California. Dept. of Fish and Game,
Biennial Report 1922-1924.

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'California. Dept. of Fish and Game,
Biennial Report 1922-1924.

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California Resources Agency Library

1416 9th Street, Room 117

Sacramento, California 95814

^ALIWSWIA RESOURCES AGdKGY LIBRMt*
Resources Building, Room 117
1416 -9th Street
Sacramento, Caiifornid ,
95814

For the Years 1922-1924

CALIFORNIA STATE PBINTTNG OFFICE

FBANK J. SMITH, Superintendent

SACRAMENTO, 1924

34744

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT

For the Years 1922-1924

34744

CALIFORXIA STATE PBtNTING OFFICE

FRANK J. SMITH. Superintendent

SACBAilENTO, 1924

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.
Comuiissiouei's appoiDted by the Governor, hy and wiili the consent of the Senate.
Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation.

F. M. NEWP.ERT, President Sacramento

M. J. COXNELL, Commissioner Los' Angeles

G. H. ANDERSON, Commissioner ^ San Jose

George Neale, Executive Officer ^ Sacramento

J. S. HuA'TER, Assistant Executive Officer San Francisco

R. D. Duke, Attornej- San Francisco

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.
F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge

Geo. Neale, Execuvive Officer v

Forum Building. Sacramento
Phone Main 43(K)

SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

G. H. Anderson, Commissioner in Charge

J. S. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer

Postal Telegraph. Building, San Francisco

Phone Sutter 61C0

LOS ANGELES DIVISION.

M. J. Cornell, Commissioner in Charge ' .

Edwin L. Hedderuy, Assistant

Pacific Finance Building, Los Angeles

Phones : Broadway 11.55, Home F 5705

DEPARTMENT OF FISH CULTURE.
W. H. SiiEBLEY, In Charge Sacramento

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.
N. B. ScoFiELD, In Charge San Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
Dr. H. C. Bryant, In Charge Berkeley

Frank M. Newbert, President.

M. J. CONNELL.

Geo. H. Anderson. George Neale^ Executive Officer.

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Sacramento, California,

September 1, 1924.
His Excellency, Friend Wm. Richardson,

Governor of the State of California,

Sacramento, California.

Sir: Jn fulfilment of legal .stipulation, we hand you herewith a
biennial report of the aetivities and accomplishments of the Board of
Fish and Game Commissioners of the State of California and trust that
it will meet with the approval of yourself and of the members of the
legislature. As in the past, there will be found a summary of accom-
plishments, reports of the various dcp;irtments and, in the appendix,
a complete statistical statement.

Yours truly,

George Neale,

Execidive Officer.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN BRIEF.

Both a land and a sea patrol maintained as a means of limiting
violations and conserving- fish and game resources.

Over 2700 arrests for violations of the fish and game laws made.

More than fifty-six and one-half million trout and nearly thirty-five
and one-half million salmon reared in state hatcheries and planted in
the streams of the state.

A new stock of eastern brook trout obtained from the east for the
state's hatcheries and thousands of the resultant fry planted in
lakes and streams.

Two shipments of Maokinaw trout (the largest trout in North
America) eggs secured and hatched successfully and the resultant fry
planted in Clear and Eagle lakes.

Supply of cutthroat trout secured from the Rocky Mountain region
for planting in north coast streams.

Policy of building small hatcheries to supply local streams, thus
eliminating long hauls, continued.

The pond system at the Mount Shasta Hatchery developed so that
the brood fish now furnish 10,000,000 eggs annually.

Numerous surveys made preliminary to the erection of fishways
over dams to allow fish to reach their spawning grounds.

Inspection of 253 screens in irrigation ditches and surveys looking
toward the installation of 142 others made.

Many cases of pollution by sawdust and oil remedied.

The most dependable statistics as to the monthly and annual take
of fishery products taken anywhere in the world regularly compiled.

State Fisheries Laboratory maintained with staff engaged in fishery
research. Foretelling the catch of fish and means of discovering
depletion are being made possible through these investigations.

A thorough investigation of the effect of the purse seine fisheries
made and recommendations offered.

Possibility of foretelling catch of sardines proved by a scientific
investigation.

Marking experiments on salmon have proved the parent stream
theory and valuable data as to the age and rate of growth have been
obtained.

Control of the worst enemy of the deer, the mountain lion,
continued.

Special patrol and permanent boundary signs given game refuges.

Lectures, talks in schools, newspaper items, magazine articles and
educational work in summer resorts featured the educational and
publicity campaign.

Quarterly publication acquainting people with the activities and
accomplishments of the Commission regularly issued.

Saving of migratory fish in Klamath River by creating a fish
reserve and blocking the move to erect a 250-foot dam near the
mouth of the river championed and an initiative measure placing it
on the ballot for decision by the people promptly secured.

Refilling of Lower Klamath Lake to restore breeding grounds for
waterfowl advocated.

Drainage of Lake Earl in Del Norte County opposed on
conservation grounds.

Many deer saved from death in a large power ditch on the
American River by quick action.

CONTENTS.

Page
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 7

ACCOMPLLSIIMENTS IN BRIEF 8

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT 9

Introduction 9

Personnel 9

Finances 9

Value of Fish and Game Resources 10

Law Enforcement 11

Fish Culture 1^^

Commercial Fisheries 13

State FLsheries Laboratory 14

Education and Publicity 15

State Fair Exhibit 10

Mountain Lion Control 17

Fish and Game Protective Associations 17

Game Conditions 20

Fish Conditions 20

Problems - 22

Acknowledgment 24

DEPARTMENTAL AND DISTRICT REPORTS—

Department of Fish Culture W. H. Shelley 2o

Department of Commercial Fisheries IS!. B. Seofield 48

State Fisheries Laboratory W. F. Thompson 56

Department of Education. Publicity and Research H. C. Bryant 71

Sacramento District Office Geo. Neale 77

San Francisco District Office J. S. Htinter 79

Los Angeles District Office E. L. Hedderly 82

APPENDIX—

Fish Distribution by Counties 87

License Sales 94

Violations of the Fish and Game Laws 98

Seizures of Fish, Game and Illegally Used Fishing Apparatus 100

California Fishery Products 101

Nativity of Licensed Commercial Fishermen 108

Lion Bounties 110

Financial Statement 111

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

INTRODUCTION.

To properly administer the fish and game resources of a great state
like California is at best a difficult undertaking. With forces of
destruction to be fought at every turn, new problems arise daily. But
with finances in a more settled condition, and with the confidence that
the administration, the sportsman and the conservationist have given
us, our burden has been lightened and our belief in the worthwhileness
of conservation work constantly strengthened. "With this review of
accomplishments in which the perplexities are overshadowed by the
final attainments, the Commission is read}' to set its face toward the
future Avith renewed energy and optimistic outlook.

PERSONNEL.

One change in the personnel of the Commission was occasioned on
December 12, 1922, when George H. Anderson of San Jose was
appointed a Fish and Game Commissioner to succeed Mr. E. L. Bosqui
of San Francisco.

During the biennium death has claimed five valuable employees,
two of them victims of accidental death : W. C. Fassett, superintendent
of Fort Seward and I'kiah hatcheries; John J. Barnett,* Deputy Fish
and Game Commissioner; James S. White,* Deputy Fish and Game
Commissioner; S. L. X. Ellis, Deputy Fish and Game Commissioner;
Earle Downing, assistant, Commercial Fisheries Department; Lloyd V.
Evins, assistant, Department of Fish Culture; Mrs. Lulu Creasey,
secretary to the executive officer.

FINANCES.

The decision of the Supreme Court of California in the recent case of
Board of Fish and Game Commissioners vs. Ray L. Riley, State Con-
troller, etc., 67 Cal. Dec. 581, has had the effect of entirely relieving
the very critical situation with respect to the funds and activities of the
Fish and Game Commission owing to "frozen" funds in the state
treasury.

This important case had its inception in the application on the part
of the Fish and Game Commission to the Board of Control and to the
Governor for permission to create a deficiency and to draw upon the
special fish and game preservation fund in the state treasury for its
payment. This action was taken in conformity with the provision of
section 680 of the Political Code, which purported to authorize the
Board of Control, with the approval of the Governor, to create such
deficiency and to order the payment of claims arising therefrom out of
whatever special funds were in the state treasury' applicable to such
uses. At the time this application was made the special fish and game
preservation fund in the state treasury amounted to approximately the
sum of $280,000. The Board of Control passed an order in accord with
such application and Governor Richardson approved the same, but the

10 PISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

State Coiit roller, in oidcr tliat he uiifrlit be perfectly protected in his
allowance of the claim thereupon presented by the Fish and Game
Commission in accordance witli said order, insisted npon a decision
of the Supreme Court .iustifying and commandinj^ such allowance. The
Fish and Game Commission thereupon brousrht this proceeding before
the Supreme Court seeking a writ of mandate to compel the State
Controller to approve and allow its claim. The matter was presented
to the Supreme Court en ham; and the court handed down its decision
thereon upon June 12, 1924.

The opinion which was written by Mr. Justice Richards and con-
curred in by all the members of the court reviews exhaustively the
history of the creation of the special fund of the Fish and Game Com-
mission and of the legislation relating to the use of said fund. It also
reviews the several recent decisions of the Supreme Court interpreting
and applying the provisions of the budget amendment and of the
budget bill. It holds that section 680 of the Political Code has applica-
tion to such cases of urgency as this and to the relief of self-supporting
boards and commissions having special funds derived from fees, fines
and collections and devoted to the particular activities of such boards
and commissions. It is needless to say that the decision of the Supreme
Court in this important case has given widespread satisfaction.

The sole support of the Fish and Game Commission's w^ork is
dependent upon licenses paid by hunters and anglers and by the fines
imposed on violators. Although there has been some increase in the
number of licenses sold in the past two years, yet funds are not
adequate for necessary conservation work. A deficiency appropriation
allowed by the Governor and State Board of Control prevented a
serious handicap to the work pendjng a court decision which released
the "frozen funds" of the Commission. A complete itemization of the
income and expenditures will be found in the appendix.

Most states have found it necessary to increase the license fees to
properly administer natural resources. California, even against
pressure by the anglers of the state, has maintained its nominal license
fee. However, the increasing demand for a greater output from the
hatcheries and for better patrol makes it advisable to recommend a
special license for deer and an, increased anGrlinc lieense fee.

VALUE OF FISH AND GAME RESOURCES.

Following the present tendency to try and estimate the actual value
of fish and game resources the following is offered. Nearly a half
million hunting and angling licenses are issued annually. If each
licensee spent an average of $100 somewhere near $50,000,000 is
expended in the pursuit of fish and game. Add to this sum the
$25,000,000 valuation of the output of the commercial fisheries and
we have a total of $75,000,000. Cut this for safety to $60,000,000 and
we have a conservative estimate of the business created yearly because
there is game and fish available to the sportsman, and fish resources in
the sea. This business is well distributed throughout the state and
there are few business men who do not profit therefrom. And this
business has been built up on a "taxation by participation" license
plan and is not supported, by general taxation.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

11

24 CIEVELAMO CAME RGfUcf
20 oiNNA£LtS«AME REFUI.E

Z6 TRiMtrv oamc ficruci

J "' B't. at^iN 6*ME REFuee

ZV SA*< BEI>NARO>UO A*MC RFPU«t O
29 LOS ANCfl.C» DAMC REFU6C

702.998 Acre*

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Fig. 2. California's Game Refuges in 1916. (See Fig. 3.)
LAW ENFORCEMENT.

That the wardens have been active in bringing the violator to justice
is evidenced by the increased number of arrests. During the year
1923, 338 more arrests were made than during the pre\aous year, and
457 more arrests were made in the past two years than in the previous
biennium. An encouraging increase in the percentage of convictions,
which exceeds 97 per cent, has been noticeable and $17,428.25 more in
fines went into the fish and game protective fund than in the year 1922.
Violations of the deer laws and of the bag limit laws continue to bring
the largest totals in fines.

There has been a laudable tendency on the part of judges to be less
lenient with fish and game law violators, with the result that jail
sentences and heavy fines were often given. In 1923-24, for the first
time, the jail sentences amounted to more than 1500 days, reaching a
total of 4565 davs.

12

I'ISII AM) (iAMi; COM MISSION.

Mat(M-i;il increase in \\\'- warden service commensurate with the large
land and Avatcr areas of the state is urgently recommended.

Map showing location of
California's game refuges.

Fig. 3. California's Game Refuges in 1924. (See Fig. 2.)
A COMPARISON.

On the accompanying map will be found interesting comparisons
as to the income, expenditures and activities of the various state fish
and game commissions. Considering the area and the wild life resources
of the state, the sum expended on patrol and on other work of the
California Commission is not adequate. A comparison of the patrol
expense per square mile of territory in all the states from which records
were obtainable shows that California expends $0.64 as against New
Yorks $6.60, Massachusetts' $8.44. Wisconsin's $2.60. Illinois' $3.35 and
Missouri's $1.06. Even the Pacific coast states of Oregon and Wash-
ington show $0.71 and $1.13 respectively. Texas appears to spend
less than all — but 3 cents per square mile of territory.

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TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 13

FISH CULTURE.

During the past two seasons the output of the state's hatcheries has

'en greater than that of any similar period since the beginning of
^'"shcultural operations. The total trout fry planted reached 56,527,105,
and of salmon fry, 35,495,550. All available hatcheries and egg-
collecting stations were operated during the biennium. Work was
handicapped at some of them because they are still operated under
tents, pending the construction of permanent hatcheries.

With an ever growing demand for a larger output of fry, the fish-
cultural department looks with alarm at the possible destruction of the
best source of egg supply left for the hatcheries in the state — the
Klamath River. The building of a 250-foot dam can only mean the
destruction of the run of king salmon and sea-run trout which has for
several years furnished our state hatcheries with practically all of the
salmon eggs and a large majority of the trout eggs. Proper stocking
of the streams of the state is absolutely dependent ui)on the saving of
the Klamath River as a fish reserve and the building of more hatcheries.

Worthwhile additions to the stock of fish in the state have been made.
XL quarter of a million cutthroat trout eggs from the Rocky Mountains
were received, hatched, and planted in the streams of the northwest
coast region. Eighty thousantl eggs of the ]\Iackinaw trout from the
Great Lakes were obtained and resultant fry successfully planted in
Clear and Eagle lakes. A fine, pure strain of Eastern brook trout
■'as secured for the state througli the exchange of a million Loch Leven
ggs for a million eggs of this species with the New Jersey Fish and
iame Commission.

Screen and ladder surveyors report difficulty in enforcing installation
of fishways and of screens and, in many instances, legal proceedings
have been necessary. Too often a dry year furnishes an excuse for not
providing the fishway with sufficient water to make it usable. The
idea seems to be prevalent that water for irrigation and power is more
valuable than that used for saving fish life.

Recommendations include :

1. Legislation requiring a sufficient flow of water in a stream to
maintain fish life.

2. Better means to force installation of screens and fishways.

3. Increased financial support for the building of new hatcheries
and the enlarging of the pond system.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

The fisheries of the state have made a distinct recovery from the
post-war slump. In both weight and value, the catches the past two
vears exceed those of 1920. The total pack at the canneries amounted
to 1,981,027 cases in 1923 as against 831,232 cases in 1921. A notable
increase in such fish products as smoked salmon, dried squid and
salachini is indicated. Dried scpiid reached the quota of 99,000 pounds.
Fish meal and fish oil, by-products of the canneries, also showed a
notable increase — nearly 3000 tons in the case of fish meal between 1921
and 1923, and over 6,000,000 gallons in the case of fish oil. The total
value of the catch shows an increase of more than eight and a half
millions of dollars in the same period of time. In spite of the fact
that the value of the plants decreased nearly a million and a half.

14 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

there was an increase in the nuinbor of those employed in the fisheries.
A conipihition sliowing the nativity of fisherni<'ii shows 10:32 as citizens
out of a total of 4123, with UMi unreported as to nativity. There was
a decrease in the take of botli albacore and salmon in 1923 over that
in 1921. On the other hand, tlie take of barracuda, shad and mackerel
was increased and sardines showed a gain of 170 per cent.

The most important problem confronting the Commercial Fisheries
Department has been the regulation of the amount of sardines used
by the reduction plants. The Fish Conservation Act has been found
difficult to enforce and should be amended. The determination of
"unavoidable" waste is exceedingly difficult. The amount of food fish
to be utilized in making fish oil and fertilizer should be definitely stated
in the law, a violation should be a high misdemeanor and the goods
manufactured in violation of the law should be subject to seizure by
the state.

Sentiment against the purse seine fishery appears to be based on the
ancient objection that a new method or appliance upsets the old order
of things. Investigation has shown that, properly regulated, this
fishery is a worthwhile development and does not necessarily endanger
the supply of food fishes concerned.

Striped bass and shad now have sufficient protection in that these
species are given a closed season of two and one-half months. This
law makes the season for striped bass the same as that for shad.

The salmon has had insufficient protection. A flaw in the law passed
by the last legislature made it impossible to eliminate ocean trolling
during the months when many immature fish are caught. Investi-
gations have shown that ocean trolling for salmon causes the
destruction of many immature fish and has shown exactly the season
when mature fish are to be taken by this method. This fishery has
constituted an added drain on the salmon supply and should be
definitely restricted to a short season. Washington and Oregon have
stopped both trolling and purse seine fishing for salmon and they
urge this state to do likewise.

There is great need for an additional patrol boat for the northern
section of the state. Although the south is cared for, no seagoing
vessel is at present available in the northern part of the state for the
enforcement of salmon and crab laws.

As a result of the salmon investigation it has been possible to fix
accurately the times of year which should be closed to salmon fishing
in the sea in order to prevent the destruction of immature fish.
Extensive marking experiments have shown the range at sea of salmon
and furnished knowledge of the age and rate of growth. Progress is
reported on both the albacore and sardine investigations.

STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.

Although handicapped by a loss of members of the staff, the State
Fisheries Laboratory has been able to bring to completion the first
part of the sardine investigation and to add valuable data in connection
with the albacore investigation. Several members of the staff, being
offered better positions, left the service. Their places have now been
filled and, in addition, two assistants have been appointed under a

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 15

cooperative agreement with the Federal Bureau of Fisheries. Most of
the staff is busily engaged in gathering statistics and in compiling
them.

The main conclusions in the sardine work are as follows:

1. In order to have an accurate picture of the commercial catch,
it is necessary to take samples at least twice a week.

2. Studies of fluctuation show this phenomenon to be due to one of
two factors:

(a) Presence of dominant age groups which may appear in cycles
of several years.

(b) Diminution due to relatively unsuccessful spawning. N<d regu-
larity in this instance has been discovered.

3. Reliable forecasts of the commercial catch can be made as a
result of statistical study.

4. From available statistics, overfishing can not be readily detected
in time to prevent depletion.

5. Since sardines are the source of food for albacore, barracuda,
sea bass and tuna, the effect of overfishing would be far-reaching.

Further study of the albacore emphasizes the fact that migrations
are not concerned in the peculiarities of the fishery. So-called ''runs"
are not the result of migrations, but the result of schools already
present which begin to take bait at the surface.

Studies have shown that albacore 2iyo inches in length are just
completing their second 3'ear; those averaging 27 inches in length are
finishing their third year; and those 38 to 40 inches in length are
in their eighth year or over.

The purse seine investigation, when completed, brouglit out some
interesting facts. Up to 1915 there was but one purse seine boat;
thereafter, five were in service, and by 1920, over 100 boats were being
utilized in the fishery. Blue-fin tuna are taken only by the purse
seine boats, and the winter supply of barracuda, yellow-tail, and
white sea bass is largely dependent upon this part of the fishery. In
fact, over one-half of the fish reaching the fresh fish markets of Los
Angeles harbor is a product of this fishery.

Attention is called to the fact that the grunion, the life history of
which was worked out by the laboratory, will sooner or later need
protection as grunion fishing is a popular sport on the beaches of
southern California.

This year will see added to the files the fifth successive annual
statistical record of the daily catch. The total take by locality has
been published quarterly. These statistics are more complete than
those collected by any other government and will give a dependable
comparison of abundance in successive years, a fundamental need in
the proper development of fisheries. In addition, biological data as
to the varying composition of the catch in regard to sex, size, and other
features, has been assembled.

EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY.

The Department of Education and Publicity was very active during
the past biennial period, as shown by the report submitted. Many
more people were reached through the medium of lectures than in any
previous biennium. The work in the summer resorts has proved par-

16 Fij^ir AND r.\y\K commission.

ticulni'ly i>i'()(liicii\c in the hiiildiiin- of a favorable sentiment.
Thousands of jx'oplc ai't- reached at a time when they are most
susceptible to infonnatidii on fish and ^^anie and. with emphasis placed
on tirst-liand infoi'iiiation, conservation ideas arc easily instilled.
Schools, boy scout orj^anizations. men's service clubs and groups of
every kind have been readied by means of lectures, motion picture
displays and literature. Tlie (juarterly majxazine, California Fish
AND Gamk. has continued to carry to its readers reliable information
regarding the activities of the Coinmission and the conservation
program of the state. This pul)lication is used regularly in high
school classrooms and the call for it from the sportsmen who support
the work of the Commission is continually growing. Wide publicity
has been secured througli the medium of newspapers and magazines.

STATE FAIR EXHIBIT.

Each year the Commission has made an attractive exhibit at the
State Fair in Sacramento. The permanent exhibit comprises a great
panorama of the Sierra with wonderful lighting effects to show dawn
to daylight and sunset to night. Cloud effects and a thunder storm
were very realistic. On those days when the attendance was the
greatest a count showed 1500 persons, per hour, viewing the exhibit.

Aquaria contained the different species of trout and all fresh water
fishes found in the Sacramento region. Golden trout from mountain
lakes at an elevation of 10,000 feet, after a journey of nearly a
thousand miles by pack train, truck and railroad, were on display.
Baby trout just hatched from the eggs and baby salmon were to be
seen in the small model hatchery.

Those who visit the State Fair can not help but be convinced of the
extensive work being carried on by the Commission in caring for and
conserving the fish and game resources of the state. The following
letter expresses the appreciation of the directors of the State Fair.

CALIFORNIA

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

Sacramento, Cal.

September 9, 1922.
California Fisli and Game Commission,
Sacramento, Calif.
Gentlemen :

We, the Board of Directors of the Califoraia Agricultural Society, take this
opportunity to thank you for the beautiful and educational display of the work of
your commission made at the State Fair in 1922 ; particularly do we wish to
commend the enteiijrise of the commission in placing such a large and comprehensive
exhil)it. We trust this has given the people of California an idea of the importance
of the work of the Fish and Game Commission.

On every hand we have heard favorable comment upon your educational features
and we sincerely hope that when the Fair opens next year you will be with us
again with an equally attractive display.

Again thanking you and assuring you of our desire to cooperate with you in
the years to come, we remain.

Sincerely yours,

State Agricultural Society,
H. A. Jastro,

President.
WJM-IC

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

17

Fig. 4. Jay Bruce, State I^ion Hunter starts on a trip. Photosrapli by Mrs. J. Bruce.

MOUNTAIN LION CONTROL.

During the past two years state lion hunter Jay Bruce, secured
sixty lions of which 3-1 were males, and 26 females. Of this number
fourteen were animals less than a year old. Many of tlie lions (49
in all) were taken in or near game refuiies, localities whicli are worked
consistently because of the direct relation to deer conservation. It is
believed that the total average lion population of the state has been
reduced al)out 100 as a result of the activities of the state lion hunter.
Complaints of the depredations of bears have been consistently investi-
gated but no reliable evidence has been obtained that stock had been
killed by them. However, frequently there is evidence that bears
have fed upon stock killed by other predatory animals than bears. A
complete summation of the lion bounties paid will be found in the
appendix.

FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

The staunchest kind of support for conservation measures comes
from the twenty or more fish and game protective associations of
the state. Could this favorable sentiment be unified in one great state
organization the sportsman's interests could be better cared for. The
Commission has been glad to lend support to these organizations and
to receive suggestions from them. A plan is being evolved to center
all of these protective associations in a central organization to be
known as the California Conservation League, in an attempt to
crystallize sentiment and avoid duplication of effort.

2 — 34744

18

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

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FISH AND GAMK COMMISSION.

GAME CONDITIONS.

At the last legislature the bill providing for a deer license and a one
buck limit which was proposed as a means of giving better protection
for deer failed of passage by reason of the belief that the money
would revert to the general treasury instead of to the fish and game
preservation fund. This legislation must eventually come if we give
the one largo species of game mammal left in the state, in sufficif^nt
numbers for hunting, proper protection. The mule deer of the lava
beds in Modoc County particularly need protection as the toll now
being taken is altogether too large.

An unusual ])roblem presented itself during the winter of 1923 when
large numbers of deer met death by falling into a cement power ditch
on the American River near Placerville. Immediate action was taken
with the result that more than 500 deer were safely rescued from
the ditch and bridges allowed the safe crossing of more than 2800
others — all on a front of seven miles. The Western States Gas and
Electric Company, owners of the ditch, cooperated in rescuing the
deer and a fence which has been installed will prevent a similar
occurrence another year.

Fi'J. C. Lo\\er Klamath Lake as it appeared in tlie sprinK
of 1924, once a federal bird reservation and Cali-
fornia's most extensive waterfowl breeding ground. Due
to unwise drainage it is now but an alkali waj^te.
Photograph by Blanche Shaw.

The closing of the season on tree squirrels by the 1923 legislature
proved a benefit to a species greatly reduced in numbers by a serious
epidemic of disease. A continuation of the closed season beyond the
September, 1925, date would doubtless be advantageous.

Wildfowl conditions continue favorable. If breeding and feeding
grounds can be maintained by developing an unfavorable sentiment
toward the endless drainage projects the future looks bright.

FISH CONDITIONS.'

The spring and summer of 1924 proved so dry that there was a
consequent destruction of fish. Many streams that normally have
plenty of water to support fish life dried up entirely, with resulting
destruction of all fish life in them. Deputy fish and game commi.s-

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

21

sioners, forest officers and park rangers aided materially by trans-
planting fish from isolated pools to permanent streams. It vriW
doubtless take several years to recoup from the depletion due to the
past sea.son.

Low water in the streams in many instances made fishways
ineffective. AVith water several feet below the crest of a dam no
water enters the fish way and migratory fishes are prevented from
reaching their spawning ground. Too often thought of the con-
servation of fish life is obscured by the demand for electric energy. A
whole stream is sometimes diverted from its course or the entire flow
utilized in a power plant, leaving a dry stream bed and complete
destruction of the fish life, a natural resovirce impossible to replace.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^»

^Hf ^ Jfl

M

^^^^.

^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^HI^B

B .1 'jL gm

r .^^^H

K;^J:.,i||

^^^^^^^HRB

WfLjMjm l%iJ^H

ju

1 ^

H

P"^'"j

JmfmUBr

Hvi

^jJtr

1

--^' - fir|i

<

r

!■

fii^

J-«

F'lG. 7. One version of "Over the top." SteeKnead trout jumping a waterfall in
Trinity County. Photograph by C. O. Fisher.

Heretofore, power development has taken place high in the moun-
tains with no serious loss of breeding grounds to migratory fish. The
proposed building of a 2.50-foot dam near the mouth of the Klamath
River with the consequent issuance of preliminary federal and state
permits presented a very fundamental conservation problem. Since
salmon have not been known to successfully negotiate more than a
4-0-foot fishway,- it hardly seems probable that any method can be
devised for carrying them over a 250-foot dam. It appears certain
that the construction of such a dam would mean the ultimate
destruction of the last unspoiled run of king salmon and steelhead
trout left in the state. Furthermore, the proposed development on
the Lower Klamath would mean the destruction of the best source
of egg supply for the state's fish hatcheries. Almost the entire supply
of salmon eggs is secured at Klamathon, and the best supply of trout
eggs is secured at the four or five egg-collecting .stations along this
river. Practically every stream in the state, and most of the lakes,
have been stocked with eggs secured from the Klamath River trout.

22

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The Fish and Game Commission felt that it would be derelict of its
duty if it did not clinmpion the saving? of the fish in the Klamath. It
consistently fought the applications for permits and failing in this
decided that the saving of tlie fish could be accomplished only by sub-
mitting the matter to the people through an initiative. Consequently,
in the spring of 1924 the Commission aided in securing an initiative
]ictition whicli finally went to the Secretary of State with the largest
number of names ever turned in on a similar petition. As a result,
the matter was referred to the people for a vote. The measure pro-
vided for a fish reserve which would be ()i)en to the angler and
available for a source of eggs for the state's hatcheries, but be closed
to the building of dams or other obstructions that would hinder the
migration of fish. The saving of the fishery resources of the Klamath
are largely dependent on a favorable vote on this measure.

PROBLEMS. '

The main problems of the Fish and Game Commission are still to
be summed up in three words: "pollution, drainage, and power
dams. ' '

In spite of useful laws and better public sentiment, the pollution of
inland and coastal waters with oil still continues. It is hoped that the
aid of federal legislation will help to improve conditions.

Fig. 8. One year's accumulation of illegal nets in the Sacramento District being-
destroyed by fire, March, 1924. Law provides for this mode of disposal of
those nets having illegal mesh. Photograph by George Neale.

No better example of the danger attendant upon unwise drainage
has been afforded than that of Lower Klamath Lake in the north-
eastern corner of the state. This lake was in a federal bird reserva-
tion and here thousands of shore birds and waterfowl reared their
young each year. The area was drained at an expense of $300,000
and now it is discovered that the lake bed is wholly unfit for agri-
culture and residents and conservationists alike are pleading for a
reflooding of the lake. It was only through decisive action that the

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

23

24 FISH AND GAMF COMMISSION.

draining of Lake Earl in Del Xorto County was |)rrv(,'nted. in many
instances, lowered water tables nullify the expected valuable results
of drainage. Marsh lands have real xjilucs and llicse values should
be recognized before it is too late.

The diversion of Avater from riMTs where trout have existed for
ages into ditches for pow'er and irrigation purposes have in many
cases rendered streams almost barren of fish life. Also the draining
of a number of lakes and storage reservoirs by the power and irrigation
companies have caused the death of many thousands of trout and bass
which it will take the Commission many years to restore. The extreme
drouth has been the cause of the drying up of many streams and the
consequent death of many fish.

The generosity of the Division of Water Rights in allocating the
water of the streams and lakes Avithout the least consideration of the
needs of fish life and the overgrazing privileges given in the forests
AAnthout due consideration of the needs of the wild life of the state are
situations difficult to handle. Until such time as due consideration is
given to the needs of wild life and less, perhaps, to the almighty
dollar, California's wnld life will continue to suffer. Legislation should
be enacted that would conserve both feed for the deer and other wild
mammals of the forest, and sufficient water in the streams and lakes
to sustain fish life. Of what use are wardens to protect game that is
starving or hatcheries to propagate fish which ultimately meet death
because of a lack of water sufficient for their existence?

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

During the war, the free transportation which had been furnished
the Fishcultural Department for the distribution of fish was rescinded,
causing a large additional item of expense. The railroads of the state
have again generously granted the Hatchery Department transporta-
tion for employees and fish. The money thus saved the Commission in
planting fish has been made available for the expense incident to a
larger output in the state hatcheries. Grateful acknowledgment of
the splendid assistance thus afforded by the various railroads of the
state is hereby made.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

25

REPORT OF DEPARIMENT OF FISH CULTURE.

The Honorahle Board of Fish and Game Commissioners,
State of California.

Sirs: In conformity to the regulations of the Fish and Game Cora-
mission, I herewith ti'ansinit tlie report of the Department of Fish
Culture for the biennium ending June 30, 1924.

During the seasons covered by this report, we have exceeded the out-
put at our hatcheries over any similar period of tisheultural operations
in this state by several millions of trout fry, having liatehed and dis-
tributed during the seasons of 1922 and 1928, 56,527,105 trout fry
besides 35,495,550 salmon fry. This record plus the trout fry on hand
that are being distri])uted this season, will make the largest output of
fry and the tliree greatest years in the history of the Commission's
operations.

There were hatched and distributed during 1922 and 1923, 35,495,550
salmon fry. These were all collected at Klamathon egg-collecting
station on the Klamath River in Siskivou Countv. This take would
have been exceeded by ten millions of eggs if our racks had not been
flooded by the California-Oregon Power Company at the height of the
season, during the month of October, 192'3. A more detailed account of
this will be given further on in our report.

During the biennial period just past, the same number of egg-collect-
ing stations and hatcheries have been operated as mentioned in our last
report. We have practically operated during this time thirty hatcheries
and egg-collecting stations. Two of our stations are still operated under
tents as the funds have not been available for the construction of per-
manent hatcheries. Had the funds been set aside from the amount
available for tisheultural operations, the output of our hatcheries would
have been greatly increased.

As in former years, two fish distributing ears have been used in dis-
tributing fry from ]\Iount Shasta Hatchery, as well as from Mount
Whitney Hatchery, to the different portions of the state that were not
supplied from local hatcheries.

As stated in our last report, we can not emphasize the necessity
stronger than to repeat that the streams are fished so hard that very
few, if any, adult fish are left for breeders and consequently, the
great majority of the fish that are found in them are the result of
hatchery production. There is a demand for more hatcheries and a
larger output of fry, but funds must be provided before any further

26 FISn AND GAME COMMISSION.

increase of fish fi-u]ii our hatcheries ciin be had or new liateheries con-
structed. Several more hatcheries are needed in the state, not only to
supply an ever-increasing demand for trout fry, but to save carrying
the fish so far a,s they are now. paticularly to the more remote parts of
the state where the lakes and streams are situated far from the railroad.
We are constantly giving instructions to persons applying for fish to
make a wide distribution of the fry. The best results are obtained
where the fr^- are well scattered and planted on the ripples and in the
shallow water of the lakes some distance from shore.

The large output of our hatcheries did not more than lialf meet the
demands of the applicants throughout the state as the demand for trout
fry for stocking the rivers, lakes and streams of California is increasing
annually. And with the increasing population of the state, and the
popularity of California a.s a recreation center, the fishing in the moun-
tainous sections where the majority of the people enjoy their vacations
is so excessive that measures to increase the number of fry to be dis-
tributed each season must be arranged and a shorter open season
established to allow the fish to attain a larger growth. Plans must be
made for the construction and equipment of more hatcheries, building
of pond-rearing systems and the improvement of the egg-collecting
stations. The possibility of increasing the output of eggs from the
Klamath River by the introduction of a larger number of rainbow and
steelhead trout fry, as well as salmon fry, must be stressed so that this
river may furnish eggs for the other hatcheries in California, where
rainbow, steelhead and salmon are in great demand and where suitable
waters are to be found for these species.

The number of hatcheries in the state should be increased as the
demand for trout fry exceeds the limit of the present hatcheries. Lakes
need to be set aside for the purpose of propagating brood stock from
which the eggs can be collected, as well as pond-rearing systems where
spawning fish can be reared for egg-collecting purposes. We have but
the one egg-collecting pond system at Mount Shasta Hatchery and, to
meet the demand of the angling public, the Commission should build
one or two more systems equal in capacity to that at the Mount Shasta
station. Mount Shasta Hatcherj- can not be enlarged as the water
supply and land is limited to the present capacity of the station. Sur-
veys should be made at an early date to find other suitable sites for
pond-rearing systems for there is no method by which eggs can be
more easily procured for propagating the exotic species of fishes than
in pond-rearing systems.

The State Fish and Game Commission is making an effort to procure
more funds to establish pond systems where exotic species of fish can
be raised in numbers great enough to furnish at least tw^o-thirds of the
supply of eggs for the different hatcheries located throughout the state.

We have one of the best pond systems to be found anywhere at
Mount Shasta station ; but as stated in a previous report, it is not large
enough to meet the growing demand for trout eggs. Approximately
30 per cent of the trout fry collected in California this season were
taken from the pond system at Sisson at the average cost per thousand
less than the cost of collecting wild eggs when the expense of construct-
ing traps and other paraphernalia necessary in handling the spaAvners
and the work of collecting eggs from wild fish is considered.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 27

Outside of fhe Klamath River, Lake Tahoe, Bear Lake in San Ber-
nardino County, and Plumas County stations, eggs can be procured
from properly equipped ponds for less money than they can be from
wild fish when the uncertainty of collecting eggs from wild fish is con-
sidered. The droughts, floods, deep snow and extremely cold weather
conditions always make the egg-collecting work uncertain. We do not
know from one season to another what to expect. During seasons of
extremely light rain and snowfall, conditions prevail that are unfavor-
able for the collection of trout eggs. Other years floods and extremely
high and cold water change the movements of the fish and the take of
eggs is often far less than we expect. Breaking up of runs of trout in
our streams by high dams built by hydro-electric companies and irriga-
tion projects are all having their effect and, to meet these new condi-
tions, the legislature should provide ample funds for the construction
of rearing ponds where a sufficient number of breeding fish can be
raised to supply- the demand for at least two-thirds of the waters to be
stocked.

Salmon, rainbow trout, and steelhead trout can be saved to the people
for many years to come by the proper development of the Klamath
River and the saving of this stream as a fish refuge. If this stream is
lost to the public as an egg-collecting stream by the construction of high
dams in the lower reaches of the river, it will mean a great loss to the
general public. The expense of maintaining pond systems is costly
and locations are hard to find where perfect conditions can he found
for the rearing of a sufficient number of brood fish, particularly of the
rainbow and steelhead speoies. The development of hydro-electric
energy by the erection of high dams in the tributary streams of the
Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers has materially reduced the number
of salmon in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and Monterej^
Bay regions. Practically all the salmon now to be found in the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin river basins and Monterey Bay region are the
product of hatcheries at Battle Creek, Mill Creek and Klamath River
stations. The number of salmon fry produced in the Klamath River
stations has assisted greatly in keeping up the supply in the Sacramento
River.

The larger portion of the salmon in the Klamath River are the
Sacramento race of king salmon that were introduced into the
Klamath River by the Fish and Game Commission in its salmon cultural
operations during the years past. The native Klamath River salmon do
not appear in any great numbers in the river in the last few years. Our
fishcultural experts at the Klamathon station support the view that the
large majority of the fish taken from the Klamath River at the Klama-
thon egg-collecting station are of the Sacramento race.

If the Klamath River is set aside as a fish refuge, by increasing the
number of fry planted in this stream, a larger number of rainbow and
steelhead eggs will be collected : and, as it is the only river of any con-
sequence left in this state in which there is a run of king salmon to
handle for artificial propagation, it is of great importance that this
stream be saved as a fish refuge so that the state at all times may have,
not only an adequate supply of salmon eggs to keep up the supply of
salmon in the Sacramento River and Monterey Bay regions, but also
furnish a large percentage of our rainbow and steelhead trout eggs

28

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

for (listi'ilnition tlirouiiliout 1lu' entire State of California. The oon-
struetioii of the prui)Osetl liigli dams iu the lower readies of the
Klamatli Ki\ t r \\ ill break up the mn of these anadromous fishes so that
the egg-eollecting w-ork on this river will soon be a thing of the past.

During the last two seasons, the experimental work on the South
Fork of P]el River near Branscomb, where several traps were located
and temporary egg-colleeting stations established in an effort to collect
a large number of steelhead trout eggs and sufficient number of salmon
eggs to stock Eel River, has proved futile as the uncertainty of the flow
of water in Eel River, caused by extremely low water in periods when
the fish should l)e running, or great floods, has proved that the upper
reaches of the South Pork of Eel River where our experiments have
been carried on is not a suitable place to attempt to collect eggs of
either salmon or steelhead trout. The lower reaches of Eel River are
subject to such extreme conditions of \^^ter from the minimum to the
maximum flow that it is not dependable. The lower reaches of the
South Fork of Eel River, near Garberville, or in the vicinity of Lane's
Redwood Park, probably would be a suitable site for the collection of
steelhead trout eggs ; but, until practical experiments have been made
in attempting to collect these eggs, no positive statement can be made
whether this work can be carried on successfully in Eel River or any of
its tributaries, except the Cape Horn dam on the South Eel River, which
is noAv badly affected by the water being held back by the Gravelly
Valley Dam during the season of drought, thus preventing the fish
from ascending this fork of the river to the egg-collecting station
located on Cape Horn dam. During the season just past, the dam did

Fig. 10. A Klamath Rivei- king salmon. Photogi-aph by H. C. Bryant.

fWENTY-EIGIITII BtENNIAL REPORT.

29

not lill so as to spill ovci- and, consequently, no fish reached the egg-
collecting station tliis year, thus depriving us of several millions of
steelliead eggs. A lease was obtained on Gravelly Valley dam from the
Snow JMonntain Water and Power Company, the owners of this> project,
with the intention, if conditions proved suitable, of having this lake
set aside as a preserve from which a large number of rainbow might
be raised for the purpose of collecting their eggs to stock the streams
of the immediate vicinity as well as have a supply to be shipped out to
other stations. But protests from the citizens of Lake County, and
the refusal of the Forestry Service to grant the Commission a lease on
the lands bordering on Lake Pillsbury or Gravelly Valley dam, have
prevented this department from carrying out its plans. The citizens
of Lake County protested on the grouilds that the dam was of greater
benefit to them as a fishing resort to the public than for an egg-collect-
ing preserve for the Fish and Game Connnission. As they are drawing
off the water each season for power purposes and the water in this
lake fluctuates to such a great extent, it is somewhat doubtful whether
the lake would furnish anywhere near the number of eggs that we
formerly collected in the river immediately below the dam before its
construction; that is, the Snow :\rountain egg-collecting station located
at the lower dam owned by this company.

If these protests against our experimenting on this lake are removed,
several years will have to elapse before it can be determined how many
eggs the brood fisli in this lake would produce. The number of eggs
that may be collected from fish raised in dams that have fluctuating
heads, is always uncertain; and it becomes more apparent, as we look
over the great State of California for suitable places where spawn-
fish may be obtained, that the Klamath River, the last stream in Cali-
fornia that has not been seriously affected by the construction of high
dams, should be left to furnish a sufficient number of eggs of rainbow
and steelhead to supply the needs of the state in other waters, as well
as to provide king salmon eggs to maintain a greater portion of the run
in the Sacramento River and Monterey Bay regions; and that adequate
pond systems should be constructed for the rearing of our introduced
species of fish, such as Loch Leven, European brown trout and Eastern
brook trout.

As the fight to prevent the construction of high dams in the Klamath
River by the residents of Siskiyou County, sportsmen's organizations
and our Commission, has not yet been decided, since the matter is
pending before the Federal Power Commission and in the courts of the
state, as w^ell as being submitted by an initiative petition to the voters
of the state so that they may express their opinion, we can not add
anything more to the argument submitted in our last biennial report,
but will publish excerpts from the same report so that the matter may
be brought before the minds of the people of the value of the Klamath
River as a fish refuge.

We reiterate that the great Klamath River should be kept free from
dams so that a stock of trout and salmon can be depended upon from
that source for many years to come. The Klamath River runs through
a mountainous region from the Oregon line, w'here it enters California,
to its mouth on the boundary line of Del Norte County and Humboldt

County, where it flows into the ocean.

30 FISIT AND GAME TOMMIW^IOX.

There is practically no tilhildc l;iii(l where the waters of this stream
could be used for irrigation. All the small areas of tillable land along
this river could be in'igatcd by tril)utary streams. Applications have
been made to construct large dams on this river for the purpose of
'developing hydro-electric energy. As there is enough water appropri-
ated in the other river systems of California to furnish electric power
for the development of the state for many years to come without
destroying the salmon and other anadromous fishes of the Klamath
River b}' the construction of dams impassable by these fish, the con-
struction of high dams in the Klamath River should not be permitted.

AVe feel positive, from our investigations and knowledge of the habits
uf the salmon, that the king salmon (Oncorliynchus tdiawytscha) and
the silver salmon (0. Jcisutch) will not ascend a fishway over a dam
where the elevation is over thirty or thirty-five feet. Our experience in
this state, and the experience of the experts of the Bureau of Fisheries
and fishculturists in Oregon and AVashington, confirm this statement.

There is a great protest being made by the people of Oregon and
the Bureau of Fisheries against the construction of a dam ninety feet
in height across Priest Rapids on the CoUnnbia Ri\^er. which confirms
our opinion stronger than ever, that where the people have a stream of
such value as the Columbia or Klamath rivers, no high dams should ever
be allowed to be constructed if the fishing interests are to be considered.
The people are entitled to at least one stream in each state from which
they can collect an adequate supply of both salmon and trout eggs to
supply the depleted waters of other regions.

The statement made that the Fish and Game Commission is retarding
the industrial growth and development of the state by opposing these
high dams is, in our judgment, not a fact, as there is sufficient energy
being developed in other streams of California, where it is possible to
construct power plants, to furnish the entire northwestern part of the
state without embarrassing the development of that region or any other
portion of California.

FISH PROPAGATION.

Applicants, without exception, are reporting fine results from pre-
vious plantings of fry and are continuing making applications from
year to year, thus keeping the streams as well stocked as the conditions
will permit where the fishing is so excessive as it has been for the last
few years. The zeal and enthusiasm shown b}^ the applicants who,
year after year make applications to stock their favorite streams and
lakes, is evidence of the intense interest in the fishcultural work in this
state. The growing interest in the propagation and planting of trout
fry is the result of good returns that we are producing by the coopera-
tion of the persons planting fish for the Fish and Game Commission.

The distribution of trout fry by the sportsmen's clubs, boards of
supervisors, and other interested parties, continues with the same
enthusiasm as in former years. The public spirited citizens in the
different communities have devoted their energj^ and furnished their
labor in seeing that the trout fry are properly distributed. Each sea-
son we find better results of this cooperation as the persons interested
in trout planting become more familiar with the proper distribution
of the fry.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 31

Some sportsmen's clubs, assisted by the supervisors of the counties,
have established resting pools at the end of the auto roads where the fry
are deposited and given a few days' rest before being carried by pack
animal to the more inaccessible lakes and streams in the higher alti-
tudes. The Fresno County Sportsman's Club and the Madera Rod and
Gun Club have built a number of these resting pools in the mountainous
districts where they are making their distribution of fry and have
obtained excellent results. This is very commendable work as it gives
the fry a chance to recuperate before continuing the long journey to
the lakes and streams that are not accessible by trucks or wagons and
have to be reached by pack animals. These resting pools are of great
benefit if the fry are not held in them too long. A great many persons
have advocated the holding of trout fry until late in the fall in ponds
and nurseries along the streams where they desire to have the fish
distrit)uted, believing that if the trout fry are held until they are a
larger size than when received from the hatcheries, better results could
be obtained. Our experience has led us to believe that this is not a
fact; and when trout are confined in ponds or nurseries they generally
become large, fat and domesticated, lose their wild instinct of natural
preservation that they have when first taken from the hatchery and
a greater number of them will be destroyed by natural enemies, if
held until late in the fall or the following spring, than if liberated
as soon as they are swimming up and in condition to plant directly
from the hatchery.

There are probably some places where larger trout might be of
benefit when planted than those taken from the hatchery, but these
places are very remote and in general trout planting, our experience
has demonsti-ated to us, the sooner the trout fry are planted, the better
the results.

TROUT DISTRIBUTION.

The total distribution of trout fry from the difi:'erent hatcheries in
the state for the biennial period 1922-1924 was 56.527,105, consisting of
the following species :

Rainbow 21,G9^j,3G5

Loch Leven 10,876,3.50

Steelhead 13,011,300

Eastern Brook 5,106,550

Large Lake 2.n'.».!).")(»

Black Spotted 816,090

Brown Trout 2,564,5o<J

Cutthroat 2.").rri0

Mackinaw 80,000

Total 56,.527,10."i

On the date this report is being written. July, 1924, we have approxi-
mately 28,000,000 trout fry that will be distributed as a result of this
season's operations.

SALMON.

To maintain even a fair supply of chinook, or king, salmon in the
Sacramento River, Klamath River and Monterey Bay regions, as well
as Eel River and ocean areas fed by this stream, becomes a greater
problem each year. With the cutting off of natural spawning grounds
by high dams in the tributaries of the Sacramento River and the
depletion of Eel River by the excessive fishing of a few years ago, the

32 FISJII A\M) (!AMK COMMISSION.

supply of salmon c.u'^s to n .ufcat extent imist be supplied from tlie
Klamath River. During the seasons ot! ]i)22 mid ]92'.\, owiui^ to the
low water and seasonal eonditions, the Bureau of Kislieries at Battle
Creek and ]\Iill Ci-eek ditl not have any surplus eggs to fnrnish any of
the ("nlit'oi'iiia Kisli and Game Commission's stations.

Duriiit^ the fall of 1021 there Avere collected at Klamathon egg-
eoUectinii' station on the Klamath River 19,178,000 eggs. These were
hatched and the resulting fry distributed as follows:

Sent to Fort Seward, fall of 1921 2,000,000

riaiited ill the Sacramento Kiver, 1022 7,311,000

rianted in Fall Creek, spring, 11)22 1 2,331,000

ll,&42,O0O

Planted in Klamath River, fall, 1922 5,000,000

Planted in Fall Creek, fall of 1922 1,000,000

17,042,000

During the fall of 1922 there were collected at Klamathon egg-
collecting station on the Klamath River 20,821,000 eggs. These were
hatched and the resulting fry distributed as follows:

Sent to Forf Seward Hatchery 2,250,000

Planted in Sacramento River 12,089,000

Planted in Del Norte County — 40,000

Planted in Fall Creek 3,550,000

17.929,000

The season of 1928 opened very pr()[)itiously for the collection of
Chinook salmon on the Klamath River. The opinion of our superin-
tendent, Mr. G. H. Lambson, and his assistants, was tliat an equal
number of eggs would have been taken, if not a greater number, than
during the season of 1922, but, during the fore part of October when
the pools were full of salmon between the racks and ready to be spawned
and their eggs ready to be collected for our hatcheries, the California-
Oregon Power Company opened their sluice gates on the big Copco
Dam without giving our employees any warning of the danger that
threatened our racks at Klamathon, and caused a great flood of water
to descend the river which overflowed the racks and choked them up
with debris, logs, brush and other detritus so that the spawning salmon
escaped up the river, and, as the tributary streams between the racks
and the Copoc Dam were too low for any considerable number of these
salmon to spawn, a great number of the eggs carried by these spawners
was lost in the river between Klamathon racks and the Copco Dam,

The Company's attention was called to this damage and they agreed
not to open their flood gates again without giving the Commission due
notice, and at no time to open them to such -an extent as to cause
damage to our egg-collecting station. This damage to the season's
work is to be regretted as every salmon egg that can be collected and
hatched is necessary to maintain even a fair supply of salmon in our
rivers and ocean area.

During the fall of 1923, 4,011,000 salmon eggs were collected, 250,000
of which were sent to Fort Seward Hatcherj' for distribution in Eel
River. The remainder will be held in the ponds and planted this fall,
the statistical report for which will not appear until the next biennial
report of the Commission.

cl

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 33

For years we have called the attention of the puhlic and the legis-
lature to the rapidly decreasing salmon supply in California with
i-econnnendations ^iven in former reports, but, to date, no particular
effort has been made to save this valuable fish from being greatly
depleted, if not practically exterminated.

In a last effort to save this valuable fish to the people, the Fish and
Game Commission, assisted by the people of Siskiyou County, and
other districts, initiated a petition to submit to the voters on the
November, 1924, ballot the decision whether we are to lose the Klamath
River, the last stream that is not affected by high dams, and from which
salmon eggs can be collected in any considerable numbers. Tlie upper
reaches of Fel River have been cut off by high dams and the uncertainty
of the flow of water in Eel River caused by the great extreme between
the maximum and minimum flow of the river makes FjcI River one that
cannot })e depended on as a salmon egg-collecting stream; therefore,
our efforts must be confined to saving the Klamath River as an egg-
collecting stream for king salmon as we do not desire to see this
valuable food fish practically exterminated in this state in the next
few years.

We refer again to the closing sentence in our ]-ei)()rt on king sal-
mon in the biennial report of 1920-1922: "The Fish and Game Com-
mission is waging an ui)liill fight when it comes to conservation as the
people do not realize the destruction of wild life until it is too late."
Recommendations to conserve our fish and to increase the output of
our hatcheries by practical and scientific methods go unheeded.

We can do nothing but reiterate the above sentence as practically the
same condition prevails today as two years ago regarding the practical
measures to save the fish in the Klamath River, with the exception that
the measure will come before the people for their consideration. If
they do not desire to see this valuable food fish practically exterminated,
they will have a chance to prove it at the November election.

MOUNT SHASTA HATCHERY.

The high standard of work at .Mount Shasta Hatchery has been
maintained during the season of 1922 and 1923 the same as it has since
the establishment of this station. Mount Shasta Hatchery^ has been
operated to its full capacity during this period and 24,440,000 salmon
fry and 27,994,450 trout fry were hatched and distributed from this
station. This is one of the best equipped stations in the country, but
it has practicality reached its capacity for pond culture and for
increased hatchery operations as we have not sufficient water or land
to increase the capacity of this station. Therefore, pond systems must
be established, as previously mentioned in this report, to enable us to
collect a larger number of trout eggs to supply the other hatcheries
now in existence and those that are to be established.

There were collected from the ponds at Mount Shasta Hatchery dur-
ing the season of 1922-1923, 18,428,000 trout eggs. This number, with
the additional eggs from outside stations, gave us a grand total of
27,994,450 fry to be distributed throughout the state.

The more important improvements made at this station since June
30, 1922, are as follows :

A concrete settling tank, which is also used for the diversion of water
to the different hatcheries, was constructed, the dimensions of which

3 — 34744

34 Flail AND GAME CO AI MISSION.

are 36 feet long, 8 feet 10 inches wide, and 5 feet deep, with walls 8
inches in thickness, and fonercte foundation.

A new llunie, 250 I'eet long and .1-1 inches l)y IG iiielies, was built
from the main supjdy ditch to hatcheries C and D. A number of the
ponds were relined with new ])lank and inlets and outlets to six of
the ponds were renewed. The ditch was eidarged west of the hatchery
ground to make an additional fry pond. New screens were in.stallcd
in all the hatchery troughs during the period covered by this report.
Drain pipes were placed under the roads in front of Hatchery A. A
new drain from Hatchery A to Pond No. 8 was installed. A new room
was built in the attic of the foreman's dwelling and other improve-
ments to keep the station in repair, but just enough repair work was
done to prevent damage to the system of ponds and hatcheries so that
they could be operated.

A number of improvements recommended to be constructed during
the coming biennial period are as follows :

A new food preparation room, refrigerating plant and cold storage
rooms for keeping the fish food in good condition. A new" building
sliould be constructed to be used as a storage room for fish cans and a
paint room. This should have a steam boiler installed for steaming
the cans, keeping them sanitary, something essential to keep the fish
in good condition.

One new corrugated drain pipe to take water from Hatchery A. One
galvanized drain to cross the road under the lane in front of Hatchery
A, as the present culvert is in bad condition.

All the ponds, except two, should be relined with planking, in whole
or in part. The planking on these old ponds and walls should be
renewed, as they have been in use from ]■') to 25 years. The superin-
tendent's and foreman's cottages should be repaired; a concrete bridge
constructed over the inlet of pond system on the road leading across
the hatchery ground to barns and garage. These are only a few of
the many improvements that are necessary to keep this important sta-
tion in repair.

An additional water supply should be furnished to this station if
it is to be operated to its fullest capacity, as the drought has affected
it several times in the past; also, the water owners are using water
from Spring Creek, from which this station receives its water supply,
and take their usual amount regardless of the seasonal conditions,
and the hatchery suffers accordingly. When the irrigation period was
on this spring, the farmers diverted so much water that there were
times when the fish in the hatchery, as well as in the ponds, were in
danger of suffering materially, if not perishing, for want of sufficient
water supply. A meeting was called at Sisson on ]\Iay 20, 1924, and
the water users diverting water above Mount Shasta Hatchery agreed
to turn back from their ditches sufficient water to maintain the hatcherj'
until seasonal conditions would bring about a larger flow in Spring
Creek. This we greatly appreciated, as it prevented serious loss and
damage to the fish at Mount Shasta Hatchery^

The auxiliary stations under the supei'\'ision of Mount Shasta
Hatchery were operated during the last biennial period to their fullest
capacity. These stations are Fall Creek Hatchery, Klamathon egg-
collecting station. Hornbrook egg-collecting station. Bogus Creek egg-
collecting station, and Camp Creek egg-collecting station.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 35

KLAMATHON EGG-COLLECTING STATION.

There have been no improvements made at this station during the
last two years other than the necessary repairs to keep the racks, traps,
and station generally in condition for the catching of salmon and the
taking of their eggs. There will be no improvements required at this
station for the next two years. There were collected at this station
26,586,000 Chinook salmon eggs, as follows: In the fall of 1922,
20,824,000; in the fall of 192)3, 5,762,000. This take would have been
at least ten million greater if it had not been for the disastrous flood
that came down the river caused by the opening of the gates of the
big Copco Dam.

FALL CREEK HATCHERY.

This station continues to be successfully operated. Since our last
biennial report no improvements worthy of mention have been made;
but recommendations for improvements are necessary at this time,
as the hatcliery troughs that were installed in this hatchery in 1918,
at tlie time of its construction by the California-Oregon Power Com-
pany, were of poor material, being mostly soft pine which has decayed
and i)ecome spongy to such an extent that we do not consider them
any longer safe for the rearing of fish. We recommend the placing
of an entirely new set of troughs in the Fall Creek Hatchery, made
of a well-seasoned redwood; a new flume from the settling tank to
the liatchery ; a new floor in tlie hatcliery, as the old floor has become
badly rotted, owing to the leakage of these poorly constructed troughs;
and the painting of the interior of the l)uilding. As the interior of this
building has never been painted, the ceilings and walls are deteriorat-
ing very rapidly. The construction of another salmon-rearing pond
is also recommended at this station so that a greater number of salmon
fry can be held until the proper time for distribution.

HORNBROOK EGG-COLLECTING STATION.

There have been no improvements since 1922 at this station and there
will be none for the next two years. The take of eggs at this station
was below the average, owing to the prevailing drought for the last
two years. The total number of eggs taken were 3,733,000.

BOGUS CREEK EGG-COLLECTING STATION.

This station was well repaired two years ago and no improvements
will be necessary for the next two years except the extension of a
concrete apron under the racks. The take of eggs at this station was
approximately the same as normal for the last two years, as the drought
did not affect these streams as greatly as it did Hornbrook Station.
The take of eggs for the last two vears was- In 1922, 4,336,000; and
in 1923, 2,495,000.

CAMP CREEK EGG-COLLECTING STATION.

This station has not required any improvements for the last two
years and none will be needed for several years. This station con-
tinues to furnish a large supply of rainbow trout eggs and will be one
of our best stations until the seasonal rainfall is normal. The total
take of egss for the last two years was: In 1922, 2,356,000; and in
1923, 2,102,000.

3G FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

MOUNT WHITNEY HATCHERY.

>\Ioniit AVhitnoy Ilatcliciy has been opci-atctl lo its full capacity
during the last l)ieimial period, and we would resi)ect fully reconiuiend
that a new hatchery of equal capacity be establislied on the Mount
Whitney grounds, or a new station established in 1he ^Mono-Alpine
r(>gion. so that a greater number of trout fry coidd l)e produced in
this sectiou of the state. There are also several possible sites on other
streams in the Owens River Valley, but the Los Angeles aqueduct has
taken over the greater portion of these, so it is doubtful if sufficient
water could be obtained for the installation of another hatchery in tliis
section. The increasing demands for lisli in southern California and
the region consisting of Inyo, Mono and Alpine counties, must be sup-
l)]ied from a source where eggs can be hatched and the fry distributed
within tlie shortest distance for transportation. In all probability, we
will be able to recommend to the board within the next year the selec-
tion of a site in eitber ]\Iono or Alpine counties w^here a hatchery
could be established that would relieve the heavy demand on the ]\Iount
Whitney Ilatcheiy, thus allowing the output of this hatchery to be
shipped to southern California.

During the spring of 1923, meetings were held in Independence with
the other users of the w^ater from Oak Creek, from which is obtained
our supply of water for Mount AVhitney Hatchery, and an amicable
adjustment was made of the amount of water to be used at this station
for the propagation and rearing of fish, as well as the amount to be
used on the lawns and flower beds. Mr. Gordon Zander, of the Divi-
sion of Water Rights, kindly assisted in In-inging about this adjust-
ment. The amount of water for the use of the hatchery grounds, lawns,
and flower beds, was measured and the amount determined that the
state should use for this purpose, which was agreeable to the other
users of water from Oak Creek.

COTTONWOOD LAKES STATION.

This station was last operated in 1920. Owing to the large take of
eggs which filled our hatcheries to their capacity during 1921, 1922 and

1923, the Cottonwood Lakes Station was not operated. In the spring of

1924, at the request of a number of prominent sportsmen in southern
California, we planned to open this station for the collection of golden
trout eggs for distribution in barren lakes, and, also, in some of the
lakes in w^hich golden trout had been introduced several years ago in
the IMono- Alpine region, and in which they are now thriving wonder-
fully well. Upon the arrival of our crews at this station at the time
the golden trout are usually entering the tributary streams of these
lakes to spaAvn, our men found these streams practically dry owing
to the extreme drought which has prevailed over the entire coast. The
traps were installed in the creek flowing between the upper and lower
lakes and 460,000 golden trout eggs Avere collected. These were hatched
and will be distributed in the lakes suitable for this species of fish
this coming fall.

RAE LAKES STATION.

Tlie Rae Lakes egg-collecting station w^as not operated during the
spring of 1922 ; but, owing to the shortage of eggs at other stations, was
operated again during the spring of 1924 and the 410,000 eggs collected
were transferred to the Mount Whitney Hatchery and the resulting
fry will be distributed from that station.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 37

TAHOE HATCHERY.

The new Tahoe Hatchery buikling was completed during the fall
of 1920; but since then we have not been able to construct the fore-
man's cottage, food preparation room and other outbuildings, or
improve the grounds as they should be to be in keeping with this fine
station. This we hope to be able to do within the next year. The
water system furnishing the water supply to this hatchery should be
remodeled and open flumes constructed from the springs to the settling
tanks, as well as ponds for a considerable area around the springs
from which this water supply has its source, in order that the water will
be more fully aerated and given a chance to reach a higher tempera-
ture. The water in these springs is very cold and conducting it through
pipes does not give the sun's rays a chance to warm the water to the
proper temperature for rapid development of trout fry. The water
is very pure and cold and the fry do remarkably well, but their growth
is retarded by the low temperature of the water. We deem it advis-
able to have open flumes with ripples so arranged that the water will
receive a higher degree of aeration than is possible in passing it through
the pipes, as well as giving it the benefit of the sun to raise the tempera-
ture.

There were produced from this hatcherv during the last two vears
2,935,000 trout fry, as follows : In 1922, 975,000 rainbow trout, 480,000
black spotted trout, 100,000 steelhead trout, and 145,000 large lake
trout ; and in 1923, 445,000 steelhead trout and 790,000 large lake trout.

MOUNT TALLAC HATCHERY.

This station has been operated during the last two seasons under the
same conditions that have jirevailed during former years. We are
always compelled to plant the fry quite early owing to the rise in
temperature of the water in Fallen Leaf Lake, from which this hatchery
receives its supply. After the warm weather sets in the temperature
rises and the water numlds and algal growths have a deleterious efi'ect
on the fish, which necessitates planting earlier than we otherwise would.
However, the fish are planted in good condition and, as the water is
warmer from the beginning of the season than it is at some of the other
stations, the fish attain a good growth by the middle of July, so at that
time they can be planted and good results expected. We would recom-
mend the installation of a new" floor in this hatchery, as well as an
entire new" set of troughs and distributing tanks and other fixtures
incident to the hatchery equipment. The old equipment is now so badly
decayed that it is not safe for any further use in the rearing of fish.
This work should be done during this coming fall as soon as the trout
fry are out of the building.

Traps were operated in Blackwood Creek, Ward Creek and Taylor
Creek during the seasons of 1922 and 1923 and eggs collected as follows :

In 1J)22— Taylor Creek 20.5,(Xf()

Blackwood Creek 215,01)0

Ward Creek __— 180,000

000,000

In 1923— Taylor Creek — 515,000

Blackwood Creek .590,000

Ward Creek 640,0<X)

1,745,000

38 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

To insure tho safety of those traps dnriiifr seasons of heavy snow fall
when the melting snow causes flood conditions, concrete toe walls
should be constructed across the beds of these creeks, as well as con-
crete cribs placed in tlie streams to support the chords in the trap
frame. Tliis would insure us against any accidents which might be
caused by tlond waters in these creeks.

UPPER TRUCKEE RIVER EGG-COLLECTING STATION.

Tlie same eondiTioii jtrevails at the Upper Truckee River egg-collect-
ing station, and this station should be improved by a concrete abut-
ment on the side of the creek, as well as cribs and concrete toe walls or
aprons across the creek bed to prevent the traps from M'^ashing out
when streams again are normal, thus insuring the safety of all of
these traps. There were collected from this station 200,000 eggs during
1922.

UKIAH HATCHERY.

During the season of 1922 this hatchery was operated to its capacity,
but no improvements were made until the winter of 1922-23 as it was
necessan- to procure a new lease on this property from the town of
Ukiah. After procuring a lease for a period of five years from the
trustees of the town of Ukiah, beginning January 21, 1924, we made
repairs to this hatchery. This property was received from the North-
western Pacific Railroad Company many years ago when the railroad
company, in conjunction with the Fish and Game Commission, oper-
ated this hatchery for a number of years. Since the railroad company
ceased to operate this hatchery it has been operated by the Fish and
Game Commission under a lease from the town of Ukiah. No great
amount of money was expended on the repairs — .just enough to keep
the station in good condition. A new pipe line was installed to fur-
nish the water supply, as the amount of water at this station is limited
and any leakage from the old flume caused considerable damage to the
hatchery operations. During the spring of 1924, owing to the shortage
of water, a limited number of eggs had to be placed in this station,
and. as the drought prevailed through the sections that are u.sually
planted from this hatcheiy, some fry were hatched to supply all of
the streams in this section and an early distribution made. The
following number of frv were hatched during the last two years: In
1922, 962,500: and in 1923, 1.015,000.

SNOW MOUNTAIN STATION.

At this Station 1,594,000 eggs were collected in 1922 and 2,857,960
in 1923, and the resulting fry hatched in the Ukiah hatchery and other
stations of the Commission. Owing to the shortage of water in the
South Eel River during the season of 1924, the station was not
operated. Preparations were made during the winter to operate this
station the same as in former years, but the Gravelly Valley Dam held
back the water in tbe South Eel River, thus preventing a sufficient
flow of water to reach the Cape Horn Dam, at which place the Snow
Mountain egg-collecting station is located. There was not sufficient
water passing this dam at any time to enable the steelhead trout to
ascend this branch of the Eel River so the eggs could be collected. The
drought that prevailed throughout this region was probably greater

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 39

than in any other area of equal proportion in the state, considering
the rainfall that usually prevails in this section. The main Eel River
was very low all through the winter and spring and very few steelhead
ascended as far as Dos Rios, and as this is at the junction of the South
Eel and the middle fork of the Eel, the water in each branch was lower
than the points below, so that very few fish entered either the South
Eel or the Middle Eel and none reached the egg-collecting station as no
water passed Cape Horn Dam during the period the fish were ascending
the river.

FORT SEWARD HATCHERY.

This station has been successfully operated during the last two sea-
sons. The fry produced have been fine, vigorous specimens of fish,
showing good care and skillful handling of eggs and fry at this sta-
tion, which is a difficult station to operate, owing to the uncertainty of
the water during periods of drouglit. No great improvements have
been made during the last two years, but we recommend that the
following improvements be made this coming fall as soon as the trout
fry are (listril)uted : Sixty new standard troughs to be installed in place
of the old shallow troughs that have been in use a great many years
(the sixty old troughs were shipped from Price Creek Hatchery which
was abandoned in 1916 and installed in the Fort Seward Hatchery
after they had given service at Price Creek Hatcherv^ for a period of
fifteen or sixteen years). These troughs are now so decayed and spongy
that they are no longer safe for the rearing of fish. New underpinning
for the troughs ; new distributing tank ; waste flume ; repairs for the old
foundation of the hatchery: new settling tank; new head box in Powers
Creek pipe line; and a new floor in the hatchery aisle are all
repairs necessary to be made this coming fall before the salmon eggs
are ready for shipment to this station. As this hatchery must supply
the trout fry for the region covering northern ^Mendocino County,
Humboldt County, and western Trinity County, it is very essential that
this station be kept in the best possible condition so an adequate number
of fry can be hatched to .supply the ever growing demand for fish in
this section. This hatchery, like all others in California, during the
season of 1924 did not turn out as many fish as in former seasons,
owing to the drought which prevailed. The total number of fry dis-
tributed from this station during the two seasons just past is as follows :

In 1922— Salmon 1,997,4:30

Rainbow ti-out 294,280

Steelhead 42.1.000

Black Spotted 140.090

Large Lake 71, (W)

Cutthroat -- DO.niX*

1,036,750

In 1923— Salmon 2,177,120

Rainbow trout 6(37,5(50

Steelhead 1,040,000

Large Lake — 98,260

Cutthroat 156,260

2,862,080

4(! FISn AND GAME COMMISSION.

BROOKDALE HATCHERY.

All cif the steolliead (^gus fcjllectt'd at the Scott ("I't^ek Egg-CoUeeting
Station were transferred as iisnal to this station dnring the last two
years, and from there distributed to the other hatcheries and the
nsnal nnnilier of fry hatched for Santa Crnz County. Owinjsr to the
increasing demand for water from Alba and Clear creeks, which supply
the summer residents who have cottages at Brookdale, and the drought
which has prevailed in tliis section, and other causes, we deem it
advisable to buy an additional piece of land at Scott Creek station
where the state already owns the ground where the egg-collecting sta-
tion is located, and construct a new building to hatch the fry for the
district comprising Santa Cruz, ^NFonterey, Santa Clara and San Mateo
counties. An ample supply of water can be obtained from Big Creek
to operate a hatchery approximately twice the size of the Brookdale
Hatchery^, which is necessary to supply this section of the state. The
fry can easily be distributed from this station to the railroad at Daven-
port, as well as by truck to the main line at Santa Cruz. The county
board of supervisors of Santa Cruz County have rendered every assist-
ance possible to make Brookdale Hatchery a success and are cooperating
with us to secure a hatchery site on Big Creek for increasing the pro-
duction of fry for that section of the state ; and we hope by the time
this report is published that we will have the site secured and be able
to submit jjlans for the construction of a new hatchery on this pro-
posed site. The hatchery at Brookdale is rapidly decaying, as the
building is quite old and the troughs, tanks, and even the foundation
would have to be rebuilt if the station is run longer than another sea-
son. We do not deem it advisable to construct a new station on the old
site and recommend the construction of a new hatchery on Big Creek,
a tributary- of Scott Creek. The land held under lease at Brookdale
could be held and the small ponds used for the rearing of trout fry
when the surplus fry from the main station at Scott Creek would cause
us to look for more room than the hatchery would furnish. The small
ponds might be put to good use by the county in holding their fry
until they were ready to make the distribution.

The total number of frv distributed from Brookdale during the
seasons of 1922 and 1923 is'as follows: In 1922, 859,000; and in 1923,
850,000.

SCOTT CREEK STATION.

This egg-collecting station has been holding its average up to the
present time. The flow of w^ater at this station has been interfered with
by the appropriation of water from this stream by a Mr. Widemann,
who filed an application with the "Water Commission to divert a portion
of the water from this stream for use on lands adjacent to Scott Creek.
We protested the matter to the Division of Water Rights and are now
awaiting an ad.justment of the water supply which we desire to remain
in this stream so that the fry will have ample water in which to main-
tain themselves during the summer months before descending to the
ocean. This is very essential if Scott Creek is to be operated as an
egg-collecting station and spawners, or adult fish, maintained in this
stream. We are of the opinion that an amicable ad.iustinent of the
amount of water can be obtained and that there will nf)t be any serious
trouble with the pumping plants established by Mr. Widemann.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNL\L REPORT. 41

CLEAR CREEK HATCHERY.

The Clear Creek Hatcliery and egg-collecting station has been success-
fully operated during the last two years. During the spring of 1922
we had the usual run of tish in Clear Creek, a tributary of the Hamil-
ton branch of the Feather River, from which the fish come that furnish
the eggs for this station. There was also a good run in 1923. There was
a larger run of fish than usual in the Hamilton branch of the Feather
River in the spring of 1924; but, owing to the low condition of the
water in the Hamilton branch caused by the drought, and, also, by the
diversion of the water by the Red River Lumber Company to their
power plant, we had considerable difficulty in collecting eggs. How-
ever, 3,100,000 eggs were collected this spring (1924). During 1922,
1,683,000 eggs were collected and in 1923, 2,100,000 were collected,
making a total for this station for the biennial period of 1922-23 of
3,783,000. A two-room cabin was built for the crew in the fall of 1923
and some additional troughs installed in the hatchery. Improvements
were made to the traps and fish holding tanks. This hatchery should be
enlarged as soon a.s funds are available as it is necessary to hatch a
greater number of eggs to maintain the supply of fish in the streams
and lakes of this region.

WARNER CREEK TRAP.

Owing to the exceedingly high water in AVarner Creek, this station
was not operated in the spring of 1923. During 1922 1,905,000 eggs
were collected; and, owing to the low condition of the water in 1924, it
was successfully operated and 2,892.000 eggs were collected. Improve-
ments were made in the fall of 1923 at this station by repairing the
traps and flume and adding sixteen feet to the fish holding tank. A
small eyeing station of six or eight troughs should be installed at
AVarner Creek so as to hold the eggs until they are advanced far enough
to ship to other stations. It is quite difficult in the early spring, when
the snow is deep in this section, to transport the eggs from this station
to Domingo Springs station where they are hatched. The mouth of
the creek, where it has its contluence with Rice Creek, should be widened
and a permanent crib installed so the racks can be moved to this x>oint,
a more suitable place than the place where they now are.

DOMINGO SPRINGS STATION.

This station has been in operation the last two years with its usual
success. In the fall of 1923 a new flume was built to furnish the water
supply for the hatchery and tlie fish-holding tank. As soon as funds
are available, this station should also be enlarged so as to increase its
capacity to at least double what it is at present as more fry are needed
each year to supply the lakes and streams in all sections of the state
wherever hatcheries are located. To properly handle the situation in
this section, a permanent rack, or rolling dam, should be placed across
the north fork of the river below the junction of Rice Creek and War-
ner Creek and a permanent station established. This would cost
several thousand dollars, but the results that would be obtained would
justify the expenditure as the work could all be concentrated at the
one station and a great many more fish caught, and eggs procured that
are now deposited on the spawning beds below Warner Creek and
between the mouth of Warner Creek and Domingo Springs station.

42 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Tliese .small traps and effg-r-ollfftinfr stations have boen built because
we did not have the funds to concentrate our work. The initial expense
of installinfr the large stations was too great for the funds furnished
our department. Whenever funds are available for this improvement
wf)rk, the benefits to be derived from the establishment of permanent
traps, larger stations, and better equipment, will result in a larger
output of eggs for less cost per thousand after tlie initial expense of
establishing the station has been made.

JOHNSVILLE EXPERIMENTAL HATCHERY.

The Johnsville Experimental Hatchery was operated for tw^o seasons.
Owing to the great depth of snow and the inconvenience of getting
eggs to the station, in early spring, it was deemed advisable to select a
more favorable site. During the spring of 1922, when our men arrive
on the ground to begin operations, the snow was from 12 to 15 feet deep
on the level, with great masses on the slopes of the adjacent mountains,
threatening to come down in the shape of an avalanche at any time.
The work of shoveling out the snow and opening the station was an
arduous one and fraught with great dangers. As soon as the distribu-
tion of the fry was over in the fall of 1922, arrangements were made
to move the flume, tanks and other material to a new site located on
the property of ^Ir. W. A. Adams, on na.skell Creek, a tributary of
Sulphur Creek, near Clio, Plumas County, in a locality where the snow
does not fall so deep, and several miles nearer the railroad than the
site on Jami.son Creek. In the spring of 1923, after procuring a lease
from Mr. Adams for 25 years, a foundation was laid for the support
of 40 hatchery troughs. The water at this new site was thoroughly
tried out last sea.son and during the spring of 1924. It proved to be
of superior quality for the rearing of trout fry. We would recommend
that a permanent hatchery building and station be established on
this site, as it is the be.st site so far found anywhere in the immediate
vicinity of the Western Pacific Railroad in the Feather River region.
During the last two seasons 877,-380 rainbow and 857,000 steelhead
truut fry were distriliuted from this station in the lakes and streams
of the Feather River district.

BEAR LAKE HATCHERY.

The Bear Dake llutchery is situated in the San Bernadino Moun-
tains, in San Bernardino County, at Green Spot Springs near the
.shores of Bear Lake, and, as usual, has been successfully operated
during the la.st two seasons. During the season of 1922, 1,365,000
eggs were collected at the North Creek Egg-Collecting Station on Bear
Lake and transferred to this .station for hatching anct distribution. It
was also operated in the spring of 1923 with practicallj- the same suc-
cess as in the previous year and 1.100,000 eggs were collected. This
spring (1924 J, owing to the light snow fall and the lowering of the lake
by the water company, it was more difficult to procure the eggs than in
former seasons; but there appear to be as many trout in the lake as
at any time during the last five or six years. As mentioned in our
report of 1920-22, black bass were thought to have been introduced in
this lake, but we were somewhat in doubt at that time. The fact is
now well established that thousaiids of this species of fish are in the
waters of Bear Lake and are increasing annually as there is a great

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 43

aljundance of food in the waters of Bear Lake — probably greater than
in any other lake of equal area in the state — consisting of all native
aquatic insects, as well as gammarus and minnows. There is an abun-
dance of food to last for several years to come and the bass will not
prey on the trout to any great extent until this supply of food is
greatly reduced by the increasing numl)ers of bass. By liolding our
trout fry until late in the fall when the bass have left the shallows
to return to deep Avater and become torpid, the trout fry can be
released and will have a fair chance of maintaining themselves in goodly
numbers for a great many years, or until, such time as the bass have
destroyed the abundant supply of insects and minnows and begin to
devour their own young, as well as the trout. But until such time as
this condition prevails, we shall continue the operation of Bear Lake
Hatchery, as the trout fishing dui-ing the spring of 1024 Avas exceed-
ingly good and promised to hold out during the entire season. As the
period of the year during which bass will bite is very short, and as they
do not furnish as good a game fish for the anglers as do the trout, and
as there are so many lakes and streams in lower altitudes Avhere the
water is too warm and full of organic matter for trout to thrive, it is
to be deplored that bass Avere ever introduced into this lake by thought-
less persons for reasons best knoAvn to themselves.

NORTH CREEK EGG-COLLECTING STATION,

This station is located on the shores of Bear Lake. During the last
tAvo years the bulk of the eggs furnished the Bear Lake Hatchery Avere
collected at this station. The total number of eggs collected Avas
3,611,000. Of this number 1.150,000 AA^ere hatched and distributed
from the troughs where they Avere hatched after the other eggs Avere
eyed and shipi)ed to the main hatchery at Green Spot Springs. Tem-
porary repairs to the traps and tanks AA'^ere niade at this station in the
spring of 1922, as they Avere damaged in the A\inter by the flood Avaters
that came doAvn North Creek. The repairs necessary to be made at this
station to maintain it for several years longer are to repair the roof by
replacing it with an iron roof ; the general overhauling of the hatchery
troughs; and improvements to the trap and tank system. This Avork
should be done during this coming fall.

GROUT CREEK TRAP.

Grout Creek station AA-as damaged in the spring of 1921, in fact, it
was entirely Avashed out and carried doAvn the stream. There has been
no AA'ater in this creek since that time to justify the expenditure of
any considerable sum of money to install a permanent trap ; but, if
there should be a heav;\^ snoAvfall in the Avatershed of this creek, it may,
in all probability, be Avell to install a permanent trap to catch the trout
that ascend the stream during the spaAvning period. The stream rapidly
subsides after the snoAv is through melting, and if the fish are not
caught and the eggs collected, a great many of them, in fact, the
largest percentage of them, perish on the sand flats at the mouth of
this creek or are caught in the pools above the sand flats near the
shores of the lake Avhen the Avater recedes ; therefore, it AA^ould justify
the expense of installing a fairly good trap to catch these fish and
collect their eggs and to prevent the loss of the breeders that are
stranded when the Avater dries up in the stream.

44 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

METCALF CREEK TRAP.

Tliis station is located on the shore of Jk»ar Lake. During a season
of normal rainfall this trap prodnces a fair number of eggs; but the
take for the last two seasons M'as considerably less than in former years,
owing to the small amount of water in llie stream as well as to the
itlocking up of the mouth of the creek with sand bars. Considerable
improvements can be made there to better the conditions at this small
auxiliary station.

WAWONA HATCHERY.

Wawona Hatchery has beto successfully operated during the last two
seasons with the same good results as in former years. The total output
of this hatchery during tlie biennial period of' 1922-1924 was 389,:i()0
steelhead and 498,200 rainbow trout fry. This station should be main-
tained as it is located on a site where it is easy to get the fry to the
lakes and streams south and east of the Yosemite Valley. A cabin for
the foreman should be built on the hatchery grounds this coming spring
so that better protection could be given the plant during the time when
the building is closed. Under the present arrangement, the foreman
lives in a tent and the accommodations are not very good.

KAWEAH HATCHERY.

Kaweah Hatchery has been operated for the last five years under a
tent and it is time that a permanent building be erected either on the
present site or on a site in the Sequoia or General Grant National Parks.
The improved roads, constructed since this hatchery site was first
selected, cause us to believe that a more favorable site may be found in
the Sequoia or General Grant National Parks; and a survey will be
made in the near future to determine whether a better site may be
selected. If the same can be found, recommendations will be made for
the erection of a permanent hatchery in this section. If a new site can
not be procured that atfords better opportunities than the present site,
we recommend that a permanent building be built on the present site.
In the spring of 1923, to accommodate a larger output of fry, ten
extra hatching troughs were installed in this hatchery, making twenty
in all. This is not large enough to supply the district that is making
requests for fish for Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, Tulare
County, Tulare River, and lakes in the southern high Sierras. A
hatchery with a capacity of at least sixty troughs should be built for
this section. The total number of fry distributed from this station was
as folloM^s : In 1922, 435,000 ; and in 1923, 440,000.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LAKES AND STREAMS.

In an etfort to improve the methods of stocking the barren lakes and
streams of the high Sierra range, we recommend that a biological survey
of the streams and lakes of the Sierra range be made and plans to stock
this entire region be carried out as rapidly as money and fish can be had
for this purpose. The region of the high Sierra range contains many
thousands of lakes and streams that are barren of fish life. This region
should be stocked with species of fish best adapted to the physical con-
ditions of the streams and lakes as regards temperature, altitude and
aquatic insect life. Many of the higher lakes of this region, particu-

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 45

larly the smaller ones, are residual glacial basins; and such should be
stocked with a certain number of fry each season so that the people who
are fishing these lakes will not have to depend on natural propagation,
which is not feasible in some lakes as there are no tributary streams in
which the fish may spawTi, or springs welling up through the gravel near
the shores in water not too deep for the fish to spawn. *To determine
the different species of trout best adapted to each individual lake, a
biological survey should be made by some person specially trained for
this kind of work.

The introduction of fish in these lakes without any scientific checking
up of the pliysical conditions to determine the species best adapted to
each lake would, in many instances, be a waste of time and money.
After a survey of the physical conditions of these lakes is made, proper
aquatic plants and insects should be introduced to improve the food
supply for whatever species of trout is best adapted to each lake or
stream wliere natural food is found to be lacking. The planting of trout
fry in barren waters should be done under a system based upon a scien-
tific survey of conditions necessary to get the best results when the fry
are introduced. The planting of adnlt fish in small numbers in these
lakes is not the best method of introducing fishes into barren waters. As
said before, a great many of these lakes do not have proper spawning-
grounds for the species to be introduced, and, where such conditions
exist, fry should be planted in sufficient numbers to insure fishing
within a short period of time after the fish are introduced. Whenever,
upon examination, it is found that the lakes do not contain proper
spawning grounds, a certain number of fry should be introduced
annually, or at least every couple of years, to maintain the supply in
these lakes, depending on the number of anglers who visit these lakes
each season.

An experienced fish planter, with a well equipped pack train, should
have charge of the planting of fishes in these lakes after the biological
survey is made. This would not entail a very great expense and many
hundreds of now^ barren lakes could be made to furnish good fishing to
those who care to enter the high Sierra range for their summer outings,
as the rivers and lakes in the lower altitudes are being fished so exces-
sively by the ever increasing population of this state, and, with the
advent of the automobile, it becomes necessary to stock these barren
lakes to meet the demand made upon our waters by the angling public.
Therefore, we recommend that this work be taken up and continued
until all of the accessible lakes and streams are stocked. This work
should be done under the auspices of the Fish and Game Commission
and carried on systematically until all of the barren lakes and streams
are stocked with species of trout adapted to the conditions best suited
for their development. Some of these lakes may allow the successful
introduction of the Montana grayling. "When this survey is completed,
recommendations will be made to the board regarding the species that
will thrive best in each lake or stream.

46 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

SCREEN SURVEYS AND INSPECTIONS OF POLLUTION OF

INLAND WATERS.

DuriiiLi' tlic last 1 wo vt'ars .surveys ol' screens and lisliways, ajul inspec-
tions of the same, have been carried on the same as in former years.

Two Imndi-ed fifty-three inspections of screens have been made and
instructions ^j^iven to the owners to repair, improve, or reinstall the
same, where they have been removed from the ditches. One liundred
forty-tw^o surveys were made for screens, 82 being for new screens and
60 being resurveys where the time had elapsed for the installation of
the screens and same had not been installed. Forty-one large rotary
screen wlieels were installed during the past year. The screen surveyor
has investigated a great many plans for the impounding of sawdust and
mineral refuse in many places throughout the state. In nearly every
case where the streams have been polluted by persons, the nuisance was
abated as soon as their attention was called to the law.

A number of the larger corporations have not complied with the
screen law^, and these cases are not in the hands of our legal department
for court action. It is recommended that these cases be pushed to a
speedy termination, as it is very important that all canals, ditches, and
pipe lines, taking w'ater from rivers or streams where fish have been
planted or may exist, should be screened at as early a date as possible.
The legal department should be given every assistance that our funds
will allow in prosecuting offenders who will not cooperate with the
Commission in installing properly designed screens. A number of the
larger corporations feel that they do not have to abide by the law,
claiming that the cost of the construction of the screens is of a great
deal more importance than the fish destroyed by passing through their
canals into irrigated areas and through power wheels.

The honorable C. J. Luttrell, of the superior court of Siskiyou
County, issued an injunction against the Parker Cattle Company for
not installing screens in accordance with the plans submitted by this
department. As soon as the injunction was issued, the company got
busy and installed the proper type of screen. This action of the
superior court of Siskiyou County is highly commended and should be
followed in other cases pending throughout the state, as the action of
Judge Luttrell in issuing this injunction has established the fact that
those diverting water from rivers and streams must comply with the
law and thus preserve the fish life. In most instances this can be
easily done at a nominal expense.

FISHWAYS.

Our fishway survey and inspection service has been actively engaged
during the last two years in inspecting fishways and making sur\^eys
wdiere deemed necessary for the installation of new fishways. Plans for
a number of new fishw^ays have been served on different companies and
individuals ow'ning and occupying dams, rivers, and streams, who have
not complied wdth the law.- These, also, have been referred to our legal
department and court action will be necessary in a number of cases
to force the owners to comply with the regulations. The same is true
of a number of fishw^ays in different parts of the state that have been
built for a number of years; but, which, during periods of low water,
such as has prevailed during the season of 1924, have not functioned.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 47

A great many owners of water rights have refused to allow any water to
pass through the fishways, closing thoni entirely in defiance of the law
whicli provides that sufficient water must be allowed to pass through
fishways at all times to keep in good condition any fish life thut may
exist below the dam, and that during the minimum flow of water in
any river or stream sufficient water nmst ))e allowed to pass each dam,
culvert, or waste gate to maintain fish life. This provision of the law
has been disregarded by a great many persons and corporations who do
not consider that the fish destroyed are equal in value to the value of
the water for other purposes. Such a small amount of water is neces-
sary to maintain fish life below these dams that this law should be
enforced strictly. If the provisions of this law are not drastic enough to
compel persons who are diverting water from our rivers and streams to
allow sufficient water to remain in the beds of the streams to maintain
fish life, the law should be amended by the next legislature so as to
maintain fisli life. This is only fair to the people who are interested in
the preservation of fish and enjoy the fishing that these streams afford.

RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING WATER LAW.

We have asked in several of our former reports for the cooperation
of the Division of Water Rights, formerly the Water Commission, in'
not granting an appropriation of water from any stream unless a
sufficient amount is allowed to remain to maintain fish life during the
minimum flow. But these recommendations have been disregarded ; and
whether the Division of Water Rights is compelled to give all of the
water to those asking for it in defiance of the rights of the people who
have a right to the natural resources of this state, its fish and fishing
waters, is not for this department to say. However, we respectfully
recommend that some action be taken by our state legislature to investi-
gate these conditions ; and if, in their wisdom, they agree with our idea
that sufficient water should be allowed to remain in the bed of every
stream to maintain fish life during the minimum flow, and if the
present laws are not stringent enough to meet the situation, laws should
be enacted that will preserve to the people at least a small portion of
the water flow that formerly existed in our streams, so that the fishing
in many districts will not be entirely destroyed. If the rights of the
people are to be protected, action must be taken by the legislature to
make the penalties for the violation of laws pertaining to fishing and
minimum flow of streams more drastic. In no instance, in our opinion,
is it necessary to divert the entire flow of any stream, thereby causing
the destruction of fish life below the diverting point. If a small amount
of water is allowed to pass each dam it will maintain fish life during
the period of minimum flow and fish could be kept alive until the
period of normal flow. The greed of water users is well known; and
they do not regard the rights of any other persons or those who have
an interest in fishing.

A number of our lakes have been tapped and the water drawn below
the natural level of the lake to such an extent that the fishing interests
have been greatly interfered with. Consequently it is also recommended
that a law be passed preventing the tapping of any natural lake below
its outlet. If it is necessary to take a greater amount of water from
any lake than the regular discharge of the lake through its outlet

48 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

dams can be constructed jiml llie water level raised to impound the
surj^lus water. This practire of tnppin^ the mountain hikes to increase
the fh)W in the ouih't streams for power and olhei- pui'j)oses will soon
cause <'niisi(l('i;ilili' (hniuiuc to our fisliini>- streams. Those who are
capitalizing- the waiter for power can well jitl'oi-d to construct dams to
raise tlie water, if it becomes necessary to hohl back a surplus supply
for the low water period, inytead of tfii)ping the lakes and thus causing
damage to our fish life.

Many other recommendations could be made on the subject of the
preservation of tlie fish for iidand waters; but, until sonu- action is
taken to regulate those who are taking water from our streams, we do
not deem it advisable to make any new recommendations regarding the
conditions that are detrimental to the lakes and streams of our state
containing fish life.

Respectfully submitted.

W. H. Shebley,
In charge Department of Fish Culture.

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL

FISHERIES.

The Honorable Board of Fish and Game Commissioners of the State
of Calif or)iia.

Sirs: In our last biennial report we told of the decline in the
volume of California's fisheries products during the years 1920 and
1921 after a phenomenal growth of our fisheries which reached its
peak in the year 1919. The most rapid growth was in our sardine
fisheries, located at Monterey, San Pedro and San Diego, and the main
stinnilus was the export demand caused by the Great War.

In 1919 the sardine catch in California exceeded 150,000,000 pounds,
nearly all of which was put into pound oval cans, the great bulk being
for export. With the slump in prices in 1920 coupled with the collapse
of foreign exchange most of our sardine canners were soon in distress.
There was an overproduction of canned sardines in this country and
foreign countries could not pay a price which would give our canners
a profit. It so happened there was a good demand for fish meal and
fish oil — the by-products of the sardine canning industry — and that
more of a profit could be made by using the sardines for reduction
purposes than by putting them in cans for food. As practically
every fish cannery in this state has a reduction plant for handling the
fish offal from the canning operations, the canners w^ere naturally
anxious to run these reduction plants to capacity.

The so-called Fish Conservation Act passed in 1919 prohibited the
waste of fish or the use of any food fi.sh except fish oft'al for reduction
purposes without first obtaining written permission from the Fish and
Game Commission. In the prosecution of the sardine canning industry
there is an unavoidable waste of fish, such as broken and soft fish or
fish too large or too small to pack properly. The fishermeii frequently
make over catches which it is impossible to avoid. The written permits
to be issued by the Fish and Game Commission as provided in the
law, were intended to cover these unavoidable contingencies.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 49

The difficulty was in determining: what was unavoidable waste, ^spe-
eially in the ease of soft, broken and otf-sized fish discarded by the
tish cleaners in selecting the fish for canning. It was a comparatively
easy matter for a canner to tliscard half of the catch in this manner
to his own great advantage and it was difficult to prove it constituted
unnecessary waste.

If a canner could make a sufficient profit on his reduction or
by-products plant, he was able to cut down the price of his canned
sardines to a point Avhere they could be sold for export and thus he
could find an outlet for the surplus production. The Fish and Game
Commission whose duty it was to enforce the Fish Conservation Act
had great trouble in doing so for the reason that the law did not
adequately cover the emergencies which arose. It seemed desirable that
the sardine canners be permitted to use a larger percentage of the
catch in their by-product plants where the profit lay, in order that they
might be able to dispose of their surplus canned goods at a low price
in foreign markets, and thus be able to weather the storm until foreign
countries could pay more, or until a better home market could be
develoi)ed.

With this in mind, the canners and the Fish and Game Commission
got together and had the act amended in the 1921 legislature. It was
then provided in the act that the canners, if they wished to use food
fish for reduction purposes, could make application to the Fish and
Game Commission whereupon the Commission must hold a hearing
for the taking of testimony and if it was shown that there was no
other market for the fish and that using them in a reduction plant
would not tend to dei)lete the supply, the commission could give
permission to use an amount of fish for reduction purposes, of not to
exceed 25 per cent of the capacities of the plants making application.
Beginning with the fall season of 1921 the Fish and Game Commission
has, under the amended act, given the sardine canners a definite
percentage of the catch for reduction purposes, the percentage to cover
everything not used for canning except the fish offal. Experience has
proved that the amended act is no easier of enforcement than the old
act. Even with an efficient corps of inspectors to watch the different
canning plants it has been impossible to satisfy the law-abiding ones
that unscrupulous canners are not getting an advantage over them for
the competition is exceedingly keen not only between individual canners
but between the different sardine canning districts. If a canner quotes
a lower price than the others, it is believed by those who are unable to
meet this low price that he could not do it unless he was using more
fish in his reduction plant than the rules allowed.

There are too many ways in which the Commission's order, fixing the
percentage which can be used for reduction purposes, can be avoided.
In case of a violation of the order of the Commission, it takes too long
to stop the offender.

The Fish Conservation Act should be redrawn and the hearings
before the Commission eliminated. The amount of fish which it is
legitimate to use for reduction purposes in the process of canning can
be definitely fixed in the law. A violation of the law should be a
high misdemeanor and the goods manufactured in violation of the law
should be subject to seizure by the state.

4 — 34744

50 PI8II AND <;\MK COMMISSION.

There is iii> (lonht liiit tii.ii till' pi-esciil law »ivin<r a iiioi-e liheral
ainouiil nf lisli \'()]- rrMJiici idii |)Ui'|insi-s lias eiuihled many canners to
survive, wlio would otlu-rwise have |)crislie(l, hut there is also little
douht hut that i)eri)iittiim a certain per cent of the eateh to he used
for reduction puri)Oses has resulted in ilir lowering of the quality of
the canned sardine paek. In m-dci- to tret the fish for reduction pur-
poses most of the canners have lowered the ([uality as well as the price
of the canned pack. For the export trade price is what counts and
the quality does not cut mucli figure. The quality of California caniu'd
sardines nuist he hiiilt ii|». \Ye therefore recommend that the amount
of sardines wliich may he diverted for reduction purposes he limited
to what is ahsolutely necessary in puttin" uj) a good pack and that this
amount he definitely fixed in the law.

In our last Mrnnial ri-pori we saiil tli;il lln- sardine industry showed
decided signs of reviving dui'ing the winter season of 1 1)21-1922. This
revival was more marked in the two seasons which have passed since
that time. The catch is again very near that of the hanner year of
1919. Several of our sardine canning companies have failed and
others no douht will fail hefore the industry is again on a firm footing.
But the crisis has passed and as soon as the industry can he freed
from the demoralizing tendency to make profits out of the hy-products
plant and to sell the canned product helow cost it is hound to have a
healthy growth.

PURSE SEINE FISHERY.

The |)urse seine fishery of southern California was dealt with in
our last report and our prediction that there Avould be a fight at the
last legislative session against the use of purse seines was fully borne
out. These opposed to purse seines claimed they would eliminate them
as a conservation measure, but we are nut quite sure that the basis of
the opposition was economic. It is the ancient objection to a new
method or appliance which upsets the old order. The situation was
investigated l)y Dr. Tage Skogsberg. one of our fishery as.sistants.
Unfortunatel.N . his report could not he published in time to be read
at the last legislative session. It is possible that if it had been pub-
lished and available, the measure eliminating purse seines would not
have passed. As the bill was vetoed, the matter is soon to be brought
up again. There was a good deal of misunderstanding amongst the
legislators as to what were the real facts in the case. Since that time
Mr. Will F. Thompson has written a condensed review of Dr. Skogs-
berg's report which was published in California Fish and Game,
Volume 9, pages 87-98. This review and the complete report, which
is now ready for the printer, should clear up the points at issue and
enable the legislators to get a dear understanding of the situation.

The report points out the necessity of carrying on a biological
in\estigation of the jtrincipal species of fish involved in the dispute,
especially the barracuda. This investigation would be along the lines
of the investigations now being carried out in the case of the tuna and
sardine. As such an investigation is required by law. we hope to
start the work as soon as finances will permit.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 51

STRIPED BASS AND SHAD.

The la.st legislature passed inea.su res whieii give .striped ba.ss and
shad considerable added protection. During the last five years the
annual commercial catch of the.se two species has gradually increased
in spite of a number of restrictions on commercial fishing. It is quite
certain that shad are becoming more plentiful and the closing of the
last half of May to shad fishing in addition to the closed months of
June and July may result in bringing them back to their former
abundance.

Although the commercial catch of striped bass is increasing in spite
of the added netting restrictions, it is not so easy to convince anglers
that they are not actually becoming less plentiful or even scarce.
Closing the last half of ]May to netting for striped bass, the same as
shad, is a very good added protection and it is our opinion that the
present laws are ade<piate for a few years at least.

SALMON.

The salmon, uidike the shad and striped bass, are not sufificiently
protected against the drain of commercial fishing. Prior to the last
legislative session, conferences were held between the .salmon fisheries
interests and the Fish and Game Commission and important restrictions
were agreed upon which were designed to eliminate net fishing on the
Sacramento Kiver above the city of Sacramento; to eliminate all river
and bay salmon fishing during June and July ; and to restrict outside
ocean trolling for salmon to those months when few immature fish are
caught. These restrictions were all passed by the legislature but
unfortunately a flaw which had remained undiscovered in tiie law for
two years, was not detected until after the bill was enacted into law.
This flaw has resulted in nullifying the closed seasons on the sea
trolling. This was unfortunate for the establishment of closed seasons
for .salmon trolling in the sea was the most important part of the
salmon con.servation measure. Each salmon fishing district, from the
ocean to the upper Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers were to be
restricted so that the catch in each district would be cut down about
25 per cent. It was believed by all that this cut in the catch was
absolutely neces-sary in the districts frequented by Sacramento salmon.
All were agreed that it was most important to close tho.se months in
the sea districts when most of the salmon caught are small and
immature.

Investigations carried on for several years under Professor J. 0.
Snyder, showed that the troll caught salmon in the sea are mostly small
and immature except during two or three months at what is known as
the height of the season. These favorable times, when most of the
salmon which are caught are large and mature, were determined for
each sea district along the coast and clo.sed periods determined to
prevent the catching of immature fish. The closed seasons would have
cut down the total annual catch in pounds of salmon in each sea district.
about 25 per cent, but if we should estimate it in numbers of fish it
would have been nearer 50 per cent. Commercial salmon trolling is of
comparatively recent development. The old established salmon fisheries
are on the bays and rivers. The bay and river fisheries are the ones
which have had their fishing operations restricted. The salmon troll

52 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

fishery lins Ix'oi an added di'aiii on tlie salmon supply with the result
that tlie fishinu: restrictions in llic inhnid distriets liave not been
sufficient and the salmon sui)ply as indexed by tlie immber of fish
which reach tlie spawning grounds in tlie upper Sacramento River
has fallen off more than one-half.

The bay and river fishermen believe that all sea trolling for salmon
should be stopped; the salmon trollers think that after the salmon
get into the bays and rivers on their way to spawn they should be
protected. There are a good many arguments on each side of this
question but, it is our opinion that the j^reponderance of the evidence
is against the outside or troll fishing. Washington and Oregon have
stopped the outside salmon fishing both for trolling and purse seine
fishing, and their opinion that we are unwise in permitting outside
salmon fishing is backed up by the United States Bureau of Fisheries,
which is deeply interested as it maintains extensive salmon hatcheries
on all the most important streams.

We recommend that the present salmon law be redrawn so as to
eliminate present errors and in order to cut down the outside trolling
season as far as is necessary to prevent the destruction of immature
fish.

PATROL.

Our present commercial fisheries patrol service as described in
former reports is sufficient to enforce the fisheries laws with only one
or two exceptions. The law passed by the last legislature prohibiting
the possession of trawl or drag nets in the southern California districts
has made the patrol work of that district so much easier that the one
patrol boat we now have there, the "Albacore, " should be able to
take care of all of the sea patrol work in southern waters without
the aid of another boat. In the waters from Monterey Bay to the
north we are in need of a seaworthy boat for patrol. Recent expe-
riences in trying to enforce the salmon and crab laws convince us that
it is absolutely essential that a seaworthy boat be procured. We
recommend again that the patrol boat Quinnat be sold and that it be
replaced by a seagoing patrol boat.

INVESTIGATIONS.

The fisheries research and investigations of the department have
been carried on mainly by the staff of the State Fisheries Laboratory
under the direction of Will F. Thompson. Mr. Thompson's laboratory
report is herewith presented.

In addition to the investigations of the laboratory staff, salmon
investigations have been continued under the direction of Professor
J. 0. Snyder and by one assistant. Some of the results of this work
have appeared at intervals in California Fish and Game. As a result
of these investigations, w^e have been able to fix quite accurately the
times of the year which should be closed to salmon fishing in the
sea distriets so as to prevent the destruction of small and immature
salmon. This could not be determined except by an accurate analysis
of the catch at the different fishing centers. Extensive marking exper-
iments have been carried on which are shedding much light on the
range at sea of the salmon from the different rivers. This knowledge

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

53

is necessary if we are to properly regulate the river and sea fishing
for salmon. We recommend that this work be continued and be
made part of the present progi^am.

Caught Aug. 3, off the
California Coast near
Redding Rock .

Length 30-^ in .

Fourth year .

Feb . 1922, age 3 years
Length 22>k in .

Third year

Feb . 1921, age 2 years
Length 13^ in .

Second year .

Liberated Nov .
Klamath River .
Length 2|-
First year .

1919 in

in

Hatched Feb . 1919 .
Eggs taken Nov . 1918
from the Sacramento
River .

Pig. 11. Photomicrograph of a scale of a king salmon of the 1919 marking experi-
ment indicating age and rate of growth. Photograph by J. O. Snyder.

THE COLLECTION OF STATISTICS.

The statistics collected by the Commission are for the purpose of
detecting overfishing in case it occurs, and for the study of the great
natural changes which occur in the abundance of the fish. It is,
perhaps, not generally known and appreciated that fishery statistics in
general are very defective, so much so, indeed, that it seems futile to

54 FISH AND (iAMr: COMMISSION.

evon attempt to use tlioiii in discussiiii: tlic condition imd the liability
to overfishiiitj of such ori-cal tislicrics as those for the sardine or herrintr.
This is all the more trne in that until recently no data have been
collected to throw litifht ui)on those a^reat natural chaniies which confuse
all present attempts to detect ovei-tishing in such species as the sardine.
To emi)hasize this fact we give the vimvs of one of the greatest French
authorities, Louis Fage, on the sardine, an opinion which may. in
greater or less degree be held ti'ue of almost all great fisheries.

As Fage remarks, the available woi-k on the sardine indicates that
while the insufficiency of our knowledge of the sardine is due in large
part to the lack of method and correlation in research, it is also due
to the lack of available records as to the course of the fisheries and the
tiuctuatiotis in their returns. Many of the <|uestions which arise
must be solved solely by statistics, which must be well made and
comparable; and, as he says emphatically, it is astonishing to note the
insufficiency of statistics for such a great fishery. Those of France
have had their basis changed thrice, those of Portugal are based on
sale prices, those of Spain and Italy are nonexistent, while the
statistics in England, although good, are very recent. He enumerates
the facts which should be included in these records, and are not, such
as the monthly landings, the dates of appearance, the average sizes,
etc., and ends with a statement the truth of which must be recognized,
"La statisticjue biolo(iue de la peche, telle (jue Hjort (1914) I'a definie,
devra s'imposer, tot on tard, a tons les pays soueieux d 'exploiter ration-
nellement leurs mers"'.* (Biological statistics of the fisheries, such as
Hjort has defined, must be collected sooner or later by all the countries
desirous of exploiting their seas rationally.)

The statistics which the Commission is collecting are of the nature
reciuired for the following of the actual catch as it shows the abundance
of fish, and for the study of the natural changes occurring. They are
therefore of two kinds, of e(|ual importance.

One kind deals with the amount of the catch, giving not merely the
grand total, but also the catch per boat, with the species, place of
landing, etc., and can be compiled day by day if desired. This type of
data is that which is mentioned in the above ([notation as so lacking in
the sardine fisheries. The California statistics of this kind are
gathered by means of the carbon duplicates of fishermen's receipts for
fish delivered to the dealers or canners. This system is described in
greater detail in a previous biennial report. (Biennial Report of the
California Fish and Game Commission, 1918-1920, pp. 56-58.) It is
cared for by assistants of the Commission in San Diego, San Pedro,
Monterey and San Francisco.

This year has seen the statistics for the fifth successive year correctly
filed and deposited in the Stafe Fisheries Laboratory for safe-keeping.
The records are filed by the name of the individual boat, year by
year, and it is possible from them to trace the size of the daily catches
for any species at any time. The total take by locality has been
regularly reported every three months in the quarterly publication,
California Fish and Game, by an assistant devoting his time to such
work. ^lore detailed statistics are being at present compiled for the
albacore fishery by two assistants engaged under a co-operative agree-

•Danish Oceanographical Expedition, Clupeidcc, 1920.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 55

ment with the Bureau of Fisheries. These statistics are, we believe,
very accurate, more so than those collected by any other government,
and should be of especial worth as giving the individual catch per
boat, upon which any real comparison of abundance in successive years
must be based.

This system, being unique, and original, has had its troubles in
getting started, there being no precedents to guide in the collection
and filing of tlie "pink tickets" as the dui)licate receipts are termed.
Ther-e is at present, however, no doubt l)ut that this system is now in
full working order.

As has been found in Europe by bitter experience, these data as to
the catch per boat must be interpreted in the light of the nature of
the boats and their eciuipineut. Any cluuige in the catching power of
a boat necessarily conditions the comparison of its catches from year
to year. Therefore, change in gear employed must be carefully watched.
With this end in view the Commission has, in accordance with a law
providing for it, re(iuir('(l the registration each year of tlie boats and
their gear. Necessarily incomplete at the start, each year has seen the
list of boats registered more complete, as th(\v have returned to fishing
or as new boats have been put into use. This forms a natural eom-
l)lcuient to the reeoi'ds of catches landed, and is indispensable.

From these records of catches and of boats used, there are incidentally
compiled the usual form of statistics as to total catch by periods and by
localities, as well as by species. The obtaining of such totals is, it is
pointed out, entirely incidental and does not serve the primary purpose
of the work, the furthering of our knowledge of the abundance of the
various species concerned. It does, however, provide a measure of
the commercial importance of the industry, and is of interest to the
public. Sueli statistics have been issued by the Commission, as noted
above, for each (piarter of the year.

The second type of statistics are in Kuro])e termed "biological sta-
tistics." These are taken by means of samples of the catch, and show
the varijing (0))ii>()sili(/)i of fhr saitu in recjard to sex, size, etc. They are
indispensable in understanding the great natural fluctuations which
occur, for those great fluctuations are characterized, and indeed consist
of, changes in the internal composition of the catch. Examples of their
great usefulness are found in such fisheries as the herring and salmon.
These statistics are at present being gathered in two great fisheries,
that for the sardine and that for the albacore, by the State Fisheries
Laboratory, and the results are being properly organized for use by
the assistants engaged.

It is regrettable that such biological statistics have been collected
for but two fisheries, but the time and thought necessary to organize
the proper methods have been too much to permit of branching into
more fields. Now, however, that the possibilities and necessities of these
two cases are well known and can be embodied in a formal routine, it
may be possible to enlarge the scope. It is, however, necessary in each
case to carefully survey the data obtainable and to carry research far
enough to decide upon what the main changes to be expected are. It
is also necessary to decide what amount of sampling will correctly
define the characteristics of the catch which must be followed during
their changes.

56 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

It must be rciuoinhcrcd that i)uttiiii,^ these systems into actual
practice is no moan achievement. Adequate statistics of this sort
have been so rarely attempted that the principles and organization
necessary have had to be discovered hy experience, as will be particu-
larly shown in the forthcoming report upon the sardine.

We are sure, as a result of this work, that the administration of our
fisheries in California is upon the best and most modern basis possible.
And althouerh the results of this may not at their inception be spec-
tacular, they will and are proving themselves the indispensable, solid
basis which is at present so entirely lacking for European fisheries.

The collection of biological statistics (the second type) is a function
of the State Fisheries Laboratory. A report on its work in connection
with these and upon biological questions follows, dealing, however,
only with the accomplishment of the first stage in the digestion and
analysis of the accumulated data. The collection of these statistics as a
whole must proceed as routine duties. They have been regularly
performed, and results will follow from them in due time.

Respectfully sul)mitted.

N. B. SCOFIELD,

III charge Commercial Fisheries.

REPORT OF THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.

PERSONNEL.

Since the submission of the last report very great changes in the per-
sonnel of the laboratory have occurred. The consideration of these
changes will indicate certain alterations which necessarily have to be
made in program and in organization in order that the work will con-
tinue and be fruitful; and it will explain certain limitations which
have been put upon the work.

Upon the employment of ^Iv. AV. F. Thompson to direct the scientific
work in southern California, it was necessary to obtain and train
assistants, since none already trained were obtainable. Mr. Elmer
Higgins, Mr. W. L. Scofield, Mr. 0. E. Sette, Mr. Harlan B. Holmes,
Miss Frances N. Clark, and Dr. Tage Skogsberg, comprised the staff
of the State Fisheries Laboratory at the time of the last biennial report.
All of these had received their training in fisheries and statistical work
in the State Fisheries Laboratory, and they had at that time reached
a stage in their training which promised well for the future. All of
these assistants, with the exception of Mr. W. L. Scofield, have, however,
now left the Commission, either for the service of the Federal Bureau
of Fisheries or for work at universities. It ha.s become very apparent
that the retention of these assistants when fully trained will require a
higher standard of salary and greater provision for permanency of
employment than at present offers, since there is very obviously a
shortage of such men in the United States.

It has been realized that the training of these men has been an
accomplishment which can not fail to be of importance to the progress

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 57

of fishery science, and it has at the same time been found that the work
finished during the period of training has been of high order. It can
not be expected that reports of scientific work accomplished can be pro-
duced readily by men who have never before done original research,
but what is produced ranks high in freshness of viewpoint and
thoroughness of treatment. There need therefore be no regrets for the
time and effort spent in training these assistants, and there has been
no hesitation in starting the training of a new group.

It must at the same time be realized that such a process can not go
on indefinitely. The direction of such work becomes a difficult task, and
will become increasingly so, since it is well-nigh impossible for the
director to specialize in all of the several lines to the necessary extent.
Sooner or later mature investigators must be retained to make at least
a working nucleus.

It is necessary for a competent fisheries investigator to be trained in
a highly technical way. He must have instruction and drill in the
classification and anatomy of fishes, in the methods of determining age,
growth, spawning habits, and in the collection of data and in its
handling according to modern statistical methods. In addition he must
be widely read and well informed in the fisheries work of foreign
countries, and in knowledge of distribution of life within the ocean.
To this end considerable time must be expended l)y eacli assistant along
these several lines, as their relation to the problem upon which he is
engaged becomes apparent.

There have now been appointned as new members of the staff I\lr.
Harold II. Greene, Mr. W. A. Selle, and IMiss Ruth R. Miller, who,
with iNIr. Thompson and Mr. W. L. Scofield (resident at Monterey),
make up the present staff.

In addition there have been appointed two assistants under a cooper-
ative agreement with the Federal Bureau of Fisheries. The text of
this agreement is incorporated in the following letter:

April 22, lf>24.
Mr. Will F. Thompson,

State Fisheries Laboratory,

East San Pedro, California.

My dear Mr. Thompson : The suggestion has recentb' been made that the Bureau
of Fisheries might well cooperate with the California Fish and Game Oommi.ssion in
the work which you are doing. We are interested in doing this for two reasons :
First, in order to aid in the important investigations of the sardines and tuna which
you are making ; and second, in order to provide an opportunity for more young
men to be trained under your supervision. I appreciate very keenly the good work
which you are doing and especially the remarkable success which you have had in
interesting younger workers in fisherj- investigations and in giving them a broader
viewpoint of fishery matters and a knowledge of, and experience with, the best
methods for attacking the complicated problems involved in work of this character.
As you well know, it is, at the present time, extremely difficult to get men properly
trained in fishery investigation or men capable of collecting and studying fishery
statistics.

It is proposed that we reserve out of our allotments for the fiscal year of 192.5
(July 1, 1924, to June .30, 192.5) a fund of .$2,0()0 to be expended in the employment
of two men to work under your supervision. One thousand dollars of this is 'to be
allotted from the appropriation of Scientific Inquiry and is to go toward paying the
salary of a man to work on an investigation of the fisheries of California. Another
.$1,000 is to be allotted from the appropriation of the Division of Fishery Industries
and is to go toward paying the salary of a man to work on the statistics of the
fisheries of California. The California Fish and Game Commission may pay as

58 FI8H AND (JAME COMMISSION.

iniK-h nioiv in the way of salary to tlu'sp ni«'n as it desires. Tlie selection of men
will be left to you. hut it is su^^jjested that they he either college graduates or men
in their senior year: and preferably men who will be interested in engaKiusr i)er-
manently in fishery work. If you are unable to secure comix'tent ones we will try
ro find men on the east coast who are capable. It may also be possible for us to
s>'ud out one of the men ftn our rejnilar staff who can profit by the traininjr you
may be able to .^ive. There is to be nc restriction, so far as the Hureau of Fisheries
is concerned, upon the activities of these men — both are to work as you may direct.
The only thinjr we ask is that whenever the position.s in the Bureau are made
a\ailai)le they shall feel free, so far as the California ('ommission and yourself are
concerned, to accept.

A copy of this letter is being sent to Mr. Scofield and if the proposed plan meets
with his approval and yours, the necessary funds will be reserved and will be
available for use after the first of next July. If the plan works successfully it is
our desire to continue it during future years.
^'l'rv sincerely yours.

(Signed) IIexry O'M.^lley,

Commissioner.

There is no short cut to knowledge or to the accomplishment of
research, which is the extension of the hoiindaries of knowledge.

The director has therefore at the present time found himself not
merely responsible for his own research, but for those of his assistants
as well. It is fortunate indeed that students of high enough caliber can
be secured to render this course feasible.

ASSIGNMENT OF PERSONNEL.

The work done during the pa^st two years has been moulded to a
very appreciable extent by these changes in the staff. Previous to the
departure of the assistants who have left our service, every endeavor
was made to bring their work to the point of publication. This was in
itself a rather difficult matter, as anyone familiar with the vicissitudes
of research will recognize. The net result was a temporary concentra-
tion of attention upon the sardine reports, since the resigning assistants
were engaged thereupon, but the field work was not neglected and the
continuity of our records of the fishery has not suffered. The pul^lica-
tion of the work on the albacore has. however, been badly delayed.

Now that the sardine work has been brought to the completion of the
first publication, the available new assistants have been concentrated
upon the albacore data, leaving two to carry on the sardine field work
at Monterey and San Pedro. Whether the analysis of the albacore
catch can be completed in time to be of use this coming session of the
legislature remain.s to be seen. Xo effort will be spared.

SARDINE WORK.

The fir.st stage of the sardine work has now been completed and the
reports thereon are now at hand for printing. The significance of what
has been found needs to be emphasized and clearly explained, because
it points the way to the future of the work and indicates certain possi-
liilities in regard to tlie future of the industries dependent upon the
sardine.

The stated purposes of the investigations have been fully outlined in
previous Biennial Reports, in Fish Bulletin No. 2 and in Fish and
Game, Vol. 6, pages 10-12. 32. 83, 180-182. They include: (1) The
detection of depletion; (2) the discovery of whatever great natural flue-

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

59

tOOOibs

300OUH

lOCOibi

'V

A

A \*

A

/fvs

/\>

r\

r\.

/ ^

J!

1

v.^

1 1

A

A

C-

r

t

v./

\ ^

'

A

V

V

60°

i5°

50'

Co/th e^ oibo^ore Jufy 24 to Ochib^r f2 J$/S oon^parm<t rififh aat/f immmum t*rnp*rotvre af Santa
Barbara for /tie torn 9 p*rto^

Fig. 12. The catch of albacore varies with the temperature. In this
graph, temperature data have been set back three days so that that
for July 27, for instance, appears on the same ordinate as does
the catch recorded for July 24.

tiiation.s occur, whctlier in abundance or in (lualitv; {?>) the foretelling
of these fluetnation.s ; (4j the analysis of whatever migrations occur, in
order that the interdependence of fish of different regions may ])e
known, and (5) the foundation of measures for protection in case
dei)letion should occur.

Of these purposes, the second, although naturally not of greater
importance, must precede all the others. It would he impossible to
detect depletion, were the natural changes unknown; antl, as is made
very clear in the law under which we work and in our published papers,
the conservation of our fisheries must be set above all else. The
thorough understanding of the natural changes leads to their foretelling
and to the as.sigTinient of the proper causes for instances of decline in
abundance.! The analysis of the migrations is necessary primarily in

Fig. 13. Comparison of the amount of barracuda, white sea bass, and yellow-
tail caught by purse seiners and that taken by other boats. Black :
Weekly landings by purse seiners at San Pedro, 1922. White: Weekly
landings by other boats at San Pedro, 1922.

order that the extent of the effect of overfishing or of natural over-
abundance in a given locality upon other localities, may be .determined.
It is nevertheless true that the discovery and correct definition of the
great natural fluctuations in abundance is an end in itself. Thev mast

(JO FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

be of ^roat economic importance to the trade. })ecanse upon them
depends the success or failure of the fishing, and their assignment to
natural causes must be an insurance against rash and ill-advised
restrictive legislation.

Tu these fii"st rejiorts upou the sardine it lias been sought to aceurately
indicate the actual changes which occur, regardless of traditional l)e]iefs
regarding the species, and it has been sought to emphasize the fact that
the present work is part of a permanent program ; that not only does
conservation of marine fishes require the eternal vigilance of a well-
handled statistical system, but that the understanding or foretelling of
natural changes requires continuous study.

SCOPE OF THE REPORTS.

It must be understood before the tindings of the work are presented,
that a rigid adherence to a practical end was insisted upon from each
of the assistants. This, the understanding of the commercial catch,
necessitated first of all the accurate portrayal of that catch as it
actually existed. It was realized that a theory is of no use if the thing
it is supposed to explain does not exist, and that a secure basis of fact
must exist for any theory. Therefore, instead of presupposing a com-
plex of migrations and miscellaneous phenomena to which almost any-
thing could be assigned, and which fishermen's theories and observa-
tions should be regarded as proving, it was sought to impartially and
rigidly record the facts of the run of fish. Our reports are, therefore,
not attempts to explain phenomena which we merely suppose to exist,
but they are records of what phenomena actually do appear.

The first and most natural step in such a rigidly scientific procedure,
was to find out how extensive our records ^uust l)e to show the tenden-
cies we desired to anah^ze. The only feasible way to accomplish this
was to make sure that we had determined these tendencies as nearly as
might be, by securing an excess of records. Then, by breaking these
into independent series and comparing them, the degree of divergence
one from the other would indicate to what extent the catch was dis-
torted by reducing the extent of the record. Were two entirely inde-
pendent series of samples of the catch similar in what they showed,
then the inference is fair that what they indicated must be the truth.
This is the phase of the problem dealt with by Mr. Sette.

Mr. Sette has shown that to obtain a picture of the year's catch which
is sufficiently correct to use, it is necessary to sample the commercial
catch twice a week. He has sho^^^l that systems of sampling used by
other investigators upon the herring would be entirely inadequate in
the case of the sardine. In coming to this conclusion he was not aided
by any analysis of their own methods made by these investigators and
we believe that our anlaysis of what is necessary is one of the first to be
made for any great fishery.

Upon this basis of what we knew was necessary, the remaining reports
are made by Mr. Elmer Iliggins. Mr. W. L. Scofield and Mr. W. F.
Thompson. They constitute a presentation of the commercial catch as
a rigid system of sampling shows it.

Mr. Higgins and IMr. Scofield show that there is a well-marked change
in the catch from year to year and that the abundantly represented
sizes shift in a consistent way from year to year. This change is due

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

61

to the incoming of al)un(lant groups of sizes, which then from year
to year increase in length until lost in the mass of larger fish. They
furthermore show that there may be periods several years in length
during which the spawning is relatively unsuccessful. They can not,
however, follow the progress of these groups above twenty-two
centimeters.

Their data show the passage of but one of these periods of poor
spawning, and there is no ground as yet for assuming any definite
regularity in the appearance of this phenomenon of dominant and sup-
pressed groups. On the contrary it is expected that these periods of
nonsuccess in spawning will vary greatly in length, and that at any
time there may ensue periods of such length as to, for the time being,
practically sweep out of existence the sardine fishery — for the smaller
sizes at least. This same thing has happened in European herring
fisheries. The advantage to the canners of keeping their product
diversified should be plain.

of pounc/s

200

Fig. 14. Amount of sardines in total California catch, 1915-1923.

It was also attempted by ]\Ir. Higgins to correlate the sizes of sardines
taken with the numbers of fish packed in the pound oval cans. He
reports that the changes observed in the catch by our sampling methods
are reflected in the pack of the canners. It is therefore possible to
prophesy the take. A tentative effort at prophesying the catch during
the season 1923-1924 was successful at San Pedro. There is nothing
at all remarkable in this, considering the firm basis upon which our
records are founded, and it is the conviction of the staff that we may
look forward with assurance to the time when very definite and valuable
forecasts can be given the canners. It is, however, felt that considerable
caution is yet necessary in the use of this possibility.

62 FIi>ll AM) CAMI-; COMMISSION.

An cxaininntio?! of 1li(> data from S;m Pcdio by Mr. Thoiii|)soii led
to a ri'[>or1 u])oii tln' cxtt'iit 1(i wiiirli 1lic clijinv.cs could l)c followed.
Tlic net result \v;is to show tii.-it there is a certain independence between
the lishcries foi' lai-ue and for small fish. 'J'his leaves it doubtful
whether a class whicli was dominant durinu- ]iassa<i:e thronch the smaller
sizes would remain so during- passage through the larger sizes. A
certain year group might appear to be very abundant while it is
among the smallei- sizes, simply because the few age groups with which
it would be compai'ed are on a low level of al)undance. But npon
becoming one of the large sizes which run tluring January and Febru-
ary the age groups with which it is contrasted are many more in
number and may include among them e(|ually dominant ages. There
is, therefore, a necessity for careful observation as to .just how far these
conditions limit the prophesying of the catch.

There is also room for thought in regard to just how far these
phenomena limit our ability to detect depletion from overfishing. In
discovering this it is necessary to rely upon two criteria which can not
well be considered separately. The first of these is naturally the
decrease in actual nund^ers of fish in the ocean. The second is a decrease
in the average length of life of the individuals, or, in different words,
the decrease in relative numbers of old fish, a decrease in the proportion
of survivals.

The presence of this great variation in iiumliers contained in a year
class, whicli we have termed the phenomenon of dominance or of sup-
pression, at once raises the question as to whether a lack of fish is due
to the "natural" lack of success in spawning the younger fish, rather
than to overfishing. This "natural'' lack, however, Avould be accom-
panied by a greater abundance of the older fish, overfishing by a lesser
abundance. The phenomena of dominant age groups, which we have
demonstrated, therefore throws the Imrden of proof of overfishing upon
the second criterion, namely the decrease in average length of life,
which would accompany the- greater death rate caused by intensive
fishing.

The determination of the average length of life involves a com-
parison of the young and old age classes. In many species it may well
be a fair presumption that the younger age classes are always of
approximately the same abundance, the success of spawning not vary-
ing, so that at any given time the percentage of survival at a greater
age may be determined at least approximately by the direct comparison
of that older age group with the younger ages present. However, as
we have shown in the sardine, the nature of the fishery and the errors
in the necessary method of sampling, effectivel}' preclude a reliable
comparison of the smaller and larger fish, which represent the young
and old.

There is, then, no choice for ils in our obser\'ation of the sardine
fishery, save to rely upon following each year class through its life
history, and to compare its abundance at each stage with an average
obtained by many years' observation. The difficulties in so doing are
manifold. We have therefore come to the conclusion that it is better
in the case of the sardine to frankly face the possibility that we may
not be al)le to detect overfishing until that overfishing has progressed
farther than it might be wise to allow.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAIj REPORT.

63

It is entirely possible that some such inade(iuacy of data lies at the
basis of the prevalent idea that "pelagic" species such as the herring-
are inexhaustible.

I would therefore like to propose in this biennial report the use pend-
ing the perfection of our knowledi-e, of the only alternative method
possil)le, which is regrettal)ly crude. This, the direct observation of the
fishing methods, with careful record of place of fishing, apparatus,
methods, and sizes of catches, should allow us to roughly compare at
any desired time the relative ditficulty of taking the two classes of fish,
old and young. These two classes run at ditferent times of the year,
and these observations should allow us to make some estimate of their
actual abundance relative to one another. In other words, our work has
shown us that instead of observing a single unified fishery for the size of
the catclies and duration of life, we find ourselves compelled to correctly
determine the catches in two more or less independent phases of the
fishery, and to compare the course of the two. Tliis is a more funda-
mental and more difficult task than one would realize at first glimpse.
It throws a very great resi)onsibility upon those having in their care
the collection of fishery statistics and the observation of fishery methods.
But could it be shown that the fishery for old fish is persistently on a
decline in comparison to that for young fish it would be fair to presume
overfishing, unless change in methods or apparatus accounted for the
increase in young.

However, to summarize the whole, there can not be a shadow of a
doubt that the securing of more refined evidence may be delayed beyond
wliat it should be — our work has clearly indicated that to the writer.
It may well be that our research, carried further, will clear this matter
up and pi'()\ idf means whereby depletion can be detected at an early
date. Thus our studies upon the seasonal run of fish may show that at
some one part of the season the various classes of fish are all represented
at once, and that a correct evaluation of their relative abundance may
be obtained. In fact, the development of our knowledge and the per-

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64 FISH AND CAME COMMISSION.

frt'tioii of" tlioory iiiny lead iilliiiintoly to the acciiralc ohscrvatioii of
the eoiulitioii ol' tlic six'cics. Xo ti'oiihlc or expense slioiild be s[)arecl
to accomplish this end. since the sardine fishery promises to ineroase
far beyond its present luinnds. and since the problems to be met with in
the sardine investigation are faced in oilier great fisheries, but have
never been solved.

The sardine is a source of food for almost all our other great fisheries,
such as the albacore, barracuda, sea bass, and tuna. Tampering with
its abundance may result disastrously to many interests — and in the
absence of an.y clear-cut and sensitive method of detecting overfishing,
the greatest caution must be used. The writer has convinced himself
that unnecessary drain upon the supply should be avoided until
research has shown that it is possible to detect overfishing in time, and
for that reason it is his belief that the u>se of sardines for fertilizer
should be emphatically condemned, and a more conservative growth of
the fishery awaited. Were we considering the use of the water in a
great river, would it be wise to recklessly disregard all the industries
which inight be dependent upon the uuinteri'upted continuance of its
flow? Would it not be wiser to use the water only when its use was
clearly more valuable than the industries dependent upon it?

And in the meantime, the need to develop our technique of detection
of overfishing can not be too emphatically stated. No other agency
than the state government is in a position so to do, and no government
has as yet succeeded in developing such technique, or indeed, made any
thorough attempt at it.

The program of investigation of the sardine has, however, indicated
that the prophesying of the commercial catch a short period in advance
is possible and feasible and there is every prospect that further study
will refine and perfect our methods. This is indeed fortunate, as hope
of detecting overfishing in the future depends upon the thorough
analysis of the catch, an object that is justified by its practical results
alone.

This analysis of the catch will accomplish another important end,
namely, the clear understanding of the cases in which success in spawn-
ing is lacking for a number of years, causing fish to become scarce, and
bringing into existence an urgent popular demand for radical restric-
tion of the fishery. In such cases it is going to be possible to show that
the older fish are not particularly affected by the particular cause of the
scarcity, and it should be possible to prophesy the restoration of the
fishery in time to avoid undue restriction.

In conclusion, the net results of the sardine investigations are that
the present progi'am is correct in the main but that more careful atten-
tion must be given to the statistics of catch and to the recording of
method. It is going to be possible to foretell the catch, although detec-
tion of overfishing is shown to be further removed.

THE ALBACORE INVESTIGATION.

During the past two seasons observations have been made upon the
albacore runs, as usual. The results from these have been filed away,
but are now being subjected to analysis since the completion of the
sardine work has allowed the concentration of the assistants upon the
data. The report upon the albacore, which has been for some time in

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 65

the final stages, has not been completed for publication, and it is not,
at present writing, known how soon the writer can resume work upon it.
The material has collected faster than analysis can be made by the much-
interrupted labors of a single investigator, the more so as at times he
has lacked assistance of any kind. It is possible, however, to give a
resume of the results of the work, which are of very considerable
interest, especially when compared to those of the sardine.

In common with all investigations carried on by the Fish and Game
Conunission, the primary purpose of the work is to watch carefully for
evidences of depletion from overfishing. Of this there have to date
been found no good evidences in the albacore fishery, despite the decline
in catch. In view of this, the writer is not read}^ to recommend restric-
tive legislation which might aggravate a scarcity very probably due
to the habits of the fish.

The great clumges visil)le in the albacore catch and the distribution of
the fishing grounds cannot well be assigned to overfishing on the basis
of our present knowledge. The abrupt cessation in 1923 of the fishing
in the more northerly of the frequented grounds is not at all character-
istic of overfishing, if the history of other fisheries can be taken as any
criterion. Nor is it consistent therewith that the fishing near San Diego
should be unusually successful at the same time. Fiirthemiore, the
decline to the north has been a failure to take fish fi'om what schools
were present, whereas were overfishing and depletion the cause there
should be every reason to expect occasional good catches from small
schools. Unless these phenomena, upon investigation and analysis by
means of our statistical records, prove to have other meanings than
they apparently have, there is need for caution in coming to a conclu-
sion.

Overfishing may nevertheless be taking place, despite this great vari-
ability. Developments in fishery science have served to indicate how
complex the factors may be which govern the abundance of fish, and
have rendered it questionable whether overfishing can always be dis-
tinguished from great natural fluctuations. It would therefore be
advisable to conserve the species in so far as possible until our knowledge
of basic principles of fishery science can be more clearly applied.

On the one hand, our work has indicated to us that tlie variability
in the runs of albacore, just as in the runs of sardines, must delay
recognition of overfishing and must throw increased emphasis upon the
necessity for correct and thorough statistics of the catch. Our "pink
ticket" system must become the foundation stone for our biological
analysis.

But, on the other hand, the possibility of detecting overfishing is
heightened by the relative lack of variability in the numerical strength
of incoming age classes, since some clue may very probably be obtained
to the length of life. Analysis is proceeding along this line. The task
is a considerable one, but providing there is a lessening in the propor-
tion of mature taken, accompanying a decline in the catch, as shown by
our ' ' pink tickets, ' ' it will be safe to attempt restriction of the fishery,
we believe.

If this uniformity of incoming year classes continues in evidence
despite closer analysis and the records of succeeding years, there will
be no opportunity to foretell the catch by those methods so readily
applied in the case of the sardine, because of the dominance of certain
age groups and the suppression of others in that species.

5—34744

6G FISH AND fiAME COMMISSION.

Ill lieu (if fliU'tuatiniis ill catcli due to llic iircsciicc ol" (luiiiiiiant or
siii)pressed apre cjroups, tliciv have Iwvw i'oiuid great c-liaiifres due to
the sensitiveness of the alhaeore 1o pliysical eonditions. At the present
stage of tlie woric, this analysis has been "arricd only so far as to com-
pare the different sections of the individual I'uns. It will, however, now
be attempted to carry the analysis to a comparison of the annual
chaii<ri's with whatever oceanographical or cliinatological data are
available. It is entirely ])ossil)le that the albacore runs as a whole vary
with, and tliat their magnitudes are the result of, conditions existing
previous to the runs themselves. In such case the prophesying of the
commercial catch may be possible. Such a case has been supposed to
exist in regard to the mackerel off the British coasts, but the data upon
which the reasoning was based seem to us very unsatisfactory and as
they have never been followed up. we can place no dependence upon
the relationship supposed to exist. It would appear that our knowledge
of the albacore runs is so thorough that we can logically hope for far
more satisfactory results than in that case, and it is the present inten-
tion to follow the work through.

It is the hope of the laboratory staff that it may at some time in
the future be able to utilize a boat in follo\ving up this clue to the
behavior of the albacore. This boat should make a daily traverse of
a given region, taking careful scientific records, until a run occurred.
Thereby it would be possible to definitely assign the runs of fish to the
correct causes. As w^e have plotted the localities in which runs
occur, it seems to us entirely feasible to accomplish this.

It may be pointed out that, as in the case of the sardine, there has
been attained at least partially the first step in the understanding of the
catch. The varying characteristics of the catch have been accurately
recorded, and the actual variation brought to light as far as possible,
both as regards the varying classes of fish taken, and as to the varying
size of the catches. This, the first step in any scientific analysis of a
natural phenomenon, is a secure basis upon which to base decisions.

However, in considering the detection of overfishing we have found
that the presence of this great variability in catch ha.s the same effect —
in lesser degree perhaps — that it did upon the detection of overfishing
in the case of the sardine, that is, to render it more difficult. A per-
sistent decrease in proportion of mature fish and in average catch
per boat must be brought to light, and must exceed so clearly the inci-
dental variations as to be unmistakably significant. Not merely must
there be known the proportion of each age in the samples obtained by
this rigid system, but there must be carried forw'ard a comparison of
the average boat catch each year during the runs of the smaller or
larger fish. The need for tlip "pink ticket" system is obvious and
great. It can not be dispensed with lest we lose the most of our signifi-
cant evidence.

The bearing upon theories of migration of the observed correlation
between the albacore runs and the changes in climatological factors,
deserves to be sharply emphasized. It has been possible to demonstrate
this correlation to a sufficient extent so that it seems fairly certain that
the minor intraseasonal so-called "runs" are not due to incoming
schools but to schools which are already present. None of the evidence
of migration has been found to bear critical examination. We must

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNL\L REPORT. 67

conclude that whatever mifa"ation ocenrs is not responsible for the
peculiarities of the fishery.

The great variations in locality of the season's catches are impossible
of comparison with any of the great proved miiirations, such as those
of the sahnoiis, the eel, or the birds, for in no one of those cases are the
appearances abrupt and unrelated one to another, nor in any one
case are the migrations omitted or partially aborted as was the run of
albacore during 1923 in southern California. Furthermore, the appear-
ance of the albacore in our waters is not preceded by its presence in
any other waters.

It seems, therefore, plain to us that our albacore fishery consists of
fish belonging to our own or offshore and deeper waters, and that these
reappear each spring as soon, and no sooner, than they begin to take
bait at the surface.

At present there seems to us to be tw^o lines along which this phase
of the albacore work, that of the study of movements, may be followed,
in addition to the main one of correlating the catch with observed
physical conditions. One of these lines is to carry out an intensive
study aimed at the distinction of our albacore from that of any other
region. This would be expensive work and wouhl involve work in
Hawaii or in foreign countries. The Jther would be an intensive
search for the spawning places of the albacore. This, which w^ould at
least require very expensive sea-going vessels, and is not within our
reach at present, would be little likely to succeed, since the discovery
of a few eggs and young would be fai- from establishing the spawning
place of the species.

The rate of growth of the albacore has been investigated as thor-
oughly as possible. The work upon this, which has been difficult because
of the indistinctness of age marks upon the scales or bones, shows that
the occasionally present youngest fish are 21| inches long and just com-
pleting their second year : that the group of medium-sized fish, usually
the smallest size taken, average about 27 inches in length and are finish-
ing their third year; and that the larger fish, of 38 or 40 inches in
length are in the eighth year or older.

PURSE SEINE INVESTIGATION.

Dr. Tage Skogsberg has completed his investigation of the purse
seiners and has left the service of the Commission for employment at
Berkeley.

His report is a very exhaustive treatment of the facts upon which
regulation of that fishery must be based. He gives a description of
the industry and its history, deals fully with the importance of the
purse seine method to the fresh fish supply and to the canneries, and
analyzes their effect upon the supply and price of fish. He then con-
siders them in relation to the various species which they take, such as
the barracuda, the white sea bass, the yellow tail, and the blue-fin tuna.
His conclusions as to the possibilities and results of prohibitive or
restrictive legislation are carefully considered, and he points out their
great importance in the future development of our sea fisheries.

The fact that the purse seine fishery was enormously expanded in
response to the wartime demand is well shown. Although the purse
seiner Alpha operated as early as 1893, yet it was not until 1915 that
expansion took place. In that year five boats were used. But each

68 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

year saw successful fishing and liif,'li prices, until in 1920 more than
a hundred boats were opei-;itiny-. That such an enormous growth could
l)e called forth on demand demonstrated that in case of war need great
sujiplies of food can l)e drawn from our Avaters. But since then the
demand has slackened, and certain of the fisheries not having been
productive, there have been liard times in tlie purse seitui fleet (at
least until the time of completion of the report).

It is also clearly shown, that regardless of the nationality of the
fishermen, the ownership of the fleet has come to rest in the hands of
the banks and of moneyed men. Tlie fishery is not, therefore, a process
of "fattening" the "alien" at uur expense.

The purse seiners are sho\ATi to be of the greatest importance to the
several fisheries. Almost all the blue-fin tuna taken is brought in by
purse seiners, and the canning of this species is dependent upon them.
They also take a \ery large part of the yellow-fin tuna and the bouito
used for canning. Of three species which are very important in the fresh
fish market, namely the ban-acuda, white sea bass, and yellow tail, the
supply during the winter half of the year is almost altogether obtained
from the purse seiners. Although Dr. Skogsberg's analysis covered
but six months of the year it is evident that the purse seine is responsi-
ble for nearly half the supply of fresh fish markets at Los Angeles
harbor.

Examination of the individual fisheries shows uo conclusive evidence
of a harmful effect by the purse seiners. In the case of the barracuda
the purse seiners are especially important as bringing fish from Mexico,
thus lightening the demand upon our local fisheries, and acting as an aid
in their conservation. The method is not more harmful than those of
other great fisheries. Young fish are caught in excessive numbers in
but a small portion of the year, a fault which could be readily corrected
bv a close season. In regard to the white sea bass, the same may be
said as to the effect of the purse seiners in tapping distant grounds,
and but few young bass are caught. Nor are there any evidences of
overfishing in the cases of the yellow tail or blue-fin tuna. Dr. Skogs-
berg concludes that overfishing must be discovered by careful biological
study of the catches, and that as long as a given supply is to be taken
from the water, the purse seines are as efficient and reasonable a means
of so doing as any.

It is evident from the report that any radical restriction of the purse
seine fishery will result in rendering the supply of fresh fish precarious
and inadequate, and that — instead of conserving our supplies— a much
greater strain wall be imposed on our local waters. Dr. Skogsberg
recommends the making of a close season during April and May, as
a protection to the young barracuda then taken in numbers.

Dr. Skogsberg's report is reviewed here at some length because it is
indicative of the knowledge such work can place in the hands of the
administrator and the legislator, and because it demonstrates the great
value of our statistical system of boat catches, the "pink ticket" from
which it was largely taken.

He had time only to analyze the catches for a period of six months
and there should be^ a similar analysis of the remaining six. There is no
reason why such an analysis of boat catches cannot be carried on con-
tinuously and presented in addition to the ordinary statistics of catch,
for such an analysis may be made a step in the obtaining of the total

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNL\L REPORT. 69

catch. But the essential necessity on the part of the compiler for a
knowledge of the biology of the fish and for a knowledge of statistical
methods is obvious from a perusal of Dr. Skogsberg's report. For that
reason it is elsewhere urged th.at changes be made in our organization
which will allow of the development of such a system of reports.

GRUNION INVESTIGATION.

Miss Frances N. Clark, wiio was wiili the hiboratory during the first
year of the last biennial period, is now at the University of ^lichigau
seeking a higher degree. She is, while there, undertaking an investiga-
tion of the grunion and of our common market smelts. The laboratory
lias taken samples of these species at regular periods, and has forwarded
them to her for analysis.

Her work lias progressed through a study of the reproduction and
rate of growth of the grunion, and has now begun on a study of the
two smelts (Atherinops and Athcrinopsis) from the same standpoints.
The results of his work are promising to be of considerable importance,
especially in the ease of the grunion, which will sooner or later require
protection, as it has becme a very famous fish on our southern beaches,
and is sought by thousands of people during the periods of its runs.

LOCAL RACES OF HERRING, SARDINE, AND ANCHOVY.

Mr. Carl L. IIub])s, of the Museum of Zoology, University of ]\Iichi-
gan, has prepared for publication as a Fish Bulletin of this labora-
tory, a report upon the local races of the three commercially impor-
tant clupeoid fishes found on our coasts, particularly as the definition
of these local races is affected by seasonal variations. The importance
of such investigations is very great, since through them has been
expected some clue to the relative interdependence of fishes of different
regions. The persistence of a given peculiarity of structure in the fish
of a limited region argues that those fish do not migrate extensively
beyond the boundaries of the region, and that they do not receive
migrants. This would seem to be true regardless of the cause of
peculiarity, and regardless of whether the peculiarity is racial, the
result of environment, or transitory. The matter is, however, a com-
plex one, and must receive intensive analysis, toward which ]\Ir. ITubbs
has made this contribution.

THE LIBRARY.

Since July, 1922, the library has received very few books. This is due
in part to the necessity for economy, and in part to the prolonged
absence of a librarian able to devote sufficient time to ordering and
caring for accessions. However, enough recent publications have been
secured, so that the laboratory investigators have had an opportunity
to keep fairly familiar with the progress of fishery science.

The library as it now exists, although of moderate proportions, con-
tains a good representation of the most important work in the subjects
of interest to the research men stationed here. It has of course been
the aim of those in charge of selecting books to emphasize such material
as has fundamental significance and definite relation to the problems
with Avhich the Commission has to deal, keeping at a minimum papers
of purely local, incidental or general biologic interest.

70 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

TliL' liiiL's ol' L'liture library development are clear. As in the past,
it will be important to spend a certain percentage of the appropriation
for current books, especial! \- in view of the fact that fisheries research
is now tln^ olijpct of increasing international interest and attention. A
set of ''Biometrika," which is the chief journal of statistical method.,
would be an invaluable addition to our resources. However, the main
mode of expansion must be accjuisition of desired papers that are
scattered in various scientific periodicals. Wlicnever possible, we will
order only the issues which contain the speci;i] in\'esti,uations of interest,
so as to avoid purchase of large volumes in wiiirh most of the material
would be useless.

Aside from addition of books, provision for permanent preservation
of the collection now shelved becomes more and more necessary. Three-
fourths of the material here is in the form of paper-covered pamphlets,
which are of course exposed to dust and other deteriorating influences.
Their adequate protection requires that they be bound as soon as
possible.

As far as its immediate usefulness is concerned, the library's chief
need is for a systematic catalog. Enlargement of the staff and growth
of the library combine to make us acutely conscious of the waste of time
consequent upon trying to use unindexed material. We therefore con-
sider it essential to build up a catalog that will make available for
ready reference the perhaps unrealized resources of the books already

at hand.

CONCLUSION.

In this report, three facts are preeminently worthy of consideration.
One is the necessity for retaining good men as guides for our student
assistants : another is the need for giving the scientific work a more
stable position and a better relationship to the work of other agencies ;
and the third is the great emphasis which our work is now throwing
upon the necessity for carefully fostering our statistical sj^stem. As far
as concerns the first two facts, the retention of sood men and the per-
manence of the program are closely bound together. Good men do not
work for the money immediately in sight. They must feel themselves
engaged in work which has its place in the world, a place that is recog-
nized a,s worthy.

]\Iueh of the fishery work which lias been carried ou in tlie United
States has been transitory and unstable in aim, and the fundamental
principles of fisheries conservation have received very little attention
because of the evanescent nature of each attempt. We have tried to
so formulate our work that it includes those things which are funda-
mentally necessary, and we are trusting that our devotion to a cause
will not be wasted by the heedlessness of the future. There is, however,
little ground at present for this faith in the persistence of the work,
and as a result it is hard to persuade anyone that earnest, unselfish work
will be worth while, or that the program will last long enough to solve
any of the basic problems of fishery research and conservation.

in short, tlie organization of which the laboratory now forms a part
exists only in the minds of those who now hold office in and under the
Commission. With the passing of these incumbents there will vanish
all traces of the carefully thought out permanent program. None of the
objectives have been made obligators-, and no provision has been made
for seeing that our successors are well informed or well advised. Under

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 71

such eonditioiLs good men can not be retained, and tlie following of
fundamental and difficult aim.s is rendered hopeless. The remedy lies
plainly at hand, to formally organize the scientific work, to formally
provide for good advice and cooperation from the outside world of
science, and to see that our aims are rendered obligatory in so far as
is proper and in such a way as to protect them from ignorance or malice.

The whole of modern fisheries science teaches the lesson that ade([uate
statistics are continuous statistics; that conservation implies continuous
observation; and that some of the most fundamental problems are yet
unsolved and nuist be the object of unremitting attack by biologists.
And unless our work here can be placed on a permanent basis and pro-
vision made for its close, intimate contact with the whole field of work,
tbere is little utility in proceeding further.

The writer would tlierefore recommend a legal foundation for the
formal organization of the laboratory, the formation of a cooperative
arrangement with the Federal Bureau of Fisheries, and the creation
of an advisory committee oi- board to keep a general supervision of the
scientific work. The time is most opportune for these things, in that
the bureau is fi'icndl.N'. and that the vfirious states are awakening to the
need of the study of conservation. I^y our action we can set a prece-
dent whereby the bureau can be made a unifying and correlating
agency between the several states, to the end that cumbrous and awk-
ward treaty control can be avoided.

The writer would also urge that the work done up to tlie present
has demonstrated the importance of the statistical system, and its
intimate connection with the biological work. He would recommend
the careful reorganization of the statistical system to free it from any
danger of its devotion to erroneous ends, and to place it under the
immediate direction of a scientifically trained man.

Respectfully submitted.

W. F. Thompson,

In charge.

REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
PUBLICITY Arv^D RESEARCH.

The Honorable Board of Fish and Game Commissioners,
State of California, Sacramento, Cal.

Sirs: It is with a feeling of gratification that I hand you herewith
a report on the activities and accomplishments of the Department of
Education, Publicity and Research, which you will find, reviews the
most successful biennial period, so far as service to the i)ublic is con-
cerned, since the establishment of the department in 1914. I am more
than ever convinced that no more fundamental conservation work can
be done than that accomplished through the development of a public
sentiment favorable to wild life conservation.

The past biennial period has been marked by increasing demand for
lectures and displays of motion pictures. Some of the increased demand
has come from the numerous men's clubs such as Rotarj^ Lions and
Kiwanis. Continued endeavor has been made to reach the numerous

72 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

LECTURES.

high scliools of the state, as is evick'need by the record whicli shows that
more than thirty were visited during the period. Ketiirii engagements
are a common thing, showing that lectures and pictures are appreciated.
One long-i)ostponed tri]) to southern California resulted in a series
of nineteen lectures and a total attendance of 9275. The demand for
lectures continued from fisli and game protective associations.

A particularly fruitful field of endeavor has been the numerous train-
ing classes for scout masters, camp fire guardians and leaders of girl
scouts. Eight meetings with such groups have resulted in stimulating
the interest of those who deal with boys and girls. Conservation needs
can most readily be spread by contact with such groups as these.

Each spring, a series of nine lectures on fish and game have been
given in a course in forestry at the University of California. These
lectures aiford a splendid opportunity for inspiring a student group
that later goes out and carries the message of conserv^ation into the
field of forestry and industry.

The usual series of illustrated lectures have been given at the State
Fair at Sacramento each September.

The following is a summary of the lectures given :

Lectures Given DurUig Biennial Period, July 1, 1922, June 30, 192'/.

Number of
Organization lectures Attendance

High schools 31 10,223

Grammar schools 17 8,100

Universities and colleges 23 3,21")

Civic aud public 34 7,053

Boy scouts, camp fire girls, etc : 12 447

State Fair 26 3.250

Miscellaneous 17 1.481

Motion picture films only 9 4,3(X)

Totals 168 38,069

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

73

Fig. 16. Studying nature first-hand. Nature guide field excur-
sion, Yosemite Valley, Summer, 1924. Photograph by
J. Lloyd.

SUMMER RESORT EDUCATIONAL WORK.

Through cooperation with the National Park Service, opportunity has
been given each summer to build up public sentiment relative to con-
servation in Yosemite National Park. The director of your Department
of Education and Publicity spent the summer of 1922 and that of 1923
in Yosemite lecturing and conducting field trips. The results have been
most gratifying. Many thousands of people have heard conservation
lectures and, better yet, have gained first-hand information relative to

74 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

yjiiiif and iiongaiiic species. Personal coiilaci with tlmusands and tlic
teaching' of natural history in the open is laying a worth-wliih^ founda-
tion upon which the conservation of the future can l)e budt. If "there
is no more pitable sight than ignorance in action." tlicn the converse
is certainly true, that there is notliing nu)re offectiNc than intelligence
in actidu. Let the people of this state really know tbe life history and
habits of its fauna and its present status, and cDnservation will be
assured.

It is a satisfaction to chronicle the fact that the nature guide work
in Yosendte has proved so useful that the original goal — a museum and
a park naturalist in every national park and a nature guide program
every season — is now assured. No little share in the success of the
nature guide movement is to be attributed to the farsightedness of the
California Fish and Game Commission in supporting the work in its
beginnings.

AVith an increased personnel, the same program of evening lectures
and campfire talks, daily field trips and office hours has ])een pursued
each summer ^dth greatly increased attendance, as can be seen by
reference to the following tables:

Attendance Record Yo-semite Nature Guide iicrvice.

Field trips Lectures

Number Attendance Number Attendance

.Tul.v-Ausn.st, 1022 90 1,970 43 27,100

Juue-Aiigust, 1023 22() 3.5G(j 60 40.10.-.

May-June, 1924 72 939 8."i l(i,202

397 6,475 197 92,497

MOTION PICTURES.

The Educational Department has not been in a position to push the
use of nu)tion pictures by schools and other organizations because of
the small supi)ly of films on hand and because several of the films are
liadly worn. The only additions made in the past two years Vv'ere a
reel devoted to the life history and habits of the king salmon and
several hundred feet on waterfoAvl in the Sacramento Valley made by
ourselves. Particular mention should be made of a fine series of pictures
of whistling swans taken in the rice fields of Butte County. A flock
of a thousand birds was photographed in a rice field and splendid
pictures of the birds in flight were secured on Butte Creek.

The need is for a more adequate library of films so that opportunity
can be taken of the many requests for their use. Replacement of worn
films is particularly urgent.

Nor does the demand come from within the state only, for during
the past two years, re(|uests have come from four western states and
Hawaii for the use of our films. It was necessary to refuse these
re(iuests in that the pictures are so constantly used in our own state.

During the past biennial period there has been increased demand also
for conservation literature on the part of teachers and pupils of the
public schools. Evidently the public schools are placing more emphasis
upon nature study and conservation and herein lies the reason f(u-
increased demand. The Conunission's supply of teachers' bulletins is
practically exhausted and hundreds of letters are written a year
explaining that the supply of the bulletin, "Bird Study in the Public

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

75

Fig. it. The place to teach conservation is out-of-doors. Coopera-
tive work in Yosemite is building a better sentiment favoring
conservation. Photograph by J. Lloyd.

Schools'' is entirely exhausted. Where can the commission's educa-
tional campaign l)e made more eft'ective than in the schools of the state?
Were we in a position to furnish suitable helps to teachers, much could
be accomplished. Stress is here laid upon the urgent necessity of
supplying this great need in the immediate future. In the .same connec-
tion should be mentioned the oi)portuiiity atforded through boy scout
organizations. If leaflets or bulletins, suitable for use by scouts, were
available, suitable training relative to the conservation of wild life
would be included in the educational program of each scout troop. A
special fund to cover the preparation and publication of such leaflets
and bulletins is most important.

The department again cooperated with the State Department of
Education in the preparaticn of a bird and Arbor Day manual. A great
deal of material was furnished but funds not being available for the
publication of the manual, part of the material was utilized in a special
number of the "Western Journal of Education."

76 FISH AXD GAME COMMISSION.

As ill the past, many contributions of specimens of birds and eggs
were made to schools and nature study departments. This department
of the Commission aims to act as a ch-aring house for information
relative to the teaching of nature study and conservation and also as a
source of material for objective teaching.

PUBLICATIONS.

Volume 8 of California Fish and Game, the quarterly magazine of
the Commission, contained 256 pages and S7 illustrations. Two special
numbers, a Game Eefuge number containing maps of every game refuge
in the state and a description of each, and a Hatchery number of 80
pages containing a history of fish-cultural operations in California were
issued. Volume 9 contained 192 pages and 41 illustrations. No special
numbers were included.

The edition of the magazine is now 7000 and the circulation very
close to 6500. Many applications from individuals and libraries for
early numbers of the periodical in order to complete sets have been
received. Unfortunately many early numbers are now so rare as to
preclude issuance to any but public libraries or -libraries of public or
important in.stitutious. There is continued evidence that the magazine
is read from cover to cover and numerous commendatory letters have
been received.

A clean-up of the mailing list in the fall of 1922 resulted in the
elimination of only about 200 names. The mailing list grows at the
rate of about twenty names per month.

One use which the magazine appears to till regularly is that in the
classroom in our high schools where it is constantly used for reference
by biology classes. Articles taken from the quarterly often appear in
outdoor magazines and in newspapers.

Xumerous newspaper items have been sent to the more prominent

newspapers of the state. These appeared to be well received by editors

and nearly always appeared in print. Among the special series of

articles should be mentioned a number dealing with books for sportsmen

furnished the sporting editor of the San Francisco "Examiner," a

short series of items dealing with the restoration of Lower Klamath

Lake as a breeding ground and a long series of one item a week relative

to saving the Klamath River as a fish reserve sent newspapers during

the spring and summer of 1924. Material for several feature articles

was furnished.

INVESTIGATIONS.

Several investigations of importance have been made. They include
the destruction of steelhead trout in the Pajaro River due to pollution
and low water, investigation of the status of game birds in the marshes
of Butte and Sutter counties, fish resources of the Klamath River, and
an investigation of the relation of birds and mammals to the foot-and-
mouth disease. The latter was occasioned by the continued attempt to
place the blame for the spread of the disease upon wild birds and
mammals. In the case of the Merced outbreak, ducks and sea gulls
were accused. Although many migrator^' ducks were found on infected
areas, yet the disease failed to develop along the line of flight and no
positive evidence could be found. Certain control mea.sures involving
buzzards were advocated near Merced.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

77

An epidemic among predatory animals in El Dorado County during
the spring of 1924 was found to be the result of rabies, as was shown
by a positive test made on a California gray fox.

The department continues to compile data on the annual deer kill,
on hunting accidents and on the work of the scientific collector.
Respectfully submitted.

Harold C. Bryant,
In charge Education, Publicity and Research.

SACRAMENTO DISTRICT REPORT.

The Honorable Board of Fish and Game Commissioners
of the State of California.

Gentlemen : Moving of the board office to Sacramento occasioned
considerable reorganization and expansion of the office force. Prac-
tically all of the general routine work of the Commission is now
handled through this office.

Deputies in this division, like those in other parts of the state, have
greater areas to patrol than those in most other states. Complaints as
to law enforcement come largely from those who do not realize the
impossibility of being at every place where a violation occurs when
one man has to cover two counties. A larger patrol force is greatly
needed.

Fig. 18. Ineffective screening of an irrigation ditcli was responsible for this loss of
fish life in Butte County. More than 2100 sunfish are shown in the picture.
Photograph by A. E. Culver.

78

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Diii'iii^' till' hii'iiiiijil period ciidiiiL; -liiiic oO, 11)24. this division has
had to deal with iiiaiix ditficnit conservation i)rohleiiis. Cliief among
them. iiivol\iTi<i' this division, has heeii the prohh'ni |)resente(l by a
cement power ditch on tlie American iiiver which menaced the lives of
hunilretls of deer passing- between their winter and summer ran.ijes.
It took eonsiderable experimentation to figure out means of getting
the deer safely across the canal. The power company cooperated
splendidly in rescuing deer and immediately began the construction of
a feiu'e which will i)revent recurrence another year.

One serious problem in this division is found in the numerous
projects where streams are wholly (lixcrted from their channels for
power purposes. Seldom is proper consideration given the fish thus
destroyed. We sincerely trust that companies concerned wall not divert
all the waters in the streams but will permit sufficient water to flow
in the main channels to insure the maintenance of trout life. The
South Fork of the American River is one of the best trout streams of
the state that is available to the large centers of population. It is
useless to plant nearly a million trout in this stream and its tributaries
if the water in its channel is allowed to be diverted.

Fig. 19. Rescuing deer from a power ditch on the American River. Until
provision was made for safe crossing of migrating deer many were
drowned or frozen and hundreds had to be rescued. Photograph by
Euell Gray.

TWEXTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 79

Since iimeh of the l)est shooting ground for waterfowl, as well as
tlie best (leer country, is found within this district, the enforcement
of law opcnpies an iinjKJi-tant place in our duties. Conservation senti-
ment in this district continues to expand, as is shown by the percentage
of convictions for violations and the increase in the number of fines
inflicted. California deputies each patrol a greater area of square
mih's than do the deputies of any other state. The force, moreover, is
inade({uate as compared with conditions in other states. Residents
and visitors are now beginning to realize what a great asset fish and
game are to the community. In years past few arrests were made and
it was almost impossible to secure a conviction by jury even in the
face of strong and conclusive evidence. How different today ! The
Commission now fearlessly submits the ecpiity of the game laws to a
judge or jury. Due to the steadily-growing belief of our best citizens
that the fish and game laws are of e(pial value with other laws on
our statute books, the Commission and its officers receive the hearty
cooperation of the county prosecutors and justices.

A glance at the comparative chart on page 12 will show the tre-
mendous burden placed upon our law enforcement deputies. The land
area of California comi)rises 153, GoO scpiare miles and has less than
eighty deputies to ])atrol its land and water areas and enforce its fish
and game laws, besides it has nearly 1200 miles of coast line. Each Cali-
fornia deputy's share of patrol is over 1387 miles, 810 acres of land,
and more tlian 3ti() acres of freshwater streams and about 11,810 acres
of lakes. New York state with but 46,070 scfuare miles has 143 more
salaried deputies than has California. The New England states with
the addition of New York, Ohio and Delaware comprise less area than
'California, but have 436 wardens. These states expend $794,028, as
compared Avith California's expenditure of $102,169 for warden service.
Yet there! are some who are prone to criticise the Commission for not
detecting every violation of the fish and game laws.
Kespectfull\' submitted.

George Ne.vle,

In charge.

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT REPORT.

The Honorable Board of Fish and Game Commissioners,
State of California.

Gentlemen : The past two years have noted few changes in game
conditions in the San Francisco District. The biennial period, however,
has been a severe one for trout on account of the fact that the
rainfall throughout the state was practically half normal and in many
places even less than that. Streams that have never failed in previous
years have been without water. Very few of the coast streams carried
enough water to clear the bars at the mouths, with the result that few
steelhead were able to make their way into the lagoons, and even when
they did the water was so low they could not reach the spawning
grounds.

In certain streams fishing was excellent at the opening of the season
the first of May. One of these, the Gualala, in Sonoma County, had

80

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Fig. 2 0. A scene on the Klamath River above the Copco dam.

J. O. Snyder.

Photograph by

particularly good fishing during the entire month of May. The river
was closed and the fish that were in the lagoon could not make their
way into the ocean. One Sunday there were 135 limits taken, the fish
measuring from 8 to 10 inches in length. Many limits were taken in
less than an hour's time. There were so many fish in the lagoon tliiit
by the first of June the fish caught were very poor, there being
insufficient feed in the stream to take care of them.

The dry season will have a very serious effect on the trout streams
of the district. To bring conditions back to normal will require heavy
stocking on the part of the Commission. It is hoped that with the
return of normal rainfall the ocean steelhead will return and assist
in stocking the coast rivers. The shortage of rain, however, is not
entirely without some benefit. Predatory fish, such as suckers and
hardheads, have been cleared out of many trout streams, and if the
contention of many fishermen is true that these species prey largely
on trout, newly planted trout will have nothing to do but to grow fat
for the anglers.

Duck shooting during the biennium was excellent everywhere except
in the San Joaquin Yalley, where water conditions were not normal.
In the Suisun marsh, the season of 1923-2-4 was as good as the most
enthusiastic duck hunter could desire.

The Fish and Game Commission is severely criticized for not entirely
stopping the sale of ducks. Few hunters realize how^ great a task it is
to control a matter of this sort. There are bootleggers in ducks as
well as other things, we will admit, but as a matter of fact the number
of ducks sold in San Francisco now does not equal five per cent of
those sold before the nonsale law was adopted. In San Francisco in
the old days there were sold every season from three to five hundred
thousand ducks. There were game transfer companies in operation,
with the permission of the courts, that handled thousands of birds

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 81

each day. All of this has been stopped. The comparatively few birds
that are now sold are smuggled into San Francisco by automobile and
are peddled to those who are willing to take a chance. Restaurants
and hotels are searched repeatedly and seldom do the deputies find
in excess of the bag limit. The sale of ducks in the field is even more
difficult to control. Market hunters will continue to sell birds to
unlucky hunters. Such sales are between man and man and it is prac-
tically impossible to secure evidence that would warrant the taking
of anyone into court.

Contrary to many reports, quail have not materially decreased
during the past two years. More or less quail shooting can l)e had in
every county of the state. Recently a well informed hunter from San
Benito County was in the San Francisco office discussing conditions in
that county. His estimate as to the number of quail in San Benito
County was not less than 100,000 and not more than 200,000 birds.
Fortunately, (luail are good breeders. The average clutch of eggs is
better than 15. With 100.000 birds or 50,000 pairs as breeding stock,
and 15 eggs per pair, in that county alone we have a potential flock
of 750,000 quail for the hunters to harvest. Even if only one-tenth of
this number of young birds reach maturity, it must be admitted that
San Benito County is well supplied with quail. Valley quail can
adapt themselves to civilization better than almost any other game
bird. You need not go farther than Golden Cate Park or any other
similar park in our state to have this fact proved. Quail, as years go
by, are becoming more and more educated as to the ways of the
hunter and it is largely for this reason that complaints are received
that (|uail are decreasing. In most sections of the state, as soon as a
shot is fired, the quail take to the high l)rus]i where it is practically
impossible for hunters to do any shooting.

The annual kill of deer in California is between 15,000 and 20,000.
Deer hunting has increased largely on account of the ease with which
the deer country can be reached by automobile. One of the most
serious crimes that we have to contend with is the killing of deer at
night by spotlight. Night hunters do not care Avhether they kill buck,
doe or fawn, for they realize that it is extremely difficult to catch them.
A deputy must be at the right spot at the right time, otherwise it is
practically useless to go into court. We know of no law that can be
drafted that will make it easier to control this illegal work. The
present law is as strong as any law could be made. The only way
that the work can be stopped is to put more men into the field.

The respect that people in general have for the laws on our statutes
is proportionate to the ability of the government of the state to enforce
these laws. Without proper enforcement any law will soon become
obsolete and will be broken by otherwise high class citizens. The
enforcement of the game laws is similar to the enforcement of all other
laws, easier than some, perhaps, for game law violations are com-
mitted for the most part by those who fish and hunt or whose business
brings them into direct contact with the law and not by citizens as a
whole. Our California laws, with very few exceptions, are as good or
better than the fish and game laws in other states. The laws are
reasonable and are not opposed by those who take conservation seri-
ously. There is, however, a considerable class who hunt and fish who
are meat hunters and not sportsmen. Such men care nothing for

6—34744

82 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

tomon-()\v. If tlicy luid tho opportmiily. tliry would kill tlie last quail,
duck, or door and thou ln-ao; about it for llio r<'iiuiinder of their lives.
Such men cauiiTOt bo reaohod l)y apix'aling to thoir finer sensibilities
but nuist bo educated throuj^li the courts. This education can only be
aecomplisliod by having men in tlie field to enforce the laws, who are
trustworthy in every particular, who have the backing of the judges,
and the assistance of all good sportsmen. Day by day the sentiment
for the enforcement of tlie game laws is getting better and better.
Heavier fines are imposed and more and more violators are convicted,
but the best results can only be obtained by having a greater number
of active game wardens working at all hours of the day and night. It
is unreasonable to expect one man to keep an area of many hundreds
of square miles free from violations. Those who hunt are increasing
year by year and make no complaint regarding the payment of a
dollar for a license. If the number of hunters increase, so should
the number of wardens increase. The more seriously the laws are
enforced, the more seriously will violations be considered. The penalty
for violating a game law can be made as high as the conscience of the
justice of the peace before whom the violator is taken, will allow.
Fines as high as $500 may be imposed and in addition a jail sentence
nmy be given. In counties where heavy fines are imposed, there is a
decided improvement in conditions. In other counties where the mini-
mum fine is the rule, violations are more frec[uent. Many individuals
are willing to take a chance on killing game during the closed season
if when taken to court they will only have to pay $25 ; but if there was
a probability of their having to pay somewhere near $500, they would
not take a chance.

The work of the deputies in the San Francisco District has, for the
most part, been entirely satisfactory. The general public has no
conception of the long hours that a serious deputy puts in. It is not
everyone who can make good in law enforcement work. It requires a
peculiar training and fitness to make good as a game warden. The
most discouraging thing that can happen to a deputy is to take a good
case before a justice of the peace and have the defendants liberated or
made to pay a petty fine.

More wardens, better cooperation of the judges, and the active
assistance of sportsmen will assure game in California for years to
come.

During the last two years fines totalling $32,995 were imposed in the
San Francisco District. Judge Ray Griffin of Redwood City imposed
fines amounting to $3,455- in his court. Other judges in various parts
of the district did almost as well. One deputy working in San Mateo
arrested defendants who were assessed a total of $4,215. Another
deputy in Santa Cruz County had fines to his credit in the amount of
$3,675. A third deputy in Marin County had $3,025 to his credit.
Fines of $100 were not unusual. Some of the most noteworthy cases
bv deputies working in this district were as follows :

' August 13, 1922, Judge Griffin of Redwood City fined Felix Doer
and John Perasso $250 each for killing a doe : December 10. 1922, Judge
Wliipple of Fort Bragg sent Amador Mecidas to jail for 180 days for
using a set net ; March 11, 1923, Judge Griffin fined P. S. Bogani $200
for having illegal abalones in possession; April 9, 1923, Judge AVallace

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 83

of Salinas fined T. Kohanhoni, a second offender, $150 for the possession
of illegal Pismo clams; May 17, 192:3, Jud<::e Evans of Loleto fined Fred
Simmons $150 for killint,' a deer during the closed season; July 30,

1923, Judge Griffin fined Joe Trupiano $200 for possession of illegal
abalones; August 1-4, 1923, Judge Boyd of Plantation fined R. F. Webb
aiul D. S. Cloughn $100 each for killing a fawn; September 2, 1923,
Judge Snow of Napa fined Manuel Lopez and Tony Alvorez $100 each
for killing a fawn; October 21, 1923. Judge Johnson of Daly City fined
four Italians $450 for taking 133 song birds in an Italian bird net;
April 25, 1924, Judge Jacks of San Francisco fined Paladini Fish
Company $250 for having small striped bass in possession ; May 25,

1924, Judge McGuinness of Dunsmuir fined the same fish company
$500 for shipping small bass to Portland ; June 19, 1924. Judge Rudolph
of Novato fined Jolui Alberti $300 for killing illegal deer.

Respectfully submitted.

J. S. Hunter,

7/1 cJiarge.

LOS ANGELES DISTRICT REPORT.

The Hotvorahle Board of Fish and Game Commissioners
of the State of California.

Gentlemen: Geographically comprising but the lower third of
California, this southern division, during the biennial period ending
June 30, 1924, has had to deal Avith the most spectacular population
growth ever experienced anywhere over an equal area, bringing upon
us an even greater than proportional gain in outdoor sporting
enthusiasm.

Inevitably, this enormously has increased our responsibilities,
far beyond cai)acity of the dollar-unit of license income adecpuitely to
finance meeting such demands by the general expansion in every
department thereby indicated as necessary.

That these primary outdoor-attraction assets have assumed a new
and greater importance in their ever more valuable relation to the
general public welfare, scarcely needs suggestion excepting to the ever-
shrinking minority which sees in fish and game pursuit only a pastime
of our large leisure classes, and with more wilful perversity, persists
in ignoring the enormous material, physical and psychological worth
of wild-life to the entire commonwealth of California.

Our guiding principle during these troublous times steadfastly has
remained the greatest general good, not only to the sporting classes
most directly interested in conserving fish and game attraction-assets
through their loyal and liberal support of our work with their hunting
and angling licenses, but also to the non-sporting public. Through
upkeep of these outdoor resources, so alluring to sportsmen of other
older Eastern states where conservation has been less forehanded than
here, our wild-life has called countless thousands of well-to-do men this
side the Sierras to invest themselves, their families and their lifetime
accumulations in the material up-building of this state. Yet, the
nonsporting citizenry of California in this matter still continues
enjoying the unique role of better than incidental beneficiary without

84

PISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

cost. Tlic licenses of his sport-loving friends at an all-too-moderate
dollar annual privilosre-tax, have paid for everythint;- the common-
wealth has done in helialf of rod and gun attractions until today
licensed hnnters and anglers stand more than ever ready to double the
dollar and do the jol) to the limits of what more money could
accomplish.

Fig. 21.

Klamath River Steelhead trout.
Neale.

Photograph by George

Conservation of fish and game, being carried on entirely by popular
support of a minority, is dependent upon a favorable public sentiment
for its financing to an even greater degree than any other self-
supporting activity undertaken under state direction. The history of
wild-life work in America is a chronicle of activities primarily
initiated by sportsmen in behalf of sportsmen and paid for by sports-
men; since under no other system of general appropriation from tax
funds has anything of lasting consequence ever been accomplished.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. 85

Over fifteen years ago, California's leading sportsmen, with com-
mendable foresight, saw this great truth, and shot to center with the
Hunting License Act, followed in due course with a similar tax upon
which has grown, all too gradually, the considerable superstructure of
an organization which up to date at least has accomplished the demon-
stration that money in large amounts intelligently invested toward the
protection and propagation of fish and game, can long delay its
extermination and the extinction of its allied industries, if not also
perpetuate it. That, the future alone can determine; but present
policy is being shaped to mould the conservation program along the
indicated lines of civilization, and thus adapt it to the now assured
destiny of southern California — intensive development.

In face of these facts, the importance of broad popular education to
the economic as well as sentimental value of fish and game hardly
could be ignored ; so the last two yeare have seen no slackening in sucli
activities throughout southern division work. Our veteran field patrol-
men have consistently joined therein at every opportunity; liberal
advertisement has bei'n given of law-eiiforcement activities to the end
that the law-al)iding majority might know how much is being done to
protect their interests against the careless or selfish who respect only
the consequences of violation. That long years of patient effort seem
at last to have borne some fruit in fostering popular support for
earne.st wild-life effort, is one of the gratifying demonstrations of the
past biennium which offsets many a disapi)()intment.

Transportation of sport-seekers and their housing lias stimulated a
huge expenditure in itself, Iteing an enormous and duly-recognized
contributor to the automotive industry, now conceded to be among the
biggest businesses of the country. Perhaps a better idea of the financial
importance of our outdoor assets may be derived from learning that
this >ear the lower third of this state will license not far from a fifth
of a million sport-seekers, each of whom, on a conservative estimate,
will put into general circulation through the exercise of this dollar
privilege, at least another hundred dollars in transportation, guns,
ammunition, fishing-tackle. cami)ing goods, general equipment;
patronage of resorts and more beyond mention, totaling perhaps 20
million dollars.

Growing interest of other organizations than tlie Fish and Game
Commission in wild-life, is another outstanding feature of the past
biennium, due no doubt in considerable degree to desire of helping
temporarily over a recognized emergency, of which expense an expected
increase in sporting license will relieve the various now cooperating
counties another year. Such cooperation, where genuine and non-
competitive, nor losing sight of legitimate objectives, has been warmly
welcomed as adding materially to the enforcement of law. Eventually
the Fish and Game Commission expects in southern California to
relieve these county cooperating agencies of any expense in fish and
game conservation, just as the Supreme Court already has relieved the
counties of any responsibility in fish and game regulation by con-
sistently deciding that such regulation of hunting and fishing remains
the special province and prerogative of the biennial legislatures, thereby
lending at least some stability to these restrictions and allowing the
sporting public as well as industries allied thereto, the opportunity to

86 FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

learn what regulations were to govern them until the next legislative
session, at least.

Suffice it to say that the ever-inereasiug needs of southern California
these last two years have been met as far as we were able, and not as
we would liJivi' met them : Iml i-athor. as our controlling limitations
required.

Prosecution of {X'tty otfriidiTs a;i;;unst the tceluiicalities of tlic hunting
and fishing restrictions is of course a necessary part of the day's work
in wild-life conservation and must go on, lest the voluntary support of
the vast majority in observing the laws they believe in, be prejudiced
by seeing too large a proportion of persistent violators escaping the
punishment they deserve. For this purpose, an elaborate and expensive
patrol organization must be maintained. To the violating class, such
constitutes the outstanding activity of the sportsmen's Fish and Game
Commi.ssion: but to the vast majority who support the law consistently
because they know that without restriction, fish and game speedily
would become but a bad memory, real conservation represents bringing
all the people to appreciation of what it actually means.

The fo.stering and encouragement of sporting resorts open and acces-
sible to all the people has played a prominent part in southern division
activities during the past two years, it also being truly constructive
conservation of a particularly important nature in view of the self-
supporting nature of all wild-life work in California. Herein also, the
general public has proved a very direct party-at-interest, since what-
ever contributes to the outdoor attractiveness of the state can not fail
to benefit every business in it. not to mention the inestimable advantages
of facilitating healthful outdoor recreation.

As one result of such work, we see a steadily-swelling increase in
number of hunting and fishing resorts where the average sportsman
of moderate means may enjoy himself at reasonable cost. There is a
very common tendency amongst promoters to found their propositions
upon the cjuite generally exploded theory of exclusiveness, forgetting
that volume of business is the surest prospect of lasting profit. The
enormous success of our largest resorts has been built upon a broad
policy of serving all comers, since the millionaire class naturally is in
the minority.

Respectfully submitted.

E. L. Hedderly,

In charge.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

87

APPENDIX

FISH DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES, SEASON 1922.
Mount Shasta Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Loch
Leven

Eastern
brook

Large
lake

German
brown

Salmon

Alameda - .- ,.._... .-

76,000

60,000

30,000

216.000

120,000

40,000

50,000

227,000

350,000

17.000

200,000

10,000
52,500
50,000

Alpine .. .

135,000

60,000

125,000

53,000

48,000

Butte -

120,000

425,000

30.000

Calaveras - - . . - . -

258,000

Colufia

Del Nort€

60,000
195,000
170,000

100,000

El Dorado _.._.--

389,300

590,000

15,000

192,000
139,000

Glenn

10,000
50,000

Kern _ .

158,000

50.000

Lake

60.000

15.000

160,000

75,000

85,000

143,000

227,000

55,000

403,000

202,500

138,000

50,000

80,000

95,000

67,500

338,500

20,000

193,000

65,000

89.500

. 85,000

20,000

385,000

inmn

7.5, 1,1 H.

130.000

33,000

18f),fii,ri

723..5UU

277,500

119,000

72,000

42,500

.-jO.OOO

Mariposa -_.._----....-__

56.000
47,500

65,000

Monterev

25,000

Nevada

160,000

191,500

84,500

5,000

8,000

2,000

10,000

10,000

20.000

197.500

50,000
6,000

Placer

22,000

San Luis Obispo

22,500
388.000

35.000

284,500

4.000

62,500

28,000
150,000
630,000

Shasta

50,000

Sierra . -

108,000

12,311,000

Snnnma

50,000

Trinity _ . -__ - -

57.000

25,000

145,000

Tulare

20,000
205,000

Tiioliimnp

Totals

4,438,000

5,319,300

1,890,000

100,000

1,302,500

12,311,000

88

FiPTT Axn r,\:\iT-: commtssiox.

FISH DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES, SEASON 1922— Continued.
Fall Creek Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Salmon

Siskiyou

495,000

3,331,000

Mount Whitney Hatchery.

County

Fresno

Inyo

Kern

Los Angeles

Mariposa

Mono

Orange

Riverside

Santa Barbara-
San Bernardino

San Diego

Tulare

Ventura

Totals

Rainbow

16,000

89,000

210,000

195,000

44,500

222,000

52,500

70,000

8,000

11,000

110,000

246.000

187,500

1,461,500

Loch Leven

95.000
40,000
10,000
17,500

25,000
15,000

85,000
15,000

302,500

Steelhead

98,000

70,000
55,500
15,000
35,000
15,000
80,000
5,000

145,000
60,000

157,500

736,000

Eastern
brook

40,000
30,000

17,500
10,000

20,000

117.500

Fort Seward Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Large lake

Black spotted

Cutthroat

Salmon

Humboldt

294,280

425,000

71,690

146,090

99,690

1,997,430

Ukiah Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Humboldt .

194,500

182,000

6,000

55,000

50,000

Mendocino .

325,000

Sonoma

150,000

Totals

437.500

525,000

Tahoe Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Black spotted

Large lake

Alpine

75,000

El Dorado

400,000

10,000

565,000

60,000

50,000

45,000

Placer

40,000

405,000
25,000

Sacramento _ .- ..

25,000

Totals

975,000

100,000

480.000

145,000

Tallac Hatchery.

County

Large lake

Black spotted

El Dorado . -

270,000

190 000

County —

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.
FISH DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES, SEASON 1922— Concluded.
Domingo Springs Hatchery.

Total - -

County^
Lassen

^

Clear Creek Hatchery.

Plumas -- ...-__

Total - -

Mendocino

Snow Mountain Station.

County-
San Bernardino

Bear Lake Hatchery.

County—

North Creek Station.

County-
San Mat^o

Brookdale Hatchery.

Total

Feather River Hatchery.

89

Rainbow
437,300
75,000

512,300

Rainbow
400,000
25,000

425,000

Steelhead
109,000

Rainbow
1,290,100

Rainbow
750,000

Steelhead
30,000
251,000
578,000

859,000

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Butte

10,000
348,000

30,000
102,500

Plumas

132,000

100,000

Yuba .

15,000

Totals

490,500

247,000

Wawona Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Mariposa .. .-. .. ..-

298,900

140,300

Kaweah Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Tulare

295,000

140 000

90

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

FISH DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES, SEASON 1923.
Mount Shasta Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Loch
Levcn

Steelhead

Eastern
brook

Large lake

German
brown

Salmon

Mackinaw

Alameda

20,000

75,000

60,000

187,000

145,000

70,000

40,000

194,000

336,000

40,000

150,000

5,000
10,000
50,000
40,000
130,000
60,000

•

Alpine

144,000

, 86,000

135,000

245,000

50,000

38,000

100,000

38,500

92,000

35,000

70,000

238,500

177,000

20,000

80,000

Amador .... .

50,000

Butte

Calaveras

155,000

Colusa

Del Norte

90,000

40,000

E Dorado

398 500

230,000

50,000

70,000
135,000

182,500
87,000

Fresno

nipnn

Kern

Lake ..-

50,000

60,000
20,000

Lassen

10,000

79,000

25,000

120,000

10,000
85,000
60,000
68,000

10,000
60,000 ,

Madera

30,000
25,000
50,000

Marin

Mariposa

120,000

110,000
50,000

Mendocino..

Modoc .

71,000

352,500

15,000

10,000

415,000

177.000

168,000

27,600

100.000

50.000

40,000

80,000
71,000
60,000

9,000
35,000
10,000
10.000
132,500
35,000
90,000
20,000
50,000
45.000
20,000
10,000
20,000
65,000

7,500
58,000
50,000

50,500

Monterey

Mono

20,000

Napa

Nevada ..

677,000
232,500
145,000
44,000
114,000

359,000
294.000
148,500

116,000
12,600

Placer

Plumas

San Benito

40,000

San Luis Obispo

8,000
10,000
10.000
10,000
32,000
47,500
37,500
305,060

San Mateo

Santa Barbara

26,000

Santa Clara .. .

Santa Cruz.

10,000
287,500

15,000
154,000

Shasta

188,000

25,000

580,050

100,000

4,000

110,000

50,000

220,000

552,000

50,000

Sierra .

Siskivou

50

i2,089",000

Solano

Sonoma ..

35,000
87 000
70,000
30,000
355,000

Tehama -.

115,000
50,000
30,000

315,000

22,000

60,000

74,000

323,000

Trinity ...

Tulare

Tuolumne . ..

350,000
10,000

Yolo

Totals ....

4,020,500

4,820,050

1,782,000

2,890,050

90,000

1,262,050

12,129,000

80,000

Fall Creek Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Salmon

Siskiyou . _

305,000

3,550,000

Mount Whitney Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Loch
Leven

Steelhead

Eastern
brook

Fresno. . . . .

10,000
216,000

Inyo . ....

171,000

318,000
280,000
113,000

50,000
523,000

10,000

79,000
225,000

20,000
110,000
130,000

110,000

Kern

Los Angeles ....

130,000

35,000

Madera

Mono .....

221.000

t 8.000

79.000

52,500

j«. 51,000

S 15,000

i 35,000

12,500

54,000

Orange ....

Riverside.

5,000

San Diego ....

San Luis Obispo ... _ ...

Tulare

90,000
90,000

100,000
15,000

40.000

Ventura

Totals

896,500

434,500

1,858,000

209,000

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

91

FISH FISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES, SEASON 1923— Continued.
Fort Seward Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Cutthroat

Salmon

Large lake

Humboldt -

432,560

190,000

20,000

25,000

1,480,000
435,000

156,260

2,177,120

98.260

Mpndocino

Trinity

25.000

Totals

667,560

1,940,000

156.260

2,177,120

98,260

Ukiah Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

20,000
80.000

230,000

315,000

85,000

Sonoma

99,000

186,000

Totals..

199,000

816,000

County —
Mendocino.

Snow Mountain Station.

Tahoe Hatchery.

Steelhead
50,000

County

Steelhead

Large Lake

El Dorado '.

120,000

160,000

30,000

Placer . - .

285,000
40,000

575,000

25,000

Totals

445,000

790,000

Tallac Hatchery.

County

Steelhead

Large lake

Alpine .... . .

60 000

ElDorado --- -^ -^ - - -.. _ _ _^_ ^ . .

805,000

495,000

Totals

805,000

555 000

County —
Lassen..
Plumas.
Shasta. .

Totals.

County —
Lassen..
Plumas -

Domingo Springs Hatchery.

Clear Creek Hatchery.

Rainbow
22,000
451,640
12,000

485,640

Rainbow
350,000
126,905

Total.

476,905

92

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

FISH DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES. SEASON 1923— Concluded.
Bear Lake Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

San Bernardino

1,101,000

80,000

County —
San Bcrnardino-

North Creek Station.

Rainbow
600,000

Wawona Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Mariposa

199,300

249 000

Kaweah Hatchery.

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Tulare

195,000

245,000

County —
Santa Clara.
Santa Cruz_.

Totals.

Brookdale Hatchery.

Feather River Hatchery.

Steelhead
300,000
550,000

850,000

County

Rainbow

Steelhead

Butte - - -

13,000

Plumas - - - -

228,880
98,000
60,000

347,000

190.000

60.000

Totals

386,880

610,000

SUMMARY OF FISH DISTRIBUTION, SEASON 1922-1923

Hatchery

Rainbow

Loch Leven

Steelhead

Eastern
brook

German
brown

Rear Lake

2,391,100

80,000
1,709,000

CIpar Creek

901,905

997,940
800,000
877,380
961,840
490,000
8,458,500

Fall Creek

Fpathpr River

857,000
2,365,000

385,000
1,782,000

805,000
2,594,000

Mount Shasta - - - - '.-

10,139,350

4,780,050

2,564,550

Mnimt Whitnpv

2,358,000
1,350,000

737,000

326,500

North Creek

159.000

545,000

1,341,000

389,300

Tahoe

975,000
636,500
498,200

Ukiah

Totals

21,696,365

10,876,350

13,011,300

5,106,550

2,564,550

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

93

SUMMARY OF FISH DISTRIBUTION

, SEASON 1922-1923-Concluded.

Hatchery

Large
Lake

Cutthroat

Black
spotted

Mackinaw

Salmon

Fall Creek -

6,881,000

Fpather Rivpr

Fort Seward

169,950

255,950

146,090

4,174,550

-

190,000
825,000

80,000

24,440,000

Mnurif Tall'ip

190,000

North Creek

Tahoe

935,000

480,000

Ukiah

Totals...-

:M1!».950

255,950

816,090

80,000

35,495,550

RECAPITULATION, SEASON 1922-1923.

Trout - 56.527,105

♦Salmon.. 35,495,550

Grand totaL. - .-. - - 92,022,655

•There were 4,041.000 salmon hatched from eggs collected at the Klamathon station during the past winter and spring
that will not appear in the stati.stical report until the next biennial report of the Commission. There would have been
a great many more salmon eggs taken had not the racks been washed out by the floods.

94

PISII ANn 0.\ME COMMTSSION.

LICENSE SALES.
HUNTING LICENSE SALES, YEAR 1922-1923.

Counties

Total sales

Citizen

Non-
resident

Alien

Declarant
alien

A lameda

$11,802
116

887
4,548
1,123
2,368
3,115

745
1,726
11,100
1,777
5,113
1,400
1,291
7,064
1,853
1,447
2,029
41,928
1,580
2,046

284
3.725
2.702
2,710

307
3,062
2,695
1,229
4,383
2,722
1.322
2,986
6,752
1,130
4,823
8,267
18,453
6,551
2,682
1,842
3.518
6,759
3,256
2.563

209
5.075
2.949
7.786
3,998

833
1,960

981
6,128
1,945
2,906
2,379
2,129
90

$11,347
56

862
4,503
1,123
2.303
2,920
665
1.631
10,845
1,707
4.803
1.400
1,281
6,934
1,843
1,407
1,869
41,223
1,460
2,016

284
3,460
2,537
1,425

147
2.947
2,375
1,094
4,373
2,382
1,252
2,966
6,067
1,030
4,778
8,177
14,993
6,291
2.602
1,707
3,448
6,474
3.011
2.458

209
3,960
2,864
7,096
3,878

823
1,940

961
5,918
1,865
2.906
2.249
2,119

$30
60

$225

$200

Alpine - -

Amador _ - - _

25
25

Butte

20

Calaveras - ...

Colusa _ _ _ _

10

25

175

30

Contra Costa

20

Del Norte - -

80
70
10
50
10

El Dorado

25
175

Fresno.

70

Glenn . ...

20

Humboldt- _ _ _

150

150

Imperial

10

Kern

50

80

Kings

10

Lake _.-

20
140
100

10

20

Lassen.

20

Los Angeles

475
50

130

Madera . __________

60

Marin

30

Mem ocino _ . . . -

75

125

25

190

Merced

40

Modoc- - _.

1,260
160

Mono

Monterey

75
50
25

40

Napa _ _ .

270

Nevada .

80

30

10

Placer - ^ _ _ _ _

60
50
10
210
10
20
10
30

100

180

Plumas

20

10

Sacramento _ _ .

275

200

San Benito

90

25
50
1,300
100
50
25

San Diego ___

30

San Francisco _

2,130

160

San Luis Obispo

30

San Mateo

110

Santa Barbara

20

50

Santa Clara _

75
25
25

210

220

Shasta .

10

70

Siskiyou

640

125
25

450
50

350

Solano

60

240

70

10

Tphn.ma,

20

Trinity

20

Tulare

10
10

200

70

Yolo

10

50

70

Yuba

10

Reno Nevada

90

Total sales ,.

$239,149
226,381

$225,264
225,264

$3,310
331

$4,525
181

$6,050

Total number of licenses - _

605

Citizen, $1; non-resident, $10; declarant alien, $10; alien, $25.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNL\X, REPORT.
HUNTING LICENSE SALES, YEAR 1923-1924.

95

Counties

Total sales

Citizen

Non-
resident

Alien

Declarant
alien

Alameda . . -... -.

$13,140

128

849
5,239
1,038
2,414
3,273

966
1,657
10,469
1,849
5,435
1,138
1.377
6,737
1,674
1,498
2,082
54,047
1.469
1,950

281
3,805
2,639
4,226

255
3,914
2.715
1,215
5,199
2,813
1,456
3,867
9,174
1,224
5,133
8,725
19.370
6,314
2.891
1,956
3,690
7,007
2,320
2,591

268
5,272
3,049
7,802
4,099

887
1,671

968
5,868
1,959
3,044
2,412
2,318

$12,635
78

814
5,114
1,038
2,384
3,188

781
1,572
10,339
1,759
5,000
1,088
1,377
6,587
1,664
1.488
2,022
53,252
1,394
1,930

281
3,665
2,549
1,566

165
3,789
2,385
1,120
5,189
2,493
1,426
3,847
8,164
1,144
5,068
8,640
15,375
6,069
2,731
1,721
3,485
6,712
1,970
2,466

258
4,257
2,999
7,307
3,969

887
1,651

923
5,743
1,874
3,034
2,262
2,298

$30
50
10

$175

$300

Alpine

Amador. . .....

25
75

Butte

50

Calaveras . ..

Colusa

10

20

Contra Costa

25
25
25
50

60

Del Norte

150
50
10
90
20

10

El Dorado

10

Fresno .... . ..

70

Glenn

Humboldt. . ..'....

225
50

190

Imperial . . . .

Inyo

Kern . ...

10

50

90

Kings

10

Lake ....

10

Lassen..

30
130

30

Los Angeles ..

425
25

240

50

Marin-.

20

Mariposa

Mendocino.. ....

140

Merced . .

50

40

Modoc . .

2,640
90

20

Mono . .

Monterey . .

75
50
25

50

30
30

250

Nevada . . .

40

Orange

10

Placer

10

10

10

250

100

210

Plumas ...

20

Riverside ... . *

10

400

360

San Benito..

80

San Bernardino. . .

75
25

1,425
75

100
75
75

125
50
25

10

San Diego-

40
110

20

2,460
170

San Joaquin

10

50

San Mateo.. ....

160

30

100

Santa Clara

170

300

Shasta

30

70

10

Siskiyou ......

430

175
50

125
50

410

Sonoma.

10
20

360

Stanislaus.

60

Sutter

Tehama .

10

10

Trinitv

25

125

25

20

Tulare

Tuolumne ...

10
10
10

50

Yolo

50

90

Yuba

20

$260,846
246.299

$244,986
244,986

$4,380
438

$4,550
182

$6 930

Total number of licenses.

693

Citizen, $1; non-resident, $10; declarant alien, $10; alien, $25.

96

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

ANGLING LICENSE SALES. YEAR 1922.
(Sporting Fishing).

Counties

1 . ',.. sales

Citizen

Non-resident

Alien

.Alameda

$9,192

389

763
3,907

964

656
1,.522

5.58

2.098

10.765

633
5,128

371
2,778
3,008
1,145

578

1,5.50

31.734

1.203

1.011

315
2,416
1,216

884

782
1,790
1,679
2,014
2,213
2.456
2,036
1,818
8,.534

403
6,407
3,893
16,136
5,519
1,716

775
2,915
5.296
2.774
2.647

559
4,705
2,296
4,846
3,395

348
1,348

617
5,863
2,153
2,892

772
1,311

990
1,056

$8,895
134

757
3,817

964

641
1,498

540

1,963

10,222

606
4,927

371
2,661
2,963
1,088

569

1,436

31,077

1,170

1,011

315
2,371
1,204

866

383
1,775
1,661
1,807
2,201
2,267
1,895
1,755
6,755

400
6,380
3,866
14,816
5,102
1,686

772
2,897
5.248
2,696
2,563

523
4,2.58
2,170
4,726
3,374

333
1,-342

608
5,704
2,042
2,805

745
1,266

$6
240

$291
15

.\lpine

.-Vmador

6
81

Butte

9

Calaveras

Colusa -_ _ -

IS

Contra Costa

24

Del Norte

18
51
21

El Dorado

84

Fresno ^

522

Glenn

27

Humboldt . ....

18

183

Imperial

I rivo

66
9

51

Kern ... . .. _

36

Kings .

57

3

51

162

6

Lassen . ... .... .. ...

63

Los .\ngeles

495

Madera

33

Mariposa

Mendocino

45

Merced ... _....

6

18

333

3

3
81

6

99

48

12

141

6

Mono

66

12

Napa .

15

Nevada _

126

Orange . . . _.._.. .

6

90

Plumas

93

51

Sacramento .. ..

1,638
3

San Bernardino -_ . ... .

9

6

270

18

21

San Francisco

1,050

417

San Luis Obispo

6

24

San Mateo

3

Santa Barbara. . ... . .

9
3

9

45

Santa Cruz

78

18

12

264

66

Sierra ..

■ 24

Sisliiyou- _

183

Solano

126

Sonoma

12
6

108

Stani.ilaii.'?

15

Sutter

15

Tehama

3

3

Trinity . .

9

Tulare

15

18

3

3

6

990

138

144

93

Ventura . . . . . . .

84

Yolo

24

Yuba

39

Reno, Nevada . .

Yosemite Valley .

918

Total sales

$189,738
183,116

$179,805
179,805

$3,195
1.065

$6,738

Total number of licenses .

2,246

Citizen, $1; non-resident, $3; alien, $3.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL, REPORT.

97

ANGLING LICENSE SALES, YEAR 1923.

(Sporting Fishing).

Counties

Alameda

Alpine.-

Amador

Butte

Calaveras

Colusa .-

Contra Costa

Del Norte

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Lassen

Los Angeles

Madera.-.

Marin

Mariposa.

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc -

Mono

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer...

Plumas

Riverside .

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Francisco.

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo

San Mateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Sierra

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Trinity.

Tulare

Tuolumne

Ventura

Yol-

Yuba

Reno, Nevada

Yosemite Valley

Total sales

Total number of licenses

Total sales

Citizen

Non-resident

Alien

$11,849

$11,510

$18

$321

524

119

402

3

791
4,572

785
4,449

6

21

102

982

470

3

9

855
2,064

810
1,980

45

84

627

582

36

9

2,360

2,222

63

75

13,440

12.735

12

693

730
6,191

724
5,957

6

12

222

334
3,618

334
3,528

42

48

3,396

3,354

24

18

1,401

1,293

9

99

841

832

3

6

1,939

1,837

27

75

37,640

36,995

159

486

1,479

1,437

3

39

1,217

1,214

3

147
3,057

144

2,988

3

45

24

1,717

1,669

48

989

920

63

6

836

464

282

90

2,632

2,563

12

57

2,069

2,021

6

42

2,338

2,179

60

99

3,822

3.798

9

15

2,852

2.603

81

168

2,529

2,364

45

120

2.282

2,222

6

54

10,901

8,993

33

1,875

483
8,642

477
8,5-8

6

21

63

4,956

4.923

12

21

18,234

16,950

60

1,224

7.770

7,266

504

1.932

1,896

3

33

1 107

1,095

12

3,594

3,561

15

18

6,303

6,258

3

42

3,243

3.129

6

108

3,063

2.9.52

48

63

715

676

21

18

5,856

5,184

450

222

2 417

2 249

168

5,873

5,780

12

81

4,892

4,808

9

10

614
1,635

602
1.611

12

15

9

750

729

9

12

6,633

6,477

9

147

2,335

2,254

6

75

3 370

3,343

3

24

904
1,768

886
1,702

18

9

57

1,434

1,434

1.451

1,298

147

6

$232,995

$221,259

$3,768

$7,968

225.171

221,259

1,256

2,656

Citizen, $1; non-resident, $3; alien, $3.

7—34744

08

FISH AND CAME COMMISSION.

MARKET FISHERMEN'S LICENSE SALES.

Total sales, license vcar April 1. 1922. to March .U. I'.l23 $4t,720 00

Total sales, license year April 1. 192.3. to March .31. 1924... 41,230 00

License fee: $10 to all persons.

TRAPPING LICENSE SALES.

Total sales, license year .July 1. 1922. to .June .30. 1923 $3.1.36 00

Total sales, license year July 1. 1923. to June .30, 1924 2,597 00

License fee: Citizens, $1; aliens, $2.

FISH PACKERS- AND WHOLESALE SHELL-FISH DEALERS' LICENSE SALES.

Total sales, license rear .hilv 1. IU22. to .lune .30. 1923.- $1,170 00

Total sales, license ve.-ir July 1. 1923. to .June 30, 192t 1,240 00

License fee: Citizens, $5; aliens, $20.

GAME BREEDERS' LICENSE SALES.

Total .sales, license year January 1, 1922, to December 31, 1922.. $92 .50

Total sales, license year .January 1. 1923, to December 31, 1923 170 00

License fee: All persons, $2.50.

FISH BREEDERS' LICENSE SALES.

Total sales, license year January 1. 1922, to December 31, 1922 $45 00

Total sales, license year .January 1, 1923, to December 31, 1923 50 00

License fee: Ml persons, $5.

DOMESTICATED FISH IMPORTERS' LICENSE SALES.

Total sales, license year January 1, 1922. to December 31, 1922 $5 00

Total sales, license year January 1, 1923, to December 31, 1923 5 00

KELP LICENSE SALES.

Total sales, vear 1922 $10 00

Total sales, year 1923 - - None

License for term of one year fromjdate of issue. Fee, $10.

VIOLATIONS OF THE FISH AND GAME LAWS.

GAME CASES.

Violations. Hunting License .\ct

Deer— buy or sell: taking and possession, run with dogs, closed

season; failure to retain horns and hide; oyer bag limit

Deer — taking and possession does, fawns, spike bucks

Ducks — buy or sell; taking and possession closed season, over

bag limit .--.

Geese— taking and possession closed season, over bag limit...

Mudhens — taking and possession closed season

Swans — taking and possession

Shorebirds — taking and possession .--.---■

Doves — taking and possession closed season, over bag limit. .
Quail — taking and possession closed season, over bag limit...

Pheasants — taking, possession

Xon-game birds — taking and possession

Trespass ?---■

Shoot wild game from automobile, power or sail boat; animal

bhnd; illegal use of scull boat

Night hunting .

Game refuge — hunting and possession of firearms ------

Sage hens — taking, possession, closed season, over bag limit..
Rabbits — cottontail, brush; taking and possession closed

July 1, 1922, to
June 30, 1923

season

Grouse — taking and possession closed season

Pigeons, wild — taking and possession (no open season)

Squirrels, tree — taking and possession (no open season)...
Mountain sheep — taking and possession (no open season).

Violations — fur trapping regulations

M iscellaneous cases

Total game cases.

93

93
51

52
6
1

21
24
32
4
38
19

8
34
14

3

19
2

21
1
1
5
6

548

>

$1,483 50

3,310 00
3,055 00

2,060 00

150 00

25 00

465 00
665 00
1,117 50
250 00
990 00
195 00

220 00

1,000 00

290 00

225 00

435 00
25 00

895 00
25 00

250 00
80 00

140 00

$17,351 00

3-S

50

100
270

30

65

30

90

635

July 1, 1923, to
June 30, 1924

130

125
53

61

9

4

2

30

36

51

14

42

22

31

107

22

18

B-5,0

$2,040 00

5,493 00
5,175 00

2,845 00

175 00

45 00

50 00

825 00

880 00

1,425 00
635 00

1,360 00
470 00

885 00

2,650 00

375 00

500 00

50 00

100 00

100 00

70 00

75 00

$26,223 00

S 3

0.3

a"

v;

180
695

240

180
190

60

1,545

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.
FISH CASES.

99

Violations of Angling License Act-.

Violations of Commercial Fishing License Act

Trout— taking and possession closed season, other than hook

and line, over bag limit _ _

Black bass— taking and possession closed season, over bag

limit, undersized _

Sunfish, perch, crappie — taking and possession closed season.

Night fishing, illegal

Fishing — within } 2 mile of hatchery; within 250 feet of fish-
way ; off dams

Striped bass — sale: closed season; undersized; excess bag hmit
Salmon — sale: closed season; over bag limit; illegal spearing.

Crabs — taking and possession closed season; undersized

Clams — taking and possession closed season, over bag limit;

undersized

Lobsters— taking and possession closed season; over bag

limit; undersized

Abalones — taking and possession closed season; over bag

limit; undersized

Catfish — sale: undersized

Halibut — undersized

Barracuda— undersized

Sturgeon — possession

Nets, traps, lines — illegal use or possession

Obstructions in streams; failure to maintain fish screen

Water pollution, use of explosive to take fish

Failure to keep commercial fishing data; destruction of food

fishes

Illegal shipment — fish; shell fish

Miscelkneous cases ,

July 1, 1922 to
June 30, 1923

CD n,

72
44

128

17
14

16

47

5

20

96

28

85
2
3

10
2

44

Total fish cases.

654

>

$1,545 00
565 00

3,122 50

400 00
280 00
195 00

470 00
925 00
200 00
440 00

3,485 00

880 00

2,385 00

50 00

75 00

450 00

50 00

2,950 00

200 00

120 00

25 00

100 00

$18,912 50

3^

o 3

CO ^

2 «

95

195
50

210
240

183
'126

30

1,123

July 1, 1923 to
June 30, 1924

:! B

65
47

77

15

2

28

16
59
16
32

117

41

146
1

26
7
7

1

6

26

743

3 3 o

■a o-c

O _3

£.§.0

$1,415
580

2,836 00

950

20

595

225

2,035

550

665

3,940

1,885

4.990
20

240 00

1,965
150
800

275
1,155

$25,291 00

1°

200
20

360

180

1,800

120

90

100
'150

3,020

CASES JULY 1, 1922, TO JUNE 30, 1923.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June

Total

Convictions

247
18
22
9
3
6
3

247
28
34

208

2

18

2

258
16
24

960

Bail forfeited.

64

Suspended sentences ...

98

Pending

11

Acquittals

1

9

11

4

Dismissals.

7
7

9
13

31

Juvenile cases

34

Totals

308

323

252

319

1,202

CASES JULY 1, 1922

, TO JUNE 30, 1924.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June

Total

Convictions

302
27
25
3
7
4
5

424

10

26

3

5

16

6

323
9

16
5
5
6
6

235

7

34

1

1
2

1,284
53

Bail forfeited

Suspended sentences

101

Pending.

12

Acquittals

18

Dismissals

28

Juvenile cases

17

Totals

373

490

370

280

1513

]00

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.
RECAPITULATION.

Number

of
arrests

Fines and

forfeitures

imposed

Jail
sentences

(days)

Fish cases, 1922-1923..

Game cases 1922-1923 -

654
548

$18,912 50
17,351 00

1,123
635

Totals 1922-1923

1,202

743
770

$36,263 50

$25,291 00
26,223 00

1,758

Fish cases 1923-1924

3.020

Game cases 1923-1924 ..- -.-

1,545

Totals 1923-1924 . -

1,513

1,202
1,513

$51,514 00

$36,263 50
51,514 00

4,565

Recapitulation —

1922-1923

1,758

1923-1924 -

4,565

Totals -

2,715

$87,777 50

6,323

TOTAL ARRESTS FOR A PERIOD OF TWENTY-TWO YEARS.

1902-1904.
1904-1906.

550
774

1906-1908- 1.192

1908-1910 ---- l."l

1910-1912 2,063

1912-1914 1.993

1914-1916 2,087

iei6-1918 - 1.^97

1918-1920 1.891

1920-1922 2,258

1922-1924 - 2,715

SEIZURES OF FISH, GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.

July 1, 1922

to
June 30, 1923

July 1. 1923

to
June 30, 1924

Total

3,896

65

43

68

77
3
1,258 pounds
5

27

26

13

36

3,290

20

36

143

16

7

2,091 pounds

3

7,186

Geese -

85

Shorebirds -

79

Doves --

211

Quail -

93

10

Deer meat -- -

3,349 pounds

8

27

16

2

267

2

42

15

Non-ffame birds -- -

303

Sniiirrels -

2

3

3

40 pounds

40 pounds

2

2

9
1,075 pounds
38 pounds
10
5,664 pounds
1,420 pounds
650 pounds
11,888 pounds
400 pounds
140 pounds
97 pounds
7

9

Trout ..

2,857 pounds

146 pounds

52

3,002 pounds

2,123 pounds

1,050 pounds

12,906 pounds

3,932 pounds

184 pounds

Crappie sunfish perch -

62

8,666 pounds

Striped bass

3.543 pounds

Halibut

1,700 pounds

Barracuda

24,194 pounds

Snotfin croaker

400 pounds

254 pounds

177 pounds
31

40 pounds
4,501
4,112
5,011 pounds

711

260

170 pounds

394 pounds

Catfish -

274 pounds

38

40 pounds

Crabs ■---

11,362
8,431

1,759 pounds
1,652

15,863

Clams

12,543

6,761 pounds

2,363

Mussels

260

170 pounds

Smelts

19 pounds
72

19 pounds

Illegally used fishing apparatus, nets, traps

57

129

llleKallv used fishing apparatus, after condemnation in superior courts, is destroyed or sold by the board in accordance
with the law. All wholesome fish and game is donated to public and charitable institutions, from whom many gratetul
letters of acknowledgment have been received.

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

101

CALIFORNIA FISHERY PRODUCTS.

CANNED, CURED AND MANUFACTURED FISHERY PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA FOR THE YEAR 1922.

(Compiled by the Department of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Game Commission of CaUfornia.)

Canned.

Species of fish

Size of cans

Northern

California

district, cases

Monterey

district,

cases

San Pedro

district,

cases

San Diego

district,

cases

Total cases

Abalone _

1-ib

2,037

1,014

20,570

134,249

11,677

5,208

5,223

8,222

11,789

205

3 051

Albacore

1-Ib..

4,315

18,089

4,865

160

24,885

i^Ib

152 338

}<-Ib

16,542

Bonita

14-lb

5 368

^-Ib

5 223

Fish cake (Kamaboko)

Mb

8,222

U-lb

11 789

Mackerel

Mb

205

Salmon

Mb. flat

J^lb. flat.

Mb. oval

4,162
15,338

4 162

15,338

Sardines

353,188
1,479

340,860

5,760

336

3,595

697,643

Ji-ib. oval

7 239

3^1b. square . .

2,559
20,986

2,895

^-Ib. SQuare

20 986

Mb. tall

78

78

Shad......

Mb

240
220

240

Shad roe

J^lb

220

Squid

14-lb....

137
9,011

45,939

21,211
2,512

13,727
7,455
3,711

14.400
5,823

137

Striped tuna

Mb.

2,977
63,012
8,210
873
7,827
2,275

11,988

}^lb.. . .

108,951

}4.lh....

29,421

Tuna, bluefin

Mb.

3,385

J^lb .

21.554

yi-lh

9,730

Tuna, vcllowfin

Mb. .

3,711

i^-lb

1,002

15,402

I4.\h

5,823

Tuna, unclassified

4-lb. -

635

31,153

127,919

78,419

315

3,336

635

Mb

5", 600'
400

31,153

>4-lb

132,919

K-lb.

78,819

Yellowtail

Mb..

315

i^lb

23

3,359

Totals..

19,960

356,704

873,144

183,918

1,433 726

Salted, Smoked and Dried.

Species of fish

Size or quantity

Northern

California

district

Monterey
Bay

district

San Pedro
district

San Diego
district

Total

Anchovy (salted)

Barracuda (dried)

Black cod (smoked) . .

Bonita (smoked).

Mackerel (dry salted).

Mi.\ed fish (dried)

Salachini.

Salmon (mild cured),
(hard salted).

(smoked)

Sardines (dried )

(dry salted),
(dry salted),
(dry salted).

(smoked)

Shad (mild cured)

Sea bass (dried)

Yellowtail (dried)

(salted)...
(salted)...

Fish meal

Oil.... _

Estimated value of pack.

Number of employees

Value of packing plants..

Tierces

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Barrels

Pounds

10-lb. tubs..
50-lb. tubs.-
50-lb. boxes.

Casks

Barrels

Pounds

Pounds

50-lb. boxes-

Barrels

Pounds

Pounds

Tierces

Pounds

Pounds

Barrels

Pounds.

Tons

Gallons.

98,760

1,571

163

1,086

3,000
200

8,000
104

3,000

28

Missellaneous Data.

396

14.743

1497,374

400

$1,396,400

2,299

281,115

$1,974,591

1,253
$1,553,500

24,000
98

425

211,700

12,800

50
32,730

5,373

244,310

$5,742,591

2,362
$5,101,846

5,000

172,000

600

11,000
55,000

959

6,882

$1,318,202

812
$1,070,200

5,000

98,760

24,000

98

172,000

3,000

200

8,000

1,675

163

1,086

600

3,000

425

211,700

12,800

28

11,000

55,000

50

32,730

9,027

547,050

$9,532,758

4,827
$9,121,946

Note.— Some .\lbacore included in Tuna, unclassified. Tierces— 800 pounds net. Barrels— 200 pounds net.

102

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

CANNED, CURED AND MANUFACTURED FISHERY PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA FOR THE YEAR 1923.
(Compiled by the Department of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Game Commission of California).

Canned.

Species of fish

Size of cans

Northern

California

district, cases

Monterey

district,

cases

San Pedro

district,

cases

San Diego

district,

cases

Total cases

Abalone

1-lb....

2,237

662

18,173

173,206

18,122

397
13,763

458
28,283

2 899

Albacore

1-lb

10,919

67,953

9,142

29,092

241,159

27,264

397

i^lb

»^-lb

Bonita

Mb

}i-lb

69

13 832

Ji-lb

458

Fishcake (Kama boko)

K-lb

28,283
271

Mackerel

1-lb

271

Mackerel, filet

1-lb. oval

3,783
3

3,783
3

J^lb. oval

Salmon

1-lb. flat

J^lb. flat

1-lb. oval

6.629
12,385

6 629

12,385

Sardines

580,464
520

7,603
473

1,925

488,885

19,215

1,088,564
520

1-lb.taU-.

J^lb. oval

103

1,311

1,621

26,058

9 017

H-lb. square . .

2 094

J^-lb. square . .

2,085

1,179

581

30 068

Sardines, kippered

1-lb. oval

1 179

J^lb. oval

581

Squid

i^lb

1,759

1 759

Striped tuna

1-lb

4,197
105,781

25,824

571

72

1,548

27,698
2,630
1.924
7,246

91,070
8,644
1,061
1,948

20,405

10,539
1,029

4,645

50,637

8,144

201

405

2.697

19,373

99

8 842

}^lb....

156 418

}4-\h

33 968

Tonno . .

i^lb. .

772

i^-lb .

477

Tuna, bluefin..

Mb

5,245

Ji-lb

47,071

M-lb

2,729

Tuna, yellowfin

5-lb

1,924

Mb. .

3,903

58,482

1,977

11 149

i^lb

149,552

34-lb

10,621

Tuna, unclassified...

4-lb. .

1061

Mb ..

965
7,525
1,299

2,913

M-lb

27,930

M-lb. ..

11 838

Tuna flake....

Mb....

1,029

H-!b

237

300

937

3,863

237

K-lb

300

Yellowtail

Mb....

1,425
1,489

2,362

i^lb

5,352

Totals

19,014

595,252

1,064,784

301,977

1,981 027

1

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

103

CANNED, CURED AND MANUFACTURED FISHERY PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA FOR THE YEAR 1923

Continued.

Fish meal

Fish oil- -

Estimated value of pack...

Number of employees

Number of plants operated.
Value of packing plants

Salted, Smoked and Dried.

Species of fish

Size or quantity

Northern

CaUfornia

district

Monterey

Bay

district

San Pedro
district

San Diego
district

Total

Pounds

42,264
1,415

42,264

Bonit^ (salted)

Pounds - -

5,384

10,000

390

6.799

10,000

Mackerel (salted)

200-lb. barrel

390

Pounds . .

6,889

1.075

335

1,730

6,889

Mullet (salted)

Pounds

1,075

Rock bass (salted)

Pounds

335

Rock cod (salted)

Pounds

1.730

Sablefish (smoked)

Pounds

9,461

9.461

Salacchini

50-lb. tube . .

600
28,000

450

6,000

91

571

1.171

50-lb. boxes

28,000

21-lb. tins—

450

10-lb. boxes

6,000

Salmon (mild cured)

Tierces

1.320
151.400

1,411

(smoked)

Pounds

151.400

Sardines (mild cured)

Pounds

16,000

200

320,451

16,000

(hard salted)

Barrels

24

224

(hard salted).

Pounds

320,451

Sea bass, black (salted)

Pounds

8,557
2,957
1,740

8.557

Sea bass, white (salted)... ..

Pounds

2,957

Sea trout (salted)

Pounds

1,740

Shad (mild r-iired)

Tierces

116

116

Squid (dried)

Pounds

99,000

99,000

Yellowtail (salted )..

Pounds

173,104

173,104

Mixed fish (dried)

Pounds...

69,718

69,718

Miscellaneous Data.

Tons....
Gallons.

420

19,093

$533,768

366

25

1988,965

3,386

557.460

$2,936,466

1,015

16

$1,261,193

4,216

346,883

$7,898,734

2,605

20

$2,862,609

1.216

28,452

$2,671,873

1,076

9

$960,750

9,238

951,888

$14,040,841

5,062

70

$6,073,517

104

PISH AM) (i.\MK fOM MISSION.

Mexican,
brought into
California

,">

• o

'U3

S-!

• C^l C^l . M c: oo

' oo -^ ' r-* op oi

• to *-<^ I eo S —

Total

^ M -M QO

oo ':D O -^
" COCCOi

oc »c -r cc iM — oi :o o -r
^- M — o;' oo' fo' :o' w5 :o oo'
CC»OlM'^ — OOcDC^ — ':o

' O O 00 ' CC iC 30 — oo CI

^ 92 ;? ' — -r o ci ci --0

■ CD O ' »o Ci "M '.O -o r-

00 CI

CO 00

, -f -^ 00 — •— '^

, I - QO « -^ 00 !0

, *0 ffO »c -^

-J. -f. -f. O "M '^ -♦< -r Oi O O C-1 CI O — ' '^

^ nS 3 15 :5 QC "^ -^^ '* » -f <^- ■^i -- e^ rM

^ ^. " ^. ^. ■". "^, "l '^. <^- '^' --c -f »o cJ iS

-1- ij. i>- -c ,— , -* oo'tcj'o oT— 'co cj'c*D !X>'r— "

^S ^ — S^PSrSI^Ci-^OOOO-^-^M

M CI — Ci

San Diego.
Imi>cnal_.

Orange.

Los Angeles.

ca t*. CO

C^l C3 CO

o (s- eo^

p:oi^

t— CO CD

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

00

CO t c^ "^00

>-* , CO

— CO

I tDOO
• CO CI

coco
oco

-^ OS

00
cd'o"

iOOC
W CO

^^ t . o

'(^cob-

' r-. Ci CO
> iCM 1— r

'" .2 Monterey.

QC

O

o
o
o:

Q.

>■

cc

UJ

I

C/5

CO ro '-' i£5 ic :D
CO CO CO CO ** o
CJ -*■ O — CO -—

i OCD

1 llr^c^

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i ^ GO

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, CI CO

o

o

Santa Cruz.

g- San Francisco,
Q San Mateo__

^^ E

I

CO
UJ

oc

oc

o

<

Alameda,
Contra Costa,

E
cs

C

Sacramento,
San Joaquin.

Tcliaijia.
C'uiuria. Glenn.

o j Solano, YoIo_

Marin _

Mendocino,
Sonoma Lake.

Del Norte,
Humboldt-

r-- ^- CO C3

•— ' C5 CO O

10 csrooio

I COC5 1 tb-
r C: CD I ■ CD

I O CO CO
' O 00 -^
1 O O CO

ClOCi
CI CO CI
CI oc CI

— CD

CO cs

»0 cs

O cs
cs ■-*«
t^ CO

' GO ci CO -r »io

' — o -r o cs

»o o o r^. 00 00

CO CD CI 00 O CO
CI CO C^ 10 CO

^ OS

r^ 00 t/^ -^ -f »f

cs CO c I — CO 00
•^__ O 00 CD 00 O
co'cii^'co'— ''^

— CO eo 'rj' CI

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cq . ci ■—

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cs -O -H

— " ; o'-^*

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1 1— CO I CD c;

1 oo r* 1 CO lO

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■ 00 CO

I QO -^

1 c<i r- c;
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■ C^ rf -^

icd' 1-r

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t>- Cfl

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I O iC<

cs OS 1— ' »o OS

CI t^ I--. *f 00

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co'co'd'co'co*

-r 00 00 ■-*< o
CO ;o ic Cs cs

Cl_ 00 CO t^ cs

Cs -t" r^' ci -^
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CI CO — '

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CO 00

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wseo
Oco

^^

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1 £

I, 3 c! ca C8

iS^U

t»M

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

105

■ r^ — <M

COOO — — -M^-OCS

cD_ ^ c»^ t~^_ c; — ■^_ — _
»o oo' ^ »c'" -m' ?o o" ■^'"

»>-. ^ — 00 ^ '-O

. QO 1 — r* -^

. ooco

1 O M

s ^oo

— CI o
CS OS O
•-* <M O

CtOlQOfMrOCJr-CCOO

■^ oo CJ o o o »— _-^,c^j_

c^i' ^ — " ic* — ■' -t"' t^ — ' ,— ,

t^ — o oo Cvl ^ o

C-1 —'

CO

:o ■-* o
O<£>00

lO »CQO
T}< rr -^

fj< — (N

oo

'^ ^

CC CO

OS t—

Oi CO

■^ -^ -H O C^ 00
C; O c; ^ :c 00
CO *^ (M C^^<M, ^0_

re •-''lo'co'co* oo'

C<» oo CO CJi ■* C5
lO .-'CO

> CO 00 C^ »C C5

I r* CO t-- 00 oo
ico^c;_QO_oqoo^
! .-i"co"ai'":o »«
CO :o •-■

OK ^ CO

^4 .^ -Tf

o^woo_

00*^0*
CO — 00

coooi>-

^t« »>- —

TT coco

OlCOO

1 C^ U3

I4C O

I co»«

coco

OOOCS
OiOOCO
coco 05

ooo

-hOO

OSUd

CO r^

s

W3 3iCO CI
[^■^50 0

COi-* w*c
lo'i-^'wso*

*-i CiOO

OOCSI

o —
ICO

1 r* CO

'CO 00

|S"2

— CO

CO

o

"S

us

^ ;. o

»C CO

OOCM

oi*o

COi-H

-3

o

cd

3

C>

-n

fl

c

o

n

N

o

a.'^

c

o

C3

!t

o

n

n

O

kO to

UD05
CO'*

coco

^00

a. X :/: X :

"S

O

tC

33 J^ ! — -S

2:3

£.5f^;_

S = 3

3 3 S

S = ? ? =

E :i — ."^ ."!:^ _2 «

_ _ t i I r,

■>^ J I S S 2-

i i s 5 -^^ < 5 5 5 S :

HZ

■3 S a'> s >^_S

•^ w ^ 3! M

J C o 3

=3-3

] ( l()

FISH AND (;.\.Mi; commission.

Mexican.
broiiRht into
Cahfornia

-- 1— . ICO • 1 "t^ * lie I ■ '00 1

TO • uo ' it^ " • ■ -^ ■ ' r«. ' 1 .CO '

<0^ 1 r-^ ii^i.i i.^^rii^Mi

'=s* I '^* I I =o 1 I 1 ! I I I I c^" I

'^ :i : is i ; i i ■ i i is •

■ oj" 1 ■ ; ' ; ' ' • • 1 '•

^.tn ■ 00 TO

W Ci ■ — TO

— -r ' c^_ CO

oo'oo' ! -t'co'

TO 1 CC TO

13.138
29.230
17.894

151,255

560,962

30.915

Total

12,488,199
307,074
5,135,824
146.378
1,004,,3.52
478.771
148.607
129.286
150.350
407,300

188"

508 780
360,363

'78,969"

1,514,699

9,503

383,950

403,435

3,553,951

i"d,6o7"

320,019

4,621

19,780

328.039

3.777.648

538.292

7.090,260

1,. 363,9 II

158,159,356

60,406

75,740

1,778.663

3.345

72.095

403.787

809.501

San Diego.
Imperial

t^ ICO t tco 1 > '(M .00-^^0 t .(35 i-^CiOO '-^r^

-•r ici ' i'^ ' ' '00 'oo^^ I 'CO 1 — — c^i i<ic5

OS_ 1 ■*_ ' 1 OO^ 1 1 1 TO^ ' ^^ !M — '_ 1 1 0_ 1 IC 1^ oo ' »C -^

c^" I ■*" I I o" I I I to" J —"I Ii>** 1 (ccToo" ! Cl'rr

cs ;r^ I ; III , M ; ;^ ; ci i

TO ; ; I ; ; ; ; III I

OOOCJ

TO__c;_co_
co'icco

— CO

— 00

' ■ i/t OC c; »c 0 1 ' •

i ii""^"^ i i i

J ;*« II'

Orange

-*''OOi'00 Oil

W3iCOii<r«''ii'iitii-^<

t>- 1 r^^ » I 1 1 1 ( 1 r^ 1

I oo" ! I I I I I I I I I I I c^" I
I"^ I 1 I 1 1 1 II I I I I»« I

r 00 1 t Ci

is i i

C5_00_

o'cq"
10

1 ic »c c; cioo ' 1 ' 1

1 Tt<l^ WJCOfM ' 1 1 •

1 N t^ 00 ■*_•'■ 1

I ■*" I I I I
1 ^^1111

Los Angeles

CS CO C5 1 tco t <M»0 ' lO 1

'(fr^ifo 1 t^ 1 . 1 1 1 ic^-*j« 1 1 ITS .

CO_CR_00_ 1 1 !>._ 1 1 I 1 1 1 U^JO^ > ' »0_ 1

-*"r^"co" I I '-'" I I I I I I '-«"*o" I I ■^" I
>o CO I I -^ I J I , , I 11^1

oo" •*" 1 1 I I I I I I II I

C5CO 1 »OCi

o'-f' ; »c

CO "O , CO

— r^ -^

<* »0 CO
i-O — uO

^'to'oi'

C) TO_

f C^ C: TO UOCD 1 ' 1 1
1 CO — 01 0 CS ' 1 t 1
.CO^.CO^O I . . .

' o'TO*Tr'»o 0" I I I I
, — ' 0: "^ cor* \
\ '^ CO I I I I

; ?s -■;;;:

San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

|iCO'»«OOti«iiiiii'»Ci

'iCiiCMOOiiii CO.

• iCOiOOC^iiiiiiiiiiC^i

I I— ^' I o'c^' I I I I I I I I I Ico I

II I ' I 1 I 1 I I I . Ico I

COC^ 1 ' 0

Cq — . lOO

0 1 lOi

«0 I I

! — TO

.TJ^OO

iO»0
I«'t^'
I «3

IcoO 'COO 1 1 1 1
.coco • Ot>- 1 1 1 1
1 — . 0_ ' l>'_00_ .III

I i-T I c^~as' I I I I

1 1 "* I 1 . 1

Monterey

dtOCMCr. OlO ' iTOl^ ' "UO ' 1 "CO 1

— ' — ockcri'Tj ' 'Tfi^ 1 lO > ' ico '
— ^r~. -rooTO 1 looco i ico i i ico i

L-f-^'ci'd'TO" : ;— 'to" I Ico" I I i-^" I

OC !M50 I,COC5,, ,11 I

t^ -- . 1 C^J

or-- 1 ' 0
C^ CO ' 1*0

o'o" I I (m"

CO In-J-OC^fM 1 '000 1 1 1

0 1 — cooaot^ ' 'C^^co 1 1 1

— 1 CC -^ 0 0 CO 1 . -JD 1 1 1

; --o'cT^i'c^i'o-f I ' III

Tf — OJ c^ I

; t-^ Tf 0 ; I III

; S : : : : :

Santa Cruz

11(>,919
257,704

28,693

""5Y.382"

1.345

8,737
3,427

188"

50.848
944

1,884

r^ irroccOUtiC ' "Ci 'Ci ' I
00 lOOCOTO — t-- < 1-^ iTj* 1 1
^^ i C-3_C^] TO C^ 04 1 1 TJ* » 11

' c^'ci'to'dT I Ic^" I 1 !
-M cvj c; TO
, c>^ CO TO ^ II I I ;

San Francisco,
San Mateo

.icco iO'<*'^ .-**<M 1 .'-Hoo "C30 t»io».o-?' ' .r--'+ioo iicoootj*-3« 1 luo ior^»o

lOOiC lOitr^ -^ iTO^ ' icr, 0 iCOO iOOTOt* ' .OOC~. -- 'C:Cr;-^00 1 'lO rt^W

1 0^ t ciic — _ ' ^.^ ' '°^. ^. '^l". ''"".'"^ ' ' ^i — 'TOL'^r-z^oo 1 . *o !-*_
I ^* I ic' a-' Ico'—* 1 1 06 c^' 1 0 ci" ' d" ' 'to" 1 to'oc'to'o'oT ! lo loo

,00 ,■* ,TOC^,, — »0,t^^-,:0 .1^ .OOC". 00fMCO,»— i.C^J
■ ^ 1 iCoI,"^'^, ,<N I, l^-— "^^C^l^TO I I I

Alameda,
Contra Costa, ..-

> 1 1 1 i icoci i • t ir^ 1 1 1 1 ir» 1 . 1 it-tM 1 . .

, 1 1 ■ 1 rCO-rJ< 1 1 t 1^ till lOO -1 1 i 1C5I-- 1 1 1

t — (M 1 1 1 . — _ 1 1 1 1 1 0^ • t 1 1 r- 1 1 1

I I I I I 1 00 co' I I I I cq" I I I I I :d I I J I eo" I I I

I I I ; I liocq I I 1 I'-' 1 1 1 1 ,« 1 I I 1 ! 1 i

TO J I \ \ I ' C-- — 0

s ; : : 1 ; :£h2

— I I I I I 1 1^ TO ^^
C3 COCO sC"
<N I I I I I I TO CO

Sacramento,
San Joaquin

ili.ii — Oiii'ii'iiCO
ifiiii-^^TOiii'ii'iiO
1 > ■ 1 1 1 co_co_ t uo_

I ! I ! ! 1 ^'^ I I 1 I I I I I I <^"

I I I ; I Icoio I I ; ; I I ; , ,

• . 1 • > t^ 1 1 1

; : : : ;s I ; ;

S \ \ \ \ I ' CM TO 00

g_ I I I I I \~^;z^

t; 1 1 1 1 1 I c^ CO

Tehama,
Colusa, Glenn...

•<»< 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 • 1

00" I I ! I I I I I I
=0 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1

Solano, Yolo

iiiiiit^COiii'Oiiiii

t *0(Miiii^Hiiiii

1 1 1 1 1 1 CM_00 1 1 1 1 (M_

I I I I I I co" I I I I co" I I I I I

1 > 1 > CX)^H 1 1 1
1 1 1 lO— 1 1 1 1

CQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 >n ;.c 00

aq_ 1 iH ?5 c^_

"^^ I I I I I I ^"r^'o"

f~ -* — '
■^ 1 ! I 1 1 ' ^^

Marin

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IC4 1 t'^ 1 i tOi ikO 1 1 > >0O
, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ICO 1 iCSJ 1 T i»0 <TO 1 1 1 .-<*<
1 1 1 1 > 1 1 I ICO 1 1 ^H 1 1 iC^ lO 1 1 1 11— I

i i ; i i i i i i : ; i ; i ;i5 i ■ i is

d 1 1 1 lo 1 I 1 i
04 1 1 t 1 Csl 1 1 1 •
— _ 1 1 1 iO_ 1 ■ P 1
-h" I I I J to" I I I I
C^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 p 1

Mendocino,
Sonoma, Lake...

I I 1 I I Io-«*« I« I I I I I '^ '

iiiiiiOOOOiCOii.iii«Oi
iiiii. — OO'^ii'iiiTOii

! ! ! t ! I<No" Ico" I I I I I loo* I

I I I I I I i-i W3 I I 11 1 1 1 I

1 • 1 1 1 1 . 1 . r . p 1 1

i i§

1 1 sO

b. 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I 1 1

!0 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 P 1
00 1 ■ . . r . ■ 1 1

=«" 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 I

00 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

Del Norte,
Humboldt

I t 1 iTO ' 1 1 ' <M » 'OO I t ICO 1— I 1 1 it^
1 1 1 ,.-4 1 1 1 1 -H 1 ICO 1 1 iiO i^^r 1 I 1 1^^
^^ 1 1 C^ 1 1 iT-i rOO 1 1 1 iCO^

I ! I ! I I 1 1 CO* I I '*" I I I '^" I CO I I I I co"

III! 'IiI'^i.'~'IIi'^i IIII"^

1 1 10

1 100

1 I"""

U5 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P >
C^ 1 •

o' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

C5 I .

C5 ;

•3

1
*s

a

Uiji i i illj iiJ-d iJi,

< < 55 ffi eq CQ C 0 c; 0 Q W fe 0 0 K S X S

Sahiiiiii

Saniial)8

Sanlirics

Scul|)in

Sea Bass — Black

Sea Bass —White

Sea Trout-

Shad..

Shad -Buck

Shad— Roc

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNLlLi REPORT.

107

»0 I '*4C OS

.-H OS o 00 o c;^ic_eo co

^ffO O" OO" "5 cc" Oi"

CO CO r^ Oi Qo -^ o

i-<iftt^ O Oi

or*

.0^00
OS --<

o

co'i-^'oo'qo '

C^ «-' <M

Tf M -^

■ QO ?0 CO lO
- — O Oi -*

-'r^'^'oo'o*

Oi -^

00 -H 'Tt* t— OO 00 »C CV|

io oo cc — -^ '^ c; c^

cc_ CO — '_ <— _ o^ c;^ o_ M_

o" io" ic* r^' cc* o"

"t) ro c^ fc 00 ^H

« oc

— CO

»^

C^ C^l ^

to CV5

c^ o

OOO

c^ to

.-H Oi

r>- o 00 oo »o

CO O O -^ "^
t-- CO '-^ ^^

< ec OS

iI^Oi_
OsO

OS -^ CO

oo«o
oo c^ ^

I >ooo

I OS QO
it>.CO

i«000
OS "^ ^*«

»o t^ -^

OS OS OS CO «-H
1^ <-" CO OS CO
CS^O 1^ t^ OS

ioco'":)'" -»«"co

CO

iceooo
^_^co_ os_
r^'oo' cm"

<M ^ CM
^< OO CO

OS cor*

OS-* o

O CO r^

CO'co'c:,'
CJ iC I-

cc

I s

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1.

O CO
OOCM

OCM
O -«»<
CMOO^

os'co
cot^

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CMI^_

cm'cm"

CI

a

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c

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CM O

s

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CMOOO

oot^or*

CM 00 00

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0-T3

73

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s

o»«»^

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O OS
CO ^
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CO CO
CM CO

g"

3 gS
to "^ ^

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3 3 3 2 — .•=:.■=:

g :i

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I I

= t^js^.a

^ a L. u.

3ca

^-„§ I I I IcS _„

t-S^JjS^js^ = = = >.>.-

M m"^ < w :^ :^ o 5 3 S o o"| '§,.2 fS c

_x-« p o t; b

]0^

FISIT AXn OAMK COMMI^^SIOX.

X

o
oc

<
S

o

I-

a.
<

a

hi

en
z
llJ
o

iij

CE
UJ

I

C/9

U
OC
bJ

o
u

>•
1-

Total

Miscellaneous

^1

OS CO
CO

CO

San Diego,
Imperial

CS05

•^t-eo

^co

ao^cfi-r

-*■ <N C^ CO CO »« -H

CO

Orange

"

1— (

03 1

*^

Los Angeles

CD C^

00 "

coco

oo

CO

-t< (M CO Tf i-H <N

00

CO

San Luis Obispo, "^ "
Santa Barbara,
Ventura

^ c^

^CC-T^

00t*<

«5

O-Ht-4

^c^

S"

CO
CO

1-H

Monterey

OS

co^-H-^rc^'ftC^

U5 0O

Tt<

CO(N

co*-^

CO

55

Santa Cruz

"

■<*<

"

"

— t —1

(M 1

CO

CO

San Francisco,
San Mateo

'"'

C^4

cq C^)

^cocsi

CO

««

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Mendocino,
Sonoma, Lake...

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Del Norte,
Humboldt

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CO

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TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNL\L REPORT.

109

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llJ

bl

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Total

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=s C^ (M lO »C -^

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ig

CO

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Imperial

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CO

Los Angeles

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CSI

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15

San Luis Obispo,
Sinta Barbara,
Ventura

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Monterey

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Santa Cruz

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San Francisco,
San Mateo

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CO

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CO

Contra Costa,
Alameda

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Sacramento,
San Joaquin

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Colusa, Glenn.-.

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Del Norte.
Humboldt

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0

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no

KISH AND (;aMI', COMMISSION'.

LION BOUNTIES.
Statemeni of Lion Bounties Paid by the Fish and Game Commission from January 1, 1922. to December 31, 1923.

1922

1923

Total
since 1907

.\laincda

"2
1

"2
4
7
2

10
14

17

21

"5

'7
22

"i

16

"i

"2
4

13

26
1

37

14
1

14
19
22
13
1

299

1

'i

1
2
3
3
1
10

"4

22

21

"3

1
5
9

17

5

"2

'3
3
1

10

13

11

2

16

'5

"4
11
15
11
8
1

225

2

Alpine

1

.\inaclor .. . . . . - - -

11

Butte

34

r^alaveras _ . _ - - . - - - - . - - - .

17

C ilusa 0

Del Norte - . . . .

21
107

Kl Dorado ________________________

78

35

Glenn » _-... _.

60

Humboldt . . . _ . . - . .

623

Imperial _. .- -.

2

Inyo _ - -.--_-----

12

Kern . .

193

Kings

1

Lake --------__--

169

Lassen .

9

Los .-Vngeles

76

Madera .^ -_--________ ____.

41

99

Mendocino - _ -

278

3

Modoc. ......

4

11

Monterey .. . . . . _ . . . .

157

3

Nevada .__ ^ __________..._

7

9

Placer

64

10

Riverside _.

45

1

SanBenito

42
38

San Diego _ ^_. __.__.._

48

2

San Luis Obispo

120

1

Santa Barbara , . - ,- -

158

37

Santa Cruz . ..... .. ...

4

Shasta

330

Sierra ......... ...

6

271

Sonoma

25

Sutter

10
2

Tehama . . . . . . . .

212

Trinity

324

172

118

61

Yuba . . .

5

Totals .-

4,169

TWENTY-EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

Ill

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

Comparative Stafpment of Income for the Fiscal Years 1922-23 and 1923-24.

1922-23
License sales —

Hunting --- $249,511 00

Angling - - 217,038 00

Market fishermen. 46,510 00

Wholesale fish packers 1,170 00

Fish breeders. 40 00

Fish importers 5 00

Trapping. — 3,119 00

Game breeders - -- 152 50

Kelp • 10 00

Total license sales $517,555 50

Other income —

Court fines - $30,803 00

Fish packer's tax 38.033 44

Fish tag sales 3,111 09

Game tag sales -. 7 01

Crawfish inspection , 210 00

.Abalonc inspection

Interest on bank deposits --

Sales of nets -- 140 00

Sale of launch. :. 60 00

Sale of typewriter 22 50

Sale of catfish -

Sale of automobiles

Sale of deer hides

Sale of two cabins , -

Total other income $72,387 04

Total income..- $589,942 54

1923-24

$251,182 00

191,252 00

43,730 00

1,245 00

75 00

2,596 00

232 50

$490,312 50

$52,748 85

50,921 01

4,8(H 99

60 81

10 00

235 00

463 75

27 00

100 00

375 00

41 00

70 00

$109,857 41

$600,169 91

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1922, TO JUNE 30, 1923,
OF THE SEVENTY-FOURTH FISCAL YEAR.

Function

.\dministration —

Commissioners

Executive offices.

Printing

Research and publicity

.\ccident and death claims.

Department totals

Commercial Fish Culture and Conservation —

Superi n tendonee

Inspection and patrol _

Research

Statistics

Market fishing license commissions

Propagation and distribution of salmon

Department totals.

Sporting Fish Culture and Conservation —
Superintendence

General patrol (40 per cent.)

Propagation and distribution of trout

Department totals.

Game Conservation —

Superintendence

General patrol (60 per cent.).

Department totals.

Tahoe camping ground

Grand totals

Materials

and
supplies

$346 32

226 71

$573 03

$137 24

4,694 25

200 65

676 02

6,674 27

$12,382 43

$362 62

1,067 36

26,730 12

$28,160 10

$1,601 04

41,601 04
$120 82

$42,837 42

Salaries

and

wages

$16,173 20
'"4",339"27"

$20,512 47

$10,381 .58

21,798 19

17,204 28

4,698 87

14,033 92

$68,116 84

$10,286 31
48,185 27
61,740 16

$123,211 74

$1,.528 06
72,277 90

$73,805 96
$659 25

$283,306 26

Service

and
expense

$546 35
5,737 46
4,149 13
695 28
2,702 43

$13,830 65

$5,398 05

6,756 84

2,166 35

158 51

482 00

988 80

$15,950 55

$29,828 78
31.126 46
23,498 76

$81,454 00

$36 564 91

46, 89 69

$83,254 60

$19 08

Property

and
equipment

903 78
370' OO"

$1,273 78

$219 37

194 74

314 13

5 25

594 50

$1,327 99

$6 25

268 93

5,938 80

$6,213 98

$403 39
$403 39

$197,508 88 $9,219 14

Total

$546 35
23,160 76
4,149 13
5,631 26
2,702 43

$36,189 93

$16,136 24

33,444 02

19,885 41

5,538 65

482 00

22,291 49

$97,777 81

$40,483 96

80,648 '12

117,907 84

$239,039 82

$.38,092 97
12J,972 02

$159,064 99
$799 15

$532,871 70

112

FISH AND G.V.MI-: COMMISSION.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1923, TO JUNE 30, 1924,
OF THE SEVENTY-FIFTH FISCAL YEAR.

Function

Materials

and
supplies

Salaries

and

wages

Service

and
expense

Property

and
equipment

Total

Administration-
Commissioners ...

$429 59
5,763 43

$429 59

21,637 15

7,253 52

5.346 62

569 04

Executive offices

$346 95

7,253 52

67 17

$15,489 97

$3680"

Printing

Research and publicity

4,375 00

__»

807 25
569 04

97 20

Accident and death claims

Department totals ".

$7,667 64

$236 99

2,221 31

608 22

616 35

6,478 11

$19,864 97

$7,495 00
20,943 23
12,290 81
5.078 38
11,424 96

$7,569 31

$2,729 13

4,977 90

2,102 20

80 83

1,145 02

$134 00

$1337"
100 49

$35,235 92

$10,461 12

28,155 81

15,101 72

5,775 56

19,090 07

Commercial Fish Culture and Conservation —
Superintendence

Inspection and patrol .

Research . .

Statistics

Propagation and distribution of salmon

4i"98'

Department totals

$10,160 98

$63 26

61 20

23,559 07

$57,232 38
$9,957 25

$11,035 08
$2,415 36

$155 84
$0 75

$78,584 28

$12,436 62
61 20

Sporting Fish Culture and Conservation —
Superintendence ..

Printing

Propagation and distribution of trout

52,425 58

8,948 28

122 16

85,055 09

$23,683 53

$62,382 83

$11,363 64

$188 35
78,261 14

$122 91

$97,552 91
$188 35

Patrol and Law Enforcement —
Prosecutions and allowances ._. . _

General patrol

$1,376 11

$117,499 16

$4 16

197,140 57

Department totals

S1.376 11

1117,499 16
$1,500 00

$78,449 49

$767 82

6,140 00

688 56

U 16

$197,328 92
$2 267 82

Fish and Game Conserv'ation —
Mountain lion hunting. _ _

Mountain lion bounties .

6,140 00
1,106 25

State Fair exhibit

$175 77

241 92

Department totals. _..

$175 77

$1,741 92

$7,596 38

$45,906 90
7 25

$9,514 07
$45 906 90

License commissions

Tahoe camping ground

$62 95

$813 00

883 20

$43,126 98

$259,534 26

$161,928 05

$416 91

$465,006 20

Comparative Balance Sheets at Beginning and End of Each of the Seventy-fourth and Seventy-fifth Fiscal Years.

July 1, 1922

June 30, 1923

June 30, 1924

Debits.
Available appropriated fund

$11 630 49

Warrants receivable. _.

$28,936 62

137 00

35,000 85

$47,587 34

3,602 00

87,536 87

1,069 82

52,206 00

435,841 50

271,010 00

67 3''7 79

Cash, state

17 911 75

Fish and Game Preservation Fund.

209 345 47

Accounts receivable

115 18

Bond deposits (licenses sold to agents) .

41.591 00
401,030 00
285,770 00

71 670 00

Unissued licenses available.. . ...

532 422 00

County clerks unissued license supplies

292 967 00

Fish tags

3,261 41
320 13

Game tags. .

Revolving fund

500 00

500 00

Total debits

$792,965 47

$899,353 53

$1,206,971 22
$1 012 92

Credits.
Appropriation for support .

Deficiency appropriation for salaries . .

102 00

Deficiency appropriation for support

10,515 57

Claims filed.

$28,936 62
35,137 85
41,591 00

686,800 00

$47,587 34
92,208 69
52,206 00

706,851 50

67,327 79

Accumulated excess income _

227 372 40

Liability for bond deposit. .

71,670 00

Accountability for licenses .

825,389 00

Accountability for fish tags

3,?«1 41

Accountability for game tags...

320 13

Revolving Fund liability to Board of Control

500 00

500 00

Total credits

$792,965 47

$899,353 53

$1,206,971 22

34744 12-24 2150