California Fish and Game V. 6 1920 Bound volume M 1 DATE DUE California Fish and Game S -I- V. 6 1920 Bound volume California Resources Agency Library 1416 9th Street, Room 117 Sacramento, California 95814 jjma.im ■iWiillrt'nj—BiMMOU California Fish and Game "CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION" Volume 6 SACRAMENTO, JANUARY, 1920 Number 1 CONTENTS. Paok NOTES ON DRY FLY FISHING— No. 2 7?. L. M., California 1 THE Y01TN(i OF THE BLACK SEA-BASS Elmer Hii/f/iiix f) rriB PACIFIC EDIBLE CRAB AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES F. W. Wci^mouth 7 THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATION OF THE SARDINE Will F. Thompson 10 THE LIFE PIISTORY OF THE SAGE HEN E. H. Oher 12 NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLACK-TAILED DEER : J. D. Goffman 15 i:ditorials 17 california's game sanctuaries 23 facts of current interest 28 com:\iercial fishery notes 29 notes from the state fisheries laboratory 32 conservation in other states 35 life history notes 3g reports- Seizures 39 Fishery Products, July, August, September, 1919 40 ^'lOLATIONS OF FiSII AND GaME LaWS 43 Expenditures '. 44 NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING. No. 2. By R. L. M., California. In the first of this series of notes on dry-fly fishing I believe I was, to 8 certain extent, successful in dispelling the cloud of fog or mystery that surrounds the art in the mind of the average man ; but before going any further into the technique of the dry-fly school, I propose to trace the history of this modern method of catching fish, which is described by Emerson Hough as being "the most beautiful form of the most beautiful sport." (Extract from a letter to the author.) I have already remarked that, if a new fly is dropped on the surface of the water, it will float as long as it keeps dry. It is quite probable that those Macedonian fishermen mentioned by Aelian in "De Anima- lium Natura" (A. D. 230) were aware of this fact. Since this writer, the first who describes fly-fishing and a method of dressing flies, was not a very accurate recorder, we may take it that practically all his observations on nature were made second hand, consequently, we must not put too much reliance on his description of the flies used. Further- more, the lengths of rods and lines that he states were used, were entirely too short for any practical purpose. Scotcher ("Fly-Fisher's Legacy," 1807) makes, I believe, the first inention in print of the fact that a new fly will float- This fact, which 6zn I CALIKDKNIA V\>\\ AND (;A.ME. can hardly be calltHl a discovery, is known to every one wlio has ever rished to any extent with a wet fly. In a little book ("Anglers' Uesid- eratuni," ISMJ)) the author, ('ai)t. Clarke, K. N., describes a method of eatoiiinf; ti.sh on hot sunsliiny days, which has all the earmarks of dry- ily ti.siiinp with tlic sin«rlc exception of Moalin}; the llv. The late Einlyn M. (iill in his book "Pnictical' Drv-Plv Fisliinu" (New Vork. \\S\W\^ writes of Mr. (i. P. R. Puluiaii haviufr"" explained dry-fly methods in ISf)!." This explanation, which appears on page J:i2 ()f I'ulman's "X'adc Mecum" (185]. ;^d ed. — tiie two earlier edition.s made no imiitioii of the dry-tiy) is not of very j?reat length, so I will inchuh* it in this lirief history: I.ct :i dry fly bo siilistitntcd for the wet one, the line switched a few times tlin)ii;:h the air to tlirow ofT its suporalnindant moistnre, a judicious cast made just alK)vo the rising fish, and the tly allowed to float towards and over them, and the chniices are ten to oni' tliat it will he seized as readily as a living insect. Altlioiigh the foregoing leaves very little undone to be a full desiiip- lion of dr\'-fly fishing, 1 do not think that in the light of latter-day "videnee we can call Mr. Piilman a dry-fly man as the term is under- stood today. What he really did do was to emphasize the importance of the first cast with a new (dry) fly. Ilis son in a recent letter told me: "1 recollect that he (my father) often told me to dry the fly by flicking it about before taking a cast over a rising fish. He invariably lished down stream with two wet flies." If we leave ^Mr. Piilman's description on one side as being doubtful, or of the nature of the Scotch verdict "not proven," the first real •nention in print of dry-fly fishing is found in "A Book on Angling" (Francis Francis, 1867). Although there are over four iuindred and fifty pages in this angling classic, only on three or four of them is liiere any slight reference to this new art of fly fishing. At the time .Mr. Francis wrote this book he evidently did not attach anv great importance to dry-fly fishing. David Foster ("The Scientific Angler," 1882) makes occasional references to dry-fly fishing and in .some of the later editions there is a colored plate of dry flies. In the "Badminton Library" (1885) ]\Ir. H. S. Hall gives a "short but complete treatise of the art, together with the dressings for eighteen dry flies. Both llalford and Fo.ster give ]\Tr. Hall the credit for the invention or adap- tion of the eyed hook to flies of sm;ill size such as are used for drv-fly work. The literature relating to the art may l)e said lo liave still been in an embryotjc, if not a chaotic, state, w^hen in 1886 Frederick M. Halford publishe(l his fii-st work, viz., "Floating Flies and How to Dress Them." Bedsides fairly extensive contributions to periodicals devoted to sport, he found time in the following yeai-s to produce: " Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice"; "Dry-Fly Entomology"; "Making a Fisherv"; "An Angler's Autobiography"; "Modern Development of the Dry- Fly"; and Anally in \\)V?> "The Dry-Fly Man's Handbook." This last work has somewha.t of an analogy to Rudyard Kipling's "Day's Work. " Between its covers is epitomized the knowledge and experience of a lifetime devoted to fishing. Of late years it has become the favshion among a certain class to question and even to ridicule some of his theories, but it should not be forgotten that Mr. Halford never put a line on paper until he had .satisfactorily demonstrated its correctness bv painstaking attention to detail and laborious study. If I may be allowed to use a distinctively CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 6 American colloquialism : ' ' Half ord put the dry-fly on the map ' ' ; that sums the matter up in a single sentence. Among the other books devoted to the art I might mention "Fly Fishing," 1899, by Viscount Grey of Fallodon, or as he was known then, Sir Edward Grey. On this side of the Atlantic besides Mr. Emlyn M. Gill's book already mentioned, the following have appeared : ' ' The Dry-Fly and Fast Water," by George M. L. La Branche (N. Y., 1914 j'; "Fishing with Floating Flies," by S. G. Camp (N. Y., 1916) ; and possibly one or two others. The use of the dry-fly in America is of quite recent occurrence. The fact of the matter is that, until lately, our rivers and streams were swarming with fish that seemed only too anxious to rise to any artificial fiy that was presented to them ; but increasing population and better jnethods of transportation have brought many more men to the water- side in quest of sport than was formerly the case. The trout have become more wary and greater finesse has to be employed in their capture ; consequently the drj^-fly has been utilized as a means of over- coming their increased shyness. It is only to be expected that in England, with its denser population, these same conditions arose earlier than they did over here. There are two rivers in the south of that country which are pre- eminently dry-fly streams. I refer to the Test and the Itchen. Some- time during the forties or fifties of the last century the dry-fly was first used on these waters. (See "Chalk Stream and Moorland," Russell, London, 1911). To no single individual can be given the credit for the discovery, invention or development of the art of dry-fly fishing. I believe that what actually did happen is that difl'erent men hit on much the same thing about the same time. Their knowledge, which in the beginning was purely local and personal, became in the course of time more general, so that by the time the late sixties arrived, the art can be considered to have been fairly well established on these two rivers and on other streams of a similar character that are found in the south of England. But although dry-fly fishing was quite common, so much so as to be considered the sole means of catching trout by some ; in fact, Mr. Halford states that the dry-fly was used exclusively on the Wandle for the last half century, i.e., since 1863. (See "The Dry-Fly man's Hand Book," p. 66). it was not the univei-sal method that it is today on these typical dry-fly waters. "The Chronicles of the Houghton Fishing Club" were printed in 1908. This club has been in existence since 1822 and during most of that time leased or owned riparian rights on the Test. From the historical point of view there is not a great deal of information to be derived from a perusal of the Chronicles, which deal chiefly with fish caught and other matters ; but we can glean some information both useful and interesting. In the early days when the May fly (Green Drake) was up, the club members used to catch fish by "blowing." This consisted of using the natural fly as a bait together with a long light bamboo rod and a floss silk line. The wind was allowed to carry out (blow) the bait over the water, and by proper manipulation of the rod the fly was 4 CAI-IFORNIA FlSll AND GAME. dropped ou the surface just above a feeding trout. (Information con- tained in a letter from A. X. (lilbey, lioiiorarv secretary of the club, to the author; also see chapter XXIII, "Fisliinijr, " Vol. I, "Countrj^ Life Library of Sport" [London 1905].) "Blowing" was still practiced as late as the early nineties. The first mention in the Club Chronicles of the capture of a trout on the artificial May fly is on June 6, 1888; hut a much earlier record of such a feat on the same part of this river is made bv Col. Peter Ilawker, of Longparisli House, in his Diarv, viz, June li, 1817. The sixties may be i-e^arded as the ti-ansition period. During thesf years the diy-fiy was bi-coming more common and the wet-Hy was fast disappearing. i\lr. -L Ernest Pain, who has lived at Chilbolton on the Test since the early seventies, told rae that an old fly book belonging to an uncle, which was used in 1860, contained nothing but wet flies. In the seventies tlie dry-fly was almost universal. "Writing about the fishing on the Itchen from 1877 to 1880, Lord Grey remarks: "These Winchester trcut taught us the necessity of using fine gut and small flies, and of floating the fly accurately over a rising fish." Even so the wet fly had not ({uite entirely vanished from these rivers. As late as 1890 a relative of mine who had owned fishings ou the Test since 1850, told me that he never used the dry-fly and that he considered it a modern innovation that was quite unnecessary. As he had a num- ber of fine specimen fish mounted in glass cases, his contention would seem to have been fairlj^ proved; but such is not the case at all. My relative did all his fishing on his own private water where the trout Avere not harried by any one except himself and an occasional friend. There were weeks, nay months, when these fish never had a line cast over them and therefore we can readily believe that they could be taken on a wet-fly. The dining room of his Ashing cottage projected over the river. There was a short distance on both sides of the house where fishing was never permitted, but his daughter told me that when her "'ather and the keepers were away she used to catch these trout, with bread for bait, from the window. On the other hand at Winchester where Lord Grey fished, there were always a number of other men fishing and the trout became highly sophisticated. Earlier in his book Lord Grey speaks of the absolute lack of sport he experienced with the wet-fly on these waters, and it was not until he used a dry-fly that he had any success at all. ("Fly-Fishing," p. 108.) I consider that these facts amply prove the contention of most dry-fly men, viz : That fish can be and are caught with a properly presented dry-fly, which would not look at, much less take, a wet-fly. Before the end of the last century certain rivers in England had become dry-fly waters, i.e., the use of anything but the dry-fly was prohil)ited, and it was regarded as a heinous offense to do otherwise. The history of the art on this side of the Atlantic is brief; in fact I might almost say that it is in the making today. Dry-fly fishing has been practiced for some fcAV years on the Catskill and other streams in the eastern states and is occasionally met with on our western rivers; but the necessity for it has not arisen except in a few localities where fishermen are almost as numerous as the fish. I learned the art in the eighties, but for years I fished almost entirely with a Avet-fly, only occasionally using a dry-fly for an exceptionally cautious fish. How- ever, of late years I have found the fish much wiser and not so easy to CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. D catch. The automobile is mainly responsible for this condition. Fifteen years ago I used to very rarely meet others bent on fishing, but nowadays I have frequently counted as many as ten uilu in sight at once lined out along the stream. Consequently I have been, for some years past, using nothing but the dry-fly; and 1 think it is only a question of time when the dry-fly will be nnich more generally used on American trout streams than it is at present. THE YOUNG OF THE BLACK SEA-BASS.* By Elmer Higgins. One of the most picturesque fishes of Southern California, well known and appreciated by sportsmen and commercial fishermen alike, is the giant black sea-bass or California jewfish, Stereolepis gigas Ayres. It is a common sight to see one of these huge fishes hung up by the jaw before fish markets and on pleasure piers, surrounded by wondering tourists. But although over a million pounds are landed yearly in the markets, the fish caught all range in size from about three to six feet in length. The commercial fishermen never admit having seen a jewfish less than one and a half or two feet in length, and all declare them to be dull black in color and without markings, as are the larger ones. Imagine our surprise then, when we discovered that certain pretty little bass-like fishes from the hauls of the boat "Albacore" were the young of the jewfish ! These resembled the huge, ugly adults neither in form, color, nor markings, as may be seen from figure 1. Several specimens of the young of the jewfish have been taken in the otter trawls of the "Albacore" in shallow water on the Southern Fig. 1. Young jewfish. Stereolepis gigas. Total length 7* inches. Long Beach, California, September 13, 1919. ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 13, CALIFORNIA FISII AND GAME. California coast at different dates : December, 1918, specimen 1^ inches long; April, 1919, specimens 4 to 4[ inches long; and September, 1919, specimens 7^ to 9 inches long. The depths were from 4 to 15 fathoniij. The most striking change in the development of the jewfish is that of color and markings. The younger specimens are a rich brick-red in color and marked with conspicuous dark brown or black spots irregularly scattered over the back and sides. There are also white or pale yellow splashes here and there on the body, especially on the ihroat and ventral side of the tail. The vertical fins are black with conspicuous transparent edges, the ventrals black, and the pectorals pale or transparent. As the fish grows older the body color darkens and the spots become indistinct until the whole color is a uniform dark brown or dull black, except for the light patches on the throat and ventral surface of the tail wiiicli often persist even in the larger adults. All the fins become black except the ventrals, which, though tilack in the young,- are lighter than the pectorals in the adult, showing wliite membrane between the black fin rays. The change of form in the de- velopment of the fish is almost equally as marked. Figure 2, in which all the stages are reduced to one size, illustrates graphically the change in body proportions and size of fins, from the smallest speci- men to the largest. It seems that the dorsal fin is practically sub- merged by the growth of the body, and indeed one or two of the dorsal spines are often entirely covered by the flesh. The remarkable change in the proportions of the pectoral Mud ventral fins is also evident. In the young the pectorals are about .23 of the body length and the ventrals are .40, while in the adult the pectorals are about .15 and the ventrals .12. That the young of the jewfish or black sea-bass should be spotted or brightly marked is not surprising when we remember other closely related Serranoids which are bril- liantly marked, such as our kelp bass, the striped bass, or the groupers of Florida and the West Indies, and it is indeed strange that Ihey have not been recognized be- fore. But the bright color and the different form of the body combined with the apparent inaccessibility, since they never appear in the mar- kets, have protected the identity of FIG. 2. Changes in the development ^^^^^ giant 's young from the fisher- of the jewfish. Size of specimens : man and public until the present a. IJ inches long; b. 4g mches ; c. 9 .■ '■ ^ inches; d. 72 inches (weight 305 lbs). time. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. THE PACIFIC EDIBLE CRAB AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES.* By Frank Walter Weymouth, Stanford University, California. The edible crab of the Pacific Coast markets is familiar to most people but there are a number of other species less well known and somewhat likely to be confused with it. It is the purpose of this note to prevent this confusion. Since there are between fifty and a hundred distinct species, many of small size, on the coast, it is a mistake to imagine that any small crab is the young of the edible form. Many are so widely different that even a hasty examination will show the most uncritical that they are not market crabs, but there are four closely related species which are particularly liable to confusion and which will be considered in more detail. The edible crab, Cancer magister, belongs to a genus which includes in the Atlantic two of the edible crabs of the eastern United States and Canada and the edible crab of Europe. On the Pacific coast there are ■ Br *sr^u» ^^r ^ ^<^.- ^^H "0 L '•■;;:''■.•■";■:■■ .^'V'='; '.:■■■' ' ■ ■'' ■■■ ■• ■■.//.••.v..'? ' Fig. 3. Edible crab. Cancer magister. Egg-bearing female, one-half natural size. San Francisco, California. nine species of Cancer, but most of these are so small or so rare that they need not be considered. Three or four species are large enough to be used for food but only Ca^icer magister is both large enough and abundant enough to be of commercial importance and is the only ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 14. 3-425 8 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. species recognized by the protective laws. The following descriptions and figures should serve to distinguish these larger and more closely related forms. CANCER MAGISTER. EDIBLE CRAB. Size large, sometimes reaching nine inches in breadth across the back from point to point. The general color of the living animal is not reddish and there is no red on the lower side ; the teeth on the front and side of the shell are low and saw-like, those between the eyes are not all of the same size, and the two nearest the eyes are larger and more widely separated from the middle three; the "hand" of the large pincer has conspicuous rows of spines; the "fingers" are not black-tipped; and the last joints or "claws" of the walking legs are slightly curved, broad, thin and fringed with hairs forming swimming paddles. Seldom found between tides but usually in from one to twelve fathoms on sandy bottoms. J Fig. 4. Slender crab. Cancer gracilis. Male, natural size. Monterey Bay, California. The last joint of the last walking leg on the right is missing. CANCER GRACILIS. Size small, seldom exceeding three inches. General color of the living animal and teeth on margin of shell much as in G. magister; the "hand" is rather less spiny and the "fingers" are also not black- tipped; the last joints of the walking legs are long, curved, slender and hairless, thus differing from all the other species here described. In California not found between tides but in deeper water, usually on sandy bottom. CANCER ANTENNARIUS. ROCK CRAB. Size moderate, seldom exceeding five inches. General color of living animal reddish, lower side with small red spots not, found in other species ; teeth on front and sides of shell heavy, projecting and curved forward, those between the eyes much as in C. magister; the "hand" is large and entirely smooth, the "fingers" are conspicuously black- CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. ^H ■■ p IH ■PHI ■ ^^H H w >(-.'^l ^^^^^^ ^ ^2lP^^^^^Q|^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^HP 'M igM ^2Silli^^^^^^ J^ ^^H ^^E 'J^ fli ^^B ^^^^^H ^H ^Hk -jrP* ppl iM^i l^^^^^^l ^^m ^^^^B Bbw^' M H^^^^^^^^^^l In' ^^H t % jp ^ ^^^^^^M ^■L -. Hk. ^ y in:: "■ ^ --"■ sfT "■ idli^^^^H H i / "^^ " ^ ^ _^ ^H HIh M Fig. 5. Rock crab. Cancer antennarius. Male, two-thirds natural size. Monterey Bay, California. tipped ; the last joints of the walking legs are stout, nearly straight and hairy. Commonly found among rocks between tides, though also in deeper water. Fig. 6. Rock crab. Cancer productus. Male, one-half natural size. Monterey Bay, California. 10 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. CANCER PRODUCTUS. ROCK CRAB. Size moderate to large, reaching seven inches. General color in lilV as in C. antcunarius though tliere are no small red spots on the lower side; teeth on front and sides of shell similar to those of C. antcnnarius, those between the eyes of ahoiit equal size and projecting forward in front of the eyes thus dilfcring from all the other species here described ; the "hand" is roughened but without distinct spines; the "fingers" are bhick-tii)ped ; and the last joints of the walking legs are straight and hairy i)ut not tiatteiied. Found usually between tides among tii(-' rocks though sometimes in deeper water. THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATION OF THE SARDINE.- ii.v Will F. Tiiomi'son. The marvelous development of the sardine fishery in California warrants close attention to it and its prospects of permanency. The sardine has indeed become the most important species among the many utilized in our great fisheries. In 11)14 few were canned, but eaeli year has seen steady increase in number of canneries and in the total ' packed. It is well nigh impossible tliat this giant industry which has grown up over night should continue to orow at the rate it has in the past, but an increase is surely still to be expected. It is a growth unparalleled within the countries bordering the Pacific, and its effects are consecpiently well worthy of attention. This attention is especially due from the state, which has legal jui-isdiction over the fisheries and is responsil)le for their continuity. But such observation, it should be carefully noted, is as much for the prevention of hasty and harmful legislation as for conservation. Moreover, many of the unsolved questions of fishery science and many of the practical questions concerning the course of the annual 'runs" of fish may expect at least partial answers from an energetic investigation of the life liistory, as has been i)reviously pointed out by the writer in P^'ish Bulletin No. 2 and in Califorxia Fish and Game, Vol. 5, No. 2. The trend of the program of investigation, ]u-actical as it is. is therefore aimed at a solution of "i)urely scientific" questions as well cus more "practical" and inunediate ones. In order that this program may be formally on record and that it may be open to discussion by anyone, it is hereby published in the fonn of the principal questinns whidi it seeks to an.swer. Suggestions and criticism are earnestly desired from every possible source. The law requiring this work is as follows: It sliall l)e the duty of the fish tuifl same commission to gatlicr (hit a of the com- mercial fisheries and to i)rei>ar(> the data so as to show the real ahundaiice of the most imi)ortaut commercial fishes ; to make such iuvestigations of the biolos.v of the various species of fish as will guide in the collection and preparation of the statistical information necessary to determine evidence of overfishins ; to make such investigations as will bring to light as soon as possible those evidences of overfishing as are shown by changes in the age groups of any variety of fish ; to determine what measures may be advisalile to conserve any fishery, or to enlarge and assist any fishery where that may be done without danger to the supply. ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 15. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 11 1. Will depletion occur? To answer this we must have : A. The catches by each boat, their character and the artificial limits affecting them, in order that comparisons may be made of the catches of the various years, and of the seasons. B. The type of each boat and the apparatus used. C. The method of the fishery, and the effects of such factors as the moonlight. D. A knowledge of any decided changes in method or location of the fishery. E. An answer to the following question, No. 2. 2. Are there great natural fluctuations in abundance, or quality, other than those of depletion? An answer requires: A. The same data as are required to answer No. 1. B. The compasition of the catches each year according to size or age, in order that we may discover whether a good catch is due to an exceptional spawning season. This implies a knowledge of the effect of selective fishing on the catch. C. The variation in the composition of the catches during various parts of the year, so that we may be sure we are comparing the years correctly. D. The spawning .'«eason, and its relation to natural changes in quality or local abundance. 3. Is it possible to foretell fluctuations? This can not be done unless we know : A. What changes are invariable each year, such as the spawning migration. B. What the success of each spawning season is. as evidenced by the abundance of the yoimgest fish. It may ])e necessary to judge of this by comparing the abundance of the youngest in separate classes, such as medium or large fish. C What the age and rate of growth is, so that we may know how long it take.s for the fish of a given spawning season to become fit for use. 4. Do sardines migrate from one region to another? This question is of importance because of the possible difference in food value of sardines which live in the various regions ; because -of the possible depletion of one region independently of another ; or because of the possible dependence of the supply in one region upon the sar- dines in another. The data required are : A. Extensive measurements to discover any physical differences between schools from different regions. For example, a differ- ence in size of the head would indicate that the schools did not mingle but were independent. 12 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. B. The early life history, especially that of the eggs and their drift with the currents. C. The location of the various age classes of fish at the different periods of the 3'ear, so that seasonal migrations may be dis- cerned, and the simultaneous character of fluctuations in different regions may be discovered, if existent. D. The accessibility of the schools under various physical condi- tions, to explain any absence which might erroneously be assigned to migration. 5. If depletion should occur, what measures for protection should be 2,dopted? For the proper solution of this problem, an intimate knowledge of the life-history is necessary, but tlie following will constitute the most practicable basis for action: A. Are the sardines in different regions independent? May one region be depleted and another not? B. When are the sardines worth least as food? When are they most valuable to the species as spa^^'ners? C. Upon what classes of fish does the strain of the fishery fall most heavily ? In answering these questions it is obvious that extensive data must be gathered. We are undertaking the collection of careful statistics regarding the boats and their catches, and are observing the sardines closely throughout their season. This implies the obtaining daily of material from the canneries and fishermen. We trust that this privi- lege will be cheerfully granted, and the agents of the Commission have been instructed to use the utmost care that no unnecessary inconvenience is put upon any person or firm in the pursuit of duties required of them by law. THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE SAGE HEN. By E. H. Ober. The sage hen is the largest upland game bird found in California. Consequently it is not easily confused with any other bird. As a prominent zoologist has said, "It is not particularly necessary to describe the sage hen any more than the elephant, as its size and its extremely long and pointed tail proclaim its identity anywhere." The- high open plateaus from six thousand to twelve thousand feet in elevation constitute its home, the birds seldom frecpienting country where timber grows to any extent. As a rule, sage hens do not migrate from their accustomed locality, no matter what the weather conditions may be. When snow covers the ground they resort to high brush which protrudes through the snow, where it is possible for the birds in severe blizzards to dig or scratch down to the ground at the base of a bush. At such times when the snow is deep and frozen, sage hens fall easy prey to the marauding coyote, lynx, skunk, and various other varmints that follow their scent each winter. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 13 During clear spells throughout the winter sage hens keep on the go searching for food that has been blown over the snow. Strange as it may seem, at such times birds are the very wildest of any time during the year. Early spring usually finds the birds poor in flesh and shabby in plumage. The females select the sunny slopes and hillsides, near springs or small running streams, for nesting grounds. A feeble attempt at building a nest is made Ijy scratching out a shallow hole in the ground at the foot of a sage bush, or other shrub. Here the eggs are laid, the usual number being about ten. In color, they are greenish and speckled with brown; in size they are about that of a small domestic lien's egg. Old male birds never frequent the locality in which their mates nest and only return when the young birds have reached maturity. The percentage of their brood brought forth each year by the nesting hens is exceptionally good considering the immense disadvantage the birds are svibjected to during their nesting period. By this I mean varmints of all sorts, early spring floods, trampling by sheep, cattle, and horses, and last but not least, the man with the gun, who formerly was always to be found following the snow back as it receded from the lower hills. Many young birds fall early prey to varmints, as the parent bird has feeble means of protecting herself or her young. While the sage hen is nesting, and for a short while after the female comes off with her brood, the food consists mainly of the tender buds and leaves of blue brush, and wild cherry brush. After the young birds have learned to fly, they descend along the larger streams, also frequenting meadowlands, where small, tender weeds and young grasses are added to their diet. At such places the young birds will gather in large flocks and when approached by man, will stand and crane their necks and make a very faint attempt at cackling. When closely approached they usually run rather than fly. By the last of August or early September the young birds are usually joined by the old male birds, which come off the higher slopes and ridges. These old male birds stay very high up all summer long, quenching their thirst from the snow banks. The cock sage hen's performances in early spring are most interesting. He struts very much like a turkey, his long pointed pheasant-shaped tail spread out like a fan. The wings trail beside him, the breast nearly rubbing the ground. In some instances the breast does rub the ground, and the feathers are worn off. During the courting antics the male inflates his saffron-colored air-sacs on both sides of the neck and makes a guttural sound, stepping much as does our turkey gobbler. All of this performance is apparently directed to attract the attention of the females, which gather together old and young, big and little. The sage hen is by nature terrestrial ; flying at best is a laborious per- formance and only resorted to as a last expedient. With much effort a bird lifts itself, but when once in the air it flies rapidly, and I have seen them sail for two miles or more before alighting. Sage hens are not suspicious birds. They generally walk or run away from an intruder, sometimes hiding among the sage bushes, where, owing to their protective coloration, it is quite difficult to detect them without a bird dog. 14 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. In October, sage hens congregate in large flocks, and feed almost entirely on sage and soon lose their gamey flavor brought witli them from their higher homes. The principal diet of the sage hen throughout the year consists mainly and almost exclusively of sage and a great portion of bitter brusli, along, however, witli a certain amount of flower Imds and bulbs. It is about the only liii-d known tliat can eat witli i-elisli, and benefit, the leaves of our common sage brush, and subsist upon that food indefinitely. In fact, there are various kinds of herbage tliat sage hens are known to piek up during certain seasons of the year aside from sage, but such only in very small quantities. The sage hen is one of our grandest game birds, a bird that should be carefully guarded to prevent extinction. The young birds are often alert and rise from the ground at some little distance at the approach of man on foot or horseback. If the hunter marks them carefully when they alight he has no trouble in walking within easy shooting distance. AVhen flushed, the sage hen almost always flies behind the hunter making a turn in the air just after leaving the ground, thus nudiing it a large and easy target. Like most of our ground birds it does not fly from cover at the crack of a gun. The writer recalls about twenty years ago when thousands of sage hens made their homes in Long Valley, which is in the south end of Mono County and just northwest of Inyo County's north boundary line. At that time it was considered mere play for the cowboys to dash with their saddle horses into a large flock of sage hens, one thou- sand or more, and strike down two or three with their quirts or cow whips before the birds could possibly get out of the way. Conditions now, however, have changed. Of the thousands which a few years ago inhabited our plateaus, now only a few scattered hundreds remain. Indeed, the situation regarding the future ^velfare of the sage hen throughout California was most alarming until the stringent laws of recent vears became effective. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 1.5 NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLACK-TAILED DEER. By J. D. COFFMAN. Though the ])laek-tailed deer, Odocoileus columbianus, is well knowii and widely hunted, yet its habits and life histoiy are but imperfectly known. We therefore offer the following notes, which have been com- piled in connection with a report sent the California Fish and Game Commission by the Trinity National Forest, as a contribution to the life history of this notable game mammal. With the heavy snows on the higher ranges, the deer descend to the lower elevations and during the winter feed on such bunch grass and browse as is available, utilizing moss, mistletoe and branches broken off by snow w^here the more palatable forms of forage are unavailal)le. During this period of the year the deer travel in bands. As the snows melt away they follow^ the snow line back to the higher ranges and during May and June scatter out through the mountains. During the spring they feed on open glades, but after the middle of June most of the deer ascend to the higher slopes, feeding on tender shoots and grasses during the early summer, and almost exclusively on browse, such as hazel, oak and various species of Ceanothus (blue brush, buck brush, wedge-leaf (chaparral), and white-thorn), from early August until the acorns are ripe in the fall. Then mast forms a large proportion of their food within the oak country. In the fall, after the rains have come, deer will also dig for roots and ground shoots, and feed exten- sively on the edible fruiting bodies of certain species of fungi that develop abundantly in the timber at that season. During the summer season deer use natural mineral springs and salt licks extensively. It is noted after extremely cold and snowy winters that a few deer appear to die from the effects of the storms, deer so d.ying being found late in the wdnter or in the early spring after they have commenced feeding on the open grass lands. For this region (the Trinity National Forest) the rutting season begins early in November and ends about the middle of December, depending a great real upon the altitude where the deer happen to be feeding, the mating beginning several w^eeks earlier in the lower elevations than at the higher altitudes. On the lower lands within the watershed of the north fork of the Eel River, in the southwestern portion of the Forest, the rutting season begins about one month earlier than the general season stated above. It is a common l)elief among the old residents that the first heavy storm during November has considerable influence upon the rutting season. This may, however, simply be due to the fact that these storms appear usually about the time the deer start to run, and the impression may also be due to some extent to the fact that the tracks are so much l)]ainer in the snow that it creates the impression the deer have been running more, and it is probably true that the deer would move around more after the advent of snow even aside from the rutting season. During the running season the bucks frequently fight each other, and many of the old ones have torn ears from their horned encounters with their rivals. The bucks at this time become thin, as a rule, and 4—425 16' CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. the meat is usuallj^ unfit for food eveii though the buck may appear to be in good condition. The young are born during the montlis of May, June and July. The does first breed, therefore, when they are approximately eighteen months old. In their first breeding season they bear but one fawn as a rule, and very often but one during the second season, but thereafter bear two fawns, and in rare instances three. Until such time as the fa\\Tis are able to follow the does, they are hidden away in a brush patch or sheltered nook, while the mother feeds near by, returning to them at intervals during the day. After the fawns are able to travel, their beds or hiding places are changed frequently until such time as the fawns are able to follow throughout the day. During the first six weeks the fawns are said to have no scent, the scent glands probably not having developed as yet. This undoubtedly protects them mate- rially from their predatory enemies. Even wath this protection, probably not as many as fifty per cent of the fawns reach maturity. Most of the fawns have lost their spots by September and are weaned during the fall. The fawns usually remain with their mother until they are yearlings or until the next fawns are born, and frequently stay with her even for several months longer. The bucks shed their antlers during January and February. During March they have only a skin covering over the old scar, and the new antlers begin to grow in April. During the months of June, July and August the antlers are in the velvet and are tender, so that the bucks remain in the open timber or around rocky places, and do not frequent brush areas. During the latter part of August and the firet half of September they rub the velvet from their horns. About November 1 the bucks' necks begin to swell, and they do considerable traveling around just previous to the rutting season. The summer coat of all the deer is of a reddish color, and the ^^^nter coat is of a bluish-grey color and is heavier than the summer coat, the hair being longer. The winter coat is shed during May, and the summer red is worn until September, when the winter coat begins to come in again. Occasionally a white or albino deer is seen or killed, and also black deer, both being rare varieties of the common local species. During the latter part of August and the month of September most of the deer range at high elevations and lie in heavy brush thickets as a protection against flies, and perhaps to escape hunters and their other enemies as well. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 17 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME A publication devoted to the conserva- tion of wild life and published quarterly by the California State Fish and Game Commission. Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali- fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho- logical, mammalogical and similar period- icals. The articles published in California Fish AND Game are not copyrighted and may be reproduced In other periodicals, provided due credit Is given the California Fish and Game Commission. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to make use of pertinent material. All material for publication should be sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal. January 15, 1920. "Game laws are not enacted for the purpose of depriving any citizen of his riglits, but rather to prevent such depriva- tion by assuring a supply." FIVE YEARS OLD. California Fish and Game is now five- years old. If you are not aware that it has grown in size, compare the first issue with the recent trout number. But physical growth is not everything. We trust that there has been a growth in the so-called "general tone" of the magazine as well. It is to be hoped that each issue acts more and more as an evangel of con- servation and that the material presented increasingly convinces the reader that California's wild life resources are worth something and consequently need to be conserved. California Fish and Game was started as a means of moulding public opinion, for it was believed that : "The effectiveness of game protection is gov- erned by the interest of the people and the spirit of those who hunt and fish." To judge of its effectiveness in this regard is perhaps diflScult, but it is certain that there has been a growth of public opinion favoring the protection of wild life resources, and we believe the magasiine has helped in this development. You will find in the volumes completed noteworthy facts concerning the status of fish and game in California and the means being taken to conserve it. The magazine has acted primarily in an educational and publicity capacity, but it also constitutes a record of activities and accomplishments which are of historical value. In looking toward future numbers what more can we do for the cause? Our maga- zine has not entered the field of the sporting magazine. Articles seldom ap- pear in story form and the usual hunter's experiences recounted in characteristic fashion are omitted, and for that reason it may not be so readable. The adherence to scientific fact, however, should carry added importauce to the reading matter, even if popular and light reading is lack- ing. It should be remembered that the function of our magazine is quite different from that of a typical sporting magazine. If California Fish and Game is not living up to its motto "Conservation through Education," let us immediately receive a set of protests from our readers. WE IVIUST CAPITALIZE OUR RESOURCES. More aud more we are awakening to the fact that fish and game propagation and protection is a I)usiness proposition. One of the most convincing arguments for the conservation of wild life resources is to be found in the attractiveness of fish and game to sportsmen outside of the state, who benefit the state by spending large sums of money in obtaining their sport. It is up to us to capitalize all of our resources — climate, mountain scenery, forests, fish and game. Wheu capitalized it does pay dividends. These dividends, however, continue only when fish and game are properly conserved. Had a sufiicient breeding stock of that most valuable of all the fur-bearers, the sea otter, been maintained the state would now be obtaining a return from a splen- did industry. The practical extinction of this valuable fur-bearing animal pre- cludes any return. With a little foresight California can so conserve its supply of wild life that it will form a permanent and paying attraction to the pleasure seeker. With a little indifference Cali- fornia can become bankrupt so far as invested capital in natural resources is concerned, with no hope of solvency. EDUCATION VERSUS LAW ENFORCEIVIENTS. Since the beginning of the educational campaign in this state to establish a public sentiment favorable to fish and game con- servation, we have continually pointed out 18 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. tlic .•KhautaKcs of tlic (•(liioatiuual lUL'ihud over that of force. The necessity of a patrol force is lary;ely due to the lack of i)roper puhlio sentiiueul. The most fundamental way of cuttinjc down the Muiul.er of violations is to let people know something about the wild life of the state and its needs. State after state is coming to a realiza- tion of just these facts. New York is doing some splendid educational work, Michigan has been devoting a great deal of energy to an educational program, and now we note that Wisconsin has begun an extensive program of education and has been emiiloying sjieakers to deliver lec- tures throughout the state. The results have been so iiuicli woith while that an t'nlarg(>nient of the program is i)lauued. According to the Wisconsin Commission "it is tiie one thing that will save the wild life of the state and the work must be imshed vigorously. T'ntil such time as the jx'ople become educated to the import- ance of a united ])iil)lic sentiment for con- sM-vr.tion we nmsl pursue the course of warrants, courts and fines and follow the oil method of educating with the sledge himmer. teach through force instead cf reason and the more rigid the laws and th? more sev(>re the fines, the more potent the e.Tect." FUR RESOURCES ENDANGERED. That it is high time each state turned its attention to giving judicious protection to fur-bearing mammals is evidenced by th ' following statements given in a recent Farmers' Bulletin (No. lOTlt) of the I'nited States Department of Agriculture: "Recently the suppl.v of peltries has been decreasing at an alarming rate. Raw-fur buyers representing all parts of the country place the decrease at from 25 to r>() pcv cent during the last ten years. I'here are no longer any virgin trapping grounds. Even in Alaska the two most important fur-bearing animals, the beaver and the marten, have became so nearly exterminated that they are now being lirotected by a clos^e period. "Ivjiws i)rotecting fur-bearing animals are designed to keep a steady flow of peltries coming to market year after year, thereby bringing trappers a reliable income and giving regular employment to thousands of people engaged in dressing skins, manufacturing garments, and dis- tributing them through the various ave- nues of trade. "A general protest comes from raw-fur buyers against traffic in unprime skins. The losses caused by killing fur animals when their pelts are not prime are enormous. An educational campaign is greatly needed to prevent this waste and to perpetuate our fur-producing resorrces."' NEW GAME FISH IIVIPORTED. On .November 24, IDlit, the California Fish and (iame Commission received a shipment of ayu eggs on the steamer Shin.vo Marn from Japan which were sent through the courtesy of Professor C. Ishikawa, College of Agriculture at Komaha, near Tokyo (Tokyo Imperial University), Japan. The eggs were deiMisited on cocoannt fiber and placed in four jars holding about a gallon to a gallon and a half of water each. There were also three tubs about thirty inches in diamett>r which con- tained approximately three to four pieces of fiber each. The a.vu eggs are very small, not much larger than the eggs of the shad. As soon as the consignment arrived in San Francisco the eggs were hurried to the Brookdale Hatchery and were placed in the hatching troughs at that i)lace, where the.v are at the pres-nl time. I'tjou arrival the eggs were appar- ently all dead but since this Commission is \ery anxious to give this experiment a thorough test every precaution was taken in the handling and placing of the eggs in tlie hatchery troughs in case any life should develop. The Commission feels greatly indebted to Dr. David Starr Jordan of Stanford University, who originally corresponded with the Imperial University at Komaha near Tokyo, and it was through his efforts that the shipment was received. The ayu is a sporting fish belonging to the trout family and it will make an excl- lent fish for the anglers. It reaches a length of Si inches ; none are to be found in this country. — E. D. CALIFORNIA FURNISHES STRIPED BASS TO HAWAIIAN ISLANDS On Saturday, November 1-"), l'.»l!t. the California Fish and (lame Commission shipped al)Out Z'^OO striped bass from 2^ to 5 inches in length to the Fish and Game Commission of the Territory of Hawaii to be planted in streams in the vicinity of Honolulu. Captain H. E. Foster of the patrol launch "Quinuat" li;id charge of the seining crew which col- CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 19 lected the fish on the Benicia flats by means of a beach seine 270 feet long, 12 feet deep, the bag of which wns i inch mesh and the wings li inch mesh. It took about three days to make the catch. The fish were held in live cars until sufficient were collected to make the ship- ment and then were put aboard the Matson Navigation Company's steamer "Maui." Here the fish were distributed in six large salmon tierces that had been iirranged on the main upper deck in front of the office of the chief engineer, Alex- ander Ryan, who took personal charge of the fish on the trip. Each tierce had salt water circulation by means of a small pipe which had been connected up with a pump in the engine room. In 1S74 California received the first shipment of 150 small striped bass from New Jersey. These fish were distributed in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In 1SS2 a second shipment of 400 striped bass were sent to this state by tlie Ignited States Bureau of Fisheries. California has an annual catch of about ],5U0,0tM) pounds of striped bass, with a commercial value of about $150,000. Since so fine a result was obtained with a small number of fish in California the large plant of 2500 fish in the vicinity of Honolulu should assure the rapid estab- lishment of this siplendid fi-sh in the Hawaiian Islands. — E. D. STREAMS NOW STOCKED WITH GOLDEN TROUT. The angler who visits the Southern Sierras during the next few years will be elated to discover the streams teeming with Golden Trout. Heretofore the "most beautiful trout in the whole world" was limited to a few high mountain streams in the vicinity of Mount Whitney, and the angler was forced to take a long hard pack trip in order to secure this trout. Now, owing to the operations of the Cali- fornia Fish and Game Commission the golden trout is to be found in mountain streams from the southei-n boundary of the Yosemite National Park to the trib- utaries of the Kern River. In the beginning Golden Trout were caught with hook and line and then trans- ported by mule pack train to other streams which were to be stocked. Now the fish are spawned and the eggs hatched at the Mount Whitney hatchery and then dis- tribution is made. During September and October of this year large plants of golden trout have been made in the headwaters of the Kings River, thus extending the distribution of tliis fish over fifty miles to the northward. Former plants had already extended the distribution more than one hundred miles to the northward. Evei-y effort is beuig made to extend the range of this notable trout, care being taken, however, to keep a pure strain by planting in barren waters. As results of former plantings have been very success- ful, it is expected that golden trout will be available to everyone within a few years, and that the lakes and streams of the southern Sierras will be the Mecca of anglers the world over. IN MEMORIAM. OSCAR H. REICHLING. It is with deep regret tliat we record the death of Oscar H. Reichling. Cash- ier of the Fish and Game Commission, which occurred on Sunday, Novem- ber 9. 1919. Mr. Reichling was appointed a special deputy on October 24, 1903, while living at Jackson, Amador County. Impressed with the frequent flagrant violations of the laws protecting wild life, par- ticularly by the foreign element, Reichling saw that unless the laws were enforced that it would be only a short time until there would be no game or fish. As a citizen, he did what he could to stop the violations, but found that he was handicapped by not having authority to make arrests. He corresponded with Chas. A. Vogel- sang, who was then Chief Deputy, and through him received an appointment. While acting as a special deputy, he made an excellent record and when, with the advent of the Hunting License Law, it was possible to employ more regular deputies, because of his record, he was given a per- manent appointment, March 24, 1908, with headquarters in San Francisco. As Mr. Reichling was exceedingly painstaking and accurate and had early training as a bookkeeper, it was found that he could best be used in this capacity and he was detailed to assist the late Judge E. G. Heacock, then in charge of the license and book- keeping department. Upon the death of Judge Heacock, in 1909, he was again promoted. Later he was given the very responsible position of cashier, the place he held at the time of his death. Mr. Reichling is survived by his wife and mother and also by three brothers and sisters. He was a mem- ber of Excelsior Parlor, N. S. G. W., and Is mourned by a host of friends. —J. S. H. 20 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. SAVE KLAMATH LAKE RESERVATION. BIRD California today is one of the greatest out-of-doors states in the union. Its mountains, lakes, forests, rivers and wealth of bird life attract people from every state in the country. Every man, woman and child in this state owes Theodore Roosevelt something for his far- sightedness and for his efforts in saving the Avild birds of the state. They not only owe something in the way of a cash contribution to a memorial for his far- Klamath Lake reservation. Here was a wide, open, shallow alkaline lake ten or twelve miles long. For miles and miles around the border was a vast tule marsh, white with the nesting multitudes. The beauty of Lower Klamath Lake was in its life, the flying birds that hovered over the wide, treeless area, the calling flocks that from time immemorial have held this as their own. Around the wide border of the lake a wild swamp grass grew, nur- tured by sub-irrigation, and a great num- ber of cattle were raised here. Fig. 7. Lower Klamath Lake, a federal bird reservation, from the west shore of the lake. An abundant tule growth on the east side of the lake forms an especially fine breeding ground for waterfowl and the islands in the lake are used as breeding grounds by cormorants, pelicans and great blue herons. Photograph by H. C. Bryant, June 9, 1914. (Neg. 1269, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) sightedness, but they owe some effort toward saving these greatest living and useful monuments which he preferred to any other kind. Although Tjowcr Klamath Lake is a federal wild bird reservation by special proclamation and wild birds are carefully protected by both state and federal law, yet the vital defect in the whole situation is the present unfortunate condition which is bringing about the destruction of bird life on a vast scale and the annihilation of this great reservation by the drying up of the lake. The myriads of ducks, geese, wading birds and other wild fowl are at home in the wonderful marsh land, but they can not exist on the alkali flats of the desert. Picture to yourself the condition a few years ago when Roosevelt created the Then came the land operators and wildcat schemers and advocated the dry- ing up of the lake by cutting off its water supply from Klamath River. They said instead of a marshy waste we could have a great farming area. A dyke was built and a change has gradually taken place. Instead of the waters, we now have desert flats crusted with alkali, llie meadows of wild grass owned by stockmen about the lake have reverted to the desert because of the lack of water. The great tule marsh, as dry as tinder, and the peat two or three feet below the surface, was set on fire last spring and is now a gigantic waste, flaming in some places and slow burning under the surface in others. The migratory flocks that have fed and nested here are flying about without homes and resting places. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 21 A. P. Davis, director of the reclama- tion service, has written Senator Cham- berlain that a recent investigation of the marsh lands around Lower Klamath Lake has failed to disclose positive evidence of their value for agricultural purposes. According to his own words "very little conclusive evidence can be found as to the agricultural value of the lands around Lower Klamath Lake." Here is the most useless piece of de- struction of one of our greatest out-of- rest on migrations? It is of the utmost importance that public waters be pre- served, if we are to maintain duck shoot- ing." So says the American Game Protective Association with reference to the drainage of Big Rice Lake in Minnesota under the pretext of land for the farmer. So say we all of us with reference to the Klamath Lake Bird Reservation and other wildcat schemes which threaten the extermination of our wild life resources. Fig. S. Nests of pelicans and cormorants on Bird Island, Lower Klamath Lake. Photograph by H. C. Bryant, June 8, 1914. (Neg. 1276, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.). door resources, and nothing gained. The whole thing can be remedied if the recla- mation service will open the dykes and let the water back into Lower Klamath Lake. Every citizen of the state should take this matter up with the reclamation service, our senators and representatives in Washington, or with the Secretary of Agriculture. If immediate action is se- cured Klamath Lake Reservation could be restored and would remain as a great living monument to Theodore Roosevelt.^ W. L. FiNLEY, >Sf^a*e Biologist, Portland, Oregon. THE HUNTER'S LAMENT. "Of what earthly use is it to protect waterfowl from overshooting and then take away their nesting grounds, their feeding waters and the places where they SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FILMED. FISHERIES In order to inform the people of the state as to the wonderful fisheries which have been developed in Southern Califor- nia the past few years, the Fish and Game Commission has recently had a film made depicting the outstanding features of the tuna fishery. After spending many days aboard the launch "Albacore," of the Fish and Game Commission, the camera man secured a very fine series of pictures show- ing the methods of capturing the fish. Visits to the canneries helped to complete the film for here the whole canning pro- cess was photographed. In the film, therefore, one may view the entire process from the capture of the fish at sea to the finished canned product. Outstanding features of the film are a scene at Smug- 22 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. glers Cove showiug the fishing fleet at anchor, secured after a rough and dan- gerous landing, and scenes showing a barge being loaded wilh tuna. This new film forms a pari of the free film service furnished by the Fish and Game Commission. Many splendid films showing wild birds and mammals in their own homes are available through the Fish and (iame Conunission's educational and )>ublicity di'pnrtinent. SEVEN GRIZZLIES FORMERLY EXISTED IN CALIFORNIA. Now that the grizzly bear is extinct in California careful studies are being made of the material at hand to find out how many varieties of grizzly bear actually existed in this state. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has published a review of grizzlies and big brown bears of North America (U. S. Dept, Agric, North American Fauna, No. 41, Feb. 9, 1918) in which it is pointed out that seven vari- eties of grizzly bear were formerly found in this state. The California coast grizzly formerly ranged in humid coast regions from San Franci.sco P.ay south to San Luis Obispo. The Tejon grizzly was found in the dry chaparral hills of inter- ior coast ranges, between the San Joaquin Valley and Los Angeles. The Sacramento Valley grizzly was limited to the Sacra- mento (and perhaps San Joaquin) Valley and adjacent foothills. In extreme north- ern California, along the Klamath River, ranged the Klamath grizzly, while further south in Mendciciuo County was to lie found the Mendocino grizzly. The largest one formerly occurred in the Santa Ana, Cuyamaca and Santa Rosa mountain*^ ui southern California. Still another variety roamed over the southern Sierra Nevada, this one being called the Ilcnshaw grizzl\ . The Soutliei-u ("alifornia grizzly was llic largest of all the grizzlies, even larger than the great buiralo-killing grizzly found on the Kenal I'eninsula in Alaska. It was of such a huge size that the weight of a male is estimatce made of practical value in the control of the mosquito pest. Investigations showed that this fish is especially suitable for antimosquito work because it seeks its food at the surface, where the mosquito and its larva; are found ; it is very prolific, giving birth to well-developed young and therefore requiring no special environment for egg culture; and it thrives in areas especially suitable for the support of mos- quito larvae. But experiment also showed that the top minnow must be protected from larger fish, bass especially, its chief protection being the presence of shallow water; and that there are some instances where the top minnow can not be used against the mosquito because the mos- quito sometimes breeds in water so badly polluted that the top minnow can not live therein, as in a particular instance of water polluted by chemicals. The results of the experiments indicate that the top minnow, when planted under proper conditions, completely eliminates mosquitoes, provided the waters are kept free from protective vegetation, such as slightly submerged leaves and stems, or growths which form a floating mass; and that even though protective vegetation exists, the top minnow greatly reduces the number of mosquitoes, the number of fish CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 25 required for eradication depending largely, of course, upon the condition of the water with respect to protective vegetation. BIRD PROTECTION IN ENGLAND. A committee of the Royal Society for the ProtecLion of Birds has rf^cently inves- tigated the present English laws and has suggested many changes looking toward the reconstruction of the Wild Bird Pro- tection Acts. It is pointed out that there are numerous defects and obscurities in phraseology which have added largely to the complications which have arisen in the working of the six interdependent acts. The law has not been enforced in any general or habitual manner and has failed to protect the rare birds of the country. The report gives first of all a historical review of bird protection laws in Great Britain, a digest of the present laws with the offenses and penalties, results of the present law, the proposed new law, and international law. Among the recommen- dations are the setting up of two schedules in the place of one, the general closed season to be from March 1 to September 1. Owners and occupiei's are to have power to kill or take birds on their land during the closed season, with the exception of the birds listed in the schedules. Listed among the game birds on schedule A with an open season each year are such birds as the skua, black-throated diver, night jar, peregrine falcon, wood lark, wood- pecker and wryneck. On the other hand, among the birds on schedule B which are given total protection are such birds as the avocet, Kentish plover, golden eagle, osprey, spoonbill and most of the owls. The committee further recommends in- creased educational work, stating : "In order to protect birds both worker and child must know a little about them. Information regarding their character- istics and habits must be circulated. Bird and arbor schemes or their equivalent must bring light and air into the whole elementary school system. We should be glad to see a Bird Day, devoted to lectures, become a regular feature of the program of every school in this country." THE FISHING INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA. California in 1915 ranked second among the Pacific Coast states in the number of persons engaged, in the value of its invest- ment, and in the amount and value of its fishery products. There were 4,282 per- sons engaged in the shore fisheries, 551 in the vessel fisheries, 35 in vessels trans- porting, and 3,584 persons engaged on shore in canneries, etc., making a total of 8,452 persons connected with the fisheries, as compared with 5,530 in 1004, The in- crease can be traced mainly to the shore industries. The total investment in the fisheries of the state amounted to $5,824,203, showing an increase of nearly 55 per cent since 1904. The items making up this total are 73 fishing vessels valued, with their outfit, at .$354,375 ; 20 transporting vessels with a value, including their outfit, of $72,000; 1,429 gasoline boats valued at $1,351,110; 1,169 other boats valued at $104,816 ; apparatus, in the shore and vessel fisheries, valued at $006.944 ; shore and accessory property with a value of $2,731,390 and working cash capital amounting to $448,809. The products of the fisheries of Cali- fornia in 1915 aggregated 93,338,703 pounds, with a value to the fishermen of .$2,506,702. This is an increase of about 44 per cent in quantity, but a decrease of about three-fifths of 1 per cent in value as compared with 1904. Among the items in the products of special importance may be mentioned 7,303,933 pounds of Chinook salmon, valued at $340,949 ; 21,- 024,190 pounds of albacore, or tuna, valued at $316,103; 6,923,563 pounds of flounders, valued at $209,766; 375,774 pounds or 53,682 bushels, of eastern oysters, valued at $165,573; 4,952,692 pounds of salted cod, valued at $161,695 ; 1,784,488 pounds of striped bass, valued at $146,928; 4,344,254 pounds of rock- fishes, valued at $146,216 ; 892,392 pounds of spiny lobsters, valued at $130,119 ; 1,414,155 pounds of crabs, valued at $124,- 870, and 5,761,929 pounds of sole, valued at $108,252 — Bureau of Fisheries, Docu- ment No. 875. A CALIFORNIA FOX FARM. Messrs. Lewis and Kierman, of Nevada, have started a fox farm near Pomin's, on the shores of Lake Tahoe. Six of the best silver black foxes obtainable have been purchased from Prince Edward Isle, at a cost of over $9,000, Four large fox pens 26' CAl.in^HN'IA Fl:^TT AXD GAME. of reiuforced heavy poultry '.viie have boon built, each equipiied with a stroup; jiouse for shelter aud wilh runways to the frrouiid. The accompaiiyinji; picture ( Fi.i.'. KM shows the favorite male fox, a little over two years of age. which pro- duced fourteen pups ou his second breed- in;.'. This fox cost .«2,100 .uid his fur is Fig. le. Silver gray fox. A \aUiable animal imported from Prince E lwar;l Island for vise at a newly established lur farm at I^ake Tahoo. Photograph by J. Sanders. exceptionall.\ ti)ie. .Messrs. T.owis and Kierinan expect to raise furs for the mar- ket, and it is rumored that other parties from Nevada intend starting a fox farm in the spring, also to be located in the Tahoe region. — J. II. Sax»frs. HOW MANY SHOOTERS IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY? I'rior to the war it was estimated thai we had at least five million .sportsmen in the T'nited States. Men in a position to know claim that this year the total will be increased at least one million and possibly more. Many of the boys who before their experience in the army had never fired a gun, wiH not be satisfied now witliout their share of Ihe sport. — /llinoix Si)()>fswarlirnlarly the jirop- erty of him who can get it. The more remote the locality where the law is vio- lated, the more deeply looted is the idea that the game is there to be taken, regard- less of law. and witliout nnicli feeling of moral olili(piit.\\ The violator has a strange feeling that some sort of jiistilica- tiou is on his side, though the law may be on the other. The point of view is that of eari.x culonial tinu^s, before tlie state had reason t(j as.scrt its ownership- — when, indet'd, game was the properly of any one who could shoot straiglil enou;;h. It is the i)oint of view of an extreme individualist. Game is si ill ilie pi'opiMiy of everyone. Hut, whereas originally the peoi)le placed no restrictions upon the use of that prop- ert.y, they have now thrown al)out it safe- guards that are vital for its continued existence. Every citizen has a vi'sted interest in every iudividiuil biid, animal aud fish, and is defrauded, if the game is f-r eu in an\- way cotitrary to the estab- Ksl ed lilies. The i)oint of view of the man who res|)ects the law. aud iusi.sts ui)on r spect for it in others, is that of collective ownership. Ilis individual right to take game is dei)endent upon consent to do so from others. The feeling of collective ownership is still only partly developed. The tendency to wink at violations still decreases as the sense of common ownership of wild life is strengthened. — The i^pori.'niirirn ]'<- ricir, No\-. 1."), 1019. THE WARDEN OF GAME, "The game protectoi's are the people's aiipointed representatives in protecting what is the pc()|)le"s own property. Their task is a hard one, but thej"^ are doing it well. From year to year, the force is constantly dev(do|)ing in cfliciency and effectiveness. an cents a pell, now brings about CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 27 ."j! I. ."»(!. II: is not surpiisiug, Ihorofore, that an (Mitei'prisins- man in Port Clinton, Ohio, has purt'liasod lt!() acres of marsh land alon.i; th(» river wliicli lie expects to tnrn into a musl '■■ / ■'-■ %' .-'.:* ■-.,:'>-■•■. ..^ ■\ ■ - • . ■ ,;^.' ■ ■ :; ' . .■,«■-!■•--•.-■ , " r-fc-;. I'lG. 11. A reason lor the protection of does. Doe, mother of a fawn, killed by law violator. Photograph by E. M. Muse. still contained milk, and the udders were pink, as though the fawn had nursed, or attempted to do so, up to or after the mother had died. What became of the little fawnV Like many others that have been oiijhaned under similar conditions, it perhaps re- mained beside its unresponsive mother until it fell an easy prey to coyotes ; for, not far away from the dead doe, on the dry sand bar at the edge of the river, were the unmistakable stubby-toed dog- like tracks of a large coyote. It is to be hoped that such instances as this will i?erve to carry a story home to that brand of imiiation sportsmen who shoot without care or conscience. — Edwakd M. Muse, Sacramento, Califor- nia. 28 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST. Several San Pedro canneries are paying $155 cash per ton for albacore. Five years ago this variety of fish sold at $40 a ton. In 1918 it was $60 to $90 a ton. Now the fisherman receives $155 per ton. Previous to 1910 albacore could not be given away and tons upon tons were carried to sea to feed the sharks. Owing to the federal law prohibiting the sale of waterfowl and owing to the aggressive enforcement of the federal migratory bird law, very few illegal shipments of ducks have entered San Francisco during the present open season. Striped bass fishermen report splendid fishing in the San Francisco Bay region, but the take by commercial fishermen has been below normal. The Red River Lumber Company recently pleaded guilty to a violation of the water pollution laws and paid a fine of $200. The company has taken proper means to prevent further sawdust pollution. The Fish and Game Commission has ordered a new patrol boat for use in patroling San Francisco Bay and vicinity. The boat will be thirty-one-foot over all with seven-foot beam equipped with a twelve- horsepower engine, and will be seaworthy in every respect. Signs that the sardine industry is growing are evident in the recent canning operations of F. E. Booth and Company, at Pittsburg. Sar- dines caught outside the heads at San Francisco are being canned at the Pittsburg cannery. Although subject to some delay in reaching the cannery, they are said to arrive in splendid condition. The establishment of a fur farm at Lake Tahoe and the proposed establishment of another in the same vicinity forecasts the beginning of the fur farming industry in California. During the months of October and November, 1919. Deputy John Burke and Special Deputy Herbert Leahy made 57 arrests in San Mateo County, the fines totahng in all $1,210; 38 of these arrests, with fines amounting to $810, were made by Deputy John Burke, and 19 arrests with fines amounting to $400 by Special Deputy Herbert Leahy. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 29 COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES. N. B, ScoFiELD, Editor. MANY FISHING BOATS DESTROYED. For the second time in recent years great damage has been done to the fishing fleet at Monterey because of the lack of proper shelter for the fishing fleet. On Thanlcsgiving Day, 1919, ninety-two power boats were washed ashore at Monterey. Nor does this include lighters, nets and other gear, and damage done to docks and wharves. The estimated loss to the fish- ermen alone will run close to $150,000. A further severe loss will be suffered by the canners, as sardines are plentiful at this time and there will be but a few- boats to fish for them. In England and other European coun- tries the government improves small har- bors purposely for the use of fishing smacks. It is apparent that our own government in making surveys and plans for the improvement of harbors should take into consideration the need for refuges for fishing fleets. A breakwater which would give proper shelter for the fishing fleet at Monterey is needed, and there are many small bays along our coast which should be improved and made into harbors for fishermen's boats. FISHERMEN'S UNION AT FORT BRAGG. During the spring of 1919 the Fisher- men's Union at Fort Bragg established and operated their own plant for mild curing the salmon catch. Steep hillside property on the Noyo River was purchased and a 60 by 80-foot shed erected. It was necessary to grade about 800 feet of roadway on the steep hillside to connect the shed with the highway. The con- struction and grading work was done by the fishermen, most of the labor being donated. By agreement. Small & Urie canned the small salmon for the Union, the Union packing over half the total catch of nearly 3,000,000 pounds, so that Fig. 12. Monterey fishing fleet piled on the shore after a severe storm on the day before Thanlcsgiving, 1919. Photograph by Heidrick. 30 CALIFORNIA FiSIl AND (iAME. the season id Fort Praisrg lias bcon uii- usiially siK'ccssfiil oompariHl A^•ith other ooast points EnooiirasiHl by this s<'ason's success, the Union has completed plans for next 3-ear at Fort Bragg which include an addition to the Noyo River shed to accom- modate a two-line cannery, ice plant and cold storage plant and the building of a mild curing house at Shelter Cove. The proposed cannery will not only handle the small salmon but also pack sardines, which are plentiful in the Fort Bragg and Shelter Co\e region. NEWPORT BAY FISHERIES BEING DEVELOPED. AVith work jjrogressing on the l)reak- water at ISewport Bay, Newport bids fair to become one of the important fish ship- ping iwints in Southern California. The residents of NewiMjrt and Balboa are united in an effort to develop their li.sh- eries asset to I he utmost. Already a fish packing plant is under construction and a substantial bulkhead has been built for the accommodation of boats and markets. X(>wp(>rt is one of the principal smelt .shipping points in California, a nonnal day's shipment consisting of from four to twelve tons of these fish. With the improvement work now under way the scope of the fisheries at Newport will be enlarged greatly. Already a number of fishing boats are planning on making Newport Bay their home port. — C. S. B. FISHING VILLAGE COMPELLED TO MOVE. The Pacific Electric Railway Company has served notices on the fishermen and other residents of Port Los Angeles order- ing them to vacate their premises on or Ix'foic .January ], 1020, and already the removal of this ])iclures(iue fishing village is under way. The above company has also filed a petili0."» l)y II. Sano and Dick Tododic, two fishermen, and at one time contained approximately two hundred men, women and children dependent upon the fishing business. As high as ten thousand pounds of fi.sh has been unloaded at the whaif in one day by fishing boats oper- ating off I'ort IjOS Angeles ; but with the development of the fishing industry at San Pedro most of the fishing boats left for the latter i>ort. As a result the amount of fish I'eceived over the wiiarf ha.s decreased until today a normal day's shii)ment from I'ort Los Angeles consists only of approximately fifteen hundred pounds. 'i'h(>re are still about sixty Jap- anese and Russian fishermen engaged in fishing at Port Los Angeles and all of them are iilanning on moving to other points in the near future. The wharf at Port Los Angeles was constructed twenty-eight .vears ago by cer- tain interests who planned on making this point the port of entry to Los Angeles. When built it was over five thousand feet long, but damage by storms four years ago caused the removal of about two thousand feet of the pier. It has always been one of the popular piers for anglei-s who still refer to it as "Long Wharf." During the runs of mackerel, corbina and Fig. 13. Wharf and picturesque fishing village at Port Los Angeles, which is being moved by order of the owners of the land. Photograph by C. S. Bauder. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 31 pompauo, approximately four luiudred rod and reel sportsmen could be counted fish- ing from the wharf. — C. S. B. SEAPLANES TO LOCATE FISH. It has generally been known for many years that many sea birds are dependent on their eyesight to locate their food while flying over the water. So what is more natural than for seaplanes to locate schools of fish in the same manner? Needless to say the fish canners of San Diego, who have been somewhat alarmed at the con- tinued absence of sardines which have been appearing in large numbei's elsewhere on the Pacific Coast, rejoiced at the sug- gestion of this idea. Definite arrangements have now been made with Lieutenant Lincoln, the naval commandant in charge of operations at the Naval Air Station at San Diego, whereby regular seaplane flights will be undertaken by the navy aviators to look for schools of fish. The first flight will take place on December 15 and they will continue to patrol each day any certain portion of the sea that is desired by the canners. When a seaplane sights a school of fish it will wire back to Rockwell Field from where the information will be telephoned to the Fish and Game Commission ottice at San Diego for distribution to the sev- eral canneries. A submarine chaser always hovers in the vicinity of a flying l)Iane so as to be near in case of an accident. So it may be that the news can be sent to the nearby fishermen the quicker by means of the wireless on these boats. While these fiights may not be of so much value in winter because of the rough- ness of the weather, the.y will later on prove of much material benefit to all par- ties concerned when the larger fish are running. They will also settle the fact of whether certain schools of fish are running in those portions of the ocean further out than the present small fishing boats go, as the seaplanes have a four hundred mile radius of operation. It may thus be the beginning of continued pros- perity to all canners and fishermen in this section as well as of aid in the inves- tigation work of the Fish and Game Com- mission by showing routes, locations, and migrations of different fishes. — L. H. II. AGAR-AGAR TO BE MANUFACTURED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. After two years of diligent research, Mr. C. Matsuoka of Los Angeles has effected an improved process for convert- ing several species of the common marine alga? found on .the Southern California coast into agar-agar, and plans are under way for the construction of a thirty- thousand dollar plant at Tropico, Califor- nia, where this product will be manufac- tured on a commercial scale. When com- pleted this plant will have a capacity of approximately one ton of dried seaweed per day, and its operation will mark the beginning of a new industry in the United States. Experiments which have been carried on by Mr. Matsuoka demonstrate that agar-agar of a much superior quality to the imported article can be produced from our native seaweeds. There are approximately fifteen species of marine algae found on the California coast which may be used in the manu- facture of agar-agar. Among the varie- ties found in sufficient quantities for com- mercial uses are: Gelidium corneum, Gdcilium airtUagineum, Graccllaria con- fervoides, Euchcma spiiio,siiim, and various species of Tcnaa^ and GUjartcncw. Practically all of the world's supply of agar-agar is produced in China, Japan, Ceylon, and Malaysia. During the year 1019 there were two hundred and forty tons of agar-agar shipped to the United States from Japan wdiei-e the manufacture of this product has reached the propor- tions of an important and well established industry. In the latter country only ten species of seaweeds are found which are used in its manufacture. It is prepared for the market in two ways. One method consists in drying and bleaching the thallus of the algae in the sun. The other method consists in making a jelly of the seaweeds, allowing the water to freeze out and cutting the residue into thin strips and drying thor- oughly. The American Agar Company intends to use the latter method. Agar-agar is one of the most useful products obtained from seaweeds. It is used in the manufacture of vegetable isin- glass, capsules, candy, paints, and culture media for bacteriological research. During 32 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. the European war it was successfully em- ployed in the treatment of war wounds. It is supplied to the drug trade commer- cially in dry, transparent ciTstals that are reduced to a coarse powder for medic- inal use. It has the natural property of absox'bing water and retaining it ; and in medicine, the additional property of re- sisting the action of intestinal bacteria and of the digestive enzymes. It is pre- pared by boiling and may be eaten with milk or cream, or mixed with any of the ordinary cereal foods with the addition of salt or sugar.— C. S. Baudkr. NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY. By Will F. Thompson and Elmek Higgins. THE INAUGURATION OF SCIENTIFIC! WORK ON THE SARDINE. I The past quarter has seen the inaugu- ration of a definite program of investiga- tion of the sardine. This species has be- come the most important to our commer- cial fisheries, and it is necessary that we learn something concerning its habits and that we have as detailed a knowledge as possible of the course of the fishery. A resume of the program will be found in another part of this magazine (p. 10). In order that desired results may be obtained, Mr. O. K. Sette, formerly sta- tioned in Long Beach as collector, has been transferred to Monterey, where he will observe the sardine run throughout its season, under the direction of Mr. Thompson. To date (November 28), the sardine run in Southern California has not really begun, only very small fish being in evi- dence. The shortage in cans has, how- ever, been the only hampering factor at Monterey. SOME RECENT FISHERY PUBLICA- TIONS. A publication of the United States Na- tional Museum has recently appeared, describing the guano birds of Peini. As Dr. R. E. Coker, the author, states, "Peruvian guano is indirectly but obvi- ously a product of fish. The birds in this case fulfill a function comparable to that of the American factories that convert fish into fertilizer." He also says "a quantity of more than 10,000,000 tons of high grade guano is reported to have been extracted from the Chincha Islands be- tween 1851 and 1872." The pictures accompanying the report are remarkable, ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 16. showing the great numbers of birds on the nesting places. The paper should be of great interest both to those interested in birds and those interested in fish.** Dr. R. E. Coker has also another re- cent publication to which attention may be called, namely that on the "Fresh- water Mussels and Mussel Industries of the United States." These mussels are used for button-making in an extensive industry. The bulletin deals with phases of the industry and describes the species, although it does not review the excellent work which has been done in recent years on the strange life history of these mus- sels, for the most part by employees of the Bureau of Fisheries.t — AV. F. T. A SNIPE-FISH FROM CATALINA. Tlie president of the Tuna Club of Catalina Island, Mr. J. A. Ccxe, gave the undersigned a very small fish, with a long snout, which he said had been picked up on the beach at Avalon. This fish proved to be identical with the Marrorhamphosus haicaiiensis desci'ibed by Dr. C. H. Gilbert from near T^aysan Island, as taken by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer "Albatross." A figure of this species may be seen in Volume 23, Part 2, of the Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. According to a recent review of the species of the family, the form found in the Hawaiian Islands is the same as a species taken in East Africa, the Indian Ocean, China, and the Medit- **Habits and Economic Relations of the Guano Birds of Peru, by R. E. Coker. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. 56, pages 449-91L Plates 53-69. Document No. 2298. tFresh Water Mussels and Mussel In- dustries of the United States, by R. E. Coker. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fish- eries, Vol. 36. Document No. 865. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 33 erranean, namely Macrorhamphosiis veli- iaris Pa 11 as. J If this is true, the species is very wide- spread indeed. The writer has not had the opportunity of comparing specimens from these various localities, hence it is not possible to state positively that this species is in reality the somewhat cosmo- politan one mentioned above. That from Catalina was compared directly with the type of ]\facrorlinmpliosH,n'anean, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in New Zealand. Single specimens of the same or very closely related species Crested band-fish. Lophotes cepecliaris? Taken in the surf at Long Beach, California, July 25, 1919. Photograph by V. B. Pearl. specimen was found to be a si^ecies of Loi>]iotcs, probabl.v L. ccpcdiaiiiis, Giorna, the "crested baud-fish." The fish was found swimming feebly in the breakers at Long Beach and was caught by a couple of passers-by who waded into the surf and seized it in their hands. It was taken to a photographer by JNIr. V. E. Pearl, where the accompanying photograph (Fig. 14) was made, and the fish was then given to us. The fish is long and much compressed, being about four feet long, eight inches deep, and only one and three-eighths inches wide. The skin is smooth, without scales, except for a single row against the dorsal fin, anil of a bright silvery color with have also been taken near llie iSIadeira Islands and in Japan. None of the speci- mens have been taken in the fish's nat- ural hai)itat which is said to be moderate depths in the open sea, but all have been cast ashore in a greatly enf(H'ble(l or damaged cond i t ion . Several species of Lophotes have been described but the material for study has been so slight- — a single specimen in most cases — that it is entirely doubtful whether more than one or two species exist. Our specimen differs in some resi)ects from the current descriptions of any of the sup- posed species, but it seems likely that it belongs to the first named, L. ccpcdiainis of (Jicirna. Nor is the i-ejalionsliip of the CALIFORNIA Fiyil AND GAME. 35 family well uuderstood. Dr. Jordan, in nvlidic, for example." Thus our fish is his "Guide to the Study of Fishes," re- marks, "It is thought that the Lophotidw may be related to the ribbon fishes, Taen- iosomi, but on the whole they seem nearer the highly modified Scomhroidei, the I'ter- placed in the group of mackerel-like fishes which contains such peculiar forms as the pomfret, the dolphin fish, the luvar, and the square-tail — all previously i-ecorded iu > California Fish and Game. — E. 11. -x/'A'*' CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES. NEW YORK ENFORCES CONSERVA- TION LAWS. In a recent New York case a violator of the game laws was held in $1.(M10 bail and later paid a $500 fine. The fact that nothing but the highest commendation, because of the amount of these sums, has been expressed by the newspapers, is an indication of the growing detei-mination of the public to support the conservation laws. There was a time when case after case of this character was thrown out of court, or sentence suspended, largely, it would seem, from lack of a full compre- hension of the basic principles underlying the conservation law ; but the striking contrast of recent cases disposed of shows that all over the land there is an awaken- ing interest in game conservation and a determination to see that the game laws are enforced. — The Conservationist, Vol. 2, p. 94. PROTECTION OF SOCKEYE SALMON. There was signed at Washington on September 2, 1919, a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, having for its object the protection and rehabilita- tion of the sockeye salmon in the con- tiguous waters of the State of Washing- ton and the Province of British Columbia. The protection accorded the salmon under this treaty is such as was determined to be necessai-y by the International Fish- eries Conference which held hearings in Washington and British Columbia in 1918. MINNESOTA AUCTIONS CONFISCATED GEAR. The official bulletin of the Minnesota Game and Fish Department shows a photograph of a part of the accumulated paraphernalia confiscated during the past three years. The picture shows nets and traps of all kinds and a row of more than a hundred and fifty guns and rifles. The property was disposed of at pu1)lic auction on August 1 and 2. 1919, the net pro- ceeds accruing from the sale amounting to .$2,.592.70! VIRGINIA FAVORS NEW TYPE OF REFUGE. Instead of setting aside well stocked areas as game refuges, the State of Vir- ginia is planning some game preserves. Owners of tracts from 200 to 400 acres in each of the 400 odd magisterial dis- tricts are being sought who will bequeath to the commonwealth exclusive shooting privileges on such tracts. The state will then pest the areas and plant thereon mated pairs of quail, which the state will secure from Texas. The quail are to be fed for the first few weeks, but no attempt will be made to keep them within the preserve, on the theory that if they are hunted outside the preserve they will speedily learn the places where they are not disturbed. MINNESOTA BREAKS RECORD. During the j'ear 1918 the Minnesota Fish and Game Commission reared 333,- 792,127 fry and fingerlings. This breaks all records for the state, the output having been about tripled since 1911. CANADA ISSUES EDUCATIONAL FILMS. The Ontario government has recently organized the Ontario Motion Picture Bureau for the express puii^ose of issuing propaganda by means of films. The Bureau now has 200 films, covering 82 different subjects, which are appearing before large audiences throughout Ontario. Of particular interest are two films en- titled "Fish as Food" and "Ontario Fisheries." More and more are fish and game resources being advertised by means of films. 36' CALIFORNIA FISPI AND GAME. LIFE HISTORY NOTES. FOREST FIRES DESTROY GAME. The forest fires in the Angeles National Forest during the fall of 1919 were very destructive to game of all kinds. The burned area covers over two hundred thousand acres of the forested canyons and ridges and brush covered hillsides (see Fig. 15). The carcasses of deer have been found by fire fighters in many places. Gray squirrels and mountain quail have suffered severely. I have just made a survey of conditions , in Pacoima Canyon, and the Little Tu- ' junga and Big Tujunga canyons. In the and Azusa, where they sought shelter in vain, because the fire swept widely, over the entire brush covered hills of the south slopes of the Sierra Madre Mountains. It was pitiful to see dozens of moun- tain quail, gathered around a little pool of water in a canyon, their feathers burned and topknots gone. In dozens of places I came across similar groups. The greatest menace to game comes from the destruction of food. At this time the soeds had all ripened, and the walnuts, pine nuts, acorns and manzan- itas were ready to eat. These have been burned over a wide expan.se, and the 6ANTA BAnBASA ^..-^>JATION ITTI U K^-^.^ MAO e5PCCi*LLV pREPAtTCD BV The DHAFTING DEDT O" TmE AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA rs-A^ sex Fi cue BOA y . uo/ AHowaa- ^f , i| ^~f"-T"?^"'-^-— "— » #'«^9'-«5*-*'-^'- ■"■'f^--^'/^^^-'*^o::>-' ' U \( S ; '^te^^s W f 11' ' (=>ASADeNA ^^-^t:^-_l" £3SA LOS AMGELES LEGEMD Mum PROPOSeD ANSCi^S RCSBOvc * MICHM'AV, — — — iANSei_es rooesr DOUMOAnv Fig. 15. Map of Angeles National Forest area destroyed by devastating forest fires during the fall of 1919. Severe injury to game was the natural result. first two, which are outside of, but adjoin- ing the Game Refuge, I saw numbers of dead rabbits, squirrels and mountain quail. Big Tujunga escaped total destruc- tion, as the flames did not crossi to the east side. No doubt most of the game escaped death by flame and smoke, but the destruc- tion of food will lead to widespread famine later. Fanned by a high wind that blew from the desert side toward the sea, the flames in places swept away every bit of vegetation. The game had no choice but to flee before the flames, toward the foothills, near the towns of San Fer- nando, Sunland, Monte Vista, Pasadena coming on of winter will make it hard for game to exist. The recent rains in Southern California fell at a very opportune time, and so gently as not to cause any erosion. Three weeks after the rain the burnt over hill- sides were becoming green. A feature of the destruction of covers for game must not be forgotten. Rabbits and quail, I found, are massing on patches of unburned territory. Overcrowding will result, and hunters will find it easy to kill most of the game in such places. A rancher at the mouth of the Little Tu- junga told me that hunters had killed sixty-eight rabbits in a forty-acre field CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 37 in a couple of hours on the Sunday after the fire, and seventy-eight the following Sunday. There is a bright side to the picture : a great deal of food was spared in creek beds. A large crop of quail had been raised and enough will be spared for breeding next season, and the early rains have already sprouted the grass and weeds. The game will be restored in time, but nature lovers and sportsmen should work together to prevent a repetition of these fires by enlisting government, state and county aid, building roads and fire breaks and check dams in the mountains, and reforesting the burnt areas. — Charles G. Stivees, M.D., Los Angeles, California. DOE WITH THREE FAWNS. During the latter part of August, the writer ran across a doe with three fawns in the lava bed section of the Modoo National Forest. I was able to come quite close to the animals, which showed little signs of fear. I am quite positive that there were no other deer in that imme- diate vicinity at that time, as I had been fighting fire close by and had been all around the place where I saw the doe and fawns. I thought it unusual to see a doe with three fawns, especially as the little fellows ranged themselves alongside the doe as if they were perfectly at home and belonged there. I stood looking at the three of them and they at me at a distance of not more than thirty feet for about a minute, the old doe stamping her foot at me; then they trotted off leisurely into the brush. — Wm. S. Brown, Alturas, California. WILD CAT EATS CHICKENS. I recently opened up two wild cats (Lynx ercmicus californicus) to see what they had been eating. In the stomach of one I found the remains of two small Plymouth Rock chickens which must have been caught at least five miles from where the cat was killed, and in the other the remains of three mountain quail. — D. W. Maxey, Gorman, California. FOOD OF THE BOBCAT. The wild cat (Lynx eremicus californi- cus) is still found in numbers here, as indicated by the number being trapped in the Monterey district of the Santa Bar- bara National Forest. Wild cats feed on the smaller game animals and birds. I watched one of these animals in his attempts to secure a breakfast last sum- mer. He stole up on a covey of mountain quail, and as he flushed them, got two. I have found feathers of both mountain and valley quail, which investigation proved were left from a feast by wild cats. — H, H. Hunt. SOUP-FIN SHARK EATS ABALONE. In July of last year I was fishing for sharks off the bridge at Ocean Beach when the last shark I caught used my last bait (a small perch). I operated on the shark in an effort to retrieve my bait and was surprised to find an abalone out of the shell and apparently still alive, as it seemed to still have muscular action. Anyway I am positive it was taken out of the shell alive and I wondered how the shark accomplished it. The shark in question was a little over six feet long, weighed I judged about 120 pounds, and is what we call sand shark or soup-fin shark {Oaleorhinus zyopterus). — A. E. Miller, East San Diego, California. DOES THE BARROW GOLDEN-EYE BREED IN THE SIERRAS? The Barrow golden-eye (Clangula islandica) is a rare duck in California, there being less than a dozen records for the state. Furthermore, these records show it to be a winter visitant which occurs almost entirely in the central part of the state. However, this duck being a common breeder in the Rocky Mountain district, and having been found breeding in Oregon and Washington, it would seem possible that it might also breed around the higher Sierran lakes. Evi- dence that this is doubtless true was ob- tained this past summer. While on a pack trip from Tahoe to Yoseraite, Smed- berg Lake, in the northern part of the Yosemite National Park, was visited on August 25, 1919. On the lake were a pair of golden-eyes and six young. The adult birds were closely approached, mak- ing identification easy. In that no thought was given to the possibility of these golden-eyes being of the rarer species, no attempt was made to ascertain the shape of the white spot between the eye and 38 CALIFORMA KISH AND GAME. the hill. However, as it is very iiuiikely that the American jiirolden-oye would be found in such a situation during the summer season, it seems reasonable to record the occurrence of the Barrow goklen-eje at the above time and place, thus establishing the first record of sum- mer occurrence. — II. C. Bkyant, Berke- ley. California. MEADOWLARKS CONTROL CRICKET PEST. The State of Washington, with the aid of agents of the I'liitcd Stales Department of Agriculture, has bi-cii attempting to control the coulee cricket, which devas- tates lai'ge areas in the vicinity of Adrian, Washington. According to Mr. Max Ueeher, scientific assistant in the United Sbites Bur(>au of Entomology, western raeadowlarks appeared in groat numbers in the Dry Coulee last fall and began eating the newly hatched crickets. So efficient were these birds iu controlling the situation that arrangements for a 1!H!) control campaign were abandoned. The meadowlarks were almost entirely responsible for the complete cleanup of the area. — A. C. BuKRii.L, Forest (Jrovo, Oregon. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 39 REPORTS SEIZURES— FISH, GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS. July 1 to September 30, 1919. Game. Deer meat 1,424 pounds Quail 10 Ducks 63 Pigeon 4 Rabbits 51 Deer hides 8 Miscellaneous birds 19 Fish. Striped bass — - ^ 1,3213 pounds Black bass 22 pounds Halibut 5,890 pounds Catfish 45 pounds Whitefish 15 pounds Trout -■ 70 pounds Salmon — 292 pounds Perch 7 pounds Barracuda 250 pounds Crabs 267 Lobsters 127 Clams 457 Clams 675 pounds Dried shrimps 3,500 pounds Abalones (dried) 150 cases Abalones 47 Nets (illegal) 2 Searches. Illegal fish and game 13 40 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. Mixi.o- is Tutnl. ' a c n LU E tu I _l < O a: u o o u. o 1- z UJ h ir < D. UJ Q > m o iij -_i «•' r-i San Diego- ':/^ f— ' -^ -1* (M I- O •* s§ CO lO :s 8 r: S ffi 8 g § 1-1 ^C> I-H r-» 1-H Ift l-- 1-4 ic in 88 l-H ,H « Orange. s ?3 'S 1.03 Angeles- Snn T.iils Obispo, Santa Barbara. Ventura C4 >'? •« «0 CO S ■^ CO o in hT o "2 IM rt t-s to s 8! S ?§ 1 1- I in S8S 0> C^l ift o g s ?. ^ i-C 00 a> j jr Sffinterey. S: 'S3 _ _ o r-H C5 r-7 I M IS e> CO I 1-1 w ■as 1" UJ CQ Ui h a. UJ UJ h _l 1 00 00 lO I in eg i-H I -^ t* in Santa Cruz- O O I (A h o D O o X a. > X UJ I w I OV UJ DC U. z oc o u. _l < San F''anpisoo. San Mateo Contra Costa. Alameda Tehama, Coluna, Sutter.. Sacramento. San .Toaquln. ■Solano. Yolo. ^[l\rin_ Meniloi'ino. Sonoma. Lake- Del .Nnite. 11tinilii>:ill... f^ w CO < CO CO <3i ' CO »^ CO ■ IS ;; op .-H t- CO o c? O CO *t< N ca CO I- O <-< *>! CO 00 «> 1-« t' s: o fc^ * o < -^ K •5 & o 2: c; i!!5 r- t.1 o. c o - C.! c ~ ■ ^'S C — .c c c CO ■a 5J tX I in lA i& I I .8 I «0 t* California fish and (;a.me. 41 '8 CO 3J <0 OS ^ CO lO i-H eo «5 -^ c^ «o fM •^ *>; -^ Cb i-H (7i_ 00 c4" CO 00 t-T t-T 05 CO CO S -* CO o a 8 53 CO ^■^ to Ci CO (M" i-l CO ift O Oi 03 fN ■n' lO IQ lO 00 (N to iH CO Oi W 00 •^ ^ S* "M -^ -^ c^ lo Ci^ ^ 1-^O'i rH i>r tC oT OQ t> ift 00 in ^ lO o ^ 8 lOOO'^NrHO'^Q Mr-4COCO'MUO^O (Mi-(-^i-l-J tH CO 00 Oi CO CO Si VJ l-» 1^1 Oi rH C5 o in I- 00 s fO -t< <5> ns DO 'TT^ VQ 1— t <>) 00 O 00 CQ I'S (M !0 CO O "* s ic;i-i5C>in^2joot~OTO 00 -* t~ IM S .w ■-I r-l 50 22 -* t- « M M 3 "^ Hi I CO (M IfS OO Ci ?J^ i 88 So OU 00 00 C5 "O ?S: o SO o" TO «o of g s Si girt iH -^ 0> lO t> ^ Ml lO O r-< !■- t- s ■o is ■^ '^'a o « a g C 5 a P ^ -S -s .c "O ^ o. ^£; ^ TD •o C' S •::? - - ^ - oj *^ a cu ^^ j2 a^ tn ;S o 4j B W) ^ „ iH S 'H C i C O R. ■ O C p o tBccajajoQcBascocBajcoajccaicoc/jajcccoajEH o g E is o _ O oj a c « I _ « ■ o -o O .S ft o 1 S — G O ^.-^ p C3 H S ^ t« ^. O W CO c« o -a; O s s s a Q :, o 42 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Mexico. --- 82,000 3,484 8,350 12,460 1.470,330 36,494 " 68,020 23 41 Total San Ulego III 11)1 III III 1 1 1 I III III 1 1 1 1 III III 1 1 1 1 III II! III! Ill ill III! 1 '. ! 1 < < 1 t 1 1 III 8,350 8,425 ! Il i j is ! i ! II III III II III III II III III II 111 III Ijos Angeles San Luis' Oljispo. Santa Barbara. Ventura s ji j i 1 1 js 1 i^ i I I i ! i 1 ! ! i 1 ! i 1 1 1 1 1 I • Monturey 1,337 67,941 Santa Cruz 547 San Francisco, San Mateo 1,570 766 987,975 23 21 lis I J i i i ! 1 IQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 Contra Co?ta. /ilameda Tehama. Colusa, Sutter j I j ! j 1 1 is i Sacramento. San Joaquin-- 1 ! ! I I I I III ill III; 1 1 1 Solano, Volo Marin III in * 1 I 1 1 r III CQ Ml 1 1 III i j j %^\ \ \\{ Mendocino. Sonoma. Lake III 1 1 t 1 '* 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 III ! 1 I III! i ! ! Ill i 1 1 1 III Del Norte, numboldt 310 1 c o s s 03 Cuttle fish Limpets Mussels Oysters (shell) Eastern No. _. Oysters (native) Snails, sea Squid Miscellaneous — Progs (doz.) ... 03 u 1 ^ , s: c « — ft c" O W ^^ o a o t^ ftC u *-■ « a; •s g Sec ^!C ■ c- ir =^ !5o;c W c ., |Si -M CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 43 VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS. July 1 to September 30, 1919. Offense Game. Hunting without license Refusin'^ to show license on demand Making false statement on application Deer— excess limit— close season— killing or possession „_ Female doer— spike bucks— fawns— killing or possession Illegal deer hides Failure to retain head and horas of deer Hunting on posted grounds Fur-bearing mammals— close season— killing or possession Nongame birds— killing or possession Shore birds— close season— killing or possession Cottontail and brush rabbits— close season— possession "Wild pigeons— close season— killing or possession Doves— close season — killing or possession Quail — close season— killing or possession Ducks— close season— killing or possession II Tree squirrels— close season— killing or possession II Grouse— close season— killing or possession Number of arrests Fines imposed Total game violations- Fish. Angling without license Fishing for profit without license Trout — excess limit — close season — taking or possession Trout — taking other than by hook and line Striped bass— close season— sale— undei-weight — excess limit Black bass — close season— sale — underweight — excess limit-. Salmon— excess limit — Sunday fishing Crabs— undersized— close season — taking or possession Clams— undersized — close season— excess limit — taking or possession ; Abalones — undersized— close season — taking or possession.. Lobsters— under or oversized— close season— taking or pos- session Dried shrimps — possession Illegal nets Pollution of waters Total fish violations Grand total fish and game violations 54 $775 00 1 10 00 1 20 00 31 840 OO 39 2,160 00 15 300 00 8 425 00 7 175 00 4 95 00 3 30 00 1 25 OO 23 520 00 4 120 00 11 225 00 26 885 00 7 155 00 1 2 50 OO 238 $6,810 00 13 18 4 1 16 2 2 2 $280 00 275 00 150 00 25 00 495 00 50 00 20O0O 40 00 6 3 150 00 75 00 4 8 5 1 60 OO 180 00 550 00 200 00 85 323 $2,730 00 $9,540 00 44 CAI.II'OKNI A I'ISII \M) CAME. STATEMENT OF EXPEN DITU RES— YEAR 1919. Items of expense June July August Gcnoral adraini.stration $2,212 94 Kcsoareli, inihlicity and education 334 97 Printing Kisli oxliil)it. cases less than in 1918, while the estimated value of the 1919 pack is nearly $3,000,000 greater than estimated value of the 1918 pack. • During 1919 the tuna, albacore and skipjack pack was larger than in the Itievious year, and while the actual case pack of sardines for 1919 was less than for 1918, the pack was of a belter quality. During 1919 there were only 41,373 round cans of sardines packed as com- pared to 420,905 cases of round cans for the year previous. The pack of mild cured salmon for 1919 was nearly double that of the previous year. The production of meal and oil also shows a large increase. At the close of 1919 we find an increase of twelve plants, 203 employees and over $2,009,000 in valuation of plants, which shows the healthy growth of the fish packing indus- try of California.— S. II. D. SPORTSMEN LAND MANY BIG FISH. The total number of blue-fin and y.'llow-fin tuna taken at Catalina Island during 1919 was 911, of which 3(1 weighed over lOO pounds each. The total number of marlin swordfisfi was 114. \o biuadbill swordfish were captured, but 1 number of anglers reported unsuccess- ful liattles with them. The prize for the world's tuna taken on light tackle went to Commodore James W. Jump, the fish eaught weigliing 145* pounds. The usual awards have been made by the Tuna Club, |)rizes now being olTered for such other game fish as swordfish, wliite sea bass, bonito and dolphin. FOREST OFFICERS TO ACT AS GAME WARDENS. By an agreement recently signed by the Executive Oflicer of the California Fish and Game Commission and the United CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 69 States Forest Sen-ice, forest rangers will act as fish and game wardens and deputy fish and game commissioners as forest firewardens. According to the terms of the agreement forest officers will enforce fish and game laws, make arrests, submit reports and issue hunting and fishing licenses. The force of game wardens will therefore be greatly augmented and better enforcement of the fish and game laws is a certainty. The news that for- est officers will handle hunting and fishing licenses will be received with pleasure by sportsmen because of the added con- venience. The help of the Forest Service in better posting state game refuges will be another outcome of the cooperation planned. In return for the services of the forestry men, the game wardens of the state will be deputized as forest fire- wardens and will help in protecting the forests and in developing the right public attitude toward the laws and regulations of the national forests. There is to be a continuance of the annual reports on game conditions in the forests furnished by the District Forester. This cooperation, which has been care- fully worked out between the United States Forest Service and the Fish and Game Commission, will make violation of the fish and game laws doubly difficult and will do much to develop a sentiment favoring game conservation. There fol- lows the agreement in full : AGREEMENT. Tn oi*d"r to secure closer cooperation wiro- priation for the ensuing fiscal year. BIRD PROTECTION SOCIETIES. Due credit must be given associations of bird lovers, such as the Audubon societies, for initiating many of the cam- paigns which have brought about better protection for wild birds. The National Association of Audubon Societies was the pioneer in the establishment of reserva- tions where birds are protected the year round. The laws protecting the sale of bird plumage were also initiated by the National Audubon Association. There are at present in the State of California two active bird organizations of this type, the California Audubon Society, with a large membership in Southern California, and the Audubon Association of the Pacific, with a mem- bership in the San Francisco Ray region. The latter organization, which is but a few years old, has been doing some splen- did work among juveniles by organizing junior Audubon societies and, by stimu- lating rTird study among the Boy Scout organizations. It is also actively carry- ing on an educational campaign through the medium of a small monthly periodical known as "The Gull." which is now in its second volume. Besides conveying infor- mation regarding the monthly meetings and monthly field trips, "The Gull" has contained a number of interesting articles relating to bird protection and many notes of the occurrence of rare species of birds. This latest addition to organized bird study, the Audubon Association of the Pacific, under the active leadership of its president. Mr. C. B. Lastreto, is carrying out both lines of endeavor expressed in its aims — the study and protection of birds. GAME ABUNDANT IN EARLY DAYS. Tn an article appearing in "The Auk," volume 37, page 35, entitled "In Mem- oriam : Lyman Belding," Dr. A. K. Fisher says of this pioneer ornithologist, in con- nection w'ith the subject of the abundance of game in California in early days : lie went to Stockton in March. 1S5C, and of p-.nme seen here and in other parts of California he savs: "Game was abundant, including elk, antelope, deer, bear, otter, quail, and waterfowl. Elk have disappeared from the interior val- levs of the state evcenting a drove on the Miller and Lux Itancb of fortv thou- sand acres in the San .Toaquin Yallev, and tliese animals are being captured and distributed to various parks. The elk of this state inhabited the tule marshes mainly, though I have seen many elk horns in the Marysville Buttes, probably left there bv elk which came from the marshes of Butte Creek, and I have seen hundreds, if not thousands, of elk horns on the border of the tnle swanips north of Stockton. Antelope have entirelv dis- appeared from the Sacramento and San .Toaquin vallevs. I saw three in the lat- ter valley a few milos west of Princeton in the summer of 1870 and a single one in CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 71 Lower California about twenty-five miles soutii of Tia Juana in the spring of 1887. Deer were mostly in the mountains, with a few along the rivers where there were extensive thickets on bottom lands. They will continue to be common with proper protection." SURE PUNISHMENT METED OUT TO VIOLATORS OF MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT. There was a time when violators of the migratory bird treaty act depended upon escaping punishment through a trial in their own county by a jury often com- posed of friends and acquaintances, under which procedure dismissals reached a large percentage of the number of arrests. Howevei", this is all changed now ; for since July, 1918, the power to enforce this law has been vested in the Bureau of Biological Survey, of the United States Department of Agriculture, and instead of a trial in the state court in his own county, the violator is brought into the federal court, where, removed from his sphere of local influence, he meets certain punishment. Here in Cali- fornia, in the district known as the "duck country" of the Sacramento Valley, com- posed of the counties of Yolo, Sutter, Glenn, Colusa and Butte, prior to 1918 the number of dismissals reached about sixty per cent of the number of arrests. But m that year the ari*est and conviction in the federal court of four of the most persistent violators with a substantial fine of $100 each, produced a very de- pressing effect upon chronic violators, and the sentiment has changed to such an extent that the violator usually begs to be allowed to plead guilty in the state court rather than be taken before the federal authorities. This certainty of punish- ment of violators, in the "duck country" alone, resulted during the period from October 6, 1918. to January 31, 1919 (almost four months), in 20 arrests, no dismissals, and fines aggregating $705 ; and during the period from October 15, 1919, to December G, 1919 (less than two months), in 2.3 arrests, no dismissals, and fines aggregating $625. At first glance, owing to the greater number of arrests recorded for the latter period, it might seem that violations were on the increase during 1919, but this is not necessarily true. When it is remembered that since 1918 all United States deputy wardens also became state deputies, the increase in the number of arrests can no doubt be traced to the fact that the patrol service has become greatly augmented and more violations detected. And it is not only in California that the migratory bird treaty act is being more stringently enforced. Five hundred dollai-s, the maximum fine, was recently levied by a judge in Michigan against a hunter for selling thirty-two ducks in violation of the act. Another violator of the same law, in Connecticut, who had been guilty of repeated offenses, was sentenced to three months in jail. This offender was not given the alternative of paying a fine. This growth in the num- ber of convictions and enlargement of fines through the country shows the in- creasing concern with which the courts regard violations of this important statute, designed to protect migratory, insectivor- ous and nongame birds. NAVAL AIR STATION FISH PATROL OPENS IDLE CANNERIES. It will be of interest to know that the fish canneries of Southern California had been idle for four months until the in- auguration of the Naval Air Station Fish Patrol. This service was instituted dur- ing the latter part of December, 1919, in accordance with an agreement between the Naval Air Station at San Diego and the Fish and Game Commission, whereby seaplanes were to sight schools of fish, wire back the direct location- to the naval station, which then would telephone the information to the San Diego office of the Fish and Game Commission, which oflSce in turn would immediately notify all canners and fishermen. As a result of the first day's radio report locating schools of sardines, fish- ing fleets were able to procure large quantities of sardines, and since that time have been canning continuously, despite the fact that canneries previously had been idle for four months. Everyone in- terested in the industry is aware that the best and finest fish are found in deep waters, and fishermen hesitate going to uncertain fields on account of loss of time. But now the seaplane locates the schools and they are no longer a prospect, but a certainty. 72 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Genuine sardines are found only in California waters and those of Southern Europe, and the industry in California has made great progress in the past three years and bids fair to become the sardine canning center of the world. And now with the immeasurable value of the Naval Fish Patrol service a proven fact, it would seem that nothing could stand in the way of this development. And although the seaplanes have been so successful in locat- ing schools of sardines, it is anticipated that they will be of still greater value in locating schools of large fish such as tuna, albacore, yellowtail, ambt^rfish, etc., which are found farther from shore and run from early spring to late fall. Reports of some of the flights made have revealed to cauners the fact that seaplane sendee is really of as much a uecossity to the fish and canning industry as fishing fleets or canning machinery, and it is the concensus of opinion that this fish palrol service must be continued. Here are a few of the reports : I. Installed in cockpit- -Hydroplane II. S. 2 L., as observer. Lieutenant E. P. McKellar, pilot. Third occupant, wireless operator. Took flight promptly 2 p.m. Followed leading hydroplane containing Lieutenant Linkins as ofiicUil observer. Atmosphere fairly clear — slight haze, no clouds, sun rays direct, fairly stiff wind. Judged altitude plane our flight five to seven hundred feet. Altitude leading hydroplane considerable less. Flew north- northwest to area four, square seventy- three, which is west by north, off the coast of La Jolla about five miles and about twenty miles from San Diego by direct line. In this area of approximately Ion miles square, we covered the course in serpentine fashion fi'om south to north and return, from east to west and return. Neither on our flight to this area, nor in this area, did either crew discover a school of fish. II. In this area, however, saw on four separate and distinct occasions, at inter- vals and in different locations, one single fish on each occasion. From our altitu'^e, their depth in the water could not ba definitely determined, nor could the size or species. Taking into cons'deration the effect of light upon and through water, the magnifying effect of clear water, the silvery scintillating sheen of fish scales on a moving object in clear water on a bright day, subtract our elevation ; con- cluded these fish to be medium sized bass or yellowtail, although the persi)ective of distance made them appear in the size of a large sardine. HI. The area thoroughly patrolled, we followed the leading hydroplane east by south to the shore line above and off the coast of La Jolla. In the cove off La Jolla the leading hydroplane sighted three small schools of sardines. The informa- tion was immediately radioed to North Island, and all canneries had the benefit of this discovery within ten to twenty minutes thereafter. IV. Still following the leading hydro- plane, which was flying low, we proceeded east by south, following the shore line about one-quartor to three-quarters of a mile off shore: our altitude about GOO feet. Here we were again forcibly im- pressed by the discovery of the intense visibility possible from this height, to the depths under the surface of the water. The topography of the bottom of the ocean was plainly and distinctly clear to vision, as well as all plant life and forma- tions, this being in many instances three- quarters of a mile off shore. The depth of the water we had no way of estimating, but to hazard a guess would say it was anywhere fi'om forty to sixty feet in depth. V. We crossed the channel and entrance to San Diego Baj', continuing flight over a great portion of Coronado Bay, where again were impressed with the intense visibility through this water, which is not nearly as clear as the pure ocean streams and currents. Regardless of its muddy and murky appearance, it was possible to see the bed of that bay for great distances. The value of this fact should immediately impress itself on one ; for this bay is one of the largest and most favored feeding grounds of the sar- dine when in season. VI. We proceeded, returned to our starting point at 4 p.m., elapsed time, two hours. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 73 FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST. Two Italians of Tbomton, San Jo^onin Countv, were recently arrested for using a gill net on the Mokelumne River, where such fishing is illegal. These men wJeaded p-uilty in court on January 29 and were fined $250 each by Judge Barber. During the season of 1919. 30.83P 000 fish, mo^tlv salmon and t^-out, weT-e reared ?nd distributed from the twe^t'T'-two hatcheries and eQ;g collectino- stations operated by the California Fish and Game Commission. State Lion Hunter Jav Bruce has been suf^^essful in reducing the number of lions in the large game refuge in Santa Barbara and Ven- tura counties. Beavers have become so abundant on the Merced River near Snelling that damage to agricultural interests have resulted and sr)ecial "oer- mission has been granted to the parties injured to reduce their number. Whistling Swans (Olor coin whin mis) have again been numerous in this state the past winter <'1919-20). i^lthough frequenting the fresh waters of the interior vpllevs as a rule, this year they have been seen in considerable numbers in Bodega and Tomales bays and at the mouth of the Salinas River. Of the 4500 commercial fishermen in California 29 ner cent are natives of Ja,T>an. 27 per cent are natives of the United States, and 26 per cent of Italy. Despite the fact that the v/hale is a mammal and not a fish, the Board of United States General Appraisers have decided in a test case that canned whale meat is fish and is subject to duty. Although, lare-e numbers of herrinfr were cantured in Richardson's Bay last year (1919) and canned at Pittsburg, thus far this year they have failed to appear. The American merganser has been rer)orted in unusual numbers at numerous places along the Calif omian coast. Specimens have been taken at San Diego, and large numbers seem to be wintering in cer- tain localities in San Francisco Bay, as for instance, near San Rafael. 74 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. HATCHERY NOTES. W. H. Shebley, Editor. FISH DISTRIBUTION, 1919. During the season of lOiy the opera- tions of the Department of Fishculture were more extensive than during any previous year of the Department's activ- ity. The actual number of fish distributed was not as great, perhaps, as during some of the past years, but the fry were given a more careful and a wider distribution than ever before. The procedure of disti'ibutiou of fish by the fish distributing cars previously has been to deliver the fish to the various applicants at the designat.->d railroad station, and for the applicants to attend to all of the work of actually planting the fish. In a great many instances this plan resulted in more or less serious losses of fish due to the inexperience of those handling them. A plan was adopted this season whereby a trained assistant was detailed to leave the fish car at the point of delivery and assist the applicants in planting the fish. Necessarily, it was not possible for a special messenger to accompany every lot of fish planted, but an effort was made to send someone with every large consignment, where the trans- portation and planting of the fish was at all difficult and when the applicants were inexperienced in fish planting. Many of the applicants, who have been receiving trout fry from the Commission for planting in different sections of the state for several years past, are experi- enced in the work and no assistance from this Department, in the actual planting work, is necessary. In order to carry on this work it was necessary to employ several extra messengers for the dis- tribution cars, but it is felt that the results obtained fully justify the extra expense. The accompanying table shows the dis- tribution of the different species of trout fiy and salmon from the various hatch- eries. It will be noted that fish were dis- tri])nted from sixteen hatcheries. In addition to these hatcheries six egg col- lecting stations, from which no distribu- tion of fry was made, were operated. Thus it will be seen that altogether dur- ing the season of 1919 the Department of Fishculture operated twenty-two hatch- eries and egg collecting stations and distributed in the waters of California 30,830,000 fish. Fish Distribution, Season 1919. Hatcheries Rainbow Eastern Brook Loch Leven 748,000 Bear Lake Brookdale Clear Creek 157,000 Domingo Springs 220,000 Fall Creek ' 670,000 Fort Ssward 234,000 Black Spotted Steelhead Golden 8,500 I. 849,000 116,000 Kaweah Mount Shasta Mount Tallac Mount Whitney North Creek Snow Mountain Tahoe Ukiah Wawona 155,000 Yosemite I 191,500 239,500 2,468,500 1,070,000 2,746,000 51,000 L— — . 1,023,000 i 93,000 j 136,000 810,000 93,000 .— 538.000 : 46,000 98.000 87,000 1,411,500 ' 635.000 185,000 402,000 474,000 I 450,000 ..- 250,000 L- 351,000 234,650 600.000 I 100,000 99,700 9S,60O Totals 7,063,500 1,171,500 Brown 320,000 2,882,700 1,670,700 4,718,100 684,650 • 320,000 Grand total, trout - ' ' 18.510,450 Grand total, salmon ! ' 12,326 200 Total of grand totals ; I ' 30,836,630 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 75 Furthei'inore a great deal of construc- tion and improvement work was under- taken at the various stations and under favorable climatic conditions, during the coming season more trout and salmon fry than has ever before been possible can be handled. This will make it possible to meet the ever growing demand for more and more fish for stocking the streams and lakes of practically every section of the state. WOUNT SHASTA HATCHERY. A total of 8,102,000 trout fry were distributed in streams of northern and central California from the Mount Shasta Hatchery during the season by the two fish distributing cars. The work of dis- tributing the fish was carried on from June 23, when the first carload left the hatchery, until October 11, when the last of the fry were planted. In addition to the propagaliou of trout at the Mount Shasta Hatchery, the salmon cultural operations were given careful attention this season. The take of quinnat salmon eggs at the United States Bureau of Fisheries stations at Mill Creek and Battle Creek was not as large as had been expected, and therefore as great a number of eggs as usual was not received. The take of eggs at our own Klamathon egg collecting station, located on the Klamath River, was also small. Especial attention was given the fry resulting from the eggs received. The fish '.vere fed and held in the hatching boxes as long as it was possible to give them the proper atten- tion and 6,593,000 were then planted in the upper reaches of the tributaries of the Sacramento River in the vicinity of Sisson, from Februai-y 28 to May 13, as conditions for their liberation were favorable. Three and one-half million salmon fry were then transferred to our three large salmon rearing lakes where they were retained throughout the summer. They developed rapidly under the favorable conditions obtaining therein and when they were liberated, during the latter part of October, they were in perfect condition to commence their long journey to the sea. Since the construction of hatchery A, the main building at the Mount Shasta Hatchery, in 1909-10, the hatchery troughs have never been renewed. Many of them were in very poor condition, and it was deemed absolutely essential, that the old boxes be removed and new ones put in. Accordingly the materials were ordered and on the ground by the time the last of the fish were taken out and the construction and installation of the new troughs was immediately commenced. The crew has been engaged in this work practically all winter and by the begin- FiG. 26. LJear Lake Hatchery, San Bernardino County, California. M. K. Spauldlng, November, 1919. Photographed by 76 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. ning of the 1920 fish cultural season the new troughs will be ready for the recep- tion of the eggs. Various other repairs to buildings and grounds have been made during the fall and winter mouths, and all is in readiness for the beginning of the season's operations. KLAMATHON STATION. During the late summer of 1918 the Klamathon egg collecting station was taken over by the California Fish and Game Commission from the United States Bureau of Fisheries and arrangements were made to operate the station that fall. Over one million eggs were taken and these were immediately shipped to the new Fall Creek Hatcherj\ Puring the fall of 1919 this station was prepared to operate at full capacity. Nearly five million eggs were taken despite the extreme drought, which materially affected the run of quinnat salmon in the ivlamath River. Had we received the usual amount of rainfall in that section during the months of October and Novem- ber, the take of eggs would have been greatly in excess of the number obtained. The eggs were transferred immediately after spawning to Mount Shasta and Fall Creek hatcheries. FALL CREEK HATCHERY. Fall Creek Hatchery was operated for the first time during the season of 1919. The quinnat salmon eggs received from the Klamathon Station were hatched and reared to a suitable age, when 500,000 were distributed in Fall Creek, a tribu- tary of the Klamath River, during the month of :May. The balance of 050,000 were held in the rearing ponds through- out the summer and distributed during the months of September and October. These fish, like the ones retained in the salmon lakes at the Mount Shasta Hatch- ery, were in excellent condition when planted. BOGUS CREEK STATION. All of the rainbow trout eggs taken at r>ogus and Camp creeks were "eyed" at the Fall Creek Hatchery. Seven hundred thousand were hatched at this station and reared for distribution in tributaries of the Klamath River, both above and below the dam of the California Oregon I'ower Company, at Copco. The balance of the "eyed" eggs were shipped to the Mount Shasta Hatchery. COTTONWOOD CREEK STATION. During the spring of 1919 the Cotton- wood Creek egg collecting station near Ilorubrook was operated and an extensive survey made of the creek with reference to the run of rainbow trout ascending the stream to spawn, with the idea of installing more suitalile and permanent equipment for egg collecting operations. The investigations and the result of the season's operations demonstrated the value of the site, and accordingly a suit- able lease was arranged and adequate facilities for handling the spawning trout during the coming spring installed. MOUNT WHITNEY HATCHERY. The operations at Mount Whitney Hatchery for the season were brought to a close during the latter part of October. On Seijtember the first, fish distribution cu" No. 01, was detached from fish dis- tributing work at the Mount Shasta Hatchery and commenced the distribution from IVfount AVhitney Hatchery. The waters of Southern California were prac- tically all stocked from the Mount Whit- ney Hatchery this season. Consignments of fish were shipped to Fresno, Inyo, Kex'n, Los Angeles, Madera, Mariposa, INIono, Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Tulare and Van- tura counties. This was the most ex- tensive distribution ever made from the Mount Whitney Hatchery. Cottonwood Lakes station was operated and a new record was established for that station, 965,000 golden trout eggs being taken. All of the eggs were im- mediately transported by pack train over the mountain passes to the Mount Whit- ney Hatchery as soon as they were spawned, where they were "eyed." A large consignment of the "eyed" eggs was shipped to the Tahoe Hatchery and the balance were hatched and reared for dis- tribution in the streams and lakes of the High Sierras, which were snitable for them. Two and one-half million trout fry were distributed from Mount Whitney Hatchery this season. All of the fry l>lanted were fine, large fish and the CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 77 results of the season's planting to the waters of southern California should be productive of some excellent tishing for the sportsmen during the coming year. TAHOE HATCHERY. The hatchery at Tahoe City received shipments of rainbow, black-spotted an 1 golden trout eggs from the various egg collecting stations and a total of over G50,OUO fry, of these three species, were distributed in the water of the Tahoe Basin and other streams of El Dorado, Nevada and Sierra counties. During the month of October a consignment of 25,00€ golden trout frj' were shipped to the Yosemite Valley from Tahoe Hatchery. MOUNT TALLAC HATCHERY. The egg collecting operations at Mount Tallac Hatchery last spring were not as successful as usual, owing to adverse con- ditions of weather at Lake Tahoe during the early spring months. The crew reached the spawning station during the middle of March, but it was April 14th before the first eggs were taken. Two million black-spotted trout eggs were taken during the season and these were "eyed" and shipments of eggs were sent to Mount Shasta, Mount Whitney, Tahoe, [vawoah aud Yosemite hatcheries. Nearly TOO.OOO black-spotted eggs were hatched at the Mount Tallac Hatchery aud were distributed together with rainbow and steelhead trout fry in the waters of Al- pine, El Dorado and Placer counties. FORT SEWARD HATCHERY. A million quinnat salmon eggs were hatched at Fort Seward Hatchery during the spring of 1919 aud the resulting fry were distributed in the Eel River and tributaries, Mad River and the tributaries of Humboldt Bay. Rainbow, eastern brook and steelhead trout eggs were shipped to the Fort Sewaul Hatchery during April and iNIay aud these were hatched and reared during the spring and early summer months. A total of 770,000 trout fry were distributed in the streams of Humboldt and Trinity counties during July and August. As soon as the fry were distributed extensive improvement work at the sta- tion was commenced. The site of the hatchery is very isolated and great diffi- culty has been experienced in keeping assistants employed at the station. The living quartei's for the men have been very poor and it was essential that some- Lhiug be done to improve conditions, if the station was to be kept in operation. Accordingly arrangements were made to improve the superintendent's dwelling and two plain, but comfortable, little cottages were put up for the assistants and equipped with necessary furniture for housekeeping. UKIAH HATCHERY. A larger number of steelhead trout fry were reared at Ukiah Hatchery for dis- tribution in the streams of that section than have been handled during former seasons. A total of G0O,00O trout fry were distributed in Mendocino and Sonoma counties during the summer. In the spring months practically all of the pggs taken at Snow Mountain Station were "eyed" at Ukiah and the results obtained were very satisfactory. SNOW MOUNTAIN STATION, During the spring of 1919, 5,400,000 steelhead trout eggs were collected at the Snow Mountain Station. Had it not been for the failure of the water supply and inadequate facilities for handling spawn- ing trout in the holding pens in the late spring, when the water became very warm, a much greater number of eggs could have been taken. A quarter of a million steelhead eggs were hatched at the Show Mountain Station and dis- tributed in the tributaries of Eel River. During the past month a crew of men at the Snow Mountain Station have been engaged in building new holding pens and making improvements and repairs to the station, that will improve the handling of the fish during the coming season. BROOKDALE HATCHERY. Brookdale Hatchery was operated the same as usual during the season of 1919, the steelhead eggs received from Scott Creek being "eyed" for shipment to other stations, with the exception of 850,000 fry, which were hatched and planted dur- ing the summer months in Monterey, San Mateo, Santa Clara aud Santa Cruz counties. 78 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. SCOTT CREEK STATION. The total take of steelhoad trout eggs was only 1,750,000 at Scott Creek during the season of 1919, owing to the drought, which seriously interfered with the extent of our operations in that section. As stated above the eggs were all sent to the Brookdale Ilatchei-y, where they were "eyed" for distribution to various other hatcheries. ALMANOR HATCHERY. Two hundred thousand rainbow trout eggs were taken at the Almanor dam of the Great Western Power Company last season, but the water supply for the hatchery failed early in the season and it was necessary to transfer all of the eggs as soon as they were properly "eyed" to the Clear Creek Hatchery near Westwood. DOMINGO SPRINGS HATCHERY. Nearly a million rainbow trout eggs were taken at Domingo Springs Station during the season and consignments of "eyed" eggs were shipped to Mount Shasta and Wawona hatcheries. The rainbow and steelhead trout fry reared at the Domingo Springs Station were given a very wide distribution in streams and lakes of Lassen, Plumas and Tehama counties. An auto truck was used for a great part of the distribution and the United States Forest Service at Mineral cooperated in the work of giving the fish a wide distribution. After the fish were all planted verj' extensive iiaprovements were made to the station and an auxiliary egg collecting station was (established at the mouth of Warner Cre^^k If condi- tions are favorable during the coming season for ogg collecting oporations in that section, a much larger take of eggs can be looked for than has ever before been obtained. CLEAR CREEK HATCHERY. The rainbow trout eggs received at Clear Creek Hatchery from the Almanor Hatchery were hatched and distributed in the streams and lakes in the vicinity of Westwood, Lassen County. It was the tirst season this station was operated and the results obtained were satisfactory in every respect. After the fish had all been distributed many little repairs and im- provements were made and racks and trap were installed in the creek beside the hatchery. A holding pen for the spawn- ing trout was also constructed and during the coming season an effort will be made to collect eggs from the rainbow trout running up Clear Creek to spawn. Fig. 27. Fish rack on Warner Creek, Plumas County, California, where many trout were taken for spawning purposes this past year. Photographed by M. K. Spaulding, September, 1919. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 79 BEAR LAKE HATCHERY. Nearly 5,000,000 rainbow trout eggs were taken at North Creek Egg Collecting Station during the season of 1019, despite the inadequate facilities to handle the work. It was demonstrated that to take advantage of the wonderful possibilities for the collecting of rainbow trout eggs at Bear Lake it was essential that very extensive improvements be made in order to handle the spawning fish prop- erly, that suitable hatchery buildings, properly equipped, be provided at both North Creek and Green Spot Springs, and most important of all, that adequate living accommodations be provided for the foremen and assistants at both places. It is not possible to obtain satisfactory results from a station where the egg col- lecting paraphernalia is inadequate for the requirements, and poorly constructed ; where the hatching troughs are covered only by canvas and where the foremen and assistants in charge of the work are compelled to live at an altitude of 7000 feet above sea level, in a land of deep snow and freezing weather, with only small tents for living quarters. It is neither fair to the men nor to the work to operate under such conditions. Ac- cordingly, as soon as the fish were dis- tributed, a crew of men was put to work on the various creeks flowing into Bear Lake. The beds of the streams were cleaned up and passageways were cut to enable the spawning fish to enter the creeks through the sand bars. Checks were made, racks and traps constructed, and cabins built for watchmen and trap tenders. The hatchery buildings at North Creek and Green Spot Springs were put in first class shape and suitable living quarters were constructed for the foremen and assistants. The stations are now in ex- cellent condition for the coming season's work, and if there is sufficient snow and rainfall in that section this season, the take of eggs will undoubtedly break all last records. KAWEAH HATCHERY. To keep up with the demands of the applicants of Kern, Fresno and Tulare counties for trout fry for the streams of that section, it was decided to establish an experimental hatchery to ascertain the suitability of the water for hatchery pur- poses. A site was selected near the town of Hammond on the Kaweah River, on one of the main highways. Rainbow, black-spotted and steelhead trout eggs were shipped to the hatchery and the fry hatched were given the very best atten- tion throughout the spring and summer months, careful records being made of water temperatures. The fry reared were strong and healthy and attained a very good size. Three hundred and eighty thousand trout were hatched, reared and planted in the tributaries of the Kaweah River and other streams in that section during the summer. All arrangements have been made and plans drawn for a good-sized hatchery building to be con- structed this spring, providing that a satisfactory lease can be obtained for a hatchery site. WAWONA HATCHERY. Wawona Hatchery was again operated during the past season. Rainbow and steelhead eggs were shipped in from other stations and a quarter of a million fry were distributed in the streams of Ma- dera and Mariposa counties during the early summer months. YOSEMITE HATCHERY. The experimental station located at Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley was operated during the summer. Rainbow, black-spotted and steelhead trout eggs were shipped in from other stations, and the fry resulting therefrom were success- fully reared to a good size and were given an extensive distribution in the streams and lakes in the Yosemite Valley, with the cooperation of the officials and employees of the Yosemite National Park. The site was demonstrated as being satis- factory for hatchery purpose, but as it is against the policy of the state to erect permanent buildings on leased land it was decided at a meeting of the Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, held during the latter part of October, to abandon the project. All equipment was therefore removed from the site and transported by auto trucks to the Wawona Hatchery, where it has been used to equip that station for more extensive operations. 80 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES. X. 15. ScOFiEi.D, Editor INVESTIGATION OF HALIBUT FISH- ERIES PROPOSED. lu the proposed treaty between the United States and Canada to re^^ulate and consei-ve the halibut fishery it is provided that inhabitants of cither of the two countries may not lish for halibut in the North Pacific Ocean from November ll> to February 15, both dates inclusive, this closed season to continue in effect until February 15, 11)30. It also provides that the two governments sliall cause to be made a thorough joint investigation into the life history of the Pacific halibut. The International Fisheries Commission, appointed by the two governments in I'Jl'J for the protection and rehabilitation of the salmon fisheries of the Fraser Kiver and Paget Sound, is charged with the supervision of the halibut investigation. It was conclusively shown some six years ago by Mr. W. F. Thompson, who made an investigation of the halibut fisherj' for the government of British Columbia, that the known halibut banks were being depicted at an alarming rate. This was clearly, shown by a decided de- crease in the catch per unit of fishing gear and by a marked reduction in the catch of large fish. Since tiiat time the total catch has declined rapidly and it does not need a life history investigation to show that the halibut fishery of the North Pacific is well on its way to com- mercial extermination. An investigation of life histories is well enough and a necessary part of such an investigation, but it is more important to institute a system of gathering accurate statistics of the catch. We have been sIca^' in learn- ing that the basis of fisheries conservation work must be accurate and complete data of the catch. It strikes us that the two governments are about six years late in starting and that the short winter closed season, during the time the catch is always very light, is totally inadequate. SLEEPER SHARK CAPTURED. A sleeper shark, known to iclithyologists as Soinniosiis microcciihaJous was taken in one of the A. Paladini Company's trawl nets while fishing off Point Reyes on February 20. The length of the fish was only seven feet, which is considered small, as sleeper sharks reach a length of twenty-five feet. The event was not re- markable in the fact that a shark was taken in a trawl net, for the trawl nets catch large numbers of sharks, but in the fact that this is the first sleeper shark that has ever been recorded from Cali- fornia. This adds one more species to the list of nineteen sharks found in Cali- fornia as given by Professor E. C. Starks in October, 11)17, and . January, 11)18, issues of this magazine. The sleeper shark may be known from the other sharks by the absence of an anal fin and by the absence of a spine at the front of each of the two dorsal fins. This sluggish and clumsy looking shark is commonly found in the Arctic regions and extending down the Siberian coast to Japan and down the west coast of North America to Puget Sound. It is found commonly about Greenland and south to Cape Cod and France. On our New Eng- land coast it is known as the gun-y shark from its habit of eating fish offal. In Alaska it frequents the region of the salmon canneries where it eats the fish offal thrown away at the canneries. It is i-eported as attacking whales in a ferocious manner, biting chunks from their hides. MARKING SOCKEYE SALMON FRY. The United States Bureau of Fisheries is marking yearling sockeye salmon fry at their Bonneville Hatchery in Oregon. These fry, hatched from eggs obtained at the salmon hatchery at Afognak, Ahiska. will be liberated in the Columbia Kiver and a watch kept for their return to the stream to spawn three years hence. A few years ago the Bureau marked and liberated, in the Columbia River, sock- eye fry which were hatched from eggs taken at Yes Bay, Alaska. These fry returned at the age of four years to spawn and it was found that they were not like the sockeyes which run naturally in the Columbia River but were like the Yes Bay fish in size and quality, thus proving pretty conclusively that the fish from the CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 81 Lwo places are not ditTerent on account of a difference in tlie feed in the two places, but for the reason that the snckeyes of the two regions are distinct races and that size and quality are inherited characters. The sockeyes at Afognak are of still an- other race whose members are smaller of size and of different quality when com- pared with either the Yes Bay or Columbia fish of the same species. The return of the fish now being marked will be eagerly awaited for the final and con- clusive proof that size and quality are inherited characters. LOW RIVERS INFLUENCE SPAWNING HABITS OF HERRING. Ordinarily herring which enter San Francisco Harbor in January and Febru- ary congregate in Richardson Bay and along the lower end of Angel Island, at- taching their spawn to the rocks and sea weeds along the shores of Belvedere as well as along the shore of the main land and Angel Island near the lower end of Raccoon Straits. This year, on account of the low water in the rivers, which per- mitted the salt water to move further up stream than ever before recorded, the herring have for the first time in the memory of the oldest fishermen, deposited their spawn in the upper portion of the harbor known as San Pablo Bay. They attached their sqawn in all suitable places from Point San Pablo to Poijit Pinole and the schools of herring instead of collect- ing in Richardson Bay near Sausalito and Belvedere moved on up through Rac- coon Straits so that the best fishing was found from Southhampton Shoal to Red Rock. Very few herring were caught this season in San Francisco Bay for the rea- son that there was no good demand for ihem in the markets and under the new 'aw the fishermen were not permitted to c.tch them for reduction purposes. The San Francisco wholesale markets were not able to dispose of over two or three tons per day. None were salted or smoked as the local demand for salted and smoked herring ended when the saloons closed on July 1. The market for canned herring was off so none of them were canned. Fishermen at the wharf frequently begged for buyers at twenty-five cents per box, and these delicious fish were offered at the fish stalls at from five lo seven cents per pound without creating any appre- ciable demand among those who com- plain of the high cost of fish. Salmon and striped bass were scarce at the time :uid extremely high priced, but even that lid not help the sale of the cheaper variety. SALMON PACKERS FEAR SALMON DEPLETION. With the failure of the sockeye runs in Puget Sound and Fraser River as an object lesson the salmon packers have be- come alarmed over the future of the sal- mon industry in Alaska. The interested packers met together and decided some- thing had to be done if the Alaska salmon fisheries are to continue yielding them a profit. A committee was appointed to draft a comprehensive bill for the con- servation of the fisheries to be introduced and passed upon by the Congress of the United States. The committee was wisely chosen and is made up of the following members : D. W. Branch of Libby, Mc- Neill & Libby; Carl A. Sutter of the Fidalgo Island Packing Company ; Frank ]M. Warren of Alaska-Portland Packers' Association ; Henry O'Malley, Pacific Coast Agent United States Bureau of Fisheries; Ur. C. H. Gilbert of Stanford Univei-sity ; John N. Cobb, Director Col- lege of Fisheries, University of Washing- ton ; John R. Beegle, of Alaska Fish Commission, and C. D. Garfield, Secre- tary Alaska Fish Commission. The committee has worked for several months and has finally perfected a bill which is likely to have the backing of the salmon packers, the Alaska Fish Cornmission, the United States Bureau of Fisheries and all interested in salmon conservation. The main object of the bill is to provide for a larger number of salmon to reach the spawning beds. It also provides for the organization of an Alaska Fish Com- mission composed of five members to be appointed by the Secretary of Commerce and gives this commission ample power to carry on the consers'ation work of such a commission. It is estimated that the measures in the bill regulating the fishing seasons and methods of fishing will reduce the salmon catch about twenty per cent. 82 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. KAMABOKO BEING MANUFACTURED AT SAN PEDRO. Among the additions to the fish packing industry at San Pedro Harbor is a plant recently established by ^Ir. Isona for manufacturing kamaboko. This is a product prepared from white-meated fish by Japanese methods. Barracuda is u.sually employed in its manufacture but halibut, sea bass and jewfish are some- times utilized. Kamaboko is prepared by first remov- ing all bones from the fish and scraping the flesh free from the skin. The meat is then placed in a large, hollow granite bowl where it is ground into a fine paste. Cornstarch, salt, sugar, and the juice made by soaking several fronds of Japa- nese seaweed (Arthrothamnus iifidvs) in warm water are added, and the mixture is then moulded into forms and placed on thin wooden blocks about eight inches long. After being steamed for forty-five minutes it is cooled and packed for ship- ment. For fetes and special occasions the loaves, weighing about one pound, are tinted, red, blue, or green, and resemble very much pieces of pastry. Other forms are moulded and baked or fried in oil without coloring. The manufacture of kamaboko has developed into quite an industry in Japan, where it is one of the staple articles of food. It is palatable and nutritious and may be eaten as a sandwich filling, or cut into small pieces and added to soups, chowders, or chop suey. The finished product will keep about one week, but plans are now under way to can it for export trade. The plant at San Pedro has a capacity of approximately five hundred pounds of fish per day. C. S. Bauder. Most of those who complain of the high cost of fish know only three varieties — salmon, striped bass and halibut. « >^ * Any official who attempts to satisfy the public on the price of fish has set for himself an impossible task. * * * Scarcely one-fifth of California's fish ratfh goes to the fresh fish markets. ii> >i< * The wholesale value of last year's fish pack in California exceeded twenty-five million dollars. « * * California ranks first among the states in the value of her fishery products. * * * If California had depended only on the fresh fish markets its fisheri'^s would now be unimportant. * « * The only adequate way to get the pub- lic to eat new varieties of fish is to get the fish in cans and give them euphonious names. * * * The price of fish does not cut as much figure as the name. * * ♦ One of the best food fishes we have in California is the shad, which was intro- duced some fifty years ago from the At- lantic coast. These excellent fish are now running and ai"e abundant and cheap. AVe will use less than ten per cent of the catch in this state. The rest will be shipped to Chicago, Boston or New York where they sell readily at three times their price in San Francisco, while we continue to complain of the high cost of fish. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 83 NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.* By Will F. Thompson and Elmer Higgins. A SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT EMPLOYED. The Commission has secured the serv- ices of Miss Helen M. Edwards as a scientific assistant, commencing January 15. Miss Edwards has had considerable experience as assistant in work of the character now being done by the Com- mission, having been employed while she was still an undergraduate at Stanford University, by Doctor C. H. Gilbert dur- ing his work on the salmon. In addi- tion, she has done scientific drawing, and is a capable stenographer. W. F. T. PROGRESS OF THE SARDINE WORK. Mr. Higgins at San Pedro, and Mr. Sette at Monterey, are engaged under the supervision of Mr. Thompson, in laying the foundation for the future work on the sardine. This preliminary "survey," if such it may be called, consists of a care- ful and laborious tracing of the character of the sardine "runs" at different times of the year and the ascertaining of the size classes which go to make up the catches. The samples are obtained from the boats as they unload at the canneries, and measurements of length and weight are taken, together with other biological observations on sex and state of maturity. This is expected to give data upon which age may be distinguished, to render it possible to correlate fluctuations in catch with various conditions, to enable the catches of successive years to be com- pared more accurately from the stand- point of age composition and to indicate the spawning season as nearly as possi- ble. The necessity for such a "survey" and its value in future work have already been amply demonstrated in a number of ways, upon which comment may be ex- pected in the future. The Commission has been granted the courtesy of accommodations at Hopkins Marine Station, at Pacific Grove, as headquarters for the work being done on the sardine at Monterey, and thanks are due the director, Doctor W. K. Fisher, for his many favors. The work on the ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 18, sardine is also being carried on at San Pedro, and the Commission is under ob- ligations to the Neilsen and Kittle Can- ning Company for quarters there. With- out their courtesy the Commission would be without adequate facilities for the in- vestigation, as the present laboratory at Long Beach is too distant from the fishery centers. W. F. T. OCCURRENCE OF A DEEP SEA FISH AT MONTEREY. It often happens, especially in deep sea halibut fishing, that cod or halibut trawls are set over water which is too deep, and in such case strange silvery fish are sometimes taken. These fish have snouts projecting in sharp angles beyond the large mouth, their eyes are large, their scales are very rough and silvery, and the body tapers back into a long, thin, pointed tail bordered above and below with fins, but lacking a separate tail fin. These fishes are allied to the cods, and belong to the family Coryphaenoididae. One such specimen was brought into Monterey during January, and preserved by Mr. Oyer, the deputy there. It belongs to the species known as Nematonurus aerolepis, one taken in numbers by the United States Bureau of Fisheries' vessel "Al- batross" during her work olT California, and found along our coasts in depths of 500 and 1500 fathoms as far north as Bering Sea and in Japanese waters. It was entirely unknown to the fishermen, as would be natural considering the depths at which it is usually found. W. F. T. INVESTIGATION OF THE SALTON SEA. During the latter part of December, Mr. Crandall of the Scripps Institution, and Doctor H. C. Bryant and Mr. W. F. Thompson of the Fish and Game Com- mission, visited Salton Sea to investigate the life and the hydrographical conditions of the sea. They were the guests of Cap- tain Davis, who has long been known to the Commission as engaged in shipping mullet from Salton Sea. During the visit, large specimens of mullet were taken by Captain Davis' fishermen, but no other 84 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAMK. live fish were observed with the exception of two top minnows tal^on along the shore. These were of a form usuallj- taken in desert springs and streams, Cyprinodon maculmrius. Later Captain bavis sent to Mr. Thompson samples of small fish taken from the vicinity of Fish Springs at the northwestern end of Safton Sea. These proved to he of the same sjiecies. The existence of the grey mnllet in Salton Sea is of considerable interest, as lhi> species must have entered during the inflow of the Colorado River during 190G. If so the mullet must have lived in the Colorado at some distance from its mouth, a fact not strange when the frequent ap- pearance of the mullet in rivers and lagoons bordering our coast is remembered. However, it has taken some time for the species to become abundant in Salton Sea, it having been unrecorded previous to lOin. according to Captain Davis. Dur- ing the interval it is said that carp appeared in great numbers and then died off. The carp and the mullet are both bottom feeding fish, consuming vegetation, etc.. and are not dependent on other smaller fish species. But the mullet is also capable of existing in brackish and salt water — that being its natural habi- tat in fact — and it is probable that this enabled it to flourish where the carp could not. The ancients used to grow mullet in artificial enclosures, and the fiesh was considered a great delicacy. There are also said to he species of fresh water fish found at times near the outlets of the New and the Alamo rivers, \n t nothing was seen of these. W. F. T. THE RECUPERATIVE POV^/ER OF THE ABALONE. During llHl .Mr. W. F. Thompson carried on a survey of the shell fish of the northern part of the state, and during its course came naturally to handle many specimens of the red abalone, Jluliotia nifcsceiis. Among thesa was a specimen remarkable for the evident great recupera- tive powers. The viscera of the abalone naturally surround the large central muscle in a peculiar way, as a bent cone, and in this case the cone had been cut off by some one attempting to obtain the abalone. The attempt failing, the aba- lone had evidently succeeded in covering the large mass of dead cut-off parts with pearly layers of shell. But that the animal had bren seriously injured could not be doubted, the edge of the shell show- ing a total cessation of growth for some time previous to death. The shell only was found, the abalone having finally died, possibly as a result of the injury. A photograph of it is presented. Altered shell formation is not at all infrequent, particularly among clams, where growth is often seerningly totally stopped by some injury, and starts again well in from the former edge. But no instance has ever been seen bv the Fig. 28. Shell of abalone {Ilaliotis rufesccns) showing part of damaged viscera covered by a pearly layer of shell. Taken near Fort Bragg in 1911. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 85 undersigned where the injury was of such a severe nature as in the case of this abalone, and in wliich shell formation subsequently proceeded for any length of time. W. F. T. OCCURRENCE OF THE GREEN ABALONE IN MONTEREY. Due to the kindness of Mr. Ernest Dalter, who conducts a sea food restau- rant in Monterey, it is possible to record the occurrence of the northern "green" aba- lone, Haliotis wallalcnsis. in the Bay of Monterey. It is undoubtedly a very rare inhabitant of our waters. Mr. Dalter has in his possession a shell of this sup- posed variety of Haliotis fitlgens SJ inches long. It is hardly to be doubted that it is a distinct .«pecies, not a variety of the "green"' abalone, the shell much resembling that of the red abalone, never exceeding 5^ inches in length, and usually possessing G or 7 open holes. W. F. T. STREAM POLLUTION IN NEW YORK STATE. In a recent publication by the Con- servation Commission of the State of New York, 1919, Doctor Henry B. Ward of the University of Illinois records the results of his preliminary investigation of pol- luted streams in New York in their rela- tion to fish life. In this paper he emphasizes the utility of biological work, rather than chemical or bacteriological, in determining the extent of pollution. Bacterial tests are made to determine the effect of the water when used for drinking, but these have little relation to fish life. Chemical tests are of limited use because "we do not by any means always know the effect upon living organisms of a given chemical substance," especially in varying dilutions and relation to other chemicals present. "In order to reach a more ac- curate measure of the injurious char- acter of polluted waters, one would have to take into account the effects of the prolonged influences of a waste on the fish." The resistance of various species varies widely, as does that of the same species at different seasons. Doctor Ward is plainly of the opinion that "if the character of the water and the bottom have been so modified by the introduction of foreign materials that they no longer afford opportunity for the development of these smaller organisms (food for fish), then by the absence of such forms of life one would demonstrate clearly and posi- tively the fact that water has been rendered unfit for fish existence" — this method to be used, of course, in addition to the observations and tests made directly upon fish themselves. Californians should be interested chiefly on account of the relation of pollution to salmon and other anadromous fishes, to which the following by Doctor Ward may sometime apply here : "It is hardly a profitable business for the state to raise at such a considerable expense quantities of young fish in order to plant them out in waters in which the chances of exist- ence are unfavorable." Doctor Ward presents a preliminary survey of the water polluted streams, and a series of recom- mendations, to which the attention of any one interested may be called. He lays much emphasis on the necessity of a careful census, continued study, reclama- tion of wastes and the education of public opinion to the banishment of wastes from our streams as they have been banished from our streets. There is enclosed with the paper a map showing the great num- ber of establishments in New York from which pollution may be expected. W. F. T. GULLS IN MONTEREY BAY. On account of the fish eating habits of s?a gulls, their abundance is a matter of interest to those engaged in the study of fish. At INIonterey, where the sardine canneries are located, there are frequently great flocks at rest on the rocks and ad- jacent quiet waters, which seem to be thickly spotted with the birds as far as the eye can reach. An exceptionally favorable opportunity seemed to present itself on February 17 of this year, 1920, because of the unusual number of birds present, and an attempt was made to estimate the numbers of birds within eye- sight of a window in the Hopkins Marine Slation. Counting with a field glass it was certain that 3000 were within sight of the naked eye, and it would not be amiss to increase this by another thousand to cover those not seen or in flight. This number, 4090, surely represented a half of the total in the region comprising the waterfronts of Monterey and New Mon- 86 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. terey. (Later in the afternoon Mr. Sette counted 2000 from the same position, thus virtually corroboratiug the previous estimate.) According to Doctor W. K. Fisher the species dominaiilly represented were the glaucus-winged, the western, and the herring gulls, in the order named. There can not be much doubt as to the fact that the birds in Monterey Bay were the majority of those within many miles, and many more than are usually present, so that from the rough figures given some estimate of the maximum amount of fish they might consume can be derived. Tak- ing a pound of sardines a day as all a sea gull would consume, an estimate probably very excessive, and considering them all as fish eaters, the four thousand within sight would be satisfied with two tons. This would be about six-tenths of one per cent of what are taken daily by fishermen at this point. Furthermore it is almost certain that most of the fish eaten by the gulls are the sardines dis- carded by the boats and canneries, or other species locally abundant. Doctor Fisher calls attention to the fact that gulls are diurnal in habit, and must have trouble in catching live sardines during the light of the day, the more so as they are incapable of diving more than a few inches under the water surface. Natur- ally, regardless of the exact pi'oportion the gulls in sight were of the grand total, the amount eaten is not one which threatens to deplete the sardine. And as a matter of fact, the presence of so many gulls should be rather a sharp commentary on the waste during the handling of the fish. These remarkably large flocks of gulls which obtain their food from the sardine industry are supposed to stay at night on some rocky islets at some distance from the canneries, but Mr. Sette who has col- lected samples of the sardine catch throughout this season, states that he has observed gulls to the number of thirty or more feeding on the sardines lost over- board from lighters unloading about 11 :30 at night, hence during total darkness, on January 20 of this year. Whether this is a normal or usual habit with them he does not know. W F. T. OCCURRENCE OF A RARE CRAB. Mr. T. Taniguchi, one of the Japanese fishery experts at one time engaged in the albacore fishery for the Fish and Game Commission, has forwarded three crabs taken from a depth of twenty-five fathoms on a rock cod bank about half way be- tween San Diego and the Corouado Is- lands. They prove to be very interesting specimens of the same species as one taken by the United States vessel, the "Albatross," during her deep sea work on this coast in 1889 at Station 2946, latitude .'>;> degrees 58 minutes north and longitudi' 119 degrees 30 minutes 45 seconds west, and described by James E. Benedict as dalathca californiensis. The correspon- dence between our specimens and the one described by him is very close, and no doubt exists concerning the identification. The present specimens were taken by the boat "Julia," engaged in rock cod fishing, and were inside a silicious sponge, one of the open Hexactinellid type, about three feet in diameter. They were taken February 5, 3920. The largest is 50 millimeters in length from the telson to the tip of the rostrum. W. F. T. SCIENTIFIC WORK OF THE "ALBA- CORE" IN DECEMBER. Early in December of last year, the "Albacore" made its final trip of the season for the collection of data on the life history of the halibut. During the greater part of last year, trips were made at regular intervals for the purpose of collecting data on the distribution of the eggs and young of food fishes and the location of their spawning grounds, as well as the collecting of data on the life history of the halibut, but owing to in- suSicient equipment a part of this work was discontinued, and now all of it is temporarily stopped, due, in part, to the centering of the attention of the labora- tory staff on other and more pressing problems. The results of the December trip are of special interest becau.se they illustrate both the practical or immediate, and the more purely scientific values of such work. In hauling for flatfish, a special otter trawl modified from the commercial CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 87 paranzcUa or drag net is used, with ordinary manila rope towing warps. This gear is simple and crude, but catclies are made averaging from 500 to 1500 pounds of fish and invertebrate animals, including as high as twenty species of fish in one haul. Although the work has been chiefly confined to inshore opera- tions, on December 9 and 10 two hauls, which yielded valuable results, were made in water about 50 fathoms deep on a good trawling bottom off Huntington Beach, Orange County. Besides taking a commercially success- ful catch of market fish, red rock cod (Sebasfodes sj).) halibut, flounders, and sole of various species' — these hauls re- vealed the presence of several species of excellent food fishes not commonly taken in these waters and rare or unknown in the markets. One of these was the sand dab, Citharichthys sordidus, so common in the San Francisco markets. These fish are not caught in any quantity in the south, and the southern markets therefore receive their supply from the north. Another species taken in considerable quantities in the hauls was the yellow- spotted sanddab, Citliarichthys xanthos- tigma, recorded for the first time from the California coast in California Fisn and Game for April, 1919. This sand dab is a wider, plumper fish, with more meat for the amount of bone than the common dab from San Francisco and would be more valuable if the location of profitable banks were known and a stable supply in the markets insured. Two species of "sole" were also taken which might be found in commercial quantities in the south if they were sought in deep enough water. These were the slippery or Chinese sole, Microstomus pacificus, and the long-finned or rex sole, Glyptocephalus zacMrus. Both are com- mon in the San Francisco markets where they are often strung with sand dabs in bunches and all sold together under one name, but are unknown in local catches in the south. Another species taken in these hauls was the sable fish, or Alaska black cod, Anoplopoma fimhria. This fish is com- mon north of San Francisco, but is said by naturalists to be rare in southern California and seldom seen in the mar- kets. It is, however, by no means un- common in the south but is so little appreciated that it is grossly misnamed "hake" by the rock cod fishermen, who take considerable numbers on their lines, but reject it from the catch as worthless because the flesh is rather soft. The United States Bureau of Fisheries has advocated the exploitation of this fish in northern waters, and methods for its use have been devised. It is said to be par- ticularly adapted to salting and drying. Thus we see that several useful food fish have been added to the list of edible fish taken by the "Albacore" by changing the method of fishing and the locality fished, and it would seem from this that great good could be accomplished by fur- ther prospecting and experimenting in deeper water. Of no less importance than the results recorded above are those of greater scien- tific interest. Besides supplying data from aboul 300 halibut concerning their age and rate of growth, their spawning period, and fecundity, several species were taken which extend somewhat the known range of the species, adding to our knowl- edge of their geographical distribution. One of the surprising finds was the rare and little known smelt, Argentina sialis, Gilbert. This little fish, about three inches long, is our only southern Cali- fornia representative of the family Argen- tinidae, or true smelts, but is not related to the "smelts" common in the south, which belong to a different family. About 300 specimens were taken and they agree in all essential points with the description of the type specimen, which is the only specimen of this species known. This type specimen was recorded and described by Doctor Gilbert in 1890 as from the Gulf of California, Albatross Station No. 3017, latitude 29 degrees 54 minutes 30 seconds north, and longitude 113 degrees 01 minutes 00 seconds west, in 58 fath- oms.* Our specimens were taken De- cember 9 and 10, 1919, in 45 fathoms off Huntington Beach, and this seems to be their second recorded occurrence. Two specimens of the peculiar little eel-pout, Lycodopsis pacificus (Collet), family, Zoarcidae, occurred in one of the ♦Proceedings U. S. National Museum, 1890, p. 56. 88 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. above hauls. These were immature .si>oci- lueus and differed somewhat iu coloration from current descriptions of the species. This species is recorded as occurring rather commonly in water of moderate jjldepth from San Francisco to Puget Sound, so that this occurrence extends Iho known range con.siderably southward. Two other species were taken which are known to occur as far south as Point Conccpciou, and although not actually ex- tending their known range appreciably, may nevertheless be listed as rare here at their extreme southern limit. They are the starry skate, Raja stellulata, Jordon and Gilbert, and a flounder, I'htiroiiichthys dccurrcus, Jordon and Gilbert. E. H. LIFE HISTORY NOTES. WINTER OCCURRENCE OF THE FUL- VOUS TREE DUCK IN THE CEN- TRAL SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. In that definite winter records are few in number, it is well to record the occur- rence of the fulvous tree duck, Dcn- drocygna hicolor, in the central San Joaquin Valley during the winter of 1!)1!;)-11»20. As late as January 22 of this winter Mr. J. L. Kinnear, of Newman, saw a flock of five of these ducks on the Newman Club grounds ; and still later, on January 31, Mr. C. C. Iluber, also of Newman, killed two of these ducks on the Newmau Club grounds. One of these specimens, mounted, Mr. Iluber presented to Mr. Otto Feudner, of the Peters Cartridge Company, 583 Howard street, San Francisco, where it is now on disjjjay. The other mounted specimen he still retains in his possession. There were also a few fulvous tree ducks seen and some killed on the Gustine Club grounds during January. — J. E. New- some, Neioman, California. THE POMFRET, NEAR FORT BRAGG. Two specimens of the pomfret, Brama rati, were caught alwut three miles off the coast near Fort Bragg by W. G. Vossbrink, on July 23, 1919. They were taken on a salmon troll with spoon hook, o.") fathoms of line being out at an esti- mated angle of 30 degrees The fishes measured 16i inches and were bright silver in color. Authors have described this species as sooty gray, which appears to be characteristic of preserved speci- mens only, where the brilliant silvery pigment has been destroyed. An example in the National Museum which was taken off the coast of Washington, offers every evidence of having been like these speci- mens, as bright a.s a new dollar. A touch of the finger will often efface the metallic color. — J. O. Snyder, Palo Alto, California. WHERE DO DEER SLEEP. I have many times observed that mule deer in the Southern Sierras always bed within thick cedars or other forest trees en moonlight nights, whereas the same deer apparently sleep out in the open, as for instance iu an apple orchard or among brush, during the dark of the moon. Whether this is a con.st^int habit or one luit locally developed I can not say, but it seems reasonable to believe that these various locations are chosen as a means of protection from enemies. — O. P. Brownlow, Portervillc, California. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION. FIRE AND OUR FORESTS. We have lately had a sudden, energetic flare of discussion all over California upon the ancient notions of "Piute fores- try" whose deep fire-scars remain upon so many of our giant landmark pines and sequoias. It can be made to sound very plausible : "burn off the ruobish. the dead limbs and 'stub.s,' the thick undergrowth and chaparral ; clear the way for more forest, incidently get more grass, besides, all the tree-beetles which destroy so much standing timber." All this by light surface fires — variously ap- plied, kept as far as possible under con- trol, and aimed at producing a smooth forest floor. The Forest Service is solidly opposed to every sort of "light burning" because they have seen it in practice many times, CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 89 and under all sorts of conditions ; so are the foresters of all other civilized coun- tries. This does not mean, of course, that foresters do not desire to bum "stubs" and dead trees so dangerously apt to be struck by lightning or burn the "tops" after logging wherever that can be done with safety, in the cool season. The underlying principles of all scien- tific forestry, however, are these: Save the young growth as well as the mature trees; protect the soil; encourage re- production ; fill up all possible gaps in the forest cover — do not make more by surface fires — fight all fires to a finish. Furthermore, as the forester knows, the fire-weakened, fire-scarred tree becomes almost certainly the prey of forest insects. The main points in all this are reproduc- tion and .soil protection from loss of humus and from washes ; these last are so important as to deserve another little talk later. GAME IN THE CALIFORNIA NA- TIONAL FOREST. It is generally conceded that the Cali- fornia National Forest contains a larger number of black-tailed deer than any other locality of equal size, and that the conditions on the forest for propagation and protection are unequalled in the west. Embracing as it does large areas of heavy l)rush which provide protection from nat- ural enemies and almost unlimited forage (luring the entire year ; large glade areas which remain practically snowless during the winter months, providing an abund- ance of winter feed when not fed too closely by domestic stock ; and large areas of open timber, well stocked with succu- lent weeds and grasses, it can well be said to be ideal as a locality adapted to the perpetuation of this valuable game species. The mating season for deer on this forest ranges from late September in the foothills, to November at the higher altitudes. The bucks shed their horns from January 15 to March 15, and new growth is noticed by June 1. The horns become hard about August 1, although at the higher elevations they are still found in the velvet during the latter part of August, and even up to September 10. The fawns appear from June 1 to the end of July, and in most cases are in pairs. There are a few black and brown bear on the forest, but they can hardly be taken seriously as a game animal. In fact they are used by unscrupulous hunt- ers as an excuse to go into the mountains with packs of hounds during the vdnter season, when there is no doubt that many violations of the game laws are commit- ted. These bears are ofteu veiy trouble- some to sheep permittees and settlers within the forest who raise hogs, as the older ones frequently develop predatory tendencies. It is probable, also, that they are responsible for many of the kills of deer made by panthers, as they feed on the deer killed by the panther and dis- turb it in such a way that it is no longer palatable to the panther, who makes a new kill. The most important game bird on the forest is the mountain quail. It is found in all parts of the forest above the brush line which surrounds the forest on three sides, and during the past two years have shown a gratifying increase. This is attributed in part to the destruction of ground squirrels and other small egg eat- ing animals by the United States Biologi- cal Survey. Valley quail are common at the lower elevations, and they, also are on the increase. The principal fur-bearing animals .on this forest, and the numbers caught dur- ing the present season so far as shown by the incomplete records at hand, are as follows : Skunk 459 Fox (gray) 337 Coyote 241 Wild cat 136 Ring-tailed cat 119 Coon 74 Civit cat 25 Fisher 23 Badger 20 Panther Q Bear ~ 5 River otter 4 During the past two or three seasons there has been a large increase in the number of trappers. It is estimated that there are fifty trappers on the forest dur- ing the past season. 90 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. m H o > o z a: tu o H O o 0) H O Q O oc 0. >• oc 111 I (0 X UJ u. z o u. -I < o Mexico S T3 V 3 C -M C o O I at DC UJ CD UJ o UJ Q a z < X (A E E o O c E t re a V Q ■a a E o O Total. '•^i. "''l "^ ^- *-"- ^ "^ ^ '*^ "T. ^ *, in o" c4" ■^'" oc of c-f *^ c-f o i-T r-^ Imperial- 3 CO San DlegO- Orange- S S Los Aiigeles.- S2S CC O CO •^ 00 Ci J^ QO (N «0 I-l 1-1 San Luis OWsDO. Santa Barbara. Ventura oc u. ui _ 01 re 5 o Monterey- . t- ■ Ul (U §. 00*5 r-l 00 s (N^ M^ 00 00 C-1 cvf TO c>5" i-T of 00 -* i-H 00 Cl r-l Santa Cruz. San rranclsco. San Mateo Contra Costa. Alameda Tehama, Colusa. Glenn — Sacramento. San JoaQuln Solano. Yolo. Marin. Jlendoclno. Sonoma, Liake. Del Norte. Ilumlolilt- 09 Oi e^ 05 O CO « O 00 i-H 03 3 ?? 1-1 Oi 00 CO 00 -^ IM ■<* O CC <» -^ CO i-H o ir: i-l ■T op C3 t- Oti ^ Oi C3 CO (M 00 CD r-t ?? o -. 00 Ol o Q. o ax: oj CO tn _ " ate 3 a'c •- — 4J o 3 CI o uo IM \n t~i -^ Oi oi -^ X^ 00 CO CJ OJ 00 CO i-H^ t-^ W t^ 00 »n" cT x>^ Iff «d oT ■^ 00 1— t I— I O t-H CO i-( 00 s in 5-1 t~ CO CO 00 g??.% CO lO CO 00 in iS CO lO 00 O t>i of N C-l w O 1* '^ J3 1-1 o 1-^ (M s s 05 f CC CO 00 CO rt o o CO r- 00 1-1 s s m «5 I r- C5 ' rH 00 ■ ^ CO CO CO Si _goEgScE:«.-=:=3rtjj,iriSgS-S5S i;nffl.dooiac8fl03ooaji;^,«5.SS ■3 33 ' 3 x; , CC -^ O C OJ Xl 73 a biiS M 3 a> .a ;=: i: 3oo'3°£i««a r ^ /^ ,-^ r_-i fv^ rK M hH •5 =S S 5 t^ ^ 5 c cs « aS2 s .gi r* to 3 !S =j ~ o o o a Q_i CU di ts ffi r/) >:- M CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 91 1 1-1 - CT> CO 1— ( c?> 00 00 ■^ o CO ^ oj "^ CO o (in CO o Si to -K 1-1 1^ (N r-H ^^ 'H '^l r-^" X>r (55 iH 05 (M 00 f-) 00 ' OS » 1 1 (N m 1^ ira CO o O » QO (J> m •p in 1-1 00 .1 Oi r-t m (M >o >M 12 «0 ko CO 1* Q <35 1-4 IC 1-1 in W 00 CO lO^ ^" CO 1 50 ffi e<5 c^ ?o *J O 5) ® l> t~_^ & rH I— I ^ CO CO o 04" in r-i 05 CO '^] OS in (M -^ f-< o] r- o t-- "^ ^ Cl CO ?0 -^ in 'J3 f5g CO en (M cn rH CO (N CVJ CO CO c;5 o ■^ ») t^ CO CO o in i-t in o CO i> o O C-l CO GO in in J> (M ■* in in CO 00 CO II el =3 2 d S T3 _a .y XI ■a S £• O M 3 d a a ^ -■ -* 00 03 C3 C3 ^ ^ ^ 03 C3 O S S n m m tr; "D es sh cn g o ' M t-i a 03 CJ 03 a; CB .p ?.' ,:^ -i; G .ii u !h ^ 3 3 p O IhSS a CB 3 >; c« C3 p a p p ?§ g £1 J3 3 _ O a c +J 03 O g S CO N o O CB XI .s o '? a !>. : o w' M w 92 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Mexico 65,905 171,000 Total SSR SSt'iMo t»m!^~ III Q C-l Oi Oi CO in c-l 00 rH t on II tO-l" COOjC-IOOiM KtOlK III i-T [ lit ■o 4) 3 Imiperlal- o O ay T— San Diego < 00 1 ! 1 1 1 ! ! 1 ! ! 1 1 t 1— < 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 Ul QQ Orange- _ il ! i i ig 1 ! i i i i i ll ■* 1 1 1 1 -* 1 1 1 1 III III O Ui Q Q Los Angeles iQS iiioto lilts III B IIIOC5 iiiuo III 1 Oi 111,-,.^ 1 1 1 lO III 1 e^ 1 ] 1 rt 111 III Z < San Luis OMst>0. Santa Barbara. Ventura gs is i !g i I ! i i i i OO-* 1051I-S< llii III °>" ; cT 1 1 1 1 i 1 III *"* 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ill m Monterey ^ i i i is ! i / is i i i mi iii«i illo III ^ ! i ; i'^ i i i ;* '. \ ' I— 1 1 111 1 > o z t£ ill m Santa Cruz > ■ III 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 • 1 1 1 ,-H 1 II t 1 1 [ [ J t CO 1 1 1 1 1 ill o O o San Francisco. San Mateo 1 I 1 lO CO (^ O 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 (M « 05 ID 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 ",S1 O^ CO <0 1 1 1 III III r-T 05 1 I I III ill *"* 1 1 1 II' CO o Contra Costa. Alameda 1 1 CI 1 Ob 1 1 1 1 III I I 1 in 1 -9^ lilt II 1 1 CO 1 (M rill III i is 1^ i i j i i i i O o cc Q. >■ CC III Tehama. Colusa. Glenn ■ 'III 1 1 1 1 III Sacramento. San Joaauln I iZ Solano, Yolo I CO Marin (00i3siOi(3i t^lftii III ir^O^lCO ICN l^ ZO 1 1 1 I 1 I I-T lo" I rn' 1 cc t^ 1 I III ■ I 1 <^^ II 1 1 ! UJ DC < Mendocino. Sonoma, Lalce-.- a| o 1 Tti 1 i III! 1 ! 1 |>J 1 (M ( t 1 ■ 1 1 III rH 1 i-H 1 t 1 1 1 1 III I i-T 1 ; 1 I 1 1 III QC O U. Del Norte. Humboldt iceoioil 111! Ill 1 It; m 1 ^ 1 11 1 i~ O 1 IN 1 1 111, 111 ; t~ ; II 1 1 1 1 III < ■s •3 1 • at j 3 1 s| to □ I 1 I 1 1 r 1 1 1 III i i^ i i i •' I i i i i 1 1 OJ ' ' ^^^ '1 lit ^o " i l§:?l ill 1 i i .idi^^ -S .g 1 IS 1 1 1 as ScS '^g- Ig ia 1 I h to ii cc 0 m u. "o w (U h F o £ o Q O c V E ♦J IB a — (D IJ- Q I >. < E — o Z O o ;^ I S I ! fo I I 1 ! I ! ! COIi-HliCO {f I ^" ! ' g^ t I ' ' ' ' ' 1 "^ 1 1 111)111 1 1 1 lO CO 1 1 112 8 111 lo 1 CO III CO 111 '^" 614 48,086 CO rtl I 1 J^ -I < CO rH 1 1 CO CO 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 ■{'otiil mCC-MCCrHOOCZiCOCrOCDCO \ r>l'rtHiOOil'-00C0lf:(MmcoCO t O ira 00 i-^ ^ "^ C'^ GO (X C;^ t-H 'Ci? 1 Co" cr: go' -* ci CO r-T -^ r-' ^ Co" of 1 lOr-coC^i-HOCDCDCOCOCDrH , IC ^ <^^ ^, '-i ^^^ i-> c-] CO O CD 1 CO I-T '^ rH C-T I-H [ T-H j 10 435,731 2,405 1.53,181 2,523,895 49,291 4,289.899 608,561 2,654,596 03 rH O r« l.O in CO CO -^ rH W lO 00 »f5 ifS CO If^ Hji^ tf3^ r-H^ lO l--r rr~ CO r-T C-P -^iT lA 05 CO ■* rH Ml CO CO rH Iuu;erial 1 ; 1 ,' ; 1 ; ; : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6,428 San Diego 2,326,961 21,770 1,210,249 341,024 624 398,031 i i i i^ i i 1 ii 100 9,127 126,748 356 9,101 "471" 243,794 568,890 0'';vilg(? 126 51,796 1,042 1,875 1 O 1 1 « 12? 1 IS i § i lis 1 1 ^ 1 1 »-' in ^^ 1 e^ c-i in 1 00 CM 1 CO CO 00 1 MH (M 1 05 00 1 1 iri th" 1 Lo-; Aiiftele? 11,225,857 576,837 2,533,258 2,534,433 50 132 2,022 62,416 14,610 2,405 1,465,499 i iss 1 1 LQ lO i i5^" ; , MH o 'r 1 '^^ 270 49,869 54,924 190,315 1,148,074 10 ^ifin T.uis Obisuo. Santa Barbara, 137,752 23,714 18 3,005 3,621 316,884 1 iss 1 1 n* c-l 1 1 rH CO 1 1 ! 1-^ T-H^ 1 i:t r-^ Iff co"" c-r I I 1-^ cyj I-H Iff | O CO ITS If^ r-1 lf3 1 i~ I-H 1 1 I-H 1 ^H 1 ] [ 1 I-l 1 Cj >0 I '*' ] co" 1 1 *"• 1 IS 55 1 1 CO i> 1 1 rH O i-- lO 1 1 '^ 9,933 867 R 426 6,854 ; , , '* CO 1 1 1 « Santa Cruz 1 li-HOoOi 1 iirjcocooi 1 1 1 (M lO CO CO 1 1 -H^ (M CO CO 1 1 1 CO J>- CD rH 1 1 rH 05 OI CN 1 I 1 rH or -TP r-i' 1 1 1-' ;C t-" rH 1 CO e CO II rH 1 , 1 27,504 9,320 4,576 1 O O OO 1 in CO r-t 1 t> CO UO I iS CO I CO 16,491 1,113 305,439 499,168 San Francisco. San Mateo icfirti iCO ICOOOOCO',.^'* 1 iClrH ICO lOaO^f^CfPr^CO 1 1 00 C/J 1 00 1 -H^ I^ rH^ CO_^ J-,^ if^ 1 I i-T 1 rH I -,*' ^-^ cf CO of { \ -rtt CO 1 rH O rH l^ Ttl 1 ] 1 ; r. 1^ O t~cofr4!-iinc4tcojoine I ;JJ CO m o 3 W in QO c^ r-* Cl_ i-^_ ?- CO t>r ^T o c» cj ir:" r-T f-T *r" f-H Oi ci '^ CJ x>- i6 1-^ OS^ CO CO lO w eo CO Orange- i-H in r-< ift l-H (M 6J ^ r- oc a5 Los Angeles. ■^ o b- '^ -^ in lO 0> C5 i-( «o in 00 w rH CO c^) -^ -^ 00 g' t^ -^ t^ to ifi !fe s I ca ■ m" S sss; M ei on Ci lO -^ 05 CI 03 8" San Luis OMsik). Santa Barbara, Ventura S<^> Monterey- Santa Cruz- San Francisco. San Mateo ce 00 SI Contra Costa. Alameda Tehama. Glenn. Colusa Sacramento. San Joaquin- Solano. Yolo. Marln. Menrlocino. SDnoma. Lake- Del Norte. Humboldt- ec CO (X CO r^ m s ta r-A e^ 50 (M eo TO 00^ c CO O f-< CO CO (N 00 -^ CO «s M^ QQ O (-1 ;3 c3 „ OS Cd CJ ^ QJ .1^ 00 O 1 S 5 3 § t^ ^*< ^ I-I CO Ci 3 ?; « S O a. U? CO §si 00 rH rH OS 8 o ca IM CO ■* 00 CO r* 00 *- U: 05 1-1 CO r-T 1-1 O 00 O in (>4 a "O "O "C ca 03 03 * C3 C3 I . £ " b O ft ■" +J 3 3 ■a 03 in iH o o cs in 00 I-H -^ SB S o 5 == o o a a «0 CI CO 1— 1 g 53 S gs 00 CO 0 CO (N O 00 O CO (N C3 ■<*< t~ O W CO g' o 'S K s 05 8 as CO 3 00 o 00 05 (N i-T 29 o O ►-. h! 96 CALIFORXTA FISH AND GAME. CANNED, CURED AND MANUFACTURED FISHERY PRODUCTS OF CALI FORNIA FOR THE YEAR 1919. Compiled by the Department of Commercial Fisheries. CANNED. Sl)ecli>s of f! h Size of cans San DIeKO di:*t!ict. cases San Pedro district. cases 105 21,238 107,822 15,32.'i 32 8 2,177 34,654 17,108 395 374 Monterey Bay district, cases Northern Califor- nia district, cases Total cases Abalone - lib. — .. 2,873 2,978 27,098 Albacore .- .. .. 1-lb. 5,862 37,855 4,152 184 i-lb - 145,677 J-lb 19.477 Anchovy 1-Ib. 216 Barracuda 1-lb. 8 IBonita Mb... 12 4.96) 287 2,189 h-]h 1-lb .... 1-lb 3) .")il9 17,.3ft'> Caviar 28,236 1,589 395 Herring 3-oz 1-lb. oval .. J-lb. oval . 374 28 2.36 1,589 Mackerel l-lb. 17 1,995 6 344 988 10 2 061 j-lb 6 3f>l 1-lb 988 Rock bass 1-lb 1-lb. oval 10 Salmon _.. ._. ... 102 725 1,941 9,086 18.fi67 7,842 S-'7 1-lb. tall 1.941 1-lb. flat . . -- 9,083 i-lb. flat ... 1-lb. oval .. lib. round . 1-lb. tall . . 18.667 Sardines 33,594 113,909 11,875 790,724 946 069 11 S75 7,S18 7,318 43,551 J-lb. oval .. J-lb. .square. J-lb. roiaid _ 1-lb. round . 1-lb. square, l-lb. 3,878 9,543 405 10 39,603 27,713 17,.ilO 25,742 3,213 31,553 11,060 7,207 128 34,260 26 275 3 223 7,789 78,945 Sliad . 4,350 1,131 4 350 Shad roe .. . J-lb. oval .- 1 131 SkipJHck (striped tuna) Mb 3199 S8.229 2,460 750 28,849 11,351 3 869 J-lb l-lb... 67,078 13,811 3,.538 1 905 Squid l-lb. 3,538 Tuna - 4-lb.. 1,905 33,524 291,4o3 119,980 l-lb. 1,170 14,5.55 2,785 7,407 12 19,291 5 34 694 Mb.. • 306 008 i-lb. 122,765 Turtl" — 7.407 362 V lloutail - l-lb. 350 8,739 J-lb. 28,030 J-lb 5 Total cases canned 229,493 936,969 821,448 83,758 2,071,611 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 97 DRIED, SALTED, SMOKED AND MISCELLANEOUS. Species of fish, size or Quantity San Diego district San Pedro district Albacore bellies, smoked, lbs Anchovy, salt"d, lbs Anchovy, salted, .'j-lb. cans, 21 cans to cas°_ Anchovy, saltsd, 5-lb. cans, 12 cans to case. Ancliovy, salted, 24-lb. cans, 6 cans to ease. Anchovy, salted, 12-lb. cans, S cans to case- Anchovy, salt"d, li-lb. cans, 24 cans to case. Anchovy. salt°d. 2J-lb. cans, 12 cans to case- Barracuda, dried, lbs Barracuda, smoked, lbs Bonito, salted, lbs. Bonito, smoked, lbs. Cuttle fish, pickled, lbs Herring, smoked, lbs. Herring, sugar cured, lbs Mackerel, salted, lbs Miscellaneous fish, dried, lbs Miscellaneous fish, salted, lbs Rollmops, 10-lb. pails Sableflsh, salted, lbs Sablefish, smoked, lbs Salachini, 100-lb. tubs Salachini, 65-lb. tubs Salachini, 45-lb. tubs Salachini, 30-lb. tubs Salmon, mild cured, casks* Salmon, hard salted, casks* Sardines, dried, lbs Sardines, salted, lbs Sardines, smoked, lbs Sardines, salted, 2ilb. cans, 12 cans to case- Sardines, salted, 31b. cans, 24 cans to ease. Sardines, salted, 5-lb. cans, 24 cans to case- Sardines, salted, 12-lb. cans, 8 cans to case- Sardines, salted, 24-lb. cans, 4 cans to case- Sardines, salted, 34-lb. kegs Sea bass (black), dried, lbs Skipjack, smoked, lbs Squid, dried, lbs Tuna, smoked, lbs Tellowtail, smoked, lbs Fish meal, tons Fish, oil, gallons Number of plants Number of employees Estimated value of pack- Value of plants 67,102 4.358 63,150 Monterey district 1,800 2,000 6S780 .31 003 3,800 51.037 20,000 24.842 45.479 59,079 740 43,982 26,830 4,000 6,007 2,601 1,674 26,791 15 1,191 $2,599,852 1,100,700 10,180 45,933 5,637 146,298 35 3,928 $9,694,482 4,335,657 No "them California district 242,576 243 367 119 216' 200 24,448 1.000 1,450 15,000 100 14,370 987 4,020 1,044 15,000 260,500 20O 573 739 450 1,600 1.142 7.519 5,4CC 1,362 358 4,153 30 2,200 686,159 3,331 300,833 28 2.218 $6,990,566 1,368,189 481 40,340 21 905 $2,132,843 906,325 Total 4 368 330,174 243 367 119 216 200 1800 67,102 2,000 6S,780 31 003 3,800 1,000 1,4.50 24.842 112,516 79,079 1.142 7,519 5.400 100 16,472 1,345 4,020 5,197 30 15,000 304.482 2 200 4.000 6,207 573 739 450 1,600 26,830 2,601 686.159 10.180 45,933 11,153 514,262 99 8.242 $21,417,743 7,708,871 "Casks contain 800 pounds net. 98 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS. October 1 to December 31, 1919. OfTense Game. Hunting without ]ic'onse Refusing- to show li'jcnss on dsinand Making false afliilavit on shipin-'nt of d?er hides Sliiiiping dpor mrat without altiiiavit Deer— excess limit— close S':ason— killing or possession Female deer— spike bucks— fawns— killing or possession Illegal deer hides ^^ Hunting on posted grounds Night shooting Trapping without license— close season Killing a mountain sheep Protected shore birds- killing or possession Nongame birds — killing or possession Shooting ducks from power boat in motion Ducks — excess limit — close season Quail — close season — killing or possession Pigeons— close season — killing or possession Doves— close season— killing or possession Grouse— close season— killing or possession Mudhens— close season— killing or possession Cottontail and brush rabbits — close season Total game violations Fish. Angling without license Fishing for profit without license Striped bass— underweight -close season Halibut— underweight— oflering for sale— close season Salmon — excess daily limit Taking salmon with snag hooks Operating salmon net in closed district Trout— excess daily limit — close season . Catfish— undersizo — offering for sale Failure to maintain fish screen Clams — undersized — excess limit Female crabs— taking or possession Abalones— red and black— under and oversized— taking or possession Lobsters — under and oversized- close seasons-taking or l)0^session- Total flsh violations Grand total flsh and game violations Fines imposed i T J 1 12 12 58 $030 00 25 CO 2.5 00 .50 00 6";> 00 8.50 V,{) 25 00 V45 00 20 00 .30 CO 1,305 00 916 00 1.50 00 425 00 950 00 85 00 25 00 25 00 2.5 00 110 00 3,901 00 $30 00 110 00 120 no 75 00 100 00 200 00 50 00 20 00 20 00 no 00 20 00 270 00 280 (K) 1,405 00 370 $8,306 00 SEIZURES— FISH AND GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS. October 1, 1919, to December 31. 1919. Game. Deer meat Quail Ducks Dove,s Pigeons Rabbits .\vocets Kildeer plover Swans Sandpipers Miscellaneous birds Deer hides I'ouiuls 1,074 114 1,01)7 18 2 17 4 28 5 18 103 6 Searches. Illegal flsh and game Fish. Pounds Striped ba.ss 6,000 !-!ulmon S52J Halibut 6,621i Trout 78 Catfish 5 Sturgeon 39 Barracuda 3,995 Mi.seellaneous fish 33 Clams (cockle) 916 Clams (Pismo) 456 Crabs 1,627 Lobsters 4,752 ■Mialonis 93 Illegal nets 3 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 99 STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES YEAR 1919. On'jral arliDinistration R'snirfh, iiuI)licatioii and education,. . Printing- Fish exhibits Game exhibits Taho? camping ground Mountain lion bounti?s Lithographing hunting licenses Litliographing angling licenses Hunting license commissions Angling license commissions Market fishing licnse commissions San Francisco District Sacramento District Los Angeles District Launch patrol Pros"critions (fish and game) Crawfish inspection Winter game feeding Accident and death claims Hatchery administration Mount Shasta Hatchery Klamath Station Fall Creek Hatchery Mount Whitney Hatchery Cottonwood Creek Station Cottonwood Lakes Station Tahoe Hatchery Tallac Hatchery Chico Experimental Station Fort Seward Hatchery Eel River Station Ukiah Hatchery Snow Mountain Station Brookdale Hatchery Scott Creek Station Feather River Hatchery • Almanor Hatchery Domingo Springs Hatchery Clear Creek Hatchery Bear Lake Hatchery North Creek Station Wawona Hatchery Yosemite Hatchery Kaweali Hatchery Fish transplanting and distribution_-- Sereens, flshways and water pollution. Special field investigation Department of Commercial Fisheries. .. Totals September $3,170 98 931 316 483 37 r?.o 2,400 1,322 131 8,161 5,830 2,995 5,993 15.5 100 143 1,296 2,977 1,359 422 2,077 October Xoveml)€r December ?2.5-l 00 $2,384 OO 312 ."8 j 290 24 1,630 34 I 111 77 6,110 55 ' 3 25 8 00 520 00 315 00 3,626 SO 1,471 90 7.752 01 5,654 19 3,079 82 1.753 47 oOi 75 100 00 278 42 1,450 51 1,696 39 1,151 14 395 49 1,878 63 164 587 63 1,021 334 10 5 00 1,719 25 8 151 30 50 33 7 321 203 1,119 403 92 00 49 25 147 35 31 00 5 00 57 25 249 06 1,432 54 474 78 2:0 1.50 1,537 619 4,095 ZZ $51,409 66 219 01 92 CO 4,332 49 698 84 150 35 3,830 81 3,021 07 390 00 300 00 1,544 60 1,242 90 7,045 73 5,322 42 3,094 65 2,280 91 276 50 100 00 202 65 1,289 72 2,965 24 949 72 818 98 2,577 64 236 50 156 11 8 00 29 00 910 49 93 25 11 18 156 02 30 00 5 CO 84 43 216 22 1,229 6-2 1,559 45 312 87 328 29 17 00 1,804 39 583 86 102 00 3,775 18 $2,105 63 419 05 178 25 370 00 1.090 no 2,673 90 2,186 60 149 .50 6,684 94 5,008 57 2,921 47 1,141 75 65 00 100 PO 124 04 1,324 73 2,135 71 458 82 9.39 00 1,139 97 40 15 5 OO 789 23 989 17 257 74 31 00 5 00 8 30 410 50 772 36 133 76 44 25 16 60 319 95 603 38 3,255 76 $44,848 78 I $38,898 08 100 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES. July 1, 1919, to December 31, 1919. Administration: ComuiibSiouers $1,220 59 Executive ortieers 14,015 39 Printing 2,270 70 Research and publicity 2,591 03 Accid'jnt and death claims 1,159 S8 Total administration .$21,257 56 Commercial fish culture and conservation: Superintendence $6,333 8J Inspection and patrol 15,400 37 Research - 9,298 34 Statistics 4,885 79 Market fishing license commissions 374 00 Propagation and distribution of salmon 14,461 25 Total commercial flsh culture and conservation 50,756 64 Sporting flsh culture and conservation: Superintendence $7,543 07 Printing 1,599 79 Prosecutions and allowances 72 00 Angling license commissions 8,329 20 Special field investigations 252 35 Fish exhibits - 7,167 16 General patrol (pro rata share) — San Francisco District (40 per cent) 17,757 55 Sacramento District (40 per cent) 14,990 67 Los Angeles District (40 per cent) 7,030 02 Propagation and distribution of sporting flsh 73,.538 47 Total sporting fish culture and conservation 138,277 28 Game conservation: Printing - $2,396 07 Prosecutions and allowances - 863 14 Hunting license commissions 12,397 80 Mountain lion hunting 2,837 13 General patrol (pro rata share) — San Francisco District (60 per cent)— 26,636 35 Sacramento District (60 per cent) 22,486 01 Los Angeles District (60 per cent) 1 10,545 04 Total game conservation 78,191 54 Tahoe camping ground 2,599 11 Total expenditures — $291,052 13 Further information regarding details of expenditures will be gladly furnished upon application to the executive office of the Fish and Game Commission, San Francisco, California. 2647 4-20 5400 California Fish and Game "CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION" r " ^ Volume 6 SACRAMENTO, JULY, 1920 Number 3 CONTENTS. KING SALMON MARKING EXPERIMENT AT KLAMATH RIVER, 1919. IF. L. Scofield 101 GAME IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY IN 1853 Aiidreto J. Grayson 104 NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING— No. 4 R. L. 21., California 107 EDITORIALS 116 FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 127 HATCHERY NOTES 128 NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 1.30 CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 1.31 LIFE HISTORY NOTES 1.3.', UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION 1.34 reports- California Fresh Fishery Products loG Violations of Fish and Game Laws 139 Seizures 140 Statement of Expenditures 140 KING SALMON MARKING EXPERIMENT AT KLAMATH RIVER, 1919. By W. L. Scofield. Source of Eggs. The Chinook or kincr salmon used in this experiment were from e^afs taken by Mr. Hurby of the United States Bureau of Fisheries at the substation on Mill Creek, Tehama County, California, near the town of Tehama about twelve miles south of Ked Bluff. Mill Creek is a tributary of the Sacramento River. The eggs were taken about the latter part of November, 1918. Shipping. The eyed eggs were shipped in one shipment of 1.153,000 eggs. Though originally billed to the Mount Shasta Hatchery, they were not unloaded but shipped immediately to the new Fall Creek Hatchery on Fall Creek near Copco, Siskiyou County, about sixteen miles from 102 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Hornbrook. The eggs were received at the Fall Creek Hatchery Feb- ruary 13, 1919. Hatching. The ecru's were hatched at Fall Creek ITatcherv from the middle to the end of February, 1919. About July 1, 1919, 25.000 of these small king salmon were placed in the cement-sided pond at Fall Creek Hatchery and the others were liberated in Fall Creek, which is a tributary of the Klamath River, entering just below the California-Oregon Power Company dam at Copco. The hatchery is about a mile up Fall Creek from its mouth. Mark Used. The adipose and rigid ventral fins were removed by clipping off close to the body with a pair of manicurists' cuticle nippers. The marking, begun November 3 and completed November 15, 1919, was done by L. Phillips of the Department of Fish Culture and W. L. Scofield of the Department of Commercial Fisheries of the Fish and Game Commis- sion of California. Variation in Size. Although from the same brood, hatchery practice and rearing poni.1, there was great variation in the size of the yearlings at the time of marking, the extremes in length being from l^^^ to 5 inches, measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the central rays of the caudal fin. The small fish, roughly those under two inches in length, were not marked but sorted out as the marking proceeded. These small fish were liberated every day or two. Counting and Separation. As 250,000 fish had been counted into the rearing pond, no count was made of unmarked fish while marking. The marked fish were care- fully counted each day. ]\Ir. Phillips kept tally of his work while marking. ]\Ir. Scofield counted his work at the end of the half day. In each case at the end of the day the fish marked by each person were placed in a separate trough. Liberations. The first fish marked were held to the end of the fifth day in the trough to determine the effect of rough handling. As no injury showed in the fish, tlie first five days marking was liberated at the end of the fifth day and from then on the marked fish were liberated each day or two. All liberations were made in Fall Creek. November 14 tlie rear- ing pond was emptied, thus liberating all the unmarked fish of the 250,000 except a few held in the hatchery troughs. The following day all remaining unmarked fish were liberated. Control. In order to determine the possible percentage of fin regeneration, a sample of each half day's marking was retained as a control to be held in the hatchery trough. The control from each person's marking was CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 103 held in a separate trough. Control fish were obtained by dipping out a few fish with a net and counting out fifty or so without conscious selection. Great care was used in this respect so that the control would be exactly representative of the size classes of marked fish in order that the control might be used for possible future study. The control remained two months in the hatchery troughs from the time of marking until the middle of January, 1920. The control fish were then bottled in formalin and shipped to Professor J. 0. Snyder of Stanford Univer- sity, being received by him January 19, 1920. Through an oversight when bottling the control at the hatchery, the fish marked by Phillips and those marked by Scofield were not kept separate, but since the percentage of regeneration has been found to be almost negligible this attempt to determine the regeneration percentage for each person's marking was scarcely necessary. Roughly, 100 of the control marked by Scofield were shipped to Professor Snyder for his study very soon after the marking and received by him December 1, 1919. Of the 25,850 fish marked 850, or roughly 3 per cent of the total were retained as control, thus leaving an even 25,000 marked fish to be liberated. Percentage of Fin Regeneration. To determine the percentage of fins which might be expected to regenerate, the control was examined by W. L. Scofield in February, 1920, with the help of Professor Snyder and Mr. Willis Rich of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Of the 573 specimens examined but 8 or 1.4 per cent showed signs of possible regeneration and in sev- eral of these cases the resulting ventral fin would probably be so deformed as to be recognizable as a mark when found with a missing^ adipose fin. In no case had the adipose fin shown any sign of regenerating. Injury from Marking. But one death was noted among the marked fish soon after marking and none among the control from November 3 to 15, 1919. A report in December from the hatchery stated that the control was apparently perfectly normal and healthy with very few deaths. A few fish were stunned by the rough handling while being marked but when returned to the water would swim off after about one minute and show no further signs of discomfort. Summary. Of 1,153,000 king salmon eggs taken in November, 1918, from Mill Creek of the Sacramento, and hatched at Fall Creek Hatchery on the Klamath River in February, 1919, 903,000 were liberated in the Klamath about July 1, 1919, and 250,000 were held in a rearing pond. In November, 1919, the 250,000 from the rearing pond were liberated in the Klamath River after 25,000 of them had been marked by removing adipose and right ventral fins. 104 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. King Salmon Marked at Fall Creek Hatchery. Pate Number of fish marked By Scofleld By Phillips 1919— Novemb?r 3 243 ) ^ ^^ Noveiiib?r 4 ! 713 ^ November 5 .i 595 1,046 November 6 -. 760 1,106 November 7 -. 1,050 1,425 November 8 800 750 Novemljer 9 925 1,250 November 10 I.ICO 1,000 November 11 1,100 1,200 November 12 1,350 1,800 November 13 1.550 1.6.')0 November 14 1,110 1,500 November 15 330 325 Totals ll,62d 14,224 Total marked 25,850 Control Counted Out from the Total. Date From ' From Scofleld rhllUps marking marking loio — November 6 50 50 100 125 50 25 25 50 Novmber U - 50 Novpmb°r 10 Novmber 12 100 125 November 13 Novpmb'>r 14 50 25 NovTiib'^r 15 25 Totals ;25 425 Total control 850 Number of Marked Fish Liberate Creek In November, 1919 i In Fall Date Number 1919— November 7 — 5,535 November 8 1,425 November 9 4,675 November 10 1,900 November 12 5,200 November 13 3,100 November 14 2,.560 November 15 605 Total — 25,000 GAME IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY IN 1853.=^ A Little Journal of Incidents Whilst on a Surveying Party with von Schmidt, Deputy Surveyor under Colonel Jack Hays, in the Fall of 1853, on the Tulare Plains. By Colonel Andrew J. Grayson. Meeting my friend von Schmidt, a German by birth but raised in the United States, and at that time deputy surveyor, one day as I was walk- ing down one of the streets of San Francisco, and whom I hadn't seen for a long time, I shook him cordially by the hand, when he told me he was just making preparations for a long trip to the Tulare plains and lakes to survey the Standard lines (government survey), and as I had never been in this portion of California, and having heard oft of the great quantities of game in this region of the country interesting to the ♦Between the years 1846 and 1869 there lived in California a naturalist and artist of so great attainment that he became known as the "Audubon of the Pacific." This naturalist was Colonel A. J. Grayson. Born in Louisiana, on the banks of the picturesque Ouachita River, hemmed in by pine forests and cane brakes, Grayson spent most of his boyhood days rambling in the woods or along the banks of the river. While still a child he manifested great talent in the drawing and painting of birds and the wild life scenes with which he was so intimately acquainted; but this was most vehemently discouraged by his parents and he was sent away to school to learn to be more practical. After finishing college young Grayson made an attempt at business, but he had no love for the drudgery of mercantile pursuits. He found no pleasure but in the study of nature, so he gave it up and determined to go to California where his longing for new objects of study in nature's unexplored recesses might be satisfied. And so it was that about the middle of .4pril, 1846, he found himself at the head of a caravan composed of many well known pioneers setting out on the long overland journey to the Pacific. But as they traveled westward some branched off CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 105 adventurer, from the fact of its never having been but little explored save by the few wild Indians that live about the lakes, I at once pro- posed acompanying him on this interesting trip. Von Schmidt was glad to have me go, so I made up my mind to do so, for I hadn't had a hunt for a long time. So on the evening of the sixteenth of September, 1853, we took the good little steamer "Sophia" from San Francisco bound for Stockton. At Stockton we secured wagon, mules and camping equipment and on September 18 our party started on their journey. At noon of the second day out we reached the Stanislaus River — at Heath and Emery's ferry — where we had our lunch, forded the river and took the Mariposa road. The day was intensely warm and the road heavy and dusty, as it wound through the low hills, sparsely covered with oak and brush. After a few miles we saw a large track of a grizzly which seemed to have just crossed the road. After tracking him through the woods for a while I came to the conclusion that the old Growler had made tracks to the river to quench his thirst and cool his hide, for the day was melting hot and the hills around parched. I couldn't conceive what brought him so far from water at that time of day — and such a day! We made an uneventful camp that night and by sunrise the next day (September 20) were on our way. We crossed the Tuolumne River at Dickinson 's ferry and camped on a creek that night. On September 21 we reached the Merced River at "Snelings," where we camped and caught our first fish and killed our first game — a few quail. The fish were full of fine bones — the same kind I have seen in all the fresh water streams in California — and a very poor fish to eat. Leaving the river about six miles farther up, we proceeded toward the foothills. As yet we had seen no game larger than quail, but as we advanced towards the wilds the country became more interesting. On September 26 we reached old Stearns' cabin, where we camped. Here I shot quail and doves and one of the boys killed a hare. On the next day we proceeded toward the Chowchilla River, where von Schmidt received instructions from the Surveyor General and commenced his surveying work. Here I went out hunting in the low hills for antelope and came across a herd of them, but they were so wild I could not get near enough to shoot one. Later we camped on the Fresno, then a dry bed, but with a few water holes. Here we saw a large band of wild horses — probably fifty in number — and they went snorting and charging in different courses, notably the Donner party; others fell away; and finally Colonel Grayson, with his wife and child and one horse, completed the journey alone. Almost needless to say. Colonel Grayson, like almost evei-y one else in those early days of California, went to the "diggings" and was so far successful as to be considered one of the wealthy men of San Francisco at one time. His attempts at mercantile pursuits, however, proved failures, as before. The wilds called to him and he determined to renounce business again and adopt the life of a trapper, which would afford him opportunities for the study of ornithology. One of his best known works is his "Birds of the Pacific Slope," which is profusely illustrated with colored drawings, the work of his own hand. So fine were some of these drawings that the State Fair at Sacramento awarded him a special premium "for superior drawings of native birds of California, exhibited at the Fair, 1855." This noted artist and naturalist, in his various wanderings for the purpose of studying wild life, accepted in 1853 an invitation from a friend to accompany a surveying party to the plains of Tulare County. The accompanying extracts, slightly revised, are from a diary kept by Grayson which refer to the abundance of game prevalent in that region at the time of the trip. The handwritten journal is deposited In the Bancroft Library, of the University of California, and acknowledgement is here made of the courtesy of the Library in allowing its publication. — Editor. 106 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. in a circle around ns, and then away over the plains. Here also I saw- numbers of antelope, but they were too wild to approacli. On September 80 we forded tlie San Joa(iuin at lieals' [ndian Farm, where we caught salmon and other tish, which appeared in great ({uan- tities. Some five or six miles up the river we saw some whooping cranes, a few ducks, heard a mocking bird, and saw antelope. I shot a duck and a hare. On October 3 and 4 we passed over rolling land, running due iiortii to the Fourth Standard and passing Kings River Slough. On these days we saw^ great numbers of antelope and wild horses and also a silver grey fox — the tii-st one 1 had seen this side of the Rockies. At Kings River Slough we killed some bitterns, also saw dueks, black curlews and various other water l)irds. Fishing also was good. At this slough also we met Indians, and one of them undertook to conduct us on a bunt for elk. With our Indian guide w^e WTut westerly toward the Tularies, between Kings River Slough and Kings River. These lands were literally perforated by gophers, moles and other underground inhabi- tants, and the air was infested wath mosquitoes. On this trip we saw great quantities of quail, also the tracks of a grizzly, but found nothing but the signs of elk. Our Indian guide, who was on foot, while we rode horseback, became tired out and we returned to camp on the slough. Von Schmidt continued surveying operations along the Kings, during which time we saw^ large herds of antelope. Then we proceeded to the main branch of the Kaweah River, to Wood vi lie, the county seat of Tulare County. All branches of the Kaweah abound with fish, and wood ducks were plentiful. Bear signs Avere everywhere and we killed a cub while in the Kaweah country. Later, leaving the Kaweah country, we continued to Tula Swamp, where we found signs of elk, but no elk were actually seen. At Tula Slough Creek we found quantities of fish, and I saw for the first time liere a roadrunner. Here we killed a few hares, the only game seen. On October 16 we began our journey over stretches of alkaline desert, under a sweltering sun, and with mirages mocking us in every direction, toward the great Tulare Lake. We reached this lake early in the evening, in time to kill quantities of ducks, snipe, geese and black curlew before dark. We also killed two antelope and a number of hare. We feasted that night after our desert travels. We found all kinds of waterfowl, antelope and hare in abundance around Tulare Lake. And it was here that I killed our first elk. AVe had gone on a little excursion from the lake (exactly on the line of the Seventh Standard Parallel, about three miles distant), when I saw a herd of four large buck elk. My first shot brought one down, and the others did not seem frightened nor run, and I am sure Ave could have shot more, but Ave did not need the meat. The Indians on Tulare Lake Avere greatly perturbed over our visit. They feared that we might contemplate squatting on their land. And they Avere pleased when Ave told them (through a Spanish interpreter) that Ave had no such intentions. In fact, the Avliole country Ave liad trav- eled over since Ave left the Four Creeks (KaAveah River) to Tulare Lake is totally unfit for any purpose and can never be settled by anybody but hunters or Indians. And we assured the Indians they need not fear squatters, as no Avhite man would ever want their land. CALIFORNIA PISII AND GAME. 107 On October 31 our surveying operations brought us to the main Kern River. Here we found any quantity of elk and waterfowl, and such a place for hunters I never saw ! The mallard duck abounded, but of every description of waterfowl my pen could scarcely describe the numbers, or the excitement they would create in the breast of a sportsman. Your ears are confused with the many sounds — the quacking of the mallard, the soft and delicate whistle of the baldpate and teal, the underground- like notes of the rail or marsh hen, the flute-like notes of the wdld goose and brant, the wild ranting of the heron, not to forget the bugle-like notes of the whooping crane and swan and a thousand other birds mingling their songs together — creates that indescribable sensation of pleasure that can only be felt by one fond of nature in its wildest and most beautiful form. We crossed the Kern and went on to Lake Buena Vista. We found the immediate vicinity of this beautiful lake on the side of our approacli (from the west) devoid of life, save for the little ground squirrel and the little desert sparrow. Later, however, we found great quantities of white geese and other waterfowl of every description on the southeast shores of Lake Buena Vista. In fact, so great was the number that out of ten shots fired one hundred and eighty-five fowl were killed. It was here at Lake Buena Vista that von Schmidt completed his surveying operations and we made a quick and uneventful trip to our homes in San Francisco. NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING, No. 4. By K. L. M., California. Scp:ne: In the hills in California. Time: Fresenl. Dramatis personce: Clerk op the Hotel. Angler. Tourist. Clerk: Here comes the angler. He can tell you all about that dry- fly stuff they were discussing last night. Angler, let me make you acquainted with Tourist. He wants you to tell him all you know about these dry-flies. Angler: Well, I'll do my best. (To Tourist.) Are you going fishing today ? Tourist : No, my party is going up to Pine Lake, and as I have had enough riding in a miachine to last me a long time, I'm taking a day off and going to loaf round the hotel — unless something better turns up. Angler: How about coming out with me, then? We shall have the whole day and you can see just how the game is played. Tourist: 1 shall be delighted to do so, and I am sure I shall know something about dry-fly fishing when the day is over. 108 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Angler : Wlien can you be ready to start ? Tourist : I am ready now. We have only three rods in the party, and all three are to be used up at the lake. All I need is to get a lunch put up — that won't take me long. Angler: Well, let's pull out. We have about half an hour's walk before we get to the best part of the river, but a machine will bring us back in the afternoon. Not fishing yourself, you will have a good chance to really find out something useful about the art. Usually, when anyone comes out with me, they insist on bringing their own rod. The result is, that after about five minutes of instruction, they want to fish themselves; as a consequence they learn very little. Tourist: I come from Idaho. There we have very good fishing, pro- vided you get well away from the towns. While we were sitting around the fire last night, this dry-fly talk came up ; it mystified me, for I had never heard of it before. Now, just exactly, what is dry-fly fishing? Angler : I dare say you have noticed that the various insects, such as flies, beetles, or grasshoppers, always float on the surface of the water. Now, the imitations of these insects, known as artificial flies, are made of silk, feathers, fur and other substances. In order to catch the fish, these materials are ballasted with a hook. Now, as long as we can keep our artificial fly dry, it will float on the surface and thus be in much the same position as the natural insect. Dry-fly fishing simply consists of keeping the fly dry, and if it gets wet, of drying it again as quickly as possible. Tourist : It sounds simple, but how can it be done ? I know that the first time I cast a new fly into the water it floats, but tlie second or third cast sinks the fly. Angler : First of all, we put some oil on the fly to keep the water oft' it. Then, we grease the line, so that the line itself will float. And then, if the fly does get w^et, which is not exactly an uncommon experi- ence, instead of returning the fly to the water, on the next cast, we check the fly before it gets there and make a series of false casts back- wards and forwards in the air. These false casts drive off any moisture that has collected on the fly and on the line ; so that when we do return the fly to the water, it is practically as dry as it was at first. Tourist: We got in yesterday and had lunch at the hotel. After- wards, we drove down in this direction and went fishing. I noticed swarms of grasshoppers on the water. The trout were taking them, but they would not look at our flies. We even caught some 'hoppers and tried them, but it was no good; so we packed up and came back to the hotel. Why was it we couldn 't catch any fish ? Angler: Well, when you tried flies, you were trying to coax the fish away from a very tempting morsel — viz, the grasshopper — with some- thing that did not attract them at all. And when you used grass- hoppers, I dare say, you noticed that your grasshoppers always sank below the surface of the water, whereas an unhooked 'hopper floated on the surface. Then again, the leaders you were using may have been too heavy or thick. These trout are very wise. They are fished for continuously all through the season; it is only natural to suppose that CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 109 they learn a little by bitter experience. If you could have kept your 'hoppers on top of the water and made them float with the stream in a natural manner you would, in all probability, have gotten some fish. f _ - Tounst : We are getting near where we were yesterday. I recognize that grove of pine trees, but I don't see as many grasshoppers in the air as I did yesterday. Angler: It is a little early yet. In an hour's time you will see just as many flying as you did yesterday- Well, here we are at the river. Fig. 29. Proper knot for tyinK' lai-ge fly hook to leader. There surely aren't many 'hoppers floating down yet. But we needn't worry, there will be hundreds later on. In the meantime, I will put my rod together and get ready for the fray. Tourist : I notice that you have put your reel on with the handle pointing to the left. Are you left handed? Angler : No, but I hold the rod with my right hand and wind up the line with the left. It is awkward at first, but one soon gets used to it, and I need not point out the advantage of being able to wind up the line without having to change the rod to the left hand, as you will see so many people doing. Tourist: How long is that leader? Isn't it rather too light to handle a good sized fish? Angler: The leader is 9 feet long. Although it only has a breaking strain of 24 pounds, it is quite strong enough for the average big fish Fig. 30. The "turle" knot, one often used. hereabouts. I do not expect to get anything much over 5 pounds. Of course, if one got hold of a really big fish, such as 10 or 11 pounds, one would have to be extra careful, but with ordinary luck and man- agement, it is not impossible to land a large trout on a leader such as this. 110 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Let US sit down here and watch up and down stream for the first sign of a feeding fish. Tourist: Why not begin fishing now? Angler: Until you see the fish feeding on top, it is not much good trying to get them with a fly. But in a very short time you will see grasshoppers floating down stream and the flsh will begin to feed. Fig. 31. Jam knots for tying small fly hooks to leader. Tourist : What kind of a fly are you going to use ? Angler: This one here. I call it "the floating grasshopper fly," and altliough it does not look very much like a real 'hopper when it is iloating on the surface, it has a strong resemblance to a grasshopper in a similar position. Tourist,:' How do you tie the fly on to the leader? Angler : There are several knots that can be used. This first knot is the best for larger flies (fig. 29 j ; then, there is this one (fig 30) knoAvn as the "turle" knot, and finally the two jam knots (figs. 31 and 32). These last two are used for small flies. Now, I will make a cast on that shallow water; you will notice how the fly floats and you must admit that it does look like a grasshopper. 'Tourist : Yes, the resemblance is very strong. I see your line is float- ing as well. Angler: If you remember, after I had put my rod together and threaded the line through the guides, I pulled oft: about 40 feet and nibbed the line down with this little pad which is anointed with deer a. &. Fig. 32. A simple jam knot suitable for fastening a small fly hook to leader. fat. That is what makes the line float, and if the line did not float it would be much more difficult to either keep the fl}^ dry or to sail the fly accurately clown over a feeding fish. Now, I wnll drown the fly. It is quite wet now, but just watch while I dry it. I make the forward cast— but w^ell up in the air — and before the fly has time to fall on the water I make the back stroke again. I do this several times. Finally, I cast the fly- — you see it is dry now— and it floats. Watch it. Tourist : That looks easy enough ! CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. IH Angler : AVould you care to try ? But before you do, just watch me again and note that I allow the line to become fairly well extended both in front and behind before I make the next stroke. Then, too, I must caution you to make your strokes with deliberation and only to use the wrist and forearm when casting. Now try. Tourist : Well, what happened then ? "What made the line strike the water ? Angler: You made your forward stroke too long. In other words, you should have checked the rod before it had gone very far beyond the vertical. Shorten the line a bit and try again. Tourist : That is better. I seem to be getting on to it now. What was that splash over there, just below that willow ? Angler: That was a fish. We will let him have a few more real 'hoppers before we try him with an imitation one. Until the fish are feeding steadily, they are rather particular as to what they take, but as soon as they have taken a few 'hoppers without auy accidents they are willing to look at a fly. Tourist : Did you see that ? He took another. Angler: Let's crawl up and get a little closer to him — never cast an inch further than you have to. Now we are in position. Watch closely and see just where he takes down the 'hoppers. There, he got that one all right ! Now, run your eye up along the surface for two or three feet and locate the spot where the fly should fall so that it will float over the spot where the fish took that last 'hopper. Well, that place up stream is where our fly must fall so that it will come down over Mr. Fish in a natural manner. Tourist : There, he has taken another ! Angler: Well, here goes. We'll try for him. I make a preliminary cast in the air just above the surface to see if my line is long enough or otherwise. Not quite enough, so I will pull ofl^ a little more; that is about right. Now watch the fly. It is getting close. Yes ! He has it ! Tourist : That is a good fish. See him jump ? Angler: Will you land the fish when I bring it in? Put the net well down into the water, and with one motion lift the net and scoop out the fish. Tourist : All right, give me the net. Angler : All ready 1 Here comes the fish. Tourist: Say, that fish must weigh two pounds. Why don't you bring it in? Angler : Never try to land a fish until it is all in, because if you do, in its struggles, it is very liable to catch the leader on the net and then it will break loose. Tourist: How can you tell when the fish is played out? Angler: Whenever you see a fish turn on its side, it is a sign that the fight is over. See that ! He showed his side then. He is almost fin- ished. Here he comes. Take your time and don't get excited. Well done ! You 've got it all right. Tourist : Why do you knock the fish on the head ? Angler: To kill it. It not only puts an end to the fish's sufferings, but the fish will keep better. Tourist : How much does it weigh ? Angler : One and a half pounds. 112 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. Tmcnst: Is that all? I should have thotiiiht it was fully two pounds. Angler: You will notice now, there are many more 'hoppers on the water, and look, you can see fish feeding on them all up and down the river. See, tliere is a fisli I want you to catch. Tourist: Now, tell me just what to do. Where shall I drop the fly? Angler : The current is a little stronger here, so you had better drop the fly about three feet above the fish. To be exact, just in line with that little willow shoot. But, before you make your cast just cast well off to one side, where there will be no danger of frightening the fish, so as to see how the line is for length. Tourist: The fly has sunk. Wh.y was that? Angler: I expect you aimed at a spot on the surface, whereas, you should have tried to cast your fly in the air so as to strike a spot about a foot above the surface. Then, the fly would have fallen on the water gently. . , Tourist: Will 3'ou dry the fly? Angler : All right, but watch mc closely. I throw the fly straight out in front, then back and keep it moving quickly. Now it is dry. Try again. Tourist : That is in the right spot. Here it comes over the fish ; no good. Angler: You made a mistake then. When your fly has passed over a feeding fish without any notice l)eing taken of it, let the fly float well down below the fish before you lift the line off the water. Tourist: Shall I try again? Angler : No, I guess that fish is scared. We will move on and try for that fish that has just made such a splash behind that weed. "But don't try from above ; get below the fish and cast up stream. Tourist: How is this? I think I can reach him from here. Angler: Take your time; wait till the fish has taken another 'hopper; then you can locate him exactly. Tourist : There, he got that one, so here goes the fly. Angler: Ah, that ought to get him. lie's got it! But what did you do? Tourist : The leader broke and the fly is gone. Angler: I expect you struck too hard. AVcll, let us move down a bit wliile I tie on another fly. When you strike a fish do not strike as though you wanted to throw the fish out ; just make a slight upward motion with the rod and as soon as you feel any resistance check the motion; tlien, keep a tisxht line on the fish, but do not try to see how much strain the tackle will stand; just keep an even strain on the fish and keep the fish moving. Striking is really the most difficult thing to become proficient in. If we were using ordinary gut, which is two or three times stronger than what we are using, it would be much easier to successfully hook a fish; but the stouter gut would be much more visible to the fish and in all probability we should not have many opportunities to strike at a rising fish. Another thing to remember is this, big trout should not be struek as quickly as you would strike smaller fish. The movements of the larger fish are, to a certain extent, deliberate. As a rule, there are no very near neighbors who might snatch the tempting morsel away. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 113 Whereas, a small fish has generally numerous relatives close by, ali of whom are on the lookout for anything that looks good. Now come carefully round this piece of brush and get down and crawl up towards the bank. Tourist : Well, look at that fish, you can see the spots on him. Try and catch him. Angler: Wait a minute; let's watch him feed; maybe we can learn something useful by watching him. If you notice, there is a patch of weed that comes almost to the surface. This restricts the stream and makes a little stretch of sharp current close under the bank. The fish keeps his position just at the lower end of this sharper stream and faces up stream watching for 'hoppers. Here comes a 'hopper. See the fish move a little to one side. Then see, just at the right moment he'll come to the surface and take it down. Tourist: That certainly is a fine fish; look at him-! Say, try and catch him. Angler: All right, here goes. Well, did you see that? There was a real grasshopper a little nearer the fish than my fly was and he took that and never even noticed the fly. Well, I'll try again when there are no real 'hoppers in sight to dis- tract his attention. Now is the time : watch the fly. Tourist : Good, he 's taken it. Angler: Keep down; don't show yourself to the fish till you have to. You go down to that point of gravel and I'll bring the fish in. But don't stand up till you have the fish in the net. Tourist : He is trying to get into those weeds. Angler: Yes, he knows that once there, he has a good chance of getting off. He's beginning to get tired now, but as this is a good sized fish I shall not bring him in until he is quite worn out. See that? He turned on his side ; but it's not quite time yet, he has straightened up again. However, it won't be long now. There, put the net down low in the water and I will bring the fish in. Tourist: Say, that's some fish! See what he weighs. Angler: Three and a quarter pounds, and only IS^ inches long. Now, I want you to catch something. Before we begin fishing again, I'll break the fly off and tie it on again. Tourist : Why do you do that ? Angler: Because the gut has necessarily become weakened at the knot. Also you see how slimy and wet the fly is. It does not look as though it would ever be dry again. I'll just slam the fly onto the water and jerk it through a few times; that will wash the slime off. Next I'll press the fly between this little pad. It is almost dry now, but to complete the drying process, while we're walking down to the next feeding fish I'll make some false casts in the air. I am going to cast the fly on that shallow Avater. What did I tell you? It's absolutely 'bone dry' again. Tourist : What is that little pad made of ? Angler: It is a piece of amadou, which is a fung-us with the properties of absorbing moisture very rapidly. 114 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Tourist : Something like blotting paper ? Angler: Yos, only with greater powers of absorption than any blotting paper that was ever made. Now tlien, hei-e is a fish you must get. There is just enough stream to rufile the surface a bit, but it is a steady stream so that you can cast a straight line and not have any reason to expect a drag. Tourist: What is a 'drag'? Angler: A 'drag' is that which results from the line moving faster <»r slower than the %. If a line is cast in sucli a way as to make tlie fly draw or pull against the current and thus leave a wake behind it, the tly is said to 'drag.' I dare say, you have observed that real flies and other insects hardly ever do this. A wary trout miglit ju.st be on the point of taking a liy, but if the fly suddenly began to move across the surface leaving a track behind it, the suspicions of the fish would be aroused and in all probability he would have none of your fly. However, this fi.sh is easy of accass and there is not much danger of drag. Make your fly fall on the water about two feet above the spot where he took down the last 'hopper ! Above all, when he takes the fly strike him gently, as though you loved him. Now go to it. Tourist : That seems a good east ])ut the fish is taking no notice of the fly. Angler: Wait a few moments before you cast again; if you are not in a great hurry wait until he has taken another real 'hopper. Tourist: There, he took that one. I'll try him with the fly again. Angler: Good cast. Keep your eye on the fly. Oh, he has it! Well done — you have hooked him. Take your time. Don't get flurried, I will land him when you bring him in. Tourist : He seems tired out, so make ready. Now, I'm. going to pull him in toward you. Angler : Well, well, that is certainly a nice fish — two and a quarter pounds — and the first you ever caught on a dry-fly. Tourist: I shall have something to tell the rest of the party when I meet them tonight. Angler: It is only two o'clock, and the machine won't show up for another half hour. We have caught as many fish as the law permits, not large in numbers, but a full ten pounds; so while we are waiting for the machine I will give you a few more pointers. As I have explained, the grasshopper fly, which we were using, floats on its side very much as the real insect does. Water bred flies, on which trout feed, float on the surface with their wings up in the air. I will now put on an olive dun; we need not expect anj^ fish to look at it, because they are far too much taken up with the grasshoppers at present. Now, will you go up stream about forty feet and kneel down and watch the water closely? Tourist: IIow will this do? Angler: That is just about right. Now watch the surface; I will drop the fly about three feet from the bank. When you see the fly on the water tell me if you notice anything at all about it. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 115 Tourist: Why, the fly is floating with its wings up in the air just like the real thing. How did you do that ? Angler : Now watch me make a cast. Instead of making the backward and forward strokes in a vertical i)lane, that is, the overhead cast which we used with the grasshopper fly, I make the strokes in a horizontal plane, which throws the line out sideways, and the fly curves around and for a moment the line, leader and fly are motionless over the water ; then they fall gently, and the fly falling by its own weight naturally assumes an upright position and floats with its wings 'cocked up.^ Tourist: Why won't the overhead cast do that as well as the hori- zontal cast? Angler: Because, no matter how carefully we cast, there is always the chance that the line will still have some slight momentum left in it from the cast; this motion, no matter how slight, may be enough to topple the fly over on its side. On the other hand, the horizontal cast throws the line out over the water, the line becomes extended and for a fraction of a moment all movement ceases, then gravity begins to act and the fly falls very lightly on the surface, as you have seen. Now come and try to do as I did. Tourist : Let me see you do it again. All right, now let me have a try. Angler: Try and see how close you can make your fly come to that little bit of rush that shows above the surface. You overshot the mark that time ; the fly curled round too far. Tourist: What made it do that? Angler: You put just a trifle too much force into the cast. Try again. Tourist: It was way this side of it. I guess I didn't cast quite hard enough that time. Ah! That is better. You try again. Angler : This cast is much harder to do accurately than the overhead cast, but when you once learn it well, it is astonishing how simple it becomes. Tourist I Why, the fly fell within three inches of the rush ; I wish I could do that. Angler: You will soon pick up the knack with practice, but watch this cast. This is the back-handed cast. It is the same as the horizontal cast only is made on the left hand side. The stroke somewhat resembles a back-handed stroke at lawn tennis, hence its name. It looks difficult, but comes just as easy as the other with practice. Tourist : Well, here comes the machine, and I must thank you for a most enjoyable and instructive day. Angler: I am glad you got some benefit from my teachings, and 1 hope you will become a highly proficient dry-fly man in the years to come. Tourist : It certainly is a gi*eat sport. It has added to the charm of fly-fishing in a way that I thought hardly possible. I should like you to meet the rest of my party. Angler: I will come over to the hotel after supper, about eight o'clock, but you had better take these fish, as there is just a chance that your crowd have not caught anything up at Pine Lake; even if they have, stream fish are always better eating than lake fish. Tourist : Thanks very much. I have been hungry for trout for some time. Well, so-long till thLs evening. 116 CAI^IFORNIA FISH AND GAME. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME A publication devoted to the conserva- tion of wild life and published quarterly by the California State Fish and Game Commission. Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali- fornia. Offered in e.\change for ornitho- logical, mammalogical and similar period- icals. The articles published in California Fish and Game are not copyrighted and may be reproduced in other periodical.s, provided due credit is given the California Fish and Game Commission. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to make use of pertinent material. All material for publication should be sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal. JULY 26, 1920. "The man who illegally takes game or fish decreases food resources and de- frauds his country." A NEW EXECUTIVE OFFICER Since our last publication Mr. Charles A. Vogelsang has succeeded Mr. Carl Westerfeld as Executive Officer of the Commission. This change Is not regret- table in and of itself, for Mr. Vogelsang has had years of previous experience in the office he now holds, and has always enjoyed a deserved popularity for ability and zeal in the performance of his duties. No better appointment could have been made. The only regret arises from the fact that Mr. Westerfeld's conduct left the Commission no alternative course except declaring his position vacant. A majority of the Board had long been convinced that a continuance of Mr. Westerfeld's services was not desirable. He became dissatisfied with his salary and devoted time due to the State to the maintenance and upbuilding of a private law practice and used the Commission's rooms and stenographer's services to that end. His lack of interest was soon reflected In the laxity of his subordinates; in view of which the majority of the Board came to feel that a change in the office of Execu- tive Secretary was absolutely essential. He was so advised and was accorded two months time in which to arrange for his retirement. At the end of that period. Instead of resigning, he preferred public charges against Commissioners Newbert and Connell, the burden of which was that they were criminally responsible for the mishandling of State moneys. It was not, of course, charged that they had embezzled of misappropriated any of these moneys; that would have been too preposterous. The charge was that they did not remit to the State Treasury, month by month, all moneys arising from the sale of licenses, as the law requires. The answer of the Commissioners was prompt and complete — that they had deposited these various license funds when, and as they actually became State funds — that canners' licenses, kelp and fisheries tonnage taxes, sold directly by the Commission, were remitted upon receipt; but that hunting and angling licenses, retailed for the greater con- venience of sportsmen through a large number of so-called "Resale Agents." were only to be considered as State funds after final settlements with such agents, as they were entitled to refunds for all licenses returned unsold, and their com- missions could only be computed upon their actual sales. In this interpretation of the law and of their duties, the Com- missioners were wholly justified and fully exonerated by an opinion of the Attorney General of the State delivered in response to the Governor's request for a construc- tion of the law. Manifestly, but one course was open to the Board after such a baseless attack by a subordinate, and Mr. Westerfeld was ousted from office. F. M. NEWBERT. M. J. CONNELL. OPTIMISM VERSUS PESSIMISM. \\'(' all athiiire llic Dptiinist, the man who believes that all is going well in spite of adverse conditious, but some- times an "all's well with the world" attitude develops' apathy and a disregard of the need of roadjustnient or reform. There are many sporl.smou who, iu spite of circumstantial evidence, glibly point out that game conditions are of the very best, that same is continually on the increase, and that there is no need for worry as to the futui-e. Too much of this sort of optimism prevents an awak- ened public sentiment which would be favorable to an improvement of condi- tions. Although pessimism may sometimes mean a reduction of income from the sale of hunter's and angler's licenses, yet pessimism 'n regard to future game conditions often stirs the public to action. Certainly a study of the game situation in our state would convince anyone that action rather than apathy is the present day need, in so far as fish and game conservation is concerned. We are in- clined to believe that there is greater danger toward fish and game in the optimistic point of view than in the pessimistic point of view. THE VALIDITY OF THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY SUSTAINED. On April nineteenth of this year the United States Supreme Court sustained the validity of the Migratory Bird Treaty, a treaty which was made between the United States and Great Britain for the protection of migratory birds in the L'nited States and Oanada. It also declared the Migratory Bird Treaty Act CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 117 constitutional which was approved July 3, 1918, to carry out the provisions of the treaty. Those who have appreciated the need for this law rejoice that it has finally been declared constitutional. As early as 1904 Hon. George Shiras 3d introduced a bill which was defeated. But on March 4, 191ii, the Weeks- McLean bill was brought before Con- gi-ess through the efforts of the Inter- state Sportsmen's Protective Association. This association necessarily took an im- portant part in the fight. The Weeks-McLean bill provided that the United States Department of Agri- culture should have the right to make regulations for the taking of migratory birds of all kinds. The principal attack made on this new bill was by some of the Middle Western States, Illinois be- ing one of the most prominent. The argument made against the bill, by Illi- nois and other states affected, was that it practically eliminated the sport of duck hunting except for those living on the big rivers and lakes, unless there was a great sufficiency of water during the fall season, an entirely uncertain factor. The Weeks-McLean bill was attacked in the Federal Courts and was held to be unconstitutional by several of the judges in the United States District Courts, with the result that the government having been appealed to, from the adverse deci- sion in Arkansas, the case eventually reached the Supreme Court. While the act was under discussion the treaty was made between the United States and Great Britain for the protection of migra- tory birds in the United States and Canada. This treaty was enacted by Congress and after the law went into effect the federal government dismissed the appeal in the Supreme Court, as the old act was supplanted by the new one. Before further discussing the Migratory Bird Treaty, a brief summary of the provisions of the treaty is inserted as follows : (1) The close season on all migratory birds in both countries is between March 10 and September 1. (2) No open season can exceed three and a half months. (3) The season is closed the year round on all migratory insectivorous birds. (4) It is unlawful to sell wild ducks and other water-fowl in the markets in either country. (n) It is unlawful to rob the nests of the ducks, etc., in Canada. Returning to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the final settlement in the Supreme Court; on July 2, 1919, application was made before Judge Arba S. Van Valkenburgh of the United States District Court, at Kansas City, Mis- souri, for a restraining order to pro- hibit United States game wardens from enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in that state. Judge Van Valkenburgh refused. Acting under the authorization of a joint resolution adopted by both branches of the legislature. Attorney General McAllister brought this case of the State of Missouri, Appellant, vs. Ratj P. Holland, United States game warden before the Supreme Court (No. 609, October Term, 19l9). It was on this case that the Supreme Court, sus- taining the decision of the lower tribunal, handed down the concluding sentiment which determined the constitutionality of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. McAll- ister, leading the fight against the act, maintained that it trod on the rights of the state. The opinion of the court as delivered by Justice Holmes reads as follows : "The state, as we have intimated, founds its claim of exclusive authority upon an assertion of title to migratory birds, an assertion that is embodied in statute. No doubt it is true that as between a state and its inhabitants the state may regulate the killing and sale of such birds, but it does not follow that its authority is exclusive of paramount powers. To put the claim of the state upon title is to lean upon a slender reed. W'ild birds are not in the possession of anyone ; and possession is the beginning of ownership. The whole foundation of the state's rights is the presence within their jurisdiction of birds that yesterday had not arrived, tomorrow may be in another state and in a week a thovisand miles away. If we are to be accurate we cannot put the case of the state upon higher ground than that the treaty deals with creatures that for the mom- ent are within the state borders, that it must be carried out by oSicers of the United States within the same territory, and that but for the treaty the state would be free to regulate this subject itself." In further answer to Attorney General McAllister's stand, and concluding the 118 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. delivered opinion of the court, Justice Holmes said : "The treaty in question does not con- travene any prohibitory words to be found in the constitution. The only question is whether it is forbidden by some invisible radiation from the general terms of the Tenth Amendment. Here national interest of very nearly the first magnitude is involved. It can be protected only by national action in concert with that of another power. The subject matter is only transitorily within the state and has no permanent habitat therein. But for the treaty or the statute, the reason might be no birds for any power to deal with. Wo see nothing in the constitution that compels the government to sit by while a food supply is cut off and the protectors of our forests and our crops are destroyed. It is not sufficient to rely upon the states. The reliance is vain, and were it other- wise, the question is whether the United States is forbidden to act. We are of the opinion that the treaty and statute must be upheld." The decree was aflBrmed, Associate Jus- tices Van Devanter and Pitney dissenting. SURVEY OF THE FUR-BEARING MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA. Many readers of Cxxifornia Fisn and Game who do more or less trapping each year will be directly interested in the announcement that on December 1. 1919, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California began an investigation of the fur-bearing mammals of the state. The purjKise of the investi- gation thus undertaken is to secure reli- able information as fully as feasible con- cerning the food, breeding habits and all other points worth knowing in the nat- ural history of our fur-bearers. It is believed that this information is espec- ially desirable at this time so as to determine the economic status of the various species, th's being in many cases in doubt to ascertain the annual catch which may be safely taken without en- dangering the present breeding stock, and further to furnish an adequate basis for sound constructive legislation that will protect and develop the fur resources of our state. The income to the trappers of California from this source now amounts to nearly .$400,000 annually. All wild mammals of California whose pelts are commonly sold for fur are to be considered as fur-bearing mammals in this investigation. Arrangements have been fully made, and the work is already well under way. Mr. Joseph Dixon, Economic Mammalo- gist of the above named institution, has spent a large part of the past trapping season visiting the lrapi>ers of the state and in securing first hand information relative to fur-bearing mammals. Dia- grams to scale, measurements and photo- graphs of breeding dens, notes on life history, together with photographs of the living animals in the wild have already been secured of several of our most im- portant fur-bearers. Blank records have been sent to the most progressive trappers of the sta'i*- and these men have responded heartily. Many of them have examined the stomach contents of all the animals that they have t^-apped, so that we now have, in addition to field notes and collections gathered during the past eleven years by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, as a foundation to go on, over 3o0 defi- nite records, from these reports of food found in the stomachs of practically all the common fur-bearers in this state. The trappers have also sent in all avail- able records of females that they have trapped which have contained embryos (unborn young). This affords an accu- rate index to the time and rate of breed- ing of these animals and has a direct value in determining the date when the trapping season should close in order to "protect the crop'' for the succeeding trapping season. An important feature of recent field work has been the taking of paraffin casts of tracks made by live wild animals under natural conditions in the field. Such a cast faithfully reproduces every dimension and contour of the oi-iginal track and thus affords an excellent idoa of one sort of "sign"' which may be looked for by trappers It is expected that at least three years' work will be required before the results of the investigation will be ready for publication. It is planned that this shall be in book form. Arrangements have been made to have this volume illustrated with color plates by America's foremost animal artists. Chapters in the book will be devoted to decrease of fur-bearing mammals, causes and control of this decrease, the fur trapper in California, methods of trapping and curing furs, CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 119 legislation relative to fur-bearing mam- mals, agricultural and game interests versus fur interests, and federal and state forest reserves as permanent producers of fur-bearing mammals. A general account of each species is being planned for, under which will ap- pear topics such as common and scien- tific names, marks for field identification, description of pelage, moult, coloration, pads, claws, measurements, weights, skulls, teeth, variation, general distribu- tion, type locality and specimens exam- ined. Other topics, such as mannerisms, gait, posture of body, instances of behav- ior, timidity, voice, tracks and other sign, sanitation, breeding dens, breeding sea- sons and habits, number of young in litter, time of birth, precocity of young, paternal care, enemies, nature of food (exact data), feeding and forage habits, relative abundance, estimates of popula- tion, changes within history, relation to agriculture, grazing and forestry, and economic status, will be treated in detail. Suggestions, information and observa- tions of special interest will be welcomed from the readers of Caxifornia Fish and Game. In order to be of most value, the locality, date, and name of the observer must bo given. Address communications to Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California. ADEQUATE GAME PROTECTION. What will make for better game pro- tective measures throughout the United States is a question which concerns all of the people of the United States who are interested in the conservation of wild life. The Pim Cone, the official bulletin of the New Mexico Game Protective Associa- tion, in the issue of March, 1920, states that either the inadequate, conventional methods of game protection, in vogue in practically evei-y state in the Union, must go, or the game must go. This is rather too radical a statement, but it is generally conceded that there is a vast need for improvement in the individual state game protective departments of the United States. There are three fundamental pre- cepts which are applicable to the state game departments in general, and which, if striven for, and earnestly adhered to, would assuredly do much to not only solve the problem of more adequate wild life conservation in each state, but would perfect the appended system to the national department on conservation. They are as follows : First — The slogan in every state should be, "Conservation through education."' Second — Plenary powers should be granted the commissions or departments concerned with game regulation and wild life resources, not with the idea of giving more power, but of avoiding the necessary delay entailed by state legislation. This point is aptly exemplified by again quot- ing from the Pine Cone: The state de- partment of health is a commission to which the state legislature has delegated extensive authority in regulating public health — such as making rules for the sani- tary handling of milk, closing public meet- ings in time of epidemic, etc. Suppose during the influenza epidemic, we had had to wait for a meeting of the legislature before closing public meetings. Yet that is no more illogical than waiting for a legislative enactment to close the season on a species immediately threatened with extermination." And Third — Departmental duties and dis- cretionary powers should be conscien- tiously executed. Particularly with re- gard to — (1) The granting of permits. (2) The practice of quantitative dis- tribution of licenses. (3) The setting aside of game sanc- tuaries proportionate to the requirements of the state. In California it is worthy of note and emphasis that 3,107.520 acres — 27 game refuges by legislative enactment, 3 game preserves by the Fish and Game Com- mission, 5 bird reservations, and the national park areas by the federal govern- ment— have been set aside where no hunting is allowed, and where game is allowed to breed unmolested. This is, as has been stated before, roughly speaking, about 3 per cent of the total area of the state. It is by constructive methods, there- fore, that the goal of adequate wild life conservation will be reached. 120 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. A NATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE. In the Review of April 17, 1920, there is an editorial suggesting the value of a national commission on the conserva- tion of wild life. The Rciicic makes the following statements : "Good legislation in some narrow corner of the field results, now and then; but permanent advances along the entire line is impossible, so long as the matter is handled in a piecemeal waj'." It is very true that greater cooperation in the work of conservation is needed, particularly in the consideration of effec- tive methods of dealing with tho problem of migratory species. The starting point for this work is conservation by education in the different states, and from this will develop united public senti- ment and greater national benefits. The United States Bureau of Biological Survey under the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture may be considered as the present national organization for the conservation of wild life. It is the beginning of what must necessarily be an actively growing institution. However, notwithstanding the unquestionable value of the United States Biological Survey, a commission would doubtless have much more freedom than the present United States Bureau has, and with a compe- tent, fit body of men, might be able to accomplish more. The vital point which still remains is that any central commission or national body, no matter how efficient in itself, would be more or less ineffectual unless it has the support of the individual states. Therefore, the effort of each state should be toward education which would lead directly to a cooperative spirit and the unification of endeavor. Without educational methods there will be more chance for misguided legislation, lobby- ing, aggressive criticism and the accom- panying lack of coordinated national strength. The conclusion is that the idea of a national commission is of paramount interest, but any national organization will be greatly hampered until it has creditable state support. GUNS USED BY DUCK PIRATES. Although few of the big guns used by the duck pirates, or night gunners, on Chesapeake Bay and the rivers of Mary- land, are in use at the present time, yet occasionally a new capture is made. The collection photographed is a collection Fig. 33. Large bore guns used by duck pirates on Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. These are similar to those used by duck pirates in (\ilifornia previous to protective laws which put them out of business. which has been assembled from time to time by the game wardens of Maryland. The guns measur(> 10 feet and weigh about 115 pounds ; they are very crude affairs, some of them having been made by the "village blacksmith." Like guns were used by market hunters in Cali- fornia until legislation prohibited their use. Wm. II. FisiiEH. Baltimore, Md. SALMON FISHING AT MENDOTA WEIR. Prior to the last two decades, salmon fishing in the upper waters of the San .Joaquin River was confined to the use of seines and spears. Following closely CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 121 on these methods came the grabhook. This latter method could not be employed until some barrier was constructed which would interfere with the passage of the salmon toward their spawning ground. When such a barrier was devised the fish congregated in large numbers and thus became endangered by two methods of capture. Either, due to their attempts to leap the obstruction, they became a mark for the spearsman, or while massed below a weir under water they became the unseen target for the unscrupulous — so-called — sportsmen, or avaricious fish vendor, neither class caring what method they employed of catching the fish so long as they got them. In about the year 1910 or 1911, the legislature of California attempted to check the use of grabhooks, but in fram- ing the law, the wording of the protective section has proved to be inadequate. The section which has been the source of many bitter controversies between the officers of the law and the fellow who wanted the fish reads as follows : "Section 634. Every person who, ex- cept with spear or hook and line, said hook and line to be used in the manner commonly known as angling, takes, catches or kills any salmon * * * jg guilty of a misdemeanor." In so far as I know, we have no court interpretation on this section, so the matter is still in dispute. Passing from the illegal methods of taking salmon resorted to by the un- scrupulous fisherman, we have the spoon hook and line method practiced by the many clean true sportsmen, some of whom come from distant places in the state to take salmon. And not in- frequently, the sportsman of this type is rewarded by a big fellow taking the spoon in his mouth, which results in a fight that will often last for a half an hour or an hour. Thus the angler is rewarded by a spbrtsmanly encounter which keeps him on keen edge until the salmon is landed. Why salmon strike at a spoon is not really known, for they apparently take no food after entering a freshwater stream, the stomach becoming useless so that food would probably not digest even if introduced artificially into the stomach. Then, we are prone to ask, "Why does he strike?" His known fighting qualities and unbounded determination to reach his recognized spawning bed may be an ex- planation for his actions. One seldom ever hears of a salmon taking a spoon until after he passes the town of Fire- baugh, which leads to the inference that he apparently does not strike a spoon, after leaving the sea, until he meets with interference on his journey to his spawn- ing bed. The town of Firebaugh is some six miles below Mendota weir, and very few salmon are taken on hook and line outside of a mile or two down the river, from the latter town. But at the weir, I have noted more than a hundred fish taken in twenty-four hours, fairly caught in the mouth with spoon hooks. Those salmon which pass the weir travel up the river and pay little heed to lures of any kind, until they reach their final homes or spawning beds, in and near the hills. After reaching the cobble bottoms where they deposit their spawn, they again strike the spoon hook ; at this time they furnish the greatest sport for the rod-casting enthusiast. Not only is the angler kept constantly on the alert, but he can find plenty of sal- mon pools wherein he can "let fly" one hundred and fifty feet of line and then some. The good fishing usually extends from the period prior to the time that they deposit their eggs until sometime in September ; but individual salmon con- tinue striking even on through the winter months. Unless further protection is extended to the salmon very soon, the thrill of a salmon strike in the San Joaquin will be history. We have been very properly forced to give up the fall run of salmon to the agriculturist, and now our spring run is being depleted very rapidly. We lose vast numbers of fry in the irrigating ditches, as they travel down toward the sea. Therefore, unless we extend our best efforts to protect these fish quickly, the salmon of the upper San Joaquin River will pass into history as our elk and antelope have done. «. T>. N. Ellis. 122 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. CHEAP SPORT FOR INFLUENTIAL VIOLATORS. There is many a man who would gladly pay $5 for the privilege of killing a Canada goose, provided he was sure that this was the only penalty he must pay and that he would not be prosecuted and branded as a man unwHling to play fair with his brother sport smcu. Yet there are men in this country today who an enjoying this privilege, or rather steal- ing it, at the low rate of .$2.50 per viola- tion. It was only as recently as Septem- ber 23, 1910, that William F. Taubel, a wealthy citizen of Iliverside, New .Jersey, was fined $5 by a United States District Court in Trenton, New .Torscy, for violat- ing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, in that he decoyed to a blind and killed two Canada geeso. Since that lime the same judge who imposed, the fine in the Taubel case has fined other violators of the same law as low as .$2..50. These fines contrast rather glaringly with a fine of $1,000 imposed on Octo- ber 22 of the same year, also in Trenton, New Jersey, on Emilo Trowti, an alien resident of West Amwell, New Jersey. Trowti was found guilty of violating the New Jersey game laws, and was surely deserving of his punishment, as he was caught with a bag containing forty-eight song and insectivorous birds. However, fines similar to the first ones will surely cheapen the federal law and make diffi- cult the enforcement of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. It is gratifying to know that other district judges in the United States do not share the views of the one who im- posed these low fines. In Wisconsin three hunters were recently fined $100 each for attempting to kill ducks after sunset, while in Connecticut a violator was sentenced to three months in jail for a violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. It is only by stringent methods that the true intent and meaning of this act can be carried out. WATCH FOR BANDED DUCKS. All waterfowl should bo carofully ex- amined to ascertain whether or not they are banded. The Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and sev- eral individuals are making a practice of banding waterfowl, to ascertain their migratory lines of flight, and it is quite necessary that full reports regarding the taking of any banded bird be made to the proper authorities. QUAIL IMMUNE TO STRYCHNINE POISONING. Important evidence has been secured regarding the comparative immunity of quail to strj-chnine poisoning. Field observations and feeding experiments con- ducted in California showed that one valley quail can eat grain containing enough strychnine to kill 12 ground squir- rels without showing the slightest ill effect from the poison. A number of .similar experiments on a mountain quail and a Ijobwhite gave like results. The infoimntion thus gained will tend to allay fears in certain quarters that poisoning campaigns against ground squirrels result disastrously to these valuable game birds. Investigations in Saskatchewan, Canada, have proved that grouse are equally immune to strychnine poisoning. Ann. Rpt. V. S. Dept. Agric. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY TAKES OVER WORK OF AMERICAN BIRD-BAND- ING ASSOCIATION. The Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, has taken over the work, good will, effects, and records of the American Bird Banding Association, formerly con- ducted from headquarters at the Ameri- can INIuseum of Natural History in New York City. In the future, therefore, the issue of bands and information rela- tive to the work will be from this office, to which all records of birds banded and recovered, should be sent. There will, of course, be no further dues or initia- tion fees. In taking over the work of this association, the Biological Survey is particularly desirous of retaining your hearty cooperation, upon which a large part of our success will depend. The work is to be advanced along two principal lines: first, the trapping and banding of waterfowl, esxi'scially duck.-j and geese on both their breeding and wintering grounds ; and second, the sys- tematic trapping of land birds as initiated by Mr. S. Prentiss Baldwin. By main- taining volunteer trapping stations at CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 123 intervals over the country, and con- sistently operating them throughout the year, a mass of valuable data relative to the migration routes, speed of travel, and affinity for the nest site of the previous year, as well as a quantity of life history information about the individual will be acquired. To do this with any degree of success, the observer should be advantageously located with regard to bird habitats, as it is obvious that traps can not be regularly visited if located at any considerable distance from the operator's usual station during the day, and it is imperative that they be visited at least two or three times daily to prevent the birds captured from injuring themselves against the wires. The fascination of the work, however, will amply repay anyone for the little time and trouble, and for the ex- pense for traps and baits. Experiments are now under way to determine the most suitable types of traps and the best methods of trapping ; and arrangements are being made for a supply of bands. In the meantime, however, the Biologi- cal Survey desires to invite continued cooperation and will welcome any inquiries or suggestions for the advance- ment of the work. The Bureau particu- larly desires to get in touch with those advantageously located for the establish- ment of trapping stations. NEW ZEALAND ENCOURAGES FISHING INDUSTRY. Recently the Industries Committee, of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, traveled throughout the Domin- ion to find out how new and budding industries might be assisted and encour- aged. The fishing industry amongst otliers was investigated and the follow- ing interesting recommendations were made : That the best way to bring about the development of the industry is by organ- ization for catching, distributing and, where necessary, preserving the fish. The only way to provide adequate supplies and prices within the reach of all is by trawling. It recommended that a separate fish- eries department of the government be established with a director and staff. That the government own and operate steam trawlers, and establish fish-chilling and ice-making plants near the fishing grounds and engage generally in the business. That the government advances be made to fisliermen on the security of their boats and fishing outfit. That the fishermen's boats be insured by the state ofiice at a low rate. That a systematic, scientific and prac- tical survey of fisliing grounds be under- taken without delay, and that the govern- ment purchase a properly constructed and equipped vessel for this work. That government assistance be given to encourage the canning, curing and commercial preparation of fish food, special attention being given to the canning of crayfish. That encouragement be given for the manufacture of fish manure and the pro- duction of fish oil (other than whale oil). Several recommendations were made for licensing and controlling the business of whaling, among which were (1) that the whaling company should give guar- anty that every portion of a whale's carcass will be used, and (2) that each company be confined to sixty miles of coast and each must take at least a certain number each year. KARAKUL SHEEP INDUSTRY. A few years ago considerable pub- licity was given the fact that some karakul sheep, noted for their fur, had been imported from Siberia. Added interest now pertains to this importation because of the fact that some of the original imported stock has been moved to California from Tt-xas. The Kerman Karakul Sheep Company secured 200 animals from Texas in 191S, and the herd is now considerably .arger. The out- standing importance of this breed lies in the splendid fur whicQ is produced. It now appears also that this breed will do well even on scanty alkali vegetation. The karakul sheep will stand on its hind legs and browse high up, and therefore needs less territory as range. The lambs grow rapidly, sometimes attaining a weight of sixty pounds in two months. The mutton has a peculiar gamey flavor, and the large amount of fat (about 124 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. twenty pounds to each animal) is valu- able. According to P. A. Ingvason, manager of the rancli at Kcrman, a Fig. 34. Karakvil lamb showinK fur in prime condition. The Karaliul sheep industry has spread to Cali- fornia. better and hardier sheep is obtained by crossing the karakul with a Mexican wool sheep. A new fur industry is therefore being developed in California. Although the animals utilized are domesticated, yet the increase of furs of this sort should add much to reduce the toll taken of native fur-bearers, and consequently this new project should be looked upon with favor. SUGGESTED BIRD RESERVATION ON MONO LAKE. A colony of gulls is located on a large island in Mono Lake where it is cus- tomary for them to breed each year. Recently a desert homestead has been taken up with an entry on the lake, and a summer residence has been built there. I understand that the homesteader pro- poses to stock the island with goats, which may be a fad that will be short lived. However, it strikes me that some attention should be given to the preser- vation of this colony of gulls, which is somewhat unique on account of the fact that it is situated so far inland, and also because it adds greatly to the interest taken in the Mono Lake region. This territory is rapidly coming to the front among tlie tourists as a recreation ground, and I feel that all due pi-ecaution should he taken to retain the interesting fea- tures of the locality. I have had it in mind for some time to advocate the setting aside of a sufficiently large portion of this island as a bird reservation,- to insure their continued residence, through the aid of due protection. No doubt you will be interested in this case, and if you care to take it up further, I will be glad to do all in my power to assist you in the matter. It is quite ev'dent that unrestricted goat raising on the island would have a disastrous effect on the birds. W. W. Maule. Fig. 35. Black fox at Tahoe 1 ..x l-arm. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 125 FOX FARM A SUCCESS. The foxes at the fox farms of Lewis aud Kierman, situateu near Pomins, Lake Tahoe, are doing splendidly. The snow and cold, moist atmosphere at Lake Tahoe puts the fur in prime condition. The accompanying photograph is a pic- ture of "Tahoe Queen," a black silver fox at the fox farm of Lewis and Kier- man, which is valued at $3,000. The results thus far have been so encouraging that Lewis and Kierman are contem- plating enlarging their fox farm of silver black foxes. Joseph H. Sanders. DEER PROTECTION IN SISKIYOU COUNTY. There is nothing so abhorrent to the true sportsman as the vs'anton slaughter of deer, and especially the ruthless killing of a doe. One morning in March, 1919, the writer came upon a spectacle of this kind which so aroused him that he is prompted to utter a protest against such butchei-y. He was riding on horseback through the winter range for mule deer in Siskiyou County, which extends from the Weed Big Springs road as far north as the foot of Goose Nest Mountain and as far east as Morrison Station on the Klamath Falls line. In this section there are several hundred deer that come from the higher mountains and even from the lava beds to winter. There was about one inch of snow on the ground. Sud- denly there appeared in the snow a blood trail with a man's track following. The writer determined to investigate. He did not have far to go when he came upon a sight that made his blood boil. There under a little bunch of pines he found the head of a mule doe and nearby two un- born fawns that the violator had taken from her. It was late in the evening and the writer had no kodak. When he re- turned next morning to get a picture he found that the coyotes had been there in the night and nothing remained. This, however, was not the first slaughtered doe that the writer has found. The previous year on this same range he had come upon a mother aud two year- ling fawns, both does, wantonly killed and left for the coyotes. Furthermore, almost every day of the week shots may be heard in this section and evidence found of deer killed out of season. Game hogs have even gone so far as to build roosts in the trees, that they may have a better vantage point to watch the runaways. In view of the conditions existing on this range it would almost seem advisable that a special patrol be established here from the first of December until the first of May, by which time the deer will have gone back to their summer ranges aud can protect themselves. — Edwin II. Bus- comb, Edgewood, California. BIRD CENSUSES. In order to better regulate national affairs it is necessary to know the popu- lation from year to year so that fluctua- tions may be noted. Hence the ten year census. Likewise if we would control bird and animal life to better meet our ueeds it is necessary to obtain figures as to the wild life population. A number of states have recently inaugurated game censuses and the United States Biological Survey is advocating bird counts to gain knowledge of the total bird population and its fluctuations from year to year. Reliable observers the country over are being sought to undertake bird counts dur- ing the nesting season and to forward reports. In the hope that some of our readers may be interested in the work, and to show the thorough manner in which the work is undertaken, we are adding the following directions issued in Washington : The height of the breeding season should be chosen for this work. In the latitude of Washington, D. C. (latitude •id degrees), May 30 is about the right date for the first count ; in the latitude of Boston the work should not begin until a week later, while south of Washington an earlier date should be selected. In any locality the count should be made soon after the end of the migration and during the early part of the nesting season. AVhat is wanted is a count of the pairs of birds actually nesting within the se- lected area. Birds that visit the area for feeding purposes only must not be counted, no matter how close their nests may be to the boundary lines. In making this count, it is a good plan to begin at daylight some morning at the height of the nesting season and zigzag hack and forth across the area, counting the male birds. Early in the morning every male bird is usually in full song, and at that season may safely be con- sidered to represent a breeding pair. The results of one day's count; should be checked and revised by several days of further work to make sure that every bird 126 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. counted is actually nesting within the area and that no species has hoen overlooked. The tract selected should represent the average farm cDuditions, and should not have an undue amount of woodhiud. It should contain not less than 40 acres — a quarter of a mile square — nor more than 80 acres, and should include the farm buildings, with the usual shade trees, orchards, etc., as well as fields of plowed land and of pasture or meadow. The final results of the count should be sent to this Bureau as soon afterward as convenient, and should be accomjianied by a statement of the e.xact boundaries of the selected area, so explicitly defined that it will be possible 25 years hence to have the count repeated. The name of the present owner should be given, together with a careful description of the char- acter of the land, including a statement of whether it is dry upland or moist bot- tom land; the number of acres in each of the principal crops, or in permanent meadow, pasture, orchard, swamps, roads, etc. ; the kinds of fencing used ; and the amount of brush along fences, streams, roads, or in permanent pasture. If there is an isolated piece of wood- land comprising 10 to 20 acres con- veniently near, a separate count of the birds nesting therein also will be useful. In this case the report, in addition to specifying the size and exact boundaries of the area, should state the principal kinds of trees and whether there is much or little underbrush. A third count desired is of some definite timbered area — 40 acres, for iustauce — which is part of a much larger tract of timber, either deciduous or evergreen. Still a fourth count, supplementary to these, is needed. The average farm in the Northeastern States contains about 100 acre.s, and the average count hitherto has been of the birds nesting on the 50 acres of the farm nearest to and includ- ing the farm buildings. It is now neces- sary to obtain counts of the remainder of the farm, the wilder part containing no buildings, especially on the same farms where counts about the buildings have alreadj' been made. Furthermore, counts on any other kinds of land are much desired for comparison. Persons who have made counts in previous years are requested to repeat the work on the same areas. New areas selected should be such as are not likely to have their physical conditions much changed for a number of years. If suc- ceeding annual counts show changes in bird population, it will thus be known that they are not due to changed en- vironment. The several kinds of counts are needed for a study of the relative abundance of birds under changing or stationary con- ditions. It is hoix?d that many persons interested in bird life will make one or more counts this season. As the depart- ment has no funds to pay for this work, it must depend wholly on voluntary observers. A supply of report blanks will be furnished on request. Requests for these should be addressed to Chief, Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. BEAR PROTECTION FAVORED. It is reported that interest in black bear protection is always increased at the time of a blackleg epidemic in that the bears can be depended upon to eat up cattle which have died from blackleg, thus help- ing to prevent the spread of disease. Residents of Tuolumne County in past years have been wide awake to this benefit conferred by the black bear. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 127 FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST. Work on the new $30,000 Tahoe Hatchery was resumed May 1 and it will be ready for occupancy August 15. Ray Morris of Taft, California, was tried on March 10, 1920, on the charge of having deer in his possession during the closed season. He was sentenced to thirty days in jail and fined $250. Floyd E, Baker of Los Angeles was caught by Deputy Ober in Nine Mile Canyon, Inyo County, while attempting to leave the mountains with twenty-four deer hides and nine sets of antlers which he had secured in Tulare County. He was tried April 27, and sentenced to 150 days in jail and a fine of $350. Low water conditions have precluded a large take of rainbow trout eggs this season. At some of the best egg collecting stations but small takes of eggs have been secured. The Fish and Game Commission has carried its educational cam- paign into the sum,mer resorts of the state. In cooperation with the National Park Service, lectures and field trips are being furnished visitors to Yosemite National Park. According to records kept by deputy game commissioners and forest employees, 1243 deer were killed in Trinity County during last year. It is estimated the total number was at least 2000, as many hunters come into the county during the hunting season and kill deer, records of which are never kept. 128 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. HATCHERY NOTES. W. II. SiiEBLKY, Editor. (>u April oU, the apijlicatiou lists for fish for the season of 1920 were closed. Prior to this date application blanks had been forwarded to all sections of the state, in order that interested parties niijibt ha\e ample opportunity of filing applications for fish for the purpose of stocking all streams open to the general public for fishing purposes. The appli- cants were cautioned that it was very necessary to have their formal applica- tions on file in the oflice of the Depart- ment of Fish Culture prior to the date of closing, in order that they might be assured of receiving a supply of trout fry this season. Nearly five hundred applications were received, and they came from every sec- tion of the state where cond'tions are favorable for the planting of trout fry. The majority of the applications were received from private individuals, although there were also a considerable number received from boards of supervisors, chambers of commerce, public associations of anglers and fishing clubs. The season just closing has been a very unfavorable one for collecting trout eggs. P]very egg collecting station was in operation this season and every effort was made to obtain a larger number of trout eggs than ever before, as it was realized that the demand for fry would be greater than ever before in the history of the Commission. The completion of the hundreds of miles of new highways and the ever increasing number of anglers is in large measure responsible for the increasing demand. The drought of the past winter and early spring made it very difiicult to obtain even a fair take of eggs at some of the best stations. The streams were so low in some sections that the spawn- ing trout could not possibly ascend the streams to the points at which the egg collecting stations are located. This condition was noticeable at the Snow Mountain Egg Collecting Station on the Eel River, where in normal seasons from four to seven million steelhead eggs are obtained. This season less than one million eggs were taken at this station. The run of fish in Scott Creek where the Scott Creek Egg Collecting Station is located, was also far below normal and less than half llie usual number of steel- head trout eggs were obtained. In the Bear Lake section, in San Bernardino County, where new racks, traps, holding tanks, etc., have been installed on the streams tributary to the lake, the take of rainbow trout eggs was practically a failure. Where there was every reason to exjicct a take of from four to six million eggs, only one and one-half million were obtained. In this si'ction the long drought was followed in the early spring months by heavy snows and stormy weather. As the season advanced water in the lake was comparatively warm, while the streams flowing into the lake ran bank full of cold, roily water from the melting snows in the surrounding mountains. Under these conditions the spawning fish, which had gathered close to the mouths of the creeks, would not enter the streams to spawn except in limited numbers. Over retention of the eggs resulted and con- sequently when the fish were taken in our traps, the majority of the eggs were impossible of fertilization. At the Klamath River stations in Siskiyou County there was a fair run of rainbow trout and a fair take of eggs was obtained. Conditions at the Almanor Hatchery in Plumas County were unfavorable for egg collecting operations and we were unable to take any eggs at the station. A fair take, however, was obtained at Clear Creek Hatchery and the Domingo Springs Hatchery promises to turn out a million or so of rainbow trout eggs. The water levels in Lake Tahoe were far below normal this spring, and while the season has not closed at this writing, it is extremely doubtful if more than a third of the normal take of black-spotted trout eggs will be obtained. Our extensive system of breeding ponds at the Mount Shasta Hatchery has, how- ever, produced a fine large take of Loch Ijcven and brown trout eggs and also a nice lot of eastern brook eggs. These eggs have all been hatched, and the resulting fry are thriving well and will soon be ready for distribution. Under these conditions it will be readily seen that the number of trout fry available during this coming season caijIfornia pish and game. 129 will be less than during several previous years, and consequently the allotments to the various applicants will be materi- ally less than usual. Two distribution cars will start out with fish about the middle of June, and applicants are urged to take every pre- caution to insure the safe delivery of all the fish allotted to them. Applicants are instructed to make proix^r arrangements for meeting the fish cars promptly on arrival of the train as scheduled, provided with adequate trans- portation to handle the fish from the station to the streams to be stocked. Also that they have on hand the amount stream and then inclining the top of the can up stream thus allowing the water to flow gently into the can, or by pouring out a portion of the water from the can and filling it with water from the stream to equalize the temperature. Fish should always be planted ib shallow, running water, avoiding pools, and should be well scattered. In the past, in many instances, con- siderable numbers of fish have been planted by some of the applicants at one or two .joints on a stream. Far better results can be obtained by distributing the fish a can at each point along a considerable distance of the stream. Fig. 36. The old Tahoe Hatchery, which will be abandoned when the new hatchery is completed. of ice required as per instructions mailed to them in advance of the date of ship- ment. The applicants are further urged to follow instructions carefully in the matter of avoiding delays in order that the work of aeration of the water may be lessened and to insure the fish arriv- ing at the streams at the earliest possi- ble moment and in the best condition. Attention is called to the fact that it is necessary to keep the fish protected from bright sunlight, when removing the covers of the cans for the purpose of aerating the water or inspecting the fish. On reaching the waters to be stocked the temperature of the water should be equalized by placing a can of fish in the In planting fish where it is necessary to carry the cans any distance from the wagon or auto truck, it is imperative that someone remain with the wagon and aerate the water in the remaining cans of fish during each planting. Also when stops are made for meals or other delays someone must be left with the fish to give the water the necessary aeration. It is hoped that approximately 15,000,000 trout fry will be available for distribution, despite the unfavorable conditions for egg collecting operations this year, and if this number are properly planted, the streams will be provided with an adequate number of fry to insure fairly good fishing next season. 130 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.* Will F. Tiiompson, Editor. THE "DAY" AND "NIGHT" SURF- FISHES OF NORTHERN CALI- FORNIA. It is very obvious that we kuow com- paratively little about the fishes which inhabit the surf, or come there to spawn at the proper seasons. Notes regarding them are all of some value and usually will form valuable additions to our knowledge. The following are made from specimens received from Captain Tib- betts, of Eureka, to whom we are there- fore considerably indebted. In California Fish and Game for October, 1019 (Volume 5, No. 4), on page 203, Captain Tibbetts is quoted regai'ding two species of fish which are caught in the surf. One of these, known as the "night surf-fisli," he believed to be the grunion, but upon our expressing some doubt regarding this, he sent us three specimens, taken a little south of Trinidad Harbor, on the ocean beach. They prove to be a species of the genus Osmerus, and its occurrence under the conditions noted is a fact well worthy of attention. What its habits are, and whether it spawns in the surf, is not known. Captain Tibbetts was also kind enough to send us four specimens of the "day surf-fish." These, as we surmised in the article quoted above, belonged to the genus Hypomesiis, which is caught in the surf along the California Coast north of Monterey. THE GRUNION AT MONTEREY. The spawning of the grunion is not known north of Long Beach, either to scientific men or to others. But, as Mr. Carl L. Ilubbs has pointed out to us in a recent letter, the type specimen of the species was recorded as from San Francisco. Jordan and Hubbs in their review of the family Atherinidw state that the original specimen came from San Francisco Bay, in which they sup- posed the species to live. However, this is improbable, wiien the life history of the species and its habits of spawning in the sand are considered. It "s more likely that the fish was found -n the markets, and came from some other locality on the open ocean close to San Francisco. A specimen of the grunion was found, on February 28 of this year, in the Monterey markets among fish taken locally in a seine. In view of this proof of the presence of the species in these waters, high hopes were entertained that this remarkable species would be found spawning on the beach in northern waters, and attempts wore made, in so far as circumstances permitted, to find them or their eggs. On the night of March 6 Mr. Wey- mouth and Mr. Sette kept watch on the beach at Occano, and found no sign of spawning nsh, although the tide was the same approximately as that of the first run of the preceding year at Ix)ng Beach. Since the beach at Oceano is a splendid one, it was hoped that proof of their presence would be obtained there if any run occurred. On April 6 a thorough search for eggs was made by Mr. Thompson, Mr. Sette and Miss Edwards along the beach between Del Monte and Seaside in Monterey Bay, but no signs of them were found, although if spawning had occurred to any extent during the preceding full moon tides, which were at their crest on the third of April, they would have been found. Again, on May 5, two nights after the full of the moon of May 3, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Weymouth patrolled the beach during the proper stages of the tide, but saw no signs of the fish themselves. In conjunction with the total lack of popular knowledge of a run. these attempts throw a certain amount of doubt on the occurrence of any extensive spawning run in these waters. It is of course still possible that a small run occurs somewhere near by, perhaps even on Del Monte Beach, or it may be that the specimens to be found here are simply strays. Further search will be made whenever opportunity offers. ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 19. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 131 ENEMIES OF THE GRUNION AT LONG BEACH. The nornial rim of gruniou occurrod at Long Beach ou May 4, 5 aud G, and ou the fourteenth Mr. Thompson and Mr. Higgius obtained large numbers of pods of eggs for the purpose of photo- graphing the hatching when the eggs were in the proper stage. Greatly to their surprise, every third pod at least was badly infected with maggots, presumably those of the same fly wliose maggots were found the preceding year but of which the species name was not deter- mined. Even the pods set aside as clean were subsequently found to be infected, and it proved impossible to raise the eggs to the hatching stage without great injury. Not one in twenty-five of the eggs would hatch when the proper time came, although they were for the most part alive. As the normal percentage is near 100, this was a considerable disappointment to the photographer. The failure to hatch was undoubtedly due to the maggots, in conjunction with a very extensive infection by a small nematode worm which accompanied the maggots. The sand in which the eggs were was foul and ill smelling. ALBACORE OFF SAN FRANCISCO IN DECEMBER. Mr. H. B. Nidever, assistant in the Sau Pedro office, furnishes the following note regarding the albacore : F. G. Grotto, of San Pedro, who has fished for albacore here for several seasons, tells me that while he was making a trip on the "Daisy Mathiews," a lumber schooner from San Francisco to Honolulu, he caught two albacore trolling from the steamer about 280 miles out from San Francisco. He said that he saw two schools of fish and that those he caught weighed 18 to 20 pounds and that they had squid in their stomachs. The gonads of the fish were about one foot long and he could see developing eggs about the size of a pin head. They were caught on the eight- eentli of December, 1919. The reader who is interested might refer to a record of the taking of alba- core off Northern California, on page 203 of the October number of California Fish and Game for 1919. Such records are interesting as showing extremes of distribution. OIL ON PISMO BEACH. Professor Weymouth, engaged in study- ing Pismo clams for the Commission, reports that on the twenty-first and twenty-second of May, on the beach at Oceano and Pismo, a great many dead sea birds were observed covered with oil, and that many more still, alive were lying on the beach with their feathers gummed with heavy oil. Dogs running on the beach chased and killed many of these. Ducks of various species and loons were observed among them. Professor Weymouth stated that he did not observe any clams dead from oil, probably be- cause he was not on the beach at the right time. The destruction caused among birds and mollusks by floating crude oil has been pointed out several times in these col- umns, and it is evident that the damage is still proceeding. An article by Pro- fessor Weymouth in regard to the destruction of mollusks appeared in Cali- fornia Fish and Game, volume 5, No. 4, page 174. CONSERVATION IN OTHER ^STATES. NEW YORK DISPLAYS COLORED MOTION PICTURES. Motion pictures in natural colors, showing the Adirondacks in summer and also at the height of their autumnal brilliancy, will form one of the special features of the New York Conservation Commission in carrying on its educational compaign. These natural colored motion pictures, taken during the past season, are the first of their kmd ever taken in the Adirondacks, and were produced by an entirely new process. HEAVY PENALTIES FOR HUNTERS IN MICHIGAN. Five hundred dollars, the maximum fine, recently was levied by a judge in Michigan against a hunter for selling 32 ducks in violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Another violator of the same law, in Connecticut, who has been 132 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. guilty of repeated offenses, was senteuced recently to three months in jail. This offender was not jtiven the alternative of paying a fine. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act has been in force since July, 1918, and several hundred convictions have been secured. These cases are cited by the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, which admin- isters the law, to show the increasing concern with which the courts regard violations of this important statute, designed to protect migratory birds, insectivorous birds and nongame birds. COOPERATIVE INTEREST BETWEEN STATES. The New York Zoological Society offered a reward of $200 for the arrest and conviction of any one killing antelope. On December 11, IDID, the following resolution was passed : Resolved, that the chairman be directed to notify Mr. Willian L. Finley, State Biologist of Oregon, that the New York Zoological Society hereby authorizes and will pay a reward of $200 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of any one killing wild antelope in the State of Oregon, upon the condition that the Oregon Fish and (lame Commission give publicity and post notices to the above effect, and the treasurer of the society is hereby authorized to pay from the funds of the society the stated reward upon satisfactory evidence of such con- viction. Tlie payment of this reward h;is been autliorizcd and a check for $100 has been sent to Mr.. George Tonkin, U. S. (in 1110 AYnrdcn, box ir)31, Boise, Idaho, and 11 elieek for $100 has also been sent to Sheriff E. E. Woodcock, Lake- \iow, Oregon. The Boone and Crockett Club are about to pass a similar resolution, which will apply to future convictions only. WATER POLLUTION IN OHIO. For ten years the water pollution problem was ineffectually dealt with in Ohio. Between 1909-1919 the responsi- bility of the yearly increasing urgency for action was passed from one department to the other — Health, Fish and Game and the State Chemists. The chemists accumulated much analytical information but they seemed to have found no remedy. In 1919 Mr. A. C. Baxter, Chief of the Ohio department, Mr. J. W. Stnber and -Mr. J. T. Travcrs, Supervisor Stream rollution, Ohio Department of Agricul- ture, took hold of the question and now, after having conducted experiments for over a year, Mr. Travels and Mr. E. J. Lewis, a water exixTt ami cluniist of Bellaire, Ohio, are ready to demonstrate the satisfactory results of thi'ir experi- mentation. The process is the treatment of the pollution in vats as it leaves the factory or mine with a chemical having a lime base. This chemical precipitates or con- trols any organic pollution held in sus- pension in the vats, and also releases any poisonous gases. The cost of the treatment is from 2 to 3 cents per thousand gallons, depend- ing on the nature of the pollution, and the cost of installation is about $],000. It is claimed that the by-products will often more than pay for the cost of installation and operation. The charac- ter and amount of polluted matter which is emptied into the Ohio streams daily is as follows : Steel Mills — Sulphuric acid, three per cent solution. Six thousand gallons per day as an average from each factory polluting streams. tStraw Board Works — Organic matter which generates poison gases that dis- place the oxygen in the water and causes a sickening stench. Average of SOO.tXlO gallons every 24 hours emptied into adjacent streams at each plant. Si(gar-hcct Factories — Deadly organic matter which drives the oxygen from the water and kills every living thing in it. An average of 8.000,000 gallons every 24 hours from each sugar-beet factory in the state that uses a stream as a sewer. Canning Factories, Cheese Factories and Casein Factories — Deadly organic pollution. Two thousand gallons per day from each factory that empties pollution into a waterway or stream. Coal Mines — ^Copperas water contain- ing from 300 to 500 grains per gallon of ferrous sulphate, deadly to aquatic life of all kinds and strong enough to cat up a steel rail in ten days. From 10,000 to 50,000 gallons per day, each mine. The probl(>m of stream pollution to all State Fish and Game Commissions is one of vital importance because of the extiM'ininatiiig effect of jiolhition on all forms of aquatic life. The manufacturers throughout the State of Ohio are planning to install the CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 133 system as soon as possible and the opportunity will be open to the other states of the Union to profit by this most valuable discovery. GAME LAWS IN MASSACHUSETTS. The game law of Massachusetts makes an open season on deer in that state from sunrise on the first Monday of December to sunset the following Saturday, the bag limit being one deer in a season, and it to be killed with a shotgun. There is no open season in Massachusetts on ruffed grouse, but quail and pheasants may be hunted legally each year from October 20 to November 20. The bag limit on quail is four in one day, or twenty during the season, and on pheas- ants two in a day, or six in a season. American Field. GAME LAWS IN COLORADO. In Colorado there is no open season on elk, mountain sheep, antelope or beaver, but one is permitted to kill one deer having two or more points on each horn, from October 1 to October 4, both dates inclusive. Aliens are not permitted to hunt in the state or to own or possess firearms. Shipment of game out of or into the state is permissible, pro- viding the shipper has a transportation permit issued by the State Game Commis- sioner, but not otherwise. American Field. LIFE HISTORY NOTES. A CALIFORNIA CONDOR SEEN NEAR HEAD OF DEER CREEK. On May 11, 1920, while inspecting a timber sale area at the head of Deer Creek, east of Hot Springs, California, in the Sequoia National Forest, with Supervisors Cunningham and Benedict and Deputy Supervisor Derby, we noted an immense bird circling over the clump of redwoods {Sequoia gigantea) on Deer Creek. The bird settled in the top of one of these trees 400 /o 500 yards away from us. In flight it was like a buzzard, except that it was entirely too large. It had a brownish beak, a ruff around its neck, a light brownish color on the under feathers of its wings, and it had a very large wing spread. It appeared to be an adult specimen, the white tipped wing coverts and lanceolate feathers about the neck being particularly noticeable. We judged at the time that it must be a specimen of the California condor (Gymnogyps calif ornicus) , and in look- ing up the subject on our return to Hot Springs the description for that bird fitted very well the bird we had seen. Paul G. Redington. ducks in the imperial valley. During December ducks were fairly numerous in the Salton Sea at the mouth of the Alamo River, in Imperial County, but they Avere very difficult to approach and very few sportsmen were able to se- cure more than five or six birds at a time. A preponderance of shovellers was in evidence. Even with an abundance of ducks good shooting is limited in the Imperial Valley, owing to a lack of suit- able shooting ponds. Apparently the best bags are obtained at certain seasons of the year when a high wind is blowing. At such times canvasbacks and "bluebills" are secured along their lines of flight. 134 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION. STEELHEAD TROUT IN THE CALI- FORNIA NATIONAL FOREST. There are a number of streams in the California National Forest well stocked with lish. Those on the east side, flowing into the Sacramento River, are stocked with rainbow trout ; and on the west side, the streams tributary to Eel River, with steelhe'ad trout. A few other varieties, such as Loch I.even, eastern brook and l)lack-apotted trout, have been introduced into the east side streams. It is (•(luinionly believed tliat steelhead trout, after attaining a length of 7 or S inches, migrate to the ocean, returning after maturity, being usually from 24 to 40 inches in length and weighing from 5 to 15 pounds. These large steelheads have been coming up the various branches of Eel River only, prob- ably for all time : but until recently they were practically exterminated every year by Indian fishermen. There is one stream on the forest, the north fork of the Middle Fork of Eel River, which has many large, deep holes in which these fish stay all summer if unmolested, and as they readily take a hook they furnish splendid sport. Until the past few years tlie Indians have systematically netted and blasted these holes until they got every fish. We have been making a de- termined effort to stop this practice, with some results. During the past season two Indians were caught in the act of using illegal nets, one of whom plead guilty to the charge and a fine of $100 was im- posed on him. DEER SEASON TOO EARLY ON THE EL DORADO FOREST. The open sea.sou on deer in Fish and Game District l-I is believed by local forest officers to be entirely too early. It had far better be reduced to one month, from September 15 to October 15, than as it is at present. August 15 to Septem- ber 15 is a very hot period, and many of the deer killed, or large parts thereof, spoil and are unfit for use. In quite a few of the streams on the north side the fish (trout being the only game species) are pretty w^ell depleted since up to last year little or no replen- ishing was done. Many of the Takes never have had any in them. At the proper Mime consideralili- c a: < D OC CO LU U. > < Z < -> w h o D Q O DC a. > cc UJ I <0 IL I CO LU DC li. z cc o u. J < .\fexlcan_ Ig ii r-l 1 C iSi§ i 1 c-1 CO ^ ! ! 3 i t 1 { Total. COr^OOlOCDI^OCSf-HinCD-^l^COOmr-iFiOOOOioOlfHlOf--^ Imperial- San Dlego- IOlftOOCO-1 U-5 i-l e-l r1 IM iK 6) i-H CO ■^ « CM Orange- 1.03 Angeles San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura Monterey- Santa Cruz. San Francisco, San Mateo Contra Costa, Alameda Tehama, Colusa, Glenn.. Sacramento, San Joaquin. Solano, Yolo. Marln- Mendoclno, Sonoma. Lake. U5 N 05 (M W IQ Oi Ifi t- a Del Norte. Humboldt- K CO S l>) 1-1 o s 4) CJ "O I I rHg 3 I r-< CO M O 00 o a a a a < •< « P5 CO ^j o o & 00 £3 iH in Q "8S 1 1 Q, ° cr. I* ^ la i-t *' a s 1-1 la s? 1-1 (M 00 1-1 s s npQ n oo 03 93 3 x: a) £ -a -a • ■ 3 !o K I t i I 9. -v CO lA o 00 8JS in to ^5 CO -^ e-i 00 S: fe w^ CO -. CO w i^ Ci -^ 00 to iH M 55 s; SJ I I ■- "^ a ^ '-I ^ -^ "v 'z ^. M oi ■V, i: ji M J3 J2 CA a 03 CC C "O 5^ A C3 a a m cr. GQ CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 137 S 00 OS (M i-H U3 » Oi iH in s is; I 1 f~ CO o ■^ OD S ■^ go CO O I 50 is I r-( C3 CO m i-H 113 « fe s 5D 6l I^ ifi in g S^ M CO r-i C^ S O CO in 00 03 ^ to §^ 1— CO O Oi CO o fM CO ^ 1 hO -rjl ■g ^ CO 8 00 CO 00 C-1 s s e^ s^ ift la eo t5 T-i (N 0-1 I-H CO to QQ 2^ 03 X3 a -H xi ^ ii >Hacao3a30c3Kl_ 03 cj _> c cr "^ 3 S O X £ .2 ^ cc o p, a o *^ ■" J' CO to • — to !^ 3 >2 ■'=K< ^ K G ^ **-* «? c .;£ aj iS _ ^ c« C X! 2 o-:«/^ « 3 rt fV ^ ^ (-\ ^ " 9- o o S oj ^ ''■^ beg t* "^ o^ S -o ?^ w C cj W c C O CS o to 02 .etc W S'. L. N. Ellis and H. C. Brijant 141 THE GROWTH OF THE SWELL SHARK WITHIN THE EGG CASE__ Helen M. Edwards 153 NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING— No. 5 R. L. M., California 157 EDITORIALS 165 FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 170 HATCHERY NOTES 1 171 COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 172 NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 177 LIFE HISTORY NOTES 182 reports- Expenditures 183 Fishery Products, April, May, June, 1920 184 Violations of Fish and Game Laws 18G Seizures 186 DISTRIBUTION OF THE GOLDEN TROUT IN CALIFORNIA. By S. L. N. Ellis aud H. C. Bryant. Fishermen and nature lovers who frequent the wild, rugged climes of the southern Sierra are now, most of them, familiar with the golden trout, Salmo rooscvelti. This fish is known to excel an}^ other species of trout in heauty, not only because of its well-proportioned form, but. more particularly because of its exceptionally brilliant and rich coloration. There are three recognized species of golden trout : the Little Kern golden trout, Salmo ivhifei; South Fork of the Kern golden trout, Salmo agiia-honita, and Roosevelt trout, of Volcano Creek, Salmo roosevelti. The Kern trout, Salmo gilberti, is the parent species from which the three, afore named, were probablj^ derived ; and, so far as is 142 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. knoAvn, all four species are native to the head waters of the Kern River; Tlie distinctive eharaeteristics (tf llicse diversified types is more readily appreciated if the geofyra.jihical isolation of their habitat is understood. It has been stated tliat the Kern trout, Salmo gilhcrti, is the parent species of the golden trout, antl as may be inferred from the name, is native to the Kern River. This i-iver is of considerable Fig. 37. Agua-boiiita Falls on Vokaiio Creek, tlie stream wiiiih is the original home of the golden trout. Photograph by W. Y. Kellogg. Avidth and flows through a most inspiring, deep, rugged, high Sierran canyon, and in ages past, when the glacial period wrought its stupen- dous changes, the Kern River trout, native then to not only the Kern River but to its tribntory streams — VMcano Creek, South Fork of the Kern and the Little Kern and Soda Creek — became isolated in these different streams by the formation of unsurmountable barriers, and each group being acted upon Iw the inlluences of its own peculiar environment, with no opportunity for interbreeding of groups, resulted, CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 143 quite naturally, in each one develoi)ing in its own distinctive, character- istic way.* And the golden trout, Halmo roosevelU, of Volcano Creek, the most radiantly beautiful of them all, became the most individual. But the changes which Volcano Creek underwent were far more enduring and much more complicated than the changes which occurred in the other streams, for aside from the impassable falls, formed by the wearing down of the stream beds. Volcano Creek, formerly called Whitney Creek, underwent volcanic changes of a more or less unique character, which accentuated the deepening characteristics of the stream, and in all probability temporarily cut it off entirely from the Kern River. Volcano Creek rises south of Cirque Peak. Several small, clear, mountain streams, having their sources at an elevation of from 10,000 to 13,000 feet, thread their way through picturesque, grassy meadows to the point of confluence. For a distance of about eight miles the creek flows in somewhat of a southerly direction until it enters Toowa Valley, then it turns west in a widening course and joins the Kern River about opposite Soda Spring. The South Fork of the Kern River has its source near that of Volcano Creek and it enters Toowa Valley at about the same place, and in the days when this section of the southern high Sierra was first traversed by white men, the idea was conceived of joining Volcano Creek and the South Fork of the Kern by a tunnel. This was quite possible, for a small ridge less than a hundred vards wide, in parts, and scarcely fifty feet high divided the streams. | No doubt at one time the South Fork of the Kern was a natural tributary of Volcano Creek| The tunnel which w^as made caved in, but in the course of experimentation some of the golden trout escaped into the South Fork. The cut filled up and the two streams again became entirely distinct. Above this tunnel, which is at an elevation of 8600 feet, Volcano Creek flows through meadowy country, the creek bottom being granite sand and gravel; but below the tunnel for a distance of eight miles or so, to the point where the creek enters the Kern River, and at a drop in elevation of 2300 feet, the stream bed is of volcanic character and the stream itself very turbulent. It is not, however, due to the rapids, but to the three falls — Agua-Bonita, with a small fall known as Surby Fall between it and Stewart Fall (second), and the third. Shields — that the trout are barred from traveling from one body of water to the other; and in fact, such natural barriers as these are the cause of fish isolation in the several streams, and of even entire lack of fish in some, where volcanic action and other forces were at play — the streams and lakes are barren, many of them despite a good supply of food. The value of distributing the golden trout can hardly be overesti- mated. First, it has saved these beautiful fish from the complete extermination with which they were threatened. Secondly, the trout are being planted in heretofore barren streams and lakes, and therefore they will furnish added fishing grounds for the angler. Too, the fish, without the possibility for interbreeding, will remain the pure type. And third, they are a prolific fish, and, to the delight of all sportsmen, are extremely gamey. - — ^ *"The Golden Trout of the Southern High Sierras," by Barton Warren Evermann, 1906. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Bull. 2."), jip. 3-51, IG pis., 1 map. 144 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Tlie oarlicst record we have, of the traiisi)lantiii^- of the gokleii trout to streams other tlian those of their natural hil)itat. was in the year 187(). The two Stevens brothers, w lio had l)uilt a small sawmill on Cottonwood Ci'eek, wei'e anxious that the sti'eani be well stoek(Ml with tisli for their own use. 'Phcy went over to ^lulky ('riH?ic, in ]\Inlky ^Meadows, and proi uicd what iti all probability were the Salnio agua- honiia, or South Fork iioldcii Iroul, and plaiilcd tliciii in Cottonwood (U-eelv. In the suuniu'i' of 18((J, ^Mr. S. 1j. X. Ellis says: ''1 was ut ^iineral King and ]\Ir. Arthur Crowley, former assessor of Tulare County, showed me a single large trout in the ereek at ]\Iineral King. He told me that 'unele' Wiley AVatson had brought some trout from the Little Kern via Farewell (iap and had planti'd them in this stream." The first plant made by AVatson reproduced rapidly and furnished the supply for the fishermen at Mineral King until 1894, when the later ]ilants Avere made. ]\Ir. Ellis eaught fish at IMineral King in 1887, while he wa,s out on a hunting and iishing trip in that region. This work was very important for it was the move which undoubtedly interested others in fisli planting, and which causcMl others, later on, to try and accomplish similar plants. After a lapse of some nine yeai's, G. AV. Cahoon contributed his share to the transplanting of the golden trout. Mr. Cahoon was a cattle rancher who dui'ing the summer carried butter by pack from the head of the South Fork of the Kaweah over the pass to Inyo Couut.>'. On his way ])ack he caught the golden trout, Sahno wliitei, in Soda Creek at Quinn's Horse Camp and planted them in the South Fork of the Kaweah, at Evelyn Lake, where there were no fish. In 1887, two years after Cahoon had made his plant of Salmo white'i, James Mclntyre, a sheepman, pi'ocured scmie of the same species of trout at Rifle Creek and planted them in Coyote Creek, a tributary of the Kern. Again there was a pei-iod of trout planting inactivity, but in 1892 Cottonwood Lakes were planted by E. 11. Edwards and two friends. Edwards, who was a storekeeper at Lone Pine, desired to improve the fishing conditions in his vicinity, so with James jMoffitt and B. H. I)utch(>r he obtained a catch of ^ahno a(j)in-bo)n'ta, the same variety which had been planted by the Stevens brothers in Cottonwood C-reek in 1876, and planted them in Cottonwood Lakes. This plant was apparently very successful, for in 1906 Cottonwood Lakes were reported by the storekeeper of Lone Pine as being unusually well stocked with golden trout. The year 1892 is especially memorable in the history of the planting of tke golden trout in that it was during this season that the first hatchery propagation of the species Avas undertaken. Too, it was during this year that they were first exhibited to the public. INFembers of the A^isalia Sportsmen's Club had long been desirous that the jM'opagation of this splendid game fish be undertaken, and it was thi'ough the interests and efforts of the club that S. L. N. Ellis, e([uipped with four coal oil cans fitted with baking powder can lids, made a trip to Volcano Creek and procured about a hundred of the fish. These he carried to Lower Funston IMeadows. At Funston IMc^ulows he met Lieutenant Deane with a detachment of soldiers patrolling the CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 145 Sequoia National Park. Lieutenant Deane detailed two of his men, Sergeant Moffitt and Private Seholberg, to take the fish to Mineral King. There the party was met by J. Sub Johnson and M. L. Weaver, who were members of the club and residents of Visalia. These two men took the fish in a spring wagon to Visalia, and from there they were shipped by train to San Francisco and were delivered to the Fish and Game Commission. The plan was to send the fish to the hatchery at Sisson. However, before the trout were sent on the last lap of their journey, they were exhibited not only at the Midwinter Fair but at Goleher Brothers store in San Francisco. Thirty-six fine specimens were finally shipped to the Sisson hatchery, twenty-one reaching their destination in good condition, but the experiment was not considered satisfactory^ In 1896, the first plant of the true golden trout, Salmo roosevelti, VyRS made. All previous plantings had been either of the Salmo agua- honita or Salmo ivhitei variety. During the summer of this year Mr. S. L. N. Ellis, accompanied by his son, L. L. Ellis, and a friend, P. J. Hill, planted the North P^ork of the Kaweah — l|:nown as Dorst Creek— with fish taken from Volcano Creek, the original home of Salmo roosevelti. In the same season, Mr. Ellis in attempting to carry some of tlie fish from Volcano Creek to the North Fork of Kawcali, found that the trout were not standing the trip well and so decided to plant some of them in the Kaweah near Mineral King, and al)out twenty-five others, which were sick, in Silliman Creek and Willow Meadow. Nothing was ever heard of the latter plants. When in Mineral King, Mr. Ellis met the artist, Petrie, and showed him the golden trout, which were the first that the painter had seen. He was so charmed by their rare beauty that he soon afterwards used the fish as the subject for a painting. The following year an unsuccessful plant of the golden trout was made by Mr. J. M. Nelson, in Nelson Creek, a tributory of the Tule River. Also some cattle men carried fish from Whitney Meadows and planted them in Rock Creek. Another plant of trout was made in Rock Creek in August, 1900, by Mr. M. W. Buffington, county surveyor of Kern County. He wrote Major George W. Stewart of Visalia that he and a party of other men carried the trout in small lard cans — about seven in each can — to Rock Creek and turned some of them loose ; the rest they carried to the trail crossing and placed them there. From 1897 to 1908 no authentic information regarding the planting of golden trout seems to be available, and that regarding the seasons of 1897 and 1900 seems to be rather incomplete. However, it was at this time that the government became actively interested in the protec- tion of the golden trout. In 1903, according to Dr. Barton W. Ever- mann, Stewart Edward White, impressed with the possibility of the extermination of these trout, wrote to George M. Bowers of the Com- mission of Fisheries and to the President of the United States calling their attention to the matter, and on July 13, 1904, Barton Warren Evermann, Assistant in charge of the Division of Scientific Inquiry, Bureau of Fisheries, with a party outfitted at Redstone Park, Tulare County, left for the Whitney countiy to investigate the trout of the Kern River region. As a result of the investigation, the true golden trout of Volcano Creek was recognized as a new species, and was 146 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. named after tlie naturalist, Theodore Roosevelt, w Jio at that time was president of the l-nited States. The United States J^ureau of Fisheries made an extended study of the trout, and in 1905 an attempt was made to establish a temporary hatchery station on Volcano Cr^ek in order that the eggs of the golden trout might 1)C obtained. But the spawning season was over before operations could be stalled. Two hundred and sixty-four trout were taken during the season to the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Poi-tland, but as the result of an accident the entire lot was lost. Aside from the year-round, closed seasons for the golden trout adopted at a later date, the general prugi-am suggested was as follows: (1) The catch of goklen trout should be limited to less than the numl)er allowed for other trout. (2) Fish culture shoidd be i)r()moted, and (3) the limits of the Whitney ]\lilitary Reservation should be extended to inelude the whole of Volcano Creek. That the fish is a hardy fish seems to have been rather well demon- strated in 1906. In March of that year the Fi.sh and Game Commis- sion undei'took to collect some specimens of the fish for exhibition purposes at the "Forest, Fish and Game Exhibit," held in San Fran- cisco.. About fifty specimens of the trout, Sahno agua-honita were taken from Cottonwood Creek, a stream the temperature of which is about 38°, and were transferred to water which was about 60° in temperature. They lived in their new environment for some two weeks or more. But at the end of the exhibition period, Avhen the fish were sent to the Sisson Hatchery, about three-fourths of them died, evidently due to the added travel and the more or less depleted condition of the fish. Another instance of their adaptability and hardiness was reported by A. D. Ferguson. In 1913, he investigated a plant made l)y Deputy BuUard, in 1911. BuUard had stocked a small creek at Traweeks, in Fresno County, with . golden trout. The stream is at an elevation of 3500 feet and the temperature during the summer months reaches about 75°. Mr. Ferguson says, "I found golden trout of various sizes in considerable numl)ers in this creek. A specimen some twelve inches in length, I judged to be one of the original plant." In 1908 the Sieri-a Clul) did some splendid work. The club in making their plants used two ten-gallon Buhl cans with airho](\s in the cover's. On July 7. they caught 110 trout with hook and line, the trout I'anging in length fi'om four to six inehes. They were secured at the luHid of Ijong Meadow on Volcano Creek and were packed for about th !•('(' hours to a lake in lu)cliisiii. Oidy one (isli was found to be dead and that was due to the way in which it had been hooked. On July 15, the licad Sierra (Uub packer, ]\lr. J. Robinson, and his family caught 54 ti'out in Rock Creek averaging fi'om 10 to 12 inches in length. '^I'hey luid undoubtedlN Ixmmi ])laii1ed in llie creek several years before. These were taken lo a lake at the head of one of the branches of Rock Creek. The third plant, made under the sui)ervision of Mr. Wm. p]. (>)lby, Deputy Fish Commissioner, was of 50 trout from the above named creek. They were t)la.nted in Wliitney Creek. According lo Mr. A. 11. ll()gu(\ forest sujiervisor of the Inj'o National Forest, 600 golden trout from Little Whitney or Long Meadows were taken to Gardner Creek during the same season. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 147 It was in the year 1909 that the Fish and Game Commission first took charge of the planting of the golden trout. Previous to this time the work had been done l)y sportsmen or clubs at their own expense. After the Commission took hold of the work, improved pack cans were provided and the loss of the fish in transportation was much reduced. The work of distributing the golden trout on the east slope of the Divide was carried on by Deputy E. li. Ober, who in the face of many difficulties successfully transferred 1500 trout, ranging in size from two to seven inches, to Independence, over the Hockett trail. There the outfit was divided, half went over to Kearsarge Pass via Lake (!]iarlotte to Gardner Creek and Gardner Lakes, and the other half went to Grouse Meadows on the head waters of the Middle Fork of tlie Kings River, via Bishop and South Lake on Bishop Creek. The fish for this plant were obtained by diverting the creek at Long Meadows from its course. District Deputy A. D. Ferguson of Fresno, assisted by Deputy S. L. N. Ellis in the field, directed the work in the Kern River, Kings and Kaweah basins, on the western slope. Mr. Ellis says in regard to his experience : "On my return trip from Whitne}^ Meadows, I brought back three mule loads of golden trout for planting in Roaring River and nearby streams with scarcely any loss. This was partly due to improved pack cans, but more especially to the fact that I had learned that the fish can not stand too long a trip. Prior to tliis time I had made eleven or twelve hours a day and had lost as many as 75 per cent of my fish. On this trip I learned from observation that by making short trips — say of five or six hours a day — a much greater percentage of the fish could be saved. Up to seven hours the fish can keep away from the sides of the cans, even though the trail may be very rough, but after this time they become exhausted and are bruised by striking against the sides of the containers. During the stops made, the cans were set in a creek and fresh water allowed to flow over them. Prior to this time my idea had been to hurry the fish to their destination as quickly as possible." The following year Mr. Ellis' party took 183 adult Sahno roosevelU caught with a seine at Whitney Meadows and planted them in the watershed drained by the tributaries flowing in to Roaring River. They lost only six of the trout although they travelled for six days over 100 miles of extremely rough country. Mr. Ober and his assist- ants, Sam McMurray and George Hall, in the same year covered about 115 miles and stocked Center Basin and Bench Lake as well as the head waters of the South Fork of the Kings. This made the total plant for July and August, 1910, more tlian 1800 large golden trout dis- tributed among twenty-three lakes and streams in which no fish had previoiLsly existed, but which were rich in fish food. In a recent letter Mr. Ober says, "I felt that the waters I had selected would be ideal for fish, and my judgment seems to have been good, for in 1918 I took two golden trout out of Bench Lake that weighed three pounds each. '.' The following summer Mr. Ellis and Mr. Ferguson, with a group of friends and assistants, secured over 1300 Salmo roosevelU, by changing the course of the stream at Little Whitney Meadow^s and by hook and 148 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. line. Ferjruson at this time procured twelve or thirteen Salmo agua- honita g:olden tront from Cottonwood Lakes and Creek. All of the trout wei-e delivered to tlie Fisli and Game Commission's fish car at Lone Pine and were shipped to the Sisson Hatchery. A few of the Salmo afjiia-honiia were exhibited in Sacramento. Deputy Bullard, who had helped with the pack. took, in the course of the return trip, a hundred trout from Volcano Creek, wliich he planted in the North Fork of the Kaweah, Indian Basin and Traweek Creek. Those who visited this ^rreat wonderland of the southern Sierra Nevada l)eu:an to find not only the ordinarily beautiful trout, but in previously uninha])itcd streams they saw darting forms of gold and silver, and the fishermen rejoiced. However, in order that the pleasure of golden trout fishing might lie better assured to the ever-increasing numbers of fishermen, the law which is incorporated in the penal code is as follows : "633. Every person who, at any time between the first day of Octolier and the thirtieth day of June of the succeeding year, takes, catches, kills, destroys, or has in his possession, any variety of golden trout ; or who, at any time, takes, catches, kills, or destroys, any variety of golden trout other than with hook or line; or who, at any time, takes, catches, kills, destroys, or has in his possession, during one calen- dar day, more than twenty golden trout, or ha.s in his possession any variety of golden trout of less than five inches in length, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Every person found guilty of any violation of any of the provisions of this section mnst be fined in a sum not less than twenty dollars or be imprisoned in the county jail, in the county in Avhich the conviction shall ])e had, not less than ten days, or be punished by both such fine and imprisonment, and all fines collected for any viola- tion of any of the provisions of this section must be paid into the state treasury to the credit of the fish commission fund. Nothing in this section shall prohibit the Fish Commission of this state from taking at all times such golch'ii trout as they deem necessary for the purpose of propagation or for scientific purposes." In 1912 the packhorse distribution work was confined to IMadera and Tuolumne counties, so that it was not until 1913 that Deputies EULs and Smalley, with a splendidly equipped pack train, proceeded with the program for the transplanting of the golden trout. On Septem- ber 1. Ellis and Smalley left Whitney Meadows with 821 Salmo rooscvelti to plant Roai'ing River and tributaries. It had been an unusually rainy season in the mountains, and all during their previous golden trout plants they had been handicapped by finding trails obstructed and streams swollen. The fish, too, were difficult to catch. But undaunted they left AVhitney Meadows with the 821 trout, descended the Kern River Canyon, crossed the Kern-Kaweah Divide to Mineral King, ascended Timber Gap. descended again to the Kaweah Canyon, and on over the Kings-Kaweah Divide via Elizabeth Pass to Roaring River. Some of the trout had been in the cans fourteen days, yet despite the hard travel and circuitous route only five trout were lost. At the close of the season 87 plants had been made of the species and with no exception the species used by the Commission in the golden trout i)lants had been the Salmo roosevelH. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 149 About 5000 adult golden trout, Salmo roosevelti, were taken with hook and line in 1914, and were transplanted to barren waters. Thus the range of the trout was extended for more than 150 miles along the summit of the Sierra from Volcano Creek. One thousand nine hundred seventeen marked a fiew step in the distribution of the golden trout. In that year it was decided to undertake the propagation of the golden trout. Cottonwood Lake, though situated in an inaccessible part of Inyo County, was decided upon for the spawning station, and despite the difficulties which had to be surmounted 500,000 eggs were taken and were successfully trans- ported hy pack animal to the new Mount Whitney Hatcheiy. At the hatchery they were "eyed" and afterwards were distributed in the waters of that section. It is from the ]\Iount Whitney Hatchery that the more recent plants have been made, .and ^Mr. Ober reports that during September and October of 1919, he made plants of the trout in two beautiful lakes at the head of Woods Creek, Little Pine Creek and South Fork Lake on Big Pine Creek. Several plants have also been made in Yosemite National Park. Thus it is that through long endeavor and splendid cooperation this marveloush' beautiful golden trout, a fish that appeals to every sportsman, has been protected, and distributed in one of the most inspiring sections of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Fig. 3S. Spawning- golden trout at Cottonwood Lakes. Photographed by N. M. Scofleld. 150 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. o I o s B 2 2 65 Vi a, a. 3 o O a z Ul Q _l O a Ll o a> I- z < -I Q. 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Smalley, A. D RedingtOD, P. A wnlow and others. Brownlow ■ c .'Si C3 w 03 a C3 03 Hughes, S. L. d, A. D. Perguso Smalley % O H O t-i M uke, A. D. P P. A. Bulla thers. IMS w a 03 3 P^ ft -o 1^6 1 ^^ CO a 1 Bullar E. W. W^«^ O 03 . feld, R. L. N. i wnlow a m t".2" o CO 0 V ack Broad, Ellis, P. A. L. N. Ellis, W ■a WWW "1 O 03 w '^_ w L. N. E Perguson, Bvillard, 0 . A. Bullar arl Wester guson, S. 0. P. Bro I» cocc ■ -^ w fe 1-5 02 CO 02 W fe o ^ I C3 Oil ; w« © o o I— ( CO rH S 152 CALIFORNIA FISH AND CVMK a CO c 3 n o o b 05 O o K a M C o .t; o ^ Be ^-" -^ .2 c >. CO O K S 03 as S3 n 1^ 03 c/i CO S3 CO 4> o o O <: w w fe w w 13 Id g .. t>. «> ^ g «^ OS o « "^ ^ n ■^ C?o Eo£?a w >> O ^ o 3 O o a -3 m 03 ■- o a 03 1-) S « W !> ^ M o A -t^ D o •a (M o o M ^ tfl -14 be a ■ ) o -n •w a « ca O ^ a Of .Jh tH 4-^ to 4J 03 o m H-l Wl 0 OJ *•-< c^ 1) o 03 n n 03 O 3 O Length of Fish 43 mm. 60 ram. 67 mm. 81 mm. 87 mm. 104 mm. 115 mm. 123 mm. 130 mm. 155 mill. Width of Il.^ail IG mm. 1!) mm. 22 mm. 25 mm. 26 mm. 27 iniii. ^Measurements were also taken of thi is shown by the following table: Length of YoHv Date — 1920 March 17 April April May May June June June Juno July July Julv Julv 15 2!) 20 25 7 17 24 28 1 6 17 28 40 37 37 35 31 27 24 20 17 14 10 mm. mm. iiini. iiini. mill, mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. \'()lk. the dinntiiit ion of wliii-li Sac W'iiltli «if Volk Sac 20 mm. 17 mm. 1."> mm. 12 mm. Up until April 15, the yolk, though shorti'uing, had kept the same general oval shape. At this time it became narrower and somewhat CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 155 Cube of fishes length Thousands 3500 SOOO 2600 i;000 1500 1000 500 k^ ^.^.^— _^_ i "" "* ■ r^ — \ ^^^ V y V / X / . —^ — ^ \ Cube of yolk sac length Thousanas 70 CO 50 40 30 20 10 17 27 6 16 March April 26 6 IJay 16 i6 5 15 June ;5 5 16 July 6 4 14 19 August , Fig. 40. ••ii-- Rate of growth of body and diminution of yolk of Swell Sliark. • Bulk of fish according to cube of length. Bulk of yolk according to cube of length. irregular in outline, but resumed the more oval appearance about May 25. By July 17 the yolk seemed to be entirely absorbed, leaving only a small round sac at the end of the umbilical cord, which was only about one-half of its original length, and by July 28 was reduced to less than an eighth of an inch and gave the appearance of a tiny knob on the ventral side of the fish. After hatch- ing the only evidence of the cord was a little spot about the size of a pin head. The rate of growth of the fish and the diminution of the yolk are shown in the accompanying chart. It will be noted that after the external yolk had ])een absorbed, about July 17, the fish continued steadily to grow, due prob- ably to an internal supply of yolk. (See diagram.) Note also that from April 15 to 26 there was no change in the yolk shown in the curve, probably due to the fact that at this time the yolk was changing in shape somewhat and becoming narrower, while the length remained constant. By May 20 the gill filaments, which were long and kept in constant motion by the movements of the fish, had eu- tii'ely disappeared. They had been l^resent in each gill slit and in the spir- acles. Subsequent to this the breathing motion of the mouth was observed. The color of the fish in the early stages was a uniform whitish. On May atfac'in'int ?f "sl-c.uief uScL^'cord! 25 a few dark spots were observed on «• soiid body niied with yoik. &. the fins and by June 7, over ten weeks Slucir cord.' ^^"'^^ ^^'^'- ""■ '''"■ 156 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. before hatching, nearly the whole body was covered w illi jilxml eight or nine pairs of ))lack ])ands. At the time of hatdiini:- this distiiiet band eit'eet was somewhat destroyed by tlie round black spot.s scattered on the bands. The fish showed extreme activity at first, wriggling constantly and rhythmically, so that the taking of measuremouts wa.s quite difficult. The most persistent motion was the back and forth movement of the tail, but occasionally the fish would curl itself into a tight knot and sometimes exhibit such violent activity, wriggling, squirming and fiop- jiing about, that it seemed likely to wrench itself loose from the yolk. Such violent activity usually lasted only a few seconds. ^lost of the time the movements of the tail back and forth were quite regular, while at other times they were very irregular and .jerky. These were counted at various times and nnder various conditions. They seemed to be fewer and more regular in the shade than in suidight. The experi- ments were as follows : when the fish was put in a shallow pan and placed in the shade, the tail moved very regularly back and forth from 60 to 70 times per minute ; then when i)laced in the sun the motion became irregular and the count increased to as many as 120 per minute ; the fish being placed in the shade again they were irregular and many at first, then dropped down to 78 per minute and became very regular ; the pan being again placed in the sun, the movements were only 63 and very regular at fii*st, but soon increased to 115 and were irregular; put back in the shade they decreased to 94. The probable purpose of the movements of the tail was to aerate the water by keeping it in circulation. By May 25 the fish did not show such constant activity. There would be long intervals of very little movement, if an}^ but at this time wiien the tail was in motion there were 110 movements counted per minute. The night of ]\Iay 25 the fish was left in the shallow pan on the table over night, on account of the failure of the water supply, and the next morning the sun had been shining upon it for some time until the water was almost hot. The fish was stretched out on its back with its moutJi wide open, and showed no signs of life whatever. The water was cooled gradually, and within an hour the fish was as active as ever. As the shark grew larger the activity decreased decidedly. By June 7 it was veiy inactive. Immediately after it was transferred from the acjuarium into a glass .iar, there were counted 125 movements per minute of the tail, and then all motion ceased until the fish was placed in the sun, when the activity was resumed. The light of tlie sun seemed always to increas(^ the activity. When the egg case was handled or poked the fish would curl its tail around the yolk, then remain quiet. By June 17 the tip of the tail wlicii curled around the yolk would reach the tip of the snout. ])uring tiie last two months of its existence in the egg case, the fish was most inactive and the mouth movements were not always perceptible. At such times it was doubted if the fish were still alive. It was usually, however, with the exception of the last two weeks, sensitive to a jar of any kind. There was evidently more activity than was observed, for the head of the fish was not always in the same end of the case. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 157 The evening of August 19, five montlis after having been received, the egg case was hanging perpendicularly in the water with the smaller end up, and the head of th.e fish toward this end. During the night tlie shark struggled up through this small end, splitting it entirely across the top, freed itself from the ease, and was found the next Fig. 42. Swell Shark, Catulus uter, the day after hatching. Natural size. morning reposing on the bottom of the aquarium. The egg case was then, examined and it was found that beyond tliis opening through which the fish had slipped the case was unbroken. One of the slits at this end had aided in making the exit a little larger. The shark was very inactive and remained in one place for a long while, only occasionally moving the fins or tail slightly. During the day it moved about somewhat on the bottom of the aquarium. The next day it was taken out and identified as Cat/id us uter, Jordan & Gilbert. Figures showing the q^^ case and the fish immediately after hatching accompany this article. NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING. No. 5. By IJ. L. M., California. Scene: Camp fire in front of the hotel. Time: Evening of the day described in the July issue of California Fish and Grame. Angler. Tourist. Mrs. Tourist. Dramatis personce. Second Tourist. Third Tourist. Tourist: Here comes Angler. He promised to come around after supper. Angler, let me introduce you to my wife and the rest of our party. Mrs. Tourist -. Those trout we had for supper were delicious. They Avere so very much better than those that we caught at Pine Lake. I wonder why? Angler: The fish we caught were stream fish ajid were in the pink of condition, for they had been feeding on insects, which is the best kind of food for a trout. .Furthermore, they were in their natural 158 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. onvironment. On the other hand, the fisli in Pine Lake were Steel- head tront that, due to the formation of the country, can not nin to the sea. The result is that their natural period of spawning is delayed, and I expect yon saw the fisli that you caught were not so plump as the stream fish were. Second Tourist: Tlioy did not seem to put up much of a fight when liooked. They just gave one jump iind tlicn were brought in witliout any further struggle. Third Tourist: Don't the fish in Pine Lake ever get into good condition 1 Angler: In al)Out six weeks time there will be a great change in them. It takes time for them to recover from spawning, particulnrly SO as they have to get back into condition in a fresh \vat('r lake, ratlier Fig. 43. Proper methud of linlding- dry-rly rod. Photo- graph by R. L. M. tluin in their real environment, the sea. Early in the season they are good, but they begin to fall off about the middle of June, and it is not until the latter part of August that they become fit again. J/r.s. Tourist: Mj' husband hns been telling us of the wonderful sport you had today. I wish we had been along instead of going over that rough road to the lake. Second Tourist: Why didn't you begin to fish as soon as you reached the river? Tourist tells me that you waited for nearly half an hour before you begaji fi.shing. Angler: AVhen trout arc not feeding on the surface it is very diffi- cult to induce them to rise to a dry fly. One or two authorities on the art have stated that when the exact position of a fish is known, it can sometimes be coaxed to take a dry fly, if the fly is floated over it CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 159 a number of times. In order to be successful, it is necessary to cast as many as twelve or more times over the fish. Each cast has to be letter perfect and the fly should not be lifted off: the water until there is absolutely no chance of frightening the fish. One mistake spoils everything. If the suspicions of the fish are once aroused, he loses all interest in the proceedings. The theory is that by making a number of casts over the fish, you create in his mind' the belief that there is a hatch of some fly coming on, and so long as no mistakes are made, the effort may eventually be successful. The fish in this river, however, seem to feed mainly on grasshoppers, and during the time that the grasshoppers are present in large numbers they pay very little attention to anything else. Third Tourist: Don't the fish feed in the evenings, when there are generally lots of flies on the water? Angler: Not during the time of the harvest of 'hoppers. You will notice a lot of small fish and some chubs feeding on these flies; but tlie larger fish are resting while their heavy meal of 'hoppers is digest- ing. Whenever you happen to be fishing in a stream where you know there are good-sized trout and you catch nothing but small ones, you ean make up your mind that the big fellows are not feeding. When they do feed the little trout keep out of the way. Second Tourist: Then as I understand it, when the fish are not feeding on the surface, a dry fly is not much good. Angler: That is connect Math one exception — ^there is of course the possibility of getting an odd fish by creating an artificial rise of fly. When the dry fly does not produce results, then we change over and fish with a wet or sunk fly and quite possibly get some fish. Third Tourist: Why didn't you fish with a wet fly while you were waiting this morning? Angler : First of all, I knew it was only a question of a comparatively short time before the 'hoppers would begin to fly. Then, again, these fish are shy. They are very wary and not easy to catch, as the result of the continual fishing that goes on day after day throughout the entire open season. I considered it best not to add still further tio tlieir education liy raking the water with a wet fly when I was so sure that they would soon be feeding on the top. Tourist: You remember speaking about "drag"? Should a dry fly alwiays float with the stream and never move at all on the surface ? Angler: In general, yes. But there are times and occasions when a deliberate drag, that is, a drag produced by the fisherman himself, may get a fish to rise, when possibly if no drag had been made, he would pay no attention to the fly. Second Tourist : This sounds interesting. Can you give an example from your own experience where a forced drag was successful? Angler: Yes. A few weeks ago I was fishing farther north. During the latter part of the afternoon a lot of small sedge flies hatched out and got onto the water. These flies belong to a different family than that to which the majority of the flies that we see belong. The sedge flies light on the surface; fly up a short distance and light again. When they are on the surface, they frequently move, sometimes even 160 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. running alonu' tlio top of the water for a short distance. In olden times the antics they perfonned eai-ned tlieni the name of "caperer. " On several occasions on this trip I i)la.ced my fly over a rising fisli without any result. Tlie fish was not "put down," because it went on rising. Finally, I decided to see what effect it would have if I made my fly copy the motions of the flies on which the fish were feeding. I liad already past three tmies for the particular fish tliat I was going to experiment on. However, I cast and as soon as the fly got ne him out because the only possible method would liave been to ])ush liiiii away with the line, whicli was imjiossible. I was fishing in a were few and far rises I had. They How many of those Two out of Fig. 44. A good type of reel for a dry-fly rod. riiotogiapli by R. 1.. -M. Second Tourist: AVon't you show us the rest of your paraphernalia? Angler: Here are a couple of modern fly reels. (See Fig. 44.) They are short length spools of large diameter. Consecpiently, you can wind up line very fast with them. Third Tourist: Did you ever use an automatic reel? Angler: No. I do not think that they are satisfactory. The reel, besides being used as a device to care for the spare line, acts as a counter weight and balances rod. The weight of an automatic reel is so great that it overbalances any normal fly rod. Here is an old-time fly l)ox. This is known as the "Houghton" fly box and has been made for a number of years. I have had tliis particidar one ever since 1899, but it is still in fair condition. Tourist: Why the "Houghton"? Angler: It is named after a famous old fishing club of that name. Ever since 1822, the club has Iwised or owikhI riparian rights on the CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 163 Test, a river in the soiitli of England. wlii<*li is noted for its trout fishing and more particularly for the dry-fly branch of that art. 3Irs. Tourist: You have quite a nice collection of flies in tliat box. I notice that they seem to be graded from quite dark flies to some that are nearly white in their general makeup. Is it necessary to have many different kinds of flies? Angler: Not absolutely. There are twelve different patterns there. As a general rule, there is sufficient variety in such a collection to find the right fly for the fish. The grasshopper fly is not there, but Fig. 45. I'ly box and dry Hies. Photograph by R. L. M. that fly is more or less a purely local pattern. By that I mean, it would be worse than useless, unless, the fish were feeding on 'hoppers. Mrs. Tourist : What are the names of your flies ? Angler: Well, here I have the red quill. These are Wickham's fancies. For a very light-colored fly, I use this, which is called Kingsley's cocktail spinner. The opposite, or the prince of darkness, is this one, which is known as Greenwell's glory. This is the medium olive dun, and this one is the witchurch dun. Then here is that old standby the hare's ear. This fly won distinction, for it was with it that the largest trout ever caught with the dry fly was hooked. Third Tourist : How big was it ? Angler: It weighed twelve and three-quarters pounds and took one hour and a quarter to land. Its fortunate captor was the Reverend S. E. V. Filleul of Wareham. Third Tourist: Some fish, I'll say so! Angler : This fiy is the whirling blue dun, and here we have the pink lady, the invention of Mr. George M. La Branche of New York. This animal with no wings is Tup's indispensable, which is supposed 164 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. to represent the fly just at the moment it reaches the surface, before it has gotten rid of its outer skin and put its wings out. Finally, here we have tlie "whole dam dun family" and the "blood relation" or "first eoiLsin" to the "dam dun family." Second Tourist: Why such a name for a poor inoffensive fly? Angler: This fly is intended to be a composite portrait of all the duns. Its cousin is a slight variation with woodcock wings and is very useful when the march bi'own fly is on the water. These two are my own design. Second Tourist: Are they any good? Angler: Well, tlie first time I used "the family" I got hold of a big trout tliat escaped by promptly getting down between some rocks and sawing off my leader. The next day at almost my first cast with the same fly I got a three-and-a-half-pound fisli and long before it got dark or even the cows came home, I had caught the limit. Mrs. Tourist : Which is your favorite fly ? Angler: The grasshopper, when the fish are feeding on it. But when they are feeding on small flies I have no first choice. The fact of the nmtter is that one fly is as good as another provided the size is light. The most important thing is to have confidence that the fly you are using is the one and only fly to use. If you can attain to this degree of perfection then you will catch fish. However, we are human and we have our d(mbts and in order to be on the safe side it is just as well to have a variety of flies along, even if you do confine yourself to only one or two patterns. Mrs. Tourist: Well, we have had a most delightful visit, and if ever you come our way you must certainly come out to the ranch and have some fishing where there will not be so many people fishing all around you. Angler : Here are a few grasshopper flies that may be useful in the future. Tourist : Man,y thanks. And good luck to you. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 165 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME A publication devoted to the conserva- tion of wild life and published quarterly by the California State Fish and Game Commission. Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali- fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho- logical, mammalogical and similar period- icals. The articles published in California Fish and Game are not copyrighted and may be reproduced in other periodicals, provided due credit is given the California Fish and Game Commission. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to make use of pertinent material. All material for publication should be sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal. OCTOBER 28, 1920. It cannot be expected that wild life resources, if left to themselves, will con- tinue to yield food and sport Indefinitely. A constant supply can only be maintained through carefully planned protection and propagation, and the necessary expense in- volved in such an undertaking is justified by any results which are as outstanding as those of fish and game. COMMISSION'S DUTY TO PROTECT FISH AND GAME. We often hear unjust criticism of the Fish and Game Commission, because of the wrong: attitude taken by many sportsmen. There are many persons who seem to think that the hunter or fisher- man is better qualified to dictate as to what the law should be than the Fish and Game Commission. They fail to realize that they view questions from rather a selfish poiiiit of view. The members of the Commission are in a 1)etter position to know conditions and to .iudge as to needs than any individual or group of individuals, for it is their busi- ness and not simply their hobby. The Fish and Game Commission must stand as a barrier to protect fish and game. It takes into account the safety of the different species more largely than the desire of the man who hunts and fishes. SUMMER RESORT EDUCATIONAL WORK. The educational work in the Yosemite National Park carried on under the joint auspices of the National Park Service niul tiie California Fish and Game Com- mission this past summer proved to be very popular and very much worth while. The work was designed to bring useful information regarding wild life and the methods of conserving it to the summer vacationist. The term "Nature Guide Service," applied to it, but partially ex- plains the different fields of endeavor. In addition to the scheduled field trips for both aduLts and children, formal lectures and campfire talks were given- at the various resorts. Such game birds as the band-tailed pigeon, mountain quail, Sierra grouse and spotted sandpiper en- countered on the different field excursions gave splendid opportunity for the dis- cussion of the present status and the methods for the conservation of these different game species. Wild life films and stereopticon slides were used to il- luslrate the lectures. An office hour held at the National Park Service office gave Yosemite visitors a chance to have ques- tions answered. A total or nearly 1400 persons, a large number of whom were children, were given first hand infonna- tion regarding birds, mammals and fish through the medium of field trips, ajid over 25,000 persons through the medium of lectures. Thus does the plan grow for making "conservationists out of sum- mer vacationists." THE GRIZZLY. In the Conservationist for August, 1920, Mr. Enos Mills has contributed a short appeal on behalf of the vanishing grizzly. The need for the protection of this splendid animal in California was not appreciated soon enough. California, where the grizzly was but a short time ago found in considerable numbers, is now without a single representative, and it is to be trusted that the people who live in the sections of our country where he is still to be found will not be so short-sighted. Mr. Mills says: "The grizzly is dis- tinguished by keenly developed senses, alertness, sustained curio.sity, and superior mentality. "Although the grizzly in not ferocius, and although he does not eat human flesh, most people unfortunately believe the contrary. One is as likely to be assaulted i)y a jack i-abbit as by a grizzly, and far more likely to be chased by a tame cow or a civilized dog. 166 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. "The griz/I.v destroys many pests — rats, mice, ral)hits and grasshoppers. Most of his food habits are economically beneficial to mankind. Exceptional grizzlies have turned cattle killers; but cattle or big game killing is confined to exceptional individuals and not to ex- ceptional doings of all grizzlies. "The grizzly has courage, loyaltj' and individuality. * * * Our race loses if the grizzly goes. He is the master touch to arouse the imagination, to perpetuate the strange primeval memories, to give the wilderness its supreme spell." We hope that the consen-ationists who are interested in the protection of this monarch of the wilds will be successful in spreading the gospel of their conservation and that early attention will be given the black bear that it may not follow the grizzly. BEAVERS INCREASE IN THE ADIRON- DACKS. A careful study of the beaver in the Adirondacks has shown that this fur- bearer is now so abundant that an open season is not only safe but necessary to prevent too much damage being done to timber and cultivated crops. In the day of the trapper the annual exporta- tion of beaver pelts from New York State alone amounteonds. Several attempts have been made to keep the golden trout at the Mount Shasta Hatchery but with- out success. Golden trout exhibited at the State Fair at Sacramento last Sep- tember were moved to Sisson, but all died. Just why this species should suc- cumb while others thrive is a mystery, as shipments from Inyo County come through in good condition and no trouble is experienced in keeping them in aquaria at the State Fair. Fig. 46. A fine type of fish ladder. Inskip Dam^ South Butte Creek, Tehama County, California. Photograph by A. E. Culver. 172 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. THE TAHOE HATCHERY. The new Tahoe Hatchery is now com- pleted and ready for occupancy. It has become more and more evident for several years past that the supply of water at the old hatchery site was entirely in- adequate, and several years a^ property ahoiit one mile east was secured, together with the water rights to Walker Springs. In fact the site secured is the only one available at the present time. The springs furnish a purer and colder water supply than any stream flowing into the lake. Furthermore, a supply of water from springs is more dependable than that from a stream, in that there is less danger of lack of water during a dry season. The new hatchery contains sixty-four troughs and will have a capacity of about two and a half million trout. Provision has also been made for breeding ponds and nursery ponds. A superintendent's cottage is being built. This new hatchery is made the more necessary because of the lack of water at the Tallac Hatchery during the past few years. The new Tahoe Hatchery is of sufficient size to handle practically all of the black-spotted trout operations. The old hatchery building will be utilized as a laundry and community center in connection with the camp ground. THE OLD AND THE NEW. In 18S-S the Mount Shasta Hatchery consisted of one building, forty by sixty feet, containing forty-four troughs. Its capacity was a few hundred thousand trout and salmon. At the present time the Mount Shasta Hatchery comprises seventeen acres with five large hatching houses containing 450 troughs, together with superintendent's cottages, spawning house, kitchen, barn, sheds and garage. Fiftj' large rearing ponds for trout and three larger ponds for salmon complete the equipment. The hatchery output averages more than 10,000,000 trout and salmon per year. FOOD FOR TROUT INTRODUCED. The Department of Fisliculturc is en- deavoring to conserve the fish supply by introducing new trout food in the lakes of the southern Sierra and Tahoe basin. Insects, such as salmon flies ; crustaceans, such as gamniarus: and aquatic plants are being introduced. COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES. X. B. ScoFiELD, Editor. THE STATUS OF THE TUNA. ; The Fish and Game Commission ii'eccntly received a letter from one of our leading sporting magazines calling atten- ition to the fact that a seaplane had been 'used at San Pedro in locating schools of tuna. They also sent this Commission a letter which they had received from a Californian protesting against this "con- jtemptible practice" as they called it, and ;Stating that the "fish canning companies of the state by this method are destroy- ing this wonderful Pacific Coast fish, the tuna." As this is the kind of opposition which i-[any new method of fishing receives whether it is actually destructive or not, the reply made is appended : The tuna has been recognized as a commercial fish for many years in Europe. The only reason it has not been recog- nized as a commercial fish on the .Vtlantic and I'acific coa.sts of the United States is because we have not appreciated its value as a food fish. So far the tuna, which we call here the blue-fin or leaping tuna (I'lnniiius tlninniia) , has been taken in conimerci il (luantities only a couple of years, and we are quite sure that the si)ecies is in no immediate danger of being exterminated or of being seriously depleted. The albncore. wliich the United States Bureau of FockI and Drugs permits our canuers to label as long-finned tuna, and which is the whitemeat tuna found in the marki'ts, Ins been taken commercially in large quantities for the last seven or eight years. The albacore is taken with hook and line only but the quantity taken in one season has been as high as thirty million jjounds, or six times the weight of bhie-fin tuna taken in any one year. This Commission has been employing fisheries investigators for the past three years to make a thorough investigation of the albacore to determine if it was being overfished and likely to become seri- CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 178 ouslj' depleted in numbers. At the be- ginning of this investigation three j'ears ago, there was available accurate data of the catch for three years preceding, so that now we have had six years accu- rate data of the catch upon which to pass an opinion as to whether it is being overfished. The evidence is quite conclu- .sive that the albacore i.s not in danger of being depleted and we consider that it needs no protection as yet. The tuna which is mentioned in your letter is a closely related fish belonging to the same genus and it is not at all likely that it will be taken in large enough quantities to seriously deplete the supply for at least several years to come. This state is collecting accurate data of the catch of each commercial species of fish and this data shows not only the total catches of each vai'iety but the catch per unit of fishing gear. By means of this data we are keeping a better watch on the fisheries than is any other state and we will bo able to detect depletion of any species before such depletion has advanced beyond the danger point. We are not taking it for granted that the resources of the sea are inexhaustible ; we are going on the assumption that any species may be exhiusted if we catch it in large enough quantities. We are watch- ing the tuna fisheries as well as our immense sardine fishery very carefully and we wish to assure you that there is no cause for alarm in the fact that an occasional seaplane is used to locate schools of tuna. As yet there is no demand in the markets for the canned blue-fin tuna, in fact, there is not the demand there should be and it is not likely that the fishing for Ijlue-fin tuna will need restricting until the public do come to appreciate it as a valuable food product. We do not consider the use of seaplanes in locating schools of fish as a "con- temptible practice." This method of lo- cating fish has been used but little on this coast. On the Atlantic coast, as you may know, the United States Government, with the sanction of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, is aiding the fishing industries to locate fish by this means. Seaplanes were used last fall at San Diego in locating schools of sardines. These seaplanes were furnished by the United States Navy and had the sanc- tion and assistance of the State Fish and Game Commission. BUREAU CHIEF INSPECTS CALI- FORNIA FISHERIES. Dr. H. F. Moore, Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries, made a tour of inspection of California fisheries and the United States Bureau of Fisheries' Preservation Laboratory at San Pedro during Sep- tember on his return from the Pan- Pacific Science Congress at Honolulu. This is Dr. Moore's first visit to this coast for several years. A full week was spent on a survey of the fisheries, this being occasioned by the recent rapid growth of our fisheries and more especi- ally by the fisheries conservation work now being done by the State Fish and Game Commission. Dr. Moore has ex- pressed himself as being very favorably impressed with the conservation work under way in this state. TUNA FISHERIES INVESTIGATED. A recent visitor to this coast is Dr. Kamakichi Kishinouye, of the College of Fisheries, Tokyo Imperial University, Japan, who is making a special study of the comparative anatomy of the Scombroid fishes, or in other words, the fishes of the mackerel family. He finds that the yellow-fin and the blue-fin tunas have a remarkable set of blood' vessels which surround the liver and extend into the strip of dark meat along the side of the fish, which strip is so noticeable in the fishes of the mackerel family. The albacore, or long-finned tuna, does not show this unusual development, at least in such a marked degree. The remarkable part of this is that this particular arrangement has never been described by anatomists or fish in- vestigators. It is believed to have some direct bearing on the fish's ability to with- stand cold water. Dr. Kishinouye is spending some time in southern California in order to make a study of this structure in the three species of tuna found in those waters, i.e., blue-fin, yellow-fin and long-fin tuna. He also wishes to determine if these three fish are of the same species as those found in Japan. He suspects, from work he has already done on the anatomy of these fishes, that the Japanese blue-fin tuna is a different species from the one found in the Mediterranean Sea. Here- tofore these two, as well as the blue-fin tuna found in California, have been con- sidei'ed the same species. In Japan the blue-fin and 3'ellow-fin tuna are caught by immense trap nets placed rather close inshore. The long- finned tuna, or albacore, cannot be caught in this manner as they do not approach the shore, living only in quite deep water. The albacore is taken to some extent in 174 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. gill nets but the principal method of catchiuj;: is by the use of long lines, sim- ilar to the Hues used by the California Fish and Game Commission in its ex- perimental fishing for albacore in south- ern California waters a year or so ago. They have found this the most successful way of catching albacore and the most economical. The principal bait used is fresh squid. The method of using hand lines and lines on short poles, as em- ployed in California, is ased only to a limited extent in Japan. It is his idea that the use of the short poles, which is known to our lishermcn here as the "Jap pole method," is only successful at times when the albacore are very plentiful. The long lines, he states, are most successful in catching albacore in the spring and fall of the year, and these are the times when the albacore catch is the largest. 1 1 limy be of interest to note here that llic cxperhnental fishing done by this Coni- iiiissii>u some time ago demonstrated the lad that by the use of lung lines the alba- core may be taken at times when they are not feeding at the surface and con- sequently cannot be taken by surface fish- ing methods such as the use of short hand lines and the "Jap pole method." The blue-fin tuna also takes the long line and liDiiks (|uite freelj'. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISH- ERIES, SAN PEDRO LABORATORY. 'i'lie work of the United States Bureau of Fisheries Preservation Laboratory at San Pedro is being temporarily continued by the Fish and Game Commission until funds can be obtained by the Bureau. There is hope that 'he bureau will get an approi)riation which will enable it to con- tinue the laboratory from the first of January and to reimburse the state for what it has spent; although this last, while possible, is hardly probable. The bureau continues virtually to direct the work although the state, in order to get due credit, appears as the operator and will publish the preliminary reports of the work. The Commis.siou entered into this arrangement believing that by so doing it would aid in the expansion of our fisheries and would prevent the almost total loss of the laboratory's preceding year's work. It was believed tliat by so doing the fish canners of the state would be pleased and all others interested in the wellfare and development of the fish- ing industry. In helping to this extent there was the desire to aid a federal bureau which stands for the development and conservation of the fisheries as does no other bureau — a bureau which for many years has carried on fisheries conservation work in this state and which it is hoped will continue to carry on in the future. The lalwratory, a year ago, undertook fish canning exjieriments which for gooil and sufficient reasons were scheduled to continue over a period of two years before their completion. It was necessary to continue this work for the bureau in order to tide it over a tem]>urary financial de- pression and tliu>^ preserve to the state the bureau's wcll-ciiuipiicd laboratory and till' liiireau's inclination to continue this \iiin;ibli' liiii' of research work. If we had not done so the years' woj-k would have been lost as well as the .t;-_MMi already <'Xpen(led. The United Slatt-s P.nreau of Clii'inistry has estal)lislic(l a laboratory at San Diego for work similar to that which is being done in the preservation laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries at San I'edro. 'J'hcre is plenty of work for both laboratories and each should ri'ceive encouragement. The Commission i.s doing all it can to prevent duplication of work by the two bureaus and to bring about a correlation of their activities. Mr. Almy, who will supervise the work of the lab- oratory of the Bureau of Chemistry, and Dr. Alsburg, head of the bureau, have assured the Commission that they desii'e to cooperate to a sufficient extent to nvoid unnecessary duplication of work. OCTOPUS FISHING IN JAPAN. Recently several octopi were brought into the San Francisco markets which had been caught by the local rockcod fishermen on rockcotl gear. In a recent visit from Dr. Kamakichi Kishinouye of the Tokyo Imperial University, Japan, some very interesting information con- cerning the methods used in fishing for octopus in Japan was gained. One method used is as follows : Long lines are let down to which are attached earthen w^a re pots or vases of the right size to accommodate the octopus for which CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 175 they are fishing — we should judge these pots would average 1* to 2i feet deep and from 8 to 14 inches in diameter. Some of these pots are suspended with the mouth down, others suspended with the mouth up from the long horizontal line. Each pot has a small hole in the bottom to let the water easily escape when the pots are raised. The pots are not baited, and since it is the habit of the octopus to find a hiding place in the rocks, they crawl into the mouth of the pot and re- main there until they are pulled out. The pots are set one day and pulled the next ; one boat will handle about 200 pots. Ordinarily buoy floats are not used to locate the lines but they are picked up with a grappling hook, for it is believed •that the floating buoy disturbs the pots and prevents the octopus from entering. Thej' are also caught by means of hook and line. In . this method the fisherman baits the hooks, several of them on a long line, and when they have lowered them until they come in contact with rocks, they contiinually jerk the lines. The octopus, in feeding, i-eache^ out its arms to get the bait with its sucking discs and the jerking of the hooks catches the arms or tentacles. SILVER SALMON AT MONTEREY IN 1920. Since the last two seasons in California have shown relatively poor catches of king or Chinook salmon there is an increased interest among fishennen and packers in the other possible species of salmon that might serve to fill in the breach, especially during bad years. The most abundant of the lesser species is the silver salmon, a fish of lower oil content than the king and therefore less desirable for canning, althoug-h it sells readily on the fresh markets. Along our northern coast it forms a large per cent of the salmon catch. The southern boundary of com- mercial salmon fishing (Monterey) seems to be almost out of the range of the silver salmon. The salmon investigation now being conducted by the Commission has gathered some information as to the rel- ative abundance of the two principal species and from time to time further notes on their occurance, seasons, abund- ance and worth on the markets will be published. In a recent number of California Fish and Game (Oct. 1919) it was noted that the silver salmon in 1919 did not appear at Monterey, just for a few days, but that thoy were caught in small numbers over a period of eleven weeks with a heavy catch ou four or five days during the period. Detailed notes were kept in the 1920 season's run in Monterey Bay and it was found that the appearance of silver salmon in small numbers extended over a longer period this year and that they were not caught in great numbers during any four or five consecutive days as was true in 1919. At no time this year did they out- numljer the king salmon. In 1919 the first silver salmon was noted on May 10, while in 1920 the first was caught on April 19. During the remainder of April, 1920, a few were caught each day averag- ing between four and five pounds apiece. For instance, on April 23, the silvers made up 4.4 per cent of the catch in number of fish and 1.0 per cent in weight, the rest of the catch being kings. During May there were very few silvers caught at Monterey, but on June 1, they formed about one-fifth of the catch. On June 2, the silvers were IS per cent in number and 8.2 per cent in weight of the catch and averaged a little less than 7 pounds apiece. June 3, and 4, the silver catch was somewhat less and from the fifth to thirteenth of June there were only a few silvers caught. On June 14, the silvers picked up to 15.3 per cent in number of fish and 7.7 per cent in weight in the catch. By June 17 they were 24.2 per cent in number and 17.5 per cent in weight in the catch and averaged 7.S pounds each. From June IS to 21, the silvers averaged about 7.9 pounds but the per cent in the catch dropped off. On June 22, the silvers in the catch were 19 per cent in number of fish and 8.8 per cent in weight with an average weight of 7^ pounds and the average weight dropped to 7 pounds for the following week. By this time the king salmon season was about over so that the silver salmon caught, although few in number, formed a relatively higher proportion of the catch. For example, on June 24, the silvers in the catch were 33 per cent in number and 22.8 per cent by weight. June 25, the per cent of silvers dropped to IS and from then on for the remainder of the season there was only an occasional silver salmon caught. W. L. S. 176 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. OCEAN AND STREAM SALMON CATCHES. Frequently the question is raised as to the relative imiwrtance of trolling and stream netting: for salmon in California so that a summary of the figures of total salmon catch may be of general interest. The 1920 figures are not yet complete. The following figures, in round numbers, represent yearly total salmon catch of the state in pounds of fish in the round. River caught. Ocean caught. Season total. 1919__. 5,087.01)0 7.1.58,000 1.3,145,000 1918— 7,178.(100 5.920,000 13,09.3,000 1917 5,493.0011 :j.5(;3,000 11,050,000 1916___ 5,342,000 5.501.000 10,843,000 There are three chief trolling regions : (1) 'Shelter Cove, (2) vicinity of San Francisco, (3) Monterey Bay. The two chief netting regions are the Sacramento river and the northern coast streams such as the Eel, Klamath, and Smith rivers. The 1019 salmon catches for these regions expressed in percentage of the total catch of the state are as follows : Kegion. Per cent Ocean — Shelter Cove 22 San Frant'isco 11 Monterey Bay 22 55 Stream — Sacramento River 35 Northein Rivers 10 45 100 100 The salmon caught at Monterey, out- side San Francisco, and in the Sac- ramento River are generally classed together as a unit since it is assumed that they result from spawning in the Sac- ramento. At present a possible restriction of the trolling and netting of salmon is being discussed. A contrast in the catch by these two methods is shown by the following table of catch in round numbers of pounds : (Taken with nets) Mont. Bay. Outside S. F. Troll M\. Sae. Kiver. 1919_ 2,810,000 1,443.000 4,259,000 4,529,000 1918- 2,893,000 1,929,000 4,822,000 5,938,000 1917_ 3,880,000 1,280.000 5,100,000 3,971,000 1916. 5,231,000 263,000 5,494,000 3,451,000 There are changes from year to year in the importance of the salmon fishery of any one locality. For example, the catch at Monterey has dropped off while the Noyo- Shelter Cove caU-h has been steadily in- creasing due to the recent development of the industry at those northern trolling points. In 1917 the total from the Noyo- Shelter Cove region was less than a half million pounds, in 1918 over one million and in 1919 only a little less than three million pounds. A minor item of interest is that each year a few salmon are caught by trolling and netting along the coast of the southern counties far to the south of Monterey. Last year 10 pounds were reported, in 1918 one thousand and in 1917, 2000 pounds. W. L. S. THE SALMON SEASON AT MONTEREY. The Monterey salmon season of 1920 was even i>oorer than last year. The catch is roughly estimated at one-fourth of the normal or about one-half of last year's catch. In round numbers the Monterey catch (exclusive of Santa Cruz) was 1,290,000 pounds, this year as op- posed to 2,:J1 0,000 pounds in 1919. The early season's .catch this year was better than a year ago, but there was not the customary large run during the latter half of May and the first two or three weeks of June. The season practically ended in June, but there was a small catch on two or three days near the end of July. The local trolling fleet was about quadrupled by the addition of boats from northern points, but the poor catch was so discouraging that many fishermen returned to San Francisco during the middle of the season. In spite of the fact that each year has seen a steadily increasing number of boats trolling for salmon in Monterey Bay, the yearly catch has been dropping off, as shown by the following figures, in round numbers, of pounds of salmon caught in the bay. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 2,816,000 2,893,000 3,879,000 5,231,000 As stated above, the 1920 catch is little more than half that of 1919. W. L. S. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 177 NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY/' WiLf, F. Tiio.Mrsox, Editor. THE FISHERIES LABORATORY AND ITS WORK. At the time these notes go to the editor, considerable progress has been made toward the establisimient of a per- manent laboratoi-y building for our work. The most encouraging advance in that direction has been the granting by the city of Los Angeles to the Fish and Game Commission of a long-term lease to a site at Fish Harbor, San Pedro. It is situated at the intersection of Seaside avenue and Tuna street, and will be most accessible to all canners and fishermen who may be interested. A description of the site and the dis- cussion of the plans for the building, of which rough sketches are at hand, may await the time when the plans are in finished condition, but it will be well to state now as clearly as possible those ideals to which the Commission is plan- ning to dedicate a unique institution. Such a statement may save misunder- standing and opposition, and should give to those interested an appreciation of the underlj'ing purposes such as will enable them to comprehend the reasons for the choice of site and for the plans adopted. The site was chosen because of its proximity to the canneries and the fish wharves, making it possible to follow easily the progress of the fishery. The plans adopted are intended to give good working room for a statistical and biological study of tlie fisheries for the purpose of con- servation and adequate utilization and at the same time to allow an exhibit to those interested of the purposes of the work and its relation to the fisheries. That the primary purposes of the in- vestigations of the California Fish and Game Commission are conservation and adequate utilization has been stated many times. But such purposes have been re- peatedly avowed by investigators, whose programs when adopted have betrayed a primary interest in general natural his- tory, and have shown little relationship to the problems to be solved. The scien- tific program of the Commission has. ♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 21. however, been planned very .specifically to meet the problems which are involved in governmental control of the fisheries, and are adapted to meet the responsibilities of the state as legal guardian of those natural resources. The machinery for the execution of this program is, in fact, al- ready operating in part, and its purposes are stated very clearly in the laws of the state as duties of the Commission. Sec- tion 1 of the particular law referred to is as follows : "It shall be the duty of the Fish and Game Commission to gather data of the commercial fisheries and to prepare the data so as to show the real abundance of the most important commercial fishes ; to make such investigations of the biology of the various species of fish as will guide in the collection and preparation of the statistical information necessary to de- termine evidence of overfishing ; to make such investigations as will bring to light as soon as possible those evidences of overfishing as are shown by changes in the age groups of any variety of fish ; to determine what measux'es may be ad- visable to conserve any fishery, or to enlarge and assist any fishery where that may be done without danger to the supply." The law then goes on to make pro- visions for the statistical system now in use as one of the bases for the scien- tific work. This system is to the best of our knowledge one without parallel in any country, and it has already proved itself superior to any statistical system we are acquainted with. It registers the catch of every boat, leaving its record for sub- sequent study by scientists in conjunction with other records by which changes in apparatus and economic conditions may be discounted, in order that there may be obtained a measure of the fluctuations in abundance of fish from year to year. It will be inevitable, in the future, that any scientific pi'ogram carried on by the pos- sessors of such complete records as by this law we shall eventually have, will be a program designed to discover the mean- ing of such records in terms of abundance and scarcity of fish. That there are faults in the system must be granted, but the faults are infinitesimal compared to those of statistical systems depending 178 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. u|ioa csliuiaU's and hearsay. The lab- oratory will provide for the filing and the stndy of those records. But this statistical work is only a part of the program, and in foniiulating both this and the biological, which is in a way the more important, the Commission has had before it the several programs adojitod during the last two decades in other countries, notably in those bordering the North Sea and our North Pacific, and from these programs and their results it has been possible to decide within some- what narrow limits what knowledge is necossarj' to competently legislate for our fisheries. The failures and successes of others during the recent great advances in fishery science have profited us. And in this fact is seen the reason why the program for the proposed laboratory will be a really vital one, dealing with questions irhicli (icfiiaUy face the legislator and till nil II interested eoinmcYcialJi/. It will hick the vagueness of random natural history investigations, and it will avoid the limitiitiou in value of technological research. In the future we may justifiably hope that the investigations carried on in the new laboratory will further define and clarify the many problems to be met with. And in thus reviewing the work in (►thor fields perhaps the most obvious fact has been the absolute necessity of access to the vast store of specimens and data to I>e furnished by the commercial fisheries. No agency could afford to duplicate this store, despite its vital importance to any investigations. And this has, in fact, determinod the location of the laboratory and dominated in the construction of its lilans. Another obvious conclusion to be drawn from the work of others has been (he necessity of obtaining popular sup- port by exhibiting to tliose interested the puri^oses of the work, and its achieve- ments, as well a.s b.v showing graphically the necessity for it. Because of this there has been planned an exhibit room. The great scientific value of this work may not be immediately obvious to tlie scientist who is interested in some of the more basic laws of biology. It may ap- liear too practical. Yet this definition of aim, and practical trend actually heightens the value of the work from the stand- point of general science. The problems faced by the legislator are, in striking degree, the same as those in which the student of geograi)hical distribution, and of evolution is or should be interested, and the material offered by the commercial fisheries far exceeds in extent that which can be obtained through other sources. The degree of isolation of different races and the extent to which it leaves its traces on the moiijhology or habits of the species is of great importance to one pondering the value of protection to a species over- fished in a particular locality, just as it is to the man interested in the formation of races and species. The rapidity of growth, the distribution of pelagic ova or larvae by currents, the response of the species to changes in surrounding condi- tions, all affect both the conclusions of the naturalist and those to whom the apparent abundance of fish is vitally im- portant. Above all, however, our pro- gram will be most vital to the progress of hydrographical science in its relation to the food supply of man, through what is in reality the most essential purpose of our work — the measurement of the actual abundance of fish in the ocean. The effect of hydrographical conditions on fish can not be measured without a knowledge of the real abundance of fish, of the rate of growth, and the habits. So. in addition to being dedicated to the service of com- petent legislation for conservation and utilization, the laboratory will be in a very real way an essential part in the progress of more general scientific knowl- edge. W. F. T. PROGRESS OF THE ALBACORE WORK. During the )>ast summer Mr. Thompson has been pursuing in so far as possible the study of the albacore, with particular reference to its age and rate of growth. Mr. Rich and Mr. Sette have been sta- tioned since June at San Diego and San Pedro for the purpose of collecting for Mr. Thompson certain measurements and statistics bearing on the various problems. The study of the age has progressed to a point where the results are being pre- pared for publication. The age marks on the scales being illegible save in part, a special techni(iue was necessary in order to decipher them. This was the more necessary in that serious questions have arisen in some quarters regarding the ac- CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 179 curacy aud care with which age readings have been made in the cases of other species — and indeed, well-known biologisits have openly challenged the fact that scales and otoliths actually do show age. The work on the age of the albacore has dem- onstrated clearly and unmistakably the absolute correspondence of the actual age of the fish and the marks on the scales by a method entirely free from the in- fluence of the worker's personal judgment. Painstaking and time-consuming as the work has been, it has proved entirely worth while, and is the first direct knowl- edge we have of the age of any of the species of the mackerel family on this coast. These results show the albacore to be a fast growing species, with all that im- plies regarding the effect of commercial fisheries upon it. Their discussion must await the final publication. But atten- tion may be called to the fact that with their aid conclusions have been tentatively reached regarding the migration of the albacore. It is believed that the species shows a gradual migration to the north- ward through a period of years, but that the migration of any one year class is in general limited. The seasonal migrations are the most prominent and striking. The summer's work has also continued to add to our material bearing on the migrations and the fluctuations in the run of fish and on the relationship of catch to temperature or some allied factor, thereby placing certain facts beyond dis- pute. These can not be treated vei'y fully here, and it is hoped that as soon as the work on the age is out of the way, atten- tion may be turned to these data, which will, it is believed, prove highly interest- ing. The data at hand are "exceedingly extensive, perhaps more so than the data available for any other fishery, as the records for the whole industry from its beginning have been collected. The re- sults are already well defined, but remain to be placed in shape for publication. It will be recalled that we have ana- lyzed the relative abundance of fish dur- ing past years (see Pacific Fisherman Year Book, 1919) and found a steady fall in the catch of the same unit of gear from year to year. We ventured to say, however, that this fall was not, judging from various things, due to depletion, and the events of this summer have reassured us in this regard. The catch has shown an increase and the reappearance of younger classes of fish, both encouraging signs. The possibility that overfishing may occur is not, however, eliminated. W. F. T. PROGRESS OF THE CLAM WORK. Since April, 1919, F. W. Weymouth has been devoting a portion of his time to the completion of a survey of the shell- fish of the California coast commenced several years previously by Will F. Thompson. A report is now ready for the press embodying all the collected data. The primary purpose of the survey has been to put on record the number and abundance of the species of commercial importance and the location and condi- tion of the beds at present being utilized. The scope of the report has been extended by the inclusion of descriptions and figures, together with a key for ready identification of some forty species of present or possible commercial value. Heretofore no such key has been avail- able, and it is hoped that by this publica- tion, campers and amateur clam diggers can be made acquainted with the edible bivalves of the coast. Besides the de- scription and range of each species an account of its habits has been included. Though many collections of attractive and interesting "shells" have been made, there are few observations on the varied habits of these animals and it is hoped that those recorded in this report may lead to more study of the remarkable ways in which the bivalves are adapted to the diverse conditions of life under which they are found. In connection with this survey certain important points have developed. One is the need for a more detailed study of the life history of at least some of the more representative and important species. At present, though several of the eastern species have been oai'efully investigated, no facts concerning the age or rate of growth of a single native Pacific species are known. In an attempt to remedy this lack, data have been collected throughout the year on the Pismo clam, one of the most important California species, and these are now being carefully studied. The preliminary work indicates the main features of the age and as soon as it can 180 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. be completed it will be put in form for publication. It appeal's that the growth is less rapid than has been supposed and that a considerable age is reached by the larger specimens met witli. A careful survey of the coast has forced the conclusion that feiv of the native species can be matcriallj' increased by artificial means, but that in certain si'"t- ablc ba\s the "farmiiia" of the introduced soft shell or long cliumuight be made very profitable. Its culture has passed the experimental state on the eastern coast and profiting by this experience many acres of otherwise barren tide flats might be made to yield as sure and valuable a crop as a wheat field. It is hoped that in the future the question of the control of suitable tide lands may be put on as secure a basis as is the management of existing oyster lands, thus making such clam farming a practical possibility. F. W. W. PROGRESS OF THE SARDINE WORK. The investigation of the sardine fishery is being continued along lines laid down in previous publications in this magazine; (Volume 6, No. 1, pp. 10-1_2), and in Fish Bulletin No. 2. Mr. Elmer Iliggins has, during the nast season, been mad^ responsible for the caiTying out of the program at San Pedro, while Mr. O. E. Sette has been, until this last June, re- sponsible for the same at Monterey, both under the direction of Mr. W. F. Thomp- son for the present. Mr. Sette, who is leaving this fall for a resumption of his collie work, will continue his sardine work while at college. The principal at- tention of both of these workers has been concentrated on the discovery of the rate of growth through a study of the fre- quency of occurence of various sizes of fish, and the following of fluctuations in average size, sex, maturity, quality, etc., during the fishing season. In view of the importance of the sardine industrj', some- what more attention is given to an ex- position of this work than is the case with the other fisheries with which we are dealing. The program under which the work has been done contemplates (1) the discovery of depletion if it should occur; (2) the discovery of any great natural fluctua- tions in abundance or quality other than those due to overfishing; (3) the fore- telling of these fluctuations, which in other fisheries have at times caused great dam- age; (4) the deciphering of those habits of the species which are of importance to the canner and fisherman, such as migra- tion, and (5) a knowledge of such facts as will aid the legislator. The absolute completion of this pn^rara is without doubt well removed, but contributions to it of great value will be made in the very near future, enabling us to make at least provisional answers, a thing impossible now. Among these we may list the age and rate of growth, the breeding season, and the degree of independence of the sardines in different regions. That the fcM'ctelling uf liucluations is not visionary may be seen from the work of the Nor- wegian fishci-j' authorities on the herring. The other elements of the outline given are dependent entirely upon the records we obtain — and we are acquiring the very best possible. A certain amount of preliminary work had been done by Mr. W. F. Thompson, assisted by A. W. Warnock and others before the inauguration of the present in- vestigations a year ago. In this prelimin- ary work the breeding season had been observed at San Pedro (as mentioned by Mr. Higgins below), a series of scales collected for the study of the age, and a set of careful observations made on the differences between the sardines fi'om San Diego, San Pedro and Monterey. The latter observations, as bearing on the pas- sibility of the interdependence of the sardines in different regions, have been completed by Mr. Higgins in addition to his own work and reports on the con- clusions may be expected in the near future. PRESENT STATUS OF THE SARDINE INVESTIGATION IN THE SAN PEDRO DISTRICT. In the study of the sardine fishery, as distinct from that of the fish itself, the course of the run at iSan Pedro — the abundance or availability of the fish from day to day throughout the season — has been studied by analysis of the daily aver- age boat catch. This was determined by tabulating and averaging the individual catches of each boat day by day, the data being obtained from the filed carbon copies of the original fish I'eceipts issued by the canners to the fishermen at the time of CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 181 delivery. This tabulation and analj'sis of the average boat catch, including the records of some 110 boats, is in course of completion. Careful consideration, however, has been given such artificial factors as market or labor conditions in arriving at a conclusion as to the daily abundance of the species and an effort has been made to take them into account. The character of the season's run has been studiwl by taking a twenty-pound sample of the fish from the individual boat loads day by day at the time of unloading at tlie canneries, together with data on the locality. and time of the catch. To date, 182 such samples have been taken from boats unloading at seven canneries in San I'edro and Wilmington, and from them the average weight, average length of the fish in each boat load, the size or age groups represented, sex and degree of sexual maturity, were determined. From these samples about 5000 individual fish have been specially measured and sexed. And from these data the spawning habits, the class of fish taken, and the variation in the catch have been studied. The degree of mixing of age or size groups, or the degree of uniformity of size in different schools is also being investigated. The measurements of the large series of fish above mentioned, in addition to indicating the character of the run, have been tabulated to show the frequency with which fish of each length occur. This tabulation of length-frequency is the oldest reliable method of detennining the age of fishes (see California Fish and Game, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 53), and the curves or graphs prepared from onr figures give undoubted indications of the ages of the various sizes of commercial importance. The study of the maturity and spawning habits of the sardine at San Pedro was begun two years ago when M;r. Thompson and assistants made series of examinations of the condition of the roe during the spring of 1918 and 1919. The results of these observations were published in this magazine in July 1910.* The same ob- servations were repeated during the past spring season by the writer and in addi- tion to the records of spent and relatively mature fish, the roe of about 140 fish was preserved at weekly intervals and deposited in the laboratory collections for ♦California Fish and Game, Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 159, July, 1919. future microscopical study. The records of the maturity obtained while measuring the large series of fish mentioned above have also been tabulated and curves drawn to show both the relative numbers of immature, relatively mature, and spent fish present in each size group, and also the per cent of mature fish at each length. The same series of measurements has been studied to determine the relative numbers and sizes of the two sexes, in regard to possible selective migrations, relative mortality, and differences in rate of growth. E. n. THE SARDINE PROBLEM IN THE MONTEREY BAY DISTRICT. That the Monterey sardine fishery has increased in volume to eight times that of three years ago is evidence enough that the possibility of depletion can not be much longer ignored. The value of the present annual pack, about five and half million dollars, warrants the concentra- tion of attention on this problem. Con- sequently, in the summer of 1919 the work was commenced. The investigation was begun November 12, 1919, and was carried on energetically to the end of the season in March, 1920. The work was necessarily of the nature of a preliminary survey and involved the taking of extensive daily records of the various aspects of the daily commercial catch. Samples from about six boat loads were taken daily as the fish were un- loaded at the canneries. An average weight of sardines in the respective catches was ascertained by the weight and count of the fish in these representative samples, the locality of the catch was obtained in most cases by a personal interview with each fisherman, and a number of fish were reserved from each sample for further examination. This remaining work was done at Hopkins Marine Station, where the Fish and Game Commission was courteously granted the use of quartere and facilities. This made possible the taking of accurate measurements of the sardines and a dissection for the purposes of determining sex and the development of spawn in the fish. During the season 345 samples were taken, 7534 fish were measured and sexed, and about 200 ovaries were preserved for study of the egg de- velopment. A partial analysis of this data shows 182 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. that we have definite clues to the answei-s of the vital questions, and it but remains fur u more extended study to corroborate iuul suhstaiiliate facts which we have cou- ceriiin.u; tiio age, rate of gi'owth, migra- tion and spawning. A complete report of findings will be i)ublished by the fish- cries resi'arcli laboratory at an early date. Of conive large questions of yearly fluctuations in abundance and sizes, with (heir ini|)ortant bearing on depletion, can not be coinpri'licnded in the results of mil' season's dala. but tlie data laken I Ills last s;'as(tn are in\aliialde as the first of a series of consistently comiiarable scientific observations of each season's catch, without which nothing concerning dei)letion can be detected before the harm is already done. It now remains for con- linnance of this study to solve all of the |ii-c>bleins concerned, and insure the perpetuity of our great resource, through the adoption of intelligent conservational measures. O. E. S. LARGE TUNA. A large proportion of the blue-fin tuna caught during the month of August this year was of unusually large size. A six- ton load of excessively large ones was brougiit in to San Pedro by the boat "Little Terina" on August 10. The fish averaged ll.'i ])ounds. the largest tuna weighing 182 jionnds and measuring live anil a half fi'^i in length, and ihi' smallest Miiasiiring over four anci a half i'l-fl in IfUglli. 'I'lir aNcrauc wi-iglit of tuna, and the size niosl cchin cnicnl lo haniilr. xarics aiound oH or 4lt pounds, 'i'lic lislici'nii'i\ coniidain of much dannige lo tiieir nets by tile large tuna, the meshes nul being strong enougii to \\ilh.slanil the assaults of these monsti'rs. < ►. 10. S. LIFE HISTORY NOTES. BAND-TAILED PIGEON NESTS IN SE- QUOIA NATIONAL FOREST. On September 1, 1920, Guard Arnold and myself, while working on the head waters of Deer Creek, Section 35, T. 23 S., R. 31 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of approximately CjOO feet, discovered the nest of a i>and-tailed pigeon, Cohimba fusciata fasciata. The nest consisted of a few small dry tir limbs and twigs about 10 feet from the ground in a dog\vood tree. The nest was so rudimentary that it did not seem possible that it could be a nest at all. On it was one .small squab about one- fourth the size of the parent bird. It was naked except for a few sparse reddish- brovNTi hairs on the head and back. We saw eight adult birds near where we found the nest and they acted as if they had nests near by. W. F. Derby. LARGE MACKINAW CAUGHT IN DONNER LAKE. On July 10, ]920, Mr. J. C. Purdy of Sacramento, California, caught a fifteen- and-a-half-pound mackinaw trout in Donner Lake. This lai'ge fish was caught with a trolling tackle. The mackinaw trout was first planted in Lake Tahoe in 1895 and a year later in Donner and other nearby lakes after the successful hatching of a shipment of eggs. Although fish of this species are occasionally caught in lakes of the Truckee Basin, the mack- inaw, or Great Lakes trout as it is some- times called, has never thrived to the extent expected when introduced into this part of the country. m! "-yi i ', ^ ^^^•i'^^H l,*""* 1 ii^rfiii ■ ^ m l''ui. 4 7. Mackinaw troul caught by .1. C. Purdy, in Donner Lake, Truckee, California. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 183 SPARROWS DESTROY GARDENS. The damage to fiiiit by the house fiuch and the damage to fall and winter gardens of the city and suburbs and some counti*y districts by the intermediate sparrow are responsible for most of the bad feeling which some people hereabouts have for "birds." Owing to the flocking and cov- er-loving habits of this sparrow the dam- age to gardens is confined to those near which the birds find ready, cover. For exam])le, a garden in the open or even a hiiiidrwl feet from a hedge or brushy canyon is perfectly safe. Plots that suffer are little home gardens in the thinly settled parts of city and country. The vegetables eaten are lettuce, peas, string be:uis, turnips, radishes, beets, the things planted here from October to April when this sparrow is one of our most abundant birds. Onions are untouched, and I believe carrots also, and potatoes very seldom if other stuff is present ; be- sides the potato grows too fast to be greatly damaged. But where the birds have congregated they will practically clean up small gardens of growing tender vegetables. Trapping is of no avail, owing to their numbers. Screens of wire or cloth are ofTective but i)ooi)li' dislike Uie trouble and exiiensc. OFlm Ihey give up in despair until Apiil. Frightening birds away with clods only drives Ihem to a friendlier place. The only solulion of the problem 1 know is to plant after October 1 what the l)irds will not eat and cover up other tender things until .\pril. Carroll DeWilton Scott. REPORTS. STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES. For the Period from July 1, 1919, to June 30, 1920. Administration: Commissioners .— - $1,072 70 Executive offices 26,217 67 Printing 3,824 84 Research and publicity 5,030 41: Accident and death benefits 2,765 19 .$39,510 84 Connnereial fish culture and conservation: Superintendence 1 $13,639 99 Insijection and patrol 29,693 55 Research 18,122 68 Statistics 9,662 74 Market fishing license commissions 765 OO Propagation and distribution of salmon - 22,703 34 94,587 30 Si)orting fish culture and conservation: Superintendence $14,510 34 Printing 1,909 94 Prosecutions and allowances 655 05 Angling license commissions 15,^4 20 Special field investigation 252 35 Pish exhibits 7,306 91 General patrol (pro rata share) — San Francisco District (40 per cent) 34,545 05 Los Angeles District (40 per cent) 14,148 00 Sacramento District (40 iier cent) 27,303 76 Propagation and distribution of trout 121,102 29 236,960 S9 Game conservation: Printing $3,879 17 Prosecutions and allowances 1,225 38 Hunting license commissions 21,131 20 Mountain lion hunting and bounties 6,950 23 General patrol (pro rata sliaro) — San Francisco District (60 per cent) . 51,580 75 Los Angeles District (60 per cent) 21,222 05 Sacramento district (65 per cent) 40,958 6i 146,945 46 Tahoe camping ground 3,152 98 Total expenditures $521,157 47 184 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Mexican. Total. Imperial. San Diego. Orange- Los Angeles San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara. Ventura Monterey Santa Cruz San Francisco, San Mateo Contra Costa, Alameda Tehama, Colusa, Cilenn Sacramento, San Joaquin. Solano, Yolo... Marln. Mendocino. Sonoma, Lake. DpI Norte. Humboldt. ■«4i I I I I I I I I I 03 I I I in COIIIilllli^ltllO ■ t ! S I 1 1 i-H ! ! '!9 ! 00 I or 1 I as: rH CO •^ Q > 8Si (M CO r-« r- '^ -^ CI lO lO N ssssssassg: C5 CO CJ ;9 « « CO a l~ r; r-H 8 &i5»o.gS«g 00 So O t^ I- 00 in I^ to 00 t- I- C5 t^ 03 Ci CJ ( r-l 0> Ift 1-1 r-. in St !$ ^ <» 8 fs s? ; SC"! t» -^ Oi ' I I I I I I I I I I 00 Q n M O rH I—" I— I W in o 8 s ? n> P r-l « I I I I ^ in in in 1^ IS l~ & CI ' C m" 1-^ t; e^ IQ 50 TO r-l ss I- -a a 6 < < CQ o cj o h2 c! t« o o o '- I I I I t~ M m 1 5 5? ""I <0 M I-" in t- i ! I t t- C^ r-( I to m fe ■ ce 1 i 53 1 S i I i I I I I I o) \Q to t-i ta ens' S O IM TO ej M t~ M rt © 150 55 rH «0 © '^ in !N rH O OT ^■T tg c^" in i-^ 00 in '^ S n I— ( CO O C^J cc ir: 4? »f2 t— o c^ ■w S ■^ -^ i-* gs -t m I- 00 00 y? ^f5 1-7 o lo ■* CC N ■^ r-l 11 C^ & « -Q — -r ti ■« *! ■^ -oScsoOas'- x:,c 81 S fc IS 58 CO b- m lo ' N QQ TO I ^ 2 2 ,Q is j5a :« vj o S S S J=' — a ■ ■ S 5« = S.S«^s^5So^-3SSgggg22 CA 03 K Q; C3 .a .c ,M X Tj X CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 185 13 is 1 CO CD r~ '^ tTi r^ 0^ l-H a I> CP in ■^ K5 3 i i l-H I— rH CO CC r- CC CO g ^j^ 00 Oi ^ o of rH Si i 1 t^ If? 3 o CO s lo m i>- oi 5-1 i-H w ;^ eg PQ I 8 US N S 1 i tei CO 00 -^ fei ss o 53 CO o rH Op CJ ^ i-H SI l~ l-H o s 00 g^8 S CM ^ 00 rH rH e-r ?^ in o 6 oo" in. 1> a i T-H ■^ s o lO o of CO CO C 3 ■a p 3 o p. a o o 3 cs '^3 00 CO ^ s i 1 .M Jl £: O 5-3 o cd 33 03 o _ a a n t; c3 a 03 OS a o OJ O) :* -J X3 j= — '-^- o H do o 1 .3 s o. M CO O S o w OJ ^ o /-v ^ +^ fW Oj t^ *-" -1 18G CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS April 1 to June 30, 1920. Offense Nunilier of arrests Fines imposed Game. Huntln!? witliout licpn?e Trappine: ivitliout lironse - - Door— clopo poason -killinfr or possession--. Fomale floor— snike bucks— fawns— killing or possession , lllog-al door liulo?- possession Brush and cottontail ral'bits closed season— killing or possession Ouail— in captivity vitliout porniit Doves- olosod sc'son— killing or posfossirn Ducks — closed season-killinf? or possession Xongame bird?— killing or possession Protected sliore birds— killing or possession Pheasant- killing or possession : Possession condor wings Total game violations. _- Fish. Angling without license Fishing for profit without license Striped bass— undorweiglit- excess limit and offering for sale — closed season Wack bass— closed season— taking or possession Runfish- closed season— taking or possession . Perch— excess limit- taking or possession Trout— excess limit— closed season— taking other than by hook and line.. Clams — undersized— excess limit Crabs — undersized- excess limit Abalones— under or oversized— closed season Shrimps — dried— possession Fishing in restricted waters Illegal fishing aiiparatus Pollution of state waters Total tlsh violations Grand total (isli and game violations 7 3 20 3 S 5 2 7 3 $125 00 35 00 805 00 100 00 700 00 125 00 100 00 175 00 75 00 35 00 1 25 00 1 1 10 00 61 $2,310 00 27 $000 00 13 120 00 6 190 00 7 200 00 3 60 00 1 20 00 7 100 00 7 175 00 13 70 CO 45 1,4rownlow, O. 1'., 151 ; where do deer sleep, 88. Bruce, Jay, 73. Bryant, 11. C, 20, 21, 65, Q*(j, 83; does the Barrow golden-eye breed in the Sierras? 38: the mullet fislieries of Salton Sea. 60-63; distribution of the golden trout in California, 141-152. Brvozoan, 154. Buck, 3 5. 16, 89, 134, 135. Buffington. M. W.. 145, 1.50. I'.ullard. F. A.. 146, 148, 151, 152. Burke, John, 28. Buoy, 175. Burrill, A. C, meadowlarks control cricket pest, 38. Buscomb, Edwin II., deer protection in Siskiyou County, 125. 188 C\rJFORNlA FISH AND GAME. CALIFOKXIA FISH AND GAME. 17, ;«, 35, 4l', .-)<», (;4. S7, lis, IIU, i:iO, 1:51, ir.7, 175, 181. Califoruia Musoiiin of Vertebrate Zoology, L"J, 24. 118, 119. Califi)niia-Urt'gou I'ower Company, 7(5, lOL'. California State Fishr^rles Laboratory, ContrihiUioii, is'o. lo, a-G ; No. 15, 10-lli ; No. 1(J, 32-35 ; No. 17, 45-50 ; No. 18, 83-88; No. 19, 130-131; No. 20, 153-157; No. 21. 177-182. Calioon, a. W., 144, 150. Caincr maf/iftfvr, 7, 8. (/Kicilis, 8. iiiitciniariKii. S, 9, 10. Iiroiliictiiti, 9, 10. Caiuu-ry, 2S. SO, S2, 83, 85: naval air station tisli i^atrol opens idle, 71-72. ("anvasliack, 133. Carangitlae, 33. Carp, 40, 00, 02, 84, 90, 93, 13G, 184; co\v-cai"p, 61. Cat, Bob. food of tiie, 37. Civet, 89. King-tailed, 89. Wild, (Ki, 89; eats cliiekejis. 37. ("atfi^sll. 39, 4(». 90, its. i;!(;, 140, 1S4. ('< ii1rr, 153, 157 <'aviar. 90. Ccanotlnis. 13, 15. C-nsns, Bird, 125. (iain<', 125. ('liainlxM-Iain, Senator, 21 ; hill, OS. ''liickcn, 37. l'lnlip(;pper, 40, 90, 93, 13G, 184. Vitliutichihun xanthostigma, 87. soididiis, 87. Clams, 39; progress of work on, 179-180. Coekle, 41, 92, 95, 98, 137, 140, 185, 1 SC). Little Neck, 140. Mixed, 41, 92, 95, 137, 185. Pismo, 41. 92. 95, 98, 131, 137, 140, 179, 185, 186. Soft shell, 41. 92. 95, 137, ISO, 185. Clfingiila islandica, 37. Club, 122. Boone and Crockett, 132. Cnstine, 88. Newman, 88. Tuna, 32, 68. Visalia Si>ortsmen's, 144. Sierra, 140, 150. fonlfish. 40, 90, 93. '"od. Ciiltus. 25. 40. 90, 93, 13G, 1S4. Alaska black, 87. Rock, 80, 184; red, 87. Coffman, J. I)., notes on the life historj of the black-tailed deer, 15-10. loker, R. E., 32. <"olby, Wm. E., 146. < 'ommercial Fishery, 102. " 'oiniiiiTciiil ti.shery notes, 29-32, 80-82, 1 72-170. < 'ondor. seen near head of Deer Creek -1 _o;» <"()XI>()R. THE, 22 ''iminll. y[. .7.. a new executive oflScer, IIG. Conservation^ 17, 67, 80, 119, 165. IGG, 174, 177; national commission on wild life, 120; in other states, 35, 131-133. Commission of New York State, 85, 131, 1G7, 108; of Iowa. 108. Conservationist, more trained, lt)7 ; mak- ing. lC.7-HiS. CONSEKVATIOMST, THE, L>(i, 35, 165. t'oon. 89. Coo|>eration, linited States I'ori'st Sitv- ice. 88-89, 134-135. Corbina, 30. Cord, iimbiiieal. 155. Coryphai'noidida?, 83. Coxe. J. A., 32. Coyote, 0(j, 89, 125. Crab. 25, 39, 41, 91, 98, l.'.T. llo. ls5, INt;; the Pacific edible crab and its iii'iir relatives, 7-10; occurrence of a rare, SG. Rock, N. Craiulall. W. C, 83. Crane, U7, 1(>G, 107. Sandhill, 07. Crawlish. ISG. Creel. .59. Cricket, 38. Crowley, Arthur, 144, 1.5(>. Crustacean, 15, 41. 91. i::7, 172. 185. Culver, A. E., 171. Curlew, 27. i^.l.ick, 106. (^utllelish, 42, 92, 95, 97, i:'.7, 1S5. ('mniiioditii iiHKiiltiriiix. 02, S4. fiilii mild fast ill til fiixrinlii, 1S2, Dado, S. IL, 68. Dalder, Ernest. 50, 85. Davis, A. P., 21. Davis, Captain Charles. GO. Gl, 02, 83. Deane, Lieutenant, 144. 145. Deer, 36, 39, ()4. 70, 98, IKT. 127, 133, 140, 166, 1<;7, 169, 170, ISO ; need for doe protection obvious, 27 ; doe with three fawns. 37; where do deer sleep, 88j protection in Siskiyou County, 125 ; season too early on the Lassen Forest, 134. Black-tailed. 66. 89; notes on life his- tory of, 15-lG. Columbia, 66. 134. Southern, (Mi. Mule. 125; on Lassen Forest, l.'U-l.Ti. California. 67. Desert, (>7. Rocky Mountain, 67. Dciulrovjjuiia hicolor, 88. Derby, W. F., 133; band-tailed pigeon nests in Sequoia National Forest, 182. Distribution. 6G. I )iver, black throated, 25. Dixon. Joseph, 24, 118. Doe. IG. 64. 125; need for jirotection obvious. 27; with three fawns, 37. Dogfish, 40. 90, 93. Dolphin. 35, 40. 68, 90, 93. Dove, 98, 105, ISO. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 189 Dry-fly, uotos on. No. 2, 1-5. No. 3. 50-59, No. 4. 107-115, No. 5, 157-164. Duck. .^9, 00, 07. 71, 98. 100. 117, 131, 140; watch foi- banded, 122; as win- ter guests in a city park, 24 ; whon are groenheads most abundant, 22, 24 ; does the Barrow golden-eye breed in tlie Sierras? 37-.3S ; guns used by duck pirates, 120; in the ^ luiperinl Valley. 333. I'ulvors tree — winter occurrence in San .Joaquin Valley, SS. Mallard. 22, 24, 107. Vs'oiH], 24. Duke. K. D., 151. Dutcber, B. H., 144, 1.50. Eagle, Golden, 25. 66. Ecrevi.vse. 41. 91, 95. EDITORIALS : California Fish akd Game five years old. 17 ; we must capitalize our resources, 17 ; education versus law lenforcement. 17-lS : fur resources endangered. IS ; new game fish im- ported. IS; California furnishes strii>ed bass to Hawaiian Islands, ] S-1 9 ; streams now stocked with golden trout, 19 ; Oscar H. Reich- ling. 19; save Klamath Lake bird reservation, 20-21; the hunter's la- ment, 21 ; southern California fish- eries filmed. 21-22 ; seven grizzlies formerly existed in California, 22 ; when are greenheads most abundant? 22 and 24; California's game sanc- tuaries, 23; California's first game refuge. 24 ; protect the wood duck. 24 ; fishes in relation to mosquito control. 24-25: bird protection in EiiQ-Iand. 25: the fishing industrv in •California. 25; a California fox farm, 25-20 : how many shooters in the TTuited States today? 20: ownership of wild life. 26 : the warden of game, 20 ; muskrat farm established in Ohio. 20-27 : Canada urges protection of game. 27 ; need for doe protection obvious. 27: additional game sanc- luiiries. 04: the game warden at work, 0)4 : dry years injure angling prospects. 04-'65 ; govwnment and Fish and Game Commission inau- eiirate free nature guide service, 65; Chester A. Scroggs. 05: Forest Nes- bij;t, 0.5 : forest officers' reports. 66, 07 : a bill to establish game sanctu- aries in national forests. 67-68: San Dieffo to make clean sweep of the English sparrow. 68: sportsmen land many big fish. 68: forest officers to act as_ game wai'dens. 68-70; bird protection societies. 70: game abun- dant in early days, 70-71 ; sure pun- ishment meted out to violators of the mbi-ratory bird treaty act, 71 ; naval air station fish patrol opens idle can- neries, 71-72; a new executive officer, 110; optimism versus pessimism, 110; the validity of the migratory bird treaty sustained, 116-118 ; survey of the fur-bearing mammals of Califor- nia, 118-119; adequate game protec- tion, 119 : a national commission on conservation of wild life, 120; guns used by duck pirates, 120 ; salmon fishing at Mendota weir, 120-121 : commission's duty to pi'otect fish and game, 105; summer resort educational work, 105; the grizzly. 105-106; beavers increase in the Adirondacks, 106 ; state fair exhibit, 106 ; legal- izes carrying- of gun in closed season, 166-167 : more trained conservation- ists, 167 : mud-hen stew, "hunter style," 167 ; making conservationists, 167-168 ; preservation of inland mar.shes. 168-169; another sports- men's creed, 109 ; the airplane viola- tor, 109 ; France demands game re- paration, 169. Educational work, summer resort, 165. Education versus law enforcement, 17-18. Edwards, E. II., 144, 1.50. Edwards. Helen. S3. 1.30; the growth of the swell shark within the egg case, 153-157. Eel. 40, 90. 93. -pout, 87. Egg, 182. 183; case, 1.51; yolk, 1.54; small take of, 171. Ayu, IS. Cormorant. 21. Grunion, 1.30, 131. Pelican, 21. Sage hen. 13. Salmon, 80, 101. Steelhead, l71. Trout. 74. 75. 70, 77, 78, 79. Golden, 19, 171. EJaqatis hiniinivlafu.'i. 33. Elk. 06, 70, 100, 121. 133. Ellis. L. L.. 14.5. 1.50. Ellis. S. L. N., 121: the dislribulion of the golden trout, 141-152. Enzyme. 32. Ephmeridae. 100. Eiichcma spiiinsiinu. 31. Evermann. Barton W.. 145. Expenditures, 44, 99, 100, 140, 183. Facts of current Interest. 28, 73, 127. 170. Falcon, Peregrine, 25. P'arm. a California fox. 25; muskrat farm established in Ohio. 26; fur, 28; a successful fox, 125: same, 169. Ferguson, A. D.. 14'6, 147. 148, 151. Feudner. Otto, 88. Film. 35. 131. ' Fines. 28. 71. 122. 127. 1.31. 132. 134. Finley. W. L.. 1.32; save Klamath Lake bird reservation. 20. 21. Fish. 25. 33. 37. 66, 73, 82. S5. 87. 91. 94. 97, 105, 106. 111. 116, 121, 123, 128, 129, 134. 137. 148. 165. 168; new game fish imported. 18: in rela- tion to mosquito control. 24-25 ; sea- planes to locate. 31 ; a snipe-fish from Catallna. .32-33: the "runner" fish in Lower California. 33 : Mexican fishes in California norts. 33-34; guide to the study of. 35 ; first appearance of 100 CiVLIPORNIA FISH AND GAME. the "crested band-fish." 34-3.J ; pack, 11>19, (j8 ; sportsmen hind many big. (hS ; naval air station fish patrol open idle canneries. 71-72 ; occurrence at Monterey of a deep sea, 88 ; northern Califurnia "day" and "night" surf- 130. .Vnadromous, 85. Canning. 28, 174. ( "onservation, 80. Dislribntion, 74-7.J, SG, 123. I'lat, NO. I''()od. SO, 157. K res) I -water, 02. i.aw. 10: viohiiioii of, t:;, '.is, i:',!i, iso. Laililer, , 52. 54. 50, 159. Flounder, 25. 40, 87, 88, 90, 93, 130, 184. Food. 00, lis. of black-tailed deer. 15; of bobcat. '.Vi. Forest, fire and our, 88 ; bill to establish game sanctuaries in 07-OS; mule deer on the Las'sen, 134-1. "5. Cjiiifornia, SO. 134. El Dorado, 134. Foster. II. F., IS. l'"ox, 00; a Califurniii fox f.inii. 25; f.iiiii a success. 125. (J rev, SO. UHi. Silver black. 125, Frog. 42. 02. 05. Fungi, 15, 113. Fur. 12"), 125, 1(;S ; resources endangered, IS: bearing mammals of California, 118-110. Farm, 28. GtiJdIhcit californirnfiis, 80. (lalcorhinua zyoptcrus, 37. Gamhnsia affinis, 24. Game. 17. 21, 22, 00. 105, 110, 105, 107, 1(10, ISO; forest fires destroy. 3()-37 ; abundant in early days, 70-71 ; in the California forest, 80; in the San .Toaciuin Valley in 1853, 104-107; sale ])rohibited in District of Columbia, 1S3. P.ird, GO. ,, , Law in Colora(h). 133; in Massachu- setts. 133; violations, 43, 08, 122, 130. ISO. I'reserve, 35. 110; state. 23. I'rotection. ICu ; adequate, 110 ; Can- nda urges. 27. Kefuue. 23. 3(5. (>7. 00, 70, 73. 119; California's first. 24; 1-F, 134; 1-G, 135; Virginia favors new type of, .35. Reparation, demanded by France, 100. Sanctuary. 110: California. 23; addi- tional.'04: 4-F. (U ; a bill to estab- lish game sanctuaries in national forests. 07-OS. Game warden. 2(5. 37. 135, 108; at work, 04 : forest ofiicers to act as, 08-70. United States. 117. 132. (Jammarus. 172. Gear. 35. 173, 174. 170. Geese. 00. (!7. 10(). 107. Canada, 122. Gray. 140. (iclidium raninini. 31. cartiliKjiucinn. 31. G'uiarictuac, 31. (Jilliert. C. IT.. 32. S7. Gill, flhimeiits, 1.55: slit, 155. (ili/l)t()<3, 13G. (rrizzly, (JG, (il, 105, IWt, Itw ; seven foi nierly existed in California, 22. Grotto, F. G., 131. (iron per, 0. (J rouse, GO. Colunil)ian sharp-tailed, G7. Sh'rra, G7. (jrunion, at Monterey, 1.30; enemies of at Long Beach, 131. Guano, 32. (Jull. 124 ; in Monterey Bay, 85-8G. Glaucus-winged, 86. Herring, 86. Sea, 85. Western, 86. GULL, THE, 70. Gun, 35, 166; used by duck pirates, 120 Gymnogyps caUfornicus, 133. H Hake, 40, 87, 90, 93, 136, 184. Halibut, 39, 40, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 93, 98, 136, 140, 184, 186; investigation of halibut fishery proposed, 80. Net, 61, S3. Haliotis rufescens, 45, 46, 47, 84. cracherodii,, 45, 47, 48. f nig ens, 85. gigantea, 4.5. wullalciisis, 45, 49, 50, 85. Hall. George, 147. Hardhead. 40. 90, 93, 136, 184. Hare, 10.5, 169. Hatchery, 73, 166. Almanor, 78, 128. Bear Lake, 79. 128. Bogus Greek. 76. Bonneville, 80. Brookdale, 77. riear Creek. 78, 128. Cottonwood Creek, 76. Itomiugo Springs, 78, 128, 1.35. Fall Creek. 76. Fort Seward, 77. Kaweah, 79. Klaniathon. 76 Mouul Shasta, Mount Tallac. 171, 172 128. 75-76, 78, 128 .. 77. Mount Whitney. 19. 76-77, 149. 152 Scott Creek, 78, 128. Sisson. 146, 148. Snow Mountain. 77, 128, 171 Tahoe, 76. 77, 127, 170, 172. . Tallac, 172. Ukiah, 77. Wawona, 78, Yosemite, 79. Ilatcherv notes, Hawk, 66, 169, 79. 74-79, 128-129, 171-172 Ilcacock, E. G., 19. Heath hen, 167. Helwig-, L. 11., 34. Heron, 107. Hei'ring, 40, 73, 90, 93, 96, 97, 136, 184; occurrence of the Japane.se, 33; low rivers iulluence the spawning habits of, 8L Hexactinellid, 86. Higgeus, Elmer, 131, 180; the young of the black sea-bass, 5-6 ; notes from the State Fishei-ies Laboratory, 32- 35, 83-88. Hill, I'. ,T., 145, 150. Hind, isee Deer. Hogue, A. II., 146. Holland, Kay P., 117. Hook, 14(;, 147, 148, 1 t!>, 17<», 172. 175. (Jrab, 121. Spoon, 88, 121. Hoi)kius Marine Laboratorv, 153, 181. Hough, Emerson, 1, 64. Hubbs, Carl L., 130. Huber, C. C, 88. Hunt, H. H., food of the bobcat. 37. Hunter, 165, 16G, 167; lament, 21; how many in U. S., 26. Hunter, J. S., in memoria-m, 19. Hunting, 67, 170. Hurby, Mr., 101. HypomcsHs, 130. I Idiucanthns antrostomus, 33. ILLINOIS SPORTSMAN, -^6. lugvason, P. A., 124. International Usheries Commission, SO Interstate Sportsmen's Prot(>cti\e Asso- ciation, 117. Ishikawa, C, 18. Jacksnipe, 67. Jowfish, California. 5-6, 82. Johnson, J. Sub, 145, 1.50. Jordan, David Starr, 18, 35. .Jump, James W., 68. K K., M.. making conservationists, 167-168. Kamahoko. being manufactured at San Pedro, 82. Karakul sheep, see Sheep. Kildeer, see Plover. Kingfish, 40. 90, 93, 136, 184. Kinnear, J. I^., 88. Kishinouye, Kamakichi, 173. Jjadder, sec Fish. I.iark. wood. 25. Laestreto, C. B.. 70. Law, 69, 71, 177; education versus law enforcement, 17-18; New York en- forces conservation, 35; legalizes car- rying of gun in closed season, 166-1G7' Fish, 10. Game, 122 ; in Colorado, 133 ; in Mas- sachusetts, 133. Hunting license, 19. Migratory bird, see Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Water pollution, 28. 1U2 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Loader, 58, 59, 104. I^ahy, Ilpi-bort, 28. Ix'frisliidire. of California, 121. Leopold, Aldo, 22. Ijewis and Kiorinan, 25, 125. Lic.-nsp. IIC). 119, 123, 1(39. Kishiiifj. GO. Ilimliiiir. ()9. lOG, 170. I/if.' liistory, (JG; notes, 30-38, 88, 133, 1S2-183. l.iiniK't. 42, 9.5, 137, 185. Linn. ."8, HG. 148, ]49, IGl, 1G2, 170, 172. 174, 175. Lion. 73. Mountain, 00. Lohst.'i-. 39. 98. 140. Spiny, 25, 41, 91, 95, 185. Loc'k Leven. sec Trout. Lophotrn, 34, 35. c( pcdiaitus, 34. Luvar, 35. Ijijcodoftxi.s pacificiis, 87. Lynx, GO. Luiix cremicus califoniicus, 37. M -M., K. I... .Irv-flv fishing'. No. 2, 1-5; (Irv-llv tishiii!.'. No. 3, .50-59; dry-fly lisliin-, No. 1. 107-115; dry-fly fishing, No. 5. 157-104. .Mack.M-el. .30. 40, JK), 93, 90, 97, 184 ; family, 173. Spanish. 33, 130. Mo)litiiiii)]i. Lassen. 134-13.5. Se(juoia, 182. NATIONAL (;EO(;UArilM: M.\(;.\- ZINE, 24. National I'ark, 05; and nionunieiils, 23, 07. Sequoia. 145. Yosemitc, 149, 105. National Park Service, 27, Hm. Natui-c guide, 05. Naval air station fish patrol, 71-72. Nelson hill. 07. Nelson. E. M., 153. Nelson. E. W., 108. Nelson, J. M., 145, 150. X+nnatode, 131. Nematonnrus acrolepis, 83. Nesbitt, Forest, 05. Net, 39, 98. 140, 182, 180. Cod trawl. 83. Gill. 73. 174. llaliliut trammel, 01, 8o. Landing. .59. Otter trawl. 80. I'aranzella, 87. Trawl, 80, 123. Newbert, F. M., a new executive olHrcr. 110. New York Zoological Society, 132. Nidever, H. B., 131. Nielsen. E. M.. 33, 34. Night Jar. 25. ., , , Note, life history of the black-tailed deer. 15-l(i: on (irv-flv fishing. No. 2, 1-5, No 3. .50-.59; No. 4, 107-115; No. .5. 157-104. ^^^ ^^^ Commercial Fishery. 29-32, 80-82, 172- State fisheries laboratory. 32-35, 83-88, 130-131. 177-182. ^ ^ Hatcherv. 74-79. 128-129. 171-172. Life historv. 30-38, 88, 133. CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 193 ObLT, E. II. 127. UT. 140, l.-iO, 151, 152; the life history of tlie sage hen, 12-14. Octopus, fishius in Japan, 174-175. Oflocoilcufi colli inbianiis, 15. Oil. 02, ()S. lOS. 175; on Pismo beach, 131. Fish, 97, 123. Olor col umhUi Hill fi, 73. Ornithologist, 70. Osmcrus, 130. Osprey, 25. Otolith. 179. Otter, 70. River. 89. Owl, 25. Oyer, P. H., 83. Ovster, 25. Eastern, 4^, 92, 95, 138, 185. Native, 42, 92, 95, 138, 185. Paladini, A., SO. Panama-Pacific International Exposition, IGO. Panther, 89. Partriflge, m. 167, 169. Pearl, V. E., 34. Penalties, heavy for hunters in Michigan, 131. Perch. 37. 30. 40, 90, 93, 136, 184. Permit, 119. 133. Pheasant. 66. 133, 169. Pisreon. 39, 98. IJand-tailefl, nests in Sequoia National Forest, 182. Pike. 40. 90. 93. 136, 184. PINE CONE, 119, 169. Pine nut, 36. P1eii)onichthi/s decurrens, 88. Plover. Kentish, 25. Kildeer, 9S. Poison. 122, 132, 171. Pollution, 131 ; stream, in New York State, 85: water, in Ohio, 132-133. Pomfret, 35, 88. Pompano. 31, 40, 90, 93. 1.36, 184. Porcui)ine, Yellow-haired, 67. Predatory, see Bird and Animal. Preservation, of inland marshes, 168-169. Propagation. 17 : American school of wild life protection and. 167. Protection. 17. 124. 135, 165 ; bird, in England, 25 ; of the sockeye salmon, 35 ; societies, 70 ; of the salmon fish- eries, SO: adequate game, 119; to deer in Siskiyou County, 125 ; of bear favored. 126. Punly. .T. 0.,^183. Ptarniigan, 66. I'teraclidffi, 35. Quail. 35, 39, 66, 70, 98, 105, 106, 133, 140, 167 : immune to strychnine poi- soning, 122. Mountain. 36. 37, 89, 122. Valley, 89, 122. "Quinuat," patrol launch, 18. Pvabbit, 36, 39. 66, 98. 105, 106, 140, 167. Jack, 165. 166, 167. Rack, sec Fish. Raccoon. 168. Rail. 107. Raiultow. ftcc Trout. h'dj'i xlclhiliifd, 88. Rat, ir.t). Reel, 57, 161, 1<)2. Redington, Paul ; fox farm a success, 125. Sandpiper, !)8. Sano, ir., 30. Sardine, 28, 30, 31. .•',3, 41. G8, 71, 72, 80, [t], 1)4, !H;. ;»7. 1.37, 138, 184; the propo.sed investi,i;alion of the, 10- 12; the inaiijjuration of scientific work on the, 32; progress of the work, 83; progress of the sardine work, 180; ])resent status of thj investigation in the San Pedro dis- trict, 180-181 ; problem in the Mon- terey Bay district, 181-182. Scale, 178, 179. Scallop, 138, 185. Scholberg, I'rivate, 145. 1,50. Scicntihe a.ssistanl emi)k)yed, 83. Scoticld. X. li.. eoninu'rcial fishery notes, 2!>-.32. 80-82, 172-170. Seofield, N. M., 14L>. Scofield, W. L., king salmon marking experiment at Klamath liiver, lOlt), 101-104. ficoiiihtromcrus sierra, 34. Scombroidei, 35. Scott, Carroll Do Wilton, sparrows de- stroy gardens, 182-183. Screen, see Fish. Scripps Institute, 83. Scroggs, Chester A., 05. Sculpin, 41, 91. 94, 184. Sea bass, see Bass. Sea monster, see Monster. Seaplane, 72, 172, 173 ; to locate fish, 31. Sea trout, see trout. Seaweed, 31. Searches, 39, 98, 140. iSehastodcs sp., 87. Seine, 19, 130, 147. >Se(jii(jia f/ if/a II tea, 133. tSerioia, 33. Sette, (). E.. 32, S3, 86, 130. 178, ISO. Shad. 41, 82. 91, 94, 90. 137, 184. Buck, 41. 91, 94, 137, 184. i:oe, 41, 91, 94, 96, 137, 184. Shark, Gurry, SO. Sleejjer, captured, SO. Soup-fin, eats abalone, 37. Swell, growth within egg case, 153- 157- Shebley, W. II., hatchery notes, 74-79, 128-129, 171-172. Slieep, Karakul industry, 123-124. Mexican wool, 124. Mountain, 60. Siircpshead, 41, 91. 94. 137, 184. Siiiras III, George, 117. Shrimp. 39, 41, 91, 95. 185, 180. Skate. 41, 91, 94, 137, 184. Starry, 88. Skiiuaek, 41, OS, 91, 14, 90, 97, 137, 185. Skua. 25. Skunk. 89, 108. Smalley. E. W., 148. 151. Smelt, .30. 41, 87, 91, 93, 137, 185. Snail. 92. !t5, 1.3S. S.-a, 42. Snipe, 100. Snipe-fish, from Catalina Island, 32. Snyder. J. ()., ](i3; the pomfret near I-'ort Brat;g. SS. S..le, 2.5, 41. 87, 91, 93, 137, 185. Chinese, 87. I>ong-finned, 87. K-'x, 87. SdiiiiiioKiis iiiiirmi iihahjus, SO. Siiarrows. destroy gardens, 183. Desert. 107. English. San Diego to make clean sweep of, 08. Spaulding, M. K., 75, 78. Spawn, 18. 19. 70, 77, 80, 81. 101, 102, 121. 1.30. 1.3.5, 149, 181, 182. Split-tail, 41. 91, 94, 137, 185. Spinner, KM), 103. Si)iracle, 155. S]>onge, So. Spoonbill, 25. Sportsman, 100, 107; another creed for, 109. SBDirrSMAX'S KEVIEW. 20. S(iuare-tail, 35. Squid. 42, 92, 95, !n;. !i7, j:;]. l.'!\ 174 185. Sijuirrel. 30. (J round. 89, 107, 122 Tree, 00. Stag, sec Ueer. Stanford TTniversitv, 153. Starks, E. C, 33, "SO. State Fair, exhibit, 100, 170, 171. Stercoleiyis gigas, 5. Stingaree. 41. 91, 94. 137, 185. Stivers, Charles G., 37. Sturgeon. 98. 180. Sucker. 41. 91, 94, 137, 185. Sun Fish. 24. Surf-fish. 41. 91, 94, 185. Swan, 98. 107. Whistling. 73. Swordfish, 41, 08, 91, 94, 137, 1,85. Taeniosomi, 3.5. Tahoe Cam]) (around, 170, 172. Taniguehi, T., SO. Teal. 107. TciKij; 31. Terrapin, 42, 92, 95, 185. Thomiison. AVill F., SO; the proposed in- vestigation of the sardine, 10-12 ; the abalones of northern California. 45-.50: the mullet fisheries of Sallon Sea, 00-03 ; notes from the State Fisheries Laboratorv, 32-35, 83-88, 130-131. 177-182. Thiniiiiis tin/ II 11 us, 172. Tibbetts, Captain. 130. TodfMlie. Dick. ."iO. Tokvo Imj/erial I'niversity, 173. Tomcod, 41, 91, 94, 137, 185. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 195 Toms, Webb, San Diego to make clean sweep of the English sparrow, G8. Tonkin, George, 132. Top-minnow, 24, C>2, S4. Trapping. 118. 122; industry, GO. Trawl, Otter, SG. Trolling. 17G. 183. Trout. IS, 39, 58. 73, 74, 75 134, 140. 186; farm, 91, 74. 75, 76. 128. 129. 135, in Bear Lake. 171; food. 172. Black-spotted. 74. 77. 79. 128. 134, 135, 172. r,rown, 74, 128. Eastern brook. GG. 74. 77. 128, 134 Golden, 74, 76, 77. IGG. now stocked with, 19 of the golden trout 98, 94: IGG 114, fry. ; die 135. 170 ; str<\Tms distribution in California, 141-152 : lacks hardiness of other trout, 171. Loch Leven. 74, 12.S. 134, 135. Madvinaw. caught in Donner L'jke. 182. Rainbow. <^8. 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 127 128. 134, 135. Sea. 41, 91. 94. 137. 184. Steelhead. 41. 74. 77, 78, 79. 9L 94 128. 135. 1.S5: in the California National Forest. 134. Trough. 172. Tuna. 25, 41, 42. 68, 72 137 : the status of eries investigated, 173 91. 94, 94. 172 r.lue fin. 41, 1S2. 185. Yclluw fin. 41. 91. Long-tinned. 172. 173. Tnrbot. 41. 42. 91. 94, Turkey, wild, 167. Turtle. t>2, 95, 96, 138, 185 Sea, 42. 91. 94. 96, 97, 172-173; fish- large, 182. ort for influential, 122; t plane, 169. A'ogelsang, Charles A., 116. W Ward. Henry B., 85. Warden, sec Game warden. Warnock. A. W.. 180. Waterfowl. 70, 117. 122. 168, ICO. Watson, Wilev, 144. 1.50. Weaver. M. U, 145, 1.50. Weeks-.McLean bill. 117. Wosterfcld. Carl. 69. 116. 1.51. Wet flv. 50. .52. 54. 56. 159. Weymovth. F. W.. i:!0. 1.31. 179; Pacific edible crab and its near fives, 7-10. Whale, 80. 123. White. Stewart Edward. 145. Whitebait. 41. 91, 14. 137. 185. Whitefish. 39. 91. 94. 137, 185. 'Wild Cat. m. 89; eats chickens. food of, 37. Wild life, ownershin of. 26 : films. Wolverine. Sierra Nevada, 67. Wolf. 66. Northern Timber. 67. Wood Lark, src Lark. Woodpecker. 25. ^^'(^rm. nematode, 131. Wryneck, 25. heap air- the rcla- Yellowfail 185. OO, 41, 72, 91. 94. 96. 97. 137. Zoarcidse, 87. 600S 10-20 5400 OUJFGRNIA nSH-GAME (CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION' 1 Volume 6 Sacramento, January, 1920 Number 1 1 J BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS. Commissioners appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate. Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation. F. M. NEWBERT, President Sacramento M. J. CONNELL, CJommissioner Los Angeles E, L. BOSQUI, Commissioner San Francisco CARL WESTERFELD, Executive Officer San Francisco J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco R. D. DUKE, Attorney San Francisco DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTURE. W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Fishculture Sacramento E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisson W. O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Sevpard Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow Mountain Station Alderpoint G. McCLOUD, Jr., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Rae Lakes Station Independence G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac E. V. CASS ELL, Foreman in Charge Almanor and Domingo Springs Hatcheries Keddie L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Klamath Stations Hornbrook G. L. MORRISON, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries San Bernardino GUY TABLER, Assistnnt in Charge Yosemite Hatchery Yospmire E. HAMMOND, Assistant in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Hornbrook JUSTIN SIIKRLEY, Foreman in Charge Brookdalo Hatchery Brookdalc J. B. SOLLNER, Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector Sacramento A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco H, B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant Long Beach ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant Long Beach EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey L. H. HELWIG, Assistant San Diego BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH. DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley PATROL SERVICE. 8AN FRANCISCO DIVISION. B. Ii. Booqul, Commissioner In Charge. Carl Westerfeld, Executive Officer. J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer. B. C. Bouclier, Special Agent. Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100. W. H. Armstrong Vallejo Earl P. Barnes Eureka Theo. M. Benson Fortuna O. P. Brownlow PortervlUe F. A. Bullard Dunlap J. L. Bundock Oakland J. Burke Colma M. S. Clark San Francisco 8. L. N. Ellis . Fresno A. M. Fairfield San Francisco J. H. Hellard Laytonville J. H. Hill Watsonville D. H. Hoen San Rafael I. JL. Koppel San Jose Henry Lencioni Santa Rosa Albert Mack San Francisco B. H. Miller UklaJl B. V. Moody Santa Cruz W. J. Moore Napa F. B. Nesbitt Salinas J. B. Newsome Newman Chas. R. Perkins Fort Bragg Frank Shook Salinas City E. W. Smalley Hanford H. E. Foster_Launch "Qulnnat," Vallejo Chas. Bouton__L.aunch "Qulnnat," Vallejo SACRAMENTO DIVISION. F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge. Geo. Neale, Assistant. Forum Building, Sacramento. Phone Main 4300. T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff E. W. Bolt Gridley S. J. Carpenter Maxwell Geo. W. Courtrlght Canby Euell Gray Placervllle W. J. Green Sacramento G. O. Laws Weavervllle Roy Ludlum Los Molinos R. C. O'Connor Grass Valley E. D. Ricketts Live Oak D. E. Roberts Murphys J. Sanders Truckee C. A. Scroggs Loomls R. L. Sinkey Woodland L. J. Warren Taylorsvllle J. S. White Castella LOS ANGELES DIVISION. M. J. Connell, Commissioner in Charge. Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant. Union League Building, Los Angeles. Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F5705. H. J. Abels Santa Maria J. J. Bamett Ventura H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo J. H. Gyger Elsinore W. C. Malone San Bernardino B. H. Ober Big Pine H. L Prltchard Los Angelei A. J. Stout Los Angeles Webb Toms San Dlegc 1919 ABSTRACT CALIfORNiA fISH AND GAME UWS 1920 WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES HUNTING LICENSES Lkense Year from July I to June 30 Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00. ANGLING LICENSES Lleenie Year from January I to December 31 Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens. 93.00. TRAPPING LICENSES Lioenae Year (rom July I to June 30 Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2.00. CAUFQRNIA nSH™GAME 'CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION f) BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS. Commltsloner* appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate. Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation. F. M. NEWBERT, President Sacramento M. J. CONNELL, Commissioner Los Angeles E. L. BOSQUI, Commissioner San Francisco CARL WESTERFELD, Executive Officer San Francisco J, S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco R. D. DUKE, Attorney San B'rancisco DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTURE. W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Fishcudture ^ Sacramento E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento J. H. HOEKL, Chief Clerk Sacramento A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector Sacramento A, E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisson W. O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow Mountain Station Ukiah G. McCLOUD, Jk., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Cotton- wood Lakes Station Independence G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac E. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copco L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries San Bernardino GUY TABLER, Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona C. F. PIEKSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Almanor, Domingo Springs and Clear Creek Hatcheries Greenville G. McCLOUD, Sr., Foreman in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Hornbrook DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro W. F. TIIO.^^•SON, Assistant Long Beach ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant Long Beach EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey L. H. HELWIG, Assistant San Diego BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH. DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley PATROL SERVICE, 8AN FRANCISCO DIVISION. E. L. BoBQul, Commissioner In Cliarge. Carl Westerfeld, Executive Officer. J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer. B. C. Boucher, Special A^ent. Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100. W. H. Armstrong Vallejo Earl P. Barnes Eureka Theo. M. Benson Fortuna O. P. Brownlow Porterville P. A. Bullard .'— Dunlap •J. L. Bundock Oakland J. Burke Colma M. S. Clark San Francisco S. L. N. Ellis Fresno A. M. Fairfield San Francisco J. H. Hellard Laytonvllle J. H. Hill Watsonville D. H. Hoen San Rafael I. L. Koppel San Jose Henry Lenclonl Santa Rosa Albert Mack San Francisco B. H. Miller Ukiah B. v. Moody Santa Cruz W. J. Moore Napa J. E. Newsome Newman Chas. R. Perkins Fort Bragg Frank Shook Salinas City E. W. Smalley Hanford H. E. Foster—Launch "Quinnat," Vallejo Chas. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," Vallejo SACRAMENTO DIVISION. F. M. Newbert, Commissioner In Charge. Geo. Neale, Assistant. Forum Building, Sacramento. Phone Main 4300. T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff E. W. Bolt Gridley S. J. Carpenter Maxwell Geo. W. Courtrlght Canby Euell Gray Placerviile W. J. Green ; Sacramento G. O. Laws Weaverville Roy Ludlum Los Mollnos R. C. O'Connor Grass Valley E. D. RIcketts Live Oak D. E. Roberts Murphys J. Sanders Truckee R. L. Sinkey Woodltind L. J. Warren Taylorsvllle J. S. White Castella LOS ANGELES DIVISION. M. J. Connell, Commissioner In Charge. Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant. Union League Building, Los Angeles. Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F 5705. H. J. Abels Santa Maria J. J. Bamett Ventura H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo J. H. Gyger Elsinore W. C. Malone San Bernardino E. H. Ober H. L Pritchard- A. J. Stout Webb Toms — >. Big Pln« Los Angelea Los Angelee San Dlegc 1919 ABSTRACT CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME! LAWS 1920 WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES DISTRICTS c-l a t- MAY APRIL a C c > p CO o 5; 0 -1 BAG LIMITS. ETC 1-U-4J 23-24-25-26 B 1 -' -4 ■■ LffiK ir'.L I Wn Do*"]. Tiiwnq or Rn DEGB 2-3 t-:.l u IM .:;:l J u ■1 Bucks. No sale of venls 4 ; .1- -H :. in n-^IJ See Notca 1-2-8-9-10-1 RABBITS, CottontaU and Bnisb ALL likl jjim 1.-: •; m'i 15 per day. 30 per we No limit In District 4 TREE SQUIRRELS ALL m ^WEL. u r • 1 12 per season .K, ANTELOPE, MOUNTAIN SHEEP ALL \ r mu^AT^ ;.:•• '■~~i n^M Killing of Elk or pos! ^■^■Rlon of KUc meat a fel SEA OTTER, BEAVER ALL -i M " " [ :;:r[- _ I.. HBS $1,000 Cne for Sea OtU BKAR. FUR ANIMALS ALL , ,,_. . .^ r: • i« See Notts 11-12 KS, GEESE, JACK SNIPE, MUD HENS ALL ■ i-1 ^^:'P \ t ■ 1 f-l^'y i,.i See Notes 4-14-13-17 \.XL. WOOD DUCK. WILD PIGEON. SHORE BIRDS (Except Jack Snipe) ALL '^^n F^ "! • [7 r-TT QUAIL, VaUey and Desert 1 -U 2-3 ■;j ;.-l::.lf -1 —e''-^- ' -■' |. 15 per day. 80 per we 4 4i (■ ■" i ^1 :;;. i.-- --.; ; i'< 1-li -^ ■ F] r-». n \-m u MomrrAiN quail 2-3 • 1 ■ -1 : r-1 '.-. [^:-.!i — 1 fT 10 per day. 20 per ne 4-4J m i:--: r. -.-.■p' n -: 1 ^GfCBB SAGE HKN ALL Except 4 I- -. '^•'^.■: !m .; ■u V^^: .-. ';■'■"' 4 Si U'l !;vJi.>G • ■■■:-.:^ f * 1 DOVE ALL S r ! '^J ~ p — I ■ :. i t- ' - ■*'"— i 15 per day. 30 per we GBODSE ALL i-^t !• i ,T" ;:"l ■M ■ \< Wi ,n lis 1 ^1 4 per day. 8 per wed l-12a-12b m ,t 11 I U-:i ■HBI See Nat« 44 50 flsh or ^^^9^— pounds and ■^H See Note 43 fish or one i 2 'm lOUT (Except Golden), WHITE FISH 3 i> i! ■ . m;":"\ See Note 45 pounds or o\ ^'^^ E F mS- M — ' See Notes i 37-39 Alma nor mtm « wri . i See Note 28 23-24-25 HflHIHl^B^ m GOLDEN TROUT ALL tjGGE:_i3S 1 1 1 20 per day. Nona ud 5 Inches. AI.L "" -■i nn P 25 per day. None un BLACK BASS Clear Lahe In Lake Co. L No sale. Hook and 11 only. 3ACBAMENT0 PERCH, SUNFISH and CRAPPIE ALL m a m 25 per day. Uook ai lino only. STRIPED BASS, SHAD ALL See Note 23 SALMON AIT, Except 15 Bee Notes 27-48 15 r* 99" 1 ■•I ■;•■■■:.■■ CATFISH ALL >^fe Hll>« Closed season only foi rommerclal flshlnR CB.VBS ALL S :• •. :• :" ,-i!E See Note 28 ABALONES, Red ALL ■ See Note 33 &een. Plr*. Black ALL .:_ ." |- . PISMO CLAMS 17 1 1 m tf an See Note 32 HUNTING LICENSES License Year from July I to June 30 Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00. ANGLING LICENSES License Year from January I to December 31 Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens, $3.00. TRAPPING LICENSES LicenM Year from July I to June 30 Citizens, '$1.00. Aliens. $2.00. CALIFORNIA nSH-GAME t 'conservation of wild life through education BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS. Commlsalonera appointed by tho Qovernor, by and with tho conaent of the Sonat*. Term at pleaaure of Governor. No compenaatlon. F. M. NEWBKRT. President Sacramento M. J. CONNELL, Commissioner I^s Angeles E. L. BOSQUI, Commissioner San Francisco CIIAS. A. VOGELSANG, Executive Officer Sau Frauciso> J. S. IIUXTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco R. D. DUKE, Attorney San Francisco DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTURE. W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Fishcuatnre ^ Sacramento E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento J. H. HOERL, Chief Clerk Sacramento A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector Sacramento A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento G. H. LAMRSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisson W. 0. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, ar-d Snow Mountain Station Ukiah G. McCLOUD, Je., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Cotton- wood Lakes Station Independence G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac B. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copco L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries San Bernardino GUY TABLER, Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona C. F. PIERSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Almanor, Domingo Springs and Clear Creek Hatcheries Greenville G. McCLOUD, Sr., Foreman in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Hornbrook DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant Long Beach ELMER IIIGGINS, Assistant Long Beach EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey L. H. HELWIG, Assistant San Diego DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTION. A. M. FAIRFIELD, In Charge San Francisco BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH. I'R. H. C. BRYANT. In Charge Berkeley PATROL SERVICE. 8AN FRANCISCO DIVISION. B. L. Bosqui, Commissioner in Charge. Carl Westerfeld, Executive OflScer. J. S. Hunter. Assistant Executive Officer. E. C. Boucher, Special Agent. Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco. Phone Sutter 6100. W. H. Armstrong Vallejo Earl P. Barnes Eureka Theo. M. Benson Fortuna O. P. Brownlow Porterville F. A. Bullard Dunlap J. L. Bundock Oakland J. Burke Colma M. S. Clark San Francisco S. L. N. Ellis Fresno J. H. Hellard Laytonvlile J. H. Hill WatsonvlUe D. H. Hoen San Rafael L L. Koppel San Jose Henry Lenclonl Santa Rosa Albert Mack San Francisco B. H. Miller Uklah B. v. Moody Santa Cruz W. J. Moore Napa J. B. Newsome Newman Chas. R. Perkins Fort Bragg Frank Shook Salinas City E. W. Smalley Hanford H. E. Foster_Launch "Quinnat," Vallejo Chas. Bouton L>aunch "Quinnat," Vallejo SACRAMENTO DIVISION. F. M. Newbert, Comialssloner in Charge. Geo. Neale, Assistant. Forum Building, Sacramento. Phone Main 4300. T. W. Birmlnghara Red Bluff E. W. Bolt - Grldley S. J. Carpenter Maxwell Geo. W. Courtright Canby Euell Gray Placerville W. J. Green Sacramento Q. O. Laws Weavervllle Roy Ludlum Los Molinos R. C. O'Connor Grass Valley E. D. Ricketts Live Oak D. E. Roberts Murphys J. Sanders Truckee R. L. Sinkey Woodland L. J. Warren Taylorsvllle J. S. White Castella LOS ANGELES DIVISION. M. J. Connell, Commissioner in Charge. Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant Union Leagiie Building, Los Angeles. Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F5705. H. J. Abels Santa Maria J. J. Bamett Ventura H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo J. H. Gyger Elslnore W. C. Malone San Bernardino B. H. Ober Big Pine H. L Pritchard Loa Angeles A. J. Stout Los Angelec Webb Toms San Diego 1919 ABSTRACT CAllfORNIA fISH AND GAME LAWS 1920 WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES DISTRICTS M tj IS w >< c C C k4 Cl Q 00 O 3 o < g P BAG LIMITS. ETC. 1-U-«I 23-24-25-26 1 r U '[:ll^nrTI5Haji." i DEEB 2-3 ■1 :ir^r=_uBffl:uC' Bucks. No sale of vents 4 ■vl: 13 . ■', u [i&IU ' !' See Notes 1-2-8-9-10-1 RABBITS, Cottontail and Brush ALL iu 1 11 • %A 15 per day. ."O per wc No limit in District 4 TREE SQUIRRELS ALL , rii.^rii If If- ip: 1 12 per season .K, ANTELOPE, MOUNTAIN SHEEP ALL i"i 1^-'' J « ■il ' ■ (:-!f-- If-' ■ Klll.nK of Elk or poss alon of Elk meat a felr SEA OTTER, BEAVER ALL L., _:J1-J :.. Jv ^ r_L . ;" $1,000 flno for Sea OtU BEAR, FUR ANIILVLS ALL wni r" !'■■ N See Notes 11-12 ^ See Notes 4-14-15-17 lIl. wood duck, \vn.D pigeon. ^UOKE BIRDS (Except Jack Snipe) ALL ^T- \-:\ •'in ■•=1- If. .jt ■ .■ ■ 1 QUAIL, Valley and Desert 1-lJ 2-3 m<:\ (■■ ■ r 1 M iiiii' 4-4i '.d^r^i ^^1 f-l;:-:: HHHI^' 15 per day. 30 per wei 1-lJ ~i rMfvJ L 1 MOUNTAIN QUAIL 2-3 tm^ irrTj'^ [:.■>!■: " 1 ■P 10 per day. 80 per wc 4-4i -jm' : &1Ij gMi>4 1 SAGE HEN ALL Except 4 -Uh mup P : . 1 4 an □ann il II 1 *'• |B| « pec aay. a iwr wow DOVE ALL ^•^^v„L-!r-,|.,.iMKj^;-| mollis per day. 30 per we< GRODSE ALL ■^m eeljlj:] i-a f-! 1^ mHV |M 4 per day. 8 per wcei ■- l-12a-12b r-..-' 1.— J :^i ''^■B 1 n Ih ■.;!:'^i •> j See Note 44 50 flsb or 1 ■ pounds and ( See Note 43 flsh or one f 2 ^{^ •'■ ' 1 m OUT (Except Golden). WHITE FISH 3 H MM. J -■■I- i See Note 45 pounds or ot i-ih MJMHMWi Tl • See Notes S 37-33 Lake Almanor ■ [■ ! ^^iri See Note 26 23-24-25 i^L.J |80 • 1- GOLDEN TROUT ALL jjUrM-j '3 ;J ■■|i^H20 par dmy. Nooe uix PH^H 5 Inches. BLACK BASS ALL lyi i- ■ 1 i 25 per day. None un< 7 Inches. No sale. Hook and Ui nnlv. Clear Lake In Lake Co. SACRAMENTO PERCH. SUNFISH aiKl ORAPPIE ALL .'\^^ 1 — \--i ^H 25 per day. Honk ac ^BH linn nnTv STRIPED BASS, SHAD ALL See Note 23 SALMON ALL Except 1 5 HHI ■ I-' i 1 Bee Notes 27-48 CATFISH ALL BBB F Closed season only for oommerclal fishing CRABS ALL * 1 • 1 |l5 Seo Note 28 ABALONES. Red ALL 1 Sm Note 33 Oecn, Pinh, Black ALL ■n* PISMO CLAMS 17 TT H « m See Note 32 HUNTING LlCENSn:S Licente Year from July I to iune 30 Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00. ANGLING LICENSES License Year from Janua.'^ I to December 31 Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens, $3.00. TRAPPING LICENSES License Year from July I to June 30 Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2.00. CALIFORNIA FISH"" GAME Volnme 6 Sacramento, October, 1920 Number 4 / ( 1 ^'^ 1/ %J Vasf^ ~iB' .it uHHf ^ i-9^*=*^^^l f^k^ ■F^lffl ^tJ ^^^j 1 "^JBytMl ^m^'^ *J^J nlt^'l BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS. Cammlssioncra appointed by th« Governor, by and with the concent of the Senate. Term at pleaaure of Governor. No compensation. F. M. NEWBERT, President Sacramento M. J. CONNELL, Commissioner — -; Jjom Antelea B. L. BOSQUI, Commissioner Saa FranciBCo CHAS. A. VOGELSANG, Executive Officer San Francisco J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco R. D. DUKE, Attorney :- „ San Franciaco DEPARTMENT OF FI8HCULTURE. W. H. SOEBLEY, In Charge Fishcolture Sacramento E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento J. H. HOERL, Chief Clerk ;_ ^^==_.=i Sacramento A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector Sacramento A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisson W. O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah* and Snow Mountain Station Ukiah G. McCLOUD, Jr., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Cotton- wood Lakes Station Independence O. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac B. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copco L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries San Bernardino GUY TABLER, Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery .-_ Wawona 0. F. PIERSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery____) Brookdale J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Almanor, Domingo Springs and Clear Creek Hatcheries GreenvUle G. McCLOUD, Sb., Foreman in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Hombrook DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge. — .llt^-^^-^ifl— 1— San Francisco H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant ,.ii-i^jt iAi.si..^iu-^^-u — * San Pedro W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant i— ^ ._.w»-_;._— .i.^~----.i^ Long Beadi ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant Long Beach EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco 0. S. BAUDER, Assistant ^-San Pedro P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey L. H. HELWIG, Assistant San Diegt DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTIOKl. A. M, FAIRFIELD, In Charge San Francisco BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH. DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley (i PATROL SERVICK SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION. B. Ii. BosquI, Commissioner In Charge. Chas, A. Vogelsang, Executive Officer. ^ J. B. Hunter, ABSiBtant EbcecutlYe Officer. EI. C. Boucher, Special Agetot. Head Office* Postal Telegraph Building, San f -ranclsco. fe^vi/ tv^vc ;; Phone Sutter 6100. ^- . - W. H. Armstrong Earl P. Barnes.. Theo. M. Benson O. P. Brownlow J*. A. Bullard J. Lb Bundock J. Burke _ M. S. Clark. B. Lb N. laUs. X. H. Hellard. J. H. Hill Vallejo Bureka Fortuna Portervllla Dunlap D. H. Hoen. Oakland Colma .San Francisco Fresno Laytonvllle Watsonvllle San Rafael L lu KoppeL .San Jose Henry Liencionl. Albert Mack B. H. Miller Santa Rosa .San Francisco Uklah B. V. Moody W. J, Moore .-Santa Cms XaiMt J. E. Newsome- Chas. R. Perkins Frank Shook B. W. Smalley— JN'ewman .Fort Bragg .Salinas City Hanford H. E. Foster_Launch "Qulnnat," Vallejo Chas. Bouton— Launch "Qulnnat," Vallejo SACRAMENTO DIVISION. F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge. Geo. Neale, Assistant. Forum Building, Sacramento. Phone Main 4800. T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff B. W. Bolt ^^-,^_._^^, -^ Gridley 8. J. Carpenter Maxwell Gee. W. Courtright Buell Gray —,,.., , W. J. Green,...-— O. O. Laws -.-.. Canby -Placeryllle .^—Sacramento _-.Weayervllle Roy ' Tiudlwm.., — *-.^-....e— i.Loa Molinos R. C. O'Coxmor- B. D. Rlcketta- D. B. Robots— J. Sanders — ..» R. L. Sinkey L. J. Warren J. S. White -GnuM Valley Live Oak Murphys Truckee . — ^Weodland ,Ta9lorsTille CasteUa LOS ANQELES DIVISION. M. J. Connell. Cotamissioner in Charge. E^dwln L. Hedderly, Assistant Union League Building, Los Angeles. Phones: Broadway 1156; Home, F6706. H. J. Abels Santa Maria J. J. Bamett Ventura H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo J. H. Gyger Blsinore W. C. Malone San Bernardino E. H. Ober H. L Pritchard A. J. Stout Webb Toms .Big Pine Angeles Angeles -San Diego 1919 ABSTRAQ CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME; LAWS 1920 WHITE 8QUARE8 INDICATE OPEN 8EA80N NUMBER8 IN 8QUARE8 ARE OPEN DATE8 DISTRICTS 1 M S ^ 1 ► a o o 3 o -1 a M P BAS LIMITS. BTt J3-24-J5-M l:; ■■ '■' ;■""! J-M2"' No Does. Fawni or 81 MB S-3 ■: mi'}^ . Bucks. No aale of Tenl. Two Bncka per seas* See Notes 1-2-8-9-19- 4 I-.: LES'.; tABBIT8, CottoitaO and Braiti ALL :_::: El 15 per day. 30 per w No limit in Dlstrlot nWS SqVIRRELS ALL ■■■ r 12 per stason LK, ANTILOre, MOUNTAIN SHEEP ALL r— ' KlUing of Flit ar pos »lon or Elk rae«t a fe SEA 0T1XB, BBAVBB ALL Qfet. ^ $1,000 fine for Bea OtI BEAR, FUB ANIMALS ALL L ■■ l»^ See Notes 11-12 KB, flIESa, JACK nOPlI, BBS BENS ALL m Ml Bee Netes 4-14-15-11 jJl. Wood bv^. WTt* KAioM. 8HOBB BIRDS (Bscent Jack 8mlp«) ALL r ■ ■ - , ,-- 4CAIL, Vaney and Deiert 1-3 l^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ff' 4-41 r;i 1 ..._,LCB 16 per day. 80 per w 1-lJ "" . - 1 » ■ U9FRTAIN QVAIL 9-3 10 per day. JO pec wi 4-4J 8ACSUEM ALL ISxcept* ^^^^^H^^^^^^hI I s 4 pec day. 8 per wee 4 : .'■~„'r^I ' '^^''^ D9VH ALL )■•'. ' ' Wc 15 per day. 30 per w< GBfinSB ATJ. i " v E 3 4 per day. 8 per wee l-12a-12* -■: ■■ .■^^' 11 ^^H S«a Note 44 RO flab or ^^^H i pound* and ^^Hj Sm Note 43 flah or en* ^ weighing H^H See Note 45 pounds or a ^H ' See Notes BH 8r-3» ■IH 8e« Not* 24 3 MUX (Riwpt Golden), WHITS FISH 3 4-4i Laha AIntanor ■■■■ 23-24-28 8^ 06LDEN TB«DT ALL ii" 1 20 per day. None oi 5 Inches. BLACK BASS ALL ■1 26 per day. Nene ur Clear Lain In I^ka C*. li 1 ! No sal*. Hook aad I SACRAMIU^TO PEfiCH. 8UNJ18B and CRAPPIB ALL 26 per day. Hook a lino only. STUPED BASS. 8KAD ALL See Note 23 RAI.MON ALL ■xcept IS „J. « m MH>' iiEBB ^a Hce xMones 37-10 CATFISH ALL '4 -,; ; ■'.■' Cloaed season only to rommcrrial flahina CBABS ALL J > -::',".^.. lu See Note U ABALONES, Red ALL See Not* SS Orecn, Pii*, Black ALL I..'.'- ■ ■ PISSIO CLAM3 IT !■/ r1 [;:-■■ See N*t* 8S HUNTING LICENSES UceiM Year froM July I t* J one 39 Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00. ANGLiNQ LICENSES Lleeise Year (rem January I to De**mk*r 31 , Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens^ TRAPPING LICENSES Lieente Year from July I to June 38 Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2.0a H U 0 •■' ) O '■■ ^') r