CALIFORNIA FISH™ GAME "CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION" California Fish and Game is published quarterly by the California Department of Fish and Game. It is a journal devoted to the conservation and understanding offish and wildlife. If its contents are reproduced elsewhere, the authors and the California Department of Fish and Game would appreciate being acknowledged. Subscriptions may be obtained at the rate of $1 0 per year by placing an order with the Editor, California Department of Fish and Game, 1 41 6 Ninth Street, Sacramento. CA 9581 4. Checks or money orders in U.S. dollars should be made out to California Fish and Game. Inquiries regarding paid subscriptions should be directed to the Editor. Complimentary subscriptions are granted on an exchange basis. Please direct correspondence to: Dr. Eric R. Loft, Editor in Chief California Fish and Game 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, California 95814 VOLUME 77 SUMMER 1991 NUMBER 3 Published Quarterly by STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME --LDA-- STATE OF CALIFORNIA PETE WILSON, Governor THE RESOURCES AGENCY DOUGLAS P. WHEELER, Secretary for Resources FISH AND GAME COMMISSION Everett M. McCracken Jr., President Carmichael Benjamin F. Biaggini, Vice President San Francisco Albert C. Taucher, Member Long Beach Frank D. Boren, Member Carpinteria Robert R. Treanor, Executive Director DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME PETE BONTADELLI, Director Howard Sarasohn, Deputy Director Vacant, Deputy Director Ted Thomas, Asst. Director for Public Affairs Al Petrovich Jr., Chief Marine Resources Division Robert R. Rawstron, Chief Inland Fisheries Division Eldridge G. Hunt, Chief Wildlife Management Division Donald L. Lollock, Chief Environmental Services Division Susan A. Cochrane, Chief Natural Heritage Division DeWayne Johnston, Chief Wildlife Protection Division Banky E. Curtis, Regional Manager Redding James D. Messersmith, Regional Manager Rancho Cordova Brian F. Hunter, Regional Manager Yountville George D. Nokes, Regional Manager Fresno Fred Worthley, Regional Manager Long Beach CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 1991 EDITORIAL STAFF Eric. R. Loft, Editor in Chief Wildlife Management L. B. Boydston, Arthur C. Knutson, Jr., Betsy C. Bolster Inland Fisheries Dan Yparraguirre, Douglas R Updike Wildlife Management Steve Crooke, Doyle Hanan, Jerry Spratt Marine Resources Donald E. Stevens Bay-Delta Project Peter T. Phillips, Richard L. Callas Environmental Services CONTENTS A Check-list of the Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals of 109 California William F. Laudenslayer, Jr., William E. Grenfell, Jr, and David C. Zeiner Mercury in Western Grebes at Lake Berryessa and Clear Lake, 142 California E. E. Littrell NOTES First Record of the Leather Bass (Epinephelus dermatolepis, 145 Boulenger) in Southern California Robert H. Moore Note on the Occurrence and Range Extension of the Sailfish 148 (Istiophorus platypterus) off Dana Point, California Malcolm S. Oliphant Notes on the Distribution and Morphology of the Rubynose Brotula 149 (Cataetyx rubhrostris) off Central California M. A. Gibbs Mountain Beaver (Aplondontia rufa) from Inyo County, California 153 Vernon C. Bleich and Denyse Racine FEATURES Upper Sacramento River Toxic Spill 156 Obituaries 158 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Calif. Fish and Game 77(3):109-141 1991 A CHECK-LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA WILLIAM F. LAUDENSLAYER, JR.1 Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service 2081 E. Sierra Ave. Fresno, California 93710 WILLIAM E. GRENFELL, JR. Wildlife Management Division California Department of Fish and Game 1416 Ninth St. Sacramento, California 95814 and DAVID C. ZEINER Wildlife Management Division California Department of Fish and Game 1701 Nimbus Rd. Rancho Cordova, California 95670 The following is a check-list of the species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals found in California and adjacent off-shore waters. The list is presented, to the extent possible, in phylogenetic order and includes vernacular and scientific names for each species. Information is also provided on the legal status of those species and subspecies that appear on California and Federal lists of Threatened and Endangered species. California Species of Special Concern (an informal designation used by the California Department of Fish and Game) are also included in the list. Subspecies are included in this check-list only when they appear on any of the preceding lists. This list includes 933 species representing 438 genera and 126 families. INTRODUCTION Although lists of species for various classes of vertebrates exist for California (e.g., Williams 1 979, Shapovalov et al. 1981, Jennings 1983, 1987, Binford 1986), until 1983, there was no recent, combined list of the species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals for the State (Laudenslayer and Grenfell 1983). However, animals and their names do not remain static. Since 1983, a number of species, principally birds, have been added to the list of California's fauna; species have been 'Mailing address: PSW, Tahoe National Forest, 631 Coyote St., P.O. Box 6003, Nevada City, California 95959-6003 109 1 1 0 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME grouped into or split out of other species; names, especially scientific names, have changed; and species and subspecies have been added to the various California and Federal lists of Threatened and Endangered species and California Species of Special Concern. Our list, then, is a revision intended to bring the Laudenslayer and Grenfell (1983) list up to date (as of July 1991). Because knowledge of the systematic relationships of animals is always changing and additional species are being added to the list of California's fauna, it is likely that this list will be out-of-date in a relatively short time. Therefore, this list should be considered a working list, and it will be necessary to initiate a process to issue updates periodically. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this list are to ( 1 ) provide users with a list of amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species that can be found in California and adjacent waters, (2) promote standardized usage of vernacular and scientific names for these species, and (3) identify those species and subspecies that currently appear on various California and Federal lists of species with special legal status. The list includes those introduced species that are relatively widespread in the State. We did not include those species that formerly existed within the borders of California and are now extinct. Because, for some species, a number of vernacular names may exist (e.g., see Banks 1988), we have provided alternative names for some species; our preferred name is the first presented. We have also included alternative scientific names for those species that are undergoing taxonomic revision. As with vernacular names, our preferred name is the first presented. We have attempted to place species in phylogenetic order to illustrate potential relationships, recognizing that such relationships are not very well known for many taxa and are subject to change as more is learned about phylogenetic relationships. The various California and Federal lists of species that have legal status or are of concern are also continually changing. We have incorporated the most recent information available. We differ from the current California list of species of Special Concern because we have used the subspecies names from the original publications (Remsen 1978, Williams 1986) that describe why each taxon was of concern rather than merely listing the species name. We hope that this list will help standardize species names and improve communications about wildlife issues in California. We recommend that, as new information becomes available, this list be reexamined periodically and, if appropriate, updated. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 1 1 NAMING CONVENTIONS AND STATUS Amphibians and Reptiles There are a number of formal lists of amphibians and reptiles that can be used to standardize the nomenclature of these species. Collins et al. ( 1 978, 1 982) and Collins (1990) attempted to provide a standard list of amphibians and reptiles for North America. Although the Collins (1990) list is quite recent, many of the naming conventions for vernacular and scientific names are not well accepted by herpetologists, especially in the western United States (e.g., see Stebbins 1985, Jennings 1988). Jennings ( 1987) produced a comprehensive list of species and subspecies found in California; however, genera, species, and subspecies are organized alphabetically rather than in a phylogenetic order. Stebbins ( 1985), in the most recent update of his field guide to western amphibians and reptiles, organized the species list phylogenetically. We followed the order set forth by Stebbins (1985) and used Jennings (1987) as an additional source for species found in California. We prefer and generally used the scientific names from Stebbins (1985) but have also included names from Jennings (1987) where appropriate. Names and relationships of amphibians and reptiles are currently undergoing many changes as new information accumulates. As an example, the genus Batrachoseps is currently under intense study and changes in the list of species of this genus may occur in the next several years. Thus, the nomenclature of these groups is relatively unstable. We have taken a conservative approach when applying names to these species, and it is clear that a revision of these taxa will be necessary in a relatively short time. Names of amphibians and reptiles considered by the Federal government to be Threatened or Endangered are taken from the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 17.11); whereas those listed by the State of California are from the California Administrative Code (Title 14, Section 670.5) (see also CDF&G 1991a, 19916 for a complete listing of these species). Amphibians and reptiles currently listed as California Fully Protected are from the Fish and Game Code of California (Section 5050); Amphibians and Reptiles of Special Concern are taken from CDF&G (1991/?). Birds We based the organization and nomenclature for species of birds and higher taxa on the work of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU ) Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (AOU 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989); names for subspecies are from the Fifth Edition of the AOU Check-list of North American Birds (1957). Binford (1986) provided the most recent list of birds found in California, and Roberson (1986, 1989), Dunn (1988), Patten (1991) and Don Roberson (pers. comm.) provided us with additional information from recent decisions of the California Bird Record Committee. Our list differs slightly from that of Binford 112 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME (1986) because we include species introduced to California that probably do not have stable populations. We also differ from the Review Lists of the California Bird Record Committee because we have not included hybrids. Names of birds considered by the Federal government to be Threatened or Endangered are taken from the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 17.11); whereas those listed by the State of California are from the California Administrative Code (Title 14, Section 670.5) (see also CDF&G 1991a, \99\b for a complete listing of these species). Birds currently listed as California Fully Protected are from the Fish and Game Code of California (Section 3511) and Bird Species of Special Concern were provided by Remsen (1978) as amended by CDF&G (1990, \99\b). Mammals We used existing information on the occurrence of mammal species in California (Williams 1979) to develop the following list of mammals for California. Nomenclatural conventions used were from Jones et al. (1986), a standardized list of mammal species in North America. Jones et al. ( 1 986), however, did not organize species within genera in a phylogenetic sequence because, for some genera, a meaningful phylogenetic hierarchy could not be created. We chose to follow the phylogenetic sequence of Jones et al. (1982) so that the arrangements of our lists of amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals would be standardized. Names of mammals considered by the Federal government to be Threatened or Endangered are taken from the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 17.11); whereas those listed by the State of California are from the California Administrative Code (Title 14, Section 670.5) (see also CDF&G 1991a, \99\b for a complete listing of these species). Names of mammals currently listed as California Fully Protected are from the Fish and Game Code of California (Section 4700), and names of those considered to be Species of Special Concern were extracted from Williams (1986) as amended by CDF&G (1990, \99\b). Table 1. Numbers of taxa of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals found in California and adjacent off-shore waters. Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Total Orders 2 2 19 9 32 Families 10 20 59 37 126 Genera 15 53 266 104 438 Species 49 87 583 214 933 Subspecies3 8 15 27 54 104 aNumbers of subspecies on one or more federal or state lists. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 1 3 CHECK-LIST This list contains 933 species of 438 genera (Table l ). In addition to those species and subspecies found on California or Federal Threatened and Endangered Species Lists (CDF&G 1991a, 1991/?), the California lists of Species of Special Concern (CDF&G 1990, 1991/?), and the California Fully Protected Species list (CDF&G 1988), we have also identified those species which are subject to sport or commercial harvest under regulations of the California Fish and Game Commission, those species which have been introduced to California, and those birds that are rare visitors to California. The following symbols are used to denote status. FE Federal-listed Endangered species FT Federal-listed Threatened species CE California-listed Endangered species CT California-listed Threatened species CP California Fully Protected species SC California Species of Special Concern HA Harvest species I Introduced to California I? Introduced to California; it is not known if populations are viable through time + rare visitors to California2 2Please submit written records of sightings of any birds that are rare visitors to: Michael A. Patten, Secretary, California Bird Record Committee, P.O. Box 861 2, Riverside, CA 9251 5-861 2. Received: 30 March 1991 Accepted: 12 July 1991 114 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME CLASS: AMPHIBIA (Amphibians) ORDER FAMILY Vernacular name Scientific name Status CAUDATA (Salamanders) AMBYSTOMATIDAE (Mole Salamanders and relatives) Tiger Salamander Amby stoma tigrinum California Tiger Salamander4 A. t. californiense Northwestern Salamander Ambystomagracile Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander A. m. croceum DICAMPTODONTIDAE (Giant and Olympic Salamanders) Pacific Giant Salamander Dicamptodon ensatus Olympic Salamander Rhyacotriton olympicus SALAMANDRIDAE (Newts) Rough-skinned Newt California Newt Coast Range Newt Red-bellied Newt Taricha granulosa Taricha torosa T. t. torosa Taricha rivularis I3 SC CE, FE.CP SC SC PLETHODONTIDAE (Lungless Salamanders) Dunn's (Dunn) Salamander Del Norte Salamander Siskiyou Mountains Salamander5 Ensatina Yellow-blotched Salamander Larged-blotched Salamander Black Salamander Clouded Salamander Arboreal Salamander Inyo Mountains Salamander Tehachapi Slender Salamander Black-bellied Slender Salamander Kern Canyon Slender Salamander Pacific Slender Salamander Desert Slender Salamander California Slender Salamander Mount Lyell Salamander SALIENTIA (Frogs and Toads) ASCAPHIDAE (Tailed Frogs) Tailed Frog Plethodon dunni Plethodon elongatus Plethodon stormi Ensatina eschscholtzii E. e. croceater E. e. klauberi Aneides flavipunctatus Aneides ferreus Aneides lugubris Batrachoseps campi Batrachoseps stebbinsi Batrachoseps nigriventris Batrachoseps simatus Ba trachoseps pacificus Batrachoseps aridus Batrachoseps attenuatus Hydromantes platycephalus Ascaphus true! SC CT SC SC SC CT CT CE, FE SC SC Populations of this species, other than those of the California tiger salamander, have been introduced. "Considered by some authors to be a separate species. Considered by some authors to be a subspecies of the Del Norte Salamander. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 1 5 Shasta Salamander Limestone Salamander PELOBATIDAE (Spadefoot Toads) Couch's (Couch) Spadefoot Western Spadefoot Great Basin Spadefoot BUFONIDAE (True Toads) Hydromantesshastae CT Hydromantesbrunus CT, CP Scaphiopus couchii SC Scaphiopus hammondii SC Scaphiopus intermontanus Colorado River Toad (Sonora Desert Toad) Bufo alvarius SC Western Toad Bufo boreas Black Toad Bufo exsul CT, CP YosemiteToad Bufo canorus SC Woodhouse's ( Woodhouse) Toad Bufo woodhousei Southwestern Toad Bufo microscaphus Arroyo Southwestern Toad B. m. californicus SC Red-spotted Toad Bufo punctatus Great Plains Toad Bufo cognatus HYLIDAE (Treefrogs and relatives) California Treefrog Hyla (Pseudacris) cadaverina Pacific Treefrog Hyla (Pseudacris) regilla RANIDAE (True Frogs) Red-legged Frog Rana aurora Northern Red-legged Frog R. a. aurora SC California Red-legged Frog R. a. draytonii SC Spotted Frog Ranapretiosa SC Cascades Frog Rana cascadae SC Foothill Yellow-legged Frog Rana boylii SC Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Rana muscosa SC Northern Leopard Frog Ranapipiens SC Rio Grande Leopard Frog Rana berlandieri I Lowland Leopard Frog Rana yavapaiensis Bullfrog Ranacatesbeiana I, HA PIPIDAE (Pipid Frogs) African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis I CLASS: REPTILIA (Reptiles) TESTUDINES (Turtles) CHELYDRIDAE (Snapping Turtles) Snapping Turtle KINOSTERNIDAE (Musk and Mud Turtles) Sonoran Mud Turtle Chelydra serpentina Kinostemon sonoriense SC EMYDIDAE (Box and Water Turtles) Western Pond Turtle Northwestern Pond Turtle Southwestern Pond Turtle Painted Turtle Slider Clemmys marmorata C. m. marmorata SC C. m. pallida SC Chrysemys picta I Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta I 116 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME TESTUDINIDAE (True Land Tortoises) Desert Tortoise CHELONIIDAE (Sea Turtles) Green Turtle Loggerhead Pacific Ridley Hawksbill DERMOCHELYIDAE (Leatherback Turtles) Leatherback TRIONYCHIDAE (Softshell Turtles) Spiny Softshell SQUAMATA (Lizards and Snakes) GEKKONIDAE (Geckos) Western Banded Gecko (Banded Gecko)6 Switack's Banded Gecko (Switak's Gecko)6 Leaf-toed Gecko Mediterranean Gecko IGUANIDAE(lguanids) Desert Iguana Common Chuckwalla Zebra-tailed Lizard Colorado Desert Fringe-toed Lizard Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard Mojave Fringe-toed Lizard Desert Collared Lizard Long-nosed Leopard Lizard Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard Desert Spiny Lizard Granite Spiny Lizard Western Fence Lizard Sagebrush Lizard Side-blotched Lizard Long-tailed Brush Lizard Tree Lizard Small-scaled Lizard Banded Rock Lizard Coast Horned Lizard San Diego Horned Lizard California Horned Lizard Desert Horned Lizard Short-homed Lizard Flat-tailed Horned Lizard XANTUSIIDAE (Night Lizards) Granite Night Lizard Sandstone Night Lizard Desert Night Lizard Gopherus (Xerobates) agassizii CT, FT Chelonia mydas Caretta caretta Lepidochelys olivacea Eretmochelys imbricata Dermochelys coriacea Trionyx spiniferus Coleonyx variegatus Coleonyx switaki Phyllodactylus xanti Hemidactylus turcicus Dipsosaurus dorsalis Sauromalus obesus Callisaurus draconoides Uma notata Uma inornata Uma scoparia Crotaphytus insularis Gambelia wislizenii Gambelia silus Sceloporus magister Sceloporus orcutti Sceloporus occidentalis Sceloporus graciosus Ufa stansburiana Urosaurus graciosus Urosaurus ornatus Urosaurus microscutatus Petrosaurus mearnsi Phrynosoma coronatum P. c. blainvillei P. c. frontale Phrynosoma platy rhinos Phrynosoma douglassii Phrynosoma mcallii Xantusia henshawi X. h. gracilis Xantusia vigilis FT + FT + FT + FE + FE + CT SC CE, FT SC CE, FE, CP SC SC SC SC 6Some authors place banded geckos in the family Eublepharidae (Eyelid Geckos). CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 117 Sierra Night Lizard Island Night Lizard SCINCIDAE(Skinks) Western Skink CoronadoSkink Gilbert's Skink TEIIDAE (Whiptails and relatives) Orange-throated Whiptail Western Whiptail ANGUIDAE (Alligator Lizards and relatives) X. v. sierrae Xantusia riversiana Eumeces skiltonianus E. s. interparietalis Eumeces gilberti SC FT, SC SC Cnemidophorus hyperythrus SC Cnemidophorus tigris Southern Alligator Lizard Panamint Alligator Lizard Northern Alligator Lizard Elgaria multicarinata Elgaria panamintina Elgaria coerulea SC ANNIELLIDAE (California Legless Lizards) California Legless Lizard Silvery Legless Lizard Black Legless Lizard Anniellapulchra A. p. pulchra A. p. nigra SC SC HELODERMATIDAE (Venomous Lizards) Gila Monster LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE (Slender Blind Snakes) Western Blind Snake Heloderma suspectum Leptotyphlops humilis SC BOIDAE(Boas) Rubber Boa Southern Rubber Boa Rosy Boa COLUBRIDAE(Colubrids) Ringneck Snake Sharp-tailed Snake Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake Racer Coachwhip San Joaquin Whipsnake Striped Racer (California Whipsnake) Charina bottae C. b. umbratica Lichanura trivirgata Diadophis punctatus Contia tenuis Phyllorhynchus decurtatus Coluber constrictor Masticophis flagellum M. f. ruddocki Masticophis lateralis CT Alameda Striped Racer (Alameda Whipsnake) M. I. euryxanthus SC CT Striped Whipsnake Baja California Rat Snake Western Patch-nosed Snake Coast Patch-nosed Snake Glossy Snake Gopher Snake Common Kingsnake California Mountain Kingsnake San Diego Mountain Kingsnake Long-nosed Snake Common Garter Snake San Francisco Garter Snake Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Masticophis taeniatus Elaphe rosaliae SC Salvadora hexalepis S. h. virgultea SC Arizona elegans Pituophis melanoleucus Lampropeltis getulus Lampropeltis zonata L. z. pulchra SC Rhinocheilus lecontei Thamnophis (Nerodia) sirtalis T. (N.) s. tetrataenia CE, FE, CP Thamnophis (Nerodia) elegans 118 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COLUBRIDAE (Colubrids), cont. Western Aquatic (Sierra) Garter Snake Giant Garter Snake7 Central Coast Garter Snake Two-striped Garter Snake Northwestern Garter Snake Checkered Garter Snake Ground Snake Western Shovel-nosed Snake California Black-headed Snake Southwestern Black-headed Snake Lyre Snake Night Snake Thamnophis (Nerodia) couchii T. (N.) c. gigas CT Thamnophis (Nerodia) atratus Thamnophis (Nerodia) hammondii Thamnophis (Nerodia) ordinoides Thamnophis (Nerodia) marcianus Sonora semiannulata Chionactis occipitalis Tantillaplaniceps Tantilla hobartsmithi Trimorphodon biscutatus Hypsiglena torquata HYDROPHIIDAE (Sea Snakes) Yellow-bellied Sea Snake Pelamisplaturus VIPERIDAE (Vipers) Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Red Diamond Rattlesnake Speckled Rattlesnake Sidewinder Western Rattlesnake Mojave Rattlesnake Crotalus atrox Crotalus ruber Crotalus mitchellii Crotalus cerastes Crotalus viridis Crotalus scutulatus SC GAVIIFORMES(Loons) CLASS: AVES (Birds) GAVIIDAE (Loons) Red-throated Loon Pacific Loon Common Loon Yellow-billed Loon Gaviastellata Gavia pacifica Gaviaimmer Gavia adamsii SC + PODICIPEDIFORMES (Grebes) PODICIPEDIDAE (Grebes) Least Grebe Pied-billed Grebe Horned Grebe Red-necked Grebe Eared Grebe Western Grebe Clark's Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus + Podilymbus podiceps Podiceps auritus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Aechmophorus occidentalis Aechmophorus clarkii PROCELLARIIFORMES (Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, and relatives) DIOMEDEIDAE (Albatrosses) Wandering Albatross Short-tailed Albatross Black-footed Albatross Diomedea exulans Diomedea albatrus Diomedea nigripes + + 7Some authors consider the Giant Garter Snake to be a species. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 119 Laysan Albatross Diomedea immutabilis PROCELLARIIDAE (Shearwaters, Fulmars) Northern Fulmar Mottled Petrel Murphy's Petrel Cook's Petrel Stejneger's Petrel Streaked Shearwater Pink-tooted Shearwater Flesh-footed Shearwater Greater Shearwater Wedge-tailed Shearwater Buller's Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Short-tailed Shearwater Black-vented Shearwater Fulmarus glacialis Pterodroma inexpectata Pterodroma ultima Pterodroma cookii Pterodroma longirostris Calonectris leucomelas Puffinus creatopus Puffinus carneipes Puffinus gravis Puffinus pacificus Puffinus bulleri Puffinus griseus Puffinus tenuirostris Puffinus opisthomelas + + + + + + HYDROBATIDAE (Storm Petrels) Wilson's Storm-Petrel Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Leach's Storm-Petrel Ashy Storm-Petrel Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Black Storm-Petrel Least Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus + Oceanodroma furcata SC Oceanodroma leucorhoa Oceanodroma homochroa SC Oceanodroma castro + Oceanodroma tethys + Oceanodroma melania SC Oceanodroma microsoma PELECANIFORMES (Tropicbirds, Pelicans, and relatives) PHAETHONTIDAE (Tropicbirds) White-tailed Tropicbird Red-billed Tropicbird Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Phaethon aethereus Phaethon rubricauda SULIDAE (Boobies and Gannets) Masked Booby Sula dactylatra + Blue-tooted Booby Sula nebouxii + Brown Booby Sula leucogaster + Red-footed Booby Sula sula + PELECANIDAE (Pelicans) American White Pelican Brown Pelican California Brown Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos SC Pelecanus occidentalis P. o. calif ornicus CE, FE, CP PHALACROCORACIDAE (Cormorants) Double-crested Cormorant Olivaceous Cormorant Brandt's Cormorant Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Phalacrocorax olivaceus Phalacrocorax penicillatus Phalacrocorax pelagicus SC + ANHINGIDAE (Darters) Anhinga Anhingaanhinga 120 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME FREGATIDAE (Frigatebirds) Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens CICONIIFORMES (Herons, Storks, Ibises, and relatives) ARDEIDAE (Herons and Bitterns) American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis SC Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Great Egret Casmerodius albus Snowy Egret Egretta thula Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens SC Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea + THRESKIORNITHIDAE (Ibises and Spoonbills) White Ibis Eudocimus albus + White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi SC Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja + CICONIIDAE (Storks and Wood Ibises) Wood Stork ANSERIFORMES (Screamers, Ducks, and relatives) ANATIDAE (Swans, Geese, and Ducks) Fulvous Whistling-Duck Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Tundra Swan WhooperSwan Trumpeter Swan Greater White-fronted Goose Snow Goose Ross' Goose Emperor Goose Brant Canada Goose Aleutian Canada Goose Wood Duck Green-winged Teal Baikal Teal American Black Duck Mallard Northern Pintail Garganey Blue-winged Teal Cinnamon Teal Northern Shoveler Gadwall Eurasian Wigeon American Wigeon Mycteria americana SC Dendrocygna bicolor SC, HA Dendrocygna autumnalis + Cygnus columbianus Cygnus cygnus + Cygnus buccinator CP, + Anser albifrons HA Chen caerulescens HA Chen rossii HA Chen canagica + Branta bernicla HA Branta canadensis HA B. c. leucopareia FT Aix sponsa HA Anas crecca HA Anas formosa + Anas rubripes + Anas platyrhynchos HA Anas acuta HA Anas querquedula + Anas disco rs HA Anas cyanoptera HA Anas clypeata HA Anas strepera HA Anaspenelope Anas americana HA CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 121 Common Pochard Canvasback Redhead Ring-necked Duck Tutted Duck Greater Scaup Lesser Scaup King Eider Steller's Eider Harlequin Duck Oldsquaw Black Scoter Surf Scoter White-winged Scoter Common Goldeneye Barrow's Goldeneye Bufflehead Smew Hooded Merganser Common Merganser Red-breasted Merganser Ruddy Duck Aythya ferina + Aythya valisineria HA Aythya americana HA Aythya collaris HA Aythya fuligula + Aythya marila HA Aythya af finis HA Somateria spectabilis + Polysticta stelleri + Histrionicus histrionicus SC, HA Clangula hyemalis HA Melanitta nigra HA Melanitta perspicillata HA Melanitta fusca HA Bucephala clangula HA Bucephala islandica SC, HA Bucephala albeola HA Mergellus albellus + Lophodytes cucullatus HA Mergus merganser HA Mergus senator HA Oxyura jamaicensis HA FALCONIFORMES (Vultures, Hawks, and Falcons) CATHARTIDAE (New World Vultures) Turkey Vulture California Condor ACCIPITRIDAE (Hawks, Old World Vultures, Osprey Black-shouldered (White-tailed) Kite Mississippi Kite Bald Eagle Northern Harrier Sharp-shinned Hawk Cooper's Hawk Northern Goshawk Common Black-Hawk Harris' Hawk Red-shouldered Hawk Broad-winged Hawk Swainson's Hawk Zone-tailed Hawk Red-tailed Hawk Ferruginous Hawk Rough-legged Hawk Golden Eagle FALCONIDAE (Caracaras and Falcons) American Kestrel Merlin Peregrine Falcon American Peregrine Falcon Gyrfalcon Prairie Falcon Cathartes aura Gymnogyps californianus CE, FE, CP and Harriers) Pandion haliaetus SC Elanus caeruleus CP Ictinia mississippiensis Haliaeetus leucocephalus Circus cyaneus Accipiter sthatus Accipiter cooperi Accipiter gentilis Buteogallus anthracinus Parabuteo unicinctus + CE, FE. CP SC SC SC SC + SC Buteo lineatus Buteo platypterus Buteo swainsoni CT Buteo albonotatus + Buteo jamaicensis Buteo regalis SC Buteo lagopus Aquila chrysaetos CP, SC Falco sparverius Falco columbarius SC Falco peregrin us F. p. anatum CE, FE, CP Falco rusticolus + Falco mexicanus SC 122 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME GALLIFORMES (Megapodes, Curassows, Pheasants, and relatives) PHASIANIDAE (Quails, Pheasants, and relatives) Chukar Ring-necked Pheasant Common Peafowl Blue Grouse White-tailed Ptarmigan Ruffed Grouse Sage Grouse Sharp-tailed Grouse Wild Turkey Gambel's Quail California Quail Mountain Quail Alectoris chukar I, HA Phasianus colchicus I, HA Pavo cristatus I? Dendragapus obscurus HA Lagopus leucurus I Bonasa umbellus SC, HA Centrocercus urophasianus SC, HA Tympanuchus phasianellus SC Meleagris gallopa vo I, HA Callipepla gambelii HA Caiiipepla californica HA Oreortyx pictus HA GRUIFORMES (Cranes, Rails, and relatives) RALLIDAE (Rails, Gallinules, and Coots) Yellow Rail Black Rail California Black Rail Clapper Rail California Clapper Rail Light-footed Clapper Rail Yuma Clapper Rail Virginia Rail Sora PurpleGallinule Common Moorhen American Coot GRUIDAE (Cranes) Sandhill Crane Greater Sandhill Crane Coturnicops noveboracensis SC + Laterallusjamaicensis L. j. coturniculus CT, CP Ralluslongirostris R. 1. obsoletus CE, FE, CP R. 1. levipes CE, FE, CP R. 1. yumanensis CT, FE, CP Rallus limicola Porzana Carolina Porphyrula martinica + Gallinula chloropus HA Fulica americana HA Grus canadensis G. c. tabida CT, CP CHARADRIIFORMES (Shorebirds, Gulls, and relatives) CHARADRIIDAE (Plovers and relatives) Black-bellied Plover Lesser Golden-Plover Mongolian Plover Snowy Plover Western Snowy Plover Wilson's Plover Semipalmated Plover Piping Plover Killdeer Mountain Plover Eurasian Dotterel Pluvialis squatarola Pluvialis dominica Charadrius mongolus Charadrius alexandrinus C. a. nivosus Charadrius wilsonia Charadrius semipalmatus Charadrius melodus Charadrius vociferus Charadrius montanus Charadrius morinellus SC + SC + HAEMATOPODIDAE (Oystercatchers) American Oystercatcher Black Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus Haematopus bachmani CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 23 RECURVIROSTRIDAE (Avocets and Stilts) Black-necked Stilt American Avocet SCOLOPACIDAE (Sandpipers and relatives) Greater Yellowlegs Lesser Yellowlegs Spotted Redshank Solitary Sandpiper Willet Wandering Tattler Gray-tailed Tattler Spotted Sandpiper Terek Sandpiper Upland Sandpiper Little Curlew Whimbrel Long-billed Curlew HudsonianGodwit Bar-taiiedGodwit Marbled Godwit Ruddy Turnstone Black Turnstone Surf bird Red Knot Sanderling Semipalmated Sandpiper Western Sandpiper Rufous-necked Stint Little Stint Long-toed Stint Least Sandpiper White-rumped Sandpiper Baird's Sandpiper Pectoral Sandpiper Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Rock Sandpiper Dunlin Curlew Sandpiper Stilt Sandpiper Buff-breasted Sandpiper Ruff Short-billed Dowitcher Long-billed Dowitcher Jack Snipe Common Snipe Wilson's Phalarope SCOLOPACIDAE (Sandpipers and relatives) Red-necked Phalarope Red Phalarope Pomarine Jaeger Parasitic Jaeger Long-tailed Jaeger South Polar Skua Himantopus mexicanus Recurvirostra americana Tringa melanoleuca T ring a flavipes Tringa erythropus + Tringa solitaria Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Heteroscelus incanus Heteroscelusbrevipes + Actitis macularia Xenus cinereus + Bartramia longicauda + Numenius minutus + Numenius phaeopus Numenius americanus SC Limosa haemastica + Limosalapponica + Limosa fedoa Arenariainterpres Arenaria melanocephala Aphriza virgata Calidris canutus Calidris alba Calidris pusiHa Calidris mauri Calidris ruficollis + Calidris minuta + Calidris subminuta + Calidris minutilla Calidris fuscicollis + Calidris bairdii Calidris melanotos Calidris acuminata Calidris ptilocnemis Calidris alpina Calidris ferruginea + Calidris himantopus Tryngitessubruficollis + Philomachus pugnax Limnodromus griseus Limnodromus scolopaceus Lymnocryptes minimus + Gallinago gallinago H A Phalaropus tricolor Phalaropus lobatus Phalaropus fulicaria Stercorarius pomarinus Stercorarius parasiticus Stercorarius longicaudus Catharacta maccormicki 124 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME SCOLOPACIDAE (Sandpipers and relatives), cont. Laughing Gull Larus atricilla SC Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan Little Gull Larus minutus + Common Black-headed Gull Larus ridibu^dus + Bonaparte's Gull Larus Philadelphia Heermann'sGull Larus heermanni Mew Gull Larus canus Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis CaliforniaGull Larus calif ornicus SC Herring Gull Larus argentatus Thayer's Gull Larus thayeri Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus + Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens Western Gull Larus occidentalis Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus Black-legged Kittiwake Hissa tridactyla Sabine's Gull Xema sabini Gull-billed Tern Sterna nilotica SC Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Royal Tern Sterna maxima Elegant Tern Sterna elegans SC Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis + Common Tern Sterna hirundo Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Forster'sTern Sterna forsteri Least Tern Sterna antillarum California Least Tern S. a. browni CE, FE, CP Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata + Black Tern Chlidonias niger Black Skimmer Rynchops niger SC ALCIDAE (Auks, Murres, and Puffins) Common Murre Uria aalge Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia + Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus CE Kittlitz'sMurrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris + Xantus' Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus Parakeet Auklet Cyclorrhynchus psittacula + Least Auklet Aethiapusilla + Crested Auklet Aethiacristatella + Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata SC Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata SC Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata OLUMBIFORMES (Pigeons and Doves) COLUMBIDAE (Pigeons and Doves) Rock Dove Columba livia I Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata HA CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 125 Ringed Turtle-Dove Spotted Dove White-winged Dove Mourning Dove Inca Dove Common Ground-Dove Ruddy Ground-Dove PSITTACIFORMES (Parrots and relatives) Streptopelia risoria Streptopelia chinensis Zenaida asiatica Zenaida macroura Columbina inca Columbina passerina Columbina talpacoti PSITTACIDAE (Lories, Parakeets, Macaws, and Parrots) Rose-winged Parakeet Psittacula krameri Canary-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona finschi Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix CUCULIFORMES (Cuckoos and relatives) CUCULIDAE (Typical Cuckoos) Black-billed Cuckoo Yellow-billed Cuckoo California Yellow-billed Cuckoo Greater Roadrunner Groove-billed Ani Coccyzus erythropthalmus Coccyzus americanus C. a. occidentalis Geococcyx californianus Crotophaga sulcirostris STRIGIFORMES(Owls) TYTONIDAE (Barn Owls) Common Barn Owl STRIGIDAE (Typical Owls) FlammulatedOwl Western Screech-Owl Great Horned Owl Snowy Owl Northern Pygmy-Owl Elf Owl Burrowing Owl Spotted Owl Northern Spotted Owl Barred Owl Great Gray Owl Long-eared Owl Short-eared Owl Northern Saw-whet Owl CAPRIMULGIFORMES (Goatsuckers and relatives) CAPRIMULGIDAE (Goatsuckers) Lesser Nighthawk Common Nighthawk Common Poorwill Chuck-will's-widow Whip-poor-will Tyto alba Chordeiles acutipennis Chordeiles minor Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Caphmulgus carolinensis Caprimulgus vociferus I? I, HA HA HA I? I? I? I? I? CE Otus flammeolus Otus kennicottii Bubo virginianus Nyctea scandiaca + Glaucidium gnoma Micrathene whitneyi CE Athene cunicularia SC Strix occidentalis SC S. o. caurina FT Strix varia + Strix nebulosa CE Asio otus SC Asio flammeus SC Aegolius acadicus 126 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME APODIFORMES (Swifts and Hummingbirds) APODIDAE (Swifts) Black Swift White-collared Swift Chimney Swift Vaux's Swift White-throated Swift Cypseloides niger Streptoprocne zonaris Chaeturapelagica Chaetura vauxi Aeronautes saxatalis SC + TROCHILIDAE (Hummingbirds) Broad-billed Hummingbird Xantus' Hummingbird Violet-crowned Hummingbird Blue-throated Hummingbird Ruby-throated Hummingbird Black-chinned Hummingbird Anna's Hummingbird Costa's Hummingbird Calliope Hummingbird Broad-tailed Hummingbird Rufous Hummingbird Allen's Hummingbird CORACIIFORMES (Kingfishers and relatives) ALCEDINIDAE (Kingfishers) Belted Kingfisher PICIFORMES (Woodpeckers and relatives) PICIDAE (Woodpeckers and Wrynecks) Lewis' Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker Acorn Woodpecker Gila Woodpecker Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Red-naped Sapsucker Red-breasted Sapsucker Williamson's Sapsucker Ladder-backed Woodpecker Nuttall's Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker White-headed Woodpecker Three-toed Woodpecker Black-backed Woodpecker Northern Flicker Gilded Northern Flicker Pileated Woodpecker PASSERIFORMES (Perching Birds) TYRANNIDAE (Tyrant Flycatchers) Olive-sided Flycatcher Greater Pewee Cyanthus latirostris Hylocharis xantusii Amazilia violiceps Lampornis clemenciae A re hi loch us colubris Archilochus alexandri Calypte anna Calypte costae Stellula calliope Selasphorus platycercus Selasphorus rufus Selasphorus sasin + + + + + Ceryle alcyon Melanerpes lewis Melanerpes erythrocephalus + Melanerpes formicivorus Melanerpes uropygialis C E Sphyrapicus varius Sphyrapicus nuchalis Sphyrapicus ruber Sphyrapicus thyroideus Picoides scalaris Picoides nuttallii Picoides pubescens Picoides villosus Picoides albolarvatus Picoides tridactylus + Picoides arcticus Colaptes auratus C. a. chrysoides CE Dryocopus pileatus Contopus borealis Contopus pertinax CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 27 Western Wood-Pewee Eastern Wood-Pewee Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Willow Flycatcher Least Flycatcher Hammond's Flycatcher Dusky Flycatcher Gray Flycatcher Pacific-Slope Flycatcher Cordilleran Flycatcher Black Phoebe Eastern Phoebe Say's Phoebe Vermilion Flycatcher Dusky-capped Flycatcher Ash-throated Flycatcher Great Crested Flycatcher Brown-crested Flycatcher Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Tropical Kingbird Cassin's Kingbird Thick-billed Kingbird Western Kingbird Eastern Kingbird Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Contopus sordidulus Contopus virens + Empidonax fla viventris + Empidonax trail Hi C E Empidonax minimus Empidonax hammondii Empidonax oberholseri Empidonax wrightii Empidonax difficilis Empidonax occidentalis Sayornis nigricans Sayornisphoebe Sayornis say a Pyrocephalus rubinus SC Myiarchus tuberculifer + Myiarchus cinerascens Myiarchus crinitus + Myiarchus tyrannulus SC Myiodynastes luteiventris + Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus vociferans Tyrannus crassirosiris + Tyrannus verticalis Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus forficatus + ALAUDIDAE (Larks) Eurasian Skylark Horned Lark Alauda arvensis Eremophila alpestris HIRUNDINIDAE (Swallows) Purple Martin Tree Swallow Violet-green Swallow Northern Rough-winged Swallow Bank Swallow Cliff Swallow Barn Swallow Progne subis SC Tachycineta bicolor Tachycineta thalassina Stelgidopteryx serripennis Riparia riparia CT Hirundo pyrrhonota Hirundo rustica CORVIDAE (Jays, Magpies, and Crows) Gray Jay Steller's Jay Blue Jay Scrub Jay Pinyon Jay Clark's Nutcracker Black-billed Magpie Yellow-billed Magpie American Crow Common Raven Perisoreus canadensis Cyanocittastelleri Cyanocitta cristata + Aphelocoma coerulescens Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Nucifraga columbiana Pica pica Pica nuttalli Corvus brachyrhynchos HA Corvus corax PARIDAE (Titmice) Black-capped Chickadee Mountain Chickadee Chestnut-backed Chickadee Parusatricapillus Parusgambeli Parus rufescens SC 128 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME PARIDAE (Titmice), cont. Plain Titmouse Parus inornatus REMIZIDAE(Verdin) Verdin Auriparus flaviceps AEGITHALIDAE(Bushtit) Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus SITTIDAE (Nuthatches) Red-breasted Nuthatch White-breasted Nuthatch Pygmy Nuthatch CERTHIIDAE (Creepers) Brown Creeper TROGLODYTIDAE (Wrens) Cactus Wren Coastal Cactus Wren Rock Wren Canyon Wren Bewick's Wren House Wren WinterWren Sedge Wren Marsh Wren Sitta canadensis Sitta carolinensis Sitta pygmaea Certhia americana Campylorhynchusbrunneicapillus C. b. sandiegoense Salpinctes obsoletus Catherpes mexicanus Thryomanes bewickii Troglodytes aedon Troglodytes troglodytes Cistothorus platensis Cistothorus palustris SC CINCLIDAE (Dippers) American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus MUSCICAPIDAE (Old World Warblers, Gnat catchers, Kinglets, Thrushes, Bk jebirds, and Wrentit) Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus + Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura SC California Gnatcatcher Polioptila calif ornica SC Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe + Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi Veery Catharus fuscescens + Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus + Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina + Rufous-backed Robin Turdus rufopalliatus + American Robin Turdus migratorius Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius Wrentit Chamaea fasciata MiMIDAE (Mockingbirds and Thrashers) Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 129 Northern Mockingbird Sage Thrasher Brown Thrasher Mimus polyg lottos Oreoscoptes montanus Toxostoma rufum Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei SC Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre + California Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale SC LeConte's Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei SC MOTACILLIDAE (Wagtails and Pipits) Yellow Wagtail Motacillaflava + Gray Wagtail Motacilla cinerea + White Wagtail Motacilla alba + Black-backed Wagtail Motacilla lugens + Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus + Water Pipit Anthusspinoletta Sprague's Pipit Anthus spragueii + Bomby cilia garrulus Bombycilla cedrorum Phainopepla nitens BOMBYCILLIDAE (Waxwings) Bohemian Waxwing Cedar Waxwing PTILOGONATIDAE (Silky Flycatchers) Phainopepla LANIIDAE (Shrikes) Brown Shrike Northern Shrike Loggerhead Shrike San Clemente Loggerhead Shrike STURNIDAE (Starlings) European Starling VIREONIDAE (Typical Vireos) White-eyed Vireo Bell's Vireo Arizona Bell's Vireo Least Bell's Vireo Gray Vireo Solitary Vireo Yellow-throated Vireo Hutton's Vireo Warbling Vireo Philadelphia Vireo Red-eyed Vireo Yellow-green Vireo Blue-winged Warbler Golden-winged Warbler Tennessee Warbler Vermivoraperegrina Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla Virginia's Warbler Vermivora virginiae Lanius cristatus + Lanius excubitor Lanius ludovicianus L. 1. mearnsi FE Sturnus vulgaris 1 Vireo griseus + Vireo bellii V. b. arizonae CE V. b. pusillus CE, FE Vireo vicinior SC Vireo solitarius Vireo flavifrons + Vireo huttoni Vireo gilvus Vireo philadelphicus + Vireo olivaceus Vireo flavoviridis + birds, and relatives) Vermivora pinus + Vermivora chrysoptera + SC 130 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME EMBERIZIDAE (Wood Warblers, Sparrows, Lucy's Warbler Northern Parula Yellow Warbler California Yellow Warbler Sonoran Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler Magnolia Warbler Cape May Warbler Black-throated Blue Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Black-throated Gray Warbler Townsend's Warbler HermitWarbler Black-throated Green Warbler Golden-cheeked Warbler Blackburnian Warbler Yellow-throated Warbler Grace's Warbler Pine Warbler Prairie Warbler Palm Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Blackpoll Warbler Cerulean Warbler Black-and-white Warbler American Redstart Prothonotary Warbler Worm-eating Warbler Ovenbird Northern Waterthrush Louisiana Waterthrush Kentucky Warbler Connecticut Warbler Mourning Warbler MacGillivray's Warbler Common Yellowthroat Hooded Warbler Wilson's Warbler Canada Warbler Red-faced Warbler Painted Redstart Yellow-breasted Chat Hepatic Tanager SummerTanager Scarlet Tanager Western Tanager Northern Cardinal Pyrrhuloxia Rose-breasted Grosbeak Black-headed Grosbeak Blue Grosbeak Blackbirds, and relatives), cont. Vermivora luciae Parula americana Dendroica petechia D. p. brewsteri SC D. p. sonorana SC Dendroica pensylvanica Dendroica magnolia Dendroica tigrina Dendroica caerulescens Dendroica coronata Dendroica nigrescens Dendroica townsendi Dendroica occidentalis Dendroica virens Dendroica chrysoparia + Dendroica fusca Dendroica dominica + Dendroica graciae + Dendroica pin us + Dendroica discolor Dendroica palmarum Dendroica castanea Dendroica striata Dendroica cerulea + Mniotilta varia Setophaga ruticilla Protonotariacitrea + Helmitheros vermivorus + Seiurus aurocapillus Seiurus noveboracensis Seiurus motacilla + Oporornis formosus + Oporornis agilis + Oporornis Philadelphia + Oporornis tolmiei Geothlypis trichas Wilsonia citrina Wilsoniapusilla Wilsonia canadensis Cardellina rubrifrons + Myioborus pictus Icteria virens SC Pirangaflava SC Piranga rubra SC Piranga olivacea + Piranga ludoviciana Cardinalis cardinalis SC , Cardinalis sinuatus + Pheucticus ludovicianus Pheucticus melanocephalus Guiraca caerulea 8Cardinals are native to California only marginally in the Colorado River Valley, other populations are of introduced subspecies. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 131 Lazuli Bunting Indigo Bunting Varied Bunting Painted Bunting Dickcissel Green-tailed Towhee Rufous-sided Towhee CaliforniaTowhee Inyo California Towhee Abert's Towhee Cassin's Sparrow Rufous-crowned Sparrow American Tree Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Clay-colored Sparrow Brewer's Sparrow Field Sparrow Black-chinned Sparrow Vesper Sparrow Lark Sparrow Black-throated Sparrow Sage Sparrow San Clemente Sage Sparrow Lark Bunting Savannah Sparrow Belding's Savannah Sparrow Large-billed Savannah Sparrow Baird's Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Le Conte's Sparrow Sharp-tailed Sparrow Fox Sparrow Song Sparrow Suisun Song Sparrow San Pablo Song Sparrow Alameda Song Sparrow Lincoln's Sparrow Swamp Sparrow White-throated Sparrow Golden-crowned Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Harris' Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco Gray-headed Junco McCown's Longspur Lapland Longspur Chestnut-collared Longspur Rustic Bunting Snow Bunting Bobolink Red-winged Blackbird Tricolored Blackbird Western Meadowlark Yellow-headed Blackbird Rusty Blackbird Passerina amoena Passerina cyanea Passerina versicolor + Passerina ciris + Spiza americana Pipilo chlorurus Pipilo erythrophthalmus Pipilo crissalis P. c. eremophilus CE, FT Pipilo aberti Aimophilacassinii + Aimophila ruficeps Spizella arborea Spizella passerina Spizella pallida Spizella breweri Spizella pusilla + Spizella atrogularis Pooecetes gramineus Chondestes grammacus Amphi spiza bilineata Am phi spiza belli A. b. clementeae FT Calamospiza melanocorys Passerculus sandwichensis P. s. beldingi CE P. s. rostratus SC Ammodramusbairdii + Ammodramus savannarum Ammodramusleconteii + Ammodramus caudacutus Passerella iliaca Melospiza melodia M. m. maxillaris SC M. m. samuelis SC M. m. pusillula SC Melospiza lincolnii Melospiza georgiana Zonotrichia albicollis Zonotrichia atricapilla Zonotrichia leucophrys Zonotrichia querula Junco hyemalis J. h. caniceps SC Calcarius mccownii Calcarius lapponicus Calcarius ornatus Emberiza rustica + Plectrophenax nivalis Dolichonyx oryzivorus Agelaius phoeniceus Agelaius tricolor SC Sturnella neglecta Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Euphagus carolinus 132 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME EMBERIZIDAE (Wood Warblers, Sparrows Brewer's Blackbird Great-tailed Grackle Common Grackle Bronzed Cowbird Brown-headed Cowbird Orchard Oriole Hooded Oriole Streak-backed Oriole Northern Oriole Scott's Oriole Blackbirds, and relatives), cont. Euphagus cyanocephalus Quiscalus mexicanus Quiscalus quiscula Molothrus autieus Molothrus ater Icterus spurius Icterus cucullatus Icterus pustulatus Icterus galbula Icterus parisorum FRINGILLIDAE (Finches) B rambling Rosy Finch Pine Grosbeak Purple Finch Cassin's Finch House Finch Red Crossbill White-winged Crossbill Common Redpoll Pine Siskin Lesser Goldfinch Lawrence's Goldfinch American Goldfinch Evening Grosbeak PASSERIDAE (Old World Sparrows) House Sparrow Fringilla montifringllla Leucosticte arctoa Pinicola enucleator Carpodacus purpureus Carpodacus cassinii Carpodacus mexicanus Loxia curvirostra Loxia leucoptera Carduelis flammea Carduelispinus Carduelis psaltria Carduelis lawrencei Carduelis tristis Coccothraustes vespertinus Passer domesticus CLASS: MAMMALIA (Mammals) MARSUPIALIA (Marsupials) DIDELPHIDAE (Opossums) VirginiaOpossum INSECTI VORA (Insectivores) Didelphr virginiana I I, HA SORICIDAE (Shrews) Mt. Lyell Shrew Sorex lyelli SC Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans Salt-marsh Wandering Shrew S. v. halicoetes SC Dusky (Montane) Shrew Sorex monticolus Pacific Shrew Sorex pacificus Ornate Shrew Sorex ornatus Buena Vista Lake Shrew S. o. relictus SC Monterey Ornate Shrew S. o. salarius SC So. California Salt-marsh Shrew S. o. salicornicus SC Suisun Shrew S. o. sinuosus SC Santa Catalina Shrew S. o. willetti SC Inyo Shrew Sorex tenellus Water Shrew Sorex palustris Marsh (Pacific Water) Shrew Sorex bendirii CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 33 Trowbridge's Shrew Merriam's Shrew Desert Shrew Sorex trowbridgii Sorex merriami Notiosorex crawfordi TALPIDAE (Moles) Shrew-mole Townsend'sMole Coast Mole Broad-footed Mole Neurotrichus gibbsii Scapanus townsendii Scapanus orarius Scapanus latimanus CHIROPTERA(Bats) PHYLLOSTOMATIDAE (Leaf-nosed Bats) California Leaf-nosed Bat Mexican Long-tongued Bat Macrotus calif ornicus SC Choeronycteris mexicana SC VESPERTILIONIDAE (Evening Bats) Little Brown Myotis Myotis lucifugus Arizona Myotis M. 1. occultus SC Yuma Myotis Myotis yumanensis Cave Myotis Myotis velifer Long-eared Myotis Myotis evotis Fringed Myotis Myotis thysanodes Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans California Myotis Myotis calif ornicus Western Small-footed Myotis Myotis ciliolabrum Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Western Pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus Western Red Bat Lasiurus blossevillii Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus Southern Yellow Bat Lasiurus xanthinus Spotted Bat Euderma maculatum SC Townsend's Big-eared Bat Plecotus townsendii Pale Big-eared Bat P. t. pallescens SC Townsend's Western Big-eared Bat P. t. townsendii SC Pallid Bat A ntrozous pal lid us SC MOLOSSIDAE (Free-tailed Bats) Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Pocketed Free-tailed Bat Big Free-tailed Bat Western Mastiff Bat California Mastiff Bat LAGOMORPHA (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas) OCHOTONIDAE (Pikas) Pika LEPORIDAE (Rabbits and Hares) Pygmy Rabbit Brush Rabbit Riparian Brush Rabbit Nuttall's (Mountain) Cottontail Tadarida brasiliensis Nyctinomops femorosacca SC Nyctinomops macrotis SC Eumops perotis E. p. californicus SC Ochotona princeps Brachylagus idahoensis SC, HA Sylvilagus bachmani HA S. b. riparius SC, HA Sylvilagus nuttallii HA 134 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LEPORIDAE (Rabbits and Hares), cont. Audubon's (Desert) Cottontail European Rabbit SnowshoeHare Oregon Snowshoe Hare Sierra Nevada Snowshoe Hare White-tailed (Hare) Jackrabbit Western White-tailed Hare Black-tailed (Hare) Jackrabbit RODENTIA (Squirrels, Rats, Mice, and relatives) Sylvilagus audubonii HA Oryctolagus cuniculus I Lepusamericanus HA L. a. klamathensis SC, HA L. a. tahoensis sc, HA Lepus townsendii HA L. t. townsendii SC, HA Lepus californicus HA APLODONTIDAE (Mountain Beaver) Mountain Beaver Sierra Nevada Mountain Beaver Point Arena Mountain Beaver Point Reyes Mountain Beaver SCIURIDAE (Squirrels, Chipmunks, and Marmots) AlpineChipmunk Least Chipmunk Yellow-pine Chipmunk Townsend's Chipmunk SonomaChipmunk Merriam'sChipmunk CaliforniaChipmunk Long-eared Chipmunk Lodgepole Chipmunk Panamint Chipmunk UnitaChipmunk Yellow-bellied Marmot White-tailed Antelope Squirrel San Joaquin (Nelson's) Antelope Squirrel Townsend's Ground Squirrel Belding's Ground Squirrel Rock Squirrel California Ground Squirrel Mohave Ground Squirrel Round-tailed Ground Squirrel Palm Springs Ground Squirrel Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Gray Squirrel Western Gray Squirrel Fox Squirrel Douglas' Squirrel Northern Flying Squirrel San Bernardino Flying Squirrel GEOMYIDAE (Pocket Gophers) Botta's Pocket Gopher Amargosa Pocket Gopher Townsend's Pocket Gopher Northern Pocket Gopher Western Pocket Gopher Mountain Pocket Gopher Aplodontia rufa A. r. calif omica SC A. r. nigra SC A. r. phaea SC Tamias alpinus Tamias minimus Tamias amoenus Tamias townsendii Tamias sonomae Tamias merriami Tamias obscurus Tamias quadrimaculatus Tamias speciosus Tamias panamintinus Tamias umbrinus Marmota flaviventris Ammospermophilus leucurus Ammospermophilus nelsoni CT Spermophilus townsendii Spermophilus beldingi Spermophilus variegatus Spermophilus beecheyi Spermophilus mohavensis CT Spermophilus tereticaudus S. t. chlorus SC Spermophilus lateralis Sciurus carolinensis I, HA Sciurus griseus HA Sciurus niger I, HA Tamiasciurusdouglasii HA Glaucomys sabrinus G. s. californicus Thomomys bottae T. b. amargosae Thomomys townsendii Thomomys talpoides Thomomys mazama Thomomys monticola SC SC CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 35 HETEROMYIDAE (Pocket Mice and Kangaroo Little Pocket Mouse Los Angeles Pocket Mouse Pacific Pocket Mouse San Joaquin Pocket Mouse San Joaquin Pocket Mouse Salinas Pocket Mouse Great Basin Pocket Mouse White-eared Pocket Mouse White-eared Pocket Mouse Tehachapi Pocket Mouse Yellow-eared Pocket Mouse Long-tailed Pocket Mouse Bailey's Pocket Mouse Desert Pocket Mouse San Diego Pocket Mouse California Pocket Mouse Spiny Pocket Mouse Dark Kangaroo Mouse Pale Kangaroo Mouse Ord's Kangaroo Rat Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat Big-eared Kangaroo Rat Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat Pacific (Agile) Kangaroo Rat Heermann's Kangaroo Rat Marysville Kangaroo Rat Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat California Kangaroo Rat Giant Kangaroo Rat Panamint Kangaroo Rat Stephens' Kangaroo Rat Desert Kangaroo Rat Merriam's Kangaroo Rat San Joaquin (Fresno) Kangaroo Rat Tipton Kangaroo Rat Fresno Kangaroo Rat Short-nosed Kangaroo Rat Rats) Perognathus longimembris P. I. brevinasus SC P. I. pacificus SC Perognathus inornatus P. i. inornatus SC P. i. psammophilus SC Perognathus parvus Perognathus alticolus P. a. alticolus SC P. a. inexpectatus SC Perognathus xanthonotus Chaetodipus formosus Chaetodipus bailey i Chaetodipus penicillatus Chaetodipus fallax Chaetodipus californicus Chaetodipus spinatus Microdipodops megacephalus Microdipodops pallidus Dipodomys ordii Dipodomys microps Dipodomys elephantinus SC Dipodomys venustus Dipodomys agilis Dipodomys heermanni D. h. eximus SC D. h. morroensis CE, FE, CP Dipodomys californicus Dipodomys ingens CE, FE Dipodomys panamintinus Dipodomys Stephens'! CT, FE Dipodomys deserti Dipodomys merriami Dipodomys nitratoides D. n. nitratoides CE, FE D. n. exilis CE, FE D. n. brevinasus SC CASTORIDAE (Beavers) Beaver Castor canadensis HA, CRICETIDAE (Native Mice, Rats, and Voles) Western Harvest Mouse So. Marsh Harvest Mouse Santa Cruz Harvest Mouse Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse Cactus Mouse California Mouse Deer Mouse Anacapa Island Deer Mouse San Clemente Deer Mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis R. m. limicola SC R. m. santacruzae SC Reithrodontomys raviventris CE, FE, CP Peromyscus eremicus Peromyscus californicus Peromyscus maniculatus P. m. anacapae SC P. m. dementis SC 9Some populations were introduced into the Sierra Nevada and Southern California from stock taken from Oregon and Washington. 136 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME CRICETIDAE (Native Mice, Rats, and Voles), cont. Canyon Mouse Brush Mouse Pihon(Pinyon) Mouse Northern Grasshopper Mouse Southern Grasshopper Mouse Tulare Grasshopper Mouse Hispid Cotton Rat Yuma Cotton Rat Arizona Cotton Rat Colorado River Cotton Rat White-throated Woodrat Desert Woodrat Dusky-footed Woodrat Riparian Woodrat Bushy-tailed Woodrat Western Red-backed Vole HeatherVole White-footed Vole "California" Red Tree Vole Montane Vole CaliforniaVole San Pablo Vole Owens Valley Vole AmargosaVole Townsend's Vole Long-tailed Vole Creeping Vole Sagebrush Vole Muskrat MURIDAE (Old World Rats and Mice) Black Rat Norway Rat House Mouse ZAPODIDAE (Jumping Mice) Western Jumping Mouse Pacific Jumping Mouse Point Reyes Jumping Mouse Peromyscus crinitus Peromyscus boylii Peromyscus truei Onychomys leucogaster Onychomys torridus 0. t. tularensis SC Sigmodon hispidus S. h. eremicus SC Sigmodon arizonae S. a. plenus SC Neotoma albigula Neotoma lepida Neotoma fuscipes N. f. riparia SC Neotoma cinerea Clethrionomys calif ornicus Phenacomys intermedius Arborimusalbipes SC Arborimus porno SC Microtus montanus Microtus californicus M. c. sanpabloensis SC M. c. vallicola SC M. c. scirpensis CE, FE Microtus townsendii Microtus longicaudus Microtus oregoni Lemmiscus curtatus Ondatra zibethicus HA, I10 Rattus rattus 1 Rattus norvegicus 1 Mus musculus 1 Zapus princeps Zapus trinotatus Z. t. orarius SC ERETHIZONTIDAE Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum CARNIVORA (Carnivores) CANIDAE (Foxes, Wolves, and relatives) Coyote Canis latrans HA Red Fox Vulpes vulpes I11 Sierra Nevada Red Fox V. v. necator CT Kit Fox Vulpes macrotis ,0Some populations in California were introduced. 1 1 Red foxes native to California are of the subspecies V. v. necator. Members of other subspecies of red fox have been introduced to California. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 137 San Joaquin Kit Fox Gray Fox Island Fox (Channel Islands Gray Fox) URSIDAE (Bears) Black Bear V. m. mutica CT, FE Urocyoncinereoargenteus HA Urocyon littoralis CT Ursus amehcanus HA OTARIIDAE (Eared Seals) Northern Fur Seal Guadalupe Fur Seal Northern (Steller's) Sea Lion California Sea Lion PROCYONIDAE (Raccoons and relatives) Callorhinus ursinus Arctocephalus townsendi Eumetopias jubatus Zalophus californianus CT.FT FT Ringtail Bassariscus astutus Raccoon Procyon lotor HA MUSTELIDAE (Weasels and relatives) Marten Martes americana Fisher Maries pennanti Pacific Fisher M. p. pacificus SC Ermine Mustela erminea HA Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata HA Mink Mustela vison HA Wolverine Gulo gulo CT, CP Badger Taxidea taxus SC, HA Western Spotted Skunk Spilogale gracilis HA Channel Islands Spotted Skunk S. g. amphiala SC, HA Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis HA River Otter Lutra canadensis Southwestern River Otter L. c. sonorae SC Sea Otter Enhydra lutris Southern Sea Otter E. 1. nereis FT, CP PHOCIDAE (Hair Seals) Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina Ribbon Seal Histriophoca fasciata + Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris FELIDAE Mountain Lion Felis concolor Yuma Mountain Lion F. c. brown i SC Bobcat Felis rufus HA Domestic Cat Felis cattus 1 CETACEA (Whales) ESCHRICHTIIDAE (Gray Whale) Gray Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE (Rorquals) Minke Whale Sei Whale Blue Whale Fin (Finback) Whale Eschrichtius rcbustus FE Balaenoptera acutorostrata + Balaenopteraborealis FE + Balaenoptera musculus FE + Balaenoptera physalus FE + 138 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME BALAENOPTERIDAE (Rorquals), cont. Hump-backed (Humpback) Whale BALAENIDAE (Right Whales) Black Right Whale Pacific Right Whale DELPHINIDAE(Delphinids) Rough-toothed Dolphin Bottle-nosed Dolphin Pantropical Spotted Dolphin Striped Dolphin Common (Saddle-backed) Dolphin Pacific White-sided Dolphin Grampus (Risso's Dolphin) False Killer Whale Short-finned Pilot Whale Killer Whale (Orca) Northern Right-whale Dolphin PHOCOENIDAE (Porpoises) Harbor Porpoise Dall's Porpoise ZIPHIIDAE (Beaked Whaies) North Pacific Bottle-nosed Whale Goose-beaked Whale North Pacific (Bering Sea) Beaked Whale Moore's (Arch-beaked) Beaked Whale Dense-beaked Whale KOGIIDAE (Pygmy Sperm Whales) Pygmy Sperm Whale Dwarf Sperm Whale PHYSETERIDAE (Sperm Whale) Sperm Whale PERISSODACTYLA (Horses, Tapirs, and relatives) EQUIDAE (Horses) Feral Horse Feral Burro Burchell's Zebra ARTIODACTYLA (Even-toed Ungulates) SUIDAE(Pigs) Wild Pig CERVIDAE (Deer, Elk, and relatives) Wapiti or Elk Megapteranovaeangliae FE + Balaenaglacialis FE + B. g. japponica CP + Steno bredanensis Tursiops truncatus Stenellaattenuata Stenella coeruleoalba Delphinus delphis Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Grampus griseus Pseudorca crassidens Globicephala macrorhynchus Orcinus orca Lissodelphis borealis Phocoena phocoena Phocoenoides dalli Berardius bairdii Ziphius cavirostris Mesoplodon stejnegeri Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Mesoplodon densirostris Kogia breviceps Kogia simus Physeter macrocephalus FE Equus caballus Equus assinus Equus burchelli Sus scrofa Cervus elaphus I, HA HA, I1 12Elk native to California are Roosevelt (C. e. roosevelti) and tule (C. e. nannodes) elk. Rocky Mountain elk (C. e. nelsoni) have been introduced to California. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 139 Fallow Deer Sambar Axis Deer Mule Deer ANTILOCAPRIDAE (Pronghorn) Pronghorn Cervus dama I, HA Cervus unicolor I, HA Cervus axis I, HA Odocoileus hemionus HA Antilocapra americana HA BOVIDAE (Sheep, Goats, and relatives) Feral Cattle Bos taurus I Bison Bison bison I Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra I Bighorn (Mountain) Sheep Ovis canadensis California Bighorn Sheep 0. c. califomiana CT, CP Peninsular Bighorn Sheep 0. c. cremnobates CT, CP Nelson's Bighorn Sheep 0. c. nelsoni CP, HA13 Barbary Sheep Ammotragus lervia 1, HA Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus 1, HA Feral Goat Capra hircus 1, HA l30. c. nelsoni\s fully protected except in areas where it is legally hunted. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ron Jurek, Darlene McGriff, and Kent Smith provided information on current state and federal status. John Brode. Hartwell Welch, David Wake, and Robert C. Stebbins commented on the amphibian and reptile list and David Wake graciously provided us with information of recent additions to the amphibian fauna of California. Don Roberson, Burt L. Monroe, Jr., Ned K. Johnson, Jeri Langham, and Kimball Garrett generously provided us with information about pending changes in the nomenclature and status of a number of birds. Information on the bats was provided by Caryla Larsen. Ken Mayer. Darlene McGriff, Robert Schmidt, and Kent Smith kindly reviewed the manuscript for overall accuracy and Sandra Young provided editorial suggestions. We would especially like to acknowledge the assistance of Mark Jennings who reviewed the entire manuscript and made many helpful suggestions. LITERATURE CITED American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds. 5th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Baltimore, Md. 691 pp American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. Check-list of North American birds. 6th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 877 pp American Ornithologists' Union. 1984. Report of meeting of the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 101:348. American Ornithologists' Union. 1985. Thirty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 102:680-686. American Ornithologists' Union. 1987. Thirty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 104:591-596. 1 40 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME American Ornithologists' Union. 1989. Thirty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 106:532-538. Banks, R.C. 1988. Obsolete English names of North American birds and their modem equivalents. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Res. Publ. No. 194. Binford, L.C. 1986. Checklist of California birds. Western Birds 17:1-16. California Department of Fish and Game. 1988. California's Fully Protected Birds, Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish — March 1988). California Dep. Fish and Game, Sacramento, Calif. 4 pp. California Department of Fish and Game. 1990. Bird and Mammal Species of Special Concern (May 1990). California Dep. Fish and Game, Nongame Bird and Mammal Division, Sacramento, Calif. 2 pp. California Department of Fish and Game. 1991a. State and Federal Endangered and Threatened Animals of California (July 1991). California Dep. Fish and Game, Sacramento, Calif. 5 pp. California Department of Fish and Game, \99\b. Special animals (August 1991 ). California Dep. Fish and Game, Sacramento, Calif. Collins, J.T., J.E. Huheey, J.L. Knight, and H.M. Smith. 1978. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Misc. Publ., Herp. Circ. No. 7. Collins, J.T., R. Conant, J.E. Huheey, J.L. Knight, E.M. Rundquist, and H.M. Smith. 1982. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Second Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Misc. Publ., Herp. Circ. No. 12. Collins, J.T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Third Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Misc. Publ.. Herp. Circ. No. 19. Dunn, J. 1988. Tenth report of the California Bird Records Committee. Western Birds 19:129-163. Jennings, M.R. 1 983. An annotated check list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. California Fish and Game 69:151-171. Jennings, M.R. 1987. Annotated check list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California, second edition. Southwestern Herpetologists Society, Sp. Publ. No. 3. Jennings, M.R. 1 988. Jennings' reply [to Joseph T. Collins' The SSAR common names list — a response to Jennings]. Herpetology 18:1 1-13. Jones, J.K., Jr., D.C. Carter. H.H. Genoways, R.S. Hoffman, and D.W. Rice. 1982. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1982. Occasional Papers, Museum, Texas Tech University, No. 80. Jones, J.K., Jr., D.C. Carter, H.H. Genoways, R.S. Hoffman, D.W. Rice, and C. Jones. 1986. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1986. Occasional Papers, Museum. Texas Tech University, No. 107. Laudenslayer, W.F., Jr., and W.E. Grenfell, Jr. 1983. A list of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals of California. Outdoor California 44(1):5-14. Patten, M.A. 1991 . An update from the California Bird Records Committee. Western Birds 22:95. Remsen, J.V., Jr. 1978. Bird Species of Special Concern in California. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, Wildlife Management Branch Admistrative Report 78-1. Roberson, D. 1986. Ninth report of the California Bird Records Committee. Western Birds 17:49-77. CHECK-LIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS 1 41 Roberson, D. 1989. News from the California Bird Records Committee. Western Birds 20:269-276. Shapovalov, L., A.J. Cordone, and W. A. Dill. 1 98 1 . A list of the freshwater and anadromous fishes of California. Calif. Fish and Game 67:4-38. Stebbins, R.C. 1985. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 336 pp. Williams, D.F. 1979. Checklist of California mammals. Annals of Carnegie Museum 48:425-433. Williams, D.F. 1986. Mammalian Species of Special Concern in California California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, Wildlife Management Division Admistrative Report 86-1. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Calif. Fish and Game 77(3) : 1 42- 1 44 1 99 1 MERCURY IN WESTERN GREBES AT LAKE BERRYESSA AND CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA E. E. LITTRELL California Department of Fish and Game Pesticide Investigations Unit 1701 Nimbus Road, Suite F Rancho Cordova, California 95670 Mortalities of western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) occurred at Lake Berryessa, Napa County, California in 1 982 and 1 986. Kidney and liver tissues of those birds and others from Lake Berryessa and Clear Lake were analyzed to determine if mercury, known to occur in these locations, was present at deleterious levels. Residue analyses indicated mercury was present at hazardous levels (20 ppm, wet weight) in the two instances. INTRODUCTION In 1982 and 1986 western grebes died at Lake Berryessa, Napa County, California. The California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) Pesticide Investigations Unit received sample birds to determine the cause of death. Common causes of death in California wildlife include trauma, disease, and natural or synthetic toxic compounds. Organochlorines were used at Clear Lake, approximately 40 km distant, in the I950's for midge control and resulted in bird mortalities (Hunt and Bischoff I960, Herman et al. 1969). Mercury is found in abundance in these drainages (Davis and Bailey 1966), and occurs at elevated concentrations in fish (Water Resources Control Board 1990). The present investigation therefore centered on organochlorines and mercury. METHODS Eight grebes were found dead at Lake Berryessa in April 1 982 and six grebes were reported dead in March 1 986. The eight birds in 1 982 and two of the six in 1 986 were submitted for analysis. Since the birds died from unknown causes they were fluoroscoped and also examined for signs of disease and trauma by the CDFG Wildlife Investigations Laboratory. Brains, livers, and kidneys were removed using chemically clean dissection tools and placed into jars rinsed with acetone and hexane for organochlorines, and additionally with nitric acid for mercury. Aluminum foil cap liners were used. Brain and liver were examined in birds found dead in 1982 for the presence of organochlorines. Residues of organochlorines were determined by gas chromatography using standard methods. The spectrophotometric method of Hatch and Ott (1967) was used for mercury residue detection. Control birds were collected from Lake Berryessa and Clear Lake. Twelve grebes were shot at Lake Berryessa from a boat in March 1983, and twenty grebes 142 MERCURY IN WESTERN GREBES 143 were shot at Clear Lake in March 1 984. Birds collected by shooting were refrigerated for up to four days before freezing. Birds were thawed overnight and livers and kidnevs were excised using standard necropsy equipment except that plastic or teflon-coated forceps were used. Tissues were placed into jars that had been rinsed with dilute nitric acid, closed with caps having aluminum foil liners, and refrozen. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No obvious signs of trauma or infectious disease were noted in am of the birds upon examination at the CDFG Wildlife Investigations Laboratory. Brain and liver tissues of the eight western grebes found dead at Lake Berryessa in 1982 had organochlorine residues that were not considered lethal. These residue concentrations were 22 pans per million ippmi P.P DDE in brain and 37 ppm P.P DDE in liver (wet weight). Typically, the toxic effects of DDE would occur above 250 ppm in brain tissue lOhlendorf et al. 1981). These birds, however, had deleterious mercury residues of 20.2 ppm (wet weight) in the kidneys which may have contributed to their deaths (Table 1 ). This was in a composite sample and so is an average. Finley et al. ( 1 979 ) suggested values above 20 ppm in soft tissues were "extremely hazardous" to wildlife. Grebes were again found dead at Lake Berryessa in 1 986. Mercury concentrations in the liver were 2.7 and 23.3 ppm in two birds examined. Kidney values were 2.1 and 6.5 ppm. One of these birds had mercury at a concentration above the "extremely hazardous" level (20 ppmi of Finley et al. (1979) and may indicate mercury poisoning contributed to its death. Mercury concentrations in grebes shot at Lake Berryessa in 1983 were 1.1 to 9.0 ppm in kidneys and 2.7 to 1 1.8 ppm in livers. Mercun levels in grebes shot at Clear Lake in 1984 were 3.7 to 9.8 ppm in livers. The ratio of kidney mercury residues to liver mercury residues is consistent with an Table 1 .Mercury concentrations (ppm. fresh weight) in western grebes from Lake Berryessa and Clear Lake. California. Concentrations Geometric Location Year Tissue Mean Range (n) Found Dead Lake Berryessa 1982 kidney 20.2(8)2 — Lake Berryessa 1986 kidney 3.7 2.1 to 6.5 (2) liver 7.9 2.7 to 23.3 (2) Control Lake Berryessa 1983 kidney 2.5 1.1 to 9.0(12) liver 5.2 2.7 to 11. 8 (12) Clear Lake 1984 liver 6.1 3.7 to 9.8(20) Arithmetic mean of a composite of 8 birds. 144 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME exposure to methylmercury (Scheuhammer 1987) as would be expected in a lake environment. No selenium analyses were made to determine the possibility of antagonistic effects. Grebes found dead contained higher mercury residues in kidney and liver than those collected by shotgun. The coast range province of California, which contains known mercury deposits (Davis and Bailey 1966), could be a hazardous area for piscivorous water birds. Unusual localized mortalities could suggest mercury poisoning. Elimination by diagnosticians of the common avian diseases as the cause of death also could suggest the need for an investigation into mercury poisoning. Liver or kidney analysis for mercury and a finding of levels over 20 ppm (wet weight) is suggestive of mercury poisoning (Finley et al. 1979). Examination of kidney, brain, and spinal cord tissues of recently deceased birds would assist in diagnosis and this will be done in future California mortalities as possible. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chemical analyses were performed by Chemists W. Castle (for mercury) and T. Lew (for organochlorines) at the CDFG Fish and Wildlife Water Pollution Control Laboratory. LITERATURE CITED Davis, F. F., and E. H. Bailey. 1966. Mercury. Pages 247-254 in mineral and water resources of California. Calif. Dept. Conserv., Div. Mines and Geol. Bull. 191 Finley, M. T., W. H. Stickel, and R. E. Christensen. 1979. Mercury residues in tissues of dead and surviving birds fed methylmercury. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 21:105- 110. Hatch, W. R., and W. L. Ott. 1967. Determination of sub-microgram quantities of mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analytical Chem. 40:2085-2087. Herman, S. G., R. L. Garrett, and R. C. Rudd. 1969. Pesticides and the western grebe. Chemical Fallout. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., U.S.A. Hunt, E. G., and A. 1. Bischoff. 1960. Inimical Effects on Wildlife of Periodic DDD Applications to Clear Lake. Calif. Fish and Game. 46:91-106. Ohlendorf, H. M., D. M. Swineford, and L. N. Locke. 1981. Organochlorine Residues and Mortality of Herons. Pesticides Monitoring Journal. 14:125-135. Scheuhammer, A. M. 1987. The Chronic Toxicity of Aluminum, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Birds: A Review. Environ. Pollut. 46:263-295. Water Resources Control Board, State of California. 1990. Toxic Substances Monitoring Program. Ten Year Summary Report 1978-1987. 90-1 WQ. Received: 30 September 1990 Accepted: 7 August 1991 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Calif. Fish and Game 77(3) :1 45-1 47 1 991 FIRST RECORD OF THE LEATHER BASS (EPINEPHELUS DERMATOLEPIS, BOULENGER) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ROBERT H. MOORE1 Vantuna Research Group Occidental College Los Angeles, CA On 4 August 1988 a leather bass {Epinephelus dermatolepis, Boulenger 1895) (Family Serranidae)(Fig. \ ),ahoknowmis Dermatolepis punctatus and Dermatolepis dermatolepis (Smith, 1971), was collected in El Segundo, Los Angeles County, California, at the Scattergood Generating Station (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power) lat. 33°55'07", long. 118°25'39", during a routine heat- treatment procedure to control biofouling on pipe surfaces. The leather bass became entrained on the traveling screens inside the plant. The specimen was a 5.4 kg male, measuring 640 mm in total length and 560 mm in standard length. It had a light brown background color mottled with white blotches and very faint bars, everywhere overlayed by smaller round black spots. The rayed sections of all of the fins had a 5-6 mm wide bright yellow border. The body was compressed, with the dorsal profile having a distinctive upsweep from the mouth to a crest at the dorsal fin, while the ventral profile was relatively straight back to the vent, thus highlighting its very deep- bodied appearance. This shape distinguishes it readily from the other species of Epinephelas reported from California, the spotted cabrilla {E. analogus) the snowy Figure 1 . Specimen of leather bass (Epinephelas dermatolepis) collected at El Segundo, CA. on 4 August 1 988. Photograph by the author. 'Current address: MBC Applied Environmental Sciences, 947 Newhall St., Costa Mesa, CA 92627. 145 146 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME grouper {E. niveatus) and the gulf coney (E. acanthistius) (Lea and Fukahara 1991), all of which have curved dorsal and ventral outlines very similar in shape. Juvenile leather bass have the same body profile as the adult, but lack the spot pattern seen in the adult, having broad dark bars on a light background. They develop a variety of color patterns as they become adults. Thomson, Findley and Kerstitch (1979) and Burgess and Axelrod (1984) include good color photos showing the different color patterns of the species. The leather bass occurs on the Pacific coast of Mexico to Ecuador, at Cape San Lucas, Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico, in the Revillagigedos Islands, Mexico and Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (Jordan and Evermann 1896, Snodgrass and Hellerman 1905), and also north into the Gulf of California (Osburn and Nichols 1915. Thomson et al. 1 979) at depths from the surface to at least 37 m ( 1 20 ft) (Fitch 1953). Fitch (1953) provided a range extension along the west coast of Baja California to Point Pescadero, BCS, Mexico, 55 km (30 nm) north of Cape San Lucas, and Smith ( 1 97 1 ) examined a specimen from Magdalena Bay, BCS, Mexico, 209 km (113 nm) north of Cape San Lucas. The specimen from El Segundo represents a northern range extension of 1 ,0 1 8 km (550 nm) north of Magdalena Bay. The species has not previously been recorded in the United States (Hubbs, Follett, and Dempster 1979, Eschmeyer, Herald, and Hammann 1983, Robins et. al. 1991). Most groupers live in tropical and subtropical waters, and none are commonly found in southern California (Hubbs et al. 1979, Eschmeyer et al. 1983). Smith (1971) states that most groupers prefer rocky reefs and are not thought to stray far from cover. My personal observations of the species in Galapagos Islands were that it stayed very close to cover during the day. Smith ( 1 97 1 ) also notes that some young- of-the-year groupers are collected hundreds of miles north of their natural habitat in the Atlantic, probably due to passive transport by oceanic currents. The California specimen may have been transported north as a larva during the El Nino event of the early 1980's, when warm tropical water flowed into California. Robert Lavenberg of the Los Angeles County Museum examined an otolith from this specimen, and indicated that it was nine years old, ± six months. There have been several recent observations of tropical fish in California: the Cortez angelfish {Pomacanthus zonipectus) (Lea. Duffy, and Wilson. 1988); the blue-bronze chub (Kyphosus analogus) and blue-striped chub (Sectator ocyurus) (Brooks 1987); and other species are detailed by Mearns (1988). The site where the specimen was collected is unique in having three power plant thermal discharges within 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of each other. Each of these is essentially a small reef with a plume of elevated water temperature, which could provide a suitable habitat for settlement of a leather bass larva. Because of the surrounding cooler water, it is unlikely that the leather bass will become more than an occasional visitor to California waters. The specimen has been deposited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, catalogue number 44895-1. I would like to thank several people for their help: J. S. Stephens Jr., Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA; M. J. Allen, MBC Applied Environmental Sciences, Costa Mesa, CA; S. Damron, Los Angeles City Department of Water and Power, Los NOTES 147 Angeles, CA; R. Lavenberg, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA; and C. T. Mitchell, MBC Applied Environmental Sciences, for his support of my time. LITERATURE CITED Brooks, A. J. 1 987. Two species of Kyphosidae seen in King Harbor, Redondo Beach, California. Calif. Fish Game 73:49-50. Burgess, W. E., and H. R. Axelrod. 1984. Fishes of California and Western Mexico, pages 1931-2198 in Pacific Marine Fishes T. F H. Publications Inc, Hong Kong. Book 8. Eschmeyer, W. N., E. S. Herald, and H. Hammann. 1 983. A field guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA. 336 p. Fitch. J. E. 1953. Extensions to known geographical distributions of some marine fishes on the Pacific Coast. Calif. Fish Game 39:539-552. Hubbs, C. L., W. I. Follett, and L. J. Dempster. 1979. List of fishes of California. Calif. Acad. Sci.. Occas. Pap. 133. 51 p. Jordan. D. S.. and B. W. Evermann. 1 896. The fishes of North and Middle America. U. S. Natl. Mus.. Bull. 47 pt 1:1-1240. Lea. R. N., J. M. Duffy, and K. C. Wilson. 1988. The Cortez angelfish, Pomacanthus zonipectus, recorded from southern California. Calif. Fish Game 73:49-50. Lea, R. N, and L. Fukuhara. 1 99 1 . The gulf coney, Epinephelus acanthistius, from the marine waters of Southern California. South. Cal. Acad. Sci, Bull. 90:80-82. Mearns, A. J. 1988. The "odd fish": unusual occurrences of marine life as indicators of changing ocean conditions, pages 1 37- 1 76 in D. F. Soule and G. S. Kleppel (eds), Marine organisms as indicators. Springer- Verlag, New York, NY. Osburn, R. C, and J. T. Nichols. 1916. Shorefishes collected by the "Albatross" expedition in lower California with descriptions of new species. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. 35:139- 181. Robins. C. R., R. M. Bailey. C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott. 1991 . Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Fifth ed.. Am. Fish. Soc, Spec. Publ. 20. 183 p. Smith, C. L. 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. 146:71-241. Snodgrass, R. E., and E. Heller. 1905. Shorefishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Islands. Wash. Acad. Sci., Proc. 6:333-427. Thomson, D. A., L. T. Findley, and A. N. Kerstitch. 1979. Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 302 p. Received: 15 December 1990 Accepted: 6 November 1991 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Calif. Fish and Game 77(3) : 1 48 1 99 1 NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE AND RANGE EXTENSION OF THE SAILFISH (ISTIOPHORUS PLATYPTERUS) OFF DANA POINT, CALIFORNIA MALCOLM S. OLIPHANT Marine Resources Division California Department of Fish and Game 330 Golden Shore, Suite 50 Long Beach, CA 90802 On the morning of 7 September 1990, Mr. Rodger Busch of Orange, California caught a sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) off Dana Point, CA. He had been fishing for mackerel to be used as marlin bait at the red buoy about 500 yds outside the mouth of Dana Point Harbor at lat. 33°27' 16" N., long. 1 17°41'12" W. when he noticed the dorsal fin of the sailfish, threw it a baited hook, and caught and landed the fish. I had the opportunity to examine, measure, and photograph this sailfish through the courtesy of Jon's Fish Market at Dana Point Harbor. Approximately 2 inches of the bill had been broken in landing, so I took an alternate measurement from the origin of the dorsal to the fork of the tail, which was 44 in (1,1 18 mm). R. N. Lea of the California Department of Fish and Game extrapolated this measurement to a fork length of 62.6 in ( 1 ,590 mm). The fish weighed 22.6 lbs (10.3 kg) when first brought into Jon's Fish Market. The fin counts were D XL1 1+7, and A XV+6. The previous northern range of the sailfish as reported by Miller and Lea (1972) was San Diego. This record thus represents a range extension northward of approximately 50 naut. miles. LITERATURE CITED Miller, D.J., and R.N. Lea. 1972. Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. Calif. Dep. of Fish and Game, Fish. Bull. 157. 235 p. Received: 23 November 1990 Accepted: 3 February 1991 148 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Calif. Fish and Game 77(3) :1 49-1 52 1 991 NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE RUBYNOSE BROTULA (CATAETYX RUBRIROSTRIS) OFF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA M.A. GIBBS1 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 450 Moss Landing, CA 95039-0450 The Rubynose Brotula (Cataetyx rubrirostris, Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae), has been recorded in small numbers from South Coronado Island, Mexico to the northern Oregon coast, primarily from trawls taken in the mesopelagic zone to depths of 1 ,000 m (Jordan and Evermann 1900, Grinols and Greenfield 1966). Other members of the family Bythitidae are primarily benthic, living at or near the bottom at nearly all depths. The genus is found in all tropical and temperate oceans from the continental shelf to abyssal depths (Nielsen 1986). C. rubrirostris is viviparous and has pelagic young which are not uncommon in the southern California plankton (Mead et al. 1964). However, the species has remained relatively unknown; it is not mentioned by Miller and Lea (1972) and is only marginally noted by Fitch and Lavenberg (1968). Anderson et al. (1979) reported C. rubrirostris as a new record in Monterey Bay. Thus, the capture of 3 1 specimens of C. rubrirostris (Fig. 1 ) over a six-month period in the Monterey Bay area justified a re-evaluation of its relative abundance and an additional description of its morphology. Between June and December 1989, 33 tows were made in the Monterey and Carmel submarine canyons, using a 3 m Tucker Trawl at discrete depths from 50- 1,700 m. The tows were predominantly at night and mainly in the deep scattering OPS Fig. 1. Illustration of adult Cataetyx rubrirostris Gilbert. Note: opercular spine (OPS), cephalic mucous pores (CP), filamentous pelvic fins (PF), genital papilla (GP). Scale = 1 0 mm. 'Current address: School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 1 971 6. 149 150 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Table 1 . Specimens used in the present study. Accession No. of Size range Date of Depth of number specimens (mm SL) capture capture (m) Latitude Longitude LACM 44984-1 1 78 7 Dec 89 600 36°48.1'N 122°02.0'W CAS 731 11 1 128 5 Dec 89 900 36°46.5' N 121°59.4'W MLMLMW-147 3 28-80 7 Dec 89 <600 36°48.1'N 121°55.4'W MLMLMW-148 1 30 6 Dec 89 650 36°46.0'N 122°30.5'W MLMLMW-149 2 28-68 5 Dec 89 500 36°45.9'N 122°00.2'W MLMLMW-150 2 30-33 7 Dec 89 780 36°45.9'N 121°58.5'W MLMLMW-151 2 29-30 26 Oct 89 350 36°33.2'N 122°01.5'W MLMLMW-152 7 29-34 24 Oct 89 <400 36°35.6'N 122°11.1'W MLMLMW-153 1 27 6 Dec 89 500 36°35.9'N 122°23.6'W MLMLMW-154 1 31 7 Dec 89 600 36°45.9'N 122°01.6'W MLMLMW-155 1 27 27Jun89 690 36°45.6' N 122°01.5'W MLMLMW-156 2 27-32 5 Dec 89 400 36°46.0'N 122°01.2'W MLMLMW-157 1 26 3 Oct 89 <400 36°47.1'N 121°55.4'W MLMLMW-158 6 29-50 26 Oct 89 350 36°41.2'N 122°05.6'W From LSMITH 1 31 n.a. 325 36°46.6' N 121°57.7'W From LSMITH 1 30 n.a. 360 36°46.6'N 121°57.6'W From LSMITH 1 29 n.a. 425 36°46.2' N 121°57.6,W FromGRINOLS 1 105 8 Aug 61 650 45°57' N 1 24°48' W FromGRINOLS 1 91 24 Jan 63 740 44°23' N 124°56'W LACM = Los Angeles County Museum; CAS = California Academy of Sciences; MLML = Moss Landing Marine Laboratories; LSMITH = Specimens donated by L. Smith of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories; GRINOLS = Data taken from Grinols and Greenfield (1 966). Except for LSMITH and GRINOLS, each accession number represents one tow; n.a. = not available. layer (DSL). Specimens were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and later stored in 70% ethanol in collections at several institutions (Table 1 ). Thirty-one specimens of C. rubhrostris were taken in 14 tows at depths between 300 and 900 m. My specimens agreed with Grinols and Greenfield's (1966) general description, and ranged in size from 26 to 128 mm standard length (SL) (Table 1 ). Five of the six individuals over 50 mm had genital papillae, whereas no genital papilla could be seen in specimens under 50 mm. It was thus assumed that the smaller individuals were younger and immature. Small C. rubrirostris had virtually clear bodies that became creamy and opaque with increasing size. The peritoneum and buccal areas of all specimens were black. In individuals over 50 mm, body color was darker at lateral body margins, the opercular area and the base of the fins; in 60 mm specimens, the whole body was pigmented, as were the outer edges of the pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins. The head was darker than the body, especially around the mouth and operculum. In the largest individual the entire body was brownish-grey and the fins dark. The red rostral pigmentation which gives C. rubrirostris its name was most apparent in smaller NOTES 151 ^fy TV ' . Fig. 2. Typical pattern of cephalic papillae of Cataetyx rubrirostris. Scale = 1 0 mm. individuals. As individuals mature the red pigmentation turns brown and eventually is lost in the darker pigment on the head. The brain was visible through the top of the skull in all sizes collected. Identical arrays of cephalic papillae were found in each specimen (Fig. 2), and were in approximately the same pattern as the cephalic lateral line system. The data I collected for depth of occurrence plus data for five additional specimens from Grinols and Greenfield (1966) and L. Smith (pers. comm.), reveal a known depth range of 300-900 m for C. rubrirostris. The larvae are pelagic and seem to spend the larval stage in the DSL (Mead et al. 1964). I also found some large specimens in the DSL, which suggests that these fish may feed in the scattering layer. C. rubrirostris has been considered an uncommon deep-sea fish since it was first described (Gilbert 1890). However, C. rubrirostris occurred in 42 percent of the 33 mid-water tows in the present study, making it one of the top 1 0 species in frequency of occurrence. The most common species captured in this study were: C. rubrirostris, Chauliodus macouni, Cyclothone acclinidens, Cyclothone signata, Lampanyctus ritteri, Leuroglossus stilbius, Lycodapus fierasfer, Melamphaid spp., Melanostigma pammelas, and Sternoptyx diaphana. I am indebted to J. 0'Sullivan,G. van Dykhuizen, B. Robison and K. Reisenbichler for ship time, during which the crew of the R. V. Pt. Sur made my work both pleasant and productive. L. Smith gave me three larval specimens. R. Lea, G. Cailliet, and F. Gibbs were valuable sources of information. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, M.E., G.M. Cailliet, and B.S. Antrim. 1979. Notes on some uncommon deep-sea fishes from the Monterey Bay area, California. Calif. Fish and Game 65:256-264. Andrew, W., and C.P. Hickman. 1974. Histology of the vertebrates; a comparative text. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis. 439 p. 152 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Breder, CM. Jr., and D.E. Rosen. 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. 941 p. Fitch, J.E., and R.J. Lavenberg. 1968. Deep-water Teleostean fishes of California. Calif. Nat. Hist. Guides: 25. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 155 p. Gilbert, C.H. 1890. A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross on the Pacific Coast of North America during the year 1 889, with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 13:49-126. Grinols, R.B., and D.W. Greenfield. 1966. New record of Cataetyx rubrirostris Gilbert from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Calif. Fish and Game 52:21 1-213. Jordan, D.S., and B.W. Evermann. 1900. Fishes of North America. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47:2505-2506. Mead, G.W., E. Bertelsen, and D.M. Cohen. 1964. Reproduction among deep-sea fishes. Deep-Sea Res. 11:569-596. Miller, D.J., and R.N. Lea. 1972. Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game. Fish Bull. 157. 235 p. Nielsen, J.G. 1986. Bythitidae. Pages 1 153-1 157 in P.J. P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.C. Hureau. J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese eds. Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. 3. UNESCO. Wake, M.H. ed. 1979. Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy. 3rd Ed. Univ. Chicago Pr«ss. 788 p. Received: 28 May 1991 Accepted: 24 September 1991 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Calif. Fish and Game 77(3): 153-155 1991 MOUNTAIN BEAVER (APLODONTIA RUFA) FROM INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Vernon C. Bleich and Denyse Racine California Department of Fish and Game 407 W. Line Street Bishop, CA 93514 The mountain beaver {Aplodontia rufa) is a large, primitive sciuromorph rodent, and the only living member of the Aplodontidae (Hall 1981). Seven subspecies currently are recognized; four of these (A. r. rainieri, A. r. rufa, A. r. pacifica, A. r. humboltiana) have an extensive, contiguous distribution, ranging from southwestern British Columbia, southward through western Washington and western Oregon, and into northwestern California (Hall 1981). However, two geographically isolated subspecies {A. r. phaea,A. r. nigra) occur along the northern coast of California , and a third noncontiguous subspecies (A. r. californica) ranges from near Mount Shasta southeastward through the Sierra Nevada (Hall 1981, Williams 1986, Steele 1989). The subspecies phaea and rufa are considered to be mammals of "special concern" in California (Williams 1986), and both are candidates for addition to the Federal list of endangered and threatened species (Steele 1989). Although this species occurs as far south as Sequoia National Park on the west- facing slope of the Sierra Nevada (Ingles 1965), records from east of the Sierra Crest are uncommon. For example, of 147 specimens of A. r. californica examined by Steele (1989), only 17 were from Mono County, and all of those were collected at Mammoth Lakes. Harris (1982) and Steele (1989) also reported populations of mountain beaver along Lee Vining Creek, Mono County, and Steele ( 1989) reported a population at Dead Man Creek, Mono County. Although Steele (1989) referred to californica as endemic to California, Hall (1946) lists a specimen from near Lakeview, Washoe County, Nevada; we were unable to ascertain the precise location of Lakeview, but it appears to be east of the Sierra Crest. In any event, the southernmost record of mountain beaver from east of the Sierra Crest is from Mammoth Lakes. In this note we provide a new distributional record of this species from approximately 50 km SE of Mammoth Lakes, and the first record of A. rufa for Inyo County, California. On 22 June 1988, we obtained an adult, male A. r. californica from near the confluence of Coyote Creek and Bishop Creek, 8 km W of Bishop, Inyo County, California, at an elevation of approximately 1,750 m. Coyote Creek is a perennial stream, having east and west forks, totaling approximately 1 8 km in length. Six major drainages contribute ephemeral flows to Coyote Creek, between its upper reaches at approximately 3,200 m, and its confluence with Bishop Creek. The fresh mountain beaver carcass was found floating in Coyote Creek, after an extremely heavy, but brief, thundershower. It is probable that the animal was washed into Coyote Creek during the intense storm, and it may have been recovered some distance from where it entered the stream. Standard measurements (mm) of the 153 154 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME specimen are 315-15-54-7; no weight was determined. The animal was prepared as a museum skin, skeleton, and a cleared and stained glans penis, and is deposited in the Bird and Mammal Collection, California State University, Long Beach (CSULB 11953). On 15 March 1990, we conducted a helicopter survey of Bishop Creek, and Coyote Creek and its tributaries, in an attempt to locate potential mountain beaver habitat (Beier 1989, Steele 1989). We found suitable-appearing habitat consisting of willow patches and small meadows at several locations adjacent to Coyote Creek, at elevations ranging from 1 ,750 to 3, 1 00 m. Some snow cover was present, however, and we could not inspect those sites more thoroughly as it was unsafe to land the helicopter. Thus far, we have been unable to conduct any detailed ground surveys, and the aforementioned sites await more formal evaluation. Beier (1989) concluded that mountain beaver occur in small patches of high elevation, steep, moist habitat, and that populations often are isolated by distance and topography; he also noted that the Sierra Nevada apparently offer only marginal habitat conditions. Williams (1986) and Steele (1989) described the habitat of the Mono Lake population as unique, because it was surrounded by semi-desert vegetation (Sagebrush Series; Paysen et al. 1 980). Much of the vegetation surrounding Coyote Creek is typical of the Sagebrush Series. The unexpected presence of this species some 50 km SE of the heretofore closest published locality record suggests that additional isolated populations may occur along the numerous streams draining the eastern Sierra Nevada in Mono and Inyo counties. A better understanding of the distribution of this species is desirable, because of its implications for land management decisions affecting riparian habitats. Indeed, Beier (1989) noted that road building, livestock grazing, and herbicide applications influence suitability of habitats to support mountain beavers. The impacts of such activities may be exacerbated in the eastern Sierra Nevada, where suitable habitat appears to be extremely limited, rainfall is low, and the species probably reaches its distributional limit. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Mr. Philip E. Partridge for bringing the specimen reported herein to our attention, and for his continuing interest in the natural history of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Dr. David G. Huckaby prepared the museum specimen, provided the detailed measurements, and accessioned it into the Bird and Mammal Museum, California State University, Long Beach. We thank Mr. Bryan Novak for his skill as a helicopter pilot, and for his efforts to provide us the best possible opportunity to survey the Bishop and Coyote Creek drainages in a timely manner. Dr. Paul Beier provided helpful comments on the manuscript, and graciously provided transcripts of E. R. Hall's original field notes. NOTES 1 55 LITERATURE CITED Beier, P. 1989. Use of habitat by mountain beaver in the Sierra Nevada. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:649-654. Hall. E. R. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. 712 p. . 1981. The mammals of North America, 2nd ed. J. Wiley and Sons, New York. 600 P- Harris, J. H. 1982. Mammals of the Mono Lake - Tioga Pass region. David Gaines/Kutsavi Books, Lee Vining, Calif. 55 p. Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific states. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif. 506 P- Paysen, T. E., J. A. Derby, H. Black, Jr., V. C. Bleich, and J. W. Mincks. 1980. A vegetation classification system applied to southern California. USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-45. 33 p. Steele, D. T. 1989. An ecological survey of endemic mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) in California. 1979-83. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Wildl. Manage. Div. Admin. Rep. 89- 1. iv + 58 p. Williams, D. F. 1986. Mammalian species of special concern in California. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Wildl. Manage. Div. Admin. Rep. 86-1. 1 12 p. Received: 23 October 1991 Accepted: 12 December 1991 156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME UPPER SACRAMENTO RIVER TOXIC SPILL On the night of 14 July 1991, a portion of a Southern Pacific train derailed while crossing the Sacramento River near Dunsmuir, California. Several train cars, including a tank car carrying the chemical metam sodium, fell into the river. Metam sodium is used primarily as a soil fumigant to kill fungi, bacteria, insects, vascular plants, seeds, and nematodes. At least 19,000 gallons of the chemical leaked into the river and contaminated over 40 miles of the stream and a portion of the Sacramento River Arm of Shasta Lake. The affected upper Sacramento River is a popular trout fishery in the state. Because of metam sodium's severe toxicity, nearly all plant and animal life in the river were killed. Limited observations indicated that some fish attempted to escape the "toxic plume" as it traveled down the river by swimming into tributary streams. A gaseous plume was also present, and due to human health hazards, precluded access and immediate damage assessment by fish and wildlife personnel. Access to the river was possible after the third day and personnel began a survey of the river to document and observe the damage to fish and wildlife. The direct effects on aquatic plants and animals was obvious; dead invertebrate and vertebrate carcasses (e.g., crayfish, suckers, trout, sculpin) littered the banks and pools, while once green algae had turned brown. Streamside riparian vegetation was also affected as evidenced by dying leaves. Impacts to terrestrial wildlife that were dependent on the river were, and are, not so obvious. The more mobile species may have escaped direct affects by leaving the affected area, but may suffer in the long- term as a result of long-term ecosystem disruption. Species that are not very mobile, and young-of-the-year, may have been killed by the aquatic- or air-borne plumes. Personal observations noted a stench characteristic of dead animals in the backwaters and eddys along the river one week after the spill, with the smell being obvious in wet clothing. The spill demonstrated the importance of having: 1) an emergency-response team (e.g. a strike-force) available to take command of such incidents including media relations and communications, 2) knowledge of the contaminants toxic characteristics and potential risk to human and environmental health, and 3) baseline data to reconstruct the environmental conditions prior to the event, 4) on-call experts for each affected discipline of natural resources (e.g., aquatic invertebrates, fisheries, wildlife, air/water quality, plant ecology) to begin collecting data for damage assessment as soon as possible. Many other lessons have also been learned about responding to such emergencies and handling the aftermath. The spill also reconfirmed the often forgotten or ignored foundation of ecosystems, that is, the primary producer and consumer trophic levels that were eliminated for an as yet undetermined period of time. State natural resource agencies rarely manage for these plants and animals! Suggestions to immediately restock fish failed to consider that there was no food source available. Terrestrial wildlife are expected to suffer primarily from a complex web of indirect effects as they either die from lack 156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 157 of food, emigrate to new areas, shift habitat and food resources to exploit the surviving terrestrial environment, or are affected by some combination thereof. Even species that appear to be far-removed from the river's environment have the potential to be indirectly affected by the spill. Estimated time-to-recovery varies among taxonomic groups and trophic levels. Some of the lower trophic levels are expected to recover within 2-5 years, while others, such as carnivores and mature trees, may take 50 years to recover. Also, "recovery" is a relative term because it is impossible to predict whether the same distribution and abundance of all affected species will recover to pre-spill levels. The Department of Fish and Game is developing a damage assessment plan to estimate the extent and duration of damage to natural resources. Included in this plan are three primary areas of affected ecosystem: the aquatic environment, the terrestrial plant community, and the terrestrial wildlife community. Model estimates of resource recoverability time-tables will be developed. A final damage determination phase will evaluate possibilities and costs for restoration of the river's life-forms, valuation of lost service flows and lost-use values, and compensation value for the damage incurred.- E.R. Loft, Editor 158 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME MEMORIAL FOR DENNIS G. RAVELING Dennis G. Raveling, Ph.D., internationally noted waterfowl ecologist, was only 52 years old when he died in August 1991 after a lengthy illness. Dennis had spent the better part of his academic life studying wild waterfowl and their habitats. He originally came to California to join the University of California at Davis, Department of Animal Physiology in 1971. Dr. Raveling was a major influence in the creation of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology which branched from Animal Physiology. Dr. Raveling made major contributions to the ecology, management, and sociobiology of Canada geese in the interior of North America as a graduate student and then as a biologist with the Canadian Wildlife Service. Then, in coming to California as a new professor and one of the first wildlife ecologists at Davis, Dr. Raveling spent the rest of his career working to study and conserve waterfowl in the great California Central Valley. In that time, he made major contributions to the knowledge of wintering wild ducks and geese and the marshlands to which they belong. He became a world authority on wintering waterfowl. One of his great attributes was his ability to take that knowledge and put it to use in the management and conservation of wild birds in California. That ability carried through in his teaching. The Wildlife Society recently honored Dr. Raveling with the highly prestigious Special Service Recognition Award, for "Lifetime Achievement" and the Wildlife Society's 1991 Publication Award. "Dennis's real philosophy was not concentrating solely on one or a few taxonomic groups of animals for their own sake, but to emphasize the total CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 159 conservation and management of the ecosystem they live in. He helped that philosophy evolve by working in both natural and man-altered marsh ecosystems, and as one of the founders of the department. Studying and conserving entire ecosystems -- not just components -- to the betterment of all fish and wildlife and modern conservation efforts. Dennis was quite an authority on marshes, one of California's most important wildlife habitats; and the managers of those habitats came to him for advise and counsel," says Dr. Daniel Anderson, current Chair of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology. That department has developed recognized programs not only in wild bird ecology and management, but also fisheries and fish ecology, mammalian wildlife ecology, physiological and behavioral ecology of wildlife and population biology. Dennis was able to publish two articles in California Fish and Game during the past year, with a third paper nearly ready for publication. 160 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME MEMORIAL FOR DONALD S. PINE The wildlife of the State of California lost an uncomprising ally in September 1991 when Donald S. Pine, a highly regarded wildlife biologist died suddenly at the age of 59. Don was a true ecologist. He spent thousands of hours in the field as a hunter, angler, birder, naturalist and and as a biologist for the California Department of Fish and Game. Although Don's countless contributions to the wildlife resource include water development for the benefit of wildlife, habitat improvement projects, establishing populations of tule elk and wild turkeys, wild pig research and providing educational opportunities to the youth, he is probably most respected for his activities associated with deer. His enthusiasm for expanding his knowledge about deer and factors affecting deer populations was unparalleled. Numerous wildlife professionals throughout the State sought his advise and guidance regarding issues related to deer. Don began his professional career over thirty years ago as a Fish and Wildlife Seasonal Aid at Gray Lodge Wildlife Area. In 1962, he promoted to the position of Fish and Wildlife Assistant in Hollister. Two years later he was again promoted and assigned as a wildlife biologist at King City, California. During his twenty-seven years in the Monterey and San Benito county area, Don became a champion for the proper management of the deer herds in that area. His ability to walk the mountainous chaparral in the 100° F plus summer heat became as legendary as his tenacity in dealing with the political realities of California deer management. Although Don's gifts to the people and wildlife such as additional water sources for wildlife in the Santa Lucia Mountains, tule elk populations in the San Antonio Valley, wild turkey populations in the Gabilan Mountains, and access points to public lands are easily viewed and measured, it was his gift of knowledge imparted to the countless individuals that worked for and with Don over many years that continues to benefit wildlife on a daily basis. - Donald Koch, Department of Fish and Game, Redding CA 96001, December 1991. 91 82464 INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTORS EDITORIAL POLICY California Fish and Game is a technical, professional, and educational journal devoted to the conservation and understanding of fish, wildlife, and native communities. Original manuscripts submitted for consideration should deal with California flora or fauna, or provide information of direct interest and benefit to California researchers and managers. MANUSCRIPTS: Refer to the CBE Style Manual (5th Edition) and a recent issue of California Fish and Game for general guidance in preparing manuscripts. Specific guidelines are available from the Editor in Chief. COPY: Use good quality 215 x 280 mm (8.5 x 11 in.) paper. Double-space throughout with 3-cm margins. Do not hyphenate at the right margin, or right-justify text. Authors should submit three good copies of their manuscript, including tables and figures to the Editor in Chief. If written on a micro-computer, a 5.25 or 3.5 in. diskette of the manuscript in word processor and ASCII file format will be desired with the final accepted version of the manuscript. CITATIONS: All citations should follow the name-and-year system. See a recent issue of California Fish and Game for format of citations and Literature Cited. Use initials for given names in Literature Cited. ABSTRACTS: Every article, except notes, must be introduced by an abstract. Abstracts should be about 1 typed line per typed page of text. In one paragraph describe the problem studied, most important findings, and their implications. TABLES: Start each table on a separate page and double-space throughout. Identify footnotes with roman letters. FIGURES: Consider proportions of figures in relation to the page size of California Fish and Game. Figures and line-drawings should be of high-quality with clear, well- defined lines and lettering. Lettering style should be the same throughout. The original or copy of each figure submitted must be no larger than 215 x 280 mm (8.5 x 1 1 in.). Figures must be readable when reduced to finished size. The usable printed page is 1 1 7 x 1 91 mm (4.6 x 7.5 in.). Figures, including captions cannot exceed these limits. Photographs of high-quality with strong contrasts are accepted and should be submitted on glossy paper. Type figure captions on a separate page, not on the figure page. On the back and top of each figure or photograph, lightly write the figure number and senior author's last name. PAGECHARGES AND REPRINTS: All authors will be charged $35 per printed page and will be billed before publication of the manuscript. Reprints may be ordered through the editor at the time the galley proof is submitted. Authors will receive a reprint charge form along with the galley proof. _». O m ■fc> B> Q. — t — ^' e-f." o> o O ^ X 3 -i" 0) 9 o r- CO T3 ^i J 0) O 0) J. 3 CD 30 n ^ 3 £» 3 CD O^ 3 3 O II cn' a: O fi> 2 > 3 n O CD en 00 Q o 3 0 2 1 T3 n> c ® o co 2 3 ^ 3 » 1-3 W 3 "0 ■ c "0 £ > O A 0) 33 •° o a d > CO " > H fc o Q m CO > m