CALIP3RNIA

FISH-GAME

"CONSERVATION OF WTLDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION'

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u

d

V

VOLUME 60

JANUARY 1974

NUMBER 1

Published Quarterly by

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE RESOURCES AGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

RONALD REAGAN, Governor

THE RESOURCES AGENCY

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE, JR., Secretary tor Resources

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

PETER T. FLETCHER, Presidenf, Rancho Santa Fe

TIMOTHY M. DOHENY, Vice Presidenf JOSEPH RUSS III, Member

Los Angeles Ferndale

C. RANS PEARMAN, Member SHERMAN CHICKERING, Member

San Gabriel San Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME

G. RAY ARNETT, Director

1416 9th Street
Sacramento 95814

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Editorial StafF

CAROL M. FERREL, Editor-in-Chief _ Sacramento

KENNETH A. HASHAGEN, Editor for Inland Fisheries Sacramento

MERTON N. ROSEN, Editor for Wildlife^ Sacramento

ROBSON COLLINS, Editor for Marine Resources Long Beach

PAUL M. HUBBELL, Editor for Salmon and Steelhead Sacramento

HAROLD K. CHADWICK, Editor for Striped Bass, Sturgeon, and Shad Stockton

(2)

CONTENTS

Page

Sea-Water System Design and Operations of the Marine Culture

Laboratory, Granite Canyon __ Earl E. Ebert,

Arthur W. Haseltine and Randolph 0. Kelly 4

Notes on Collections of Shiner Perch, Cymatogaster aggregata in

Bodega Harbor, California Evelyn Shaw, John Allen

and Richard Stone 15

The Nomenclature for Mysids in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Estuary Mary Ann Simynons, Richard M. Sitts,

James T. Allen and Allen W. Knight 23

Influence of Size of Eggs and Age of Female on Hatchability and
Growth in Kainbow Trout G. A. E. Gall 26

Exploitation, Survival, Growth and Cost of Stocked Silver Salmon

in Lake Berryessa, California Kenneth A. Wigglesivorth

and Robert R. Rawstron 36

Notes

Southern Range Extension of the Baird Crab {Chionoecetes hairdi
Rathbun) Michael J. Hosie and Thomas F. Gaumer 44

Pinnipeds Observed in Rivers of Northern

California Paul A. Paulhitski 48

Lead Concentrations in the Wooly Sculpin, Clinocottus analis,
Collected from Tidepools of California W. P. Alley,

H. R. Brown and L. Y. Kawasaki 50

First Year Harvest Rates of Largemouth Bass at Folsom. Lake and

Lake Berryessa, California Rolert R. Rawstron and

Robert A. Reavis 52

Status of Marten in Northern California, Oregon and
Washington Charles F. Yocom 54

Book Reviews 58

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Calif. Fish and Game, 60(1) : 4-14. 1974.

SEA-WATER SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATIONS

OF THE MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY,

GRANITE CANYON^

EARL E. EBERT, ARTHUR W. HASELTINE AND RANDOLPH O. KELLY

Marine Resources Region
California Department of Fish and Game

A marine culture laboratory, incorporating a dual sea-water intake
and delivery system, was developed on the central California coast
south of Monterey. The sea-water system is continuous flow design, in-
cludes a 94,625 liter (25,000 gal) storage capacity, and provides for
filtered, heated, chilled, ultraviolet sterilized and raw (unaltered) sea-
water. The submersible intake collector was especially designed to with-
stand strong surf conditions at the open-coastal laboratory location.
Operations of the laboratory are described and major equipment items,
and systems are discussed in detail.

INTRODUCTION

In 1970 the California Department of Fish and Game established a
Marine Culture Laboratory at Granite Canyon, located about 19 kilo-
meters (12 miles) south of Monterey on State Highway 1 (Figure 1).
This laboratory was developed to: (i) explore the feasibility for mass
cultivation of selected marine species, (ii) improve existing maricul-
ture techniques and (iii) develop selective shellfish strains that possess
desirable characteristics for mariculture. Funds for the Laboratory
development and operations are provided in part under the Bartlett
Commercial Fisheries Eesearch and Development Act (P.L. 88-309).

The initial planning phase for the Marine Culture Laboratory began
in 1965. Early effort was directed towards selection of a suitable loca-
tion. High priority considerations included good quality sea-water
and a central geographic location. The coast south of Monterey met
both these criteria.

The laboratory site at Granite Canyon is located in an undeveloped
open coastal region bordered by precipitous granitic formations that
rise 24.4 m (80 ft) or higher from the ocean. The steep seacliffs and
rugged open coastal location is subjected to severe wave action, partic-
ularly during winter storm periods. This necessitated the design of a
sturdy sea-water collector and pumping system.

The main laboratory (Figure 2), at 30.5 m (100 ft) above sea level,
was originally constructed as a U.S. Navy missile tracking station.
Few alterations were necessary in the conversion of the building into
an adequate laboratory. The most challenging task was to install a
satisfactory sea-water system, including adequate drainage from wet
laboratory areas.

Prior to construction of the sea-water system project biologists
visited several marine laboratories and oceanariums along the Cali-
fornia-Oregon coast. Valuable knowledge was obtained from these

' Accepted for publication October 1973.

(4)

MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY

36° 42'

MONTEREY
BAY

PT PINOS

PACIFIC
OCEAN

MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY
GRANITE CANYON

MAP

AREA

FIGURE 1. The central California coast showing the location of the Marine Culture Labora-
tory south of Monterey.

visits, enabling us to evaluate the merits and shortcomings of various
sea-water system designs and components. Information obtained served
as a guide in designing the sea-water system, and selecting equipment.
A wealth of literature exists on sea-water systems. Particularly note-
worthy is a collection of papers edited by Clark and Clark (1964).
However most sea-water systems incorporate some unique feature or

6 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

harbor a quirk or "bug" that was not envisaged in the design phase.
Therefore it behooves those involved in sea-water system design and
operations to publish their findings, so that others may avoid serious
pitfalls and accordingly benefit from proven systems.

SEA-WATER INTAKE AND DELIVERY SYSTEM

The sea-water pumping and delivery system to the laboratory con-
sists of a collector unit anchored on the seafloor, housing dual sub-
mersible pumps, dual delivery pipes to a main storage reservoir of
75,700 liters (20,000 gal), and dual delivery lines from the main
storage reservoir to the laboratory (Figure 3).

The collector weighs approximately 9,000 kg (10 tons). It is con-
structed of two 50.8 cm (20 inch) diameter asbestos pipes 2.54 cm (1
inch) thick and 3.96 m (13 ft) long. Centered inside each 50.8 cm
pipe is a 25.4 cm (10 inch) diameter asbestos pipe of the same length
and thickness as the outer pipe. The space between the two pipes is
filled with 9.5 mm (|-inch) diameter gravel. One submersible pump
is sleeved inside each 25.4 cm asbestos pipe. Both the 25.4 cm and
50.8 cm asbestos pipes are slotted to allow water passage. The gravel
pack serves to filter large particles and debris that could clog or
damage the pump impellers, yet is coarse enough to allow passage of
small planktonic organisms. The asbestos pipes, gravel pack and pumps
are all contained within a framework of 10.2 cm (4 inch) tubular
steel pipes with 12.7 mm (^-inch) thick steel endplates (Figure 4).
This entire assembly is anchored on the seafloor at a depth of 4.8 m
(15 ft), reinforced with steel and 4.2 m^ (12 yd^) of concrete.

FIGURE 2. Marine Culture Laboratory, Granite Canyon. The main laboratory building is to
the right, and the holding laboratory and attached greenhouse to the left. Photo-
graph by Glen Bickford.

MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY

DRAIN- OVERFLOW PIPE

ELECTRICAL &
PUMP REMOVAL BOX

1^ PVC CHECK VALVE

PVC BALL VALVE
dQ PUMP

DRAIN -

NATURAL SEAWATER
U.VTREATED SEAWATER-'^ "^-HEATED SEAWATER

FIGURE 3. Schematic of the sea-water intake, storage and delivery system. Drawing by Robert
E. Smith.

The 10-hp submersible pumps (F. E. Myers, "S.C.S." series), each
have four cast iron impellers and are rated at 568 liters (150 gal)
per min. The pump impellers and casing are epoxy coated. The pump
impeller shaft is stainless steel. Water is pushed from the pumps
through 10.2 cm polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes to the 75,700 liter
redwood storage reservoir situated 36.6 m (120 ft) above sea level.
This storage reservoir is lined with 0.25 mm (10 mil) thick, clear,
polyethylene film. Dual 10.2 cm PVC pipes deliver sea-water from
the main storage reservoir to the laboratory by gravity flow. The main
storage reservoir is located 6.1 m (20 ft) above the laboratory level.

The main function of the dual pumping and sea-water delivery sys-
tem is to minimize fouling by marine organisms. This is accomplished
by monthly alternating use of the delivery lines. Settled organisms
desiccate and die in the pipe not in use. Appropriate valves are pro-
vided throughout the dual piping system such that sea-water can flush
out pipes and be shunted to drain. This is an absolute necessity when
pipes and pumps are alternated so as to avoid contamination of labora-
tory water by dead organisms accumulated in the pipe that had been
shut-down. The dual pump and sea-water delivery system also serves
to provide a back-up during maintenance or repair operations, or when
emergency situations arise.

8

CALIFORXIA FISH AXD GAME

SEA-WATER FILTRATION AND STERILIZATION

At tlir- main laboratory buildin!,' the sea-wal'-r di-Wvcry pipes bi-
furcate; ojif; 7.6 cm ('j ineli; pipe enters the hiborjitory direr^tly as
natural or "raw" sea-water and provides plfinkton to filter feeding
or{?anisrns. The rerriaininj/- 7.G f-m supply fjifn- passes into ;i two stage
high transport sand fill ration system Hijiker P^'iltr'sition Co., Model
I1RE-2.'jG;. Filtration to approximately lo u ('0.59 mil; is nr-hieved
with these units. These high transport sand filters require periodic
backwashin^- 1o flush aeeuniuhitr-d m;iteri;il 1l);it eh^^'-s tli'- fijiej- mcdi;].
In this system it is a manual process and requires approxinjately ."j niin
for each filter. The frequency of backwash ing varies depenrling upon
the amount of partieubite matter being pumfjed throu^'h the delivery
pipes and has varied from daily to weekly, or slightl}' l'jn^'-er\

Filtered water nor-majly pas.ses directly into the laboratcjry, liowever,
valving is provided to shunt part of the filtererl water into a 180,250
liter ('5,000 gah storage reservoir. This stored, filtered sea-water is
iisefl U) supply the laboratory while tlii' l<aker filtej-s ar-e bcjn^'- l^aek-
washcfi. This assures a continuous supfjiy of filtei-cd .sea-water in the
laboratory.

Additional flit rat icjii is prov'ided in the hi hr^ratory to 10. 5 or I ].t
(0.39, 0.20, an'l 0.01 mil re-pcft l\e| v ^ by employing l^'ilterite e;irt ridge
filters (Filterite (.'orfjoration;. OAP' calibrated polypropylene strainer
bags (G.A.I''. <^'orporation y are jilso user] for particular applications
and provide an effectivf;, inexpensive nietlKjd of filtering sea-water.

INTAKE SLOTS -1/8" AT I" CENTER::

BESTOS- CEMENT SHELL

UBMERSIBLE PUMP-208V0LT
'MAT ll6'-IOH,P-3 PHASE

0"ASBESTOS- CEMENT LINER
3.5" ASPHALT COATED IRON PIPE
i/H'- POUNDED PEA GRAVEL

(<».aH.TIU« - I'Hjy

<?"EXTRA STRONG STEEL PIPE-90'LONG
■4"PVC DISCHARGE PIPE

FIGURE 4. Illustration of the ieawator collector unit housing the dual submersible pumpi.
Technical drawing by Robert E. Smith.

MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY

FIGURE 5. The main 10-fube UV unit. Panel on the right indicates efficiency of UV lamps.
The Vanton pump used for circulating warmed sea-water is at the bottom of the
photo. Photograph by Arthur W. Haseltine.

Bacterial control is accomplished ^vitll a 10 lain]) ultraviolet (UV)
unit (Steri-Tronics International, IModel SWIj 80/120), rated at 997o
bacterial removal for 303 to 454 liters/min (80 to 120 gpm) water
flows. The UV unit is positioned in the filtered water system just inside
the laboratory (Figure 5). A secondary, two-tube UV unit (A(iuafine
Corporation, *]\Iodel ]\IP-2 — PVC) is connected to a l^i filtered sea-water
line and used in forage culture operations where bacterial control is
extremely critical.

HEATING AND CHILLING SEA-WATER
A check valve arrangement allows passage of filtered sea-water, on
demand, into the heated sea-water system. This system is comprised
of a PYREX brand modular heat exchanger (Model (iOO GNB), a
500,000 BTU freshwater boiler, and a 'rhii plastic lined jnimp (Vanton,
Chem-Gard, Model CG-PY200). This pump operates eontinuoiusly to
circulate the warmed water and insure uniform temperatures through-
out the system. Sea-water temperature is controlled automatically by
a pneumatic valve positioned in the freshwater ])ipe, between the boiler
and heat exchanger. This pneimiatic valve is connected to, and actuated
through a control panel. A temperature sensor, positioned in the heated
sea-water pipe, is also connected 1o this panel. The control panel
records heated and ambient sea-water temperatures, and contains a
salinometer (Beckman Model RA5).

10

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Heated sea-water is used in a variety of applications that include ;
conditioning of animals for spawning, inducing them to spawn by
thermal shock, establishing temperature regimes for optimal growth
and survival, and determination of thermal tolerance limits.

Sea-water is chilled by means of portable refrigeration units (Frigid
Units Inc., Model DI-33-T) that are designed to mount above selected
reservoirs. These chiller units incorporate a titanium circulator that
is in contact with sea-water; however this metal is inert, and does not
release toxic ions.

LABORATORY COMPLEX

The main laboratory building comprises about 335 m- (3,600 ft^)
of floor space. The sea-water system itself passes through three wet
laboratories contained within the main structure. Inclusive is a 93 m^
(1,000 ft-) conditioning and spawning laboratory, a 32.5 m- (350
ft") laboratory for culturing larval stages, and a forage culture labora-
tory of 46.5 m^ (500 ft-). Sea-water circulates through each laboratory
by means of an overhead, trapeze supported assembly of pipes (Figure
6). These pipes are arranged in a loop-system to minimize "dead-
ends" where toxic materials could accumulate. Appropriate valving
is provided so line floAv can be stopped to individual laboratories with-
out disrupting other services. Provisions are included in the raw water
line for ease of disassembly so that fouling organisms can be mechani-
cally removed. This removal is accomplished by sleeving a PVC pipe,
one size less in diameter, through the fouled pipe. Additionally a heat

FIGURE 6. The conditioning and spawning laboratory showing the trapeze supported piping
assembly, and layout of water tables and reservoirs. Photograph by Vince Arrant.

MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY 11

treatment clean-out is provided, employing freshwater, to eradicate
fouling* organisms.

Nearly one-half the conditioning and spawning laboratory wet area
is occupied by three movable water tables. The water tables are con-
structed of oak wood frames and have epoxy coated, fiberglassed ply-
wood water bath inserts. These inserts have inside dimensions of 5.13
m (16.8 ft) by 0.90 m (2.9 ft) by 0.13 m (0.4 ft) deep. Fiberglass
aquaria of 75 liter (approximately 20 gal) capacity are normally posi-
tioned on these water tables to hold and condition shellfish.

Two sinks, similar to the water tables, and positioned near them,
serve to spawn shellfish such as oysters and abalones. These sinks have
inside dimensions of 0.90 m by 0.91 m (nearly 3 ft) by 0.13 m deep.

Additional reservoirs in the conditioning and spawning laboratory
have both circular and rectangular configurations, are flat bottomed,
and are constructed of fiberglass (manufactured by Frigid Units, Inc.),
The rectangular reservoirs have inside dimensions of 2.07 m (6.8 ft)
by 0.55 m (1.8 ft) by 0.52 m (1.7 ft) deep. Kemovable, plastic screened,
partitions are provided for these reservoirs. The circular reservoirs
have an inside diameter of 1.22 m (4 ft), are 0.76 m (2.5 ft) high,
and have a centrally located standpipe. Circular tanks are particularly
useful for maintaining adult ovigerous crustaceans in a continuous
flowing water system. To retain newly-hatched swimming larvae in
these circular tanks a plastic framed, nylon screened "box" is fitted
over the standpipe (figure 7).

Nylon screen (NYTEX brand, manufactured by Tobler, Ernst and
Traber, Inc.) is used in the laboratory for several applications. This
screen is available in a wide assortment of mesh sizes. NYTEX screen
is particularly useful for fabricating sieves. In this application we bond
the NYTEX to 15.2 cm (6 inch) diameter PVC pipes, of varjdng
lengths, using PVC cement. These sieves have proven invaluable for
screening larvae.

The larvae culture laboratory contains two water tables constructed
of the same materials as those in the conditioning and spawning lab-
oratory. However, the water bath inserts are shorter and deeper, having
inside dimensions of 2.17 m (7.1 ft) by 0.90 m by 0.25 m (0.8 ft) deep.
These water tables function to maintain uniform bath temperatures
for animals.

Also located in the larvae culture laboratory are four circular, fiber-
glass reservoirs. Two have cone shaped bottoms with drain valves at
the apex. These reservoirs are used principally for culturing oyster
larvae, and are patterned after those frequently observed in oyster
hatcheries. The remaining two circular reservoirs have concave bottoms
and measure 1.05 m (3.4 ft) in diameter by 1.3 m (4.3 ft) tall and are
also used principally in oyster culture operations.

The forage culture laboratory contains space for culturing phyto-
plankton and zooplankton, and for cleaning, sterilizing, and storing
glassware. A large portion of this laboratory has a low, corrugated
fiberglass ceiling to aid in maintaining desired temperatures. Also, this
laboratory contains a sink similar to those in the conditioning and
spawning laboratory, and shelving for holding 19 liter (5 gal) Pyrex
carboys used for algae cultures. To enhance algal growth, fluorescent
lamps (40 w bulbs) are affixed above the carboy shelves. Two major

12

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

FIGURE 7. Circular, flat bottomed fiberglass reservoir depicting the screened box over the
standpipe for retention of shellfish larvae. Photograph by Arthur W. Haseltine.

equipment items occupy the forage culture laboratory ; a 0.55 m^
(19.6 ft^) autoclave, custom designed for this project (Dundon Iron
Works, San Francisco), and a 183 cm by 244 cm (6 ft by 8 ft) walk-in
environmental room (Controlled Environments, Inc., Model C608),
used for maintaining small algae cultures. Miscellaneous equipment in
the forage culture laboratory includes : a shaker bath, centrifuge, color-
imeter— spectrophotometer, UV transfer hood, drying oven, and a fresh
water demineralizer-distillation unit.

Drainage from wet laboratory areas could not be accomplished by
the usual method of channeling the floor due to the existing building
design. Therefore raised duck-boards were constructed, drain pipes
were located beneath them, and the floor was sealed with layers of
hot-tarred felt paper. All drain pipes vent out one side of the building.
Contained water then passes into a 15.2 cm collector pipe that runs
the length of the building and directs drain water back to the ocean.

Adjacent to the main laboratory is a 65 m- (700 ft-) building that
serves to hold shellfish and provides space for rearing juveniles on a
pilot-scale basis. Keservoir capacities in this structure range from
600 to 4,000 liters (about 158 to 1,000 gal). All reservoirs are con-
structed of fiberglass; those of larger capacity are circular and have a
flat bottom.

Attached to the holding facility is a 28 m^ (300 ft-) greenhouse
designed for mass algae cultivation. The greenhouse roof and one-half
the side walls are constructed of transluscent fiberglass panels to utilize

MARINE CULTURE LABORATORY 13

solar effects and enhance algal "blooms". Here, single species of
unicellular algae are cultured in 700 liter (about 185 gal) circular,
flat bottomed reservoirs.

LABORATORY OPERATIONS

Biological studies commenced in December, 1970. A multi-species
approach was decided upon that includes both crustaceans and mol-
lusks.

Priority species under investigation include the red abalone, Haliotis
rufescens, the Pacitic oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and the spot prawn,
Pandalus platyceros. Culture studies have also been accomplished on
the market crab, Cancer magister, and to a limited extent, on the spiny
lobster, Panulirus interruptus.

Red Abalone

The red abalone study is to examine known culture techniques, and
develop new techniques in order to enhance the mariculture potential
of this species.

Pacific Oyster

The Pacitic oyster study is to develop a resistant strain. This oyster
frequently experiences high summer mortalities in commercial growing
areas of central and northern California. Causative factors of these
mortalities are largely unknowTi. The study approach was to select old
oyster stock known to have survived several high mortality periods,
spawn these and distribute the progeny onto growing beds. The as-
sumption being that the adult stock had developed an inherent resist-
ance to the factor (s) responsible for summer mortalities and would
transmit this to their offspring.

Successful Pacific oyster spaT^mings and seed (spat) sets were ob-
tained in the spring and fall of 1972. These progeny were distributed
onto growing beds and a quarterly monitoring program was estab-
lished. It is anticipated that the progeny of the 1972 spawnings will
be returned to the laboratory in late 1973 for spawning of a second
generation of oysters, hopefully possessing good survival characteristics.

Spot Prawn

Research upon the mass cultivation of the spot pra^\^l has been in
progress since March, 1971. The spot prawai is the object of a limited.
but valuable local fishery. They grow to a relatively large size. Wild
stocks harvested from the fishery have a heads-on count of 8.8 to
22.0/kg (4 to 10/lb). In the laboratory the spot prawn lends itself ex-
ceedingly well to mass cultivation procedures. However the growth
rate needs to be improved in order to achieve an economically feasible
venture. One-year-old laboratory cultured spot prawns, nurtured on
a diet of mixed natural foods, average 21.7 mm (0.85 inch) carapace
lengths, and have an average weight of 7.1 g (0.016 lb).

Market Crab

The market crab was successfully reared through the five zoeal
stages, the megalopa, and to the first crab instar. However, extensive
mortalities occurred at each developmental stage and only a small
number obtained the first crab instar. Cause of the high mortalities is
unknown.

14 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Forage Culture

Forage culture represents an integral and specialized element of the
overall laboratory operations. Close coordination must be maintained
with shellfish hatching periods to insure adequate quantities and types
of forage for larval shellfish. At the Marine Culture Laboratory uni-
cellular algae species such as Isochrysis galhana, Monochrysis lutheri
and Phaeodactylum tricornutum are routinely cultured for oyster lar-
vae rearing, experimental feeding to crustacean larvae, and supple-
mental feeding to adult filter-feeding mollusks.

The brine shrimp, Artcmia salina, is the principal zooplanktor cul-
tured. It serves as forage for certain crustacean larvae (e.g. spot prawn,
market crab and spiny lobster). Additional zooplanktors cultured and
examined for suitability as forage include copepods, and larvae of the
echiurid worm, Urechis caupo.

CONCLUSIONS

The Marine Culture Laboratory at Granite Canyon represents a
new discipline within the California Department of Fish and Game's
overall structure. The inception of this laboratory is timely since man
is in the midst of a mariculture (sea farming) development phase on
a near-worldwide scale.

Many countries are increasingly looking to mariculture as a means
of better management and utilization of marine resources. It is evident
that, for various reasons, California's shellfish resources are not sus-
taining. It is anticipated that the California Department of Fish and
Game's Marine Culture Laboratory, with its central geographic loca-
tion, good water quality, well designed sea-water system, and versatile
program for developing culture techniques, will play an active role in
developing the science of mariculture and improving California's shell-
fish resources.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to Paul W. Wild, a former project member, who
provided valuable assistance in the design and installation of the labo-
ratory sea-water system. Harold Orcutt and Robson A. Collins offered
editorial assistance.

REFERENCES

Clark, John R. and Roberta L. Clark (editors). 1964. Sea-water systems for
experimental aquariums. A collection of papers. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Res.Rep.
63, 192 p.

Calif. Fish and Game, 00(1) : 15-22. 1974.

NOTES ON COLLECTION OF SHINER PERCH,

CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA IN BODEGA

HARBOR, CALIFORNIA^

EVELYN SHAW, JOHN ALLEN,^ and RICHARD STONE ^

Department of Biological Sciences
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305

During the summer of 1971, we recorded the distribution and repro-
ductive condition of Cymatogaster aggregata, found in Bodega Harbor.
Adults were abundant during June and early July, declining in August,
with a simultaneous numerical increase of young of the year. Adults
were primarily found in the environs of Gaffney Point and young of the
year were primarily found at Spud Point and the environs of Doran
Beach.

Gravid females were found during the early part of the summer as
were males with freely flowing seminal fluid. During the late summer
the females were inseminated and seminal fluid was absent in many
adult males.

Patterns of distribution in relation to reproductive condition are dis-
cussed.

INTRODUCTION

The first extensive collections of the shiner perch, Cymatogaster
aggregata Gibbons, in Bodega Harbor. California, were made by ns
during the summer of 1971. This paper presents the results of these
collections with emphasis on the distribution and the reproductive
condition of the fish. It furthers the study initiated by Shaw (1971)
and will allow comparison with otlier studies of C. aggregata along
the Californian and Canadian coasts.

AAATERIAL AND METHODS
Description of the Study Area

Ten sampling areas (Figure 1) were chosen in Bodega Harbor, a
protected harbor 60 miles north of San Francisco Bay at lat 38° 19' N.
The harbor channel is maintained by periodic dredging, and the pro-
tecting breakwater is man-made.

Water movement in the harbor is a result of tidal action, and there
are no major freshwater inflow /s. Salinity (Milton Boyd, pers. comm.)
is affected only by rainfall and is maintained at sp gr 1.33 during the
summer months. The water temperature in the shallower areas ranged
from 10 to 25 C, but is a fairly constant 15 C in the deeper parts during
the summer, remaining 2 to 2.5 C higher than the open ocean.

The substrate of the harbor is a combination of sand and mud. Large
beds of eel grass, Zostcra sp., are exposed at the lower tides and large
masses of algae, Enteromorpha sp. and Viva sp. are found intertidally
during the summer months. Viva sp. was concentrated primarily at
South Gaffney, Gaffney Pt. and the Dorms.

1 Accepted for publication September 1973.

2 Department of Zoolog-y, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.

3 Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California 95616.

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16

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Location of collecting areas in Bodega Harbor

N

Mystery Spot

Harbor Fisherieis

South Gaffney

Campbell Cove

Gaffney Pt

H

FIGURE 1. Location of collecting areas in Bodega Harbor.

Method of Collection

The main collections were made using either of two beach seines,
each 30 m lonj? by 1.6 m higli. The mesh of one was 1 cm, while the
other had mesh of three sizes (0.8, 0.5, and 0.2) with the mesh size
decreasing towards the center of the seine. The seine was pulled manu-
ally 33 to 66 m from shore to depths up to 1.6 m. Each sweep covered
an area 20 m wide and about 36 m in length. Two collections were
made using a 5.0 m ottei- trawl (mesh sizes of 2.0 cm, 1.5 cm, on the
outer bag, and 0.5 cm on the inner bag) in the deeper portions of the
harbor down to approximately 4 m in depth. Fish were usually col-
lected at or around the high tides, either at ebb or flow.

SHINER PERCH STUDY 17

After each collection the number of adult males, adult females, and
young of the year were counted. Based on the collections of the year
before (1971), young of the year were considered to be fish of less
than 6.0 cm in length, and adults were considered to be fish of more
than 6.5 cm in length. This was a natural separation, since very few
fish 6.0 to 6.5 cm were found. A total of 10,503 fish was collected from
104 seine hauls and two otter trawls. Fish taken for laboratory analysis
totaled 1,021. These were measured and their reproductive condition
was determined. The major portion of the collection was returned to
the harbor as quickly as possible with a minimum of handling.

It is likely that a number of fish were re-collected. However, since
our principle goal was not to determine numbers of fish, but rather
to determine reproduction condition and distribution of young and
adults, the occurrence of re-collection does not interfere with the
suitability of the data.

Laboratory Analysis
Males

Adult males (fish more than 6.5 cm in length) and young of the
year males (fish less than 6.0 cm in length) were examined to see if
secondary sexual characteristics were developing or had developed. If
a male had developed secondary sexual characteristics, its abdominal
wall was squeezed to see if the male was producing freely flowing
seminal fluid.

If no freely flowing seminal fluid was obtained, the testes were
excised, crushed on a microscope slide, bathed by a drop or two of
Ringer's solution and examined under a magnification of 46X. The
Ringer's solution enhanced the motility of mature spermatozoa, making
them easier to identify (Shaw 1971).

Females

Gravid females in an advanced state were easily identified by their
greatly distended abdominal walls. Their ovaries were dissected and
the embros counted and measured. Smears of the ovary, made by crush-
ing the ovary and mixing it with Ringer's solution, were examined for
the presence of motile spermatozoa.

The ovaries of nongravid females were also examined for the presence
of motile spermatozoa. Initially, a capillary pipette was inserted ap-
proximately 5 mm into the genital aperture. Some ovarian fluid was
withdrawn and treated with Ringer's solution. If spermatozoa were
not found in the fluid, the ovary was excised and treated as above.

Young of the year females were checked for the presence of sper-
matozoa in the same manner.

RESULTS

The first major collection of adults was made at Gaffney Pt. in May.
In February to April attempts to locate adults at Spud and Gaffney
Pts. were unsuccessful. At that time the water temperature was around
9 C and algae were absent from Spud and Gaffney points. However,
about the third week in May, Enteromorpha sp. became abundant, water
temperature rose to 13 to 14 C and the first major collection was made.
Regular collecting began on June 17.

During the entire summer, adults comprised the major portion of
the collections at Campbell Cove, South Gaffney, Gaffney Point, and

2—85456

18

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the Dorms. The young of the year were collected mainly at Spud Point,
Masons, Mystery Spot, Harbor Fisheries, Southeast Point, and Doran
Beach. At Campbell Cove, and at Mystery Spot, fish were not often
found. Adults were found most abundantly near the Gaffney area, and
young were found most abundantly around Doran Beach, and Spud
Point. The large number of young at Mystery Spot were taken in one
haul on August 17. Adults collected at Spud Point, Masons, Mystery
Spot, Harbor Fisheries, Southeast Point, and Doran Beach were taken
during the early part of the summer, but few adults were found there
later (Table 1).

TABLE 1. Number of Collections and Composition of Collections

Location

Number

of

seine sweeps

Percent of

sweeps in

which fish

were caught

Total

number

of fish

Number of
females

Number of
males

Number of
juveniles

Campbell Cove.-

South Gaffney

Gaflfney Point

Dorms

10

8

18

10

13

6

9

6

11

13

50
100

94

80
100
100

55
100
100
100

98

201
1,168

253
1,679

226
1,013

125
3,674

166

30
165
339
150
177

11
4

33
198
464

68

36
823

93
290

30
5

37
197
148

0

0

.6

10

Spud Point

Masons.

Mystery Spot

Harbor Fisheries.
Southeast Point..
Doran Beach

1,212
185
1,004
55
3,179
1,554

Totals..

104

10,503

1,571

1,727

7,205

As the summer progressed there was a distinct decline in the number
of adults collected. During the latter half of June about 2,500 adults
were collected, sexed, and returned to the harbor. During July and
August the number collected dropped to approximately 300 a month.
Concomitantly, the number of collected young increased from 25 in
June to about 7,000 in the July and August collections (Table 2).

The overall sex ratio for the adults was 1.15 males/females. However,
some samples showed ratios ranging from 4.2 males/females to 0.31
males/females. We measured 339 females, ranging in size from 6.5 to
12.5 cm SL. The mean length was 10.1 cm. The females tended to be
larger than the 281 males we measured, which had a range of 6.5 to
11.0 cm SL and a mean of 9.1 cm.

Reproductive Conditions
Adult Females

We dissected 339 females and cla.ssified them as (i) nongravid, not
inseminated, (ii) nongravid, inseminated, or (iii) gravid. A total of

29 gravid females was examined and found not inseminated (Table
3). Only four gravid females were taken at Campbell Cove although

30 females were collected there during the summer months. Gravid
females were found consistently until the second week of July at South
Gaffney, Gaffney Point, and the Dorms. After that, the number of in-
seminated females increased and the number of gravid females de-
creased. At Southeast Point and Doran Beach, 38 gravid females were
taken on July 17. These fish had highly distended abdomens and ap-
peared to be close to giving birth. Few adult females, regardless of
condition, were found there later than July 17.

SHINER PERCH STUDY

19

TABLE 2. Percentages of Adult Males, Females and Young of the Year
Collected During Two Month Period

Number

Percentages

Dates

Females

Males

Juveniles

6/17-6/30

2,615
1,551
3,448
865
2,024

45.1

3.8

3.25

22.0

1.6

50.6

3.4

4.35

12.4

1.9

4 3

7/ 2-7/15

92 8

7/16-7/30.

92 5

8/ 2-8/11

8/13-8/24

65.6
96 5

10,503

TABLE 3. Collecting Locations, Dates, and Reproduction Condition

Adult Females, Males

Date

Campbell Cove

7/12

8/ 2

8/11

8/24

South Gafifney,

Gafifney Point,
Dorms

5/ 5

5/25

6/ 5

6/17

6/21

6/29

7/ 4 —

7/12

7/16 .-

7/27

8/ 3

8/ 9

Spud Point

6/19

6/28

7/22

8/24

Masons, Mystery Spot,
Harbor Fisheries

6/25

7/11

8/11

8/17

Southeast Point, Doran Beach

6/22

6/26

7/17

7/27

8/ 9..

Females

Total

N*

9

4

16

4

14
13
30
25
15
23
17

9
12

5
19
29

12

No females

2

6

11

7

6

No females

19

10

38

9

3

N
Gt

14
12
29
22
13
17
11
1

1

4

12
1

17

9

38

1

N
NMSt

N
MSt

6

2

15

4

3
1
8
6
4
18
24

K?)
1

Males

Total

N*

7
2

13
7

5

5

5

23

41

28

16

2

7

3

8

16

12

4
0
8

10
3

10
9

1

14
no data
1

4

N with
motile
sperm

2

11

7

0
0
0
0
0
8
9
2
6
3
8
16

2

2

10

7

* N = Fish examined and/or dissected in the laboratory.

t G = Gravid; NMS = No motile sperm detected in ovary; MS = Motile sperm detected in ovary.

20 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Embryos

Approximately 500 embryos were measured to obtain total length.
At South Gaffney, Gaffnej- Point, and the Dorms, in early June, the
measurements ranged from 12 to 16 mm, and in late June from 17 to
28 mm. In late June at Harbor Fisheries, the embryonic length ranged
from 20 to 35 mm, and at Southeast Point and Doran Beach from 25
to 39 mm. The number of embryos in each ovary ranged from 6 to 10
with the larger females carrying the greater number of young. Birth
occurs when the embryos are 35 to 40 mm in length.

Adult males

We examined 281 males for the presence of motile sperm. A number
of males contained motile sperm in June, and by early July virtually
all fish had motile sperm (Table 3).

Young o^ the year females

A total of 213 young of the year females was dissected. Inseminated
fish were first found in the collections made during the last week of
July. About 25% (N = 15) of these harbored sperm. Subsequently, the
percentage hovered around 35 to 40% (N r= 81), and, during the last
week of August, about 65 %o (N = 29) of the fish, all 39 to 46 mm in
length, had been inseminated.

Young of the year males

Dissections were made of 188 males (37 to 50 nun in length). Dur-
ing the first week of July motile spermatozoa were found in crushed
testes. Freely flowing milt was occasionally obtained during the last
week of July. Although freely flowing seminal fluid was not regularly
obtained during that period, the testes contained motile spermatozoa
in about 50% of the males. After that period the percentage declined
to 30%.

Motile spermatozoa were always obtained when the bulbous ap-
pendages had developed. However, motile spermatozoa were sometimes
noted in young males in which only the anterior edge of the anal fin
had thickened and no other characteristics had appeared. Freely flow-
ing seminal fluid was noted in two fish which had no secondary sexual
characteristics whatsoever.

DISCUSSION

The results of this survey extend and corroborate the findings of
Shaw (1971) regarding reproductive condition and distribution of
C. aggregata in Bodega Harbor. She found adults primarily at Gaffney
Point and young of the year primarily at Spud Point. However, she
did not make collections in the entire harbor, and thus we are unable
to compare our additional findings regarding distribution at other
locations. Shaw divided her fish into three size groups : juveniles, young
adults, and adults. These groups do not correspond, in size, to our
groups.

Adults are not found at Gaffney Point during the winter and early
spring, but they are common there during the late spring and summer.
Eigenmann (1894) reports an abundance of adults, particularly fe-
males, during the winter in San Francisco and San Diego Bays and
states that during the summer and fall this species is rarely seen. Bane

SHINER PERCH STUDY 21

and Robinson (1971) report the presence of one year old fish and
young of the year during March in Newport Bay, Southern California.
The young of the year seem to disappear in April and May, and re-
appear again in June. One year old adults, however, are found in
April and May, not in June, evidently reappear in July and finally
disappear in August, leaving only j^oung in the harbor. The adults
are found at that time in the ocean. Gordon (as reported by Weibe,
1968) observed, in early June, fish moving into shallow water as dis-
tinct schools of yearling males, followed by adult males, then adult
females. The first week in July, according to Gordon, is the peak
spawning period, and adults move into deeper water during the day,
but back into shallow water at night. It is possible that the decrease in
our catch of adults during July and August resulted from the adults'
being in waters too deep for a seine sweep during the day. However,
once mating has occurred, the adults may move out of the harbor into
the ocean.

The major point to emerge from the comparison of our collections to
the literature is- that there is some inconsistency between studies. Con-
trary to our findings of when Cymatogastcr appears in Bodega Harbor,
Eigenmann (1894) did not find adults (in San Francisco Bay) in the
summer, and Bane and Robinson did not find adults (in Newport Bay)
in June. Only in Weibe in 1968, reporting Gordon's research, is there
similarity to our results. We are left without clear explanation as to
the cause of these differences in the adult populations. They may be
artifacts of collecting or real differences in distribution and patterns of
movement between the fisl) found in southern California, in San Fran-
cisco Bay, and in Bodega Harbor.

Females in different reproductive condition were found at specific
locations in the harbor. Gravid females were collected at South Gaff-
ney, Gaffney Point, the Dorms, Spud Point, Southeast Point, and
Doran Beach during June. During July and August nongravid in-
seminated females were found mainly at Campbell Cove, South Gaff-
ney, Gaffney Point, and the Dorms, and few females were collected at
Southeast Point and Doran Beach. Young of the year were not found
at Campbell Cove, South Gaffney, Gaffney Point, and the Dorms, but
were abundant at Southeast Point, Doran Beach, Spud Point, Masons,
Mystery Spot, and Harbor Fisheries. We believe that gravid females
move away from the Gaffney area to the other areas when they are
ready to drop their young. Once the young are dropped, these females
return to the Gaffney area where insemination occurs, or they may be
inseminated as they return to the Gaffney area. It is possible that the
females may bear their young at Gaffney and the young swim quickly
away. However, this is unlikely, since collections would then have
yielded greater numbers of young in the Gaffney area if they were
being born there. The proposition that females bear their young away
from Gaffney is reinforced by the fact that females with the largest
embryos are found at Southeast Point and Doran Beach. The distances
the fish need to travel in the harbor are relatively small, and they may
be attracted to warmer temperatures in the other areas. The food
supply and algae around the harbor appears to be similar at all loca-
tions, except Masons and Mystery Spot, where the collections were
poor. The advantage of dropping young at locations such as Southeast

22 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Point and Doran Beach, rather than at Campbell Cove, South Gaffney,
Gaffney or the Dorms is in need of investigation.

We should like to add that subsequent collections made during the
summer of 1972 repeated the same pattern of distribution found dur-
ing the summer of 1971.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank the staff at the Bodega Marine Labora-
tory, Bodega Bay, California, for their assistance in carrying out these
collections. The research was assisted by an Undergraduate Research
Program grant, GY 8923 and 8924, awarded to The American Museum
of Natural History. Four students participated ; John Allen, Katherine
Lyon, Charles Mohr, and Richard Stone.

REFERENCES

Bane, G. and M. Robinson. 1970. Studies on the shiner perch. Cymaiogaster
aggregata Gibbons, in Upper Newport Bay, California. Wasmann J. Biol. 28 (2) :
259-268.

Eigenmann, C.H. 1894. On the viviparous fishes of the I'acific coast of North
America. Bull. U.S. Fish Coram. Vol. 12, p. 381^78.

Shaw, E. 1971. Evidence of sexual maturation in young adult shiner perch,
Cymaiogaster aggregata Gibbons (Perciformes, Embiotocidae). Amer. Mus. Nov.
2479 : 1-10.

Weibe, J. P. 1968. The reproductive cycle of the viviparous seaperch Cymaio-
gaster aggregata Gibbons. Canadian J. Zool. 46 (6) : 1221-1234.

Calif. Fish and Game, 00(1) : 23-25. 1974.

THE NOMENCLATURE FOR MYSIDS IN THE
SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA ESTUARY^

MARY ANN SIMMONS, RICHARD M. SITTS, JAMES T. ALLEN,
AND ALLEN W. KNIGHT

Department of Water Science and Engineering and Graduate Group in Ecology,
University of California, Davis, California 95616

In consulting the existing literature during the course of laboratory
and field studies, confusion arose as to the exact taxon of the Neomysis
utilized as a test organism. This paper presents historic and taxonomic
evidence for using the name Neomysis intermedia for the mysid from
the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Estuary which has been called Neo-
mysis awatschensis.

INTRODUCTION

Several mysids of the genus Neomysis are found in bracki.sh and
fresh waters from Monterey Bay north along the western coast of North
America (Tattersall 1951). One particular mysid, the opossum shrimp,
is important as a food item in the diet of young-of-the-year striped
bass {Morone saxatilis) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Estuary
System (Heubach et al. 1963). In consulting the existing literature
during the course of our studies, which evaluated temperature and
salinity tolerances, metabolic rate and gut contents of this particular
Neomysis, confusion developed as to the exact taxon of our test or-
ganism. Specimens were, therefore, sent to A. H. Banner to determine
the proper specific name. Since his opinion differs from the currently
cited specific name, this paper presents historic and taxonomic evidence
for transferring the form in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
Estuary System from Neomysis awatschensis (Brandt) to Neomysis
intermedia ( Czerniavsky ) .

DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION

The Neomysis presently identified as Neomysis awatschensis is re-
stricted to the upper reaches of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary
(San Pablo Bay, Suisun Bay, and the Sacramento-San Joaquin River
Delta). Specimens collected from Suisun Bay upstream were all the
same species. Identification was based on keys from Tattersall (1932)
and li (1964). All specimens had a rounded rostrum, with the front
margins concave. The anterio-lateral edges of the rostrum were long
and pointed. The antennal scale was approximately eight times as
long as its width ; the terminal segment of the scale was sharply
pointed and separated by a suture from the remainder of the spine.
The fourth pleopod of the male was elongate, covering most of the
sixth abdominal segment, with the terminal joint being less than one-
fourth the length of the proximal joint. The average adult size, which
depends on season, is 10 to 13 mm.

''■ This research was supported in part by a grant from the Water Resources Council,
project number W243. Accepted for publication September 1973.

(23)

24 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The specimens presently identified as N. awatschensis were initially
identified as A", mercedis by Holmes (1896). His specimens were col-
lected from Lake Merced, California, a freshwater lake on the San
Francisco peninsula. Tattersall (1932), examining- mysids of San
Francisco Bay, found this same species, mostly in samples taken from
regions he classified as the Upper Bay (i.e., San Pablo Bay). On five
occasions a few specimens were collected in Middle and Lower Bay.
In identifying A^. mercedis, Tattersall noted its close resemblance to
A^. intermedia and A^. aivatschensis but described features to distinguish
them. He separated A^. mercedis from A'^. intermedia on the basis of the
length of the antennal scale (eight times as long as broad in A^. mer-
cedis, compared with eleven times in A^. intermedia) and on the pro-
portions of the joints of the fourth pleopod of the male (the terminal
joint is less than one-fourth as long as the proximal joint in N. mer-
cedis, but is half as long in A^. intermedia) .

Tattersall further stated that A^. mercedis and A^. awatschensis can
be separated by color, A'', awatschensis being black, while A^. mercedis
is not black; by size. A'', mercedis being approximately 5 mm longer;
by the number of subsidiary joints on the sixth joint of the thoracic
endopods. A", mercedis having 8 to 10 joints, while A^. awatschensis
has only 3 to 6 ; and finally by the shape of the rostrum, round in A^.
mercedis and pointed in A^ awatschensis.

Between 1896 and 1954, A'', mercedis was the accepted name for this
species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary. Banner (1954) re-
examined three species, A^ mercedis, N. intermedia, and A'', awatschensis,
utilizing specimens obtained primarily from Washington and Alaska.
He found that the characteristics given by Tattersall varied sufficiently
to conclude that the three species were synonymous, and gave them
the oldest name A", awatschensis (Brandt).

This latter designation has been used predominantly in the litera-
ture from the late 1960 's to the present (see Turner and Heubach
1966; Heubach 1969, and Hair 1971).

The latest reclassification occurred in 1964, when li examined the
mysid fauna of Japan. He found sufficient evidence, particularly in
the shape of the rostrum, to justify separation of the two species,
A'', intermedia and A^. awatschensis. The rostrum of A'', awatschensis is
pointed with concave lateral margins, while the rostrum of A^. inter-
media is evenly rounded. li agreed witli Banner that A^. intermedia,
N. mercedis, N. isaza (Marukawa) and some of the previous records of
A'', awatschensis are synonymous and should be called N. intermedia
(Czerniavsky).

Specimens from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary fitting the
description given by Tattersall (1932, 1951) for A^. mercedis, should,
therefore, be designated A'', intermedia. Banner (pers. eomm. February
1973) confirmed our identification and agreed that the appropriate
name is A^. intermedia. The Neomysis referred to in the following litera-
ture are probably A^. intermedia :

= A'^. mercedis, Holmes 1896

= A', mercedis, Tattersall 1932

= JV. mercedis, Tattersall 1951

= N. mercedis, Heubach et al. 1963

= N. awatschensis. Painter 196G

= N. awatschensis. Turner and Heubach, 1966

MYSID NOMENCLATURE 25

= N. aicatschensis, Heubach 1969
=: N. aicatschensis, Hair 1971

N. intermedia is not the only species of the genus Neomysis found
within the San Francisco Bay Eegion. Tattersall (1932) found four
other species, most of them present in collections with X. intermedin.
These four species were .V. macropsis, N. costata (now Acanthomysis
macropsis and A. costata, li 1936), N. franciscoriim (now N. rayii,
Tattersall 1951), and N. kadiakensis. The species now referred to as
A. macropsis and A. costata can be separated from the genus Xcomysis
by the shape of the terminal segment of the antennal scale, this seg-
ment being rounded in Acanthomysis and pointed in Neomysis. N. rayii
and N. kadiakensis have telsons which are long and narrow with numer-
ous lateral spines, separating them from N. intermedia, which has a
short telson and few (12-15) lateral spines.

Painter (1966), in a year long survey of San Pablo and Suisun Bays,
reported only two species of mysids, A. macropsis and .V. awatschensis
(now X. intermedia). X. intermedia was the most abundant mysid and
confined primarily to Suisun Bay except for a flood period, when it
was obtained within the channel in San Pablo Bay, and during June
and July, when it was obtained along the margins of San Pablo Bay.
A. macropsis was apparently confined to San Pablo Bay.

All of the opossum shrimp we have examined were obtained east of
Carquinez Strait and appear homogeneous with regard to species. N.
intermedia, therefor, is the predominant if not the only mysid in the
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay.

REFERENCES

Banner, A. H. 1954, New records of Mysidacea and Euphausiacea from the North-
eastern Pacific and adjacent areas. Pacific Sci. 8:128-131.

Hair, J. R. 1971. Upper lethal temperature and thermal shock tolerances of the
opossum shrimp, Xeomysis aicatschensis, from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estu-
ary, California. Calif. Fish Game 57(1) : 17-27.

Heubach, W. 1969. Neomysis aicatschensis in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estu-
ary. Limol. Oceanog. 14(4) : 533-546.

Heubach, W., R. J. Toth and A. M. McCready. 1963. Food of young-of-the-year
striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River System.
Calif. Fish Game 49(4) :224-239.

Holmes, S. J. 1896. Description of a new schizopod from Lake Merced. Proc.
Calif. Acad Sci. 2nd Series 6 : 199-200.

li, N. 1936. Studies on Japanese Mysidacea. Jap. Jr. Zool. 6(4) :577-619.

li, N. 1964. Fauna Japonica, Mysidae. Biogeographical Society of Japan, Tokyo,
p. 433-164.

Painter, R. E. 1966. Zooplankton of San Pablo and Suisun Bays, In D. W.
Kelley (ed.). Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuarv. Calif.
Dep. Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 133, p. 18-39.

Tattersall, W. M. 1932. Contributions to the knowledge of the Mysidacea of
California. II. The Mysidacea collected during the survey of San Francisco Bav
by the U.S.S. "Albatross" in 1914. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 37 : 315-347.

Tattersall, W. M. 1951. A review of the Mysidacea of the United States National
Museum. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 201 : 1-292.

Turner, J. L. and W. Heubach. 1966. Distribution and concentration of Xeomysis
aicatschensis in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. In D. W. Kelley (ed.), Eco-
logical studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary. Calif. Dep. Fish and
Game, Fish Bull. 133, p. 105-112.

Calif. Fish and Game, 00( 1 ) : 26-^5. 1974.

INFLUENCE OF SIZE OF EGGS AND AGE OF

FEMALE ON HATCHABILITY AND GROWTH

IN RAINBOW TROUT ^

G. A. E. GALL

Department of Animal Science
University of Colifornia, Davis, California 95616

The egg production of 2- and 3-year-old rainbow trout females and
the growth of their progeny to 75 days of age were studied in two
consecutive years to evaluate the effect of egg si;£e and age of female
on size and growth of fingerlings. Age 2 females produced smaller eggs
than age 3 females making it difficult to separate the two effects.

There were significant differences between years and ages of females
in egg volume, egg size, and egg number per female. There was also a
significant year by age interaction which was attributed to differences
between the two genetic stocks used in the study. Age 3 females gave a
higher percent eyed eggs, and larger, more rapidly growing fingerlings.
The age of female effects on fingerling size could be accounted for by
regression on egg size. Fingerling growth was affected by both age of
female and egg size.

INTRODUCTION

Studies of the relationship between fecundity, age. and size of fish
in natural populations have shown that in general larger and older
females produce greater numbers of larger eggs than smaller and/or
younger individuals (Kounsefell 1957; Hanson and Wickwire 1967;
Incerpi and AVarner 1969). Similar results have been found for a
limited number of hatchery-reared stocks of rainbow trout (Buss and
McCreary I960; Gall 1969, 1973). These studies and others (Hempel
and Blaxter 1967; Bagenal 1969) have also demonstrated that the
more fecund females produce smaller eggs. Gall (1973) working with
2-year-old females questioned this relationship for domestic rainbow
trout and suggested that selection for high egg number may have
broken any previously existing correlation.

Many workers have conjectured that egg size has an effect on the
growth and survival of young fry, however, little definitive work has
been carried out (see Bagenal 1969 for review). In a study with Chi-
nook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha), Fowler (1972) suggested
that large eggs produce larger fry than do small eggs and that the
former also grow faster. Age of female and size of eggs were con-
founded in these studies. During an earlier study we observed that
fingerlings from age 3 female rainbow trout appeared to be growing
faster than fingerlings from age 2 females. Since the two age classes
had different e^^j^g sizes and represented fish from two distinct breeding
groups, it was not possible to determine whether the observed differ-
ence in growth was due to size of eggs, age of the female or genetic

' This .study was supported by the CaUfornia Department of Fish and Game through
Dinpell-Johnson Project California F-28-R, "Trout Genetics Study" supported by
Federal Aid to Fish Restoration funds. Accepted for publication September 1973.

(26)

TROUT HATCHIXG AND GROWTH 27

differences between the groups. This report describes the results of an
experiment designed to evaluate the influence of age of female and
size of eggs on fingerling performance. Preliminary results have been
reported elsewhere (Gall 1972).

METHODS

The experiment was performed at the Hot Creek State Hatchery,
Mono County, California and utilized the Hot Creek (ETH) strain
of rainbow trout. The RTH strain is maintained in two distinct genetic
groups (i.e., separate breeding units) each one being reproduced in
alternate years using 2-year-old spawners. Females from each unit
are retained as 3-year-olds, but for production purposes only. In order
to include each genetic group in the study both as age 2 and age 3
females, the experiment was repeated in two consecutive years, 1969
and 1970. AVe define the two genetic groups as ODD year and EVEN
year classes according to the year in which the females were born.
Thus the ODD females were age 2 in 1969 and age 3 in 1970, whereas
the opposite was true for the EVEN females.

In each year 60 females from each age class were spawned in two
groups of 30 females each, hereafter referred to as spawn groups.
Females in spawn group 1 were spawned on September 10 and 12 and
those of spawn group 2 on September 23 and 22 in 1969 and 1970,
respectively. In 1969 females were sorted for ripeness every 7 days
whereas they were sorted every 5 days in 1970. Females were spawned
into individual containers and the eggs of each female fertilized with
milt from a single age 2 male to produce full-sib progeny lots. Lots of
eggs which failed to hatch were discarded and not included in the data.

After the eggs had been water hardened the volume of eggs per
female was measured to the nearest 0.25 oz by allowing the eggs to
settle in a volumetric cylinder. A 1-oz (volume) sample of eggs was
counted to determine egg size. Number of eggs per female was cal-
culated as the product of total volume and egg size. The eggs were
hatched and the fingerlings reared in compartmentalized hatchery
troughs. The dead eggs were removed and counted when each lot was
visibly eyed. The number of eyed eggs M'as then determined by differ-
ence.

The data of hatching was recorded for each lot as the date on which
the majority of the eggs had hatched; the time required for all eggs
in a lot to hatch ranged from 36 to 48 hr. The size of the fingerlings
was determined 25, 50, and 75 days after date of hatching by counting
the number of fish in two 2-oz (weight) samples. The number of finger-
lings present at 75 days was determined by multiplying the total weight
(in ounces) of each lot by the estimated number of fish per ounce.
The average size of fingerlings in each lot was taken as the inverse of
fish per ounce. Fingerling loss was determined as the difference be-
tween the number of eyed eggs and the estimated number of fingerlings
at 75 days after hatching and thus included hatching loss. Growth from
25 to 75 days was estimated for each lot by taking the difference be-
tween average fingerling size at the two ages.

Correlation and regres.sion analyses were performed to evaluate the
relationships among the different characters studied. A preliminary
analysis of variance of the effect of year spawned and age of female

28 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

was also performed on all the data. It was discovered during these
analyses that the data for fingerling loss and weight at 50 days con-
tained a number of inconsistencies. Since it was assumed that errors
were made in recording or estimating these results the two traits were
not analyzed further.

Based on the results of the preliminary analyses, a least-squares
model was developed to provide an analysis to separate, at least par-
tially, the effects of age of female and egg size. These two parameters
were highly correlated with each other so that inference about each
had to be obtained indirectly. The model included number of eggs to
remove its effect on growth of fingerlings. The data for percent eyed
eggs, 25 and 75 day weight, and growth from 25 to 75 days were then
analyzed for the effects of year spawned, spawn group, age of female,
number of eggs, and interactions among year, group, and age effects.
A second analysis was performed using a model which also included
egg size as a regression term. The complete model was defined as
follows :

Yiium = u + Yi + Gj + Ak+YGij +YAik +GAjk +bi (X^j^m - Xi)

+ b2 (Xoijkm — X2) + ejjkm

where

Yijkm = observation on the m**^ lot in the i*'' year and j*'' group

and from k**^ age female
u ^= overall mean

Yi = effect of the i*^ year spawned, i = 1,2
Gj = effect of the j*^ spawn group, j = 1,2
Ak = effect of the k'*^ age of female, k nr 1,2
YGij =: effect of interaction between i*'' year and j*'* group
YAik = effect of interaction between i*^ year and k**^ age of female
GAjk =: effect of interaction between j'** group and k*^ age of female
bi,b2 = regression of egg number and egg size, respectively, on Yijkm
XiijkmjXoijkm =: obscrved egg number and egg size, respectively
Xi,X2 = average egg number and egg size, respectively

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The distribution of egg size was similar in both years, however there
was very little overlap in the size of eggs from 2- and 3-year-old
females which generated a strong correlation (i.e. confounding) be-
tween age of the female and size of eggs spawned (Table 1). The aver-
age performance for all the traits measured is presented in Table 2.
Age 3 females produced a greater volume of larger eggs than age 2
females and consequently a larger number of eggs. The difference in
egg production for 3-year-olds in the 2 years was not expected. It was
also observed that the variance in egg number for 3-year-olds was three-
fold larger in 1969 than in 1970 and was apparently due to some 1969
females producing a large number of eggs. For example, five females
in 1969 produced more than 7,000 eggs, whereas in 1970 only four fe-
males produced in excess of 5,000 eggs. The percent eyed eggs obtained
was slightly higher for 3-year-old females but this appears to have been
offset by a higher fingerling loss.

TEOUT HATCHING AND GROWTH

29

TABLE 1. Distribution of Observations for Egg Size by Year
Spawned and Age of Female

Number of females

1969

1970

1969
all

Class interval

Age 2

Age 3

Age 2

Age 3

1970
all

(No./oz)

under 250 _

'3
3

7
7
9
7
7
4
2

"3
11
10
11
10
2

0

2

1

1
5

9>,

9
13
10

5

1

3

2

8

22

15

7
2
2

3
11

10
11
10
5
3
9
8
9
7
7
4
2

2

250-275 -

275-300

8
22

300-325

15

325-350

7

350-375...

2

375-400 --

3

400-425

5

425-450 -

9

450-475 -.

9

475-500

13

500-525 .

10

525-550

5

550-575 .-

1

3

Total

49

50

56

58

99

114

TABLE 2. Average Performance by Year Spawned and Age of Female. The 1970
Age 3 Females Were the Same Fish as Those Spawned as Age 2 in 1969.
The 1970 Age 2 Females Were Progeny of the 1969 Age 3 Females
When They Were Spawned as Age 2 in 1968

Age of female

Year

2 3

2 3

2 3

1969 -

Egg size

(No./oz)

485 329

483 301

484 315

Eyed eggs

(percent)

77.7 80.2

84.4 91.4

81.0 85.8

25-day weight

(oz X 10-2)

1.69 2.05

1.11 1.42

1.40 1.74

Egg volume

(oz)

6.5 16.2

7.0 12.6

6.8 14.4

Fingerling loss
(percent)

7.9 4.5
10.8 18.8

9.4 11.6

50-day weight

(oz X 10-2)

4.59 4.61

3.58 4.49

4.09 4.55

Egg number

(number)

3120 5302

1970

3341 3773

3230 4537

1969

Growth (25-75 days)

(oz X 10-2)

7.21 8.47

1970

6.70 8.27

Average

6.96 8.37

1969 . -

75-day weight

(oz X 10 2)

8.90 10.51

1970

7.81 9.70

Average

8.36 10.10

Progeny from age 3 females were heavier at 25, 50, and 75 days of
age. The difference was not significant at 50 days probably due to
discrepancies in the data noted earlier. In addition, the fingerlings
from age 3 females grew 20% more rapidly than those from 2-year-olds.
These observations are consistent with the conclusion drawn from
selection data (Gall, unpublished) that size and growth differences
found at young ages contain a large maternal component. Kincaid

30

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

(1972) has suggested that maternal effects are considerably reduced
by 150 days of age.

Analysis of variance of mean performance by year and age of female
demonstrated significant year, age, and year x age interaction effects
on egg size, egg volume, and egg number (Table 3). Differences among
years were expected due to chance environmental variation from year
to year and past experience would also suggest that an age difference
would be found. However, the existence of an interaction effect indi-
cated that one could not predict how large the age difference might be
for any particular year. Consideration of possible reasons for such
an interaction immediately suggested that it may be due, at least in
part, to differences between the two genetic groups used in the experi-
ment. The average egg volume and egg number of the EVEN females
was superior to the ODD females both as 2- and 3-year-olds making
the age differences greater in 1969 than in 1970 (Table 2). Average
egg size was similar for the two year classes when they were 2-year-
olds, but the EVEN females had smaller eggs as 3-year-olds. The over-
all effect of the year-class differences was to cause a reversal of the
ranking of performance of the two ages of females from one year to
the next.

TABLE 3. Analysis of Variance of the Effects of Year Spawned and Age of Female
on Mean Performance for Volume of Eggs, Size of Eggs and Number of
Eggs

d.f.

Mean squares*

Source*

Egg size

Egg volume

Egg number

Year

1

1

1

209

(No./oz)

28558. 5 t

220. 8t

160. Ot

37.7

(oz)
55.92t
2.56t
4.08t
0.11

(No. X 10')
1707. Ot

Age

427 . 1 t

Year X Aee

765. 3t

Error*

12.6

* Error mean square estimated from within year X age sum of squares and the harmonic mean

(52.975) number of observations per subcell.
t Significant at P = 0.05.
t Significant at P = 0.01.

The relationship, within year and age of female, of egg size and
number with percent eyed eggs and growth of fingerlings was evalu-
ated by a correlation analysis (Table 4). These results were compared
to correlation estimates obtained from all data ignoring years and
ages and thus including the effects of the confounding of years and
ages with the true relationships. Number of eggs was not correlated
with percent eyed eggs except for 3-year-olds in 1969. Similarly, the
correlation of egg size with percent eyed eggs was significant for only
one of the 4 year-age groups; however, the correlation was significant
when all data were considered reflecting the fact that age 3 females
had a larger average egg size as well as a higher percent eyed eggs.

Number of eggs was significantly, negatively correlated with weight
and growtli in 6 of 12 combinations studied indicating that fingerlings
from females that spawned large numbers of eggs tended to be smaller.
The cause of this relationship is not likely to be due to egg size differ-

TROUT HATCHING AND GROWTH

31

TABLE 4. Simple Linear Correlations Coefficients for the Relationship of Size and
Number of Eggs with Survival of Eggs and Growth Characteristics of
Progeny from Age 2 and 3 Females in 1969 and 1970

Percent
eyed eggs

Weights

Age, year
trait

25 day

75 day

Growth
25-75 days

Age 2, 1969

Egg size -.

-.40*
.07

-.01
.17

-.04
-.38*

-.17
.08

-.26*
-.09

-.51*
-.07

-.69*
-.03

-.49*
-.42*

-.37*
-.36*

-.43*
.21*

-.42*
-.30*

.02
.02

-.42*
-.20

-.14
-.39*

-.52*
.21*

-.31*

Egg number

- .34*

Age 2, 1970

Egg size

.15

Egg number

Age 3, 1969

Egg size

.03

-.27*

Egg number

— .06

Age 3, 1970

Egg size.

-.08

Egg number

— .33*

AU data

Egg size

-.45*

Egg number --

.17*

* SigniScant at P = .05.

ences because egg size is generally unrelated to number of eggs for
any single age class (Gall 1973). The correlation obtained when all
the data were analyzed again demonstrated the seriousness of the con-
founding effect of age of female. These latter correlations are positive
because age 3 females, probably due to their greater size, produce
larger numbers of eggs than 2-year-olds. The concomitant larger size
of fingerlings from 3-year-old females may be due to their larger egg
size but not to the larger number of eggs.

The negative correlations found for egg size and fingerling size sug-
gest that there was a relatively strong positive relationship between egg
size and growth, although the correlations differed between the 2 years.
It is difficult to explain the lack of significance of the correlations for
75 day weight and growth from 25 to 75 days in 1970. It is possible
that because the fish were small at 25 days, compensatory growth oc-
curred to an extent which masked any differences related to egg size.
When all the data were considered, consistent negative correlations
were obtained ; however these were again imposed by the confounding
effects of age.

The least-squares models were used to achieve a gross separation of
the effects of age of female and egg size on percent eyed eggs, 25 and
75 day weight, and growth from 25 to 75 days. The least-squares
means and standard errors (Table 5) give the best estimates of the
effects of each level of the factors in the models when all terms are
considered simultaneously (Table 5). The interaction means are not
included in the table for the sake of simplicity and with little loss of
generality. The mean squares from an analysis of variance of the effect
of all the terms in the models is presented to indicate the importance
of each term (Table 6). The first model used (Column a, Tables 5 and

32

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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6) adjusted the data for differences in number of eggs spawned. Signifi-
cant differences were found between years, spawn groups and ages
of females for all traits except that the spawn groups did not differ
in 75-day weight. Significant interactions occurred between years and
spawn groups for 25 and 75 day weights and growth from 25 to 75
days. Weight at 25 days was also influenced by a spawn group by age
of female interaction. In contrast to the results obtained for egg pro-
duction, percent eyed eggs, 25 and 75 day weight, and growth were
not effected by an interaction between year and age of female. Number
of eggs was not an important source of variation in percent eyed eggs
but was a major source of progeny group differences in weight and
growth.

The second model (Column b. Table 5 and 6) was used to evaluate
the importance of age of female wlien the data was adjusted for egg
size as well as egg number. The regression on egg size accounted for a
large proportion of the total variation in all four traits. This was
obtained at the expense of losing age effects for percent eyed eggs and
25 and 75 day weight. A significant age effect remained for growth
from 25 to 75 days even after removal of egg size differences. Although
the results can only be considered as suggestive, they indicate that
differences in progeny performance associated with differences in age
of female can be accounted for by the variation in egg size. The data
do establish, however, that large eggs produce larger, faster growing
fingerlings at least through 75 days of age. These results agree with
those of Fowler (1972). working with Chinook salmon, who observed
a correlation of -.72 between egg size and first-feeding fish and -.63
between egg size and fingerling weight after a 4-week feeding period.
Fowler also found that egg and fingering mortality increased as egg
size increased. Our results show that percent eyed eggs would improve
as egg size increased. It should be noted that inclusion of egg size in
the least-squares model caused a slight reduction in the mean square
for egg number. This was undoubtedly due to the existence of an over-
all correlation of -.37 between egg size and egg number.

If large eggs yield a higher hatchability and faster growing finger-
lings, there are several important implications which could affect the
efficiency of hatchery trout production. Selection of broodfish for larger
eggs could result in stronger, larger fry which would be expected to
feed more quickly and grow faster thus reducing early mortality. How-
ever, if 3-year-old females were used to produce tlie larger eggs the
generation time required for selective breeding would be increased by
50% over that for a brood program based on 2-year-old fish. The in-
crease in time required could be reduced by using age 2 males with age
3 females, but this would require tliat 2 year classes be continuously
available for a selection program. Because of the obvious importance
of resolving this question, further experiments are needed to evaluate
the effects of egg size for 2-year-old fish.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is indebted to Robert Buell (deceased) and the personnel
at the Hot Creek State Fish Hatchery for generously managing the
experiment and collecting the data. Thanks are also extended to the
Trout Broodstoek Committee for their guidance and stimulating inter-

TEOUT HATCHING AND GROWTH 35

est in the project. The assistance of Emmitt McClendon in the collec-
tion and analysis of the data is gratefully acknowledged. The review
of H. L. Kincaid was warmly appreciated and resulted in an improved
presentation of results.

REFERENCES

Bagenal. T. B. 1969. Relationship between egg size and fry survival in brown
trout Salmo iruita L. J. Fish Biol. 1(4) : 349-353.

Buss, K. and R. McCreary. 1960. A comparison of egg production of hatchery-
reared brook, brown, and rainbow trout. Prog. Fish-Cult. 22(1) : 7-10.

Fowler, L. G. 1972. Growth and mortality of fingerling Chinook salmon as
affected by egg size. Frog. Fish-Cult. 34(2) : 66-69.

Gall. G. A. E. 1969. Quantitative inheritance and environmental response of
rainbow trout, p. 117-184 In O. W. Newhaus and J. E. Halver, eds. Fish in
research. Academic Press, New York.

. 1972. Phenotypic and genetic components of body size and spawning per-
formance, p. 159-163 In R. W. Moore, ed. Progress in fishery and food science.
University of Washington Publications in Fisheries, New Series, Vol. V, Univ.
of Wash., Seattle.

1973. Genetics of reproduction in domesticated rainbow trout. J. Animal

Sci. (submitted).
Hanson, J. A. and R. H. Wickwire. 1967. Fecundity and age at maturity of

lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum). in Lake Tahoe. Calif. Fi.sh Game

53(3) : 154-164.
Hempel, G. and J. H. S. Blaxter. 1967. Egg weight in Atlantic herring, Clupea

harengus L. J. Cons-perm, int. Explor. Mer. 31: 195-197. (Sport Fish. Abst.

15, No. 11558).
Incerpi, A. and K. Warner. 1969. Fecundity of landlocked salmon, Salmo salar.

Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98(4) : 720-723.
Kincaid, H. L. 1972. A preliminary report on the genetic aspects of 150-day

family weights in hatchery rainbow trout. Western Proc, 52nd Ann. Conf.

Western Assoc. State Game and Fish Comm. Portland, Oregon, July 16—19.
Rounsefell. G. A. 1957. Fecundity of North American Salmonidae. U.S. Dep.

Interior, Fish and Wildl. Serv., Bull. 122.

Calif. Fish and Game, 00(1) :36-43. 1974.

EXPLOITATION, SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND COST

OF STOCKED SILVER SALMON IN LAKE

BERRYESSA, CALIFORNIA^

KENNETH A. WIGGLESWORTH AND ROBERT R. RAWSTRON

Inland Fisheries Branch
California Department of Fish and Game

Reward tagged and untagged silver salmon were stocked in Lake
Berryessa, Napa County, California, in 1970 and 1971 to determine har-
vest, survival, growth rates, and cost. Total harvest was 0.380 and 0.390,
with an estimated annual survival of 0.134 and 0.157 for 1970 and 1971,
respectively. Silvers achieved a mean v/eight of 6 lb for the 1970 stock-
ing and nearly 3 lb for 1971. The lower growth rate for 1971 is attrib-
uted to depleted stocks of adult threadfm shad during the winter. We
postulate that this might have a beneficial effect on the year class
strength of young-of-the-year largemouth bass. Cost/lb to the angler's
creel of $.44 in 1970 and $.57 in 1971 was comparable to the most eco-
nomical strain of rainbow trout stocked concurrently in Lake Berryessa.
Silver salmon also demonstrated a lower early vulnerability to fishing
than most domestic strains of rainbow trout stocked in California. Tags
returned by anglers from silver salmon with a mean fork length of 6.8
inches underestimated the true harvest and did not accurately reflect
the contribution of untagged fish of the same length to the fishery in
1970.

INTRODUCTION

California early recognized the potential of silver (coho) salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) in inland waters. In the early 1940 's salmon
flngerlings were introduced into Lake Almanor (Plumas County). An
estimated 6% was caught (Calhoun and Emig MS). They achieved
weights of H to 3 lb and were well liked by anglers. However, a reliable
source of eggs for inland waters was generally unavailable and further
large scale stockings were terminated. Silver salmon have also shown
the ability to obtain a large size in other waters. The most outstanding
examples come from the Great Lakes. Annual plants of silvers have
been made since 1966 in both Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The
average weight for the Lake Superior spawn ers was 2.9 lb (Laurie and
Rahrer 1972) and 9.5 lb for the spawning runs in 1967, 1968, and 1969
in Lake Michigan (Wells and McLain 1972). Plants were also made
in Lake Erie in 1969 with the spawning adults from the plants aver-
aging nearly 6 lb (Hartman 1972).

Experiments have been in progress since 1968 to determine the feasi-
bility of developing a "trophy trout" fishery in California reservoirs.
This program involves planting trout at a size large enough (8 to 10
inches) to utilize abundant forage fish, chiefly threadfin shad (Doro-
soma pctencnse), and to achieve a growth rate greater than a pound
per year. Before 1970, fish used in these experiments included various
strains of rainbow trout {Saly)io gairdneri) and brown trout (Salmo

1 Accepted for publication September 19 73. This work was performed as part of Dingell-
Johnson Project California F18R, "Experimental Reservoir Manag-ement", sup-
ported by Federal Aid to Pish Restoration fund.s.

(36)

STOCKED SILVER SALMON

37

trutta). In 1970 and 1971, spurred by success in the Great Lakes and
a reliable source of eggs from Oregon, silver salmon were included in
the experiments.

This paper presents silver salmon exploitation and survival rates,
growth, and cost per pound to the angler's creel during the first 2 years
of introductions into Lake Berryessa.

This experiment was conducted at Lake Berryessa, an impoundment
on Putah Creek, located in Napa County, California. The lake covers
20,000 acres at maximum storage capacity of 1.6 million acre-ft. It
has a mean annual fluctuation of approximately 10 ft with a single
fall overturn. A large volume of well-oxygenated water less than 60 F
in the hypolimnion provides suitable habitat for salmonids during
summer stratification. Threadfin shad were stocked in 1965 and subse-
quently developed an enormous stock in the limnetic zone. A typical
California assemblage of introduced centrarchids and ictalurids exist
in the littoral zone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

American River Hatchery (Sacramento County) and Darrah Springs
Hatchery (Shasta County) reared the salmon used in this experiment
in 1970, while only the latter hatchery reared fish for the 1971 stock-
ings. Fertilized eggs obtained from fish spawning in the Alsea River
drainage, Oregon, provided the egg source for both hatcheries.

A total of 17,450 and 14,000 silver salmon was planted on April 14,
1970 and May 14, 1971, respectively. Of these, 395 were tagged in 1970
and 736 were tagged in 1971. Tagged fish had mean fork lengths of
6.8 and 8.1 inches with mean weights of 0.12 and 0.23 lb in 1970 and
1971, respectively (Table 1). Since unpublished data from previous
experiments indicated that salmonids less than 9.0 inches suffered
higher post-tagging mortality than larger fish, an additional 397 tagged
fish were stocked on April 25, 1970 to test this hypothesis. These fish,
of the same strain and age as the earlier plant, were reared at Darrah
Springs Hatchery where growth was more rapid. This tagged group
had a mean length of 8.9 inches and a mean weight of 0.28 lb.

TABLE 1. Length Frequencies, Mean Lengths, and Mean Weights of Tagged
Silver Salmon Planted in Lake Berryessa in 1970 and 1971

Number

Fork length class, inches

April 14, 1970

AprU 25, 1970

May 14, 1971

6.0-6.9 --

277
114
4
0
0
0
0
0

0

56

152

161

26

2

0

0

0

7.0- 7.9

322

8.0- 8.9

341

9.0- 9.9

49

10.0-10.9

9

11.0-11.9 --

11

12.0-12.9

4

13.0-13.9 ---

0

Total

395

397

736

Mean fork length, inches

6.8

8.9

8.1

Mean weight, pounds

0.12

0.28

0.23

38 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

All fish were tagged with either Swedish trailer or internal anchor
tags (Floy FD-67) which bore an offer of a $5 reward for their return.
The Swedish trailer was made to the specifications of Nicola and
Cordone (1969) and applied in a similar nanner. Dell (1968) and
Keller (1971) described the internal anchor tag and its method of ap-
plication. Both tags proved equally efficient on silver salmon (Raw-
stron 1973a) and showed little effect on growth.

Publicity for the program has been widespread since similar studies
involving trout have been in progress at Lake Berryessa since 1968.
Publicity included talks to local sportsmen's groups and the placement
of posters, which described the program, at conspicuous areas around
the lake. We distributed franked envelopes to local businesses and
resorts for the use of anglers who caught tagged fish.

Survival and exploitation rates were determined by Ricker's method
(1958) . Growth information was obtained primarily from weekend creel
censuses each October.

RESULTS

Post-Tagging Mortality

Tag returns from the April 14, 1970 plant (mean weight 0.12 lb)
totaled 11%, while the April 25, 1970 plant (mean weight 0.28 lb)
totaled 38%. A creel census in October 1970 indicated that untagged
silvers constituted 26.4% of the salmonid catch. This data supports
the hypothesis tliat these smaller fish, amounting to only 12% of the
total number of salmonids planted that year, suffered undue post-
tagging mortality resulting in an underestimate of the harvest rate.
Consequently, tagged fish of this plant are not considered in the deter-
mination of costs, mean annual exploitation rates, or survival rates
for 1970, and only returns from the April 25 plant are considered.

Harvest and Survival

First year returns of 131 tags in 1970 and 248 tags in 1971 (Table
2) yielded similar first year exploitation rates of 0.330 and 0.337, re-
spectively. Total exploitation rate in 1970 (0.380) was slightly lower,
but not significantly different from that observed in 1971 (0.390).
Estimated annual survival was 0.134 and 0.157 for 1970 and 1971,
respectively.

Returns prior to October for each plant showed a low early vulner-
ability to anglers, with only 26.7% of the total catch returned during
this period in 1970 and 27.8% in 1971 (Table 2). Pattern of monthly
returns was similar for both years. Anglers caught the highest number
in November (Tables 3 and 4).

Grov/th, Weight Returns, and Cost
No salmon from the 1970 plant were seen in the limited October
1971 census. The junior author observed four silvers in October and
November and estimated their weights at 6 lb. In addition, the local
warden, during routine patrol activities in August noted an increased
incidence of large silvers in the catch. He estimated their weights at
4 to 6 lb with one individual near 8 lb (Graydon M. Harn, Department
of Fish and Game, pers. comm.). Further, an angler won a local fish-
ing derby for trout and saliDon during October with a 7.0 lb silver
salmon and a 12.5 lb silver was photographed, weighed, and measured

STOCKED SILVER SALMON

39

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

at a resort November 2, 1971. These values closely parallel weights
reported by anglers returning tags during the same time. Therefore, we
assigned a conservative estimate of 6.0 lb as a mean weight for the
month of October 1971. Based on these estimates silvers stocked in
1970 achieved a mean weight more than double that of silvers planted
in 1971 (Figure 1).

Total planted weight of tagged fish for 1970 was 109.2 lb, while
169.3 lb were planted in 1971. Mean monthly weights were assigned
based on the growth curves plotted in Figure 1. The number of returns
each month was then multiplied by the mean monthly weight and the
subsequent weights were summed to determine total estimated pounds
harvested.

TABLE 3. Tag Returns through December 31, 1972 by Month and Year of Tagged
Silver Salmon Planted in Lake Berryessa, April 25, 1970

Period

April 25-30

May

June

July

August

September.

October

November.
December..

January

February..

March

April 1-24-

Total...

Number returned

Year 1
1970-1971

0

11

5

6

1

12

15

29

19

11

6

6

10

Year 2
1971-1972

131

18

TABLE 4. Tag Returns through December 31, 1972 by Month and Year of Tagged
Silver Salmon Planted in Lake Berryessa, May 14, 1971

Period

Number returned

Year 1
1971-1972

Year 2
1972-1973

May 14-30

7

9

11

22

20

15

40

27

24

24

31

9

9

5

June . _

7

July

8

August . .

4

September . . .

3

October

5

November , . . . - .

4

December

3

January.. .

February . .

March. .

April

May 1-13

Total

248

39

STOCKED SILVER SALMON

41

6.0 T

(n=4)

(n=13)

J F M A

Month after plant

FIGURE 1. Growth rate of tagged silver salmon planted in Lake Berryessa, 1970 and 1971.

The 1970 plant yielded an estimated 251.0 lb and similarly, the
1971 plant yielded 337.4 lb (Table 5). The exact cost of hatchery
production is not known, but was estimated at 1.5 times greater than
rainbow trout (W. E. Schafer, Department of Fish and Game, pers.
comm.). Cost of production for eatchable trout (4/lb) was $.683 in
1970 (Bruley 1971) and $.759 in 1971 (Bruley 1972). Therefore, we
used a cost of $1.02 in 1970 and $1.14 in 1971. Based on these values,
calculated cost/lb to the angler's creel amounted to $.44 in 1970 and
$.57 in 1971.

TABLE 5. Weight Returned and Cost/lb to the Angler's Creel of Tagged Silver
Salmon Planted in Lake Berryessa, 1970 and 1971

Weight
planted (lb)

Weight
returned (lb)

Percent
Wt. returned

Cost/lb
hatchery

Cost/lb to

angler's

creel

Year

Wt. planted

1970-

109.2
169.3

251.0
337.4

229.9
199.3

$1.02
$1.14

$0.44
$0.37

1971.

DISCUSSION

Tagged silvers from the same group as those planted in Lake Berry-
essa were planted in Lake Almanor in 1970. The Almanor plant av-
eraged 0.24 lb, returned 34.1% to the angler, and had a 146% return
by weight (Hair 1972). Salmon introduced into Oroville Lake, Cali-
fornia in May 1969 grew to 20 to 22 inches by August 1970 (Kobert
F. Elwell, Department of Fish and Game, pers. comm.). Subsequent
introductions, however, have shown slower growth, with fi.sh averaging
2 to 3 lb after 1^ years at large. The growth pattern exhibited for

42 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

these fish appears to be similar to that noted for Lake Berryessa. The
early introductions apparently grow at a markedly superior rate and
achieve larger size than later introductions. Their ultimate success
appears to depend upon the abundance of adult threadfin shad avail-
able during winter. Anglers at Lake Berryessa reported during the
winter of 1970-71 that silver salmon were gorged on shad to 3 to 4
inches long. Kainbow trout during this same period grew only slightly
(Rawstron 19736). Their stomachs generally contained plankton and
debris. While not readily demonstrable, the effects of strong predation
by piscivores during the summer, combined with heavy mortalities dur-
ing cold winters, serves to deplete shad populations during winter,
thus depriving the salmon of the necessary food supply for continu-
ing rapid growth. The reduced growth of silvers in the 1971 plant at
Lake Berryessa is attributed to severely reduced over-winter popula-
tions of shad. Anglers confirmed the reduced incidence of large shad
in salmon stomachs. After June, however, when young-of-the-year shad
were once again abundant, salmon growth accelerated. However, this
winter predation presents other important management implications.
Substantial benefits may accrue to the warmwater fishery. Von Geldern
(1971) showed an inverse relationship between the numbers of adult
threadfin shad and young-of-the-year largemouth bass {Micropterus
salmoides). Heavy salmon predation on shad could reduce the impact
of this inverse relationship and increase the size of the impending
cohort of largemouth bass.

Using disk dangler or Swedish trailer tags on small silvers appears
to result in dramatic underestimation of the contribution of untagged
populations to the fishery. As mentioned earlier, tagged silver salmon
averaging 0.23 lb returned at 300% of salmon tagged at 0.12 lb. These
same irregularities have been noted for the 1970 group of tagged
salmon at Lake Almanor. There, fish of identical sizes and from the
same sources as those stocked in Lake Berryessa returned at 9.3% for
the smaller fish and 34.1% for the larger (Hair 1972). The former
group yielded an estimated 39.5% return of the weight planted while
the latter showed 146%.

At Merle Collins Eeservoir (Yuba County), a 1,000-acre impound-
ment managed similarly to Lake Berryessa, salmon from the same
smaller group were tagged and planted on May 4, 1970. This group
had a mean total harvest of only 8.8% for three different tag types
combined and no survival to the second year (Rawstron 1973a). Un-
tagged fish from this group seen in a creel survey, however, had a
mean annual exploitation rate of 0.331 and an annual survival rate of
0.041. AVhile not conclusive, silvers of the lighter group at Lake Berry-
essa comprised only 12% of the total number of salmonids stocked, but
accounted for 26.4% of those observed during the October 1970 creel
censuses, proving that these fish made a substantial contribution to that
fishery. Again, at Lake Berryessa in 1972, 10,000 marked silvers
planted in early March averaging 0.12 lb were compared to an equal
number of fish from the same lot held until they achieved 0.20 lb in
May. Creel census on several weekends in October showed that the
initial group comprised 47.1% of the salmon observed with no sig-
nificant differences in growth. We conclude that tagging of small silver
salmon does not efficiently measure their real contribution to a sport

STOCKED SILVER SALMON 43

fishery. Additionally, the latter experiment also showed that silver
salmon can be planted earlier, thus reducing the time that they are held
in the hatchery.

The most economical strain of rainbow trout, Coleman Kamloops,
cost $.45/lb to the angler's creel in 1968, $.86 in 1969, and $.53 in 1970
(Kawstron 1972, 19736). The costs reported here are comparable. Sil-
ver salmon, however, have the potential to attain larger size and they
exhibit low vulnerability to angling immediately after stocking. Most
of our domestic strains of rainbow trout consistently show reduced
growth rates during winter and a higher initial vulnerability. If
large populations of shad can be maintained during winter, silver
salmon can realize this potential and provide another trophy fish for
California's large impoundments at an economical cost.

REFERENCES

Bruley, George K. 1971. California trout, salmon, and warmwater fish produc-
tion and costs, 1969-70. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Inland Fish. Admin. Rep.

71-8. 22 p. (mimeo.)
. 1972. California trout, salmon, and warmwater fish production and costs,

1970-71. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Inland Fish. Admin. Rep. 72-5, 52 p.

(mimeo.)
Dell. Michael B. 1968. A new fish tag and rapid, cartridge-fed applicator. Trans.

Am. Fish. Soc. 97(1) : 57-59.
Hair, Ralph. 1972. Job progress report, July 1, 1971 to June 30. 1972, Lake

Almanor Fisheries Investigation. Job No. 2 (Study III). Calif. Dep. Fish and

Game. Dingell-Johnson Project F-26-R-3, 8 p. (mimeo.)
Hartman, W. L. 1972. Lake Erie : effects of exploitation, environmental changes

and new species on the fishery resources. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 29(6) :

899-912.
Keller, Walter T. 1971. Floy tag retention by small brook trout. N.Y. Fish

Game J. 18(2) : 142-143.
Laurie. A. H. and J. F. Rahrer. 1972. Lake Superior : effects of exploitation and

introductions on the salmonid communitv. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 29(6) :

765-776.
Nicola, Stephen J. and Almo J. Cordonc. 1969. Comparisons of disk-dangler,

trailer, and plastic jaw tags. Calif. Fish Game 55(4) : 273-284.
Rawstron, Robert R. 1972. Harvest, survival, and cost of two domestic strains

of tagged rainbow trout stocked in Lake Berryessa, California. Calif. Fish Game

58(1) : 44-49.
. 1973a. Comparisons of disk dangler, trailer, and internal anchor tags on

three species of salmonids. Calif. Fish Game 59(4) : 266-280.

19736. Harvest, mortality, and cost of three domestic strains of tagged

rainbow trout stocked in Lake Berryessa, California. Calif. Fish Game 59(4)
245-265.

Ricker, W. E. 1958. Handbook of computations for biological statistics of fish
populations. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 119. 300 p.

von Geldern, C. E., Jr. 1971. Abundance and distribution of fingerling large-
mouth bass, Micropterus sahnoides, as determined by electrofishing, at Lake
Nacimiento, California. Calif. Fish Game. 57(4) : 228-245.

Wells, LaRue and Alberton L. McLain. 1972. Lake Michigan : effects of ex-
ploitation, introductions, and eutrophication on the salmonid community. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Canada. 29(6) : 889-898.

Calif. Fish and Game, 00 (1) : 44- 1974.

NOTES

SOUTHERN RANGE EXTENSION OF THE BAIRD CRAB
{CHIONOECETES BAiRDl RATHBUN)

The incidence of Baird crab {Chio7ioecetes hairdi) south of Puget
Sound, Washington is not recorded in the literature. The reported
range (Eathbun, 1925) of this species was from the southeastern
part of the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands eastward and south-
ward to Kingcombe Inlet, British Columbia, in depths from shoal
water to 259 fathoms (474 m). Slipp (1952) extended the southern
range to Carr Inlet, Puget Sound. Since 1961, 20 specimens of Baird
crab have been identified from catches made off the coast of Oregon
by trawlers (Table 1) and represent southern extensions of the pub-
lished range of this species.

A specimen taken off Winchester Bay, Oregon, on December 5, 1968,
represents a range extension of 228 nautical miles (423 km) and
establishes a new southern limit. This 85 mm (carapace width) female
crab was captured in 145 fathoms (265 m) by the M/V Ikaros II at
lat 43° 34' N and long 124° 36' W.

Nineteen other specimens were caught off the Oregon coast at depths
of 125-190 fathoms (229-347 m). Eleven of these were captured off the
mouth of the Columbia River from 1961 through 1963 by BCF person-
nel working on the University of Washington R/V Commando (W. T.
Pereyra, pers. comm. 1970). Two additional Baird crabs were caught
off Heceta Head by the M/V Columbia, one each in 1969 and 1970.
Six crabs were captured from Yaquina Head to Cascade Head by the
M/V Destiny from 1970 through 1972 and given to the Fish Commis-
sion of Oregon by the vessel's skipper, Captain Gordon White.

The Baird crab does not appear to be abundant off the Oregon coast.
Personnel from Oregon State University School of Oceanography have
conducted extensive biological sampling on the continental shelf and
slope off Oregon and have no records of Baird crabs (J. McCauley and
A. Carey, pers. comm. 1970, 1972).

Apparently, the Baird crab's bathymetric range off Oregon does not
overlap with that of the Tanner crab {Chionoecetes tanneri). The
Baird crab was found on the upper continental slope from 125-190
fathoms (229-347 m). Pereyra and Alton (1972) found Tanner crab
only on the middle to lower part of the Oregon continental slope from
226-1,050 fathoms (413-1,920 m).

There has undoubtedly been confusion in the past in the identifica-
tion between Baird crab and Tanner crab caught off Oregon. Accord-
ing to Garth (1958), the Tanner crab's carapace has expanded
branchial regions which conceal the lateral margins. Between these
branchial regions is ;i deep nai'row depression. The Baird crab's
carnpacc has depressed brand) ial regions wliicli do not conceal the
lateral nuirgins, and there is no deep interspace between these branchial
regions (Figure 1).

(44)

NOTES

45

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

While the Baird crab is not common off Oregon, it is an important
commercial species in Alaska. Brown (1971) reported this species prob-
ably comprises over 95% of the Alaskan commercial catch sold as
Tanner crab and is the only species of Chionoecetes fished commercially
south or east of the Aleutian Islands. The Alaska Tanner crab catch
was 14.4 million lb in 1970 (Anonymous 1971).

FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of a female Tanner crab (top) and a female Baird crab (bottom)
showing morphological differences between the two species. (Photograph by G. G.
Gibson)

NOTES 47

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Several persons have assisted in compiling and verifying the fore-
going information. The identity of the southernmost specimen collected
was verified by Paul Rudy, Director of the University of Oregon In-
stitute of Marine Biology. AValter Pereyra supplied the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries (now National Marine Fisheries Service) records
of Baird crab off Oregon. James McCauley and Andrew Carey, Oregon
State University School of Oceanography, reviewed records and col-
lections for Baird crab specimens.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 1971. 1970 Alaska catch and production. Commercial Fisheries
Statistics. Alaska Dep. Fish and Game. Statistical Leaflet 21. 49 p.

Brown, R. B. 1971. The development of the Alaskan fishery for Tanner crab,
Chionoecetes species, with particular reference to the Kodiak area, 1967-1970.
Alaska Dep. Fish and Game. Information Leaflet 153. 26 p.

Garth, J. S. 1958. Brachyura of the Pacific Coast of America. Oxyrhyncha.
Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions. 21 (1 and 2). 854 p.

Pereyra, W. T. and M. S. Alton. 1972. Distribution and relative abundance of
invertebrates off the northern Oregon coast, p. 444—474. /»i : The Columbia River
Estuary and adjacent ocean waters, bioenvironmental studies, ed. by A. T. Pruter
and D. L. Alverson. Seattle, University of Washington Press.

Rathbun, M. J. 1925. The spider crabs of America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 129.
613 p.

Slipp, J. W. 1952. Status of the crab, Chionoecetes lairdi, in the inshore waters
of Washington and British Columbia. The Wasmann J. Biology, 10(2) :235-239.

— Michael J. Hosie and Thomas F. Gaumer, Fish Commission of Ore-
gon, Marine Laboratory, Newport, Oregon 97365. Accepted for pub-
lication September 1973.

PINNIPEDS OBSERVED IN RIVERS OF
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

Unconfirmed reports of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardi, seen
as far inland as Sacramento stimulated a search for reliable sightings.
Two recent observations reported to the Department of Fish and Game
were forwarded to me for investigation.

On 14 January 1973, Michele Spieth and two companions, all of
Sacramento, saw what they thought to be a "log or dead dog" in the
American River approximately 4^ miles from its Sacramento River
junction. The observers whistled at the "dog" whereupon it raised
vertically out of the water and looked at them. Miss Spieth, who has
had training in marine biology, recognized the animal as a harbor
seal and followed it from the bank at a distance of about 8 ft for 3-4
min before it disappeared.

The next day, about 8 miles upstream, Edwin Bly, an experienced
ocean diver from Carmichael, entered the river in his "Royak" boat
to examine the shore of his property. He saw what he thought to be a
"log or dying dog" drop from the bank into the water. The "log"
popped up between his boat and the bank about 4 ft from the ob-
server, who recognized it as a harbor seal. The seal rose out of the
water "chest high," looked at Mr. Bly and the length of the boat,
then submerged vertically and disappeared.

Interviews with both observers indicate that each saw the same seal,
and that it was not the tagged animal released in the south part of
San Francisco Bay 27 June 1972 (Paulbitski and Maguire 1972). Both
reporters had previous experience viewing pinnipeds, and both stated
that upon close scrutiny, the seal appeared healthy. For the previous
2-3 days, Nimbus Dam, about 6 miles upstream from Mr. Bly, had been
releasing 30,000 cfs into the river; this and unusually heavy winter
rains created high water and a current of about 8 knots.

A very high river level may not be a requisite for harbor seal entry.
P. V. concolor on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, travel overland 400-1600
yards to brackish Wallace Lakes (Renouf and James 1970). In re
porting harbor seals, P. v. richardi, in the Skeena River of British
Columbia, Fisher (1952) states, "Seals will journey up any stream
entering the Skeena that is deep enough for them to be assured of
quick escape. The Lakelse River in places is barely deep enough, yet
seals occur in Lakelse Lake." However, extensive human activity in
the American River area where the reported observations were made
may exclude seal entry during all but very high water levels.

In the San Francisco Bay system, harbor seals were documented as
far inland as Grizzly Bay, about 40 miles northeast of the Golden
Gate (Skinner 1962).

The range was extended to the northern junction of Steamboat
Slougli and tlie Sacramento River (Paulbitski and Maguire, op. cit.).
Bonnot (1928) reported harbor seals in the south part of San Francisco

(48)

NOTES 49

Bay, and I believe it probable that they range above Sacramento in the
Sacramento River.

In comparing habitats frequented by fur seals, sea lions and harbor
seals in British Columbia, Spalding (1964) stated that only the latter
are known to oecup}^ fresh water of rivers or lakes connected to their
more preferred marine environment. Scheffer (1958) wrote that Steller
and other sea lions are occasionally seen in rivers. He cited Weed
(1936), who reported the capture of a Steller sea lion, Eiimetopias
juhata, in a pasture near Oregon City, Oregon, more than 90 miles
from the ocean. Steller sea lions enter the Klamath River and range as
far inland as the South Fork of the Trinity River (Humboldt County).
Dr. Robert T. Orr (pers. comm.) possesses reports of sea lion sightings
made by Robert Talmadge and others in 1962 and earlier years at
Weitchpec junction of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers (about 35 miles
from the Klamatli's mouth) and at Hyampom on the South Fork of
the Trinity (about 70 miles from the sea). These animals were iden-
tified as Steller sea lions by Mr. Talmadge, who is familiar with both
this species and the California sea lion, Zalophns calif ornianus.

On May 19, 1973, a 40 lb juvenile male California sea lion was netted
by fishermen in the Mokelumne River near Thornton. Fish and Game
Warden William E. Slawson directed the animal's transport to the
Micke Grove Zoo near Lodi where it refused food and died May 25.
Autopsy by Dr. Wilson Kelly of Stockton, showed the sea lion's
stomach packed with small stones and fish vertebrae. Death was at-
tributed to severe anemia and malnutrition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I offer my sincere appreciation to Inspector Kenneth Hooker and
Warden William Slawson of the California Department of Fish and
Game, Miss Michele Spieth, Mr. Edwin Bly, Mr. Robert Talmadge,
Dr. Wilson Kelly and to members of the California Academy of Sci-
ences : Dr. Robert T. Orr, Mrs. Jacqueline Shonewald and Mrs. Char-
lotte Dorsey.

LITERATURE CITED

Bonnot, P. 1928. Report on the seals and sea lions of California. Calif. Div. Fish
and Game, Fish. Bull. (14), 61 p.

Fisher, H. D. 1952. The status of the harbour seal in British Columbia with
particular reference to the Skeena River. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 93, 58 p.

Paulbitski, P. A., and T. D. Maguire. 1972. Tagging harbor seals in San Fran-
cisco Bay. Proc. 9th Ann. Conf. Biol. Sonar and Diving Mammals, p. 53-72.
Marine Mammal Study Center, Fremont, Calif.

Renouf, D., and H. James. 1970. Overland travel by the harbor seal (Phoca
vitulina concolor) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Proc. 7th Ann. Conf. Biol. Sonar
and Diving Mammals, p. 239-249. Stanford Res. Inst., Menlo Park, Calif.

Scheffer, V. B. 1958. Seals, sea lions, and walruses. Stanford Univ. Press. 179 p.

Skinner, J. E. 1962. An historical review of the fish and wildlife resources of the
San Francisco Bay Area. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Water Projects Branch
Rep. 1, 225 p.

Spalding, D. J. 1964. Comparative feeding habits of the fur seal, sea lion and
harbor seal on the British Columbia coast. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 146, 52 p.

Weed, T. 1936. "Sergeant Flnnegan," a sea lion. Nature Mag. 27, p. 343-344.

— Paul A. Paulbitski, Department of Marine Biology, California State
University, San Francisco, California. Accepted for publication
August 1973.

LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN THE WOOLY SCULPIN,

CUNOCOTTUS ANALIS, COLLECTED FROM

TIDEPOOLS OF CALIFORNIA

The lead concentration in the muscle tissues of the wooly sculpin,
CUnocottus analis (Girard, 1858), was examined for 12 fishes collected
in the tidepools of the Pt. Fermin area of Los Angeles, 9 fishes taken
from tidepools 11 miles north of San Simeon, and 9 fishes removed
from tidepools near the isthmus of Santa Catalina Island. The method
of analysis used is based on the precipitation of lead sulfate that is
formed when muscle tissues are digested by concentrated sulfuric acid.
The precipitated lead sulfate is dissolved in dilute nitric acid and the
microgram quantities of lead is determined by atomic absorption
(Munns and Holland 1970).

The average lead values of sculpins taken at Pt. Fermin was 4.9 ppm
while the average lead level of sculpins collected at the isthmus of
Santa Catalina Island was 2.7 ppm. The average lead concentrations
for sculpins removed north of San Simeon was only 0.6 ppm.

Lead values of the tidepool fishes of San Simeon were of a magnitude
similar to levels reported for salmon (1.3 ppm), tuna (0.9 ppm) and
sardines (1.1 ppm) by J. C. Meranger and E. Somers (1968), and for
anchovies (0.9 ppm) and sword fish (0.2 ppm) by H. A. Schroeder and
J. J. Balassa (1961). The lead concentration of the Pt. Fermin wooly
sculpins were almost five times greater than the previously mentioned
values while the Santa Catalina sculpins contained more than twice as
much lead.

The geographical variations in the lead levels in these tidepool fishes
undoubtedly reflects the contamination of the intertidal zone by at-
mospheric lead pollution. P. C. Blocker (1972) indicated that the inner
city of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area contained almost 35 times
more atmospheric lead than remote mountainous areas of California
and almost 9 times more atmospheric lead than "composite rural
areas."

The San Simeon region easily qualifies as a rural area in that it is
removed from any major metropolitan area and has no major highways
passing through it. Perhaps it is more than a coincidence that the lead
levels in the tidepool fishes of this area is about 8 times less than the
Los Angeles area. Santa Catalina Island is separated from the main-
land by the Santa Catalina Channel with the isthmus being about 19
miles southwest of Pt. Fermin. It seems reasonable to conclude that the
island lies close enough to Los Angeles to receive some of its atmos-
pheric pollution. This conclusion is supported by tlie fact that the lead
concentrations of the tidepool fishes of the isthmus area is about half
as great as at Los Angeles but more than four times greater than the
San Simeon area.

This study represents a preliminary examination of the lead concen-
tration of one species of intertidal fish and suggests that levels of lead

(50)

NOTES 51

in the intertidal environment may vary from metropolitan areas to
rural areas, however, it does not indicate how the lead enters the food
chain or the levels existing in the intertidal invertebrates and other
intertidal fishes. Perhaps this common intertidal fish can be used as
an indicator organism to reflect the accumulation of lead in the inter-
tidal environment which is derived from air pollution.

REFERENCES

Blocker. P. C. 1972. A literature survey on some health aspects of lead emissions
from gasoline engines. Atmospheric Environment. 6 :1-18.

Meranger, J. C, and E. Sommers. 1968. Determination of the heavy metal con-
tent of sea foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bull. Environ. Con-
tamin. and Toxicol. 3(6) : 360-365.

Munns. R. K., and D. C. Holland. 1970. Determination of lead and mercury in
fish. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Laboratory Information Bull. No. 1199.

Schroeder, H. A., and J. J. Balassa. 1961. Abnormal metals in man : lead. J.
Chronic Diseases. 14(4) : 408.

— W. P. Alley, H. R. Brown and L. Y. Kawasaki, Department of Bi-
ology, California State University at Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California 90032.

FIRST YEAR HARVEST RATES OF LARGEMOUTH

BASS AT FOLSOM LAKE AND LAKE

BERRYESSA, CALIFORNIA

Recent studies have shown that largemouth bass {Micropterus sal-
moides) may be overexploited in California's large reservoirs (Raw-
stron and Hashag-en 1972; von Geldern 1972). This note presents fur-
ther information on angler harvest rates of largemouth bass from two
major reservoirs, Folsom Lake and Lake Berryessa. The former lake,
a 10,000-acre fluctuating reservoir, has been described by Tharratt
(1966). Its limnology and certain characteristics of the fishery have
also been described (Rawstron 1964, 1967; Chamberlain 1972; von
Geldern 1964). Lake Berryessa covers 20,000 acres and is similar to
Folsom Lake in most respects except that annual fluctuations are sub-
stantially less.

At Folsom Lake, 178 adult largemouth bass ranging from 10.0 to
20.0 inches fl were captured by night electrofishing during March and
April 1972. They were tagged with disk dangler tags (modified At-
kins) (Chadwick 1963) which offered a $5 reward for their return.
Anglers returned 84 tags during the first year yielding an exploitation
rate of 0.47. This value is similar to the first year rate of 0.48 reported
for largemouth bass at Folsom Lake in 1962 (Rawstron 1967). How-
ever, in the intervening years, angling effort has decreased drama-
tically (junior author, unpublished data), and catch/hr for proficient
bass anglers has declined from 0.20 in 1962 (von Geldern 1972) to 0.12
in 1973 (junior author, unpublished data). Moreover, the relative frac-
tion of smallmouth bass {Micropterus dolomieui) in the total catch of
black bass has increased from about 59% (von Geldern 1972) to 73%
in the same period (junior author, unpublished data). The largemouth
bass population appears to have declined during the last 10 years, but
anglers continue to harvest a similar proportion of the available stock.
This, coupled with differential exploitation rates of bluegill and other
competing species (von Geldern 1972) signals a continued downward
trend in largemouth bass populations at Folsom Lake.

At Lake Berryessa, anglers participating in a bass tournament pro-
vided 67 bass for tagging. Disk dangler tags offering a $5 reward were
placed on all these fish. All fish tagged were greater than 12.0 inches tl.
Most were returned to the area where they had been caught. Anglers
have returned 39 tags during the first year for an exploitation rate of
0.58. This value ranks among the highest reported for large lakes (Raw-
stron and Hashagen 1972). Limited data from past creel censuses and
the views of veteran anglers indicate an increasing proportion of small-
mouth bass in the catch and a declining catch/hr here also.

Exploitation rates, coupled with catch composition and catch/hr
data presented here, are consistent witli those reported in largemouth
bass population trends for Merle Collins Reservoir (Rawstron and
Hashagen 1972) and Folsom Lake (von Geldern 1972). If largemouth

(52)

NOTES 53

bass populations continue to be harvested at high rates, especially when
compared to competing species, angling opportunities for this species
will be severely reduced in California's large reservoirs. Therefore, the
California Department of Fish and Game's objective to provide quality
angling opportunities for largemouth bass in California's large reser-
voirs should remain of the highest priority.

REFERENCES
Chadwick, Harold K. 1963. An evaluation of five tag types used in a striped bass

mortality rate and migration study. Calif. Fish Game 49(2) : 64-83.
Chamberlain, Lawrence L. 1972. Primary productivity in a new and an older

California reservoir. Calif. Fish Game 58(4) : 254-267.
Rawstron, Robert R. 1964. Limology of Folsom Lake, 1961-63. Calif. Dep. Fish

and Game, Inland Fish. Admin. Rep. 64-13, 9 p. (mimeo.)
. 1967. Harvest, mortality, and movement of selected warmwater fishes in

Folsom Lake, California. Calif. Fish Game 53(1): 40-48.
Rawstron, Robert R., and Kenneth A. Hashagen, Jr. 1972. Mortality and survival

rates of tagged largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides) at Merle Collins Reser-
voir. Calif. Fish Game 58(3) : 221-230.
Tharratt, Robert C. 1966. The age and growth of centrarchid fishes in Folsom

Lake, California. Calif. Fish Game 52(1): 4-16.
von Geldern, C. E., Jr. 1964. Distribution of white catfish, Icialurus catus, and

rainbow trout, Sahno gairdnerii, in Folsom Lake, California, as determined by

gill netting from February through November, 1961. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game,

Inland Fish. Admin. Rep. 64-15, 9 p. (mimeo.)
. 1972. Angling quality at Folsom Lake. California as determined by a

roving creel census. Calif. Fish Game 58(2) : 75-93.

— Rolert R. Rawstron and Rolert A. Reavis, Inland Fisheries Branch,
California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA 95819.
Accepted August 1973. This work was partially funded with Federal
Aid to Fish Restoration funds. Project F-18-R, "Experi7nental Res-
ervoir Management."

STATUS OF MARTEN IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA,
OREGON AND WASHINGTON

Grinnell, Dixon and Linsdale (1937), considered two subspecies of
marten (Maries caurina) occurring in California. M.c. sierras ranged
from above the 6,000 ft level from Jordan Hot Springs, Tulare County,
north to Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County, west and northwest through
the Trinity, Scott and Salmon mountains in Trinity and Siskiyou coun-
ties. It was known to have ranged from 4,000 ft elevation near Weed,
Siskiyou County to 10,600 ft in the Mount AVhitney area.

Maries c. humholdtensis ranged from the Oregon Line south through
Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino counties mainly in the redwood

ALPINE A

'■■•AMADOR..

ZOMUti

MONO

-. CALAVERAS' : 1972

'. .TUOLUMNE ....'■•:■•.•

FIGURE 1. Locations where marten have been seen in northern California. Numbers by the
dots indicate the year the animal was seen.

(54)

NOTES

55

FIGURE 2. Locations where marten have been seen in Oregon. Slanted lines indicate areas
used by marten where no recent sightings have been specifically indicated.

region (at least formerly), to as far as Fort Ross, Sonoma County. This
subspecies was found from near sea level to about 3,000 ft elevation.

Over several years, I have recorded records of marten seen by various
observers in northern California (Figure 1). There are scattered rec-
ords for M. c. humholdtensis along the California coast from Mendocino
County to mid-Humboldt County. Several records from the Trinity
Eiver area, a few from Siskiyou County, clusters of records from
around Lassen National Park are all assumed to represent the race
sierrae.

I have no marten records for coastal Oregon, southern areas along
the Oregon-California state line or from northeastern California.

This species must be far more abundant than my records indicate.
Apparently, marten are increasing in the high country of Siskij'ou
and Trinity counties based on sign seen by qualified personnel who
have been in the high country during summer months.

U.S. Forest Service personnel report having 38 sightings of marten
during the last 2 years in the Trinity River drainage of the Trinity-
Shasta National Forest which indicates an increase in the marten
populations.

Dalquest (1948) and Miller and Kellogg (1955) indicated that two
subspecies of marten were in "Washington and Oregon. Martcs caurina
caurina is the form on the western slopes of coastal mountains from
western Oregon and Washington north along British Columbia coastal
mountains to the Alaska Panhandle extending up the Fraser and
Thompson river valleys as far as Lillopet, and Bella Coola area to

56

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Caribou and Kainbow mountains. Dalquest (1948) refers to the Cascade
marten as Martes caurina caurina in absence of sufficient materials. I
assume that the marten of the Oregfon Cascades is also of the same race.

Martes caurina origenes was the subspecies found in the Rocky
Mountains extending from New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and
Idaho into the mountains of northeastern Washington and into the
Blue Mountain of southeast Washington and northeast Oregon.

Looking at Washington (Figure 3), there appears to be many marten
of the race caurina in the north and central Cascades with recent
records along the north edge of the Olympic Mountains.

Recent Oregon records (Figure 2) for this race are concentrated in
Klamath County, but marten must occur all along the backbone of the
Cascades. No recent sight records were submitted from the Oregon
coastal mountains although Forest Service personnel indicated that
marten sign occurred in various places in the Siuslaw National Forest.
In Oregon, origenes appears to be increasing in the counties of Umatilla,
Union, Wallowa, Grant and Baker. This area encompasses the Blue
Mountains of northeast Oregon including the high Wallowa Mountains.

In AVashington, origenes is known to occur presently along the Wash-
ington-Idaho line. I have no recent records for the Blue Mountain area
of southeast Washington, although marten must still occur there.

Like the wolverine (Yocom 1973a; Yocom 1973&) and the fisher
(Yocom and McCollum 1973), the marten appears to be increasing at
least in some portions of its former range. I have no good explanation
for these population increases. In the -ase of the marten, three sub-
species are involved covering coastal mountains, Olympics, Cascades
and portions of the Rocky Mountains.

Records were submitted to me by personnel from the U.S. National
Forest Service, U.S. National Park Service, and friends.

FIGURE 3. Locations where marten have been seen in Washington. Slanted lines indicate
areas used by marten where no recent sightings have been specifically indicated.

NOTES 57

LITERATURE CITED

Dalquest, Walter W. 194S. Mammals of Washington, Univ. of Kansas Pub. Mus.
of Natur. Hist. Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 444 p.

Grinnell, Joseph, Joseph S. Dixon and Jean M. Linsdale. 1937. Fur-bearing mam-
mals of California. Vol. 1, Univ. of Calif. Press. Berkelej, Calif. 375 p.

Miller, Gerrit S. Jr. and Remington Kellogg. 195.". List of Xorth American
recent mammals. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 205 Smithsonian Inst., Wash. D.C. 954 p.

Yocom, Charles F. 1973a. Wolverine records in Pacific coastal states and new
records for northern California. Calif. Fish Game 59(2) : 207-209.

. 19736. Recent wolverine records in Washington and Oregon. The Mur-

relet (in press) .

Yocom, Charles F. and Michael T. McCoUum. 1973. Status of the fisher in
northern California, Oregon and Washington. Calif. Fish Game 59(4) : 305-309.

Charles F. Yocom, School of Natural Resources, California State Uni-
versity, Humholdt, Areata, California 95521. Accepted for Publica-
tion September 1973.

BOOK REVIEWS

Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides

Edited by Fumio Matsumura, G. Malory Boush and Tomomosa Misato; Academic Press, Lon-
don-New York, Illustrated; 1972, Xiv + 637 p. $19.50.

This compilation of papers presented at a United States-Japan seminar in Oiso,
Japan during October of 1971 covers a wide range of problems involved with
pesticides and the environment. Contributors of papers came from the United
States, Japan, England, and Canada making this a truly international meeting.

The papers reflect the various environmental, political and economic pressures in
these countries ; thus, pressures in Japan for enough food to be grown on their
limited acreage to feed their millions, in general, have taken precedence over
ecological concerns until only recently. Now there is increasing concern for the
effects of pesticides on the environment and many of the papers presented reflect
efforts to find means of pest control which offer the least hazard to animals and
fish as well as to humans.

The topics of food, water, air and soil contamination by pesticides are covered
in detail. The main emphasis is placed on the pesticide compounds which are very
stable, long lasting and capable of food chain contamination, namely BHC and
DDT. A section on pollution by compounds of mercury is very informative. It is
extremely pertinent to the problem of environmental contamination due to the
occurrence of Minimata Disease in areas of Japan where fish have been allowed to
become contaminated with residues of methylmercury compounds.

The various topics covered are all interesting but of particular importance to
persons interested specifically in effects of pesticides on wildlife are Part III,
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in the Environment and Part VII, Toxic
Effect of Pesticide Residues on Wildlife. In Part III the factors relating to bio-
concentration of pesticide residues and the mechanisms of long-distance transport
of pesticides are discussed. In Part VII the dynamics of bioconcentration and
ecosystemic transferal of pesticide residues are discussed. A specific example is
the DDD contamination and subsequent decline of the Western Grebe {Aechmo-
phorus occidentalis) at Clear Lake, California.

The sections regarding microbial degradation and photodecomposition of pesticides,
the design of new pesticides (which includes a paper on methods of biological con-
trol) are interesting on an academic level, as is the part on fungicides, herbicides,
organophosphates, and carbamates. The papers presented in these sections do a
fine job of rounding out the coverage of a topic as wide and diverse as the Environ-
mental Toxicology of Pesticides.

As in every book dealing with an emotional .subject such as this, it is very
difficult for the several authors to maintain complete objectivity. But with 29
papers dealing with various phases of this topic, it is possible for a person to
come away with a comfortable feeling, for it seems there is an equal number of
authors who present views with which you agree as those with which you do not
agree. This book would be a fine addition to the library of any person who is con-
cerned with the well-being of our wildlife and wants to broaden his knowledge of
the how's and why's of pesticide contamination in our environment. — William T.
Castle

Fish Farming international. No. 1

Peter Hjul (Editor); Fishing News (Books) Ltd., 23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet, Surrey,
England and 110 Fleet Street, London EC4A 2JL. 152 pages, illustrated. 1973 f3.00.

Fishing News (Books) Ltd., publisher of a number of informative references on
aquaculture in recent years, launches a new endeavor with Fixh Farming Interna-
tional. This first is.sue, intended as a review, includes 32 articles that provide one
of the most up-to-date accounts of aquaculture programs, progress and develop-
ments on a world-wide basis.

Aquaculture practices spanning fresh, brackish and sea water ; and algae, in-
vertebrate and finned-fish culture are inclusive. Articles are written in suflScient
depth so as to lend an insight to the economics and problem areas in this developing
field.

(58)

REVIEWS 59

Following an informative editorial introduction, Dr. H. A. Cole, Controller of
Fisheries Research and Development for the United Kingdom, presents an eluci-
dating article, The Cultivation of Marine Fish and Shellfish. Dr. Cole cursorily
examines the selection of species for aquacultnre, various aspects of their cultiva-
tion, and establishes the theme for ensuing articles.

Fish Farming International is designed for periodic publication. If subsequent
issues provide up-to-date information comparable to this first edition, then it will
prove a valuable reference to the fishery scientist-aquaculturist. — Earl E. Ebert.

Fly-Tying Materials

By Eric Leiser; Crowp Publishers, Inc., N.Y., 1973; x'l + 191 p. illustrated. $7.50.

The full title of this book is actually "Fly-Tying Materials — Their Procurement,
Use, and Protection", and with all the books availal)le today on fly fishing and fly
tying, I know of no other book which presents the information provided in this book.

Leiser gives a clear, illustrated discussion of the common fly-tying materials which
are available to both the commercial and non-commercial tyer — furs, feathers, tools,
hooks. The main portion of the book provides information, also illustrated, on the
procurement, prepai-ation, and preservation of fur and feathers. There are detailed
chapters on bleaching and dyeing and unusual uses for natural and synthetic
materials. The book includes with brief discussions of prohibited species, federal
regulations for importation of materials, and addresses of quality fly shops. The
book has a lot of information and, I feel, is well worth the $7.50 asked. — K. A.
Hashagen, Jr.

Amphibians and Reptiles of California

By Robert C. Stebbins; University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London,
1972; 152 p. illustrated, 8 color plates. $2.75.

This book describes 123 species of native California amphibians and reptiles (in-
cluding two well established introduced forms) and six introduced species of doubt-
ful status. Dr. Stebbins has included a section on general natural history and con-
servation, including a list of rare and endangered species and a checklist of Cali-
fornia amphibians and reptiles. Information on the various species includes a de-
scription of their size and color, habitat, range, habits, and food ; identification
keys and distribution maps are not included. The illustrations and color plates are
excellent.

For the beginner or the expert, Amphihians and Reptiles of California offers a
wealth of information at a reasonable price. — John M. Erode

Rattlesnakes (two volumes, boxed)

By Lav/rence M. Klauber, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973;
1533 p. illustrated, 2 color plates. $50.00.

The complete title of this work — Rattlesnakes — Their Habits, Life Histories, and
Influence on Mankind — only hints at the astronomical amount of information con-
tained in it. Mr. Klauber has combined maticulous accounts of his own experiences
with an exhaustive review of the literature to produce two volumes of information
which is the authority on rattlesnakes.

Volume one covers the identification and classification of rattlesnakes and includes
information on morphology, physiology, behavior, and ecology. Volume two deals
with rattlesnakes in relation to man and includes snake bite and its treatment,
description of the poison apparatus, control and utilization of rattlesnakes, ene-
mies of rattlesnakes, and myths, folklore, and tall stories concerning rattlesnakes.
Although this work is expensive, it is well worth the price, considering the amount
of information it contains and the time and dedication put into it by the author.
If you want to know anything about them, Rattlesnakes has the answer. — John
M. Erode

Conservation and Productivity of Natural Waters

By R. W. Edwards and D. J. Garrod, Editors: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Number 29; Academic Press, New York. 1972; XV -|- 318 p. illustrated. $17.00.

This book reports the contributions of two dozen aquatic scientists to a 1970
symposium on biological productivity organized jointly by the British Ecological
Society and the Zoological Society of London. The Societies invited leading Briti.sh
scientists who are confronting challenging problems in their efforts to conserve and
enhance the productivity of Britain's marine and freshwater fishery resources. The

60 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

fifteen papers of the resulting symposium document the application of concepts and
methodologies derived from current aquatic productivity research to the problems
of optimizing desirable fishery productivity.

The first seven papers concern freshwater investigation : plant growth, nutrient
budgets, and productivity of river ecosystems ; application of limnological research
in water supply system design and management ; the impact of various levels of
pollution on fisheries ; N. C. Morgan, Nature Conservancy, authors an imaginative
paper on conserving freshwater ecosystems with emphasis on selection and preserva-
tion of nature reserves. The theory of fish production in freshwater is discussed
by E. D. Le Cren. His paper includes an informative illustration of the use of
survival-growth ("Allen") curves in estimating fish production.

Marine topics are discussed in eight papers: conservation of deep-sea fisheries;
laboratory and field investigations into zooplankton production, and marine pro-
ductivity ; food intake, growth, and fish production ; application of radioecology in
productivity studies ; D. H. Cushing's paper on the production cycle and numbers
of marine fish is illustrative of the application of predictive population dynamics
theory, here predicting plaice recruitment in the southern North Sea with input of
density-dependent/independent and competitive parameters. An interesting paper
by J. J. Zijlstra summarizes the research program investigating the value of the
Waddensea in the Netherlands as nursery area for North Sea commercial fisheries,
a tidal area that may possibly be diked and closed off from the Sea.

Ease of reading varies with the writing styles of the contributors. There are
author, systematic, and subject indices. The table of contents offers an individual
subject outline for each of the 15 papers and concluding remarks. Bibliographies
follow each paper.

The principal value of this text is the documentation of efforts by leading re-
search scientists to solve some of Britain's most complex fishery conservation and
productivity problems. The application of the latest concepts and methodologies in
sampling and evaluating parameters of fishery productivity will be of interest to
all aquatic biologists. — Keith R. Anderson

printed in California office of state printing
A85456— 800 10-73 5,750