r*

CAUFDRNIAI

FISH-GAME

CaUfornia Fish and Game is a journal devoted to the conser-
vation of wildlife. If its contents are reproduced elsev/here, the
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u

D

V

VOLUME 60

OCTOBER 1974

NUMBER 4

'^^i

Published Quarterly by

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE RESOURCES AGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

RONALD REAGAN, Governor

THE RESOURCES AGENCY

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE, JR., Secretary for Resources

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

PETER T. FLETCHER, Presider^i, Rancho Santa Fe

TIMOTHY M. DOHENY, Vice President JOSEPH RUSS III, Member

Los Angeles Ferndale

BERGER C. BENSON, Member SHERMAN CHICKERING, Member

San Mateo Son Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME

G. RAY ARNEH, D;rec/or

1416 9th Street
Sacramento 95814

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Editorial StafF

ROBSON A. COLLINS, Editor-in-Chief long Beach

KENNETH A. HASHAGEN, Editor for Inland Fisheries _ Sacramento

CAROL M. FERREL, Editor for Wildlife _ _ Sacramento

ROBERT N. TASTO, Editor for Marine Resources Long Beach

PAUL M. HUBBELL, Editor for Salmon and Steelhead Sacramento

HAROLD K. CHADWICK, Editor for Striped Boss, Sturgeon, and Shad Stockton

(154)

CONTENTS

Page

Mortality Kates for California Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)
from 1965-1971 Lee W. Miller 157

A Vehicle-Mounted Directional Antenna System for Biotelemetry

Monitoring Donald L. Hallherg,

Frank J. Janza, and Gene R. Trapp 172

Two New Species of Sea Basses of the Genus Diplectrum, With

a Key to the Pacific Species Richard H. Rosenblatt and

G. David Johnson 178

Attacks by the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus),
in Northern California W. I. Follett 192

A Brief Survey of the Sardine and Anchovy Populations at
Vizcaino Bay, and the Sardine Fishery of Cedros Island,
Baja California Oscar Pedrin and Howard Shainlerg 199'

Notes

Feeding by Mature Steelhead (Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii) in
the Spawning Stream David C. Burns 205

Observation of Underwater Tool Use by the Sea Otter, Enhydra
lutris (Linnaeus) James L. Houk and John J. Geihel 207

Western Range Extension of Stephens' Kangaroo Rat (Dipodo-

mys stephensi), A Threatened Species Yernon C. Bleich and

Orlando A. Schwartz 208

Further Contribution on Nomenclature for Mysids in the Sacra-
mento-San Joaquin Delta Estuary Mary Ann Simmons,

Richard M. Sitts, James T. Allen and Allen W. Knight 211

New Geographic and Bathymetric Records for Fishes from
Southern California Milton S. Love and Richard S. Lee 212

Book Reviews 217

Index to Volume 60 219

(155)

ANNOUNCEMENT

Eapidly increasing costs of publication have made changes in our
distribution policy necessary. We have already raised the subscription
price from $2.00 to $5.00 as of July 1, 1974. Effective January 1, 1975
we are extending free subscriptions to Department employees, govern-
ment agencies, educational institutions, and libraries only. All free sub-
scriptions to individuals are terminated with this issue. Individuals may
continue their subscriptions by submitting a check or money order in
the amount of $5.00 to the California Department of Fish and Game,
Fiscal Section, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, California 95814.

(156)

Calif. Fish and Game, 60(4) :157-171. 1974.

MORTALITY RATES FOR CALIFORNIA STRIPED BASS
(MORONE SAXATILIS) FROM 1965-1971 ^

LEE W. MILLER

Bay-Delta Fishery Project

California Department of Fish and Game

Harvest rates on striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Estuary varied between 12 and 19% for the years 1965 to
1971. The mean harvest rate since 1965 (0.151) is 40% lower than
the mean of 0.253 for the years 1958-64. Survival rates for 1965-71
varied from 61 to 69%. The mean survival rate (0.654) for this period
was 21.3% higher than the 1958-64 mean of 0.539.

A decline in angler success and angler effort appears related to a
declining population. Exploitation rates have declined and survival
rates increased apparently in response to lower fishing pressure.

The bass tagged in 1965—66 averaged larger than bass tagged in
previous years. Return rates were higher for females than for males.

INTRODUCTION

Striped bass {Morone saxatilis) mortality rates from 1958-64 were
described for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary by Cliadwick
(1968). These rates were based on tagging in 1958 through 1961. Our
tagging program was renewed in 1965 to evaluate changes in population
parameters. This paper presents estimates of 1965 to 1971 mortality
rates derived from bass tagged in 1965 and 1966.

METHODS

Legal sized striped bass, 16 inches total length or greater, were cap-
tured with drift gill nets in the Saeramento-San Joaquin Estuary.
These fish were tagged with disc dangler tags and released. The tagging
methods are described bv Chadwick (1963, 1968). Bass were tagged
from April 6 to June 8, 1965 and from April 12 to May 31, 1966., Re-
ward and nonreward disc dangler tags were used to measure angler
response (the proportion of recaptured tags that were returned) each
year. All reward tags had $5 reward printed on the face of the tag.

Some tags were made of cellulose nitrate while others were made of
vinyl plastic. Return rates from the two tag types were compared to
determine if one material was superior to the other. The wire on all
tags was Type 302 soft stainless steel, 0.020 inch in diameter.

The tagging sequence was 1 vinyl nonreward ; 1 cellulose nitrate
reward; 2 cellulose iiitrate nonreward until the supply of reward tags
was exhausted. In 1965, tags were applied in the ratio of 1 vinyl : 2
cellulose nitrate after all reward tags were used. Only vinyl nonreward
tags were used in 1966 after the supply of reward tags was gone. In
addition to tag type, the date, tagger, fork length (fl) to the nearest
inch and the condition of the bass at release was recorded. Bass which
swam immediately were considered to be in good condition. Any bass

1 Accepted for publication April, 1974. This work was performed as part of Dingell-
Johnson Project, F9R, "A Study of Sturgeon and Striped Bass", supported by-
Federal Aid to B'isli Restoration Funds.

(157)

158 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

which floated at the surface before swimming was considered in poor
condition. Those bleeding profusely due to the puncturing of blood
vessels by the tagging needles were placed in a third category.

Posters explaining the program and self-addressed postage paid en-
velopes were distributed to bait shops and marinas to encourage anglers
to return tags.

Tag returns were stratified by year of recovery which was determined
for each fish from the number of elapsed days between tagging and
recapture. Tags recovered within 0-365 days were considered first year
returns, those within 366-730 days, second year returns, etc.

Estimates of angler response and bass mortality were made using
methods described by Chadwick (1968). All fish were used to estimate
mortality and survival rates since condition at tagging did not affect
returns. Exploitation rates were calculated for 1965 and 1966 by cor-
recting first year returns of nonreward tags for mean response and
dividing the corrected returns by the number of tags released in the
spring of that year.

All nonreward returns were corrected for nonresponse and the cor-
rected returns were divided by the estimated number of tags remaining
in the population in the spring of the year to estimate exploitation
rates for each year after 1966. The number extant at the beginning of
each year was estimated by multiplying the number present at the
beginning of the previous year by the survival rate in that year.

Expectation of death from natural causes was estimated only for
1965. This estimate was simply the sum of the exploitation and survival
rates subtracted from 1.

Survival was estimated for 1965 by dividing the number of bass
tagged that year into an estimate of the number still alive 1 year later.
The number alive after 1 year was estimated by dividing the number
of second year returns of tags released in 1965 by the exploitation rate
calculated from first year returns of tags released in 1966.

Survival estimates for the years 1966 through 1971 were made by
calculating the mean expectation of death from natural causes for the
years 1959, 1960, and 1965, and using it jis a constant. This constant
was then added to the exploitation rate and subtracted from one. This
method has an inherent shortcoming in that the mortality rates are
dependent on a mean obtained from three observations of natural mor-
tality and that mean may not be an accurate measure for the years
1966-71. The 1958 estimate of natural mortality Avas not used because
it was an atypical year (Chadwick 1968).

Sommani (1972) developed another method of calculating mortality
rates in years when no tagging occurs. A brief account of his method
is included here since it is relatively inaccessible though useful. The
example presented is for the period 1961-61 when no tagging was done.
The data used are from Table 1.

Step 1 — Tabulate the number of tags in the population in 1961 that
were recovered in 1965 (113).

Step 2 — Divide the number of tags released in 1965 (3974) into the
number recovered within one year (564). The quotient (0.142) is an
estimate of the harvest rate in 1965.

MORTALITY RATES FOR STRIPED BASS

159

TABLE 1. Estimates of Tagged Striped Bass Recaptured in the Sacramento-
San Joaquin Estuary. All Returns Corrected for Nonresponse *

Year tagged

1958

1959

1960

1961

1965

1966

1969

Total tagged

No. tagged

3,891

2,965

3,358

1,609

3,974

2.994

13,468

32,259

Year recaptured

Estimated number of recaptures

Total
recaptured

1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70

1,447

337

732

167

433

818

85

180

424

306

44

145

257

213

23

99

236

190

20

33

96

86

10

16

51

36

564

12

29

51

38

437

537

1

10

27

27

262

301

1

3

4

9

135

137

3

15

23

18

147

163

2,342

1,447

1,069

1,418

995

659

548

235

677

1,104

628

289

2,711

* Response values used were 0.615 (1958-64), 0.691 (1965-68), and 0.658 (1969).

Step 3 — Divide the total tabulated in Step 1 by the harvest rate
calculated in Step 2. The result (796) is an estimate of the number
of bass tagged prior to 1965 that were still alive in the spring of 1965.

Step 4 — Estimate the number of tagged bass alive in the spring of
1961 by adding the number tagged in 1961 (1609) to the number
estimated to have survived tagging in previous years. The estimate of
bass surviving from 1958-60 is obtained by using Sommani's formula
(3.3) repetitively for time (t =: 1959) through 1961. This estimate is
3368 using Chadwick's survival rates.

(0+1 + 2. .. + (i-2))

(3.3) r,(«+i + 2... + (t-i))^s^^_^^T(,_i)
where : j'jCo+i + s. .. + (<-!)) ^ estimated number of tagged fish

surviving from release at time — 0, 1,2..,, (t — 1) to i.
S(t-i) = survival rate from time (^ — 1) to t.

Step 5 — Divide the estimate of the number of tagged bass alive in
the spring of 1965 (796; from Step 3) by the estimate of the number
of tagged bass alive in the spring of 1961 (3368; from Step 4). The
quotient (0.236) is an estimate of the total survival rate for the 4 year
period 1961-65.

Step 6 — The total exploitation rate (0.724) for the 4-year period is
obtained by dividing the number of tags recaptured (2437) during
this period by the estimate of tagged fish alive at the beginning of 1961
(3368 from Step 4).

Step 7 — Total mortality (0.764) for the 4-year period is the com-
plement of survival (a = 1 — s) .

Step 8 — The mean annual instantaneous mortality rate (i) is 0.360
which is obtained from s = e'^\ where f = 4 years and s = 0.236 from
Step 5.

Step 9 — The instantaneous fishing mortality rate is calculated using
equation 1.8 from Ricker (1958) {p = ui/a). All'values are totals for

160 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

the 4 years (i = lA4;a = 0.764 ; u = 0.724) . The resulting p is divided
by 4 to get the mean rate. The mean annual instantaneous natural
mortality h q = i — 2^-

Step 10 — The estimated rate of exploitation in 1961 E(u)ioei was
calculated by varying the instantaneous fishing mortality p*io6i in
equation (3.1) until E(u) joqi is approximately equal to the rate of
exploitation (ut) calculated by the ratio of 1961 returns to 1961 tags
released, i.e., by equation (3.4).

(3.4) E{u),,,, = p*i96i-^^ 1 :P ^

P 1961 -r q

Step 11 — The new value for p* was then added to the mean instan-
taneous natural mortality q and the survival rate (si9gi) calculated
by equation 3.5.

(3.5) S1961 = 6-^^*1961+ «'

Step 12 — The number of tagged fish surviving to the 1962 season
is now estimated and the 1962 rate of exploitation calculated using 3.1.

\O.L) Ut ji^ _j_ Y'^ ( 0 + 1 + 2 . . . + ( « - 1) )

where: Rt (t -\- 1) = estimated recaptures of fish tagged at time
(t) and recovered during (t) to ^ -|- 1-
Tf = number of tagged fish released at time (0-
r, (0 + 1 + 2 . . . +(f— ))as previously defined.

Step 13— Steps 9, 10, and 11 are repeated for the 1962 through 1964
estimates. Similarly, the process is repeated for the years 1967-68
when no tagging occurred.

VALIDITY OF THE ESTIMATES

Factors affecting the validity of mortality estimates are mortality
due to capture, handling and tagging; tag shedding; nonreporting;
and representativeness of the sample.

Tagging Mortality

The proportion of total tags returned was compared for fish in each
condition (Table 2). Differences were not significant in either the 1965
or 1966 sample (1965 — X" = 1-29; 1966 — x" = 0.71). Returns from
conditions 1 and 2 combined were also not significantly different from
condition 3, nor was condition 2 different from condition 1. There-
fore, release condition did not affect the return rate in this study.
Some bass do die as a result of tagging, as evidenced by the return
of a few tags each year from dead bass found by anglers, but the
extent of this mortality is unknown.

Tag Shedding

Disc dangler tags are superior to all other tags used on striped bass
with respect to tag shedding (Cliadwick 1963, 1968). A few cellulose
nitrate tags delaminated after being out several years. Delamination
of vinyl tags has not been observed ; liowever, total returns of cellulose
nitrate tags slightly exceeded the total returns of the vinyl tags (Table
3). These differences were not significant for fish tagged in either year

MORTALITY RATES FOR STRIPED BASS

161

TABLE 2. Relationship between condition at release and
proportion of tags returned

Number released

Number and percentage return
by year tagged

1965

1966

1965

1966

Condition at release

N

Percent

N

Percent

Good (1)...

3.766

154

33

2,689
170
135

1,052
41
12

(27.9)
(26.6)
(36.4)

737
51
35

(27.4)
(30.0)
(25.9)

Poor (2)

Bleeding at tag wound (3)

Total

3,953

2,994

1,105

823

(1965 — x^ = 0.60; 1966 — x- = 0.02). Cellulose nitrate tags are no
longer available, and the vinyl material appears to yield satisfactory
results.

TABLE 3. Comparison of cellulose

nitrate

and vinyl tag

return rates.

Year tagged

Tag type

Number
released

Number returned by year of return (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Total

1965

cellulose
nitrate

vinyl

1825
868

176
(9.6)

79
(9.1)

143
(7.8)

69
(8.0)

80
(4.4)

34
(3.9)

49
(2.7)

16
(1.8)

47
(2.6)

20

(2.3)

18
(1.0)

8
(0.9)

513
(28.0)

226
(26.0)

1966

cellulose
nitrate

vinyl

1,998
996

258
(12.9)

113
(11.3)

132

(6.6)

76
(7.6)

68
(3.4)

27
(2.7)

67
(3.4)

45

(4.5)

27
(1.4)

10

(1.0)

::

552

(27.6)

271
(27.2)

Representativeness of the Sample

Most bass were tagged at Schad Landing in the western Delta
(Figure 1, Table 4). In 1966, enough bass were tagged at Prisoner's
Point in the eastern Delta to permit comparison of the returns for
the two areas. The proportions of first year tags which were returned
(12.6 and 12.9% respectively) did not differ significantlv (y- =
0.0011).

The fishing gear and methods used are selective for large fish (Chad-
wick 1967). Hence, the tagged population is biased toward large fish.
Some evidence for this can be found by comparing samples from the
spawning populations taken by different gears. For example, the aver-
age sizes of males and females caught by anglers in the spring of 1965
were 20.6 and 26.0 inches f.l., respectively (Miller and McKechnie
1969), whereas the means for bass tagged in 1965 were 23.4 and 28.7
inches. Of course, neither sample may reflect the actual population
structure.

162

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

TABLE 4. Number of striped bass tagged at various locations
in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, 1965—66

Year tagged

Tagging location

Year tagged

Tagging location

1965

1966

1965

1966

Broad Slough (1)*

Chain Island (2)

27

44

3,986

82

2

0

2,904

3

Chiops Island (5) _ .

Prisoner's Point (6)

25
7

9
411

Schad Landing (3).

Sherman Island (4)

Total .

4,171

3,329

* Numbers refer to location on Figure 1.

^

-Mop Area

To Redding

\ Feather River

SACRAMENTO -SAN JOAQUIN
RIVER SYSTEM

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
I I I I I I J

Scale in Miles

FIGURE 1. Map of study area showing tagging locations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin
Estuary. Location names designated in Table 4.

MORTALITY RATES FOR STRIPED BASS 163

Males are also over-represented because they mature earlier and
remain on the spawning grounds longer than females do (Chadwiek
1967, 1968; Miller and McKechnie 1969). In 1965, we tagged 2,879
males and 1,232 females, and in 1966, we tagged 2,120 males and 1,200
females. Males outnumbered females by more than 2 :1 for the two years
combined.

Tagging in 1965 and 1966 centered in the San Joaquin Eiver. Net-
ting in the lower Sacramento Eiver was unproductive compared to
the 1958-61 tagging period (Chadwiek 1968). Hence, the tagged popu-
lation may have been less representative of bass spawning in the
Sacramento Eiver than the 1958-61 sample. However, this bias is
unlikely to affect mortality estimates significantly, since some bass
tagged in the San Joaquin Eiver are caught by anglers in the Sacra-
mento Eiver, and bass tagged at different locations in the western
Delta in the spring (1958-61) did not have significantly different
migration patterns (Chadwiek 1967) or mortalitv rates (Chadwiek
1968).

Comparisons of the size of bass tagged during this study and those
tagged by Chadwiek reveal some marked changes in population struc-
ture. The average size varies with sex and Chadwiek sexed bass only
in 1960 and 1961 ; hence, lengths of bass tagged in those years were
compared with lengths of bass tagged in 1965 and 1966.

The fish tagged in 1960 and 1961 were smaller than those tagged
in 1965 and 1966. The mean lengths of male bass in the four respective
years are: 21.6, 21.7, 23.4, and 24.3 inches, f.l. The means for females
for the same years are : 25.2, 25.5, 28.7, and 29.5 inches, f.l. The per-
centages of males ^30 inches for the four respective years were 0.9,
0.8, 10.4, and 18.4. The percentages for females ^30 inches for the
four respective years were 7.6, 8.1, 39.1, and 50.3.

Changes in the size composition of the population were also apparent
from mean weights of bass caught on party boats (McKechnie and
Miller 1971), and from length frequencies of fish caught b}" anglers
in the spring (Miller and McKechnie 1969).

Nonreporting by Anglers

Tags without rewards were returned at a lower rate than those with
rewards. Eesponse (r) and its variance were estimated from first-year
returns using equation 1 and 2 of Chadwiek (1968). The mean re-
sponse (r) was estimated using Chadwiek 's equation 3.

Estimates of r were 0.743 for 1965 and 0.673 for 1966. Variances
were 0.0195 and 0.0068 for 1965 and 1966, respectively. The mean
response (r) was 0.691 for the two j'ears. The mean response for the
first 6 years of returns from the 1965 tagging was 0.740, and was 0.723
for the first 5 years of returns from the 1966 tagging. The response
rate for all years combined after the first year of returns is 0.78,
which suggests that response increased slightly after the first year,
although chance variation is considerable from year to year (Table 5).
There is no logical explanation for response increasing after the first
year. This phenomenon was also noted by Chadwiek (1968). Chad-
wick's mean rate of response for 4 sets of first year returns was 0.615,
somewhat less than the value in this study. All of my mortality rates
were calculated using the mean response of 0.691.

164

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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ilORTALITY RATES FOR STRIPED BASS

165

MORTALITY RATES

My estimates of harvest rates for 1965 (0.142 ± 0.016) and 1966
(0.179 ± 0.063) were lower than the range of 0.19 to 0.37 reported
by Chadwick for the years 1958-64. From 1965 to 1971 the exploita-
tion rate ranged from 0.119 to 0.193 (Figure 2). The mean rate of
0.151 was 40% lower than the 1958-64 mean of 0.253. Sommani's
(1972) harvest rate estimates for the period 1965-68 Avere even lower
than mine. Thev ranged from 0.096 to 0.176.

1.0

.8 -

.7 -

.6 -

.5 -

I I I I I I I I r

•~^—^— Annual Survival Estimates

-------- Exploitation Estimates

_ __ Expectation Of Death From Natural Causes

o Direct Estimates

o Indirect Estimates

-0»

.2 -

.1 -

^\

"•^....^•8'*—°-— °V.-..

^••, o^-

^8-::..^- - "^^^ °-

1958 59

60

61

62

63

64 65
YEAR

66

67

68

69

70

71

FIGURE 2. Comparison of striped bass population parameters estimated since 1958. Closed
circles represent direct estimates, open circles indirect estimates.

The mean survival of 0.654 for the 1965-68 period was 21.4% higher
than the 1958-64 mean of 0.539 calculated from Chadwick 's (1968)
data. This increase is cA'en more pronounced using Sommani's esti-
mates. His mean survival of 0.699 (Table 6) for 1965-68 was 29.6 %o
higher than Chadwick 's 1958-64 mean of 0.539.

The estimated expectation of natural death in 1965 was 0.203.

First year tag returns from large bass (males —24 inches and fe-
males —30 inches) generally exceeded the returns on small bass, and
the overall rate of female returns was consistently higher than male
returns (Tables 7 and 8). Differences in the proportions returned by
sex were significant for the first year returns in both years (X'loeri =
8.67; x^i966 = 15.47) and for all return years combined (*/^i96.j = 25.9;
5(^1966 = 14.85). However returns stratified by size and sex are con-
founded because females average larger than males at tagging and
harvest rates are highest on large fish. To minimize size effects the re-
turn rates of bass —30 inches were compared.

166

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

TABLE 6. Comparison of mortality and survival estimates made using
methods described by Chadwick (1968) and Sommani (1972)

Survival
rate

Exploitation
rate

Expectation

of death

from natural

causes

Instantaneous mortality-

Year

Total

Fishing

Natural

1965

0.655

0.142
0.179

0.203

0.42

0.17

0.25

1966* -

0.628
0.647
0.687
0.614
0.688
0.660

0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193

0.46
0.44
0.37
0.49
0.37
0.41

0.22
0.20
0.14
0.24
0.14
0.18

0.24

1967

0.160
0.120
0.193
0.119
0.147

0.24

1968

0.23

1969

1970

1971 -

0.25
0.23
0.23

Sommani's Estimatest

1965

1966

0.664
0.678
0.703
0.750

0.136
0.176
0.148
0.096

0.200
0.147
0.149
0.154

0.410
0.389
0.352
0.288

0.166
0.212
0.175
0.111

0.244
0.177

1967

0.177

1968

0.177

* Estimates below the line were made by assuming that the expectation of natural death was equal to

the mean for the years 1959, 1960 and 1965. (0.193)
t Taken from Table 4, p. 30 of Sommani (1972).

The first year return rates for males and females —30 inches were
15.3% and 11.3%, respectively, for 1965 and 14.0%^ and 16.0% respec-
tively for 1966. These differences were not significant (^"lor,.-, = 1-07;
X2a966 = 0.50).

Returns received through 1971 were also compared for bass ^30
inches. Males tagged in 1965 were returned at a slightly higher rate
than females tagged in 1965 (36.4%: versus 36.0%); however the
return rate for females tagged in 1966 exceeded the return rate for
males tagged in 1966 (35.7% versus 29.1%). The 1965 differences were
not significant (x^ = 0.008), and the 1966 differences were barely
significant (x- = 3.92).

Chadwick (1969) reported significant differences in returns by sex
for all sizes of bass in 1960, but differences were not significant in
1961. More conclusive evidence regarding differences in mortality
rates related to sex will likely come from a larger scale tagging pro-
gram in progress since 1969.

DISCUSSION

The estimates of population parameters described in this paper are
biased because survival and mortality rates vary with fish size and
our sampling nets select larger fish. This bias precludes determining
whether Sommani's method or Chadwick 's method develops the most
realistic estimates for those years when bass were not tagged.

MORTALITY RATES FOR STRIPED BASS

167

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MORTALITY RATES FOR STRIPED BASS

169

Chadwick's method depends on the mean expectation of natural
death for prior years when bass were tagged. Sommani's method is
more sophisticated in that it utilized the mean instantaneous natural
mortality rate calculated from tags actually returned in the non-
tagging years to deyelop the other rates for those years. However,
newly recruited fish are not represented in non-tagging years, so
returns from older fish bias Sommani's estimates eyen more than in
years when bass are tagged.

The harvest rate declined from 1958 to 1962, while the catch rate
in the partyboat fishery reached its 16-year peak (Figure 3). If
catchability was relatively constant, this relationship would indicate
that the bass population increased during this period. The harvest rate
increased 40% from 1962 to 1963. After 1963, the catch rate, harvest
rates, and fishing effort all declined, (Figures 3 and 4) suggesting
a decline in population.

<

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V)
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<
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1956 57

58

59

60

62

63 64
YEAR

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

FIGURE 3. Comparison of striped bass exploitation rates and partyboat catch per angler
hour. (Data from McKechnie and Miller, 1971 and Stevens, unpublished).

The decline in harvest rates is probably an indirect effect of a
decline in success which likely caused the reduction in fishing effort.
The significant correlation between angler success and effort as meas-
ured in the partyboat fishery supports this viewpoint (r = 0.868;
Figure 4).

The decline in mortality rates suggest that harvest rates can be
increased greatly with little reduction in yield. For example, based
on Chadwick's (1969) equilibrium yield model a four-fold increase in
harvest rate will increase the numbers of bass caught by 50% while
reducing total weight yield about 8%. This is based on a current
instantaneous fishing mortality of 0.20, an instantaneous natural mor-
tality of 0.25, and an entry age of 3 years for the fishery. Such a
change would be accomplished at the expense of reducing the average
weight of bass caught by about 41%. Consequently, any regulation

170

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

50

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UJ

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_l 1 I I I I \ I I \ I L

J I L

20-

o

to

15 5

10 <

1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

YFAR

FIGURE 4. Comparison of partyboat catch per angler hour and effort (angler days) in the
Inland Blocks, from 1954 to 1971. (Data from McKechnie and Miller (1971) and
Stevens unpublished.)

changes aimed at increasing harvest rates would have to be evaluated
with regard to tliis trade-off between numbers and average size. It is
also questionable that any acceptable means can be found to increase
harvest rates, considering the apparent self-regulating relationship
between harvest rates, population size, and fishing effort.

One obvious shortcoming in our measurement of population parame-
ters is the paucity of natural mortality estimates. Intensive and sequen-
tial annual measurements of natural mortalitv and, hence, survival
rates will eliminate the need for approximating these values. AVe also
lack understanding of the causes of the sex, size, and mortality rela-
tionships. Current studies hopefully will better define these relation-
ships. The environmental changes that occur due to developments such
as the California Water Project, require that population parameters
be precisely determined through adequate monitoring of the adult
population.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thomas Doyle was responsible for planning and directing tlie field
portion of the tagging program. Vincent Catania (deceased) fished
the gill nets. Robert J. McKechnie and Richard Penner assisted with
the study. II. K. Chadwiek and Donald E. Stevens made many helpful
suggestions.

STRIPED BASS MORTALITY 171

REFERENCES
Chadwick, Harold K. 1963. An evaluation of five tag types used in a striped
bass mortality rate and migration study. Calif. Fish Game 49(2) : 64-83.

. 1967. Recent migrations of the Sacramento-San Joaquin striped bass

population. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 96(3) : 327-342.

1968. Mortality rates in the California striped bass population. Calif.

Fish Game 54(4) : 228-246. Errata : Calif. Fish Game 55(2) : 99.

1969. An evaluation of striped bass angling regulations based on an

equilibrium yield model. Calif. Fish Game 55(1) : 12-19.
:\IcKechnie. Robert J. and Lee W. Miller. 1971. The striped bass partyboat

fishery : 1960-68. Calif. Fish Game 57(1) : 4-16.
Miller, Lee W. and Robert .T. McKechnie. 1969. Trends in the striped bass fish-
ing in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta from 1959 to 1965. Calif. Dept. Fish

and Game, Anad. Fish. Admin. Rept. 69-5, 25 p.
Ricker. William E. 1958. Handbook of computations for biological statistics of

fish populations. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Fish Bull. 119, 300 p.
Scmmani. Prichar. 1972. A study on the population dynamics of striped bass

{Morone saxafilis Walbaum) in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Ph.D. Thesis

University of Washington. 133 p.

Calif. Fish and Game, 60(4) : 172-177. 1974.

A VEHICLE-MOUNTED DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
SYSTEM FOR BIOTELEMETRY MONITORING^

DONALD L. HALLBERG^

Department of Biological Sciences,

California State University, Sacramento

Sacramento, California 95819

FRANK J. JANZA

Department of Electrical Engineering,

California State University, Sacramento

and

GENE R. TRAPP

Department of Biological Sciences,

California State University, Sacramento

A vehicle-mounted dual yogi antenna was constructed for use with a
D.F. receiver in monitoring gray fox (Urocyon c/nereoargenfeus) activity
periods. The antenna is essentially unidirectional with an extremely
sharp null. This characteristic, coupled with direct-compass attachment
to a rotating antenna mast, made it possible to quickly determine signal
direction with a precision of ±1° in over 2,000 instances.

INTRODUCTION

Biotelemetry equipment has made intermittent or continuous moni-
toring of animals possible by communicating location and, occasionally,
other physical and physiological information.

Numerous descriptions of this type of equipment have appeared
(Will and Patric 1972, Schladweiler and Ball 1968).

Little attention has been devoted to the receiving antenna, which is
as important as the transmitter or receiver. The ideal antenna should
])rovide high gain for long distance reception while having keen direc-
tivity for precise bearing determination. The system described possesses
both of these characteristics and was used by the senior author with
150-151 MHz transmitters and receivers constructed by Davidson
Electronics Company (2415 Glenwood Ave., Mpls., Minn. 55405) to
study the gray fox (Urocyon cincrcoargcnteus) in California's Sacra-
mento Valley.

This project required accurate determination of an animal's location
from distances of approximately 0.4-0.8 km (0.25-0.5 mile). Neither
the connnonly used single loop nor yagi antenna (Mackay 1970), al-
though directional, provided the necessary bearing resolution. A dual
vagi antenna arrangement, similar to that used atop 21.3 and 30.5 m
(70 and TOO ft) towers at the Cedar Creek automatic tracking sta-
tion (Cocliran, "Wai-ner. Tester and Kuechle 1965), was made suitable
by reducing the inter-antenna distance from two wavelengths to one-
half.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The principal components of the antenna system include : mast, ball
bearing race, compass, compass rose, pointer, and two yagi antennas.

1 Accepted for pubHcation May 1974.

2 Current association: Univ. Calif, at Davis, Primate Research Center, Data Services,

Davis, California 95010.

(172)

BIOTELEilETRY MOXITORIKG ANTENNA

173

The bottom section of the 9.8 m (30 ft), three-element, telescoping
television mast was attached to a pickup truck bed and rack (Figure
1). A ball bearing race connected to the top of this stationary section
supported, by means of a locking bolt (Figure 2), the weight of the
remaining two sections and allowed tliem to rotate. Affixed to the ball
bearing race was an aluminum compass rose, adjustable pointer and
wooden compass arm (Figure 2).

FIGURE 1. Senior author reads compass affixed to wooden arm extended from mast. Head-
phones are removed to prevent compass deflection while determining bearing.
Nighttime bearings are read with a battery operated light taped to mast.

A Suunto compass (Code KB-14/360R, Forestry iSuppliers, Inc.,
205 West Rankin St., Jackson, Miss. 39204) was secured in a depression
at the end of the compass arm (Figure 2). The compass arm was long
enough to prevent magnetic deflection of the compass card by the
antenna mast.

A beam bolted to the top section of the mast supported two yagi
antennas (Ily-Gain Model 23, Hy-Gain Electronics Corp., Rural Route
3, Lincoln, Neb. 68505). This liybrid antenna (Figure 1) is a broad-

174

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

side array, using two vertically polarized three-element vagi antennas
in the end fire position, spaced exactly 0.5 wavelength apart [A. = c/f,
where I = wavelength in meters, c = 3 X 10** M/sec, / = frequency in
IIz (cycles per second)]. Each antenna was coupled to a common tee
connector with a 52 ohm coax transmission line that measured pre-
cisely 0.25 wavelength from the tee's center to the antenna terminals.
The remaining lead connected the tee to the receiver.

centimeters
0 10 20

FIGURE 2. Principle components used to determine null limits and direction of the null's
bisection. The parts are (1) boll bearing race attached to wooden discs; (2)
rotating most; (3) aluminum compass rose; (4) wooden compass arm; (5) Suunto
compass recessed into compass arm; (6) adjustable pointer that rotates about
axis A — the rotated position is shown by broken lines; (7) locking bolt that
prevents rotating mast from sliding into stationary mast; (8) stationery mast.

BIOTELEMETRY MONITORING ANTENNA

175

The system combines the forward hifrh-gain properties of the single
vagi antenna (Figure 3C) with the directional qualities of the loop
antenna (Figure 3B) by resorting to an array of two yagi antennas.

Figure 3A depicts the relative signal response achieved with this
arrangement. Spacing between the antennas is critical. Altering the
distance will result in different antenna patterns by increasing the
number of lobes (Kraus 1950), as was experienced by Cochran (1967).
The front to back asymmetry allows the antenna to be directed toward
the incoming signal, virtually eliminating the ambiguous character-
istic of most loop antennas that align toward and 180° away from the
signal (Mackay 1970). The system further improves upon the loop's
90° "null-to-maximum" signal response (Figure 3B) by reducing it
to 37° (Figure 3A). This effectively increases the gain, allowing better

330

300'

60«

2 70*

240"

210° 180° 150°
0° A 0°

120=

B

FIGURE 3. Relative signal responses characteristic of various antenna configurations ore
shov/n. Plane of antenna in each case is directed toward the incoming signal
at zero degrees and each direction pattern is vertically polarized.

A. Actual signal response characteristic of this dual yogi array. Maximum
response occurs 37' each side of null. Shaded areas represent the range
of null limits most frequently obtained under field conditions.

B. A single loop antenna produces two symmetrical lobes with maximum signal
response at 0° and 180°. Minimum response occurs at 90° and 270°
(Cochran and Lord 1963).

C. A single Hy-gain Model 25 yagI array produces only a forward lobe with
maximum gain at 0". Minimum qain I« found from 90° through 270
(Hy-Gain Electronics Corp.).

176 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

null definition, and thereby more accurate direction determination when
bisecting the null.

Antenna tuning, if required^ uiay be accomplished with a grid-dip
meter (calibrated frequency meter). Unequal tuning may produce an
asymmetry that is skewed away from the zero-degree orientation. How-
ever, small amounts of graphical skewness remain essentially linear,
and, along with the magnetic declination, may be compensated for by
compass arm alignment with the center of the antenna null.

Over 2,000 directional fixes have shown the null's width to vary
inversely with the signal strength. Typically, the null was 5°-40°
wide, with 15° most common. Generally, when the null exceeded 40°
the signal was too weak to give reliable bearings, and when less than 5°
the signal was very strong (Figure 3A).

Direct compass attachment to the rotating mast made it unnecessary
to align the vehicle in some predetermined manner (Verts 1963),
prior to establishing the signal's direction, or to realign the compass
with the antenna (Trapp 1973) each time a bearing was taken. The
Suunto compass was well-suited for this application as the compass
card comes to rest rapidly and could be read directly to the half
degree.

The pointer and compass rose were used only to facilitate precise
location of the null's limits and its bisection. Use of an adjustable
pointer helped eliminate observer bias when several bearings were
taken in rapid succession. This was accomplished by a 5°-10° pointer
rotation about axis A (Figure 2) after each bearing, which in effect
placed new limits on the null each time the pointer was rotated. The
value of taking multiple bearings on gray foxes decreased as their
movement increased. Nevertheless, taking at least two bearings gave
some idea as to the rate of animal travel, its direction, and most im-
portantly reduced the chance of mistaken reading.

Contingent upon animal movement and signal strength, actual field
observation almost always gave bearing precisions of ±1° or better
(precision of ± 0.25° was not uncommon). This translates into a linear
error of ±: 14.3 m (46 ft) or less at a distance of 0.8 km (0.5 mile).

The antenna system required less than 1 day to construct and re-
quired little maintenance. Its ruggedness alloAved vertical transport of
antenna and mast (Figure 1) over gravel roads at 40 km/hr (25 mph),
and at freeway speeds when horizontally supported by the pickup
rack. Its light weight, 15 kg (33 lb), allowed one person to quickly
raise the system to the vertical position. Once erected, multiple bear-
ings could be taken in rapid succession.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Purchase of telemetry equipment was made possible through a grant
from the Foundation of California State University, Sacramento. Other
financial assistance was provided by the Foundation For Environmental
Education, Inc., Washington, D.C., and the Department of Biological
Sciences, California State University, Sacramento. Special credit is
due to James L. Ilnber, Stanford Researcli Institute, for suggesting
tlic use of a dual vagi antenna, and to Herbert L. Ilagen, California
Department of Fisli and Came, for technical advice concerning its
assembly. Additional thanks is extended to Sharon Hallberg for re-
viewing the manuscript.

BIOTELEMETRY IMOXITORIXG ANTENNA 177

REFERENCES

Cochran. W. W.. 19G7. Radiolocation and tracking of animals — an inexpensive
triangulation recorder. A BIAC information module. M14.AIBS Bioinstrumenta-
tion Adv. Council, Wash.. D.C. 31 p.

Cochran. W. W. and R. D. Lord, Jr. 1963. A radio-tracking system for wild
animals. J. Wikll. Manage. 27(1) : 9-24.

Cochran, AV. W., D. W. Warner, J. R. Tester, and V. B. Kuechle. 1965. Auto-
matic radio-tracking system for monitoring animal movements. BioScience
15(2) : 98-100.

Hy-Gain Electronics Corporation. No Date. Model 23 two meter beam : installa-
tion and operation instructions. Hy-Gain Electronics Corp., Lincoln, Nebraska,
order no. 340.

Kraus, J. D. 1950. Antennas. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
553 p.

Mackay. R. S. 1970. Bio-medical telemetry : sensing and transmitting biological
information from animals and man. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 533 p.

Schladweiler. J. L.. and I. J. Ball. Jr. 1968. Telemetry bibliography emphasing
studies of wild animals \inder natural conditions. Univ. Minnesota. James Ford
Bell Museum Tech. Rep. 15. 31 p.

Trapp. G. R. 1973. Comparative behavioral ecology of two southwest Utah carni-
vores : Bassariscus astutus and TJrocyon cinereoargenteus. PhD Thesis: Univ.
Wisconsin. 251 p.

Verts. B. J. 1963. Equipment and techniques for radio-tracking striped skunks.
J. Wildl. Manage. 27(3) : 325-339.

Will, G. B. and E. F. Patric. 1972. A contribution toward a bibliography on
wildlife telemetry and radio tracking. New York State Dept. of Environmental
Conservation. 60 p.

Calif. Fish and Game, 60(4) : 178-191. 1974.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF SEA BASSES OF THE GENUS
DIPLECTRUM, WITH A KEY TO THE PACIFIC SPECIES^

RICHARD H. ROSENBLATT

and

G. DAVID JOHNSON

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

University of California, San Diego,

La Jolla, California 92037

There are eight known species of the serranid genus Dipfectrum in
the eastern Pacific: D. conceptione, D. euryplectrum, D. maeropoma, D.
maximum, D. pacificum, D. sciurus, and D. eumelum n. sp. and D.
labarum n. sp. The species may be distinguished on the basis of num-
bers of fin rays, scales and gill-rakers, body shapes, length of fin
spines, and shape of spine cluster. A key is given, and meristic data are
presented. The range of D. maximum is extended north from Peru to
Baja California, and the distinctively colored juveniles are described for
the first time.

INTRODUCTION

The serranid genus Diplectrnm consists of 11 known species. All are
rather small for sea basses (25-30 cm) and live on the continental shelf
on sand or mud bottoms. They are commonly taken along with shrimp,
and are abundant in their habitat. Although they are not now much
utilized commercially, they do represent a potential resource. Also,
they are collectively the most abundant, and probably the most im-
portant, serranid predator in their habitat.

Although seven eastern Pacific species have been described, the genus
has never been reviewed. Walford (1937) gave a key which distinguished
the four species which occurred north of the equator. Hildebrand (1946)
presented a key which distinguished the four Peruvian and Pana-
manian species, including the southern D. conceptione, and described
a new form, D. maximum. Subsequently Hildebrand (1948) described
another new species, D. mexicanum, from the Gulf of California.

Our data indicate tliat there are eight species of Diplectrnm in the
eastern Pacific, and that two of these are undescribed. D. mexicanum
Hildebrand 1948 is identical to D. maeropoma Gunther 1864. It is our
purpose to describe the new forms, and present sufficient data on the
others that they may readily be identified. Meristic and morphometric
data for all species but D. conceptione are given in Tables I-III. We
have examined no material of D. conceptione.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens utilized for this study are housed at the Scripps Institu-
tion of Oceanography (SIO) and the Fish Collection, Department of
Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Counts and
measurements were made according to the methods of Hubbs and
Lagler (1958). Row; of scales on the opercle have often been used as
a taxonomic discriminator in Diplectrnm. Although we made these
counts, we experienced difficulty in obtaining consistent, repeatable
data.

1 Accepted for publication April 197 4.

(178)

DIPLECTRU:\r KEY

179

'f -•>', ■«

B

.,^«9^^

FIGURE 1. Three species of Diplectrum; A, holotype of D. labarum (right side, reversed),
B, holotype of D. eume/um, C, D. mocropomo, a 137 mm individual from the
Gulf of California (SiO60-95).

180 CALIFORNIA FISH AXD GAME

DIPLECTRUM HOLBROOK

The followiiifr combination of cliaracters distinguishes Diplccfrum
from other Pacifie serranid genera :

D.X, 12; A. Ill, 7 or 8 (occasionally 6 or 9j ; body elongate, mod-
erately compressed; top of head naked from occiput forward; caudal
lunate to slightly forked; scales moderately large, 50-80 rows above
lateral line ; preopercle produced into bony flap and armed with 1 or
2 clusters of strong, divergent spines.

KEY TO THE PACIFIC SPECIES OF DIPLECTRUM

la. Second, 3rd. and 4tli (^occasionally Gtli) dorsal .spines with black, filamentous
extension ; the 3rd spine longest, often reaching to base of 9th spine when
depressed; 2nd spine at least twice as long as 1st (See species account for
specimens <00 mm) laharum

1!). Dorsal spines without black filamentous extensions; the 3rd spine not the
longest ; 2nd spino less than twice as long as 1st 2

2a. 22 or more gill-rakers on lower limb of first j;ill arch ; no large black area
on innrr mombrane of npcrcle sciurus

2b. 17 or fewer gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill arch ; a large black area on
inner membrane of opercle, visible externally as a dark spot above spinous
projection of preopercle 3

3a. 3rd anal spine scarcely if any longer than 2nd ; lower jaw projecting strongly,
its tip entering the dor.sal outline of head maximum

3b. 3rd anal spine notably longer than 2nd ; lower jaw not projecting suflBciently
to enter dorsal outline of head 4

4a. 3—4 much enlarged spines at angle of preopercle conceptionc

4b. At least G spines at angle of preopercle, radiating from a single, broad center o
5a. 8-11 oblique scale rows on cheek C

."lb 0 oblique scale rows on cheek 7

Oa. Head large f 2.2-2..") in std. length) ; caudal peduncle very shallow (3.S— l.G
in head) ; spinous projection of preopercle always deeper than length of eye
(in specimens as small as GO mm may be just equal) ; dark bar at base of soft
dorsal; ventral fins dusky; anal soft rays usually 8 euryplectrum

Ob. Head Smaller (2.7-^2.0 in std. length) ; caudal peduncle deeper (2.7-3.0 in
head) ; spinous projection of preopercle usually not as deep as length of eye;
no dark bar at base of soft dorsal ; ventral fins colorless ; anal soft rays
usually 7 pacificum

7a. P>ody deep (2.8-3.4 in std. length) ; caudal peduncle quite deep (2.8 or less
in head); snout straight and somewhat pointed; 19-27 pseudobranch fila-
ments; 9th dorsal spine notably shorter than 10th; dorsal and anal soft
rays decreasing in length posteriorly ; in isopropanol no pale spots on pre-
orl)ital or pale stripe on check ; soft dorsal not spotted, but top half with
a dusky bar I macropoma

7b. Body moderately deep (3.0-4.2 in std. length) ; caudal peduncle shallow
(3.0-3.2 in head) ; snout blunt, curving convexly at tip; 27-37 pseudobranch
filaments ; 9th and 10th dorsal spines subequal ; posterior soft dorsal and
anal rays as long as or longer than anterior raj's ; orange stripe passing from
preopercle anteriorly across cheek, breaking up into 3 distinct spots on
preorbital (pigmented areas definitely pale in isopropanol) ; soft dor.sal
spotted eumelum.

\

DIPLECTRtm KEY 181

DIPLECTRUM LABARUM N. SP.

Description

D.X, 11-13 (12.0) ; A.III, 6-S (7.1) ; pectoral 15-18 (16.6) ; gill-
rakers 6-9 + 13-15 (8.1 + 14.0) ; pseudobraneh filaments 23-36 (28.9)
lateral line scales 47-49 (47.8) ; scale rows above lateral line 52-61
(56.7) ; oblique scale rows on cheek 7-8 (7.3). Measurements of body
parts are given in Table III. Meristic data are in Tables I and II.

Body moderately deep, caudal peduncle rather shallow; anterior
dorsal profile gently convex, a slight depression just back of occiput ;
snout well rounded; mouth oblique; maxillary extending to a point
just behind rear margin of pupil in large specimens, somewhat an-
terior to this in small specimens. Teeth in the jaws in villiform bands,
some of the outer ones in the upper jaw enlarged, both outer and inner
teeth in the lower jaw enlarged anteriorly, with a single enlarged row
posteriorly; palatine teeth in narrow villiform bands; vomerine teeth
in a triangular patch, villiform with a few enlarged at the two posterior
apices. Gill-rakers at angle of first arch approximately i length of eye ;
longest filament about ii length of eye. Spinous projection of preopercle
deep and square ; posterior margin straight, inclined slightly back-
ward (almost vertical in smaller specimens) ; lower margin inclined
sliglitly upward and approximately twice as long as upper margin
which is inclined slightly downward ; a single cluster of large, closely
spaced diverging spines, uniformly decreasing in strengtli away from
center, longest at apex of lower angle (Figure 1).

Spinous dorsal configuration unique ; 2nd, 3rd. and 4th spines modi-
fied distally into slender, black, filamentous extensions; membrane be-
tween 2nd and 3rd spines deeply notched; 2nd spine usually at least
twice as long as 1st (juveniles may often be identified by this character
before filamentous nature of spines is evident) ; 3rd spine the longest,
often reaching to base of 9th spine and beyond when depressed; 9th
and 10th spines subequal, about -ji as long as 1st dorsal soft ray. Soft
dorsal outline varies with size ; in smaller specimens, rays decreasing
in length posteriorly, in larger specimens posterior rays (except for
12th) equal to or longer than anterior rays. Anal with 3 small gradu-
ated spines, the 2nd the strongest ; soft margin somewhat rounded
anteriorly, then with a posterior slant with an acute posterior angle,
longest ray usually 2nd or 3rd in smaller specimens, 6th in larger
specimens, middle rays the longest, reaching beyond tip of ventral,
but falling well short of anal origin ; caudal nearly truncate, with
upper rays a little longer than the lower. Distal margin of pectoral
fin inclined obliquely backward from third to tenth ray then with an
anterior slant.

Color in isopropanol grayish-brown above, pale yellowish to silvery
below ; sides with 5 or 6 dark squarish blotches above, these often
continuous with the same number of arcuate blotches below (these
markings more or less evident in juveniles in conjunction with 2 dark
longitudinal lines). Black spot on base of caudal rays very prominent,
encompassing over half the caudal depth at this point ; caudal rays
tipped with black, the middle ones most heavily; inner membrane of
opercle with a large black area, visible externally as a dark spot above
spinous projection of preopercle. A dark band present just below the
eye, broadening posteriorly on the cheek.

182

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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DIPLECTRUIM KEY 183

A color transparency of a 138 mm specimen from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia shows the following markings : a dull orange line running longi-
tudinally along the membrane of the spinous dorsal, slightly above its
base; on the soft dorsal 5 dull orange diagonal bars (sloping back-
wards), and a very narrow line of brighter orange running just at
the tips of the rays ; 2 yellow stripes on the soft anal joining between
the 2nd and 3rd rays; 3 dark orange vertical wavy lines on the caudal
fin ; the upper and lower caudal margin tipped posteriorly with red-
dish orange ; pectorals transparent ; ventrals pale to dusky. The soft
dorsal and caudal markings are more or less evident in preserved
specimens, but the spinous dorsal and anal markings are not.

Identification

D. laharum may be readily distinguished from its congeners on the
basis of the unique spinous dorsal configuration. In the other species,
the 2nd and 3rd dorsal spines are much shorter and stronger, without
the black filamentous extensions. In specimens smaller than 100 mm,
the black, filamentous nature of the dorsal spines is often not yet
apparent ; however, these individuals may still be identified by the
fact that the 2nd spine is more than twice as long as the 1st. Specimens
less than 60 mm in length may even be lacking this character in which
case they are most easily confused with D. pacificum, as the color
pattern is similar, and the preopercle is not yet developed to the point
of distinction. Cheek scale count is probably the best character to use
at this stage (D. laharum, 7-8; D. pacificum, 9-10) keeping in mind
that there may be some overlap.

Derivation of Name

From the Latin laharum, the Roman imperial standard, in allusion to
the elongated dorsal spines.

Range

Outer coast of Baja California as far north as Baliia Asunci(')n; Gulf
of California as far north as Bahia de los Angeles and Punta Tepoca,
extending southward along the Mexican coast to the Gulf of Panama
(Fig. 3).

Variation

It was apparent from an inspection of the data that individuals with
8 anal rays occurred more frequently in samples taken between Almejas
and Asuncion bays, Baja California. For purposes of analysis the range
of D. laharum was divided into thrC'C areas; (I) outer coast of Baja
California north of Almejas Bav. (II) outer coast south of Almejas
Bay, and (III) Gulf of California to Panama (Fig. 2).

Although the means for the areas do not differ greatly, the differences
between Areas I and II and I and III are significant at the p^ .05
level when tested by the Student's t-test. The means for Areas II and
III could not be separated. In order to avoid certain assumptions
required by the Student's t-test, the median test, a nonparametric pro-
cedure (Tate and Clelland 1957), was applied, and the results were the
same. The data for Area II are given separately, since the relatively
small sample size does not allow us to preclude the possibility of inter-
mediacy. However, lumping Area II with either Areas I or III does

184 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

not affect the results of the analj^sis. This does not indicate that the
Area II population is intermediate, only that the available samples arc
small in relation to the samples for Areas I and III.

Since this variation is characterized by northern populations having
a higher frequency of individuals with 8 anal rays (rather than 7), one
might initially attempt to explain it as a phenotypic effect of water
temperature. However, temperature data (Griffiths 1968) indicate sur-
face temperatures in Area II actually differ more from those in III
than from those in I. If anal ray counts were being signifiantly affected
by water temperatures, one might then expect to find a north-south cline
of this character in Area III. This is not the case. It might further be
expected that other counts would be higher in Area I. This is, however,
not true for dorsal and pectoral rays, for which a large number of
specimens was examined.

Although the hypothesis of environmentally induced variation cannot
be discarded, it does not seem consistent with the data at hand. Whether
the differences are genetic or not, it is clear that there must be restricted
mixing of individuals between Areas I and II in order for this variation
to exist. Such restriction is somewhat surprising in a supposedly vagile
species such as this which produces large numbers of eggs and pelagic
larvae. Our current understanding of the hydrography of the outer
Baja coast provides no explanation for any sort of pelagic barrier be-
tween Almejas Bay and the Marquis Point vicinity, and as we know
very little about the ecology and behavior of D. labarum, we must defer
further speculation as to the cause of this phenomenon to future studies
of this species or other fauna of the area. At present, sufficient speci-
mens to allow similar analysis of other species of Diplcctrum occurring
here are not available.

DISCUSSION

D. laharum is the most common Diplcctrum in SIO trawl collections
from the outer coast of Baja California and the Gulf of California, and
appears to be fairly common throughout its range. It occurs most fre-
quently in the Gulf with B. sciurus in depths of 36-72 m, but has been
taken with all the Pacific species except D. maximum and B. concep-
tionc. Its complete absence from the literature is difficult to explain,
particularly in light of its unique appearance and the fact that it occurs
as far south as Panama where lack of sampling and descriptive effort
has certainly not been a problem. Whether this absence results from a
failure of recognition or a real lack of material could only be deter-
mined by an extensive examination of earlier collections.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Ilolotype — SIO65-160, a 176mm SL individual from Bahia de Bandc-
ras, Jalisco, Mexico, taken on 2 June 1965 by otter trawl on a muddy
sand bottom at 31-35 m by T. Matsui and C. W. Jerde.

Paratvpes — Mexico, Baja California Sur — Bahia Asuncion, SI064-
892, 1 (123) ; Bahia Ballenas, SIO64-270, 28 (48-73) ; SIO64-820, 7
(50-75); SI064-889, 145 (19-133); Punta Pequena, SI064-886, 16
(112-164) ; SI064-887, 18 (35-123) ; SI064-888, 193 (39-146) ; Punta
San Juanico, SI069-235, 21 (57-151) ; Boca Animas, SI069-234, 5
(68-128); SI064-883, 28 (119-177); SI064-884, 42 (35-135); Cabo
San Lazaro, SIO64-880, 5 (38-137) ; Isla Magdalena, SI064-881, 47

DIPLECTRUM KEY 185

(33-176); SI064-882, 18 (114-176); Bahia Magdalena, SI062-112, 2
(41-60) ; SIO64-20, 3 (95-151) ; Isla Margarita, SI064-877, 48 (48-
138) ; SI064-879, 2 (124-128) ; Bahia Alraejas, SI064-876, 44 (24-67) ;
Punta del Marquis. SIO62-701, 5 (152-172) ; SIO62-702, 11 (60-66) :
SIO62-708, 7 (18-48) ; SIO62-709, 36 (59-192) ; SI062-867, 1 (59) ;
SI064-871, 1 (178) ; Vicinity Todos Santos, SI064-866, 6 (54-63) ;
SI064-868, 1 (162) ; Mexico/ Gulf of California— Punta Tepoca, SIO
60-120. 6 (106-124); Bahia Los Angeles, SI062-236, 106 (65-185);
SI061-282. 3 (93-212) ; Cerro Colorado, SIO70-70, 7 (73-108) ; Bahia
Santa Inez, SIO65-304. 63 (72-174) ; SIO65-305, 2 (100-190) ; SI068-
71, 57 (50-156) ; SI068-72, 21 (58-161) ; SI068-73, 18 (68-126) ; SIO
68-74, 14 (46-158) ; SI068-75. 21 (57-159) ; Punta San Telmo. SI065-
285, 31 (14-88); Topolobampo, UCLA56-118, 1 (63); Isla Espiritu
Santo, SI068-66, 7 (62-75) ; SI068-67, 18 (59-110) ; SIO70-62, 1 (52) ;
Bahia La Paz, SI065-257, 133 (75-150) ; SIO65-350, 2 (98-103) ; Punta
Gorda, SIO65-250, 1 (139) ; Mexico, Sinaloa-Tres Mas, SIO66-520, 1
(54) ; El Dorado, SI059-262, 1 (133) ; Boca Tecapan, SIO60-90, 10
(72-122) ; SI062-75, 70 (43-74) ; Mexico, Navarit— off Laguna de
Agua Brava, SI062-76, 20 (63-139) ; Islas Las Tres Marias, SIO60-89, 4
(91-135) ; San Bias, SIO59-270, 4 (96-123) ; Mexico, Jalisco— Bahia
Banderas, SI062-51, 2 (89-117) ; SIO65-160 taken with the holot\'pe, 9
(88-178) ; Mexico Oaxaca— Golfo de Tehuantepec, SIO63-503, 23 (40-
118) ; SIO63-504, 17 (29-110) ; SI063-514, 2 (69-132) ; SI063-518, 1
(40) ; SI063-524, 10 (34-76) ; SI063-526, 10 (38-58) ; SI065-164, 124
(38-77); Panama, SIO70-218, 1 (65); SI071-249, 4 (104-130); SIO
71-57, 34 (72-162).

DIPLECTRUM EUMELUM N. SP.

Diplcctrnm macropoma (not of Gunther), Jordan and Eigenmann,
Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., VIII, 1888 (1890). 397; Jordan and Ever-
mann. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus.. LXVII, 1896, 1205; Meek and Ilildebrand,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 226, zool. ser., XV, pt. 2, 1925, 475. Orces,
G. Ciencia y Naturaleza, 2 (2), 1959, 81.

Description

D.X, 12; A.III, 7; pectoral 16-17 (17.0); gill-rakers 7-8 + 12-13
(7.3 -f 12.7) ; pseudobranch filaments 27-37 (32.1) ; lateral line scales
47-50 (48.5) ; scale rows above lateral line 51-60 (56.1) ; oblique scale
rows on cheek 6-7 (6.0). Measurements of body parts are given in
Table III. Meristic data are in Tables I and II.

Body moderately deep, back slightly elevated, caudal peduncle
fairly shalloAv; anterior dorsal profile straight or slightly concave from
base of spinous dorsal to interorbital, gently convex from this point to
tip of snout which is broad and blunt; mouth quite oblique; maxillary
extending well beyond pupil to rear margin of orbit in some specimens.
Teeth in the jaws in villiform bands, some of the outer ones enlarged
in the upper jaw, both inner and outer teeth enlarged in the lower
jaw anteriorly, with a single row of enlarged teeth posteriorh'. Palatine
teeth in narrow villiform bands. Vomerine teeth in a triangular patch,
villiform with a few enlarged at the two posterior apices. Gill-rakers
at angle of first arch less than \ length of eye ; longest filaments about
I length of eye. Spinous projection of preopercle deep; posterior mar-

186 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

gin straight, iiielined backward forming an obtuse angle with the lower
margin, resulting in a notably produced lower angle ; lower limb of
preopercle smooth, continuous in profile with lower shelf of spinous
projection ; upper limb of preopercle finely serrate forming a broad
concavity -where it joins upper margin ; a single cluster of large diverg-
ing spines uniformly decreasing in strength away from center, longest
at the apex of lower angle. Spinous dorsal outline fairly even with no
greatly elongated spines or pronounced notch ; 2nd spine less than
I7 times as long as 1st; 4th and 5th spines longest, subequal; 9th and
10th spines subequal, about ^ fis long as 1st dorsal soft ray. Posterior
dorsal soft-rays (except for 12th) equal to or longer than anterior rays.
Anal with 3 small graduated spines, the 2nd only slightly if any
stronger than the 3rd; soft margin rounded anteriorly, then with a
posterior slant to an acutely pointed tip ; 6th ray the longest. Pectoral
softly pointed, with oblique upper and lower posterior margins, middle
rays the longest, reaching well beyond tip of ventral, often to a point
above anal origin. Caudal barely lunate with the upper rays notably
produced.

Color in isopropanol light brown above with numerous vague traces
of dark cross bars, pale yellow below. Black spot on base of caudal rays
large ; inner membrane of opercle with a large black area, visible exter-
nally as a dark spot above spinous projection of preopercle. Membrane
behind each dorsal spine tipped with a black speck ; soft dorsal dusky,
mottled with pale spots; middle rays of caudal tipped with black.
Three pale spots on preorbital, a pale stripe extending from below
eye across cheek and onto spinous projection of preopercle.

A color transparency of a specimen from Costa Rica shows the
following: preorbital spots and cheek stripe bright orange; soft dorsal
dull orange Avith colorless spots; dark area on opercle metallic blue;
caudal with vertical wavy lines or orange spots; lower side with 4 or 5
faint orange longitudinal lines about 1 scale row apart.

Identification
Due to the similarity in general body shape, preopercular configura-
tion, and clieek scale rows, 7). ( iiinrlinii is quite easily confused with
D. macropoyna, and this confusion has been widespread in the litera-
ture. T). cumchim lias a larger head and much shallower caudal peduncle
and ma}' be most easily distinguished witli any or all of the following
characters: preorbital spots and cheek stripe; 9th and 10th dorsal spines
subequal ; profile of snout convex, not straight ; posterior soft dorsal
and anal rays equal to or longer than anterior ones; soft dorsal spotted.

Derivation of Nome
From the Greek en, beautiful and mcloiu cheek.

Range
From Topolobampo, Sinaloa, Mexico to Panama (Fig. 3).

Discussion

In 1948, Hildebrand described a new species, B. mexicanum based

on a 125 mm specimen taken in the (Julf of California in 1889. A close

examination of tliis description and tlie accompanying illustration shows

this specimen to be specifically identical with Centropristis macropoma

DIPLECTRUM KEY 187

Gunther 1864. A study of the intervening literature and specimens of
D. macropoyna and D. cumelum indicates the source of the confusion.
D. macropoma and D. cumelum are very simiLar in appearance, but as
noted above there are several characters which readily distinguish
them. In 1888, Jordan and Eigenmann apparently mistook specimens
of eiimelum for macropoma and listed as key characters for macropoma,
3 characters (pale spots on snout, pale stripe on cheek, and spotted soft
dorsal) which are in fact diagnostic for cumchnn. This concept of the
species was maintained b.v Jordan and Evennann (1886), and in 1925,
Meek and Hildebrand described as macropoma what again must have
been specimens of cumelum, adding another cumelum character (the
posterior rays of soft dorsal the longest). This, then explains how Hilde-
brand, upon discovering a specimen of macropoma, of Gunther, be-
lieved it to be a new species and described it as mexicanum.

Material Examined

Holotype— SIO65-160, a 129 mm SL individual from Bahia de Ban-
deras, Jalisco, Mexico, taken on 2 June 1965 by otter trawl on a muddy
sand bottom at 31-35 m by T. Matsui and C. W. Jerde.

Paratypes — Mexico. Sinaloa, Gulf of California — Topolobampo,
UCLA 56-118, 1 (172) ; Mexico, Jalisco-Bahia Banderas, SI062-51, 7
(109-202) ; SIO65-160 taken with the holotype, 8 (113-132) ; Costa
Rica, UCLA63-142, 12 (97-110) ; UCLA63-148, 54 (71-232) ; Panama,
SIO70-141, 2 (86-105) ; SIO70-218, 24 (98-145) ; SI071-57, 8 (82-
229); SI071-249, 2 (140-149).

DIPLECTRUM MAXIMUM HILDEBRAND

Diplectrum conceptionc Evermann and Radcliffe (in part, not of
Cuvier and Valenciennes), Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 95, 1917, p. 75, pi. 7,
fig. 2.

Diplectrum. maximum Hildebrand, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189, 1946,
p. 185, fig. 42.

D.X, 12; A.III, 7; pectoral 17; gill-rakers 6-7 + 13-14 (6.8-13.5);
pseudobraneh filaments 25-33 (29) ; lateral line scales 48-49 (48.5) ;
scale rows above lateral line 60-70 (64.5) ; oblique scale rows on cheek
9. Measurements of body parts arc given in Table III. Meristic data
are in Tables I and II.

Body elongate, head small ; caudal peduncle compressed and quite
long ; anterior dorsal profile slightly concave from base of spinous dorsal
to interorbital, straight from this point to tip of snout which is narrow^
and somewhat pointed ; mouth moderately oblique ; lower jaw strongly
projecting, its tip just entering dorsal outline of head; maxillary ex-
tending to a point directly below rear margin of pupil. Teeth as in
other species. Gill-rakers at angle of first arch approximately -l length
of eye; longest filaments less than ^ length of eye. Spinous projection
of preopercle shallow, well-rounded; no well defined upper and lower
horizontal margins, the projection continuous (no sharp change in
direction) with upper and lower limbs of preopercle; a single clu.ster
of slightly diverging spines, decreasing in strength very little away
from the center, longest at the center. Spinous dorsal outline moderate
without a pronounced notch; the 4th spine the longest; 9th and 10th
spines subequal about j as long as 1st dorsal soft ray. Soft dorsal

188 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

outline with a distinct ]iosterior slant, the anterior rays the longest.
Anal with 3 spines, the 2nd stronger than and equal to or longer than
the 3rd; soft margin convexly rounded, the 2nd ray the longest, pos-
terior tip not acutely pointed. Pectoral obliquely rounded, the 4th
through 7th rays the longest, reaching beyond tip of ventral, but not
to anal origin. Caudal nearly truncate, the upper rays slightly longer
than the lower.

Color in isopropanol : lowermost sides and belly pale ; back and upper
sides dark brown with 3 pale horizontal stripes; one, from just back of
occiput to just below middle of soft dorsal; a second, from just behind
eye to upper part of caudal peduncle, ending in a paler blotch on base
of caudal raj'S; a third, from just above pectoral base to lower part of
caudal peduncle; the upper 2 lines continuous and slightly- darker than
the third M'hich is broken, consisting of a series of 9-10 very pale
blotches interrupted by the darker background; a median pale line on
the nape from occiput to base of spinous dorsal. Vague traces of small
dark spots on snout and nape. Dark spot on base of caudal rays small
(less than -?j depth of caudal at this point) and only slightly if any
darker tlian background color of sides; caudal dusky, the upper
and lower rays darker tow^ard their bases. Inner membrane of
opercle with a large black area visible externally as a silver spot bor-
dered posteriorly and above by black. A prominent jet black region
extending across the membrane between the first four or five dorsal
spines, narrowing posteriorly to a dusky stripe which continues the
entire length of the dorsal fin. Pectoral and anal pale, translucent, ven-
tral slightly dusky.

Discussion

The above description is based on 4 small sjx'cimens (67-92 mm) col-
lected in 1962 and 1964 on tlie outer coast of Baja California at Bahia
Magdalena and Punta del Marquis in shallow water (1-4 fathoms).
The presence of these small individuals here leads us to conclude that
there exists a viable, reproducing population of 7). maximum in this
area, as the transport of larvae or juveniles from the only previously
noted locality, northern Peru, over 2,000 miles to the south, is unlikely.

These individuals possess at least one very prominent character, the
large, jet black iTgion on the anterior portion of tlie spinous dorsal,
which has not been previously described for maximum. This may be a
juvenile character, and specimens as small as these have never been
described in detail. However, it could represent a real genetic difference
between the South American and Baja California populations. The true
relationship of these populations cannot be established until a larger
number of specimens representing a wider size range from both areas
becomes available.

Range

Know)i only from Bahia Magdalena and Punta del Marquis, Baja
California, and Paita and Lobos de Tiera, Peru (Fig. 3).

Material Examined
Mexico, Baja California Sur— Bahia Magdalena, SIO62-106, 1 (68) ;
SI062-726, 2 (44-50) ; SI064-63, 1 (92) ; Punta del Marquis, SI062-
706,2 (74).

DIPLECTRUM KEY

189

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190

CALIFORNIA P^ISH AND GAME

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DIPLECTRU^r KEY

191

TABLE 2
Cheek Scale Counts for Seven Pacific Species of Dipleetrum

Rows

C

7

8

9

10

11

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39
37*

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4

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13

4

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4

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D. maximum- -

D. eurypleclTum

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D. macropomn _. _ ._

D. eumelum _ _.

* Count of Ilolotype

While this pa])er was in press an additional species, Dipleetrum ros-
trum (Bortone, Copeia 1974 (1) : 61-65) Avas described from the eastern
Pacific. D. rostrum nuiy be distinn^uished from the species treated by us
by the following combination of characters: Gill rakers 22-25, anal soft-
rays usually 7, two light bands across snout below eye, black mark on
operculum present. In overall appearance, D. rostrum is most similar
to D. pacificum.

Calif. Fish and Game, 60(4) : 192-198. 1974.

ATTACKS BY THE WHITE SHARK, CARCHARODON

CARCHARIAS (LINNAEUS), IN

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA^

W. I. FOLLETT

California Academy of Sciences

.San Francisco, California 94118

This is a report on three shark attacks in northern California: an
attack on a skin diver by a white shark in the channel between Bird
Rock and Tomales Point, Marin County; an earlier attack on a skin
diver, presumably by a white shark, at the same place; and an attack
on a fishing boat by a white shark off Del Norte County.

INTRODUCTION

A number of shark attacks on swimmers and skin divers have oc-
curred along the California coast. In some instances, a general descrip-
tion of the shark was offered by a witness who glimpsed some part of
the shark during the frenzied moments of its attack. In others, a
plausible identification of the species of shark involved was deduced
from the shape and spacing of the tooth marks on the victim or on
parts of liis swimming equipment. Identifications based on such de-
scriptions or on tooth marks have been recorded by Bolin (1954), Fast
(1955), Gilbert, Schultz, and Springer (1960), Coppleson (1962),
Garrick and Schultz (1963), Schultz and Malin (1963), Follett (1966).
In one instance, the attacking shark was positively identified from a
tootli fragment (Collier 1964).

This report describes three shark attacks — two on skin divers and
one on a fishing boat. The attacks on the skin divers occurred twelve
years apart at the same place. Two of the attacking sharks (including
the one that attacked the boat) were identfied from tooth fragments.

ATTACK ON A SKIN DIVER NEAR TOMALES POINT

On May 28, 1972, about 1 :3() p.m., PST, a large shark seized and
seriousl}^ injured Mr. Ilelmuth Ilimmrich of Lodi, California, Avho was
swimming in the channel between Bird Kock and the Avestern shore of
Tomales Point, ]\Iarin County, California. Tooth fragments removed
l"rom his v.'ounds arc identifiable, from the size and configuration of
their marginal serrae (also called "serrations"), as those of the white
shark, Carcharodnn carchariaii (Linnaeus), long known as the man-
eater.

The precise localitv (as computed from Mr. Himmrich's indication
on U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survev Chart 5603, Nov. 1934) was 38°13'
47" N. lat., 122°59'29" AV. long. A fog bank lay about 300 feet above
the water. The .southwest wind was too light to cause whitecaps. The
water was between 12 and 15 feet deep ; it was murky, with much
plankton; visibility was limited to 4 or 5 feet. Sea urchins covered the
flat rockA' bottom. Xo large alu'ae were growing in the immediate vi-

1 Accepted for public;ition Aiifil IHT 1.

(192)

WHITE SHARK ATTACKS

193

cinity. The temperature of the water was not determined. The nearest
place from which water temperatures are available was the Pacific
Marine Station at Dillon Beach, about l.-i miles north and 1.4 miles
east from the point of attack. There, the water temperatures taken (at
4 p.m., PST, in the surf directly in front of the station) during the
preceding eight days had varied from 12.0° C to 13.6° C, as follows,:
Mav 20, 12.0° C; Mav 21, 13.5° C; May 22, 12.5° C; May 23, 12.9°
C; May 24, 13.6° C; May 25, 12.1° C; May 26, 12.6° C; May 27, 12.1°
C, No temperatures were recorded for several days thereafter.

TOMALES
POINT

DILLON
BEACH '

BIRD ^
ISLAND

FIGURE 1. Aerial view of Tomales Point, Marin County, California, and adjacent Bird
Rock. "X" indicates the pla:e where two shark attacks have occurred. Photograph
by Pacific Resources Aerial Survey, 1967.

Mr. Himmrich (Caucasian, age 31 years, height 5 feet 10 inches,
weight 190 pounds) had been diving for abalones. There were no cuts
or abrasions on any part of his body. He was w^earing a nylon-lined
neoprene wet suit, a face mask, gloves, and swim fins — all of which
were black — and an orange inflatable life vest. He was carrying an
abalone iron, most of its red handle concealed in his closed hand.

Mr. Himmrich 's four companions M'ere fishing nearby from an 18-
foot boat equipped with an outboard motor. Four or five minutes
before the attack, one of these anglers, using squid bait, had caught
a large ''seatrout" {Hexagrammos sp.) — the only fish that they caught
at this place. No fish blood or parts of fish nor food had been dropped
into the water. Mr. Himmrich had put five red abalones into a bag and
had handed the bag into the boat. He had then dived and released a
hook and sinker that had become fouled on the rocky bottom. After
returning to the surface, he was lying face down and was just starting

194

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

to swim back to the boat (which was about 20 feet away) when he
was seized by the right thigh immediately below the buttock.

Later, one of his companions, Mr. Charles Jones of Lodi, said, "It
was a shark. About 8 to 12 feet of him came out of the water. He was
dark bluish gray above and white below, and every bit of 12 feet long,
and he was so broad it w^ould have been hard for me to put my arms
around his head."

In Mr. Himmrich's own words (June 6, 1972), "He grabbed ahold
of me, and then when I moved he really clamped down on me. He
brought me up out of the water, except my head and chest, which
were in the water. He shook me and then he released me. He was
going in the same direction as I was — toward the boat. I never did
see him. My first thought was that it was a sea lion. After he released
me I swam, butterfly fashion, to where they could reach my arms and
pull me into the boat. They put me on my back, and I could feel my
whole right leg going numb, but I never did lose consciousness."

After his companions had bound his thigh with a leather belt, they
took him to Dillon Beach, where he received further first aid. A Coast
Guard helicopter then transported him to Crissy Field, San Francisco.
From there he was taken by ambulance to Letterman General Hos-
pital, where he was attended by John E. Hutton, Jr., M.D., Lieutenant
Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army.

Dr. Hutton summarized the injuries inflicted by the shark. The most
serious of Mr. Himmrich's wounds was a circumferential incision, about

FIGURE 2. White-shark tooth fragment (Calif. Acad. S:i. 27158), length 11 mm, surgically
removed from the leg of Mr. Helmuth Himmrich. Photograph by W. I. Follett,
September 4, 1973.

WHITE SHARK ATTACKS 195

9 inches long- and 3 inches deep, imniediatel}' below the right buttock.
From its appearance, it could have been made by a scalpel. This wound
apparently would have been deeper but for the femur, which had
barred the teeth from penetrating; deeper. The belly of the underlying
musculature had been neatly divided as if by a surgical instrument.
The sciatic nerve was cleanly cut in two. In the back part of the leg
behind the knee joint there was a wound about 3 inches long and 1^
to 2^ inches deep. Apparently, two teeth had penetrated this area,
straddling the popliteal artery, veins, and nerve, and causing no damage
to these vital structures. This phenomenon probaily saved Mr. Himm-
rich's life.

A year later, some feeling had returned to the injured leg, and
some muscle movement had become possible.

From the deepest wound. Dr. Ilutton removed three small tooth frag-
ments (California Academy of Sciences catalog no. 27158) that are
referable to the white shark. The largest, 11 mm in length, bears 11
serrae, which form a cutting edge 10 mm long (Figure 1). For photo-
graphs of a number of teeth of white sharks, see Follett (1966).

PREVIOUS ATTACK AT THE SAME PLACE
Remarkably, the attack on Mr. Ilimmrich was the second shark at-
tack at the same place. Mr. Frank I. Gilbert (Caucasian, age 48 years)
of Petaluma, California, the victim of the nrevious a+taei^ '^•ave me
(May 23, 1960) the following statement: "On April 24, 1960, about
1 p.m., PST, in bright sunshine, I was diving for abalones, without
scuba. I was wearing a skinsuit of black neoprene, and black swimfins ;
only my hands were exposed. It was high tide and I was in about 20
feet of water, about 50 feet from the east side of Bird Eock, toward the
mainland of Tomales Point. The water temperature was in the 50 's.
I swam against the current to where I knew there was a big submerged
rock. I made one exploratory dive, picked up one abalone, and put it
in the net at the surface. The water was murky; I would estimate
the visibility as about 4 feet. I made another dive, picked up 2 abalones,
took them up to the net, and Avas lying on the surface, face down, with
my feet out behind me, kicking lightly, and resting. I was using a
snorkel and face plate. I felt a tug on my right foot, but it was not
violent. I rolled over on my back to see what it Avas, and could see the
back and dorsal fin of a shark. I would estimate the height of the fin
as 18 inches. I hollered to my partner, Loren Gossage. to get back in
the boat because a shark was after me. I then realized that my boot
was cut and the fin was gone, but I did not know that I was cut. There
was no pain. I started splashing the water and hauled myself up on
my tube and headed back for the boat. I later found that my right
foot had been cut in 3 places: a 1!} inch knifelike cut (requiring 11
sutures), slightly curved downward toward the ends, on the right side
of the foot starting ^ inch behind the base of the little toe ; a half-inch
cut on tlio front part of the bottom of the heel ; and a deep If inch
knifelike cut (requiring 14 sutures) from the bottom around to the
back of the heel. I lost a lot of blood, but- did not have a transfusion.
I made a good recovery." The character of the wounds, and Mr.
Gilbert's brief mention of the dorsal fin, suggest that his attacker was
a white shark.

196

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

FIGURE 3. Mr. Henry Tervo pointing to scars on his boat "Hunter," made by teeth of
attacking white shark. Photograph by Richmond Independent, June 16, 1960.

UNPROVOKED ATTACK ON A FISHING BOAT

Sharks occasionally attack boats — at times without apparent reason
(see Copplcson 1962). Mr. Henry Tervo, a commercial fisherman of
Eureka, California, told me (June 17, 1960) of an attack on his 36-foot
boat "Hunter": "T was salmon trolling on September 10-12, 1959,
about 3 :30 to 4 p.m., PST, about 4 miles offshore, between False
Klamath and the Klamath River, Del Norte County, California, in
about 30 to 35 fathoms. The sea was choppy and the water warm and
turbid. The bottom was probably mud. I judged that I had hooked a
'shaker' [undersized salmon] on my port line, and I was reaching down
to release the clamp on the port side of the stern of the boat when I
saw something coming at me like a torpedo. It was a shark, about 15
feet long. It grabbed the lower guard of the stern of the boat in its
mouth. Its impetus raised its body and tail out of water to such a
height that I thought it would topple into the cockpit. When it released
itself it went around under the stern and came un on tho st^r>>oard
side. I went and got the gun and avIicii 1 came back it was making a
turn toward the boat again. Then it went down and 1 never saw it
after that. Captain of Wardens Walt Gray and another warden took
three teeth from the side of the boat while the boat was tied to the
dock at Eureka. The photographer of the Richmond Independent [164
Tenth Street. Richmond, California] ])hotographed the boat yesterday,
but the scars had been largely obscured by the work done in dry dock."
(Figures).

WHITE SHARK ATTACKS

197

A tooth fragment (California Academy of Sciences catalog no.
26884) that Mr. Tervo removed from the stern of his boat is identifiable
as the apex of a lower tooth (of the first or second row from the
sj'mphysis) of a white shark (Figure 4). Since the length of the tooth
represented by the fragment is uncertain, determination of the length
of the shark by means of a ratio comparable to that used by Randall
(1973) is not possible. In comparison with the teeth of 10 white sharks
ranging from 6 feet Sf inches to 16 feet 9 inches in length, the con-
figuration (especially the width) of the fragment agrees best with
that of a lower tooth (of the second row) of a specimen 10 feet 3f
inches in total length and 625 pounds in weight (California Academy
of Sciences catalog no. 26363).

FIGURE 4. White-shark tooth fragment (Calif. Acad. Sci. 26884), median height 16.4 mm,
removed from Mr. Henry Tervo's boat "Hunter." Photograph by W. I. Follett,
July 25, 1973.

CONCLUSIONS
Years sometimes pass without an attack on any of the myriad of
swimmers or skin divers in California waters (see Schultz and Malin
1963). But the potential danger of attack by a white shark, while
extremely remote, is ever present along the coast of California — at
all times of year.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation to Ilelmutli Himmrich for his de-
tailed account of the circumstances under which tlie shark attacked
him; to John E. Hutton, Jr., M.D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps,
United States Army, for a description of the wounds inflicted upon
Himmrich by the shark ; to Edmund H. Smith, of the University of the

198 CALIFORNIA FISH AXD GAME

Pacific, for water-temperature records; to Frank I. Gilbert for the de-
tails of his encounter with a shark; to Henry Tervo for a description
of the attack on his boat ; to Lillian J. Dempster, of the California
Academy of Sciences, for assistance with the manuscript ; and to Mau-
rice C. GileSj of the California Academy of Sciences, for enlargements
of photographs of the shark-tooth fragments.

REFERENCES

Bolin, Rolf L. 1954. Report on a fatal attack by a shark. Pac. Sci. 8(1) : 105-108.

Collier, Ralph S. 1964. Report on a recent shark attack off San Francisco, Cali-
fornia. Calif. Fish Game 50(4) : 261-264.

Coppleson, V. M. 1962. Shark attack. Angus & Robertson, Ltd., Sydney. Second
edition, xviii + 269 pp.

Fast, Thomas N. 1955. Second known shark attack on a swimmer in Monterey
Bay. Calif. Fish Game 41(4) : 348-351.

Follett. W. I. 1966. Man-eater of the California coast. Pac. Discovery 19(1) :
18-22.

Garrick, J. A. F., and Leonard P. Schultz. 1963. A guide to the kinds of poten-
tially dangerous sharks. In Sharks and survival, Perry W. Gilbert, ed., D. C.
Heath and Company, Boston : 3-60.

Gilbert, Perrv W., Leonard P. Schultz and Stewart Springer. 1960. Shark attacks
during 1959. Science 132(3423) : 323-326.

Randall, John E. 1973. Size of the great white shark (Carcharodon). Science
181(4095) : 169-170.

Schultz, Leonard P., and Marilyn II. Malin. 1963. X list of shark attacks for the
world. In Sharks and survival, Perry W. Gilbert, cd., D. C. Heath and Company,
Boston : 509-567.

Calif. Fish and Game, 60(4) : 199-204. 1974.

A BRIEF SURVEY OF SARDINE AND ANCHOVY

POPULATIONS AT VIZCAINO BAY, AND OF

THE SARDINE FISHERY OF CEDROS

ISLAND, BAJA CALIFORNIA^

OSCAR PEDRIN

Instituto Nacional de Pesca

Mexico

and

HOWARD SHAINBERG
California Department of Fish and Game

A survey of sardines and anchovy populations of central and northern
Baja California, complimented with samples and statistics of landings
at Cedros island in September and October, 1972, showed a definite
decline in available stocks of sardines and a corresponding increase in
the anchovy population, resulting in a decline in sardine catches at
Cedros Island. Age determination revealed a lack of young sardines and
an extraordinary abundance of young of the year anchovies.

Con los datos obtenidos de un crucero en la parte central y nortefia
de Baja California, complementados con muestros y estadisticas de los
desembarcos de sordino en Isia Cedros, a finales de septiembre de 1972,
se efectuo un andlisis y se encontro que la poblacion de sordino es muy
reducida con el consecuente efecto en la pesqueria. La poblacion de
anchoveta se presenta muy abundante. En la poblacion de sordino estdn
ausentes los individuos de la close de edod de 1972. Mientras que en la
anchoveta son extraordinoriamente abundantes.

INTRODUCTION

The sardine fishery of Cedros Island, Baja California, showed con-
tinuous growtli with few fluctuations from 1962 to 1967, reaching a
peak of 13,000 metric tons. Since the end of that period the catch has
declined as a result of a reduction in effort and a low availability of
fish throughout the vicinity of Sebastian Vizcaino Bay. In 1972 the
catch reached a low of 5,770 metric tons (Figure 1).

In an eft'ort to analyze the condition and distribution of the sardine
resource in relation to the commercial fishery, and to determine corre-
lations between the age composition of survey samples and commercial
landings, a cooperative study was arranged between the California De-
partment of Fish and Game and the Instituto Nacional de Pesca of
Mexico. The study was conducted in September and October 1972
aboard the Department of Fish and Game research vessel ALASKA
and surveyed the west coast of Baja California from Ensenada to
Asuncion Bay.

The cruise included a brief acoustic and midwater trawl survey and
a series of night-light stations along the coast from Scammon Lagoon
northward to provide an assessment of the sardine population. Com-
mercial landings were monitored at Cedros Island cannery in conjunc-
tion with the survey.

^ Accepted for publication June 1974.

(199)

200

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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1962 1963 1964

1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

Year

FIGURE 1. Sardine landings at Cedros Island, 1962-1972.

PROCEDURE

The sonar (horizontally directed) and echo recorder (vertical sound-
ing) equipment aboard the ALASKA was operated continuously along
the preplanned transect lines for" detection and measurement of fish
schools. Sampling was conducted along the same lines with the 50 foot
midwater trawl during hours of darkness for identification and age-
length data (Figure 2).

VIZCAINO BAY SARDINES AND ANCHOVIES

201

Night-light stations of one liour diii'ation -\verc occupied at 8 to 10
mile intervals in nearshore waters. A blanket net was used to capture
fish attracted to the light. All species collected were measured and re-
corded, and age and length data Avere taken on samples of sardines,
anchovies, and Pacific mackerel. At Cedros Island, a sample of 100 fish

Santo Doming o

Laguno Scommon

Acoustic transect
(~^ Trawl Stat i on
^ Trawl station at which

sardines were token
'."..".'• Sardine concentrations

on sonar

FIGURE 2. Acoustic lines and trawl stations occupied during the study.

202

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

was obtained from each commercial landing of sardines. All fish were
measured and the total weight of the sample Avas recorded. From this
sample 30 fish were sexed, weighed individually, and scales taken for
age determination. Catch statistics were obtained from the cannery.

RESULTS

Sardine

Sardines were detected by sonar primarily in the vicinity of Santo
Domingo and south to the mouth of Scammon Lagoon. A total of 38
schools was found over a distance of 30 miles, the largest schools (up
to 60 m in diameter) being located 7 miles west of the mouth of Black
Warrior Lagoon (Figure 2). Most schools sighted were small, approxi-

Survey
Fishery

Age

FIGURE 3. Percent occurrence by year class of sardines in the commercial catch and in

mately 10 to 15 lon:i each. A purse seinei- from Cedros Island took 9.6
metric tons of sardines in this area in one set 2 days later. The only
other landing of sardines during the survey period was 1.3 metric tons
of sardines, mackerel, and bonito taken off Gran Canyon on the east
shore of Cedros Island. A total of ap])roximate]y 10 tons of sardines
was landed by the two boats working during the survey period.

VIZCAINO BAY SARDINES AND ANCHOVIES

203

Sardines were taken in tlic midwatcr trawl at two stations near
Santo Domingo and one station just west of Rompiente Point. Only two
night-light stations produced sardines, both located near Santo Do-
mingo.

Pta.San Corlos

Acoustic transects

Area included In
anchovy abundance
estimate

116°

28'

FIGURE 4. Area included in anchovy abundance estimates.

204 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Tlie samples taken by trawl and niglit-light were combined for age
composition analysis. The age distributions for both survey samples and
commercial catches from the survey area show similar patterns, and
indicate that the fishery at this time is composed largely of two year
classes. The highest percentages occur in tlie II and III year classes,
with a sharp decline in IV and V year classes. Both sampling methods
show a very low^ 1971 (I) year class and no young of the year (Figure

3).

The age distribution from our survey and from commercial landings
seems to indicate a declining population with poor recruitment and few^
year classes. The apparent absence of young of the year may be due to
a population distribution by age that eliminated 1972 fish from the
survey area. Such a separation of juvenile and adult fish might be
demonstrated by a more extensive survey.

Anchovy

Anchovies were the predominant species taken in the survey, occur-
ring in 67% of the trawl hauls and 41% of the night-light station col-
lections. Anchovies were well distributed, being found in all areas ex-
cept where sardines were taken and between Cape Colnett and San
Carlos Point near shore.

An incidental sonar transect made while enroute to Cedros Island
revealed an extensive population of anchovies between San Carlos Point
and Cedros Island. A total of 608 schools was detected by sonar along
a 45 mile cruise track. Many schools were quite large, averaging 180 m
in diameter and 13 m in thickness with an estimated biomass of up to
50 tons per school.

Anchovy schools were detected by echo sounder from 90 to 120 fath-
oms deep over a 100 to 900 fathom bottom. The school concentration
extended offshore from 15 to 35 miles and at least 55 miles north of
Cedros Island (Figure 4). After sundown the schools rose rapidly to
the surface and dispersed. A night-light station occupied in the area
produced a pure-catch of anchovies.

Anchovy school density averaged 33.4 schools per mile- for an esti-
mated total of 10,856 schools in the 325 mile- area traversed by the
acoustic transects. Calculations based on an average school biomass of
25 tons give an estimated minimum of 271,400 tons of fish in the area
surveyed, or an average of 835 tons per mile- of sea surface.

More than half of the anchovies taken in Mexican waters and vir-
tually all fish south of San Carlos Point were of the 1972 year class.

CONCLUSIONS

The marked absence of juveniles and the limited number of age
classes lead us to believe that the stock and the fishery are in a critical
situation due to low recruitment and high mortality, in addition to
unfavorable environmental conditions and a constant level of exploita-
tion.

The fisliing industry of Cedros Island, which depends heavily on sar-
dines, is declining as the sardine ])opulation declines. In the presence
of a large i)opulati(jn of anchovies it woukl seem that the industry could
better sustain itself by diversifying and using improved methods of
locating fish.

Calii. Fish and Game, 60(4) : 205-206. 1974.

NOTES

FEEDING BY MATURE STEELHEAD {SALMO

GAIRDNERII GAIRDNERII) IN THE

SPAWNING STREAM

Earlier workers have reported that adult steelhead do not normally,
or commonly, feed in fresh water during spawning migrations (Chap-
man and Quistorff, 1938; Shapovalov and Taft, 1954). However, little
empirical data on stomach contents has actually been published.

Adult steelhead food habits w^ere studied in tw^o tributaries of the
Sacramento River in California. These streams, Deer Creek and Mill
Creek, are both over 160 river kilometers from the ocean.

From October 1969 through January 1971 stomach contents of 83
mature, angler-caught steelhead (27 males and 56 females) were ex-
amined (Table 1). I identified these fish as steelhead and not resident
rainbows on the basis of scale characteristics, similar to those discussed
by Sumner (1945). Freshwater scale annuli counts revealed all fish
examined had spent 2 years in fresh water prior to entering the ocean.
Three of the fish had spent one summer in the ocean, while the balance
had spent two summers there.

Patted-dry food items were weighed after sorting and removal of
trichoptera cases. Only four of the 83 stomachs examined were empty.
Trichoptera formed the major constituent of the stomach contents by
weight and frequency of occurrence. Aquatic plants were the second-
most abundant item. They were less abundant in January than in other
months. Eggs of king salmon {OncorhyncJius tshawytscha) were
common in November and December. Stomach contents appeared to
be related to seasonal availability.

The average amount of material per stomach was small (1.82 gAg
body weight), and the ability of the fish to digest these items is not
known. However, the frequency of occurrence of food items in the
stomachs indicates some feeding activity. Early fall migration, and
relatively small size of Sacramento River steelhead, as noted by Hal-
lock, Shapovalov, and Van Woert (1961), may make feeding a necessity
for these fish if they are to maintain themselves in the spawning
streams until spring spawning periods.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Craig MacPhee for reviewing the manuscript and
K. Evans and P. Maslin for helping prepare the data.

REFERENCES

Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, and Elmer Quistorff. 1938. The food of certain fishes
of North Central Columbia River drainage, in particular, young chinook salmon
and steelhead trout. Wash. Dep. Fish., Biol. Rept. No. 37A, 14 p.

Hallock, Richard J.. William F. Van AVoert, and Leo Shapovalov. 1961. An
evaluation of stocking hatchery-reared steelhead rainbow trout {Salmo gaidnerii
gairdnerii) in the Sacramento River system. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Fish
Bull. (114) :l-74.

(205)

206

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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NOTES 207

Shapovalov, Leo, and Alan C. Taft. 1954. The life histories of the steelhead
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) with special reference to Waddell Creek, California, and recommenda-
tions regarding their management. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Fish Bull.
(98) : 1-375.

Sumner, F. H. 1945. Age and growth of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richard-
son, caught by sport and commercial fisherman in Tillamook County, Oregon.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 75 :77-83.

— David C. Burns, Department of Fishery Resources, University of
Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843. Accepted June 1974.

OBSERVATION OF UNDERWATER TOOL USE BY THE
SEA OTTER, ENHYDRA LUTRIS LINNAEUS

Hall and Schaller (1964) stated ''the method by which an otter de-
taches the abalone from the rock is unknown." Fisher (1939) noted
that "each (abalone) shell had a large piece broken out of one side.
How this piece is broken out under water is still a mystery; perhaps
by pounding with a rock, perhaps by the strong canine teeth." Ebert
(1968) sheds more light on abalone removal by citing a professional
diver, Ernie Porter, who stated that "otters are frequently seen at the
surface with softball-sized rocks. Diving, they carry a rock between
their forepaws. locate an abalone, and with very short but powerful
arm movements from the chest region pound it until the shell frac-
tures." We have made observations which substantiate the collection
of abalone by pounding with a rock theory.

On 2 February 1972, the authors were SCUBA diving on a Depart-
ment of Fish and Game study in Hopkins Marine Life Refuge at a
depth of 9.1-12.2 m (30-40 "ft). Visibility was greater than 9.1 m
(30 ft). While swimming station transects, a pounding noise was oc-
casionally heard. A few minutes later we were harassed by a sea otter
near the end of our transects. After searching and feeling our entire
bodies and biting the exposed end of a snorkle, the sea otter surfaced.
This behavior has become a common occurrence in our diving area.
When the sea otter returned to the bottom, it located some desirable
object deeply recessed about .61 m (24 inches) in a rock crevice within
3 m (10 ft) of where we were working. The sea otter picked up a
flatfish granite rock, covered with coralline algae, and began pounding
the object with the rock. The sea otter then surfaced for 15-20 seconds,
holding onto the rock. It then returned to the item and again com-
menced hammering. The sea otter hammered for 88 seconds with three
breaks of about 5 seconds each, during which it would drop the rock
and try to pull the prey from out of the crevice. When the food item
failed to come free, the sea otter would pick up the rock and resume
hammering.

The sea otter used two positions for hammering. It first pounded
lying on its stomach with its head bent upwards so it could reach its
prey. It would then change positions so as to lie on its back with its
head turned to the side and pounded over its right shoulder after which
it would again turn back onto its stomach.

In a 15 second period the sea otter pounded the food item 45 times
for a rate of 3 hits per second.

208 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

After its second dive of 90 seconds, it again surfaced for 15 seconds.
On its second ascent from the bottom, it forgot the rock and about
2.4 m (8 ft) off the bottom the sea otter turned, looked around and
appeared to locate the rock and then surfaced. At this point we swam
over the crevice to see what the sea otter was so avidly pursuing and
observed an abalone 114.3 to 127 mm (4^ to 5 inches) in length, which
was still attached to the rock. Fresh scar marks from the sea otter's
pounding were evident. We then swam back to our observation point
so as not to distract the sea otter.

Upon reaching the bottom on its third descent, the sea otter picked
up the same rock and resumed pounding on the abalone. In 30 seconds
the abalone was loosened. The sea otter then dropped the rock, took
the abalone to the surface and ate it. We collected the hammering tool,
a granite rock with a smooth oval shape, which has the following di-
mensions: 166 mm (6.54 inches) long, 95 mm (3.74 inches) wide, and
45 mm (1.77 inches) thick and weighing 879 grams (1 lb, 15 oz). The
coralline algae and bryozoa were worn off the end by the pounding.

The abalone was not broken, but seems to have been jarred loose
rather than smashed.

These observations are interesting in that without a tool of some sort
the abalone was inaccessible to both man and sea otter.

Unfortunately, we did not have our camera on this dive, as so often
happens when unusual and interesting observations are encountered.

REFERENCES

Ebert, Earl E. 1968. A food habits study of the southern sea otter, Enhydra

lutris nereis. Cal. Fish Game 54(1) : 33-42.
Fisher, E. M. 1939. Habits of the southern sea otter. J. Mamm. 20 :21-36.
Hall, K. R. L., and G. B. Schaller. 1964. Tool-using behavior of the California

sea otter. J. Mammal. 45(2) :2S7-298.

— James L. Houk and John J. Geihel, Operations Research Branch,
California Department of Fish and Game, Monterey, California
93940. Accepted January 1974.

WESTERN RANGE EXTENSION OF STEPHENS'

KANGAROO RAT {DIPODOMYS STEPHENSI),

A THREATENED SPECIES

In the course of conducting ecological studies (Bleich 1973; Schwartz
1974) at the U.S. Naval Weapons Annex, Fallbrook, San Diego County,
California, noteworthy range extensions of Stephens' kangaroo rat
were obtained. Grinnell (1922) and Hall and Kelson (1959) described
the distribution of T). stephcnsi as the San Jacinto Valley and sur-
rounding areas of western Riverside and southwestern San Bernardino
counties. Lackey (1967) extended the range as far south as San Luis
Rey, San Diego County.

Thomas (1973) investigated the present distribution of D. stephensi,
and presented a map of what he considered to be its current geo-
graphical range. Localities herein reported extend the range of Ste-
phens' kangaroo rat approximately 8 km west of the southwestern
boundaries indicated by Thomas (1973), and 11.2 km west of the
localities near Bonsall which Lackey (1967) investigated. Stephens'

NOTES

209

kangaroo rats are no longer extant at Lackey's (1967) Bonsall locali-
ties (Thomas 1973).

At the Fallbrook Weapons Annex, D. stephensi occurs in two dis-
tinct habitat types : the Haplopappus Association of the Coastal Sage
Scrub Community, and the Annual Grassland Community. Both of
these habitats are similar to areas described by Lackey (1967) as
preferred by D. stephensi. Seven localities harboring populations of
D. stephensi at the Annex have been documented. All but one of these
are in the Annual Grassland Community (Figure 1). Stephens' kan-
garoo rats were most abundant in the Haplopappus Association
(33.8/ha, Lincoln-Petersen Index), and less common in the Annual

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Dipodomys stephensi at the Naval Weapons Annex, Fallbrook,
California. Numbers indicate localities occupied by Stephens' kangaroo rats.
Other symbols are as follows: AG — Annual Grassland Community; CSS — Coastal
Sage Scrub Community; SW — Sfreamside Woodland Community; OW — Southern
Oak Woodland Community; C — Chaparral Community.

210 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Grassland Community (7.5/ha, Lincoln-Petersen Index) during the
summer, 1972 (Bleich 1973).

The importance of considering suitable habitat in determining dis-
tributional ranges of small mammals was stressed by Csuti (1971),
who reported range extensions of several species of kangaroo rats. The
disjunct distribution of plant communities and habitat types in south-
ern California makes it necessary to use extreme caution when deter-
mining distributional ranges of small mammals (Csuti 1971).

Urban expansion, accompanied by agricultural development of suit-
able habitat, has compelled the California Fish and Game Commission
to classify D. stephensi as a "rare" species. These range extensions,
therefore, are particularly significant because they document the oc-
currence of a threatened species in a sizable area, which, at least for
the present, is not susceptible to human disturbance. The occurrence
of a threatened species so far from its "established" geographical
range gives rise to speculation that other populations of D. stephensi
may exist in areas such as the eastern foothills of the Santa Ana
Mountains of Riverside and San Diego counties.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to Rear Admiral J. W. "William, Jr., Captains W.
E. Betzer and F. R. Cassilly, and Commander J. R. DeView for
permission to conduct biological research at the Fallbrook Weapons
Annex. We acknowledge the field assistance of many persons, partic-
ularly Hans Megens, California State University, Long Beach. We
thank Howard R. Leach, California Department of Fish and Game,
for his interest and encouragement. Voucher specimens of D. stephensi
from new localities herein reported are deposited in the Natural History
Museum of Los Angeles County.

REFERENCES

Bleich, V. C. 1973. Ecology of rodent.s at the United States Naval Weapons
Station Seal Beach, Fallbrook Annex, San Diego County, California. M.A.
Thesis, California State Univ., Ivong Beach. 102 p.

Csuti, B. A. 1971. Distribution of some southern California kangaroo rats. Bull.
So. California Acad. Sci. 70: 50-51.

Grinnell, J. 1922. A geographical study of the kangaroo rats of California. Univ.
California Publ. Zool. 24 : 1-124.

Hall, E. R., and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America. Ronald
Press Co., New York. Vol. 1. xxx + 1-546 -|- 79 (index) p.

Lackey. J. A. 1967. Biosystematics of Heermanni group kangaroo rats in south-
ern California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 14 : 313-344.

Schwartz, O. A. 1974. Comparative growth in two species of woodrats. M.A.
Thesis, California State Univ., Long Beach. .55 p.

Thomas, J. R. 1973. Stephens [sic] kangaroo rat survey. California Dep. Fish
and Game, Special Wildlife Investigations .Job II-5.6, Final Report. 10 p.
(mimeo).

— Vernon C. Bleich and Orlando A. Schwartz, Department of Biology,
California State University, Long Beach 90840 (Present addresses:
Department of Biology, Rio Hondo College, MHtittier, California 90608,
and Department of Systcmatics and Ecology, University of Kansas,
Lawrence 66045). Accepted June 1974.

NOTES 211

FURTHER CONTRIBUTION ON NOMENCLATURE
FOR MYSIDS IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN

DELTA ESTUARY

In a recent attempt to clarify nomenclature for mysids in the
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Estuary (Simmons et al., 1974), we
indicated that Neomysis intermedia (Czerniavsky) should be the proper
name for the species which had been called A"", mercedis Holmes and iV.
awatschensis (Brandt). Evidence for the change was based on pub-
lished analyses (Tattersall, 1932; Banner, 1954; li, 1964) and personal
communication with experts available at that time. A newly available
analysis based on a comprehensive set of new and old collections
(Holmquist, 1973), however, restores the distinction between iV. inter-
media and N. mercedis. It indicates that the latter is the proper name
for the Neomysis found in the Delta.

Holmquist confirms the conclusion that N. awatschensis is a distinct
species (li, 1964). She also concludes that one of the major character-
istics Tattersall (1932) originally used to distinguish N. intermedia
from N. mercedis, the proportions of the fourth pleopod of the male,
is a valid characteristic for distinquishing N. mercedis from N. inter-
media. She further indicates two other distinquishing features not
considered previously: 1) the shape of the labrum; and 2) the total
length of the fourth pleopod of the male. The labrum of N. intermedia
(and N. awatschensis) has "a long and pointed frontal process,"
whereas N. mercedis has "a short and broadly triangular protrusion."
Further, the fourth pleopod of the male "reaches only to the latter
half of the last abdominal segment" in N. mercedis, but "stretches to
the middle or the latter half of the telson" in N. intermedia (and in
N. awatschensis).

Dr. Holmquist has examined some of our specimens collected near
Collinsville, California and identified them as N. mercedis (pers. comm.
March, 1974).

N. awatschensis is restricted to the western Asiatic Pacific ; N. inter-
media occurs from the main islands of Japan to Alaska, and N.
mercedis is found along the western coast of North America from
Prince William Sound, Alaska, to San Francisco Bay, California
(Holmquist, 1973). While both N. intermedia and N. mercedis are
found in Alaska, it is unclear at present whether the two species meet.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank James Carlton for his helpful suggestions and perusal of
the manuscript. We also wish to thank Charlotte Holmquist for
her determination of the Neomysis, N. mercedis.

REFERENCES

Banner, A. H. 1954. New records of Mysidacea and Euphauseacia from the
Northeastern Pacific and adjacent areas. Pacific Sci. 8 : 128-131.

Holmquist, C. 1973. Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the three species
Neomysis intermedia (Czerniavsky), N. awatschensis (Brandt) and N. mercedis
Holmes (Crustacea, Mysidacea). Zool, Jb. 8yst. 100(2) :197-222.

li, N. 1964. Fauna Japonica, Mysidae. Biogeographical Society of Japan Tokyo,
p. 433^64.

Simmons, M. A., R. M. Sitts, J. T. Allen, A. W. Knight. 1974. The nomencla-
ture for mysids in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Estuary. Calif. Fish Game
(50(1) :23-25.

212 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Tattersall, W. M. 1932. Contributions to the knowledge of the Mysidacea of
California II. The Mysidacea collected during the survey of San Francisco Bay
by the U.S.S. "Albatross" in 1914. Univ. Calif. Pull. Zool. 37 :315-347.

— Mary Ann Simmons, Richard M. Sitts, James T. Allen, and Allen
W. Knight, Department of Water Science and Engineering and Grad-
uate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, California
95616. Accepted June, 1974.

NEW GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC RECORDS
FOR FISHES FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

From 1967 to 1969, Lee, then marine biologist at the Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History, made or acquired numerous fish collections
in the Santa Barbara Channel region. On reviewing the collections,
we noted two geographic range extensions and 17 extensions of maxi-
mum or minimum depth ranges.

Reef finspot — Paraclinus integripinnis

In December 1967 and January 1968, a number of reef finspot were
taken with dipnet and hand from tidepools at Serena Cove, Santa
Barbara Co. (lat. 34°24'N., long. 119°34'W) by Lee and Mr. Pat
Brophy. Three fish, 46-54 mm sl, were taken in December and three,
27-47 mm sl, in January. The previously published range was Santa
Cruz Island, California to Almejas Bay, Baja California (Miller and
Lea 1972) with the northernmost mainland specimen from Portuguese
Bend, Los Angeles Co. (Hubbs 1952). The Serena Cove individuals
extend the total range by about 20 miles and the mainland range by
about 100 miles.

It is curious that the presence of this fish in the Santa Barbara area
was not noted earlier, as the museum in Santa Barbara has a collection
(00647) of reef finspot made by Dr. Elmer Noble in 1938 and 1940
from "Santa Barbara, California". No other data is available, how-
ever.

Meristic counts were made on the fish from the 1938-1940, 1967 and
1968 collections (Table 1). Counts for dorsal and anal fins were made
after Rosenblatt and Parr (1969). In all cases the pectoral spine was
so closely adnate to the first pelvic ray that it was not counted, follow-
ing the example of Hubbs (1952). TJndifferentiated caudal elements
were not counted. In three cases, lateral line scales were not countable,
due to scale loss.

Counts were generally within the ranges given by Rosenblatt and
Parr, with two exceptions. Rosenblatt reported dorsal spine counts of
XXX-XXXIII and anal soft ray counts of 19-21. Out of a total of
20 fish, we found dorsal spine counts to be XXVIII-XXXIII, one
specimen having XXVIII and two having XXIX dorsal spines. Anal
ray counts ranged from 17 to 21, two fish having 17 and eight having
18.

NOTES 213

TABLE 1. Meristic Counts on Reef Finspot from Santa Barbara Area

Collection

D. spines

A. rays

C. rays

Pi

P,

Su

00328

33

11-21

13

3

13

40

(1967)

33

11-18

13

3

13

38

33

11-19

13

3

13

36

31

11-18

13

3

13

32?

33

11-19

13

3

13

40?

30

11-20

13

3

13

37

00647

29

11-20

13

3

13

39

(1938, 1940)

32

11-18

13

3

13

38

32

11-19

13

3

13

38

30

11-18

13

3

13

38

33

11-18

13

3

13

37

28

11-19

13

3

13

36

30

11-19

13

3

13

37

29

n-17

13

3

13

38

30

11-18

13

3

13

37

30

11-19

13

3

13

?

31

11-17

13

3

13

37

30

11-18

13

3

13

38

33

11-18

13

3

13

39

31

11-19

13

3

13

39

High cockscomb — Anoplarclius purpiirescens

On 17 July, 1967, a 72 mm sl high cockscomb was taken off Rincon,
Santa Barbara Co. (lat. 34°11'N, long. 119°33'W) bv Mr. Pat Brophv.
The fish was taken by otter trawl in 660 ft. jMiller and Lea (1972)
list a range of Pribilof Isls., Bering Sea to Santa Rosa Isl., with a
depth range of intertidal to 100 ft. The previous southernmost main-
land record was Pt. Arguello (lat. 34°34'N, long. 120°39'W) (UCLA
W48-31). This Rincon individual represents a mainland extension of
110 miles and a depth extension of 560 ft.

It seems possible that small, crevice dwelling fish, such as the high
cockscomb, are more common in deeper waters than suspected. The
sampling effort for small benthic fish away from the immediate coast
is slight, which may account for this lack of Imowledge. As high
temperature is probably a factor limiting the southern range of the
high cockscomb, the depth at which this specimen was taken could
be an example of submergence, the temperature at 660 ft being con-
siderably colder than that inshore.

A number of decaying kelp holdfasts were present in the trawl,
though the fish was not found in a holdfast. It is possible that the fish
had been living in a holdfast before it broke free. The current patterns
in the Santa Barbara Channel, however, are sufficiently unpredictable
as to allow no possibility of determining from where the holdfasts had
been carried.

California lizardfish — Synodus lucioceps

Several California lizardfish have been taken at depths greater than
the previously recorded maximum depth of L50 ft (Miller and Lea
1972). The fish taken at the greatest depth was a 77 mm sl specimen
trawled by Mr. Pat Brophy in 750 ft off Anacapa Island on 10 March
1968. On 9 February 1967, Mr. Brophy caught a 150 mm sl individual
from 660 ft off the north end of Santa Cruz Island.

214 CALIFORXIA FISH AND GAME

Bigfin eelpout — Aprodon cortezianus

One bigfin eelpout, 300 mm sl. was trawled in 240 ft off Eincon,
Santa Barbara Co. by Mr. Pat Brophy, 13 July 1967. Miller and Lea
(1972) list its minimum depth as 300 ft. This specimen extends the
minimum depth by 60 ft.

Flag rockfish — Schastcs ruhrivinctus

Two flag rockfish, 23 and 38 mm sl were trawled in 992 ft off
Gaviota, Santa Barbara Co. by Mr. Pat Brophy, 23 October 1968.
Until Rosenblatt and Chen (1972) split S. ruhrivinctus and S. tah-
cocki, depth records of the two species were lumped together, making
it difficult to ascertain maximum and minimum depths for the two
species. Miller and Lea (1972) list 600 ft as the maximum depth for
the flag rockfish. These two individuals extend that record bv almost
400 ft.

Longspine combfish — Zaniolepis latipinnis
Two longspine combfishes, 140 and 145 mm sl, were trawled in 660
ft from off the north end of Santa Cruz Island by Mr. Pat Brophy,
9 February 1967. Miller and Lea (1972) list its maximum depth as
372 ft. These two fish extend the maximum depth known by about 290
ft.

Yellowchin sculpin — Icelinns quadriscriatus

One yellowchin sculpin, 72 mm sl, was trawled in 660 ft off Rincon,
Santa Barbara Co., by Mr. Pat Brophy, 17 July 1967. Additionally,
Rim and Leslie Fay took a 37 mm sl individual from a tidepool at
Pt. Dume during September 1968. Miller and Lea (1972) list the depth
range of the yellowchin sculpin as 20-330 ft. These two fish extend the
maximum depth range by 330 ft and the minimum depth range by
about 20 ft.

Blackedge poacher — Xeneretmns laiifrons

One blackedge poacher, 135 mm sl, was trawled in 240 ft off Eincon
by Mr. Pat Brophy, 13 July 1967. Miller and Lea (1972) list its mini-
mum depth as 300 ft. This fish extends the minimum depth by 60 ft.

Pink surfperch — Zalenibius rosaceus

Seven pink surfperch, 40-118 mm sl, were trawled in 750 ft from
off the north end of Santa Cruz Island by Mr. Pat Brophy, 3 March
1967. Miller and Lea (1972) list its maximum depth as 300 ft. These
fish extend the maximum depth by 450 ft.

Pile surfperch — Damalichthys vacca

One pile surfperch, 280 mm sl, was trawled in 240 ft off Eincon,
Santa Barbara Co., by Mr. Pat Brophy, 13 July 1967. Miller and Lea
(1972) list the pile surfperch 's maximum depth as 150 ft. This fisli
extends the maximum depth range by 90 ft.

Senorita — OxyjuUs calif ornicus
One senorita, 160 mm sl, was trawled in 240 ft off Eincon, Santa
Barbara Co., by Mr. Pat Brophy, 13 July 1967. Miller and Lea (1972)
list its maximum depth as 180 ft. This fish extends the maximum
depth by 60 ft.

NOTES 215

Blackeyc goby — Coryphopterus 7iicholsii

Five blackeye gobies, 41-87 mm sl, were taken by trawl in 180 ft
off Topanga Canyon, Los Angeles Co., by Mr. Pat Brophy, in April
1969. Miller and Lea (1972) list 80 ft as^the maximum depth for this
species. These individuals extend the maximum depth by 100 ft.

Bay goby — Lcpidogohius Icpidus

Two bay gobies, 31 and 68 mm sl, were trawled in 660 ft off Kincon,
Santa Barbara Co., by Mr. Pat Brophy, 23 January 1968. Miller and
Lea (1972) list its maximum depth as 200 ft. These fish extend the
maximum range by 440 ft.

California tonguefish — Symphurus atricauda

Two California tonguefish, 104 and 119 mm sl, were trawled in
660 ft off Rincon, Santa Barbara Co., by Mr. Pat Brophy, 17 July
1967. Miller and Lea (1972) list its maximum depth as 276 ft. This
fish extends the maximum depth range by about 390 ft.

Hornyhead turbot — Pleuronichthys verticalis

One hornyhead turbot, 89 mm sl, was trawled in 660 ft off the
north end of Santa Cruz Island by Mr. Pat Brophy, 9 February 1967.
Miller and Lea (1972) list its maximum depth as 612 ft. This specimen
extends the maximum depth known by about 40 ft.

Pacific sanddab — CitharicJitJiys sordidus

One Pacific sanddab, 24 mm sl, was taken in a tidepool from
Serena Cove, Santa Barbara Co., by Lee and Mr. Pat Brophy, 3
December 1969. The previous minimum deptli (Miller and Lea 1972)
was 30 ft. This individual extends that minimum depth by about 30 ft.

Longfin sanddab — Citliarichthys xanthostigma

One longfin sanddab, 90 mm sl, was trawled in 660 ft from off the
north end of Santa Cruz Island by Mr. Pat Brophy, 9 February 1967.
Miller and Lea (1972) list its maximum depth as 444 ft. This specimen
represents an extension of about 240 ft.

All fish listed are housed in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
History. The collection numbers for these specimens are listed below.

Reef finspot— 00328, 00417, 00647 Determined by R. Lee;

High cockscomb — 00202 Determined by R. Lee ;

California lizardfish— 00026,00154 Determined by R. Lee;

Bigfin eelpout — 00188 Determined by R. Lee;

Flag rockfish — 00545 Determined by M. Love, R. Lee and D. Miller ;

Longspine combfish — 00151 Determined by R. Lee;

Yellowchin sculpin — 00201, 00524 Determined by R. Lee ;

Blackedge poacher — 00186 Determined by R. Lee;

Pink surf perch — 00135 Determined by N. W. Baker ;

Pile surf perch — 00177 Determined by R. Lee ;

Senorita — 00195 Determined by R. Lee ;

Blackeve goby — 00727 Determined R. Lee ;

Bay goby— 00206 Determined by L. Findley LACM ;

California tonguefish — 00198 Determined by R. Lee;

Hornyhead turbot — 00133 Determined by R. Lee ;

Pacific sanddab — 00334 Determined by R. Lee ;

Longfin sanddab — 00122 Determined by R. Lee;

216 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Mr. Pat Brophy, Pacific Bio Marine, with-
out whose untiring interest in marine life this note, among others,
would not have been possible. Dan Miller and Bob Lea confirmed our
identification of *S'. rubrivinctus. Ms. Nan M. Lawler, Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History, generously made the collection data and
specimens available to us.

REFERENCES

Hubbs, Clark. 1952. A contribution to the classification of the blennioid fishes

of the family Clinidae, with a partial revision of the Eastern Pacific forms.

Stan. Ichthy. Bull. 4(2) :42-165.
Miller, Daniel J. and Robert X. Lea. 1972. Guide to the coastal marine fishes

of California. Calif. Dep. Fi.sh and Game, Fish Bull. (157) : 1-235.
Rosenblatt, Richard and Lo-Chai Chen. 1972. The identity of Seiastes iaicocki

and Sebastes ruhrivincius. Calif. Fish and Game 58(1) : 32-36.
Rosenblatt, Richard II. and Terence D. Parr. 1969. The Pacific species of the

clinid fish genus ParacUnus. Copeia 1969 (1) :l-20.

— Milton S. Love, Department of Biology, University of California,
Santa Barbara and Richard S. Lee, Department of Biology, Univer-
sity of California, Santa Barbara. Accepted June, 1974.

BOOK REVIEWS

The Compleat Brown Trout

By Cecil E. Heacox; Winchester Press, N.Y., 1974; 182 p., illustrated. $12.50

There have been books published on the Atlantic salmon, the steelhead trout, and

the Kamloops ; I guess it was only a matter of time before someone felt there ought

to be equal representation for the brown trout.

Mr. Heacox felt the need and wrote The Compleat Brown Trout. He has done
a more than adequate job. Formerly the Deputy Commissioner of the Xew York
Conservation Department, he has a strong background in fisheries biology and is
an avid fly fisherman — specializing in dry fly fishing for brown trout ! He has
researched the technical literature thoroughly and has been able to translate it into
an easy to read, informal text, drawing freely from his own personal experiences to
illustrate pertinent points. He discusses the early history, the present worldwide
distribution, and both the internal and external anatomy. Senses, trophisms, ecology,
hatchery production, management, and food. All the work is accurate and the text
isn't cluttered with footnotes or references, although he does include a bibliography
of over sixty references for those wishing to read about brown trout in detail. There
is a brief chapter on tackle ; thankfully the author doesn't feel it is necessary to list
all the flies a brown trout fisherman should carry or give involved directions for
their manufacture.

All in all it is a very readable, enjoyable book. I was initially put off by the $12.50
price tag, but the cost of publishing books has undoubtedly increased as everything
else has these days. — K. A. Hasagen, Jr.

The Birds Of California

By Arnold Small; Winchester Press, N.Y., 1972; 310 p. $12.50

Small's comprehensive description of California birds, their preferred habitat and
migration characteristics is, in one sense, an updating of the 1944 classic, The
Distrihittion of Birds of California, by Grinell and Miller. This new book, however,
is less technical than the 1944 publication and should be a welcome addition to the
bookshelves of amateur and professional birders, conservation workers and teachers.

West Coast birders have long been familiar with Small's capabilities as an
ornithologist, teacher, writer and wildlife photographer. His expertise in these
pursuits is clearly evident in the format and context of his book.

Small provides the reader with a complete checklist of all recorded sightings of
birds in California between 1900 and 1974. The black and white illustrations of the
book include the author's own photos of more than 300 of the 518 listed species.

More than half of the book consists of descriptions of 25 major categories of
habitat and the species of birds normally found in each. Thus, The Birds of Cali-
fornia is, by intent, a guide to fields to explore rather than a field handbook for
bird identification.

Although not all taxonomists would be in agreement with the nomenclature em-
ployed by the author. Small has generally followed checklists of the America u Orni-
thologist's Union (1957 checklist and 1973 supplement). However, in cases of
departure from AOU listings he has used quotation marks or italics to identify spe-
cies or subspecies he believes have debatable taxonomic status.

Small, in writing The Birds of California, has managed to produce a textbook
for educators and an admirable reference work for conservation-oriented people.
— Paul E. Giguere

The Wind Birds

By Peter Matthiessen; The Viking Press, Inc., New York, 1973; 160 p., illustrated. $9.95
"Birds of wind, or 'wind birds,' " is author Peter Matthiessen's description of the
most varied and intriguing families of bird.s — the shorebirds. The Wind Birds is a
beautifully written essay on the natural history of these remarkable creatures.

(217)

A

218 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

This book is an expanded and updated version of a text originally published in
1967 as part of The Shorebirds of North America. This earlier deluxe volume was
edited by Gardner D. Stout and featured color paintings by Robert Verity Clem and
species accounts by Ralph S. Palmer (The Viking Press, $22.50).

Peter Matthiessen is widely acclaimed as one of the finest nature writers of our
time. In The Wind Birds, he presents a wealth of scientifically accurate information
with a rare eloquence that will appeal both to the amateur naturalist and the pro-
fessional biologist. The book is enhanced by 25 attractive line drawings by Robert
Gillmor, one of the world's finest artists. This book is sure to be a treasured addition
to the library of anyone interested in wildlife. — Ronald M. Jurek

INDEX TO VOLUME 60

AUTHORS

Allen, James T. : see Simmons, Sitts, Allen and Knight, 23-25 ; sec Simmons, Sitts,

Allen and Knight, 211-212.
Allen, John : see Shaw, Allen and Stone, 15-22
Alley, AY. P., H. R. Brown, and L. Y. Kawasaki : Lead concentrations in the wooly

sculpin. CUnocottus analis, collected from tidepools of California, 50—51
Ally, J. R. Raymond : A description of the laboratory-reared first and second zoeac

oi Portunus jrnntusii (Stimpson) (Brachyura, Decapoda), 74-78
Bleich, Yernon C. and Orlando A. Schwartz : Western range extension of Stephens"

kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stepheusi) . a threatened species, 208-210
Braham, Howard W. : The California sea lion on islands off the coast of San Luis

Obispo County, California, 79—83
Brown, H. R. : see Alley, Brown and Kawasaki, 50-51
Bryant. Gary : A wheeled deyice for sampling the biota of a concrete-lined canal,

97-99
Burns, Dayid C. : Feeding l)y mature steelhead (Sabuo gairdncrii) in the spawning

stream, 205-207
Dewees, Christopher M. and Daniel W. Gotshall : An experimental artificial reef in

Humboldt Bay, California, 109-127
Earnest, Russell : see Korn and Earnest, 128-131
Ebert, Earl E., Arthur W. Haseltine and Randolph O. Kelly : Sea-water system

design and operations of the Marine Culture Laboratory, Granite Canyon, 4-14
Fiscus, Charles H. and Dale AY. Rice: Giant sqids, ArchUeuthis sp., from stomachs

of sperm whales captured off California, 91-93
Fisher, Frank AY. : see Moyle, Fisher and Li, 144-147
Follett, AA". I.: Attacks by the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus),

in northern California, 192-198
Gall, G. A. E. : Influence of size of eggs and age of female on hatchability and

growth in rainbow trout, 26-35
Gard, Richard : Aerial census of gray whales in Baja California lagoons, 1970 and

1973, with notes on behayior, mortality and conseryation. 132-143
Gaumer. Thomas F. : see Hoise and Gaumer, 44—47
Geibel, John J. : see Houk and Geibel, 207-208
Gotshall, Daniel AA'. : see Dewees and Gotshall, 109-127

Halberg, Donald L., Frank .1. .Janza and Gene R. Trapp : A yehicle-mounted di-
rectional antenna system for biotelemetry monitoring, 172-177
Haseltine, Arthur AA". : see Ebert, Haseltine and Kelly, 4-14
Hoise, Michael .T. and Thomas F. Gaumer: Southern range extension of the baird

crab, 44-47
Houk, James L. and John J. Geibel: Obseryation of underwater tool u.se by the

.sea otter, Enhydra lutris Linnaeus, 207-208
Janza, Frank .1. : see Hallberg, Janza and Trapp, 172-177
Johnson, G. Dayid : see Rosenblatt and .Johnson, 178-191
Kawasaki, L. Y. : see Alley, Brown and Kawasaki, 50-51
Kelly, Randolph O. : see Ebert, Ha.se] tine and Kelly, 4-14
Knight, Allen AY. : see Simmons, Sitts, Allen and Knight, 23-25 ; see Simmons,

Sitts, Allen and Knight, 211-212
Korn, Sid and Russell Earnest : Acute toxicity of twenty insecticides to striped

bass, Morotie saxatilis, 128-131
Lee, Richard S. : see Loye and Lee, 212-216
Li, IL AY. : see Moyle, Fisher and Li, 144-147

Loye, Milton S. and John A'ucci : Range extension of the China rockfish, 149
Loye, Milton S. and Richard S. Lee : New geographic and bathymetric records for

fishes from southern California, 212-216
Miller, Lee AY.: Mortality rates for California striped bass (Moronc saxatilis) from

1965-1971, 157-171
Moyle, Peter B.. Frank AY. Fisher and II. ^Y. lA : Mississippi silvcrsides and log-
perch in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Riyer system, 144-147
Xaiman, Robert J. and Edwin P. Pister : Occurrence of the tiger l>arb. Ilarhus fet-

razona, in the Owens A'alley, California, 100-101

(219)

220

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Paulbitski, Paul A. : Pinnipeds observed in rivers of northern California, 48-49
Pedrin, Oscar and Howard RhainberR : A brief survey of sardine and anchovy pop-
ulations at Vizcaino Bay. and of the sardine fishery of Cedros Island, Baja

California, 199-204
Pister, Edwin P. : see Naiman and Pister, 100-101
Rawstron, Robert R. : see Wigglesworth and Rawstron, 36—45
Rawstron, Robert R. and Robert A. Reavis : First year harvest rates of largemouth

bass at Folsom Lake and Lake Berryessa, California, 52-53
Reavis, Robert A. : see Rawstron and Reavis, 52-53
Rice, Dale W. : see Fiscus and Rice, 91-93

Rogers, David W. : Chum salmon observations in four north coast streams, 148
Rosenblatt, Richard H. and G. David Johnson : Two new species of sea basses of

the genus Diplectrum. with a key to the Pacific species, 178-191
Salwasser, Hal : Coyote scats as an indicator of time of fawn mortality in the

north kings deer herd, 84-87
Schultze, Ronald F. and C. Daniel Vanicek : Age and growth of largemouth bass

in California farm ponds, 94—96
Schwartz, Orlando A. : see Bleich and Schwartz, 208-210
Shainberg, Howard : see Pedrin and Shainberg, 199-204
Shaw, Evelyn, John Allen and Richard Stone : Notes on collections of shiner perch.

Bodega Harbor, California, 15-22
Simmons, Mary Ann, Richard :NL Sitts, James T. Allen and Allen W. Knight : The

nomenclature for mysids in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Estuary, 23-25 ;

Further contribution on nomenclature for mysids in the Sacramento-San Joaquin

Delta estuary, 211-212
Sitts, Richard ]\I. : see Simmons, Sitts, Allen and Knight, 23-25 ; see Simmons,

Sitts, Allen and Knight, 211-212
Store, Richard : see Shaw, Allen and Stone, 15-22

Sunada, John S. : Age and growth of the Pacific saury, Cololahis saira, 64-73
Swickard, Deane K. : An evaluation of two artificial least tern nesting sites, 88-90
Trapp, Gene R. : see Hallberg, Janza and Trapp, 172-177
Vanicek, C. Daniel : see Schultze and Vanicek, 94-96
Vucci, John : . ''" Love and Vucci, 149
Wigglesworth, Kenneth A. and Robert R. Rawstron : Exploitation, survival, growth

and cost of stocked silver salmon in Lake Berryessa, California, 36—45
Yocom, Charles F. : Status of marten in northern California, Oregon and Washing-
ton, 54-57

SCIENTIFIC

Acanthomysis costata: 25
Aennthomysis macropsis: 25
Anoplarchus purpnrcscens: 213
Aprodon cortezianus: 214
Architeuthis sp. : 91-92
Arctostaphylos sp. : 85
Artrniia salinn: 14, 74
Barhus ieiruzona: 100
Bathyncctes sp. : 78
Brnchyura: 74
('(ilUncctes sapidus: 78
Callinecles sp. : 78
(Jallorhinus ur sinus: 82
Cancer antennarius: 116
Cancer anthonyi: 110
Cancer mugisier: 13
Cancer productus: llfi
Canis hit runs: 84
Carassius auratus: 144
Cfirrhrirodon rnrchnrias: 192
Cdlosliioiiius ocridcntfili.s: 94
Crntropristis macropoma: 186—187
Chaohorus astictopus: 144
Chionoecetes hairdi: 44
Chionoecetes sp. : 46

NAMES

Chionoecetes tanneri: 44
Citharichthys sordidus: 215
Citharichtfiys xanthosiigma: 215
Clinocottiis analis: 50
Cololahis saira: 64
Corhiciila sp. : 97
f'ordylophora laciistris: 97
Corophium spinicorne: 97
Coryphopterus nicholsii: 215
Crassostrca gigas: 13
Cymatogasfer aggrcgntii: 15, 20
Cymaiogastcr sp. : 21
Cyprinodon radiosus: 100
Cyprinus carpio: 94, 144
Damnlirhthys vacca: 214
Decapoda : 74

Diplccfnon conccptionc: 178, 184, 187
Diplectrum ciimelum: 178, 185-187
Diplectrum curyplectrum: 178
Diplertrum laharum: 178, 181, 183
l)ip]r(tvu)n macropoma: 178, 185-187
Diplectrum maximum: 178, 184, 187-188
Diplectrum mexicanum: 178, 186-187
Diplectrum pacificum: 178, 183-184, 191
Diplectrum rostrum: 191

INDEX

221

Diplectru7n sciurus: 178, 184
Dwiectrum sp. : 178, 180, 184-185
Dipodomys siephcnsi: 208-210
Dorosoma petenense: 36
Emhioioca lateralis: 112
Enhydra httris: 207
Enteromorpha sp. : 15, 17
Eschrichiius robusius: 132
Eumeiopias juiatus: 49. 79
Fredercella sidtana: 97
Gamhusia affinis: 94. 100
HaUotis rufcscens: 13
Hexagrammos decagramnius: 112
Ilexagrammos sp. : 193
IJynomseus iranspacificus

transpacificiis: 146
Icelinus quadriseriatus: 214
Ictalurus catus: 144
Isochrysis galhana: 14
Lepidogohius lepidus: 215
Lepomis cyanellus: 94
Lepomis macrochirns: 94
Lepomis microlophiis: 94
Martes caurina: 54
Maries caurina caurina: 55-56
Maries caurina humholdtensis: 54-55
Maries caurina origenes: 56
Maries caurina sterrae: 54—55
Menidia audens: 144
Micropterus dolomieui: 52
Micropierus sahnoides: 42. 52, 94
Mirounga angusiirostris: 82
Monochrysis liitheri: 14
Morone saxatilis: 23, 128, 146, 157
Moroteuthis rouhusta: 92
Neonujsis aicaishensis: 23-25, 211
Neomysis cosiata: 25
Neomysis franciscoruin: 25

Neomysis iniermedia: 23-25,
Neomysis isaza: 24
Neomysis kadiakensis: 25
Neomysis macropsis: 25
Neomysis mercedis: 24, 211
Neomysis rayii: 25
Neomysis sp.: 23-25, 211

211

Noiemigonus crysoleucas: 94
Odocoileus hemionus californiciis: 84
Oncorhynchus keta: 148
Oncorhynchus kitsutch: 36
Oncorhynchus tshaivyischa: 26, 205
Oxyjulis californicus: 214
Pandalus platyceros: 13
Panulirus interrupius: 13
Paraclinus integripinnis: 212
Percina caprodes: 144
Phaeodactylum iricomuium: 14
Phoca vitulina: 82
Phoca vitulina concolor: 48
Phoca vitulina richardi: 48
Physeter cataodon: 91
Pisaster hrevispiniis: 116
Pleuronkhihys verticalis: 215
Polyhius sp. 78

Portunidae : 78

Portunns sp. : 78

Portunus xaniusii: 74, 78

Ribes sp.: 85

Salmo gairdnerii: 36

Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii: 205

.S'a/Hio "/ri/f/a; 36-37

Seiastes hahcocki: 214

Sebastes caurinus: 112

Sebastes melayiops: 112

Sehasies mystinus: 114, 124

Sebastes nehulosus: 149

Sebastes rasirelliger: 112

Sebastes rubrivinctus: 214, 216

Sterna albifrons broicni: 88

Sytnphurus atricauda: 215

Synodus lucioceps: 213

Trichoptera: 205

C7?i'a sp.: 15

Urechis caupo: 14

Urocyon cinercoargenteus: 172

Xeneretmus latifrons: 214

Zalembius rosaceus: 214

Zalophus californianus: 49, 79, 82

Zalophus sp.: 81

Zaniolepis latipinnis: 214

Zosiera sp.: 15

SUBJECT

Age and growth : of Pacific saurj-, 04-73 ; of largemouth bass in California farm
ponds, 94-96

Age of female : influence on hatchability and growtli in rainbow trout, 26-35

Anchovy : a survey of population at Vizcaino Bay, 199-204

Artificial nesting sites, least tern : an evaluation of, 88-90

Attacks : by white shark in northern California, 192-198

Baja California : site of aerial census of gray whales in lagoons, 1970 and 1973.
132-143 ; site of study on gray whale behavior, mortality and conservation, 132-143

Bass, largemouth : age and growth in California farm ponds, 94-96 ; first year har-
vest rates at FoLsom Lake and Lake Berryessa, 52-53

Bass, striped : acute toxicity of twenty insecticides to, 128-131 ; mortality rates
from 1965-1971, 157-171

Behavior : of gray whale, 132-143

Biotelemetry monitoring : with a vehicle-mounted directional antenna, 172-177

Bodega Harbor : collection of shiner perch, 15-22

Census, aerial : of gray whales in Baja California lagoons. 1970 and 1973, 132-143

Collection : of shiner perch in Bodega Harbor, 15-22

222 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Conservation : of gray whale, 132-143 oo ^o

Cost : of stocked silver salmon in Lake Berryessa, db-4d

Crab, baird : southern range extension, 44-47

DtpZec<rMW.- key to Pacific species, 178-191

Eggs : rainbow trout : Influence of size on hatchability and growth, _b-oo

Evaluation : of two artificial least tern nesting sites, 88-90

Exploitation : of stocked silver salmon in Lake Berryessa 36-43

Feeding : by mature steelhead in the spawning stream, 205--07

Fishery, sardine : of Cedros Island, 199-204

Fishes : new geographic and bathymetric records for those collected off southern

California, 212-216

Folsom Lake : first year harvest rates of largemouth bass, o--o^ or q=; . „f

Growth: of rainbow trout in relation to egg size and age of female, 20-do , ot

stocked silver salmon in Lake Berryessa, 36-43 , t , -o

Harvest rates, first year: of largemouth bass at Folsom Lake and Lake Berryessa,

Hatdiability : of Rainbow trout in relation to egg size and age of female, 26-35

Humboldt Bay : an experimental artificial reef, 109-127

Insecticides: acute toxicity to striped bass, 128-131

Kangaroo rat, Stephens': western range extension. -08--10 , , ., i „

Lake Berrye;sa : exploitation, survival, growth and cost of stocked silver salmon,

36-43 ; first vear harvest rates of largemouth bass, 52-53 ^

Lead concentrations : in wooly sculpin from California tulepools. oO-ol
Least tern: an evaluation of two artificial nesting sites, 88-JU
Logperch: in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system, 144-14 (
Marine culture laboratory : sea-water system design and operations, 4-14
Marten: status in northern California, Oregon and Washington o4-5<
Mortality: of gray whale, 132-143; rates for California striped bass from 1965-

1971, 157-171 ^ ., , „„

Mortality in fawns: time of as indicated by coyote scats^^84-h( _^

Mysids: nomenclature of in Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta estuary, -^-o, 11--1-
Nomenclature: for mysids in Sacramento-San Joaquin ^^^l^a estuary 23--0-11--1-
North Kings deer herd : time of fawn mortality m as indicated b> coyote scats,

Obstrvltion: of underwater tool use by sea otter, 207-208; of chum salmon in

north coast streams, 148
Owens Valley : collection of tiger barb, 100-101
Pinnineds • observed in northern California rivers, 48^J
Rainbow trout: influence of egg size and age of female on hatchability and growth,

Rangf 'Extension : of the China rockfish. 149; southern, Baird crab. 44-i7 western,

Stephens' kangaroo rat, 208-210 ^n^- -ia-i ir.-i7i

Rates mortality : for California striped bass from 190o-lJ(l, l^^'-^' ^ .
Record? bathymetric and geographic : for fishes from southern California, 212-216
Reef artificial : in Humboldt Bay, 109-127 . . . ,. .^o. r'r>,-,

Reviews- Amphibians and reptiles of California, 59; Antarctic cirriped.a 102, Con-
ser^tion al.! productivity of natural waters, 5(^-60; .^---.^"^^1,^' of the
. of pesticides, 58; FAO catalogues of fishing gear designs, 102 Wishes of tiie
wes^^e No h Atlantic-part 6, order Heteromi, suborder V^]--'»«'l""|-f' '..^
lers Bervcomorphi, Xenoberyces, and Anacauthini in part (Macroundae), luO-
151- Fish faZing international, no. 1, 5,S-59 ; Fly-tying materials, 59 ; Hawaiian
reef'anima , T i; In search of trout, 103; Rattlesnakes, 59 ; The 1-ds o Cali-
fornia 217 ; The compleat brown trout, 217; The palinund and scy land lobste
Hrvae'of tho tropica eastern Pacific and their distribution as re a ed to the
preSlhig h!vdrogn,phy, 102-103; The wind birds. 217-218 ; Toward glob.-.l equ.lib-

rium, 151-152
Rockfish, China: range extension, 149 . -i oq or, oii oio

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta estuary: nomenclature of mysids _.:!-_.), -ii r/-
Sacramento-Sau Jonqnin Rivor system: site of collection of Mississippi s.lversides

and logperch, 144-147
Salmon, chum : observations in north coast streams. 14»
Salmon, silver: exploitation, survival, growth and cost of fish stocked in Lake Berrj

Samiiling': of tlio biota of a concrete-lined canal by a wheeled device, 97-99

INDEX

223

Sardine : a survey of population at Vizcaino Bay, 199-204 ; fishery of Cedros Island,
199-204

Saury, Pacific : age and growth of, 64-73

Scats, Coyote : as an indicator of time of fawn mortality in North Kings deer herd,
84-87

Sculpin, wooly : lead concentrations in fishes from California tidepools, 50-51

Sea lion, California : on islands off San Luis Obispo County, 79-83

Sea otter : underwater tool use by, 207-208

Sea-water system design : of marine culture laboratory, Granite Canyon, 4-14

Shark, white : attacks in northern California, 192-198

Shiner perch : collection of in Bodega Harbor, 15-22

Silversides, Mississippi : in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system, 144-147

Squids, giant : from stomachs of sperm whales captured off California, 91-93

Status : of marten in northern California, Oregon and Washington, 54-57

Steelhead : feeding in the spawning stream, 205-207

Stomachs, sperm whale : giant squids taken from, 91-93

Survey : of sardine and anchovy populations at Vizcaino Bay, 199-204 ; of sardine
fishery of Cedros Island, 199-204

Survival : of stocked silver salmon in Lake Berryessa, 36—13

Tiger barb : occurrence in the Owens Valley, 100-101

Tool use : underwater by the sea otter, 207-208

Toxicity, acute : of twenty insecticides to striped bass, 128-131

Vizcaino Bay : site of a survey of sardine and anchovy populations, 190-204

Whales, grey : aerial census in Baja California lagoons, 1970 and 1973, 132-143 ;
behavior, mortality and conservation, 132-143

Whales, sperm : giant squids taken from stomachs of specimens captured off Cali-
fornia, 91-93

Zoeae, laboratory-reared : first and second of Portunus xantusH, 74-78

A866S7— 800 7-74 5.750

k

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

Notice is hereby given that the Fish and Game Commission shall meet on
October 4, 1974 at 9:00 a.m. in the Auditorium of the Resources Building,
1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, California, to receive recommendations
from its own officers and employees, from the Department and other public
agencies, from organizations of private citizens, and from any interested
groups as to v/hat, if any, regulations should be made relating to fish,
amphibia, and reptiles, or any species or subspecies thereof.

Notice is hereby given that the Fish and Game Commission shall meet at
9:00 a.m. on November 1, 1974, in the Board of Supervisors Chambers, County
Courthouse, Redding, California, for public discussion of and presentation of
objections to, the proposals presented to the Commission on October 4,
1974, and after considering such discussion and objections, the Commis-
sion, at this meeting, shall announce the regulations which it proposes to
make relating to fish, amphibia and reptiles.

Notice is hereby given that the Fish and Game Commission shall meet on
December 6, 1974 at 9:00 a.m., in Room 1138, New State Building, 107 South
Broadway, Los Angeles, California, to hear and consider any objections to
its determinations or proposed orders in relation to fish, amphibia and reptiles
or any species or subspecies thereof for the 1975 sport fishing season, such
determinations and orders resulting from the hearings held on October 4,
1974 and November 1, 1974.

FISH AND GAME COAAMISSION
LESLIE F. EDGERTON
Executive Secretary

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