. According to Eopes (1968) and AVebber and Giese (1969), histologi- cal sections give a more detailed account of gametogenic events. With tliis in mind, we studied gametogenesis and histology of the gonad. The Outer Gonadal Wall The outer gonadal wall is similar in both sexes. It consists of an epidermis which is a simple, glandular columnar e]Mthelium. The epi- dermis is covered by a thin cuticle. A muscular wall occurs beneath the epidermis (Figure 3A). This subepidermal wall in H. lamdlosa (Bo- lognari, 1953), H. tuherculafa (Crofts, 1929), and H. midac (New- man, 1967) has been described as consisting of only connective tissue. In addition, Newman (1967) states that the tissue is non-contractile. But in the red abalone, fibers that contain elongated nuclei and re- semble muscle cells were found along with some connective tissue in the gonadal wall. Electric shock induced contraction of excised conical appendages which corroborates our histological evidence that muscular tissue is present. Contraction of the muscular wall may aid in the release of gametes. The Testis Branching tubes of connective tissue project inward from the outer wall of the testis and some extend all the way to the inner testicular wall. The tubes are surrounded by a cuboidal germinal epithelium. Blood sinuses traverse the tubes and are often connected to branches of the hepato-genital blood vessels that run through the proximal por- tion of the lumen (Figures 3B. 3C, and 3U). The hepato-genital vessels issue through and run paralled to the inner testicular w^all. Their outer w^all lacks germinal epithelium. 302 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME :Xit— — T FIGURE 3 — A — Outer testicular wall of H. rufescens. C = outer cuticle, E = simple glandular columnar epithelium, G = unicellular gland, MC = muscle connective tissue layer. B — Cross section of testis. TW = outer testicular wall, T = tubule of connective tissue. C — Frontal section of testis. T = tubule of connective tissue. D — Hepato- genital blood vessel in testicular lumen. E — Spermatogenesis. SG = spermatogo- nium, PS = primary spermatocyte, SS = secondary spermatocyte, ST ^ spermatid, SP ^ spermatozoa, S ^ sinus within connective tissue tubule. F — Spawned testis. G — Cross section of ovcry; OW — outer overian wall, TR ::= trabecula, PO = primary oocytes. H — Large, stalked primary oocytes oriented toward di- gestive gland. TR = trabecula, PO ^= primary oocyte, NU — nucleus. I — Primary oocyte with membrane sloughed away. MB = membrane, SV nr spherical vacuoles. Spermatogonia are produced by the germinal epithelium. Sperma- togonia have nuclei 5 to 7 [i in diameter. Chromomeres of condensed heterochromatin are apparent along with chromonemic strands. The RED ABALOXE REPRODUCTION 303 strands m1 FIGURE 5 — A — Generative phase of primary oocyte showing association of chromosomes with the nuclear wall. NU = nucleus, NO = nucleolus. B — Budding and vacuolated nucleolus in primary oocyte. C — Lobed condition of apparent Golgi apparatus in primary oocyte. GA ^ apparent Golgi apparatus. D — Flattened condition of ap- parent Golgi apparatus (antecedent of lobed condition) in primary oocyte. GA = apparent Golgi apparatus. E — Young primary oocyte pertly enveloped by thin eosinophilic membrane. Membrane is discontinuous around side of cell adjacent to trabecule. Arrows indicate ends of membrane. EM = eosinophilic membrane. F — Chorionic and vitelline membranes of primary oocyte. CH =: chorion, V = vitelline membrane. G— Chorion that is discontinuous on side of oocyte adjacent to trabecula. CH rr chorion. H — Edge of gelatinous coating surrounding chorion of primary oocyte. GC = gelatinous coating. CH rz chorion. which concentrates substances used in the formation of either proteid or fatty yo\k, or both (Worley, 1944). Yolk is suspected or known to arise from the Golgi apparatus in the opisthobranch gastropods, 306 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Aplysia (Bolognari, 1960a, b), and Navanax (Worley and Worley, 3943) ; the pulmonate gastropods, Ercmina (Fahmy, 1949) and Limnaea (Bretschneider and Kaven, 1957) ; the amphineurans, Mopalia and Chactopleura (Anderson, 1965) ; and the pelecj^pod, Mytilus (Worley, 1944). Since the apparent Golgi apparatus is such a prominent feature during yolk formation in the young primary oocyte of red abalone, it may be responsible for the accumulation of yolk. During growth of the primary oocyte, a thin eosinophilic membrane appears and thickens uniformly around the plasma membrane, except at the point of attachment of the oocj^te to the follicular wall (Figure 5E). Whether this membrane is either an incipient vitelline membrane or a chorion is not clear, but two eosinophilic layers soon become evi- dent. We call the inner layer the vitelline membrane, and the outer layer the chorion (Figures 5F and 5G). According to Eaven (1966), the molluscan chorion is formed by an envelope of follicle cells. The red abalone lacks follicle cells ; thus what we term the chorion is pro- duced differently. The vitelline membrane rapidly reaches a maximum thickness of about 1 \i. A thick gelatinous coating surrounds the chorion of a fully grown oocyte prior to spawning (Figure 5H). Necrosis of vegetative oocytes was observed in each monthly sample. The first visible signs of necrosis occur in the nucleus. The chromatin becomes strongly eosinophilic, less granular, and distributed uniformly (Figure 6A). The nuclear membrane convolutes and breaks down; the ■llllllfflffi . .MM^ , * t -40 y.- FIGURE 6 — A — Darkly stained nucleus of primary oocyte, representing first visible stage of necrosis. NU = nucleus. B — Necrotic primary oocyte. Notice large vacuolations and eosinophilic m.asses. VA = vccuobtion, ME ^ eosinophilic masses. C — Late necrosis showing complete breakdown of primary oocytes. nucleus shrinks and gradually disappears. The numerous small vacuoles present in the cytoplasm enlarge and may fuse. Eosinophilic inclusions unite and form large textureless bodies up to 40 [i in diameter (Figure 6B). Simultaneously basophilic inclusions become more evident, prob- ably due to the unmasking effected by aggregations of the eosinophilic inclusions. Subsequently, the cell surface becomes highly irregular, the RED ABALOXE REPRODUCTION 307 vitelline membrane disappears, the chorion ruptnrcs and the cellular content disperses into the Inmen (Fip'ure 6C). During^ late necrosis, amoebocytes like those present in the blood sinuses occur in the ovarian lumen among- the remnants of oocytes. Amoebocytes are released pos- sibly by the breakdown of trabeculae and may be phagocytes. Kesorp- tion of A'eg'etative oocytes ]n-()bably occurs. In fresh ovaries, highly necrotic areas occur as small j)atches of A^arying sizes and shapes. The patches are characteristically flaccid while non-necrotic areas are firm. Massive proliferation of oogonia was observed commonly in the distal portions of trabeculae in advanced stages of necrosis. The ovaries were never devoid of full grown oocytes that would typify a spawned condition. Thus, the histological evidence also in- dicates that the red abalone may be a potential spawner throughout the year in the Fort Bragg area. Induction of Spawning Shock caused by changes in temperature is a primary inducer of spawning in many marine invertebrates (Giese, 1959). Ino (1953) pro- moted spawning in //. dis:cus and H. sicholdn by adding warmed sea water to aquaria containing mature specimens. He also noted that some specimens kept in warm water for several hours spa^woied after being re- turned to natural sea water. Carlisle (1945, 1962) found that red abalone spawned after a period of desiccation, however, this would not occur naturally in sublittoral populations. Cox (1962) believes that warm water induces spawning in the red abalone. Eapid changes in temperature caused by internal waves often occur in localized areas. At La Jolla. California, Fager (1968) found that temperature shifts of 5 C or more could occur in minutes. Extensive isotherms and internal weaves having a periodicity of about 17 min and a temperature change of 1 C or more are known to occur along the northern California coast (James A. Gast, Dept. of Oceanography. Humboldt State College, pers. comm.). Internal waves can be propagated at the horizontal interfaces of the isotherms. These sudden temperature changes that occur fre- quently may cause year-round spawning of individual red abalone by inducing the release of gametes in small amounts. An alternative ex- planation is that a given individual may have an annual reproductive cycle with one spawning, but that as a population, the cycles are not in phase. This explanation does not appear plausible since histological evidence indicates that throughout the year mature gametes were present in all specimens collected. SUMMARY 1. Ten subtidal red abalone specimens were collected monthly near Fort Bragg, California, to study the reproductive cycle, gonadal his- tology, and gametogenesis. 2. The hypothesis that the sex ratio was 1 :1 was tested and accepted. 3. The gonad index (Boolootian et al. 1962) and gonad bulk index (NewTnan, 1967) were calculated for each specimen. No significant rank correlation existed between the two indices because the total areas of the sections are highly variable for a given shell length. 308 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 4. The hypothesis that the variation of gonadal indices differ in- significantly from month to month was tested using the analysis of variance. The hypothesis was accepted. 5. The general histology of the gonad is described and agrees with the description given by Crofts (1929) for H. tuber ciilata and by New- man (1967) for H. midae. 6. Gametogenesis is described, particularly oogenesis. Proliferation of oogonia occurred in specimens collected throughout the year. Growth of the primary oocyte is characterized by the presence of a large ap- parent Golgi apparatus which disappears upon maturation of the oocyte. Necrosis of mature oocytes was observed, and we found that areas of the ovary in which advanced stages of necrosis were occurring were characterized superficially by the loss of turgidity. 7. Possible spawning mechanisms are discussed. 8. Our study indicates that lack of seasonal variation of gonadal indices is related to the fact that gonads contain apparently mature gametes throughout the year. Furthermore, the gonad index cannot be used to determine time of spawning of a population of red abalone. REFERENCES Anderson, Everett. 1965. Events associated with differentiating: oocytes in two species of amphineurans (Molliisca), Mopalia muscosa and Chaetopleura apl- culata. Jour. Cell. Biol. 27 :5A. Bolognari, Arturo. 1953. Ricerche sulla sessualita di Ilalioih lamellosa Lam. (Moll. Gast. Pros.). Arch. Zool. Ital., 38: 361-402. . 1960a. Yolk formation in oocytes of Paiella coerules L. and Aphjsia depilans L. as observed in electron microscope. Nature. 186(4723) : 490^91. 1960b. Golgi bodies and Golgi zones in molluscan oocytes. Nature. 186(4724) : .56.--566. Bonnot, Paul. 1930. Abalones in California. Calif. Fish and Game, 16(1) : 15-23. Boolootian, Richard A., A. Farmanfarmaian, and A. C. Giese. 1962. On the re- productive cycle and breeding habits of two western species of Ilaliotis. Biol. Bull., 122(2) : 183-193. Bretschneider, L. H., and Chr. P. Raven. 1957. Structural and topochemical changes in the egg cells of Limnaea stagnalis L. during oogenesis. Arch. Neerl. Zool., 10: 1-31. Brown, Walter V., and Eldridge M. Bertke. 1969. Textbook of Cytology. The C. V. Mosby Co., Saint Louis. 607 p. Carlisle. John G., Jr. 1945. The technique of inducing spawning in HaUotis rufesccns Swainson. Science, 102(2657) : 506-567. . 1962. Spawning and early life history of HaUotis rufescens Swainson. Nautilus. 76(2) : 44-48. Cox, Keith. 1960. Review of the abalone in California. Calif. Fish and Game. 46(4) : 381-406. ■ — . 1962. California abalones, family Haliotidae. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish. Bull. (118) : 1-133. Crofts, Doris R. 1929. HaUotis. Liverpool Mar. Biol. Comm. Mem., 29, 174 p. Croker, Richard S. 1931. Abalones. Calif. Div. Fish and Game, Fish. Bull., (30) : 58-72. Fager, Edward W. 1968. A sand-bottom epifaunal community of invertebrates in shallow water. Limnol. Oceanog., 13(3) : 448^64. Fahmy, Onsy G. 1949. Oogenesis in the desert snail Eremina desertorum with special reference to vitellogenesis. Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., 90 : 159—181. Fretter, V., and A. Graham. 1964. Reproduction. In K. M. Wilbur and C. M. Yonge (ed.). Physiology of MoUusca, Vol. I. Academic Press, New York. 473 p. Giese, Arthur C. 1959. Comparative physiology : Annual reproductive cycles of marine invertelirates. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 21 : 547-576. Heath, H. 1925. The abalone question. Calif. Fish and Game, 11(3) : 138-139. RED ABALONE REPRODUCTlOlSf 309 Ino, Takashi. 1053. Biological studies on the pruiianatioii of the Japanese abalone (genus IlaUotis), Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., Hull., (5) : 1-102. (English translation by Taro Kanaya). Lewis, Alvin E. 19GG. Biostatistics. Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York. 227 p. A^ewman, G. G. liX!". Reproduction of the Soulli African abalone, llaliotis viidac. Invest. Rep. Div. of Sea Fish. S. Afr. G4 : 1-24. Raven, Chr. P. 196G. Morphogenesis: the analysis of moUuscan development, 2nd ed. Pergamon Press, New York. 3G5 p. Ropes, John W. 19(58. Reproductive cycle of the surf clam, Siiisula solidissima, in offshore New Jersey. Biol. Bull., 13;! (2) : 349-3G5. Tomita, Kyoji. 19G7. The maturation of the ovaries of the abalone, llaliotis discus hannai Ino, in Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan. Rep. Hokkaido Fish. Exp. Sta., 7 : 1-7. Webbei-, H. H., and A. C. Giese. 19G9. Reproductive cycle and gametogenesis in the black abalone llaliotis cracJicroidii (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata). Mar. Bio., 4 : 152-159. Worley, Leonard G. 1944. Studies of the vitally stained Golgi apparatus. II. Yolk formation and pigment concentration in the mussel, Mytihis californianus Conrad. Jour. Morph., 75 : 77-101. Worley, Leonard G., and Elizabeth K. "Worley. 1943. Studies of the supra- vitally stained Golgi apparatus. I. Its cycle in the tectibranch mollusc, Navanax inermis (Cooper). Jour. INIorph., 73: 365-399. NOTES WHITE-TAILED KITES NESTING IN DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA There is no record in the literature of white-tailed kites (Elanus leumirus) nesting in Del Norte County or any farther north than Hum- boldt Bay, California. On June 9, 1969, a pair of white-tailed kites was observed hunting the east side of Lake Earl, Del Norte County. On July 16, 1969 the kites were missing. Upon investigation it was learned that the kites had been shot off their nest illegally by a collector for the purpose of mounting. The nest was located on the east side of Lake Earl, approxi- mately 200 yards north of the mouth of Jordan Creek, in a wood lot of second growth Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga Menziesii), redwood {Se- quoia scmpervirens) and Monterey cypress {Cupressus macrocarpa) . The timber land is interspersed with pasture which is utilized by cattle. — Merlin Hehnke, California Department Fish and Game, Eureka, California. Accepted for publication April 1970. THE SAGEBRUSH LIZARD-A NEW LOCALITY AND COMMENTS ON ITS DISTRIBUTION IN WEST CENTRAL CALIFORNIA In west central California, populations of the sagebrush lizard (Scelo- porus graciosus) occur at elevations at or above 3,200 ft and are dis- junct, Stebbins (1954). Isolated populations occur at the following lo- calities with the lowest elevation of occurrence indicated : Mount Di- ablo, 3,200 ft Contra Costa County; Santa Eita Peak, 4,500 ft, San Carlo Peak, 4,600 ft and San Benito Mountain, 4,500 ft San Benito County; Loma Prieta, 3,500 ft and Summit Chuai, 3,592 ft Santa Cruz County. The species is also thought to occur on Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara County. It stands as evidence for the disjunct nature of the sagebrush lizard populations that Banta and Morafka (1968) did not collect specimens in what appeared to be suitable habitat in the Pinnacles National Monument and Bear Valley, San Benito and Monterey counties. On 11 July 1969, about 12 miles south of Carmel, two adult males of the sagebrush lizard were collected ^ mile southwest of Twin Peaks at 3,200 ft elevation in the Santa Lucia Eange, Monterey County, California. Twin Peaks is 4^ air miles inland from the coastline at Rocky Point. Data on these specimens are as follows : sv = 55.2, 50.5 mm, tail length = 83.3, 75.0 mm, dorsal scale count, i.e., number of scales between the posterior margin of the interparietal and a line con- necting the posterior surfaces of the thighs = 62, 59. (310) NOTES 311 Botli specimens Avcre collected on the sliouldei' of a dirt road whieli traversed the ridge top in chaparral habitat. Spanish bayonet, Yucca, and clumps of oak and Spanish broom, Spartium, were scattered among chamise, xidcnostcma. The substrate was decomposed granite. To my knowledge these specimens are the first from Monterey County. The nearest population is 50 miles east in the Diablo Kange at Santa Rita Peak, San Benito County. Since the extensive lowlands of the Salinas River drainage stretch between tlie Diablo and Santa Lucia ranges, it is probable that these populations are disjunct. On the basis of this new locality, it is suspected that the sagebrush lizard occurs, probably in disjunct populations at high elevations, throughout the Santa Lucia Range. If it does, the species exists in mountain areas completely encircling the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. A search should be made throughout the Santa Lucias. I want to thank Dr. R. C. Stebbins for advice in the preparation of this paper and James F. Lynch who introduced me to this lizard. — Thomas G. Balgooyen, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720. Accepted March 1970. REFERENCES Banta, B. H., and D. J. Morafka. 1968. An annotated check list of recent am- phibians and reptiles of the Pinnacles National Monument and Bear Valley, San Benito and Monterey counties, California, with some ecological observations. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 26(2) : 161-183. Stebbins, R. C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of Western North America. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. INTRODUCTION OF BLUE CATFISH INTO CALIFORNIA On October 23, 1969, 1,990 blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus (LeSueur), were flown from Stuttgart, Arkansas, to Gillespie Airport for introduc- tion into Lake Jennings, San Diego County. Dr. Fred P. Meyers, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart. Arkansas, coordinated procurement of the fish. Only one catfish was lost during shipment. Blue catfish are known to feed on the freshwater Asiatic clam, Corti- cula fluminea. C. fluminea is abundant and a nuisance in many south- ern California waters but is virtually unutilized by present game fish populations. Although the blue cattish probably will not atford any biological control over the clams, it is likely they will convert appreci- able quantities of this forage animal to fish flesh for angler use. The blue catfish also attains the largest size of any of the American cat- fishes, and would enhance our fisheries by providing another trophy sized fish. Consequently, following a recommendation by Alex Calhoun, Chief, Inland Fisheries Branch, we introduced the blue catfish on an experimental basis. One thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight of the catfish were marked with a right pelvic clip and released into Lake Jennings on October 23, 1969. The remaining blue catfish were transported by hatchery planting truck to the Department's Chino Fish and Wildlife Base to be used for future broodstoek. Average length of the imported 312 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME fisli was 6.46 inches tl with a range of 3.39 to 8.46 inches. Their average weight was 1.08 oz. Prior to liberation into Lal^e Jennings, 211 of the catfish were held in a live car for a period of 21 hours. No mortality occurred. On November 18, 1969, 2,014 channel catfish, Ictalnrus punctahis, averaging 6.65 inches were marked with a left pelvic clip and released into Lake Jennings for comparison of growth and harvest rates with the blue catfish. — William M. Richardson, James A. St. Amant, Laivrence J. Bottroff, and Wayne L. Parker, Inland Fisheries Branch, Region 5, California Department of Fish and Game. Accepted April 1970. OCCURRENCE ON THE HIGH SEAS OF A STEELHEAD TROUT IN ITS NINTH YEAR A steelhead trout (Salmo gairdnerii) of unusual age was captured in the eastern North Pacific Ocean on September 11. 1969, by the RV George B. Kelez, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. It was taken in a surface gillnet at lat 53°00' N, long 160°00' W (about 100 miles south of the Shumigan Islands, Alaska) duriug a survey to determine the relative abundance and distribution of Pacific salmon {Oncorhynchus spp.). The fish, a female, was 33.7 inches (857mm) long, was emaciated, and was recovering from its last spa^^aiing migration (one of four i]i as many years). About 12 eggs that had been retained in the ovaries after the last spawning were being resorbed, and the next generation of immature eggs was present. Age determination was made from microprojections of scale impres- sions on a plastic card (Koo, 1962; Mosher, 1950). The scales showed a freshwater age of 3 years and an ocean age of 2 years before the first of four successive spawnings, plus additional summer growth in 1969 (3.1GGGG+). Thus the fish had completed 8 j^ears and was in its ninth year (Figure 1). Plastic impressions of scales were sent to several agencies for veri- fication of the age of this fish. All experts agreed on the life history of the specimen (i.e., 3 years in fresh water, 2 years in the ocean, four successive annual spawning migrations, and a period of post-spawning recovery in the summer of 1969). Agreement was not complete, how- ever, on the total age of the fish (8 or 9 years) because of a difference in the interpretation of steelhead age designations by the Koo (1962) formula and by F. II. Sumner (pers. comm., Dec. 18, 1969). According to Mosher (pers. comm.) the use of Sumner's interpretation increases total age of the fish by 1 year — the 3^ear that is added between the first year of ocean growth and the initial spawning check. Most of the literature reviewed showed 7 3'ears to be the maximum age attained by steelhead trout (Snyder, 1925, 1933; Neave, 1940; Pautzke and Meigs, 1941 ; Meigs and Pautzke, 1941 ; Shapovalov and Taft. 1954; Maher and Larkin, 1955; Bali, 1959; Withler, 1966; Bulk- ley, 1967; Narver, 1969). Sumner (1948), however, reported an 8- and a 9-year-old steelhead trout. NOTES 313 FIGURE 1 — Scale of steelhead trout (Sa/mo gairdnerii) in its ninth year, showing three fresh- water marks ("F"), four spawning checks ("S"), and five ocean winter marks (numbers 1-5). Microphoiograph by Kenneth H. Mosher. Because ^ve had captured this fisli on the high seas in September and because it had new eggs developing, the fish probably would have survived to another spawning and year of life, thereby putting it in its 10th year. Tlie only other 8-year-old steelhead trout was recorded at least 25 years ago (Sumner, 1948) ; Sumner aged both his 1945 fish and the 1969 steelhead as 9-year-olds (Sumner, pers. comm.). As sport and commercial exploitation of steelhead trout stocks has increased since 1945, the average age of fish in the population would probably decrease (Watt, 1968), as would the probability of a fish reaching an advanced age. Thus, the fact that a steelhead trout in its ninth year (or 8-year-old, depending on the total age designation used) was very unusual in 1945, would in theory make such an occurrence even more remarkable today. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the following persons for their interpretations of the age of the fish : T. S. Y. Koo, University of IMaryland ; Kenneth Mosher, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Seattle ; G. Lewis Kobins, Fisheries Eesearch Board of Canada, Nanaimo ; Leo Shapovalov, California De- partment of Fish and Game; and Francis H. Sumner, Oregon State Game Commission. 314 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME REFERENCES Bali. John M. 1959. Scale analyses of steelhead trout, Salnio gairdneiii gairdnerii Richardson, from various coastal watersheds of Oregon. M. Sc. Thesis, Oreg. State College, Corvallis. 1S9 p. (Typescript.) Bulkley, Ross V. 1967. Fecundity of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnoi, from Alsea River, Oregon. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 24 (5) : 917-926. Koo, Ted S. Y. 1962. Age designation in salmon. In Ted S. Y. Koo (ed.). Studies of Alaska red salmon, pp. 37-48. Univ. Wash., Seattle, Publ. Fish., N.S. 1. Maher, F. P., and P. A. Larkin. 1955. Life history of the steelhead trout of the Chilliwack River, British Columbia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 84 : 27-38. Meigs, Robert C, and Clarence F. Pautzke. 1941. Additional notes on the life history of the Puget Sound steelhead (Salmo gairdnerii) with suggestions for management of the species. Wash. State Game Dept., Biol. Bull., 5. 14 p. Mosher, Kenneth H. 1950. Description of a projection device for use in age deter- mination from fish scales. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull., 51 : 405-407. Narver, David W. 1969. Age and size of steelhead trout in the Babine River, British Columbia. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 26(10) : 2754-2760. Neave, Ferris. 1940. The steelhead in the Cowichan River. Fish Res. Bd. Canada, Progr. Rep. Pac. Biol. Sta., 46: 20-21. Pautzke, Clarence F., and Robert C. Meigs. 1941. Studies on the life history of the Puget Sound steelhead trout (Sahno gairdnerii). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, 70: 209-220. Shapovalov, Leo, and Alan C. Taft. 1954. The life histories of the steelhead rainbow trout (Salnio gairdneri gairdneri) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchns kisutch) with special reference to Waddell Creek, California, and recommendations regard- ing their management. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish Bull., 98. 375 p. Snyder, John O. 1925. The half-pounder of Eel River, a steelhead trout. Calif. Fish and Game, 11 (2) : 49-55. 1933. California trout. Calif. Fish and Game, 19(2) : 81-112. Sumner, F. H. 1948. Age and growth of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richard- son, caught by sport and commercial fishermen in Tillamook County, Oregon. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc, 75 : 77-83. Watt, Kenneth E. F. 1968. Ecology and resource management : a quantitative ap- proach. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y. 450 p. Withler, I. L. 1966. Variability in life history characteristics of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) along the Pacific Coast of North America. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 23(3) : 365-393. — Percy M. Washington, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash. Accepted for publication June 1970. OCCURRENCE OF KiNG (CHINOOK) SALMON IN THE KINGS RIVER, FRESNO COUNTY On April 3, 1970, three small (10.5-11.0 cm, tl) king salmon, Oncorhynchns tsliawytscha, were taken from Mill Creek, about 150 m above its confluence with the Kings River, bv nivself and students of my Ichthyolog}^ class. The mouth of Mill Creek is about 2 km below Pine Flat Dam. The presence of salmon in the Kings River drainage has not been reported since the fall of 1942 when Chester Woodhull and William A. Dill, biologists with the Department of Fish and Game, collected small king salmon in the same general area from which the present fish were taken (unpublished report, 1942). The king salmon has probably not been a regular member of the fish fauna of the Kings River for many decades, if ever. The river drains into Tulare Lake which is connected to the San Joaquin River, by Fresno Slough, only during years of high water. Thus, any salmon in NOTES 315 the Kin<]:s River would most likely be strays from the yearly run up the >San Joaquin River. Nevertheless, the 1942 report by Woodhull and Dill indicates that previous to 1927, wlien a direct connection to the San Joaquin River, the Kings River by-pass, was constructed, salmon occasionally went up the Kings River during the high water years. It would seem likely that this occurred more often before irrigation diversions reduced flows in the lower part of the Kings River. After 1927, salmon runs occurred with greater frequency, especially- notice- able runs occurring in 1927, 1938 and 1940. No runs have been noticed in recent years, presumably because the construction of Friant Dam has resulted in decreased flows into the San Joaquin River since 1946, thus virtually eliminating the San Joaquin run that was the source of the Kings River salmon. However, the winter of 1968-69 was one of exceptionally high precipitation and run oif, and the high water allowed a few king salmon to reach the upper San Joaquin region. On July 1, 1969, a 30 inch male king salmon was caught by an angler below Friant Dam (D. Christenson, pers. comm.). Apparently a few king salmon also made it up the Kings River, where they spawned. It is possible that salmon were present in the Kings River in other years after 1942 as well, but they went by un- noticed simply because no one had looked for them. The three present salmon were taken from a large pool in Mill Creek which had a temperature of 21 C. The temperature of the Kings River was 13 C. Aside from this temperature difference, there was nothing to prevent the salmon from entering the Kings River. Other fish collected from the Creek, in approximate order of abundance, were : Sacramento squawfish (Ptychochcilus grandis) , California roach (Hes- peroleucus symmetricus) , green sunfish {Lepomis cyanellus), Sac- ramento sucker {Catostomus occidentalis), carp (Cyprimis carpio), rainbow trout {Salmo gairdnerii) , smallmouth bass {Microptcrus dolo- mien), white catfish {Ictalurus catus), largemouth bass (If. salnioides), golden shiner {Notemigonus crysoleucas), and bluegill (Lepomis mac- rocMrns) . — Peter B. Moyle, Department of Biology, Fresno State Col- lege, Fresno, California 93710. Accepted Jniie 1970. 316 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME INDEX TO VOLUME 56 AUTHOR Anderson. William : A preliminary study of the relationship of saltponds and wildlife — south San Francisco Bay, 240-252; The California least tern breeding in Alameda and San INIateo counties, 136—137 Aplin, J. A.: see Frey and Aplin, 130- 133 Balgooyeu, Thomas G. : The sagebrush lizard — a new locality and comments on its distribution in west central California, 310-311 Bollman. Frank H.. Peter K. Thelin and Richard T. Forester: Bimonthly- bird counts at selected observation points around San Francisco Bay, February 1964 to January 1965, 224- 239 Borgeson, David P. : see Nicola and Borgeson, 4-20 Borneman, John C. : see Mallette, Sibley, Carrier, and Borneman, 199- 202 Bottroff, Lawrence J. : see Richardson, St. Amant, Bottroff and Parker, 311- 312 Browning, Bruce M.: see Stienecker and Browning, 36— 4S Budwiser, Paul D.: see Schulz and Bud- wiser, 71 Burns, James W.: Spawning bed sedi- mentation studies in northern Cali- fornia streams, 253-270 Carrier, W. Dean : see Mallette, Sibley, Carrier and Borneman, 199-202 Chess, James R. : see Rosenthall and Chess, 203-204 Cordone, Almo J. and Stephen J. Nicola : Harvest of four strains of rainbow trout, Salnio gairdnerii, from Beardsley Resen-oir, California, 271- 287 ; Influence of molybdenum on the trout and trout fishing of Castle Lake, 96-108 Cordone, Almo J. : see Frantz and Cor- done, 21-35 Deckert, Gary : see Greenfield, Ross, and Deckert, 166-179 DeMartini, John D. : see Young and DeMartini, 298-309 Edwards, George D. : Observation of mating behavior of the striped perch and notes on possible reproductive ac- tivity of the rainbow perch, 205-206 Forester, Richard T. : see Bollman, Theliu and Forester, 224-239 Frantz, Ted C. and Almo J. Cordone : Food of lake trout in Lake Tahoe, 21-35 Frey, Herbert W. and J. A. Aplin : Sea lion census for 1969, including counts of other California pinnipeds, 130-133 Greenfield, David W., Stephen T. Ross, and Gary D. Deckert : Some aspects of the life history of the Santa Ana sucker, Caiostomus (Pantosteus) san- taanae (Snyder), 166-179 Grigg, Richard W. and Robert S. Ki- wala : Some ecological effects of dis- charged wastes on marine life, 145- 155 Guse, Jr. Neal : Large black bear from Yosemite, 208-209 Hardwick, James E. : A note on the be- havior of the octopod Ocythoe tuher- ciilata, 68-70 Harris, Stanley W.: see Wheeler and Harris, 180-187 Hazel, Charles R. and Stephen J. Meith : Bioassay of king salmon eggs and sac fry in copper solutions, 121- 124 Hehnke, Merlin : White-tailed kites nest- ing in Del Norte County, California, 309 Hoover, Franklin G. and James A. St. Amant: Establishment of Tilapia mossam'bica Peters in Bard Valley, Imperial County, California, 70-71 Horton, Howard F. : see McKeru and Horton, 65-68 Hubbs, Carl L., Arthur L. Kelley, and Conrad Limbaugh : Diversity in feed- ing by Brandt's cormorant near San Diego, 156-165 Hunter, Brian F. : Waterfowl botulism in California, 1969, 207-208 Hunter, John R. : see Mitchell and Hunter, 288-297 Johnson, Donald W. and Emmitt L. Mc- Clendon : Differential distribution of the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 138-139 Katkansky, Stanley C, Ronald W. Warner and William H. Sholes : A fibroma in the abdominal cavity of a king salmon, Oncorhynchus ishawy- tscha, 60-64 Kelley, Arthur L. : see Hubbs, Kelley and Limbaugh, 156-165 Kiwala, Robert S.: see Grigg and Ki- wala, 145-155 Limbaugh, Conrad : see Hubbs, Kelley and Limbaugh, 156—165 Mallette, Robert D., Fred C. Sibley, W. Dean Carrier, and John C. Borne- man : The California condor surveys, 1969, 199-202 :ndex 317 Mate, Bruce, R. : Oldest tagged northern elephant seal recovered iu Oregon, 137 :McCaskie, Guy : Shorehird and water- bird use of the Saltoii Sea, S7-0o Mcriendon, Eniniitt Ij.: see Johnson and McClendon, i;iS-139 McKern, John L. and Howard F. Hor- ton: A punch to facilitate the re- moval of sahnonid otoliths, 65-68 Meith. Stephen J.: see Hazel and Meith, 121-124 Mensch. Jerry L.: see Weaver and :Mensch, 206-207 Miller, Lee W.: see Stevens and Miller, 80-86 Mitchell, Charles T. and John R. Hunter: Fishes associated with drift- ing kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, off the coast of southern California and northern Baja California, 288-297 Mollick, Ronald S.: Food habits of CUn- ocottus analis (Girard), 133-134 Moyle, Peter B.: Occurrence of king ( Chinook) salmon in the Kings River, Fresno County, 314-315 Nicola, Stephen J.: see Cordone and Ni- cola, 96-108 ; see Cordone and Ni- cola, 271-287 Nicola, Stephen J. and David P. Bor- geson: The limnology and productiv- ity of three California cold water reservoirs, 4-20 Nishimoto, Jiro: Western range exten- sion of the rosethorn rockfiish, Seias- tes helvomaculatus (Ayres), 204-205 Parker, Wayne L.: see Richardson, St. Amant. Bottroff and Parker, 311-312 Pearcy, William G.: Vertical migration of the ocean shrimp, Pandalus Jor- dan i: a feeding and dispersal mecha- nism, 125-129 Richardson, William M., James A. St. Amant, Lawrence J. Bottroff and Wayne L. I'arker: Introduction of blue catfish into California, 311-312 Rosenthal, Richard J. and James R. Chess: Predation on the purple ur- chin by the leather star, 203-204 Ross, Stephen T.: see Greenfield, Ross, and Deckert, 166-179 Schulz, Terry A. and Paul D. Bud- wiser: Scrub jay possibly feeding on ectoparasites of a black-tailed deer, 71 Sholes, William H.: see Katkansky, Warner and Sholes, 60-64 Sibley, Fred C: see Mallette, Sibley, Carrier, and Borneman, 199-202 St. Amant, .Tames A.: Addition of Hart's rivulus, Rivuliis harti (Bou- lenger), to the Californian fauna, 138 ; see Hoover and St. Amant, 70- 71 ; see Richardson, St. Amant, Bott- roff and Parker, 311-312 Stendell, Rey C: see Waian and Sten- dell, 188-198 Stevens, Donald I'l and Lee W. Miller: Distribution of sturgeon larvae in the Sacramento-San Joaquin river sys- tem, 80-86 Stienecker, Walter and Bruce M. Browning: Food hal)its of the western gray squirrel, 36^8 Strachan, Alec R.: A white sea urchin- acorn barnacle enigma, 134-135 ; see Wood and Strachan, 49-59 Swift, Michael C: A qualitative and quantitative study of trout food in Castle Lake, California. 109-120 Thelin, Peter K.: see Bollman, Thelin and Forester, 224-239 Waian, Lee B. and Rey C. Stendell: The white-tailed kite in California with observations of the Santa Bar- bara population, 188-198 Warner, Ronald W.: see Katkansky, Warner and Sholes, 00-64 Washington, Percy M.: Occurrence on the high seas of a steelhead trout in its ninth year, 312-314 Weaver, Richard A. and Jerry L. Mensch: Observed interaction between desert bighorn sheep. Ovis canaden- sis, and reported predator species, 206-207 Wheeler, Richai'd J.: Occuri-ence of a flamingo at Tomales Bay, 209-210 Wheeler, Richard J. and Stanley W. Harris: Duck nesting and production in the Humboldt Bay area of Cali- fornia, ISO— 187 Wood, Richard and Alec R. Strachan: A description of the northern an- chovy live bait fishery and the age and length composition of the catch during the seasons 1957-58 through 1964-65, 49-59 Young, James S. and John D. De- Martini: The reproductive cycle, go- nadal histology, and gametogenesis of the red abalone, J/aliotis rufescens (Swainson), 298-309 318 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME SCIENTIFIC NAMES Abies: 41 Acer macrophi/Uum: 37 saccharinum: 44 Acipensei medirostris: 80 transinontatius: SO Actitis macularia: 90 Adeiiostoma fasciculatum: 38 Aechmophorus occidentalis: 93 Aix sponsa: 182 Ajaia ajaja: 94 oregona: 38 sp.: 3S AmygdaJus communis: 44 Awas acMia; 182, 252 carolineiisis: 252 chjpeaia: 1S2 cyanoptera: 180-187, 252 discors: 182 platyrhynchos: 180-187, 252 strepera: 252 Anoplopoma fimliria: 291 Aphelocoma coerulescens: 71 Aphriza rirgafa: 89 Aplysia: 306 Aquila chrysaeios: 206 Arbutus menziesii: 38 Arctostaphylos: 38, 45 Arrfeo herodias: 93, 252 Arewaria interpres: 89 melanocephala: 89, 252 Argonauta argo: 70 Ar^emta salina: 242, 250, 251 As/o flammeus: 247 Atheresthes stomias: 128 Atherinops affinis: 160, 247 Atherinopsis californiensis: 160 Atriplex patula: 249 At'ewa; 41 aj^HJs: 243, 252 • americana: 252 marila: 252 valisineria: 252 Balanus tintinnahulum caUfornicus- 134, 135 Bosmina coregoni: 12, 13, 14, 18 Botaurus lentiginosus: 94, 247 Brachyistius frenatus: 159, 291 BubuJcus ibis: 93 Bucephala albeola: 252 clangula: 252 Butorides virescens: 93 C'a/o?n/s finmarcJiicus: 128 sp.: 128 CaUdris canutus: 90, 252 Callianassa sp.: 242 Callorhiniis ursinus: 130 Cancer aniennarius: 149 Vandona tahoensis: 24 Canis latrans: 207 Capella gallinago: 89 Capnia sp.: 24 Carya pecan: 44 Corylus: 47 Casmerodius albus: 93, 252 Catoptrophorus semipaltnatus: 90. l>r»"2 occidentalis: 7, 16, 272 santaanae: 166-169 tahoensis: 24 Caulolatilus princeps: 294 prostratus: 41 sp.: 38, 44 Chaetoplcura: 306 alexandrinus: 89, 252 semipaltnatus: 88, 252 vociferus: 89, 252 hyperborea: 252 rossii: 252 Chitonotus pugetensis: 160 C'hlidouias niger: 95, 252 Chromis punctipinnis: 159, 291 Cirsium: 42, 45, 46 Citellus lateralis: 47 Citharichthys stigmaeus: 160 Clinocottus analis: 133 Clupea pallasii: 50 Corbicula fluminea: 311 Coregonus u-illiamsoni: 24 6'or>n/s californica: 38 sp.: 37 Corylus cornuta: 37 Coryphaena hippurus: 288 Cottus beldingii: 24 Crocethia alba: 92 Cupressus macrocarpa: 44, 310 Cyprinodon macularius: 138 Cystoseira osmundacea: 289 Daphnia rosea: 114 sp.: 12, 13, 14, 18, 110, 112, 114, 116, 117 Dermasterias imbricata: 203 Diaptomus novam exicamis: 115 sp.: 114 Dichromanassa rufescens: 93 Dictyoptfris sp.: 149 Egregia laevigata: 290 Elanus leucurus majusculus: 188-198, 247, 310 INDEX 811) Eleochari/t paliisfris: 240 Emhiotocu lateralis: 205 sp.: 101 EngraiiUs mordax: 49 EpJnjdra cincria: 242, 249, 250, 251 Eqisetum: 4G Equus asinus: 207 Eremina: 306 Ereunctes mauri: 92 pusillus: 91 Erolia alpi)ia: 91, 252 hairdi: 91 mchnuilus: 91 VI in lit ilia: 91, 252 Euarctos americanus: 208 Eunictopias juiata: 130 Eiiphausia pacifica: 12S Eupoda montana: S9 Ereunetes mauri: 252 Eurycercus: 110, 112 Eulamias: 47 Festitca: 41, 44 Fraxinus oregona: 47 Fregata magnificens: 93 Fulica americana: 252 Ganihusia affinis: 138, 175 Garri/a jremontii: 38 Gasterosteus aculeatus Williamson i: 166 Gautiera: 43 arctica: 92 imincr: 92 Gelochclidon nilotica: 95 Gemma Gemma: 251 Genyonemtis lineatus: 50 Gibbonsia metzi: 160 bicolor: 24 orcuttii: 66 Girella nigricans: 288, 291 Glaucomijs sahrinus: 47 Gobiesox eugrammus: 291 Gymnogyps calif orniau us: 199-202 cracherodii: 149, 298 discus hannai: 299 lamellosa: 301 m/rfae; 298, 301 rufescens: 298-309 sicboldii: 307 tuberculata: 301 Helcochloa schoenoides: 249 Hermissenda crassicornis: 149 Heferoscelus incanum: 90 Heferosfichus rostraius: 160, 288 Himantopus mexicanus: 92, 252 Histernngium: 43 Holopcdium gibbcrum: 12 sp.: 114 Hordeum sp.: 45 i-ulgare: 249 Ilydranassa tricolor: 93 II i/droprognr caspia: 95, 252 Jl yponicsus Iranspacificus n ippoiiciisis: 7. 14. 16 11 i/psoblcnnius gcniilis: 291 Ilypsurus caryi: 205 furcatus: 311-312 punctatus: 312 Ixobrychus cxilis: 94 hindsii: 44 sp.: 45, 47 Kelletia kelleti: 149 LuCMS argenteiis: 94, 252 atricilla: 94 californiciis: 94, 252 can us: 94 delawarensis: 94, 252 glaucescens: 94, 252 heermanni: 95 minutes: 95 occidentaUs: 94, 156 Philadelphia: 94, 240, 252 pipixcan: 94 Lavinia exilicauda: 7, 10, 272 Leucophoyx thula: 93, 252 Libocedriis decurrens: 45 Limnaea: 306 Limnodromus griscus: 91, 252 scolopaceus: 91 Limosa fedoa: 92, 252 Liihocarpus densiflora: 38 Lohipcs lobatus: 92, 252 Loligo opalescens: 50 Lynx rufus: 206 Lytechinus anamcsus: 134-135 Macoma sp. : 251 Macrocystis pyrifera: 149, 157, 288, 297 sp.: 203, 298 Mareca americana: 252 Medialuna californiensis: 288, 291 Medicago sp.: 249 Mrgaihura crcnulata: 149 McUrnogaster: 43 Melilotus indica: 249 merganser: 182 serraior: 252 Merluccius product us: 128 Metrida: 128 Micropalama himantopus: 91 Microtus cnlijornicus: 194 Mirounga angnstirostris: 130, 137 il/o/a «(o/(7.- 291 Montia perfoliata: 47 Mopalia: 306 320 CALIFOENIA FISH AND GAME Morone saxatilis: SO Morus rubra: 44 Miigil cephalus: 138 Mus musculus: 194 Mycteria atnericana: 94 Myriophijlhtm spicattim: 249 il/v.s-/.s- reUcta: 32. 33 ^f.uf^i.v sp.: 251, 306 Naias marina: 249 Nassarius ohsoletus: 242. 249 Navanax: 306 Notcjnigo)ius crijsoleucas: 7 americanus: 90, 252 phaeopus: 90. 252 Nycticoraoe nycticorax: 94, 252 Ocyihoe tuherculaia: 68-70 Oilocoilcus heiiiionus cohinibianus: 71 0)icorhynchuH kisutch: 253 nerka: 7, 24. 65 tshaivytscha: 60. 121, 314-315 Osmerus mordax: 32 Oi'is canadensis: 206 Oxyjulis californica: 159 Oxyura jamaicensis: 252 Pachycerianthus sp.: 149 Pacifastacus leniusculus: 24 Panihihis Jordan i: 125, 126. 127 Pantosteus: 166 Puralahrax clathratus: 291 Parasticliopus californicus: 149 Pasiphaea pacifica: 126 Patiria miniata: 149 Pelagophycus porra: 289 erythrorhynchos: 93 occidentalis: 93 Peromyscus sp.: 194 PhaJacrocorax auritus: 93 aiiritus alhociliatus: 156, 252 penicillatus: 156-165 PhaJaropus fulicarius: 92 Phanerodon furcatus: 159 PJioca vitidina: 130 Phoenicopterus ruber: 209 Phoradendron flavescens: 44 villa sum: 40, 41 coulteri: 38 lambertiana: 43 ponderosa: 37, 44 sabiniana: 43, 44 sp.: 40, 41, 42, 45, 46 Pisas/er brevispinus: 149 ochraceus: 149 Plegadis chilli: 94 Pleuronichthys decurrens: 160 Pluvialis dominica: 89 Por^iceps auritus: 93 caspicus: 93, 252 Podilymbus podiceps: 93. 252 Poec(7ia latipinna: 138 mexicana mexicana: 138 Polygonum aviculare: 249 lapathifolium: 249 sp.: 249 Polyphemus pediculus: 12 Pontoporeia: 32 Potamogeton pectinatus: 249 pusillus: 249 Prosopium gemmiferum: 33 Pri/H»S amygdalus: 47 demissa: 38 Pseudotsuga menziesii: 37, 40, 254, 310 Pterygophora californica: 289 Ptychocheilus grandis: 7, 16 Puffinus bulleri: 93 QwercMS agrijolia: 38 breiceri: 38 chrysolepis: 38 kelloggii: 38. 44 /o7>afa; 38, 44 ivislizenii: 38 sp.: 40, 41, 42, 45, 46 Rallus longirostris: 247 Recurvirostra americana: 92, 252 Reithrodontomys megalotis: 194 Rhamnus californica: 38 Rhinichthys osculus: 166 osculus robustus: 24 Ehizopogon: 39 Rhodymenia sp.: 149 Rhus diversiloba: 38, 45 Richardsonius egregius: 24 Rimicola muscarutn: 160 Rissa tridacfyla: 95 Rivulus harti: 138 jBm6!iti}iaUii: 90. 109 namaycush: 21. 24 Sardiiiops caeruleus: 50 Sceloporus graciosus: 310-311 Scirpus aciiiiis: 249. 251 rohusfus: 249 Sciurus aberti: 47 caroU)ie)isis: 3G griseus: 30 Jxoihahcnsis: 47 Scoiiiher japoniciis: 50. 291 ^corpaenichihys ntornioratiis: 291 fSeftasfes caurinus: 2S8 dipJoproa: 290 )ii[/roci>icfus: 288 hit Hiatus: 159 paiicispiiiis: 291 ruhrivinctus: 291 sen-a7wides: 291 serrlceps: 291 Sequoia scmpcrrircns: 37. 254 Sergestes sii)iilis: 126 SerioJa dorsalis: 288, 291 Seriphvs politus: 50, 104 /Sfjo/is: 110. 117 Sorex sp.: 194 Spatula clypeata: 252 Spergularia marina: 249 Spermophilus heecheyi: 47 Squatarola squatarola: 89. 252 Steganopus tricolor: 92, 252 Stellaria media: 47 Stercorarius parasiticus: 94 alhifrons: 95 alhifrons hrowni: 130, 252 forsteri: 95, 252 hirundo: 95 Strongylocciitrotus jranciscanus: 135, 149, 203 purpura t us: 149, 203 Stygobromus: 24 leucogaster: 93 nebouxii: 93 Syngnathus calif oriiiensis: 159, 291 Tamarix pealandra: 88 Tamiasciurus douglasi: 47 Thetys vagina: 68 Thunnus alalunga: 288 Thysanoessa spinifera: 128 Tilapia mossambica: 70-71, 138 To ^« Hi/ 41 flaripes: 90, 252 nielanoleucus: 90, 252 Trachurus symmetricus: 50, 160, 291 Trichocorixa reticulata: 242 Tringa solitaria: 90 Ulmus americana: 44 Ulvicola sanctaerosae: 160 JJmbellularia californica: 36, 40, 41, 42, T(7/s californica: 38 Xema sahini: 95 Xystreurys liolepis: 160 Zalophus californianus: 130, 163, 295 322 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME SUBJECT Abalone, red : study of reproduction, 298-309 Acorns : in diet of western gray squir- rel, 36^8 Age : of anchovy catch. 49-59 ; of tagged elephant seal, 137 ; steelhead trout taken in ninth year, 312-314 Anchovy, northern : bait fishery, 49-59 Bait : anchovy fishery, 49-59 Barnacle, acorn : attached to white sea urchin, 134-135 Bay, California : in diet of western gray squirrel, 36-48 Bear, black : record skull from Yosem- ite, 208-209 Beardsley Reservoir : limnology and productivity of trout, 4-20 ; study of rainbow trout harvest, 271-287 Behavior : interaction between bighorn sheep and predator species, 206-207 ; mating and reproductive activity of striped and rainbow perches, 205- 206 ; of octopod, 68-70 Bighorn, desert : reaction to predator species. 206-207 Bioassay : of king salmon eggs and fry in copper solutions, 121-124 Birds : counts on San Francisco Bay, 224-239 ; use of saltponds on San Francisco Bay, 240-252 Botulism : 1969 outbreaks in waterfowl, 207-208 Breeding: of least tern in Alameda and San Mateo counties, 136-137 Castle Lake : influence of molybdenum on trout fishing, 96-108 ; trout foods, 109-120 Catfish, blue : introduction into Cali- fornia, 311-312 Census : sea lions and other pinnipeds, 130-133 Condor, California : 1969 survey, 199- 202 Copper : effect on salmon frv and eggs, 121-124 Cormorant, Brandt's : food habits near San Diego, 156-165 Costs : of various strains of trout into the creel at Beardsley Reservoir, 271— 287 ; of waterfowl botulism control in 1969, 207-208 Crustacea : in diet of Lake Tahoe lake trout. 21-35 Deer, black-tailed : jay feeding on ecto- parasites, 71 Disease: fibroma of king salmon, 60-64 ; waterfowl botulism in 1969, 207-208 Dispersal : of ocean shrimp, 125-129 Distribution : of sturgeon larvae in Sac- ramento-San Joaquin system, 80-86 Distribution, differential : of striped mullet, 138-139 Distribution, geographic : of Santa Ana sucker, 166-179 ; of the white-tailed kite, 188-198 ; range extension of rosethorn rockfish, 204-205 Ducks : losses due to botulism in 1969, 207-208; nesting at Humboldt Bay, 180-187 ; use of saltponds in San Francisco Bay. 240-252 Eggs, fish : in diet of Lake Tahoe lake trout, 21-35 Feeding : of ocean shrimp, 125-129 Fishes : associated with drifting kelp, 288-297 ; in diet of Lake Tahoe lake trout. 21-35 ; taken in association with king salmon in Kings River, 815 Fishery : for live bait, 49^59 ; of cold water reservoirs, 4-20 Flamingo: sightings at Tomales Bay, 209-210 Food habits : leather star feeding on purple urchins, 203-204 ; of birds on salt ponds in San Francisco Bay, 240-252 ; of Brandfs cormorant near San Diego. 156-165 ; of lake trout in Tahoe, 21-35 ; of the white-tailed kite near Santa Barbara, 188-198; of trout in Castle Lake, 109-120; of trout in coldwater reservoirs, 14-16 ; of western gray squirrel, 36—48 ; of A\(ioly sculpin, 133-134 Frv. king salmon : bioassay in copper solutions, 121-124 Fungi : in diet of western gray squirrel, 36-48 -Cametogenesis : of the red abalone, 298- 309 Habitat : saltponds on San Francisco Bay, 240-252 ; types for wildlife on San Francisco Bay, 224-239 Harvest : of various trout strains at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Histology, gonadal : of the red abalone, 298-309 Humboldt Bay : site of duck nesting study, 180-187 Icehouse Reservoir : limnology and pro- ductivity of trout, 4-20 Insects : in diet of Lake Tahoe lake trout, 21-35 Jay, scrub : feeding on ectoparasites of deer, 71 Kelp, drifting : fishes associated, 288- 297 Kite, white-tailed: distribution and study of Santa Barbara population, 188- 198 ; record of nesting in Del Norte County, 310 Larvae, sturgeon: in Sacramento-San Joaquin system, 80-86 Leather star : feeding on purple urchins, 203-204 Life history : of Santa Ana sucker, 166- 179 ; studies on the white-tailed kite near Santa Barbara, 188-198 Limnology : of California coldwater res- ervoirs, 4-20 INDEX 323 Lizard, sasobrusli : distrilnitiun in ccii- trnl California, 310-311 Los'S'iiiS : offoc'ts on nortlici'n ( '.-ilirornia streams, 2r)3-270 Marino life : as aiTected l)v sewei- out- fall, 145-1 .">.-; Methods: adding molybdennin to Castle Ijake, 90-108 ; bioassay of salmon es'ffs and fry in copper solutions, 121- 124 ; l>ird counts on San Francisco Bay, 224-239; California condor sur- veys, 199-202 ; duck nesting study at Humboldt Bav, 180-187; food habits of trout in Castle Lake. 109-120; food habits of ^YOoly sculpin, 133- 134 ; gray squirrel food habits, 3G- 48 ; punch to remove salmonid oto- liths, 65-68 ; sea lion census, 130- 133 ; studying vertical migration of ocean shrimp, 125-129 ; study of an- chovy live bait fishery, 49-59 ; study of cokhvater reservoirs, 4-20 ; study of effects of waste discharge on ma- rine life, 145-155 ; study of fishes as- sociated with drifting kelp, 288-297; study of food habits of Brandt's cor- morant, 156-165 ; study of food hab- its of lake trout, 21-35 ; study of life history of Santa Ana sucker, 166- 179 ; study of population of white- tailed kites, 188-198; study of rela- tionsjiip of saltponds to wildlife on San Francisco Bay, 240-252 ; study of reproduction of the red abalone,. 298-309; study of sedimentation of spawning beds in northern California streams, 253-270 ; study of trout strain harvest at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 ; to determine distribution of sturgeon larvae, 80-86 Migration : of ocean shrimp, 125-129 Molybdenum : influence on trout at Castle Lake, 96-108 Mullet, striped : differential distribu- tion, 138-139 Nesting : of ducks at Humboldt Bay, 180-187; of white-tailed kites in Del Norte County, 310 Nuts, pine : in diet of western gray squirrel, 36-48 Octopod : note on behavior, 68-70 Oligochaetes: in diet of Lake Tahoe lake trout, 21-35 Otoliths : method of removal from sal- monids, 65-68 Perch, rainbow : notes on reproductive activity, 205-206 Perch, striped : observations on mating behavior, 205-206 Production : of wild ducks at Humboldt Bay, 180-187 Productivity : of three coldwater reser- voirs, 4-20 Range, geographic : blue catfish intro- duced into California, 311-312; breeding of least tern in Alameda and San Mateo counties, 136-137 ; Hart's rivulus in Imperial County, 138 ; king salmon occurrence in Kings River, 314-315 ; of sage])rush lizard in west central California, 310-311 ; tilapia in Imperial County, 70-71 ; white- tailed kites in Del Norte County, 310. Reproductive cycle : of the red abalone, 298-309 Raptors: sightings during 1969 condor survey, 201 Reservoir, cold water : limnology and productivity, 4-20 Reviews : Advances in ecological re- search, volume 5, 140 ; Advances in ecological research, volume 6, 211 : Antarctic ascidiacea, 220 ; Big game hunting around the world, 215; Bio- logical aspects of thermal pollution, 140 ; Check list of Canadian fresh- water fishes with keys for identifica- tion, 211 ; Deep water telostean fishes of California, 72-73 ; Electronics for biologists, 211 ; Engineering aspects of thermal pollution, 140 ; Environ- mental conservation, second edition, 212; Finding birds in Mexico (sec- ond edition), 218; Freezing and ir- radiation of fish, 216 ; From sea to shining sea, a report on the American environment — our natural heritage, 73-74 ; Handbook of freshwater bi- ology, volume one, 211 ; Handbook of Rocky Mountain plants, 216 ; Handy medical guide for seafarers, fisher- men, trawlermen, yachtsmen, 76 ; Living turtles of the world, 140 ; Managing water quality : economics, technology, institutions, 74-75 ; Oceanographic atlas of the Pacific Ocean, 75 ; Principles of systematic zoology, 219 ; Refrigeration on fishing vessels, 217 ; Symposium on salmon and trout in streams, 74 ; The be- havior and physiology of pinnipeds, 73 ; The encyclopedia of marine I'e- sources, 217 ; The fishes of the British Isles and northwest Europe, 72 ; The life in the desert, 213; The life of the cave, 215 ; The life of the marsh, 75-76 ; The Pacific salmon fisheries, a study of irrational conservation, 219 ; The seine net : its- origin, evolu- tion and use, 217 ; Wild sanctuaries ; our national wildlife refuges — a herit- age restored, 218 ; Wildlife manage- ment techniques (third edition: re- vised), 213 524 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME River. Santa Clara : site of life history study of Santa Ana sucker, 166-179 Rivuhis. Hart's : addition to Califor- nian fauna, 138 Rockfish, rosethorn : range extension, 204-205 Rodents : as food for the white-tailed kite, 188-198 Salmon : method to remove otoliths, 65-68 Salmon, king : bioassay of eggs and fry in copper solutions, 121-124 ; fibroma in abdominal cavity, 60-64 ; occur- rence in Kings River, 314—315 Salmon, silver : effect of sedimentation on spawning beds. 253-270 Salton Sea : shorebird and waterbird use, 87-95 Saltponds : use by wildlife on San Fran- cisco Bay, 240-252 San Francisco Bay : bimonthly bird counts, 224-239; wildlife on salt- ponds, 240-252 Sculpin, wooly : food habits. 133-134 Sea lions: census for 1969, 130-133 Seals, harbor : census of 1969, 130-133 Seal, northern elephant : census of 1969, 130-133 ; tagged specimen re- covered in Oregon, 137 Sediment, organic laden : deposit around sewer outfall in marine environment, 145-155 Sedimentation : of spawning beds in northern California streams, 253-270 Sewage : ecological effects at White Point, Los Angeles County, 145-155 Shorebirds : at Salton Sea, 87-95 ; counts on San Francisco Bay, 224— 239 ; use of saltponds on San Fran- cisco Bay, 240-252 Shrimp, ocean : vertical migration, 125- 129 Spaulding, Lake : limnology and pro- ductivity of trout, 4-20 Spawning bed : sedimentation on north- ern California streams, 253-270 Squirrel, western gray : food habits, 36-48 Stocking : of various strains of trout at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Sturgeon, green : distribution of larvae, 80-86 Sturgeon, white : distribution of larvae. 80-86 Sucker, Santa Ana : life history, 166- 179 Tern, California least : breeding in Ala- meda and San Mateo counties, 136- 137 Tilapia : established in Imperial County, 70-71 Tomales Bay : flamingo occurrence, 209- 210 Trout : effect of sedimentation on spawn- ing beds, 253-270 ; influence of add- ing molybdenum to Castle Lake, 96- 108 Trout : eastern brook : food habits in Castle Lake, 109-120 Trout, Kamloops strain : harvest rate at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Trout, lake : food habits in Lake Tahoe, 21-35 Trout, rainbow : food habits in Castle Lake, 109-120 ; harvest rates on vari- ous strains at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Trout, Shasta strain : harvest rate at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Trout, steelhead : ninth year fish taken on high seas, 312-314 Trout, Virginia strain : harvest rate at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Trout, Whitney strain : harvest rate at Beardsley Reservoir, 271-287 Urchins, purple : as food for leather stars, 203-204 Urchin, white sea : with acorn barnacle attached, 134-135 Vegetation, green : in diet of western gray squirrel, 36—48 Waterbirds: at Salton Sea, 87-95 Waterfowl : counts on San Francisco Bay, 224-239 Wildlife : use of salt ponds on San Francisco Bay, 240-252 Yosemite : record bear skull taken, 208- 209 Zooplankton : in coldwater reservoirs, 4-20 tiriitted in California office of state printing 80771— SOO 7-70 5,300 Notice is hereby given that the Fish and Game Commission shall meet on October 2, 1970, at 9:00 a.m. in the Main Auditorium, Resources Building, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, California, to receive recommendations from its own officers and employees, from the Department and other public agencies, from organizations of private citizens, and from any interested groups as to v^hat, if any, regulations should be made relating to fish, am- phibia, and reptiles, or any species or subspecies thereof. Notice is hereby given that the Fish and Game Commission shall meet at 9:00 a.m. on October 30, 1970, in the Supervisors' Chambers, County Court- house, Redding, California, for public discussion of and presentation of objec- tions to, the proposals presented to the Commission on October 2, 1970, and after considering such discussion and objections, the Commission, at this meet- ing, shall announce the regulations which it proposes to make relating to fish, amphibia and reptiles. Notice is hereby given that the Fish and Game Commission shall meet on December 4, 1970, at 9:00 a.m. in Room 1138, New State Building, 107 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, California, to hear and consider any objections to its determinations or proposed orders in relation to fish, amphibia and reptiles or any species or subspecies thereof for the 1971 sport fishing season, such determinations and orders resulting from the hearing held on October 2, 1970 and October 30, 1970. FISH AND GAME COAAMISSION Leslie F. Edgerton Execufive Secretary £3 o > S o n 3 ^ > 8- a " HI o a ?B " a ' 5 c z a a? M • ss o e 8 5 0 (/> M o o BULK U.S. PO PA RATE STAG ID « =: m .-*