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California Fish and Game,
V. 7 1921
bound volume

JUL

Qk;

DATE DUE

ir

^

California Fish and Game.
V. 7 1921
bound volume

California Resources Agency Library

1416 9th Street, Room 117

Sacramento, California 95814

CS7J-' ' '

California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"

- ■ -. . ■-

Volume 7 SACRAMENTO, JANUARY, 1921 Number 1

CONTENTS.

Pace
TIHIEE CALIFOliNIA MARKED SALMON RECOVERED

-/. O. Snyder, Stanford University 1

AX INSTANCE OF ADULT. SEA-RUN CHINOOK SALMON FOUND
FEEDING IN FRESH WATER

WiUis H. Rich, Field Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries 7

STEELHEADS CAUGHT AT SEA OFF THE COAST NEAR FORT

BRAGG ./. O. Snyder, Stanford University 9

Tin: RELATIVE lAIATURITY OF THE CHINOOK SALMON TAKEN IN
THE OCEAN ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST

Willis II. Rich, Field Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries 12

GEAR USED FOR SALMON TROLLING IN CALIFORNIA IN 1920_---

W. L. Scofield 22

THE FUTURE OF THE SARDINE Will F. Thompson 38

EDITORIALS — 42

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 48

HATCHERY NOTES 49

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 54

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 59

LIFE HISTORY NOTES . 62

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES Go

reports-
Violations OF Fisii AND Game Laws GS

Seizukes G8

Expenditures G9

Fishery Products, .July, August, September. 1920 70

THREE CALIFORNIA MARKED SALMON RECOVERED.

By J. O. Snyder, Stanford University.

Three marked king vsalmon were secured last summer iby W. L.
Scofield, who was engaged in making obeservations for the Fish and
Game Commission. Each of the three specimens had the adipose and
left ventral fins excised. The mutilations were of such a nature that
they could not be attributed to any other causes than the methods
used in marking small fish. One was taken at Monterey, April 6. It
measured 73 centimeters. Along with others it was evicerated before any-
thing unusual was noticed regarding the fins. The sex, therefore, could
not be determined with certainty. The second was caught at Shelter Cove

vsas

Z CAl.IKdKMA FISH AM) (JAMK.

aii(l l)i*ijii;;lit to Fiii't Hrjiii^. Aiiiiust 17. Il Wiis <i iiuilc w hicli iiiciisurcd
71 centimeters and \v('iu:lie(l S] p;)Uii(ls. 'Flic iliinl was (•au,i:;lit in
the Sacramento Ixivcr near lMttsl)ur<;. It. too, was a male and measured
68 eentiiuetcrs. These three Msh are the first ca])!!!!'!'!! from some
maiked ones liberated in the Sacramento River in 1!)1S.

j\Ir. AV. II. Sh( l)li'>' writes eoneerniim lliese fish: "The e^gs were
collected during' llic Tall of 1!>1() at the Bureau of Fislieries stations

Fii;. 1. Photomicrograph of scale of salmon marked at the Mmint
Sluista Hatchery in 1917 and taken at Monterey, April 6, 1920.
beiigtJi 73 centimeters. Numerals mark the end of the first, second
and tliird years of growth.

on the Sacramento River. The resulting' fry wci-c put in Sisson Lake
in the sprino: of 1917 and held until October of the same year.
They were then placed in the small rearinur ponds at JMount Shasta
hatcliery. The fry Avere marked during November and December,
1917. These to the number of 18,000 were distributed in Cold Creek,
a tributary of the Sacramento Eiver. on :\Iarch 19, 1918."

A photomicrograph of a scale from each of these fish is presented.
It will be seen at a glance that the Pittsburg specimen differs markedly

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 6

from the others in that the edges are frayed ov worn. Thi.s frayed
appearance of the scales was characteristic of all fish ol)served at the
time, and it plainly indicates that the absorption of reserve tissues
was already in progress, a condition just preceding the breeding period.
The fish from which this scale was taken was very dark in culor, and
the snout had become elongated and hooked.

Via. 2. Pliotomicrograph of scale of salmon marked at th<-
Mount Shasta Hatchery in irtl7 and taken in Shelter Cove, near
I' ort Bragg, on August 7, 1920. Sex, male; length 71 centimeters;
neight 8J pounds. Numerals mark the end of the first, second and
third years of growth.

A nuclear area of closely apposed rings appears near the center of
each scale. This area corresponds with the period in the fish's life
spent in fresh w^ater, including the lake, pond and river. The nuclear
area is surrounded by alternating bands of l)road and narrow rings
representing times of rapid or slower growth, which may be interpreted
in periods of years, the second year growth eiuling at 2. the third at 3,
while the fourth is in progress. The rapid growth of the fourth year was

4 CAI.IKOKXIA FlSll AND (lA.MK.

early inteiTupti'd in lln' case of tiu* Moiitcfcv fish, uiiilc alidwcd to
progress farther in the Shelter Cove and rilts])ur<; examples.

Th(^ most valiialile information eomiiio: Id iis with the capture of
these marked fish is that the sea ran^e of Saei'amento salmon not onl\"
embraces ^Tonterey Bay to the sotitlnvai'd. l)ut that it extends far
noi'thward as well. Now thei'e is uiyently desired at the present
time some definite information regarding the source of supply of the
marine salmon fisheries, and we have here a very plain suggestion
as to the procedure necessary to gain at least some of tliat information.
To be sure, it is perfectly well known that the.se salmon breed in
certain large streams. l>ut it is not known whether California streams
alone contribute to our ocean supply, or whether we are in a measure
reaping a harvest from seed sown north of our Ixjundaries. The
opinion has been freely expressed in some (juarters tiiat the salmon
of ]Monterey Bay are from the Sacramento Ki^'er. that those from
Fort Bragg and Shelter Cove are from streams entering the ocean
north of these lo;'alities, and in sliort. that young salmon on migrat-
ing into the ocean progress southward from their place of entry,
where they live and grow until the approach of maturity. With a
firm belief in the theory of southward migraticn, sonu^ fishermen and
others of experience will even pr(4end to identify C()luml)ia River
salmon among those caught near Fort Bragg. We have at present
very little to show that their l)elief is not well founded. Init they
have still less to denicustrate that it is. Tin- capfui'e of this marked
Sacramento River fish at Shelter Cove, a long distance north of llie
mouth of the river, is then easily seen to be a matter of considei-able
importance. The evidence derived from a single example should not
be overestimated, however, and if simmus evidnit that only investigation
involving carefully planned ex])eiiments will he of definite aid lierr
and elsewhere in a profitable study of the life history of the salmon.
It is very probal)le that such investigation might be carried on to
better advantage in a sticani much smallci- than the Sacramento,
foi" wIkmi cue comes to consider the difihculties of obtaining results
from a marking experinunit. f(U^ exam])le, in a very large river with
the wide distribution and varied character of its fisheries, it is really
remarkable that even three fish From a i'(insi(iei'al)l(' iiuur.M'r wci-e
secured. .Moreover, the (piestion as to wh(>ther some of our smaller
streams nuiy l)e uuule to confi'ibute with jti-ofit to sea fishing is \\(A\
worth cniisidering. for tlie j^rescnf rapid growth of irrigatiiui and
power ])r()jects. which seriously interfere with tiie natui'al i)i ceding
grounds of salmon in the Sacranu'uto and Klamath I'ixci--;. foreshadows
the time when some attention will be dii'ectod cls(>wliere if we seriously
care to maintain our sup])ly of these lish.

Thei'e is one jioint of interest connected with these scales to which.
however, one is not as yet wai-i-anted in attaeiiing any real significance,
ft will be ol)sei'ved that in the Shelter Co\-e scale, aiul i)art icularly
ill that fi'iim flic Sacramento I\iver. the annual checks are very marked,
while in the ]\fonterey specimen they ai'e much less distinct. A com-
parison of a large number of scales from the region of Fort Bragg
and Shelter Co\-e. with many from ^lonterey Bay. seems to give the
impression that the jireseiice of sharjily defined annual checks is not
very characteristic of scales of ^lonterev salmon, but that, in contrast

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 5

with those from the region of Foi't Bragg, they are much less pro-
nounced and in many eases diffienlt to deteet. Although one is not
prepared to even speculate as to the reason for this, especially since
the cause of the growth check is not known, it is, at any raie, of
passing interest to observe that in the character of the growth check
both the Monterey and Shelter Cove scales conform to what appears
to be the fashion in each locality. And if appearances are not mis-
leading, one would l)e tempted to suspect that the Sacramento fisli

Fig. 3. Photomicrograph of scale of sahnon marked
at the Mount Shasta. Hatchery in 1917 and taken in
the Sacramento River at Pittsburg, September 15,
1920. Sex, male ; lengtli 68 centimeters. Numerals
mark the end of the first, second and third years of
growtli.

had spent its sea life in the region of Fort Bragg or Shelter Cove.
Furthermore, if we calculate the length attained by each fish at the
end of the second and third years, which may be done with some
degree of accuracy from measurements obtained from the scales, it will
be seen that the Shelter Cove and Pittsburg specimens agree in being
smaller than the one from Monterey.

Monterey second year 30 centimeters ; third year 71 centimeters

Pittsburg second year 27 centimeters ; third year 55 centimeters

Shelter Coye second year 22 centimeters ; third year 59 centimeters

CALIFOKNIA FISH AND GAME.

This may be only a matter of coincidence, bnt interest will not be
lost after a comparison of a number of fish from Fort Bragp: an<i
Montere}'. From the scales of a hundred fish caught in ^lunterey Bay,
and which had apparently entered the sea as yearlings, the average
length at the end of the second and third years was computed. The
same was done with a like number of similar fish from the vicinity
of Fort Bragg. In both cases the specimens were taken at random
as they appeared in the catch. The result was as follows:

jNIuutorey second vear.'JS criiliinctfrs ; tliird yuar tj.j ceiiiiaiL'U'i's

Fort Bragg second .vear HZi nni iimU rs ; third year 59 cpntinieters

fl B

n B

tA P 5

MPS

Z

3

Z

3

A

B

c

b

MPS

Fig. 4. Diagram showing the average length of marked
and unmarked salmon, at two and tliree years of age,
taken at various places.

A simple diagram will serve well to show these comi)arisons. A and
B represent the average lengths at 2 and 3 years, M being the fish
from Monterey, and B representing those from Fort Bragg, including
Shelter Cove. C and D are the lengths of the marked fish from Mon-
terey, Pittsburg and Shelter Cove at the end of second and third years.
E represents the lengths of these fish at time of capture, the dotted
tips indicating that growth was interrupted by capture before maturity.

Judging from the experience of investigators who have experimented
witli the marking of salmon, we may expect to see more of these fish
in the fifth year. Their capture will be awaited with interest.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

AN INSTANCE OF ADULT, SEA-RUN CHINOOK SALMON
FOUND FEEDING IN FRESH WATER.-

By Wiixis II. Rich, Field Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries
During the course of the writer's investigation of the salmon of

the Columbia River, it was learned, through apparently reliable sources,

that the chmook salmon which entered the Cowlitz River clurnig trie

early spring were feeding upon the smelt or euchalon {Thaleichthys

pacific us) which run in large numbers at this time of year
The Cowlitz River empties

into the Columbia River nearly

seventy miles above the mouth

of the latter — well above the

highest reach of brackish water.

It is well known ithat the

habit of adult salmon, entering

streams for the purpose of

spawning, is to cease feeding at

least as soon as the fresh water

is entered. In many cases the

fish apparently cease to feed as

soon as they leave the open ocean

and definitely begin the journey

to the spawning grounds even

though the first part of the

.journey may be through pure,

or nearly pure sea water. This

is true of the Fraser River sock-
eyes which enter Puget Sound

through the Strait of Juan de

Fuca and- which cease to feed as

soon as the journey through the

strait has begun.t The mature

salmon taken just within the

mouth of the Columbia River

have ceased feeding although the

water is only slightly fresher

than sea water. Numerous other

examples illustrating the same

point might be cited. In view of
these facts, the feeding of salmon
so far from the ocean as the Cow-
litz River formed a remarkable

contradiction to the usual habit

and it seemed desirable to

fully investigate the report. On
account of the spring closed season no commercial fishing for salmon
was being carried on at the time the smelt were the most plentiful
and It was necessary to make special efforts to secure specimens. On
April 14, 1916, m company with a fisherman and one of the state fish
wardens, several drifts with a gill net were made in the Cowlitz River

fTM^^'?!**^^ ^^ permission of tlie U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries

I'^n;. ."i. Stomacli of an adult sea-run
("liiiiook salmon found feeding in the
('owlitz River, Washington. As a rule the
stomach of a salmon found in fresli water
shows no evidences of its being in Use.

8 CALIPORXTA FISIT AND GAME.

just bt'luw the town of Kelso. One cliinook was finally secured — a
female weighin.i,' about 25 pounds. The examination t'lilly confirmed
the reports, as the stomach contained upward of a dozen smelt in
various stages of digestion. The stonuu-li, partially dissected in order
to expose the contents, is shown mi the previous page.

This unusual habit is without doubt occasioned by and associated
with the presence of enormous ]nim])ers of smelt. These smelt enter
the Cowlitz and a. few other tributaries of the Columbia Kiver for
the purpose of spawning and, at the height of the season, are gathered
ill close schools in small restricted localities. The laying of ^the eggs
is apparently accomplished while they are thus aggregated. Evidently
these conditions as fouml in the Cowlitz, where large numbers of
small fish are closely schooled, approximate the normal feeding con-
ditions as found in the ocean. Similar habits of the salmon will doubt-
less be found in other streams which have runs of smelt or other small
anadromous fishes coinciding with a run of chinook salmon. Other
species of salmon may also have a similar habit. It is probable that
the salmon have followed the smelt run in from the ocean and that
they contiinied to feed while passing up the main river and into the
Gowlitz. This seems more likely than the alternative, that they had
eea.sed feeding on leaving the ocean but began again on entering tne
Cowlitz.

In this connection it should be noted that the precocious male salmon
which have matured after spending the first year in fresh water con-
tinue to feed even after the sex products have ripened. Such pre-
cociously mature males are commonly found both among wild fish and
among those which have been reared in hatchery ponds. In certain
instances it has been noted that these mature yearlings have recovered
from the effects of maturity and have survived — contrary to the rule
in the case of sea-run adults.*

It would seem that this is chiefly on account of the fact that the
normal food supply has been constantly present so that it has not
been necessary for the fish to cease feeding during the spawning period.
The fact that adult, sea-run salmon wnll frequently take the hook when
w^ell into fresh water is further evidence that the normal feedmg
reaction is not disturlied merely by the entrance into fresh water.
At many places chinook .salmon may be taken by trolling with large
spoon hooks. The salmon fishing at the Oregon City Falls on the
Willamette River is well known. The stcclhead fishing on other
w^e.stern streams, particulai-ly the Rogue River, has a wide spread
reputation, as has also the fishing for Atlantic salmon in .Maine and
Canada. In many cases these fish are taken hundreds of miles above
the mouth of the streams.

It may be concluded from these observations that one of the factors
which cause salmon on entering a stream for the purpose of spawning
to cease feeding is the lack of a normal food supply. In the particular
instance herein described, a normal food supply was present, with
the result that the fish fed in a normal manner. It is possible that
a longer residence in fresh water or the nearer approach of the spawn-
ing season would cause the fish to cease feeding even though a normal
food supply was available.

* Eai-ly History and Seaward Migration of Cliinook Salmon in the Columbia and
Sacramento Rivers. By WiUIs H. Rich. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries,
XXXVII, 1919-20. Doc. 887, page 67.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

9

STEELHEADS CAUGHT AT SEA OFF THE COAST NEAR FORT

BRAGG.

By J. O. Snydeh. Stanford ruiversity.

Trailers fi.sliino- for salmon off the coast north of Sau Francisco have
reported the capture of steelhead trout at sea. None of these trou.t
has been available for study until this summer, when W. L. Scofield,
while making observations for the Fish and Game Commission at Noyo
Eiver near Fort Bip^/g, was fortunate enough to separate 16 spenreeus
from the mass of king and silver salmon brought in there. JNIaterial
was preserved so that no doubt is involved in the identification ot
the.se fishes. From the collector's notes the following paragraph is
taken :

The first steelheads appeared July 23, and the last one was seen
August 25. On August 14 five specimens were found, and again on

I'^iG. 6. Noyo Estuary, showing salmon lishing boats. Photograph by J. O.
Snyder, 1920.

August 16 the same number were secured. In color they were of the
characteristic steel blue above and bright silvery on the sides; the
dark upper surface with small blackish spots, numerous on some
examples, less abundant on others; the head with few or no spots.
The dorsal, adipose and caudal fins were spotted, the size and number
of spots varying considerably in different individuals. The pectoral
and ventral fins were immaculate except for dark anterior margins,
the lateral series of scales as recorded from twelve individuals number
from 132 to 143, the count being made to base of caudal fin ; the series
from lateral line to back 25 to 34. They measured 19 to 29 inches,
and weighed 2^ to 9f pounds. There were eleven males.

These fishes are regarded as examples of Salmo iridcnsi, the rainbow
trout. This identification is liased on what appears to the writer
as a Avell-founded assumption, that but two si)ecies of trout* inhabit

* Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 638, page 183.

10

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

tile costal region of California, S. irideus and Salnio clarkii, the eut-
throat trout, sea living individuals of both being known as steelhcads.

The steelhcads enter the rivers to spawn, thcii- progeny in turn
migrating to sea where food is plentiful, or renuiining for an indefinite
time in fresh water as the ca.se may be. the latter being i-ecognized as
stream trout. The rainbow trout is a large scaled form, there being
about no to 150 series of scales on the body, while the cutthroat has
smaller scales, about 150 to 200 series. In their distributicm the two
species overlap, botli occurring in the coastal streams from Redwood
Creek northward.

In spite of the fact tliat these steelhead trout have been known for
many years and that they are of considerable economic importance,
our store of carefully observed and recorded facts concerning tliem
is very meager. Some observations have lately been made on the Kla-
math, in which I'iver both species enter from the sea and migrate lor

Noyo E.stuary, sliovving i-anneiies. I'hntti.nraph !)>• .1. (). Sn.N'dcr, T.iliO.

spawning ]))ii'poses. Ilei'e tliei'e ai'(» two fairly distinct migi'alions
of steelhcads, one occurring in the winter, the other in the suiiuiicr.
Of the winter run we know very little; nothing, in fact, of what
species it is composed. The sunnnei- run consists almost entirel\- of
S. irideus, an example of *S'. chirlii occasionally appearing. The latter
may be spoken of as one among thousands in the migration of the
former. In the summer of 191!)* the first steelhcads were taken in
salmon nets on July 11: the largest number were caught al)out
August 27, and the run had about ceased October 22. The progi-ess
of the steelhead migration coincitled in general with that of the king
salmon, not only in its rise and decline, but in its periodical irregu-

* Agents of the Fish and Game Commission have been making observations on the
trout and salmon for two summers in the estuary of Klamath River. Through the
kindly interest of Mr. G. R. Field, they have been enabled to examine thousands of
individuals, which his fishermen have taken.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 11

larities as well, a large wave of steelheads being generally associated
with a similarly large wave of salmon.

As these steelheads appear fresh from the ocean, many still bearing
living salt water Crustacea attached to their bodies, they are of a
beautiful deep steel blue above, with highly burnished silvery sides.
They have usually very definite black spots on the head and body, they
are always present on the dorsal, adipose and caudal fins, while the
remaining fins are immaculate. Sometimes the head is without spots
and the body has very few. Counts on a number of examples resulted
as follows : Head spots, 0 to 25 ; body, 8 to 271 ; dorsal fin, 47 to 98 ;
adipose, 1 to 9 ; caudal, 14 to 220. The spots of the head are almost
always round; those of the body elongate or linear. The ova found in
these fishes are very small, their undeveloped condition giving rise
to the suggestion that the steelheads have entered upon a very long
migration or at least a considerable period in fresh water. Their
stomachs are mostly empty, and they remain so at least while they are
in the estuary for the very simple reason that there is not food enough
in the river to supply such a horde, were its members inclined to eat.
They occasionally strike a spinner, but they will not rise to fly, nor
are they . often attracted to a baited hook. Later in the season and
farther up stream their appetites are said to return, and their behavior
is governed accordingly. About the middle of August, steelheads
that have begun to assume their nuptial colors are occasionally seen
in the estuary. The cheeks become tinted with pink, and a broad
reddish blush appears along the sides. At the same time the dark dorsal
area loses its marine hue and becomes light olive. No salt water
Crustacea are found attached to these tinted individuals, and it ap-
pears probable that they have been in fresh water for some time.
The steelheads fresh from the sea are plump, fat and full of energy.
At times they have been seen in numbers leaping high from the water
and falling with a resounding splash, in strong contrast to the salmon
which only cut the surface with their backs and tails.

The largest steelhead caught in the Klamath is said to have weighed
32 i)ounds. Those which appear from day to day are much smaller.
For example, on August 13 and 14 of this year, 248 specimens that
were caught in gill nets measured 14^ to 32 inches and weighed l.^r to
14-;? pounds. The entire lot gave an average weight of 5.86 pounds;
10,862 examples showed an average weight of 4.3 pounds. Small fishes
are not apt to become entangled in the coarse meshes of the drifting
gill nets, and it is therefore of interest to find that a fine meshed seme
will bring from the river not only large specimens but smaller ones
as well, individuals 8 or 10 inches in length having been taken which
exhibit every detail of color possessed by the larger steelhead fresh
from the sea. Whether these small fishes have just come in from the
ocean we are unable at present to say.

The scales of these Klamath steelheads which are identified as Salmo
irideus, rainbow trout, number 116 to 150 in the lateral series. The
steelhead trout taken at sea near Fort Bragg are of the same species
as those that enter the Klamath in the summer in such large numbers.
They may even be Klamath trout for all that we know, but it seems
more reasonable to assume that their parent stream is somewhere
nearer their place of capture.

12 CALIFOirXlA IMS II A.M) OAMK.

THE RELATIVE MATURITY OF THE CHINOOK SALMON

TAKEN IN THE OCEAN ALONG THE

PACIFIC COAST.-

By Wilms H. IIk ii, l-'irlil Assistant riiilrd States Buir.ui nf Fisliorics.

This paper is in the nature of a preliminary report di'.iliiig with the
maturity of the chinook salmon taken by troll and purse-seine in
the oeean along the Paeitic eoast, and is presented for the purpose
of making inniiediately available some of the results of the investigation.
It is also believed that the method used for determining the relative
maturity is new and may be of value to others engaged in similar in-
vestigations. A later report will give in detail the data ui»()n whieh
the eonclusions presented in this pa])er are based, and will discuss
several topics treated very briefly, oi- omitted entirely froni this paper.

The amount of trolling and purse-seining for chinook salmon along
the Pacific coast has increased enormously during the past few years,
especially along the northern coast of California, the coast of Oregon.
and off the mouth of the Columbia River. To anyone who has observed
even casually the fish thus taken in the ocean it is perfectly .appai-ent
that a great proportion are innn;i1ui-e and it is a point of consideral)le
interest and })ractical importance to know just wiint pei-ceiitage are
immature and the relative degree of immaturity. The determination
of the age by means of scale studies will not, alone, give a sufficient
index to the degree of immaturity since there is such a wide range in
the age at which these fish reach the spawning stage — from two to
six years. If the percentages of individuals of different ages among
the mature fish were constant, it would be possible, from a determi-
nation of the percentages of fish of different ages taken by troll nnd
purse-seine in the ocean, to estinuite the percentage of fish of different
degrees of maturity. This, however, is not the case. The percentages
of fish of the various age-groups vary greatly ;i1 dift'ei-ent times
among the mature fish and also among those tal\en in the oeean. Pre-
sumably these variations are due quite largely to racial diffi-renees bnt
our present knowledge of the various races of chinook salmon is ([uite
too limited to aid in segregating the races from mixed lots. Even if
our knowledge of the races were com]>lete it might well be that they
could not be identified and segregated accurately and fully enough to
serve the purpose. It is api)arent that some other means than the
determination of the age is necessary in order to leani the percentages
of mature and inunature fish taken in the ocean and tlieir relative
maturity.

The method which has been de\eloped for determining the relative
maturity is based upon variations in the size of the eggs. Obviously
this can be applied only to the females and no method has yet been
devised for determining the relative maturity of the males. The
percentages of males and females found among the mature fish of the
various age groujjs will give some basis for estimating the percentages
of mature and immature males fi'oni the detei-niination of the relative
maturity of the females. l)nt a discussion of this toi)ie must be i-cserved

* Piil)liplic(l with the permission of the United States Commissioner of Fi.sheries.

CATJFORNIA FISIT AND GAME.

13

5

-

6/A u ear - stream nuclei

n n

S

-

5tb ijear - stream nuclei

^ n n n

3

Ath year - Stream nuclei

■ n n

s

|~| p"^ ^ 3ra ifcar - stream nuclei

5

5 th w#or - oc CO n nuclei

5

-

-4?A year - ocean nuclei

H h r^ h n f i i

15

_

l-l

10

-

- L,

3rd t^ear - ocean nuclei

5

-

/

n n

5

\

I 1 ~ Zndijtar* ocean nuclei

■—1 n

20

-

_,

15

-

^

10
5

-

W J

- L-l

Enti

re collfctioH

r-

sx. J-^

h n 1

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7 7(7 90 90 OOO lO XO .30 .40 50 .AO .TO

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I I I I \ 1 a_LJ 1 1 I I I I I I I

.5 .* .7 .S .9 1.0 IttS IS t.fS 9.0 25 3o 3.^ 4.0 4.S 5.0

Fig. 8. Histosi'^ni showin.s: frequency-distribution of IfiT. female salmon

14

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

for the complete report. It is sufficient to state here that, while there
is a tendency for tlie iiiales to mature somewhat younger than the
females, the error which would result from assuming that the pro-
portions of fish of similar degrees of maturity were equal in the males
and feuiales would not be serious.

Superficial examination
of the eggs found in the
females taken in the ocean
shows that there is a wide
diversity in the size and,
further, that several more
or less distinct size-groups
are distinguishable even
without careful meas-
urement. It is a natural
assumption that these vari-
ous sizes of the eggs indi-
cate different degrees of
maturity. A careful study
of several collections of fish
taken within the Columl)ia
River aiul ])y troll off the
mouth of the Columbia, in
Monterey Bay, California,
and along the northern
coast of California con-
firms this assumption and
shows that, by means of a
study of the variation in
the size of the eggs and a
determination of the age
by means of the scales it is
possible to distinguish,
with certainty, in many
cases, and with reasonable
probability in most, be-
tween fish which would have
spawned during the year
in which they were taken
and those which would not
have spawned for at least
one more year. The dis-
tinction between fish which
would not have spawned
for two years is not fjuite
as definite but in some
collections the interpreta-
tion is clear.

In studying these collections the age has been determined by the
usual method of scale study. The size of the eggs has been determined
by measuring ten of each sample and taking the average. The larger
eggs — those over 1 mm. in diameter — were measured in a simple device

5

5th qe a r ~
stream nude i

r-^~~^

S

_ 4t/i i/ear-

s t re ant n uc/e i

^^

5

5th ij ear -

1

ocean nuc/e/
1

3

4 th (jea r —

ocean nuclei

n

Entire

S

- collec

U

'-' ^

J

u

[ 1 1

^^

0.40 .50

Logarithm of

L

.60

dia meter
A I

of

2 5
m rn.

3.0 3.5

diameter

40 4.5
or tQQS

_1_
.70

J i L_

5.0 5.5 6.0

SO

Fig. 9. Histogram showing frequency-distribu-
tion of 48 females taken by beach seines and wlieels
near Warrendale, Oregon, June 16, 1919, based on
the logarithms of the diameters of the eggs.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

15

which consists essentially of a small trough, V-shaped in cross-section
and Avitli closed ends, Avhich is graduated in millimeters. In use this
is partially filled with water, the eggs are placed in a row in the bottom

10 -

5 -

5-

10-

L

■4 th u ea r - stream tuclt i

n n n

n

3rd usar - st r eam n uclei

4th year - ocean n ucie t

n

3rd year -
ocean nuclei

^

a

Zna Ljear - ocea n n ac Lei

n.

n.

n_

n n

Ent ire collect ion

rv

i.ao .90 o.oo .10 ao
Logarithm of diameter of eggs
J I I \ ^ ili

•40

.7 .8 .9 /o /. as

mm. diameter of eggs

15

1.15 20

2 5

35

Fic. 10. Histogram sliowing frequency-distribution of 63 females taken by
troll in Monterey Bay, California, June 19-21, 1918, based on the logarithms
of the diameters of the eggs.

of the trough, and then are carefully pushed up to the zero end of the
scale by means of a small piece which fits the bottom of the trough and
on which is graduated a vernier enabling one to read accurately to
tenths of a millimeter. The measurement of ten eggs by this scale

16

CALTFORN'IA FISrr AXD riA^NIK.

gives direclly, l>y simply inoNini;' tlif dci-iiii.-il point (iiic plarc jo tlu' left,
the average size of the eggs to hundredths of a niilliineter. As a matter
t)f faet this iiieasTircmeiit is finer than is ne('(>ssary in tlie great majority
of cases. In pre])aring eggs for this measurement it is neeessai-y to
free them very carefully from the ovarian membranes so as not to l)roak
the delicate shell and yet to clear them of all shreds of tissue which
might tend to affect the measurement. The smaller eggs — those less
than 1 mm. in diameter — were measured by means of a microscope
fitted with an eyepiece micrometer carefully standardized. In using this
method it was necessary, of course, to measure the ten eggs separiiti'l\'
and then the average of these measui'ements was found.

15 -

10

ol5-

n nil

-i

[/ "

4^

n

l90

JL

0 00

Logarithm of

.10 .ZO 30

d iameter of eggs

.40

.50

.bO

no

.8 .9 10

m 771. dia meter

I.Z5 1.5

of e^ys

1.15 ZO

Z.S

3.0

3S

4.0 4:5 5.0

Fig. 11. Histogram showing frequem y-ciistribiition of 144 females taken by troll
in Monterey Bay,' June 29, 1915, based on the logarithms of the diameters of the eggs.

The tabulating and plotting of these egg measurements has been done
on a logarithmic basis — that is, tln' logarithms of the actual measure-
ments have been tabulated rather than the measurements themselves.
The main advantage of this sort of tabulation lies in the fact that
proportional variations in size are ecpially shown indejiendent of the
actual size, and it is the relative size of the eggs, rather than the actual
diameter, which is significant.^

In preparing the tables and charts the cla.sses have been arranged
with intervals of .02 in the logarithm of the diameter of the eggs. This
signifies that the mid-value of each class is 4.713 per cent greater than
that of the class next preceding.

The following collections have been used in the pn^jiaration of this
preliminary report :

1. 1G3 females taken l)y Inill off tlio inouth of llio Coluniliia River, May 8, 1919.

2. 68 females tiikeu by troll off the mouth of the Columbia River, June 4, 1919.
?>. 48 feTiiales taken hy beach seines in the Columbia River near Warr^^ndale,

Oregon, June 1»>, 1919. (.Warrendale is appro.ximately I.jO miles above the mouth
of the river.)

1 The writer is indebted to Prof. F. W. V^^'eymouth of Stanford University for an
acquaintance with this method of tabulating.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAMPL

17

4. 48 fcuialcs hikcn by traps in Baker V>iiy, Columbia Ilivcr, July 3, 1019.
(Bakor Bay aud Sand Island, where the next collection was taken, are both
just within the mouth of the river.)

5. 41 females taken by beach seines on Sand Island, Columbia River, .July 0, 1910.
(>. 101 females taken by troll off the mouth of the Columbia River during August

13 to 17 and September 10 to 17, 1018. (But five of these were taken in September
and these have been considered with the August collections.)

7. 0."> females taken by troll off the mouth of the' r'o]uml)ia River, August 1.3, 1919.

8. (53 females taken ])y troll in Monterey Bay, Califoniia, .Tune 10 to 21, 1918.

o|

10-

5 -

a_, n n

[Ltl

r-|

—I

_L

J_

7.80 00 0.00 10 20
Logar ithm of aiameter of egcfS
I I I I I -J L.

30

40

60

.70

.SO

y .8 9 1.0 i.as

mm diameter of eqgs

1.50

i.ys z.o

Z.5

3 0

J.5

4.0

30

b.O

Fiu. li'. Histogram showing frequeney-distritnition of G4 females taken by troll
near Drake's Bay and Fort Bragg, California, July and August, I'JIS, leased on the
logarithms of the diameters of the eggs.

Full data including scales were taken with each of the above collections.
In addition to these the following two collections consisting of eggs
alone were studied :

9. Eggs from 144 females taken by troll in Monterey Bay, June 29, 191.'.

M). Eggs from <14 females taken by troll near Drake's Bay, August 15 aud K').
101S, and Fort Bragg, July 17, 1918, on the coast of northern California. Scales and
data were also collected from the females at the same time the collections of egg
samples were made, but the records were not kept so that the egg samples could be
referred to the corresponding data and scales. It has b.een necessary, therefore, to
treat egg samples and other data independently.

It will be impossible, in this report, to give in detail the evidence
necessary to prove the validity of this method for determining the
relative maturity. The graphs will, however, give illustrations of
typical results obtained from tlie measurement and tabulation of the
eggs. An examination of the graphs shows that, in the collection of
undoubtedly mature fish from Warrendale, the eggs were fairly uniform
in size, ranging from about 2.5 to 6 mm. in diameter. The ()l)vious
graduation in size of the q^^^ in the different age-groups is probal)ly
significant of racial differences, but a discussion of this point cannot he
given in this paper. In the case of the fisli taken by troll in the ocean
the fre(piency-distribution based on egg sizes sliovvs a distinct grouping
around several modes which are usually quite well separated.

Three modes are especially distinct and, in the case of the collections
for which age determinations were also made, and wliich have, therefore,
been separated into the component age-groups (.Monterey, 1919, and
Columl)ia River, May, 1919) it is apparent tliat the group characterized
l).^■ the largest eggs (above 2 mm. in diameter) is composed chiefly of

18 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

li.sh in tlu'ir tliird, i'ourth and fifth years, whose scales show the oeeau
type of nucleus, and of fish in their fourth and fifth years whose scales
show the stream type of nucleus. [The nuclear growth here referred to
is that located close to the center of the scales and represents the portion
of the scales formed during the first year. The "stream" type indicates
that the fish remained in the stream during the entire first year of its
life. The "ocean" type of nuclei indicate that the fish have migrated
seaward sometime during the first year, usually early.]

The group representing the next smaller size of eggs (1.25 to 1.5 mm.)
in diameter is characterized especially by fish in their third year with
either ocean or stream nuclei, while the group representing the smallest
eggs (.6 to .8 mm.) is characterized chiefly by fish in their second 3'ear
with ocean nuclei. The size of the eggs in the group having the largest
eggs corresponds, in each instance, with the size of eggs in the AYarren-
dale collection and are, therefore, without doubt fish which would have
matured during the year in which they were taken.

It is apparent, then, that in general the group characterized by tlie
largest eggs is composed of fish one year older than those composing the
group with eggs of the next smaller size, and that these in turn are
one year older than those composing the group with the smallest eggs.
These difPerenees in the size of the eggs are not dependent on cor-
responding differences in the size of the fish. There is, indeed, a distinct
correlation between the size of the fish and the size of the eggs, but, as
will be shown in the more detailed report, this correlation is liy no
means ample and is unquestionably modified b}" the approach of
juaturity. Of particular interest and significance is the presence of two
groups of individuals within the same age-group which may be definitely
separated on the basis of egg sizes. This is shown with unusual clear-
ness in the third j'ear fish with ocean nuclei taken at IMontorey in liHS.
The group with eggs greater than 2 mm. would undoubtedly have
spawned during the fall of the same year in which they were taken,
while the fish composing the other group would not have spawned for at
least one more year. These facts which have been so briefly and incom-
pletely discussed seem to fully justify the conclusion that the size of
the eggs is a fair-ly reliable index of the relative degree of maturity of
Chinook salmon.

AVithout attempting to discuss further the method used for deter-
mining I'elative maturity, a tabular summary will be given of the
results obtained by the study of the ten collections which have formed
the basis for this report. It is hoped that further study will increase
the accurac}^ of the results, and it seems probable that some of the
percentages given in the table may be somewhat modified by additional
investigations. It is believed, however, that the results as given here are
fairly reliable. In preparing the table care has been taken to include
doubtful cases always with the more mature of the two groups to which
they might be assigned. This has been done in order not to exaggerate
the degree of immaturitv exhibited by any of the various collections.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

19

TABLE I.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 165 females
taken by troll off the mouth of the Columbia River, May 8 to 10, 1919.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Total

Age groups

Year taken

Following year

Second year
following

Xuinber

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Ocean nuclei—
In 2d year

19

ICO

19

102
18

1

18
2
3
2

11.5
61.8
10 9

In 3d year

2

18

1

2

100
lOO

100

98

In 4th year

In 5th year

Q

Stream nuclei—
In 3d year

18

100

10 9

In 4th year

2
3
2

100

100
100

T" "

1.2

In 5th year... .

18

In 6th year

1.2

Totals

28

17

118

71.5

19

11.5

185

TABLE II.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 68 females
taken by troll off the mouth of the Columbia River, June 4, 1918.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Total

Age groups

Year taken

Following year

Second year
following

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Ocean nuclei—
In 2d vear

,

18
1

ICO
3

18

33

1

1

10
4
1

26.5

In 'fid vear -

32

1

97

100

48.5

In 4th vear.

1.5

Tn 5th vpar

1

100

1.5

Stream nuclei—
In ;>d vear

10
2

1

100
50

100

14.7

111 4th vear

2 50

5.8

In 5th vear

1.5

Totals

3 4

46

68

19

28

63

TABLE III.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 48 females
taken by seines and wheels near Warrendale, Oregon, June 16 and 17, 1919.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Total

Age groups

Year taken

Following year

Second year
following

Number Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number Per cent

Ocean nuclei—
In 4th vear . . _

1 1 ino

1 2

In 5th year

10

17
20

100

100
lOO

10
17

21

Stream nuclei—
In 4th year _• . .

35

In 5th year _

20 42

Totals

48

100

48 -

20

CALIFOKXIA KlSll AND (iAME.

TABLE IV.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 51 females
taken by traps in Baker Bay, Columbia River, July 3, 1919.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

To

tal

Age groups

Tear taken

Following year

Second year
following

Number Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Ocean nuclei—

1
21

100

ion

1
24
17

3

1
4
1

2

47

In nth year

17 irO
S • if)0

S3

6

Stream nuclei—

1

100

2

4
1

100
lOO

8

Tn Bth vear .- --

2

50

98

1

2

51

TABLE V.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 41 females
taken by beach seines on Sard Island, Columbia River, July 7, 1919.

Numljcr of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Total

Age groups

Year taken

Following year

Second year
following

Niunber

Per cent

Number

I*er cent

Number

Per cent

Numl)er

rei

cent

Ocean nuclei—
Tn '^(\ vpar

5

100

5

2

20

8

4

1

12.4

In Sfli vear __

1

20
8

50

100
103

1

50

4.R

488

If) 5

Stream nuclei—

4

ICO

07

In 'th vear

1

1

]00
100

?.A

In 5th year

1

2.4

Totals

31

76

1

2

9

22

41

TABLE VI.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 102 females
taken by troll off the mouth of the Columbia River, August and September, 1918.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

To

tal

Age groups

Year taken

Following year | ^IXtS^g"

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Ocean nuclei —
In 2(1 vear

1
4
1

20

16

5

4

ftn

5
25
20
19

2
3

27
1

5

In .M year..

21

19
19

84
95

100

24.5
19 5
18.5

In 4th year .

In 5th year _

Stream nuclei—
In :u\ vear

2

ICO

-•-

2

Tn tth year

111 Tith year .

97 1 ion

26.5

lu 0th year .

1

100

1 --

Total?

90 i 8S.3

I

8

7.8

4

3.9

102

j

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

•>1

TABLE VII.

Composition as to age groups and relative maturity of a collection of 95 females

taken by troll off the mouth of the Columbia River, August 13, 1919.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

To

t:ll

Age groups

Year taken

Following year

Second year
toilowlng

Number

Per cent

Vumber

Per cent

Number Per cent

Number

Per cent

Ocean nuclei—
In 2d year .- . . _

1
6
3

50

40
4.5

1

50

2

15

66

4

1

7

2.1

In 3d year..

9

63

4

60
95.5
ICO

15.S

In 4th year _.

69.5

In 5th year

4.2

Stream nuclei—
In 3d year.. . . . ..

1
1

100
14.3

1.1

In 4th year. . .

6

85.7

7.3

Totals

82

£6

12

13

1

1

95

.

TABLE VIM.

Composition as to age groups ard relative maturity of a collection of 63 females
taken by troll In Monterey Bay, June 19 to 21, 1918.

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Total

Age groups

Tear taken 1 Following year

Secon
folio

1 year
wing

Per cent

.Nuiiiljsr Per cent Number

Per cent

Number

1
Number Per cent

Ocean nuclei—
In 2d year _.

1

36

50
71

1

50

2

51

6

1
3

3.2
81
9.5

1.6

i 7

In 3d year

15
6

29

100

In 4th year

Stream nuclei—
In 3d year.

1

ICO

In -tth year

3

ICO

Totals ..

24

38

38

eo

1

2

63

TABLE IX.
Composition as to relative maturity of a collection of 144 females taken by troll
in Monterey Bay, California, June 29, 1915. Determined from a study of the
eggs alone.

Age groups

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Year taken

Following year

Second year
following

Number

I'er cent

108
79

J5
24.3

1
.7

TABLE X.

Composition as to relative maturity of a collection of 64 females taken by troll rear
Drake's Bay and Fort Bragg, California, July and August, 1918. Determined
from a study of the eggs only.

Age g'-cups

Number of specimens and per cent which would
mature during:

Year taken

Following year

Second year
following

Number

43

67

18
28

3

5

P,:r cent . _ _ _

22 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

From the data contained in these tables the following generalizations
may be made:

1. The fish taken in the ocean off the mouth of the Columbia River
contain, in the spring and early summer, approximately 70 per cent of
individuals which will not become sexually mature for one or two years.

2. By the middle of August this condition has changed so that nearly
90 per cent are fish which will soon enter the river for the purpose of
spawning. The rate at which this change takes place and the time at
which it occurs have not yet been determined, but will be taken up in
the later report.

3. A comparatively small percentage of the fish found ju.st within
the mouth of the Columbia River are immature. It should be mentioned
in this connection that it is only occasionally when unusual tidal condi-
tions obtain that any immature fish are taken inside the mouth of the
stream.

4. The fish taken by troll in Monterey Bay in June contain a
considerable proportion of immature individuals. The data obtained
in 1918 are most reliable, and indicate that only about 40 per cent of
the fish taken would have spawned during the same year. The data
for 1915 indicates that 75 per cent were mature, but selection may well
have taken place in making this collection which, as noted above,
consists of egg samples only.

5. The fish taken near Drake's Bay and Fprt Bragg in July and
August, 1918, contain approximately 30 per cent of immature fish. It
is of interest to note that this is an approach to the conditions found
off the mouth of the Columbia River in August and suggests that the
composition of all the schools found near the coast changes materially
during the summer season.

GEAR USED FOR SALMON TROLLING IN CALIFORNIA IN 1920.

I'.V W. I-. SCOFIELD.

Object. Tliese notes, by no means complete, are intended to be a
rough record of the type of gear used in open sea salmon trolling in
California at present (1920) as a partial supplement to the system
of triplicate receipts for statistics of catch recently installed by the
Fish and Game Commission. The fact that gear and methods have
changed decidedly in the past few years and no doubt wdll continue
to change makes this summary necessary.

The notes deal chiefly with gear used. Such subjects as history of
trolling, points at which trolling is practiced and its extent, location
for trolling in a given local area, prospecting for schools, and deep
vs. shallow fishing, although most important, are omitted or merely
touched upon here.

Variation in Methods. There is considerable variation in methods
and equipment, with great divergence of opinion on most of the
subjects taken up in these notes. While the industry Avas new this
was an advantage, as established custom did not limit experimenting,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 23

but tlie results of the experimenting were not kept in definite form
to be used, each fisherman satisfying only his own opinion without
giving others the benefit. As a result there has been much duplication
and improvement has been slower than need be. As fishing practice
is now more established future improvements will resnlt from more
accurate experimenting with definitely recorded results.

Location for Trolling. Most of the fishermen move from one region
to another following the salmon runs. The Monterey season opens
first (January or February) and the local Monterey fleet is doubled
or trebled by boats that go do-\vn from northern points, chiefly from
San Francisco. Toward the end of the Monterey season (June) these
boats begin leaving for San Francisco. They either fish for a time
out of San Francisco or Point Reyes or go on up the coast to
Bodega Bay, Fort Bragg and Shelter Cove. About August they begin
returning to San Francisco. This year several boats, after completing
the season at Shelter Cove, went farther north, some bound for Astoria.

In a given region the greatest and most difficult single factor in
success is picking the good place to troll. Some 'days the big catches
are made near shore in shallow water. At other times the trolling
is best far out in deep water. In Monterey a quite generally believed
theory is> that schools come up from the south, enter the bay to feed
for a few days and then leave. Other fishermen cite cases where the
schools come from the north. Some fishermen prospect far 'out in
order to locate entering schools. Cases are known where such a
school has been fished day after day on its way to Monterey and while
in the bay. Other schools have been followed far up the coast.

In the choice of location most fishermen merely follow some "hunch"
and go it blind, keeping an eye on the other boats till they see someone
landing fish and then go to that locality. When a large school is
biting the whole fleet is often bunched in a small area. A plan often
followed at Fort Bragg is to start trolling near shore with a shallow
set and work farther out, gradually increasing the depth of line while
prospecting for a school. Undoubtedly the successful fishermen have
gathered a great amount of knowledge from experience but these
"trade secrets" are not discussed freely. A knowledge of the habits
of sardines, anchovies and squid is undoubtedly a help to some fisher-
men. Little is known of the efl^ects of local currents carrying food
and the conseciuent behavior of salmon.

Deep vs. Shallow Fishing. The most successful fishermen experiment
at different depths and prospect to locate schools. It is a common
saying that small Chinooks are caught more often in shallow water
near shore. Silver salmon are said to be caught near the surface.
There are, however, many exceptions. Some days when the fish are
feeding actively the large Chinooks are caught near the surface. A
common method of prospecting is to set one line with two to five
fathoms of main line out (above leads) and the other line set with
10 to 20 fathoms out. Good catches are made at a great variety of
depths on different days and practically nothing is definitely known
of the reasons. Whether or not different schools feed differently
is not known. Whether or not the weather affects the depth is not
known, but some fishermen work on the theory that deep fishing is
best on a clear bright day and that the set should be shallow for

24 CALTFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

cloudy dark days. Tliis suggests the possibility of plankton sinking
to greater depths on clear days, small fish following the plankton and
salmon following the small fish. Practically nothing is known of
the eft'eet on salmon of different water temperatures. Color of the
water is believed by fishermen to be important. Clear water is believed
to be poor for salmon fishing and at such times deep fishing is said
to be more successful than shallow. Dark, murky or even reddish
water is thought to be best for salmon catches and can be fished nearer
the surface. The "red water" of deep color sometimes seen along shore
is not good for trolling.

Boats. The type of boat most used is a clipper bow boat of wide
fiare forward and a pointed compromise stern. Often there is a
small cockpit near the tiller and a high narrow house open at the
back that is little more than a wind and spray screen when standing
at the wheel near the engine. As the change from sail to power
fishing has been recent there are a number of converted sailboats
in use, especially the small Mediterranean type of boat that formerly
used a latine sail. ' There are also a number of converted pleasure
boats of a great variety of types. The pointed stern is usually
favored rather than a rounding fautail stern because with the narrow
stern it is easier to haul a fish up alongside on either side while still
operating the tiller. Tlie first troll boats were square sterns. Then
tlie rounding or fantails were found to be better suited to landing the
fish as there were no corners for the line to catch on and the stern
is low in the water. The low stem was not so good when the boats
began going out farther in rough water. Now that two-line fishing
is almost universal the bluntl}^ pointed compromise stern is used most.

As fish are becoming less plentiful the tendency has been to use
increasingly larger boats capable of going farther out with comfort.
The clipper bow type ranges in size from 20 to 40 feet over all with
30 feet as about the average size. The few 40 foot boats usually
fish four poles.

The older boats have only a small hatch forward to allow a man to
crawl below deck. A recent tendency toward comfort has been to
raise the forward deck to allow more room below and a number of
boats now have a low house extending forward with portlioles to
admit light and aii". This could be more general since the forward
deck is not used except for stowing the anchor and chain.

Nearly all boats carry but one fisherman. The larger boats fishing
four lines sometimes carry two men, one handling the starboard lines
and the other the port, but frequently one man operates the boat and
handles four lines. The catch of a large boat is usually not equal to
the catches of two smaller two-line boats, so experienced fishermen
prefer to fish alone and not divide profits. INlany of the one-man
boats are decked over the stern and this is much more dangerous for
the fisherman than having a small cockpit. The gunwale is only three
or four inches high, the deck is wet, the boat rolls in a rough sea
and while landing a fish the fisherman often has to keep one leg on
the tiller so that his chances of going overboard seem fairly good,
and once overboard with the engine running and his rubber boots
too heavy for swimming, his only chance is to be picked up by some
other boat.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 25

Engines. Boat engines are of one and two cylinders, the majority
being one-cylinder. The two-cylinder engines are nearly all 12 horse-
power. The one-cylinder engines develop 6 or 8 horsepower capable
of giving a boat speed of about seven miles per hour. The Hicks
engine is the most popular engine for trolling boats, but there are
many Standard engines in use. In all there are about 20 different
makes used, including the Ford automobile engine. Eastern engines
built for pleasure boats are also used, such as the Buffalo and Scrips.
Most of the boats under 30 feet long have a one-cylinder and boats
over 30 feet have a two-cylinder engine.

Sjjeed of Boats. Wlien trolling the engine is choked down till the
boat travels at from 2 to 4 miles per hour, 2^ to 3 miles is usually
preferred. The speed is greater when fishing near the surface. The
deeper the lines the slower the boat is run. This is partially based
on the theory that the fish on the surface are more active in taking
bait or spoon and that fish deeper are more easily tempted by an
object moving more slowly. A greater influence in slowing down
for deep fishing is the fact that the line may be given a deeper set
with the addition of but few extra weights. The slower the speed the
deeper the set for a given amount of leads and hauling in a deep
set, heavily weighted line on a rapidly moving boat with the resulting
water drag on the line is back breaking work, so that the theory of
deep fish being more sluggish fits in nicely. The speed is greater when
fishing spoons rather than bait is used. Most spoons do not have the
proper motion (spinning or side to side weaving) when the boat is
run as slowly as is customary in bait fishing.

Poles. Poles are made from yoimg peeled saplings, seasoned and
trimmed down, usually of pine, eucalyptus or Douglas fir. Many
bamboo poles are used, a single large pole or three small diameter
poles lashed together. Often a short section of bamboo is lashed to
the pole near the tip as a reinforcement at the point where a break
is most apt to occur.

For small boats a general rule is to have the length of pole equal
to the length of the boat as this is believed to give better balance.
Boats using four poles have two short poles forward and two very
long poles aft. Twenty-five feet is about the average length of pole.

Placing of Poles. Since there are many different styles of boats
used there is great variation in the arrangement and position of the
poles on the boat, each fisherman following his own ideas to best fit
the deck plan of his boat. In some cases the poles are far forward,
in most cases amidships and in some cases far aft. When the boat
is small and of narrow beam the poles are usually crossed so that the
base of the starboard pole rests in the scuppers of the port gunwale.
This arrangement does not require a mast. In large boats the poles
are used with a short mast, the base of the pole fitting into a socket
or bolted at the foot of the mast. Since the distance from the mast
foot to the gunwale is short, the pole when under strain has a great
leverage. The strain is relieved by guy lines run from the bows.
When very long poles are used even on larger boats they are some-
times crossed thus giving a longer pole base support within the boat.

Pole Supports. In all cases the pole has a vertical support on the
gunwale to give the tip the necessary elevation. These supports may
be simply two boards nailed together like a letter X, or a single board

26

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

with a U notch ent in tlie upper end to receive the pole. Some have
a notcli cut to curve aft so that the pole jams in and is held down
tight when the boat rolls violently. Other supports are made by bend-
ing the end of an iron rod into a U-shaped receiver for the pole.

Stoiring Poles. When not trolling the poles are seldom left spread
because of the danger of being broken. In some cases they are laid on
deck along tlie gunwales, sometimes lashed to the top of the house with
their bases in the bows, often drawn up vertically beside the short
mast, fitting in notches at the mast liead. Sometimes the pole base
is hinged so that the poles may be lowered aft against the top of the
house. In a few cases the mast is set on a hinged base so that mast
and poles may be low^ered at night or to pass under a bridge.

Pole Line. In trolling the main line is not attached to the pole
directly. There is a short large-sized line or "pole line" with one end
tied to the pole tip and the other end provided Avith a snap hook which
is snapped into the main line at any desired point. The upper portion
of the main line then hangs loose from the snap to the stern of the
boat and provides a very convenient method of pulling in the line,
since the pole line and snap are from 15 to 25 feet out from the
stern while trolling.

Fig. 13. Diagram showing gear arrangement on a salmon boat.

The pole line is a few feet longer than the pole so that it may be
unsnapped from the main line and snapped into a cord loop on the
gunwale near the stern when the main line is being hauled or when
the poles are stowed against the mast. This arrangement easily allows
the main line to be fished at any desired depth. The snap may be used
in the loop of any lead or in loops tied in the main line two and one-
half or five fathoms apart. The main line loop is made by doubling
back the line and tying a simple hard knot leaving two or three inches
free to form the small loop, just enough to receive the snap conveniently.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

27

Plan of Rig. Although there is great variation in details of the
arrangement of weights and line the "taper line" is almost univer-
sally used. The taper line is heavy (large) at the top, tapering in size
toward the bottom. The size of the leads also tapers off, with the
lightest at tlie bottom. The object of the tapering size of line is largely
to avoid loss of the whole line when the lower hooks catch on rocks.

Arangemen^ of Taper Line^^

/Mainline M6econcll.ead "/Od Crhraada)

7/h. Lead

^Bef^eeZ"''<>r><J^''leods *60.

Beh^ r''leod "33.

Fig. 14. Diagram showing arrangement of a taper Ime.

The strain breaks the line only part way up so that only the bottom
portion is lost. Also the decreasing size of line and leads decreases the
water drag on the lower portion where the drag is hardest. The
tapering size of leads toward the bottom has the effect of allowing the
far end of the line to trail out more nearly approaching the horizontal,
thus bringing the bottom three or four hooks within a more limited
vertical range. This plan of rig allows great variation in depth of
fishing without changing the rig. When it is desired to fish near the
surface the bottom three leads and leaders may be paid out, the
lightness of rig being an advantage. To increase the depth, one or two
more leaders are paid out. When all leaders are out the depth is
increased by paying out more main line (up to 10 fathoms. Over
10 fathoms greater depth is best obtained by adding more lead) .

When a school is located the depth of the school may be determined
by noticing which hook is taken and the taper line is then lowered till
the second or third hook from the bottom is at the determined depth.
Thus the bottom four hooks are brought close to the desired depth.

In taper lines the size of the line is tapered by three or often four
changes in size. There is no uniform plan of taper lines approved
more than another. An arrangement often used is a No. 108 main line
to the second lead from the top, No. 60 line between the third and
fourth leads and No. 33 or No. 30 below the fourth lead. (See para-
graph on Line Sizes.)

28 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Another plan of rig rarely used is very different from tlie taper line
in tliat the object is to have the hooks fall at approximately equal
tlistaiices apart vertically instead of within a limited vertical range.
In this plan a uniformly heavy line is used (No. 144 for example)
■with the leads arranged just the opposite to the taper-line plan, that
is, the lighter on the top and the heaviest at the bottom. With this
arrangement the line is more nearly vertical and can be given a deeper
set than the taper line. This line offers the greatest resistance in the
water and if snagged on the bottom the whole line, with all the hooks
and leads, may be lost.

Number of Lines Used. The number of lines used from a single
lioat varies from one to four with two as the usual number. Early
in open sea trolling one line was used but is seldom seen now. Nearly
all boats use two poles with a line from the tip of each pole. An
occasional boat fishes a third line directly astern but this line is lightly
weighted to keep near the surface. An occasional boat fishes four
lines from two extra long poles, in which case the two additional lines
are attached about midway out the pole. Several of the largest boats
fish four lines from four poles, two short poles placed well forward
and two long poles placed about at the boat's greatest beam in order
that these lines may be as far out as possible to avoid tangling with the
forward lines.

Whatever the arrangement of lines, care is used to keep the lines
separated to avoid tangling while set or while hauling in. The fisher-
man stands in the cockpit or on the deck far aft so that he may '
control the tiller with his foot while hauling in. In good weather the
tiller is often disregarded but in a strong wind or current a fairl}'-
straight course is kept because a sharp turn is apt to tangle lines.

Numher of Hool's per Line. The number of hooks used on each
line varies from one to nine but five or six is the usual number. ]\Iost
of the lines are rigged with six hooks (or spoons). Lines rigged with
nine hooks are sometimes used in prospecting but when fish are located
and fishing is begun the number is reduced by removing leaders and
leads. A two-hook line is occasionally used in surface fishing.

Li^ie Sizes. The line commonly used is a cotton seine-line which is
made in three grades, soft, medium and hard laid. For trolling the
liard laid line is used. Practically all line used is made up of three
strands twisted, each strand being made up of a number of threads.
A four strand line is rarely used. The sizes of line are designated
by a number w^hich represents the total number of threads. For
example No. 30 is a line of 30 threads to each of the three strands.
Up to No. 36 the sizes are numbered at the addition of each three
threads, as No. 21, No. 24, No. 27, etc. From 36 to 60 the addition
of six threads is used in numbering, as No. 36, No. 42, No. 48, No. 54,
No. GO. Above 60 the size numbers designate the addition of twelve
threads as No. 60, No. 72, No. 84, No. 96, No. 108, No. 120, No. 132,
No. 144, No. 156. The sizes of line commonly used range from No. 21
to No. 156.

The main line varies greatly in size according to the arrangement of
leads. With a deepset heavy weight line No. 132, No. 144 or No. 156
is used. The upper portion (above the lea^ds) of a "Taper Line"

CiVLIFORNLV FISH AND GAME. 29

varies from No. 84 to No. 156 but sizes from No. 108 to No. 144 are
more frequently used.

Leaders are No. 21 to No. 42 but Nos. 27, 30, 33 and 36 are the
usual sizes, No. 30 being used most.

The bottom portion of the taper line is usually the same or more
frequently one size larger than the leaders. Some taper lines have
a different sized line between each two leads, as for example from
the top downward. No. 144, No. 108, No. 84, No. 60, No. 48, No. 36.
Light taper lines generally use only three sizes as No. 108 to the
second lead from the top. No. 60 between the second and fourth leads
and No. 33 below the fourth lead. A more frequent arrangement of
sizes for taper lines is four sizes — No. 144 to the first (top) lead.
No. 108 from the first to third lead, No. 60 from third to fifth lead and.
No. 33 below the fifth lead.

The size 'of line makes no apparent difference in the catch. Evidently
the fish are no more wary of a large line than of a small. The line
must be strong enough to hold the strain of a fighting salmon added
to the resistance of line and leads in the water. Beyond this the
individual preference of the fisherman determines the size. The very
large lines are better in that they do not cut the hands so much while
hauling in but they offer a decidedly greater resistance in the water
and require harder pulling and more lead.

Color of Lines. Opinions are conflicting as to the best color for
lines. Some fishermen use the white untreated line as it comes from
the store. Most fishermen tan the lines brown, more for the purpose
of preserving than making the line invisible. Some fishermen dye the
lines green, believing that this color decreases visibility and insures
better catches. Blue line is sometimes used. Many fishermen believe
that color makes no difference in the catch.

Depth of Lines. On a two-pole boat the poles are usually elevated
so that the line enters the w^ater at a point about opposite the boat's
stern. The line usually enters the water at an angle to the water
surface of 30 to 45 degrees. Water resistance then curves the line
astern. The taper line curves astern till the bottom of the line is
nearly horizontal. The actual depth reached by different types of
line is not known and makes no particular difference to the fisherman
except in avoiding snagging rocks. He is chiefly concerned with the
relative depth for his plan of rig, that is, how much line to pay out
to bring his hooks to the depth where fish are biting best that day. A
six-hook taper line with six fathoms between leaders means 30 fathoms
of line. This line is fished Math from 0 to 40 fathoms of line (above
top lead) so that a total of 70 fathoms of line may be out in extreme
cases but the greatest actual depth reached is probably not over
30 fathoms assuming the average angle of the line to be about 25
degrees to the water surface. This is an extreme case since 25 fathoms
of main line (above leads) is generally the greatest amount used and
5 to 10 fathoms are most frequently used. With 10 fathoms out (40
fathoms total) the usual depth reached is probably 20 fathoms.

With the ordinary arrangement, a total of 27 to 30 pounds of lead
and 10 fathoms of main line (above leads), the paying out of more main
line does not materially increase the depth because the water resist-
ance to the large line merely trails the whole gear astern. A greater

5—7803

30

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

c/woe SHAPe.

7op or Bc^/'afrj yictv^
SHAPC MOST ntequrvTLr useo.

TonPKoo SiNHen^

Fig. 15. Types of lead sinkers.

depth is then obtained by adding more lead rather than more main
line. The size of the main line is an important factor in depth because
a given weight will take a small line much deeper than a large line.

Leads. Although suitable lead
weights may be purchased, they are
usually homo-made, an easy method
being to bend two pieces of strap iron
into a rough boat shape pointed at
both ends and pour in the molten lead,
using a sheet of paper over sand for
bottom. Some leads are made rounded
and pointed at each end. Others are
quite carefully moulded in boat shape
witli the bottom tapered back and
smaller than the top. This Canoe shape
is intended to ride upright with the
least possible resistance to the water
but it fails of its purpose because it is
supported at an angle by the main line
and its points of attachment, being
near the top, allows the bottom to shear
off to one side (skate). The result is
that the weight meets the water broad-
side instead of bow on as intended. The
lead cast in a rough boat shape with
straight bow and stern with top and
bottom the same size and shape is the
lead most used because it rides straight without skating, is the simplest
and easiest to make and does not roll on the deck. It is generally agreed
that the best possible shape is the round lead (cigar shape) elongated
and pointed at each end. This lead offers the least possible resistance
to the water and therefore greater depth can be had with less weight,
but it has two disadvantages, the greatest of which is that it rolls on
the deck and is a great inconvenience in tangling up the lines when on
deck. It is also expensive to buy or, if home-made, very difficult to mold.
Boats coming down to the California coast from the north (especially
the Columbia River boats) frequently carry much larger leads, a com-
mon shape being a round lead of large diameter, slightly elongated with
bluntly rounded ends, the lead being more the shape of a keg than
a cigar. This same general shape is sometimes used slightly flattened
l)ut this shape usually sheers off so that the lead meets the water
broadside. Another lead occasionally seen is a very large round lead
pointed at one end and perfectly flat at the other, giving the shape
of an old style beehive.

Another type of lead is credited with obtaining the greatest depth for
a given weight. This is the "torpedo sinker," cigar-shaped but the
forward attachment to the line instead of being at the pointed end
is about one-third of the way back on one side (top) of the lead. This
method of hanging allows the forward point to dig downward into the
water with the tendency to deepen the whole line. The objections to
this lead, aside from the difficulty of rigging it, are that the free
point tangles the line on deck, the lead rolls on deck and when in

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 3l

the water it gathers up floating seaweed in the angle formed by the
line and the free point of the sinker.

The weight of a single lead in most cases varies from 2 to 10 pounds
the usual weights being 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 pounds. Occasionally a
metal ring is cast in the lead for convenience in attaching the line,
but this is apt to cut the line. The usual method is to bore a hole
through the end of the lead and tie in a short piece of heavy line
leaving a long loop or "strap" into which the main line may be tied
with a bowline. An occasional fisherman rigs his leads with a swivel
snap at each end so that the lead may be easily exchanged for a lead
of a difl^erent size. This would be particularly convenient in prospect-
ing and experimental fishing.

Amount of Lead. There is little uniformity in the total amount
of lead used, each fisherman having his own ideas. Lines carry from
4 to 40 pounds of lead, 18 to 35 pounds being the most general range
for taper lines of 6 hooks, with 27 pounds as the weight most
frequently used. For surface fishing as little as four pounds of lead
(two 2-pound leads) is sometimes used on a two-hook line.

In taper lines no arrangement can be considered typical but the
weight is often distributed somewhat as follows from top to bottom —
7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 3, totaling 33 pounds. Fishermen preferring less weight
have some such arrangement as 7, 6, 4, 4, 3, 3, totaling 27 pounds. A
frequently used total weight for a six-hook taper line is 29 pounds
arranged 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, pounds. Many of the fishermen that fish
five hooks use as much or more lead than on the six-hook lines. The
arrangement on such a five-hook line is frequently 10, 8, 4, 5, 3, total-
ing 30 pounds. Heavy deep set lines, though rarely used, are arranged
from top to bottom somewhat as follows — 4,, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, totaling
37 pounds.

On any one line the amount of lead used is not fixed but varies
from day to day and may be changed several times during a day.

Leaders. Each hook (or spoon) is attached to the main line by a
"leader" or short line 3 to 6 fathoms long. The weighted main line
extends downward at an angle allowing the unweighted leader to
trail out behind horizontally.

The length of the leader depends on the distance between leaders
on the main line, the leaders being a little shorter than the distance
between leaders. This is to avoid tangling in ease the boat stops and
the lines hang straight down, and also while hauling in the line. The
distances used most commonly are 6 fathoms between leaders with a
5^-fathom leader. Another plan of rig frequently used is 3^-fathom
leaders placed 4 fathoms apart. This rig with 4 fathoms between
leaders allows more hooks within a limited vertical range when a
school is located and found to be biting at a fairly uniform depth.

Attachment of Leader to Main Line. Leaders are attached to the
main line from one to two feet above the lead sinkers, the usual
distance being 18 to 20 inches. When ocean trolling for salmon
started on the coast, it was the practice to attach the leader to the
loop at the upper end of the lead but it was found that a hooked
fish in fighting would tear loose from the hook because the heavy
lead supported by the taut line offered too much resistance to the
sudden jerk. For this reason the leader is a little above the lead so

32

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

that the taut main line will give more; spring to Uut suddeu jerking
of tlie fish. The bottom leader is usually attached to the bottom of
the last lead in taper lines and in order to offer a less solid resistance
to the fighting fish a light rather tlian a heavy lead is used at the
bottom, a three-poimd lead being most frequently used.

-/flfcow/ Z iochfS Jre-^^een Jtno^^

l-^f tar- r,„^„„y j^„„ ^.^^ .^^ W><./,.^^ -

Fig. 16. Diagram showing metliod of attacl^ment of leader to line.

The usual method of attaching the leader is to tie a "running knot"
in the main line which leaves the line straight as if threaded through
three or four wraps of itself. The name "running knot" refers to the
fact that the line runs straight through but the knot itself is perfectly
solid. The line is then threaded through one ring of a swivel and
anotlier running knot tied at from two to four inches from the first.
The leader is then tied into the other ring of the swivel with a bowline.
The swivel protects the main line from being twisted by the leader
and the distance between knots allows some play for the leader Avithout
crawling up or slipping down. The Avire ring of the swivel is apt to
wear on the lower knot and to avoid this a short wire section is some-
times inserted in the main line. This wire is about two inches long,
threads through a swivel ring and looped at each end with the ends
wrappcul into a .shoulder to keep the swivel. The main line is tied
with a bowline into each loop of this wire section. By this arrangement
the swivel plays on wire but the strain of the whole line now falls on
the loop of the bowline bearing on the wire loop and this is apt
to cut under a heav.y strain.

Bait vs. Spoons. There is the greatest divergence of opinion among
iishermen on the relative merits of spoon and bait. One fisherman
will remain in because no fresh bait is available, another will use
nothing but spoons, another insists on having both, Avhile most fisher-
men change from one to the othei' at different times in the season. At
Fort Bragg, for instance, there is a general belief that the spoons are
more successful during the early part of the season and that bait is
better for the latter part of the season. The majority of fishermen

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

33

prefer fresh bait, but when it is difficult to get or expensive, they
use spoons. At Monterey most of the Japanese prefer spoons through-
out the season and most of the white fishermen prefer bait at all
times even when it has to be purchased at from 15 cents to $2 a
bucketful.

A few half-hearted experiments have been tried by using one line
baited and the other rigged with spoons, but such trials have been
brief and the findings merely personal opinion rather than actual
figures of the catch.

A fresh sardine about seven inches long is almost universally pre-
ferred as bait. Squid tear off the hook. Anchovies are too small.
Salted and formalin-preserved sardines are occasionally used but
without much success, generally attributed to the loss of the bright
shining appearance of the fresh fish.

Spoons. A variety of spoons are used, no one being a universal
favorite. A number of fishermen prefer the hook attached solidly
to the spoon (as in the Dubrow) because they believe that the salmon
is more apt to be hooked, claiming that the swinging hook is apt to
be brushed aside. Some fishermen prefer the Wilson spoon with a
free swinging hook that is attached about one-third of the way up
the spoon, because thej^ believe this arrangement is more apt to hook
the fish. However, most makes of spoons have the hook swinging from
the lower end of the spoon, as in the McMahon, Diamond and Kewell-
Stewart.

0

^

rri^DC A^AKh K-. HONf MADE SPOON.

A.L. InllLSON. No.eB.

DIAMOND /Vo. e.

Fig. 17. Various types of salmon spoons.

34

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Tlie chief consideration in any spoon is its shape to govern its motion
in the water. Although the spoons are of polished silver plating or
brass to attract salmon by their shining, it is their action in the water
resembling a swimming sardine that is most important. Some spoons
are designed to spin in the water with a wriggling motion. Most spoons
zigzag Avhile constantly tipping from side to side so that the broad
shining surface is displayed as often as possible. The Dubrow spoon
for instance is curved to give a zigzag motion when trolled slowly
and the tails are curved propeller fashion to spin the spoon when
moving more rapidly. The McMahon spoon was the most popular at
Fort Bragg during the 1920 season. This spoon tips rapidly from side
to side when trolled and follows a fairly straight course. This tipping
is continued even when the speed is greatly slowed down and the
Mc^rahcn's popularity is largely due to the fact that it can be
trolled slower than most other spoons. The Stewart and Wilson spoons
tip less from side to side but follow a more zigzag course. Fishermen
w-ho have used Dubrow, "Wilson, Stewart and McMahon spoons almost
equally throughout a season claim to have had equal success with all
four spoons but favor the Mc^Iahon because it is successful at a slower
speed. There are quite a few home-made spoons in use, the spoon being
cut from a sheet of plated brass. A successful home-made spoon is
made on the Dubrow plan by riveting in a No. 11 or No. 12 long-
shanked eye hook. Home-made spoons of the Kewell-Stewart type
are most frequently used and are more easily made than the other types.
The Wilson type is also seen frequently and is comparatively easy to
make.

HAnflY M'MAHON *» 7

o

HtWELL-STlWAfir M) 7

DUBfOhf SPOON fJO.7.

Fig. is. Various type.s of salmon spoons

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

35

J?

The size of the spoon does not vary greatly, No. 6 and No. 7 being
the favorites. MeMahon No. 7 is used most although some No. 6 are
used. The No. 6 Dubrow is used more than the No. 7. In Kewell-
Stewart spoons No. 7 is used most. In Diamond spoons, No. 6 is
preferred.

Bait Hooks. When fresh bait is used (sardines almost universally)
the hook is passed twice through the head (through the eyes) of the
sardine so that a couple of firm hitches are made on the head by the
line. The sardine is then bent to one side at about the same curve as
that of the hook and the hook passed through the body longitudinally,
in at the mouth and the curve of the hook out at the anal opening
leaving the shank of the hook inside the body. Because of this pre-
ferred method of attaching the bait a long shanked hook with a knob
head is used. The knob, much like the head of a finishing nail, is the
diameter of the shank and is formed by the shank diameter being
reduced just below the knob.

Many of the hooks are made in Norway, especially the Kirby hooks,
which have a slant to one side in addition to the curve so that the point
sets at an angle to the shank. Most fishermen prefer a straight hook
without the side slant and the Kirby hooks are often straightened in a
vise before using. In all hooks the point is considered to bend in too
sharply toward the shank and most fishermen bend the points outward
a little before using.

When using a short-
shanked hook the bait is
more apt to be swallowed by
the salmon and the hook is
then difficult to extract and
the leader is more apt to be
cut on the teeth of the fish.
A hook wnth a large diam-
eter at the curve is pre-
ferred because it is less apt
to tear out of the salmon's
mouth.

The sizes used range from
No. 9 (small) to No. 13
(large), sizes 11, 12, and 13
being used mo.st. There is
a quite general belief among
fishermen that the first of
the season runs small fish
and the end of the season
large fish. Some fishermen
therefore use No. 11 sized
hooks at the first of the sea-
son and No. 13 toward the
end of the season. No. 12 is
the most popular size for
bait hooks.

Hooh and Spoon Leaders. A No. 33 cotton leader attached to the
hook knob would be too large for convenient threading through the
bait. For this reason a short hook-leader is used, a line of Irish linen

Fig. 19. Kirby hook No. 12. Natural size.

36 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

being preferred as it is small, light, pliable, and strong. The most
popular make is the Cuttyliimk, a three-strand linen bass line. The
sizes used range from 24 to 60 but the sizes 27 and 42 are used most
although all sizes between are occasionally used. For hook-leaders a
No. 6 or No. 7 Irish flax salmon thread doul)led is sometimes used.
Other fishermen use No. 7 airplane thread doubled and twisted. Such
thread is attached to the hook by taking a piece four or five feet long,
making a double half or clove hitch over the hook knob in the center
of the thread and twisting the ends.

The length of the hook leader varies from one and one-half to three
feet, two or two and one-half being preferred by most fishermen.

A swivel is used between the hook-leader and main cotton leader,
using a bowline at each end of the swivel. Some fishermen think that
the loop of the bowline over the Cuttyhunk leader cuts in and weakens
the leader, so they double back the end and tie a plain hard knot in
the doubled Cuttyhunk. This may be attached to the swivel end by
inserting the loop through the swivel eye and threading the hook and
leader through the free end of the loop, making a reef hitch. This
hitch also has the advantage that the hook and its leader may be
removed by unthreading without untying any knots. This same hitch
is frequently used at the lower end of the main leader where it attaches
to the swivel, especially when a wire spoon leader is used. The main
leader is less apt to cut on the swdvel eye but the chief advantage is
that the swivel, wire leader and spoon may be easily removed without
untying any knots.

When spoons are used a Cuttyhunk spoon leader is sometimes used
but a short wire leader is usually preferred because the linen thread
is apt to be cut on the fishes' teeth, and especially when a shark is
hooked or is attacking the hooked salmon. For this purpose a two or
three foot brass or plated brass wire is generally used, belt lacing wire
being the favorite as it is pliable and very strong, but it can be broken
if the fish in thrashing about gets a kinlc in the wire. To avoid this
some fishermen use piano ware since it is exceedingly strong and so stiff
that it is not kinked and broken, but its stiffness makes it much more
inconvenient to handle, especially in removing spoons. In order to
overcome this inconvenience some fishermen use some form of home-
made stiff wire snap or fastener to free the spoon. This snap is
sometimes inserted just below the swivel so that the wire leader is
removed with the spoon, or just above the swivel of the spoon so that
the wire leader remains attached to the main cotton leader. Some
such scheme for easily removing the spoons is a great convenience
because the wet spoons soon tarnish when left exposed to the air. To
prevent tarnishing the spoons should be removed at the end of the day's
fishing and placed in a bucket of salt w^ater or wet sand.

The swivels used are of two types. INTost spoons sold in the stores
have the closed or barrel type attached but the wire knobs inside the
barrel may wear dowm and break. The open type of swivel is preferred
because the Avire knobs can be seen through the openings and the
sAnvel exchanged for a new one Avhen wearing occurs.

Markers. In prospecting for a school a boat may be trolling for
some time with no sign of fish and then suddenly have two or three
strikes at once on each line. By the time the fisherman hauls in and
resets each line considerable time has elapsed and the boat has covered

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 37

quite a distance. It is then difficult to circle back and pick up the
spot where the strikes occurred. Some fishermen carry a marker
that may be heaved overboard at the point where the strikes occur so
that the place can be picked up again without trouble.

The marker is a small float that supports a light flagged pole 6
to 10 feet long. The lightest marker is a cork float about 18 inches
square and 4 inches thick, supporting a bamboo pole. The float
is often of wood. The flagpole is passed through the float and weighted
on the bottom end to insure floating upright.

Detecting a Strike. The drag of the line bends the pole tip back-
ward. The rolling of the boat causes a motion of the pole tip due to
lessening and increasing strain, but this slow movement with the boat
roll is easily recognized and not confused with the more rapid jerking
of the pole tip when a salmon is hooked.

Stiff poles are more apt to break wath the sudden extra strain of a
boat 'roll. In some cases this is obviated by using a coiled wire spring
at the pole tip, but springs have not met with general favor.

Landing Fish. Hauling in the line takes some time and the hooked
salmon has time to wear himself out fighting against the drag of the
leads so that pulling him alongside is usually a hard dead pull without
excitement. In shallow short-line fishing the salmon is more quickly
pulled in and often puts up a hard fight, charging back and forth, even
jumping elear of the water, tangling the gear generally and sometimes
wrecking it. Silver salmon are credited with fighting much harder
than Chinooks. Small Chinooks are said to fight harder than large fish,
but this is probably due to the fact that small fish are more frequently
hooked near the surface and on the shorter lines.

Some fishermen use a large landing net to bring the fish on deck,
but a gaff hook is more commonly used. Sometimes the fish is so
exhausted that he may be landed by a hand inserted in his gills. To
prevent the fish flopping on deck he is killed by clubbing over the head
with the gaff hook or a special club carried for the purpose.

Hauling in Lines. Practically all hauling in is done by hand. A
few fishermen have small drums operated by the engine with rod and
gearing, but this power hauling saves only the first (and hardest) pull
to the first leader as weights and leaders can not be wound on the drum.

To prevent the line cutting the hands most men wear over the fingers
a three or four inch section of automobile rubber inner tubing. The
stores sell rubber "clinchers," which are a circular band of thick
rubber with a sunken grove for the line and intended to be worn over
the hand as is the auto tubing. The clinchers seem to serve better
when cut in two and a cord used over the back of the hand instead
of the complete rubber ring.

The line is coiled on the deck or in a small cracker box with the
hooks inserted in notches in their proper order. The leaders are coiled
separately from the main line in a smaller coil near the hook so that
the bait or spoon can be thrown far out and tangling avoided.

Lost Fish. An attempt was made to learn the percentage of strikes
that are lost but no records are kept and the opinions of fishermen are
at such variance that nothing of value was learned. The percentage
of lost fish evidently varies from time to time, possibly with the degree
of hunger of the fish. Fishermen claim that on some days one-third
of the strikes are lost, but on other days practically every fish is landed.

38 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

Whether or not small Chinooks are lost more than the large was not
determined. The majority of fishermen think that many more small
fish are lost than large, but they cannot be sure but that the small
fish were silver salmon in most eases. Opinion is agreed that silver
salmon are lost more than Chinooks and two reasons are given. Silvers
are said to fight harder and their mouths are more tender. It is
noticeable in looking over a mixed catch of the two species that many
of the silver salmon have the lower jaw torn apart.

Salmon after being securely hooked are of ten ' attacked by enemies
that are following the school. This is apparently more common in the
northern waters, but is not uncommon at Monterey. Sea lions and
seals are said to play a part, but sharks are the chief offenders. Sharks
are often seen following a hooked salmon while the lines are being
hauled in, even coming alongside, pursuing the salmon till he is hauled
out on deck. It is no uncommon thing to see a 15-pound salmon
delivered that has been bitten in two, leaving only the head and a
little of the body on the hook. Spoons, leaders and leads are often
lost from sharks biting off the lines and trolling is seriously interfered
with, particularly along the northern coast and especially at Nogo
and Shelter Cove.

THE FUTURE OF THE SARDINE.*

By Will F. Thompson.

Our greatest fishery is that for the sardine ; indeed, it is overwhelming
in importance, constituting during January, February and March of
1920 about 85 per cent of the total fish of all kinds taken. Will the
sardine remain, or will it vanish at times as does its cousin the herring
of the North Atlantic, and as the sardine itself probably does in British
Columbia and Alaska? Upon the answer to that question depend
millions of dollars and the welfare of a great industry. What are we
doing to answer it?

We have not known thus far whether or not our sardine fishery is
subject to great fluctuations — its history is so brief, having begun in
1914. It is possible to surmise that it is, because in the North Pacific
this same species of sardine was practically unknown until two years
ago — indeed the occasional specimen that was taken with the herrings
was hailed as a curious stranger. Then they came in a great flood,
cluttering the traps and the nets, and a canning industry of importance
sprang into being. And if they were lacking once they may well be
lacking again, not only in British Columbia but in California. So the
most ordinary business sense dictates an energetic inquiry into the
probability that such great changes will occur in California, and into
the chance of foreseeing them.

This is, you will note, entirely aside from the chance of overfishing.
And we do not know enough about our Pacific fisheries to know whether
they can stand anything approaching the strain that the Atlantic
herring and sardine have stood. Perhaps even in the Atlantic it is
possible that the herring or sardine will one day suffer from man's

* California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 22.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 39

operations as have other species. Our experiences on this coast have
not been reassuring — that is certain — as witness the disastrous story
of the halibut and salmon, for which our only great fisheries existed
before the sardine and albacore became of importance. But before we
can discuss overfishing, before we can tell whether it is happening, we
must know something about those great fluctuations mentioned above,
which may be confused with it. Indeed, in the sardine fishery the
great natural changes in abundance may be so overwhelming as to
completely overshadow depletion.

To the study of these changes in abundance we have therefore
addressed ourselves earnestly, along lines suggested by a scrutiny of the
phenomena in the herring and other fisheries. It has been shown that
the relative success of the spawning seasons is of predominant import-
ance in explaining these changes. It has been found in the herring
fishery that in some given year the spawning was very successful, and
that the result was a vast number of herrings of a single age, and as
year after year this great age-group became older it made the fishery
very successful for that particular size to which it had attained.

To make this point clear a diagram is attached which, while it does
not represent the actual condition in any particular fishery, may for
our purposes be thought of as applying to that for the sardine.

The successive years are shown at the various levels, and the ages are
shown in succession from left to right. With each passing year the
groups fall each into the next higher age class, and thus the predomi-
nating group passes successively through the ages from the third to
the eighth. The oblique line traces its eourse. The height of the blocks
represents the relative importance of the particular age considered in
the catch. It will be noticed that each age-group becomes smaller as
the years go on, because of the annual natural death of a certain
proportion, in this case assumed to be a fourth.

In the case of the herring a successful period of fishing was ushered
in by the incoming of just such a highly successful age group as is first
shown in the third year old class on the diagram, and a poor period
was characterized by its lack. Such a phenomenon may be happening
in our sardine fishery; and we are analyzing the catch to see whether
it is or not.

For instance, during last season, the first we investigated, the group
we may regard as being in their fourth year predominated and made,
at Monterey, a good pack for "half-pound oval" cans, much as the
dominating class in our diagram was in 1904. Will this year's catch
be of fish one year older, hence less choice, and will the next be of fish
two years older? Or will the catch continue to be of the same size
and equally good for packing such cans 1 In other words, do the age-
groups of fish vary widely in their abundance, as we have represented
in the diagram, and will the fishery vary between success or failure
with their growth in size, and with the presence or absence of a success-
ful year? The packer, wondering whether the fishery is to remain
good, and whether he will be able to pack "quarter oil" sizes, or obtain
good "half-pound oval" sizes, naturally wishes to know the answer. We
already have the catch of last year analyzed. What will our analysis
this year show ? It should, if we obtain our material and know from it

40

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

..... 1

_pg

■

1

^1^^

\

i

\

M

1

\

b

\

1

^

H

«E

Fig. 20. Diagram showing theoretical effect of an abun-
dant age group on the catch of successive years. The
lieight of the blocks represents the relative abundance. If
the diagram is thought of as applying to the sardine fishery,
the following classification might hold :

Age I — Too small for canning.
II — "Quarter Oil" sizes.
Ill and IV — "Half-pound Oval" sizes.
V to VIII — Pound Oval and larger.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 41

whether the predominating class is a year older, answer the questions
of the packer, and indicate what we may expect in the future. Per-
haps, when we know the exact rate of growth, we may be able to
prophesy very exactly the character of the catch. Who knows, indeed ?

But note the proviso, if tve knoiv the rate of groivth. That indicates
the importance of the fact upon which it is necessary to lavish much
care and thought. It is a cornerstone for our edifice. So we are
concentrating upon age and rate of growth.

Yet this knowledge of age is not sufficient unto itself. We must
know whether our analysis of the catch really shows which age predomi-
nates. And there is only one way to do that, namely to take extensive
series of samples for observation and comparison throughout the year.
So there are two men stationed, one at JMonterey and one at San Pedro,
who are doing nothing else. Last year we obtained a great series of
samples and are subjecting it to the closest analysis to see whether the
age that predominates does so because of its actual abundance or
because of some influencing factor. And so, also, the same is being done
this year for comparison, to see whether the dominating class does
become a year older. So far as we know, no fisheries investigation has
been based as thoroughly and as carefully as will be that of the sardine.

And so we are confident that we will be able to answer the queries
of the packer and the fishermen. We will be able to determine whether
or not the fishery is to be one that varies gi'eatly from success to failure
through periods of years. We will be able to prophesy, if it is possible,
as to the character of the coming catch.

But our objects are also to meet many other queries of the dealer,
the packer, the fisherman, the legislator and the public, and what we
have said in this article covers but one phase of our investigations ;
there are others as important. And we hope ultimately to be able to
meet competently and scientifically that grave question which always
awaits us in all discussions of the fisheries, that of the presence, the
absence or the probability of overfishing, and its remedies.

42

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California State Fish and Game
Commission.

Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho-
logical, mammalogical and similar period-
icals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the California
Fish and Game Commission. Editors of
new^spapers and periodicals are invited
to make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

FEBRUARY, 1921.

Ignorance of the law Is no excuse for
violation of it. Therefore, because of
continual changes, it is most necessary
that you acquaint yourself with the exist-
ing statutes before going afield.

A SALIVION NUMBER.

Certain details of the life history of
the Chinook salmon, one of California's
finest food fishes, have long been a
mystery. Does a salmon always return to
the stream where it was born? Why do
salmon refuse food when in fresh water?
Where do the two- and three-year-old
salmon feed when in the ocean? Answers
to these questions are being sought by
scientists to complete our knowledge of
the life and habits of this notable fish.
In this January issue of California
Fish and Game we present a "Salmon
number" containing sieveral contributions
bearing on the above points which merit
thorough perusal by all our readers. Not
only are these papers of more than ordi-
nary interest so far as subject matter is
concerned, but those by Dr. J. O. Snyder
and W. L. Scofield are published results
of the marking experiments and other
investigations on salmon undertaken by
the California Fish and Game Com-
mission.

KLAMATH RIVER SALMON THREAT-
ENED WITH EXTERMINATION.

The Electro-Metals Company of San
Francisco and Mr. A. P. Seybold ot
San Francisco, have each applied to the
Federal Power Commission for prelimi-
nary permits to build dams on the

Klamath River to divert water for
power projects. One of these projects is
located above the town of Orleans and
the other a few miles below this place.
Nothing in recent years has so threat-
ened the salmon fishery as these pro-
posals. The Klamath River still has a
good run of salmon. A large cannery is
located at the mouth of the river and
large numbers of fish are used for food
by people living along the stream. A
large take of salmon eggs for the use of
the hatchery is also secured on the
Klamath River near Hornbrook. If the
Federal Power Commission permits the
building of these dams, 90 per cent of
the spawning ground of the salmon in
this river will be destroyed and ultimately
the whole salmon run.

The power companies will argue that
fish ladders can be built over the dams.
Ladders, of course, could be built, but
there is little chance that they would
be successful on dams 100 feet high, or
over. Furthermore, such fishways would
be an impediment to the young salmon
attempting to reach the ocean from the
spawning grounds. Nor could a success-
ful hatchery be maintained below these
dams, for the salmon reaching such a
station would not be mature and it
would be impossible to hold them until
ready for spawning.

The catch in the Sacramento River and
other rivers in Alaska has fallen off
during the past few years, and unless
some of the better streams are protected
as spawning grounds for these fish, the
salmon will soon be a thing of the past.
There is no opposition to power projects
in general, but there is opposition to pro-
jects which destroy spawning grounds of
salmon and other food fishes. Other
streams where there is a poor salmon
run, as' for instance the Trinity River,
should be utilized rather than the best
of our salmon streams.

It is to be hoped that the above appli-
cants will be denied permits and that the
Klamath River and its tributaries will
be permanently maintained as spawning
grounds for salmon and steelhead, and
thus continue to be a source of supply
for the fishing industry and a resort for
the angler.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

43

IN MEMORIAM.

RALPH W. REQUA.
Ralph W, Requa, a former trusted
employee of the Fish and Game Commis-
sion, departed this life July 7, 1920. Ht
was born at Xenia, Kansas, November 26,
1874, being the son of George W. Requa,
one of the pioneers of Kansas and a
prominent citizen and politician.

Ralph Requa graduated from the
schools of his native state and at the age
of eighteen entered the United States
Postal Service as a delivery mail clerk,
1'his work was not to his liking, as he
was interested in the conservation of
fishes, so he soon entered the employ of
the United States Bureau of Fisheries.

For several years he was employed
as a messenger in the distribution of
fish by the Federal Bureau of Fish-
eries, and the knowledge he obtained
iu traveling over the different sec-
tions of the United States in this
work, was of great value to him later.
Mr. Requa resigned from the Bu-
reau of Fisheries iu June, ISDj, to
accept a position with the California
Fish and Game Commission. He
was placed in charge of the distri-
bution work at Sisson Hatchery and
subsequently became foreman and
assistant superintendent, greatly as-
sisting in the building up of this
hatchery, as his practical knowledge
was of great value in all lines of fish-
cultural work. Considerable of his
energies were devoted to the improve-
ment of automatic screens for the
saving of fish from destruction in ditches
and canals, and he patented several de-
vices for this purpose. Many of the best
screens in the state have been installed
under his direction.

His arduous duties as superintendent
of one of the first distribution cars under-
mined his health and for the last six
years he was employed only periodically
by the Commission on screens and
aquarium exhibitions, although in charge
of the salmon experimental work at the
experimental station in Bidwell Park
near Chico. An expert on the arranging
and placing of fish in acquariums, his
work at the different county and state
fairs attracted wide attention.

He was married to Florence Getchell
in 1001. Her death in November, 1918,
hastened his end. He left two children,
Francis and George Requa.

Untiring in his efforts in all lines of
fishculture, there was no day too long
or task too hard for him if he thought
the work depended on his services. He
was one of the faithful employees who
have made the work of the California
Fish and Game Commission one of the
most successful of any in this or any
other state.

Ralph Reqira was a man of the highest
integrity, and his associates will ever
remejnber him as a kind friend and a
loyal champion of those whom he trusted
as his friends. No nobler tribute can be
paid him than the following extract from

Ralph W. Requa.

a letter written by a friend and colaborer
of his in the work of the Fish and Game
Commission : "He went with me into the
high mountains and started me right In
the fish planting business. I learned him
then, the heart of him, as men will do
when all alone in the high country. I
formed a strong attachment for him and
have always held it. He was another
example of a faithful employee, martyr
to a cause."

In the passing of Ralph Requa, the
state has lost a good citizen, his children,
a kind and loving father, and the Com-
mission a dependable and faithful em-
ployee.—W. H. S.

44

CALIFORNIA I'lSH AN'n (iAME.

THE 1920 BIENNIAL REPORT.
The Fish and Game Commission's 1920
bieuuial report to the Governor will be
ofif the press early in the year. It is to
be bound in an attractive cover giving
a four-color rei)roduction of a Ix)cli Levezi
trout. The report will contain full state-
ments of the work and accomplishraonts
of the past two fiscal years by department
heads, together with many illustrations.
The appendi.x will include statistical re-
ports on fish planting, license sales,
arrests, seizures and expenditures. In
spite of war economy, the Commission
has made a remarkable showing. Out-
standing features of the past biennium
are: Th? successful rc-aring and plant-
ing of over 30,01)0,000 trout and over
2lJ,5CO,000 salmon ; the splendid adminis-
tration of commercial fisheries and val-
uable scientific researcli connected there-
with: the establishment of a great chain
of game refuges; and a worth wliile edu-
cational and ])ubli(it.\' campaign.

SPORTSMEN'S AND ANGLERS'
ORGANIZATIONS.

The sportsmen's and anglers' organiza-
tions of California or any state may be
considered as wild life ecfucational assets.
Through them a greater number of people
are made familiar with the fish and game
laws ; right sportsmanship is stimulated
and the importance of conservation It
better appreciated. The Fish and Game
Commission stands ready to encourage
these clubs in any way possible, for it
feels that by cooperating with them both
the sportsmen and the Commission will be
benefited ; the sportsmen will be more
alert to the work of the Commission in
its effort to insure the ever increasing
numbers of fishermen and hunters with
an adequate supply of fish and game, and
the Commission by being more in touch
with the people, will be better prepared
to meet their demands and any lurking
spirit of diss'sitisfaction.

The Commission feels that it can be of
service to these organizations by loaning
its splendid wild life films (or stereopti-
con slides) and providing a lecturer to
explain the pictures, when desired, and
acting as a clearing house for dependable
information on game resources, fis'h and
game conditions and fish and game laws.

PROPOSED FEDERAL HUNTING
LICENSE.

Those interested in the working out of
the Migratory Bird Treaty Act are dis-
turbed over the small appropriation avail-
able for the enforcement of the act and
the consequent small number of federal
game wardens. The congressional ai)i/ro-
priation of .i?142.;'i<X) permits the employ-
ment of hut 29 salaried wardens.

That sentiment favors a stronger gov-
ernmental support of the measure is evi-
denced by the action taken by the
International Association of Fish, Game
and Conservation Commissioners. At its
recent meeting in Ottawa, the association
adopted a resolution calling for the issu-
ance of federal licenses for hunting
migratory birds. Licenses in the form of
special stamps' to be issued by postmasters
and attached to state licenses were recom-
mended. It was estimated that the
revenue from such licenses would amount
to between !i;i,000,000 and $2,000,000, an
adequate sum to be used for the protection
of game.

GOLDEN TROUT.

Golden trout received wide distribution
owing to the successful results in the
hatching and rearing of golden trout at
the Mount Whitney Hatchery in Inyo
County. The California Fish and Game
Commission has been able to stock many
barren streams and lakes in the southern
Sierra with golden trout. Until recently
the stocking of streams was dopandent
upon the capturing of golden trout by
hook and line and the transportation of
the fish thus caught. Now the Mount
Whitney Hatchery has an output of
nearly one million golden trout annually.

During the past fall, under the direc-
tion of Commissioner jM. J. Conuell of
Los Angeles, the golden trout fry from the
Mount Whitney Hatchery have received
wide distribution. With Deputy E. H.
Ober in charge of, the pack train, plants
have been made in tributaries to the
Middle Fork of the San Joaquin, Madera
County. Until they received their quota
of golden trout these streams were barren
of fish life. The plan is to plant desirable
streams and to keep the stock pure.
Crystal Lake, which was planted in Sep-
tember, 1918, was found this year to be
teeming with beautiful fish ranging from
five to ten inches in length.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

45

WHY?

AlthoiTS'li the Fish and Game Commis-
sion has been having splendid success in
convicting violators of the fish and game
laws, yet their efforts are occasionally
handicapped by some judge who fails to
make a conviction possible. As evidence,
the following may be cited :

Deputy Harrington arrested Mr. H.
Zirn of San Pedro for having in his
possession 250 pounds of spiny lobsters
over the size limit of sixteen inches.
Most of these lobsters measured from
seventeen to twenty-two and a half Inches
in length, and were consequently illegal.
When the case was tried by one of the
San Pedro judges, two of the lobsters
properly labeled were presented as evi-
dence, but because these lobsters had been
boiled to preserve them, the judge ruled
that the evidence had been changed and
therefore that the violator could not be
ruled guilty.

Why should such unreasonable techni-
calities be advanced allowing a guilty
violator to escape punishment?

of Richmond Harbor. These nets were
confiscated. One was found to be 1800
feet in length and the other 1600 feet,
making a total of 2400 feet of net. One
of the owners of the nets was captured
and paid a fine of $100 in addition to the
loss of the nets confiscated.

BOTTOM DROPS OUT OF THE FUR
MARKET.
According to a letter written by
Funston Brothers and Company of St.
Louis, published in the Illinois Sports-
man, October 14, 1920, the fur market is
still stocked with the bulk of last year's
catch and the above named company
advocates, therefore, little if any trap-
ping during the coming season. To ex-
plain the situation they write as follows :

"One of the principal reasons why the
dealer is carrying such an enormous stock
is due to the fact that the manufacturing
end of the business has had a strike since
last May. Ten thousand men have been
out, and a great many of them are still
out. This has resulted in the fur dealer
being compelled to carry the furs all

Fig. 21. Net 2,400 feet in length conflscated by deputies of the Fish and Game
Commission at Richmond Harbor, August 31, 1920.

NETS CONFISCATED.

On August 31, 1920, deputies A. Mack,
Bert Leahy and M. S. Clark of the Fish
and Game Commission discovered two
large "illegally" used nets at the mouth

during the manufacturing season, and he
still has them on hand with a new fur
season coming on."

It is stated that the market price of
furs will be reasonable, the fur dealers
being willing to sell at a loss, and that

46

CALIFORNLV FISH AND GAME.

until conditions improve it is advisable
that the trapper should not trap and ship
furs this season. If they do the prices
which they receive will not be remunera-
tive, as financial conditions among the
manufacturers are such that the fur
dealers will be unable to buy much of
the new fur.

Little is said of the conservation side
of the question, but in order that the
fur-bearing animals marketed should be
saved from extravagant waste, it seems
even more advisable to discourage the
seasonal trap'ping of the year.

COMMISSION COMPLIMENTED BY
BUREAU OFFICIALS.

Lewis Radcliffe and Henry O'Malley of
the United States Bureau of Fisheries
have recently been making an investiga-
tion of the fisheries of California and the
conservation work of the state's Depart-
ment of Commercial Fisheries. These
officials appeared very much pleased with
the work carried on by the California
Commission, and stated that the Bureau
of Fisheries appreciated the public spirit
of the Commission in maintaining the
preservation laboratory at San Pedro
until appropriations would allow the
Bureau of Fisheries to again support the
project.

The Bureau of Fisheries is at present
making a thorough investigation of the
methods of caring for and preserving
fishing gear in which $15,000,000 is now
invested in the United States, exclusive
of boats. I'lie life of nets and other
gear is very short under existing condi-
tions, and other ways and means of in-
creasing the length of time they can be
used are being sought.

HUNTING AND ANGLING LICENSES.
There has been a remarkable growth in
the number of hunters and anglers in the
State of California, as evidenced by the
sale of licenses. In 1914 the number of
angling licenses totalled about 84,000 and
the hunting licenses about 165,000. In
1919, the anglers numbered over 145,000
and the hunters 178,000. According to
current compilations of the number of
hunting licenses issued in the various
states, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio,
Illinois and Wisconsin, in the order
named, lead California in the number of

hunting licenses sold. In the whole United
States there are about 7,000,000 hunters
who pay a license' fee and it is estimated
that over 3,000,000 more are exempted
from the fee by various state laws.

DUCKS MOVE TO NEW FEEDING
GROUNDS.

The lack of fresh water in the larger
streams has greatly increased destruction
to pilings by the teredo in or at the
mouth of the San Joaquin-Sacramento
rivers. Many wharfs along the Carquinez
Straits have had to be abandoned and
continual repairs are being made on
others. Soft-shelled clams which hereto-
fore have been restricted to San Pablo
Bay are now thriving in Suisun Bay,
with the result that such ducks as the
canvasbaek and the lesser scaup are util-
izing the upper bay more largely as -a
feeding ground. — H. E. F.

HELP SAVE THE V^/OOD DUCK

The wood' duck, said to be the most
beautiful duck in the whole world, is
protected by federal law, but not all
shooters are able to identify the females,
or the males in immature plumage. In
an attempt to prevent the killing of wood
ducks by mistake, the Department of
Conservation of Massachusetts has issued
a poster giving colored illustrations of the
wood duck in flight, showing its different
plumages, with the request to "look
before you shoot."

The following marks for field indentifi-
cation are offered :

(1) Any duck with a white breast
found near streams or fresh-water mead-
ows in September or early October is
almost certainly a wood duck.

(2) Any ducks, which when suddenly
startled, fly away without quacking, have
the tail longer and the neck shorter than
that of the black duck, will probably be
wood ducks.

(3) Any duck which can be heard
uttering a peculiar note, sounding like
"Oo-eek." is a wood duck.

GAME LAWS FOR 1920.
The total number of game laws enacted
in 1020 probably will not exceed GO, which
is about normal for "even" years, when
only a few states hold legislative sessions.
In the laws enacted further progress was

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

47

made along the line of harmonizing state
legislation with the migratory bird treaty
act regulations.

The most important changes affecting
big game were in New York and Quebec.
New York reenacted the buck law and
limited the hunter to one buck a season.
The deer season was also modified in sev-
eral localities. In Quebec the season was
shortened 19 days' on deer and bull moose,
except in four counties, and 50 days on
caribou.

Legislation of far-reaching importance
looking to the preservation of quail and
other upland game birds included an act
of Ck)ngress, approved December 18, 1919,
prohibiting the sale of upland game birds
in the District of Columbia, and an act
in Maryland prohibiting the sale of quail,
ruffled grouse, introduced pheasant and
wild turkey in that state.

For the convenient use of .sportsmen
and others the Biological Sun'ey of the
United States Department of Agriculture
has compiled information resulting from
game legislation, and this has been pub-
lished as Farmers' Bulletin 1138. This
contains a summary of federal, state, and
provincial laws for 1920 ; a summary of
laws relating to seasons, licenses, limits,
sale and export ; disposition of game
raised in captivity ; the text of the
Lacey Act regulating interstate commerce
in game, and of the tariff act prohibiting
importation of plumage ; the law pro-
tecting birds and their eggs on federal
bird reservations; the regulation regard-
ing hunting on national forests ; the
treaty for the protection of migratory
birds: the migratory bird treaty act and
the federal and Canadian regulations ;
text of order of Secretary of Agriculture
permitting the killing of reedbirds ; a list
of officials from whom copies of game laws
may be obtained ; and a list of the pub-
lications of the Department of Agriculture
relating to game. Farmers' Bulletin 1138
may be had upon request of the United
States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

WRONG SEASON ON DOVES.

On the opening day of the dove season
(1920), the writer and one of his friends
went out for a try at the doves. We had
to go about two and a half miles to an
orchard where we found plenty of the
birds. I got thirteen and my friend got
eight. He had a twenty-two rifle and I
used a shotgun. I could have taken my
limit but I waited until I could take two
at a shot, making them come at two and a
half cents apiece.

As we started to come home we took
a longer way back in order that we might
s'hoot some jack rabbits for the dogs. I
found three dove nests while hunting for
the rabbits and my friend found four.
Two of those which I found had eggs in
them and one had squabs, almost ready to
fly. The nests which my friend found
held two eggs each. This seems to me to
demonstrate quite clearly that the dove
season opened too early. — Charles Fol-
LETT, Merced, California.

TWO DEER AT ONE SHOT.

We all hear of the man who discovers
himself short of ammunition and uses this
as an excuse for his inability to secure a
deer, but it is seldom that we hear of a
man lucky enough to secure his limit of
deer in one shot. The opening day of the
season found Fred McKenzie, an employee
of the Ukiah post oflSce, together with
friends, camped on Baldy Mountain. On
the day before leaving this camp, two
three-point bucks ap'peared standing side
by side. McKenzie pulled up and shot,
the bullet passed through the neck of the
first deer and struck the second in the
base of the brain.

Although this sounds like the usual
hunting story, it has been verified by
Fish and Game Deputy B. H. Miller.

48 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.

A more than ordinary rainfall during- the winter months so scat-
tered the ducks that bags have been small.

The comparatively small run of salmon the past year has empha-
sized the necessity of a careful scientific investigation of the life and
habits of this fish, such as is in progress.

The first of the year finds the sardine canneries burdened with a
large part of last year's pack. As the price of canned sardines
advanced in price but a very small per cent, a reduction in price to
move last year's pack means a distinct loss to the canner.

A new State Fisheries Laboratory is under construction at San
Pedro. This laboratory will afford facilities for the scientific staff
engaged in investigations on the commercial fisheries.

During the past biennial period 1891 arrests for violation of the
fish and game laws have been made, and fines totaling $46,373
collected.

State lion hunter Jay Bruce has succeeded in killing thirty moun-
tain lions during the past year. When it is known that this means
a saving of at least 1400 deer, it will be seen that the salary outlay
for Mr. Bruce is well spent.

A fisherman on the Sacramento River arrested for having illegal
nets in his possession was recently sentenced to one hundred days in
jail by Judge Quince of Benicia.

CALIPORNLV FISH AND GAME.

49

HATCHERY NOTES.

W. H. Shebley, Editor
TROUT AND SALMON DISTRIBUTION.

The distribution of trout and salmon
fry from the hatcheries and ponds of the
Commission was completed November 5.
While the numher of fry distributed
was not as great as last season, the fry
were in better condition and the distribu-
tion was systematically carried out, so
that the results obtained were very
gratifying.

With very few exceptions all the ship-
ments were under the supervision of the
car messengers and the hatchery employees
and the fry were planted in good condi-
tion. Some of the shipments were turned
over to applicants who have had several
years' experience in planting fry and who
used their efforts to make tne work ot
distribution in the streams and lakes in
which they were interested a success. On
the long trips from the railroad stations
to the interior districts, there were less
fish lost than in any previous season,
judging from the reports received from
applicants.

There were about eight thousand cans
containing sixteen and one-half million
trout fry sent out from the hatcheries, by
truck and distribution cars and, as far
as can be learned, there was only one
serious loss during the season and that
vas caused by the breaking down of a
truck. This shipment was turned over to
the Forestry officials who sent out a
driver without an assistant. Tliis driver
neglected the fish during the time that
his truck was being repaired and conse-
quently a great many of the fish were
lost. Our men on the distribution car
were not to blame, as the Forestry offi-
cials who have had experience in planting
fish were to handle this shipment. Men-
tion is made of this to demonstrate the
fact that our system of planting the fry is
very successful.

The demand for trout fry was very
great this last season owing to the depleted
condition of the streams caused by the
excessive fishing during the period of
low water which has prevailed over the

entire state for the last three years. The
fish were confined to the larger pools and
were easily taken by the anglers. Some
of our best trout streams were fished
almost to depletion during the period of
drought and an increased number of fry
will be necessary to restore the streams
to normal conditions again as well as a
shorter open season, so that the fish will
have a chance to grow.

The present season in most of our
fish and game districts is open too long to
give the fry a chance to grow and mature
into breeders. The season should be
shortened by the coming legislature, so
that the fry will have a chance to grow
and give the anglers better sport.

SALMON EGG COLLECTING,
FALL OF 1919.

fall
the

The extremely low water of last
prevented the salmon from entering
tributary streams of the Sacramento
Kiver on which are located the egg-
collecting stations of the Bureau of
Fisheries. Consequently, the number of
eggs collected was very much smaller than
usual and all the eggs that the Bureau
could spare for our Mount Shasta station
was 4,235,000.

The resulting fry were held and fed
until late in the spring, when 3,100,000
of them were placed in the large rearing
ponds connected with the Mount Shasta
Hatchery. Here they made a rapid
growth and were released in excellent
condition during October in the tributary
streams of the headwaters of the Sacra-
mento River.

Twenty thousand of the fry were
marked and will be liberated as soon as
al! danger of fin regeneration is over.

The run of salmon on the Klamath
River did not reach our egg-collecting
station in as large numbers as we
expected as the lack of rain caused them
to spawn lower down the river and in
some of the small tributary streams miles
below our racks.

50

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

A large percentage of the breeding
salmon that enter the small tributaries
of the Klamath River as well as the
Sacramento tributaries are taken by
persons with spears at a time when they
are hardly fit for food. The taking of
thrsp fish by persons desiring them for

Extensive plans were made this fall to
take a large number of salmon eggs at
our Klamathon Egg-Collecting Station.
The Bureau of Fisheries also was pre-
pared to operate its Battle Creek and
Mill Creek stations on the Sacramento
Itiver to their full capacity. The unus-

FiG. 22. Racks in the Klamath River used to capture salmon for spawning pur-
poses. Photograph by L. J. Stinnett.

food, when the fish are on the spawning
gicund is not only destructive to natural
propagation, when confined to the number
that can be legally taken, but there is a
vanlon waste of the fish by persons who
spear them on the spawning beds and are
forced to throw them away when they
find them in no condition to use as food.
Oftentimes fish are speared until a fish
is taken that is considered edible. A large
majority of the breeding salmon after
tbcy reach the spawning grounds are
eniiiC'ated and covered with patches of
fa.'igus, making them unfit for food.

The take of salmon at Klamathon
during the fall of 1919 was 4,974,000 eggs.
Of these eggs 3,307,000 were taken to the
new Fall Creek Hatchery, located twelve
miles above Klamathon on Fall Creek,
one of the finest streams of water for the
rearing of fish on the coast. The result-
ing fry were placed in ponds and held
until October, when they were liberated
in good condition.

ually heavy rainfall during November
cr.used the streams to rise very rapidly
and at the height of the salmon run,
November 17, the racks at Klamathon
were so badly damaged by the high watu"
that the salmon that were ascending thc-
river escaped above the racks and ou'.'
take of eggs was considerably less than
expected.

The racks at Mill Creek and Battle
Creek stations of the Bureau of Fisheries
were washed out at the height of the
salmon run. The loss in eggs that could
have been collected from the salmon which
escaped above the racks is estimated at
between 20,000,000 and 25,000,000, at all
stations damaged by the high water.
This would not be so serious during nor-
mal seasons, as the natural propagation
would take place on the spawning beds
and a certain percentage of the eggs
would hatch, but during periods of tor-
rential floods in the streams frequented
by the spawning salmon, the shifting sand

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

51

and gravel disturbs and moves the eggs
and a great many of them are destroyed
or are buried so deep that they cannot
possibly hatch out.

The total take on the Klamath Rivoi*
was about 7,000,000 eggs, and from unof-
ficial reports received the number taken
by the Bureau of Ifisheries was approxi-
mately the same.

While the loss in eggs is to be regrette:]
we will be able to give the eggs colleccod
extra care and, in a measure, make up
for the shortage of eggs at the hatcheries.

SAN JOAQUIN RIVER SALMON.

The Kerckhoff Dam, property of the
San Joaquin Light and Power Company,
that has recently been completed, near
Aubery's on the San Joaquin, prevents
the passage of the salmon to their formet
breeding grounds on the upper reaches of
the river.

The Merced River will no longer afford
a spawning ground for salmon, as a large
irrigation project is planned that will hold
bfck the flood waters of the Merced in a
lake to be made by the construction of a
high dam across the river near Exchequer.
Plans had been made for the construction
of fishways over the small dams in the

Merced River, property of the San Joa-
quin Light and Power Company, and
arrangements made for their construction,
but the plan of the large irrigation reser-
voir makes it impracticable to attempt
any further efforts to perpetuate the run
of salmon in the Merced River. With
the completion of the Kerckhoff Dam and
the proposed dam at Exchequer, the
spawning grounds for salmon on the San
Joaquin River and its tributaries are
practically all cut off from the breeding
Shimon. During seasons of normal rain-
fall a few salmon will probably spawn
neai.' Fiiants, below Power House No. 4
of the San Joaquin Light and Power
Company. This area is very small and
would not have any effect in keeping up
the run of salmon in the river.

An experimental salmon culture station
is being established on the San Joaquin
River with the object in view of deter-
mining what the expense will be of
collecting the eggs near Friants in the fall
and transporting them to the hatchery
on Willow Creek, a distance of about
thirty-five miles, hatching the eggs and
rearing the fry in ponds, the fry to be
held in the ponds until the following fall,
then convey them by auto truck to the
river below the Kerckhoff Dam.

Fig. 23. Fishway while under construction at the Folsom Dam, on the American
River. This fishway, recently completed, is one of the highest and best yet con-
structed in California. Photograph by A. E. Doney, October 24, 1919.

52

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Two or three iiniiortant features enter
into this undertaking that will be the
determining factor as to whether a suc-
cessful salmon culture station can be
established or not on the San Joaquin
River. One is the expense of transporting
the fry from the ponds to a point below
the (huiis and the other is the screening
of the large canals taking water from
the San Joaquin Kiver, from Friants to
the diversion at the Temple Canal.

The expense on the transportation by
auto truck of 2,000,000 or 3,000,000 fry
each fall from the I'earing ix)nds to the
river below the dam should not stand in
the way of keeping up this valuable supply
of food fish for the people. A three-ton
truck, with two men in charge, could
transplant the fish in thirty days.

The river bed from this point to the
Kerckhoff Dam, which diverts the water
through a 17,000-foot tunnel, is dry
during the summer and fall, as all the
water is used for the operation of the
power house. Under present conditions
all the salmon that ascend past this point
on the river, during the spring when the
river is high, will pass the power house
and lie in the pools between the power
house and the dam for a distance of
approximately fourteen miles. These will
prrlsh during the summer and fall when
all the water of the river is diverted
through the tunnel for power purposes.
These fish cannot be saved at present,
and very few are taken for food as the
river from the dam to tne power house
flows through an almost impassable gorge,
wlicre few persons ever enter. If the
plan of hatching the eggs at Willow
Creek proves a success, racks will have to
be placi'd across the river below the power
house and the fish prevented from passing
into the gorge.

There is a project started that will
probabl^v be completed during the next
year or two, which consists of a high dam
across the San Joaquin River at Friants
tf hold back the flood waters of the San
Joaquin River for irrigation purposes. If
this project goes through there will be no
necessity for the racks as the salmon can
be taken at the dam during the fall and
their eggs collected and taken to the
hatchery.

All of the above conditions must be
carefully investigated and if it is prac-
ticable, plans must be made to save this
valuable run of salmon on the San Joa-
quin River.

SALMON IN THE EEL RIVER.

The commercial fishing at the mouth
of the Eel River and /he spearing of the
breeding salmon on the rifiies on ttie upper
reaches of the river necessitated the propa-
gation of salmon in larger numbers on
Eel River. Experimental work was car-
ried on at an experimental station on
Bull Creek, one of the tributaries of the
South Fork of the Eel River and also
in the main river near the mouth. The
results of these experiments of the last
tiiree years have not justified the expense
of establishing a ijermaiient egg-collecting
station on the lower reaches of the river.

There are several conditions on the
lower reaches of the river that in our
judgment makes it impracticable to estab-
lish an egg-collecting station in that
legion. The salmon when they enter the
mouth of the river are compelled to
remain in the large pond below Loleta
until the river rises in the fall, as there
is not enough water during the seasons
of normal rainfall to allow the fish io pa^s
over the wide, shallow riffles connecting
the large pools from South Fork lo the
large pool at the mouth of the rivci'.

As a rule the river rises to a coTs'd-
crable extent, but not before the majonty
of the salmon are caught by the commer-
cial fishermen at the mouth of the river
in the large pool. It has been suggested
that eggs be collected from the fish in the
large pool during the early fall before
they ascend the river or are taken by the
commercial fishermen but we find that
the fish do not ripen in numbers great
enough to justify the expense of seining
them up and separating the few ripe ones
from those that are green or immature.
Furthermore, there is no water near the
mouth of the river suitable for hatchery
purposes. If eggs could be taken in suffi-
cient quantities to justify the expense of
collecting them they would have to be
taken direct to Fort Seward Hatchery
on the railroad, some sixty miles up the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

53

rivor. The eggs collected would in all
probability be in such small lots that it
would not pay to keep the necessary help
and equipment.

Any attempt to place racks across the
main Eel River or the South Fork, any-
where near its mouth, is almost impossible
as the loose nature of the formation is
not solid enough to hold the racks and,
even if this were overcome, the tremen-
dous amount of water that comes down
Eel Itiver during flood periods, carrying
logs and debris of all kinds would make
it impossible to retain any kind of a rack
in the river. Furthermor«?, if a rack
could be built that would stnnd the flood
water of the river when the salmon were
running, the number of fish that would
be entering the river would be all fresh
run from the ocean and would have to
be held too long in order to have them
mature.

An egg-collecting station on Eel River
oi its tributaries must be situated far up
the stream, away- from the tremendous
floods and tlie floatage matter in the
river, and must be in the upper reaches
near the spawning grounds, where the
fish have spent the necessary time in fresh
water for the breeders to mature.

A careful examination has been mada
of the Eel River and its tributaries fur a
suitable site and an experimental station
lias been located near Branscomb on the
South Fork of the Eel River in Mendoc'no
County, about one hundred and twenty-
five miles from the mouth of the main
river. T'he material for the racks, trap,
cal)in and temporary hatcliery were or-
dered with the expectation that the sta-
tion could be finished this fall in time to
catch the salmon run that ascends the
South Fork, the p'riucipal spawning
stream of the Eel River system, but the
unusually heavy rainfall during Novem-
ber delayed the hauling of the material
and caused the river to rise to such a
height that it became impossible to com-
plete the work. Plans are being made to
finish the work next season and to carry
on the experimental work at this station
to determine whether there are enough
breeding salmon in this reach of the river
to justify the expense of estaldishing a
permanent station at this jilacf to collect
eggs for the Fort Sewaixl Hatchery. At

this hatchery the eggs can be hatched and
the fry reared to a suitable size to stock
the Eel River and its tributaries.

It takes less fry to stock Eel River and
maintain the run of salmon than any
other river on the coast as there are few
natural enemies of the young of the
salmon to be found in the river. The"?
are few predatory fishes, no diverting
canals to carry off the water where fry
are lost, or overflow basins, and very f-.'w
water snakes or other natural enemi's.
ir only a few million eggs can be col-
lected and the resulting fry planted each
season the run of salmon in Eel River
can be easily maintained provided the
fishing at the mouth of the river is regu-
lated as well as the ocean fishing, where
lai'ge numbers of salmon are taken each
season.

In our judgment all net fishing should
be prohiliiled in Eel River, as the salmon
supply of that region will not stand for
the heavy toll taken in the ocean as well
as in the Eel Itiver when the fish enter
the fresh water to spawn. A law should
be passed prohihiting all fishing in Eel
River except by trolling. The steelhead
front v\ould then have a better chance,
as a c('nslder;ib]e number of tlie adnlt
fish are takrn 'ny tlie nets. The Eel River
should be protected as a fish perserve to
furnish both steelhead and salmon eggs
for propagation.

Every precaution should be used by
the Commission to prevent the introduc-
tion of any predaceous fish into the waters
of Eel River as the stream is one of the
few that can be depended on to furnish
a large supply of steelhead as well as
salmon eggs, if properly protected
against too great a drain by commercial
fishermen.

The commercial fisheries are increasing
off tlie Coast each seas'>n ana i>e number
of salmon taken in the ocean must surely
lessen the number that enter the river
to breed. As fish are in prime condition
when taken from the salt water, fishing
in the ocean should be allowed, but a
restriction on the number that can be
taken should be made. On the other
hand, all net fishing in the Eel River
should !)(• iiiohiliited.

54

CAIJKOKMA KlSJl AND GAME.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES.

.\. P.. ScoiiELD, Editor.

SOME CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING
THE SALTING OF FISH.

Mr. Donald K. Tressler of the Division
of Fishery' Industries, U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries, has recently carried on some
very interesting experiments on the salt-
ing of fisii.* Mr. Tressler's work has to
do ehiefiy with the fishes of New England
and the Eastern coast, but a study of his
work niiglit be of benefit to the packers of
the Pacific coast.

I*revious to this time very little work
had been done on this phase of the fishing
industry. It required the stimulus of
the enormous demand for food caused by
the war to arouse an interest in fish
salting and a demand for better methods,
'i'he iHU'iiose of tlifsc ex])eriments was to
w(irk out, if iiiissihlr. a method of salting
lish applir-aliif in naniiiT cliuiatcs, ?••
degrees Fahrenhrit and abu\e.

Tiie standards of quality differ from
place to place, some localities demanding
a hard, dry, salted fish, while others want
a white, colorless fish with a softer meat.
Two methods of salting are now in com-
mon use on the Eastern coast, the dry or
"tight packed" method and the brine or
l)ickle method. The former method is
almost universally used in the south and
the other method in the north.

From a study of the procedure followed
at the various places on the Atlantic
Coast where fish are salted it would seem
that there are perhaps three general
methods of applying salt to the fish :
(1) the fish are immersed in a solution of
salt which is kept saturated, or nearly
so, by the addition of sail from day to
day; (2) the fish are imckcd in wati-r-
liglit coiilaiuers with dry s:ilt iiiid are
allowed to develop their own pickle;

*Sonie considerations concfiiiing the salting of lisli.
Bur. Fisberie.s, Doc. 884 (1920). pp. 1-55.

By Donald K. Tressler, U. S.

HtlMPftACK i " SoO^EY
6 LBS V4 ".''lss

V

B'/:^iP.V-> W^Km^ 60 LBS.

Fic. 24. The five species of Pacific .salmon, sliowiiig
weiRlit of each. (After Cobb, Pacific Fisliermau Ycarl)ook,
l!ilit.)

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

55

(3) the fi.sli are packed in piles and the
l)ii'kle allowed to run oS the fish as it is
formed. This last way is only used in
cold weather in an emergency when no
containers are at hand.

In storing of salt fish, these general
methods are in use: (1) brine; (2) dry,
with salt; (3) dry, with boraoic acid.
In case the first one is used, if the pickle
becomes dirty, fresh pickle (salt solution)
is added. New brine is always added if
the fish are to be stored where it is not
cool. If the fish are packed dry they
are either sprinkled with dry salt or salt
containing four-tenths per cent boracic
acid. In all cases the fish must be kept
at low temperature if stored for any
length of time or they are very likely to
"rust." "Ivusting" is due to oxidation of
the fish oil. giving the fish a dark-brown
color. Packing in brine prevents this to
a large extent.

Mr. Tressler has fouiid llial llic iiMpiiri-
tics in salt exert a great infiuenco on

may be kept at a higher temperature than
fish salted in brine ; the removal of all
blood and viscera, including milt and roe,
is absolutely essential for the salting of
fish at high temperatures ; and that during
warm weather freshness of fish is essen-
tial to successful salting.

From the results obtain(>d by Mr.
Tressler, it seems very probable that fresh
fish may be salted in any climate of the
United States if the following precautions
are taken :

1. All viscera and blood must be

removed in cleaning.

2. Large fish must be split.

3. Fish must be salted in reasonably

fresh condition.

4. No brine should be added in

salting.

5. Salts low in calcium must be

used.

—A. W. Wki.I„S, Hitrctni of /■'islnri'-'i
I'rcscrratioii Lfihuratoru.

Fig. 25. Seining- for salincin on the Sacramento Ri\-er near William's I>ar.
n-aph by R. B. Heaeock, April, 1916.

Pholo-

properties of the salted fish as to hard-
ness, whiteness, etc. Pure salt is pure
sodium chloride, but there are no salts
on the market that are 100 per cent pure.
Most American salt is of great purit.v.
Calcium and magnesium salts and sul-
phates as impurities in salt retard the
)i(>netration of the salt into the fish. The
investigator also found the following
things to be true : That fish packed in
di'y salt, without the addition of brine.

SALMON CONSERVATION AND
SALIVION TROLLING.

The commercial method of catching
salmon, by trolling is described in an
article by W. L. Scofield in this issue.
The catching of salmon by this method
has now become an industry of great
importance to this state, Oregon, Wa.sh-
ington and Alaska. The principal trolling
districts in this state are in Monterey

5()

CAT.IFORXIA FISH AND CAME.

r.ay. n(T 8aii ]''raiuisoo <ind noar Fort
Hraj:,;;. M(>ii(l(ieiiio County. At each of
those iilaoos about five huiulrod boats
were cniplo.xcil this year. Before sea
trolling became iiuiiortaiit in California
salmon were nearly all causht by means
of nets in tlie rivers which they enter at
maturity for tlie purpose of spawning.
To show the catch by these two methods
we give the following from an article on
"Ocean and Stream Salmon Catches," in
tVe Octolier issue of this magazine :

Total Ycurlii Salmon Catch of the /S7afc
in Round Nvmbets.

River cauffht

1919 5,987,000

1918 7,173,000

1917 5.493,000

1916 5,342,000

Ocean caught
7,158,000
5,920,000
5,563,000
5,501,000

Season total
13,145,000
13,093,000
11,056,000
10,843,000

The salmon caught in ^lonterey Bay,
off San Francisco and in the Sacramento

River are generally classed together as a
unit under the assumption that they are
the product of the Sacramento River.
The following table shows the catch by
tiolling in those two outside regions con-
trasted with the catch by nets in the
river :

Monterey Bay «"'«;■'« S-J"
Francisco Bay

1919 2,816,000 1,443,000

1918 2,893,000 1,929,000

1917 3,880,000 1,280,000

1916 5,231,000 263,000

Troll flsh Sacramento

Kiver

1919 4,259,000 4,529,000

1918 4,822,000 5,938,000

1917 5,160,000 3.971,000

1916 5,494,000 3,451,000

It will be S'oen that the Monterey Bay
catch has been falling off. Contrasted
with this is the catch in the Fort Bragg
region which has stoadilv increased due

""♦wywaa- »^

MM

r

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

57

to the receut development of the industry
at that point. The catch near Fort
Bragg was less than half a million pounds
in 1917, in 1918 it exceeded' one million
pounds, in 1919 it was a little less than
three million pounds, and this year the
catch exceeded three million pounds.

This catching of the salmon in the
open sea has added greatly to the diffi-
culties of conserving these valuable fish.
Our state laws provide for closed seasons
on all of our salmon streams during
which time salmon may not be caught.
These closed seasons were mostly estab-
lished before the development of sea
trolling and were designed to allow at
least one-third of the fish to pass up the
rivers to the spawning beds unhindered
by nets, under the belief that if this
portion of the run, together with the
number which escape the nets during the
open season, could reach the spawning
beds the run would be maintained. If
these closed seasons let just enough
salmon reach the spawning beds for the
perpetuation of the species, then tht
additional catching of the fish by trolling
in the sea before they enter the rivers
will be subjecting them to just that much
overfishing, for if one-half of the run, we
will say, is caught in the sea before it
enters the river, the river closed season,
instead of protecting one-third of the run
as intended, protects only one-sixth of it.
It is our belief that the closed seasons
on the Sacramento River were not suffi-
cient for the purposes of propagation
even before sea trolling came into general
practice. The fall season, instead of
closing before the latter third of the run
has entered the upper bays, does not
close until after the last salmon are well
up the river and no portion of the run
escapes running the gauntlet of nets.
This insufficient closed season, coupled
with the increase of trolling at Monterey
and ofl: San Francisco, has resulted in a
decrease in abundance of the Sacramento
salmon. This decrease in abundance is
shown in the fact that the number of
salmon which reach the egg-collecting
stations) of the United States Bureau of
Fisheries on the upper Sacramento Kiver
averages less than one-half that of a few
years ago. At the same time, in spite of
more energetic fishing, the commercial
catch has not increased, even if we con-

sider all the salmon caught in Monterey
Bay and off San Francisco as Sacramento
fish. There is no question but that the
Sacramento salmon need decidedly more
protection if we are to save these fish
from destruction. This need of added
l^rotection has been increased by a deci-
sion of the Sujierior Court of Contra
Costa County which permits fishermen
to net salmon on Suisun Bay and the
lower Sacramento River during the sum-
mer closed season of June and July;
and also by irrigation and power dams
under consiruction and to be built which
Avill shut off important salmon-spawning
grounds lying above them.

Fishermen who fish with nets on the
bays and rivers think that the sea trolling
should be stopped or radically restricted,
contending that the trollers are destroying
the salmon by catching large numbers of
immature fish. Salmon trollers, on the
other hand, contend that the sea is the
proper place to catch them and that after
they have entered the river for the pur-
pose of spawning they should not be
ranght. There is considerable merit to
the arguments on both sides of this
question. We are convinced that both
methods of fishing need to be radically
restricted, and that the time is now here
when the laws should be made so as to
best conserve the salmon and should not
be compromised to suit different factions
of fishermen on the plea that the state
owes them a living. Salmon on the Sac-
ramento need far more protection than
they are getting under the present law,
even if sea trolling is greatly restricted.
Netting of salmon should not be per-
mitted above the city of Sacramento, the
summer closed season of June and July
should be restored, and the fall closed
season should close two weeks earlier.

It is true that a great many of the
salmon caught by trolling are immature
as is well shown in the paper on the
"R-dative Maturity of Salmon Caught by
Trolling," in this issue, by Willis Rich.
From investigations which have been
made" it is not clear that trolling is a
more destructive method of fishing than
is netting in the river. There are evi-
dences which indicate that a salmon
fishery may produce more pounds wuthout
depleting the supply if the fishing is car-
ried on only in the sea. It is our belief.

58

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

however, that until our investigations
throw more lijrht on this suhject, closed
soason.s sliould he osliihlisliod in tho trdll-
inj? districts during those times of tho yoar
when the majority of the immature fish
are caught. These restrictions should not
be so severe as to discourage the develop--
ment of our sea fisheries, for the future
expansion of our fisheries must be through
sea fishing as our inland fisheries are now
being taxed to their utmost capacity. Sea
trolling for salmon, we believe, should be
encouraged, for it is the most promising
avenue through which sea fishing for
other varieties of fish may ho developed
in the northern half of the state. T'he
inauguration of salmon trolling a few
years ago near Fort Bragg has resulted in
fishing for other varieties of fish and it
can bo confidently predicted that within
a few years we will have other fisheries
there of more importance than the salmon.

EEL RIVER PROBLEMS

Just as the catching of salmon of the
sea has been an added drain on the Sac-
ramento salmon, so is the recent rapid
growth of salmon trolling near Fort
Bragg an added drain on the Eel River
salmon, and fish of that river are in
need of additional pa'otection. This
ocean catch is apparently having little
effect on the run in tho Klamath River,
which is more than one hundred miles to
the north.

It seems impossible to devise an open
season for nets on Eel River Avhich will
satisfy the needs of the sportsmen, the
commercial fishermen and the salmon
culturist, and at the same time properly
conserve the two species of salmon and
the steelheads which spawn in the river.
The Quinnat salmon begin entering the
river early in September, and as there is
rarely sufficient water before November
to permit them to get above the pools
near the mouth, thes'e fish remain there
ill tile frosji water i\nd aftm- a time become
of little value for food, although they ai*e
still of value for propagation purposes.
If the netting season is opened early and
closed early so as to let the latter part of
the run asciuid the ri\or unhindered to the
spawning beds, and so as to take these
early salmon while they are still fit for
food, it meets with the violent opposition
of the sportsmen, who contend that it

would ruin tlieii- steelliead lisliing which
is carried on in the lower river before
the winter rains. If the open season for
nets is moved to a time sufficiently late
to permit these salmon lying in the pools
to ascend the river beyond the reach of
the nets, too many spawning steelheads
and silver salmon, which begin entering
the river about the first of November,
would be taken. The present netting
season of October 8 to December 7, inclu-
sive, was a compromise season designed
to meet the conservation requirements of
tho two species of salmon and the steel-
head, and to partially satisfy the sports-
men and commercial fishermen. This open
season has not satisfied the sportsmen or
tho comniercial fisherman, and it has not
met the needs of the salmon culturists ;
and, on account of the development of
outside trolling, it does not meet the
conservation needs of the Quinnat
salmon.

The season is not sufficiently early to
take the first jmrt of llio run iiefore the
tish become inferior for food purposes
and it closes too late to let a sufficient
number of fish reach the spawning beds
up the river. On account of the deple-
tion of the Sacramento run, salmon eggs
can no longer be taken from that river to
be used in stocking Eel River. If salmon
culture is to be carried on in Eel River,
the river must furnish its own eggs.
Salmon racks can not be maintained in
those parts of the river which are suitable
for taking salmon for propagation pur-
poses after the river is in flood, and it
appears that the only feasible way in
which eggs can be taken for this purpose
is to permit the first of the run to ascend
to tho salmon racks after tho first rise
in the river, which is usually not suffi-
cient to wash out the racks. If the net-
ting season is placed sufficiently late to
come after the first rise in the river and
closes sufficiently early to avoid taking too
many of the late running silver salmon —
which date should not be later than De-
cember 1 — tho season would hardly be long
enough to iiiiiko netting ])rolit;ible. We see
no good way of harmonizing these varied
interests. Whatever is done it should
be seen to that the conservation needs of
the three species of fish involved get first
consideration.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

59

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.*

Will F. Thompson, Editor.

CHANGES IN THE PERSONNEL.

Since the appearance of the last number
of this magazine there have been several
c-hangp.s in the staff engaged in fisheries
research.

Mr. John W. Rich, who has acted as
field assistant in the albacore work at
San Diego and San Pedro during the
summer of 1920, has returned to Pomona
College to resume his studies.

Mr. O. E. Sette, who has been with the
Commission for more than a year, has
also returned to his college woric, having
left for Stanford on Sep'tember 1. He
was stationed at Monterey observing the
sardine fishery during the fall and winter
fishing seasons, leaving there to act as
field assistant at San Pedro in the work
on the albacore during the summer
months. At Stanford he will take up the
study of subjects bearing on fisheries
research and will at the same time pre-
pare for publication the sardine data
which he has collected. The Commission
is fortunate in being able to retain the
interest and services of Mr. Sette, whose
work has been of high order.

To take the places of Mr. Sette and
Mr. Rich, Mr. W. L. Scofield and Mr.
Harlan B. Holmes have been added to
the personnel of the laboratory, Mr.
Scofield had been previously employed in
research on the salmon and has been
transferred to that on tbe sardine. He
will be stationed at the Hopkins Marine
Station in Monterey during the coming
season, to carry forward the work already
done by Mr. Sette. He is known to the
readers of California Fish and Game
for several contributions made in past
issues. Mr. Holmes has been a student
at the University of Oregon, at Eugene ;
comes highly recommended, and with good
training in biological work. He will be
stationed at San Pedro, and will be
engaged in the sardine work in company
with Mr. Higgins.

Mr. Thompson will remain in general
charge of the work, with temporary head-
quarters at Monterey. Mr. Higgins will
remain at San Pedro.

Professor Weymouth, who has been
engaged for several months in research
on the Pismo clam, leaves on Decem-
ber 15 for Stanford University, where he
will resume his teaching in physiology.
He has one paper now in the hands ol
the printer and another in the process of
writing. His- work on the Pismo clam
will prove of considerable value because
of the great interest taken by the public
in the preservation of that species, and
because his work will prove of funda-
mental importance in the study of other
mollusks.

THE SARDINE SEASON.

The sardine season opens iuauspiciously
this year, and it seems to be a serious
question whether enough material will be
obtained to complete our program of in-
vestigation for this year. No sardines
were being taken at San Pedro at the
time this note was written — December 8 —
and there was little hope held out by the
cannerymeu that very extensive packing
would be resumed at any near date. At
Monterey a number of the canneries have
ceased operations, but up to the present
at least no difficulty has been experienced
in obtaining sufficient fish for our pur-
poses.

What will happen in the future is not
at present clear. There is no lack of fish
at Monterey, and there is no reason t6
believe that they would be lacking at
San Pedro if sought for. The reasons
for the failure of the canneries to operate
are given as a lack of orders, due very
largely to the slump in export trade, and
to the expectation of a falling market for
sardines.

The sardine investigation, however,
will not suffer vitally, even though the
program for this year be disrupted, as
there are enough data on hand to take
considerable time in handling and inter-
preting. This program has been dealt
with in the last issue of California
Fish and Game (Volume 6, No. 4,
page 180).

♦California State Fislieries Laboratory, Contribution No. 23.

a)

CALIFORNIA FISrr AND GAME.

CONFERENCES ON THE SARDINE
WORK.

In order that the various assistants
engaged iu Avork on the sardine may
thoroughly understand the program, we
have instituted a system of conferences,
in which the men engaged at Monterey
and San Pedro meet as often as necessary,
or more often if possible. The last con-
ference was on the tweuty-sixtli and
twenty-seventh of November, when ^Ir.
Thomp.son, Mr. Weymouth. .Mr. Sette. Mr.
W. L. Scofield and Mr. Holmes were pres-
ent. The purpose in this as on preceding
occasions was to correlate the programs
and to give everyone a Ihorough knowledge
of them.

These conferences are inevitable because
of the necessity we are under of educat-
ing the new assistants as they come, and
of giving I hem an understanding of the
fundamental reasons for the program we
have adopted, if for no other cause. It
is our hope that these assistants will be
able — after the lapse of several years— to
each take over entirely certain phases of
the sardine or other problems, and to do
this a thorough schooling is necessary.
It has become obvious that a merely
mechanical execution of duties by a more
or less disinterested subordinate will not
solve any of our fishery problems, and
therefore we hope to give each woi'ker a
show in the rewards and penalties which
come to the research man.

The inevitable period of training must
include work under the senior assistants,
but as fast as it is possible to place every
investigator on a separate problem to
make his own report tliis will be done,
for it is recognized that no man works
as well for another as for himself, and
that there is no incentive comparable to
that of professional success for which
full credit is received. But until a
thorough knowledge of the fundamentals
is obtained such a course would be dis-
astrous to any assistant, and hence the
necessity of education.

The more immediate aim is, however,
to have a discussion of all that bears on
our problems and to make sure that the
investigations at Monterey and San Pedro
supplement and parallel each other where
necessary. These conferences already '
held have proved of the utmost value in

formulating the programs of work,
avoiding mistakes, and bringing to every-
one's atteniiiiii tlie obsvi-NMl iiiMs made. —
W. F. T.

THE PROGRESS OF THE
NEW LABORATORY.

The building of the new laboratory at
San Pedro has been definitely decided
upon by the Commissioners, and the State
Architect, Mr. McDougall, has the matter
in hand. It is sincerely to be hoped that
the building will be rushed, as we will
face an embari'assing situation in the
near future when the sardines begin to
be taken at San Pedro, in that we will
have to ask quarters from some cannery
for our operations, the temi>erary labora-
tory being too far removed.

To those interested in the purjwses of
the new laboratory the statement concern-
ing them in tlie last issue of Cai.ii'(U{.m.\
Fish and (iJame, Volume G, No. 4,
page 177, will be of value.

THE HABITS OF SEA GULLS.

It is not an uncommon thing to have
the presence of small fish iu quantity
regarded as the reason for the presence
of great numbers of sea birds, especially
sea gulls, at certain localities. Observa-
tion at Monterey has shown, however,
that the great flocks of sea gulls fre-
quently seen there during the winter
occasionally appear on the days following
a severe blow or other weather disturb-
ance. This has not been investigated
enough, however, to justify a positive
statement, yet is highly suggestive in
throwing light uiion the belief mentioned
as to their connection with the presence
of young fish. The visits of the great
flocks would seem to be due to the roiigh
surf or wind on the outer coasts, when
they are not present in both places in
numbers during their migration.

That sea gulls are very sensitive to the
condition of the water is strongly implied
by an observation we have made uix>n
them at Monterey. This observation has
been i'ei>eated so often by laboratory
members working there as to be beyond
doubt. The water off such a lee shore
as at Monterey is frequently streaked
with light and dark areas, the light areas

CALIFORNIA Fli^II AND GAME.

61

being smoother and reflecting the sky
more perfectly. These smooth light areas
are always strictly avoided by the sea
gulls (chiefly herring, western and glau-
cous-winged) for some reason, the flocks
of gulls at rest on the water being in-
variably and sharply limited by the
roughened dark water. This distribution
of the flocks upon the water is for the
purpose of resting, not feeding, and is
invariable and exact. It is a most re-
markable and strange fact. Whether the
rough areas are caused by winds running
counter to the currents or otherwise, the
choice of such surfaces as resting places
indicates unmistakably the sensitiveness
of the gulls to the condition of the water,
and thus throws some doubt upon the
presence of food as the factor determining
their presence. — W. F. T.

A FURTHER NOTE ON THE
MONTEREY GULLS.

In the April, 1920, number (page 85)
of California Fish and Game, in an
article on the "Gulls in Monterey Bay,"
it is pointed out that these birds, although
diurnal in habit, were on one occasion
observed to be feeding at uight on sar-
dines lost overboard while the lighters
were being unloaded at the canneries.
Such cases of night feeding are evidently
not rare, for gulls in great numbers have
been noticed recently on two occasions
flying about the lighters in search of
chance sardines dropped overboard. On
one occasion the gulls were flying half an
hour before daylight. The usual habit of
the gulls is to spend the night on their
roosting grounds, supposedly along the
coast, and to appear suddenly at the can-
neries in large numbers with a regularity
as to time that suggests an alarm clock,
the time being just before daylight and

considerably before sunrise. On tht
mornings when this sudden appearance
was timed it was found to vary but a few
minutes from the scheduled breakfasting
hour for Monterey gulls. On one other
occasion gulls were noticed in large num-
bers at 10.30 i).m. (November 28) in
bright moonlight flying about the sardine
lighters. Fishermen and cannerymen say
that the gulls have learned that the
chances for a square meal are good when-
ever the sardines are being delivered to
the cannery, and that it is no uncommon
sight on moonlight nights to see hundreds
of gulls flying about on the outlook for
stray sardines. Just what amount of fish
a gull considers to be a square meal is a
question. One gull has been observed to
swallow four large sardines in rapid suc-
cession and then fly off with ease. If the
supply of sardines holds out more are
swallowed until the bird is so weighted
down that he is unable to fly, and must
perforce walk or swim away to some
quiet spot where the meal may be digested
undisturbed. If confronted with the
necessity of flying out of danger, the gull
must lighten ship by disgorging his meal
before taking to the air. Occasionally the
sardine fisheiinen leave a lighter fuii ot
fish uncovered and unguarded, in which
ease gulls gather in the boat and eat
until they are helpless. On the return of
the fishermen the overloaded gulls allow
themselves to be picked up and thrown
overboard rather than disgorge away
part of the feast. On one such occasion
05 gulls filled to capacity were counted
as they were thrown into the air from a
lighter and came down with a splasli into
the water. After a few feeble attempts
to rise from the water these contented
gulls swam off sedately, all headed for a
sheltered stretch of sunny beach. —
AV. L. S.

62

CxM;Il''ORNIA FISII AND GAME.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

OPOSSUM KILLED ON
MOUNT HAMILTON.

Last night I killed a porch climber, in
the shape of an opossum {Didelphis
virginiana) , here on Mount Hamilton.
A few years ago a number of these ani-
mals were turned loose, or escaped, near
San Jose, and they have since become
established in the Santa Clara Valley.
I was somewhat surprised, however, to
find one at this distance from the original
l)oint of importiition.

Mount Hamilton is at the summit ol
the range bounding the Santa Clara
A'allcy on the east, and lies about thir-
teen miles, in an air line, from San Jose.
It is separated from the Santa Clara
\'alloy by two deeply cut watersheds :
Halls A'alley and Smith Creek. If the
species keeps up its present rate of
(ravel, it will be in the San Joaquin
V'alley within a few years, and from there
will doubtless spread rapidly over the
state. From the havoc this one created
in the grapevine that marked the end of
his particular trail, his relatives will not
be very welcome guests to the vineyardists
and other fruit men of the state. — W. H.
Wright, Mount Hamilton, California.

THREE MOUNTAIN LION KITTENS
CAPTURED.

About September 1, 1920, reports came
to the Fish and Game Commission that
there were mountain lions in the vicinity
of Cathcy Ranch, near Jerseydale, Mari-
posa County. I was sent to hunt the
lions. I arrived at Jerseydale on Sep-
tember 10, and learned then that the lions
had been heard screaming near the Cathey
Ranch.

Never having heard the so-called scream
of the mountain lion, and, in fact, having
found them to be an invariably silent
animal, I was much disappointed with
this report. However, I spent two days
hunting in the vicinity of Jerseydale
without finding any sign of lions.

In the meantime, I telephoned to
Ranger Malcolm McLeod and learned that
cattle men had reported that they had
seen some lion tracks several times on
Owl Creek, near Devil's Gulch, eight
miles northeast of Jersej^dale. On the
evening of September 12, I moved my
outfit to the Mariposa Ranger's Station
and the next day, while Ranger McLeod
packed my equipment to camp on Owl
Creek, I hunted on the way over to the

Fig. 2 7. Mountain lion kilUns LuptureU by Jay Uriicc, state mouiilain lion hunter,
in Mfiriposa County, September, 1920. Photograph by H. C. Bryant.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

63

camp, then down the ridge on the east
side of Owl Creek, and then to the east
up Devil's Gulch and back to camp, I
found old tracks of a female lion near
the mouth of Owl Creek and in Devil's
Gulch, but the indications were that the
lioness had not been working these for
several days.

The next day, September 14, I started
to hunt in the country west of Owl's
Creek, and about 7 a.m. my dogs picked
up the fresh trail of the lioness going east
toward Owl Creek. After trailing about
half a mile my silent trailer, Ely, who
was about two hundred yards in the lead
of Ranger, the hound, jumped the lioness,
which was indicated by Ely's barking.

The lioness ran down Owl Creek, going
north for about a quarter of a mile, then
treed in a live oak. I noticed that when
Ranger arrived at the place where Ely
found the lioness, he became confused foi
a few moments before straightening out
the trail, but I was taking a short cut to
where Ely was barking "treed" so that
at the time I did not learu the cause of
Ranger's confusion.

After shooting the lioness, the first
thing that I noticed was that she had just
been nursing kittens, as her breasts were
still wet.

I skinned the lioness and afterwards
back-trailed her tracks over the course
that the dogs had chased her. When 1
reached the place where Ely had found the
lioness, I noticed her fresh tracks going
on toward Owl Creek and returning again
over the same course; this explained
why the hound had gotten confused.

The next thing was to find the kittens.
After searching the brush and rocks for
several minutes without success, and
having in mind the track I had noticed
going east from here and returning the
same way, I decided that the kittens were
somewhere farther east. Evidently, while
the mother lion was nursing the kittens
she heard the hound baying on her trail,
about a quarter of a mile away, and left
the kittens and back-trailed herself to
meet the dog, but she was surprised by
the silent dog, who was in the lead of
the hound. Then she turned at right
angles and led the dogs down the creek
and away from the kittens. I now fol-
lowed her tracks for about five hundred
feet east and across Owl Creek to a bluff

of rocks, where the dogs scented the kit-
tens, which were hiding in the small holes
among the rocks. Two of the kittens
were in one place and the other was
about twenty-flve feet from them in
another hole. After considerable trouble
I captured the kittens alive, and after
taking off my shirt I carried them in it
for about a mile to camp. From the
camp I carried them in a barley sack for
five miles to the Ranger's Station ixnO
then from there by auto to the office of
the Fish and Game Commission in San
Francisco.

The kittens were about six weeks old
and were the size of an adult house cat.
They weighed about eight pounds each
and were twenty-six inches in length from
tip to tip.

The home of the lions was on a ledge
about seventy-five feet from the water of
Owl Creek and near the top of a bluff of
rock. This ledge, which was about sixty
feet above the base of the bluff, was about
five feet wide and extended about thirty
feet along the north side and the same
approximate distance along the west side
of the bluff. Although there was no cave
or den large enough to shelter the mother
lion, this was apparently the place where
the kittens were born and where they had
lived until they were captured; as there
were numerous beds, l)otli on the north
and west sides of the bluff, where the
lioness had been lying on the ledge. The
di-y grass and moss all along the ledge
was well worn and trampled, probably
by the kittens while playing. The small
holes among the loose rocks behind and
above the ledge had evidently provided
hiding places for the kittens when dis-
turbed.—Jay O. Bruce, Oalland, Cali-
fornia.

HOW MANY EGGS DOES A
SALMON LAY?

In the course of a study of King Sal-
mon in Klamath River, it became desir-
able to learn how many eggs the female
produces. Thinking that it may be ol
general interest, a table including the
results of an examination of 30 indi-
viduals is given, the specimens being
selected from a larger number as fairly
representing the average.

Klamath salmon are somewhat smaller
than those of the Sacramento, and it is

(A

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAMI*:.

possible tliat the foinalos prodnce fewor
eggs. In a series of 3350 Klamath salmon
the smallest female measured 20 inches
and the largest 42. One cither smaller or
larger is rarely found.

The number of eggs here given were
obtained not by actual count, but by
weighing the ovaries, counting a small
number of eggs, weighing the latter, and
then calculating the entire number. Tests
demonstrated that the method gave results
accurate to 1 to 3 eggs in a 101). Ovaries
from the same fish are not usually alike
in size, the left being often somewhat
larger than the right and containing as
many as 200 or 300 more eggs. No very
definite! relation is spon between size,
weight, or age and the number of eggs,
although it will be noted that fish in the
fifth year are found amongst those having
most eggs.

I^nctli.
inches

Nmiilic;' of

CKKS

2140 2GJ

27CM) 31

274r» 314

2847 30|

2879 28i

2049 30^

30X3

3110

3200

Weieht.
ummds

314
33i

3H0,1
3403
34()7
3."m9
3r.8G
3()14
.•!(;30
3072
367G
3731
37S1
.'JSSO
393."
40(19
4117
4192
4197
4200
4:^09
4392
4842

Average number of
— .7. O. Snyukk. S

Califoniin.

32i

28

31

32

27

294

324

.324

32"

324

33"

32i

304

33

314

374

324

.304

34 1

321

34^

34i

eggs
idtifo

Si

nf

]2i

9i
13i
15
171
104
104
13|
15

94
12|
14
153
13§
153
174
144
13'
154
14"
264
17i
13i
19J
153
161
18

per fish,
nl In in

Arc

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4 ■

4

4

4

~4

4

4

4

4

5

4

■5

4

4

5

4

5

5
3572.
IS it I/,

FULVOUS TREE-DUCK SHOT NEAR
COLUSA.

On October K;, 1920, while shooting
ducks seven miles north of Colusa, the
j writer saw a flock of about twenty birds
which came lo the pond several times
wliicli were to liiiii iiukiiiiwii. One of
these birds was shot so that it might be
identified, but when examined none of the
party were able to name the bird. While
discussing the specimen. Fish and Game
Deputy Wui. X. Dirks happened by and
identified it as a fulvous tree-duck. Dcii-
(Irocufitui hiculor. It was in fine plumage
and is of ])articular interest because it is
unusual f(jr one to be seen so far uorlli
and at so late a date. — A. C. IIansk.v,
Jiinls' LiniiliNfi. ('iilifornia.

BLACK FISH NEAR SANTA CATALINA
ISLAND.

While doing patrol duty with the
"Albacore," on November 18, 1920, I
came ui)ou a school of black fish {(IJohio-
(■( jihiihi:< scainoiii) near Santa Catnlina
Island, about ten miles north of Jjone
Point. I estimated that there were about
one hundred individuals ranging between
thirty and forty feet in length. They
were going slowly imrtliw ard. Uufnrlu-
nately, I was iinalile to secure a specimen.

Tills large, porpoise-like mammal was
f()rmerly abundant off the coast of lower
California and in the Gulf of California,
but in more recent years it is not often
seen. An oil made from the head of the
blni-k lisli is liiuhly prized for use in
watches and chronometers. TTiis oil is
said to improve with age. — H. B. Nidever,
t:>uii I'cdro, California.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

65

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES.

SANCTUARY FOR WILD LIFE DEEDED
TO LOUISIANA.
A tract of land embracing 224,000
acres in Louisiana lias been set aside as
a perpetual bird sanctuary, and second-
arily as a refuge for game, thus bringing
to fruition the project of Edward Avery
.Mcllhcnny.

On November 8, 1920, deeds were signed
in the office of the State Conservation
Commissioner which gave to the state in
fee simple Marsh Island, 79,300 acres in
extent, which was purchased and pre-
sented by Mrs. Russell Sage; the Grand
Chenier tract, 85,000 acres, purchased and
presented by the Rockefeller Foundation,
and the AVard-McIlhenny tract, 00,000
acres.

Years ago the plan for this reservation
was thought out by Mr. Mcllhenny, who
first discussed the pi'oposition with a
friend, Charles Willis Ward. Mr. Ward
supported the idea and as a result the
Ward-Mcllhenny tract was set aside as
a wild life refuge. Mr. Mcllhenny, en-
couraged in his plan to secure an adequate
sanctuary for native and migratory birds,
found a willing helper in Mrs. Sage.
Soon afterwards he secured the appropria-
tion from the Rockefeller Foundation and
now the reservation is definitely assured
to the state.

The Marsh Island tract lies in the Gulf
of Mexico, off the coast of Iberia, St.
Mary and Vermillion parishes ; its eastern
shores are famous a-s migratory bird
haunts. The Grand Chenier tract is on
the mainland and adjoins the Ward-
Mcllhenny tract and is close to Marsh
Island. The Marsh Island and Grand
Chenier tracts have been under the care
of Commissioner Alexander of the State
of Louisiana for the past six years, and
this supervision has been so successful
that it was finally decided to trrn them
over in fee simple to the state, along
with the Ward-Mcllhenny tract.

In the event of the discovery of any
valuable ore or mineral, it is to be
removed with the least possible disturb-
ance to the wild life and the profits
accrued must be used to further the pro-
tection of it, and if more money is made
from this source than is needed for its
original purpose, it is to be devoted to
education or public health in the state.

VERMONT ESTABLISHES SANCTUARY
FOR WATERFOWL.

The \'ermout Fish and Game Commis-
sion has secured an option upon a tract
of 900 acres of marsh land at the mouth
of the Lamoille River, on Lake Cham-
plain, as a sanctuai-y for waterfowl in
their trips north and south through this
much traveled migration route. The area
has been investigated as to its properties
for feeding the birds by the U. S. Bureau
of Biological Survey and is considered
ideal. It is expected that enough revenue
can be derived from the trapping privi-
leges to pay the salary of a caretaker;
for the region abounds in muskrats,
skunks, and other fur-bearing animals.
This step is the first of its kind taken in
any of the northeastern states.— The
Conservationist, June, 1920.

VALUE OF PENNSYLVANIA'S
ANNUAL KILL OF GAME.

The State Game Commissioner of Penn-
sylvania. .John M. Phillips, through the
statistics of the State Commission, esti-
mated that there were 6,'000,000 pounds
of meat bagged as game last year which,
at 20 cents a pound, would have a value
of $1,200,000. Three thousand buck deer
were killed and 472 black bear. Mr.
Phillips estimates that next year there
will be 4000 deer killed and that the
total weight of the game killed, including
all smaller game, will be at least 8,000,000
pounds, which, at 20 cents, would be
^l,000,Oi)0.— Field and Stream, Septem-
l)er, 1920.

QUEBEC LICENSES FUR DEALERS.

Canada is following the United States
in the effort to conserve fur-bearing mam-
mals. Recently, the province of Quebec
took over entire control of its fur trade.
Fur traders must take out licenses and
report monthly all furs bought. The
government imposes a small royalty on
all skins before they can be stamped, and
no unstamped skin may be sold or shipped
out of the province on penalty of confisca-
tion and fine. Trapping out of season is
to be controlled, for obviously no insi)ec-
tor will stamp a skin which shows evi-
dence of having been taken out of season.
All shipments of skins not plainly marked
on the outside will be confiscated and the
sender fined. Thus, the poacher vpill be
unable to market his illegally taken fur.

GG

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

AUTOMOBILES CONFISCATED IN
WISCONSIN.

The state of Wisconsin lias a law which
imposes on hnuting violators not only a
$50 fine, but deprives these men of their
guns, hunting licenses and automobiles.
The confiscation of the automobile is a
drastic and effective step, for it affords
a stronger protection to the partridges
and prairie chickens, which must be pro-
tected against the onslaughts of those
wlio previously have l)eeii willing to "take
a chance." They are more apt to think
now what it will mean if I hey are caught.

THE SYSTEM OF CONSERVATION IN
PENNSYLVANIA.

In an article published' in the Bulletin
of the American Game Protective As-
sociation, Mr. Holland states that the
basis of the game protective system
adopted by I'enusylvauia is a combination
of public slioofing grounds and game
refuges.

The first game preserve was established
in Pennsylvania in 1905, and — quoting
from Mr. llolhuurs report — "at the pres-
ent time the state has twenty-four state
game preserves, eighteen being on state
owned forest lands and six on leased land
that will eventually be owned by the
state. These preserves are approximately
nine miles in circumference and individu-
ally contain from 1700 to 3200 acres.
Around each preserve are from 3000 to
7000 acres of land that is public shooting
ground, on which any man may go and
shoot, provided he complies with the
laws of state and nation." According to
the state laws, one-half of the total
acreage of the state can be utilized in this
way.

The game refuges have been placed as
near as possible to the centers of popu-
lation and in the center of state-owned
forest lands, which during the open season
constitute the public shooting ground. By
this method the game is more readily pro-
tected when out of season. The preserves
can not be mistaken, for a wire stretched
waist high surrounds it, and often as
many as six refuge posters can be seen
from one point along the reserve. Too,
fire protection clearings surround each
area. The average cost of establishing
a refuge is $2,175, and the yearly cost i

of maintiiiuing the preserves total about
$1,174.

Aside from the larger preserves, tliere
are tlie auxiliary state game preserves,
which "are tracts of land, generally of 250
acres or more. They are cared for by the
state, but are owned by some individual
or a group of several indiviiluals who are
willing to donate or lease the land to tiie
state as a game preserve for a period of
ten or more years. A ])art of each tract
is posted and cared fur by the state and
the balance is used for public shooting.
These I'eservations may consist of farm
lands. The i)!aii ha.s been found very
benelicial when' small game such as quail
and rabbit are concerned."

The system of protection practiced in
Pennsylvania to assure to the sportsmen
an abundant supply of game seems to be
eminently successful, and by 1921 Penn-
sylvania plans to have increased the
number of her game preserves to forty.

THE PLATFORM ADOPTED BY THE
ILLINOIS SPORTSMEN'S LEAGUE.

The annual meeting of the Illinois
Sportsmen's League was held at Belle-
ville, III., on May 14, 1920, and quoting
from the Illinois Sportsman, the official
organ of the League, the program which
they are to supiwrt follows. It will be
noted that the organization still maintains
that the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty
Act does not give the middle West a fair
deal so far us dui'k hunting is concerned:

First — We are for the enactment of
.iust and ecpiitable game and fish laws
and the vigorous and imi)artial enforce-
ment of the same.

Second — We favor a program which
will result in a better understanding
between the farmer and sportsman.

I'hird — We feel that the number of
game and fish wardens is inadequate and
stand for an increase, also insist that
efficient service be given at all times.

Fourth — Since the revenue from the
sale of hunting and fishing licenses re-
ceipts for fines, etc., more than pays the
opei'ating exi)enses of the Illinois Divi-
sion of (iame and Fish, we ask that this
surplus be kei)t intact in a special fund
to In used for the conservation of our
wild life.

Fifth — We stand for such an increase
in game and fish as will furnish legiti-
mate sport for every citizen.

Sixth — We favor the establishment by
the state of recreation grounds which
will be open to the public at all times

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

67

for either huntiug, lisliins, camping or
other outdoor life sports.

Sevoutli — We will give our support to
the Illinois Natural History Survey and
State Forester in the preliminary work
now being done for the conservation of
what is left of our natural forests.

Eighth — We stand for a system of
game refuges, and resting places for
waterfowl; that is, in case public shoot-
ing grounds are obtained by the state,
certain portions thereof shall be set apart
where! game can breed and raise its young
without being molested by hunters, fol-
lowing the Pennsylvania plan.

Ninth — We stand for an extension of
Ihe fish rescue work now being done by
the state, and feel that this could bo made
much more effective by the purchase or
lease of certain lakes to be used for plac-
ing the smaller fish taken from the shal-
low bodies of water. When larger these
fish could then be taken out and dis-
tributed for stocking purposes.

Tenth — We stand for a reduction in
the bag and possession limits on all of
our game birds and animals, this to be
determined after a free discussion of the
subject through the medium of this or-
ganization.

Eleventh — We stand for a change in the
open season for the taking of our fur-
bearing animals, preferably from No-
vember 15 to February 15.

Twelfth — We stand for a change in
the open season on rabbits, preferably
from November 10 to January 31 ; and in
addition thereto believe a possession
limit should be fixed. By delaying the

opening of the rabbit season and mak-
ing it the first day of the open season
for quail, there is a general feeling among
the true sportsmen that many quail will
be saved.

Thirteenth — Millions of dollars are
being appropriated by the General As-
sembly at each session for the good of
the people, therefore we are of the opinion
that the question of establishing state
parks should be given some consideration
along this line. Next year we propose
asking for a liberal appropriation, and
request the cooperation of the people in
general in oI)tainiug the same.

Fourteenth — We consider roving dogs
and cats one of the greatest existing
menaces to our wild game animals and
birds during the breeding season, there-
fore we favor the enactment of a law
regulating the same.

Fifteenth — Wie stand for an amendment
to the existing laws whicli will give the
state additional powers in dealing with
the pollution of the rivers and other
streams of our state causing the destruc-
tion of our fish.

Sixteenth— The Migratory Bird Treaty
Act has been upheld by the United States
Supreme Court, therefore, it is the su-
preme law of the land, so the safe plan
is to obey the same ; however, we still
maintain that the Middle West states
are entitled to a late winter season dur-
ing February and March for the shooting
of waterfowl and hope to convince the
United States Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey that this concession is due the sports-
men of this section of our country.

68

CALIFOKNIA KlSll A N I ) (i \ M !•:.

REPORTS.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.
July 1, 1920, to September 33, 1920.

Offense

Game.

Uuiitiiig without license

Hunting en p( steil grounds

Deer— clos^i'd season— killing or possession

Failure to produc;' deer liorn.s or skin

Kuiuiing de«n- with dogs-closed sea.«on

Female deer spike bucks— fawns— killing or i>ossessinn-

lllegal deer liides

Brush rabbits— elcsed stiasoa- killing or possession

Tree squirrels— cLsed season— kiling or possession

Quail— closed season— killing or pcssession

Doves— closed season— killing or posteisi.n

D-.cks— e'.osed seas.m- killing or possession

Sage hens — closed season killing or possesion

Ncngame birds — killing or possession

Protected shore birds -killing or possession

Bear — closed season

Night hunting

Total game violations

Fish.

Angling Avithout license

Fishing for profit without license

Fishing in restricted waters

Illegal nets in restricted districts

.■^alnion Saturday-Sunday fishing— excess daily limit cLsed s?ason— tak-
ing or possession

Striped bass — underweight— excess daily limit and offering for sale closed

>eason

Barracuda — undersized— taking or possession

Trout — excess limit— taking other than by hook and line

Clams— undersized — excess limit — taking or possession

Crabs— undersized— excess limit— taking or pos.>ession

Abalones— undersized— bringing to shore detaehsd from shell

Diied shrimps — possession

Total fish violations

Grand total fish and game violations.

28
1
5
8
7

11
5

Fines
Imuosed

9

$2:30 00

42

4m 00

2

120 00

29

600 00

U9

200 00

50.3 CO
2.') (10
125 00
2.J0 00
95 CO
425 CO
165 00

$S,170 00

332 $10,510 00

SEIZURES— FISH AND GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING .APPARATUS,

July 1, 1920, to September 30, 1920.

Game.

Deer meat 1,230 lbs.

Doves

Quail

Di;cks

Rabbits

Sage hens

Deer hides

Bear hides

14

IS

71

23

2

2

1

Fish.
Striped bass 1

Halibut

Barr!icu<la -.-

Salmon

Perch

Trout .- -

Crabs

Abalones

Pismo clams
Cockle clams
Dried shrimps
Illegal nets _-

12.5 lbs.

(iOO lbs.

SS5 lbs.

5.') lbs.

... ICO lbs.

12 lbs.

377

204

117

42") lbs.

and meal 6,300 lbs.

6

Searches.
Illegal fish and game 17

C-VLIFOK.MA FHH AND <i A M E. (j'.i

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES.

Period July 1, 1920, to October 31, 1920.
Administration:

Commissioners $130 18

Executive officers 8,262 62

Printing — - 716 20

Research and publicity 1,605 58

Accident and death claims 776 40

$11,490 98

Commercial fish culture and conservation :

Superintendence — _ $4,836 25

Inspection and patrol 1 10,078 33

Research 11,009 75

Statistics 3,376 73

Market fishing license commissions 144 50

Propagation and distribution of salmon 9,600 12

39,045 68

Sporting fish culture and conservation :

Superintendence $5,272 57

Printing 99 05

Prosecutions and allowances 117 50

Angling license commissions 5,043 10

Fish exhibits 4,287 94

General patrol, pro rata share —

San Francisco District (40 per cent) 12,883 72

Los Angeles District (40 per cent) 5,670 59

Sacramento District (40 per cent) 10,135 44

Propagation and distribution of trout 71,079 29

$114,589 20

Game conservation :

Printing $124 26

Prosecutions and allowances 536 44

Hunting license commissions 9,630 50

Mountain lion hunting (and bounties) 2,566 40

General patrol, pro rata share —

San Francisco District (60 per cent) 19,222 11

Los Angeles District (60 per cent) 8,505 93

Sacramento District (60 per cent) __■ 15,201 59

$55,787 2".

Tahoe camping ground 402 11

T<nal expenditures $221,315 20

70

CAI.II'OKNIA KISII AND GAME.

Mexlfan.

i

■V S

ig o

f 2

s

Total.

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>j '. . 00 M fJ S^ I-. iB

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San Diego.

CO

i

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ass

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Orange.

g

^S

38

o e4

1.03 Angeles..

San LuU Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

g

3

Monterey

Santa Cruz

.San Francisco,
San llateo

Contra Costa,
Alameda

Sacramento,
San Joaquin.

Solano, Yolo

o o »

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1^ M* *«*

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!r! '^ 55

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CO ^r

Marin.

Mendocino,
Sonoma, l.ake.

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numlioldt

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

71

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CALIFOKMA STATK I'UINTIXf! OFFICE

.1. jr. CKF.MIN. SiruTiiitciiileiit

SACltAMKNTO. 1'.I21

California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OK WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"

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Volume 7 SACRAMENTO, APRIL, 1921 Number 2

CONTENTS.

Pago

A I'.KIKF HISTORY OF 'I'lIK CALIFORXIA FISH AND OAMF COM-
MISSION tf<iri>l(l ('. Hrinnii 7.'!

rntj^Hwrioxs of the California fisii and game co:mmis-

SION, 1.^70-i;)2() UuroUl V. Jinjant S7

THE CONTROL OF THE MOUNTAIN LION IN CALIFORNIA

,/. ,S'. Hunter 00

HUNTING THE WILD BOAR IN CENTRAL FRANCE W. L. Scofield 102

I'HE ABUNDANCE OF YOUNG PISMO CLAMS Frank W- Weymouth 103

QUARTER-OILS OR HALF-POUND OVALS 11(7/ /'. Thompson IOj

WHALES AND SARDINES Will F. Thompson 110

EDITORIALS 112

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 121

HATCHERY NOTES 122

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 124

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 127

REPORTS—

Skizures 12S

A'lOLATIOXS OF FlSII AND GAME LaWS 120

Expenditures 130

Fishery Products, Octobkk. November. December, 1020 131

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

COMMISSION.

By Harold C. Bryant.

INTRODUCTION.

Tlio California Fish and Game Commission liaving completed fifty
years of service to the state in the administration and conservation of
wild life resources, it seems fitting that a review of the problems of the
past and their solution, together with an outline of the distinctive accom-
plishments of one of the oldest state commissions, be published, to the
end that the work of this Commission may be better understood and
OOSG

74 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

appreciated and that future activities may be governed by the successes ■
or failun^s of tlie past.

Under the administration of Governor IF. TT. Ilaight, the legislature
of 1870 established a Board of Fish Commissioners under "An act to
provide for the restoration and preservation of fish in tlie waters of this
state." The ])ill was approved on April 2, 1870, and Messrs. B. B.
Redding, S. R. Throckmorton and J. D. Farwell were appointed as com-
missioners. The former commissioner served the state for more than ten
years.

The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries was not estab-
lished until a year later. California tlius liad an organized tish com-
mission nearly a year before the federal government took up similar
Avork. The appropriation of $5,000 was largely used in importing new
varieties of fish and in preserving those native fish which were recog-
nized as valuable food fish. It was not until 1878 that the Commission
was granted jurisdiction over game as well as fish.

"The fii'st hatchery owned and operated by the state was situated on
the grounds of the State University, in Berkeley. The Califoriua
Acclimatization Society under the supervision of j\Ir. J. G. AVoodbury
had been experimenting, and had made several successful hatches of
eggs introduced from the eastern states. JNlr. Woodbury afterward
became an assistant to Dr. Livingston Stone, at the Baird Hatchery, on
the McCloud River, in 1872. when the first attempt was made to propa-
gate the quinnat salmon in California.

INTRODUCTION OF FOOD AND GAME FISHES.

"The California Fisli Commission during the first decade of its
existence introduced into the M^aters of this state a number of varieties
of food and game fishes and the attending results are regarded as being
among the greatest achievements in fishculture and acclimatization."*

In the year 1872, an attempt was made to import from eastern states
on a special arpiarium car the following: black bass, glass-eyed perch,
yellow perch, catfish, tautogs, brook trout, salt water eels, lobsters and
oysters. Unfortunately, this large shipment never reached California
owing to a train wreck which was described in the official report as
follows :

"After leaving Omaha we stowed away as Avell as we could the
immense amount of ice wo had on tlie car, and having regulated the
temperature of all the tanlcs, and aerated the water all round, we made
our tea and were sitting down to dinner, when suddenly there came a
terrible crash, and tanks, ice, and everything in the car seemed to strike
us in every direction. We were, every one of us, at once wedged in by
the heavy weights upon us, so that we could not move or stir. A moment
after, the car began to fill rapidly with water, the heavy weights upon us
began to loosen, and, in some unaccountable way, we Avere washed out
into the river. Swimming around our ear, we climbed up on one end of
it, which wa.s still out of water, and looked around to see where we were.
We found our car detached from the train, both couplings having parted.
The tender was out of sight, and the upper end of our car resting on it.
The engine Avas three-fourths under water, and one man in the engine

♦Sheblcv. W. H. : History of tlie Introduction of Food and Game Fishes into tlie
VVaters of California. California Blue Book, 1911, pages 513-527.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

75

cab enifslic'd to death. Two men were float iiij;' down the swift eiirreiit
in a drowning condition, and the balance of the train still stood on the
track, with the forward car within a very few inches of the water's edge.
The Westin,u'lious(> air-brako Iiad saved the train. If we had l)een with-
out it, the destruction would have been fearful.

' ' One look was sufficient to show that the contents of the aquarium car
were a total loss. No care or labor had been spared in bringing the fish
to this point, and now. almost on the verge of success, everything was
lost." (Bienn. Kept. Fish Comm., 1872-1873.)

Undiscouraged by this loss the Commission asked Mr. Stone, who was
in charge of the atiuarium car, to return East and obtain anew shipment.
With the helji of the Ignited States Bureau of Fisheries, 40,000 shad were
secured in the Hudson River. These fish arrived safely and w^ere
planted in the Sacramento River at Tehama.
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Fig. 28. Fisherman unloading catch of shad. Over a million and a half pounds of
shad are taken annually in California. Tliey were first introduc:-d into the waters of
the state by the State Fish Commission in 1871 and a second iilant was made in 1873.

In the fall of 1872, a shipment of white fish eggs was secured in the
East. These were hatched with success and 25,000 young white fish
were planted in Clear Lake. During this period. Tahoe trout were
introduced into several coastal lakes and streams. This constituted the
first transplantation experiments.

On June 12, 1874, another importation which included black bass,
glass-eyed pereli, Scliuylkill catfish, horn-pouts, silver eels, eastern
salmon, rock bass, tautogs, lobsters and salt water eels, were distributed
to different lakes and streams of the state. The tautogs were placed in
San Francisco Bay and the white fish in Tulare Lake.

During the years LS7G-1877 an attempt was made to acclimatize the
awa, a fish from Hawaii. Apparently, there were no results from the
2— «KSO

76

CALtroRNlA 1<'1SH AND GAME.

plant made near Bridgeport, Solano County. Efforts to l)etter establish
the white fish, shad, and other fishes were continued and additional
importations Avere made. The striped bass was introduced in 1879 and
the carp in 1880.

The first published report on the edible fishes of the Pacific Coast
appeared in 1881.

In 1898, six fish hatcheries were in operation, as well as several egg-
collecting' stations, and the 8issnn llatclifrv liad been enlarged to handle
1G,()()0,()(H) eggs at one time.

In 1903-1904 additional attempts were made to introduce the greyling
and the land-loeked salmon. Although fish were planted, no results' were
obtained. At the same time four do/cn elegant quail imported from
^lexico were liberated, but soon disa])j)e'art'd. Chinese (piail were the
subject of still another acclimatization failure.

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FtG. 29. Striped bass, Rocciis liitcattts. the successful introduction ot wliich was accomplished
in the year 1879, when 1,?S were planted near Martinez. A second plant was made in June,
1882, when about .300 were planted in Suisun Uay. The increase has been remarkable.

Continued interest in the introduction of new food fishes led to the
importation and planting in 1908 of crappie, blue-gilled sunfish, yellow
perch and ring perch, making aiiout thirty different exotic species given
a trial in the waters of the state. The above species have increased and
are well established in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers.
Attempted introduction of the ayu from Japan in 1920 met with failure.

Enthusiasm over tlie golden trout of the southern lligli Sierra led to
numy transplantations of this fish begiiniing in 1909 and 1910. As a
result this species is now found 150 miles to the north of its original
home in the head waters of the Kern River.

Transplantations of striped bass were also attempted in more recent
years.

OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS.

The first outstanding problem confronting the Commission was that of
the pollution of coastal streams by sawdust from the mills. It was found
that the fish life in those streams into which the refuse from mills was
poured soon became barren and demand was made for legislation to
prevent further pollution.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

77

The need for fishways was apparent to tlie first board appointed and
within a few years the building of them was made compulsory. The
following quotation from the 1870-71 Biennial Report is of interest:

"At one dam oji a tributary of the Truckee a mill owner consented
to put in a fisliway, at the earnest solicitation of one of the commis-
sioners, and to prevent the expenses of a suit. He said the law was an
infringement of his rights, and when the legislature passed an act to
compel him to spend money in such foolish l)usiness they should have
appointed a schoolmaster to teach the trout how to use the contrivance ;
he did not believe a tish could be coaxed to go near it. The next evening
after the fisliway was placed in position the fish were passing it every
few minutes; the mill owner became a convert to the practical use of
fishways. He soon tore away the cheap and temporary affair built to
comply with the law under compulsion, and has erected in its place a
substantial ladder that will last for years."

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Fig. 30. Chinese shrimp fisliermen ainl small fish, caught in the shrimp nets, being dried.
The danger to young fish as a result of the shrimp fislieries early became an important
problem of the Fish and Game Commission. Photographs by N. B. Scofield.

The most important problem confronting the Commission in the years
1876 and 1877 was the decreasing run of salmon in the Sacramento and
San Joaquin rivers. A demand for a closed season to limit the catch was
made as a result of investigation. Interest in the salmon situation con-
tinued for several years and statistics on canning operations and output
were secured.

Decimation of immature fish as a result of the practices of the Chinese
shrimp fishermen, and the destruction of the sturgeon by the use of
Chinese set lines next attracted the attention of the Commission and in
1885 a strengthening of the patrol service Avas ordered as was also the
building of a patrol launch. By this time shad had become so numerous
that a repeal of the closed season was recommended. Interest in salmon
centered around the complaint that sea lions destroyed large numbers
as they entered the Bay, and the building of the first large state salmon
hatchery which was located on Hat Creek.

An interesting political situation hindered the work of the Board
during the years 1886 and 1888: "The work of the Commission was
progressing very satisfactorily, until disturbed by the attempt on your
part (the report was m^de to Hon. R. W. Waterman, then Governor of

78

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

the State of California) to reorganize the Commission by placing thereon
persons of your own selection. This attempted removal of the members
of the Commission (Roiiticr and Harvey) discredited tlie acts of the
Commission, destroyed public confidence in the legality of their official
acts, and defeated all eit'(u-ts to an efficient discharge of their duties.
That the legal status of the Board might be determined, Mr. J. D.
Redding, who had been api)ointed l)y you to succeed Commissioner
Routier, obtained the ])ermission of the Attorney General to bring an
action in the name of the people to oust Mv. Routier, ])ut after suffering
the action to remain in the courts for several months, lie caused it to be
dismissed. Subsequently, flie State Board of Examiners, moved by the
clamor of claimants who had furnislied sup])lies, or rendered services to
the state, agreed that the (piestion as to who were entitled to act as the

Fig. 31. A view of the Mount Shasta Hatchery taken about tlic year 1905. There are now
six large hatchery buildings on the grounds.

State Board of Fisli Commissioners should l)e submitted to the Attorney
(Jeneral, and that the opinion of that officer should l)e biiuling upon the
Board of Examiners until overruled by the courts."*

The licensing of market fishermen as a means of controlling the
salmon situation was begun on ^March 21, 1887.

Although ai)puinted sohdy in the interest of preserving and increasing
a fisli sui)ply, the Fish Commission early recognized the need for con-
serving game, notably deer, as is evidenced by the following excerpt :

"We recommend that the killing of deer be prohil)ited absolutely for
the next two yeai-s, and also the having in possession of the skin of any
deer for the same time. This is rendered necessary because of the great

♦Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Cornmlssioners of the State of
California, for tlio years 1886-1888.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 79

loss of these animals during the extremely severe weather of the last
two winters, as well as their indiscriminate slaughter in some localities
by hunters who defy the law with impunity. With these men, nothing
save the heavy hand of the law can be made effective." (Biennial
Report 1888-1890.)

An appropriation of $2,000 first gave the impetus to the introduction
of foreign game birds. In 1889 attempts were made to secure Oregon
pheasants but actual stocking of the state did not begin until several
years later.

The screening of irrigation ditches now attracted attention for the
first time and steps were taken to improve the existing situation. It
was at this time also that various conflicting county laws relative to the
mesh of salmon nets made the enforcement of the salmon laws very
difficult.

The sale of fish and game in San Francisco during the closed season
became an important problem in the years 1891 and 1892. Under a
system of cold storage it was possible for markets to hold fish and game,
taken at a time when it was lawful, and to sell it during the closed
season. It became apparent that unless some limitations were imposed j
the closed seasons for fish and game would cease to accomplish any pur- ;
pose, and recommendations were made accordingly. Demand was also
made for an investigation of the marine fishes and the spawning and
hatching of the same.

By 1893, with an appropriation of about $20,000 and an income from
fishermen 's licenses of about $4,000, the Commission was able to employ
an attorney, and twenty-seven deputies who served without pay.
Furthermore, the first compilation of the game laws of the state was
made and printed. Sportsmen's clubs which had by this time begun to
appear were encouraged.

Of particular interest were the game statistics secured and published
in the 1895-1896 Biennial Report. A table shows the receipts of game
birds in the San Francisco and Los Angeles markets. The totals show
332,630 pounds of ducks, 175,444 pounds of geese and 37,880 pounds of
California doves, pigeons and other game birds. The total valuation of
the birds in the San Francisco and Los Angeles markets was $62,362.01.
In 1897, attention was again directed toward the introduction of ring-
necked pheasants and 323 were purchased in Oregon and liberated in
five-pair lots. Satisfactory increase was reported. A year or two later
about 250 more pheasants were purchased in Hongkong for seventy-five
cents each and liberated in several different places in the state.

Interest in commercial fisheries now developed to such a point that
there was urgent demand for the al)atement of the destruction to young
fish by Chinese shrimp fishermen on which agitation had begun as early
as 1885. This came as a result of investigations made by an expert
which consumed several months' time. Statistics showing the amounts
of the different varieties of fish sold in the San Francisco markets were
prepared in order to show the need for protective legislation. The
sturgeon, once of no market value, was found to be the highest priced
fish on the market and with the supply insufficient to meet the demands,
in spite of protective laws.

"As the hunting license law produced ample funds, and believing
that the establishment of a State Game Farm where game birds could
3—9086

80

CALIFOKNIA FISH AND GAME.

be raised in captivity and operated along the same lines as fish hatch-
eries, would be in entire accord with the spirit of the law, which
authorizes expenditures for the propagation and restoration of game,
and being encouraged by the example of other 'states, it was decided to
undertake the establishment of one in California. Negotiations for
services Avere entered into with several men who had had experience on
game farms in eastern states, also with ]\Ir. J. R. Argabrite, a resident
of California, who was a successful raiser of pheasants in Ventura
County. This resulted in engaging the services of Mr. Argabrite in
September, 1908. He was immediately detailed to examine and report
on a number of different locations that had been offered for the estab-

FiG. 32. Pheasant cliicks at tlic State Came l'"ai-iii Maiiv pheasants anil quail were reared
on the farm between 1908 and 1918. Photograph by II. C. Bryant.

lisliiiiL'iit ul such an iustitutiou. '' (Bieiiu. Kpt. 1!)U).) A location was
finally selected one mile south of Hayward, Alameda County, and a lease
executed in November, 1908. A stock of pheasants was immediately
secured together with four dozen Hungarian partridges. During the
ten years of its existence the game farm reared and distributed several
thousand pheasants, many quail and some wild turkeys. The expense
of the farm seemed to be so out of proportion to the results obtained and
the location so unfavorable for game propagation that the farm was
finally abandoned in the fall of 1918. In the last years of its existence
it was used more largely as an experiment station to determine the possi-
bility of breeding different species of game birds and mammals.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 81

When the game farm was first established there were a number of
experiments made in the transplanting of native species. In 1908 and
1909, about three thousand quail were trapped and distributed in various
sections of the state. About one thousand five hundred of this number
were quail trapped in Lower California and liberated near Los Angeles.
The incentive for these plants had its source in the mistaken idea that
quail were decreasing because of inbreeding.

During the period 1910-1912, due to the concerted effort of Commis-
sioner Newbert, public interest in fish and game conservation was
aroused by directing and otherwise aiding in the formation of a repre-
sentative protective organization, with a membership of over 16,000
sportsmen scattered through every county in the state. Each county
sent representatives to Sacramento in order to aid in the formulation of
the game laws so that the laws would be as fair to the people of the state
as it was possible to make them. The organization, however, was short
lived.

In 1912, Charles L. Gilmore was appointed by the Commission to make
a stream surve.y, all of the available data to be recorded on maps together
with fish distribution in proper position with reference to the locality of
the actual plant. The best available s'ources of information and of sta-
tistical data were consulted and an intensive study made.

Beginning in 1913, the Fish and Game Commission started emphasiz-
ing scientific investigation of the many problems relating to fish and
game. For these investigations experts from the State University and
from Stanford University were secured. Professor Charles II. Gilbert
undertook an inquiry into the life history of salmon and trout. Study
of the life, abundance and conditions most favorable to the maintenance
of our edible crabs was undertaken by Professor Frank W. Weymouth.
A study of the clams of California was made by Harold Heath and one
on abalones by Chas. L. Edwards. Complaint of the devastation caused
by meadowlaiks and other nongame birds led to the study of the rela-
tion of birds to agriculture by H. C. Bryant. At this time also. Miss
Gretchen Libby was secured to conduct an educational campaign regard-
ing wild Fife andwild life conservation in the schcols of the state. Prank
C. Clarke undertook an investigation of the deer problem and published
a report. ■

On August 10, 1913, the employees of the Commission were included
in the classified list of state employees under civil service. In this year
also administrative divisions were established under the charge of branch
offices at Sacramento, Los Angeles and Fresno.

Beginning in 1914, emphasis was placed on education and publicity,
a separate department being inaugurated. Conservation work in the
schools and in the summer resorts was undertaken, as well as the publi-
cation of a quarterly, California Fish and Game, with the motto,
"Conservation Through Education."

In 1017, in anticipation of an income from a newly established fisheries
tax, scientific investigation of problems connected with the rapidly
growing fisheries of the state were begun with the ultimate establishment
of a State Fisheries Laboratory at San Pedro under the direction of Mr.
W. F. Thompson. A patrol boat suitable for use in scientific work was
built in 1918. A system of recording the catch of fish in order to furnish
statistics of fluctuation and overfishing was also begun.

82

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

The ofanie refuge as a means of game conservation came to the fore
about 1909 hut it was 1915 before extensive areas were set aside. In
1917. sixteen large areas were added making a total when the national
paries and monuments are added of ai)out 3,000.000 acres.

Fig. 33. The old Talioe llatchciy as it appeared in 1906.

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Fig. 34. The new Tahoe Hatchery eompleted .Vugust, 19J0. Photograph by M. K.
Spaulding.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 83

In 1920, the Commission was operating sixteen fish hatcheries and six
egg-coHeetino' stations. The output in tront for the two-year period
ending June 30, 11)20, amounted to 31,000,000. In addition 29,000,000
Chinook sahnon were hatched and distributed. Thus we find at the end
of the fifty-year period that continued emphasis is being placed on fish
propagation with attendant spectacular results.

PERSONNEL.

A succession of interested and discerning commissioners backed by a
long list of faithful employees have combined to make a splendid working
organization. The policy pursued by each newly appointed Commis-
sion of retaining employees instead of using political power to oust them
has allowed certain policies to be continued through a term of years,
without change and with correspondingly favorable results. The present
liead of the Fishculture Department, W. H. Shebley, and his assistant,
E. W. Hunt, have served the Commisison continuously for thirty-five
and thirty-two years respectively. The list of chief deputies and
executive officers is very short considering the political changes
during fifty years. The list on page 84 will furnish some idea of the
men appointed by various Governors, as Fish and Game Commissioners.

ChJef Deputies and Executive Officers.

John P. Batacock December, lS92-Oclober 15, 1901

Clias. A. Vogelsang- — October 15, 1901-August 15, 1910

John P. Babcock August 15, 1910-November 29, 1911

Ernest Schaeffle November 29, 1911-September, 1916

Carl Westerfeld — December 8, 1916-April 28, 1920

Chas. A. Vogelsang April 28, 1920 —

CONSTRUCTIVE LEGISLATION AND COURT DECISIONS.

A number of court decisions have formed the ground work for the
successful administration of fish and game laws, not only in California
but in otlier states. The more outstanding cases have had to do with
pollution, transportation and sale of fish and game. Brief statements
regarding the more important ones follow:

It was in 1893 that the Supreme Court handed down a very important
decision relative to the sale of venison. In the case of Simon Maier, the
law making the possession of venison illegal during the closed season was
upheld even though the deer might have been killed without the state.

Hide hunters were most active about 1880 when thousands of deer
hides were shipped annually from Sacramento Valley towns, but a final
cleanup of offenders did not come until 1893, when arrests were made in
San Francisco and an important case won. Thereafter, violations of the
deer law were less flagrant.

Several important game cases helped put a stop to illegal sale of game
in the markets. A test case of the law fixing a limit on the number of
quail, ducks, doves and other game liirds that one person may possess
during one calendar day was decided in favor of the people, and market
men of San Francisco were forced to limit their supply to a single bag
limit. Similar cases carried to the Supreme Court were decided favor-
ably. Also the law prohibiting the sale of quail was upheld in the
Supreme Court. Inspection of express shipments was begun in an effort
to stop illicit shipping of game.

84

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 85

For several years the desire to curb the use of explosives in the capture
of fish led to the offer of a reward of $25 for the arrest of any person
killing fish by the use of powder or dynamite. For the two years end-
ing September 1, 1898, nineteen cases where explosives had been used
were prosecuted.

Owing to the efforts of the Commission a hunting license law was
enacted in 1907, but the angler's license law" was not enacted until 1913.
The hunting license law met the approval of all those interested in the
preservation of game and provided funds for a $20 bounty on mountain
lions, after November, 1907.

In 1897, a case of importance which was brought before the courts
was that against the Truekee Lumber Company for dumping sawdust in
the Truekee River. The company maintained that the state had a right
to protect fish only in navigable waters and that in all other waters the
right is exclusively in the riparian proprietor. The Supreme Court
ruled that the right to take fish extends to all waters and that therefore
the title remains in the government. Also that the waters of the state
furnish passageway for the fish and that they can not be subjected to
private ownership. Further that the owner does not control all of the
fish in the stream except as he reduces them to actual possession and
that he can not kill or obstruct the free passage of those not taken.

Proper control of the transportation of game was attained by winning
two important cases, one of which put the game transfer companies out
of business and the other sustained the law prohibiting the use of parcel
post in the shipment of game.

"For a number of years prior to 1913, there was an organized effort
on the part of certain connnission merchants in San Francisco to evade
the limit law on ducks and to that end transfer companies were formed,
which, while endeavoring to act as such, were, in fact, subterfuges of
the several commission houses ; for the reason that a transfer company is
allowed to have in its possession more than the limit of ducks in one day,
for the purpose of transportation only. When the Commission dis-
covered this fact, all the ducks in the possession of the so-called transfer
companies were seized. Thereafter, an action was brought in the
Superior Court to restrain the Commission from seizing the ducks, so
shipped, and for $5,000 damages. Judgment was rendered in favor of
the Commission and against the plaintiff, for costs. Since the rendering
of this decree, these so-called transfer companies have entirely gone out
of business and it has reduced the unlawful distribution of ducks to
less than one-half." (Bienn. Kept. 1914.)

The first legislation regarding the nonsale of game was brought before
the people of California in 1893, when the market sale of deer was pro-
hibited. In 1901, quail were taken from the market. But a crisis was
reached when, in 1913, along with many other bills relating to fish and
game, there was introduced into the legislature what has since been
known as the "Flint-Cary bill," prohibiting the sale of wild ducks and
wild pigeons, in addition to the wild game the sale of which had been
previously forbidden.

86 CALIFORNIA FISII AND GAME.

This bill was passed by both houses and signed by the Governor, but
those who had failed to pr(n'eiit its passage, namely, the Northern (Cali-
fornia Hotel Men's Association and others, got np a referendnin peti-
tion, which led to the setting aside of the l)ill until the general election,
November 3, 1914. Tiie \:\\y failed of j)assage in the November election,
but a few years afterwai'ds the federal law was passed which ])]-ohil)its
the market sale of any migratory game which accomplished the desired
result.

In July 1914, on account of the decision that the Districting Act of
1913 was faulty, it became necessary to revise the act and to change
many of the laws on the statutes. This was done at the 1915 session
of the legislature.

On September 11, 1917, Frank Phoedovius was arrested in San Mateo
County for shipping deer meat by parcel post. Tie was tried and con-
victed and sentenced to pay a fine of $25 or be imprisoned in the county
jail until said sentence was satisfied, in proportion to one day's imprison-
ment for every dollar of said fine. The fact that the postal laws pre-
vented inspection of any packages shipped by parcel post had been taken
advantage of by the market hunters and fishermen. The decision in this
case took from them the last avenue through which the game and fish of
the state could be unlawfully exploited.

CONCLUSION.

These features of the work of the Commission have been selected more
or less at random and doubtless there are many other accomplishments
Avhich deserve recognition. Such have been left out for the sake of
brevity.

The above achievements have of course been accompanied with many
discouragements and some failures, but the latter are overshadowed by
these notable successes.

With such achievements as a backgi'onnd the future should yield a
rich harvest of new attainments.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 87

PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

COMMISSION, 1870-1920.

Compiled by Harold C. Bryant.

INTRODUCTION.

A test of the efficiency of any organization whose function it is to
administer natural resources is to be found in the actual publislied
results of scientific research. Certainly, a Fish and Game Commission
is not functioning correctly if legislation and current activities are not
based on the carefully ascertained facts secured as a result of scientific
inquiry. That the California Fish and Game Commission has not been
remiss in this regard is evidenced by the following list of publications.
Although compiled largely as an aid to those making use of published
articles on the fish and game of this state, the list should bring force-
fully to the minds of all readers the outstanding features in the work
and accomplishments of the Commission during the fifty years of its
existence.

The list is as near complete as it was possible to make it. As the
files of the Commission were destroyed in the San Francisco fire of
1906, reference has been made to the files of the State Library and the
University of California Library, as well as to files of the Fishcul-.
tural Department.

All of the publications listed with but one or two exceptions have been
published by the State Department of Printing at Sacramento.

In some instances new series of bulletins have been started under
different administrations without due regard to previous series. These
have accordingly been designated as new series, to avoid duplication of
bulletin numbers, although this designation does not appear on the
bulletins themselves.

The serial publications of the Commission have been: (1) biennial
reports (a report to the Governor required by law) ; (2) California
fish and game laws (a compilation of the laws relating to fish and game
for the use of deputies) ; (3) abstracts of California fish and game laws
(cards giving a summary of the open seasons, bag limits and other
regulations) ; (4) fish bulletins (publications giving the results of scien-
tific investigations) ; (5) game bulletins (publications giving the results
of scientific investigations) ; (6) teachers' bulletins (a series designed
for the use of teachers in the public schools) ; (7) miscellaneous bulle-
tins (miscellaneous reports on the work and accomplishments of the
Commission and publications appearing irregularly) ; (8) California
Fish and Game (a quarterly magazine with the motto "Conservation
Through Education") ; (9) reprints and separates.

4— yoSG

88 CALIFOHXIA FISH .VXD GAME.

BIENNIAL REPORTS.

Report of th(^ Comniissionors of Fisheries of Uie State of California for the years

ISTO and 1S71. 1872 ; 24 pp.
Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of tiie State of California for the years

1872 and 1S73. 1874; 28 pp.
Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of California for the years

1874 and 1875. 1875 ; 3G pp.
Report of the Conimissioucrs of Fi.shories of Ihc State of Calif(>riii;i fur I ho years

1S7(J and 1877. 1877; 30 pp.
Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of llic Slate of CalifiHiiin for llie years
1878 and 1870. ]87r>; G3 pp.

a. Jiei)ort upon the food fishes of San Francisco. ]!y ^^'. N. Tyockingtuu,
pp. ]7-58.
Report of the Commissioners of Fishei'ies of the State of Califui-nia fur the year 1880.
1880; 70 pp.

a. Report on the edible fishes uf the I'acific Coast, U. S. A. By W. N.
Lockington, pp. 1G-G(j.

Biennial Rei)ort of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of California for
1881-1882. 1882; 23 pp.

Biennial Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of California for the
years 188:1-1884. 1884; 33 pp.

Biennial Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of thi^ State of California for the
years 1885-1S8G. 1S8G ; 31 pp.

Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Comiiiissioucrs of [ho State of Cali-
fornia for the years 1886-1888. 1888 ; 15 pp.

Biennial Report of the State Board of Fi.sh Commissioners of the State of Cali-
fornia for the years 1888-1800. 1890 ; G7 pp. 4 pis.

a. Food fishes of the California fresh waters. By Carl IT. Eigenmann,

pp. 53-05.
h. Wliy salmon are scarce. By H. W. Harkness, pp. G6-G7.

Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners of the State of Cali-
fornia, 1801-1892. 1892 ; G5 pp., 3 pi.

a. Salmon and tront of the I'acific Coast. By David Starr .Jordan, ])p.

44-58.

b. Description of a new species of trout (Salmo kamloops). By David

Starr Jordan, pp. GO-Gl, 1 pi.

c. Description of the Golden trout of Kern River. By David Starr

Jordan, pp. G2— G5, 1 pi.
Thirteenth P.iennial Report of the State Jioard of Fish Commissioners of the State
of California, J803-1804. 1894; 143 pp., 18 pi.

a. Report of observations respecting the oyster resources and oyster

fishery of the I'acific Coast of the ITnited States. By Charles 11.
Townsend, pp. 92-108.

b. Salmon and trout of the Pacific Coast. By David Starr Jordan, pp.

125-141, 7 pis.

c. Descrii)tions of new varieties of trout. By David Starr Jordan, pp,

142-143, 3 pis.

Fourteenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners of the State
of California, for the years 1895-180G. LSOG; 108 pp., 28 pi.

Fifteenth Biennial Report of the State Boarc,! of Fish Commissioners of the State
of California, for the years 1897-1898. 1900; 75 pp., 3 pis., 3 figs.

a. Report on the planting of qninnat salmon fry in the short coast

streams of .Marin Countv. California. Bv N. B. Scofield, i)p.40-G2,

3 pis.
1). Notes on the mo\<'nients of the young of the steelhead trout in Marin

County streams. By N. B. Scofield, pp. G3-(J.5.
c. Notes on an investigation of the movement and rate of growth of the

quinnat salmon fry in the Sacramento River. By N. B. Scofield,

pp. 66-71.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 89

Sixteenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Fi,sh Commissioners of the State of

California, for the years 1890-1900. 1900; 45 pp.
Seventeenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners of the State

of California, for the years 1901-1902. 1902; 70 pp., 3 pis., 7 figs.

a. The equity of the game laws. By a "convert," pp. 58-63.

b. Studies in the natural history of the Sacramento salmon. By Clouds-

ley Rutter, pp. 64-76, 1 pi.
Eighteenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners of the State
of California, for the years 1903-1904. 1904; 112 pp., 10 figs.

a. Pacific species of salmon and trout. By David Starr Jordan, pp. 75-97.

b. The pai'ent-stream theory of the return of salmon. By David Starr

Jordan, pp. 98-102.

c. Artificial propagation of salmon in the Sacramento River. By Clouds-

ley Rutter, with addenda by Commissioners, pp. 103-107, 1 fig.
Nineteenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners of the State
of California for the years 1904-190(1. 1907; 112 pp., 3 colored pis., 29 fig.s.

a. The trout and salmon of the Pacific Coast. By David Starr Jordan,

pp. 77-92, 11 figs.

b. Do quinnat salmon return to the native streams? By Cloudsley

Rutter, pp. 93-97.

c. The golden trout of the southern High Sierras. By Barton Warren

Evermann, pp. 98-112, 1 pi.

Twentieth Biennial Report and Financial Statement of the State Board of Fish
Commissioners for the years 1907—1908. (Not printed for distribution liut
appearing in the Appendix of the Twenty-first Biennial Report, pp. 75-79.)

*Twenty-first Biennial Report of the Board of Fish Commissioners of the State of
California, for the years 1909-1910. 1910; 127 pp., 8 colored pis., IG figs.

a. Notes on the striped bass in California. By N. B. Scofield, pp. 104-

109, 1 pi.

b. Notes on spawning and hatching of striped ba.ss eggs at Bouldin Island

Hatchery. By N. B. Scofield and G. A. Coleman, pp. 109-117,
3 figs.

c. Pheasant raising. By Chas. A. Vogelsang, pp. 118-124, 1 pi., 1 fig.

d. Diseases of pheasants. By George B. Morse, M.D., V.S., pp. 124-127.
*Twenty-second Biennial Report of the Fish and (Jame Commission of the State of

California, for the years 19HV1912. 1913; 80 pp., 5 figs.
'•Twenty-third Biennial Report of the Fish and Game Commis.sion of the State of
California, for the years 1912-1914. 1914 ; 160 pp., 34 figs.

a. Arid California and its animal life. By Frank Stevens, pp. 127-135,

2 figs.

b. The California fish industrv from a commercial point of view. By

F. E. Booth, pp. 136-140, 1 fig.

c. The National Forests in California. By W. C. Hodge, pp. 141-150,

3 figs.

d. The American army of hunters. By Ernest Schaefiie, pp. 151-152.

Note. — Beginning with the Twenty-fourtli, the Biennial Report consists of tlie
report only, sucli papers as had been included lieretofore being lienceforth published
as bulletins or in the quarterly California Fish and Game.

*Twenty-fourth Biennial Report of the Fish and Game Commission of the State of
California, for the years 1914-1916 ; 248 pp., 88 figs., 1 colored pi.

*Twenty-fifth Biennial Report of the Fish and Game Commission of the State of
California, for the years 1916-1918 ; 98 pp., 11 figs.

*Twenty-sixth Biennial Report of the Fish and Game Commission of the State of
California, for the years 1918-1920. 1921 ; 149 pp., 28 figs.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LAWS.

1885 The Fish and Game laws of the State of California ; published by authority

of the State Board of Fish Commissioners ; 1st ed., 77 pp.

1886 (No record available of 2d edition.)

1887 The Fish and Game laws of the State of California ; published by authority

of the State Board of Fish Commissioners ; 3d ed., 80 pp.
1889 The Fish and Game laws of the State of California ; published by authority
of the State Board of Fish Commissioners ; 4th ed., 86 pp.

♦Publications still available for distribution are marked with an asterisk.

90 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

1891 The Fisli .ind (i.uiic laws of the State of Califoruia : publishod by authority

of the Stale Itoaid of Fisli (/onunissioiuTS ; fith ed., S4 ])p.
1893 The Fisli and (iaiuc laws of the State of ( "alifoniia ; published by aulhorily

of the State I'.oard of Fish ("<»iniiiissi(MU'rs, coiuiiiled b_\ F. 1'. Deering,

attoi'uey for the Board; Uth ed., 1412 pp.
1895 The Fish and Game laws of the State of California : published by authority

of the State Board of Fish Comniissiouers, couiiiiled liy Arthur G.

Fletclier, clerk of the Board ; Ttli ed., ."."> \)\).
1897 The Fish and (Janie laws of the State of ("alifoniia ; i)ublislied by autliority

of the State Board of Fish Comiuissioners, compiled by Arthur G.

Fletcher, clerk of the Board ; 8th ed., 55 pp.
1S99 The I''"'isli and Game laws of the State of California; published by authority

of the State l>oard of Fish ( "ommissioners ; !)tli ed., 'A'2 ]t\i.
1901 The I'isli and (iaiue laws of tlie State of California ; i)iiblislied li\ aiiiliority

of the State lioard of Fish Coiiiniissioners ; lOth ed., 4S j)]).
11K)3 The Fish and Game laws of the State of California ; pul)lished liy authority

of the State Board of Fish Commissioners, compiled by ('has. A. Vogel-

sans ; 11 til ed., 48 pp.
1905 The Fish and (iame laws of the State of California ; published by authority

of the State Board of Fish Commi.-sioners. compiled by Clias. A. Vo<;el-

sanK ; 3-th ed., 52 pp.
1907 The Fish and Game laws of the State of California ; published by authority

of the State Board of Fish Commissioners, comi)iled by Chas. A. Vouel-

sani;- ; 38th ed., ()4 pp.
1909 The Fish and (iame laws of tlie State of California : publisli'd by autluu-ity

of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, comijiled by

Chas. A. Vogelsans : 34th ed., SO pp.
1911-12 State of California Fish and (Jame I.-aws ; ciuiiiiih'd and ])ulilislied by (uder

of tlie State Board of Fish and Game Conimis^ioiiers ; l.'itli ed.. IbS pp.
1913—34 State of California Fish and (Jame Laws; compiled and published by oi^hn*

of the State I'oard of Fish and (Jame Commissioners, arranged by

Erne.st Schaeffle, Assistant Commissioner; l(!th ed.. 323 i)p.
1914-35 State of California Fish and Game Laws ; published by the Board of Fish

and (Jame Commitsioners, arranged by Ernest Schaeffle. Assistant Com-
missioner; 17th ed.. 130 pp.
191.5-17 State of California Fisli and (Jame Laws; published by the Board of Fish

and Game ('ommissioners, arranged by John 1'. Fislier, game expert ;

18th ed., 144 pp.
1915-17 State of California Fish and Game Laws; published by the Board of Fish

and Game Commi.s.sioners. arranged by John P. Fisher, in charge license

department ; 19th ed., 144 pp.
3917-19 State of ('alifornia Laws relating to Fish and (Jame; iniblished by the

Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, arranged by J. S. Hunter,

assistant executive officer; 20th ed.. ISO iij).
1919-21 *State of (I'alifornia Laws relating to Fish and (Jame; iiublished by the

Board of Fish and (Jame Commissionei's. arranged liy .1. S. Hunter,

as.sistant executive officer; 21st ed., 201 i>p.

ABSTRACT OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.

Abstract of California Fish and (Jame Laws; first iiublished in 1!)03 (?) ; biennially

to 1920. (Two sizes, one for mailing, the other as a poster.)
Abstract of Laws pertaining to Commercial Fisheries.

191.5-1917.

1917-1919.

1919-1921.

FISH BULLETINS.

1. Be]]ort on lish conditions; 1913; 48 pp., 3 figs. Contains:

a. The abalone industry in California. By Charles Linccdn Edwards.

b. 'I'lie towing of salmon and steelhead fry from Sacramento to the sea in a

"live car." By N. B. Scofield.

c. The problem of the spiny lobster. By Bennet M. Allen.

d. Investigation of the clams of California. By Harold Heath.

*Publications still available for distribution are marked with an asterisk.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 91

e. Investigation of the life history of the edible crab (Cancer magister) . By

F. W. Weymouth.

f. A general report on a ([uinnat salmon investigation carried on during the

spring and summer of 11)11. By X. B. Scofield.

g. Trout and black ba.s.s jjlanting and transplanting in the San Joaquin and

Southern Sierra districts. By. A. D. Ferguson.
*The scientific investigation of marine fisheries as related to the work of the Fish

and Game Commission in Southern California. By Will F. Thompson. 1919;

27 pp., 4 figs.
*The spawning of the grunion (Lciiresthcs tenuis). By Will F. Thompson,

assisted by Julia Bell Thompson. July 15, 1919; 29 pp., 9 figs.
*The edible clams, mussels and scallops of California. By Frank W. Weymouth.

January 10, 1921 : 74 pp., 19 pis., 26 figs. (In press.)
*A key to the families of marine fishes of the west coast. By Edwin C. Starks.

March 3, 1921; IG pp., 4 figs. (In press.)

GAME BULLETINS.

*Report on game conditions ; 1913 ; G7 pp., 8 figs. Contains :

a. Investigation of the large game situation in California with special refer-
ence to deer. By Frank C Clarke.

b. Present and future status of the California valley quail. By Harold C

Bryant.

c. Introduction of foreign game birds into the southern San Joaquin and

tributary sections. By A. D. Ferguson.

d. Educating the young people as to the need and value of wild life conserva-

tion. By Gretchen L. Libby.

e. Investigation of the economic status of nongame birds. By H. C. Bryant.

*

TEACHERS' BULLETINS.

A few reasons for teaching bird study in the schools. [By Gretchen L. Libby.]
1912 ; 4 pp.

2. *Birds as rodent destroyers. [By Gretchen L. Libby.] 1912; 4 pp.

3. *Owls. [By Gretchen L. Libby.] 1912; 4 pp.

4. Game conservation and its importance. [By Gretchen L. Libby.] 1913; 4 pp.

5. *Game conservation and its importance. [Bv Gretchen L. Libby] (continued

from No. 4). 1913; 4 pp.
G. *Bats as desirable citizens. By Joseph Grinnell. 191G ; 4 pp.
7. *The P^uropoan house sparrow and its control in California. By Harold C.

Bryant. 191G ; S pp., G figs.

GENERAL.

MISCELLANEOUS BULLETINS.
Sekies A.

No. 1. Short report on classification of certain fish foiind in the Eel River, as
steelhead trout, in salt water during month of September. By David
Starr Jordan. October 12, 1891.

No. 2. Short report on cla.s.sification of certain fish found in Webber Lake as
Halmo mi/kiss hcnshawi (cut-throat). By David Starr Jordan. Octo-
ber 12, 1S91.

No. 3. Short report on cla.ssification of certain fish found in Klamath River as
steelhead trout, Salmo 'jairdneri. By David Starr Jordan. Octo-
ber 24, 1891.

No. 4. Salmon and trout of the Pacific Coast. By David Stai-r Jordan. Febru-
ary 15, 1892; 19 pp.

No. 5. Enforcement of game ordinance of city and county of San Francisco.
March 15, 1892.

No. G. Classification of the trout caught in Mount Whitney Creek. July 12, 1892.

Series B.

No. 1. Pheasant raising. By Chas. A. Vogelsang. 1910; 12 pp., 1 fig.

Contains also : Diseases of pheasants. By Geo. B. Morse ; pp. 9-12.

*Publications still available for distribution are marked with an asterisk.

92

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Sebies C.
No, 1.

1911 ; 23 pp.

(Relative to activities of

Statement by Commissioners,
the Commission.)

a. Excerpt from report on crab investigation. By F. W. Weymouth.

b. Bird investigation. Tjctter written by IT. C. Bryant to the editor

of the San Bernardino "Sun."
No. 2. Bird study in the schools. By Gretchen L. Libby. 1912; 49 pp., 1 fig.

Series D.

No. 100. *Deer in relation to young orchards. By A. D. Ferguson : Farmers'
Bulletin. January, 1914 ; 4 pp.
Extra Series (not numbered).

How to liberate game birds ; date (?) ; 1 p.

Receipts, disbursements and transactions for period from July 1, 1910 to June 30,

1912. December 23, 1912; 4 pp. (printed on one side only).
Statement from the Fish and Game Commission. 1912 ; 1 p.
*Your Fish and Game — Swat the market hunter and give the boy a chance. 1913
(?) ; 14 pp. illus.
Statement from the Fish and Game Commission. 1913 (?) ; 4 pp., 1 map
inclosed. (In reference to nonsale of game.)
^Conservation through education. 1915 (?) ; 14 pp., illustrations in color.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

A publication devoted to the conservation of wild life and published quarterly by
the California Fish and Game Commission.

^^OL. I. 1914-1915.
No. 1. October,.
No. 2. January 30.
No. 3. April 10.
No. 4. July 15.
No. 5. October 15.

Vol. II. 1916.

No. 1. January 15.
No. 2. April 15. (Shad number.)
No. 3. July 24. (Deer number.)
No. 4. October IS.

\(.i,. 111. 1917.

No. 1. Januarv 20.

No. 2. April 1.1.

No. 3. July 20.

No. 4. October 27.

Vol. IV.

1918.

No. 1.

January 28. (Herring num

ber. )

No. 2.

April 15.

No. 3.

July 15. (Kelp number.)

No. 4.

October 25.

Vol. V.

1919.

No. 1.

Januarv. (Published Febru

ary 3, 1919.)

No. 2.

April 21.

No. 3.

July 15. (Trout number.)

No. 4.

October 21.

\oi,. W.

11)20.

No. 1.

.Januarv 15.

No. 2.

April 19.

No. 3.

Julv 2f>.

No. 4.

October 28.

REPRINTS AND SEPARATES — CALIFORN lA FISH AND GAME.

^'OL. I.

No. 1. *Bird life as a community asset. By Joseph Grinnell. October, 1914 ; 3 pp.
No. 2. *The wood duck in California. By Joseph Grinnell and II. C. Bryant.

January 30, 1915 ; 4 pp.
No. 3. *The Tennessee possum has arrived in California. By Joseph Grinnell.

April 10, 1915; 3 pp., 1 fig.
No. 3. *An attempt to save California elk. By B. W. Evermann. April 10,

1915; 11 pp., 8 figs.
No. 3. *California's fur-bearing mammals. By Harold C. Bryant. April 10,

1915; 12 pp.. 2 figs.
No. 4. *Books and iiamphlets relating to California birds. By H. C. Bryant.

July 15, 1915; 3 pp.
No. 4. *Two kinds of conservationists. By W. 1'. Taylor. July 15, 1915; 3 pp.
No. 5. *Some hints on making photographs for illustrations. By Tracy I. Storer.

October 15, 1915 ; 4 pp.

♦Publications still available for distribution are marked with an asterisk.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 93

Vol. II.

No. I. *Science and iirogrcss in llio prDtoction of forest, fisli and game animals.

By Ohas. C. Adams. January 15, 1916; 4 pp.
No. 2. *The California valley elk. By B. W. Evermann. April 15, 191G ; 8 pp.,

1 %.

No. 2. *Dops the grizzly bear still exist in California? By Joseph Di.Kon.

April 15, 1916; 5 pp., 4 figs.
No. 3. *The timber wolf in California. By Joseph Dixon. July 24, 1916; 3 pp.,

3 figs.

No. 4. *A possible enemy of the mosquito. By Clarence Hamilton Kennedy.

October IS, 3916; 4 pp., 4 figs.
Vol. III.

No. 1. *Scientific nature study in the pul)lic schools. By Georgie V. Miller.

.January 20, 1917 : 3 pp.
No. 1. *Historv of the introduction of food and game fishes into the waters of

California. By W. 11. Shebley. January 20, 1917 ; 10 pp., 2 figs.
No. 3. *Devilfish and squid. By Harold Heath. July 20, 1917 ; 6 pp., 4 figs.
No. 4. The sharks of California. By E. C. Starks. October 27, 1917; 8 pp.,

13 figs.
No. 4. ^Temperature and the albacore. By W. F. Thompson. October 27, 1917 ;

7 pp.
Vol. IV.

No. 1. *The skates and rays of California, with an account of the rat fish. By

E. C. Starks. January 28, 1918; 35 pp., 18 figs.
No. 2. *The herrings and herring-like fishes of California. By Edwin C. Starks.

April 15, 1918 ; 8 pp., 9 figs.
No. 3. *The mackerel aud mackerel-like fishes of California. By E. C. Starks.

July 1.5, 1918; 13 pp., 12 figs.
No. 3. *The mussels of the Pacific Coast. By Edward P. Rankin. July 15,

1918 ; 5 pp., 4 figs.
No. 3. "'Discretionary powers and game conservation. By Harold C. Bryant.

Julv 15, 1918 ; 5 pp.
No. 4. *The flat fishe.s of California. By Edwin C. Starks. October 25, 1918;

19 pp., 22 figs.
Vol. V.

No. 1. *Shrimp fisheries of California. By N. B. Scofield. February 3, 1919;

12 pp., 5 figs.
No. 1. *The fishes of the croaker family (Scianetmhr) of California. By E. C.

Starks. February 3, 1919; 8 pp., 8 figs.
No. 2. *The basses and bass-like fishes of California (families Scrraiiixhr, UwmU'

lidw and Kyphosidtc) . By E. C. Starks. April 21, 1919; 10 pp., 9 fig.s.
No. 2. *The conservation of <mr fisheries. By W. F. Thompson. April 21, 1919;

11 pp., 4 figs.
No. 3. *California trout. By Barton Warren Evermann and Harold C. Bryant.

July 15, 1919; 30" pp., 12 figs.
No. 4. *Some notes on dry-fly fishing. No. 1. By K. L. JNI., California. Octo-
ber 21, 1919; 2 pp.

^'OL. VI.

No. 1. *Notes on dry-fly fishing. No. 2. By R. L. M., California. January 15,

1920 ; 5 pp.
No. 1. *California"s game sanctuaries. January 15, 1920; 1 p.
No. 1. *The young of the black sea-bass. By Elmer Higgins. January 15, 1920 ;

2 pp., 2 figs.

No. 1. *The Pacific edible crab and its near relatives. By Frank Walter Wey-
mouth. January 15, 1920; 3 pp., 4 figs.

No. 1. The proposed investigation of the sardine. By Will F. Thompson. Jan-
uary 1.5, 1920; 2 pp.

No. 2. *The abaloncs of northern California. By Will F. Thompson. Api-il 19,
1920 ; 5 pp., 3 figs.

No. 2. *Some notes on dry-fly fishing. No. 3. By R. L. M. April 19, 1920;
10 pp., 4 figs.

No. 3. *Notes on dry-fly fishing. No. 3. By R. L. M. July 26, 1920; 10 pp.,

4 figs.

No. 4. *Notes on dry-fly fishing, No. 5. By R. L. M. October 28, 1920; 8 pp.,

3 figs.

♦Publications still available for distribution are marked witli an asterisk.

94 CAIJFORNIA KISII AND CIAME.

REPRINTS— BIENNIAL REPORTS.

*Roport of SiipcrintciKlciit «f (Jainc I'arm. I'.v W. .\". Hirks: ll.» pp.. 2 fiu's. (From

liiciuiial Uc))ort of lin4.)
Ariil ("alifoniia and its animal life. P.v I'"ranli Slcphcns; II pp., 2 fi^'s. (From

r.irnnial K(>p"i't "f 1!>M.»
The California tisli iiuliisli-y from a idiiimcrcial poini of view. I'>\ V. K. liooth;

r> ))p. (From P.icnnial Kciiorl of I'.ll I.)
'I'lii' national forests in ('alifdriiia. ]'.\ W. ( '. Ilndgo; S pp.. 4 li'^s. (From Biennial

Report of 101 I.)

REPRINTS— GAME BULLETINS.

*IuvestiKation of tlie ei-onomic statns of mumame birds. T..v TT. C. P.ryant. 1012;
10 pp., 8 fius. (lieprint from Oame r.nll. No. 1.)

SEPARATES— CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LAWS.

'^Act anthoriziu.y- and re.s;u]atiu2: rearing and selling of domesticated tisli. (iMiactrd
1011.) (Separate California Game Laws 1011-13, pp. 7.">-80. )

*l)0\vman Law (same farmin.g). (Enacted 101.'>.) (Separate from Califoiiiia game
laws 1013-1015, pp. 07-7.3.)

FINDING LIST OF SUBJECTS.

Abbreviations used :

B — Biennial Report. R — Reprint, California Fish and Game.

F B — Fish Bulletin. R B — Reprint, Biennial Report.

G B — Game Bulletin. R G B — Reprint, Game Bulletin.

T B — Teachers' Bulletin. L — Laws.

MB — Miscellaneous Bulletin (A, B, C, M— Maps.

D, B series). CPanrtG — California Fish and Game.

S — Separate.

• A

Ahalone, industry of California FB 1

of northern California jj VI '2

Albacore, temperature and the r i]i 4

Animal life of aiid California B 1912-14; RB 1012-14

B

Bass, and bass-like fishes of California r, V 2

Black, planting and transplanting in San Joaquin and southern Sierra districts_F 1^ 1

Sea, black, young of r \I 1

Striped, in Califoi-nia B 19U9-10

notes on spawning and hatching of B 1909-10

Bat, as desirable citizens X B 6

Bear, does the grizzl.y still exist in California R u 2

Bird, as rodent destroyers T B 2

hooks .and pamphlets relating to R i 4

investigation M B (C) 1

life as a community asset _ _^ R i 1

study in the schools M B (C) 2

a few reasons for teaching, in the schools T B 1

Game, how to liberate M B

introduction of foreign G B 1

Non-game, investigation of the economic status of GB 1; RGB 1

Bowman act S

C

Cancer magister F B 1

Clam, edible, of California FB 4

investigation of FB 1

Conservation, discretionary powers and game — R IV 3

educating young as to need and value of G B 1

game, its importance ^ T B 4 ; T B 5

of fisheries RV 2

tlirougli education M B

Conservationist, two kinds R I 4

Crab, edible, investigation of the life-history of FB 1

edible. Pacific and its near relatives R VI 1

excerpt from report on investigation of M B (C) 1

Croaker family, fishes of R V 1

♦Publications still available for distribution are marked with an asterisk.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 95

D

Deer, investigation of large game situation in California with special reference to_G B 1

in relation to young orchards M B (D) 100

Desert life: see Animal.

Devilfish and squid — — R III 3

Discretionary powers: see Conservation.

Dry-fly fishing: see Fisliing.

Duck, wood, in California R I 2

E

Economic status of non-game birds GB 1; RGB 1

Elk, an attempt to save California — R I 3

California Valley R II 2

F

Farm, game, report of Superintendent of R B 1912-14

Fish, act authorizing and regulating rearing and selling of domesticated S

a key to the families of marine F B 5

edible, of the Pacific Coast B 1880

food, of California fresh waters B 1888-90

history of introduction of, into California waters R HI 1

game, history of introduction of, into California waters R III 1

industry, from a commercial point of view B 1912-14

of Croaker family — R V 1

science and progres in protection of R H 1

your, and game — -- M B

flat, of California R IV 4

Rat, an account of -- R IV 1

Fishery, conservation of R V 2

marine, a scientific investigation of, as related to the work of the Fish and

Game Commission -- F' B 2

shrimp, of California R V 1

Fishing, dry-fly R V 4 ; R VI 1 ; R VI 2 ; R VI 3 ; R VI 4

oyster : see Oyster.

Forest, national in California -- B 1912-14; RB 1912-14

science and progress in protection of fish and game R II 1

Fur-bearing animal : see Animal.

G

Game, conservation and its importance T B 1

farm, report of Superintendent of -- RB 1912-14

farming. Bowman act S

large, situation in California — G B 1

laws, equity of--_ B 17; RB 17

non-sale of -- M B

ordinance, its enforcement in the city and county of San Francisco M B (A) 5

report on conditions of G B 1

sanctuaries, California R VI 1

science and progress in protection of R H 1

your fish and -- — ; M B

Golden trout: see Trout.

Grizzly Bear : see Bear.

Grunion, spawning of F B 3

H

Hatching, of striped bass, notes on B 21

Herring, and herring-like fishes — R IV 2

Hunter, American army of B 1912-14

market -- M B

I

Industry, abalone, in California F B 1

fishing, from a commercial point of view B 23

oyster, of Pacific Coast -- B 13

shrimp fisheries R V 1

L

Laws, equity of the game — B 1901-02

fish and game of California L

Leuresthes tenuis --_: F B 3

Lists, books and pamphlets relative California birds R I 4

Lobster, spiny, problem of FB 1

n— 09SG

Of) CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

M

Mackerel, and niaekerel-like fishes of California R IV 3

Mammals. California's fur-bearing — . R I 3

Maps, of California M

Marine Fislieries : see Fisheries.

Mosquito, a possible enemy of R II 4

Mussels, edible, of California.— F B 4

of Pacific Coast R IV 3

N

National Forests : see Forests.

Nature study, scientific in the public schools R HI 1

Nongame Birds : see Birds.

O
Oyster, report of observations respecting resources and fishing of Pacific

Coast — B 1893-94

Owls - T B 3

P

Pheasant, diseases of B 1909-10; MB ^B) 1

raising of M B (B) 1 ; B 1909-10

Photographs, some hints on making R I 5

Planting, of black bass in San Joaquin and Southern Sierras 1*' B 1

of trout in San Joaquin and Southern Sierras F B 1

of quinnat salmon fry in coast streams of Marin County B 15

of salmon in Sacramento River-- B 18

Possum, Tennessee, in California R I 3

Propagation, pheasant (see also Planting) B 21; MB (B) 1

I'rotection, of forest, fl.sli and game, science and progress in R H 1

Q

Quail, California Valley, present and future status of —rr: ^^ ^ ^

(.iuinnat salmon : sec Salmon.

R
Rays, and skates of California R IV 1

Reports, Statement by Commissioners MB (C) 1

Receipts, disbursements and transactions for period from July 1, 1910-

June 30, 1912 M B

Statement from the Fish and Game Commission, 1912 MB

Statement from tlie Fish and Game Commission, 1913-- MB

S

Salmo mykiss henshawi M B (A) 2

Sahno gairclneri MB (A) 3

Salmon, and trout of the Pacific Coast

B 1891-92; B 1893-94; B 1903-04; B 1905-06; M B (A) 4

parent stream theory of the return of -- B 1903-04 ; B 1905-06

propagation of, in Sacramento River B 1903-04

Sacramento, studios in natural history of B 1901-02

towing of fry from Sacramento to the sea F B 1

why scarce B 1888-90

Quinnat, general report on investigation in 1911 FB 1

movement and rate of growth in the Sacramento River B 1897-98

planting of fry — _B 1897-98

Sanctuaries : see Game Sanctuaries.

Sardine, proposed investigation of R VT 1

Scallop, edible, of California F B 4

Shark, of Californi^a R HI 4

Shrimp, fisheries of California R V 1

Skate, and rays of California- R IV 1

Sparrow. European house, and its control T B 7

Spawning, of grunion F B ."

of striped bass B 1909-10

Spiny lobster ; see Lobster.

Squid, and devilfish R HI 3

Statements : see Reports.
Steelhead trout : see Trout.
Strioed bass : see Bass.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 97

T
Timber wolf : see Wolf.

Temperature, and the albacore R III 4

Transportation, of fry (salmon and steelhead) in "live car" FB 1

Trout and black bass planting and transplanting in southern Sierra P B 1

classification of, caught in Mount Whitney Creek M B (A) 6

cut-throat, report on classification of certain Webber Lake fish as cut-
throat MB (A) 2

new species of B 1891-92 ; B 1893-94

of California R V 3

of the Pacific B 1891-02; B 13 ; B 18 ; B 19 ; M B (A) 4

Golden, of Kern River, description of B 1891-92

of the southern High Sierras B 1905-06

Steelhead, notes on the movements of the young in Marin County streams_B 1897-98

report on classification of certain Eel River fish as steelhead M B (A) 1

report on classification of certain Klamath River fish as steelhead M B (A) 3

W

Wolf, timber in California -- R II 3

Wood duck : see Duck.

Note — The last number of each year (October number) of California Fish and Game
contains a subject index of all material appearing in that magazine.

DO NOT ORDER FROM FINDING LIST: REFER TO TEXT TO SEE WHETHER

PUBLICATION IS STILL IN STOCK.

MAPS.

Outline map of California. By Chas. L. Gilmore. 19 14.

FINDING LIST OF AUTHORS.

Abbreviations used :

B — Biennial Report (up to 1891 designated by year; thereafter by number).

F B — Fish Bulletin. R — ^Reprint, California Pish and Game.

GB — Game Bulletin. RB — Reprint, Biennial Reports.

T B — Teachers' Bulletin. R G B — Reprint, Game Bulletin.

MB — Miscellaneous Bulletin (A, B. C. L — Laws.

D and E series). C F and G — California Fish and Game.

A
Adams, Chas. C R II 1

Allen, Bennet M -- -- FB 1

B

Booth, P. E B 1912-14; RB 1912-14

Byrant, Harold C

GBl; TB7; RI2; RI3; RI4; RIV3; RV3; RGBl; MB(C)1

C

Clarke, Prank C — GB 1

Coleman, G. A --B 1909-10

D

Deering, P. P -- _— L 1893

Dirks, W. N RB 1912-14

Dixon, Joseph -- R II 2 ; R II 3

E

Edwards, Charles Lincoln __F B 1

Eigenmann, Carl H B 1S80-90

Evermann, Barton Warren B 1905-06; RI3;RII2;RV3

F

Ferguson, A. D P' B 1; GB 1; MB (D) 100

Fisher, John P L 1915-17

Fletcher, R. G — L 1895; L 1897

G

Gilmore, Chas. L M

Grinnell, Joseph TB 6 ; R I 1 ; R I 2; R I 3

08 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

H

Harknoss. H. W B 1S88-90

Heath, Harold — FB 1; R III 3

Higgins. Elmer R VI 1

Hodgo, W. C --___-- B 1912-14; RB 1912-14

Hunter, J. S L 1917-19; L 1919-21

J

Jordan, David Starr — B 1891-92;

1893-94; 1903-04; 1905-06; M B (A) 1 ; M B (A) 2 ; MB (A) 3; MB (A) 4

K

Kennedy, Clarence Hamilton R II 4

L

Libby, Gretchen L GB 1; M B (C) 2;TB 1;TB 2;TB 3:TB 4;TB 5

Lockington, W. N B 1878-79; B 1880-81

M

M., R. L., California ..- R V 4 ; R VI 1 ; R VI 2 ; R VI 3 ; R VI 4

Miller, Georgie V _-R HI 1

Morse, George Byron __B 1909-10; M B (B) 1

R
Rankin, Edward P R IV 3

Riitter, Cloudsley B 1901-02; B 1903-04; B 1905-06

S

Schaeffle, Ernest B 1912-14; L 1913-14; L 1914-15

Scofleld, N. B — B 1897-98; B 1909-10; FB 1; R V 1

Shebley, W. H — R III 1

Starks, Edwin C

R III 4 ; R IV 1 ; R IV 2 ; R IV 3 ; R IV 4 ; R V 1 ; R V 2 ; F B 5

Stevens, Frank B 1912-14; RB 1912-14

Storer, Tracy I R I 5

T
Taylor, W. P.-- R I 4

Thompson, Will F FB 2; FB 3 ; R III 4 ; R VI 1 ; R VI 2

Thompson. Julia Bell — FB 3

Townsend, Charles H B 1893-94

V

Vogelsang, Charles A B 1909-10; M B (B) 1; L 1903; L 1905; L 1907; L 1909

W
Weymoutli, Frank Walter F B 1 ; R VI 1 ; MB (C) 1

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 99

THE CONTROL OF THE MOUNTAIN LION IN CALIFORNIA.

By J. S. Hunter.

The one predatory animal for which practically no good can be said
is the mountain lion. This animal without dou])t kills more deer in
California than are killed by all of the hunters. They also destroy a
great many domestic animals. The actual meat value of the game and
domestic animals destroyed by lions is impossible to estimate but it is
safe to say that it runs into thousands of dollars.

During the many years that the Fish and Game Commission has been
paying a bounty for every lion killed, hundreds have been taken, and up
to January 1, 1920, $65,550 had been paid out in bounties.

In August, 1917. the amount paid for the killing of a female lion was
increased from $20 to $30. Between that date and January, 1920,
females to the number of 218 were sent in. Many requests have been
made to the Commission that the bounty be still further increased. It is
doul)tful whether there would be any increase in the number killed even
though the bounty were doubled. Most lions are killed either for the
sport or on account of their destroying stock. The bounty is not the
chief factor, but only an incident. In general as soon as a lion is
reported there is a small army of hunters scouring the country, all
anxious to boast of having killed a lion.

Contrar}^ to the general opinion lions are not abundant in any part of
the state. From the accompanying table it will be noted that Hum-
boldt County leads with a total of 564 killed during twelve years time.
The animal has been so reduced in that county that the kill has dropped
from 113 in 1908 to 8 in 1919. In Shasta County, the next on the list,
the kill has been less than oneJialf, 261 killed during the same period.
Here, however, the animals have apparently not been reduced to the
same extent as the kill in 1919 was approximately the same as in 1908.

In Trinity County 260 have been killed ; last year only 14 as against
18 in 1908. In Siskiyou County none were killed last year; but in 1908
the number totaled 31 and in the twelve-year period 241. From this it
would seem that lions in Siskiyou County are greatly reduced if not
practically exterminated. Only one other county, Mendocino, reports
more than 200 the first twelve years. In that county 219 have been
killed; the number (22) taken in 1919 is just one-half those killed in
1908. Tehama County killed three during 1919, as against 31 in 1908,
making a total of 159 in twelve years.

It is evident from the above figures that California lions are being
slowly reduced in number and that the animals killed approximately if
not entirely exceed the natural increase. If this is true we can form a
very good idea as to the number of lions in the state. Forty-two per
cent of the lions sent in for bounty are females. The female lion does
not bring forth a litter every year but only every other year. Sometimes
three kittens are bom but the usual number is two. This would make
the kill of 243 in 1919 the offspring of 243 females or 42 per cent of the
total number of lions in the state. This calculation would give a lion
population in California of al)out 575, which we believe is somewhere
near the actual number.

100

CALIFORNLV FISH AND GAME.

This niim])or of lions can do an enormous amount of damage to the
d6er. The minimum estimate of the number of deer killed by a sin<:le
lion eaeli year lias been placed at fifty-two. Five hundred seventy-five
lions will kill at least .'50,000 deer during the year if deer are availal)le
and deer are common in every part of the state where li<»iis are found.

The California Fish and (lame Coiinnissioii has determined to make
every effort to still further reduce the number of lions. Knowing the
increase of hunters and the ease with which hunters can reach what
were formerly the most inaccessible places.it will be necessary to stop

Fic. 35. Jay I'.ruce, state lii)n limitor, and his clogs. The
Fish and Game Commission hires Mr. Bruce to cut down the
rlumber of mountain lions in the state game refuges.

the heavy natural drain on tlie d(>er supply caused by this animal. On
this account an expert lion hunter has been employed. This man, Jay C
Bruce, is one of the best lion hunters in the country. In fact, the atten-
tion of the Commission was called to Mr. Bruce because of the many
lions which he sent in for bounty from Mariposa County.

^Ir. Bruce was born in IMariposa County and spent a great deal of
his time in the mountains becoming thoroughlj^ familiar with the habits
of the animals of the forest. On account of an injury to his left hand

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

101

while working in a lumber mill he was forced to secure other employment
and turned to that line of work for which his life long training had fitted
him. On account of the bounty paid for the killing of lions he devoted
considerable time to trailing them with dogs and was very successful.

His success as a lion hunter is due to the fact that he has made a study
of the habits of the California lion and knows their habits thoroughly ;
also to the fact that he is an expert dog trainer and has his dogs trained
so that they will follow only the tracks of either a bobcat or a lion and
of no other animal. On account of this he can work without difficulty
where deer are abundant. These dogs will never take the trail of a deer.

Since Mr. Bruce has been employed by the Commission he has worked
chiefly in the game refuges and has made an excellent record. His
greatest kill during any one month has been eight lions. Because of the
success of the attempt to control the mountain lion it is the intention of
the Commission to keep Mr. Bruce employed and later, perhaps, to
employ other lion hunters.

Mountain Lion Bounties, 1907 to 1919 — By Counties.

County

1907
to

1917

Hnmboldt I 564

f^hasta i 261

Trinity 2©>

Siskiyou

Mendocino

Tehama

Kern

Lake

Monterey

Santa Barbara -

Del Norte

Tu!are

Mariposa

San Luis Obispo

Tuolumne

Los Angeles

El Dorado

G'.enn

San Diego

Ventura

Madera

Placer

Butte

San Benito

Riverside

San Bernardino .

Fresno

Sonoma

241

219

159

134

106

105

99

97

95

77

76

75

49

48

43

41

40

39

37

33

33

29

23

22

22

1918

1919

22

8

26

30

12

14

1

—

18

22

e

3

10

15

11

9

12

19

6

19

2

5

11

17

12

5

3

6

9

12

S

9

1

8

3

3

4

5

2

2

5

1

2

3

2

2

1

4

5

5

3

3

4

2

1

County

Santa Clara

Colusa

Calaveras --.

Amador

Orange

Plumas

Stanislaus .-

Tnyo

Lassen

Mono

Nevada

Sierra

Modoc

Yuba

Napa

San Joaquin
Santa Cruz _.

Sutter

Alameda

Alpine

Imperial

Merced

Sacramento .
San Mateo ..
Kings

Totals

Grand total

1907
to

1017

19
17
13
9
9
9
9
7
7
7
7
6
4
4
3
2
2
2

3,170

1918 1919

243

214
3,627

102 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

HUNTING THE WILD BOAR IN CENTRAL FRANCE.

P..V W. L. ScoFiu.i).

We were at tlie dinner ta])le Avlien a Frenchman rushed in wavinp^ liis
arras and talkin<,' at the top of his voice a stream like a liigh pressure
fire hose. Lunch was tinislied in an uproar. Finally I found there had
been no murdei- I)ut that a wild hoar had been seen at the edge of town.
Flaml)o. the reliable old huntinu; hound, was out callinor on his friends
so the gray haired patrone of the hotel stepped to the door and wound
several blasts on a cow-horn. Flambo arrived on the lope and I sup-
posed we were ready to start, but not so. We talked about it for another
hour and had other glasses of wine all round. By this time other cow-
horns were tooting and other mighty hunters arrived at the hotel with
shotguns and game bags large enough to carrv the tail of a good sized
])oar.

Finally eight of us were ready to start witli seven shotguns, four
game bags, one hound and five cow-horns. So we had another glass of
wine, talked some more and started for the communal forest about a mile
from town. We followed a trail through thick growth along a stream
where l)oars might besport themselves on sunny afternoons, the dog on
a string that choked him till his tongue hung out, high tension jabber
from all the men and every few minutes some imbecile would let out a
blast on his horn for the purpose of adding to the general hilarity and
scaring all the game for miles around. Wooden shoes clattered and
animated conversation continued till the dog took the trail and then the
racket increased instead of subsiding.

We trailed the boar to a thicket and separated to surround him. Guns
were unlimbered, conversation increased if possible, the dog wa.s loosed
so he could breathe again and chase the boar out of the thicket but we
found the boar was not in the thicket. Instead of sitting down and
waiting to be surrounded when he heard the uproar the fool boar had
wandei-ed off somewhere else so after a half hour's conversation about it
we trailed him to the next thicket and repeated the same ])erfoi-mance.

This continued all aftci'iioon and furnished ainimniitiou foi- the most
exciting conversation but no boar. I came to realize that conversation
was the chief object of the occasion. If we cpiietly sui"rounded the l)oar
someone might kill him and then there would l)e no l)oar to hunt and
talk about another day. My trouble was that I had gone out on a
talking expedition without sufficient knowledge of the language so I
took a walk alone to look over the country. Toward evening I had no
difficulty in finding the hunters for I could hear the din for a couple
of miles. We returned to the hotel having been wdthout wine for more
than three hours. Half the village gathered in the hotel kitchen to talk
about the hunt. At odd times we had some supper and I retired at
eleven o'clock with the talk still running at fever heat.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 103

THE ABUNDANCE OF YOUNG PISMO CLAMS.*

By Frank W. Weymouth, Stanford University.

While collecting data for the study of the life history of the Pismo
clam some interesting facts regarding the abundance and fluctuations
in number of the young have come to light.

During the spring and summer of 1919 the young of the preceding
summer (1918) were difficult to obtain. In the fall of 1919 the young
of that summer were first observed and have been noted in almost
incredible numbers up to the present time. During the present fall
(1920) a special search for the young of the current year has been
made but only a few specimens have been obtained, indicating an even
poorer spawning year than that of 1918.

Before comparing in more detail the relative success of the three
spawning seasons it may be well to give some idea of the habits of the
young and the methods used in estimating their numbers. The young
of the Pismo clam is found for the first three years chiefly between
tides where it is easly studied. At low tide on the long Pismo-Oceano
beach the firm wet sand which proves so good a road for automobiles
is the zone of their greatest abundance and many can be turned up by
digging down an inch or so with the fingers. A more striking idea of
their numbers may sometime? be gained after an unusually low tide
when this area has been left dry for some time. A tiny hole then often
appears above the siphon or "neck" of each clam and at times due,
apparently, to their movements a little mound is raised above . each
animal. A vieM' of the beach at such a time is shown in Figure 36 and
gives a vivid idea of the abundance of the young clams.

An actual count of the numbers of young clams has been made at
intervals in the following way : A shallow trench the width of a clam
fork (9| inches) was dug across the entire wet beach and into the water
at low tide (see Fig 37). All the clams found were sorted into age
groups, as is easily done by differences of size in the young, and the
number of each age' counted. They were found chiefly in a narrow
zone some 20 to 30 yards wide corresponding to the roughened areas
shown in the photograph ; above and below this scattering clams were
found, but more than nine-tenths of the young were concentrated here.
The actual counts made over a period of about a year and a half range
from 1294 to 774.

The young spawned in 1919 are, in all collections since their appear-
ance, the most numerous, forming never less than 98 per cent of the
total. Those of the previous year (1918) form from 0.88 per cent to
.1.32 per cent, while in the two last counts in which the young of the
current year (1920) are represented they form only one-fourth of one
per cent. Other years, when the young were as abundant as in 1919,
are reported by the diggers but seem to come several seasons apart.

The total numbers of young occurring in the entire beach as the
result of a successful season such as 1919 is amazing. The productive
area of the Pismo-Oceano beach is some eight miles in length; of this
the northern third is by far the most thickly populated. The count
was not made at the northern end, but near the middle of the beach

*California State Fisheries Laboratory, contribution No. 23.

104

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

where the conditions more nearly represent a fair average. A conser-
vative f'stiiiiatc of tlio total number mi^-Iit l)e gained by considei'iim' six
miles of beach with the numbers found in the region examined. Taking
an average of the more recent counts when 800 young of 1919 were
present in a cross section of the beach 9^ inches Avide, a mile would
contain 5,150.000 and six miles 30,900,000 clams. Other earlier counts
would bring the total to 45,000,000. To this must be added the beach
at Morro which, though not examined for this purpose, probably would
double the present estimate.

Fig. 36. View taken on Pismo beacli at low tide. Note pits
and raised areas mentioned in the text; every pit or mound indi-
c.-ites a clam and there are other clams that show neither.
Photograph by F. W. Weymouth.

Several important lessons should be drawn from this. When condi-
tions are favorable the young of the Pismo clam are produced and
given a foothold in such enormous numbers that the supply of adults
should be secure if the young have a fair show. But the "if" should
not be forgotten. Large numbers die from natural causes over which
we have no control. But there are losses which could be prevented. In
order to protect the Pismo clam, laws setting a size limit of 4f inches
and a bag limit of 36 have been enacted. Many tourists and summer
visitors, however, thoughtlessly dig these young that are so easily found

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

105

between tides and because they are so small take hundreds to furnish a
single meal. The digging of an equal number of those of legal size
would violate the bag limit but in realty would do less harm, as most
of those which have reached a length of 4f inches have spawned, thus
leaving behind them clams to fill their places. It is unfortunately true
that other people including residents with undoubted knowledge of the
law also take these young in large numbers. Unless these violations of a
wise and necessary law are stopped by the cooperation of all interested
people, their disastrous effects must soon be felt. All local residents
that value the Pismo clam as a peculiar and distinctive local product
should take every means possible to protect the young and to inform
tourists and visitors of the need for its protection. With proper pro-
tection there is no reason why the Pismo clam should not remain a local

Fig. -37. Portion of treiicli made in countina; young I'isnin clams. All tin- dams shown
came from a strip the width of tlit- clam fork shown in the photograph (9A inches).
Photograph by F. W. Weymouth.

asset— with continued destruction of young before they have spawned
as well as the taking of the adults of legal size, it will only be a question
of time when this fine clam will be practically exterminated.

Another phase of the scientific work of the Fish and Game Commis-
sion is apparent here. The effect of an unusually good spawning year
upon a fishery such as the sardine was discussed in the January issue.*
Because of the ease with wliich the young of this clam may be studied
we have here an even more striking example of such a successful spawn-
ing year in the season of 1919 which exceeds that of 1918 by seventy-
five to one hundred times and that of 1920 by about four hundred times.
According to reports the last season producing comparable numbers
was four or five years ago. Evidently, for a number of years the clams

*See "The Future of the Sai-dine," by Will P. Thompson, California Fish and
Game, Vol. 7, pages 38-41.

106 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

spawned in 1919 will form the dominant class and when they reach legal
size thoi'e will he an iinnsnally fjood yield of eliiins. With a ('oini)lete
knowiedtre of the a^-e reaclu'd and the rate of <;ro\vth of tlie I'ismo clam
it wonld be possible to predict the future yield quite accurately from a
yearly examination of the younfj such as here described.

Present indications are tlint the effect of this spawning year will be
felt in 192'5 and 1926. provided that proper protection is afforded the
young in the meantime.

QUARTER-OILS OR HALF-POUND OVALS.-

Hy WiiL F. 'I'lio.Mi'soN.
(California State Fisheries Laboratory, oontriliution No. 24.)

One of the great problems which presents itself to the student of
fisheries, that of the effect of occasional i-uccessful si)avvning years,
was considered in relation to the sardine, in the last issue of Cali-
fornia Fish and Game. It was shown that the presence or absence
of such great changes can be ascertained, and that such knowledge is
most necessary to the proper understanding and prosperity of our
greatest fishery. ^Moreover, the fascinating possibility that such a great
change might be prophesied was held forth. In this article another
prolilem, equally great and ecpially intei'esting is dealt with, and its
close relationship to the great problems of biology is remarked upon.

Our sardine fishery, important as it is, has for the most part arisen
within the last few years. At first an adjunct to that very recent one
for the albacore, it ha,s noAV reversed this relationship, and whereas
once in Southern California' the sardine was canned between albacore
seasons, now the albacore and tuna are 'canned between sardine
seasons. Such a limited experience has not until the present brought
into question some of the fundamental facts u])on which canning opera-
tions must rest. One of these is the subject of this paper ; namely, the
size of sardine which a cannerv at Monterey, or a cannery at San Diego
may expect to |)aek in the future. AVill it can "(luarter-oils," or
"half-pound ovals" — the small fish or the large?

Experience thus far seems to indicate that the small fish will pre-
dominate to the south, the la''ge fish to the north, that San Diego will
be best for "quarter-oils" and Monterey for the larger sizes. This is
an important fact — if fact it is— and if brief experience indicates the
truth. Such a condition is liighly i)robable, as any fisheries expert
should know, for there are several fisheri(^s in which such a distribution
of sizes holds permanently. The cousin of tlie sardine— the Atlantic
herring — has just such a distribution in the North Sea and along the
Norwegian coast, and the Pacific herring may have the same along our
own shores. The albacore of California has a similar difference in size
between its southern and northern representatives. Yet we have had
such a brief experience with the sardine of our waters that the seem-
ing difference may be due merely to the passing at different times of
dominating age classes such as we dealt with in the last article. Not
until we know the real cause, or positive facts which will limit our

* "Quarter-oils" are the sardines packed in small square cans in oil. "Half-pound"
ovals are the larger size of fish packed in oval cans containing a half pound each.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 107

conjectures, may we be reasonably sure of the truth. So little attention
has been given to the basic laws of fishery science that what we have to
say about the (|uestion is necessarily speculative — but will, we hope,
demonstrate the possibilities and the fascination of its solution.

Inevitably the theory most popular and most readily advanced to
explain the differences in sizes is that of inigrafion. According to this
the sardines move towards the north as they grow older, and then the
eggs are carried to the south by currents, so that there is a manner of
eddy in existence. Perhaps some people would unhesitatingly assert
that sardines hatch from the egg near San Diego and reach the State of
Washington before they die. The more moderate minded would pos-
sibly confine themselves to a migration of the distance between San
Diego and San Pedro. But it is worthy of note that either is a pure
assumption, which must bear critical examination no matter what the
degree of limitation imposed upon the theory.

It presupposes, indeed, that the sardine population is a homogeneous
one, necessarily of the same race or breed from north to south. The
proof of the existence of peculiarities in the fish from San Diego which
are not present in the fish from San Pedro or Monterey, even though
these peculiarities are not racial nor inheritable, would decidedly limit
the theory of migration, if it did not eliminate it. The existence of
such local "races" of herrings has been conclusively shown, to the great
damage of the theory in the case, but it persists in modified form — that
the herring of each local race migrate in the same way as all were sup-
posed to do. And so it will doubtless be in the case of the sardine, the
proof of the existence of local races will simply confine within smaller
limits the ever-present theory. Nevertheless, it is of the greatest impor-
tance to distinguish local races of the sardine if possible.

But aside from this attempt to confine within logical bounds a theory
tending to be adopted in a most unscientific way, there should also be
examined certain fundamental facts which may bear on the question.
Thus he supposed migration must vary enormously from year to year
to account for the great schools which appear off Alaska, if indeed it
could be shown that such schools could be drawn from the south with-
out producing there a great temporary lack easily noticeable. And,
again, it is an open question whether there is anything approaching
the requisite permanent lack of adults in the south or the lack of young
in the north. It may be totally unnecessary to postulate a migration,
as a matter of fact, for sufficient adults or young may be present every-
where throughout the range of the species. Moreover, when one con-
siders the vast numbers of eggs laid by fishes, like to the seeds of trees,
and the few which must come to maturity from all that horde, it would
seem perfectly obvious that even a slight difference in the surrounding
conditions would cause great changas in the numbers which reach the
various sizes, or stages of growth. And in this last possibility, we come
to the second — perhaps more logical theory — that differences in pro-
portion of adults and 3'oung may be due to the differences in living
conditions.

For living conditions must play among fish much the same part that
they do among the human kind. Scientists have shown that in barbaric
races of man the prevalence of disease, hunger, and war tend to reduce

108 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAMfe.

the chances of survival and render the older inhabitants relatively
fewer than in quieter eomniuijities. So Ave might expect among fishes,
tliat if other animals prej'ed on the earlier ages, the proportion of adults
would bn much reduced. And it is perhaps a significant fact that the
sardines farthest south live in w^aters which are populated with many-
active and predacious enemies, particularly of the mackerel type, such
as the tuna and the albacore. The contrast between north and south is,
indeed, obvious to anyone who has fished in both waters. What more
natural, then, than the failure of the young fish in southern waters to
survive in numbers to adulthood, despite those favorable conditions for
liatching the eggs which these waters may afford?

And it is equally logical that in the far north the chances of survival
after once hatching are much better. A great percentage may grow to
maturity and increase very greatly the numbers of adult fish, and with
them tlie average of the size. Naturalists have often commented on the
fact that the species in colder waters although fewer in number each
consist of vastly more individuals, than in warmer waters. Perhaps
the difference in rate of mortality explains this — certainly it appears to
harmonize with conditions in the sardine.

But if the colder northern waters witli fewer enemies allow fish to
survive after hatching, are the natural conditions as friendly to the
floating egg? One might venture to surmise not, judging from what
facts are known. For it has been in northern waters that the vast
variation in the success of spawning seasons has been noticed. A favor-
able year may allow myriads of eggs to hatch, while five, ten or more
years may elapse without a recurrence of such favorable conditions. So
the phenomenon of a dominating year class arises, concerning which we
wrote in the last article in California Fish and Game cited above.
This phenomenon has been noticed only in northern waters in such
species as the herring and the cod. It seems to occur in our northern
sardine, as witness the appearance of the great schools in British
Columbia during the last few years. So perhaps we may find that the
abundance of large sardines in our northern waters depends, first on
the only occasional success of a spaAvning season, and then on the
growth of a large part of the resulting young to maturity. Such an
hypothesis seems to fit the facts, and explain the sudden great extension
to the north of a commercial abundance of sardines.

If, however, we go far enough to the south, say to Monterey, we niay
find a region where there is both a reasonable chance of spawning
successfully, and a comparatively low rate of mortality still. Then —
like nations under similar conditions — the average age of the population
would be high, and the young somcAvhat scarce among the many adults.
But even there Ave might find in a modified degree the phenomenon of
dominating age classes, making the sardine appear to be smaller or
larger in average size at times. So some such conditions may yet be
found at Monterey.

Thus this second tlieoi-y must bo l)orne in mind, tliat conditions of
existence may lead to varying kinds of populations. To the south, as
at San Diego, the numerous young fish may find it hard to survive to
maturity, to the extreme north the eggs may not develop save under
favorable conditions recurring but seldom, and midAvay the adults may
he more abundant because the young are able to survive the less numer-

CALIFORNLV FISH AND GAME. 109

ous enemies. The hypothesis certainly harmonizes with the facts as we
imperfectly know them. Yet other theories may fit these facts nearly
as well.

. For if surrounding conditions can modify the actual numbers of
fish of various sizes, it is equally probable that they can modify their
appearance in the commercial catch. There is no greater fallacy extant,
it seems to us, than the assumption that the fishermen catch a fair, or
even a passably fair, representation of what actually exists in the ocean.
It remains to be proved in every case that a fisherman with his gear,
or — what is far more dubious — a scientist with his apparatus, can take ^
a fair sample of any species or of any group of species. So for the
third theory we may have one that is perhaps somewhat comforting to
the commercially interested man: namely, that the difference in sizes
is really an illusion.

It is common knowledge that in the method of fishing many things
vary from day to day. To some fisheries more or less smooth water is
necessary for successful operations. Or market conditions may change
and shift the demand from one class of fish to another. Or on
one part of the coast fish are taken by one method and on another a
different one is used, perhaps merely because of the nationality of the
fishermen. So, great caution is necessary that careful investigation of
the fisherman and his methods is made at the same time that the fish
is studied.

These things are comparatively easily discounted, but there is another
category of circumstances not as readily investigated, namely, the effect
of physical conditions, such as temperature or currents, upon the
accessibility of the fish. There may be, for instance, many adult sar-
dines at San Diego, but oceanic conditions may be svich that they are
simply never seen, never appear to the fishermen. And the great run
of large fish in the far north may not be due to the unusual abundance
of some year's spawning, but simply to the prevalence of unusual con-
ditions which may serve to bring the fish in. Or an adult fish may react
dift'erently to temperature conditions, as is true of the albacore in a
certain degree, and the change in temperature, however slight, may
have a decisive effect in preventing the appearance of the large fish or
of any particular class, save under the most favorable conditions. Or
perhaps the varying salinity of the superficial layers of water may
have a decisive influence, as is supposed to be the case in some parts
of the North Sea. So there are many things which might be surmised
to have an effect on the abundance of fish, so many and in truth so
obvious, that fishermen are very prone to adopt this theory. Yet it
is very easy to underestimate the ability of the fisherman to take the
fish, and very easy to overestimate the sensitiveness of the fish to such
changes as occur. Careful observation should be able to decide as to
the probability of such occurrences as are mentioned in this para-
graph, and to test the real presence or absence of the fish.

To the average casual reader these theories must be confusing, and
decision between them very difficult. But there is, indeed, every
logical reason to believe that the phenomena which must result from
any of these possibilities would vary in a manner clearly distinguish-
ing them according to their origin. Thus the appearance of the large
fish far to the north may be due to the dominance of one year class

110 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

resulting from one spawning, or it may be due to favorable conditions
bringing in tlio scliools toward sliore. But notliing slioidd be easier to
the scientist with a knowK'dge of metliods of i-eadiug age from the
scales than to decide whether the fish that come in are really made up.
of one great year class. Th<it is simi)ly ;iii illustratioii (if one of the
possi])le methods of scientilic attack, resultant from ch)se ol)servation
and knowledge. So numy are they that we may reasonably hope to
solve most of the tangled problems that lie before us.

These are problems whicli are not merely of importance commer-
cially but ])ear intimately on sonu' of the greater iiroblcins of biological
science. The true distribution of a species, for instance, may ])e seen
to be in question, and the inadequacy of delimiting such distributions
from collections of isolated individuals should be j^lain. AVe are in
truth studying the factors which limit the disti'ibution of a si)ecies. a
subject still unknown, despite its imi)ortanee to the student of the
origin of species, or the nature of species. There seems to be no
more favorable method of approaching these great problems of biology
than through the study of the vast mass of data which the conunercial
fisheries place at our disposal. They are problems which involve a
knowledge of great numbers of individuals and of the actual effect
which conditions liave on those numbers. The study is statistical
if >-ou i^lease, is of commercial value, too; ])ut si ill is scientific, and
])i<)logical.

WHALES AND SARDINES.

By Wji,l F. Thompson.

It has recently been the writer's fate to meet several times the argu-
ment advanced in all seriousness- that the killing off of the whales
and the albacore leave a surplus of sardines which might as well be
used as fertilizer. This argunu'ut for tlie presence of a surplus is
untenable, as is well known by fisheries scientists. ■Many arguments
more valid may be cited leading to an o])|)osite conclusion.

In the first j)lace such animals as the whale, the albacore or tuna
perhaps consume more enemies of the sardine than they do of the
sardine itself. These fish, such as the anchovies, the mackerels, red
cod, etc., probably feed on the young, as well as on the adult sardine.
The anchovy, for instance, has a beautiful straining apparatus in its
gills with which it might remove the eggs and larva^ from the water to
swallow them. And the sardine eggs Mid young float freel.y in the
open sea for such fish to take. These small things are so delicate that
they must be destroyed immediately and no method of ascertaining
the amount consumed is at hand. It is, on the other hand, easy to
satisfy one's self about the sardines such (ish as mackerel consume.
So the existence of the wliale and albacore mav be actually a benefit
to the sardine fishery, and their destruction a disaster to the industry.

A classic case could be found in Alaska, where the numbers of her-
ring should supposedly be increased by the practical extinction of the
halilnit, which consumes the hei-ring in (juantities. P>ut careful inves-
tigation of the lialibut food showed conclusively that it ate more
enemies of the herring than it did of the herring. It ate gray cod,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Ill

long-jaw flounders, dog-fish, rat fish, red cod and black cod, each as
often as it did herring — and every one of those species is a bitter
enemy of the herring.

Similar cases of mistaken conclusions as to the harmfulness of birds
may be found. For many birds eat injurious insects to an extent
that far overbalances any harm the birds themselves do to crops. The
same is perhaps true of the whale and the albacore.

In so far as the albacore is concerned, an endeavor on the part of
the writer to investigate its food met with disaster. Por it was soon
found that the fishermen were using sardines, anchovies and other
fish for bait, or to chum the fish, and that the albacore which were
caught had naturally a great many sueh bait fish in their stomachs.
The same applies to the salmon. But, indeed, even ignoring this fact,
it was found that such things as squids, small Crustacea, and fish of
other species formed a large part, at times all of the food of the alba-
core, tunas and salmons.

Another argument just as valid as that in support of the theory
of the surplus of sardines is available. For it is common knowledge
that the whale eats even more anchovies than it does sardines, and
the anchovies may make serious inroads on the food supply of the
sardine, being nearly the same type of feeder. Therefore the destruc-
tion of the anchovies must be advantageous, and the whale a benefactor,
indeed.

The point to what has been said, we would emphasize, is the positive
fact that nature is exceedingly complex, and that those who come to
ready and easy conclusions are inevitably wrong. We do not wish to
assert in an unqualified way that we are correct in saying that the
destruction of any such animals as the whale, the albacore, the tuna
and such animals is a disaster to the sardine, but we do wish to assert
that the balance is just as likely to go that way as the other, and prob-
ably does. And that would be the case were all the suppositions
advanced above untrue.

And as a matter of fact, if such great numbers of albacore, of
of tuna and of whales have been taken, it may be high time to propose
some protection for them.

The argument that there is now a surplus of sardines is a strange
one to meet at this time. If we had three vessels at sea in a storm
and two of them were sunk, would we talk confidently about the safety
of the other? Yet that is just what is happening. The great salmon
fisheries of the Alaskan and British Columbian coasts are on the verge
of extinction, as everyone now knows, despite the fact that years ago
statements that the supply was inexhaustible were quoted just as
freely as they are now about the sardine. And the same is true of
the halibut fisheries to a still greater extent. As in those two fisheries,
once the two greatest on our coast, disaster has come, so may we well
watch vigilantly lest disaster come' to another great fishery, that for
the sardine. Abstract speculation on intricate things such as the effect
of killing off the enemies of the sardine is worse than useless in the
face of real experience.

112

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by tlie California State Fish and Game
Commission.

Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho-
logical, mammalogical and similar period-
icals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the California
Fish and Game Commission. Editors of
newspapers and periodicals are invited
to make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

MAY 6, 1921.

PEOPLE AND THE LAW,

People obey the laws because they
believe them wise and just — not merely
because the laws happen to be.

That fish, or that game law serves best
its purpose which is based on real condi-
tions, exact needs and which operates
without undue injury to any person or
class. — Adapted from Pascal.

THE 1918-1920 BIENNIAL REPORT.

The usual hionuial review of the work
of the Fish and Game Commission has
api)earo(l in a striking green cover with a
colored reproduction of the Loch Levon
(rout. The report, which contains lIjO
pages, deals with (lie work of the various
ili'l)ar(nu'nts and is ahiindantly illustrated
with photographs showing (he work and
accomplishments of the Commission. A
comparison of this volume with the first
rciM)rt issued in INTO furnishes an inter-
esting contrast and proves that during
fifty years of service to the state there
has been great improvement in organiza-
tion and in results.

In (ho introdnc(ory pages a tribute is
paid to the men who so creditably served
their country during the world war and a
])age is devoted to six employees who have
died during the past two years.

Outstanding features of the biennial
period have been the rearing and planting
of ^,(X»0,000 trout fry, (he greatest
number ever planted by the Commission in
its history in a like period. In addition
appro.\iinately 29,0(X>.<X10 Chinook salmon
were distributed in the Sacramento,
Klamath and Eel rivers. The new Tahoe
Hatchery with four times the capacity of
the old one is described and figured.

The number of arrests and amount of
fines assessed on ofTendei"s during the
Iiiennial period is (lie greatest in the
history of (he Commission — 1,891 arrests
and .$40,420 in fines.

Tlie Cominorcial Fisheries Department
reports wonderful progress in connection
with (he gathering of fisheries statistics
and the solving of many ))roblems reladni;
t(j (he fisheries. Several graphs \ivi(lly
show the growth of the different fishing
industries and the output of the canneries.

Among the legislative recommendations
in (he report are a shortened trout season
and a one buck limit on deer.

The educational and publicity cam-
paign beginning in 1914 has been success-
fully continued. Particularly noticeable
results have been obtained in the schools
and in the summer resorts of the state.

NEW FISH BULLETINS.

There are now ready for distribution
two new fish bulletins. Bulletin No. 4
is entitled, "The edible clams, mussels
and scallops of California," and is the
result of research made by Professor F. W.
Weymouth, of Stanford University. The
bulletin contains seventy-five pages, nine-
teen plates and twenty-six figures. The
author notes that there were two purposes
in issuing it. "First, it is an attempt to
estimate the economic importance to the
state of the bivalves here treated by
putting on recoi'd the cxttMit and posi-
tion of the available moUusk producing
urounds, the number and abund.once of the
cdil)le species, and, by contributing to a
knowledge of (heir life histories, lay (he
foundadou for such protective legislation
as may in the future be found necessary.
Secondly, it proposes to make available
(o the camper and amateur naturalist a
meaus of identifying the more common
and important bivalves." I'erhaps the
most attractive feature of the bulletin is
a key well illustrated which should l>c
usable by the amateur in identifying any
of the species of mollusks found in the
state.

Fish Bulletin No. 5 is entitled, "A key
to the families of marine fishes of the
West Coast," and appears under the
authorship of Professor E. C. Starks, of
Stanford University. The key has been
tested out by the students of Stanford
University and should be of value to any
one in tlie identification of fish which fall
into their hands.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

113

FISHCULTURAL METHODS UPHELD.

A recent newspaper attack on the
methods and accomplishments of the fish-
cultural department has brought forth
many protests. Resolutions and letters
in large quantity have been received
from si>ortsmen's clubs, chambers of com-
merce, forest supervisors, boards of super-
visors, and private individuals pointing-
out the successes attained in planting-
trout. Among the sportsmen's clubs
defending the present methods are the
Sierra Rod and Gun Club, the Grass
Valley Sportsmen's Club, Lindsay Fish
and Game Protective Association, El
Dorado County Rod and Gun Club, Caspar
Rod and Gun Club, Fresno Sportsmen's
Club, Yuba County Fish and Game Asso-
ciation, and the Alturas Sportsmen's Club.

All unite in pointing out that in order
to keep up the supply of trout where there
is heavy fishing, it is essential to stock the
streams annually. Many point out that
had not annual plants been made the
streams would now be barren of fish life.
Fortunately, the opposite condition exists,
owing to fishcultural operations.

Mr. C. J. Walters, of Independence,
states that streams that are extensively
fished have increased wonderfully since
the planting of fry began. According to
Robert E. Eddy, Secretary of the Lindsay
Fish and Game Protective Association, it
is the unanimous testimony of our mem-
bers who know the streams and of
ranchers in the mountains, "that fish are
now being taken from places formerly
bai'reu, since planting be^n regularly in
this section." George A. Green, President
of the El Dorado Rod and Gun Club,
writes : "Prior to 1910 no eastern brook
trout had ever been taken from the
American River, the fish life being entirely
limited to the rainbow trout. In 1910,
our club received from the Fish and Game
Commission some eastern brook trout fry.
These were planted in the American River
near Kyburz. We have received and
planted some eastern brook fry every
season since. Today fifty per cent of the
trout taken from the American River
between Riverton and Phillips Station are
eastern brook trout. The same holds good
in regard to all other streams in our
counti-j'."

All of the communications report satis-
factory results and state that the fry are

received in uniformly good condition. The
one complaint evidenced is that individuals
and organizations are unable to secure as
many fish as they desire for planting
puri loses.

IN MEMORIAM — FRANK SHOOK.

It is to be regretted that deputy Frank
Shook, one of the oldest and most loyal
deputies in the employ of the Commission,
died on January IG, 1921, at his home in
Salinas.

From the time of his api>ointment as
deputy, on November 15, 1907, Frank
Shook was one of the most sincere workers
of this Commission. He was always on
duty and always gave the best service
possible. He not only knew the violator
and his ways, but he knew thoroughly
Monterey County, the country which lie
patrolled, and it is because of the fact that
he possessed all of the many qualities that
are so necessary in one entrusted with the
enforcement of the law that he was so
valued and trusted as an employee of the
Commission. That his loyal service was
appreciated by the Fish and Game Com-
mission goes without saying. — J. S. H.

THE NATIONAL GAME CONFERENCE.

The annual National Game Conference
under the auspices of the American Game
Protective Association was held in New-
York City on January 24 and 25. For
the first time, the California Fish and
Game Commission was represented at this
conference. Dr. H. C. Bryant was able
to attend, owing to a lectui'e program
regarding nature guide work which was
made possible by Mr. Stephen T. Mather,
Director of the National Parks. Dr.
Bryant gave an illustrated lecture on the
subject, "Education as part of the con-
servation program," in which the work of
the California Fish and Game Commission
was outlined ; emphasis being placed on
the work in the schools and in the summer
resorts. At the banquet, the last night of
the conference, motion pictures showing
wildfowl on Lake Merritt, California's
first game refuge, were shown and received
very favorable comment.

Outstanding features of the program
were the discussions on a federal license,

114

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

to take the form of a stamp which can
be ])asted on the state license, and on tlie
need for a treaty with ncl^hlioring: coun-
tries rehitive to inii;ral()i\v fisli<'s to siiiiple-
nient the one rehitive to liirds, which is
already in existence.

Consideral)le interest was also displayed
in the reiMjrt of the \'irj;inia Fish and
Game C'ommissioner regarding a law to
control the vagrant dog. The law which
is administered hy the Fish and (Jame
Commission has been effective in the
destruction of oD/MX) vagrant dogs since
its enactment. That any state should
have a dog problem, as well as a cat
problem, was a suiiirise to those attending
the conference.

•A large number of resolutions relative
to the conservation of game were passed.

THE STEELHEAD, A DISTINCT
SPECIES.

The exact status of the steelhead
trout has long been a mooted question.
Although for many years considered
specifically distinct, it has in more i-ecent
years been considered a sea run form of
the rainbow. The United States Bureau
of Fisheries now announces (Bureau of
Fisheries Document No. SW>, pp. 0-7) that
Dr. W. C. Kendall, scientific assistant and
ichthyologist, is bringing to completion a
report which it is believed will settle the
much discussed question of the specific
identity or distinctness of the rninl)ow and
steelhead fronts.

"After a careful study (>f the fish from
laxonomical, anatomical, and distribu-
tional evidence the conclusion is reached
that there are at least two wild fonns
which have been confused under the names
of rainbow and steelhead fronts. One is
predominantly migratory (ascending fresh
waters from the sea), the other pre-
dominantly a permanent fresh water in-
habitant. The name Salnio iridciis was
originally bestowed upon a small steelhead
form, as was also Sahno riviilaris. There
is ab.solutely no doubt concerning the
proper application of Sal mo gairdncrii to
the steelhead, as Uicbardsdn's description
is that of a large <V)liimi)ia Kiver fish and
not a small blueback salmon {Oiicor-
hynchux iirrJca). as one wiiter has stated.
Contrary to current descriptions, the steel-
head has larger (fewer) scales than
the rainbow, and there appear to be

other though inconspicuous and concealed
structural differences.

There is probably more than one species
or race of rainbow trout, and possibly also
of steelhead. However, the rainbow trout
of fish culture is largely from McCloud
River (California) stock and should b(>ar
the name, not Sdhiio ir'ulciis. but Sahno
shdsta. The fishcultural rainbow stock
has been more or less affected by admix-
ture of another form princiiially frt)ni
Klamath River, which may be another
form or species of rainlK)w or perhaps a
steelhead. This admixture is clearly per-
ceived in tiie appearance and structure of
many specimens of the rainbow stock of
some of the hatcheries. The steelhead
stock has always, so far as known, been
unadullei'ated Sohno fininbicrii, although
in the distribution from hatcheries it is
known that in some instances the two
forms have been regarded as identical and
distributed as rainbow trout. Pure Salino
shasta is distinguished from pure Salmo
f/airdnerii by the smaller scales of the
former."

SALMON DESTROYED ON SPAWNING
BEDS.

Because of the law which allows of the
taking of three salmon by means of a
spear, in districts one and two, between
September 2."» and November l.">, many
salmon are being destroyed on the siiawn-
iug beds in Shasta and Siskiyou counties.
Aliens, as in other cases, are the greatest
violators. They often build a sort of traj)
across a stream and working at night .spear
the fish as they move through a narrow
entrance to the trap. As many of the fish
are unfit for food, because on the spawning
grounds, these violators sometimes kill as
many as from fifteen to twenty Hsh and
save but the three that they are allowed
by law. The deputies of the Commission
have didiculty in apprehending these vio-
lators because they work at night and
because they are not to 1k> found with mon^
than the legal limit in their possession.
Fortunately, sentiment in tlu'se counties is
changing and many now see the danger in
allowing salmon to be taken by means of
a siM>ar during the spawning season. It is
to l)e hoiied that there will Ix; sufficient
s(»ntiment to make possible a change in the
law during the present session of the
legislature.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

115

BLUE JAY HUNT IN SAN BENITO
COUNTY.

Several years ago blue jay hunts were
in vogue, but more recently little attention
has been paid to the bird accused by the
sportsmen of destroying quail's eggs. Of
late, however, a well organized blue jay
hunt was held at Hollister, California.
Sixty sportsmen were divided into two
rival teams and a week chosen for the
hunt. When the final count of birds was
made at the end of the week the total
showed 1531 blue jays. One team out-
distanced the other by 210 birds and this
winning team were the guests at a big
barbecvie held by the other team. One
hunter bagged 233, and the second best
was 1.30.

energy in trying to determine the food of
the blue jay as they do in making a largo
kill of birds a solution of the problem will
be forthcoming.

MORE FINES FOR HUNTING OUT OF
SEASON,

Apprehended for shooting four pintail
ducks out of season, a Missouri hunter on
March 7. 1!)21, was fined $2<M» and costs
by Federal Judge Van Valkenburg, sit-
ting at St. Joseph, Missouri. This sen-
tence follows closely upon the conviction
of a hunter in New Jersey before a fed-
eral judge by whom he was fined $200
and costs and sentenced to jail for ten
daj's.

The spring flight of migratory birds is

1531

BLUEJAY5

HOLUSTER

CALir

Fig. 38. The result of a blue jay hunt at Hollister, California. An organized blue jay
hunt by sportsmen of the region netted 1531 blue jays in one week.

Whether such organized blue jay hunts
are beneficial to the interests of game and
other birds is still doubtful. That the
blue jay deserves to be placed on the black
list few will deny, but that blue jays good
and bad, and there are good blue jays,
should be killed off in large numbers is a
question. Whether blue jays are actually
as destructive to quail as to tree nesting
birds is also something that still has to be
proved. Doubtless, many arguments can
be given on both sides, and the thing which
is needed is more evidence. When those
engaged in such a hunt spend as much

at its height during April, and the Bio-
logical Survey of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture is putting forth
every effort to see that they are per-
mitted to go north to their nesting
grounds unmolested. Due to the active
cooperation of federal game wardens and
state authorities, fewer violations of the
federal law are occurring this spring than
formerly. Nevertheless, some unscrupu-
lous hunters are taking a chance ; arrests
for shooting out of season are being made
by the game wardens and convictions are
being obtained in nearly all cases.

11(J

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

MORE AND BETTER FUR.

"The di'm;inil for fur is fur greater Lliau
can be met. Evidently tiie time is at
liand when steps should be taken to
increase and improve the fur supply.
Trappers, dealers, manufacturere, and
wearers, possessing in the aggregate a
tremendous moral and financial influence,
want more iuid hotter fur.

"AiiKing the bad practices which have
reduced the luimber of fur bearers are:
(1) Using poison, which kills many ani-
mals that are not found before their skins
are spoiled ; (2) smoking animals out
of their dens, which often suffocates them
instead of forcing them out; (3) destroy-
ing dens, which either leaves the animals
without suitable i)laces in which to rear
their young or drives them out of the
neighborhood altogether; (4) trapping
eai'ly in fall, which catches animals having
small, unprime pelts before they are old
enough to be suspicious of traps; and (5)
trapping late in spring, which destroys
breeding females with young.

"If no early or late trapping were done
thei'e would l)c fewer animals taken, but
on the otlier hand the value of the catch
and the number of animals left to breed
another sea.son would be far greater.
Skins are prime for about two months
after the molt is compl<>ted, and during
this time they have no dark spots on the
flesh side. They are worth much more
when prime (....) than Mhen unprime
( .... ) . Muskrat and beaver pelts are
best in February and INIarch, while those
of other fur bearers are best from late
in November till about the end of Janu-
ary-."—Yrbk. U. S. Dept. Agri. 1910,
Separate 823.

RAINBOW TROUT IN HAWAII.

In the Fisheries Service Bulletin, No.
on, issued February 1, 1921, Mr. H. L.
Kelly, a former assistant of the Bureau
of Fisheries and now the executive officer
of the Fish and Game Commission of the
Territory of Hawaii, gives an interesting
report on the rainbow trout resulting from
eggs supplied by the Bureau of Fisheries
in 1019. Before making an application
for another shipment of eggs to be hatched
and planted on government reserves, Mr.
Kelly went to Kauai to determine how
the trout planted in the streams of the
island were thriving. He found the

|)eople enthusiastic over the species and
in the streams which had been stocked
manj- trout were seen. Some of the fish
were caught. The largest measured 7§
inches and others 5| inches. These were
taken exactly six months after planting.
Requests were made for plantings in the
movintain streams of the islands of Molokai
and Maui. Their beautiful coloration and
rapid rate of growth are prime factors in
the success of the importation experiment
to the sportsman and tlic fishculturist
alike of Hawaii.

A DECLINE IN THE CONSUMPTION
OF FISH.

"How arc we to meet the decline in the
consumi)tion of fish and the resultant
hardship on the fishing industry of the
United States?" — is the question of the
United States Bureau of Fislieries. Dur-
ing the period of the war the consumption
of fishery products grew to considerable
extent, which resulted in an expansion of
facilities for the eai)turo. lu-eservatiou and
marketing of these products. Des])ite the
more adequate facilities for supply aiul the
general advancing costs of materials and
laboi*, there was a decline in the fishing
industry.

Not only on the eastern coast is this the
case but it would appear to be true to a
certain extent in the west as well, as is
demonstrated by a graph published in the
1920 Biennial Report of the California
Fish and Game Commission giving a com-
parison of fish of all kinds packed in
northern and southern California. A
slight decline in the total number of cases
of fish packed is shown by the following
figures :

191S

Southorn 1,38^,202

Northern 729,100

1019
l.UMnllJ.".
905,200

Total 2,114,302 21,071,641

1918 2,1 14.302

1919 2,071,f>41

42,001

However, in California, the salmon, and
particularly the sardine catch, has steadily
increased, as stated for the period 1917-
1019, yet the estimated 1920 pack of
canned salmon in the United States,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

117

including Alaska, is about 3^ million cases
less than iu 1917 and includes about 2i
million cases of the cheaper grades (pink
and chum), which it is reported are being
offered for sale for less than the cost of
production and can be sold with profit by
the retailer at a low price. The canners
of sardines and the cheaper grades of tuna
are confronted with similar difficulties.

Tiie problem is indeed one of import-
ance, for aside from the fact that fish is
our cheapest and best source of natural
food supply the fishermen are, most of
them, small, individual producers with
little or no training for a change of liveli-
hood and these men will suffer, if the
industry is allowed thus to decline.

accidents during the open season, as well
as being a conservation measure. In
1917, twenty-eight fatal hunting acci-
dents occurred in Michigan and Wiscon-
sin. Out of this total, twenty-two oc-
curred in Michigan as against only six in
Wisconsin. The reason for the disparity
was again laid to the fact that bucks only
were allowed to be killed by deer hunt-
ers iu Wisconsin, while in Michigan the
big game hunters were allowed to kill
witlujut waiting to see the horns.

And so it continues to be demonstrated
that the but k law in California and other
states is largely responsible for the reduc-
tion in the number of hunting accidents.

Fig. 39. Fishing on the north fork of the Feather River. The trout season opened Aiiril 1,
as usual. Photograph by F. A. Farnuin.

BUCK LAW DECREASES HUNTING
ACCIDENTS IN NEW YORK.

Quoting from the Conservationist for
December, 1920 : "The deer hunting sea-
son of 1920 closed with only one fatality
due to a man being shot in mistake for
a deer. Last year there were nine deaths
from this cause, during a sea.son when
both bucks and does could be legally
shot. Restoration of the buck law, and
the requirement that a hunter look for
horns before he shoots, is unquestionably
to be thanked for the low mortality this
year."

The buck law is one of the prime fac-
tors in reducing the number of hunting

A CONSERVATION READER FOR
CALIFORNIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

"The wave of enthusiasm for the con-
servation of our natural resources must
reach the children or it will expend much
of its force uselessly." With this end
in view, H. W. Fair-banks of Berkeley,
California, who is the author of many
text books on geography, has written a
Conservation Reader.* The book brings
out in a simple and interesting manner
the principles of conservation. After in-
troductory chapters giving a contrast be-

*Fairbanks, H. W., 1920. Conservation
Reader (World Book Co., N. Y.) VI, 216
pages, illustrated.

118

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

twocn tlio past and the pivsL'ut, the con-
servation of soils, water, trees, forests,
wild flowers, coal, oil. gas, aquatic ani-
mals, and birds, is outlined. The book
is illustrated with two colored plates fur-
nished by the National Association of
Audubon Societies and with various re-
productions of photographs.

"The movement for the preservation of
natural resourc<>s can succeed only with
the establishment of an enlightened pub-
lic sentiment on the subject. To create
and maintain such a sentiment is the
proper work of the schools." The use of
this conservation r.-ader in the schools
should help greatly in developing the
right attitude toward natural resources
and the consequent attainment of proper
conservation of them.

PRESIDENT HARDING IN SYMPATHY
WITH WILD LIFE CONSERVATION.

Mr. T. (J. Pearson. I'r.'sjdcnt of tht
National As.sociation of A u d u It o n
Societies, in answer to a telegram, re-
ceived the following telegram from Presi-
dent Harding, who was at the time
President-elect.

"I am fully in favor of a policy which
will guard the integrity of our national
parks and our bird reservations. I favor
the enforcement of our treaty with Can-
ada for the protection of valuable migra-
tory birds. Please accept my greetings
to your Assoc-iation." (Signed)

Warren G. Harding.

Those who are interested in our na-
tional parks and in the conservation of
our wild life take great satisfaction in
the expresseil altitiidc of President
Harding.

FUR-BEARERS PROTECTED IN
TRINITY REFUGE.

Game Refuge No. l-D has hem closed
to trapping excejjt for coyotes, mountain
lions and bobcats. This restriction will
bring about the same object with refer-
ence to fur-bearers as that attained for
deer. The refuge is an ideal one for this
purix)se and if the law can be enforced
and the predatory animals exterminated,
it is absolutely certain that these species
will be preserved forever, and that to a
large degree the overflow can be legiti-
mately trapped. Similar provisions for
preserving fur-bearers should be applied
to other refuges. — E. V. Jotter, Weaver-
ville, California.

THE FUR SUPPLY AND ITS

MAINTENANCE.
Mi: Xed Dearborn. Assistant Biologist,
P>ureau of Jiiological Survey, has re-
cently written a pamjihlet entitled
'Maintenance of the Fur Supjily."* In
; introducing the subject of his paper he
!sa.\s, "to direct attention to the great
I comm'rc ial importance of fur; to emjjha-
size the need of iniintaining the siijiidy.
which lately has been declining at an
alarming rate; and to jioint out ways by
which this suii;ily may not only be main-
tained as to ([uantity but imjiroved as to
luality, is the i)urpr,se of this circular.
"'IMie subject is discu.ssed from the
\i('\\ point of the farmer, to whom fur-
liearing animals, if rightly managed, will
■ e a source of interest and profit."

"The commei'cial history of America
begins with fui'. and from the early days
down to the in'es(Mit this has been an im-
nortant artic'le in our domestic and for-
eign trade."

Till' World War lias changed the cen-
ter of tli(> world fur trade from Europe
to the I'uited States, and the center of
aianufacture in the United States is New
York City or the near vicinity. The
United States has learned the art of
dressing and dyeing the skins, as is dem-
onstrated by the drop of forty per cent in
the ratio of dressed and raw skins im-
ported into the country. In 11)14. dressed
skins imported were worth $3,50(MXM»,
while raw skins imjiorted were worth
i);7.r.(M;.(K»l». In l!)l!t, .$4.(WO,000 worth
!)f dressed skins were imported, as
against .i;(>0.(X):).(HlO worth of raw skins.
"A conci'ete examjtle of the rise in fur
I)rices is alVordcd by the actu.-il record of
one man's fur-lined o\ercoat. This coat,
limnl with mink, in l!)i;{ cost .$.100.
.\flcT wearing the coat two years the
owner sold the mink lining for .$1,000 and
I'cplaced it with nutria at a cost of .$1."10.
Two years lali r. in IIMT. he had the
nutria lining remo\ed and sold it for
$2.1(1. A niuskrat lining was then ))ut in
the coat at a cost of .$.11. whicli, in 1910,
was in turn removed and sold for $.3(¥).
The original purchaser still has the
shell."

Although the price of furs is bound to
drop to a certain extent, the fur dealers
are not uneasy. The use of fur is being

*U. S. Dept. Agric. Dept. Giro. 135,
Nov., 1920.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

119

widely exploited — is being advertised for
summer use as well as for winter — yet,
there are two important factors to be
reckoned with: (1) About one-half of
the skins disposed of at American auction
sales are of foreign origin. (2) The sup-
ply of furs is waning to the extent that
if the present condition sliould continue
for a few years the .supply in settled dis-
tricts would come to an end.

The following remedies for the situa-
tion are pointed out by Mr. Dearborn :

(1) All trappers should be licensed at
a nominal fee and at the end of the trap-
ping season should turn in a complete re-
port of the skins taken. This report
to be published for the benefit of the
public.

(2) Farmers should be made to appre-
ciate th? possibilities of this source of
income. They should know that although
most of the important small fur-bearers
are carniverous, few of them are destroy-
ers of poulti-y. "Among fur animals, as
among men, the proportion of criminals
is small." Skunk-proof poultry yards
shotild be Installed, and the subsequent
value of enticing the skunk to the fai'm-
er's land to destroy the rodents advo-
cated.

Further emphasis should be placed on
this natural source of income to the
farmer, from animals which he neither
has to feed nor shelter, so long as he rec-
ognizes the value of preserving their dens
and killing them with discretion.

(3) The wisdom of killing fur-bearers
only when the peltries are prime is force-
fully brought out to the farmer by the
associative argument, namely, that it is
just as short-sighted for the farmer or
trapper to kill fur-bearers before the
peltries are prime as it is to harvest
crops before they are ripe or when they
are overripe. Hence, the value of limit-
ing the trapping to a two months open
season which is believed to be the most
effective and efficient means of obtaining
results.

(4) The importance of having fur
animal preserves and of domesticating the
animals is of moment. Now that the
characters of North American animals
and their geographical distribution are
well known, the production of superior
fur should be much more possible.

(T)) Animal dens should be protected,
and the knowledge of the local attach-
ment of animals used to good advantage.
The use of poison, smoke, gas, or fumes
in taking fur-l)earing animals should be
prohibited.

Mr. Dearborn's paper is of importance
to Californians for he points out that in
this state the as.set value of wild fur-
bearers to the people of the state has
been estimated at .$7,125,000. The an-
nual catch of fur in the state brings
about four per cent of this huge sum.
"By proper conservation it might readily
be doubled." Therefore, the value of en-
couraging and promoting the fur indus-
try along the right channels at this em-
bryonic period in its development would
seem most advantageous.

CAMP SANITATION,
Are you going camping this summer?
The mountains of California constitute
one of the most delightful of recreation
areas, and an outing there may be most
healthful and enjoyable if proper use is
made of the opportunities offered. Proper
use means, in a very important degree,
good sanitation. If you take an outing
you w'ill find that your pleasure is marred
when you discover evidences of careless
habits of other campers. Remember that
you are one of many thousands of camp-
ers that go to the mountains during a
season, and that all have a right to expect
you to avoid defiling the pleasure ground
that is theirs as well as yours. Remem-
ber ,too, that these mountains are tlie
catchment areas for drinking water sup-
plies of many thousands of people and
that the purity of these supplies depends
very largely upon the efforts of youreelf
and other campers to practice intelligent
sanitation.

The principles of good mountain sani-
tation are simple and their practice is not
more burdensome than maintaining cus-
tomary cleanliness around home. At
home the person of common decency does
not tolerate an accumulation in his yard
of cans, bottles, papers, garbage and fecal
matter, yet why is it that one may fre-
quently see an otherwise attractive spot
in the mountains littered with these
things? Is it because the camp ground

120

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

is only a temporarj' stopping place and
campers lack the neighborliness to clean
lip tiieir own refuse out of kindness for
those who follow? Is it that same re-
turn-to-nature, otherwise carelessness,
that on a camping expedition contents a
man to go a week or two without a
shave? It is thoughtlessness, and care-
lessness, perhaps laziness, but no part of
nature.

The principles of good mountain sani-
tation are siuii)lc'. IJurn or bury all ref-
use and use care not to contaminate
streauLs. There you have a complete pro-
gram for keeping our recreation areas
clean. Take a small shovel and some
matches with you on your camping trip
and use them with iinulcnce. They will
l;e useful for otlier than sanitary pur-
poses.

When you l)uilil jour camp fire burn
your waste paper and when the meal is
finished burn your garbage. Bury these
iiiaterhils if you do not have a camp fire ;
don't leave th'in for the next fellow to
dis]>iise of. I'.ury also your unburnable
ri'fusi', such as cans and bottles, <ir throw
thciii into Ihi' underbrush well nut of

sight. Practice the ordinary principles
of good housekeeping.

"Ix'ave your camp as you would like to
find it. Keep the pleasure grounds of
.Vmerica clean." — California State Board
of Ileallli.

NEW YORK'S ANNUAL GAME
DIVIDEND.

Beginning in 1!>19 all owners of hunt-
ing li(ens:'s in the State of New York
were required to report the game killed
for the preceding year. The statistics
eomjiiled show that there were reported
4r.r)..lltu cottontail rabbits; ducks taking
a fifth place in the kill showing a total of
lOO.OC)^; male deer totaled 8,29.3. The
grand total of game taken in 1918 was
1.. ^26,960.

The game and fur-bearing animals of
\ew York State, if capitalized, are worth
not less than $.j3,000,0a) ; they return
an annual dividend of more than .$.'>, 2(X),-
(MK); and they cost the state for their
protection and increase the nominal sum
of .$1.S2,(KK>. This cost of itrotection and
increast^ is thus less than six iier X'ont
of the annual dividend.

CALIFORNIA PlSH AND GAME. 121

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.

In 1920, Trinity County spent $1,323 in controlling the coyote. A
bounty of $3 each was paid on 441 coyotes on which the reward was
claimed.

Salmon have appeared early this season, 150 pounds having been
taken by trawling near the Farallones on March 3, 1921. In 1919 and
1920 the first salmon were caught after the middle of March.

Although some of the ayu eggs imported from Japan hatched, they
were so weakened by fungus that none of them survived.

Deputies Carpenter and Britton arrested two men at Arbuckle
during March who had in their machine 184 ducks. They were pre-
sumably on their way to San Francisco to dispose of this illegal game.
Both men were taken before Justice Jones at Williams, who sentenced
them to sixty and ninety days, respectively, in the county jail.

A bill before the legislature provides for a limit of ten abalones
per day. This would effectively prohibit the commercialization of
this sea food.

Large shipments of edible crabs have been arriving in San Francisco.
On March 12, 1921, a shipment amounting to four truckloads was
received.

No less than three bills which would abolish the present Fish and
Game Commission have been introduced in the legislature. Two of
them would make fish and game work depend upon appropriations by
the legislature.

122

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

HATCHERY NOTES.

w

I. SiiKiii.KY. l-Milor.

SEASON PROSPECTS.

As outlined in the January nuniljer oC
California Fish and Game, the past
season was a Very successful one from the
standpoint of the number of trout fry
roared, the quality of the fish planted and
the systematic manner in wliich they were
distributed, when the difficulties encoun-
tered in the prosecution of the work, due
to the extreme drouulit, are taken into
consideration.

Plans are under way for slill further
improvements in the fish distribution work
during the coming season. Within the
next two weeks all applicants, who
received trout fry last season, will be sent
application blanks and will be requested to
file their applications prior to the thirtieth
day of April. Judging from recent cor-
respondence with many of last season's
applicants, there is going lo be an un]»re-
cedented demand for trout fi-y (his coming
season. This is due to several I'easons.
There were very few losses of fish last
sea.son. The success of fish planting dur-
ing the ]>ast few s«>asons due to our closer
cooi)eration with the applicanls and to
sending of special messengers, trained in
fish jilanling work, to assist and instruct
in the best methods of handling and plant-
ing the fry is beginning to show more
satisfactory results and the pulilic is
coining more generally to realize that it is
only by extensive restocking of their fish-
ing streams and lakes each year, tluit they
may prevent depletion due to excessive
fishing.

Public association of anglers, resort
owners and individuals, who are interested
in one way or another in fishing, are taking
more interest in the work, as the efficiency
of our methods is demonstrated to them.
Then to, Boards of Supervisors, Chambers
of Commerce and public officials, having
the business interests of their communities
at heart, are coming to realize that fish
and game are among the best a.ssets to a
community, and that it is only by keeping
the streams stocked with trout fi'y from
the state hatcheries that the depletion of
the fish in the streams and lakes can be
avoided. They therefore consider, from a
business standpoint, that appropriations of

ade(iuat(^ amounts from their funds to
l)rovide for jjroiier distribution of the tish
allotted to llieiii by I lie Commission is
money well spent.

During the past several years of drought,
it has been extremely difficult for us to
obtain a suHicient number of trout eggs to
supply all of the fry recjuired to adequately
stock the waters of the state, despite the
rapid increase in the extent of our opera-
tions. This season we hope to materially
increase our output of trout fry. No
effort has been spared to make the com-
ing sea.son the most productive of I'osulls
that we have ever had. The older egg-
collecting stations have been enlarged and
improved to handle a greater output and
hatcheries have been equii)ped to take care
of all of the eggs which it is possible to
secure.

The new Lake Talioe Hatchery, as
previously mentioned, has been finished
and is ready for occupancy. The Mount
Tallac Hatchery will be opened as usual
about the middle of March and in addition
to the egg-collecting operations, which
have been carried on in past years at
liie mouth of Taylor Creek, a new egg-
collecting station will be operated on the
upper Truckee River.

Arrangements are being made to estab-
lish an experimental hatchery near P.lairs-
den, in I'lumas County, to take care of the
requirements of the Feather River district,
as well as the North Yuba River district
near Sierra City. If this station can bi?
successfully established, it will eliminate
to a very great extent, the necessity of
transporting trout fry for stocking the
streams in Plumas County from the Mount
Shasta Hatchery. This long haul is very
hard on the fish and is very cxixMisive.
If rainbow trout can be successfully reared
at the Feather River, near Blairsden,
which is centrally located, they can lie dis-
tributed to far better advantage and with
much less expense than to ship them from
so great a distance as Sisson.

By the establishment of this hatchery
that section of the Yuba River in the
vicinity of Sierra City can be handled to
l>ctter advantage, as the long haul from
Sisson to Nevada City and thence by auto

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

123

truck over the hoavy srades along the
Yuba River will l)e eliminated.

Operations at the Monnt Shasta Hatch-
ery and the various egg-collecting stations
along the Klamath River are in full swing.
While it is too early in the season to state
definitely the number of eggs, which we
can expect from the Klamath River sta-
tions, we have every reason to believe that
the take will be very satisfactory. The
first of the rainbow trout are "running"
in Rogrs Creek. Camp Creek and Fall
Creek and something over a million of eggs
have been taken to date. The ran of fish
in Cottonwood Creek is somewiiat later,
but indications are for a successful take
of eggs at the Hornbrook Station. The
f.almon frv which are being hatched at

Mount Shasta and Fall Creek hatcheries
are doing nicely and will furnish a fine lot
of fry for distribution this spring and for
placing in the large salmon rearing lakes
where they are held throughout the sum-
mer months and then liberated in the
upper reaches of the Sacramento and
Klamath rivers next fall.

Steelhead egg-collecting operations are
under way at the Scott Creek and Snow
Mountain collecting stations and indica-
tions are that a successful take of eggs at
both places will l,e secured.

Ukiah Hatchery is in readiness fOr the
reception of the steelhead eggs from the
Snow Mountain Station.

Brookdale Hatchery is also open and
prepared for operations. Extensive re-

^v'

-jS j6,Jt C > .H

Fig. 40. Copco Dam on the Klanialh Kivcr. Tliis dam is so
high that a fish ladder was not feasible. Conseijuently, th?
California-Oregon Power Company was compelled to build a fish
hatchery in lieu of a fishway. Photograph by C. Westerfeld.

124

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

pairs to tlio water supply system have been
made and the station generally is in first
class condition. Over threo-quarlers of a
million of steelhead e^ss have been taken
at the Scott Creek Station to date and
are being cared for at Brookdale. A half
million salmon fry are being reared at
the Fort Seward Hatchery for distribu-
tion this spring in Eel River, Mad River
and tributaines of Plumboldt Bay. The
hatchery is all ready for the reception of
steelhead tront eggs from Ukiah Hatchery.

Domingo Springs, Almanor and Clear
Creek" hatcheries will be open for opera-
tions during the middle and latter part of
March.

A crew of fishcultiirists will be s?ut into
the Big Bear Lake district within the ne.xt
two weeks and operations will be com-
menced as soon as the lish start "running"
at the North Creek Station.

The Kaweah Hatchery will open for
oi;erations shortly after the first of April.

Wawona Hatchery will, as usual, lie
opened sometime during April.

The San Joaquin River Experimental
Station is still in operation. The wcatluT
has been extremely cold, the water being
close to the freezing point for days at a
time and development of the salmon eggs
has been very greatly retarded.

Three hundred thousand Loch Leven
trout eggs were .shipped during the latter
pari; of December to the Mount Whitney
Hatchery and the resulting fry are doing
nicely. Everything at this station is in
readiness for the commencement of the
season's operations. The seasonal W(irk
on the grounds has been progressing nicely
and the gardens promise to be in even
better shape than they were last season.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES.

.\. r.. Si (>i-j[JJ 0, Editor.

SHALL WE USE FOOD FISH FOR
FERTILIZER?

^^'itll a poor market for canned fishery
])ro(lucts aixl a strong market for fertilizer
and iioiiltry foods, a diHicuIt problem con-
fronts the Fish and <;anii> Commission
and the state legislature. Canneries at
Monterey and in southern California are
asking for i)ermits to catch sardines in
(luantity for use at redrction plants rather
than for use in the canneries. So great
is 111!' (IciiKuul made by the canneries that
a bill has l)een introduceil into the legisla-
ture which would allow tiie use of food
fishes f<u- fertilizer and poultry lU'oducts.
Up to this time, only ten to twenty per
cent of the catch, which was considered
as "overcatch," has been utilized in the
reduction plants. It is feared that the
sardine has already suffered from over
fishing, owing to the great demand of the
past few years, and that a further toll
levied would deplete the supply. . I'resent
plans to continue fishing obviates the
chance of the species to recuperate and
assure an abundance of fish in the future.

In order to test the present law which
allows only the spoiled fish and the over-
catch to be utilized inthc reiluction plants,
cannery men of southern California have
instituted a test case which is now before
the courts.

FISHERIES, 1920.
Kiiriu'.;- tile year ]'.)-(> there were
208,'M2,S1(; jiounds of fresli lish and
G, 42^,911 jionnds of moUusks and crus-
tacans, n;aking a grand total of 214,-
7G(J,T27 pounds of fishery products, taken
in the waters of this state. The catch
"or irt2<) shows considei'alile d(>crease in
the tota's in comparison with the catch
for 11)10 whirli was 202,258,511 pounds.
The sardine catch showed the greatest
decrease, which was approximately P>Ty.-
000,000 pounds less than during 1!)]'.».
Salmon, yellowtail, sole, squid and clams
also declined, while the catch of albacore
sliowed an increa.«e of about 5,000,000
Iiounds.

The decreased (atch of sardines was on
account of the poor demand for the
canned and sailed i)roducts and canneries
did not oi)erate their plants to full
capacity during the year and many of
those plants operating closed down early
in the fall. During the spring of 101.0
there were great quantities of sardines
used in rediiction plant.s for fish meal.
In the summer of 1010, a law went into
effcL-t preventing the use of edible fish
in reduction plants and during 1020
there was no straight fishing for sardines
for reduction purposes.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

125

The salmon catch hi tlie state shows a
decreass of approximately trvvo million
pounds, the total catch for the year being
11,138,693 pounds. Along the coast
north of San Francisco the catch was
about the same as the previous year,
some particular localities showing slight
increase, while other districts show a
small decrease. The decrease in the
catch was on Monterey Bay and the Sac-
ramento River. The Monterey Bay catch
was 1,309,000 pounds less than in 1919,
which was by no means a good year for
that district. The Sacramento River
catch declined about 700,000 pounds.
The water was very low in the Sacra-
mento River during August and Septem-
ber and no doubt this fact, together with
the poor quality of salmon and low price,
had considerable effect on the catch as a
number of the fishermen laid up their
boats and stopped fishing some time be-
fore the season closed on September 24.

During 1920 there were 1,941,984 cases
of fish canned. Of this amount, 1,062,996
cases were sardines and 835,(345 cases
were tuna, these two varieties of fish be-
ing the principal fish used for canning
purposes in this state. The tuna pack
for 1920 was greater than during the
previous year, while the sardine pack was
lighter. The total ]ia:c'k of all varieties
canned in 1920 was about 130.000 cases
less than during 1919.

Complete statistics of ' the fisheries for
the year 1920 will be published at a later
date and should show some very interest-
ing data. — S. JI. D.

SACRAMENTO RIVER SALMON
MARKING, 1920.

t^lien salmon hatching on a large scale
began on this coast it was the custom to
liberate the fry in the streams as soon
as the yolk sacks had been absorbed. Of
late j-pars the fry have been held for
longer periods of time at the hatcheries
on the belief that larger fi.sh are better
able to take care of themselves when lib-
erated in the streams. The small fry in
the hatchery troughs are of necessity
crowded and are accustomed to being fed
at regular intervals. It is thpught that
planting these small fry in a stream is
too Siudden ,a change and that too many
fall a prey to enemies before they learn
to ' avoid dHiigers and forage for them-

.selves. To overcome this difliculty the
small fry are' transferred from the
crowded hatchery trough to a large pond
or lake where they have more room and
are often able to find some natural food.
From the pond the fry may be trans-
ferred to the stream when they are con-
sidered to be of sufficient size or when
the height of water in the stream is con-
sidered most favorable.

Proof of the relative success of differ-
ent times of liberating has been lacking,
partially due to the difficulty of securing
data. One method of .securing this proof
is to mark some of the young fish from
two or more lots of fry liberated at dif-
fer?nt times. A comparison of the num-
ber from earh lot recovered when they
return to sirnvvn would throw some light
on the success of the different methods
of libTating. The great difficulty in all
sucli marl ing experiments is that so few
marked f.sh are recovered. In the clean-
ing slieds large numbers of fish must be
prepared for market in a short time and
the fish are handled so rapidly that the
missing fins of marked fish are either not
noticed or are neglected, so that time is
not taken to measure the fish, to take
a sample of the scales and send the data
to the office of the Fish and Game Com-
mission. It is impractical to have a rep-
res?ntative of the Commission at all of
the fish sheds while fish are being re-
ceived.

Another difficulty is the possible ob-
jection to marking fsh l)y th? r;^moval of
fins or with metal tags in that one is
never sure that the behavior of such
marked fish is typical of the behavior of
unmarked fish of the same brood. Never-
theless some valuable data may be secured
from such marking experiments. Xo
other method has yet been devised for
securing knowledge of the migrations of
salmon in the ocean. In this connection,
the first article in the- January, 1921,
number of this magazine is of special in-
terest in showing that marked fish lib-
erated in the Sacramento River were re-
covered not only in the Sacramento gill
nets but also by trolling at such widely
separated points as Monterey and Shelter
Cove.

At a conference (September 8. 1920)
between representatives of the California
Fish and Game Commission it was de-

126

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

cided to try another Kinj? salmon mark-
ing exporimont using Sacramento River
eggs and liherating in the Sacramento.
The ohject of the exi)eriment was three-
fold, first, to contrihuie ro tlie knowl-
edge of ocean migrations and, second, to
throw some light on scale readings by
comparing the hatchery lake growth with
the normal stream growth. The third
and clii 'f olg 'ct was the comparison of
three m ■thuds of liberating fry: Ulcerat-
ing (1) Inriii' fry in the fall. {'2) year-
lings in till' spring, and (3) .small fry in
the sjiring. 'I'o accomplish this it was
planned to mark three hatches of fish
corresjjonding to the three enumerated
above. Of tin- first two hatches of fry
from Xovend.er. I'.H'.I. eggs, the first was
to he marked ;ind lil;erated in Septem-
ber. 1J)20. and th > second in the si)ring
of 1!»1:1. The third, from the fall of
1923 eggs, to be marked and liberated in
the rpring of llllil.

Th? first batcli was marked as i)laune(l
but the remainder of tlie ex])eriment was
unexpectedly ui;set by the behavior of the
Sacramento Kiver. These marked fi.sh
were to have been liberated sometime in
November of 1920. but the fall floods
of the Sacramento broke levees and it
was feared that too great a loss of young
fry would result if the liberation were
made during the time of floods, so it was
necessary to hold tiie fish over winter.
However, the marking already completed
should contribute something toward de-
termining ocean migrations and possibly
scale growth characteristics. The follow-
ing is an account of the marking of the
fir.st batch of salmon fry.

Source of Eggs and Hatching.

The King Of ('hinook salmon rggs were
taken ] y ihi' I'nited Stat;s Bureau of
Fishei'ies at its substation on Mill
Cre:>k, a tributary of the Sacramento
River. Tehanui County. California. The
eggs were taken the latter part of No-
vember. 1919, eyed at Mill Creek and sent
in a shipment of 1,2.">S,000 to Sisson.
California, where they were received
February 10, 1920. They were hatched
the latter part of February at the Mount
Shasta Katchery, a state hatchery at
Sisson. After several weeks in the
troughs the fry were transferred on May
27, 1920, to Klink's Lake, one of the

three lakes at the hatchery used for hold-
ing fry before the final planting in the
str am. Here they remained till the end
of Seijtendjer when part of them were re-
turned to the hatchery for the purjiose of
marking.

Size of Fry.

Tli'S' fry in the latter part of Septem-
ber, 1920, were ten months old reckoning
from th(> lime the eggs were collected or
seven months from the time of liatchlng
and had siient four months in Klink's
I^ake. A sami)le of 12n of these fisii
taken at r.mdom on September 27 showed
an average length of 7.9 centimeters, or
3.1 inches. The greatest extremes in
length of f.sh from this sample were 5.8
to lO.S centimeters, or 2.3 to 4.2.'i inches.
Other extreme cases wei'e found wliere
th.e range was from 4.5 to 13.0 centi-
meters, cr l.S to 5.1 inches. The mea.s-
urcments were made from the tij) of the
nose to the liji of the central rays of the
tail tin.

IVIark and Number IVlarked.

The mark used was the removal of the
adiiios? fin and the posterior half of the
dorsal fin by clipping with cuticle nippers.
Twenty thousand fi'y wei'e marked,
the marking being started on September
25 and finished on October 4. 1920. The
marking was done by C. L. Frame of the
Department of Fish Culture and W. L.
Scofield of the Departmentof Ctmimercial
Fish(>ries. — \V. L. Sc(!FiKi,n.

A NEW SPECIES OF FISH FROM
SANTA CATALINA ISLAND.

.V specimen secured from the Avalon
.\qiiarium has been described as a new
species 1).\- ('arl L. llubbs. of the Museuiu
of /oology, of tile rni\ersity of Mich-
igan.* This new fish is cf |)arlicidar
interest becarse it has been named for
^Ir. William Fr.ineis Tiiomijson. in cii.Mrge
of the Stale Fisheries Laboratory, of the
California Fish and (Jame Commission,
who is the iiiithor of many imi>ortant
works on marine fishes.

SiiaciHt tliuiii /isijiii is most similar to
three Panamaic species, but has fewer
dorsal fin-rays and longer caudal peduncle.
as well as other difl'erences.

•Hubbs. Carl L. 1921. Description of
a new Scifenoid fish from Santa Catalina
I«land, California. Occ. papers Museum
of Zoolog>-. No. 92. pp. 1-3, 1 pi.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

127

BARBLESS FISH HOOKS.

Certain sportsmen's angling clubs are
advocating the use of barbless hooijs for
catcliing fish, arguing that it is more
sportsmanlike for it gives the fish a
chance for its life. Besides its being a
more creditable performance, they say,
to catch fish with a barbless hook, the
undersized fish when returned to the
water will be more apt to survive as they
are hurt very little.

It is interesting to note here that the
commercial fisheimen in fishing for long-
finupd tuna, skipjack and bonito in south-
ern California use principally barbless
hooks. The motive in their case is not
to give the fish a better chance for
their life, but to enable them to catch
them faster, for the barbless hook is more
quickly extracted and time is thus saved
when the fish are coming fast.

Fig. 41. Barbless hooks used in the capture of tuna. Photograph by II. C. Bryant.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

THE PORCUPINE AS FOOD.

An animal, purely a vegetarian, that
plays great havoc with gardens all
through this country, is the porcupine.
Sometimes, all of the garden stuff on out-
lying ranches in this section is com-
pletely destroyed by this pest. One of
our rangers trapped a good many porcu-
pines in his garden at a ranger station
last summer, and he and his family used

them to a considerable extent as food.
I have eaten porcupine meat on several
occasions during the past summer and
found it to be quite palatable. Only for
the fact that the meat is coarser in tex-
ture, one could imagine he was eating
beef — provided of course, that the porcu-
pine is young. An old porcupine is the
toughest chewing imaginable — Wm. S.
Brown, Alturas, California.

128

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

TREE SQUIRRELS INFESTED WITH
SCABIES.

A (lead California gray squirrel
(Scinrus griseus griscus) was recently
sent to the University of California by
Deputy Eiioll Cray from Placerville,
California, for post nioiteni, as it was
afllieled with a disea.se which has been
killing off great numbers of gray squirrels
in the El Dorado National Forest. The
disease was first noticed among the
squirrels on the Georgetown Ridge in
1917. The gray squirrels were prac-
tically exterminated in this district.
Since then, the disease has spread from
this vicinity and is now most noticeable
in the southeastern part of the county.

The first evidence of the disease is to
be seen in a scaly or mangy appearance
ni-ound the head and neck. This is fol-
lowed by sores over the rest of the body
and the hair falls off. Dead squirrels
are to be found at the bases of trees and
in streams of water.

P^xamination, by the veterinary and
entcinological departments of the Univer-
sity of California of the specimen sent in
showed the disease to be a form of
scabies. According to Professor Stanley
B. Freeborn, the cause is to be found in
a mite belonging to the genus Notocdrca.
These mites live in little tunnels dug in

lli(^ skin .'iiKJ tlicy eventually cause bad
sores which weaken the animal to such
an extent that death finally ensues. A
closely related .species found on the cat
has recently been transmitted to the
rabbit, horse, dog and man, always with
dilliculty and with no serious effect.
Laboratory rabbits infested with a simi-
lar species of mite invariably die a more
or less lingering death, if left untreated.
Thorough washing followed by api>lica-
tions of sulphur ointment repeated three
or four times, at intervals of five or six
days, generally produces satisfactory
cures in these animals, if taken early.

It is to be hoped that this epidemic will
disappear, as do most epidemics of this
kind. — II. C. Bryant, Berkeley, Calif. ,

ANTELOPE SHOW INCREASE.

rrong-horn antelope {AiililtxdiiKt
americana) near JNIount Doim' in Butte
Creek Valley appear to be on the in-
crease. Mr. Crawford, of Yreka. recently
counted lOS animals near Mount Dome.
This is an increase of sixteen head over
the last count of these antelope. This
increase is apparently due to the careful
enforcement of the law which gives total
lu'otoction to the antelope — J. O. Mli.i.KR,
)'r(k(i, (Uilifoniiii.

REPORTS.

SEIZURES— FISH AND GAME; ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.

Game.

Deer meat 1-11 pounds

Quail 253

Ducks 797

Doves — pigeons 9

Rabbits — squirrels 2

Pheasants 3

Swan 1

Muilhens ■ 18

Mi.scellaneous birds SO

Deer hides 1

Fish.

Striped bass -- 617 pouiuls

Halibut l.f CO pounds

Salmon 3,031 pounds

Young smelt 415 pounds

Trout — 8

Crabs 2,164

Crab meat 30 pounds

Abalones 37

Clams — Pismo 101

Clams^cockle 232 pounds

Lobsters 811

Illegal nets 9

Searches.

Illegal fish and game 9

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

129

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.
October 1, 1920, to December 31, 1920.

Game.

Number of

Offense arrests

Hunting without license 47

Hunting on posted grounds 4

Trapping witliout license 2

Deer— closed season — liilling or possession 13

Does — spike bucks — fawns — killing or possession 4

Illegal deer hides-- — 2

Brusli rabbits — squirrels — closed season — killing or possession 5

Quail — closed season — excess limit — killing or possession 35

Doves — closed season — killing or possession 1

Ducks — excess limit — closed season — killing or possession 14

Mudhens — closed season — killing or possession 3

Wild pheasants — swan — closed season — killing or possession 6

Non-game birds — killing or possession 33

Protected shore birds — liilling or possession — 15

Bear — closed season — killing or possession 2

Shooting from power boat — — 8

Night hunting — 17

Destroying state evidence 1

Total game violations 2i:i

Fish.

Angling without license — " 6

Fishing for profit witliout license 2

Clams — undersized — excess limit — taking or possession 16

Crabs — undersized — taking or possession- 4

Abalones — undersized — excess limit — talking or possession 4

Lobsters — undersized — excess limit — taking or possession 10

Striped bass — under weight — offering for sale closed season —

excess limit 6

Halibut — excess limit — — 1

Selling steelhead not properly tagged 1

Young fisli — taking or possession _- 3

Pishing in restricted waters 1

Illegal nets in restricted districts 6

Total fish violations — 60

Grand total fish and game violations — 272

Fines
imposed
$853 00
130 00

35 00
625 00
225 00

30 00

150 00

1,048 00

25 00
480 00

75 00
275 00
660 00
400 00

liO 00

35 00
550 00

30 00

$5,646 00

$150

00

20

00

375

00

95

00

100

00

170

00

140

00

50

00

75

00

60

00

200

00

$1,435

00

==.r=== =

ir=7

$7,081

00

130

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

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132 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES.

Period from July 1, 1920, to January 31, 1921.

Administration :

Commissioners $ 310 68

lOxt'cutive offices 14,870 58

Printing ; 3,259 S7

Ilfsearch and publicity 3,533 79

Accident and death claims 1,179 53

Oommorcial fish culture and conservation :

Superintendence :: 8.737 52

inspection and patrol -- ^- '__ 17,803 38

Jtesearch 18,096 36

Statistics 5,778 17

Market fishing license commissions 299 50

Propagation and distribution of salmon 16,748 52

Sporting fish culture and conservation :

Superintendence 9,137 87

Printing 172 04

Prosecutions and allowances 212 50

Angling license commissions.- 11,734 60

Fish exhibits 4,293 19

General patrol — pro rata share :

San Francisco District (40 per cent) — 22,457 19

Los Angeles District (40 per cent)__ 9,566 74

Sacramento District (40 per cent) __ 16,842 10

Propagation and distribution of trout 94,031 27

Game conservation

$23,154 45

?67,463 4!:

$168,447 50

Printing 199 83

Prosecutions and allowances — 957 98

Hunting license commissions 18,078 90

Mountain lion hunting (and bounties) 4,842 58

General patrol — pro rata share :

San Francisco District (60 per cent)— 33,553 68

Los Angeles District (60 per cent)-- 14,259 67

Sacramento District (60 per cent)-- 25,259 98

$97,152 62

Tahoe ciimping ground 402 11

Grand total $356,620 13

California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"

Volume 7 SACRAMENTO, JULY, 1921 Number 3

CONTENTS.

Page

CALIFORNIA HAWKS : HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM Harold C. Bryant 133

A ROYAL SILVER TROUT CAUGHT IN LAKE TAHOE J. O. Snyder 148

THE NEW CALIFORNIA STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY

Will F. Thompson 150

AN IMPORTANT DECISION ON THE FISHWAY LAW 154

EDITORIALS 157

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 1 168

HATCHERY NOTES 169

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 174

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 177

LIFE HISTORY NOTES — 180

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 185

REPORTS-
VIOLATIONS OF Fish and Game Laws 186

Seizures . 186

Expenditures 187

Fishery Products, January, February, March, 1021 188

CALIFORNIA HAWKS : HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM.

By Harold C. Bryant.

From being the most maligned of all birds, the hawks and owls are
now coming to be recognized as among the most helpful to mankind,
3Iembers of this group have been continually persecuted because a
few species have shown themselves to be destructive to domesticated
birds and mammals. Each hawk and owl has been judged by circum-
stantial evidence, and prejudice has caused the good to suffer with
the bad.

In recent years, the farmer has come to a realization of the great
damage caused by ground squirrels, gophers and other rodents and he

12053

134 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

is willing that all the natural enemies of these pests should be en-
couraged. As a consequence, state laws protect the beneficial species
of hawks and blacklist the destructive ones. Nevertheless, a beneficial
hawk hanging on a roadside fence or tacked to the side of a barn is still
a too prevalent sight. With the exact data on food habits that we now
possess, there is no excuse for ignorance as to the economic value of each
species.

In the hope of stimulating interest in the preservation of the bene-
ficial raptores the following analysis of the destructive and beneficial
hawks has been made, together with a field key, which, it is hoped, will
make identification possible.

BIRDS OF PREY.

Birds of prey are recognized by strongly hooked bills with a soft
skin, the "cere," surrounding the nostrils, and by the large strong
feet with flexible toe joints, and long, curved, sharp talons which are
powerful weapons for grasping and killing prey. Of particular use
are the latter in holding the prey while it is torn to pieces. In the
vultures, which are carrion feeders, the talons are not so well developed.
All have a swift, sure flight. Their whole structure betokens ' ' strength,
activity, ferocity, and predatory nature." Although the above ana-
tomical characteristics are held in common by all the raptores, yet a
close study shows that the different species are grouped together be-
cause of like habits rather than because of like structure.

Hawks fly by day, and in the economy of nature owls take their
place at night. The owls may be distinguished by their eyes being di-
rected forward and by the disks of radiating feathers which surround
the eyes. They are among the few birds which have binocular instead
of monocular vision. Hawks have less fluffy plumage and smaller heads
than owls.

The hawks are slow breeders, most of them laying but two eggs each
season and rearing but one brood each year. The young grow very
slowly and remain in the nest for a considerable period of time before
developing the powers of flight.

Identification of hawks is oftentimes made difficult because the same
species frequently has two color i)hases. Blackish or melanistic forms
are of frequent occurence in several species of beneficial hawks. Since
dark colored birds do not appear among the destructive bird eating
hawks, it is safe to say that all black hawks are useful. Another means
of discriminating between good and bad hawks is to be found in the
seasonal occurrence ; the destructive hawks are almost invariably winter
visitants, consequently, the chances are that hawks shot in the summer
are beneficial ones.

As a rule the sexes are colored alike. There is, however, a marked
difference in size, the female being the larger. The fluffy juvenile
plumage makes the young bird appear larger than the adult.

The food is made up chiefly of rodents and insects, and the birds
gorge themselves whenever opportunity offers. Although the flesh is
often picked from the bones, small animals are usually sw^allowed
whole. Indigestible parts are often regurgitated in the form of pel-

J^'K»^mJioiist^m

SHARP-SHINNED HAWK

(Right Hand Figure, Immature Female : Left Hand Figure. Adult Male)

Order— Raptores Family— Falconid/E

Genus — Accipiter Species — Velox

National Association of Audubon Societies

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 135

lets. The hair, bones, and other elements in a pellet can be identified
and a comprehensive idea of the food may be obtained by a study of
such pellets.

KINDS OF HAWKS.

Hawks are usually divided into four main groups: The meadow
hunters, known as harriers (represented by but one form, the marsh
hawk) ; the woodland hawks, known as accipiters; the soaring hawks,
the huteos and eagles; and the "long winged chasing" hawks, known
as falcons. Sometimes the carrion feeders, known as vultures, are in-
eluded.

THE BLACKLIST.

By far the larger number of hawks are beneficial. It is, therefore,
better to know the villians than to attempt to know all of the beneficial
species. Attention is accordingly called to the following hawks which
may properly be blacklisted. State laws give these hawks no protection.

AH of the destructive species belong to the third group, the accipiters.
All are typical bird hawks with long tails, short rounded wings, com-
paratively small heads, and with a rapid, darting flight. In the open
their flight consists of alternate flappings and sailings. Seldom, if
ever, do they give any cry. All habitually frequent wooded or brushy
areas. These birds usually watch for their prey from some vantage
point and dart in among the trees or brush to secure it. In the hand,
they are readily identified by their short broad wings, and slender un-
feathered legs and feet.

Three of the destructive species are very much alike in coloration and
habits, their main difference being in size. We can, therefore, speak
of three editions of the "chicken hawk." The first is the small sized
"chicken hawk" known as the "sharp-shinned hawk." (See plate 1.)
The second is the medium sized bird and perhaps the best known of all
those attacking poultry, the Cooper hawk, sometimes called the "bullet
hawk, ' ' and rightly called a ' ' chicken hawk. ' ' An additional field char-
acter, to that of size in distinguishing the sharp-shinned from the
Cooper hawk, is to be found in the shape of the tail. The tail of the
sharp-shinned hawk is square-ended, whereas, that of the Cooper hawk
is rounded. The third is the larger species found only in the higher
mountains and in the northern part of the state, the western goshawk.
All three are sometimes dubbed "blue darters" because of their manner
of hunting. Very often they capture their prey in mid-air. The adult
goshawk can be recognized in the open by its bluish colored back and
wings and barred breast, as constrasted with the striped or streaked
breast of the Cooper and sharp-shinned hawk. The young of the gos-
hawk, however, have streaked breasts and can easily be confused with
the Cooper hawk.

The food of these three hawks is made up almost entirely of birds,
the larger species feeding to a considerable extent on such game birds
as quail and grouse, in fact, to such an extent that the Cooper hawk is
often known as the "quail hawk" and the goshawk as the "grouse
hawk." The Cooper hawk often attacks pigeons and returns day after
day to claim a victim. Stomach examination has shown that this hawk
feeds almost wholly upon wild birds and poultry. Of all the common
hawks this is the most "audacious highwayman." It preys commonly

2-12053

136

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

on valley quail. In a nest of a pair of Cooper hawks in the San Jacinto
mountains the remains of three chickens, a blue jay and a chipmunk
were found (Grinnell and Swarth, 1913). The sharp-shinned hawk,
of much smaller size, feeds upon the smaller birds, almost all of the com-
moner song birds falling prey to it. In the Fresno district, the birds
wliich seem to suffer most from attacks by the sharp-shin are mocking-
birds, intermediate sparrows, valley quail, and say phoebes (Tyler,
1913). This hawk dashes in and out among trees and shrubbery and
often perches on larger limbs inside the foliage. It is most common
about willow thickets and the trees along streams. A crashing sound
as it strikes a bird in llie foliage often betrays its presence and little
bundles of feathers ])ear mute evidence of tragedies enacted. All

Fig. 42. Rt-d-tailed Hawk (Biiteo borttili.s ) . Courlt'sy of tlie rnil^d States
Bureau of Biolog-ical Survey.

three species are likely to make their appearance in the chicken yard,
in fact, about ninety -five times out of a hundred it is one of these three
hawks which is to blame when poultry is found to have been taken
by a hawk.

The duck hawk is the most powerful of the destructive species. It is
a true falcon, and in Europe was considered the "noblest" of the birds
used in falcony. It fearlessl}- attacks ducks and has even been known
to attack some of the larger waterfowl. The rush of wings at it attacks
its prey is said to resemble a heavy wind. Its food comprises birds,
both game and nongame. Birds recorded as falling prey to the duck
hawk in California are as follows : blackbirds, meadowlarks, red phala-
ropes, black turnstones, murrelets, auklets, ducks, doves, ,iays, and even
sparrows. Furthermore, it is said to kill apparently for pleasure. At

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

137

any rate, it often kills more birds than it eats. Stomachs of two duck
hawks from southern California, each contained the remains of a mourn-
ing dove. The short tail, pointed wings, slate-colored back, and black
patches on the face should help in identifying this bird; but the gen-
eral actions are still more useful in recognizing it.

The prairie falcon, much like a duck hawk in appearance, lives in the
rough foothill country, nesting about cliffs, and is noted as a destroyer
of ground squirrels. Although a close relative to the duck hawk, it is
to be numbered among the beneficial species.

BENEFICIAL HAWKS.

The two best known beneficial hawks are the red-tailed hawk (see
fig. 42) and the sparrow hawk (see fig. 43). The former is the large

Fig. 4o. Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) .
Bureau of Biological Survey.

Courtesy of the United States

hawk commonly misnamed "hen hawk," which is most often to be seen
soaring around and around high in the air over open country, or perched
conspicuously on top of a dead tree or telegraph pole. In the adult
bird, the tail is reddish brown, Init in the young birds the tail is barred.
The common hawk call, sounding like the syllables "pee-yare," which
so often drives poultry to cover, is given by this bird, but it very seldom
bothers birds of any kind. The red-tailed hawk is a typical rodent
hawk, having large clums}^ feet suitable for capturing small animals on
the ground. In flight also, the bird is too slow and clumsy to be suc-
cessful in capturing birds. The occasional red-tail that attacks poultry

138 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

is usually a young bird, showing that the species prefers other types
of food.

The food of this hawk is made up very largely of ground squirrels
and mice, to which is added a goodly supply of some of the larger in-
sects, such as crickets and grasshoppers. The stomach of a red-tailed
hawk taken in the Berkeley hills contained one meadow mouse and two
pair.s of jaws of the common ''potato bug," or ''Jerusalem cricket."
One red-tail taken in Los Angeles County contained a gopher; and
three others were found to have been feeding on rabbits (Bryant,
1918). Over ninety per cent of the food of this hawk is made up of
noxious mammals and insects. Remains of two ground squirrels were
found in the nest of a pair of red-tails in San Diego County (Dixon,
1917). In nests of the red-tail remains of gophers, ground squirrels,
meadow mice, a young cottontail rabbit, and two snakes — a striped
racer and a gopher snake — were found (Dixon, 1906). The red-tail
preys upon snakes and may often be seen carrying a snake in its talons.
Stomach analyses made by the government show over eighty-five per
cent of the food to be rodents.

A near relative of the red-tailed hawk is the Swainson hawk with a
white throat and dark band across the breast. This is the only Cali-
fornia hawk which develops a flocking habit. During the migration
period, Swainson hawks may be seen in flocks moving leisurely across
country. This bird might well be called a gras-shopper hawk for it is
most often to be seen capturing grasshoppers in open fields. The birds
in catching grasshoppers are said to skip about in an awkward way look-
ing as if rather a.shamed of the performance. This species also feeds
on mice and gophers (Tyler, 1913). This is a fairly common hawk in
our great valleys.

Another relative less often seen is the ferruginous rough-leg, so called
because of the feathering on the legs, which reaches to the toes. The
bird, figuratively, wears boots, and this booted appearance is helpful
as an identification mark, also the white underparts, often with a dark
band, and the white patch at the base of the tail on each side. The
rough -leg prefers open country and is often to be seen perched on the
ground near squirrel burrows. This hawk, perhaps more than any
other, merits the name "squirrel hawk." Meadow mice also prove
tempting as food. A rough-leg taken at Cotati, Sonoma County, con-
tained seven meadow mice (Bryant, 1913).

The rarer red-bellied hawk is a bird of the lowlands and marshes,
recognized by its reddish brown breast and its mode of flight, which re-
minds one of that of a horned owl. This hawk feeds on caterpillars,
insects and small rodents. The stomach of one bird taken near Corona,
Riverside County, contained "potato bugs" (Stenopclmatus) and
beetles, and that of another a pocket gopher (Pierce, 1919). The stom-
ach of a third taken in Fresno County contained large hawk moth
caterpillars, beetles and "potato bugs" {Stenopelmatus) , (Bryant,
1921). In the nest of a pair of red-bellied hawks in San Diego County,
was found one ground squirrel and two pocket gophers, carried there to
feed the three young birds in the nest (Dixon, 1917). In another nest
was found a brush rabbit, hair of a ground squirrel and an alligator
lizard (Sharp, 1906). Stomach examination has shown fence lizards
(Dixon, 1906), Jerusalem crickets and caterpillars.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

139

The golden eagle (see fig. 44), although often accused of stealing farm
animals and poultry, is deserving of careful protection, for its food is
made up almost wholly of the larger rodents. A nest examined by J.
B. Dixon in San Diego County, contained the remains of eleven ground
squirrels, largely the surplus carried to the two young birds in the nest
(Dixon, 1917). Rabbits and ground squirrels are the principal items
of food. The notable decrease in numbers has been due to the desire

Fig. 44. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) . (Drawn
by R Ridgway. ) Courtesy of the United States Bureau
of Biological Survey.

of many to kill something large, not to a desire for relief from depreda-
tions. It is particularly important that the golden eagle be left un-
molested by the rancher.

The bald eagle (see fig. 45) depends so largely upon fish as a diet that
it is almost invariablj^ found along the sea coast or about large inland
lakes. An occasional fawn, lamb, or pig is taken, but this eagle is pri-
marily a fisherman. On San Clemente Island and other islands of the

3—12053

140

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Santa Barbara group, where this eagle nests, it is said to feed on sheep
and lambs, as evidenced by bones near the nest (Howell, 1917).

The sparrow hawk (see fig. 43) is the smallest and usually the most
common of all and is often to be seen perched on fence posts or tele-
graph poles. It has a cry that sounds something like the words ''killy-
killy-kiUjj-killy/' which sometimes gives it the name of "killy" hawk.
The reddish brown tail of the adult and the black bars on the face will

Fig. 45. Bald Eagle (Ilaliaectus Icucoccphalus).
(Drawn by R. Ridgway. ) Courtesy of the United States
Bureau of Biological Survey.

help in the recognition of the bird, as will also its habit of poising in
the air with beating wings. The sparrow hawk develops speed and
captures its prey by dashing directly after it.

From the sharp-shinned hawk the sparrow hawk is distinguished l).y
sharp, pointed Avings which are in contrast to the short, rounded wings
of the former. In the hand all of the falcons may be recognized by the
notch near the tip of the bill which is lacking in other hawks. Although
called "sparrow" hawk, this hawk very seldom preys upon birds, pre-
ferring large insects and mice. Grasshoppers and large beetles torm

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 141

the principal items of food. Tyler (1913) reports grasshoppers as the
staple diet of some sparrow hawks in Fresno County.

The l&ss common pigeon hawk is to be distinguished from the more
common sparrow hawk by its darker coloration, by a blackish instead of
a brown tail, and by the white throat patch. This hawk has a habit of
perching humped up on conspicuous perches and when frightened flies
swiftly and fairly close to the ground to another perch not far distant.
The pigeon hawk does not confine itself so largely to insects as does the
sparrow hawk and is guilty of preying upon small birds as well as
rodents.

In lowland country the marsh hawk (see plate 2) is a familiar bird
with its long wings, long narrow tail and white rump patch. It is
usually to be seen flying along with leisurely strokes of the wings, about
three or four feet above the ground, quartering back and forth over the
meadows and marshes searching for its prey, which is comprised almost
entirely of meadow mice. On the sight of a mouse the bird suddenly
plunges downward and makes off with the luckless animal. The marsh
hawk will occasionally help himself to a bird, or even to poultry if
available. The author once saw a marsh hawk make off with a killdeer.
It will be found, however, that individuals, rather than the species as a
whole, are responsible for depredations of this kind. With the possible
exception of the skunk, there is no animal that exerts better control on
meadow mice than the marsh hawk.

Young marsh hawks are reddish brown all over, but the adult male
has a M^hitish breast, gray back, and wings with black tips — suggestive
of a gull. This is the only American hawk belonging to the harrier or
meadow hunter group and the only hawk which nests on the ground.

The white-tailed kite, another hawk which is gull-like in appearance
and which frequents the marshes, is now very rare in California and
needs careful protection to save it from complete extermination. Its
food habits proclaim it a beneficial hawk. The stomach of a specimen
from Santa Rosa contained a meadow mouse.

The osprey, or fish hawk, is found along the sea coast and around the
larger bodies of water in the interior. The white head and breast are
conspicuous. This bird feeds exclusively on fish, especially such slow
moving ones as carp and suckers.

The United States Department of Agriculture has pointed out that
''the sooner farmers, ranchers, horticulturists, and nurserymen learn
that the great majority of birds of prey are their friends, and deserve
protection, the sooner will depredations of noxious rodents and insects
diminish." By encouraging beneficial hawks time and effort is saved,
for they automatically help control rodent and insect pests, being ever
alert and ready to move to a center of infection. If given a chance,
they will prove more effective than either traps or poison. Protection
of hawks is the most economical pest control measure.

It must be remembered that even the so-called destructive hawks have
their place in Nature, for natural enemies of birds tend to maintain
within proper bounds the numbers of the species on which they prey
and preserve their fitness. Many believe that the relation between the
predator and the animal preyed upon is such that direct increase follows
destruction of the predatory species. These same individuals maintain
that on an area set aside as a refuge, increase of bird and animal life

142 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

will not be noticeable unless "vermin" be destroyed. Since in the
early days abundance of ^ame was coincident with abundance of natural
enemies this contention does not seem reasonable. Rather should one
understand that under natural conditions there is a certain balance
struck between a species and its natural enemy and oftentimes the ac-
tivities of one help to balance those of the other.

Forbush (1916) who defends the above point of view gives the follow-
ing example :

"The marsh hawk {Circus hudsonius) feeds to some extent on marsh birds and their
young, but a much larger part of its food consists of meadow mice and frogs. These
mice certainly would be very destructive to young birds were they not held in check,
and large frogs are known to swallow the young of wattn- birds. Marsh hawks and
other enemies prevent many frogs from reaching a size wlien they would be dangerous
to young birds.

"If nature is undisturbed, therefore, all the birds are reared and maintained that
the land will support, but when civilized man steps in and disturbs the natural ar-
rangement and balance, then, and perhaps then only, the natural enemies of birds
may become unduly destructive, and must be chocked."

Rodents constitute our worst farm pests. Were it not for natural
checks to their increase it would be impossible to grow crops. Field
mice have from four to six litters of young a year with from two to
thirteen comprising each litter. It has been estimated that one pair of
meadow mice are capable of producing nearly a million young in five
3^ears. Of course, such an increase is never really possible because of
natural cheeks, including natural enemies. To eliminate natural
enemies or even reduce their number disturbs the balance and increases
the numbers of the pest.

Of course, artificial means of check, such as trapping and poisoning,
have been devised, but their use entails time, energy, and expense. By
encouraging natural checks on the increase of rodents more can be ac-
complished with less expenditure of effort. Most hawks eat rodents,
and herein lies the reason for their encouragement,

A FIELD KEY.

Lest the good hawks be destroyed with the bad it is necessary to dis-
tinguish friend from foe. Ability to recognize the different species of
hawks is, of course, the shortest road to conservation of the beneficial
and destruction of the injurious. The average person finds it difficult
to name a hawk seen in the open by reference to the average bird book
because the distinguishing characters given are those suitable for use
with a dead bird or specimen. As an aid to identification of live birds
in the open the following key of field characters is appended, a key
which it will be found emphasizes quite different characters from the
more familiar ones found in bird books. This key has been prepared
as an experiment to determine w^hether keys of this kind are possible,
or useful. No doubt more accurate observation would be productive of

N. B. The United States Department of Agriculture has issued several bulletins
dealing- with the economic value of hawks, notably the authoritative work, "Hawks
and Owls of the United States," by A. K. Fisher, which may often be consulted in
libraries. The value of each species is judged by the results of many stomach ex-
aminations. Another review of the value of hawks is to be found in the National
Geographic Magazine, Vol. 38 (Dec, 1920), under the authorship of Louis Agassiz
Fuertes.

"R-BRi,'C^-

MARSH HAWK

Order— Raptores Family— Buteonid^

Genus— Circus Species— Hudsonius

National Association of Audubon Societies

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

143

still better field characters and in the light of later knowledge a better
key devised.

The characters which, must be studied in order to use the key are :
mode of flight, shape or general countour, color, color markings, and
habitat. Even a better character in some cases is the call, but this has
not been widely used in the key because of the difficulty of conveying
an idea of the call by means of syllables. Then too, some hawks are
notably silent and others are heard to call only in the breeding season.

Field Key to California Hawks.

A Soaring flight ; birds of open country, or large bodies of water.

B Body black or blackish brown in color.

C Head not feathered and reddish in color.

D About 30 inches in length, without white patches on underside of

wings ; wing tips silver gray beneath ; carrion feeder

___! (Turkey Buzzard) TURKEY VULTURE

DD About 50 inches in length, with snow white patches on underside
of wings (under wing coverts) appearing as windows when the

bird is soaring overhead ; carrion feeder ; very rare

(Condor) CALIFORNIA VULTURE

CO Head feathered.

E Head and tail of adult white in color; bare yellowish legs; call cac,

cac, cac; chiefly near sea or large bodies of water BALD EAGLE

EE Head and tail of adult blackish brown ; found in mountainous

regions GOLDEN EAGLE

BB Body brownish in color ; head feathered ; thick set with broad rounded
wings and broad spread tail.
F Less than 30 inches in length ; under 4 feet wing spread.

G White patches on base of tail above ; dark band separating white
throat and belly ; conspicuous black "wrist marks" under wing ;
legs feathered to base of toes; often perches on ground. (The
American Rough-leg is a rare winter visitant which differs but

slightly from the resident bird)

(Squirrel Hawk) FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEG

GG No white at base of tail; legs (tarsus) strong and unfeathered.

H Tail of advtlt reddish brown with whitish tip (immature birds readily
confused with other Buteos) ; call a high pitched whistled keee,
keeee, suggestive of the sound of escaping steam ; tail spread fan-
like in flight

(Hen Hawk; Buzzard Hawk) WESTERN RED-TAILED HAWK

Fig. 46. Outline drawing of the red-tailed hawk, made directly from a freshly
killed specimen, showing the broad type of wing usable as a recognition mark for
this bird and other Buteos.

144

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

HH Tail barred with browu and breast with band of brown ; forehead,
chin and throat white ; commonly feeds on grasshoppers ; only
hawk displaying flocking habit ; call pi-tick, pi-tick, pi-tick,

frequently repeated (Bailey) SWAIXSON HAWK

HHII Tail blackish with white bars; breast and shoulders rusty red

RED-BELLIED HAWK

FF More than 30 inches in length ; wing spread over 6 feet ; base of tail
white in young; legs feathered to base of toes; call, kiah, kiah, kiah.
(Bendire) GOLDEN EAGLE

BBB Body white in color except for bluish wings and black shoulder patches;

gull-like iu appearance ; call, a plaintive, musical whistle

WHITE-TAILED KITE

BBBB Breast and head white ; black eye stripe ; feeds on fish OSPREY

AA Owl-like flight ; beating wings ; tail blackish, crossed by 4 or 5 white bars ;
breast and shoulder rusty-red ; frequents willows and trees near rivers and

marshes; call, yee-ak, yee-ak, repeated rapidly in a high key (Bendire)

(River Hawk) RED-BELLIED HAWK

AAA Beating flight; harrier habits (alternate, measured flappings and sail-
ings) ; long, pointed wings.

I Tail white; breast white; hovers; guM-likc ; rare_-WHITE-TAILBD KITE

II Tail not white; white rump patch, narrow tail as long as body; flies

close to ground when hunting (Mouse Hawk) MARSH HAWK

Fig. 47. Outline drawing of a marsh hawk, made from a freshlj' killed
specimen, showing the long wings and tail which are characteristic of this
hawk.

AAAA Dashing, darting pur.'^uit flight, with alternating (luick wing strokes
and sailings in the open; long tail; no black markings under wings.

J Short, broad, rounded wings ; barred tail ; slender legs ; no black bars on
face ; flight consisting of rapid flappings followed by a short soar ; head
comparatively small; seldom gives a call except when nest is disturbed.

K Length 11 to L't inches; tail square; buoyant flight

_1 (Bullet Hawk) SHARP-SHINNED HAWK

KK Length 15 to 19 inches; tail rounded; impetuous flight

(Blue Darter; Quail Hawk; Chicken Hawk) COOPER HAWK

KKK Length 22 to 24 inches ; top of head black ; conspicuous white stripe

over eye; adult with barred breast and slaty blue wings

(Grouse Hawk) GOSHAWK

JJ Long narrow, pointed wings ; black bars on face forming border to whitish
throat ; head comparatively large.

L Without white head.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

145

M Length 15 to 19 inches.

N Found near water; powerful flight (Peregrine Falcon) DUCK HAWK

NN Found in open country of interior valleys ; nests in cliffs ; call a high

pitched kee, kee, kee (Bendire) PRAIRIE FALCON

Fig. 48. Outline drawing of the sharp-
shinned liawk, made directly from a freshly
killed specimen, showing the short, broad
wing and long tail usable as recognition
marks with this and other accipitrine
hawks.

MM Length ]0 to 12 inches; slender build; reddish brown on back and tail;
light under wings.
O Throat whitish ; seldom hovers or soars ; white throat patch ; head large ;
speedy ; back slaty-blue or brownish ; darker in color than the sparrow
hawk; rare in California (Merlin Hawk) PIGEON HAWK

Fig. 49. Outline drawing of a sparrow
hawk, made from a specimen, showing the
long slender wings and long tail which may
be used as recognition marks for all the
falcons.

00 Throat not whitish ; hovering habit ; no white throat patch ; wavering
flight; back grayish or reddish brown; tail of male reddish brown;
top of fence post, telegraph pole or tall tree usual observation station ;
call, kilhj, killy, killy, killtj (Killy Hawk) SPARROW HAWK

LL White head ; dark back ; white breast ; extremely long slender wings ; black
eye stripe with white above the eye ; found near water ; often to be seen
plunging after fish; call, ki-ik, ki-ik- ki-ik ( Dawson )__( Fish Hawk) OSPREY

146 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A SIZE KEY.

In order to avoid the more technical terms employed in the preceding
key, which lays emphasis on the mode of flight, and to make possible
identification of a perched bird at fifty yards, the following more simple
key is offered. A combination of both the keys will doubtless give the
best results.

Size Key to Vultures and Hawks.

Very large hawks — over 30 inches in length — wing spread over four feet.
Body black in color.

Head unfeathered like a turkey ; carrion comprises food.

Large, 50 inches in length; white patch under wing

(Ck)ndor) CALIFORNIA VULTURE

Smaller, 30 inches in length ; no white patch ; wing tips silver grey be-
neath TURKEY VULTURE

Head feathered, white in color; white tail (adult) BALD EAGLE

Body brown in color; found in mountainous country GOLDEN EAGLE

Medium sized hawks — 20 to 25 inches in length.
White on rump.

Distinct white rump patch ; long sharp pointed wings ; found in and near
marshes MARSH HAWK

White on each side of base of tail ; broad rounded wings ; legs feathered giv-
ing booted appearance; found in open country

FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEG

No white on rump.

Distinct black bar or bars on face.

Head white ; found near large bodi^^s of water_^ OSPREY

Head not white.

Black bluish; usually to be seen near water DUCK HAWK

Black brownish ; usually found in rough hilly country__PRAIRIE FALCON

No distinct black markings on face.

White stripe over eye; breast finely barnnl in adult ; found in wooded country
GOSHAWK

No white stripe over eye.

Black shoulder patches; usually seen near marshes__-WHITE-TAILED KITE

No black shoulder patches.
Tail long, barred with black.

Shoulder rusty red ; usually seen in willows along streams

RED-BELLIED HAWK

Shoulder not rustv red ; found in wooded and brushy country — the real
"Chicken Hawk" COOPER HAWK

Tail not long; fan-shaped in flight.

Dark band across breast; found in open country SWAINSON HAWK

No dark band across breast ; the commonest large hawk

RED-TAILED HAWK

Small hawks — 10 to 15 inches in length.

W^hite patch on throat PIGEON HAWK

No white patch on throat.

Tail reddish brown ; dark bars on face, the commonest small hawk

SPARROW HAWK

Tail not reddish brown ; dai'k bars on face indistinct, if any ; found in
wooded and brushy country SHARP-SHINNED HAWK

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 147

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bailey, B. H.

1918. The raptorial birds of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey, Bulletin 6, pp.
1-238 ; 93 figs, in text.
Bailey, F. M.

1914. Handbook of the birds of the Western United States (4th ed. revised,
Houghton Mifllin Co., Boston and N. Y.), pp. 1-570 ; 36 pis., 2 diag. ; 60] figs, in text.
Bendire, Chas.

1892. Life histories of North American birds. United States National Museum
Special Bulletin No. 1, VIII, pp. 1-446; 12 pis.

Bryant, 11. C.

1913. The results of some miscellaneous stomach examinations. Condor, Vol.
15, pp. 92-93.

1918. Evidence on the food of hawks and owls in California. Condor, Vol. 20,
pp. 126-127.

1921. Red-bellied hawk eats caterpillars. The Condor, Vol. 23, pp. 65.
Cones, E.

1903. Key to North American birds. (5th ed. Dana Estes & Co., Boston), 2
vols., pp. 1-1152 ; illus.
Dawson, W. L. and Bowles, J. H.

1909. The birds of Washington. (Occidental Publishing Co., Seattle, Wash-
ington), 2 vols., XV, pp. 1-997 ; 44 pis., 300 figs, in text.
Dixon, Joseph.

1906. Land birds of San Onofre, California. The Condor, Vol 8, pp. 91-98.
1917. Control of the California ground squirrel. University of California

Agric. Exp. Sta. Circular 181, pp. 1-16.
Bisher, A. K.

1893. The hawks and owls of the United States in their relation to agriculture.
United States Dept. of Agric, Div. Orn. and Mam. Bulletin 3, pp. 1-210; 25 pis.

1907. Hawks and owls from the standpoint of the farmer. United States Dept.
of Agric, Biological Survey Circular 61, pp. 1-18.

Forbush, E. H.

1916. The natural enemies of birds. Mass. Bd. of Agric Econ. Biol. Bulletin
3, pp. 1-58 ; 5 pis., 5 figs, in text.

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz.

1920. American birds of prey — a review of their value. Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol.
38, pp. 460-467 ; 2 pis., 4 figs, in text.
Grinnell, J. and Swarth, H. S.

1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Joaquin area of south-
ern California. Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. 10, pp. 197-406, pis. 6-10 ; 3 figs.

in the text.
Howell, A. B.

1917. Birds of the islands off the coast of southern California. Pac. Coast
Avifauna, No. 12, pp. 1-127.

Nichols, John T.

1920. Character sketches of hawks. Forest and Stream, Vol. 90, pp. 70-71.
Nicholson, G. and Pierce, W. M.

1921. Duck hawk wintering in Ontario. The Condor, Vol. 23, p. 99.
Oberholser, H. C.

1906. The North American eagles and their economic relations. U. S. D. A.,
Bur. Biol. Survey Bulletin 27, pp. 1-31 ; 2 pis., 2 figs, in the text.
Pierce, W. M.

1919. Miscellaneous stomach examinations. The Condor, Vol. 21, p. 127.
Sharp, C. S.

1906. Nesting of the red-bellied hawk. The Condor, Vol. 8, pp. 144-148; 2
figs., in the text.
Taverner, P. A.

1918. The liawks of the Canadian prairie provinces in their relation to agri-
culture. Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey Museum Bulletin 28, pp. 1-18.

1919. Birds of eastern Canada. Canada Dept. of Mines Museum, 104, pp. 297,
50 colored pis.

Townsend, Chas. W.

1919. The identification of hawks in the field. Essex Co., Orn. Club. Bulletin
1, pp. 1-4 ; 3 figs, in the text.
Tyler, John G.

1913. Some birds of the Fresno district, California. Pac. Coast Avifauna,
No. 9, pp. 1-114.

4—120.';.'?

148 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A ROYAL SILVER TROUT CAUGHT IN LAKE TAHOE.
By J. O. Snyder, Stanford University.

Two skillful anglers, Dr. Ross Harbaugh and Mr. R. L. Handy, who
regularly visit Lake Tahoe, report the not altogether infrequent capture
of the royal silver trout, a species lately named Salmo regalis. That no
mistake might be entertained as to their ability to distinguish the species
a fine specimen was sent for determination to Stanford University where
it was first described. This is the fifth specimen that has come to the
liands of a naturalist, and data ol)tainod from it is of great value in
assisting to build up a description of the species. Unfortunately, it was
eviscerated and nothing may be said of the sex, gillrakers, stomach
caeca, etc.

The fish, caught one mile off Bijou, weighed 6^ lbs. and measured
about 25 inches. It was greenish blue above, bright silvery on the sides
and whitish below. There were a few very indistinct round spots on the
head and on the sides below the lateral line. The fins were immaculate.
This was a larger example than those originally described* and the head
and fins were somewhat shorter.

The following measurements are recorded in Imndredths of the
length to base of dorsal fin. Length head .20, depth body .215, depth
caudal peduncle .095, length snout .062, maxillary .11, diameter eye .0^,
interorbital width .08, depth head .14, snout to occiput .124, snout to
dorsal .455, snout to ventral .54, height dorsal .11, height anal .11,
length pectoral .13, length caudal .165. Number dorsal rays 11, anal
11, pectoral 14, scales lateral series 145, above lateral line 20.

There is no reason for confusing this species with any of the intro-
duced forms as the Mackinaw trout for example, but it may be mis-
taken for silvery examples of the Tahoe trout Salmo Jiensliaioi, concern-
ing which some remarks may not be out of place here. This is the com-
monly distributed trout of the greater part of Nevada and of the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains, and it reaches its largest size
in the Truckee basin.

This basin includes the Truckee River, Lake Tahoe and tributary
streams which form its source, and Pyramid and Winnenuicca lakes into
which the river flows, and where its M^aters are finally carried off by
evaporation. This basin, none of the water of which reaches the ocean,
offers far greater environmental variations than is usual among much
larger systems, and the trout seemingly react in a medley of colors, and
assume a variety of minor characters such as are not often observed
among individuals of a single species.

jMany anglers distinguish trout by color and body proportions, and
those that fish in the Truckee basin usually recognize several native
kinds. First and most commonly known is the Tahoe trout with light
olive body and an array of large black spots well scattered over almost
the entire surface. Examples in the nuptial dress seen in the spring
and early summer have metallic reflections shining through the body
color, a broad pinkish stripe on the sides, and a scarlet patch on the
cheeks and above the axil of the peetoi'al fin. The under surface of the
lower jaw has two parallel stripes of bright red, and there is a spot of

•BuUetin Bureau Fisheries. Vol. XXXII, 1912.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 149

red on the tongue beneath the tip. One or more bright coin-like spots
of orange may be found anywhere on the head. Then there is the silver
trout of Lake Tahoe, large in size, silvery in color, with many small
narrow spots on the body and fins. It is usually caught in deep water.
The royal silver trout not known to some anglers, blue or greenish blue
above, silvery on the sides, with very small or not evident spots, might
be mistaken for the above. The Truckee trout is the resident fish of the
river. It is usually smaller and more brightly colored than the Tahoe
trout. Another is the redfish remarkable for the great flame-red patch
on the cheek. It is a migrant from Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes,
entering the lower Truckee River to spawn. Also there is the tommy, a
more modestly colored and smaller fish which enters the lower course
of the Truckee to spawn. Finally, the emerald trout of Pyramid Lake
which is pale green above, silvery on the sides and with indistinct spots
or none. This fish does not enter the river to spawn.

Observation of these fish has convinced the writer that but three
species are involved. There are the royal silver trout of Lake Tahoe,
;S^. regalis and the emerald trout S. smaragdns of Pyramid Lake. These
are alike in some respects, and both difi^er from all the others mentioned
in having coarser scales, 124 to 145 series between the head and base of
caudal fin. They also have fewer gillrakers and other distinctive char-
acters. As each is confined to its particular lake there is no occasion
to distinguish between them, as there is no opportunity to mistake one
for the other. The others, the Truckee trout, redfish, tommy, silver
and Tahoe trout, all belong to one species, 8. henshaivi. The latter has
fine scales, counts of a large number indicating 153 to 163 as usual
while a few have as many as 170.

Of these local varieties the redfish and tommy are perhaps the most
remarkable, appearing as they do in two great waves of a nuptial mi-
gration which passes up the lower Truckee River with the rise of
water due to winter rains. Formerly these trout were so abundant as
to fairly fill the river at times. The redfish appear first, and as they
progress from the lakes their brilliant hues become intensified in the
bright desert sun until the whole body shines with iridescent yellow,
Vermillion and red, the cheek glowing like a coal of fire. The redfish
migration wanes rapidly in March, the scouts of the tommies appearing
mingled with the last straggling redfish, the more belated of which are
lost among the advancing hordes of tommies. The tommy, the name
taken from the Piute word tama-agaih, spriug trout, is smaller, gen-
erally darker in color, and more heavily spotted than the redfish. Sil-
very tommies and redfish appear late in the season, possibly individuals
fresh from the lake.

It will be recalled that the water of Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes
is rather alkaline, not fit to drink, yet it supports great numbers of
fish. We have here migrations of trout from the lake to the river, like
those of steelheads from the ocean. It has often occurred to the writer
that observations on the trout of this rather restricted basin might form
a sound preparation for a more extended attack on the difficult prob-
lems offered by trout of much wider distribution.

150

CALIFORNIA FlSil AND GAME

THE NEW CALIFORNIA STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY*

By Will F. Thompson.

On June the thirteenth, construction began upon the new California
State Fisheries Laboratory at San Pedro, the most important of our
fisheries centers. It is to cost in the neighborhood of twent^^-five
thousand dollars, and will accommodate the present scientific staff of
the Department of Commercial Fisheries. The conceptions which gave
rise to its building are novel and worthy of remark at this time, for it
is not generally known that this project is a distinct and noteworthy
departure, a fact which Californians should know and appreciate.

The building will be located near Fish Harbor, San Pedro, within
two blocks of the canneries there — with easy access to the vast store

Pig. 50. Elevation of new State Fisheries Laboratory being built at San Pedro.

of fish which is brought into them. The site has been granted to the
Commission for a long period by the city of lios Angeles, and its ac-
(|uisition has been a very fortunate thing. It is at the intersection of
Seaside avenue and Tuna street, hence upon the two most important
traffic ways in East San Pedro. Seaside avenue will, in the course of a
few years, be connected wi1h a boulevard to Los Angeles, through Wilm-
ington and Long lieacli. Tuna street, which is but a very short one,
terminates upon the water front of Fish Harbor in the center of the
canneries. The new l)uil(ling for the San Pedro office of the Commis-
sion will bo l)uilt upon tlie same ])l()t of ground, of the same type of
architecture and will face upon Tuna street.

The laboratory building will be nearly fireproof, of reinforced con-
crete, with tile partitions and red tile roof. A perspective view of it

•California State Fisheries Laboratory Contribution No. 29.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 151

is given in figure 50, and the floor plans are shown in figure 51.*
There are two stories. The lower contains two laboratories capable of
accommodating several workers, with windows facing nearly north and
hence with splendid light for scientific work. It has also a large work-
room, floored with cement and with a door through which a truck may
enter. There are also a dark room for photographic work and a store
room for supplies. The upper floor contains a large room to accomodate
the extensive and highly technical library necessary in the work of the
laboratory, as well as the files of statistical records which will accu-
mulate. In connection with this room is a laboratory and another
smaller room, the latter also destined for statistical files. A bedroom
is provided for the accommodation of the student workers who may be
employed.

The purpose of this building is to provide quarters for the present
scientific work of the commission, the aims of which have been previously
stated in California Fish and Game, but which are well deserving of
brief recapitulation in tliis connection since they are in a measure dis-
tinct from those of any other biological laboratory, especially of any in
America. They are, in the fewest possible words, the observation of
the condition of the fisheries with a view to their preservation and freest
possible use. That is, true conservation.

The real abundance of fish in the sea is not obvious to whoever may
look. A fishery may languish because of changing natural conditions,
despite untouched abundance of fish ; or, on the contrary, constantly
improved apparatus may yield larger and larger returns in the face
of real over-fishing. A fishery is, indeed, highly selective in its action
and dependent on many things other than the real abundance of fish.
So it happens that "observers" of the highest scientific standing casu-
ally contradict each other as to the existence of depletion and the in-
exhaustibility of the sea. Is it any wonder, then, that the alleged
criminal "exploitation," brought before legislative tribunals, pleads —
as does the murderer at the bar — that his life be not taken without
proof? For opinion, backed by scant evidence, is not proof, and "ex-
ploitation" does furnish food for the nation and is respectable,
wealthy, and of good reputation generally. Opinions do have a great
deal of force where, as in the case of conservation of birds and mammals,
mere observation in the field is convincing to any fair-minded person,
but in the case of marine fisheries this is not true.

So, in place of opinion, the real conservationists — and among these
are man,y of the commercially interested men — must endeavor to furnish
what is tantamount to legal proof. Such men as have composed the
Scottish Fishery Board — men who have patiently and carefully ex-
amined into the condition of various fisheries — have proved the ex-
istence of depletion in several of these fisheries, and have demonstrated
the character of data necessary, and we have profited by their experience.
These data are statistics, so detailed, so extensive, and so accurately
gathered that changes in gear, changes in fishing ground, and many
other things may be discounted. Such data must also be examined and
tested by the biologist with his criteria of over-fishing. To give such

♦By courtesy of the State Engineering Department, the floor plans modified by
Mr. Higgins for purposes of reproduction.

ir,2

CALIFORNIA I IS 11 AND (JAME

23-7- Y 9V/-

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proof as these data provide, is the purpose of the new laboratory. It
is for the digestion and biological analysis of statistics.

Until such is done neither can exploitation proceed freely, nor may
we be sure that over-fishing will not go so far as to be irremediable.
There is, after all, no method for knowing how much strain a fishery
will endure save by trying it, and this implies the duty of careful ob-
servation. That duty rests with the government in legal control of the
fisheries and their machinery of exploitation.

The Fish and Game Commission has, in California, a system of statis-
tics entirely suitable for such analysis. That now in use is without
parallel in any country or state, to the best of our knowledge, and forms
a wide and firm basis for true conservation. It is not based on estimates,
volunteered information, nor inquiry, but is an actual record of the
commercial transactions which take place between fisherman and dealer.
This record is from carbon copies of the fisherman's receipt upon which
he receives his money, and is far more probable to be correct, naturally,
than any other record obtainable. It has actually provided many of
the fresh-fish dealers with a record of their transactions for the first
time. With all its faults — which those concerned with its administra-
tration are prone to magnify rather than ignore — so much light has
been thrown upon the returns formerly obtained by inquiry and cir-
culated questionnaire, that we regard them as of small value in com-
parison with what we now get.

But in addition to the high degree of accuracy, it is now possible to
follow the catches of single boats from year to year, and thus to ac-
curately compare the abundance of fish from day to day and from
year to year. And it is the interpretation of the statistics from the
standpoint of changes in abundance — including depletion — to which
the new laboratory will be mainly devoted. The distinction between
the effects of over-fishing and those of hydrographic or economic changes,
and the explanation of the latter, imply the careful analysis of statistics
from a mathematical and biological standpoint. It will be the function
of the new laboratory to contribute toward that end, and toward the
formulation of whatever knowledge exists. Such a function, it should
be noticed, is based primarily upon the legal control of the state over
its fisheries, and upon its power to enforce the gathering of statistics —
thus assuring, we believe, the permanency of the work.

Finally, attention might be called to the fact that the vast quantity
of material handled by the commercial fisheries provides an unequalled
opportunity for the solution of many of the major problems of biology.
We trust that the laboratory will make its contributions to those as well
as to the more immediate ends.

To the proper furtherance of the aims we have outlined above, the
statistical files from the state will be placed in the new laboratory, where
they will be — in accordance with the law — safe from damage and ac-
cessible to investigators.

It has been realized, however, that to secure proper support for the
work in hand, an exhibit open to the public will ultimately be necessary.
The results obtained, the facts known about our fisheries and those of
other countries, must be presented graphically and attractively. So
it is planned at some time in the future to add a large, well-lit exhibit
room on the southern face of the new building, between the laboratory
and the new office quarters.

154 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

AN IMPORTANT DECISION ON THE FISHWAY LAW.

Tlie Anderson Cottonwood Irrigation District is a political snb-
division created under the provisions of the Irrigation Act.

The district constructed a dam across the Sacramento River above
the city of Redding, Shasta County, which prevented the passing of
fish up the Sacramento River. Under the provisions of section 637 of
the Penal Code the district was served with a notice to construct a good
and sufficient fish way over said dam.

The district refused to comply with the order and on December 20,

1920, injunction proceedings were begun against the district by ITon.
Jesse "W. Carter, district attorney of the county of Shasta and an ap-
plication made by him for a temporary injunction restraining said
district from operating said dam.

The hearing on the temporary injunction was set for January 7,

1921, before the Hon. Eugene P. INIcDaniel, judge of the superior court.
Defendant Anderson Cottonwood Irrigation District filed a demurrer
and on January 7, the matter was argued and submitted and on I\Iay
19, 1921, Judge McDaniel rendered his decision, a copy of which follows :

In the Superior Court of the State of California, in and for the County of Shasta

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Plaintiff, vs. ANDERSON-
COTTONWOOD IRRIGATION DISTRICT, A BODY POLITIC AND CORPORATE
AND W. P. SMITH, CHARLES HAMPTON, CHARLES SPANN, W. A. BROWN
AND EARNEST SCHULER, AS DIRECTORS OF SAID ANDERSON-COTTON-
WOOD IRRIGATION DISTRICT, Defendants.

The complaint in tlie above entitled proceeding, after the statement of necessary
formal matters, alleges that the Sacramento River is frequented by a great number
of salmon and is regularly stocked with salmon by the Fish and Game Commission
of this state ; that the upper reaches of said river above Redding are the natural
spawning grounds of said salmon ; that the defendants have constructed, operated and
maintained across the entire width of the river at the city of Redding, a dam for
the purpose of diverting the waters of the river into the main canal or ditch of the
defendants ; that said dam constitutes an obstruction in the river which prevents the
free passage of salmon over, through, by or around said dam, and that by reason
thereof,, said salmon are prevented from reaching their natural spawning grounds
and thus prevented from propagating, reproducing and replenishing the river with
salmon, which are alleged to constitute one of the valuable natural food supplies of
the people, of great monetary value ; and that unless the obstruction is removed, said
salmon, by reason of their inability to reach the spawning beds annually and reproduce
themselves, will be shortly and ultimately exterminated, to the great and irreparable
loss, damage and injury to the people of California ; that the maintenance of said dam
by defendants is in violation of the rights of the people and constitute a public
nuisance ; that defendants threaten to maintain, and unless restrained by the court,
will maintain the dam to the plaintiff's irreparable injury.

Following, the complaint then prays:

1. For a permanent injunction against defendants to enjoin and restrain the main-
tenance of said dam across the river and from obstructing the river so as to prevent
the free passage of salmon ;

2. That defendants, upon an order to show cause, be enjoined pendente lite.
Defendants have demurred on general grounds to said complaint and have made

return to the order to show cause, and support said return by a number of affidavits.
Upon the hearing testimony was received from witnesses for both parties upon a stii)u-
lation that the testimony should be transcribed and considered as affidavits upon the
consideration of the said application for an injunction pendente lite.

The defense contends: 1. That an adequate fishway has been provided in its dam;

2. That tlie irrigation district is a political subdivision of the state, exercising a
function of the state government ;

3. That the injunction, if granted, would prevent the execution of a public statute
by officers of the law for the public benefit ;

That the injunction cannot be granted to prevent the execution of a public statute
by officers of the law for the public benefit; and that nothing which is done or main-
tained under the express authority of the statute can be deemed a nuisance;

4. That in this proceeding, under the facts shown by the affidavits and testimony
on the part of the defendants, estoppel against the state has been established ;

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 155

That the dam in question is under the authority of the Department of Engineering,
and not the Pish and Game Commission.

■ 5. That by the enactment of the California Irrigation District Act, the state
has not only waived its property rights in tlie stream by implication, but has, by the
provisions of section 56 of the act, expressly granted such rights to the district.

Some of the foregoing matters were presented in support of the defendants' de-
murrer to tlie complaint, and nearly all of them were urged in support of de-
fendants' opposition to the issuance of a temporary restraining order.

It is not necessary for tliis court in a long opinion to review the many authorities
cited in the exhaustive and able briefs of respective counsel. Only tliose authorities
will be cited which are necessary to notice as support for the court's conclusion upon
the issues.

The demurrer will first be disposed of. In my opinion the facts stated in the
complaint are sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and when conceded to be true,
as they must be on demurrer, show such an obstruction of the free use of property
as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property, not only by an
entire community and neighborhood, and a considerable number of persons, but by
all the people of the State of California.

People vs. Truckee Lumber Company, 116 Cal., 397 ;

Yolo Water and Power Company, a corporation, vs Superior Court, "Vol. 30,
C. A. D., 3.

The last above cited case in my opinion disposes of several of the defenses of the
defendants herein, in as far as those defenses bear upon the demurrer. It holds that
the superior court has jurisdiction to hear and determine a suit brought in the name
of the People of the State of California, against a public utility to enjoin it from
committing a public nuisance.

This case is also reported in 185 Pac. 195, and seems to be the latest expression of
our courts as to tlie right to maintain a suit against a public utility for the abate-
ment of a public nuisance by an injunction. It is my conclusion, therefore, that
the demurrer should be, and it hereby is overruled.

The testimony produced by the respective parties in affidavit form and that orally
received by the court from the witness stand was irreconcilably conflicting. Tliat
on the part of the defendant controverted or at least attempted to controvert every
material averment of the complaint as to the creation of the public nuisance in
question.

In view of the conclusion reached as to the issuance of a temporary restraining
order, it will be unnecessary at this time for the court to decide some of the con-
tentions, for instance the matter of estoppel in pais urged by the defendant. How-
ever, the opinion may bo expressed that there was not sufficient evidence on the part
of the defense to establish any estoppel as against the plaintiff.

The general laws of the state, particularly those of the Penal Code, furnish ample
authority for providing adequate flshways over dams and artificial obstructions. The
California Irrigation District Act furnishes ample authority for tlie building of ob-
structions and dams in the streams of California for the purposes of irrigation ; but
there is no necessary confiict, implied or otherwise, in the statutes relating to these
matters, nor any adequate reason for any clash of authority between different state
agencies in enforcing all the laws.

It was never the intention of the Legislature, in enacting the irrigation law, to
permit irrigation districts to destroy the fishing interests of the state, nor was it ita
intention to permit the penal laws to operate in such a way as to prohibit the con-
struction of necessary works needed for the development of vast irrigation projects.
These laws must all be given a reasonable interpretation and so carried out and
enforced as to avoid unnecessary conflict, and so that all of the varied interests of
the state may be conserved. The plaintiff herein seeks not the destruction of the
dam across the Sacramento River, but only desires to prevent its maintenance in such
a manner as to bring about the destruction of the fish in the stream.

In my opinion, there is little merit in the argument that this proceeding is an
attempt to interfere with the operation of any public statute.

The testimony for both parties on the hearing shows that tlie dam in question is at
most not to exceed fifteen feet in height and it therefore undoubtedly is true that
it is reasonably possible to construct an adequate fishway over, by or around the
said dam, if the opening now existing in the middle of the dam, as a matter of fact,
be an inadequate fishway or no fishway at all, which is the big question in the case.
Upon that question, as noticed before, there is so far such conflict a.s to require in
its determination a decision upon the merits of the whole case. While it would
seem that perhaps enough testimony was received by the court to enable it to resolve
the conflict, I feel sure that there would be grave danger of error and injustice by
its determination at this time. Witnesses for the plaintiff of reputable character in
all respects testifled to facts indicating that it is a practical impossibility for spawn-
laden fish to pass through the twelve foot opening in defendants' dam during the
running season to the spawning grounds. In opposition, equally reputable witnesses
on behalf of defendants swear positively that such salmon readily pass up the river

5—12053

156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

through the said opening. One witness declares he observed as many as ten salmon
pass up and over the dam through the opening in five minutes.

The court is astonished there should be such a conflict on a question capable of
actual demonstration. It should be easily determined by ocular investigation during
the fish running season. When the matter is fully at issue, the hearing may be
brought on before the court during the spring or fall run of salmon ; if respective
counsel and the court will arrange to have the suit heard at such a time, then in
addition to hearing witnesses testify, the court, if it saw fit, could actually go to
the dam and there by observation and examination, learn the real facts.

While now satisifled that it is probable that there is a serious obstruction to the
free run of salmon and grave danger of depiction in the number of salmon reaching
the spawning grounds, with consequent injury to a renewal of the supply, the court is
not now satisfied that there is danger of irreparable injury ; at any rate, irreparable
injury greater in estimation than might result to the defendants and to the people
at this time, if the defendants should be compelled, by a mandatory injunction, to make
a larger opening in the dam, as the irrigation season is almost at hand and de-
fendants' supply of water might be cut off by the issuance of such injunction
pendente lite.

Upon the authority of the cases cited by defendants' counsel, viz., Gagliardo vs.
Cripijcn, 22 Cal. 362, and Schtoarts vs. Arata et al.. Vol. 31, C. A. D. 265, 188 Pac. 313,
it clearly is a matter of discretion with the court whether to issue the injunction or
not, and in view of the foregoing considerations, in my opinion, no injunction should
be issued until the case is heard upon its merits.

To recapitulate : 1. It hereby is ordered that plaintiffs' motion for a temporary
restraining order or injunction pendente lite be and it hereby is denied.

2. It hereby is ordered that defendants' demurrer to plaintiff's complaint be and it
hereby is overruled, with leave to defendants to file their answer within ten days.

Dated: May 19, 1921.

(Signed) Eugene P. McDaniel.

Judge Presiding.

This is a most iinportaiit decision upon the hiw of tishways for there
is no doubt that when a trial is had on the merits of the ease it can be
shown that the dam in question is such an obstruction to the free passage
of salmon that unless a good and sufficient fishway is constructed it will
completely exterminate the run of salmon on the Sacramento River, its
tributaries, Mc Cloud and Pitt, and other streams.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

157

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and publislied quarterly
by the California State Fish and Game
Commission.

Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered in excliangc for ornitho-
logical, mammalogical and similar period-
icals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be I'eproduced in other periodicals,
provided due credit is given tlie California
Fisli and Game Commission. Editors of
newspapers and periodicals are invited
to make use of pei-tinent material

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

JULY, 1921.

A HAWK NUMBER.

This number contains an article de-
signed to interest our readers in the con-
servation of hawks. Beneficial hawks,
because of deeds committed by a few rel-
atives, have received much persecution at
the hands of farmer and sportsman. Being
large conspicuous birds and with a slow
rate of increase they have suffered more
than others ; some species have been prac-
tically exterminated. The Condor, or
California Vulture, is now one of the
rarest birds in the state and the White-
tailed Kite is approaching extinction.
Neither can be considered injurious
species. In addition to a discussion of
the economic value of the various species
of hawks based on California data, there
is added a field key which it is hoped will
be found useful by those desiring to dis-
tinguish the beneficial from the injurious
hawks. An attempt has been made to use
characters helpful in field identification
rather than those useful with a bird in
the hand.

SOME OF THE IMPORTANT CHANGES
IN THE LAWS AFFECTING GAME.
A number of important changes were
made in the seasons for taking game, at
the 1921 session of the state legislature.
The deer season in the Sierra districts
and. .also in Humboldt, Del Norte and
Siskiyou counties will not open until Sep-
tember 1 and will close October 15. In
southern California the season will not
open until September 16 and will close
October 15. In the coast districts the

season will be the same as last year, open-
ing August 1 and closing September 14.

Ducks, geese, brant, jacksnipe and mud-
hens may be killed from October 1 to
January 15.

The most radical change was the crea-
tion of practically a blanket season on all
species of quail. Heretofore, mountain
quail could be taken in the Sierra districts
September 1 ; under the new law the sea-
son will not open (except in Del Norte,
Humboldt and Siskiyou) until November
1 and will close January 15. In the
counties mentioned quail may be taken be-
tween October 15 and December 15. The
same season for taking quail will apply
to cottontail and brush rabbits, November
3 to January 15.

Sage hen may now be taken from
August 1 until September 15. This will
give an opportunity to take young birds
before the flesh has become strong from
sage. In district 4^/^ sage hen cannot be
taken at any time of the year.

The change in the trout law delaying
the opening of the season one month in
the principal districts will give much bet-
ter fishing within the next few years.
Trout have not finished spawning by the
first of April and if the supply of fish for
the greatly increased number of anglers
is to be kept up, breeding fish must be
given every opportunity to spawn. Under
the new law the season will be open from
May 1 to October 31 in districts 1, 1^^,
2, 3, 4 and 4i^. A new district was
made in the western part of Mendocino
County consisting of that portion of the
county draining direct into the Pacific
Ocean. In this district, known as 21/2,
the trout season will be open from July 1
until Febraury 14. The season in the
Tahoe and other smaller districts will be
the same as last year.

Another important provision in the
trout law is the reduction of the limit
to 25 fish per day. This will be a great
help in keeping California streams filled
with trout. Added protection is given
trout and other game fish by a new sec-
tion numbered (632 a) and by an amend-
ment to the section referring to night fish-
ing and hunting. Section 632a prohibits
the placing of any obstruction in any
stream that will impede in any way fish
from making their way up and down
stream.

158

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The other section provides that no
game fisli may be taken between one hour
after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

The section prohibiting hunting in game
refuges was amended so as to prevent the
possession of game or fire arms in any
refuge except under permit from the Fish
and Game Commission.

SUMMER RESORT WORK TO BE
CONTINUED.

Several years ago the Fish and Game
Commission began carrying their educa-
tional campaign into the summer resorts
where it was found that people were par-
ticularly susceptible to information con-
cerning fish and game and wild life con-
servation. It was found also that a larg«
number of people could easily be
reached in a short length of time. Under
urge from the National Park Service an
intensive educational campaign was un-
dertaken in Yosemite National Park, un-
der the title "Nature Guide Service."
Thousands were taken on trips afield gain-
ing first hand information of wild life and
over twenty-six thousand persons attended
camp-fire talks and illustrated lectures
given by the nature guides.

This work is to be continued in Yo-
.semite during the summer of 1921, the
Fish and Game Commission sending their
educational director. Dr. H. C. Bryant,
to take charge of the work. Dr. L. H.
Miller, of the Southern Branch of the
University of California, will share in the
work and other assistants have been pro-
vided. Nature study libraries and ex-
hibits showing the work of the Commis-
sion form a part of the program. "To
road nature as one reads a book" is the
motto followed. Certainly, work of this
kind is of great service in building a pub-
lic sentiment favorable to wild life con-
servation.

ARE BAG LIMITS TOO LARGE?

Consideration of present day game laws
and the need for more restricted bags
leads one to question the advisability of
continuing to allow each hunter to have
a separate bag limit on the various species
of game. Why should a man be allowed
twenty-five ducks, eight geese and twenty-
five snipe in a single day should he be
able to secure them? Or why should the
law allow the upland hunter fifteen quail

and fifteen doves in one day? Certainly,
such bags would be far more than a man
could utilize himself or advantageously
give away.

The day is not far distant when bag
limit laws will be effective regardless of
species. Fortunately, there is a tendency
among hunters to limit their kill to the
number of birds they can utilize, and con-
sequently, such a law would only curtail
the game hog.

DUCK HUNTING FROM AN AIRPLANE

There has been considerable discussion
and consequent investigation concerning
the protection of the rice fields from the
depredations of ducks. In 1919, it was
decided that the most effective methods
of control were to be obtained by herding
and bombing, and the government solution
of the problem appeared satisfactory to
the growers.

Since then a good deal of publicity has
been given the method of protecting rice
crops by airplane duck patrol. The
Standard Oil P.ull;'tin, Novcmbc>r, 1020,
states that : "last year an aeroplane pa-
trol was established as an experiment. It
worked so well that this season it was re-
peated, and now five planes are kept busy,
making both day and night flights to
frighten off the wild ducks."

The American Game Protective Asso-
ciation makes the following criticism :

"We have been told that permits were
granted to the rice growers of California
to use aeroplanes to frighten the ducks
from their growing crops. This appeared
to us to be a very good idea, as efforts
to frighten birds away from growing
crops by gunfire has never accomplished
the results desired, and is nearly always
used by unscrupulous gunners as an ex-
cuse to shoot out of season. However, if
aeroplanes under permits of this kind are
actually killing birds, such permits should
be immediately revoked."

Last fall a motion picture was shown
over the country of one of these hunts,
and at the same timc«, pictures appeared
in the Sunday news supplements which
showed that many birds were slaughtered
by being hit with the propeller and other
parts of the machine. The projection of
the motion pictures was discontinued when
it was learned that this picture was caus-
ing many protests, and that investigations

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

159

were being made to ascertain where the
pictures were taken. The supposition
seems to be that it was photographed in
California, and that the airplane was
operated by an army lieutenant from
Cressy Field. If this proves to be the case,
certainly some immediate provision should
be made to protect the migrating water-
fowl and to prevent a glaring violation of
the 'Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The state
law prohibits the shooting of game birds
or mammals from an airplane, but does
not definitely provide against ruthless
slaughter by propeller and guy wires.

bia Financial Times," a journal of finance

and commerce, has published in full the
report of Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stanford
University, who points a dark future of
the salmon run in the Fraser River. He
offers the ominous prediction that "big
years" are wholly a thing of the past.
T'he same article accompanied by an edi-
torial appears in the "Canadian Fisher-
man," (March, 1921). On the basis of
the findings of this scientist also, the
American Can Company is planning to
furnish only one-third of the number of

Fig. 52. Airplane routing ducks from the rice fields. Photograph by Li. V.
Halbrook, special Standard Oil agent at Willows, California. Courtesy of the
Standard Oil Company of California.

SALMON DEPLETION IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA.
During the war there was a noticeable
dependence upon the results of scientific
research. It is becoming more and more
evident that more dependence can be
placed upon conclusions of men who have
scientifically investigated a problem than
upon the guesses of the untrained worker.
We have seen no better example of this
change in attitude than in the recent re-
ports regarding the prospective take of
salmon in British Columbia during the
coming season. Even the "British Colum-

cans usually supplied the canneries of this
section.

Thus it can be seen that the predictions
of a scientist bear more weight than
those of the average fisherman who would
predict, on the basis of past cycles, an-
other splendid season for the year 1921.

In Dr. Gilbert's article, "The prospects
of Fraser River sock-eye run in 1921," he
states that two entirely independent lines
of evidence had pointed to a greatly de-
creased run of salmon in 1917. One of
these was the blockade of the Yale Can-
yon in 1913, which was just in time to

160

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

intercept the spM-, ning run of that year
— due to be a "big year," for prior to
1017, a biff year occurrefl without fail in
every fourth season. In 1917, a pack of
500,000 cases was produced, little more
than one-fifth the pack of the big year of
the previous cycle.

It is known to all packers and fisher-
men that the year jtefore the largo run was
always made conspicuous by the occurrence
of large numbers of greatly undersized in-
dividuals— male fish — which evidently con-
stituted a class apart from the main body
of the run. and which in the small years of
each cycle were rarely encountered. The
packers put up these fish separately be-
cause they contained less oil and were
paler in color, as an inferior grade. They
were thus in a position to compare their
abundance in the years of their occurrence
with that of four or eight years previously.
From observations made, it came to be
currently believed that whenever the num-
ber of small fish was relatively large then
the big year which followed would be
correspondingly increased in comparison
with other big years. Then it became
further known that the "usual run of
sock-eyes to the Fraser were maturing the
fourth year <if their age, while these un-
dersized males — or grilse, as we call them
— were maturing in their third year ; and
they would therefore make their api)€ar-
ance in the run one year earlier than
would the four-year fish which resulted
from the same spawning. If, then, the
spawning of the last big year had been
an unusually successful one, this might be
expected to result in an exceptionally
large run of grilse three years thereafter,
and an equally exceptional run of the
four-year fish which would constitute the
big run of the following year. The num-
ber of three-year grilse in the year before
the big year might well, therefore, give a
clue to the probable siy.e of the big year
itself."

For this year, the same two lines of
evidence are available. The data derived
from the numbers of grilse, which made
their appearance, and the success of the
spawning fish of the three and four-year
cycles, both point to a definitely worse con-
dition for 1921.

Careful study and investigation which
began in 1911 has satisfactorily deter-
mined this conclusion, and Hon. Wm.

Sloan, Commissioner of Fisheries for the
Province of British Columbia, is quoted
as having said, "Dr. Gilbert's paper must,
I think, impress the fishing interests of the
state of Washington of the necessity of
prompt action, and that the methods that
must be adopted to reestablish the runs
to the Fraser, which in former big years
were so profitable to them and our own
interests, will be equally successful in i*e-
storing the runs of the lean years."

CONSERVATION AND THE SCIEN-
TIFIC COLLECTOR.

For several years past there has been
a tendency in many states to restrict the
scientific collector of bird specimens and
eggs. In some states, the privilege of
scientific collecting has been entirely pro-
hibited. Since practically all useful in-
formation regarding wild birds and ani-
mals is a result of the acquisition of speci-
mens, the necessity for work of this kind
is evident. The curtailing of scientific
collecting must result in decreased scien-
tific information. Furthermore, there is
the danger of decreasing the number of
ornithologists by cutting off the oppor-
tunity for the right sort of study. Our
best ornithologists owe their early interest
and their development largely to the un-
restricted chance for securing specimens.

We have grave doubts as to the wis-
dom of tightening up on those who are
solely interested in birds from the scien-
tific point of view. We cannot under-
stand from whence comes the pressure
which forces government officials or state
officials to further restrict the collector.
Certainly, such restriction cannot be con-
sidered an important conservation meas-
ure, as compared with other measures.
Compare the effect on the species wrought
by the sportsman and that by the work
of the scientific collector. The sportsman
is allowed twentj'-five ducks in a single
day and fifty per week. There are no
collectors in California, even including
public museums, who add twenty-five
specimens of ducks to their collections in
a whole year. Note also that the sports-
man concentrates his attention on a few
species of game birds, taking a large toll,
whereas, the scientific collector obtains
protected song birds largely, on which
there is no concentrated hunting and

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

161

where the toll is respectively very small
on any one species. There are about one
hundred and fifty scientific collectors in
California as contrasted with more than
one hundred and eighty thousand hunters.
Hardly one of these collectors hunts for
sport. Specimens of eggs taken do not
represent, as a rule, a lessening in the
annual increase of a species, for a second
clutch of eggs is nearly always laid. Con-
servation is not hindered but advanced.

The test of legitimate collecting should
be placed upon the spirit of the collector,
and so long as he demonstrates that his
interest is in a scientific study of wild
birds and animals and that he can con-
tribute to science, he should be encouraged
rather than discouraged.

POWER PROJECT HEARING.

An important hearing on the project
for the building of a large dam on the
Klamath River was held at Yreka on
May 12. The Federal Power Commis-
sion delegated F. H. Fowler, district en-
gineer of the United States Forest Serv-
ice, as chairman. The protestants repre-
sented were the Shasta Valley Irrigation
District, Yreka Chamber of Commerce,
and the Fish and Game Commission.

The certain destruction of the salmon
run in the Klamath River, as a result of
the proposed power project, has led the
commission to oppose the undertaking.
Dr. J. O. Snyder, of Stanford University,
acting as a fishery expert for the commis-
sion, pointed out that two species of trout,
in addition to the salmon, would be ulti-
mately destroyed, if prevented from reach-
ing their breeding grounds. He also
pointed out that the salmon when they
reach the lower part of the river are un-
ripe and that spawning operations under
such conditions would be practically im-
possible.

Residents along the Klamath River
pointed out the value of the river as a
spawning stream. The contemplated new
road from the coast to Yreka will open
the stream to recreationists and the de-
struction of the game fish in the river
would have a bearing on the whole
country.

TRAPPING WATERFOWL ALLOWED
IN ENGLAND.

A recent conversation with a well-
known sportsman naturalist who has just

returned from England brought out the
.stonishing information that the trapping
of waterfowl attracted to a locality by de-
coys is still allowed in Great Britain.
This method of securing game birds has
been frowned upon for many years in
America and the average sportsman would
point out the great danger to waterfowl
as the result of such methods. Yet, ap-
parently, waterfowl shooting continues to
be good in Great Britain. What the
compensating factors are, we do not
know. We wonder whether there is as
concentrated hunting and as many hunters
in England as there are in America.

GOOD BLACK BASS FISHING IN
LAKE COUNTY.

Few Californians realize the splendid
black bass fishing to be had in Lake
County. With favorable weather condi-
tions, the finest sport can be obtained.
The season, which usually begins on April
1, has been rather late this year, never-
theless, a catch of twenty-two was made
during April. Sportsmen of Lake County
are offering a fifty dollar prize for the
largest black bass taken during the season.
The two fish standing highest thus far in
the contest weigh six pounds four ounces
and seven pounds twelve and three-quar-
ters ounces respectively. The fish from
Clear Lake and Blue Lakes, coming from
cold water, are much more palatable than
those taken from the warm muddy water
of our larger streams. The lakes of Lake
County deserve to be the mecca for the
black bass fishermen of middle and north-
ern California.

LAKE COUNTY SPORTSMEN
ORGANIZE.

Lake County sportsmen always noted
for their interest in fish and game, have
lately organized the Lake County Fish and
Game Protective Club. They have al-
ready lined up one hundred and eighty
men to attain the following objects :

"The protection and conservation of
fish and game abounding in Lake County
in particular and the State of California
in general; to promote and encourage
clean and law-abiding sport with rod and
gun, target and trap shooting, and other
forms of sport which may be indulged in
under the supervision of this Club and at
all times, to insistently discourage any
and all violations of the fish and game
laws of this State, and to lend assistance
wherever and whenever possible to the
proper authorities in prosecuting any and
all such violators."

162

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The dues of the organization are only
one dollar a year. Already traps have
been installed at Lakeport, and money has
been appropriated for a permanent acquar-
iura in San Francisco to boost the black
bass fishing in Lake County. Deputy J.
D. Dondero has been active in forming this
new club.

JUDGE CLAYTON AND THE MIGRA-
TORY BIRD LAW.

If all Federal judges delivered charges
of a similar character to that of United
States District Judge Henry D. Clayton,
it is believed that the people generally
would be educated up to the point where
they would recognize the need for such
laws as the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty
Act and would demand a strict observance
and enforcement of it. In delivering his
charge to the grand jury at the spring ses-
sion of the United States court at Opelika,
Alabama, on April 4, this judge devoted
a portion of his address to the Federal
Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

Judge Clayton spoke as follows :

"Gentlemen of the grand jury, I call
your attention to our National Migratory
Bird Law. I do this for the purpose of
a.sking you to examine into any infrac-
tions of this law, and also for tlic purpose
of directing public attention as far as I
can to this important subject, to the end
that uninformed sportsmen may not
violate the law and to warn those who
are not sportsmen that they inust not
violate the law."

He emphasized also the need for those
who know of the law and who realize its
importance to talk on the subject at
every convenient opportunity, especially,
to the young people, in order that they
might be better informed.

To the sportsmen he said :

"Every man who loves the sport of
shooting should send a request to the
United States Department of Agriculture
and ask for Bulletin 1138, which contains
the game laws, state and Federal. It
will cost only the postage on his letter
or card."

In conclusion Judge Clayton laid par-
ticular stress on the fact that Congress
and the courts aimed to uphold this law.
His closing statement was as follows:
"Let me emphasize the fact that it is the
intention of Congress and the courts to
have this law enforced."

RESOLUTION ON THE CONSERVA-
TION OF FISHERIES.

The following resolution has been sub-
mitted to a conservation committee of the
San Diego Society of Natural History :

Whereas, It has been repeatedly shown
and is w-ell-known that over-fishing has
depleted or destroyed the fisheries of ano-
dromons and of ground fishes in easily
accessible coastal waters everywhere to
the serious injury of peoples dependent up-
on them for food ;

Whereas, There is evidence that the
rapidly improving methods of fishing are
threatening pelagic fisheries with similar
depletion or destruction ;

Wherkas, These dangers to both types
of fisheries are seriously increased by the
use of enormous nets and other gear which
injure or capture many fislies not salable
or which injure and fail to capture many
of those salable which escape to die be-
cause of their injuries ;

Whereas, Due to use of such gear there
is further danger to such fisheries by dis-
turbance and breaking up of spawning
beds for either themselves or fishes upon
which they prey ;

Whereas, There is frequent wilful vio-
lation of protective laws on the part of
commercial fishermen, especially certain
aliens who also wantonly waste and de-
stroy great quantities of sea foods which
they can not successfully market ; and

Whereas, It cannot be expected that
commercial fisheries under a system of
open competition can possibly protect these
marine resources from dangerous exploi-
tation ; be it

Resolved, That this organization urge
upon our people the necessity of providing
adequate limitation as to numbers and
equipment of commercial fishermen, to-
gether with complete prohibition of net
and other gear which is highly destruc-
tive or injuriously disturbing to marine
conditions of life ;

That we deplore the activities of de-
structive and irresponsible aliens for which
we urge completely repressive measures ;

That we hereby approve and sustain
those efforts of our public officials which
tend to preserve these valuable resources,
and

That we urge and encourage these of-
ficials to still greater effort as opportunity
may be found in that direction.

CHINOOK SALMON IN LAKE ONTARIO

The United States Bureau of Fisheries,
during the fiscal year 1919, planted 4.34,-
500 Chinook fry and 149,500 Chinook
fingerlings at different points in Lake On-
tario, and these fish, which have now
reached a length of about ten inches, have
been found at the mouth of the Niagara
River.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

163

Mr. H. Otto Wagner of Youngtown,
New York, who operates a fishery at the
mouth of the river, states that sixteen of
this species have been caught which were
all about the same size. An expert in the
Bureau of Fisheries identified two fish
sent by Mr. Wagner to the commission
on October 27, 1920, as Chinook salmon
nearing the end of the second year of
growth. — The Conservationist, March,
1921.

THE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
PATROL SERVICE.

In considering tlie patrolling duties of
the Fish and Game Commission, we are
convinced that those entrusted with this
responsibility are leading a very active
life.

The patrolling service consists of the
water patrol and the land patrol forces.

Patrol Boats.

In 1910, the patrol boat "Quinnat,"
which is a cruiser, or raised deck type of
beat, was built for the commission, and
today the commission has six patrol boats
for the enforcement of the fish and game
laws of the state.

San Francisco Bay and the near out-
side waters are covered by the boats
"Quinnat" and "Steelhead," the river
fishing districts by the boats "Rainbow,"
"Barracuda" and "Shad." The first two
are commercial fisheries patrol boats,
while the other three come under the
heading of general patrol, as they have
considerable game as well as fisheries pa-
trol work to do.

The "Albacore," built in 1918, is used
for the patrol of southern California
waters. It is sixty feet in length with
a cabin and accommodations for six per-
sons. The boat is used for patrolling and
investigation work from Santa Barbara to
San Diego. The average mileage for this
boat for the twelve months during 1920
was 541.6 miles per month — this figure
includes all time lost in lay ups, stopping
for repairs, etc. And although the figures
for 1918-1919 are not at hand the mileage
was probably more.

Land Patrol.

Patrol by land and water are closely
linked together, for in connection with the
Commercial Fisheries' patrol service there
are three men in the employ of the com-

mission who work about the piers and the
fishing docks. Such patrolmen are sta-
tioned at San Pedro, San Diego and San
Francisco. The man at San Francisco
gives this branch of the work all of his
time.

Aside from the water front patrol there
are the game wardens and the deputies
who also work out from each district of-
fice. A number of these men have auto-
mobiles, and in the mountainous and wild
trail country the distances are covered on
horseback. The average number of miles
covered per month by automobile by the
deputies of the commission has been es-
timated to be 935. During the trout
planting seasons, their travel is necessarily
heavier than during the other seasons of
the year, for the two Fish and Game
Commission distribution cars must be met
by the men with their trucks to handle
the shipments of fish, and the distribution
ars alone covered during the past two sea-
ons 65,000 miles. Without in this instance
mphasizing the other phases of the work
of these men it is interesting to see how
perpetually the men of the patrol force
must be "on the job" in the discharge of
their duties.

MUNICIPAL CAMPS INCREASE IN
NATIONAL FOREST PARKS.

Free permits for eight municipal rec-
reation camps in the national forests of
California have been issued by the Forest
Service of the United States Department
of Agriculture. This state is taking the
lead in establishing these camps, where
the residents of the cities which maintain
the camp may obtain a summer outing at
cost.

Last year four such camps were op-
erated in the California National Forests
^two by the city of Los Angeles and one
each by Sacramento and Oakland. These
four represent an investment of $70,000,
and nearly 500O guests were accommo-
dated.

This year Los Angeles will have a third
camp in operation, and San Diego and
Fresno and Riverside counties expect to
open camps also. In addition to its
camps, the Los Angeles Playground De-
partment organizes and supervises two-
week hiking outings in the Angeles Forest.
Three of tho eight camps are in the

164

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Angeles, two in the Cleveland, and one
each in the Sierra, Stanislaus and El-
dorado National Forests. The camps are
from 25 to ir>0 miles from the municipal-
ities that maintain them.

Only residents or taxpayers of the mu-
nicipalities that operate the camps are
eligible as guests, and, because of the low
cost of the outing, each camper is required
to render on an average one hours' daily
service as outlined by the director in
charg«, and must also furnish his own
bedding. Guests are well housed, fed,
and entertained. The following rates
for a two-week outing, including trans-
portation, were in effect last year :

National
forest.

City.

Name of
camp.

Mis.

to

emr.

Cost.

Angeles Los Angeles

Do do

Stanislaus.. Oakland...
Eldorado .. Sacramento

5eeley

Radford...
Oakland ...
Sayles Flat

75

150
90

m.75

14.25
18.00
25.00

These rates were all for adults, and
the rate.s for children under 10 were
from 50 to 60 per cent of the above.
The lower rates at the Los Angeles
camps are probably accounted for by the
fact that these camps have been in op-
eration for several years, while 1920 was
the first season for Sacramento and Oak-
land. The Los Angeles camps accom-
modated over 35O0 of the 5000 guests at
the municipal camps in the national for-
ests of the state. The business men of
Sacramento are so well pleased with
their municipal camp that they are rais-
ing a fund of $10,000 to be donated to
the city to build permanent cabins at
the camp for sleeping quarters, such as
are already installed at the Los Angeles
camp. — Vnitcd Staies Department Agri-
cultwre Weekly News Letter.

ESTABLISH QUARANTINE ON FOXES
IMPORTED FOR BREEDING.

To protect owners of fo.\ farms, the
Secretary of Agriculture has ruled that
all foxes offered for importation into
the United States from any part of the
world, except those imported for zoolog-
ical gardens or similar institutions, shall
be subject to inspection by an inspector
of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The
foxes must also be quarantined under the
supervision of the inspector of the bu-

reau until it can be determined by in-
spection or examination whether they are
affected with a contagious disease. If such
disease is found, the animals must be re-
trrned to the country of origin or be de-
stroyed. This regulation goes into effect
.lune I, 1921.

The new regulation states that per-
mits mu.st be procured for all foxes of-
fered for importation into the United
States as provided by Regulation 11, for
the importation of cattle, sheep, goats
and swine, and all foxes imported for
breeding purposes must be entered
through ports designated for the entry
of foxes as follows : Boston, Massa-
chusetts ; New York, N. Y. ; Rouses
Point, N. Y. ; Calais, Maine ; Pembina,
North Dakota ; and Seattle, Washington.

They must be accompanied by an af-
fidavit made by the owner or importer
declaring clearly the purpose for which
the foxes are imported, viz, whether for
l)reeding purpo.ses or for zoological gar-
dens or other institutions. Feed, at-
tendants, and quarantine will be at the
expense of the owner, and each owner
or his agent shall give satisfactory as-
surance to the inspector at the time of
admission to quarantine that such pro-
vision will be made. The place of quar-
antine, it.s construction, arrangement,
and equipment will be subject to the ap-
proval of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The demand for fur and the attractive
prices which it commands has interested
many people who are favorably situated
to breed fur-bearing animals. A num-
ber of fox farms have been established
in the northern states. To encourage
this work and to guide those who under-
take it. the department has published
Farmer-s' Bulletin 795, the Domesticated
Silver Fox ; and Yearbook Sei)arate Cti)?,,
Fur Farming as a Side Line; and Depart-
ment Circular 135, Maintenance of the
Fur Supply.

THE SILVER FOX RANCH AT LAKE
TAHOE, CALIFORNIA.

Mr. William Lewis, of Lake Tahoe, re-
umed from a trip east last October with
ix splendid specimens of registered silver
black foxes to add to his ranch. These
were all purchased from the Borestone
Mountain Fox Ranch of Onawa, Maine,
after careful inspection of the best

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

165

ranches in Canada and the United States.
The present investment is still further
proof of Mr. Lewis's confidence in this
most interesting breeding industry. His
ranch is at Pomin's, in a beautiful situa-
tion on the shore of Lake Tahoe. It has
been built according to the most modern
methods and is today probably the most
up to date ranch in the west, containing
nothing but high-grade registered stock.

Mr. Lewis believes in purchasing ani-
mals only from such high type blood-lines
as have actually proved their value in com-
petition. It was for this reason that he
purchased all his stock this year from the
B'orestone Mountain Ranch, which the re-
cent fox shows have proved is the leading
ranch of North America. Mr. Lewis re-
ports that this ranch is on the top of a
mountain in an ideal situation in the heart
of the Maine woods. But the fundamental
reason the Borestone foxes are today the
champion prize winners over all other
foxes, Canadian or American, is due to
their careful breeding. Their owner, Mr.
R. T. Moore, a graduate of Harvard and
the University of Pennsylvania, has made
a study of the breeding methods, employed
in the development of our famous race
horses and registered live stock and has
applied them to the improvement of foxes.

That these methods have been success-
ful has been proved at the big fox shows,
held in the East, at Boston, Montreal and
Muskegon, during the past two years. At
the very first live fox show the Borestone
foxes swept the prizes, winning as many
ribbons and cups as were won by any
three competitors. A pup, eight monthf^
old, Borestone Sirius, was awarded the
grand championship over all the adults.
Among his competitors was the brother
of "Reid," a fox that subsequently won
the championship of the Montreal Show
in 1920, and is owned by Mr. Moore.

At the much larger show held in Bos-
ton last December, the Borestone foxes
again triumphed, winning fourteen rib-
bons and five of the eight silver cups of-
fered for thoroughbreds. Of the three
remaining cups, one was awarded to the
Borestone ranch, but was refused by the
owner, as he had offered it himself, and a
Borestone fox tied at 93% points for the
other two. In addition a fox born on the
Borestone ranch, "Borestone Loami," was
awarded the highest score in the show, 96

points, winning two silver cups and the
nternational Championship of North
America. In the field against her were one
hundred and fifty foxes and forty of these
were of the best Canadian strains, seven
of which had already won prizes at the
Montreal Show. One of these defeated
oxes, subsequently, won the grand cham-
pionship of the Muskegon Show, where the
Borestone foxes were not entered. Mr.
rioore now owns the grand champions of
he three big fox shows and the only two
fjxes, that have ever been awarded 96
1 oints or more :

Borestone Loami 96 points. Interna-
tional Champion, Boston, 1920.

Borestone Reid, 96 points. Grand Cham-
pion, Montreal, 1920.

Borestone Sirius, 93 points. Grand
Champion, Boston, 1919.

Nearly every fox purchased by Mr.
Lewis is closely related to these famous
animals, or to the other eleven prize
winners, of the Borestone ranch. His
'Tahoe Loami" is a daughter of the fa-
mous "Borestone Loami," his "Tahoe Ot-
to" is a half brother of the same fox, and
'Tahoe Lone Star" is a nephew of "Si-
rius" and also of "Borestojie Rigel" 94^
points, champion pure black fox. With
such stock the Tahoe ranch has a splen-
did foundation, and under the ideal con-
ditions at Tahoe will no doubt make a
plendid showing.

Fox breeding today is beyond the ex-
erimental stage. It has been placed upon
sure foundation by the progressive work
f the American Fox Breeder's Associa-
ion. Until this association was formed
t was impossible for a novice to tell the
clifference between poor foxes and good
cues. Mary inferior animals were sold
at fabulous prices by unscrupulous fox
raders and promoters. This will no
onger be possible, if the prospective fox
Ireeder will take advantge of the oppor-
unities, provided by the American Asso-
ciation, for him to differentiate between
good and bad stock. First of all, they
have established a standard of perfection,
by which a fox may be judged. Second,
they created an advanced registration sys-
tem, by which all superior foxes, that
should attain 85 points or more under
the standard of perfection, could be reg-
stered as of undoubted first quality.
Third, due to Mr. Moore's enthusiastic

166

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

promotion and energetic effort, despite the
cold wator thrown on the movement by
the older breeders, the first live silver black
fox show was held in Boston. It was a com-
plete success both financially and other-
wise. The Canadian government sent the
chiefs of their department of conservation
to it, to consider the possibilities of hold-
ing a similar show, and the Montreal show
of 1920 was the result.

As a consequence of tlrese innovations,
the prospective purchaser can now be sure
of getting really first quality foxes for his
money. He should insist that the parents
of his foxes are, not only pedigreed and
registered animals, but that they are also
in the advanced registered class. Better
still, he should, if possible, attend one of
the big fox shows and there see for him-
self what kind of foxes are awarded the
prizes.

The American Association is really a
national organization, for the members of
its hoard of governors hale from all parts
of the country. Recently Mr. Lewis has
been honored by being made a governor of
this association. Through him it will be
possible for all fox breeders of the ex-
treme West to keep in touch with the
American Association and the latest de-
velopments in this fascinating new indus-
try.— J. H. Sanders, Truckee, Calif.

WILD FOWL NEED PROTECTION
AND FEEDING GROUNDS.

Although legislative measures for the
lirotoction of wild fowl have multiplied,
and have added to the restrictions on
hunters, these regulations have not been
sufficient to maintain these game birds in
their former abundance. Regions that
once were the summer homes of myriads of
wild ducks have been drained and placed
under cultivation, and extensive areas
where the birds at one time bred are now
populous farming communities. These
changes, say biologists of the United
States Department of Agriculture, have
crowded out the former feathered residents
and have served in a corresponding degree
to reduce their numbers. Realization of
these facts has led recently to the adoption
of other measures to encourage waterfowl.
A number of extensive marsh areas have
been made permanent refuges under the
guardianship of the Department of Agri-

culture, and many private preserves, some
formed by artificial means, have been es-
tablished where the birds are protected
while nesting. In addition, in a number
of cases, rigid local restrictions have been
placed upon hunters.

As a means of cooperating in such ef-
forts to maintain and increase the num-
bers of waterfowl, the Biological Survey
of the United States Department of Agri-
cult nro has undertaken investigations of the
general conditions under which wild ducks
live and thrive, coupled with counts of the
birds found in areas varying in character.
During three summers, field studies were
made dealing with wild ducks in the Bear
River marshes in Utah, a report of which
has just been published by the department
in Uppartment P.ullotiu !KU>. Wild Ducks
and Duck Foods of the Bear River
Marshes, Utah.

During the three seasons devoted to thi'j
work, twelve species of ducks and the
Canada goose were found breeding in the
region included in the Bear River
marshes, which covers an extensive area
at the northern end of Great Salt Lake.
In an enumeration made during May and
June, 1916, of the eleven species of breed-
ing ducks, 3,650 pairs were counted, and
it is believed that this number rei>resents
between 60 and 100 per cent of the total
number of breeding ducks occurring there
that season. Allowing five young reared
to maturity as the average for each pair,
and considering 1916 as an average season,
the bulletin states that, at a conservative
estimate, between 25,000 and 30,000 wild
ducks, native to the marsh, are to be
found there at the close of the breeding
season.

It was found that, in addition to the
large number of birds reared on the Bear
River area, many other ducks came in
after the nesting season to remain there
until fall. That birds from the Bear
River section range widely after leaving
these marshes has been shown by records
(f ducks that have been banded and re-
leased there and subsequently were shot
elsewhere. Records thus obtained show
that birds released near the mouth of Bear
River in migration cover the region from
Oklahoma to Texas and west to California.
The department urges the establishment
of a greater number of preserves where

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

167

wild fowl may breed and rest unmolested,

and find an ample supply of food. — United
States Department of Agriculture.

BIRD BANDING.

The first American to become interested
in the banding of birds was the great
nineteenth century naturalist, Audubon,
Curious to know what became of the birds
that flew south with the approach of cold
weather, he put thi-eads about the legs of
a brood of phoebes that he had been
watching and in the following spring was
rewarded by having two of the birds re-
turn to nest near the haunts where they
had learned to fly. Bird banding is not
confined to the banding of non-game birds
alone. In the United States Department
of Agriculture Weekly News Letter, of
June ], 1921, there is the following in-
teresting article on the banding of ducks :

When a wild duck decides to move from
his summer home in Canadian wilds he
neglects to leave a forwarding- address to
indicate where his winter quarters are to
be established. The Bureau of Biological

Survey, United States Department of
Agriculture, is working on a method to
offset the duck's carelessness. This con-
sists of a system of trapping the birds
and marking them with aluminum leg
bands that carry a number and the
legend "Biol Surv., Wash., D. C." When
a banded duck is killed, the hunter
removes the band and returns it to the
Biological Survey with information show-
ing when and where the bird was re-
covered.

During the past autumn a Canadian
collaborator of the Survey, Mr. H. S.
Osier, operated a duck trap at Lake
Scugog, Ontario, where he captured and
banded over 200 black ducks and mal-
lards, with a few ring-necked ducks and
blue-winged teals. Some of these were
killed near the place where they were
banded, but others were from such
localities as to indicate approximately
the route taken by these birds in their
journey to the Southland. In all, about
25 of Mr. Osier's ducks have been killed
and the bands returned from points in
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Texas. One of the blue-winged teals was
killed near Port of Spain, Trinidad,
British West Indies, more than 2,500
miles from Lake Scugog, where the band
was attached.

The systematic banding of birds, as
undertaken by the Biological Survey, will
furnish conservationists with much valu-
able information.

168 ' CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.

Deputies Clark and Burke arrested six Japanese near Pigeon Point,
San Mateo County, for having 150 undersized abalones in their pos-
session. These men were notified to appear before Judge Ray Grif-
fin, which they did, and were fined $100 apiece.

Mr. Jay Bruce, state lion hunter, succeeded in killing nine mountain
lions during the first three months of the year, as well as three
bobcats.

Deputy Von Arks made cases last year within a five-mile radius of
his home, in Sonoma County, which brought in fines aggregating
thirteen hundred dollars. Deputy Von Arks evidently believes in
cleaning up his home town first.

During February and March there was a round up of violators of
the fishing laws in district twelve. Sixteen men were arrested of
whom six were convicted, the fines totaling $695. Four nets totaling
667 fathoms were confiscated. Two of them were sold and netted
$145. During March deputies 0 'Council and Newsome confiscated
seven nets, totaling 2295 feet, which were being illegally used in a
closed district.

Deputies Groves, Lencioni, and Von Arks, working the coast be-
tween Russian Gulch and Wallalla at low tide, arrested sixteen vio-
lators for having in possession undersized abalones. The off'enders
were taken before Judge Charles of Sea View and the fines will aggre-
gate over seven hundred dollars. The largest fine was one hundred
and twenty-five dollars, which was awarded a market fisherman.
The small sized abalones confiscated totaled several hundred.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

169

HATCHERY NOTES.

W. H. SiiEBLEY, Editor.

As the egg-collecting operations at the
various hatcheries have not been entirely
completed yet, we are, consequently, un-
able to definitely submit the number of
trout fry which will be available for dis-
tribution from the various stations during
the coming season. We anticipate that
the output from all of the hatcheries of
the state for the year 1921 will be ap-
proximately 25,000,000 trout fry. If the
number of trout fry actually distributed
even approximates this figure, it will be
the largest distribution of fry ever made
in one season in the state.

Due to adverse climatic conditions in
some sections of the state, we did not
take as many eggs at the spawning stations
as we had anticipated ; but this partial
failure is, in a great measure, offset by
favorable situations obtaining in other dis-
tricts.

MOUNT SHASTA HATCHERY.

From present indications, we will have
for distribution from Mount Shasta
Hatchery this season, approximately 11,-
000,000 trout fry consisting of rainbow,
Loch Leven, German brown, eastern
brook, steelhead, and possibly a small
number of black-spotted trout fry.

The Loch Leven and German brown and
practically all of the eastern brook trout
eggs were taken from the adult fish kept
as a breeding stock in the Mount Shasta
Hatchery ponds. The rainbow eggs were
received from the several rainbow egg-
collecting stations located on tributaries
of the Klamath River, Siskiyou County.

In addition to the rainbow eggs hatched
at the Mount Shasta Hatchery, a sufficient
supply of eggs of this specie were re-
ceived to permit of shipments being made
to Mount Whitney, Ft. Seward, Kaweah
and Wawona hatcheries. The supply of
steelhead trout eggs which is being
hatched for distribution from the Mount
Shasta Hatchery was received from the
Brookdale and Ukiah hatcheries.

The two fish distributing cars are in
the shops of the Southern Pacific Co., at
Sacramento, being overhauled and placed
in first-class condition for the season's op-
erations. The work on the two cai's is

)ractically completed and at least one car
will be ready for commencing the season's

perations on or about June 1.
Distribution operations from the Mount

hasta Hatchery will be commenced nearly
a month earlier than is usually the case.

t was essential that we commence this
work earlier than in former years owing

0 the greater number of trout fry which
yve will have to distribute from that sta-

iou this year.

As mentioned in a previous issue of
California Fish and Game, there were
hatched at the Mount Shasta Hatchery

his season nearly 6,000,000 chinook sal-
mon eggs, which were received from the
Federal Bureau of Fisheries' station at
'Mill Creek and from our own salmon egg-
collecting station at Klamathon, on the
Klamath River. As soon as the oldest
of the salmon fry were of suitable age for
planting, they were distributed in the
liead waters of the Sacramento River and
the balance of 3,000,000 were removed

rom the hatching troughs and placed in
the three large salmon rearing lakes on
the Mount Shasta Hatchei-y grounds.
These fry will be fed and held over the

ummer and released in the head waters

f the Sacramento River during the fall
months.

FALL CREEK HATCHERY.

Rainbow egg collecting operations at the
Fall Creek Hatchery were very successful,
there being nearly 1,000,000 eggs of this
specie collected. Approximately 600,000
of the eggs have been hatched and will be
held throughout the summer months and
c'istributed in the Klamath River at the
I roper season. The balance of the eggs
were shipped to the Mount Shasta Hatch-
ery to be hatched and reared for distribu-
tion in other localities of the state.

In addition to the rainbow trout
hatched at Fall Creek station, 3,000,000
of the salmon eggs collected at Klamathon
Hatchery last fall were hatched and are
being reared for distribution in the Kla-
laath River. A portion of the fry will be
planted during the late spring months and
I the balance will be held in ponds con-
Ifitructed for the purpose last summer, and

170

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

cno aflditional pond which is now in course
of construction. These fish will be held
and fed throughout the summer and dis-
tributed in the Klamath River next fall.

BOGUS CREEK STATION.

Bogus aud Camp Creek egg-collecting
stations have been closed after completing
the most successful season since the sta-
tions have been established. Over 6,000,-
000 rainbow trout eggs were collected
from these two stations during the sea-
son which has just closed. All of the
eggs collected were shipped immediately
to the Mount Shasta Hatchery for incuba-
tion. During the summer some minor re-
pairs aud improvements will be made at
these plants in order that they may be in
readiness for operations next season.

HORNBROOK STATIOfJ.

The Ilornbrook station was operated
during the past season, but the number
of eggs collected was far below the normal
take, less than 200,000 eggs being taken
during the entire season. This was due
to the fact that the flood waters of the
early part of the spawning season changed
the course of Cottonwood Creek, forming
a sandbar between the old mouth of the
stream and the new cut, which prevented
the trout from entering the stream to
spawn. Prior to the cutting of the new
channel, the flood waters were entirely
over the top of the racks, thus permitting
the first part of the run of spawning fish
to pass on up the stream. The small
number of eggs taken were received from
the few stragglers which came up the
creek through the old channel.

Before the station can be successfully
operated, it will be necessary that consid-
erable work be done in opening up an
adequate channel to permit the fish to
ascend the stream at the mouth of the
creek.

MOUNT WHITNEY HATCHERY..

During the early part of December,
300,000 Txtch Leven trout eggs were ship-
ped to Mount Whitney from Mount
Shasta Hatchery and during the first part
of April, 500,000 rainbow trout eggs were
shipped from the same station. Ship-
ments of steelhead trout eggs to the num-
ber of 800,000 were made to the Mount

f\''hitney Hatchery from Brookdale Hatch-
ery. The fry resulting from these three
hipments of eggs are developing into fine,
healthy fish, aud will be ready for dis-
ribution early in the summer.

Further shipments of rainbow trout
eggs will be made from one of the other
tations and we are also contemplating
()l)ening up the Rae I-akos rainl)o\v egg-
callecting station. All eggs received from
his source will be immediately transported
0 the Mount Whitney Hatchery, where
Ihcy will be hatched and reared.

LAKE TAHOE HATCHERY.
The new Lake Tahoe Hatchery, which
was completed last fall, was opened for
operations on May 14. A shipment of
black-spotted trout eggs was taken to the
hatchery on that day from the new egg-
ollecting station established on Black-
\;ood Creek. Other shipments of black-
potted eggs will be forwarded as the eggs
are taken at Blackwood Creek. Ship-
ments of steelhead trout eggs from the
Brookdale and Ukiah hatcheries have
been shipped to the Lake Tahoe Hatchery,
and within the next two or three weeks
aiubow eggs will be shipped in from one
ot the rainbow egg-collecting stations.

MOUNT TALLAC HATCHERY.
Mount 'Tallac Hatchery was opened for
operations during March. As in former

ears, seining opei'ations were conducted
at the mouth of Taylor Creek, for the

pawning trout from which are obtained
the black-spotted trout eggs.

In addition to the egg-collecting opera-
tions conducted off the mouth of Taylor
Creek, an egg-colleeting station was cs-

ablished on the upper Truckee River. The
stream was racked, and a trap, tank, etc.,
were installed. The results obtained
from the operations to date have been very

atisfactory.
As above mentioned, a station was put

n operation at Blackwood Creek and the

ggs received from this plant are incubated

t the Mount Tallac Hatchery and the new
lake Tahoe Hatchery. One million black-
B:)otted trout eggs have bceu taken to date.

FORT SEWARD HATCHERY.
The 500,000 thinook salmon shipped to
'"■ort Seward from the Mount Shasta

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

171

Hatchery during February were hatched
and the resulting fry distributed in Mad
River, tributaries of Humboldt Bay, Eel
River and other waters of Humboldt Coun-
ty. This was done during the month of
April. Two hundred and fifty thousand
rainbow trout eggs were shipped to Fort
Seward from Mount Shasta Hatchery on
iNIay 16, and the resulting fry appear to
be strong, vigorous fish. Over 800,000
steelhead eggs were shipped in from Ukiah
Hatchery and these, together with the
rainbow fry, will be given a wide dis-
tribution in the waters of Humboldt,
Mendocino and Trinity counties during the
coming summer.

SNOW MOUNTAIN STATION.

Steelhead egg-collecting operations at
the Snow Mountain egg-collecting station
did not prove to be as satisfactory as was
anticipated. Wbile there was a fair rain-
fall in that section this season and other
climatic conditions were favorable, the
usual number of steelhead spawn fish did
not reach our station. Consequently, we
were unable to take the usual large num-
ber of eggs. Approximately 2,000,000
eggs were taken as a result of the entire
season's operations. We had expected
to receive not less than 4,000,000 and pos-
sibly 5,000,000 or 0,000,000. A thorough
investigation as to the reason for the fail-
ure of the spawning fish to ascend the
stream to the Cape Horn dam, where our
station is located, resulted in our finding
that the stream had been blocked by
fences, cleverly arranged in the Eel River,
some distance below our stations. These
had been constructed by persons who
wished to prevent the fish from ascending
the stream, in order that they might catch
them. Those responsible for this outrage
should be prosecuted to the full extent of
the law, particularly since the legislature
has just passed an act making it unlawful
to bar the passage of fish by any weir,
fence or obstruction.

The eggs taken at Snow Mountain sta-
tion, with the exception of about 200,000,
which were hatched for distribution in the
upper waters of the Eel River, were im-
mediately transported to Ukiah Hatchery.

UKIAH HATCHERY.

The Ukiah Hatchery was opened for
operations on March 19. A total of

3,859,000 eggs were received from the
Snow Mountain station. These were

yed and shipments made to the Fort
Seward, Mount Shasta and Lake Tahoe
hatcheries. Between 500,000 and 600,000

teelhead eggs will be hatched at Ukiah
Hatchery for distribution in the streams

f Mendocino and Sonoma counties.

SCOTT CREEK STATION.

Egg-collecting operations at Scott Creek

tation have been the most satisfactory

ince the station was established. Three

million steelhead trout eggs have been col-

ected and operations have not as yet been

ompleted. There will probably be some-

hing over 100,000 eggs yet taken. All

e?gs were transported to the Brookdale

Il\atchery as soon as the fish were spawned.

BROOKDALE HATCHERY.

As stated above, the Scott Creek sta-
ion produced well over 3.000,000 steel-
head trout eggs, all of which were trans-
jorted to Brookdale Hatchery where they
have been eyed and shipments of eggs
uade to the Mount Shasta, Mount Whit-
ney, Lake Tahoe, Wawona and Kaweah
hatcheries. In addition to eggs shipped
cut to the above named stations from the
Brookdale Hatchery, approximately 900,-

000 steelhead fry will be reared for dis-
ribution in Santa Cruz, Santa Clara and

San Mateo counties. Arrangements are
')eing made for the shipments to these
three counties.

DOMINGO SPRINGS HATCHERY.

Domingo Springs Hatchery was opened

or operations during the middle of March

nd preparations were made for trapping

iie run of rainbow trout ascending

Rice Creek to spawn. Severe storms in

hat section made it very difficult for the

lien to get into the station. They were

obliged to go in over fourteen feet of snow

n some places.

The heavy snow did considerable dam-

,ge to the racks and traps at Domingo

-Springs Hatchery, and also to the fish-

c ilture equipment installed at the mouth

01 Warner Creek last fall. It is our in-
tention to operate at Warner Creek this
B'ason, in conjunction with the Domingo
Springs Hatchery, where all eggs secured
rom the former plant will be incubated.

At this date no eggs have been taken at

172

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Domiufro Springs or Warner Croek as tlip
"run" of spawning fish from Lake Al-
nianor is very late, but we anticipate a
very successful take of eggs.

CLEAR CREEK HATCHERY.
The (Mear Creek Hatchery was opened
for operations during the middle of March,
as were the Domingo Springs and Warner
Creek stations. Egg-collecting operations
are somewhat earlier at Clear Creek than
at Domingo Springs and to date we have
secured approximately 1,500.000 eggs. A
portion of the eggs secured from the Clear
Creek and Domingo Springs hatcheries
will be hatched at these two stations to
supply local streams with trout fry, and
the available balance will be shipped to
the new Feather River experimental
station.

FEATHER RIVER EXPERIMENTAL
STATION.

As mentioned in a previous report, we
are establishing an experimental hatchery
on Jamison Creek, a tributary of Feather
River. The station is located between
Blairsden and Johnsville. in Plumas
County. The ])urpose of (stal)lishing a
station at this point is to eliminate, to a
great extent, the necessity of transport-
ing trout fry from the Mount Shasta
Hatchery to stock the waters in this dis-
trict, as well as the district along the
Yuba River, in the vicinity of Sierra City.

Eggs will be shipped to this hatchery
from the Domingo Springs and Clear
Creek stations. The first shipment of
200,000 eggs was delivered from Clear
Creek Hatchery on May IG. On May 14,
a shipment of 100,000 steelhead trout eggs
was i-eceived from the Ukiah Hatchery.
The eggs appear to be in first class con-
dition. As soon as the eggs commence to
hatch, we will be better able to determine
what the outcome of the experiment
will be.

If there is no loss of fry or ei<;s. ad-
ditional eggs will be shipped to the sta-
tion and this large territory will be sup-
plied with trout fry from the experimental
hatchery during the coming season.

NORTH CREEK HATCHERY.
Egg-collecting operations at North
Creek station have been very successful.

Eggs have been collected from the large
rainbow trout ascending North Creek,
Metcalf Creek, and Grout Creek from
Bear Lake, and while operations at pres-
ent are not complete, we expect to take
2,500,000 rainbow trout eggs this season.
One million five hundred thousand eggs
will be transferred from the North Creek
Hatchery to the Bear Lake Hatchery, at
Green Spot Springs, from which station
the resulting fry will be distributed dur-
ing the coming summer in Big Bear T^ake
and various streams of San Bernardino
County. The North Creek Hatchery will
also be operated to full capacity. The
fry reared at this plant will be distributed
in Big Bear Lake also. We also expect
to have a couple of small shipments of
eggs to send to the Mount Whitney Hatch-
ery where they will be hatched for dis-
tribution in other waters of southern
California.

WAWONA HATCHERY.

Tiirei' huiidri'd lliimsand rainbow eggs.
and 100,000 steelhead trout eggs from
l>rookdale Hatchery, have been shipped to
i^/awoua from the Mount Shasta Hatchery
and the resulting fry will be distributed
in Merced River and other streams of that
section during the coming summer.

Previous to opening the Wawona
Hatchery for operations on April 23, cer-
tain necessary repairs were made to the
flume and water distributing system at
the hatchery. All tlie repairs could not be
finished this spring, consequently, we will
Lave to complete the work after the fry
have been distributed during the summer.

KAWEAH HATCHERY.

Owing to the fact that we were unable
to proceed with the construction of the
jiermanent hatchery on the Kaweah River,
it was necrssary that we again operate
the small experimental station established
three yeare ago near the town of Ham-
mond. Three hundred thousand rainbow
rnd 100,000 steelhead trout eggs were
;hil)ped to Kaweah Hatchery and the re-
ulting fry will be distributed in the
waters of Tulare County, as has been our
ractice during previous seasons.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

173

Pig. 53. Planting trout in Yosemite National Park ; necessitating transportation
by rail, motor truck and pack train. Photographs by H. C. Bryant.

174

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES.
N. R. ScoFiKLD, Editor.

NEW COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
LEGISLATION.

The past session of the State Legisla-
ture was remarlvable in tliat tlierc were
fewer fish and game bills for the Fish and
Game Committees to consider than for
many sessions. Most of the bills intro-
duced proposed only minor changes in al-
ready existing laws. The opinion is quite
general that the present game and fish-
eries laws are fair and in the interest of
conservation. There is also a stronger
inclination for the legislators to seek and
accept the advice of those of the Fish and
Game Commission who have made a study
of the fish and game conservation prob-
lems.

.The few bills affecting the commercial
fisheries which finally were passed were
all good bills and received the signature
of the Governor. These bills become laws
on July 29, 1921. The following is a brief
summary of the fisheries bills which were
signed by the Governor, taken up in the
order of their introduction :

Ssnate Bill No. 265. By Senator Rigdon.
Ahaloxcs uiid Clams.

Amends the present law, section 628/
of the Penal Code.

Reduces the daily bag limit on Pismo
clams from 30 to 15, but permits ship-
ment and sale. Changes the abalone sea-
sons by making a uniform closed season
for all species of abalones from January
15 to March 15. Raises the minimum
size limit on red abalones, which may bo
taken for commercial purposes to eight
inches in greatest diameter. Restricts
the commercial taking of abalones in dis-
tricts 10 and IS to the territory lying
outside of a line twenty-five feet beyond
low tide mark. The minimum size limit
on red abalones which are taken from the
shore to twenty-five feet beyond low tide
mark, remains at seven inches in greatest
diameter, but the number of any species
of abalones which may be taken from this
inshore area must not exceed ten per day
and they must not be sold.

It is expected that this law will greatly
reduce the commercial taking of Pismo

lams and give visitors to the beaches
where these clams are found an ojipor-
Inuily to gatlier cnDUsli f(ir their own use.

t is hoped and expected that the changes
in the abalone law will permit the full
utilizatiim of tliis valuable food rrsourcc^

ud provide enough abalones for those who

)refer to gather their own from the shore.

Senate Bill No. 576. By Senator
Rominger.

Fish Ix'cdiictioii.

This hill amends section 5 of the act

egulating the use of fish in reduction
plants, etc. The present act, which was
i)assed two years ago. intended to give
the Fish and Game Commission full power
to regulate the use of fish in reduction
plants, but in a recent friendly suit in
Los Angeles to determine if it did give
the power intended, \t was the opinion
of the court that it did not. Therefore,
faction 5 was amended and enlarged so
rs to prohibit direct fishing for edible fish

or reduction purposes and to prohibit
1 iking any fish in excess of what can be

onverted into human food except by spe-
cial application to and permission from

he Fish and Game Commission. Such

xcess of catch can not in any case exceed
25 per cent of what is used for human
food.

Senate Bill No. 644. By Senator Lyon.
Ktl/i ltd rn xliiiij.

A new act which supplements an act
regulating tlii> cutting and harvesting of
kelp.

The i)resent law worked al! right dur-

ng the period of the war when kelp potash

brought a very high price, nuiking it i>rof-

table to cut the kelp and transport it long

istances to the reduction plants. The

onditions are different now and all of the

clp companies have ceased to operate.

^'he price of potash has fallen to such a

liunre that it will not pay any company

(> engage in the kelp reduction industry

I nless by-products in addition to potash

cm be made use of and even then they

•annot operate i)ro!itably unless they are

ssured of a continuous supply of kelp

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

175

close at hand. Under the old law any
licensed company could cut kelp on any
of the beds which had been declared open
for cutting by the Fish and Game Com-
mission. The result of this arrangement
was that many companies wished to cut
in the beds located near the better harbors
and these beds were quickly exhausted,
compelling the companies to frequently go
long distances for their supply of kelp.

It was to encourage the reestablish ment
of the kelp industry by leasing to a com-
pany those kelp beds or positions of beds
which lie close at hand, that this bill was
drawn.

Senate Bill No. 811. By Senator Scott,

Shrimps.

Amends section 628 of the Penal Code.

Provides that the unmarketable shrimps
which are taken in district 13 (South San
Francisco Bay) while fishing for the fresh
shrimp market, may be dried.

After much experimenting it has been
found that the small shrimp unsuitable for
the markets, cannot be screened out and
returned to the water alive as was in-
tended under the old law. The shrimps
are easily screened after cooking for they
are then doubled up and the small ones
screen out, but efforts to screen them be-
fore cooking failed. The smaller shrimps
are perfectly good for drying purposes and
this law will prevent a considerable waste
and possibly result in a reduction in the
price of fresh shrimps.

Assembly Bill No. 485. By Mr. Gray.
Districts.

Amends the act dividing the state into
fish and game districts.

The changes in this act which will af-
fect commercial fishing are :

District 7 is extended to the south line
of Mendocino County in order to take in
the salmon trolling territory at Fort
Bragg and Shelter Cove which need dif-
ferent regulations from the rest of district
10 in which they were before. (See under
Assembly Bill No. 832.)

Vallejo Channel and the lower end of
Napa River are stricken from district
12 B, thus throwing them into district 2,
where netting is prohibited.

The southern limit of the netting dis-
trict, 12 B, is placed at the right of way
of the Santa Fe Railroad instead of the

soufli boundary of San Joaquin County.
Xftling soulh of the Santa Fe right of
way is prohibited.

Districts 20 and 20 A (Catalina Island)

re changed. District 20 will extend from
South East Rock to Lions Head, taking in
about two-thirds of the waters on the

ast and northeast side of the island. Dis-
trict 20 A will consist of the remaining

tate waters surrounding the island.

Jnder the provisions of Assembly Bill
No. 831, netting is permitted in district
20 A, but in district 20 netting is not only
unlawful but the possession of nets in the
district is prohibited.

Assembly Bill No. 830. By Mr. Stevens.
Striped Bass; Shad.

Amends section G28 a of the Penal
Code.

Closes the fall netting season for
striped bass and shad on September 17,
instead of September 25, thus conforming
0 the new closing date for salmon net-
ting.

Provides that no more than five salmon
may be taken per day in district 2 and pro-
hibits taking striped bass less than
twelve inches in length with hook and line.
The minimum size which may be taken
with nets remains at three pounds. Pro-
hibits the possession or sale of striped
bass weighing more than ten pounds, dur-
ing the months of April and May.

Provides that striped bass which are
legally taken during the open season may
be held through the closed season of June
and July under regulations to be pre-
scribed by the Fish and Game Commis-
sion.

Assembly Bill No. 831. By Mr. Stevens.
l^cts and Lines.

Amends section 636 of the Penal Code.

Provides that gill and trammel nets of
not less than seven and one-half inch mesh
may be used for salmon only during the
months of June and July in district 12 B.

Prohibits the possession of beach seines,
ouud-haul or purse nets in districts 12
nd 12 B.

Piohibits the use of fyke nets for taking
cat fish.

Permits the use of crab traps in those
districts where crab nets are allowed.

Prohibits the possession of nets in dis-
trict 20.

176

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Assembly Bill No. 832. By Mr. Stevens.
Salmon.

Amends section 634 of the Penal Code.

This bill is of importance for it places
further restrictions on the taking of sal-
mon which show that they are in need of
additional protection. The suggestion for
salmon conservation made in the last
issue of California Pish and Game
wore largely followed in this bill. The
rapid increase in the catch by outside sea
trolling, left the salmon insufficiently pro-
tected. It was the object in this bill to
cut duwu the catch about equally in all
districts and not cut down the river catch
alone as suggested by the outside trollers,
or cut down the outside catch alone as
suggested by the river fishermen.

The upper Sacramento River district
12 A netting season was reduced fifteen
days so that the open season for that dis-
ti'ict is the months of January to April, in-
clusive. For the balance of the river, the
fall netting season was closed eight days
earlier. These eight days are taken from
the time when the run is heaviest and
amounts to much more than the short time
would indicate. This provision will cut
down the river catch a little over 10 per
cent.

A closed season is provided for Monte-
rey Bay of January, February and March,
which will cut down the catch in pounds
at that point about 10 per cent. As this
season comes at a time when small, im-
mature salmon are taken in numbers the
saving in numbers of fish is more than the
saving in weight indicates. A closed sea-
son from March 1 to April 15, is pro-
vided for district 10 and a closed season
of March and April for district 7. These
two last are outside trolling districts and
the closed season is to protect the imma-
ture salmon which are caught at the be-
ginning of the season.

The bill provides that Eel River be
closed to the use of nets after January
1, 1922, but permits the commercial tak-
ing of salmon on the lower river by
trolling during the months of September,
October and November.

Assembly Bill No. 1015. By Mr. Benton.

Croakers, Halibut and Barracuda.

Amends section 628 e of the Penal
Code.

I'rohibits the sale of California whit-
ing, yellow-fin and spot-fin croakers. The

sale of California halibut under four
pounds in weight, or of barracuda under
three pounds in weight or of albacore un-
der six pounds in weight is prohil)ited as
in the old law. In addition to the non-
sale of these last three kinds of fish, this
hill prohibits the possession of over fifty
pounds of undereized fish.

FISHERIES NOTES FROM SAN PEDRO

lOiglit lishcrmou were arrostfd and con-
victed during April and May, 1921, for
violations of the state fish laws ijertain-
ing to district 20. One of the heaviest
fines imposed was meted out to Tony
Marincovich, a San Pedro fisherman, in
the justice's court at Avalon, Catalina
Island, on May lo, 1921. Defendant in
this case was fined $500 with the sus-
pended jail sentence of one hundred days
for maintaining a net in district 20 in vio-
lation of section 636.

The first albacore taken by a local boat
this season was brought to San Pedro
on June 8. Six fish averaging about
sixteen pounds each were taken with jig
lines.

The new fireproof cannery of the Half-
hill Packing Corporation, recently com-
pleted on Channel 3 at Long Beach, is
being i^ut in readiness for the tuna sea-
son. In the meantime this company will
pack chicken.

A decision that may affect the com-
mon practice by canneries in receiving
tuna "subject to condition after cooking,"
was given by Superior Judge C. S. Crail
;it Department 4 in Los Angeles on June
9, in action brought by the crew of tlie
"Golden Gate" for fish refused as unfit
for cauning purposes. Judgment was
granted in favor of the plaintiff for seven
and one-half tons of spoiled fish. This
decision may result in fishermen taking
more care with their catches on account
of the possibility of canners refusing any
fish that looks douijtful.

The boat "Kotobuki," Captain M.
Vamamoto, arrived in San Pedro on June
13, with eight and one-half tons of sea-
weed {Oelidium sp.) taken in Mexican
waters. The entire load was consigned
to the American Agar Company in Glen-
dale, California, which company is en-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

177

gaged in manufacturing agar-agar. Tliis
seaweed was talcen near Point Banda in
approximately tliree to four fathoms of
water by means of hooks attached to long
poles.

PACIFIC FISHERIES SOCIETY
MEETING.

The Pacific Fisheries Society will hold
its annual meeting at the University of
Califoi'uia, Berkeley, on August 4, 5 and
(i. Some interesting papers will be read
and discussions held on the development
and conservation of the commercial fish-
eries as well as on the subject of sport
fishing. The meetings will be of interest
to those engaged in the fishing industry
as a business, as well as to those inter-
ested in problems of conservation, for an
effort will be made to get these two fac-
tions into close touch with each other.
The final program will be announced
about the middle of July. Some of the
papers will cover the following subjects :
Whales and Whale Fisheries of Cali-
fornia ; Seals and Sea-lions of California
and their relation to the Fisheries ; Fish-
eries Investigations of the California Fish
and Game Commission ; Future of the
Pacific Coast Salmon Industry ; Relation
of Hydro-electric Power Development and
Irrigation Projects to the Salmon Indus-
try and to Trout Fishing; Fish Canning
and Inspection ; Fisheries Schools, etc.

The affiliated societies of the Pacific
Division of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science will also
meet at Berkeley during these three days.
The public is invited to these meetings.
Papers relating to the fisheries will be
given before several of these societies and
any one attending the meeting of the Pa-
cific Fisheries Society will have an oppor-
tunity to hear them.

Saturday, August 6, will be given over
to many field excursions to visit places
of scientific interest and to visit the lo-
cal fisheries. Further information may
be obtained from the secretary of the Pa-
cific Fisheries Society, Mr. George F.
Sykes, Corvallis, Oregon, or from the De-
partment of Commercial Fisheries of the
Fish and Game Commission at San Fran-
cisco.

STATE FAIR EXHIBIT OF FISHERIES
The Fish and Game Commission has
secured twenty-four by forty feet addi-
tional space in the main exhibit building
at the Sacramento State Fair and will
enlarge the scenic and live fish display
which has been one of the most attractive
exhibits at the fair during the past two
years. An area of sixteen by forty feet
will be devoted to an educational exhibit
of the state's fisheries resources and to
the fisheries conservation work of the
commission.

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.*

Will F. Thompson, Editor.

THE PERSONNEL.

The Fish and Game Commission has
lost the services of Miss Helen M. Ed-
wards, who married Mr. Samuel Bacon

the latter part of April. Miss Edwards
has been acting as scientific assistant to
Mr. Thompson during the stay at Hop-
kins Marine Station, Pacific Grove. Her

♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 28.

The listing of small publications of members of the laboratory force together with
the Pish Bulletins issued by them has led to some confusion. Hereafter these will
be numbered as sent to the printer, not according to the date of printing. The cor-
rect numbers are as follows :

Fish Bulletin No. 4, contribution No. 22.

The Future of the Sardine, California Fish and Game, Volume 7, No. 1, contribution
No. 23.

Notes from the State Fisheries Laboratory, in California Fish and Game, Volume
7, No. 1, contribution No. 24.

The Abundance of Young Pismo Clams, in California Fish and Game, Volume 7,
No. 2, contribution No. 25.

Quarter-oils or Half-pound Ovals, in California Fish and Game, Volume 7, No. 2,
contribution No. 26.

Whales and Sardines, California Fish and Game, Volume 7, No. 2, contribution
No. 27.

178

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

place will be hard to lill, but neverthe-
less, the best wishes of all with whom she
has been connected in her work go with
her.

Besides Miss Edwards, the commission
has had Mr. Thompson and Mr. W. L.
Scofield at the Hopkins Marine Station
during the past year, pending the con-
struction of the new laboratory at San
Pedro. In anticipation of the beginning
of building operations, Mr. Thompson has
transferred his residence to San Pedro.
This has somewhat crowded the (luartcrs
there as they are now constituted, but it
is hoped that this will not be permanently
the case. Mr. W. L Scofield has also
left the Hopkins Marine Station, going
to Palo Alto, where he will work at Stan-
ford University for several months. This
leaves no one at present in Pacific Grove.
The Fish and Game Commission owes
much to the Marine Station for the space
kindly granted its workers.

During the coming summer, Mr. O. E.
Sette will be engaged in work for the
commission in continuation of his sardine
studies which he has been pursuing at
Stanford University. He will make his
headquarters at San Pedro with the other
members of the laboratory staff.

THE LIBRARY FOR THE NEW
LABORATORY.

The work of collecting a library for the
scientific work to be carried on in the
new laboratory has been under way some
time. There have been many difficulties
in the way, such as the unsettled con-
ditions in Europe, the determination of
the method of purchasing such periodicals
as are desired, etc., but it is now hoped
that the more serious of these have been
overcome. There are now on our shelves
the complete publications of the Scottish
Fishery Board, together with those of the
Irish and British governments ; the Re-
ports and Bulletins of the Bureau of
Fisheries of the United States ; the Re-
ports of the Dove Marine Laboratory ; the
Danish, Dutch and Norwegian govern-
ment publications ; those of the Canadian
government ; of the states of Rhode Island
and Massachusetts ; of the Province of
British Columbia ; and many separate
volumes bearing on fishery matters. We

have to thank the Dove Marine Labora-
tory, Prof. E. E. Prince of Canada, the
Danish, Dutch and the Norwegian Fish-
ery authorities for their generous dona-
tion of literature. There are now well
toward completion the negotiations for
the i>urchase of all the well-known scien-
tific journals which are specially devoted
to the subject of fisheries, and it is hoped
that l)y the time the next issue of Cali-
fornia Fish and Game appears, we will
be able to record the arrival of many
of these. The low exchange value of the
money of various European nations has
rendered the purchase much less expen-
sive than would have been the case prev-
ious to the war.

It is unfortunate that some of the sets
obtained, notably that of the Bureau of
Fisheries of the United States, are some-
what incomplete because certain numbers
are out of print. We greatly desire to
obtain these, however, and would be much
obliged to anyone assisting us by the do-
nation of odd issues of the various sets
we may desire. — W. F. T.

THE BASKING SHARK AT MONTEREY

The Basking Shark, known to science
as Cetorliinus maximus, has been recorded
several times from Monterey, but its oc-
currence is nevertheless an interesting
event, especially to the fishermen. This
giant shark, with its gill openings extend-
ing well around toward the front of its
throat, always attracts much attention
when brought ashore. At Monterey it is
usually taken in the lampara or gill nets,
in which it becomes entangled until it is
supposed to smother to death by the
closure of the gill openings. It does
great damage to the net in the meanwhile,
and the fishermen do not welcome it. On
May 3, 1020, a specimen was brought in
to the wharf at Monterey, and measured
by W. L. Scofield, who found it to be
twenty-two feet long from the tip of the
snout to the end of the tail. Again, in
April, 1921, a specimen twenty-four feet
in length was brought in by a lampara
fisherman. In the endeavor to recoup
some of the loss caused by the damage
to his nets he exhibited the great shark
for an admission charge. It is said that
he failed in the venture. — W. F. T.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

179

A RAG FISH AT MONTEREY.

There are several "rag" fishes found
on our coast, one of which is hereby noted
as occurring at Monterey. Mr. Higgins
has had the good fortune to find a still
rarer member of the group, and describes
it below. The specimen found at Mon-
terey was Icosteus aenigmaticus of Lock-
ington. It was taken during 1919, but
the date and place of capture, save that
of Monterey Bay, was not recorded. The
specimen at hand is twenty-three centi-
meters in body length, and twenty-seven
and three-tenths in total length.

The salient characters of this "rag"
fish are its lack of stiff bones, which
makes it much like a Aick, flat, bundle
of rags, its yellowish color with purplish
spots of irregular shape, and the row of
spined scales along the lateral line. The
fin rays are all of them covered by small
spinules. It is very evidently a fish from
the deep water, but just what depth we
cannot surmise. It may be a pelagic. —
W. F. T.

A STRANGE RAG FISH AT SAN PEDRO.

Closely related to the family of rag
fishes, of which Icosteus is the typical
genus, is the little known species, Acrotus
iciUoughbyi, Bean. A specimen was
taken in a mackerel net off San Pedro,
March 31, 1921, and brought to the whole-
sale markets. We were unable to obtain
the specimen as it was sold for exhibition,
but careful measurements were made and
there can be little doubt of its correct
identification.

The fish was fifty-seven inches long, four-
teen inches deep, and rather flattened lat-
erally. The body was very limp and
yielding as in other members of this group,
due to the cartilaginous nature of the
skeleton, the flesh was soft, and the naked
skin tender and easily broken. The
mouth was large, with thick lips, the nose
broad and rounded, resembling with its
large nostrils the muzzle of a calf. The
fish was so fragile that it was somewhat
mutilated when it reached the market,
the gaff having torn through the jaw
when landing the fish from the net.

The first or type si>ecimen was taken in
1887 on the coast of Washington, appar-
ently thrown up from deep water in a
storm. Another was taken there subse-
quently, and one was taken at Monterey.

This occurrence is especially noteworthy
as the species has rarely been seen by
naturalists and has never before been
taken on this part of the coast. — E. H.

CUTLASS FISH TAKEN OFF LONG
BEACH.

Following the practice of noting the
unusual, the occurrence of the cutlass fish,
Trichiurus lepturus, Linnaeus, which has
recently come to the notice of the labora-
tory staff, entirely incidental to the reg-
ular work, may be here recorded.

Two specimens were taken, one on the
first and another on the fourth of .Jan-
uary, 1921, off Long Beach, in from three
to five fathoms of water. They are each
about two feet long, one and three-quar-
ters inches deep, and very much com-
pressed laterally. The mouth is large
with long sharp teeth, the eyes large, and
the skin is naked and of silvery color.
The dorsal fin extends the length of the
body to the long thread-like tail.

The species is common in the West
Indies, and has been reported on the At-
lantic coast as far north as Cape Cod. It
is known in the Pacific from Panama,
Lower California, and Japan, but this is
probably its first appearance in this
region. — E. H.

THE GRUNION.

The traditional spring spawning runs
of the grunion on the sandy beaches of
southern California have created the
usual excitement at Long Beach this
spring. These little fish, as described by
Mr. Will F. Thompson in Fish Bulletin
No. 3, come up on the beach with the
high tides of the second, third and fourth
nights following the full moon of the
spring months, to deposit their eggs in the
sand away from their enemies in the
ocean. Although the deposited eggs are free
from most enemies, great numbers of the
spawning fish are taken by the "grunion
hunters," who gather on the beach at
about high tide and capture the fish as
they are left on the sand between waves.

On March 23, the first night upon
which a run might be expected, no fish
were observed to be spawning. No ob-
servations were made on the two follow-
ing nights, but during the second sched-
uled run, April 24, 25 and 26, large runs
were observed on all three nights.

180

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Runs were also reported to have oc-
curred during the high tide of the new
moon period early in May, but the ex-
tent and dates of these runs are not
known. The full moon run in May, seemed
to be a little out of the ordinary, as on
the firet night of the run, May 23, a con-
sidcrable^stretch of beach was carefully
watched, but no spawning fish were ob-
served, only a small number being seen
in the surf. The presence of the fish in
the surf was also made evident by the
capture of quite a number by the use of
a net in the shallow waves. On May 24,
the run was but little better than that
of the night before. The many people

who scanned the beach were able to col-
lect a few fish by wading out into the
shallow receding waves, but very few fish
were observed to be spawning. The re-
sults of a search for eggs in the sand on
May 25, verified the conclusions from the
observations of the two nights before, for
only two pods of eggs were found as the
result of quite extensive digging. The
run of May 25 seemed to be normal in
every way and many people who had
searched the beach in vain the two
previous nights were well paid for their
lofforts with a good supply of fish. —
H. B. H.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

INTRODUCED DOVE THRIVES IN
LOS ANGELES.

The Chinese spotted dove {Spilopelia
chincnsis), as a resident of Los Angeles
first came to my attention in 1917, when
a dead bird was found by school children
in Hollywood. The skin of this specimen
was preserved and is now in the museum
of the Nature Study Department of the
Los Angeles County schools.

At that time it was said to be common
in a restricted locality in northern Holly-
wood. Reports of its occurence have in-
creased in frequency and from a much
wider area, until in the first week of
April, a bird was noted by the writer, at
close range, near the museum in Expo-
sition Park.

Various reports as to the origin of this
colony have not satisfactorily established
whether the progenitors were liberated,
or whether they were escaped cage-birds.
The fact remains that the species is firmly
established, and as a city-dweller, safe
from hunters, is rapidly increasing in
numl)ers. — L. E. Wyman, Museum His-
tory, Science and Art, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia.

MOUNTAIN LION SWIMS RIVER.

It seems to be the general belief that
the mountain lion is very shy of water,
and that he will go out of his way in
order to avoid crossing a stream when it
is necessary for him to swim. My ex-
perience in trailing lions does not bear

out this impression. In fact, two male
lions which I killed at different times in
Shasta County were voluntarily swimming
the McCloud River, at different places,
on every trip around their beat. Deer
were as numerous on one side of the
river as on the other, so it was not neces-
sary for the lions to cross in order to get
food. And as in each instance, the tracks
were several hours old, it is apparent that
these lions did not swim the river to
confuse or avoid the dogs, but that they
were merely following their natural in-
stinct.

Another instance of this kind was in
.January, 1921, when I was hunting from
Kinsley Ranger Station, Mariposa Coun-
ty, in the company of Mr. Joseph Dixon of
the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. After
several days of storm, the weather cleared
about dark on the evening of January
1!). There was about six inches of snow
on the ground when w6 left camp early
ou January 20. At about 9 a. m. we
found the track of a large male lion on
Crizzly Mountain. The tracks were
about twelve hours old when we found
them, which was indicated by the con-
ilition of the snow where the tracks were
made.

On account of tlie dense brush in places
we were unable to keep up with the dogs.
As a result, by the time we had trailed
the lion about six miles south to the
north rim of the Merced River, and at a
point about 2000 feet above the river, we

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

181

could just faintly hear the hounds bay-
ing as they crossed over the south rim,
at about the same elevation. We hur-
ried down the mountain to the river and
soon found the tracks of the lion and
dogs entering the water on a sand bar at
about 600 feet west of the mouth of
Slate Gulch and about three miles east of
Briceburg.

I was sure that the dogs would tree
the lion before night, so that I was deter-
mined to follow them, although Mr. Dixon
had had to return to Berkeley. As the
river was about 100 feet wide and too
cold and swift to swim with safety, I
decided to build a raft. I stopped a pass-
ing telephone lineman and got some
spikes from him. Then I gathered some
discarded railroad ties and driftwood and
built a raft at the upper end of a pool.
Using a piece of driftwood for a paddle,
I ferried across. The dogs had crossed
the river at about 12 o'clock noon and
by the time I had built the raft and
crossed to the south side it was 2 :30 p. m.

I soon found the track of the lion and
dogs climbing the mountain on the south
side of the river. After trailing them
about two miles up the ridge toward Fil-
iciana, I heard the dogs barking "treed"
in the head of a short canyon on the west
side of Slate Gulch. When I arrived at
the tree, the lion jumped out, but treed
again about a hundred yards farther up
the canyon. He was lying in the narrow
fork of a tall live oak and when I shot
him through the heart with the revolver,
he sank into the fork and died.

Then I climbed the tree and tried to
dislodge him, but as he weighed about
IGO pounds, and as it was necessary to
lift the carcass about four feet to slip
the hips through the fork, I was unable
to free him. I then thought of cutting
off one of the forks with my skinning
knife. By this time, it was getting quite
dark and a storm was threatening, and
with a hard, rough trip of two miles
down the canyon and the river to cross,
I decided to cut the carcass in two be-
hind the shoulder and drop the front half
to the ground, leaving the rear half in
the tree.

By the time that I reached the river,
it was quite dark and as the raft had
drifted half way down the pool while I

was crossing earlier in the day, I was
forced to abandon the raft, on the return
trip, near the north bank, and wade out
to avoid being carried into the rapids.
I now walked three miles down the river
to Briceburg where I arrived about 8
p. m., after being on the trail fourteen
hours.

This lion had crossed the river prob-
ably ten hours ahead of the dogs and was
following his regular beat as I found his
old tracks while trailing him on the south
side of the river. There was also the
skeleton of a calf near the place where
the lion was treed. He had probably
been killing cfittle there during the sum-
mer.— Jay C. Bruce, San Lorenzo, Cali-
fornia.

CURLEW NUMEROUS.

Since its protection, the Hudsonian
curlew {Numenius hudsonicus) is becom-
ing more numerous again, in this vicinity.
I have lived and hunted in this country
around Rio Vista from boyhood and have
entertained a number of the most promi-
nent sportsmen from many states on my
reserve, and I have naturally taken a
keen interest in the wild game life of the
locality. I have heard the old settlers
here tell how the jack curlews were upon
these plains in countless thousands at one
time. Whether they were killed off or
inhabited another region, I am unable to
relate, but I do know that for the last
twenty years at this season of the year
we have only seen an occasional flock.
However, about a week ago I noticed a
flock of about one hundred of these birds
on the pasturage grounds each day. The
flock has been increasing until it has
reached about five times its original size.
On April 2G, 1921, about sunrise, I saw
a flock of about five thousand which all
seemed to be whistling at the same time.
I was greatly astonished, as I had never
seen these birds in such numbers before.
This large flock did not stop in this vicin-
it}', but traveled straight on southward ;
and each day I have seen curlew still mi-
grating to the south, but not in such
great numbers. There are a great many
here at present, yet they are not so numer-
ous as they were a week ago. They are
evidently traveling to a new feeding
ground.^ — S. C. Church, Rio Vista, Cali-
fornia.

182

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ALBINO DEER SEEN IN THE
STANISLAUS FOREST.
On February 1, of this year, Ranger
Freer saw a white or albino mule deer
in the Stanislaus National Forest. Sev-
eral months later, on May 7, when Ranger
Freer and former District Ranger Fowler
were out repairing telephone lines they
again saw an albino deer. These two
records of the appearance of an albino
deer were of unusual interest to us. — ^J.
Y. WtJLFF, Sonora, California.

A TRAPPER'S EXPERIENCES.

I laid out my first line of traps on the
twenty-fifth of October, 1920, stringing
them from Logan Meadow north to the
junction of the main and West Chiquito
creeks, crossing here and keeping along
the ridge until opposite Placer Station,
where I crossed over and continued north
to Arnold meadow. Then I crossed back
to Ijogan via Mebold and Summit mea-
dows, covering about thirty miles each
day. Of course, I later varied this line
in several respects, at one time running
up the Joaquin to Squaw Dome, and
again trapping the other side of the river
as far down as Kaiser crossing.

My first catch, on the twenty-sixth of
October, consisted of three grey foxes and
one skunk. All of these skins were ex-
ceedingly blue and unprime, so I set all
traps off that day and left them until the
fifteenth of November, and even then I
caught foxes that were not at all prime.
In my mind there is not the slightest
doubt but that the trapping season is at
least one month too early even for that
country ; yet there are always trappers
at work on the first day of the season
(October 15) as low down as Finegold.
Then they wonder at the prices which
they receive for their furs.

For coyote bait I used squirrel meat
ground very fine, to which I added a small
amount of tincture of asafetida (God
only knows how to spell that word— but
you know what it is — I used to wear it
around my neck to prevent diseases when
I was a kid) and some oil of rhodium.
I set three traps in a Y form, driving a
stake through the rings completely out of
sight, and covering the whole thing over
very carefully. In the course of two
months, I was able to so set such a group
of traps that the coyotes would take

enough notice of it to turn a trap over
once in a while, or scratch the bait from
the center of the set. I then found that
thoy were suspicious of any set that was
bounded on any side by any obstacle what-
ever—and after that I set them in the
openings ; and this was the secret of the
whole game. I caught seventeen of these
so-called coyotes in a very short time. A
peculiar thing about them is that, while
in the trap, at least, they will utter no
sound whatever and, instead of striving
to get away, they will simply grovel in the
dirt like a domestic dog trying to beg
forgiveness; also they will positively not
meet your eye. On the contrary with the
grey fox — they are continually on the
prod and will growl, snap and bark from
the time they see you until they are dis-
patched. I also caught a large black
eagle in one of these set«, and he was as
docile as a chicken, not even hissing at
me when I let him out of the trap. Later
I caught another of these birds, but the
coyotes found him first and left me only
his two feet.

I spoke to you about finding the car-
casses of eight deer that had undoubtedly
been killed by coyotes. These kills were
always in the deep snow and one could
visualize every move that was made. In
each case the deer was chased by not
more than two animals — sometimes only
one— and caught by another as he circled
back over his trail. I have always read
that these animals hamstring a deer, but
in so far as I could tell these deer were
pulled down from in front by a nose
hold, and when you take into considera-
tion the size of these coyotes it does not
seem at all impossible. My largest was
sixty-two inches long and would weigh
something over 100 pounds, but the aver-
age was better than fifty-eight inches
from tip to tip, and just that much bone
and muscle. In broad daylight I saw one
carrying a full grown badger by holding
it in his teetli and throwing the weight
over his left shoulder. When caught in a
trap they will tear manzanita bushes over
two inches through into the smallest
shreds. The one thing I couldn't under-
stand about these killings was that they
were all large deer and mostly bucks. It
was some little time after the rutting sea-
son and after the bucks had plenty of
time to regain strength. The last one I

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

183

found was about the twenty-fourth of
February, and as I attempted to lift the
head both horns came off in my hand.
This for your information regarding the
time deer drop their horns at that eleva-
tion. This was a perfect four-pointer.

During my stay in there I saw but one
loin track, and though I followed for
several miles I could not find where he
had either attacked or molested any deer.
I am, therefore, of the opinion that a
great many of the kills with which lions
are blamed should go to the coyote. J. T.
Hogue told me that he had found a great
many deer killed by lions in his time, but
he admitted that he had seen no sign of
a lion at a great many of these carcasses
and had simply taken it for granted that
it was a lion. When the Teafords were
in there hunting lion and bear last win-
ter they saw one lion track — this lion had
come from Shake Flat across country to
the Soda Springs on West Chiquito and
straight through to Jackass — in a straight
line and with never a stop, although he
was passing through a country that liter-
ally swarmed with deer of all kinds. Cer-
tainly, at that time of year he was going
straight through and out of the deer
country, and though the boys followed
him for two days he did not stop or make
a kill of any kind. George Teaford and
W. B. Day, both old-timers, tell me that
they have seen deer killed by single
coyotes — and since these animals of which
I speak are not much smaller than the
old timber wolf, it does not seem at all
impossible.

Unless the price of fur goes up to a
point where it will pay to trap these
coyotes, or until a bounty is placed on
them by the county, it will be but a very
few years before they do some real dam-
age to the deer. Of course one wonders
why they have not reached such numbers
in the past as to have exterminated all
of the deer, but I think that civilization
is concentrating the deer and the coyotes
into such a small tract of land in the
h'lls that the coyote is gaining ad-
vantages every year — especially during
the hard winters. This same question is
asked about the tree bettles — why they
haven't destroyed all the timber before,
since they were left alone for years —
while I know there is a real reason I
don't know what it is.

As for deer — our fii^t few months in
there we saw great numbers of does,
and with every doe there was at least one
fawn and sometimes two. Wagner told
me that there were a great many barren
does, but all the barren does I saw had
their fawns close by. And that reminds
me of another peculiar thing. There was
a cave on the Logan side of the river
where I thought there might be a bear or
so, and while I was sitting there one day
waiting for the dog to come up, so I
could send him in, I saw an old doe and
two fawns come down to drink on the
other side of this river. It was the
twenty-sixth of November and the deer
had just started running, the first signs
of this being on the twenty-fifth. This
old doe led both fawns down and they
started to drink. As soon as she saw they
were busy at it she started up the hill on
a dead run, but they heard her and caught
her before she had gone 200 yards. She
walked calmly back to the river with
them again and started them to drinking
again. This time she made her get away,
although the poor little devils ran and
bleated around there for half an hour,
until they finally laid down under a big
oak and tried to forget it. I do not know
that this is the way the doe gets away
from her fawns at this time of the year,
but this I did see ; and I also know that
after the season of mating is over she
comes back to her fawns again. During
November and part of December these
little devils were all alone, but at the time
we left the hills — February 27 — every doe
had her fawns with her and seemed as
loving to them as ever. The whole trip
was the most interesting I was ever on,
and I really believe I learned more about
nature in those five months than during
my entire life.

I had an interesting experience with a
skunk. It has been my belief that I was
a regular skunk trapper and on this par-
ticular day I found a large one in a trap
on a sloping hill. The idea is that if you
get their hind feet off the ground (their
rear muscles being the ones that work
the scent bag) you can kill them without
smelling up the fur. I, therefore, lifted
this fellow off the ground with a pole and
hung him by one of the springs of the
trap in a manzanita bush. I then walked
up very close to him so as to be able to

184

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

shoot him through the brain. As I did
so he reached cue leg behind him, got a
purchase on one of the limbs of the bush
and shot me square in the eye and ear,
at the same time dropping down out of
the bush, where he proceeded to work on
me from the ground up. As soon as I
had sufficiently recovered to open one eye,
I took a squint at him and he was sitting
there calmly chewing on the fish head with
which I had baited the trap. This calm-
ness of theirs impresses me more than
anything else that they do, except, of
course, the thing I have just mentioned.
When you come on them in a trap they
will invariably look up at you for an in-
stant and then go on eating, or picking
their teeth, or whatever it may be that
they are interested in.

After the twentieth of November the
large bucks started to come down from
the high country, though the spikes and
forked horns had been running wild a
week previous to this. After that the
ground was torn up in huge chunks on
every hillside and opening, in the entire
forest. It was not my luck to see any
real fights, though I heard one time a
clashing of horns in the brush within
thirty feet of the trail that must have
meant trouble. Also, two of the last
coj'otes that I trapped had large un-
healed gashes in their heads and along
their sides that could have been made by
horns only. — Roy H. Blood, Madera,
California.

AN OPOSSUM SEEN IN PACHECO
PASS.

Last summer I was driving from
Fresno to Monterey via Pacheco Pass,
when about fifteen miles out from IIoI-
lister and east of that place I saw some-

thing which at the time I believed to be
a cat. Although dark, I had a strong
spot light and by using it 1 could see the
shining eyes of the animal. I brought
the car to a sudden stop and ran up to
where it was lying, whereupon, it started
to walk off. I grabbed a small stick and
hit it lightly. It lay as if dead — it not
only was playing possum, but it was a
possum! It had the long slick tail which
is similar to the tail of a rat. The hair
was gray and white tipped and the face
was the bald face of the opossum {Didel-
phis virginiana) . I picked it up and held
it for a few seconds, but it began to
squirm and when I dropped it it ran into
the shrubs at the side of the road and
was gone. — II. D. T.ibby, Fresno, Cali-
fornia.

THE OPOSSUM IN VENTURA COUNTY

P.eing a southerner and having had, last
Xovomher, a fine opossum {Didclphis vir-
f/iniana) killed by a friend, and baked
with sweet potatoes in the true southern
style by an old negro from Dixie, I was
particularly interested in the item pub-
lished in the January number of Cali-
fornia Fish and Game.

The opossum, a male, was killed in
Ventura County, about two miles up the
Snnta Clara River from the mouth and
was the first one ever heard of in this
vicinity. It was larger than any I ever
saw in the south — California must agree
with them.

Since this opossum was killed, I have
heard of two being caught near the line
of Ventura and Los Angeles counties, but
these were only reports. I did not see
the animals myself. — Geo. P. Austin.
Ojnard, California.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

185

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES.

MUSKRAT SEASON CLOSED IN
MINNESOTA.

In October, 1920, the department sent
out thousands of questionnaires asking
for information and an expression of opin-
ion from trappers, fur buyers and dealers,
farmers and sportsmen as to what steps
should be taken to preserve a breeding
nucleus of muskrats.

Fully 00 per cent of the answers fa-
vored an immediate closed season. The
commissioner petitioned Governor Burn-
quist for additional protection which was
duly granted and order No. 2 was issued
protecting muskrats until the close of the
1921 regular session of the Minnesota
legislature.

It developed later that muskrats were
still numerous in some localities and
complaints of the damage to highways and
grades poured in so rapidly that the de-
partment could not possibly investigate
them all. Whereupon another petition
was prepared asking for a lifting of the
ban in thirteen counties. This was acted
upon favorably by Governor Preus and
order No. 3 was issued. — Fins, Feathers
and Fur, December, 1920.

SPORTSMEN'S CLUBS IN NEW YORK

"There are today in New York some
475 sportsmen's clubs comprising a mem-
bership of about 40,000 hunters, fisher-

men, and other conservationists. Even
this total, however, is smaller than it
should be, in view of the fact that last
year some 300,000 persons purchased
hunting and trapping licenses in New
York — to say nothing of the fishermen of
whom no license is required." — The Con-
servationist, April, 1921.

INTEREST IN FISH AND GAME CON-
SERVATION IN UTAH.

Interest in fish and game conservation
in Utah has been greatly stimulated
through the efforts of the United States
Forest Service, which has organized local
fish and game protective associations and
unified them into a state organization.
Since October, 1920, more than twenty-
five locals have been established.

ANNUAL DIVIDEND FROM FUR-
BEARING ANIMALS OF NEW
YORK STATE.

The game and fur-bearing animals of
New York state, if capitalized, are worth
not less than $53,000,000; they return
an annual dividend of more than $3,200,-
000; and they cost the state for their
protection and increase the nominal sum
of $182,000. This cost of protection and
increase is thus less than 6 per cent of
the annual dividend.

186

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

REPORTS.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.
January 1, 1921, to March 31, 1921.

Offense

Number

of
arrests

GAME

Hunting without license

Trapping without license

Deer— closed season— killing or possession

Does— spike bucks, lawns— killing or possession

Bear— closed season— killing or possession

Brush rabbits, squirrels— closed season— killing or possession

Quail— offering for sale— excess limit— killing or possession

Doves — closed season — killing or possession

Ducks — excess limit — closed season — killing or possession

Protected shore birds— killing or possession

Non-game birds — killing or possession

Night hunting

Shooting ducks from power boat

Mudhens — killing or possession closed season

Total game violations-

FISH
Angling without license

Clams— undersized— excess limit— taking or possession

Crabs— undersized— excess limit— taking or possession

Abalones — undersized — closed season— taking or possesion.

Lobsters— undersized— taking or possession

Striped bass— underweight— taking or possession

Young fish- taking or possession

Barracuda— underweight — taking or possession

Sturgeon — closed season— taking or possession

Sunfish, crappie — closed season— taking or possession

Trout — excess limit — closed season — taking or possession...
Illegal nets in restricted districts

Total fish violations-

Fines
impost*!

20

$200 00

4

40 UO

23

875 00

i

475 00

1

10 00

6

lOO 00

10

350 00

1

25 00

12

250 00

8

225 00

17

755 00

12

50 00

1

25 00

1

25 00

Grand total fish and game violations.

120

$3,405 00

10

$190 00

12

310 00

16

3(50 00

19

627 50

1

25 00

9

155 00

2

20 00

1

25 00

1

20 00

5

40 CO

7

190 00

18

595 00

101

$2,557 50

221

$5,962 50

SEIZURES— FISH AND GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS

January 1, 1921, to March 31, 1921.

GAME.

Deer meat 376 lbs.

Quail 148

Ducks _ - 857

Doves, pigeons 1

Babbits, squirrels 12

Miscellaneous birds 30

Beaver skin 1

Pine marten skins 5

FISH.

Striped bass 926 lbs.

Barracuda 8625 lbs.

Halibut 5669 lbs.

Sunflsh 21

Trout 22

Crabs 2516

.Abalones 317

.\balones 6497 lbs.

Clams, pismo 690

Clams, cockle 982 lbs.

Lobsters 1920

Lobsters 100 lbs.

lU.'gal nets 16

SEARCHES.
Illcgul fi.'^li and game 16

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

187

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES.
Period from July 1, 1920, to March 31, 1921.

\ \

\

Administration:

Commissioners

Executive oflBces

Printing

Research and publicity

Accident and death claims-

Commercial fish culture and conservation:

Superintendence

Inspection and patrol

Research

Statistics -

Market fishing license commissions

Propagation and distribution of salmon-

Sporting fish culture and conservation:

Superintendence

Printing

Prosecutions and allowances

Angling license commissions

Pish exhibits .

General patrol (pro rata share)—

San Francisco District (40 per cent)-
Los Angeles District (40 per cent)-..
Sacramento District (40 per cent)--

Propagation and distribution of trout-

Game conservation:

Printing

Prosecutions and allowances-—

Hunting license commissions

Mountain lion hunting (and bounties)-.

General patrol (pro rata share) —

San Francisco District (60 per cent).

Los Angeles District (69 per cent)

Sacramento District (60 per cent)

Tahoe camping groun-d.

$310 68
l&.WQ 10

4,985 82
4,789 95
1,427 61

$11,814 75

23,754 51

22,948 71

7,989 15

375 50

19,739 93

$11,203 55

198 54

391 85

12,627 40

4,323 19

38,943 71

12,506 31

21,413 88

109,069 47

$267 18

970 73

19,134 70

6,724 76

43,283 45
16,533 10
32,123 74

$30,683 22

86.822 55

200,677 90

121,173 59
402 11

$439,5,59 37

188

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

189

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California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"

Volume 7 SACRAMENTO, OCTOBER, 1921 Number 4

CONTENTS.

Page

VtHE sardine of CALIFORNIA Will F. Thompson 193

"^^ HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE CALIFORNIA SARDINE INDUSTRY ,, -
Will F. Thompson tSM"

FERTILIZER, STOCKFOOD AND OIL FROM SARDINE OFFAL 4

W. L. Scofield 207

METHODS OF SARDINE FISHING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA..

E. Higgins and H. B. Holmes 219

CALIFORNIA SARDINE FOOD PRODUCTS AND THEIR PREPARA-
TION H. R. Beard 238

INSPECTION IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FISH CANNERIES ^

Norman Ucndrickson 248

NOTES ON THE SEA LIONS E. C. Starks 250

A DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTE ON HALIOTIS S. S. Berry 254

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHEMICAL LITERATURE PER-
TAINING TO THE FISH INDUSTRY H. R. Beard 256

EDITORIALS . 261

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 268

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 268

REPORTS 271

Violations of Fisn and Gaivle Laws 271

Fishery Products- _j__i . . _; 272

Seizures 274

Expenditures 274

INDEX 275

14001

192

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 193

THE SARDINE OF CALIFORNIA.-

By Will F. Thompson.

In this number of California Fish and Game appear a series of
articles upon the California sardine, dealing with the history of the
fishery, the methods of catching, of canning, and the use of waste fish
as fertilizer. They are not technical in nature, being designed for
readers interested in fisheries in general, and do not attempt to speak
authoritatively on debated points. The industry has been, for the past
five years, an important one in California, and crucial years are ahead
of it.

It should be understood, in the first place, that the sardine packed
in California is a true sardine, in the sense understood by scientists of
recognized standing.

This is not true of the "sardine" packed in Maine and other New
England States. That is in reality a young herring, known to natural-
ists as Clupea liarengus, whereas the true sardine is known as Sardinu
pilchardus. This herring is caught in great numbers along the Maine
coast in weirs, or traps made in relatively shallow water. Its habits
are different in many respects from those of the true sardine, for the
eggs of the herring are laid on the sea bottom and attach themselves

Fig. 55. The California sardine, a specimen without the usual spots. Photograph by H. B. Holmes.

there, while the eggs of the sardine are laid free in the water and drift
with the currents. The differences in structure, flavor, etc., are ecpially
marked.

The same remarks may be made about the Norwegian "sardines"
save for the fact that among them one finds two species of fish widely
different from the true sardine, namely the young of the herring,
and the bristling, or young of the sprat, called Clupea sprattus by
European writers. It is noteworthy that the English courts decided
in 1916 that Norwegian fish packed as "sardines" could not be
admitted into England under that name. According to the review of
the court, bristling had been packed in oil in Norway since 1874, and
they were at first called ' ' Sproetten in oel, ' ' later ' ' Sproetten a la Sar-
dine," and finally "Norwegian sardines." The name sardine was
therefore limited to the young of the pilchard, which are canned in
France, Spain, Portugal and Italy as sardines. The pilchard itself
is canned in Cornwall as pilchard. Later the Australian courts fol-
lowed the example of the English.

♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, No. 30.

194 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The true sardine, or pilchard, is found rroni Enghuid along the
Atlantic coast of p]nropi' soutlnvard into the Mediterranean, and the
adjacent coasts of Africa. It has been divided into two races, or
varieties, the one found in the Atlantic and known as Sardhni
pilckarchs pilchardus, the other found in the jMediterranean and known
as Sardina pilchardus sardina. It still remains to be carefully investi-
gated whether the difference between these two subspecies, or varieties,
or races, is less than exists between some of the other "species" of
sardine.

There are, indeed, throughout the world a nunil)er of these very
closely related species of sardines. Thus there is the sardine of the
Pacific Coast of America, from Alaska to IMexico, known as Sardina
coerulea, and that of the coast of Peru, known as Sardina sagax, per-
haps belonging to the same species, but more likely not. There is a
gap of considerable extent between the extremes of their distributions,
namely the tropical waters of the Gulf of Panama, and careful exam-
ination of many specimens will some time be necessary to determine
their distinctness. Nevertheless, they both are extremely closely allied
to the sardine or pilchard of Europe, in habits, distribution in the sea
waters, movements and structure. This is granted by every competent
authority. They are the only true sardines found in the waters of the
Americas, save, perhaps, a species found occasionally in the West Indies,
for no sardine is found on our Atlantic coast.

On the other side of the Pacific there are found the Japanese sardine,
Sardinu melanosticia, and the Australian Sardina neopilchardiis.
These are both very close to the European species. There is also a
sardine to be found in the waters of the Cape of Good Hope, known as
Sardina occllata. The interrelationships of these various species are
very poorly known and the morphological characters upon which they
are based are insufficiently studied.

However, it is very plain that they are entitled to the name sardine,
or pilchard, in contradistinction to the young of the herring, or sprat.

Regarding their habits and rate of growth, not a great deal is known.
It is known that the eggs are pelagic, tliat is, laid so that they float
freely in the open ocean waters, and that the adults in the waters of
Europe and America disappear before spawning. Whether they are
subject to the great fluctuations in abundance to which the herring is,
still remains to be seen. The California Fish and Game Commission
has collected careful data which it is hoped will in due time throw
light on the subject of habits, rate of growth, migrations, and the
presence of great changes in abundance. If the results wdiich have been
obtained in work on the herring can be paralleled, they will undoubt-
edly prove of much importance.

The following articles are regarded in no sense as a part of this
w^ork, although they do, to a certain extent provide a basis for judg-
ment as to the changes which may occur in methods of fishing and
canning in the future. This is especially true of the article on fishing
gear and methods. An article by Professor Starks of Stanford Uni-
versity has appeared, in the April, 1918, number of California Fish
AND Game upon the scientific characters of the members of the sardine
and herring family found in the waters of California, and anyone
interested is referred to that publication.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 190

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CALIFORNIA SARDINE

INDUSTRY.*

By Will F. Thompson.

The sardine industry in California is, as it now exists, essentially
a product of the great war. Previous to its outbreak there had been
a relatively small pack at Monterey and San Pedro, but the machinery
for a vast expansion already existed in part in the tuna canneries of
southern California. With the practical cessation of sardine imports
into the United States in 1915, and the later great foreign demand,
the pack of California sardines rose to great heights. Now with the
coming of peace and the gradual return to normal conditions still so
far removed, it remains to be seen how our new industry will meet
competition. The development of fishing and packing methods have
thus far been incidents only in the thorough upheaval of 1914, and
the history to be here recorded gives little clue to how well fitted they
are for survival. So, in a measure, this review is not a history, because
it is written during the event.

Nevertheless, since the existence of methods, and a knowledge of the
availability of the raw material, enabled the California sardine canners
to so readily seize their great opportunity, the prewar period is of
much interest. Failures and crudities naturally played their parts,
as might have been expected, for a bodily transportation of fishing and
canning methods from the great existing European and Maine fisheries
was impossible. The California sardine is a true sardine, with vastly
different habits than the young herring and sprat of the Maine and
Norwegian fisheries. Where in Maine weirs may be employed, here nets
must be used. And of course, the quality of the fish is also different,
requiring different treatment. At the same time, the difference between
French and American labor and physical conditions effectively pre-
cluded the introduction of French methods of canning save in a general
way. It is highly to be regretted that even at the time of the outbreak
of the war, cannery methods were still imperfect and that such packs
as that of the round can had still to be tried.

THE PREWAR PERIOD.
The canneries.

The Golden Gate Packing Company of San Francisco was the first
sardine cannery on the Pacific Coast. During 1890, 1891 and 1892 it
put up 20,000 cases of sardines in quarter-pound cans of the usual
type, 7000 cases of one-pound round cans, and 7000 of two-pound.
But, so it was said, the appearance of the sardines was erratic, and
this, combined with other eau.ses, resulted in the sale of the machinery,
and its shipment to San Pedro, where sardines were to be found more
consistently.

There it was utilized by the Southern California Fish Company,
managed by A. P. Half hill. This concern continued to pack sardines in
a limited way until 1909, but in the meantime, in 1906, it had begun
packing tuna, and toward this its energies were principally directed

♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, No. 31.

196 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

until 191G. Otlior eannories, sneh as the Lower California Fisheries
Company, the Pacific Tuna C'annins; Company, and the Premier Pack-
ing Company, all of San Diego; the Ilalfliill Tuna Packing Company,
the South Coast Canning Company, and the Los Angeles Tuna Canning
Company, of Long Beacli ; and the Van Camp Sea Food Company and
the White Star Tuna Packing C-ompany of San Pedro, began operations
on the tuna. So that in 191(3 there were ten firms engaged in packing
this fish in southern California, with a long winter season when no tuna
were available while sardines were. These firms pi'ri\i(lf(] i]\o fii'st
great pack of sardines.

In northern California no .sucli parallel industry liail prepared the
way. Put F. E. Booth had, in 1903, started a cannery at Monterey,
and in 1906, the IMonterey Fishing and Packing Company (later
reorganized as the Pacific Fish Company) had established itself.
]Mr. Booth began in a small experimental way about 1902 in a shed on
a back street in the town of ^lonterey. His real canning operations
were begun in 1903 in a small luiilding on the waterfront where his
cannery now stands. He started with rpiarter-oils and a little later
packed larger fish, calling them mackerel, to suit the market then exist-
ing. However, seven or eight years later, the federal government
ruled that they would have to be labelled sardines. The early canning
was done by the old method of hand flaking, drying in the sun, and
hand soldering the cans. For the first three years there Avas not even
a power winch for hoisting the fish from the boats to the cannery
wharf. Fish were hoisted by hand, pulled up in ba.skets and carried
in the same to the tank in the cannei-y. The pound oval pack which
has become the specialty of the IMonterey canneries was developed
under these normal conditions, and was well established at the outbreak
of the war. So here, although but two canneries awaited the great
expansion of the industry, they were on a relatively firmer basis, in so
far as the sardine was concerned. In 1916, not only were the two
existing firms kept busy, but a number of new canneries were started.

The fishing methods.

But, in northern California tliere had also develoi^ed a successful
method of fishing, which provided a more uniform and cheaper supply
of fish. This successful method was the use of the lampara.*

There has been some controversy as to whether or not fishing before
1905 was done w'ith a gill net, and whether this was carried on during
the daylight or at night. Gill netting, at present, is done in a small
way for bait and for the fi'esh fish mai'ket. and lias lieen ]iracticed thus
for many years at IMonterey. So it is possible that during the first
year of experimenting the fish were supplied by the gill net fishermen.

However, from 1903 to 1905 a pur.se net was used for sardines, for
the most part in the daytime, usually in tlie afternoon, but occasionally
at night. The fish were located hy seeing them .jump at the surface
or by seeing schools in the shallow water. The cannery (F. E. Booth)
furnished the equipment and the fishermen worked by the month for
wages.

♦These notes regarding: the lampara are those of Mr. W. Tj. Scofielcl. who kindly
made inquiries regarding the matter at the writer's request.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 197

Instead of the modern lighter the "Sacramento River seine boat"
was used. It was a light, double-ended boat, carrying the net and the
catch. The seine was circled by hand from the skiffs, pursed from
the seine boat or the skiffs, and pulled up between the fishing launch
and the seine boat. The catch was dipped out and into the seine boat,
about as at present.

The net was made of one-inch mesh, from No. 6 cord, was twelve
fathoms deep and two hundred long. There being no "bag," the fish
were held by pursing the bottom by means of a rope run through rings.
The net was extremely heavy because of the small mesh, and ten men
were necessary. Hauls had to be made in shallow water, because the
fish were almost sure to be frightened and to sink below the net if the
water were deep enough. Fortunately the sardines could be found in
shallow water a good part of the year.

As the capacity of the cannery was only about ten tons, but one
crew of ten to twelve men under a captain was employed during the
first three or four years. The fishermen often failed to obtain a supply,
and in 1905, the captain, Pete Ferrante, with Booth's backing, sent to
Tangier for a lampara net, essentially similar to the one described else-
where in this volume. This net had a bag of fine mesh in which the
fish were trapped before they could sink, and it was easier to haul
because of the coarse mesh in the wings. The purse seine and the
lampara were at first used together, one for the day, the other for the
night fishing, but in 1906 the purse net was abandoned because more
expensive. Other lamparas were patterned after this first one, which
soon went to pieces, and of course many modifications have been made
since. But the use of the lampara soon enabled the fishermen to catch
sardines in deep water and at night, when they could be located by their
phosphorescence. The result was a larger and more certain supply.
It can not be doubted that the lampara has played a most important
part in the establishment of the sardine industry on this coast.

In 1905 or 1906, the lampara was carried on the launch, and a barge
substituted for the seine boat. Since then larger and larger launches
have been used, with more powerful engines, just as in all other marine
fisheries the methods of transportation have been steadily improved.
The nets themselves have been deepened to fish more efficiently, and
in southern California the type of net which the Japanese fishermen
have modified from the lampara is thought by many to be a great
advance.

THE WAR PERIOD.

Then, with two canneries packing sardines at Monterey, the tuna
canneries awaiting a method of filling in the long winter season in
southern California, and the methods of fishing already developed,
there occurred the outbreak of the Great "War in 1914. It altered the
sardine industry on this coast as thoroughly and profoundly as it did
any other industry. First, in 1915, the domestic market was abandoned
by the foreign packers to our own Maine and California industry,
imports dropping sharply and continuously. Then, in 1917 and 1918,
the European markets themselves were opened to our products by the
derangements of supply, etc., in Europe, while with our entry into the
war came the insistent campaign for food conservation, including .the

198

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

eating of fish rather than meat. The effect of foreign conditions npon
our imports of "fish packed in oil" and our exports of "canned fish
except salmon" is shown in Figure 56, taken from the reports of the
Department of Commerce of the United States. This illustrates this
point well, since sardines form the bulk of both categories. It will be
noted that imports declined in 1915, but that exports did not rise
until later.

Millions
of dollars

7.

i

i\

r

6.

5.

/

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/

4

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__ .

—

—

ZXt^OFy

'TS

m —

/

[\

1

csi-V \

1894

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

Fig. 56. United States imports and exports, to show condition of
foreign trade. Imports of "fish (except shell-fish) packed in oil," and
exports of "canned fish except salmon," as given by Monthly Summaries
of Foreign Commerce of the United States, issued by Bureau of Com-
merce. Total value of Maine pack of sardines for various pre-war years
shown as circles.

Foreign conditions.

To understand this change, however, the condition of affairs in
Europe must be analyzed, and we may briefly review the history of the
fisheries at Stavanger, Norway, where the packing of the Norwegian
"sardine" is extensively done. In tlie lower part of Figure 57 arc
shown the exports to the -United States. It is obvious that the fall is
entirely parallel to that shown by Figure 56 for the imports into the
United States, and that it was a fall of identical character in quantity
as well as in value. TTowever, in Figure 57, the middle section sliows
that the total quantity packed did not fall until a year or perhaps two
j^ears later, and that the value of the packed fish did not fall until
three years later, namely, in 1917. In other words, the market for
Norwegian sardines was found in p]urope during the first years of tlie
war, just as trade reports also indicate that better prices were obtain-
able in the British and German markets than in the United States.
This condition prevailed during 1915, and also to an even more marked
degree during 1916, a year termed by the Norwegians the "golden
year" because of the high prices, and despite the rise in cost of mate-
rials and labor. But in 1917 and 1918 the exports to the United States
and the total production both fell, because of scarcity of materials such
as tin plate, olive oil, fuel oil, the prevalence of labor troubles, influenza
and the placing of embargoes by belligerent countries. In 1917, for
instance, there was a marked shortage of tin i)late, save where the
factories supplying goods to Germany were provided with cans by that

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

199

country. These conditions continued and were intensified during 1918,
so that, in contrast to 1916, it was termed a "dead" year.

The effect of such changes as they affected the Norwegian canneries
in passing, of great interest to us, as perhaps such changes as

IS

occurred to them may be apparent in the case of our own industry.
The first result of the increase in price obtained was the founding of
more canneries in 1916, and the later closure of many. Then there was

Dollars
1.60

1.40
1.20
1.00

.80

.60

.40

.20

Thousands
of dollars

1,400
1,200
1,000

800

600

400

200

Thousands
of dollars

1,200

1,000
800
600

400
200

1912

1915

1919

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Percentage
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Skjeppes

14

12

10

8

6

4
2

Millions
of pounds

7.4

6.1

4.9
3.6
2.4
1.2

Percentage o f bristling
used in total pack of
sardines. — - —

Value per Skjeppe (21.13
quarts) of material used.

Value in dollars of raw
fish used.

Quantity in hundreds of
thousands of Skjeppes
used.

C. Declared value of exports

to United States.

Quantity in pounds of ex-
ports to United States.

1911

1914

1917

1919

Fig. 57. Condition of sardine fishery at Stavanger, Norway.
Commerce Reports, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Coinmerce.

Data from Supplement to

the increased value per unit quantity of fish used, apparently not
dependent upon the composition of the catch. Thus in the upper
section of Figure 57, the percentage — among the total of herring and
sprat — of bristling, or young sprat, which are supposed to provide the
best pack of "sardines," is shown by the line of dots and dashes. It
is obvious therefrom that the largest part of the war pack was made
from the young herring and the blending, or mixture of sprats and
herrings, and that not until the very small pack of 1918 did the
percentage of bristling rise. And that very promptly fell upon the

2 — 14002

200

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

resumption of packing and export to tlie United States in 1919. But
the value of raw fish per "skjeppe"* rose and fell in accordance with
the value of the total. In other words, the war market was flooded
with the pack of herrings and blauding, while the number of canneries
first increased and then diminished.

That some such conditions applied throughout Europe would seem
to be true from the fluctuations which opcurrod in the importations
from various countries into the United fStates. These are shown in
Figure 58. With the exception of the imports from Italy, all countries

Thousands
of dollars

1,600

/

\

/
/

\
\

A

\

/

\

/

\

\'

QAtt

"1

X

\

/

\

1 000

/

\

/

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/

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CJ^l

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1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1918

Fig. 58. Imports into the United States of "fish (except shell-fish)
Tracked in oil," from various countries, showing rise of Norwegian and
fall of French imports during pre-war period, also fall of all imports
during war. Data from Bureau of Foreign Commerce and Navigation
of the United States.

showed a decreased total in 1916, and a near collapse in 1918. Our
consular reports show much the same to have occurred in Portugal as
in Norway, namely, a first diversion of produce to European markets,
then a general slackening of the industry, producing, in so far as
imports into the United States were concerned, a nearly continuous fall.
We may therefore summarize the causes of the fall in imports and the
rise in exports as due to, first, the abandonment of the American
market by European packers, and then the collapse of the European
industry in part at least. American packers therefore were first
offered a better domestic market and then a share in the European
market in addition.

The rise of the California industry.

It will be seen that the most favorable conditions existed for our
sardine fisheries, and the resultant effect upon the extent of our pack
may be seen in Figure 59. Almost all sardines which are taken in this
country are packed, and the increase in pack is clearly shown. The
first great pack was, it is obvious, in 1917. And this corresponds with
the great rise in value of sardines in this country, resultant in part
from the conditions we have dealt with above, and in part from war
conditions considered more generally in their effect on the domestic
markets. At the same time we must remember the great encouragement

•A skjeppe equals 21.13 quarts.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

201

given to the use of fish during 1917 and 1918 after our entry into the
war. In Figure 60, we have shown the rise in value of Maine, Nor-
wegian, Portuguese and French sardines in so far as they were obtain-
able in the Los Angeles markets, utilizing quotations on cases of a
hundred quarter-pound oil sardines. When it is borne in mind that
the California sardines were packed to meet the high values of 1917
and 1918, Figure 59 should be clearly understood.

S/\RD/N£S
/iLL OTHERS

CSFL

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

Sardines _
All fish __-

millions

4

78

millions
16
70

millions
104
200

millions
158
250

millions
154
250

millions
119
208

Fig. 59. Catch of sardines in millions of pounds, compared with catch of all fish in California durin
war period. Data from reports of California Fish and Game Commission, 'save for 1915, which is froi
reports of the Federal Bureau of Fisheries.

The rise in value is shown in Figure 60 on a logarithmic scale,
Avhich has the effect of making the rise of each commodity show as it
M'ould if reduced to a percentage basis, and the slope of the lines is
therefore comparable and truly indicative of the relative rise in value.
An increase of a dollar a case of Maine sardines would plainly be a
larger proportionate rise than a dollar a case of French sardines, yet
the ordinary charts would show the two increases as identical amounts,
but the logarithmic chart shows them as considered in relation to
the first price, namely, a greater rise for the Maine than for the French
in proportion. The figure demonstrates that the Norwegian sardine
did not rise as fast as the Portuguese, save for a brief period in 1920,
and that the Maine sardine fluctuated in price much as did the Nor-
wegian. In so far as the French sardine is concerned, the sudden rise
in price in 1914 and the subsequent practical disappearance we have
not been a])le to analyze. We have no data on the California pack of
quarter oil sardines which is comparable to these shown, because such
a pack was not placed on the market until 1917. But there are shown
the changes in value of Booth's Crescent one-pound oval pack, from

202

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Monterey, and this shows much less rehative rise than the others utilized
below.

Just as the first flush of war prosperity and high prices in Norway
in 1915 and 1916 resulted in the starting of eighteen new canneries,
so in California the tuna canneries turned suddenly to sardines and

Dollars

2.00
1.90
1.80

25.00
20.00

15.00

10.00
9.00

R.OO
7.00
6.00

i9i:

1914

1916

1918

1920 1921

^==

^

■^-^.

booth:

--c/iLiFi>/?n/a

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-

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j3

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y P

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-

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1

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f

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-y

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1

' "■■"' ''

Fig. 60. Fluctuations in wholesale price per case of quarter-pound-oil
sardines in Los Angeles during and shortly before the war. Above,
price per dozen of Booth's Crescent, pound oval size. Given pn loga-
rithmic scale to show relative rather than absolute fluctuations in price.
Data from Commercial Bulletin of Los Angeles.

new ones were constructed. To illustrate this point, we have attempted
to tabulate the canneries and the time of their construction or diversion
to sardine packing, according to the year, with the following results:

1894' — 1 cannery built.

1903 — 1 cannery built.

1906 — 1 cannery built.

1915 — 1 cannery built.

1916 — 14 canneries start packing, 11 previously lunn.

1917—11 canneries built.

1918 — 10 canneries l)uilt.

1919 — 5 cannerie.s built.

1920 — 2 canneries built.

Of course, some of these are no longer existent or have ceased opera-
tions, but the point we desire to make is olivious, that there was a very
considerable increase in canneries due to the value of the canneries,
both for Monterey and for southern California, as contrasted with the
much more modest rise in the pack produced, especially in southern
California. It will be remembered that somewhat the same sequence
of events occurred in Maine, when during the early days of the industry
the canneries multiplied faster than the pack increased, until con.solida-
tion and elimination took place.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

203

But there was another parallel with the Norwegian pack perhaps not
less important, although perhaps not due to the same causes. And
that was the emphasis upon quantity rather than quality. Previous
to the outbreak of the war the pound oval held the field, but for a time
the round can cooked inverted and by steam took a very prominent

1916 1917 1918 1919

(
(

1
1

1

1

/

/

/

/

r

1
>

(

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/^

/

1

1

ALL

FISH CANNED IN

CALIFORNIA BY

CASES

Northern

Southern

191C_-

196.104

522,609

1917—

480.111

1,538,122

1918—

729.100

1,385,202

1919—

905,206

1,166,435

VALUE OF FISH

PACKING

PLANTS

Northern

Southern

1916-- $860,590

$948,702

1917— 786,197

2,573,453

1918— 1,569,330

4,089,660

1919-- 2,272,514

5,436,357

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

IN FISH PACKING

PLANTS

Northern

Southern

1916—

1,573

2,289

1917—

3,090

3.261

1918--

3,829

4.210

1919—

3,123

5,119

1916 1917 1918 1919

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

- - - - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Fig. 61. Comparison of num-
ber of cases canned, value of
packing plants and number of
employees.

place. Introduced in 1916 by the Van Camp Sea Food Company, and
widely adopted, this round can pack proved economical, and large
amounts were shipped to Europe. But due to the emphasis upon
quantity production its reputation was entirely lost. Other packs were
subject to the same criticism, and far-sighted canners and brokers began
to insist upon quality, foreseeing the failure of their markets under the
more normal conditions sure to return in time. The National Canners'
Association was asked to establish an inspection service and in 1917

204 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

this was done, as is related in another part of tliis issue. Under the
stress of our entry into the war, the government for a time pnt the
whole force of its inflnenec back of tliis in.spection service, in addition
to a campaign of price fixing. At present the majority of southern
California packers belong to it.

By-products.

An interesting part of the war demand was the high prices paid for
oil, for fertilizer and for fish meal. Many of the canneries installed
plants of their own for handling their offal, producing tlicrcfrom oil,
and fish meal. But ultimately so much whole lisli w^as diverted to these
j-)lants Avhen the profit was greatest that the matter became serious
and attracted attention. The California legislature therefore passed
a law in 1919 placing tlie control of the matter in the hands of the
Fish and Game Commission. The effect was to decidedly reduce the
percentage of fish diverted to this use, but in 1920 the market for such
by-products had in part declined so that there was less temptation
to utilize fish for that purpose specially.

Competition within the state.

The three canning districts of Monterey, San Pedro and San Diego
have to a certain extent competed with each other in the past, and the
history of this is interesting, although only brief analysis of this can
be inade. There existed, previous to the war demand, two successful
sardine canneries at Monterey, packing the larger sized sardines so
readily obtained there. But the single sardine cannery in the south
after intermittent operations finally turned exclusively to tuna packing.

The seemingly superior vitality and success during the prewar
period of the Monterey packers may have been due in part to the
greater ease of fishing in Monterey Bay, with the resultant cheapness
yet excellent condition of the supply of raw fish, and the use of a
larger, more economical type of pack than the quarter-pound square
cans of the imported brands. It is said that the larger type of pack
finds its principal market in such countries as Cuba and the Philippines,
as well as the United States. How far foreign sardines are able to com-
pete for this market we have not ascertained. But it may w'ell be
that an essential element in tlie history of the southern and northern
packers has been the greater reliance of the former upon goods fitted
for export and for competition with foreign brands.

The following table illustrates the differing styles of pack made in
northern and southern California, due to the larger fish which prevail
at Monterey. It is said tliat occasionally there is a year when sizes of
fish suitable for c{uarter-oil packs are present at IMonterey in numbers
sufficient to render them easily caught, but that does not seem to be
often enough to establish a quarter-oil pack there:

Sardine Pack in Three Statistical Districts, According to Percentage Packed In

Various Sized Cans.

District

Quarter
pcund,
per cent

Half
pound,
per cent

One

pound,
per cent

San Dicco

55.5

16.7

.8

17.9

37.8

2.8

28.6

San Pedro . .

45.6

Monterey .. - - —

96.3

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

205

It will be seen from this table that the Monterey district has packed
more of the pound sizes, while the San Diego packers have depended
very largely on the small sized fish for quarter-pound cans. Whether
this will explain the greater steadiness of the price, as shown for
Booth's sardines (Monterey) in Figure 60, and of the quantity packed
as shown in Figure 62, we do not venture to express a decided opinion.

Millions
of pounds

80
70

60

50

40
30

20

10

,./\^^

/>^

^^\

/>

N

s.

/

\

/

^

/

5j/»f'ii<'--

^

,

iSFL

1915

1916 1917

1918

1919 1920

Fig. 62. Catch of sardines in three statistical districts of California.
Data from California Fish and Game Commission, save for 1915, which
is from Federal Bureau of Fisheries. (Note that pack of San Diego
sardines is largely the valuable smaller sizes, and of Monterey of larger
sizes.)

(Figure 62 shows the relative amounts packed in the three principal
sardine districts of California.) This characteristic of the Monterey
pack was shown also in 1915. At all events it would seem that the
problem of maintaining the sardine industry in competition with for-
eign and Maine sardines more largely concerns the southern packers
than the northern.*

It will be seen that we have not considered in detail the effect of the
Maine sardine pack, as we have not yet material which bears upon the
matter. But that the competition from Maine may be serious is
easily ascertained from the figures for past production, in so far as
we have them. In Figure 56, we have shown the pack value of Maine
sardines as isolated circles for those years for which data are available.

Nor have we dealt with the appearance of the sardine, or rather the
adult called a pilchard, in British Columbia. The salmon canneries
there packed in 1917 a total of $11,810 worth, in 1918, $413,853,
and in 1919, $371,871. These were sold as pilchards, according to the

♦Note. — In so far as foreign competition Is concerned, southern canners have
recently expressed considerable concern over the effect of the rate of exchange upon
the selling price of Norwegian sardines in this country.

As has been said by an official of a San Pedro corporation, with all foreign
exchange at a low level, tlie tariff on canned fish no longer gives any protection,
and Norwegian sardines are being sold to jobbers at $9.75 a case. Pacific Coast
canners are compelled to ask $12 a case to pack. The Norwegian canner gets in
his own money what is under normal conditions the equivalent of $20.20 for this
$9.75.

This is, of course an aftermath which might have been expected from the changes
in the rate of exchange, and tlie low level maintained by the disturbed conditions
of Europe. It Is one of those evidences of the desirability of restoring conditions
in central Europe which are coming to light in increasing numbers.'

206 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

English style of terminology. It yet remains to be seen whether the
run was sporadic or not.

And, finally, we may add that it has not been our intention to in
any way indicate an opinion of the future, for there is little of posi-
tive value in prophesying. Yet one may surmise that the increase
of population in this country would of itself greatly enlarge the
markets. From 1900 to 1910 the inhaliitants of the United States
increased about 21 per cent, while from 1910 to 1920 the increa.se was
about 14 per cent. Yet the consumption of sardines, including the
"fish packed in oil" and imported, increased over 40 per cent from
1900 to 1910, taking value as a criterion. The emphasis during the
war upon the eating of fish could not help but have benefited the
sardine industries. And added to these favorable facts, one may bear
in mind the depletion in part of the salmon fisheries, and the general
high cost of other foods. Indeed, despite the distinct evidence that
war conditions had much to do with the birth of our sardine industry
an optimist might find much to comfort him.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 207

FERTILIZER, STOCKFOOD AI^D OIL FROM SARDINE OFFAL.*

By W. L. SCOFIELD.
Introductory.

Although the fishins: industry in California is new and by no means
fully developed it is duplicating the experience of older industries and
is giving- more attention to the development of by-products. Of the
liundreds of tons of fish caught in California each year, less than three
quarters can be used for human food because over 25 per cent of the
weight of fish is inedible. In our leading fishery industry, the canning
of sardines, about 50 per cent of the catch goes into cans and roughly
50 per cent of the original weight is discarded as heads, entrails and
broken and under sized fish. In mild curing king salmon, about one
third of the original weiglit is lost in head, intestines, and backbone.
In the past this great quantity of inedible fish material was thrown
away as a complete loss. First in Europe and later in America this
discarded material was found to be valuable and its conversion into
a usable form proved to be financially profitable. A California sardine
packer states that the profit derived from utilizing his sardine offal
is sufficient to pay the running expenses of his cannery so that the
return from the canning plant is "velvet." Although this case may
be exceptional it indicates that the by-products of the industry have
already 'assumed great importance and there is every indication that
more and more fish waste will be utilized. There are at present
several firms in California that make the utilization of waste fish their
only business. A much larger number of reduction plants are operated
in connection with fish canneries so that at present California stands
well toward the top in the utilization of fish waste. The inedible or
waste portion of the fish is now being converted into forms that indi-
rectly serve as human food. Waste fish is reduced to fish meal which
serves as food for animals and plants that are used as food by man.
In other words we are now eating, directly or indirectly, nearer 100
per cent of the sardine than the former 50 per cent. The discrepancy
in this 100 per cent consumption as human food lies in the fact that
fish oil, a by-product of fish meal, is used for commercial purposes
other than food. The edible oil refined from fish oil has as yet proven
unsatisfactory although there is constant experimenting at present and
a palatable salad oil maj^ result.

Uses of fish meal and oil.

Fish wa.ste was first dried and ground into fisli meal to be used as
a fertilizer for plants and its value as fertilizer has long been recog-
nized. There w^as in the past a prejudice against using the meal for
stock food because the oil in the meal was said to impart a fishy
flavor to the flesh of the animal eating the meal. This has been over-
come by extracting the oil from the meal before feeding it to stock.
In fact the oil has been found to be so valuable that the cost of extract-
ing it is unimportant compared with its sale value. Fish meal, by
experiment and tests on a large commercial scale, has been found to be

♦California State Fislieries Laboratory, No. 32.
3 — 14002

208 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

exceedingly valuable as a stock food, eciualing and exceeding tankage
and grains as an animal food. Fish meal is now in demand as a food
for swine and cattle but the largast demand is as a chicken food.
Chicken raisers claim that fish meal has been found to be far superior
to any other meaty food, as meat scraps or blood. Its value lies in its
high percentage of protein, or more properly speaking, in its high
nitrogen content in thg form of ammonia and in phosphoric acid as
bone phosphate. These are also the elements so much valued in fertili-
zers and fish meal now competes with the high grade nitrogen
materials (as ammonium sulphate) and the cheap bone phosphates in
commercial fertilizers. The chief demand in this state for the meal as
a fertilizer comes from the fruit growers, especially the orange growers.
The meal therefore has two chief uses, as stock food and as fertilizer.
So far, the high price of the meal has largely confined its use to the
more intensive growing of oranges and chickens and most of the sales
are made to orchardists of southern California and to the Petaluma
chicken raisers. Meal sold in the open market brings about the same
price when sold either for fertilizer or for chicken food.

Sardine oil (as well as other fish oils) is used extensively in the
leather tanning industry but the chief use of the clear oil is in the
making of paint and the heavier fatty materials are used in tlie manu-
facture of soap.

Reduction process in general.

Fish contain a high percentage of oily fat, varying from 5 to 20
per cent in fresh sardines. This oil is not only valuable for other
uses but it is a detriment in a stock food or fertilizer. The oil and
fat are therefore extracted before the fish material is marketed as a
fish meal. There are two general methods of removing oils from
either vegetable or animal material. When the oil is to be used for
human food it is usually pressed out. Oil to be used for commercial
purposes other than as human food, is frequently removed by the use of
a volatile solvent which takes up the oil. The solvent may then be
volatilized and the oil recovered. The first fish reduction plants used
the pressing method and this principle is still the one commonly used
in the fish reduction plants of California. At present there are in the
state but two plants using the volatile solvent method of extracting
fish oil. This method will be described later. The usual practice
(press method) is to cook the fish material sufficiently to loosen the
flesh from the bones and break up the fish skeleton. The oil is then
pressed out and later refined. The meal is then dried, cooled, and run
through a grinder to break up bony particles. The meal is then
sacked ready for shipment. There are minor variations in the appli-
cation of the press method but the chief differences between plants
are in the method of drying the meal rather than in the manner of
pressing out the oil. One of the variations in method of drying will
be described later. In order to give a more consecutive idea of the
different steps in the reduction of fish to meal, it will be helpful to
consider a description of a typical plant using the common press
method for sardine offal.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 209

A typical plant of the press type.

The plant selected for desei-iption as a typical fish reduction plant,
is one operated in conjunction with a Monterey sardine cannery. The
reduction plant normally receives 30 tons of sardine offal per day,
although it is capable of handling much larger amounts if operated
continuously through the day. The fish material is almost entirely
sardine offal from the cutting tables of the cannery with the broken
and under sized whole fish that naturally result from canning opera-
tions. The offal from the cannery is collected in a large storage bin
from which a belt and bucket conveyor transports it to the top floor
of the reduction plant building. The offal is about 45 minutes in
passing through the plant from this storage bin to the drying floor as
finished meal, but only a small amount may be run through at a time.
Therefore the belt conveyor from the bin has small buckets that feed
in only the proper amount of offal.

Cooker.

The older plants of Europe used to cook the fish in vats over a wood
or coal fire but steam cooking is the common method now used in Cali-
fornia. The cooking is done in a steam chamber or stationary hori-
zontal cylinder roughly two and a half feet in diameter by 18 feet
long and insulated with asbestos packing to conserve the heat. Offal
is carried through this steam chamber at a uniform speed by means of a
revolving auger action conveyor shaft whose revolutions are so timed
that the fish remains in the chamber about 15 minutes. This revolving
conveyor carries the cooked fish to the press.

Press.

The common form of press used in this state is a horizontal contin-
uous screw press said to be a modification of the French olive press.
The press is an auger shaped screw working into a metal jacket which
is perforated with openings about the size of a pin hole to allow the
water and oil to escape. The screw press is about seven feet long.
The first three feet of the press casing or jacket is of lighter construc-
tion, with relatively larger holes for the purpose of draining off the
free water. In the last four feet, or press proper, there is another
screw revolving more slowly, and the distance between the auger
flanges is reduced so that the material moves forward more slowly.
This slowly revolving screw works against a deeply beveled stationary
disk which blocks the forward progress of the material and allows it to
escape very slowly in the form of a coarse paste scraped from the
beveled edges of the disk. The escaping oil and water are caught in a
drip pan and piped to tanks.

Dryer.

The pressed material, now in the form of a paste-like mass, must be
dried to prevent moulding and souring. Drying is done by hot air.
In this particular plant the drying is done by passing the fish through
two horizontal stationary drums or cylindrical chambers each 30 feet
long. A circulation of hot air from the furnace is forced through
these drums or ' ' dryers ' ' by means of a rotary blower. A vent up the
smokestack, provided with rotary section fan, carries off the moist air.

210 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

TIk' listi paste drops froiii the end ol' the press into an auj^er conveyor
and is carried through the first dryer. It then drojis to the second
reversed conveyor and pa&ses hack tlirouyh the second diinn. which
is situated directly luider the first. Tlie material is now in tlie form of
a somewhat moist, steaming' liot meal. From the end of the dryer the
meal enters a piped cold air blast which serves primarily in cooling tlie
meal, hut also transports it to the grinder. Tlie ])i'ess and the dryer
break up the fish very thoroughly so that very little grinding is neces-
sary except for occasional bones. The meal i)asses through a small
motor driven grinder and drops on the floor where it is spread out
for two or three days to complete the cooling process and to dry out
more completely. It is usually shoveled over two or three times on the
floor befoi'e being sacked in 90-pouiid sacks for shipment.

Oil recovery.

The oil and water which drain from the press are sei)arated by
gravity. The drippings from the i)ress are run through a series of
five settling tanks. In the first tank the water and refuse particles are
allowed to settle to the bottom and are drained off into the ocean. The
oil is syphoned over into the next tank in the series where the gravity
separation of the fat from the oil is begun. The top or first oil in the
last settling tank is a fairly clear oil but the complete clarifying of
the oil by settling out the fat may require several weeks and is unneces-
sary. The clear oil from the top of the last tank has been used suc-
cessfully as a paint oil without furtlier refining or the use of a drier
in the paint, but this is not the usual practice. The oil is shipped
in barrels to paint factories where it is processed for use in paints.
This fish oil sells for about one-third the price of lins(^ed oil.

I^elow the clear oil in the tanks is found the cloudy fatty oils and
thick fat material called stearine. The heavier stearine is called
''foots." The stearine is sold for use in the manufacture of soap.
As stearine contains from 40 per cent to 50 per cent oil it is sometimes
heated and more oil drawn off but it usually goes direct to the soap
manufacturer.

A modification of the press type.

In the typical plant already descril)ed, Ihc fish malcrial, after cook-
ing and pressing, was dried by l)eing carried through stationary drums
through which was forced a circulation of hot air from the furnace,
by means of rotary blowers. We will consider briefly a plant in which
a very different form of dryer is used. In this case the dryer is a
revolving drum without a conveyor through the center. A cylindrical
drum (five and a half feet in diameter and forty feel long) is placed
on a slight decline from the press (pitch of one-half inch to the foot).
The hot air is provided by a blast of burning mixture of oil and steam
in a firebox so arranged that the flame blast strikes a lattice work of
brick allowing only the heated air to enter the drum. A direct flame
is not introduced into the drum for fear of scorching the fish. At the
ojjposite end of the drum the necessary air suction- is provided by a
tall smokestack (four feet in diametei- and GO feet high). On the sides
of the drum are a few longitudinal cleats or "channel irons" which
serve to tumble the fish material as the drum is rotated. The strong

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 211

draught of air and the pitch of the drum from the horizontal, serve
to carry the tish waste forward as it dries out. The heavier particles
of the dried material tumble out of the back end of the dryer and are
caught and conveyed away by a large cold air suction pipe. There are
about 200 feet of this air pipe with two rotary blowers so that the
material is not only cooled, but is further l)roken up into fine meal.
To prevent the lighter particles from passing up the smokestack, there
is a series of three catching, or dust chambers, the operation of which
will be described later when considering the volatile solvent method.
The meal from the cooling pi})es is spread on the floor for several hours
for further cooling and is then sacked without grinding. The pressing
and tumbling in the dryer and conveyor pipes reduce the material to
a tine meal containing only a few bones that have not been completely
broken up. In this form the meal is ready for use as fertilizer but it
should be ground before used as a chicken food.

Anchovies difficult to press.

It frequently happens that a sardine catch contains a large per-
centage of anchovies, especially when small sardines are being taken.
This is an important consideration because the ordinary screw press
will not operate properly with a high percentage of anchovies,
especially when the anchovies have been more than eight or ten hours
out of water. The soft anchovies churn up in the press as a jelly-like
mass that will not feed out and clogs the oil holes and the screw of
the press. Anchovies may be used when mixed with sardine offal to
lend more body to the material and thus pass it through the press. It
is claimed that a mixture of half anchovies and half sardine offal will
press fairly well but a lower percentage of anchovies is preferable.

Yield in meal by press method.

■ The solid tiesh of the whole fish yields more meal than a like weight of
offal, so that the percentage of whole fish in the offal effects the amount
of meal recovered. The degree of fatness of the fish also affects the
yield of meal since there is relatively more oil in a ton of offal from
fat fish, but there is far less variation in the amount of meal than
in the amount of oil recovered. In the typical plant already described
the number of tons of sardine off'al necessary to make one ton of fish
meal varies from five and a half to seven and a half, with six tons
as the probable average. The weight of the recovered meal is roughly
estimated at one-sixth that of the offal in this plant. Other plants
with somewhat ditt'erent methods estimate the meal at one-fifth to one-
fourth the weight of the offal. The remaining five-sixths of the weight
is partially recovered as oil and stearine but most of it is water of
which the greater per cent is driven off by evaporation. The water
content of fresh sardines is high (probably 60 to 75 per cent) and
canned sardines are about 60 per cent water but a low moisture content
is desirable in both fish meal and oil. The meal contains less than
10 per cent moisture and the oil less than 2 per cent water.

Composition of meal by press method.

Fish meal sells on its chemical composition and frerjuent samples
are subjected to chemical analysis. The chief value of fish meal lies

212 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

in its nitrogen and phosphoric acid content. The iiitrogen as ammonia
is the most important element and the price of a fish meal on the open
market is largely determined by the percentage of ammonia present.
The ammonia content varies between 8 and 14 per cent, but a high
grade meal usually has between 10 and 12 per cent ammonia. The
phosphoric acid content as bone phosphate is the next most important
consideration in fixing the price. A low moisture content is desirable
as the bu3^cr does not care to pay for useless weight in water. The
water content is not run below 6 or 8 per cent, not only because of
the cost of further reducing the per cent, but also because the sacked
meal w'ill absorb sufficient moisture from the atmosphere to bring it
up to 6 or 8 per cent. The moisture content of meal varies from 8 to
13 per cent but is usually about 10 per cent. The pressing method
does not extract all of the fish oil from the offal and the resulting
meal from this process contains from 7 to 10 per cent of oil (ether
extract). The chemist's analysis of the meal produced by the typical
plant we have considered gives the following results expressed roughly:

Nitrogen 9 to 10 per cent

Phosphoric acid 5 to 10 per cent

Nitrogen as a-Jiimonia 10 to 14 per cent

Phosphoric acid as bone phosphate 10 to 22 per cent

Moisture 9 to 12 per cent

Oil (ether extract) 8 to 10 per cent

The term protein is often used in the analyses of meal to include
the proteids or nitrogenous matter of the soft tissues of the fish body.
Such classifications divide fish meal into protein, oil or fat (ether
extract), Avater and mineral ash. In such cases the protein content
ranges from 50 to GO per cent, a much greater percentage than in fresh
fish with its higher moisture content. A rough rule of thumb some-
times followed when the nitrogen content of the meal is given, is to
multiply the percent of nitrogen by 5.25 to give the protein content.
In judging a fish meal it is essential to know the percentage of (1)
ammonia, (2) phosphoric acid, (3) moisture, and (4) oil (given in the
order of their importance).

Yield of oil by press method.

In sardines there is a great deal of oil in the flesh just back of the
head but the fat about the entrails and the liver itself ' is. especially
rich in oil. In cutting sardines for canning, the fish is cut in two
near the back of the body cavity and only the posterior half of the fish
is canned. Thus the head and entrails are discarded as offal. There-
fore a ton of offal w-ill yield more oil than a ton of whole fish and
the per cent of whole fish in the material will aft'eet the yield of
oil. The greatest source of variation is the periodic fluctuations
in the fat content of the sardines themselves. At some seasons
of the year they are very fat with a high oil content, while at other
seasons, especially in the spring, the fish are thin and liave relatively
little fat and oil in their bodies. The fat content of sardines varies
roughly from 5 to 20 per cent. As anchovies have much less oil than
sardines a quantity of anchovies mixed in the offal reduces the oil

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 213

yield per ton of material. For the above mentioned reasons the yield
of oil varies greatly from day to day and from month to month. In the
typical plant we are considering, the oil yield varies from 7 to 27
gallons per ton of offal, with a rough average yield of 10 to 12' gallons
of oil and fatty mriterial (steariiie) per ton of offal.

Composition of oil by press method.

Pish oil, like fish meal, sells on its chemical analysis. The oil with a
small per cent of free fatty acids or unusable material is the high-
grade oil bringing the best price. The impurities are referred to in
the trade as free fatty acids and M. I. U. The M. is moisture and other
volatile matter, the I. is insoluble impurities and the U. is unusable or
unsaponifiable matter. The amount of impurities in an oil varies
naturally with the method and care used in the refining or settling
process. As more care is now being given to this phase of the subject,
some of the west coast oils are finding ready sale locally and in the
Eastern States. In the past the lack of care in refining and looseness
in grading the oil has caused much of the west coast oil to be classed
as inferior grade and accepted at a poor price by eastern buyers.
For years the Newfoundland and American cod oils Avere the favorites
till salmon oil was found to be equally good. The whale oil business,
having been so long established, now has definitely established grades.
The sardine oil, being new from this coast, has not yet come fully into
its own. The use to which the oil is to be put largely determines the
purity of oil necessary. A leading dealer in fish oils makes the general
statement that fish oil for use in paints should not have over 5 per cent
free fatty acids and not over 2 per cent M. I. U. For tanning purposes
the oil should be from 5 to 7 per cent acids and 1 per cent M. I. U., but
clear settled (tanked) oil for use in the better grades of soap should
not exceed 3 per cent acids and 2 per cent M. I. U. For a No. 1 grade
of sardine oil the limit of impurities is usually set at 2 per cent free
fatty acids and 2 per cent M. I. U. The press method, with proper
care in operating the settling tanks, yields a sardine oil low in acid
content and well within the limit as to other impurities. The chemical
analyses of the sardine oil produced by such a plant show the following
results :

Free fatty acids .5 to 1.5 per cent

Moisture and volatile matter .1 to .7 percent

Insoluble impurities a trace to .03 per cent

Unsaponifiable matter .2 to .9 percent

Volatile solvent method.

In this method there is no press, the oil being recovered by the use
of gasoline as a volatile solvent. The elimination of the press permits
of the reduction to meal of almost any kind of fish material Avithout
readjustment of machinery or extra labor. Fish scraps, trimmings
from the fish and abalone markets, offal, meat scraps, whole fish, sharks,
squid and anchovies are reduced with equal facility. In the two Cali-
fornia plants there is no separate cooking cylinder, but the cooking and
drying are combined in one rnachine. In the press method the oil and
water are pressed out and the material then dried. In the gasoline
process the material is dried to eliminate the water and later the oil is

21-1 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

extracted fiom llic dried iiiciil. Tlie two gasoline plants of this state
are not eon)ieeted with a fish catmory, ])ut are operated as an inde-
pendent l)usiness. piirrhasinor the i-aw iiialerial from other firms. One
plant nses mostly iisli scraps and the other, located in one of the sardine
canning centers, operates on sardine offal purchased from the canneries.
A brief description of the latter plant will better illustrate the method.
This plant has a capacity of abont 35 tons of offal per day when
employing five or six men. With seven or eight workmen the capacity
can be increased to 50 or 60 tons per day. The sardine off'al is trans-
ported to the plant by anto truck and dumped into a storage bin from
which a belt cenveyor with small buckets carries the material tn tlie
dryer. The conveyor is filled by hand so tliat the amount fed in may
be varied according to the directions given by the man operating the
dryer.

Dryer.

The dryer (cooker and dryer combined) is a large revolving hori-
zontal cylinder, 40 feet long and 4 feet in diameter, operating on the
same general principle as the dryer described above, under "IModification
of the Press Type of Plant" which merely dried the cooked and pressed
material. This dryer first cooks and then dries the fresh offal from
the storage bin. The heat is provided by a burning spray blast of
mixed steam and oil, the draught being created by a tall stack. In
this case the flame is shot directly into the dryer. The conveyor
empties the offal directly into this flame and the four or five longitudi-
nal cleats of the revolving dryer keep it tumbling. The amount of
flame and heat may be delicately regulated by adjusting tlie amount
of oil and steam sprayed in. When fairly dry material is being
received, the flames extend only two or three feet into the cylinder,
but with particularly wet material the flames may be shot into the
dryer a distance of eight or ten feet. The wet offal is tumbled in the
flame during several revolutions of the cylinder till the material is
sufficiently heated to cook the flesh free from the bones. As the
moisture is absorbed by the hot air blast and the flames, the dried (ish
material, being liiihter in weight, is blown toward the l)ack end of the
dryer. The cylinder is set up with only a vei-y sliizht ])i1ch downward,
the draught being sufficient to carry the flsli through. The fish I'cmains
in the dryer about thirty minutes from the time of entering the flames
till it is blown to the back end of the cylinder as dry meal. The offal
is not oid\- cooked and dried in the cylinder, but the tumbling of the
dried material breaks it up into a coarse nu^al, the chunks of whieh are
usually no larger than a pea. In this drying process it is essential that
the sui)ply of material being fed into the dryer be uniform, in order
to reduce as nuieh as possible the readjusting of the flame. When a
great amount of wet fish is fed in rapidly, the drying is not comjilete
and the product is too moist. If the supply of raw material is reduced
suddenly, or is much dryer than the preceding supply, the excessive
heat burns the fish into hard cakes and extracts free oil, whi'-h collects
in the bottom of the cyliiuler and sometimes catches on fire.

Recovery of meal from dryer.

As the back end of the cylinder is open, the meal is blown out \n\o
a small catching passage Avay which has a small hole in the floor to

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 215

allow the heavier particles of the meal to escape, but much of the meal
is in the form of dust and is carried past this opening by the air
current. In order to recover this dust, the air current is led through
three dust chambers before it escapes up the stack. The opening into
the first chamber is near the top and the outlet near the floor, so that
the heavier dust settles to the floor. In the second dust chamber the
intake is near the floor and the outlet near the top, so that the finer
dust settles in this second chamber. The air current then drops again
in a third chamber before escaping up the stack, so that all but a
negligible amount of very fine dust is recovered. The dust chambers
are emptied once or twice a day by opening a door in the side wall and
shoveling up the accumulated fine meal. The dried meal is known as
' ' unfinished stuff, " as it has yet to be processed to remove the oil. This
unfinished stuff is spread on the concrete floor to cool before it is ele-
vated to the second story of the building in readiness for the next step
in the process, the extraction of the oil.

Extraction tank.

The extraction tank is a heavy cylindrical steel tank about nine feet
in diameter and al)out fourteen feet high. The tank is filled through
a door in the top to within eighteen inches of the top with the dry
unfinished meal. Gasoline is then sprayed in from the top through a
perforated pipe till the tank is filled with gasoline sufficient to cover
the meal. The tank full of meal and gasoline is then heated l)y intro-
ducing steam at the top of the tank. The heat is said to be about
325 degrees and is continuous for an average of about eight hours.
The gasoline begins to take up the oil of the fish meal even before the
meal is thoroughly heated, so that the process of draining off the mixed
gasoline and oil is begun soon after the steam is introduced. The
bottom of the tank is a sheet of steel perforated to allow liquid to drain
through it. Under this metal sheet there are alternating layers of
charcoal and gunny sacking to catch and hold particles of meal, so
that the liquid may be drained off as pure as possil^le. After this oily
gasoline is drained out, the tank is again flushed Avith a fresh supply of
gasoline, which is also drained oft'. A small door in the side of the
tank, even with the metal floor, is then opened and the meal pulled out.

Screening.

The meal that has been removed from the extraction tank is then
screened or sifted to remove any of the larger particles that have not
been broken up by the process so far. The sifted meal is then ready
for sacking. The screenings or tailings consist of pieces of backbone,
bones of the skull, especially the cheek plates or opercles, small hard
lumps formed by a portion of the intestine, and a few chunks of meal
that remain packed or were burned somewhat in the dryer. These
tailings may be ground up and resifted, or, as is frequently done, may
be run through the dryer again, which breaks up most of the chunks
and saves grinding so much material. The tailings, after being ground
up into fine particles, are mixed with the sifted meal and sacked. It
is essential that the meal be quite dry before sacking. If there is much
moisture, the meal will mould and heat in tlie sack. In case the final
meal is found to be too moist, it is run through the dryer again before

4 — 14002

216 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

sacking. Tlie sacked meal should not have much over 10 per cent
moisture.

Recovery of oil.

The liquid drained from the extraction tank is carried by pipe into
a smaller tank called the evaporating tank, which is about 12 feet long
and 5 feet in diameter. It is provided with a large steam coil capa])le
of heating the liquid to 300 or 325 degrees. The heat volatilizes the
gasoline and a pipe at the top of the tank carries off the gas thus
formed. After about four hours practically all the gasoline is driven
off, leaving only the fish oil remaining in the tank. If much gasoline
is left in the oil and the oil is later refined, a serious explosion is apt
to result, so that it is essential to drive off all the gasoline possible.
The oil is then blown out of the tank by steam pressure and conducted
by pipe to a storage tank. The oil is later deodorized by heating to
about 600 degrees, which also removes practically all of the moisture
and other volatile impurities. The oil is then ready for shipment to
the paint manufacturer.

Recovery of gasoline.

The volatilized gasoline escapes from the evaporating tank in a pipe
that is run through a condenser or coiled pi]ie in a bath of running cold
water. Ocean water is particularly good for cooling the condenser
pipe. The condensed gasoline drains into a storage tank and is read}'
for use again in the extraction tank. This distilled gasoline is referred
to as "high power gas" because of its greater strength in taking up
fish oil in the extraction tank. The high power gas has been freed from
many impurities and is much more volatile than ordinary commercial
gasoline. In fact the commercial gasoline is usually run through the
evaporating process to refine it before it is used in the extraction tank.

Composition of meal.

The meal resulting from the gasoline ni(>thod has practically the same
moisture, phosphoric acid, bone phosphate, nitrogen and ammonia con-
tent as in the press method. The meal has about 10 per cent each of
nitrogen and moisture. The phosphoric acid content is 7 to 8 per cent
and the bone phosphate is in the neighborhood of 16 per cent, although
quite variable. The ammonia content is 8 to 12 per cent. The chief
difference in the two meals is in the oil content. The volatile solvent
method removes more of the oil than the press. The final meal by the
gasoline method has about 3 per cent of oil as contrasted with 8 to
10 per cent of oil by the press method. Therefore the oil yield per ton
of offal is higher by this method than by the press method, the yield
being about 20 gallons per ton of offal. The yield of meal is said to be
about 23 per cent of the weight of the offal. This yield is as good or
better than the percentage of meal recovered from pressing. Practi-
cally all of the meal from this plant is sold for chicken food and is
shipped to Petaluma.

Quality of oil by gasoline method.

By the gasoline extraction process the resulting oil, although rela-
tively of greater quantity, is not the high quality oil obtained by
methods of pressing. When the fish first enters the dryer and is tum-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 217

bled in the flame blast, the oil in the fish is sufficiently scorched so that
the resulting oil is black or dark brown, and up to the present time
has not been refined to a clear oil. For this reason its use is almost
entirely confined to the manufacture of paints, where its color is no
drawback except that it is unfit for use in white paint. This dark oil
seems to give good satisfaction in colored paints, other than white, even
in cream colored paint. The recovered oil has very little of the heavy
fatty materials as foots or stearine. So little saponifiable material is
recovered that it does not, at present, pay to separate it for sale to the
soap manufacturers.

The following are a few of the many bulletins published by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, and may be obtained from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. :

Bull. 378. Fish Meal: Its use as a Stock and Toultry Food. (191G.) 5 cents.
Bull. 150. Utilization of Fish Waste on the Pacific Coast. (19^5.) 15 cents,
liiill. 2. Fish Scrap Fertilizer Industry of the Atlantic Coast. (1913.) 10 cents.
Bull. 63.5. Commercial Freezing and Storim-- of Fish. (1918.)
Bull. 908. Maine Sardine Industry. (1921.) 50 cents.

218

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 219

METHODS OF SARDINE FISHING IN SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.-

By Elmer Higgins and Harlan B. Holmes.

It is a fixed purpose of the California Fish and Game Commission to
maintain a system of fishery statistics so complete and so continnons
that the varied and changing conditions of the fishing industry may be
compared year by year in order to determine its actual condition and
future prospects. As a partial supplement to the statistical records ot
the catch, collected and compiled according to law, these notes on
methods and practices are prepared to aid the investigator in future
years to reconstruct in his mind the actual conditions in 1921, enabling
him to understand and interpret the figures of the catch.

LOCAL CONDITIONS AND GEAR.

Local conditions have their natural effects upon methods and gear,
producing in southern California an industry unique in many ways.
The sardine fishery is not an independent industry, for the fisherman
engaging in it spends fully half of the year fishing for albacore, tuna,
sea bass, mackerel, halibut, or rock cod, and hence his boat and gear
are modified to meet the requirements of these other fisheries. By far
the greater number of boats fishing sardines are typical albacore boats
which are converted for use during the winter sardine season by the
removal of bait-boxes and poles. Many, however, of a different type,
were built before the albacore fishery became so profitable, and are
used, during the off season for sardines, in fishing with trammel nets
for halibut, or with set lines for rock cod. These two distinct types
of boats are manned, respectively, by the two nationalities which
dominate the fishery, the Japanese and the Italians.

Weather conditions also have influenced the type of boats used.
Although the boats are perfectly seaworthy and capable of traveling
several hundred miles, the uniform character of winds and absence of
sudden storms has permitted the development of a type of fishing boat
poorly adapted to a short choppy sea, being long and narrow and
having a wedge-shaped bow with little flare.

THE LOCATION OF THE FISHERY.

The California sardine, Sardina caerulea (Girard), occurs in con-
siderable abundance along the entire west coast of the United States,
including Alaska aiid British Columbia, and southward on the coast
of Lower California, but the chief centers of the fishery are Monterey,
San Pedro, and San Diego. In southern California sardine canneries
are located at San Pedro, Wilmington, Long Beach, Newport Beach,
and San Diego, the areas fished covering a radius of fifty miles or so
from these points. In the San Pedro district, deep water fishing oft' a
rocky coast is found from Point Firmin north to Redondo and off sandy
beaches from Point Firmin south to Newport. At San Diego similar
conditions are found to the north, about La Jolla, or from Point Loma
south to the Mexican border. The winter sardine fishery is chiefly in

♦California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 33,

220

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

deep water two to ten miles from shore, but iu tlie suniiiicr, lish are
caught inshore near the sandy beaches.

FISHING SEASON.

The sardine canning industry, which utilizes practically the entire
catcli in the San Pedro district, depends a great deal upon the large
fish 20 to 30 centimeters long, known as "pound-oval" size, from the
cans in Avhieh they are packed. The fish approach the coast in Der^om-
ber and are taken in great quantities until April or May, when smaller
sizes become relatively more numerous, but canning sometimes starts
early in November, utilizing the smaller sizes of sardines known to the
trade as "quarter-oils." (Fig. 64.) The same sizes are taken at San
Diego, but a larger proportion of the pack consists of the smaller fish,
and the season is therefore somewhat extended.

Million
pounds

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i^

j^

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Fig. 64. The 1920 sardine season at San Pedro as shown by the Com-
mission's reports of amounts of sardines received weekly at the canneries.

A summer sardine fishery, scarcely less important economically than
the winter fishery, although yielding no .statistical record and having
no money value, is pursued from Santa Barbara to San Diego. It is
the bait fishery, an essential factor in the summer albacore industry.
Small sardines of "quarter-oil" size or smaller are highly prized by
the albacore fishermen as live bait, and one-half to three-quarters of a
ton per boat are taken in the morning whenever possible off sandy
beaches before proceeding to the albacore fishing grounds. It is true
that anchovies serve as a substitute, but they are not as desirable nor as
much sought after as are the small .sardines. This bait fishery con-
tinues throughout the albacore sea.son, i. e., from June to October.
Modified sardine nets called "bait nets" are used and will be describiMl
iatrr.

Boats. TYPES OF GEAR.

As mentioned above, there are two chief types of boats employed in
the sardine fishery : one operated by the Italians and the other by the
Japanese. Americans (native born), Scandinavians, and Austrians also

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

221

engage in sardine fishing, but only in small numbers,* and they use
boats which may be classed Avith one or the other chief types.

The Italians were probably the first sardine fishermen on the coast
to use the present style of round-haul nets, and introduced their
methods and gear from Italy. Their boats reflect an adaptation to
trammel-net or set-line fishing after the sardine season, being smaller
than the Japanese boats and having less power and speed.

A typical Italian sardine boat (Figures 65 and 66), carrying a crew
of five or six men, is 35 feet long, of 10- foot beam, and 4-foot draft, with
a wedge bow and fantail stern. A 20-foot mast is stepped in near the

Fig. 65. A typical Italian sardine boat. These boats are also used for fishing halibut with
trammel nets and barracuda with gill net.s.

bow, and a low trunk cabin runs aft from this half the length of the
deck. The space below is occupied by a two- or three-cylinder distillate
engine of 20 to 30 horsepower and sleeping quarters for four. In the
afterdeck is a hatch opening into a hold where nets or gear are stored

*The following table gives the nationality of fishermen in southern California,
as compiled by the Commercial Fisheries offices of the Commission at San Pedro and
San Diego from fishing licenses issued for 1920-21 :

Nativity

Aliens

Citizens

First
papers

Total

Per cent

of total

fishermen

1,025
357

1,025

492

328

281

S4

81

34

21

101

42

Austria _ - - - — - - .

31

328

9

5

17
4
4

15

104

20

United States

13

Italy — - . -_ ..

257
66
51
22
16
78

15

13

13

8

1

5

12

Dalmatia — -

3

Scandinavia - -- -- -

3

Balkan States

1

Russia - —

1

All others (10).. --

4

Total -- -- --

1,872

423

159

2,447

99

Per cent of total

76

17

6

99

Austrian fishermen engage almost entirely in purse-seining for tuna, barracuda,
and sea bass, while native Americans and many Japanese fish chiefly in the summer
for albacore. This leaves the Japanese and Italians dominant in the sardine fishery.

222

CAIJFORXIA FISH AND f, A^IE

and where rock cod or luilihul iiuiy be iced or stored fresh, when set-
line or trannnel-net fishin«i'. The operator stands in the open cabin
hatchway amidship. his hands on a small steering wheel inside the
ca))in and his IVet oi)eratin,u- tlic controls ot" the engine. On some boats
a movable box-like hood with glass windows in its sides is placed over
the open hatch to protect the head and shoulders of the operator from
the weather. Tlie speed of such I)oats is from six to eiyht mih's per
hour and tliey are i-elatively economical in oi)eration. Tlieir small size,
however, reduces the capacity and their speed limits the radius of
operation in the sardine fishery. It also unfits them for the more
sti'cnuous duty of catching: albacore.

The Japanese type of sardine boat is a modification of the earlier
market fishing boat and is built primarily for the catching of albacore.
It is longer, speedier, and more powerful than the Italian boats, and
more comfort is provided for the operator by building an enclosed pilot
house amidship. It is thus adapted to traveling greater distances in
search of schools and returning with the catch in less time.

Ualian

Number Length Width Depth Power X'aluation

16

Crew

Japanese

24
16

J>L

o o o

Feet

00 O Cl

Feet

ro lO l^ O o O
f-t ro IT)

Feet

Horse
power

--

-I

—

J

-

_l

-■

-

-

- \~

•■

H

r

T

If

ho

do

-. r-

us
11a

ini
rs

CN -
i

_ "_1

■* O 00 o

Number

Fig. 66. A comparison of Italian and Japanese types of sardine boats at San Pedro, 1920—21.

Data from boat registration records.

A typical Japanese sardine boat (Figures 66 and 73), carrying a
crew of seven or eight men, is 45 to 50 feet Ions:, of 12-foot beam, 5-foot
draft, and powered with a three-cylinder distillate or crude-oil engine
of 40 horsepower, which drives the boat at a speed of from 9 to 12
miles per hour. The vertical bow is wedge-shaped and the stern of
fantail type, but broad and rather square. A low trunk cabin with
a hatchway on the side runs from near the bow to the pilot house
amidship, which is placed directly over the engine. The controls are
arranged in the pilot house so that one man operates the boat. The
forward cabin is small, having lumk space for two or three men, but
extra bunks are fitted in the hold beneath the afterdeck and may be
reached through a raised hatch just aft of the cowl or extended roof
of the pilot house. A take-down mast set at the forward end of the
cabin is carried in a horizontal position, one end resting on the ])ilot
house. The catch of fish is pilerl all over the afterdeck and along the
sides of the cabin as far forward as necessary, and is confined by side-
boards which may be built up on the gunwales three or four feet high,
according to the size of the load. A space about six feet wide and
runninar athwartship is reserved in the stern of the boat for piling the
net and for standing when paying it out or hauling it in again. The

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAMfi

223

fish are kept out of this area by a low transverse bulkhead or partition
which may be built up in the same way as are the sideboards. In the
center of this l)ulkhead is erected a standard bearing an electric light
on a swinging arm to light the deck for night hauling.

This is the newer type of boat representing three-fourths of the
fishing craft in southern California, and is now being built for fisher-
men of all nationalities, Japanese and Italians alike, for use in the
albacore and sardine industry.

Italian

Number Length

16
8

Depth

Valuation

Japanes3

16
8

m

o o o

1-. CM

Fathoms

i
j

1

o o
o o

Fathoms

Fig. 67. A comparison of Italian and Japanese types of sardine nets at San Pedro, 1920—21.

Data from boat registration records.

Nets.

Sardines are caught entirely in huge nets laid out in circles and
hence called "round-haul" nets. Italian and Japanese nets are alike
in principle and general plan, but differ in details of design as com-
pletely as do the types of boats (Figure 67). Any round-haul net is
made in three sections ; a right wing, a left wing, and a bunt or bag.
The wings are long strips of large meshed net attached at each side
of the bunt and are used to encircle the fish and drive them into the
bag. The bag is the sacklike center portion of the net, made of fine
meshed webbing and used to hold the fish until they may be landed on
the boat. The webbing of wings and bunt is fastened to a light rope
called the "cork line," buoyed with numerous corks so that the whole
net floats in the water with the cork line on the surface. The lower
edge of the net is fastened to a similar line — the "lead line" — M^eiglited
with leads at frequent intervals. These two ropes, in addition to float-
ing and ballasting the net, take much of the strain of hauling and serve
as reenf orcein ent for the edges of the webbing.

Webbing manufactured in Japan is more popular in southern Cali-
fornia for making sardine nets than the American or European product,
partly, at least, on account of its lower cost. Hard-laid cotton seine
twine is preferred for wings and landing sack, and cable-laid twine for
the greater part of the bunt, particularly the fine mesh ; but notions of
economy lead some to use the cheaper and less durable medium-laid
twine in the wings.

Each fisherman or boat owner builds his net after his own pattern
and according to his latest ideas, producing a diversity of design whicli
no doubt makes for progress in the developing of perfect gear. This
great diversity make? it difficult to select a type, and when once

5— IJOO::

224

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

selected it is almost impossible to chaw up specifications which could
serve in building a net like the oritjiiial, for net making is an art and
can be learned only by experience. Two iiets apparently of the same
design will lish with different success, due to the intlividual skill of the
makers expressed in the "hang" of the webbing; hence, the accompany-
ing diagrams must not be considered as working drawings, but only as
sketches sufficiently detailed, it is hoped, to portray the characteristic
points of the types.

"path o^^J

20'-

35''= >:fS*^ •r^°'^ — ?*5?V^i — >«-7o'=

20*'

84"-
9ih

Z6'

28

c

6,-

^v"^

1

•26

d

\
^ -^

9">

■fl

10 f~

1 -^

" y

3ra,l Z- l'>r,<j yCorks, 2'opart

o s to

"a /i^ooa

J^'-o 9"

TathiOrns

3uoy tvtf/^ //^//

.__=JJ.V."™2g--£-^> -

Fic. 68. Diagrams of Italian type of sardine round-haul net or I.ampara. a, a perspective
diagram of a large Lampara. The right wing <inly is shown, b, and c, wing and bunt respectively
of same, showing pieces of webbing used. The pieces a — h are lettered the same in a and c to
indicate their relation. The lines x-y and y-z in c are brought together to form a bag. n. the
wing and E, the bunt of a smaller net. f. the bunt of the same net showing the relation of
pieces in E. The points x, x' and x" are brought together and the lines .r-y and .r'-v' are joined
as in F. In all diagrams, a, is the fine meshed landing sack of heavier twine than the rest of the
bunt. c. end of wing and buoys for day and night fishing, h. a large net in operation showing
relative length and depth compared with a forty-foot fishing boat.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

225

The "Lampara" or Italian round-haul net.

A typical Italian sardine ronnd-haul net oi- "Lampara" (Figures 67
and 68) is between 150 and 200 fathoms long, and between 15 and
20 fathoms deep, although some reach 300 fathoms in length and 28
fathoms in depth. The webbing is f- or 1-inch mesh of six-thread or
sometimes nine-thread twine in the landing bag, and 1-ineh to l;|;-ineh
mesh of No. 26 and No. 29, cable-laid twine in the sides of the bunt.
The bed of the net is made of a piece of 1-inch No. 26 cable-laid mesh
next to the landing bag and pieces of 2|- and 3-|-inch mesh of six-thread
hard-laid twine next to the lead line. A strip of heavier webbing about
a foot wide, of l]-inch mesh and nine-thread twine runs the entire
length of the bunt and serves as a selvage to which the cork line may
be more firmly hung. A similar piece of selvage runs the length of the
wings, but is usually 3J-inch nu^sh of six-thread, hard or medium-laid
twine.

The wings are commonly made of three sizes of mesh, the smallest being
near the bunt and the largest at the ends. In a 200-fathom net the
bunt is 40 fathoms long and each wing twice as long as the bunt,
or 80 fathoms. Of this length, about 10 fathoms is 3-inch mesh,
six-thread twine, 45 fathoms of 8-inch, six-thread, and 25 fathoms
of 12-inch mesh, nine-thread twine. The piece of 3-inch mesh is fast-
ened to the bunt of the net and is the same depth, c. g., 28 fathoms.
Each succeeding piece is reduced somewhat in depth so that the wing
tapers to 15 or 18 fathoms at the end. This amount of webbing at the
end of the wing is, however, gathered into bunches and fastened to a
2-fathom rope or to a wooden brail 2 feet long. Some prefer more
pieces in the wings, beginning with smaller mesh, such as 2^-inch, and
running 3-inch, 5-inch, and 8-inch mesh at the end of the wings.
Others use 8-inch mesh throughout the whole wing (Figure 69). ^^

fUM ffjw^<-wy^<jif ■.■'■]»i|jw

Fig. 69. I.,ampara net stretched on the dock for drying and mending. Fish Harbor, Kast San Pedro.

226 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

The cork line from whicli the whole upper edge of the net is hung
is a -|-ineh nianila line carrying 3-inch corks strung through their
centers. Double corks four or six inches apart are placed the entire
length of the bunt, and single corks, four, twelve, and eighteen inches
apart are used on the wings. The corks are placed close together in
the bunt and on the first sections of the wings to add greater buoyancy
so that the weiglit of the fish in the sack, when making a haul, is less
likely to pull the net under water and thus allow the fish to escape.
The mesh of the bunt and wings is "hung full" on the. cork line — i. e.,
the cork line is shorter tlian the stretched webbing so as to allow for
bagging of the net, by that means giving more room inside the bag and
making it pull more evenly in the water. The amount of fullness left
in the Avebbing depends upon the ideas of the individual maker. One
method is to stretch the cork and lead lines by soaking them all night
in w^ater and then hanging the dry webbing upon them evenly the next
day. The webbing will then stretch relatively more than the cork and
lead lines when in use, relieving it of excessive strain and permitting
sufficient bagging of the mesh. Another method is to first stretch
the dry cork line, fastening in position temporarily at intervals the
required amount of dry webbing, and later hanging permanently.
In this way about 45 or 50 fathoms of webbing are hung on 40 fathoms
of cork line to give sufficient fullness.

The lead line is also a ^-inch manilla rope, like the cork line, but
is strung with two-ounce leads one or two feet apart along its entire
length. This amount of lead is just sufficient to make the bottom of
the net fall readily and straighten out in the water.

The Japanese round-haul net.

The Japanese type of sardine net, although introduced into Cali-
fornia later than the Lampara, has grown in popularity and now far
exceeds the latter in numbers used. The Japanese net resembles the
Lampara in a general way, but differs from it in size— both length
and depth — in the shape of the bunt, and in the relative proportions
of the bunt and wings-

.y A typical Japanese sardine net is from 200 to 250 fathoms long and
from 25 to 30 fathoms deep, although many are 300 fathoms long and
from 35 to 45 fathoms deep (Figures 67 and 70). The bunt is from
30 to 50 fathoms along the cork line, and the wings from three to three
and one-half times this length. The mesh is commonly 1-inch, nine-
thread in the landing bag; ^-inch No. 26, cable-laid, in the sides of the
bunt; 1-inch No. 26, cable-laid, lower down; and 3i-inch, six-thread,
hard-laid, in the bed. The wings are made up of three or five pieces
of webbing of different size, of from 3- to 8-inch mesh, arranged as in
the Lampara and tapering in depth. A strip of heavy mesh or selvage
runs the entire length of the cork line, as in Italian net, but, in addi-
tion, a strip of two or three heavy 3-ineh meshes runs down the sides
of the bunt, making a firm selvage for the attachment of the wings.

A special feature used in some Japanese nets is the purse-line or
quarter-rope, a ^-inch rope, one end of whicli is fastened to the middle
of the lead line by a short halter, and the other end to the lead line of
one wing about 15 fathoms out. This line is used to raise the middle
of the lead line of the bunt more rapidly than could be done by hauling

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

227

only on the wings. This is a desirable feature, for as soon as the lead
line is raised the catch is made certain, the fish being then confined iu
the fine-meshed portion of the net.

It is difficult to discuss the relative merits of the two types of sardine
nets, as both Italians and Japanese seem equally successful iu catching

C^ark J, me

^unf c- Sac k .

iS'".

13/*

3'Corkj. ?{<■ apart

Cof~lf 2i'ryC

Z o^ . /eac/j /// opa rf-

17 f'

Fig. 70. Diagrams of Japanese type of sardine round-haul nets, a, a large net showing wing
and bunt. B, and c, wing and bunt respectively of same, showing pieces used in making. The
adjacent edges are brought together evenly by taking up the longer into the shorter lengths. The
left side of c shows the pieces stretched and the right side after being taken up. D, a smaller net;
E, and F, wing and bunt of same. Many more pieces, than indicated may be used in the wings to
produce the proper taper. G, the bunt and part of the wing of a bait net. H. method of fastening
the end of the wing, i, a net in operation showing relative length and depth compared with a
fifty-foot fishing boat.

228

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

fish. The popularity of the Japanese nets may be due to the great
increase in the number of Japanese fishermen who naturally use their
own methods, and the acceptance of this type by other nationalities may
be due to its relatively simple design. It is argued that the greater
depth of the Japanese type makes the net more generally useful than
the Italian, since it can be used in deeper water away from shore. It
is further said that the smaller amount of fine-meshed web in the
Japanese net reduces the cost of construction and allows the building
of a larger net with greater fishiug capacity without corresponding
increase in cost. Other fishermen declare that it is less difficult to
operate a Japanese net, as cross currents are less likely to close the
bag than is the case with the Lampara, and that the greater proportion
of large mesh makes the net easier to pull. AVhatever the facts may be,
the fishernuin of each nationality stoutly maintains his belief in the
superiority of his gear, and both types will probably exist as long as
Italians and Japanese continue to fish for sardines.

l'"iG. 71. Miscrllaneous gi'ar. A. and n, line and weight
of tlic scare, with paddles piled between; c, dip-net for land-
ing the fish; d, shovels used in unloading; K, side boards and
checks for confining the catch on deck.

Bait nets.

The bait net is an important modification of the standard sardine
gear. It is an almost necessary piece of equipment for the albacore
boat, for live bait is required daily during the summer season. Some
fishermen, moreover, make a j)ractice of supplying small sardines to
the market to be used as bait for the mackerel and set-line fisheries,
and for this, bait nets are used. Bait nets are small sized Lamparas or
Jai)anese style round-haul nets ranging from 75 to 150 fathoms in
length and from 12 to 20 fathoms deep. They are usually more simple
in construction, fewer pieces of webbing being used. The webbing in
the bunt is of ^- or :^-ineh mesh, but tho niosh of the wings is about the
same as in the larger nets.

Miscellaneous gear.

Many other kinds of gear may be mentiyned which are used directly
in catching or handling sardines, such as buoys, skitfs, plungers or
scares, and dip-nets (Figure 71). A brief description of each will be
given here, but details of their use will be left until later in this paper.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME 229

The Italian fisherman nses a red-painted, five-gallon keg as a buoy
to float and mark the end of his net when fishing in the daytime. For
night fishing, either a similar keg, Aveighted, and carrying a lantern,
or a simple buoy made of crossed pieces of wood so as to float level and
carry a light, is used. The Japanese, however, tow a twelve-foot skiff,
lighted with a lantern at night, behind their fishing boat, to be used in
place of the buoy.

The scares or plungers used in driving the fish back into the net are
of many kinds. The simplest form is a weighted board two or three
feet long, fastened to a ten- or fifteen-fathom line. Another kind used
on some boats is a two- or three-foot length of iron pipe, open at the
lower end but fitted to a short wooden pole at the other. This is also
fastened to a light line so that it may be thrust down and rapidly
hauled in again. Still another type is made by weighting one end of
a long rope with a ten-pound window weight and fastening eight or
ten white-painted wooden paddles about ten inches long and four inches
wide at fathom intervals along its length. This seems to be a very
efficient scare, as the paddles dash about irregularly when the line is
jerked up and down in the water.

Two kinds of small ring nets are used : one is a dip-net for bailing
the fish out of the water, the other really a shovel for unloading the
catch. The dip-net is a shallow bag of heavy 2-inch webbing fastened
to an iron ring two or three feet in diameter which is fixed on a heavy
pole or handle about eight feet long. Short lengths of rope are fastened
to either side of the ring to help in lifting the net filled with fish on
board the boat. Another rope is fastened to the bottom of the net and
is used in dumping the fish by raising the bag. The small nets used
as shovels are made of heavy mesh stretched tightly over iron rings
ten inches or a foot in diameter, with wooden handles four feet long.
They may be circular, scpiare, or semicircular, with the flat side away
from the handle to make it easy to shovel up the fish from the flat deck.
These particular implements are used instead of iron shovels to avoid
cutting or bruising the fish more than necessary in unloading.

Care of gear.

Sardine nets are continually in need of mending. Defective meshes
giving away causing small tears, large fish becoming entangled or
plunging through the net, hidden snags — a hundred causes — keep the
fisherman mending and mending before and after hauls and while
waiting to unload the catch. Frequently the weight of the fish caught
in the net is so great that rents arc made great enough to allow the
whole catch to escape. If possible, the repairing is done on the boat,
but if the damage is too great the net must be spread out on the dock,
and the whole crew goes to work with full-wound seine needles to
repair the tear.

The standard method of presendng net material is by tanning the
webbing in a hot decoction of red-oak tan-bark (Figure 72). Two
sacks, or 120 pounds of bark, is placed with 100 gallons of water in
a large tank and boiled for one hour. The fluid is allowed to cool some-
what and the net is put in and soaked for two hours or more, at a
temperature less than boiling. Care is exercised to avoid heating too
much, as the net is said to burn, causing quick "rotting" of the fabric.

230

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Many cannorios provido vats for tanning, heated with steam coils, but
where the iishennan does not have access to such equipment he heats
his tanks of tanning solution with a wood fire built in a pit in the
ground. Nets are never tanned before storing away at tlie close of the
season, but only while in actual use, for it is believed tliat rotting is
more rapid when an excess of tan is left in the fabric.

Nets are dried as frequently as possible as a precaution against
rotting, and windy days or periods when fish are scarce are always
occupied witli spreading nets on the docks or on the sandy ground for
drying and mending. Kotting of tlie net wlicn wet is also guarded

Fic. 72. Tanning nets.

The nets are preserved from mildewing by soaking for several hours
in a hot decoction of tan bark.

against by careful protection from the sun. As soon as the day's catch
is made, the net is piled in order and covered with a tarpaulin made
of heavy canvas.

Cost.

With ordinary care, a sardine net will last for two fishing seasons,
but during the third season it is usually necessary to replace so many
pieces of webbing that the net can hardly be called the same as the one
at the start. A sardine net at the prevailing prices of the last two
years, represents an outlay of from .$1,000 to .$3,000, but the cost of
continual repairs makes the annual cost of operating a net from $300
to $1,000.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

231

METHODS OF FISHING.
Time.

It is the fixed opinion of some that day fishing yields more mixed
or small sizes of fish than night fishing; others notice no difference.
Large and small fish are caught both day and night, but it may easily
be true that differences in the schooling of the fish make the larger fish
more accessible at night and so increase the average size of the fish in
the total catch. At any rate, the demands of the canneries for large
fish — pound oval size — combined with the greater accessibility is respon-
sible for the greater part of the sardine catch being taken at night.
The fish are most easily located on the darkest nights, hence, the two-
week period during the dark phases of the moon is most successful.
Day fishing is only resorted to when less than two or three hours of
darkness is left between nightfall and moon-rise or moon-set and dawn.
When fishing in the day time, the hours of early morning are the most
favorable as the schools of fish can be most easily located when the
water is calm.

Fig. 7i. Searching for schools of fish. The crew on the bow and the man on the pilot house
anxiously scan the sea for birds, darkened areas of water, or ripples on the surface which indicate
the presence of fish. A typical Japanese boat.

Locating the school of fish.

The schools are located at night by the phosphorescent light produced
by the movement of the fish in swimming. This explains the depend-
ence of the fisherman upon the phases of the moon, as even a small
amount of moonlight, or even bright starlight, makes it difficult at
times to see the pale light of the phosphorescence. The running lights
of the fishing boats are even darkened by covering them with cloth so
that they may be seen at a short distance by other boats but will not
give enough light to obscure the evidence of fish. Very dense schools
may often be located at some distance by the dull "fire'' but when the
fish are more scattered it is necessary to pass over them to discover
their presence.

Smelt and anchovies school closely enough and are near enough in
size to be mistaken for sardines by the ordinary observer, at least at
night, but the fisherman distinguishes between them readily by the
courses of the fish as they dash away from the boat. Smelt swim away

6—14002

232

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

ill uiidulaliiig courses leaving wavering, siiciky trails of light. Audio-
vies, being feebler swimmers, dart away in short, curved dashes. Sar-
dines are more powerful and dash away, leaving long sliglitly curved
trails resembling tlic luminous paths of sky rockets.

There are several ways of locating sardines in the day time (Figure
73). A school may be discovered at a distance by seeing the gulls,
fulmars, and shearwaters flying in circles and feeding upon the splash-
ing fish. The water may also appear dark from the mass of fish
below, and at close range the fish may be seen splashing on the surface.
The character of the splash serves to distinguish sardines from ancho-
vies, the former throw their tails above the surface without a marked
silvery flash, while the latter flip over sidewise on the water sliowing
their silvery sides and reflecting flashes of light. Some fisliermen
locate deep-lying schools in quiet water by the "bead" — minute bubbles
which come up from below and bead the surface of the water like rain
drops^

Making a haul.

Having located a school of fish dense en^^ugh to warrant an attempt,
the crew stands in readiness to lay out the net while the skipper, noting
the wind and current, circles and maneuvers the lioat into proper

l-'iG. 74. Hauling in Ihf wings. The activity liL-re shown
is accompanied by llic excitement one feels before actually
landing any other kind of fish.

position. The net is always laid out in relation to the direction of
the wind so tliat the boat may not blow back over the net. and to the
direction of the current, so that the net may not be swept shut or
prevented from opening fully.

In making a haul, the net is laid out in a huge circle about the school
of fish, the ends brought together and hauled in, impounding the fish
in the bunt of the net. Kunning ahead at full speed, the skitt" is
released or the buoy thrown overboard, and its weight drags the end
of the net into the water. The net is piled in the stern of the fishing
boat so that one Aving is paid out first, cork line and lead falling far
apart in the water so as not to tangle. When one wing is paid out,
the whole pile of bunt is thrown overboard at once, and the second
wing is then dragged out by the weight of the net and speed of the
boat. When the net is nearly all overboard the boat slows down in
preparation for picking up the skiff, but should all of the net be paid

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

233

out before the skiff or buoy is reached, a one-inch line already attached
to the net is slacked away under strain as far as necessary, and then
hauled in again when the other wing is reached.

As soon as both ends of the net are recovered, the launch is anchored
at once, if in shallow water, with a light kedge anchor, the skiff tied

Fig. 75. Sardine fishing in the black obscurity of midnight. This is the typical condition under
which ninety per cent of our sardines are caught. Above, hauling in the bag; below, dipping the
fish from the net. ,i

forward out of the way, and all hands inniiediately begin hauling in
the net with all possible speed (Figure 74). Care is taken to pull both
wings at the same rate, cork line, lead line, and webbing coming in
evenly; and as an aid, marked corks are placed on each wing at equal
distances from the center. While the wings are being hauled in, one
man operates the scare or plunger described above. This scare is

234

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

jerked viyforously up and down at the stern of the boat to frighten the
tish Ijack into the net and prevent their escape from tlie open suie
beneath the boat.

The wings of the net are hauled in until the lead line, being shorter
than the cork line, is brought on deck. Thus far all work has been
performed in absolute darkness, every liglit on the boat being entirely
darkened so as not to attract the fish toward the boat and out of the
net, but as soon as the lead line is brought on deck making escape
impossible, the deck lights and running liglits are turned on (Figure
75). The weight of a large catch of fish in the bag is sometimes suffi-
cient to pull the cork line under water, allowing many of the fish to
escape. The Japanese prevent this by one man rowing with the skift'
to the outer side of the net and supporting the cork line. ' (Figure 63).
TTe later helps operate the dip-net in landing the lish.

Fig. 76. Bailing? the fish from the net. Two boats have come together to load from one
successful haul. The men in the skiff dip the fish from the water while two men on each fishing
boat hoist the nets on deck and dump them.

The hauling in of the mesh of the bunt continues until the fish are
crow^ded into the landing bag and their weight makes further hauling
too difficult. The cork line is drawn up into a circle about ten feet in
diameter and partially supported by boat hooks. The fish are then
bailed from the net with a large dip-net, dumped on deck, and shoveled
forward to make room for subsequent hauls. Three men work together
with tlie dip-net in landing the catch, the others holding the net by
sitting on the webbing and spreading the cork line w^ith boat hooks.
Often two boats will come together and take their loads from one
successful haul (Figure 76).

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

235

Preparing for the next haul.

As soon as the catch is landed and disposed of on the deck, the
bunt is sometimes roughly washed to remove excess scales and slime,
serious tears are temporarily mended, and the wings and bunt piled on
deck in preparation for the next haul. It is the practice of most
fishermen to circle to tlie right in laying out the net. When this plan
is followed, the left wing of the net is carefully coiled on the port side
of the stern, cork line and lead line well separated. The bunt of the
Japanese net is piled on top of this, but the bunt of the lampara is
piled separately next to the wing so that the whole pile may be thrown
overboard at once, avoiding strain on the webbing which might tear
the net. The right wing is then coiled to the starboard so that when
the skiff is released or the buoy thrown out, the net will pay out freely.
On boats which circle to the left, this arrangement of the net on the
deck is reversed.

Size of hauls.

The quantity of fish taken in a single haul varies between the many,
many weary hauls containing nothing, and the rare streaks of fortune
containing over one hundred tons. The capacity of the larger Japa-
nese boats does not greatly exceed twenty-five tons, and when such
large hauls are made other boats are called and loaded from the over-
abundance. During the present season, limit catches of ten to fifteen
tons could frequently be taken in one haul, but at times boats whose
weary crews had made eight or ten hauls would return from a night's
fishing with a ton or even less.

The Fish and Game Commission has legal authority to prevent wastage
by limiting the size of the loads according to the tonnage of the boats,
for if the fish are piled too deep on the deck, heating and pressure on

Fig. n. An "idle" moment while waiting to unload. Seine needles are busy with never-
ending repairs on the net.

236

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

the lower layei's renders a large part unfit for canning. During the
past season, however, the amount used for canning Mas small and the
surplus was converted into fish meal. The only limits imposed on the
catch, therefore, were those required by cannery practices.

Disposing of catch and washing net.

As soon as the night's catch is taken, the run to port is made without
loss of time, as the first l)oat to tie up at the cannery hoist is the first to
unload. jMost of the canneries start receiving fish at seven o'clock in
the morning, but by daylight a long row of loaded boats is tied u[),
side by side, waiting their turn at the hoist. If the boat gets in before
morning, the entire crew will turn in for a few hours sleep on the boat,
or if living near the water front, will go home, estimating by the position
of their boat in the waiting line the hour to return. But if the l)oat
arrives late and is required to wait but a short time before unloading,
the crew sets to work with ever-ready seine needles mending holes in
the net (Figure 77).

Fig. 78. Unloading the catch. The fish are shoveled
into the hopper where they fall into buckets to be hoisted
into tlie cannery.

The boat is unloaded by shoveling the fish into the cannery hoist \\itli
the small net-like shovels described above. The fish from the after-
deck space are first unloaded and when these are gone, the ones piKxl
forward along the sides of the cabin are sluiced down to the after-deck
with running water from a hose. Si.x or seven men are able to dis-
charge an average load in about a half hour at canneries using a continu-
ous conveyor, but more time is required where a single bucket hoist is
used (Figure 78).

As soon as the ])oat is unloaded, the deck and deck houses arc
thoroughly scrubbed with running Avater and tlic side boards thrown
into the water to remove scales and slime. The boat then backs out of
line to allow the next boat to be pulled up to the unloading hoist, and
runs outside away from the canneries to wash the net. The pieces of
kelp and occasionally gilled fish are carefully picked out of the webbing,
and the bunt thrown overboard and dragged through the water for some
distance to wasli out the slime. The crew then slowly hauls it in, shaking

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 237

and sousing the webbing repeatedly to complete the cleaning. Thoroughly
washed nets last much longer than carelessly cleaned ones, and thrifty
skippers are very particular about the amount of shaking and rinsing
their nets receive after each day's work.

Thus it may be seen in following the course of operations, that sardine
fishing, even under the mildest and most favorable of natural conditions,
entails long hours, heavy labor, and uncertain returns. Only those
who are born to following the sea are attracted by the possibilities of
fishing, and hence the industry has fallen into the hands of those from
foreign lands where fishing is a profession, and not a mere means of
living.

238

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

CALIFORNIA SARDINE FOOD PRODUCTS AND THEIR

PREPARATION.*

By Hakry R. Beakd.

The outbreak of the World War in 1914 bronolit about a large
increase in the demand for food products. Normal production of most
foods require time and the use of valuable raw materials. The world's
fisheries, however, were furnisliing large quantities of excellent food
without such serious drawbacks. IMoreover, this supply could be
greatly increased and, by using methods of preservation, it conld be

Fig. 19. Sardine cannery.

made available anywhere. In addition, the increased quantity of
by-products from fish would be of almost equal importance. This is
obvious when one considers the things which may be derived wholly
or in part from fish wastes. Some examples are: fertilizers, stock and
chicken food, glue, oil, glycerine, soaps, explosives, paints, Avaterproofed
fabrics, lubricants, medicinal products, salad oils, butter substitutes,
candles, artificial jewels, and ornaments for hats and dresses. Demands
for food and for these products naturally led to a vast expansion of
the fish industry.

An excellent example of this expansion is shown by the rapid growth
of the California sardine industry during the war period. In 1920

•Contribution from Preservation Laboratory, Fisli and Ganie Commission of
California, San Pedro.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 239

California's production had risen to a place where it was almost
leading dn the race for world supremacy. In addition it can be said,
that California canneries are second to none in sanitation, equipment,
methods of packing, and in the variety and quality of food products
produced.

A short description of these products, their preparation and food

values follow.

FOOD PRODUCTS.

The sardine packer offers to the trade excellent food products put
up in ways various enough to suit any taste. Moreover, most of these
products are sold at prices low enough for everybody. The canned
products enjoying the greatest popularity are the so-called "pound
oval" and "quarter oil" packs.

A can of "pound oval" sardines usually contains four to seven large
sized fish which have either been steamed in the can or fried and then
packed into a flat oval can with tomato sauce. This is the cheapest
and most popular pack put up by the industry.

Next in order of importance is the "quarter oil" pack. Here one
finds fried "baby" sardines tightly packed with olive oil into quarter-
pound flat cans.

Many other products are put out in smaller quantities. These depend
upon the resourcefulness of the packer and the demands of his trade.
For instance, the size and shape of the can is varied as well as the
size of the fish put into it. Sauces placed in the can include, in addition
totomato, mustard, souse (vinegar and spices), and soy for the orientals.
Fancy packs are prepared by making fillet of sardine, by smoking to
add the delicate flavor obtained in that manner, by grilling, by packing
in glass, and by making mixtures with other foods. Considerable quan-
tities of salted, pressed sardines are sold to the foreign trade.

PACKING.

Sardines are canned in modern packing establishments situated on
the waterfront close to the fishing grounds. The size of different plants
varies greatly. Some are able to handle only a few tons of sardines a
day while others can easily care for 100 tons in the same period of
time. The internal arrangement of space and equipment differs in
most canneries, yet in each case the arrangement was planned to
expedite the process.

Mechanical equipment of the latest type is used wherever possible,
making the procedure mostly automatic in the larger plants.

Particular attention is paid to sanitation in all canneries. Cement
floors are used to a great extent, as they are easily washed after a batch
of fish has been cared for. The fry-baths, trays, and packing tables are
cleaned after use by treatment with a solution of soap or caustic soda
followed by plenty of water. The M'omen who pack the fish into cans
wear white aprons and caps. They are required to keep their hands
clean and their nails manicured. Precautions of a like character are
required of all personnel who handle the fish.

The methods used in preparation and canning of fried "pound
oval" sardines are representative of those generally used in California
for preparing most canned sardine products, These methods will,

240 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

therefore, be given in detail. Following this description, a few general
statements will be made concerning the preparation of steamed "pound
oval" sardines and of the other packs which have been described above.
In these connections, it is to be kept in mind that the methods given
here are subject to considerable variation in the many canneries. These
changes, however, are only different means of attaining the same end.
Description of a process is probably made clearer if it is treated
according to the steps into which it naturally divides itself. This plan
is used here in describing the preparation and canning of the "pound
oval" pack.

Preparation and canning of the "pound oval" pack.

Beceiving. Sardines are received fresh from the fishing grounds,
having been rushed to the canneries to prevent decomposition. They
are shoveled from the boats into a mechanical hoist which raises them
to an elevated platform where they are weighed. Water and gravity
then carry the fish from the weighing vat through a trough into the
cannery proper.

l^caJing. The first operation in preparing sardines for canning is to
scale them. This is accomplished by passing them through a large
cylinder of heavy screening, which is rotating in a tilted position.
Most of the scales are removed by the rubbing of the fish against each
other and against the screen wall of the cylinder. Water is sprayed
on the fish at the same time to help remove the scales and to wash the
fish. The sardines are discharged on the cutting tables.

Cutting. In at least one cannery in the state an attempt is being
made to cut sardines by a specially devised machine. However, this is
an experiment. Cutting is usually done by Japanese women. They
are paid by the number of buckets of cut fish delivered to the checker,
who keeps score by punching a card, which hangs on the cutter's back.
Cutting, therefore, develops into a sort of race: each cutter trying to
make more money than anyone else. In some cases a cutter makes as
high as a dollar and even more per hour when the price paid is thirty
to thirty-six cents per hundred pounds of cut fish.

This sort of a race is desirable, a.s the fish do not tarry long on the
cutting tables. In addition, a large number of cutters are employed,
so the period only lasts a few hours.

The cutting operation is carried out in the following manner: The
fish is taken from the table with one hand and held belly down on the
cutting board. One cut with a sharp knife suffices to remove the head
and part of the body from the sardine. A sideways motion Avith the
knife removes the entrails and forces all the refuse through a hole in
the table. At the same time, the other hand drops the cut fish into the
bucket. The refuse from this operation goes to the by-products plant,
where the oil is removed and the residue is made into fish meal.

Brining. The cut fish are placed in a large wooden vat containing
an almost saturated solution of salt in water. The fish remain immersed
in this brine for about thirty to sixty minutes. The time used varier»
according to the strength of brine, the temperature, and the size of the
fish. A man skilled in brining determines when the fish have been
brined sufficiently by obsen-ing their appearance.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

241

Brining accomplishes several things. Some water, blood, and soluble
proteins are extracted. Salt goes in the other direction, penetrating
the flesh and making it firmer.

Drying. Brined fish normally contain too much moisture to fry and
can well, so the excess is removed by means of hot air.

The apparatus usually used is a tunnel drier. This consists of an
elongated chamber, varying from the size of a small, narrow room to

Fig. 80. Sardines coming from the dryer.

the size of a large hallway. Large fans rapidly blow or suck air
through a series of steam coils, then through the chamber. In one
popular type of drier the sardines pass through the chamber once on
an endless wire belt. In their passage they are subject to hot dry air
forced down onto the fish by baffle plates. In another type an endless
wire belt carries the sardines to the top of the drier and through it.
They then fall on a belt traveling in the opposite direction. A set of
belts placed one below another repeats this operation several times
before the fish leave the drier. In some types belts are not used.
Instead of such apparatus, tiers of trays containing sardines are
wheeled on trucks into the chamber and allowed to remain until the
degree of drying is complete enough.

The time necessary for sufficient drying depends mainly upon: the
rate, temperature, and moisture content of the air used ; and upon the
size of the fish. The time is easily controlled by changing the speed
of the belts. "Where trays are used the method of control is obvious.

242

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

In most cases an hour or less of drying is sufficient. The appearance
of the fish is used as a guide in determining the sufficiency of this
operation.

Fryhig. The sardines are conducted from tlie drier to the fry-batli,
where preliminary cooking is accomplished.

Shallow wire trays are partly filled with the dried sardines (if they
are not already in trays) and slowly passed through cottonseed oil
heated to a temperature ranging from 215 to 240 degrees Fahrenheit.

Fig. 81. Frying sardines.

The apparatus used consists of an elongated metal vat, inside of
which is placed, midway of its depth, a horizontal set of steam coils.
An endless chain conveyor runs just above the steam coils, carrying
the baskets of fish through the length of the bath. Water is added to
the bath until it almost comes to the bottom of the steam coils. Enough
oil is then floated on top of this water to cover the baskets of fish which
are to be carried through it. At times this amount of oil is over a
thousand gallons. The temperature is controlled by varying the amount
and pressure of the steam which is sent through the coils immersed in
the oil.

Frying in pure oil brings out the excellent sardine flavor. Tn addi-
tion, part of the oil is carried on by the fish and this adds to the
delicacy of the final product. This operation removes considerable
moisture and some soluble extractives from the fish. Part of this
water goes off as steam. The rest sinks with the extractives and solid
particles coming from the fish. These collect in the layer of water

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

243

under the oil. After a day of frying the oil is separated from the
water and other waste materials. The bath is then cleaned before the
oil is returned to it.

The condition of the fish is used in determining the correct amount
of frying. If, after removing the tail and holding the fish in one hand,
the backbone can be removed easily and cleanly and shows no uncooked
blood, then the process is deemed sufficient. Around eight minutes is
the time needed for frying "pound oval" sized fish when the tempera-
ture of the oil is close to 230 degrees Fahrenheit.

The trays coming from the hot oil are placed on trucks and allowed
to remain there until the fish drain and cool.

Fig. 82. Packing sardines.

Packing. After sufficient cooling the trays of sardines are placed
on the packing table where women discard the broken fish and pack
the others into clean cans.

The packing table is in a clean, light, airy part of the plant. It is
arranged so as to give individual working space to each woman who
has a tray of fish and a box of cans within her reach.

The cans come through a chute from a different part of the plant
or they are brought in in cases. Each woman has a card which is
punched every time she receives a case of cans. This is used as the
unit of pay for her work. Some of the women make as high as a
dollar or more per hour when the price paid is thirty cents per hun
dred cans packed.

244

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Tlie women carefully pack the fish into cans and then place them on
a belt conveyor which carries them past an inspector, who discards the
poorly packed cans. They then go to the sauce distributors.

The steady stream of cans on the belt conveyor passes under a
mechanical sauce distributor which adds the correct amount of tomato
sauce to each.

Exhaustinij. When cold sauce is added to the cans they are heated
before they are sealed. This is necessary to prevent trouble later.
Explanation of this is easily given. Cans sealed cold on a cold day have
all empty spaces full of cold air. Later when a hot day comes the
air expands and the cans swell. Addition of hot sauce followed by

Fig. 83. Sealing cans of sardines.

immediate sealing cares for this difficulty. Another method of accom-
plishing the same end is to exhaust llu^ cans by heating them after the
sauce is added. 'J'his is lirought about by allowing them to continue on
the belt conveyor througli a narrow chamber long enough to permit the
steam pipes contained therein to heat the contents thoroughly.

Staling. The cans are carried on the belt conveyor to an automatic
sealing machine, which literally picks one of them up, puts a lid on it
and with a whirl seals the lid to the can. Some machines do this forty
or more time.s to the minute. The can carries a flange whicli fits into
a groove in the lid having an extended edge bent downward. In seal-
ing, the flange of the can and the edge of the lid are interlocked so
as to form a double seam. The groove in the lid carries a very thin

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

245

layer of a sort of rubber eompoimd, which serves as a gasket between
the seams.

The cans fall from the machine into a large metal truck. This truck,
which holds a very large number of them, is made to fit the retort
used in processing.

Processing. Sterilization of the contents of the can is necessary to
insure its keeping qualities. In addition more cooking is desirable.
Proper heat treatment accomplishes both of these steps at one time.

The truck containing the cans from the sealing machine is wheeled
into a large steel retort. The door is then tightly closed. Live steam
under pressure is turned into the retort. This heats the contents of
the cans to a temperature above the boiling point of water. Various

Fig. 84. Processing canned sardines.

temperatures and times are used in this step ; however, it is certain
that a temperature of 240 degrees Fahrenheit applied for two hours is
sufficient. Further, it leaves a margin for safety. The cans are water
cooled after processing (or retorting as it is often called).

The high temperature and time used, sterilizes and thoroughly cooks
the sardines. Even the bones are made soft and edible.

The cans are next washed in soap solution and allowed to dry.
They are then conducted to a room where they go into temporary
storage.

Testing. The cans are allowed to remain in temporary storage for
about two weeks. At the end of this period each one is examined and
those which were not tightly sealed thrown out. These cans are easily

246

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

discovered as they have a distorted appearance. They are called
"swells." Such condition is brought about by bacteria which enter
and act upon the contents. The other cans are then labeled and
packed into cases, ready for shipment anywhere.

Preparation of steamed "pound oval" sardines and of other packs.

Steamed "pound oval" sardines are prepared in a manner quite
similar to the fried pack. After brining the fish are packed into the
cans without drying. Preliminary cooking is accomplished by invert-
ing the filled cans and steaming them. The inverted position permits
drainage of the oil and extractives cooking out of the fish. After
steaming the same procedure is followed as after frying. This pack
can be made more cheaply than the fried one and many people prefer
it, too.

"Quarter oil" sardines are prepared and packed in the same way as
the fried "pound oval" pack, except for variations in the procedure
necessitated by their small size.

Kippered sardines are prepared by placing the fish in chambers
where they are treated with hot smoke. This cooks and smokes the
fish in the same operation. They are then packed into the cans with
or without sauce, sealed, and processed.

FOOD VALUES.

Sardines, like other fish, are excellent food. One could replace all
other meats in one's diet by sardines every day in the year and be
just as healthy. I)ecau8e they contain as much body-building material
and are as readily digested as their more expensive rivals.

A list is given below of important food products having high protein
content. The current price of these articles and the food value per
pound of each as purchased are included. The food value of the
amount of each article which can be purchased for twenty-five cents
is given in the last column.

Comparative Costs and Food Values of Some Common Sources of Protein. '

Food

Sirloin f teak

Mutton, log

Ham, f . esh

Veal, ciitl. ts

Kggs

Milk-, whole

Ohecsc, full cream

Chicken, 1 roiler

Baked beans, canned

Haliljut, steak

Salmon, canned

Tuna, canned

Ca'.ifornia sardines, "pound oval," 4 to

7 fat fish per can

California sardines, "quarter oli"

Current priC3

3.5 cents per pound

3') cenis p r p und

4J cents pir pound.

JO cents per pound

50 c^'nts per dozen

14 cents per quart

;:0 cents per pound

60 c:n.s per pound

15 cents per ll-ounce can

25 cents per pound

25 cents per No. 1 can...
35 cents per No. 1 can...

25 cents per can

20 cents per can

Food value

per pound

as purchased

Pood value
purchased
for 25 cents

975
890

1,320
74n
635
310

1.885
289
555
475
91.")
960

calorbs
calor'es
calorics
calories
calorics
calor.es
calor;es
cak.r:es
ci-lori s
calorifs
calories
calories

938 calories
1,101 calLries

698

6!e

825
46j
423
1,107
1,566
120
678
475
858
613

calories
cal res
calories
calories
cal( lies
calories
calories
ealjries
calories
caloiies
calories
calories

830 calorits
275 calories

iProm an unpublished table prepared by Mr. L. D. Elliott of the National Canners' Associa-
tion Laboratory, San Pedro, California.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 247

Examination of the table shows twenty-five cents to have higher
purchasing value for cheese and milk than for ''pound oval" sardines.
For other articles its purchasing power is lower. "Quarter oil" sar-
dines are even higher in food value per pound than "pound oval"
sardines, but they are more expensive. Anyway, they are hardly com-
parable with the other foods listed as they are classed more as a
delicacy than as a staple article of food.

In considering food values it is important to realize that canned
sardines are especially high in mineral constituents. Few foods have
as high edible content of phosphates and lime as they have. For
"pound oval" sardines this value is around two per cent.^

^From analyses made by the author in the Preservation Laboratory, Fish and
Game Commission of California, San Pedro.

248 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

INSPECTION IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
FISH CANNERIES.

Norman IIe.ndrickson, Director, Southern California V\Ai Investigations, National

Canners' Association.

Four years ago in November the fish canners in southern California
entered into an agreement willi the National Canners Association by
which the canners volunteered to submit to a systematic investigation
and to abide by rules and regulations to be provided by the association,
the cost to be paid by assessment on the cans at the time of purchase.
The oriorinal eontrae.t was for a period oi' tliree years. This has expired
and a new one has been executed which terminates December 31, 1022.
It seems probable that the inspection service will become a permanent
institution but that its functions and methods of operation may be
varied from time to time to suit the constantly changing business con-
ditions of the industry. Though lacking the authority of a govern-
mental agency, a private institution of this kind is unhampered by
direct responsibility to the public and consequent red tape. It can
act quickly in any emergency, and need not be as cautious about offering
oi)inions or advice or risking errors in judgment, as is necessary in
a pul)lic servant. It should be especially serviceable for trying out new
projects which are not sufficiently conservative or safe, or which are
too closely allied to private enterprise to be undertaken by any public
or semi-public agency.

At the time the inspection was estal)lished the sardine and tuna
industry was growing very rapidly on account of the stinuilus given
to food production as a war measure. This was responsible for the
erection of a considerable number of new canneries and the operation of
some of them l)y men lacking in experience in tlie canning of sardines
and tuna and unfamiliar with the principles involved. The demaiul
for fish was so keen that the fishermen were having things more or less
their own way. Prices were advancing and some canners had become
rather careless aliout the quality of fish accepted for canning.

The scope of the ins])ection in the l)eginning included a close su])er-
vision qf tlie fish from the arrival of the fishing boats until shipment of
Ihe final product, and sometimes even further. Every load of fish on
arrival at a camiery was carefully examined and passed upon by a
competent inspector before acceptance by the ])uyer. A number of
loads were condemned aiul diverted to reduction plants at a lesser price
than woidd have been paid had they been accepted for canning. This,
of course, led to some wrangling and ill-feeling on the part of a few
fishermen and inspectors, Init the need for such measures was shortlived
and all concerned are apparently agreed that they have been benefited
by the resultant improvement in the quality of the pack. Excess sup-
plies of fish at any cannery were diverted, whenever possible, to other
canneries where there was a shortage, resulting in a considerable saving
of food supply.

A close supervision was maintained over the processes involved in the
canning, and over the sanitary conditions of the plants, the workei-s,
and the product. A numlier of invitations have been issiied to canners

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 249

to clean up certain parts of their plants and equipment. A considerable
number of changes in process have also been recommended. Both of
the above have been, in all cases, promptly complied with.

A very complete chemical laboratory has been installed and a compe-
tent chemist employed. Samples of oils, sauces, and other materials
used in sardine and tuna canning are examined before purchase by the
canners. A considerable number of instances of adulteration and poor
quality in the supplies have been discovered in time to prevent their
use by the canners. The time of the chemist, when not employed in
testing materials, is devoted to scientific investigation of questions
constantly arising relative to canning or the preparation of by-products.

The authority conferred by the United States Food Administration
was of very material assistance in enforcing the regulations at the
beginning and very extensive use was made of it. Fortunately, before
this authority was withdrawn the need for it had entirely disappeared.
Both canners and fishermen took very kindly to the regulations as soon
as they became familiar with, and accustomed to them.

The most friendly relations with local, state, and federal officials have
been enjoyed at all times and have been a wonderful assistance in
attaining the desired results without compromising these officials in any
way in their official relations.

For two years samples were examined from the daily pack of each
eanner and certificates issued to such as met the requirements. This
issuing of certificates has now been discontinued, partly on account of
the expense involved in safeguarding the use of the certificates, partly
because the improvement in the pack as a whole makes it less necessary,
and partly because there is danger that the issuers of certificates may
become partly responsible for the quality of the product. After very
careful consideration, all interested are agreed that the responsibility
for a product shoidd rest solely upon the manufacturer.

On the whole those in charge of the inspection feel that they have
accomplished fairly well the purpose for which the inspection was
started. The canneries as a group are quite modern and though there
is considerable room for improvement in many of them the state of
California has good reason to be proud of them. The quality of the
product, the appearance and sanitary condition of the canneries is
unquestionabl}' as good as any in the world.

The California sardines of "quarter-oil" size, that is, those packed
in olive oil in the familiar small flat tins, lend themselves to the prepara-
tion of a very superior article, equal to, if not superior to the best packs
of French sardines. The large "pound oval" size packed in various
sauces makes an excellent and cheap article of food.

Constant improvements in the handling and packing of the product
are being evolved through the enterprise of the canners and the investi-
gations of the various agencies studying the problems of the industry.

250

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

NOTES ON THE SEA LIONS.
Bj' Edwin C. Starks.

The sea lien rookery (breeding place) of Ano Nuevo Island seems
to he increasing in size, or perhaps it would be better to say, regaining
its former size. Whether this is a local or a general increase in number
of the sea lions, I have no means of knowing at this time. Neither do I
know whether or not this indicates a temporary condition of the rookery ;
a maximum numl)er. perhaps, of a fluctuation that may have taken place
at periods for years without having been commented upon.

An increase of one rookery need not at all indicate an increase among
the sea lions in general. It is supposed that the animals always resort
to the same rookery, coming back from year to year at the breeding
season. If this be so, it would be reasonable to expect a protected

Fig. 85. Ano Nuevo Island rookery, showing cows and pups, Steller's sea lions. Photo-
graph by Edwin C. Starks.

rookery, such as Ano Nuevo is, to increase in size. Certain individuals
that bear scars or other marks of identification have been observed to
appear at the same rookery j-ear after year.

As further proof of this, and showing what may happen to an unpro-
tected rookery, the conditions of some of the California sea lion rookeries
may be cited.* On some of the Santa Barbara Islands several years
ago the sea lions, at least the young, were killed for their skins. Sealers
landed at the rookeries and clubbed the pups. The most accessible
rookeries rapidly grew smaller from year to year, and at last completely
ceased to exist as rookeries.

The number of young ('pups') indicate the size of the rookery. Each
female ('cow') of breeding age has a single pup each year. Hence

(*Ano Nuevo Island is a rookery of Steller's sea lion.)

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

251

each pni> (»n the rookery represents a breeding cow. Each male ('bull')
has a 'harem' of from 3 to 18 or 20 cows, or an average, perhaps, of 8
or 10. So by counting the pups on a rookery the size of the rookery may
be ascertained with considerable accuracy. This, however, does not
take into consideration a more or less indefinite number of individuals
not yet breeding ('virgins' and 'bachelors') that are always to be
found about the edges of the rookery. But however accurately the
number of pups may indicate the entire size of the rookery, they cer-
tainly may be used as an accurate index to the fluctuations in size of
the rookery. As the pups, until they are a month or six weeks old, do
not leave the rookery when the adults are frightened away, they may
be counted with considerable ease and exactness.

I spent several days at various times on the Ano Nuevo rookery in
the years 1901 and 1902. The rookery was then confined to either one

Fig. 86. Steller's slpepin? pups. Adults in the distance. Ano Nuevo Island rookery.
Photograph by Edwin C. Starks.

of two outlying rocky islets, known as Flag Rock and Sea Lion Rock,
respectively. It was then a rookery of about 150 pups. Stories were
current, however, of how in former years the rookery was much larger
and not only covered the two outlying rocks, Imt also a part of the
main island.

I recently (June 25, 1921) visited the island and found the latter
condition. Both Flag and Sea Lion rocks were occupied and there was
a considerable overflow onto the main island. I was informed that
the number of pups at the last count (last year) was about 500.

The desirability of thinning out the sea lions is being continually
brought up by the fishing interests. Before such a course is thought
of, it should be ascertained with great certainty Avhether the sea lions
are increasing or diminishing in number. Even if an increase is found,
it should be made certain that it does not indicate a more or less normal
fluctuation. If it can be proved that there is a steady increase, the
animals may well be kept down to reasonable numbers.

This may most easil}^ be done by killing a predetermined number of
the pups on the rookery and carefully watching results. Shooting the

252

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

adults from a buat when tliey are in the water is uncertain, cruel and
wasteful. ()n(> never knows the peroentage of wounded animals, for
when shot tliey usually sink at once. The young nurse for the greater
I)art of the year, so killing a cow usually means the slow starvation of
her pup. In killing the pups on the rookeries the skins may be saved.
If nearly any sort of animal were thinned in number, one might
naturally suppose that, if there were left a few of each sex of that
ainmal, it Mould in time increase until it regained its former numl)er.
Such does not always appear to l)e the case. Often when an animal
reaches a certain low level in number, it seems unable to recover, but
becomes extinct. Hence the cpicstion of thinning out the sea lions
should be approached with extreme caution. There is an intricate
liahuice maintained between animals that seldom can be disturbed

>

Fig. 87. Stellcr's sea lion, after being frightened from the
rookery, Ano Nuevo Island. Photograph by Edwin C. Starks.

with impunity. Aside from purely sentimental reasons for wishing to
preserve the sea lions on our coast, it may develop in time that they
have as much value as many other products of the tisheries.

It may be pointed out in this connection that the eoi-morants, slieai--
waters and other sea birds, keep themselves pretty well gorged with
fishes. As there are thousands of these birds along the coast, the total
number of pounds of fishes per year that they consume must amount
to considerable. But no one, I hope, will want to, or be allowed to,
kill the sea birds on this account. The leopard seal is surely equally
as great a fish eater as the sea lion, as are also the several porpoises.
Sharks, too, may well cause much of the damage that the sea lions are
blamed for. Lastly, destructive methods and waste in the fisheries may
well receive consideration for depleted fisheries.

The sea lions of both species deserve study. A census should be made
of the rookeries from year to year. Though the number of pups on
the California rookeries indicates the number of sea lions on the coast
at the breeding season, it is not at all certain that it indicates the
number for all of the year.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

'Zi)6

Steller's sea lion breeds from the Santa Barbara Islands northward
into the Arctic Ocean. The California sea lion breeds from the Santa
Barbara Islands southward to some point on the Mexican coast. It is
supposed that there is considerable migration among them, but there
is no very good direct evidence of this. It may be, for instance, that
the animals from Alaska spend a part of the year on the California
coast. At any rate it is known that the California sea lion, that does
not breed north of the Santa Barbara Islands, migrates at least as far
north as the Columbia River.

Fig. 88.
C. Starks.

Steller's cows and pups on Ano Nuevo Island rookery. Photograph b}' Kdwin

The fur seals, that are rather closely related to the sea lions, breed
only in the Arctic Ocean, but they migrate southward along our coast,
ancl have been killed in former years on our mainland, and within my
own memory on the Santa Barbara Islands. As the sea lions have
many of the habits of the fur seals, we may argue that they, too, migrate
from the place they were born. We do not know how far north the
California sea lion extends its range, nor how far south Steller's sea
lion goes.

Though a census of the California rookeries may not show the
number of sea lions that may visit the coast, nevertheless such a record
should be kept from year to year if only to show the number born on
the coast and to preserve important data for future study of the life
history of the animals.

Pups should be marked or branded with a distinctive mark for each
rookery, and records made of the subsequent movements of such marked
individuals. Thus it may be known whether animals born on one
rookery ever breed on other rookeries. By this means, also, the extent
of migrations could in time be learned. By a system of marks changing
from year to year, the approximate breeding age as w^ell as the entire
age could be ascertained.

254

CAIJFORNIA FISri AND GAME

A DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTE ON HALIOTIS.

In his useful paper on

Vnlunie G of tliis .ioni-nal.

KiG. Sit. Al-'sk'Di n-hitr iiJtfdi^n"
(Haliotis kamtschatkmia JonOiS), from
Monterey Bay, C^ilifornia. Natural
size. Photographs by S. S. Berry.

l>y S. SiiLLMAis Berry.

"The Abalones of Northern California," in
Tlionipson ('20, pp. 45, 50), while recording
the northern green abalone {Haliotis
ivalaUensis Stearns) from ^Monterey,
a station which a small, rather poor
specimen in my mvn colh'etion ap-
parently eonlirms, is inclined to
reject the Alaskan white abalone
(//. kamtscliatkana Jonas) from the
California list. However, a small
form of it does undoubtedly occur
at least as far south as Monterey
Bay. Cooper, who states that he
picked up a single dead shell on
the beach at Monterey, atiirmed this
half a century ago ('70, p. 61;,
while another dead shell dredged by
me in 15 fathoms, off Monterey, in
1906, was recorded some years ago
(Berry, '07, p. 46) as H. gigantea,
authorities differing then, as they
still do, as to whether l-anitscliatkana
and gigantea are practically separ-
able. Present reexamination of the
specimen does not cause me to alter
this opinion of its identity.

On a recent visit to ^Monterey, Mr,
Carl Dolter showed me a small series
of dead abalone shells which he had
picked up along the sandy shore just
north of Del Monte. All proved to
belong to this northern species. One
of these, which ]\Ir. Dolter kindly
gave me, and which is liere figured
for the sake of completing the val-
uable series of illustrations given by
Ihompson, is practically perfect,
and measures, length 61.5, width
44.0, height (est.) 17 mm. None of
tlie specimens is in any way com-
mensurate with the ordinary Alas-
kan examples. //. kanitscJiatkana is
far and away the smallest known
species of California abalone.

Other authorities to record the
Alaskan white abalone from Mon-
terey have been Carpenter ( '64, p.
541) and Campbell ('91, pp. 103.
104). Quite recently Dall ('21, p.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 255

184) has recorded H. kamtschatkana from as far south as Redondo,
but throughout this paper credence is unfortunately given to many
poorly authenticated or doubtful extensions of geographic range, so
that even where they seem perfectly reasonable, it would be easy to
show too much precipitance in copying them until the supporting data
can be placed on record.* Iiu-identally it may well be mentioned that
the taxonomic recognition of no less than twelve Californian abalones
in this paper is a little misleading to the general reader, for at least
two of the subspecies of //. crachcrodii there recognized are based
upon characters which seem certainly pathologic (holzneri Hemphill
and impcrforata Dall), while the other two are likewise of extremely
uncertain value racially. Eight distinct forms of Haliotis is the only
safe maximum we can claim at the present time.

H. kamtschatkana has figured but scantily in the literature of our
fauna, and although by no means the rarest, is one of the least known
of all our species. By all odds the best available account of it is that
of Thompson ( :14) , which concerns itself mainly with the economic
aspects of this mollusk in British Columbia. Over much of the western
coast of North America it is the only discovered species of abalone.

♦Carpenter's record of the species from "near San Pedro" ('64, p. 541) is equally
doubtful, but perhaps can never be certainly confirmed or rejected. His record of
it from the Farallone Islands (op. cit., p. 651) is probably safer.

LITERATURE.

Berry, S. S.

'07. Molluscau fauna of INIouterey Bay, California.

Nautilus, V. 21, pp. 17-22, 34-35, 39-47, 51-52, June-September, 1907.

Campbell, J. H.

'91. Mollusca of the United States. (Family Haliotidae.)
Nautilus, V. 4, pp. 101-104, January, 1S91.

Carpenter, P. P.

'64. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledse with regard
to the Mollusca of the Wlest Coast of North America. Report British Association
Advancement Science, 1863, pp. 517-6S6, August, 1864.

Cooper, J. G.

'70. Notes on Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California.

American Journal Conchology, v. 6, pp. 42-70, July, 1870.
Dall. W. IT.

'2]. Summary of the marine shellbeariug mollusks of the northwest coast of
America, from San Diego, California, to the polar sea, mostly contained in the
collection of the T'nited States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto
uufigured species. United States National Museum Bulletin 112, pp. 1-217, pi. 1-22,
1921.

PiLSBRY, H. A.

•90. HaUotkluc. In Man. Conch., (1), v. 12, pp. 72. etc., 1890.
Thompson, W. P.

'14. Report on the abalone of British Columbia (Haliolin f/if/anfcn. Chemnitz.).
Report British Columbia Commissioner Fisheries, 1913, pp. R 12(')-R 130, pi. 1, 1914.

'20. The abalones of northern California. California Fish and Game, v. 0,
pp. 45-50, April, 1920.

256 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHEMICAL LITERATURE

PERTAINING TO THE FISH INDUSTRY.

By Harry R. Beard, Preservation Laboratory, Fish and Game Commission of

California, San Podro, California.

Tills laboratory's cooperation with the California fishing industry
has shown the need of a selected list of recent references for chemists
in this industry who have neither the time nor facilities for making an
exhaustive search of the literature hearing on their work. The following
list was assembled as an endeavor to meet this need and to furnish a
foundation for a more complete working bibliography. It is hoped that
publication will extend its usefulness. The references cited were
selected from a much larger list collected in a search of Chemical
Abstracts, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries' publications, reference works and
papers on the subject. The attempt was made to cite only a very few
articles which appear in standard reference works or which appear in
bibliographies given as a part of articles listed here. The publications
of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries have purposely been omitted, except
in a few instances. The annual reports of the Commissioner of Fish-
eries contain a wealth of excellent material, any part of which can no^v
be found easily by consulting the subject index, the title of which is
given as the last reference in the list.

Although prepared primarily for technical men, the list will be found
to be equally useful to others.

The importance of the foreign references, coupled with the lack of
American articles, made their inclusion advisable.

Much credit is due Mr. Harden F. Taylor of the U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries. Washina'ton. for his criticisms and additions.

A. Examination of Fish (Chemical and Bacteriological).

"Tin salts in canned foods of !ow acid content, witli special reference to caiuied
shrimi)." W. D. Bigelow and R. F. Bacon. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
P>ureau of flKMiiistry, Circular 79 (1911).*

"Preparation of the cod and other salt fish for the market. Including a hactorio
logical study of the cause of reddening." A. W. Bitting. U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Cheraisti'y. BuUolin 133.

"Bacteriology of swelled canned fisli." W. Sadler. Interim report. Biological
Board of Canada (1916-1917) ; through Abstracts of Bacteriology, 1 (1917), 329-,30.

"The examination of canned salmon for bacteria and tin." L. D. Bushnell and
C. A. A. Utt. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 9 (1917), G7S-79.

"Examination of fish." P. K. W. Bokman. Tidsskrift for Kemi, 15 (191S), G4-7.

"An aerobic spore-fnnuing bacillus in canned salmon." A. C. Hunter and
C. Tliom. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 11 (1919), 655-7.

"A study of some chemical changes in oysters during their preparation for the
market." Edward E. Smith. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 740 (1919).

"A study of the microorganisms found in merchantable canned foods." E. W.
Cheyney. journal of Medical Research, 40 (1919), 177-97.

"A bacteriologic study of sardines." Maud 1\I. Obst. Journal of Infectious
Diseases, 24 (1919), 158."

•The name of the article is given in quotations followed by the author's name, the
name of the publication, the volume number and year and then the page numbers.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME 257

Alleu, "Commercial organic analysis," 4th Ed.

"Bacterial decomposition of salmon." Albert C. Hunter. Journal of Bacteriology,
5 (1!)20), 353-Gl.

"Some considerations concerning the salting of fish." Donald K. Ti'essler. U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries, Document 884 (1920).

"A pink yeast causing spoilage in oysters." A. C. Hunter. U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Bulletin 819 (1920).

Leach, "Food inspection and analysis." 4th Ed., 1920, pp. 259-G5.

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, "Official and tentative methods of
analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," 1920.

"Principles involved in the preservation of fish by salt." Harden F. Taylor.
Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society (1920), 120-52.

"Maine sardine industry." F. C. Weber, H. W. Houghton and J. B. Wilson.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Bulletin 908 (1921).

B. Composition and Food Value of Fish.

"The commercial fish foods." J. Wittmann and R. Wunch. Oesterreichische
Fiscliereizeitung, 7.

"Cooking and chemical composition of some English fish." K. I. Williams.
Chemical News, 104 (3914), 271-4.

"Fish flesh." C. Ulrich. Archiv der Pharmazie, 249, G8-92.

"Utilization of fish muscle as compared to that of beef and the action of fish
muscle on the composition of urine." B. Slovzov. Zentralblatt fi'ir BioChemie und
Biophysik mit Einschluss der theoretischen Immunitiltsforschung, 10, .511 ; Zeitschrift
fiir physikalische und diiitetische Therapie, einschliesslich Balneolouie und Klimato-
logie, 14, 22.

"Fish sperm as food for man." J. Koenig and J. Grossfield. Biochemische
Zeitschrift, 54, 333-50.

"Fish roe as food for man." J. Koenig and J. Grossfield. Biochemische Zeit-
schrift, 54, 351-94.

"Copper content of green oysters." Julius Nelson. New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station Record. Annual Report. Vol. 36 (1915), 246-9.

" 'Stockfisch,' 'Klippfisch' and 'Salzfisch.' " P. Buttenberg and L. van Noel.
Zeitschrift fiir Untersuchung der Nahrungs — und Geuussmittel sowie der Gebrauchs-
gegenstiinde, 30 (1915), 1-15.

"^Experiments on the digestibility of fish." A. D. Holmes. U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Bulletin 649 (1918).

"The nutritive value of certain fish." J. C. Drummond. Journal of Physiology,
52 (1918), 95-109.

"A chemical study of food fishes. The analysis of twenty common food fishes
Avith especial reference to a seasonable variation in composition." E. D. Clark and
L. H. Almy. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 33 (1918), 483-96.

"The value of the herring as food." C. J. A. Nature, 102 (1918), 6-7.

"Zinc in oysters." R. S. Hiltner and H. J. Wichman. Journal Biological
Chemistry, 38 (1919), 205-21.

"Yields in tuna canning." D. B. Dill. Pacific Fisherman, 19 (1921), No. 2,
43 and 5<3-7.

C. Preservation of Fish (Canning, Refrigeration, Salting, Smoking, Etc.).

"Notes on the investigation of preserving fish by artificial cold." J. M. Batte-
manne. Preliminary Report, etc.. Third International Congress of Refrigeration,
Chicago, 1913. 48 pp. (The Netherlands.)

"Hydrolysis of fish gelatin." Y. Okuda. Journal of the College of Agriculture,
Imperial University of Tokyo. 5 (1916), 355-63; Journal of the Society of the
Chemical Industry, 36 (1917), 513.

"Canned crab." Okuda and Matsui. Journal of the College of Agriculture,
Imperial University of Tokyo, 4 (1916), 325-37.

258 CALIFORNIA PIKII AND GAME

"The consci-vatidii of fish by frooziuj; methods." K. IMiink, K. Klu-onhiuim and
K. Renter. AbhandlunKon zur Volk?ornahnifr. Zentral-Kiiikaufsircsellschafr, Ileft ~t
(IDIC), 248 pp., P.crliii.

■'Shrimp: liandlinjr. irausptirtalion and n.se.s." K. L). (Mark. L. McNau;;hli)n and
M. E. Pennington. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin o3S (101T>.

"The infinencp of the rate of freozin^- upon the histological clianiies in animal
tissues." K. IMank. Zeitschrift fiir AlLuemiMne I'h.ysiologie, 17 (lOiy), 221-;jS.

"Sea-mussels and their preparation for food." P. Buttenberg and L. van Noel.
Zeitschrift fiir rntcrsuclunii;- dcr Xaliniims - inid Ccnussniittel sowie der (ichiMuchs-
geKenstJinde. o(> (1!)1S), 1-1.1.

"The histological changes in frozen fish and the alterations in the fasic ami physio-
logical properties of their flesh." Journal of Hygiene. 17 (1918), ~>~)-i>'2.

"Formation of ammonia and amines in canned sardines during storage." l\ ('.
Weber and J. 15. Wilson. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 11
(1919), 121-G.

"Low temperature vacuum dehydration." K. (J. Falk, E. .M. Frankel and K. 11.
McKoe. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 11 (1919), l()3(,>-40.

"Fish-puddings, fish-dumplings, fish-sausage and similar preparations." P. Butten-
berg, J. Angerhausen and L. van Noel. Zeitschrift fur Untersuchung der Nahruugs —
und Genussmittel sowie dcr Gebrauchsgegenstiinde, 38 (1919), 145-53.

Cobb, "Canning of fishery products." 1919.

"Some considerations concerning the salting of iisli." Donald K. Tressler. V. S.
Bureau of Fisheries, Document 884 (1920).

"Report of experiments on the cold storage of herring carried out at North
Shields." lone II. (Jreen. Deijartment of Scientific and Indnstrial Research. I'ood
Investigation Board (Great Britain). Memoir No. 11 (1920), (> pp.

"Heat penetration in processing canned foods." W. I). Bigelow, (i. S. Bohai't,
A. C. Richardson and C. O. Ball. National Canners As.sociation, Bulletin KJ-L
(1920), 128 pp.

"The food of the small sea herring and anniionia and amines as end products of
its decomposition." F. C. Weber and J. B. Wilson. Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 42 (1920), 841-9.

"Chemical study of frozen fish in storage for short and long periods." E. J).
Clark and L. H. Almy. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 12
(1920). G56-63.

"Interim report on methods of freezing fish, with siiecial reference to the handling
of large quantities in gluts." Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Food Investigation Board (Great Britain). Special Report No. 4 (1920), 40 i)p.

"Principles involved in the preservation of fish by salt." Harden F. Taylor.
Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society (1920), 120-52.

"The Maine sardine industry." F. C. Weber. H. W. Ilougbton and J. B. Wilson.
U. S. Department of .\griculture, Bureau of Chemislry. UuUetin 908 (1921).

D. Oil from Fish (Preparation, Examination, Composition and Uses).

"\ critical study of the natural cliang(-s occurring in fats and oils." J. S.
Hepburn. Journal of the Franklin Institute. ICS (1909), 3fi5-S4 and 431-50;
109 (1910), 22-54.

"Fish oil as a paint vehicle." M. Toch. Jouri.al of Indusirinl and Engineering
Chemistry, 3 (1911), 627.

Lewkowitsch, "Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats and waxes."
5th Ed., part II. 1914, pp. 405-72: part III. 1915. pj). 411-12.

"Fish oil stearin and olein." ^I. 'Psu.jinioto. Jnurnal of Chemical Inilustry
(Japan). 18 (1915), 1002-72.

"Utilization of fish oils and liy-prodiicts fat in llie soap, stearin ami fatty acid
industry." C. II. Keutgen. Seifeusieder-Zeitung. 42 (1915), 552-3, 573-4, 594-5,
G17-S.

"Chemical composition of fish oils (herring oil)." J. A. B. Svendsen. Tidsskrift
for Kemi, Farmaci og Terapi, 13 (1910), 14-6; Journal Society of the Chemical
Industry, 3G (1917), 657.

CAIJFORNIA FISH AND GAME 259

"Clarification plant for recovering fatty and other products from the waste
waters of a fish cannery." J. Earth. Soifenfahrikant. 8G (1910), 833-6.

"The composition of cod liver oil." IJenrik Hull. Tidsskrlft for Kemi, Farmaci
og Terapi, 14 (1917), 1-2.

"Whale oil : how it is graded and tested." Anon. Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter,
01 (1!>1T), No. 22, 57.

"The composition of Menhaden oil fatty acids." E. Twitclicll. Journal of Indus-
trial and Engineering Chemistry, 0 (1917), r)Sl-4.

Fryer and Weston, "Oils, fats and waxes," I, 1917, pp. 90-109 ; II, 1918, pp. 132,
272 and 273.

"Process for deodorizing fatty oils." W. P. Schuck. Metallurgical and chemical
Engineering, 18 (1918), G08-9.

"Liver oils from shark, ray, spear-fish and sword-fish, poulp and crab." Tsuji-
moto and Kobayashi. Journal of Chemical Industry (Japan), 22 (1919), 1058-04.

"Use of hydrogenated whale (blubber) oil as a food." H. Thomas and F. Muller.
Zeitschrift fiir Untersuchung der Nahrungs — und Genussmittel sowie der Gebrauchs-
gegenstiinde, 38 (1919), 194-8.

"Fish oil and soy-bean oil as paint and varnish vehicles." W. G. Labey. Drugs,
Oils and Paints, 35 (1919), 183-7.

"Marine animal oils in paints and varnishes." H. A. Gardner. Paint INIanufac-
turers' Association of the U. S., Circular 68 (1919).

"Notes on blubber type oils and their application." II. A. Gardner. Paint Manu-
facturers' Association of the U. S., Circular 74 (1919).

"Fish oils and the leather industry." Schlossstein. Journal of the American
leather Chemists' Association, 14 (1919), 41-9.

"Standard methods for the sampling and analysis of commercial fats and oils."
W. D. Richardson, et al. Journal of Industrial and Engineering ChemistiT, 11
(1919), 1161-S.

"The production of edible oils." Anon. Chemical Age. 28 (1920). 342-7.

"Oil extraction by electrolysis.'' Anoiu Chemical Age, 28 (1920), 407-10.

"Tuna fish oil." H. A. Gardner. Paint Manufacturers' Association of the U. S.,
Circular 81 (1920).

"Yellowtail fish oil." H. A. Gardner and Arthur Reilly. Paint Manufacturers'
Association of the U. S., Circular 80 (1920).

"Salmon fish oil." II. A. Gardner. Paint Manufacturers' Association of the
U. S., Circular 92 (1920).

"Some applications of the sulphonated products of seed and fish oils." F. Scurti
and A. Fubini. Stazioni sperimentali agrarie italiane, 52 (1920), 436-46.

"Squalene : A highly luisaturated hydrocarbon in shark liver oil." ^litsumaru
Tsujimoto. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 12 (1920). 03-72.

Allen Rogers, ":Manual of industrial chemistry," 3d Ed., 1920, pp. 660-74.

E. Meal from Fish (Preparation, Examination, Composition and Uses).

"Chemical detection of meat and bone meal in fish meal." F. Chrometzka.
Zeitschrift fiir Offentliche Chemie, 20 (1914), 88-90.

"The fish-scrap fertilizer industry of the Atlantic Coast.'' J. W. Turrentine.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. P,ulletiu 2 (1913).

"Utilization of fish waste of the Pacific Coast for the manufacture of fertilizer."
J. W. Turrentine. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 150 (1915K

"Composition of certain fish fertilizers from the Pacific Coast and the fertilizer
value of degreased fish scrap.'' J. R. Lindemuth. Journal of Industrial and Engi-
neering Chemistry, 7 (1915), 615-9.

"Fish meal : Its use as a stock and poultry food." F. C. Weber. U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Bulletin 378 (1916).

"Fish wastes for feeding animals." J. M. Bartlett. Maine Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Bulletin 266 (1917), 291-2.

260 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

"Fish nical as feed fur swino." F. (i. Aslibrook. U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, P.ulletin (ilO (ItHT).

"Fish meal : Its composition and value as a feeding stuff for pigs, poultry, cattle
and sheep." The Aberdeen University Press Limited. Aberdeen. 3017, pp. 3-G,
12-21.

"The fish by-products industry of the Pacific Coast." J. P. Kellv. I'acific Fisher-
man, IS (1920), No. 12, 24.

"Suggestions to li.sh and meal producers." Anon. Pacific Fisherman, IS (1020),
No. 12, 54.

Gardner, "Papers on paint and varnish," 1020.

Allen Rogers, "Manual of industrial chemistry," 3d Ed., 1020, pp. 445-7.
"Yields in tuna canning." D. B. Dill. Pacific Fisherman, 19 (1921), No. 2, 4.''.
and 5(i-7.

F. Miscellaneous.

"Fish rubber." F. Frank and E. Marckwald. Gummi-Zeitung, 2G (1912),
1408-9.

"Manufacture of artificial rubber from fish in Holland." Board of Trade Journal,
June 0, 1912; Journal of the Society of Clicniical Industry, 31 (1012), 595.

"Shark skin leather." Allen Rogers. Journal of the American Leather Chemists'
Association, 13 (1918), No. 2, 528-30.

"Preservation of fish nets." Harden F. Taylor. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Document 898 (1921).

"An analytical subject bibliographj- of the publications of the Bureau of Fisheries,
1S71-1920." Rose M. E. MacDonald. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Document 899
(1921).*

*The Division of Fishery Products, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, issues
a series of memoranda on the capture, preservation and utilization of fi.shery prod-
ucts. These memoranda, copies of whicli can be obtained upon application, contain
a wealth of information. Number S200 of tViis aeries gives the titles (jf the numbt^rs
issued to June 1, 1921.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

261

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to tiie conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California State Fish and Game
Commission.

Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho-
logical, mammalogical and similar period-
icals.

The articles published in California
Fish and Game are not copyrighted and
may be reproduced In other periodicals,
provided due credit is given the California
Fish and Game Commission. Editors of
newspapers and periodicals are invited
to make use of pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

December 12, 1921.

A SARDINE NUMBER.

Commercial fisheries in California first
came into prominence in early days with
the salmon industry, which was the first
fishing industry of any importance in the

state. Then developed the tuna industry,
and in the last few years the sardine in-
dustry has come to be recognized as the
most important of the fishing industries.
These fisheries mean an annual return to
the state of many millions of dollars.
The total pack of all varieties of fish
canned in 1920 was about 1,941,984 cases.
In view of the constantly growing value
of these industries, and the part played
by the Fish and Game Commission in
their development, we are issuing this
"Sardine Number." The excellent ana
well illustrated articles on the sardine
industry, methods of catching and of can-
ning, and of the various uses for these
fish and their by-products, have been pre-
pared by the staff of the State Fisheries
Laboratory, and are designed particularly
for those readers who are interested in
fisheries in general. Nevertheless, they
should prove of value to the trade because
of statistics which appear in print for

Fig. 90. Chart showing comparison of sardine catch in
California, years 1916 to 1920. Prepared by S. H. Dado.

Fig. 91. Cliart sliowing comparison of yearly production of
California canned sardines. Phepared by S. H. Dado.

262

CATJPORNIA FISH .\ND GAME

the lirsL lime. Tlio acfonipan.vius dia-
grams (Figiin' !X) and Fisiuv !)1 ) will
show the rapid growtli of the industry,
and the ycai-iy iirnduclirm frdiii 1!)1C> to

COMPARISON OF SARDINE CATCH.
The United States Bureau of Fisheries

has furnished us with a fomparison of
the output of the sardine fisheries of
Maine, Norway. I'ortugal, and France,
together with the relative uiuuher and
value of the plants, the nuniher of em-
ployees, the total quantity of fish caught,
and the (|uautit.v of sardines caught, the
ciuantity canned, and the value of the
sardines. A glance at the following
tahle, covering the year 1910, will show
how the output and value of the Cali-
fornia industry compares with that of the
other countries :

is reported, the numhers in attendance
on several occasions exceeding fifty.
Splendid opportunity of hringing home
conservation lessons was afforded on the
lield trips hy first hand study of trout,
deer, tree squirrels, grou.se, mountain
quail, and hand-tailed pigeons, as well as
the common song l)irds. That this edu-
cational campaign will react favorahly
on the development of a useful sentiment
as regards the conservation of natural
resources, appears inevitahle.

STATE FAIR EXHIBIT, 1921.

'I'lie general consensus of opinion by
visitors to the State Fair (Septemi)er 3-
11) was tliat the Fish and (lame Com-
mission's exhibit was "the best thing on
the grounds." It was so well advertised
by enthusiastic visitors that practically

Comparison

of the Catc

h Of Sardines for ttie Y(

;ar 1919.

Califcrnia j Maine

Portugal

France

"Norway

Number of i)lants

41 i 1.52

Value of jilaiits

$7,708,871

8,242

202,260,000

153,880,00)

2,071,641

"$3,6S0,218

5,457

3123,940,635

!

Number of emplove s

'

Quaiititic.'; of fish, lbs. .

*16,i88

"185,515

9 49S.1S-2

'■39,204
■^21,3-29,695

Value of sardines

$11,813,156 ; $843,463

"37,086

,---

•Commercial report, November 21, 1910 for 1916.

^Sardine plants.

^.Sardine.

•'Herring and sardines.

'Metric tons (16.718.83 long tons).

SUMMER RESORT EDUCATIONAL
WORK, 1921.

Continued along the same lines as last
year, the Yoseniite Nature (Juide Service
reports increased interest on the \r,\vt of
the public and improved service rendered
visitors to Yosemite National Park. That
the Fisli and Game Commission, cooper-
ating with the National Park Service,
has taken advantage of the opportunity
to teach natural history and fish and
game conservation to summer vacationists
is evi(h'nced by the following figures :
Attendance at the 52 illustrated lectures
and campfire talks given totaled 31,545.
Attendance on the lO.j field trips given
totaled 2214. All day field trips num-
bered five. Innumerable questions were
answei'ed during the office hours. In
creased interest in the field trips offered

•'•iMetric tons (182,575..'i5 long tons) exported.

'■'Tons.

■^Kscudos.

^Francs.

e\-er\()ne entering th(> gates saw the dis-
play. Three years ago the Commission
installerl a jiermanent exhibit consisting
of a ]innorama of the Sierra Nevada
showing three of the state's hatcheries in
miniature and light (>d in such a way as
to give the changing colors of sunset,
night ,nid sunrise. Pleasing additions
were made this year in the form of Mount
Tjass(>n in erujition aiul a small electric
train that formed a special attraction to
the children. The fh)or space was nearly
double;! by the addition of a well arranged
exhibit i)y tlii' Commercial Fisheries De-
I)artment. The increase in the fishing
industry was graphically shown and fish-
ery products of all kinds from abalonos
to tuna were on display. Equipment for
whale fishing and abalone fishing were
particularly enjoyed by the crowds, as

CALIFORNIA FIRH AND GAME

263

Fig. 92. Field study class in Yosemite, 1921. Nature walks are part of the summer resort
educational program of the Fish and Game Commission. Photograph by H. C. Bryant.

were also the materials mannfactured
from kelp. Educational films shown twice
daily attracted large crowds also.
Through the medium of this exhibit
many thousands of people have become
intimately acquainted with the work of
the California Fish and Game Commis-
sion.

HUNTING ACCIDENTS.

^^'ith the opening of the deer season
came the usual number of hunting acci-
dents. One San Francisco hunter was
critically hurt in T'rinity County when a
companion mistook him for a deer, a
professor at Stanford University was
seriously wounded near Redding, and
anothi'r man met death at the hand of his
hunting companion near Gilroy under
similar circumstances. Several other
accidents of the same kind might be cited.
There should be less danger in going
hunting than in traversing rattlesnake
country, and yet it is quite the reverse.
It is very doubtful whether one man a
year dies from the bite of a rattlesnake,
and yet anywhere from five to fifteen

hunters lose their lives annually. The
only excuse that a hunter has who kills
his companion is "carelessness," if that
can be considered an excuse. Certainly
it is not a satisfactory excuse ! The
spiked buck and doe law has been found
helpful in decreasing hunting accidents.
This is the state's contribution. The
thing now needed is the following of the
"look before you shoot" motto by the
individual hunter.

PUBLIC SHOOTING GROUNDS.

The usurpation of most of the best wild-
fowl shooting grounds by gun clubs has
caused increased demand for public shoot-
ing grounds. Although the desirability
of such public shooting grounds appears
to be admitted by both state and federal
officials, the first real attempts to secure
them have only recently appeared. In-
cluded in the New-Anthony bill is pro-
vision for the purchase, or rental, and
maintenance of marsh and water areas
especially suitable for migratory wild
fowl, which shall be used as free public

264

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

shooting grounds in the open hunting
season and safeguarded as breeding and
resting places for these birds in the close
season ; and second, the administration
of the migratory bird treaty act in order
more adequately to maintain and increase
the supply of migratory birds, including
not only the ducks, geese, and others
classed as game, but the great host of
smaller species which are so vitally essen-
tial to the agricultural interests of the
country through their unceasing war on
injurious insects.

The most needed step at present is the
conservation and perpetuation of a suffi-
cient number of small inland lakes, as well
as inland and coastal swamp and marsh
areas, to provide our migratory wild fowl
necessary feeding, resting, and breeding
places within the United States. Manj
of them should at the same time be set
aside as public shooting grounds. Under
proper conditions many lakes, ponds,
swamps, and marsh areas will yield a
distinctly larger return than would the
same areas drained for agricultural pur-
poses.

Louisiana is one of the first states to
adopt the broad policy of protecting its
citizens against monopolization of the
desirable hunting grounds by exclusive
clubs. In the setting aside of the Pass-a-
rOutre I'ublic Shooting Grounds, a tract
of G0,00a acres at the mouth of the
Mississippi River, the first public shoot-
ing grounds have been established. Here
the sportsman of moderate means can
enjoy all the opportunities for wildfowl
shooting enjoyed by wealthy members of
the exclusive clubs in that region.

UNNATURAL NATURAL HISTORY.

Much of the misinformation which
prevails among the general public can
be traced to the false reports published
in our prominent newspapers. We some-
times read of the attacks of mountain
lions upon peciple passing their haunts ;
or of the attacks of eagles or other large
birds upon children and grown people.
These stories, when traced to their source,
are usually found to be entirely without
foundation of truth. Nevertheless, the
prejudice left in the minds of those
reading such stories is leading to the

destruction of many of our large birds,
which are fast disappearing and yet are
a ridatively harmless species.

For example, our attention was recently
called to the following item, which ap-
peared in the Oaldand Tribune of June S,
1921:

EAGLT3 KILLS BOY WHO CLIMBS

TREE TO LOOK AT NEST.

(By Associated Press.)

Ventura, Cal., June 8. — Juan Gonzales,
11, was killed by an eagle on a stock
ranch twelve miles north of here last
Sunday, it was announced in a report
received today. The boy climbed a tree
to look at the bird's nest and was attacked
before he could escape. His skull was_
punctured in three places by the bird's"
beak.

After reading this item, Mr. Emer.son
A. Stoner, of Benicia, California, undei--
took an investigation of the story, and
received the following letter from Mr.
Lewis P. Hathaway, the Coroner and
Public Administrator of Ventura County :

Ventura, California.

June 10, 1921.
Mr. Emerson A. Stoner,

Box 444, Benicia, California.

Dear Mr. Stoner: Regarding the story
of the horrible work of eagles in Ventura
County, will say:

On June 1, a Mexican employed on
Ranch Sespe between Fillmore and Santa
Paula appeared at the oflice of Dr. Mer-
rill in Santa Paula with his little son who
was ill; had been ill for some time.
Dr. Merrill informs me that in taking the
•history" of the case, he asked the parent
or parents if the lad had suffered injury
within the past few weeks. They saici
the only chance he had had of being
injured was when he fell from a tree
several weeks ago; blackbirds had flapped
about his head when he attempted tA
interfere with their young, and, fright-
ened, he had fallen a short distance.

Dr. Merrill made an effort to locate
bruises or breaks, but it was not until he
had bathed the lad and shaved his heart
for the removal of cooties, that he could
determine as to outward appearances;
he informs me there were NO bruises and
NO "holes in the skull," or even in the
scalp, or indications that there had been

any.

The illness was then diagnosed asi
"peritonitis." because, the possibility of
outward injury eliminated, this seemed
Uie onlv result that could be arrived at.

The lad died on June 2, and the death
certificate was "peritonitis."

All of these statements were corrobo-
rated by my deputy at Santa Paula,
Mr. E. A. French, who is an undertaker.
Ir had not occurred either to Dr. B. E.
Merrill or undertaker E. C. French that
there was necessity (?) for a notification

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

265

of the coroner until the newspaper at tht
county seat published the "eagle story."
A Spanish vaquero heard the blackbird
end of the yarn, proceeded to imagine the
wounds on the head, and the business
manager for the vaquero's employer
brought the embellished story to Ventura,
it needed further embellishment and a
willing newspaper reporter did the rest.
Interesting, isn't it?
The yarn was only a yarn.
Yours very truly,
(Signed) LEWIS P. HATHAWAY

Coroner.

MIGRATORY BIRDS IN
LATIN AMERICA.

Dr. Alexander Wotmorc, who has re-
cently returned from a year's absence iu
Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, hatj
collected some valuable material regarding
the status of the North American migra-
tory birds in the countries which he
visited.

Among the migratory birds whicli
Dr. AVetmore found in South America
was the barn swallow. Other species
noted were shore birds which were
observed in the marshy pampas or on the
coastal mud flats : "Some were found to
Minter well north in the Tropics and
others to travel as far south as the

Straits of Magellan. Among our game
birds seen in Argentina and elsewhere
were the golden plover and pectoral sand-
piper."— Weekly Netos Letter, United
States Dept. Agr., August 3, 1921.

One of the objects of Dr. Wetmore's
trip was to secure information regarding
the possibility of arranging treaties with
the South American countries for pro-
tecting migratory birds, similar to the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act which the
United States has with Great Britain.
When we consider what the protection of
migratory birds has accomplished in
North America, as recognized by both
scientists and sportsmen, we feel that it
would be a sijlendid attainment if their
protection could be further extended to
this southern country.

RAINBOW TROUT ACCLIMATIZED IN
AUSTRALIA.

As has been stated before in these
pages, the rainbow trout has become
well established in New Zealand and also
in Australia. We present herewith (see
Figure 03) some visible proof in the
way of a photograph of a catch of rain-
bows made on the Deepwater River, New

Fig. 93. Catch of Rainbow Trout made on Deepwater River, New South Wales, by Mr.
J. S. Bacon. Photograph by J. S. Bacon.

266

CATJP^ORNIA FISH AND GAME

South W.I Irs. .Mr. J. S. ISacuii. who
sends the photujjraiih, states that the fish
are doing well and breed successfully.

California's rainbow is now widely dis-
Irilnilc'il ()\-er llic world from Austrnlin
to the Ar.^entiiie. The ;;olden trout is
now in demand and tlie question is : Shall
we let the world have it or keep it a
distincti\-e lisli in ( 'alifdrnia V

AUSTRALIA SEEKS INFORMATION
ON FISHWAYS.

That Australia is confronting the same
problem with reference to migratory fish
occasioned by the development of irriga-
tion systems that California successfullj
solved several years ago, is evidenced by
the following letter received from Hon. F.
Lewis, Chief Inspector of Fisheries and
Came, Melbourne, Australia :

From the frequent perusal of your
splendid journal, "California Fish and
Game," I note that the provision of fish-
ways or ladders is compulsory in your
state. Many large dams and weirs have
been erected on our water courses during
the last few years with a view to con-
serving water for iirigation purposes, and
this work will probably extend very con-
siderably in the near future.

So far no fishways or passes have been
erected on any of these weirs, although
many of the streams are stocked witn
both brown and rainbow trout. In addi-
tion there are large numbei's of native
fish, mostly members of the perch family,
in these waters. .\s it is very desiraltle to
allciw facilities for the natural movements
of the fish, I shall ))e grateful if you can
let me have full particulai's of the law in
operation in your state relating to the
erection of fishv^-ays or ladders. I should
also like to have any plans or photograph?
available of such works.

Are the fish ladders only erected on
streams where trout are found, or must
they be placed on all waters irrespective
of the class of fish contained therein?

Full details regarding legislation, con-
struction and maintenance of fishways
have b(>pn srnt the ,\ustriili;in oflicial.

NEW BIRD LAW PROHIBITS GUIDES
FROM MAKING KILL.

A tendency to tighten the restrictions
on tiie hunting of birds and big game is
noted in the game laws for 1021, a sum-
mary of which, both federal and state,
has been compiled by the Biological Sur-
vey of the United States Department of
Agriculturr, and published as Farmers'

liulletin 1235. Among the uotabU
changes made during the present year
was the amending of the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act regulations with respe<-t to
i);ig liniils.

'I'liis amendment provides that the dail.\-
liag limit cf any person sluill now include
"all birds taken by any other ))erson who
for hire accompanies or assists liim in
taking migratory birds."' This will i)tii
an end (o the abuse of privileges under
I lie regulations regarding the prescribed
daily bag limits by persons who claim
that birds were killed by guides accom-
panying thi-m.

The federal waterfowl season for Cali-
fornia wa.s fi.xed from October 1 to .Jan-
uary I'l. replacing the old season of
October Hi lo .lanuary .">1. the seasim
iu)w being the same under both federal
and state laws. Regulation 9, governing
the issuance of federal scientific permits,
wa.s amended to permit the issuance of
limited and special permits.

State legislation harmonized federal
and state laws on waterfowl and shore
birds in Kansas and Oregon, and on
waterfowl in Pennsylvania and Rhode
Island ; Washington prescribed a state-
wide oi)en season on all migratory game
birds from October 1 to January 15,
thus deviating from the federal regula-
titms, which supersede the state law, east
of the Cascade ^Mountains, where it will
now be possible to hunt migratory game
birds only from October 1 to December ."il.
without violating either federal or state
law: in Idaho liie o]ien season on migra-
tory game birds has l)een shorteiu'd luider
state law two weeks by opening Octo-
ber 1, instead of September 16, and ex-
tending to December ol.

Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska,
Oregon, and Washington enacted legisla-
tion similar to the federal regulation pro-
hibiting hunting from airplanes. Col-
orado reduced th(» bag limit on ducks
from 21) lo l.l a day, wliile Kansas in-
creased the limit from 20 to 2o. In New
.lersey reedbirds were jirotected at all
times by being placed in the nongame
cla.ss. The ojien season for woodcock
was shortened 2.1 days in Michigan, two
weeks in New York, and one month in
\'ermont. Doves wen' protected until

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

267

li)24 in Culoriuli), and in Kansas an niifu
season on them was provided Troiu Sep-
tember 1 to October 1~>.

In general, seasons on big game were
shortened and hunting further restricted.
Buck laws were enacted in Michigan,
Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Vermont, and in Washington
east of the Cascades. Maine protected
spike bucks and prescribed that one of
the two deer allowed in the eight north-
ern counties must be an antlered buck,
and provided that in two of the counties
only residents may hunt deer during the
last two weeks of the open season. Bull
moose were protected for five years in
Maine.

The summary of the laws contains tht
provisions relating to seasons, licenses,
limits, possession, sale, and export,
thereby furnishing the reader a brief and
convenient synopsis of the laws of each
state, territory, or province of Canada.
The migratory bird treaty, the treaty act,
and regulations, as well as the Canadian
regulations also are appended. Copies of
the bulletin. Game Laws for 1921, may

lie liad free upon applii-atioii to the
I'nited States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

WIRE HALTS BEAVER.

A l)arl)ed wire entanglement which will
keep beavers from destroying property
and constructing dams has been tried out
by the state fish and game authorities at
tlie A. M. Kischir ranch in the Shields
valley with so much success that it is
believed that it will no longer be neces-
sary to grant any considerable number ot
permits to kill beaver in Montana. —
nnJiufj!^ Gazette, July 15, 1921, Montana.

A SEA ELEPHANT NEAR
SAN CLEMENTE.
The issue of Tfie Catalina Islander of
September 20, 1921, records the occur-
rence of a sea elephant between San
Clemente and Catalina Islands on Sep-
tember 10, by Captain Hugh MacKay,
Mr. Mankowsky and party in the launch
Manana. Two interesting photographs
are shown.

268

CMJFORNIA FISH AND GAME

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.

The Fishciiltural Department reports that the past year has been
a most successful one. Of trout fry alone there were reared and
planted nearly 25.000,000.

-1^ ^r ^r

An old violator was caught with 28 ducks during the early part of
September, by Deputy Carpenter. A stiff jail sentence followed.

^1^ ^r ^r

The Sacramento office has made several Greeks and other aliens
put a higher valuation on citizenship by haling them into court on
their failure to produce citizenship papers, although carrying resident
hunting and fishing licenses.

The Fish and Game Commission's exhibit at the State Fair, during
the first week in September, attracted wide interest. The usual dis-
play of golden trout was made, no difficulty being found in keeping
these beautiful fish on display.

^ ^ ^

During the summer more than 31,000 persons heard lectures and
campfire talks on wild life and its conservation in -Yosemite National
Park and more than 2000 availed themselves of the opportunity to
go afield under a nature guide.

^ ^ "r

The kelp industry, which grew to importance during the war, is
now a memory, all the plants having closed down.

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.

Will F. Thompson, Editor.

THE NEW LABORATORY.

This month, September, sees the prac-
tical completion of the new laboratory,
regarding which an article appeared in
the last issue of this magazine. It prom-
ises to exceed all our expectations in
beauty and convenience, although not too
large for efficiency. It is fully expected
that the middle of October will see us
installed in our new quarters.

THE ALBACORE SEASON.

The albacore season has been unex-
pectedly successful, there having been
taken, according to recent estimates,
nearly eight thousand tons. Considering

Iho lateness of the start, which was due
to difficulties over price, the catch has
been relatively successful. The season
has been characterized by a remarkably
late run at the Coronado Islands.

At the present writing considerable
numbers of yellow-finned tuna and skip-
.jack have appeared. Also numbers of
the smallest year group of albacore have
been taken, as was the case last year.
But no frigate mackerel, dolphins or other
unusual fish have come into the wharf
as j'et. And above all, the blue-fin tuna
have been noteworthy for their absence,
where in previous years so many have
been taken.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

269

THE LABORATORY STAFF.

During the past throe months Mr. Settc
and Mr. Holmes have hoth been at San
Pedro, but leave September 2G for Mon-
terey, whence they go to Stanford Uni-
versity on the twenty-ninth for the fall
term there.

Dr. Tage Skogsberg has been employed
to take Mr. Holmes' place during the
coming year. Dr. Skogsberg is a graduate
of Upsala University, Sweden, and came
to this country in order to pursue his
studies on ostracods. After residence for
some time at Hopkius Marine Station, at
Pacific Grove, he sought permanent em-
ployment in this country, rather than to
return to Sweden. The Commission was
grad to obtain him, as men of his qualifi-
cations are hard to obtain.

In the place of Miss Helen Edwards,
now Mrs. Bacon, whose marriage was
chronicled in the last issue of this maga-
zine, we have been fortunate in securing
Miss Frances N. Clark. Miss Clark is a
graduate of the Zoology Department of
Stanford University and has had much
experience in assisting Dr. C. H. Gilbert
and others in their work on the salmon.
She will have charge of the library work
in the new laboratory, as well as assisting
Mr. Thompson.

Mr. W. L. Scofield has been stationed
at Monterey, as previously, carrying on
the sardine investigations there.

Mr. Thompson and Mr. Higgins are at
San Pedro in anticipation of the opening
of the new laboratory. They attended
the meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, with
which the Pacific Fisheries Society is
affiliated, and Mr. Thompson read a
paper on his albacore work.

THE SURF-SMELT, HYPOMESUS.

On June 28, Mr. Thompson visited
Halfmoon Bay with Mr. Scofield and
Mr. Dado, in order to study the run oi
the surf-smelt, Hypomesus. Unfortu-
nately no smelt ran and inquiry was
restricted to conversations with experi-
enced fishermen and observation of tht,
beaches on which they are said to run.

It is clear, however, that there are nc
grounds as yet for supposing that the

species spawns on the beach, or even that
it spawns in the surf. It is said to be
found at irregular times, and sometimes
on one beach, sometimes on another.
The fi.shermen with whom we talked could
not foretell in any way when a run would
occur, and the fish were supposed to
appear any time between April and Sep-
tember. The fact that they were usually
taken on a beach with a net did not, of
course, prove their absence on rocky
shores.

I'he fishermen said anchovies were
sometimes taken the same way, at night.

THE LIBRARY.

The California State Fisheries Labora-
tory has recently acquired the following
complete sets :

Journal of the Marine Biological Asso-
ciation of the United Kingdom.

Report of the Lancashire Sea Fisheries
Laboratory of the University of Liverpool.

Report of the Liverpool Marine Biolog-
ical Committee.

Memoirs of the Liverpool Marine Bio-
logical Committee.

Transactions of the Liverpool Biolog-
ical Society.

Meddelelser fra Kommission for Havun-
dersogelser. Series: Fiskeri, Hydrografi
and Planl^ton.

International Revue der g^samten
Hydrobiologie and Hydrographie.

Norsl< Fislceritidende.

The Sea Fisheries. J. Travis Jenkins.

Publications of the Conseil Permament
International pour I'Bxploration de la Mer.

A NOTEWORTHY BOOK.

The library is recently in receipt of a
volume, "The Sea Fisheries," by Dr. J.
T. Jenkins. It describes the fisheries of
England, their administration, methods
and scientific investigations in as compre-
hensive a manner as possible within a
good sized volume. It is carefully com-
piled, in a scholarly fashion, and the
content is not marred by unduly empha-
sized viewiwints. The fact of depletion is
stated with proper emphasis, and without
distortion of evidence.

In only one particular does the author
disappoint to a serious extent, and that is
in his avoidance of critical treatment of
research work, particularly other than
England.

The book is decidedly necessary to any
fisheries library, however limited in

270

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

scope, ami iii.iy ho obtained from the
author, l(j Walton's I'arade, Preston,
Eix;;l:iii(1. at 24 sliillings net, postage
1 shillin-.

RARE FISH TAKEN AT SAN PEDRO.

During llic past suinnier a Ink'l" in-
quiry into the usage of common names ot
the commercial fishes at San Pedro was
started to aid in the proi)er interpretation
of the statistical returns of the fishery.
1'his cninili'd regular trips to the markets
by the members of the laboratory stall'
and a close scrutiny of all doubtful spe-
cies. Ill til is way ninety-three separate
species in the connnercial catch have been
recognized and their common names noted.
A few of these being rare in this locality
are worthj' of mention.

Among surf-perches (Embiotocidae),
few of which are distinguished by the
dealers except as "white-, black-, and
blue-perch." were several species of espe-
cial interest. Fliaiicrodon atripcs, which
to our knowledge has never been recorded
south of Monterey since Eigeumann's
specimen from Cortex Bank, was repre-
sented in our collection by one specimen.
Rhacochiliis toxotrs, said to be rare in
this locality, was seen by us ratlier com-
monly. * I)(iiiifili(lithi/s aif/ipo-soniiix,
tlioiigli common northward, was found
occasionally in June and September.

Of the forty species of rocklish oi
"rock cod" (Sehastodcs sp.) taken on the
California coast, twenty-eight have ap-
peared in the San Pedro markets during
June and July. Only two of these species
occurring most coinnionly luive nxcII
known common names, the l)ocaecio
(N. piiucininiiix ) and the chilipei)per
(/S*. goodei). Man.v fishermen distinguish
between the different species, using names
of their own invention, but there is little

unifurtiut,\ among therii. 'i'luis, ,S'. inimn-
tiis. one of the most abundant species, is
often called "red rock cod"' and sometimes
"salmon grouper," although the latter is
also ai)plied to >S'. t/oodci. ,S. Icrin is
I ailed "Harry Olesen" by some, and »S\
chlorostictiis is the "chucklehead." The
three small, dark-colored species, N. atro-
virens, >S'. serranoidcs, and .S'. rastrelliffcr
are frequently confused with the rock bass
md included with them in the markets.
All the other species are lumijed together
as "rock cod," by the fishermen, and this
practice is extended by the marketmen
to inchule all the rockfish.

The rarer species encountered during
the summer are here listed. Two speci-
mens of Sehaatodes cos were taken at San
Clemente I. in June, and several have
since been seen in the markets. This
species was reported by Eigenmann in
1S92 as abundant at times at San Diego,
but it has rarely becm seen by naturalists
since that time.

Two specimens of Sebastodes gilU also
were taken in July. The occurrence of
this species has not been recorded since
the original record by Eigenmann in 1801,
and it is known onl.v from the types taken
at Point Loma.

A specimen of ^chastMhs iiilroiiif/cr,
another rare species, was taken at San
Nicolas I. during June in eighty fathoms
of water. It is one of the deeper water
rockfishes and the few specimens known
have been taken in Alaska in from 85 to
8.10 fathoms, on the coast of Washington,
and in southern California waters in
depths from 178 to 309 fathoms.

t<(l)ristodcs oralis, another rockfish
formerl.v supposed to be quite rare, has
occurred in small numbers in the markets
on several occasions during thi' summer.
— E. IT. and O. E. S.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

REPORTS.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.
April 1, 1921, to June 30, 1921.

271

Offense

Number

oi
arrests

Game.

Hunting without license

Ducks (wild)— closed season— possession or hunting.

Deer meat — closed season — possession

Deer— closed season- kil:ing

Birds (non-game)— possession

Doe— closed season— killing

Pigeons — closed season — killing or possession

Quail — closed season— possession or killing

Geese (wild)— closed season — possession

Bear— closed season— killing -_--

Beaver hide— possession

Doves— closed season— killing or possession

Brush rabbits— closed season— killing

Cottontail— closed season— possession or killing

Spike buck— killing

Cub bear— taking

Discharging oil in San Francisco Bay-
Making false statement on application.
Failure to produce license on demand-.

Total game violations.

Fish.

Angling without license

Striped bass— undersized, offering for sale underweight, shipping undersized,

possession or excess limit

Black bass— closed season— possession, undersized or spearing

Crabs — ^undersized, possession

Crab meat— detached from shell

Abalones— undersized, possession— closed season

Abalones— failure to bring to shore attached to shell

Clams— excess limit— undersized— possession

Trout— excess limit— selling — taking in closed season

Catfish- selling undersized— retaining undersized in live car?

Perch — closed season — possession

Sturgeon— possession ..—

Lobsters— undersized, possession— closed season

Halibut— undersized— selling __ -

Pishing within 250 feet of fishway

Fishing for profit without license

Fishing for proflit excess limit

Fish trap, using

Trawl net, using in District 0

Dragging inside three-mile limit

Illegal net in restricted district

Saturday-Sunday fishing

Taking flsh without hook or line

Total flsh violations.

Grand total flsh and game violations.

6
3

13
4
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
5
2
2
1
1

1
1
1

55

23

22

11
5
1

38
1

12
8
3
2
1
3
1
7
9
1
1
2
1
4
2
1

159

Fines

imposed

$95 00
25 00

400 00

160 00
75 00

125 00
50 00
10 00
25 00

25 CO
175 00

75 00

60 00
100 CO

10 00

200 03
25 00
25 00

208

$1,630 00

$470 00

580 00
175 00
lOOOO
100 00
1M5 00

25 00
290 00
240 00

60 00

20 00
65 00
25 00
175 00
lOO 00
25 00

200 00

100 00

300 00

40 00

25 00

[ 65D 00

$6,310 00

272

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Mexican,
brought Into
CaliforniH

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iioiimiiiiiiiiiicfiiic^ipiiiiicncfiiii 'O-riiiii
1 icoiimiii leOii-^rOi i-i55 t^njiiiiii

i 1 >S 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 'i<M 1 ! rH 1 1 1 1 Irn'lM' I 1 1 1 1 rn' O 1 1 I i I

I 1 " 1 1 3 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 rH , , 1 rH 1 ,

II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II II 1 II 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total

HJI-r-HJIMroeOOQrHrHe^ 1 loCr- lOMCl-H-lflCO IviM-^r-^OCOCOCet-rHCCOtJINeiOOm

THj4Gor^corHOOr-Oi5 1 ii-HH ic^r^cocr. i-*ji ir^cftOir^rHi^iSF^HfC:(^cv^coos?5oo

00 -h; rH rH r-^ r.- CD 00 Oi Ift 1 1 IC OO 1 CO in_ '^ ""l ^.. 1 00 CO I-- Ci i-^ cq^ CI CI CO CO 'H; C 6l Ift C-1 1^ rH C-1

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t-t-;_Cl |,rH,0 rH«0, iH-^-^OClC^ w-i^ Cll£3

cT 111 1 eo' t-^ rH

Imperial

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

San Diego

f^ H+i CI 1 1 00 IIIIII lO 1 100 1 1 rH CD I -11 I^ 1 O m CO 1 1 1 O <6 CO Oi O 1 1 1 «o

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Orange .

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San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura...

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Monterey

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Santa Cruz

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San Francisco,
Alameda

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Alameda

1

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Tehama, Colusa,
Glenn, Butte

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San Joaquin

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Yolo

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Marin .

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Sonoma,
T.ake

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Species of fish

Albacore —

Anchovies

BIu(«sh

i^occaccio

Uonito

Oarp

Oatfish

Ohilipepper

Cultus Cod -.

Dolphin

Fels ..-

Plounders

Grayfish

Qrernfish

Flake

ilardhead

Herrinp

Kincflsh

Mackerel

VTarh'n

Mullet

Perch

Pike

Pompano

Rock Bass

BoeVflsh

=!ablefish

salmon

Sandabs

Sardines

Seulnin

Sea Basf:— Blank

'^ea B«ss— White

Spa Trout

■^had

Shad— Buck

Shad— Roe — . .
Shcepshead

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

273

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274

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

SEIZURES.
Fish and Game and Illegally Used Fishing Apparatus.

Game.

Ducks 6

Deer meat 158 lbs.

Blue cranes 11 90 lbs.

Rabbits - 13

Pigeons 7

Geese (wild) 5

Beaver hides 2

Doves 6

Quail -— 3

Fish.

Striped bass 1420 lbs.

Striped bass 12

Black bass 4 lbs.

Black bass 4

Clams (Pismo) . ..1871

Clams (ccckle) 28i lbs.

Lobsters 1!)

Lobsters .— Oli lbs.

Sole 18 lbs.

Crabs 295

Crab meat 8 Iba.

Abaloncs 333

.\balones (black) 15

Trout 413

'I'Tout 2\ lb?.

Perch 4 lbs.

Catfish - 35 lbs.

Barracuda 2720 lbs.

Halibut 365 lbs.

Sturgeon 18 lbs.

Shad 1

Carp 1

Illegal nets - 3

FISH AND GAME COIMMISSION.
Statement of Expenditures for the Period from July 1, 1920, to June 30, 1921.

Administration:

Commissioners

Executive offices

Printing

Research and publicity

Accident and death claims

Commercial fish culture and conservation:

Superintendence

Inspection and patrol

Research

Statistics

Market fishermen's license commissions -.
Propagation and distribution of salmon

Sporting fish culture and conservation:

Superintendence .....

Printing

Prosecutions and allowances

Angling license commissions

Fish exhibits

General patrol (pro rata share) —

San Francisco District (10 per cent)..

Los Angeles District (40 per cnt)

Sacramento District (40 per cent)

Propagation and distribution of trout

Game conservation:

Printing

Prosecutions and allowances

Hunting license commissions

Mountain lion hunting (and bounties)-.

General patrol (pro rata share)—

San Francisco District (60 per cent).

Los Angeles District (60 per cent)

Sacramento District (GO per cent)...

Tahoc camping ground

$1,115 49

26,443 43

8,073 62

6,073 62

1,754 69

$15,731 18
31,488 15
31,257 8S
10,269 64
535 50
26,164 92

$15,058 43

299 54

496 15

16 879 50

4,323 19

39,296 85

16 981 60

28,774 32

150,405 57

Total — $593,963 94

$461 13

1,057 45

24,605 60

8,489 98

58,713 22
25,370 37
43,158 88

$43,460 85

115,447 27

272,.515 15

161,856 63
€84 04

INDEX VOLUME 7.

Abalone, GS, 71, 81, 121, 128, 131, IGS,
174, 213, 262, 273; a distributional
note on Haliotis, 254-255.

Alaskan white, 254.

Northern green, 254.

Red, 174.
Accipiter velox, op., 134, 135.
Accident, hunting, 117, 203.
Acclimatization, 74, 76.
Act, 76, 78.

Migratory Bird Treaty, sec Migratory.

Districting, 86.

Lacey, 47.
Administration, 69, 73, 81, 83, 132.
Agar-agar, 177.

Airplane, duck hunting from, 158.
Albacore, 39, 59, 70, IOC, 108, 109, 110,
124, 130, 176, 219, 220, 221, 222,
272 ; the albacore season, 268-269.
"Albacore," launch, 64.
Alexander, Commissioner, Go.
American Agar Company, 176.
American Association for Advancement

of Science, 177.
American Game Protective Association,

66, 113.
Anatomy, 114.
Anchovy, 23, 33, 70, 110, 111, 130, 211,

212, 213, 231, 232, 269, 272.
Angler, 42, 46, 49, 84, 122; and sports-
men's organization.s. 44.
Animal, 62, 79, 100, 103, 108, 110, 111,
116, 119, 127.

Aquatic, 118.

DortiGstic Q^

Fur-bearing, '46, 65, 67, 118, 119, 120,
127, 128.

Game, 67.

Predatory, 99, 118.
Antelope, show increa.se, 128.

Prong-horn, 128.
Antilocapra americana, 128.
Aquarium, 43, 126.

Car, 74, 75.
Aquila chrijsaetos, 139.
Argabrite. J. R., 80.
Arrest, 44, 48, 68, 85, 112, 115.
Association, American Game Protective,
66, 113.

Lindsay Fish and Game Protective, 113.

National Canners', 203, 246, 248.

Northern California Hotel Men's, 86.

Yuba County Fish and Game, 113.
Auklet, 13G.
Austin, Geo. P., 184.

Author, Finding list of, see Finding LLst.
Automobile, 52, 103; confiscated in Wis-
consin, 66.

Truck, 122.
Awa, 75.
Ayu, 76, 121.

B
Babcock, John P., 83.
Bacon, J. S., 265-266.
Badger, 182.

Bag limit, 67, 83, 84, 104, 105, 158, 267.
Bait, 25, 32, 33, 3-5, 37, 111, 182, 196,

220.
Bamboo, 25.
Banding, bird, 167.

Barracuda, 68, 70, 130, 176, 221, 272.
Bass, Black, 70, 74, 75, 130, 272 ; fishing
in Lake County, 161.
Rock, 70, 75, 130, 270, 272.
Sea, 70, 130, 221, 272.
Striped, 68, 71, 76, 84, 128, 131, 175,

273.
White, 70, 130, 272.
Bear, 68.

Black, 65.
Beard, Harry R., California sardine food
products and their preparation, 238-
247 ; a selected bibliography of chem-
ical literature, 256-260.
Beaver, wire halts, 267.

Pelt, 116.
Benton, Assemblyman, 176.
Bermiugham, Jr., Hon. E. L., 84.
Berry, S. Stillman, a distributional note

on Haliotis, 254-255.
Bibliography, 147 ; of chemical literature,

fish industry, 256-260.
Biennial Report, 87, 88-89; 1870-1871
77; 1886-1888, 78; 1888-1890, 79
1895-1896, 79; 1910, 80; 1914, 85
1918-1920, 44, 112, 116.
Bill, 121, 124.

Flint-Cary, 85, 86.
Biologist, 166.
Biology, 59, 106, 110.

Bird, 47, 61, 64, 79, 81, 111, 114, 11.5,
118, 128, 151, 231, 252, 264, 265.
Black, 136.
Banding, 167.
Game, 67. 79, 80, 83, 266.
Upland, 47.
Nongame, 81.
Sea, 60.

Song, 160, 262.
Water, 142.
Bivalve. 112.
Blood, Roy H., a trapper's experiences,

184.
Bluefish, 70, 130, 272.
Blue Jay, 136; hunt in San Benito

County, 115.
Boar, hunting the wild, in Central

France, 102.
Boat. 23. 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 36, 37, 4b,
56, 219.
Patrol, 81, 163.
P^wer, 24, 56.
Sail, 24, 56.

276

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Bobcat, 101, 118.

Boccaccio, 70, 130, 270, 272.

Bonito, 70, i;JO, 272.

Book, a noteworthy, 270.

Bosqui, E. L., 84.

Bounty, 183.

Bowline. 32, .36.

Bi-itton, Deputy, 121.

Brown, Wni. S., the porcupine as food,
127.

Bruce, Jay C, 48, 100, 101, IGS ; throe
mountain lion kittens captured, (52-
63 ; mountain lion swims river, 1,S0-
181.

Bryant, H. C, 62, SO, 81, 113, 127, 263;
a brief history of the California
Fish and Game Commission, 73-Si] ;
publications of the California Fish
and Game Commission, 1870-1920,
87-98; tree squirrels infested with
scabies, 128 ; California hawks, how
to identify them, 133-147.

Buck, see Deer.

Buckingham, Hon. R. H., 84.

Bulletin, 87.

Fish, 87, 90-91. 179; new, 112; No. 4.
the edible clams, mussels and scal-
lops of California, 112; No. 5, a key
to the families of marine fishes of the
West Coast, 112.
Fisheries Service, 116.
Game. 87, 91, 94.
Miscellaneous, 87, 91-92.
Teachers', 87, 91.

Burke, Deputy, 168.

Buteo, 135.
horcalis, 136.

By-product, 204.
Buzzard, Turkey, 143.

California Acclimatization Society, 74.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 42,
59, 60. 61. 81, 87, 92, 106, 108, 122,
151. im, 176, 177, 184, 193, 194, 266;
reprint and separate, 87, 92-94.

California-Ores;on I'ower Company, 123.

California State Board of Health, 120.

California State Fisheries Laboratorv,
Contribution No. 22. 38-41; No. 23,
59-61; No. 23, 103-1(^; No. 24, 106-
110; No. 25, 177; No. 26, 177; No.
27, 110-111, 177; No. 28, 177-180;
No. 29, 1.50-153; No. 30, 192-194;
No. 31, 195-206; No. 32, 207-21S ;
No. 33, 219-237; No. 34, 268-270.

Campaign, educational and publicity, 44,
81, 84, 112.

Camping, 67.

Camp, see Tahoe Camp Ground ; sanita-
tion, 119-120; nnniicipal, increase in
national forest parks, 163.

Can, 119, 120.

39.

or half-pound ovals.

Half-pound oval.

Quarter oil, 39 ;
106-110.

Pound oval, 40.
Cannery, 10. 42. 59, 60, 61. 106, 112, 124,
176, 195, 230. 236, 238, 240; inspec-
tion in fish, 248-249; sardine, 48.

Cannerymcn, 59, 61.
Canning, 77. 106, 125.

Industry, 38.
Cauvasback, 46.
Caribou, 47.

Carp, 70, 76, 84, 130, 141, 272.
Carpenter, Deputy, 121, 268.
Carter, Hon. Jesse W., 154.
Case, 168.
Cat, 114, 128, 184.
Domestic, 63, 67.
Wild, lis.
Catfish, 70, 74, 130, 272.
Vctcrliiiius majrimus, 178.
Chamber of Commerce, 113, 122.
Chicken, I'rairie, 6(>.
Chilipeppcr, 70, 130, 270, 272.
Chipmunk, 136.
Chucklehead, 270.

Church, S. C., curlew numerous, 181.
Civil service, 81.
Circus hudsonius, 141.
Clam, 81. 112, 124. 174, 273.
Cockle, 68, 71, 128, 131, 273.
Pismo, 59, 68, 71, 12S, 131, 174, 27;> ;
the abundance of young, 103-1 0(i,
177.
Soft shell, 46, 71, 131, 273.
Clark, Deputy M. S., 45, 168.
Clark, Francos N., 269.
Clarke. Frank C, 81.
Clayton, Henry D., Judge, 162.
Club, 44. 79, 113, 161.
Alturas Sportsman, 113.
Angling, 127.

Caspar Rod and Gun. 113.
El Dorado Rod and Gun, 113.
Fresno Sportsman, 113.
Grass Valley Sportsman, 113.
Lake County Fish and Game Protective,

161.
Sierra Rod and Gun. 113.
Sportsmen's, in New York, 185.
Clupca liaroif/us, 193.

spruttiis, 193.
Cobb. John N., 54.
Cod. 108, 213.
Black, 111.
Cultus. 70, 1,30, 272.
Grey, 110.
Rod, 110, 111.
Rock, 219, 270.
Commercial fisherv do]iartmoiit, 44, 46,

48, 53. 79. 110.
Commercial lishery notes, 54-.5S, 124-127.
Commissioner, 60, 77. 83; list of Fish and
(Jame. 1S70-1920. S4.
of Fisheries, Province of British Co-
lumbia, 7.
of Fisheries, United States, 7, 12.
Alexander, 65.
P.oard of Fish, 74, 78.
Louisiana State Conservation, 65.
Commission, sec Fi.sh and Game Commi.s-

sion.
Condor, 143, 146.

Confonnico, the National Game, 113-114.
Confiscation. 65.
( 'ongross, 47.
Connell, Hon. M. J., 44, 84.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GA M E

277

Conservation, 43, 44, 46, 55, 58, 69, 73,
81, 113, 117, 132, 185, 268; the sys-
tem of, in Pennsylvania, 66 ; reader
for California schools, 117-ilS; m
other states, 65-67, 185 ; and the
scientific collector, 160 ; of fisheries,
resolution on the, 162 ; game, 82, 84,
114, 132 ; interest in fish and game,
in Utah, 185; wild life, 81; Presi-
dent Harding in sympathy with, 118-
119.

CONSERVATIONIST, THE, 65, 117.
163, 185.

"Conservation through education," 81, 87.

Cormorant, 252.

Court, Superior, 57, 85.

Supreme, of the United States, 67, 8^:5,
85.

Cow-horn, 102.

Coyote, lis, 121, 182, 183.

Crab, Edible, (j8, 71, 81, 121, 128, 131.
273.

Crail, Judge C. S., 176.

Croaker, 176, 273.
Spot-fin, 176.
Yellow-fin, 176.

Crustacea, 11, 71, 111, 124, 131, 273.

Curlew, Hudsonian, 181.
Jack, 181.

Cuttlefish, 71, 131, 273.

Dado, S. H., 261; fisheries, 1920, 124-
125.

Dearborn, Ned. 118, 119.

Deer, 48, 65, 68, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 9;»,
100, 101, 112, 117, 118, 120, 12S,
182, 183, 184, 262, 263, 267; two, at
one shot, 47 ; albino, seen in Stanis-
laus forest, 182.

Dendrocijfjna hicolor, 64.

Deputy, 79, 83.

Dibble, Hon. A. B., 84.

Didclphis virginiatia, 62, 184.

Disease, 128.

Distribution, 43, 84, 106, 110, 114, 119,
122, 123, 124 ; trout and salmon, 49.
Car 49.

District, 125, 128, 175.
Fi.sh and game, 175.

Dixon, J., 181.

Doe, see Deer.

Dog, 63, 67, 100, 101, 102, 114, 128, 181,
183.

Dogfish, 111.

Dolphin, 269, 272.

Dolter, Carl, 2.54.

Doney, A. E., ,51.

Dove, 68, 79, 83, 85, 128, 136, 137, 266;
wrong season on, 47 ; introduceo,
thrives in Los Angeles, ISO.
Chinese Spotted, 180.

Duck, 48. 6t'>, 68, 79, 83, 120, 121, 12s.
136, 1(X», 166, 264, 266 ; move to new
feeding grounds, 46.
Rlack, 167.
Canvasback, 46.
Fulvous tree, shot near Colusa, 64.

Lesser Scaup, 46.
Mallard, 167.
Pintail, 11.5.
King-necked, 167.
Teal, Blue-winged,

167

"Wood, help save the, 46.
Dynamite, 85.

Eagle, 135, 264.

Bald, 139, 143, 146.

Black, 182.

Golden, 139, 143, 144, 146.

Ecrevisse, 273.

Eddy, Robert E., 113.

EDITORIALS :

A salmon number, 42 ; Klamath
River salmon threatened with exter-
mination, 42 ; in memoriam, Ralph
W. Requa, 43 ; the 1920 biennial re-
port, 44 ; sportsmen's and anglers'
organizations, 44 ; proposed federal
hunting license, 44 ; golden trout, 44 ;
why ? 45 ; nets confiscated, 45 ; bot-
tom drops out of the fur market, 45-
46 ; Commission complimented by
bureau oflicials, 46 ; hunting and
angling licenses, 46 ; ducks move to
new feeding grounds, 46 ; help save
the wood duck, 46 ; game laws tor
1920, 46-47 ; wrong season on doves,
47 ; two deer at one shot. 47 ; people
and the law, 112; the 1918-'^920 bi-
ennial report, 112 ; new fish bulle-
tins, 112 ; fish-cultural methods up-
held, 11.3; in memoriam, Frank
Shook, 113 ; the national game con-
ference, 113-114 ; the steelhead, a
distinct species, ll4 ; salmon de-
stroyed on spawning beds, 114; blue
jay hunt in San Benito County, 115 ;
more fines for hunting out of season,
115; more and better fur, 116; rain-
bow trout in Hawaii, 116 ; a decline
in the consumption of fish, 116-117 ;
buck law decreases hunting accidents
in New York, 117 ; a conservation
reader for California public schools,
117-118 ; President Harding in sym-
pathy with wild life conservation,
118 ; fur-bearers protected in Trinuy
Refuge, 118; the fur supply and its
maintenance, 118-119 ; camp sanita-
tion, 119-120 ; New I'ork's annual
game dividend, 120 ; a hawk number,
157 ; some important changes in the
laws affecting game, 157 ; summer
resort work to be continued, 158; are
bag limits too large, 1.58; duck hunt-
ing from an airplane, 158-1.59 ; salmon
depletion in British Columbia, 1.59-
160 ; conservation and the scientific
collector. KX) ; power project hearing,
161 ; good black bass fishing in Lake
County, 1<)1 ; Lake County sportsmen
organize, 161-1(52; Judge Clayton and
the ^Migratory Bird Law, 162 ; reso-
lution on the conservation of fish-

278

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME

Editohials — Continued.

eries, 102 ; chiiiook stvliiion in LaUi'
Ontario, 1G2-1G3 ; tiio Fish and (ianic
Commission patrol service, 1(J3 ; mu-
nicipal camps increase in national
forest parks, 103-1(54 ; establish (puir-
antine on foxes imported for breed-
ing, 104 ; the silver fox ranch at Lake
Tahoe, 104-100 ; wild fowl need pro-
tection and feeding grounds, 100 ;
bird banding, 107 ; a sardine number,
261 ; comparison of sardine catch,
262 ; summer resort educational work,
1921, 202; state fair exhibit, 1U21,
202; hunting accidents, 203; public
shooting grounds, 203; unnatural
natural history, 204; migratory birds
in Latin America, 205 ; rainbow
trout acclimatized in Australia, 203 ;
Australia seeks information on fish-
ways, 206; new bird law prohibits
guides from making kill, 200-207 ; a
sea elephant near San Clemente, 207.
Edwards, Chas. L., 81.
Edwards, Miss Helen M., 177, 178, 269.
Eel, 130, 272.

Salt water, 74, 75.
Silver, 75.
Egg, 50, 53, 74, 76, 107, 108, 110, 110.
123, 126, 172.
Ayu, 121.

Collecting station, 170.
Dove,* 47.
Loch Leven, 124.
Quail, 115.

Salmon, 8, 12, 14, 15, 10, 17, IS, 21,
51, 52, 58, 124, 101 ; how many does
a salmon layV, 03-04.
Sardine, 107, 110.
Steelhead, 124.
Trout. 122, 109, 172; rainbow, 172;

steelhead, 172.
White fish, 75.
Electro-Metals Company, 42.
Emeric, Hon. H. F., 84.
Enemy, IDS.
Eucalyptus, 25.
Eulachon, 7.
Exhibit, State Fair, of fisheries, 177 ;

State Fair, 1921, 202-203.
Expenditure, 44, 09, SO, 132, 1S7.

Facts of current interest, 48, 121, 16S.
Fairbanks, H. W., 117.
Falcon, 135, 137.

Peregrine, 145.

Prairie, 145.
Falco sparvcrioiis, 137.
Farmer, 00, 118, 119.

Bulletin, 47.
Farnum, F. A., 117.
Farwell. Hon. J. D., 74, S4.
Fawn, 139, 183.

Federal Power Commission, 42.
Fertilizer, 110 ; shall we use food fish for,
124 ; stock food and oil from sardine
offal. 2<J7-218.
Field, G. K., 10.

FIELD AND STKILVM, 05.
Film, wild life, 44.
Fin, 125, 120.

Adipose, 120.

Caudal, 9, 11.

Dorsal, 9, 11. 120.
Finding list, of authors, 97-98.

Subjects, 94-97.
Fine, 48, 05, GO, SO, 112 ; more fines for

hunting out of season, 115, 108.
Fin-ray, dorsal, 120.
FINS. FEATHERS AND FUR, 185.
Fish, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24,
25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 3S, 39,
42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 53, 57, 58, 01, 04,
00, 07. 74, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 10(3,
107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 110,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 139.
170, 184, 248, 249, 252 ; some consid-
erations concerning the salting of, 54-
55 ; a decline in tlie consumption of,
110-117 ; a new species of, from
Santa Catalina Island, 120 ; rare,
taken at San Pedro, 270.

Black, near Santa Catalina Island, 64.

Cutlass, 179.

District. 49.

Food, 42, 50, 52, 74, 110; shall we use
food fish for fertilizer?, 124.

(JIame, 74, 101.

Industry, selected biblography of chem-
ical literature jiertaining to, 256-200.

Ladder, 42, 77, 123.

Law, 44, 83, 112 ; violation of, 48, OS.

Marine. 79, 120.

Marked, 30, 37.

Meal, 124, 207, 208, 211, 216, 236, 240.

Migratory, 114.

Miscellaneous, 273.

Oil, 55, 207, 208.

Patrol. 84.

Planting, 43, 44, 122.

Predaceous, 53.

I'ropagation, S3.

Rack, 50, 52, 53, 58.

Rag, 178.

Reduction, 174.

Screen. 43, 52.

Surf,

272.

Warden. 7. 06.
AVhite, 75, 76.
Fish and C^Jame Commission, California,
1, 9, 10, 22, 42. 43, 44, 45, 49, 59, 62,
03, 99. 100. 105. 112, 113. 114, 110,
121, 122, 124, 125, 120, 151. 1(53, 174,
175, 177. 178. 194. 204, 219, 235, 201,
2(J2, 203; complimented by bureau
officials. 40 ; a brief history of the,
7;!-S0 ; publications of the, 1870-1920,
87-98.
Hawaii, 110.
I'atrol service, 1<j3.
Pennsylvania State, 65.
\'('rnioiit, (i5.
Virginia, 114.
Fishcultural, methods upheld, 113.
Fishculture. 43. ()9, 74. 114, 132.

Department of. S3. 87, 126.
Fishculturist. 110. 124.
Fisher, A. K., 142.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

279

Fisherman, 7, 10, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 3G, 37, 41, 44. 48, 57, CI,
75. 78, 86, 111. 117, 125, 159, 176,
183, 196, 220, 223, 248, 269.

Chinese shrimp, 77, 79.

Commercial. 52, 53, 58, 84.

Market, 168.
Fishery, 38, 39, 41, 46, 58, 59, 60, 81. 106,
109, 112. 125. 151, 195, 219, 252, 261,
270; 1920, 124-125.

Commercial, department of, 46, 112,
126, 150, 262.

Commercial legislation, 174.

Halibut, 111.

Industry, 110.
Laboratory, 55 ; notes from San Pedro,
176 ; progress of the new, 60 ; State,

48, 81, 126.

Notes from San Pedro, 176.
Pacific, Society meeting, 177.
Products, California fresh, 70-71, 130-

131, 272-273.
Resolution on the conservation of, 162.
Salmon, 4, 42, 111, 205, 206.
Sardine, 39, 40, 59, 106, 110.
Shrimp, 77.
Statistics, 112.
Fishing, 4, 7, 22, 23, 24, 25. 31. 37, 39.

49, 52, 53, 58, 59. 67. 105. 109, 113,
117, 122, 124. 125, 231. 237.

Bass, in Lake County, 161.
Commercial. 84. 151, 16-3.
Industry. 42, 54, 55, 57, 112, 116.
Market, 84.
Fishway, 42, 51, 77, 123; Australia seek-s

information on, 266.
Fly, 11.

Flounder. 70. 130, 272.
Follett. Charles, wrong season on' doves,

47.
Food, 7, 8, 10, 23, 42, 54, .58. 61, 111, 114,
117, 125 ; porcupine as food, 127.
Poultry. 124.
Sea, 121.
Forest, National, 47, 163.
California, 163.
El Dorado, 128.
Fowler, District Ranger, 182.
Fowler, F. H., 161.

Fox, 182; ranch at Lake Tahoe, 164-166;
quarantine on foxes imported for
breeding, 164.
Grey, 182.
Freeborn, Stanley B., 125.
Freer, Ranger, 182.
Frog, 142. 273.

Fry, 2, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 123, 124, 125,
126, 169.
Eastern brook. 113.
Salmon. 123, 124, 12(5.
Trout, 112, 122, 169, 172.
Fungus, 50, 121.

Funston Brothers and Company, 45.
Fur, 45, 46, 116, 118, 119, 182; bottom
drops out of market. 45-46 ; more and
better, 116; supply and its mainte-
nance. 118-119 ; Quebec licenses, 65.
Dealer, 45, 46, 116.
Market, 45.
Trade, 65, 118.
Fur-bearer, 116; protected in Trinity
Refuge, lis.

Fur-bearing animals of New York State,

annual dividend from, 185.
Fulmar, 234.

Game, 44, 45, 65, 66, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83,
85, 87, 99, 115, 121, 122, 128, 129,
185, 264 ; value of Pennsylvania's
annual kill of, (}5 ; New York's an-
nual game dividend, 120.
Animal, 67.
Bag, 102.
Big, 47, 117.
Bird, 67, 79, SO, ,83.
Bulletin, see Bulletin.
Conservation, 69, 81, 82, 84, 114.
District, 49.
Farm, 80.

State, 79, 80, 81.
Law, 44, 48, 66. 79, SI, 83, 112; for
1920, 46-47 ; violation of, 48, 68, 129.
Legislation, 47.
Mammal, SO.
Preserve, 66.
Refuge, 44, (55, 66, 67, 82, 100, 101,

113; No. 1-D. 118.
Warden, 66, 115.
Federal, 44, 115.
Garbage. 119, 120.

Gear, 109, 162, 221, 223, 228; used for
salmon trolling in California in 1920,
22-38.
Gcliditan sp., 176.
Gerber, Hon. W. E., 84.
(^etchell. Florence, 43.
Gilbert, C. H., 7, 81, 159, 269.
Gill, 37, 110.
Gilmore. Charles L., 81.
Goose, 79, 264.
Gopher, 133, 138.
Gould, Hon. C. B., 84.
(^ray. Deputy Euell, 128.
Gray, Hon. Lendal N., 84.
Gray, Senator, 175.
Gray fish, 70, 130, 272.
(^reenfish, 272.
Green, George A., 113.
(xrevling, 76.
Griffin, .Tudge Ray. 168.
(irouper, Salmon, 270.
Grouse, Ruffed, 47, 262.
Groves, Deputy, 168.
Grunion, 179.

Gull, 232 ; the habits of sea, 60-61 ; a fur-
ther note on the Monterey, 61.
Glaucous- winged, 61.
Herring, 61.
Western, 61.
Gun, 66, 102.

H

Haight. H. IL, 74.
Hake, 70, 130, 272.
Halbrook, L. V., 150.
Haliaectus Icucocephaliis, 140.
Halibut, 39. 68, 70, 110, 128, 130, 176.
219, 272.

Fishery, see Fishery.

Food, 110.
Halfhill Packing Corp., 170.

280

CALIFORXIA FISH AND GAME

o3, 74, 77, 80, S3, 114,

Ilaliotis, a distributional note on, 254, 255.

crachcrodii, 255.

hohtnii, 255.

impel foiOln, 255.

(/iyaiitca, 254.

kinnfschatkaiia, 254, 255.

u-olallciisis:. 254.
Hardhead, 70. 130. 272.
Harding, I'rcsidcnt Warren G.. US.
Hansf^n, A. C. fulvous tree-duck shot near

Colusa, 64.
Harrier. 135, 141.
Harrington, Deputy, 45.
Harvev. Hon. J. Dow-ncy, 7S, S4.
Hatcher.v, 8, 52,

122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 262.

Almanor, 124.

Baird, 74.

Bear Lake, 172.

Blairsden, 322.

Bogus Creek. 170.

Brookdale, 123, 124, 169, 170, 171.

Clear Creek, 124, 172.

Domingo Springs. 124, 171, 172.

Fall Creek, .50, 123, 169.

Feather River, 172.

Fort Seward, 52, 53, 124, 160, 170, 171.

Hat Creek, 77.

Ilornbrook. 170.

Kaweah, 124, 160, 171, 172.

Klamathon. 42. 50, 123. 160.

Mount Shasta, 2, 3, 5, 40, 7S, 122, 123,
126, 160, 170, 171, 172.

Mount Tallac, 122, 170.

Mount Whitney, 44, 124, 169, 170, 171,
172.

North Creek, 172.

Rae Lakes, 170.

Scott Creek .171.

Sisson, 43, 76.

Snow Mountain, 171.

Tahoe, 82, 112, 122, 170, 171.

Ukiah, 123, 124. 160, 170, 171, 172.

Warner Creek, 172.

Wawona. 124, 160, 171, 172.

Willow Creek, 51, 52.
Hatchery notes, 40-53, 122-124, 169-173.
Hawk, California, how to identif\ them,
133-14!>: number, 157.

Bullet, 135, 144.

"Chicken." 135, 144.

Cooper, 144, 146.

Darter, Blue, 144.

Duck, 13(>, 137, 138, 145, 146.

Fish, 141, 145.

Goshawk, 144, 146.

(irouse. 144.

Hen, 137, 143.

"Killv," 140, 145.

Marsh, 135, 141. 142, 144, 146.

INIerlin, 145.

Mouse, 144.

Pigeon, 141, 145, 146.

Prairie Falcon, 145, 146.

Quail, 144.

Red-bellied. 138. 144. 140.

Red-tailed, 136, 138, 143, 146.

River. 144.

Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 138, 14:!, 146.

Sharp-shinned, 135, 140, 144, 145, 146.

Sparrow, 137, 140. 145, 146.

"Squirrel," 138, 143.

Swainson. 138, 144, 146.

Heacock. R. B., 55.
Heath, Harold, 81.
Hendrickson, Norman, inspection in the

.';outhern California fish canneries,

248-240.
Hearing, power project, 161.
Herring, 38, 30. 10<i. 107. 108, 110, HI,

i;',o. lo:',. 105, 190, 272.

History, unnatural, natural, 264-265.

Higgins. Kliner, 260; methods of sardine
fishing in southern California. 21!>-
237 ; rare tish taken at San Pedro,
270.

Holland. Rav P., 66.

Holmes, Harland B.. 50, 60, 103, 2<iO ;
methods of sardine fishing in south-
ern California. 210-237.

Hook, 8, 11, 27, 28, 20, 31, 33. 34, 36, 37,
44, 177 ; barbless fish, 127.
Bait, 35.
Gaff, 37.
Kirby, 35.
Snap, 26.

Hook-leader, 35, 36.

Horn. 117, 1.83, 184.

II(irn-pout. 75.

IIul.l)s. Carl L., 126.

Hunt, E. W., 83.

Hunter. 44, 46, 4S, 62, 67, 70, S3, 86, 00,
100, 101, 102. 115, 117, 167, 183, 263.

Hunter, J. S., 113; the control of the
mountain lion in California. 00-101.

Hunting. (!7, 102, 266; more fines for
hunting out of season, 11.5; buck law
decreases accidents in New York,
117; the wild boar in central France,
102.
License, 66, 120 ; and angling, 46 ; law.
70, 85.

Hypomcsus, 260.

I

Ichthyologist. 84. 114.
I<0f<fcus aciiiniiKificiis. 179.
arrotiis icilldin/liln/i. 170.
ILLINOIS SPORTSMAN, 45.
Illinois Sportsmen's League, the platform

adopted Iiy the, 66-67.
Insect, ill.
Inspection. 65.
International Association, of Fish, Game

and Conservation Commissioners, 44.

,Tay, Blue, 136.
.Jones, Justice. 121.
.Jordan, Hon. I^avid Starr, 84.
.Josselyn, Charles, 84.
.Jotter, K. v.. fur-bearers
Trinity Refuge, 118.

protwted in

K

Iveller, Hon. Henry W., 84.

Kelly, H. L., 116.

Kelp, 174. 263. 268, 269.

Kendall, W, C, 114.

Ikcv, 112, 134, 142, 143, 146.

Killdeer, 141.

Kingfish, 70, 1.30, 272.

Kitten. Lion, 00.

Jvite, AYhite-tailed, 141, 144, 146.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

281

Laboratory ; preservation, 23S, 247, 250 ;
state fisheries, 150, 201, library for
the new, 17S ; the new, 2GS ; staff,
269.
Ladder, see Fish.
Lampara, sec Net.
Larva. 110.

Law. 42, 07, 77. 79, 83, 104, 105, 107. 112.
113. 115, 118, 124, 128; prohibits
gnides from making kill, 260-207.
Angler license, 85.
Buck, 47 ; decreases hunting accidents

in New York, 117.
Federal, 40. 80, 115.
Fish, 112, 168.
Fish and game, 44, 48, 00, 83, 87, 89-90,

94.
Fishway, 152.
Game, 79, 81, 112, 200; for 1920, 40-

47 ; important changes in, 157.
Hunting license, 79, 85.
Postal, 86.
Lead, 2:3, 25. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 3.S.
Leader, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38.
Leahy, Deputy Bert, 45.
Lecture, 113.
Legislation, 47, 76, 87 ; commercial, 174 ;

protective, 79, 112.
Lencioni. Deputy. 16S.
Lewis, William, 164.
Libbv, Gretchen, 81.
Libby. R. D., 184.
Librarv, for new laboratory, 178 ; the,

209.
License, 47, 65.
Angler's, 85.

Angling and hunting, 40.
Ii>deral, 113; proposed federal hunt-
ing. 44.
Fishing, 06, 79, 268: and angling, 46.
Hunting, 60, 120, 268.
Sale, 44.
State, 44, 114.
Life history, 4, 81, 103, 112.

Notes, 62-64, 127.
Limit, 47, 114, 121.
Bag, see Bag.
Size, 104.
Limpit, 71, 278.

Line, 23. 24. 25, 20, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33,
36, 37. 38, 44.
Bass, 36.
Chinese set, 77.
Lion. 183; mountain. 48, 85, 118, 168,
264 ; three mountain lion kittens cap-
tured, 62-63 ; the control of the, in
California, 99-101; swim.s river, ISO.
Sea, 38, 77, 177; notes on, 250-253;
California. 252. 253.
Steller. 251, 253.
Lizard, Alligator, 138.

Fence, 338.
Lobster, 74, 75. 128.

Spiny, 45, 71. 131, 273.
Lyon, Senator, 174.

M

Mack, A., 45.

Mackerel, 70, 108, 110, 130, 196, 219, 272.

Frigate, 269$:
Macneil. Hon. Hugh L., 84.
Maier, Simon, S3.
Mammal, 64, 151.
Fur-bearing, 65.
Man, 128.
Map, 81, 97.
Marker, see Fish.
Marlin, 272.

Mather. Stephen T., 113.
McDanicl. lion. Eugene P., 154.
McDougall, 60.

Mcllhenny, Edward Avery, 65.
McKenzie, Fred, 47.
McLeod. Ranger Malcolm, 62.
Meadowlark, 81, 136.
Mice, Meadow, 138, 141. 142.
Migration, 4, 10, 18, 60, 05, 107, 114, 125,

126, 149. 253.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 44. 47, 66,

67. 162, 266.
Miller, Deputy B. H., 47.
Miller. .T. O., anteloiie show increase, 128.
Milt, 55.
Mink, 118,
Mite, 128.

Molhisk. .59, 71, 112, 124, 131, 255, 273.
Moose, 47.

Morizio, Hon. Joseph, 84.
Morrison, Hon. J. M., 84.
Moss, 63.

Mountain lion, see Lion.
Mouse, 141.
Mudheu, 128.
Mullet, 70, 272.

:Murdock, Hon. William C, 84.
Murrelet, 136.
Muskrat, 65, 116. 118 ; season closed in

Minnesota, 185.
Mussel, 71, 112, 131, 273.

N

National Association of Audubon So-
cieties, 118.

National forest, see Forest.

National Game Conference, the. 113-114.

National park, 82, 113, 118 ; municipal
camps increase in, 163.

National park service, 262.

Natural History, San Diego Society of,
162.

Naturalist. 112, 270.

Nature guide, 113, 268.

Nest, 47.

Nesting ground, 115.

Net, 37, 38. 46. 48. 53, 56. 57, 58. 168.
175, 197, 224. 229. 230. 232, 234, 235.
236, 269 ; confiscated, 45.
Bait, 220, 228.
Crab. 175.
Dip, 228. 234.
Fyke, 175.

282

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Net — Continued.

Gill, 7, 11, 125, 175, 196.
Japanese round-haul, 22(5.
Lampara, 196, 197, 224, 225

235.
I'urse, 175, 194.
Kinu. 229.

226. 22.*^.

Kound-haul, 175, 221, 223, 224,

Salmon,
Sardine,

230.
Slirimp,
Trammc

79.
217,

220, 223, 226,

225,

229.

I. 175, 219, 221, 222.
Newbert, Hon. F. M.. 81, 84.
Newsome, Deputy, 168.
Nidever, H. B., black fish near Santa Cat-

alina Island, CA.
Nielsen. E. M., 192.
Note, 22.

Commercial fishery, 54-58, 124-127.

174-177.
Hatchery, 49-53. 122-124, 169-173.
Life history, 62-C4, 127, lSO-1^.
State fishery laboratory, 59-61, 177-180,
270.
Notocdrcs, 128.
Numcnius hudsonicus, 151.
Nutria, 118.

Ober, Deputy E. H., 44.
O'Connell, Deputy, 168.
Officer, executive, 83.
Oil, 64, 106, 118.

Fish, 55.
O'Malley, Henry, 46.
Oncorhynchus nerka, 114.
Opossum, killed on Mount Hamilton, 62;
seen in Pacheco I'ass, 1.^4 ; in ^'en-
tura County, 184.
Osprey, 141, 144, 145.
Organization, 87.
Owl, 133, 1.34.
Oyster, 74.

Eastern, 71, 131. 273.

Native, 71, 131, 273.

Tack, 106, 116.

Packer, 41.

I'arcel post, 85, 86.

Park, National, sec National

State, 67.
Partridge, 66.

Hungarian, 80.
Patrol, 84.

Boat, sec Boat.

Launch, 71.

Service, 77, 163.
Pearson, T. G., 118.
Pellet, 135.
Pelt, 116, 119.
Perch, 68, 70.

Black, 270.
Blue, 270.
Glass-eyed,
Ring, 7(5.
Surf, 270.
White, 270.
Yellow, 74,

loU, 266, 272.

r4.

Permit, scientific, 260.
Personnel, changes in, 59.
Pest, 134.

Phalarope, Red, 136.
I'hancrodon alripcs, 270.
Pheasant. 47, 80, 128.

Oregon, 79.

Rini;-npcked, 79.
Phoebe, Sav, 1.36.
Pliilliiis, .Tohn M.. 65.
Phoedovius, Frank, 86.
Pigeon. 79. 85. 128, 271, 274.

Band-tailed, 262.
Pilchard, 193, 194, 205.
Pike. 70. 130, 272.
Pine, 25.
Plankton, 24.
Planting. 112, 113, 116, 126.
Plant, reduction, 124, 174, 207; bv-prod-

ucts. 207.
Plover. Golden. 265.
Poison, n(>. 119.
Pole, 24. 25. 26, 28, 29.

Bamboo, 25. •

Pollution. 67, 76. S3.
Pomona College. 59.
Pompano. 70. 1.30, 272.
Porcupine as food, 127.
Postal law, sec Law.
Poster, 46.
Post mortem, 128.
Poultry. 119. 137, 139. 141.

Food, see Food.
Powder. S5.

Prairie chicken, sec Chicken.
Predatory, see Bird and Animal.
Preservation, 47, 53. 59, 74, 85, 116, 118.

Laboratory. 4^5. 256.
Propagation, 50, .52, .53, 57, 58, 80, S3. 84.
Protection, 47, 65, 66, 106, 111, 120, 128.

Quail. 47, 6(J, 67, 68, SO, 81, 83, 85, ll.j,
128.

T'liinese, 7(3.

Elegant, 76.

.Mountain. 262.

Viilley, 1.36.
(^nartcr-oils. or half-pound ovals, 106-110.
(iuince, .Judge, 48.

R
Rabbit, 66, 67, 68, 128, 138, 139.

Cottontail, 120, 138.

.Tack. 47.

Brush, 138.
Rack, see Fish.
RadclilTe. Lewis, 46.
Rat Fish. 111.
Redding, Hon. B. B., 74, 84.
Reddinsi. Hon. .Joseph, 78, 84.
Reedhird. 47. 266.

I\efnu:e. 1(56: fur-bearers protected in
Trinity, 118.

Game. 44, 65, 66, 82, 100, 101, 113.

AVild life, 65.
Report. 44, 68-71, 114, 128-1.32, 180-187,
271-274.

Biennial, see Biennial,
liesort. Summer, 158 ; educational work,

1921, 2()2.
Requa, Ralph, 43.
Reservation, (55, 66, 116.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

283

Rhacochiliis taxotes, 270.

Rich, John W., 59.

liioh, Willis, 57; an instance of adult,
sea-run Chinook salmon found feed-
ing in fresh water, 7-S ; the relative
maturity of the Chinook salmon taken
in the ocean along the Pacific Coast,
12-22.

Rig, 29, 31; plan of, 27-2S.

Rigdon, Senator, 174.

Roccus lineatus, 7G.

Rock bass, see Bass.

Rockfish, 70, 130, 270, 272.

Rod, 37.

Rodent, 119, 133, 134, 139, 142.

Roe, 55.

Rominger, Senator, 174.

Rentier, Hon. Joseph, 78, 84.

Sablefish, 70, 130, 272.

Sage Hen, 68.

Sage, Mrs. Russell, Go.

Sale, 47, 83.

Halmo, clarkii, 10.

gairdnerii, 114.

irideus, 9, 10, 11, 114.

henshatci, 148.

rcgalis, 148, 149.

rivularis, 114.

smaragdus, 149.

sliasta, 114.
Salmon, 9, 11, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44,
48, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, OS, 70, 77, 78,
81, 84, 111, 116, 121, 123, 124, 125,
128, 130, 101, 175, 170, 207, 261, 270,
272 ; three California marked salmon
recovered, 1-6 ; gear used for salmon
trolling in California in 1920, 22-38 ;
number, 42 ; of Klamath R iv e r
threatened with extermination, 42 ;
and trout distribution, 49 ; egg col-
lecting, fall of 1919, 49-51; San
Joaquin River, 51-52 ; in Eel Rivv'r,
52-53 ; conservation and salmon troll-
ing, 55-58 ; Eel River problems, 58 ;
how many eggs does a salmon lay?,
63-64 ; destroyed on spawning beds,
114 ; Sacramento River salmon mark-
ing, 1920, 125-126.

Blueback, 114.

Chinook, 23, 37, 38, 42, 83, 112, 126,
163, 169, 170; an instance of aduit,
sea-run Chinook salmon found feed-
ing in fresh water, 7-S; the relative
maturity of the Chinook salmon taken
in the ocean along the Pacific Coast,
12-22; in Lake Ontario, 162-163.

Chum, 117.

Eastern, 117.

King, 9. 10, 63, 126.

Klamathon, €3, 04.

Land-locked, 76.

Pacific, 54.

Quiunat, 58, 74.

Sacramento, 63.

Silver, 9, 23, 37, 38, 58.

Sockeye, 7.
Salmon culturist, 58.

Sanboru, Hon. F. G., 84.
Sanctuary, for wild life deeded to Louisi-
ana, 65 ; Vermont establishes sanc-
tuary for waterfowl, 65.
Sanddab, 70, 130. 272.
Sanders, J. H., 166.
Sandpiper-, Pectoral, 265.
tSardina coerulea, 194, 219.
mclanosticta, 194.
neopilchardus, 194.
ocellata, 194.

inlchardus pilchardus, 193, 194.
pilchardiis sardina, 194.
sagax, 194.
Sardine, 23, 33, 34, 35, 59, 61, 70, 105,
107, 108, 116, 117, 124, 125, 130, 249,
261, 272; the future of the, 38-41;
season, 59 ; conferences on the sar-
dine work, 60 ; and whales, 110-111 ;
the sardine of California, 193-194 ;
historical review of California sar-
dine industry, 195-200 ; fertilizei-,
stock food, and oil from sardine offal,
207-218; California, food products
and their preparation, 238-247 ; num-
ber, 261-262 ; comparison of catch,
261-262.
Scabies, tree squin-els infested with, 128.
Scale, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15,

17, 18, 110, 114, 125, 126.
gcallop, 112, 273.
Schaeffle, Ernest, 83.
Sciacna thomjisoni, 126.
Scientific assistant, 114.
Sciurus griseus griseus, 128.
Scofield, N. B., 77, 178, 269 ; commercial
fishery notes, 54-58, 124-127, 174-177.
Scofield, W. L., 1, 42, 55, 59, 60, 269;
gear used for salmon trolling in Cal-
; if ornia in 1920, 22-38 ; a further note
on the Monterey gulls, 61 ; hunting
the wild boar in central France, 102 ;
Sacramento River salmon marking,
1920, 125-126; fertilizer, stockfood
and oil from sardine offal, 207-218.
Scott, Senator, 175.
Screen, see Fish.
Sculpin, 70, 130, 272.
Sea bass, see Bass.

Sea elephant, near San Clemente, 267. ,
Sea lion, see Lion.
Seal, 38. 177.
Fur, 253.
Leopard, 252.
Search, 68, 128.

Season. 47. 59, 106, 112, 113, 114, 117,
119, 121, 124. 175; more fines for
hunting out of, 115 ; prospects, 122-
124.
Open, 175, 264.
Sea trout, see Trout.
Seaweed, 176.
Schastodes

atrorirens, 270.
ehlorostictits, 270.
eos, 270.
gilll 270.
goodci, 270.
intronipcr, 270.
levis, 270.

284

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

t'<ih(istodcs — Coutiuuod.

iiiiiicatus, 270.

oralis, 210.

paucispiiiis, 270.

raslrcUigcr, 270.

svrranoidcH, 270.
Sciiu'. 11, 10.

Bciu-h. 14, 10. 17, 20, 17.').

Purse, 12, 221.
Seining, 52, 55.
Seizure, 44. 08. 12S, 18G.
Setle, O. E., 59, GO, 178, 2G0 ; rare lisli

taken at San Pedro, 270.
Seybold, A. P.. 42.
Shad, 70. 75, 7G, 77, 131, 175, 272.

liuck. 70, 131, 272.

Roe, 71, 272.
Shark, 3S, 213, 252; ba.skinti. at Monterey.

17S.
Sliearwater, 232, 252.
Sheblev, W. M., 2, 43, 74. 83; hatchery

notes, 49-53, 122-124, lGO-173.
Sheephead, 71, 131, 272.
Sherwood, Hon. T. J., 84.
Shook, Frank, 113.
Shooting, G3, 64, G7, 115; srouiid. jJuMie.

GO, G7, IGl, 263-204.
Shotgun, 102.

Shrimp, 68, 71, 131, 175, 273.
Sinker, 30, 31.

Canoe, 30.

Hound, 30.

Torpedo, 30.
Skate. 71, 131, 273.
Skipjack, 71, 131. 273.
Skin, 65. IIG, 118, 119, 128.
Skogsherg, Tage, 269.
Skunk, 65, 119, 141, 182, 183.
Smelt, 7, 8, 71, 128, 131, 231, 27."..

Surf. 269.
Snail, 131, 273.
Snake, water, .53.

Striped racer, 138.

(iopher, 138.
Snyder, .T. O., 10, 42, 161 ; three Califor-
nia marked salmon recovei-ed, 1-6 ;
steelheads caught at sea off the coa.st
near Fort Bragg, 9-11 ; how man\-
eggs does a salmon lay?, 6.">-64.
Sole. 71, 124, 131, 273.
Sparrow, 1,36.
Spaulding, M. K., 82.
Spawn, 51, 53, 58, 125, 171.
Spawning. 8, 10. 12. 14. 18, 22. .39, 42.
.50, 51. .53. .50, 57. 79. lO:;. 105. lOC,
108, 109, 110.

Bed, 114.

Ground, .53.
Spear, .50, 114.
Spilui)(li<i cliiiioisis, ISO.
Spinner. 11, 84.
Spinv lobster, see Lobster.
Splittail. 71. 131, 273.
Spoon. 25, 28, 31. 32, 33, 34, 36. 37, 3S.

Diamond, 3.3, .35.

Dubrow, 34, 35.

Home-made, 33, 34.

Kewell-Stewart. 33, .34, 35.

McMahon, 33, 34, 35.

Salmon, 33, 34.

Stewart, 34.

Wilson, 33. 34.
Sportsmen, 47, .58, 66, 81, 84, 115, 116,
127, 160, IGI, 181; and anglers' or-
ganizations, 44 ; Lake County, organ-
ize, Itil.
Sprat, 193, 195, 199.
Squab, .sec Dove.

S(]uid, 23. 3:;, 71. Ill, 124, 131, 213, 273.
Squirrel, 12S, 182.

California Grey, 128.

Ground, 1.33, 137. 138, 139.

Tree, infe.sted with scabies, 128.
Stanford University, 1, 9, 16, 59, 04, 81,

103. 112, 1.59. 161.
Starks, E. C, 112, 194; notes ou the sea

lions, 250-25;;.
Stale lioard of Examiners, 78.
State Department of Printing, 87.
State Fair, Exhibit, 177; 1921, 262-2G8,

268.
State Fisheries Laboratory, new, 150-153,

152, 177.
Station, Egg Collecting, 52, 53, 57, 7t>.
83, 122, 123. 170.

Battle Creek, .50.

Bogus Creek. 170.

Domingo Springs, 124, 171, 172.

Experimental, 52.

Feather River, 170.

Ilornbrook, 12.3, 170.

Klamath River, 12."^.

Mill Creek. .50. 126.

North Creek. 124.

Rae Lakes, 170.

San Joaquin River, Exiierimental. 124.

Scott Creek, 123, 124. 170.

Snow Mountain, 123, 17t». 171.

Warner Creek, 172.
Stcelhead, sec Trout.
Stereopticon Slide, 44.
Stevens, Assemblyman. 17().
Stingaree. 71. 131, 273.
Stinnett, L. .T., .50.
Stone, Hon. (icorge, 84.
Stone, Livingston, 74, 7.5.
S toner. Emer.sou A., 264.
Strii)ed bass, sec Bass.
Sturgeon, 77, 79.

Snbiect, finding list of, sec Finding list.
Sucker, 131, 141. 273.
.Suntish. P>lue-gilled, 7(^>.
Sui)ervisor. 113.

Board of. 128.
Superior Court, see Court.
Supreme Court, sec Court.
Surf-(ish. 273.

Surfsmelt. the, In/pomcsiis, 270.
Survey. P.iologicai. see U. S. Bureau of.
Swallow. Barn, 265.
Swan. 128.
Swordfish, 71, 131, 273.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

285

Tahoe Camping Ground, (JO, 132.
Tank, 74.
Tautog, 74, 75.

Teachers' Bulletin, see Bulletin.
Teal, Blue-winged, 1G7.
Teredo, 4G.
Terrapin, 273.
'Thaleichthys pacificiis, 7.
Thompson. Will F., 81, 12G, 178, 179,
254, 255, 2G9; the future of the sar-
dine, 38-41; quarter-oils or half-
pound ovals, lOG-110; whales and
sardines, 110-111 ; State Fisheries
Laboratory, 150-153; notes from the
State Fisheries Laboratory, 59-Gl,
177-180, 2G9; library for the new
. laboratory, 178 ; basking shark at
Monterey, 178; rag fish at Monterey,
179; the sardine of California, 193-
194 ; historical review of California
sardine industry, 195-20<j.
Thread, Airplane, 36.
Irish flax salmon, 36.
Liner, 36.
Throckmorton, S. R.. 74, 84.
Tomcod, 71, 131, 273.
Track, ISO.

Transportation, 52, S3, 85.
Trap, 17, 20, 38, 53, 114, IIG, 193.
Crab, 175.
Duck, 167.
Trapper, 46, IIG ; experiences of, 182-184:.
Trapping, 46, 65, 116, 118.

Season, 119.
Trawling, 121.
Tree, 118, 128.
Tressler, Donald K., 54, 55.
Troll, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20. 21, 22.
Trolling, 8, 24, 25, 26. 28, 31, 38, 53. 58;
gear used in California in 1920 for
salmon, 22-38 ; salmon conservation
and salmon, 55-58.
Trough, 125, 126.

Trout, 10, 44, 68, 81, S3, 84, 113, 128,
268 ; and salmon distribution, 49.
Black-spotted, 169, 170.
Brook, 74.
Brown, 169, 266.
Cutthroat, 10.
Eastern Brook, 113, 169.
Farm, 273.

Golden, 44, 76, 84, 266. 268.
Loch Leven, 44, 112, 124. 169.
Rainbow. 9, 11, 113, 114, 122, 123, 169,
170, 171, 266; in Hawaii, 116; ac-
climatized in Australia, 265-266.
Royal Silver caught in Lake Tahoe,

148.
Sea, 70, 130, 272.
Silver, 149.

Steelhead. 8, 42, 53. 58, 71. 123, 124,
131, 149. 169, 170. 171, 273; caught
at sea off the coast near Fort Bragg.
9-11 ; distinct species, 114.
Tahoe. 75. 148, 149.
Truckee, 149. |

Trichiurus lepturus, 179.

Truckee Lumber Company, 85.
Tuna. 71, 106. 108, 110, 111, 116, 125,
127, 131, 219, 221, 249, 261, 273.

Bluefin, 71. 131. 269, 273.

Yellowfin, 71, 131, 269, 273.
Turbot, 71, 131, 273.
Turkey, wild, 47, SO.
Turnstone, black, 136.
Turtle, 71, 273.

U

United States Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey, 47, 65, 67, 115, 118, 136, 137,
139, 140, 166, 167.

United States Bureau of Fisheries, 2, 7,
12, 43, 46, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 75, 114,
116, 126, 162, 178, 256. 262.

United States Bureau of Fisheries Preser-
vation Laboratory, 55.

United States Commission of Fish and
Fisheries, 74.

United States Department of Agriculture,
47, 115, 141, 142, 163, 164, 166, 167,
218, 266, 267.
Yearbook, 116.

United States Food Administration. 249.

United States Forest Service, 49. 185.

United States Postal Service, 43.

United States Supreme Court, see Court.

University of California, 74, 81, 128.
Michigan, 126.
Oregon, 59.

Van ArSdale, Hon. W. W.. 84.

Van Sicklen, Hon. F. W., 84.

Van Valkenburg, Federal Judge, 115.

Venison, S3.

Veterinary, 128.

Violation, 42, 83, 105, 115; of fish and

game law, 45, 48, 68, 129, 186.
Violator, 113, 114, 268.

Hunting, 66.
Vogelsang, C. A., 83.
V'ogelsang, Hon. Alex. T., 84.
Vulture, 135.

Turkey, 143, 146.

California. 143. 146.
Von Arks, Deputy, 168.

W

Wagner, H. Otto, 163.

Walters. C. J., 113.

Ward, Charles Willis, 65.

Warden, see Fish and Game.

Water, 118.

Waterfowl, 67, 136, 166, 266; Vermont
establishes sanctuary for. 65 ; trap-
ping, allowed in England, 161.

Waterman, Hon. R. W., 77.

Weir, 193. 195, 266.

Weight, 25, 27.

Wells, A. W., some considerations con-
cerning the salting of fish, 54-55.

286

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

Wcstfrrokl. Ciirl, s;!, 84. IL':;.
Wotinoi'e, Alexaiuler, liO").
Woynioiitli. F. W., 16, 59, GO. 81. 112;
till' jilmndance of young Pismo clams,

k>;i-km;.

Whale. 177, 213, 2(j2 ; and sardines, 110-

111.
Whitebait, 1.31, 273.
Whitofi.sh. 71, 131, 273.
Why?, 45.
Wiklfowl. 113, 1()7 ; need protection and

feedin*; fjroniids, l(i(>.
Wild life, '^42. 44. tiC>. 73. 81; sanctuary

deeded to Louisiana for. (i.^.
Conservation, 81 ; President Harding in

sviupathy with, 118.
Film, 44.
Wilson, Hon. Kamon E., 84.
Wolf, timber, 183.

W'nodbury, .1. <j., 74.

Woodcock, 2t>(J.

Wood duck, .vtc Duck

Wulff. .1. v., albino deer seen in Stanis-
laus forest, 182.

Wriirlit. W. II.. opossum killed on Mount
Hamilton, fi2.

Wyninn. L. K.. introduced dove thrives in
Los Angeles, ISO.

Yearlincr, 0, 8.

Yellowtail. 71. 124. 131, 273.

Yosemitc Nature Guide Service, 202.

Zirn, H., 45.

14002 12-21 GOOO

CALIFORNIA
FISH™" GAME

(CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION^'

1 Volume 7 Sacramento, January, 1921

Number 1 Jj

/

■ \

ly

\

1

mSi ^

^^"^X**^

^H M^^ j^f^^t^^\

-- ^w r^Kmmd^^ k'JL

S

cAi RyiriM mttiv>iri:d

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

Cemmlttlonera appointed by the Qovemor, by and with the content of the Senate.
Term at pleasure of Governor. No compenaatlon.

F. M, NEWBERT, President Sacramento

M. J. CONNELL, Commissioner Ix)8 Angelei

E. L. BOSQUI, Commissioner San Francisco

CHAS. A. VOGELSANG, Executive Officer San Francisco

J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive OflBcer San Francisco

R. D. DUKE, Attorney San Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF FI8HCULTI/RE.

W. H. SHEBLEY. In Charge Fishcclture Sacramento

E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento

J. H. HOERL, Chief Clerk Sacramento

A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Iispector Sacramento

A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector ^ Sacramento

M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento

G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisaon

W. O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow

Mountain Station Ukiab

G. McCLOUD, Jr.. Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Cotton-
wood Lakes Station Independence

G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac

B. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copoo

L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries

San Bernardino

GUY TABLERj Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona

C. F. PIERSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Almanor, Domingo Springs and Clear

Creek Hatcheries Greenville

G. McCLOUD, Sb., Foreman in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Hornbrook

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro

W. F. THOxMPSON, Assistant San Pedro

ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant San Pedro

EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco

S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco

C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro

P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey

A. L. MANAHAN, Assistant San Diego

DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.
A. M. FAIRFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley

PATROL SERVICE.

SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

E. L. Bosqul, Commissioner in Charge. Chas. A. Vogelsang, Executive Officer.

J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer.

Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco.

Phone Sutter 6100.

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

BJarl P. Barnes Eureka

Theo. M. Benson Fortuna

E. C. Boucher San Francisco

0. P. Brownlow Porterville

F. A. Bullard " Dunlap

J. Li. Bundock Oakland

J. Burke Colma

M. S. Clark San Francisco

S. L. N. Ellis . Fresno

1. H. Hellard Laytonvllle

J. H. HiU Watsonville

L L. Koppel San Jone

Henry Lenclonl Santa Rosa

Albert Mack San Francisco

B. H. Miller Uklah

E. V. Moody Santa Crus

W. J. Moore Nai>a

J, E. Newsome Newman

Chas. R. Perkins Fort Bragg

Frank Shook Salinas City

E. W. Smalley Hanford

H. E. Foster Launch "Quinnat," S. F.

Chas. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," S. F.

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.

F. M. Newbert, Commissioner In Charge.

Geo. Neale, Assistant.

Forum Building, Sacramento.

Phone Main 4300.

T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff

E. W. Bolt Gridley

8. J. Carpenter Maxwell

Geo. W. Courtright Canby

Euell Gray Placerville

W. J. Green Sacramento

G. O. Laws Weaverville

Roy Ludlum Los Molinos

R. C. O'Connor Grass Valley

E. D. Ricketts Live Oak

D. E. Roberts MurphyB

J. Sanders Truckee

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

L. J. Warren Taylorsvllle

J. S. White CasteUa

LOS ANGELES DIVISION.

M. J. Connell, Commissioner In Charge.

Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant

Union League Building, Los Angeles.

Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F 5705.

H. J. Abels Santa Maria w c. Malone San Bernardino

J. J. Bamett Ventura

H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo

J. H. Gyger Elsinore

E. H. Ober Big Pine

H. L Prltchard Loe Angelei

Webb Toms San Diego

1919 ABSTRAQ CAllfORNIA FISH AND GAME LAWS 1920

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

DISTRICTS

w

c-i

><

>

d

Q

o

g

5!
o

BAG LIMITS. ETC

2S-21-25-26

^ ■ '

r

1 . :

^

3

U'_

No Docs. Fawns or St

D^B

2-3

n

-._^ ;--:, .r , :r,T,

SJU:_^

Bucks. No sale of vent

4

[-

Bm^'in

See Notes 1-2-8-9-10-1

RABBITS, CottontaH and Brush

ALL

i..:' .

1 y

i"

15 por day. 30 iier W(
X'> limit In District 4

TBBB SQUIRRELS

ALL

^../vri^nrC:

12 por season

ELK, ANTELOPE. MOUNTAIN SHEEP

ALL

r- 1 ■:■-[■ y— r

Killing of Elk or pes
slon of Elk meat a fel

SEA eTTEB, BEAVER

AU,

;^i ■ ' ; i ^i ":■_.. _

$1,000 fine for Sea Ott

BEAR, FUR ANIMALS

ALL

1"

See Notes 11-12

JCKS, GSBSS, JACK SNIPB, MUD HENS

ALL

l»

See Notes 4-14-15-17

RAIL. WOOD nvcK. Vtld pigeon.

SHORB BIRDS (Ihpcept Jack Snips)

ALL

QUAIL, Valley and Desart

1-14
2-3

" . . ._ ffi

4-41

: LIE

1

15 per day. 80 per we

1-11

" '■■

■

MODRTAIN QUAIL

2-3

^ lie per 20 per we

4-4J

SAQE HEN

ALL
Except 4

4 pec day. 8 per wecJ

4

DOVB

ALL

j: jI m

u^^^B

15 per day. 30 per we

QSOUSB

ALL

. E

4 por day. 8 per wee

l-12a-12b

IJ

■^H Bee N«te 44 KO flsb or

^^^H pounds and

^^^B So* Note 43 fiih or on« 1

^ weighing t

H^H See Note 4B pounds or oi

^^■- Bee Notes

^^H 87-39

^^H See NoU 2«

t

9B0UT (BiMpt Golden), WHITE FISH

3

': m

4-4i

' 1

Lain

Almanor

23-24-29

F

-

G9LDEN TROUT

ALL

F

1

'

20 per day. None un
6 Inches.

BLACK BASS

ALL

Ji

25 par day. None un

T Inches.
No sale. Hook and 11
only.

Clear Lake
In Lake Co.

T

SACHAMEJ<TO PERCH. SUIWISH
and CKAPPIE

ALL

: ''j. '^.L.

25 per day. Hook ai

line onlv.

STRIPED BASa, SHAD

AIJi

r

See Note 23

SALMON

ALL
Bxcept 1 5

15

;; __';J^

h

1

1

i 1

See Notes 27-48

CATFISH

ALL

•^1

«■

P

JJ_

Closed season only foe
rommerdal fishing

CRABS

ALL

30|

i . :

IMF

See Note 28

ABALONES, Red

ALL

1

See Not* 33

Green, Pink. Black

ALL

HH

PISMO CLAMS

IT

Tw

M

^^H

Bee Note 33

HUNTING LICENSES
License Year from July I to June 39

Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain
Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens. $25.00.

ANGLING LICENSES
License Year from January I to December 31

- Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens,
$3.00.

TRAPPING LICENSES
License Year from July I to June 30

CALIFGRNIA

FISH-" GAME

HISTORY NUMBER

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

CommlMlsnera appointed by th« Qovcmor, by and with th* consent of the Sonata.
Term at pleaaure of Governor. No compenaatlon.

F. M. NEWBERT, Presidetit Sacramento

M. J. CONNELL, CommissioQer Lo« Angelea

B. L. BOSQUI, Commissioner Ban Francisco

CHAS. A. VOGELSANG, Executive Officer San Francisco

J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Franciaco

R. D. DUKE, Attorney San Francisco

• DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTLRE.

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Fiahcrlture Sacramento

B. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento

J. H. HOERL, Chief Clerk Sacramento

A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Iispector Sacramento

A, E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento

M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento

G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisson

W. O, FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow

Mountain Station Ukiah

G. McCLOUD, Jr., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Cotton-
wood Lakes Station Independence

G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac

E. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copoo

L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries

San Bernardino

GUY TABLER, Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona

C. F. PIERSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Almanor, Domingo Springs and Clear

Creek Hatcheries Greenville

G. McCLOUD, Sr., Foreman in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Hombrook

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro

W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant San Pedro

ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant San Pedro

BARLE DOWNING, Aaeistant San FranciBco

S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco

C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro

P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey

A. L. MANAHAN, Assistant San Diego

DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.
A. M. FAIRFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley

PATROL SERVICE.

8AN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

E. L. Bosqui, Commissioner in Charge. Clias. A. Vogelsang, Executive Officer.

J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer.

Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building. San Francisco.

Phone Sutter 6100.

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

Earl P. Barnes Eureka

Theo. M. Benson Fortune

E. C. Boucher San Francisco

O. P. Brownlow PortervlU*'

F. A. Bullard Dunlap

J. L.. Bundock Oakland

J. Burke — Colma

If. S. Clark San Francisco

8. It N. Ellis Fresno

J. H. Hellard Laytonvllle

J. H. Hill WatsonvlUe

L L. Koppel San Joee

Henry Lenclon! Santa Rona

Albert Mack San Francisco

B. H. Miller Uklah

E. V. Moody Santa Cm*

W. J. Moore Napa

J. E. Newsome Newman

Chaa. R. Perkins Fort Bragg

E. W. Smalley Hanford

H. B. Foster Launch "Quinnat," S. F.

Chas. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," S. F.

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.

F. M. Ne-wbert, Commissioner In Charge.

Geo. Neale, Assistant.

Forum Building, Sacramento.

Phone Main 4300.

T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff

E. W. Bolt Gridley

B. J. Carpenter Maxwell

Geo. W. Courtright Canby

E<uell Gray Placerville

W. J. Green Sacramento

Q. O. Laws Weaverville

Roy Ludlum Los Mollnos

R. C. O'Connor..

E. D. Ricketts

D. E. Roberts —

J. Sanders

R. L. Sinkey

L. J. Warren

J. S. White

Grass Valley

Live Oak

Murphys

Truckee

Woodland

Taylorsvllle

CajBtella

LOS ANGELES DIVISION.

M. J. Connell, Commissioner in Charge.

Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant.

Union League Building, Los Angeles.

Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F5705.

H. J, Abels Santa Maria

J. J, Bamett Ventura

H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo

f. H. Gyger Elsinore

^. C. Malone San Bernardino

E. H. Ober Big Pine

H. L Pritchard Los Angeles

Webb Toms San Diego

1919 ABSTRAQ CAllfORNIA fISH AND GAME lAWS 1920

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

(

DISTRICTS

c-l

w
a

•>

Hi

HI

•-I

c!
Q

tE

o

3

V.

o
<

n

BAG LIMITS, ETC.

23-24-25-26

i ■■

'iLiJU-J HI

LSI

3

No Does Fawim or Snlk

DEER

2-3

1 i

-—. -r -

'_..:.IL

^

Burks. No sale of venison
Two Bucks per season.
See Notes 1-2-8-9-10-14

4

^i^^

il ! ' '

RABBITS, Cottontail and Brush

Ai.C

■ ":, . 'i^iiir

1"

15 per clay. SO per week
v.> Mtnitln District 4

TREE SQL'IRlilCLS

ALL

P-jr jr :j

ljul:i

12 per season

LK, ANTELOPE, MOUNTAIN SHEKP

ALL

: :^

E

l~-! :'-

gtaHriKilLii: of Elh or PO-4C3
mBHslon of Elk meat a felon

SEA OTTER, BEAVER

ALL

..J

,-iLjij'

n'r\

[ne

: .' '

i'l

$1,000 fine for Sea Otter

HEAR. FUR ANIMALS

ALL

rm .:i'. -i^iEiMm

See Notc» 11-12

KS, GEESE, JACK SNII'B, MUD HENS

ALL

I

t

:-T¥r^vi

r-.'i.

!l.

See Notes 4-14-15-17

UL. WOOD Dlj Ctv. WILD PIGEON.
■^HDRB CIRDS (Except Jack Snipe)

ALL

' i' 1, .

r T

1 -

1..-

i

•-1

■-.•."i

r-

QUAIL, Valley and Desert

■'_-!

I'-i

L.'. .

Q.,
f., 1

r^

r —
(

*1

15 POT day. SO por week

4-4i

i..!:;^;

1

- i.

•KH

1-lh

;j'i

:-'■

1

■

MOUNTAIN QUAIL

2-3

m^\ -'

J- ,

i

::. :; r ^'\^'<\

P^

fi«

10 per day. 20 poc week.

4-45

r^r^i

f V

Li^:w-

'■■>:;

i^

SAGE HEN

ALL
Except A

;■ ^1-

"r^ijmB

i><^

«

ij

4 per day. 8 per week.

4

i-j

13;:T^-^''-.j?q

•■4

DOVE

ALL

rlri

W1;2^^'> ':~»

n

15 per day. 30 per week.

GROUSE

ALL

■F

m

t

4 per day. 8 per week.

l-12a-12b

iM

1

li

mwBk

■■■■:"J

SCO Note 44 KO fliih or ter

pounds and on<

Sco Note 43 fish or one flsh

weighing ten

.'Sen Note 45 pounds or over

2

'^WS

1

i

■ 1

WUT (Except Golden), WHITE FISH

3

- u.

!

4-4J

1

1

1

.J

3T-39

Lake
Alma nor

.- .i

—

"1

'1

. -J

Seo Not« 26

H

GOLDEN TROUT

ALL

1

N-

m

fiH

n

1

r!

20 per day. None unde
5 Inches.

ALL

...

F'.

25 ucr day. None und»i

7 Inches.

No sale, nook and line

only.

BLACK BASS

Clear Lake
In Lake C!o.

dAClCVMEXTO PERCH. tJUNFlSH
niKl CUAI'l'IK

ALL

p^-'

— i

iB 25 per day. Hook and
B9 Itnp onlT.

l^fRiPEU BASS, SIiAD

ALL

See Note 23

SALMON

ALL
Ej-cept 15

..

15

■■

»

n-

i 1

m

"■n

See Notes 27-48

CATFLSH

ALL

1 "1

,':,'- '

tA

F

Closed acasoii only for
oonTnTrt.il fl'shlnR

CP.AP.3

ALL

30 1

i

■

u

|.

See Note 23

AUALCNES, lied

ALL

B

J

See Note 33

(Seen, Pink. Clack

AIJL

.... ]

hi

PISMO CLAMS

ir

_

la

kg

*m

Bee Note 32

Certain

HUNTING LICENSES
License Year from July I to iune 80

Residents, $1.00. Ncn-resldents, $10.00.
Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00.

ANGLING LICENSES
License Year from January I to December 31

Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens,
$3.00.

TRAPPING LICENSES
License Year from J jly I to June 30

Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2,00.

CALIFORNIA
FISH- GAME

HAWK NUMBER

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

Commissioners appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of ths Senate.
Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation.

F. M. NEWBERT, President Sacramento

M. J. CONNELL, Commissioner . Lob Angelea

E. L. BOSQUI, CommisBioner San Francieco

CHAS. A. VOGELSANG, Executive Officer San Francisco

J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francieco

R, D. DUKE, Attorney San Franciaco

DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTCRE.

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge FishccJture ^ Sacramento

E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento

J. H. HOERL, Assistant Sacramento

A E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector Sacramento

A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento

M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento

G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Motwat Shasta Hatchery Simon

W. O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow

Mountain Station Ukiah

G. McCLOUD, Jb., Superintendent Mount Whitney Ilatcherj' and Cotton-
wood Lakes Station Independence

G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac

B. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery C<)pco

L. J. STINNETT, Foreman in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copco

J. C. BRANDENBURG, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek

Hatcheries San Bernardino

GUY TABLER, Foreman in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona

CHAS. L. FRAME, Foreman in Charge Brookdale Hatcherj' Brookdale

J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Domingo Springs and Clear Creek

Hatcheries Mineral

J. SHEBLEY, Foreman in Charge Feather River Hatchery Johnsville

ED. CLESSENS, Foreman in Charge Kaweah Hatchery Hammond

L. PHILLIPS, Superintendent of Car No. 01 Sisson

G. McCLOUD, Sb., Superintendent of Car No. 02 Sisson

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro

W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant San Pedro

ELMER HIGGINS. Assistant San Pedro

EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco

S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco

C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro

P. H. OYER, Aflfiistant Monterey

A. L. MANAHAN, Assistant San Diego

DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTION,
A. M. FAIRFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

BUREAU OF EDUCATION. PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley

PATROL SERVICE.

8AN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

E. L. Bosqui, Commissioner in Ciiarge. Clias. A. Vogelsang, Executive Officer.

J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer.

Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco.

Phone Sutter 6100.

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

Earl P. Barnes Eureka

Theo. M. Benson Fortuna

E. C. Boucher San Francisco

O. P. Brownlow Porterville

F. A. Buliard Dunlap

J. L. Bundock Oakland

J. Burke Colma

M. S. Clark San Francisco

B. L. N. Mils Fresno

J. H. Hellard LaytonviUe

J. H. Hill WateonvlUe

L L. Koppel San Jose

Henry Lencloni Santa Rosa

Albert Mack San Francisco

B. H. Miller Uklah

E. V. Moody Santa Crua

W. J. Moore Napa

J. E. Newsome Newman

Chas. R. Perkins Fort Bragg

E. W. Smalley Hanford

H. E. Foster Launch "Qulnnat," S. F.

Chas. Bouton Launch "Qulnnat," S. F.

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.

F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge.

Geo. Neale, Assistant.

Forum Building, Sacramento.

Phone Main 4300.

T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff

E. W. Bolt Gridley

B. J. Carpenter Maxwell

Geo. W. Courtright Canby

Euell Gray Placerville

W. J. Green Sacramento

G. O. Laws Weavervllle

Roy Ludlum Los Molinos

R. C. O'Connor.
B. D. Ricketts-

..Grass Vallej
Live Oak

D. E. Roberts Murphys

J. Sanders Truckee

R. L. Slnkey Woodland

L. J. Warren TaylorsvlUe

J. S. White Castella

H. J. Abels Santa Maria

J. J. Bamett Ventura

EL D. Becker ISan Luis Obispo

J. H. Gyger Elsinore

LOS ANGELES DIVISION.

M. J. Connell, Commissioner In Charge.

Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant

Union League Building, Los Angeles.

Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F5705.

W. C. Malone San Bernardino

E. H. Ober Big Pine

H. L Prltchard Los Angelei

Webb Toms San Diego

1919 AB5IKAII UUrUKINIA N^H AINU UAIYIC \AY/b ^^^[}

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

DISTRICTS

i-i

a

i

Hi

3

c
c

p

CB

o

9

%

BAQ LIMITS, rro.

33-24-2S-t6 ■!

"■ 1'

Iv^

Ell 1 ^

No Does. Fawns or Spike

DEEB

2-3

1

^^^^^^^^H_ ill

^^^^^^^^^^^^■^ LSI

U!_it ^

Bucks. No sale of Tenlaon.
Two Bucks per season.

4

n

See Notes 1-2-8-9-10-14

RABBITS, Cottontail and Brush

ALL

n

'_'_<

■Hl'4

15 per day. 30 per week.
No Hmit in District 4

TRBB SQUIRRELS

ALL

1 '■^<!l';'i'-

l_.J

:-::■

b

12 per season

K, ANTELOPE, MOUNTAIN SHEEP

ALL

'■ /!,■ V

[33

KlUiiiK of Klk or posses-
sion of Elk nv\8t a felony

SEA OTTER, BEAVER

ALL

i

1 :.:!'-;: "^^'/j'tii

$1,000 fine for Sea Otter

BEAR, FUR ANIMALS

ALL

rr\

Ii!

See Notes 11-12

CS, GEESB, JACK SNIPS. MUD HEN8

ALL

■

ll

See Notes 4-14-15-17

ri,. WOOD DUCK, WTT.T) PIGBON,
^HORB BIRDS <Bxcept Jack Snlpe)

ALL

( -1

QUAIL, VaDey and Dowrt

1-lJ
2-3

m-j3

Sji^

15 per day. SO per week.

... ■

-i:-' ^ . ":f Jij

>-•• i

'm\

.._:^„..^ :■

1

MOUNTAIN QUAIL

a-8

.IrS

i3ldH_F]

"'!

fu

10 per day. 20 pec week.

4-41

■

Mi

( ,i-M '■ 1! ,-'■■ ■'■"■'■■■■ ■

I^e

SAGE HBN

ALJ.

Kxcept*

i |!:-1

r- ..

r

■pencil

r — !"*

1 •!

1 , i; .:

L-J-

4 per day. 8 per week.

« m

k'V-

j:^n

i__,i-'.' ■-' r

- ■■ i

r^

J

DOVE

ALL

1. •

'■■'[■:■

■vT"

F1

r~!--:^i

c-'B

,•1

■

15 per day. 30 per week.

GROUSB

ALL

1 '1.

!..:|

j^::i

:".!

: 1

.

f-

14|

I

'

4 per day. 8 per week.

l-12a-12b

j

.-]

:■

11

. ;

^[

See Note 44 HO flsh or t«ll

Seo Note 43 flsh or one flail

weighing ten

See Note 45 pounds or over.

a

i"\ !

JOUT (Eicept Golden), WHITE FI8H

3

,

4-41

i ii ■ ^

1 '

sr-39

LalM
AlmsDor

■"inn:]^

"■

See Not* 2S

23-24-M )mmm

PI

L:

F

WM

GOLDEN TROUT

ALL

L^L..

..-ii

■l»

■1

; '

1 — "

20 p«r day. None unuei
5 Inches.

ALL

! "

!••

y-

m

25 per day. None undei
T Inches

BLACK BASS

Clear Laira
In Lak* Co.

No sale. Hook and line
only.

3ACRAMENT0 PERCH. SUNBTSH
and CRAPPIE

ALL

rn'^i

1

25 per day. Hook and
line only.

STRIPED BASS, SHAD

ALT,

1 1

See Note 23

SALMON

ALL

BxcepI IB

See Notes 27-48

16

'.

[_.UU

' ; 5!

CATFISH

ALL

1

J

■F

Closed season only foe
commerclnl flshlng

CRABS

ALL

■1

I..

1

,

)..

See Note 28

ABALONKS, Red

ALL

I

L ,

See Note 33 tf

Green, Pink, Black

ALL

IPV

■1

PISMO CLAMS

IT

TTI

i]i""[iL::jB

See Note 33

HUNTING LICENSES
License Year from July I to June 30

Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain
Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00.

ANGLING LICENSES
License Year from January I to December 31

Residents, $1.00. Non-Residents, $3.00. AUena,
$3.00.

TRAPPING LICENSES
License Year from July I to June 30

Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2.00.

NEW LAWS TO GO INTO EFFECT JULY 28, 1921.

CALIFORNIA

FISH- GAME

SARDINE NUMBER

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

Commissioners appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate.
Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation.

F. M. NEWBERT, President Sacramento

M. J. CONNELL, Commissioner Los Angeles

E. L. BOSQUI, Commissioner San Francisco

CHAS. A. VOGELSANG, Executive Officer San Francisco

J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco

R. D. DUKE, Attorney San Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTURE.

W. H. SHEBLEY, In Charge Fishculture Sacramento

E. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacramento

J. H. HOERL, Assistant Sacramento

A. E. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector Sacramento

A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector Sacramento

M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction Sacramento

G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery Sisson

W. O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow

Mountain Station Ukiah

G. McCLOUD, Jr., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatchery and Cottonwood

Lakes Station Independence

G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac

E. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

L. J. STINNETT, Foreman in Charge Bogus Creek Station Copco

J. C. BRANDENBURG, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek

Hatcheries San Bernardino

GUY TABLER, Foreman in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona

CHAS. L. FRAME, Foreman in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

J. W. RICKER, Foreman in Charge Domingo Springs and Clear Creek

Hatcheries Mineral

J. SHEBLEY, Foreman in Charge Feather River Hatchery .Tohnsville

ED. CLESSENS, Foreman in Charge Kaweah Hatchery Hammond

L. PHILLIPS, Superintendent of Car No. 01 Sisson

G. McCLOUD, Sr., Superintendent of Car No. 02 Sisson

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Cliarge San Francisco

H. B. NIDEVER, Assistant San Pedro

W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant San Pedro

ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant San Pedro

EARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco

S. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco

C. S. BAUDER, Assistant San Pedro

P. H. OYER, Assistant Monterey

A. L .MANAHAN, Assistant San Diego

DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.
A. M. FAIRFIELD, In Charge San Francisco

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge Berkeley

PATROL SERVICE.

SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

E. L. Bosqui, Commissioner in Charge. Chas. A. Vogelsang, Executive Officer.

J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer.

Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco.

Phone Sutter 6100.

W. H. Armstrong Vallejo

Earl P. Barnes Eureka

Theo. M. Benson Fortuna

E. C. Boucher San Francisco

O. P. Brownlow Porterville

F. A. Bullard Dunlap

J. L. Bundock Oakland

J. Burke Colma

M. S. Clark San Francisco

S. L. N. Ellis Fresno

J. H. Hellard Laytonville

J. H. Hill Watsonville

I. L. Koppel San Jose

Henry Lencioni Santa Rosa

Albert Mack San Francisco

B. H. Miller Ukiah

E. V. Moody Santa Cruz

W. J. Moore Napa

J. E. Newsome Newman

Chas. R. Perkins Fort Bragg

E. W. Smalley Hanford

H. E. Foster— Launch "Quinnat," S. F.
Chas. Bouton Launch "Quinnat," S. F.

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.

F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge.

Geo. Neale, Assistant.

Forum Building, Sacramento.

Phone Main 4300.

T. W. Birmingham Red Bluff

E. W. Bolt Gridley

S. J. Carpenter Maxwell

Geo. W. Courtright Canby

Euell Gray Placerville

W. J. Green Sacramento

G. O. Laws Weaverville

Roy Ludlum Los Molinos

R. C. O'Connor Grass Valley

E. D. Ricketts Live Oak

D. E. Roberts Murphys

J. Sanders Truckee

R. L. Sinkey Woodland

L. J. Warren Taylorsville

J. S. White Castella

LOS ANGELES DIVISION.

M. J. Connell, Commissioner in Charge.
Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant.

Pacific Finance Building, Los Angeles.
Phones : Broadway 1155, Home F 5705.

H. J. Abels Santa Maria

J. J. Barnett Ventura

H. D. Becker San Luis Obispo

J. H. Gyger Elsinore

W. C. Malone San Bernardino

E. H. Ober Big Pine

H. I. Pritchard Los Angeles

Webb Toms San Diego

1921 ABSTRAQ SPORTING RSH AND GAME LAWS 1923

OPEN SEASON INCLUDES BOTH DATES GIVEN

SPECIES

DISTRICT

OPEN SEASON

BAG LIMITS.
POSSESSION LIMITS, ETC.

DEER

l-l'/2-4!/2

23-24-25-26

Sept. 1-Oct. 15

Two Bucks per season.
No Does, Fawns, or Spike
Bucks. No sale of venison

2-2I/2-3

Aug. 1-Sept. 14

4

Sept. 16-Oct. 15

or skins.

RABBITS (Cottontail and Bush)

ALL

Nov. 1-Jan. 15

15 per day. 30 per week.

TREE SQUIRRELS

ALL

Sept. 1-Dec. 31

12 per season.

ELK, ANTELOPE, MOUNTAIN SHEEP

ALL

No Open Season

Killing Elk a felony.

SEA OTTER, BEAVER

ALL

No Open Season

$1,000 fine for Sea Otter.

BEAR, FUR ANIMALS

ALL

Oct. 15-Feb. 28

DUCKS, GEESE, JACKSNIPE, MUD HENS

ALL

Oct. l-Jan. 15

25 per day, except Geese.
8 Geese Weekly Limit.
See law.

RAIL, WOODDUCK, PIGEONS, SHORE BIRDS

ALL

No Open Season

QUAIL (Valley, Desert, Mountain)

ALL

Except I'/z

Nov. 1-Jan. 15

Valley, Desert, 15 per day.

30 per week.

Mountain, 10 per day.

20 per week.

1/2

Oct. 15-Dec. 15

SAGE HEN

ALL
Except 4'/2

Aug. 1-Sept. 15

4 per day. 8 per week.

4!/2

No Open Season

DOVE

ALL

Sept. 1-Oct 31

15 per day. 30 per week.

GROUSE

ALL

Sept. 15-Oct. 14

4 per day. 8 per week.

1-11/2-2-3-4-41/2
Lake Almanor

May 1-Oct. 31

2/2

July 1-Feb. 14

23-24-25

May 30-0ct.31

TROUT (Except Golden), WHITE FISH

Lakes, Etc.*

Aug. 1-Oct. 31

See Game Law Abstract.

1/2 Winter

Nov. 1-Dec. 31

2-3-10 Tidewater

Dec. 15-Feb. 28

2-2/2-10 Spear

April 1-Jan. 31

GOLDEN TROUT

ALL

June30-0cL 1

20 per day. None under 5 In.

BLACK BASS

ALL, Except 4e,
Clear Lake

May 1-Nov. 30

25 per day. None under 7 in.
No sale.

At, Clear Lake

No Closed Season

SACRAMENTO PERCH, SUNFISH, CRAPPIE

ALL

Mayl-Nov. 30
No Closed Season

25 per day.

STRIPED BASS, SHAD

ALL

See Game Abstract.

SALMON

ALL
Except 15

No Closed Season

See Game Abstract.

15

April 1-Aug. 31

CATFISH

ALL

Aug. 15-May 14

Closed for commercial fishing.

CRABS

ALL

Nov. 15-July 30

See Game Abstract.

ABALONES

ALL

Mar.l6-Jan. 14

See Game Abstract.

PISMO CLAMS

17

Sept. 1-April 30

See Game Abstract.

SPINY LOBSTER

ALL

Oct. 15-Feb. 28

See Game Abstract.

'■'Special provision see Game Abstract

HUNTING LICENSES
Licenie Year from July I to June 30

FTesidents, $1.00. Non -residents, $10.00. Certain
Aliens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00.

ANGLING LICENSES
Llecns* Year irwn January I to Decemiwr 31

Residents, $1.00. Non- Residents, $3.00. Aliens..
$8.00.

TRAPPING LICENSES
License Year from July I to Juno 30

Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2.00.