BV 2765 .P55 1906 Phillips, A. L. 1859-1915 The call of the home land

The Call of the Home Land

A STUDY IN HOME MISSIONS

By A* L, PHILLIPS, D. a

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The Call of the

HOHE LAND

S^ 2^ 2^ S^ S^ 2^ 2^ S^ S^ S^ S^ 9^ 2^

A STUDY IN HOME MISSIONS

By A. L, PHILLIPS, D, D*

CoPYKIGST hT

A. L. PHILLIPS. 1906.

Ifbtratwn

To the young: men and women of America, in collegre and out, v7ho "wo\ild yield up their lives to God at the call of the home land.

CONTENTS

Chapter. Page.

I. The Entrance and Spread of Christianity in

North America ^ . . . 15

II. The Advance Guard of Civilization: The

Frontiersman 31

III. The Stranger Within Our Gates: The Immi-

grant 51

IV. A Race Problem : The Negro in the South . . 71

V. Redeeming a City: City Missions 93

VI. A Problem of Isolation: The Mountaineers

of the South 115

VII. A Problem of Reconstruction: The Country

Church 133

VIII. The Making of a Boy : Boys' Club 149

Conclusion ,,..,.. •.,..,,.. 155

INTRODUCTION.

Most of the Christians in America will serve i. The God and die at home. Our restlessness causes us Problems to travel freely and often in our own country. Wherever we go in it we iind the Church of Christ at work. Just how it came to our shores and reached its present development and what part each of the great denominations has played in the conquest of the land are matters of the deepest in- terest to all intelligent persons. On every side problems press for solution. The frontier line is to be extended further into the wilderness, and civ- ilization must be established on the happy hunting grounds of savages. Into oux favored land there is pouring an ever increasing stream of foreigners of different languages and customs, all seeking to improve their condition. Scattered throughout the vast region which we call the South are millions of Negroes whose condition and prospects consti- tute a grave question. In our cities, great and small, dense masses of people are crowded in pov- erty, ignorance, and sin. In the Appalachian Mountains there are thousands of our brothers living in isolation without the opportunities to which they are entitled as free citizens. In many regions the country churches have been weakened by the removal of their members until their very existence is threatened. The multitudes of boys

9

10 The Call of the Home Land

in our towns and cities, driven to labor and drawn to vice, call aloud for the investment of thought- ful effort. Here and there our institutions are attacked by the teachings of false religion, as in the case of the Mormons. Throughout the whole land, but especially in our great industrial cen- ters like Pittsburg or Birmingham, the problems of the laboring man call for Christian statesman- ship. The drink curse is ever present with us, enslaving its miserable victims and then slaying them. Good citizenship does not shut its eyes or its ears to these matters. Every man is inter- ested in their solution. To the college man they appeal with special force, because he has been trained to investigate cause and cure. This little volume aims to present some of these problems, with hints at solution in the light of the cross of Christ for our young people. Before dealing with these problems directly, it may be wise to spend a little time in a thoughtful consideration of the best method for studying and teaching them. a. Collection -pj-^g jjgg^ method of mission study today requires

of material . . . .

certain material for reference and illustration.

Each leader, and as far as possible every class,

should have easy access to most of the books named

in this volume. By exercising forethought and

using the talents of the class, a number of charts

may be made, giving a graphic representation of

certain phases of the problem under consideration.

Each leader should make for himself a collection

Introduction 11

of clippings bearing on each subject, and he should encourage the members of his class to do the same. Strong envelopes properly labeled will serve quite well for this purpose. The introduction of curios will prove now and then of great interest. A well digested and carefully classified collection of leaflets will prove of the highest value. They can be gotten from the denominational Home Mission Societies or Boards at a trifling cost. An enter- prising leader will keep his eye on the magazines for fresh matter g,nd good pictures. A class is de- pendent on maps for giving history and biography a lodging place. This is emphatically a day of cheap and excellent pictures, which may be had from the picture companies, magazines, railroad guide books, and by use of the camera.

After the lesson has been studied carefully and 3' Prepara- the materials for illustration are all at hand, the leader sits with his class eager to pass on the truth which he has learned. He first sees to the physi' cal comfort of his class. If he be wise, he will have a few minutes of earnest prayer for guid- ance, several persons leading briefly. Entering the thought-world of his pupils, the teacher will bring forward some idea that is familiar to all and hold it before the class until each one is atten- tive. He gradually leads up to his subject and by skilful questions and suggestions he awakens in- terest. Holding firmly to what is known, he brings into vigw the pew thought close akin to it

12 The Call of the Home Land

Presenta- rj^^Q q^j {^q.^ welcomes its new-found kinsman and bids it be at ease in the mind. The new idea is now established and its qualities are described at leisure and in detail. In order that it may be- come living, it should be thoroughly illustrated in various ways. :

5. Aquisi- The class now takes the new matter up for seri-

^°^ ous consideration. It is divided into paragraphs, into sentences ; its objects and actions are separated and named. One statement is compared with another, or with other knowledge, and things that are alike are classed together. Then from this analysis, comparison, and classification comes a general statement of the truth to be taught. This statement should alw^ays be framed by the class with the aid of the leader.

6. Repro- In Order that the possession of an idea may be duction |^g^g(j^ reproduction is necessary. Pupils should

be encouraged to tell what they have learned in their own language, and for the sake of complete- ness and accuracy of statement it should be written now and then, r. Appiica- All missionary truth is acquired in order to stimulate action ; it is intended to move somebody to do something somewhere. It is necessary, therefore, that the truth acquired and reproduced should be applied. An act of teaching involves the enlightenment of the mind, the excitement of the emotions, the awakening of the conscience, and the action of the will. To stop short of the last step

Introduction 1^

is to miss a point indeed. Mission study should lead directly to prayer ; it should greatly increase giving and should surely multiply decisions for personal surrender to mission service as a life- interest and a life-service.

Get a clear viev^ of the object of this course of 8. Tie it up study : Make a complete collection of material for illustration — books, charts, clippings, curios, leaflets, magazines, maps, and pictures. At the appointed time, in a comfortable and quiet place, with attention seized and interest held, under the guidance of God's Spirit, present the lesson and illustrate it. After analysis, comparison, and classification, let your class form general state- ments and carefully reproduce them. Show how the truth applies to life. Thus you will really teach the truth, and have part in the noblest work given to the sons of men.

I

The Enteaj^ce and Spread of Christianity IN North Ajviekica.

At the beginning of the Sixteenth Century the i- condi- religious life of Europe was marked by ignorance Europe and corruption — ignorance as to the fundamental teachings of the Bible and corruption in public and private morals. Here and there one might see signs of awakening. Columbus' bold venture upon the untried ocean had been rewarded by the dis- covery of a new world, and soon Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru laid the foimdations of the Spanish Empire this side of the Atlantic. To the ITorth, John and Sebastian Cabot for the English and Cortereal for the Spanish had explored the coast from Labrador to Florida. Before the first quarter of the century had passed Magellan had rounded Cape Horn. The mind of Europe was filled with visions of new lands to conquer, and its horizon grew rapidly wider. ISTew people with strange languages, customs, and religions came into view on every hand. Here and there men dared to think, and the rapid progress in the art of print- ing gave them a new vehicle for their thoughts. Copernicus gave the world his new theory of the universe in 1543. Sculpture and painting through Michael-angelo and Raphael reached a rare de-

15

16 The Call of the Home Land

gree of excellence, while great cathedrals and monasteries showed marvellous skill in architec- ture. Martin Luther (1483-1546) broke the chains Avhich had held the church in ignorance and corruption, and laid the foundation of German literature, freedom, and evangelical faith by trans- lating the Bible into the lauiguage of the people. John Calvin (1509-1564) reduced the theology of the reformers to a system, and organized the forces tending to freedom. Henry VIII (1491-154Y) broke away from the tyranny of Rome and opened the way for the establishment of the reformed faith in England. In the Netherlands the fierce struggle for reformed faith and free government resulted in the expulsion of the cruel Spaniard. In France the reformed faith had reached such formidable power that to suppress it Catharine do Medici devised the Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572). In Spain the power of the papacy was absolute, and the Reformed were persecuted to death. 2. Begrinning At the time of the Jamestown, Va., settlement (1607) learning had revived in Europe, literature flourished, science had made great progress, the power of the papacy had been broken in England and Holland, while in France the Reformed faith numbered its adherents by tens of thousands. Spain was still in the power of the papacy. Men had here and there tasted the joy of civil liberty. So when men's faces turned toward America they

of 17th Centiiry

Entrance and Spread, &c. 17

carried witli them an advanced civilization, a knowledge of good government, and a thirst for liberty. Those coming from England and Hol- land, as well as multitudes from France, brought the Eeformed faith and an open Bible. Many from France and all from Spain brought the Ro- man Catholic faith unchanged. Wars, religious interest, and political oppression, combined with the love of adventure and the hope of gain to drive and to draw them forth to a new continent.

On the Island of Hayti at Isabella, in the year 3. Entrance 14:94, the Eoman Catholic Church consecrated its °/ ^^;^^"^"

. 1 /^ 1 • ^*^ Through

first chapel in the New World. On his second the South voyage, Columbus, who was himself a deeply relig- ious man, brought twelve priests and a vicar apos- tolic. Luther was then a lad of ten years, ajid Calvin was not born. Many of the early Spanish, Portuguese, and French explorers carried with them zealous missionaries. They took possession of new countries in the name of "the Church — the Queen and Sovereign of the World," to quote a favorite phrase. The Spanish first entered the continent of North America by way of Mexico, which was conquered by Cortez in 1518. Here the papal church established itself firmly; and from this as a center, missionaries were sent north, and a line of missions was established from Florida to California before the beginning of the I7th century. The oldest church building in the United States is San Miguel in Sante Fe, New

18 The Call of the Home Land

Mexico. These missionary movements present many scenes of unexcelled devotion, invincible pur- pose, patient toil, and sublime martyrdom. Un- appalled by the JSTew World barbarians, the emis- saries of the papacy hastened to bring them to her embrace. Her religious orders, with organiza- tions well adapted to missionary work, were already extended through many countries, and in the same epoch with the American discoveries the new order of the Jesuits, expressly intended for missionary labors, arose and hastened to achieve its earliest triumphs on the new continent. "Habituated to self-denial, a solitary man, with no earthly tie to make life dearer than the call 0/ duty ; a man who had renounced not only the luxi- ries, but most of the comforts of life, the Catholiv missionary, crucifix in hand, bearing a few arti- cles of church service, hastened to rear the cross* amid the scenes of idolatrous worship." 4. French Early in the 16th century France eagerly ei? ca^h^^s *®^®^ t^® contest for the exploration and posse^.- in the North sion of this country. In 1608 Champlain founded and es Qyg]3g(>^ and pushed his way to Lake Huron. Th', Roman Catholics, under French encouragemer and protection, established a line of missioik rather thin at certain points, from the mouth ol the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi. They undoubtedly hoped to control the whole east- ern half of the continent. Bancroft says in Shea's Catholic Missions in the U. S. : "It was

ant Begln- ningrsin

Entrance and Spread, &c. 19

neither commercial enterprise nor royal ambition which carried the power of France into the heart of our continent; the motive was religion. Re- ligious enthusiasm colonized New England, and religious enthusiasm founded Montreal, made a conquest of the wilderness on the upper lakes, and explored the Mississippi." "J^ot a cape was turned nor a river entered but a Jesuit led the way."

The Protestant faith did not get a permanent 5. Protest hold in America until the English colony settled at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Says Dorchester: i607 "This Virginia colony was a Christian colony in intention and in fact. The charter required the maintenance of religious worship; boroughs were erected into parishes, with glebes and other provis- ions for the clergy. The Assembly and the Gov- ernor were urged to civilize the natives and bring them under the influence of the Gospel, and Indian children were educated." In Virginia the Church of England was established by law. Here the Cavalier founded a miniature English court with its elegant manners, its royal prerogatives, its gayety, and religion of ease.

Driven from their homes in England by religr- Q- The ious persecution, the Puritans and Pilgrims sought Arrive in peace and liberty in the new world. Landing at ^^^^ Plymouth Eock in 1620, they gradually took pos- session of all New England. A close and reverent student of the Bible, a lover of religious and civil

20 The Call of the Home Land

freedom, a patron of learning, with moral stan- dards the most rigid, the Puritan made an indeli- ble stamp upon his section and upon the new conti- nent.

7. The Jn I;l2e Carolinas and Georgia there came for set- and Georgia tlement ihen of many creeds. Scotch and Scotch- Irish Presbyterians from Scotland and Ireland, Huguenots from France, Moravians from Ger- many, brought their creed, their institutions, and culture.

8. The In 1609 the Dutch entered New York, and then States passed into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. They

did not come because of persecution at home, but simply for wealth. They brought with them their Calvinistic creed and their established (Dutch) Reformed Church. Bold, enterprising, free, eco- nomical, they gave America an excellent type of federal union. Pennsylvania's population was originally Quaker, afterwards reinforced by the Scotch-Irish and Dutch. In Delaware there was an early settlement of Lutherans from Sweden.

9. The Driven by papal persecution from France, the Huguenots Huguenots came to America in great numbers.

They scattered over the territory of the original colonies. French in temperament and Calvinistic in creed, they made a most valuable addition to the religious life of the New World. 10. Roman- In the heart of the Protestant colonies of the Maryland Atlantic Coast the English Romanists in 1633 made a settlement in Maryland. "Landing on

Entrance and Spread, &c. 21

Blackstone Island, they offered the sacrifice of the mass, raised the cross as a trophy to Christ, and chanted on bended knees the litany of the Cross." To the enlightened policy of Lord Baltimore was due the fact that large religious liberty was here guaranteed to the settlers.

Whether the European Christian entered the ^^^ He'^then ISTew World by north or by south or between the two, he came at once face to face with the heathen Indian. At his door lay the problem of home and foreign missions united. The work of evan- gelizing these savages began at once. Romanist and Protestant alike preached to them, meeting with varying success.

A narrow, bigoted, medieval Romanism in the 12. origi- extreme ISTorth and South and West, somewhat Forces relieved by the more liberal sort in Maryland, stood side by side with the Puritan and Cavalier types of Protestantism, pledged to the conquest of the new continent. Both had the double task of win- ning the savages in the forest and caring for the ever increasing numbers coming from Europe. They are still engaged in the same work, while new problems incident to the progress of civiliza- tion have added greatly to the burden of evangeli- zation. We shall henceforth consider the spread of Protestantism alone, and because of the limita- tions of space shall confine the inquiry to the seven largest denominations. Baptist, Christian or Disciples, Congregational, Episcopal, Lutheran,

22 The Call of the Home Land

Methodist, and Presbyterian, overlooking the di- visions of each of these. The principal factors in this first religious struggle were the Baptists, the Congregationalists, the Episcopalians and the Pres- byterians, the Christians, Lutherans and Metho- dists coming into prominence later. 13. The YoT fully a hundred years after the settlement

First Prob- ^ -, n -, • •

lem at J amestown these lOur denominations were main- ly concerned with the problem of self-support. Churches were built in the seaports of the Atlantic at the very first, and, as the population extended westward into the wilderness, the Church went with it. The state of religion was low, although it was now and then quickened by a revival. As one of the results of the revival led by Jonathan Ed- wards in l^ew England in 1734-1740, the mission- ary spirit grew strong, and David Brainerd was sent in 1742 to the Indians. Perhaps the most re- liable estimate that can be found^ shows that in 1775 eleven denominations — including Romanists — in the United States had 1,461 ministers and 1,- 970 churches. At this time, the total population was 2,640,000'.

Deistominational Expansion".

^B "t^t ^^ ^ denomination, the Baptists became promi- Church nent first in Rhode Island in 1629, under the lead- ership of Roger Williams. In spite of fines, im- prisomnent, and other bitter persecutions, they con- tinued to spread. In 1775 they had 350 ministers

iSee Porcl^ester's Christianity InJthe U. S.- p. 256.

\

Entrance and Spread, &c. 23

and 380 churches. They have been characterized bj zeal for New Testament doctrine, for religious liberty and for missionary zeal. They take their place among the most aggressive of all Christian bodies.

Early in the 19th century, by a sort of impulse i5. The from three different sections of the country, a num- ^jgcfples °^ her of Christians came gradually together because church of a common belief in certain doctrines, and united into a denomination called "Christian," saying in their platform, "The name of Christian is the only name of distinction which we take, and by which we as a denomination desire to be known, and the Bible is our only rule of faith and practice." They have grown with astonishing rapidity.

Began their life in America with the landing of 16. The the PilgTims in 1620, being an extension of the tional^^^' English Independents. In government, like the Chiirches the Baptists, they are purely democratic, each church being independent of all others, though as- sociated for purposes of discussion, inspiration, and extension. For nearly a hundred years they were confined mainly to 'New England. Later they spread rapidly throughout the Middle and Western States, being honored of God as one of the chief agencies for the evangelization of the West.

This is an extension to America of the Estab- i7. The lished Church of England and entered America Episcopal through Virginia in 1607. In Virginia it was the Church only Church that had a legal existence and was

24 The Call of the Home Land

supported by taxation until 1716, although a ma- jority of the people were then "dissenters." The basis of its theology is the Thirty-nine Articles. It is governed by canon law, administrated chiefly through diocesan bishops. With the Romanists, Methodists and Lutherans, they represent the mon- archical forms of church government. Its princi- pal strength has been in the cities and large towns. It has become very active in missionary work at home and abroad. 18. The This historic Church, founded by Martin Luther, Church ^^^'^s represented in the Dutch colony of 1621, and its first building was erected in 1671. The first organization of ministers and churches was made in 1748. It is composed largely of immigrants from Germany, Norway, and Sweden, with their immediate descendants. Its creed was mainly formed from the teachings of the great reformer, while its government is episcopal.

10. The Under the leadership of John Wesley this MethodiBt r^-, •• , t . -.t-nr^ i f' t

Church Ohuren was formed m 1/39 as a result of a split

in the Church of England. Its thcologv is Armi- nian. It is governed under a code of laws called "The Discipline," whose administration is lodged mainly in the hands of bishops unconfined to a definite territory. Their first services were held in iNTew York City in 1766, and their first church buildiiig was erected in 1768. Their rapid spread over the whole land has been one of the most re- markable events in all church history.

\

Entrance and Spread, &c. 25

The Presbyterian and Eeformed Chiirclies 20. The trace their origin chiefly to Scotland and Holland, terianand Their doctrine and government are much the same. Reformed Together they represent the purest Calvinism, and stand for republicanism in government. The Eeformed (Dutch) Church was first planted in JSTew York in 1628. The first Presbyterian Church was organized on the Eastern Shore of Maryland about 1685. They represent the most conserva- tive type in American Church life.

It is thus seen that among the Protestant 21. Reiig- churches in America there are represented the great ^°^^ Types historic types of church-life. The Arminian doc- trine, represented chiefly by the Methodists, goes arm in arm with the Calvinistic represented chief- ly by the Baptists and Presbyterians, to the con- quest of our land. The three great forms of church government, the monarchical represented chiefly by the Episcopal, Lutheran, and Methodist churches, the republican, represented chiefly by the Presbyterians, and the democratic, represented chiefly by the Baptists and Congregationalists, are striving to bring the whole land into subjection to the Lord Jesus. Each has made a distinct contri' bution to our American Christianity.

In our country, in the unfolding of God's plans 22. The these various religious ideas, incorporated in living po^^^*^'^* organizations, have been brought to play upon its evangelization and up-building. The ideas, lib- erty of conscience, freedona in worship, a free

26 The Call of the Home Land

Church in a free State, organized spiritual democ- racy, the most unlimited freedom in the formation of opinion and its expression, came to us in various degrees of perfection from Europe. They have been modified and brought toward perfection by discussion and have been made unconscious ele- ments of our present day and every day religion. We have added almost nothing to the essential the- ology, government, and worship of the Church. With wonderful unanimity as to the essential teachings of the Bible, with forms of denomina- tional government varied enough to suit all temper- aments and shades of opinion and well adjusted to our ideas of freedom, with forms of worship at once free and reverent, American Christianity has made them all sweet with abundant toleration. Forced by the necessity of adapting an old and set- tled faith to ever-changing conditions of life, we have brought our Church organization to a rare degree of economy and efficiency. To-day the trend of thought is toward greater unity in essen- tials in order to economy and strength. The five ideas — ^freedom, toleration, organization , unity, and expansion — ^make American Christianity to- day. This type by virtue of its beauty and strength must be perfected by discussion and through the struggle incident to its life. Its power to produce an ample manhood entitles it to perpetuation. Loy- alty to Jesus Christ absolutely requires us to make it universal, Every Tnan and woman is called to

i

Entrance and Spread, &c.

27

this fruitful work by the Lord Jesus himself, who after planning the work will energize the worker by the power of the Holy Spirit.

The following table of Eeligious Denomina- tions in the United States, with 50,000 communi- cants and over, is compiled from statistics pre- pared by Dr. H. K. Carroll, for the "Christian Advocate." Jan 25th 1906.

Denominations

Ministers

Churches

Communicants

Adventists

1,665

2,499

95.437

Baptists

87,061

52,919

4,974,047

Catholics

14,104

11,6.37

10,915,251

Christian Connection

1,348

1,340

101,597

Christian Scientists

1,222

611

71.114

Congregational lets

6,059

5,9R8

687,042-

Disciples of Christ

6,475

11,033

1,235,294

Dnnkards

S.166

1,138

116,311

Evangelical Bodies

1.451

2,648

166,978

Friends

1,412

1,075

120,415

German Evangelical Synod 956

1,221

222.003

Jews

301

570

143,000

Latter Day Saints, (Mormons) 1.560

1,338

344,247

Lutherans

7,685

13,373

1,841,346

Meanonites

1,211

766

61,048

Methodists

40.278

58,659

6,429,815

Presbyterians

12,650

15,702

1,723,871

Protestant Episcopal

5,209

7,224

827,127

Reformers

1,970

2,536

405.022

United Brethren

2.185

4,407

274,012

Unitarians

547

459

71,000

Universalists

727

965

53,641

Ministers

Churches

Communicants

Grand Total of 43

Denominations

154,390

201,608

31,148,445

Questions and Hints. 1. A map of Europe at the beginning of the iTth century with separate colors to show the countries

28 The Call of the Home Land

where the Reformed and Roman Church predomi- ' nated. It would be best to have a member of the class make this map.

A map showing the distribution of the Protest- ant and Roman cluirches in the American colonies at the beginning of the ITth century.

Get pictures of Columbus, De Soto, Pere Mar- quette, Champlain, Martin Luther, John Calvin, of the remains at Jamestown, Va., of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass., of the San Miguel Church in Santa Pe, I^ew Mexico, and of other persons and places connected with the intro- duction of Christianity into America. Let some one of the class tell the story of each picture.

Give a brief account of the state of learning in Europe at the beginning of the 16th century; of government ; of religion.

2. What changes can be noted at the beginning of the I7th century? ^ATiat effects had the discov- ery of new lands upon religious thought?

3. Where did Christianity enter the United States ? When ? By what Church ? What con- nection between discovery and religion ? Trace briefly the spread of Romanism in the South.

4. Sketch briefly the introduction of Romanism into Canada. What was its probable purpose in extending West and Southwest ?

5. When did Protestantism enter America ? Where ? Under what form ? How far did religion enter into the plans of the Jamestown colony ?

Entrance and Spread, &c. ^

6. Give some account of the origin and settle- ment of the Pilgrim colony in Massachusetts.

7. What religious types first entered the Caro- linas and Georgia ?

8. Where did the Dutch first settle ? The Scotch- Irish ? The Quakers ? The Lutherans ?

9. Where did the Huguenots come from ? What brought them to America ? Where did they set- tie?

10. How did the Romanists who settled Mary- land differ from those who settled further South?

11. Discuss the religion of the American In- dians.

12. WTiat religious types first appeared in America ? What was their common task ?

13. WTiat was the first problem given Protestant- ism ? What was the state of religion early in the 18th century ? Who was the leader of the revival ? What missionary went to the Indians as a result ?

14:. Sketch the origin and growth of the Baptist Church in America. Discuss its distinctive mes- sage.

15. Do this for the Christian Church.

16. Do this for the Congregational Church.

17. Do this for the Protestant Episcopal Church,

18. Do this for the Lutheran Church.

19. Do this for the Methodist Church.

20. Do this for the Presbyterian Church.

21. What religious ideas first entered America? How have these ideas been affected by American

30 The Call of the Home Land

discussion? What five ideas make American Christianity to-day ? Discuss these ideas more fully. What is our duty towards this religious type? Is the task possible? Why? What part are you taking in your church work in order to in- crease its efficiency ? What can you do to help the church life about you ? If all church workers were like you what would be the condition of your church to-day ? Are you prepared to take the place you are entitled to by reason of your birth and education? Are you helping or hindering the growth of the church?

BiBLIOGEAPHT.

Outline of Universal History. Fisher.

History of the Christian Church. Fisher.

Any standard history of the United States, such as Bancroft, McMaster, or Wilson.

Christianity in the United States. Dorchester.

History of Christianity in the United States. Bacon.

The Story of the Churches, a series of volumes published by The Baker Taylor Company, each written by some recognized authority within his denomination.

n

The ADVAiiTCE Guard op Civilization: The Frontieesmajst.

As already stated in Chapter I, Christianity ^^g^ard first entered the territory now included in the Movement United States from the Island of Hayti through frontier Spanish invasion by Eoman Catholic mission- aries. Subsequently they came North from Mexico, and spread westward until we find them established on the Pacific Coast in Califor- nia. They also extended northward on the Mis- sissippi River. The French entered Canada and followed the course of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, going westward. Says Pudde- fott: "The Church (Roman Catholic) of San Miguel in Santa Fe, ISTew Mexico, was built sev- enty years before the landing of the Pilgrims, and the house next to the church fifty years. It is the oldest settled, is the farthest behind, and is the most ignorant and superstitious part of the land. In one part Mormonism holds sway; in the other Roman Catholicism of two centuries ago is still the prevailing religion."

As soon as our Protestant ancestors landed at Jamestown and Plymouth Rock and Manhattan and Toronto they met the frontier line at the

i 31

32 The Call of the Home Land

water's edge. From those days to the present there has been one prolonged and mighty effort to force it westward.

2. The The Church's problem had two elements: To

plant a civilization and the religion which was its root. In the United States it moved toward the Alleghany Mountains, which were reached in a century and a half. In three-quarters of a century it had crossed the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and reached the Pacific coast in tri- umph. This was first done by mere scouting. The conquest in detail is still progressing, especially along the Rocky Mountain chain in Canada and the United States.

3. The Upon what types of religious faith and life this Work gigantic undertaking fell has been sketched in the

previous chapter. So far as Protestantism is con- cerned, these consisted at first of the Puritan Con- gregationalists in 'New England, the Dutch Re- formed in l^ew York, the Scotch-Irish in Pennsyl- vania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, the Church of England Cavaliers in Virginia, and the Baptists scattered here and there. Later, the Methodists, Lutherans, Christians, and others added greatly to the available forces of expansion. Our fathers met this responsibility with intelligence, courage and enterprise, and with faith in this land and in their God.

As these brave pioneers of the faith made their way westward they met varied difficulties that

The Advance Guard of Civilization 33

taxed their powers to the utmost. The wild waste 4. Difflcuit- of woods, while it beckoned them on, presented ered During' obstacles of many kinds. Settlements were few colonial and far between. The cities and towns were ab- sorbed in matters of mere self -existence. The farm houses at first were log cabins built in the forest with a small clearing about them. The forests were untouched by roads, the Indian trail often being the only route between points. Communica- tion was, therefore, very difficult indeed. Bears and wolves, fierce and ravenous, often made travel dangerous. Journeys were made either on foot or on horseback, for there were few wagons or car- riages, even if they had had good roads. Along the frontier line there were almost no church build- ings or school houses, and for a long period meet- ings were held in residences or underneath the great trees in the open air.

At first the Indians were not disposed to be troublesome. As they were forced to retreat fur- ther and further into the wilderness, suffering real or fancied wrongs, they became actively hostile. Most of the larger settlements built forts or stock- ades into which the entire population retreated for safety from attack.

The brave preachers of the early days endured hardness indeed as good soldiers. All along the frontier line from Canada to Georgia, no distance seemed too great for them to travel, no forest too black or dangerous, no people too poor and ignor-

34 The Call of the Home Land

ant. In the heat of summer, through the snow storms of the winter, across swollen rivers in the spring-time, on horseback, with a change of cloth- ing and a Bible in saddle-bags, they went every- where. Their salaries were very meager, and nearly all of them depended upon farming or teach- ing to supplement their incomes.

Everywhere wickedness prevailed. Drunken^ ness, gambling, licentiousness, fighting. Sabbath- breaking were common. The pioneer preacher had no bed of roses. When he turned his eyes back- ward now and then toward the more thickly settled regions to see if other missionaries were coming to hold the ground which he had claimed for Jesus, his heart was often troubled to find that the efforts to send re-enforcements were weak or unattended by adequate results. 5. PioJ^^f^ It will be of interest to take a swift glance at several types of pioneer preachers in order to illus- trate the difficulties encountered by them. Some time about 1680 Rev. Francis Makemie came to Virginia by way of the Barbadoes to preach in the eastern part of the colony. He married and set- tled on the eastern shore of Virginia. Becoming possessed, by marriage perhaps, of a good landed estate, he became a successful farmer and mer- chant. In order to protect his own large interests and to shield his neighbors from wrong, he studied law and became an authority on legal matters in all his region. He diligently preached the Gospel

Types

The Advance Guard of Civilization 35

wherever he went. He established at least three churches on the eastern shore of Maryland and Virginia which still exist. He opened the way for the establishment of a church in the western shore of the Chesapeake, and to his labors many churches in and around Norfolk owe their exist- ence. While on a journey, he stopped in l^ew York City and preached without the permission of the Governor. For this he was arrested and impris- oned for more than six weeks. His was perhaps the first case of the kind tried in the colonies. His defence was so strong that the jury cleared him. Here was a farmer, lawyer, merchant, preacher, all in one. He was successful in each calling. He cleared new lands and brought them to produc- tivity. He traded in the products of the soil and in merchandise brought across the Atlantic. He administered justice between neighbors, and won for those of his faith the right to preach the Gospel when and where they would. Wherever he went he made known the plan of salvation to sinners and built several churches which stand to-day as monuments of his enterprise, fidelity, and zeal.

Another type of worker of colonial times is seen in Rev. William Tennent, Sr., who having received a university training in his native Ireland, came to this country about 1716. After staying for some time in IsTew York, he settled as pastor of a Pres- byterian church on !N^eshominy Creek, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1/726. Here within a

36 The Call of the Home Land

few steps of his own dwelling he erected a log house in which to teach school. It was about twenty feet square and very plain. In contempt it was called "The Log College." Here for long years he taught young men among whom were many ministers of the Gospel. It was a mighty evangelizing agency. As the Church grew in num- bers and wealth, there was need of a better equipped college, and so from this Log College sprang Princeton University, which in time sent forth her sons to found other colleges.

Still another type of worker in these early days was the travelling evangelist, best exemplified in George Whitefield, who was born in England in 1714, educated at Oxford, and ordained in the Church of England, who became powerfully im- pressed by the revival of evangelistic faith in which the Wesleys took so prominent a part. His elo- quence was most irresistible, and throughout Great Britain and during many long tours in America he drew thousands to hear the Gospel. Wherever he went mutitudes were converted. His labors were but a part of that wonderful religious awak- ening begim in JSTew England in 1734-35 by Jona- than Edwards. The revival was of incalculable benefit to Christ's cause throughout all the colonies and mightily stimulated the churches to greater effort to extend the influence of the Gospel.

Since the Wesleyan revival began to spread widely through the colonies down to the present

The Advance Guard of Civilization 37

time, along the frontier and in the more primitive communities men of limited education, but with great zeal and often Avith a rude eloquence, have gone about from settlement to settlement preaching and exhorting the people. In many places they were and still are the only religious teachers. They have done noble service in keeping religion alive, and deserve an honorable place among those who helped to win the frontier.

Durine: the Revolutionary War the minds of the Q- on to

the Missis- people were wholly absorbed in the struggle for gippi

liberty and independence. Then came a period of recuperation and reconstruction under new laws. The construction of roads, the invention and devel- opment of the steam engine and its uses on land and water aided immensely in the evangelization of the East. Immigration steadily increased, fill- ing up the cities and occupying the best lands. So over the Alleghanies flowed the human tide, occu- pying the vast plains of the fertile IMississippi with its great tributaries from the East and West. Ever among the foremost was the faithful home mission- ary. While the frontier line was yet in this valley, the American Sunday School Union began to send its agents to the yet thinly settled regions to gather the people into Sunday-schools, thus preparing the way for the establishment of churches. As a type of this class of workers. Rev. John H. McCullough deserves study. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1811, he was carefully brought up with three other

38 The Call of the Home Land

children by a widowed mother. Faithfully taught by her the doctrines of her church, he gave his heart and life to God. He entered the Sunday- school established by Dr. Thomas Chalmers in Glasgow and Edinburgh, He imbibed the spirit of the great pastor who sought to reach the most destitute of the cities with the Gospel. Entering the University of Glasgow, he studied with eager- ness and marked success until bad health caused him to suspend his studies. His family died while he was yet young, and to this bereavement was added the loss of all of his property. He had or- ganized Sunday-schools among colliers and fisher- men in Scotland and Ireland, but he felt that America was the most promising field. Landing in l^ew York after thrilling dangers on sea, he called to see Mr. Robert Carter, a prominent Christian publisher. While in the city he heard of the American Sunday School Union. This was his course of reasoning: "American, that means na- tional, not sectional; Sunday-school, that means spiritual, not secular; Union, that means united effort for Christ. That name expresses my senti- ments. I can be a volunteer without asking any pay. I enlist in that cause for life." Going into the interior of New York State he taught and worked among the poor for several years. Hearing of the spiritual destitution of the Midde West, then being rapidly settled, he resolved to go there for work. Settling in Southern Illinois in a region

The Advance Guard of Civilization 39

infected by malaria and called ^Egypt' because of its moral darkness, be established Sunday-schools far and wide. Removing in 1840 to Henderson, Ky., he found that there was only, one Sunday- school in seventy-five miles in Kentucky. He established a school in the town which proved to be the fore-runner of ten churches and fourteen Sunday-schools. From this place as a center, he traveled great distances, overcoming tremendous obstacles in order to establish schools. Of this mode of life he said: "I have often gone three months with one suit of clothes ; saddle-bags packed with shirts, collars, etc., and a few books, my main supply being sent ahead ; so that on getting soak- ing wet, which was not an unusual occurrence, I had to let my clothes dry on my back. I swam rivers and creeks, at the risk of my life, to reach an appointment." In one year he organized ninety new schools, with a membership of six thousand nine hundred and twenty-six persons. During his labors he organized schools in seventy-five counties in Kentucky and also many schools through South- ern Indiana and Illinois. He subsequently became superintendent of the Union's work in twelve States, extending from the Ohio to the gulf and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. He died tri- umphantly in 1888 after serving the Union fifty- four years. In that time he organized 1,000 schools, containing 66,200 teachers and scholars. Hundreds of such missionaries have followed him

40 The Call of the Home Land

tliroiighout the whole Western region. 7. Across Westward still flowed the mighty human tide, * %iains spreading out over the vast plains and rolling against the Rocky Mountains. Among the first set- tlers there was always a missionary sent out from the East, or sometimes raised up on the frontier. 'No physical toil broke their resolution ; no love of ease melted their stout hearts as they went here and there. They visited the emigrant train wind- ing its painful way ever westward. They entered the settlers' cabin and brought comfort and healing to many a heart. They were equally at home in lumbermen's and miner's camp. They founded schools, opened Sunday-schools, formed churches, and organized society. They were often the real founders and builders of the State as well as of the Church.

8. Over the j^ \^qq been pointed out in the last chapter that Rockies to . ii-ii •• • /^ t

the Pacific the Romanists had established missions m Cali- fornia in the 16th century among the Indians. During the second quarter of the 19th century it was still unsettled as to whether Great Britain or the United States should possess that vast and resourceful region included now in Oregon and Washington. In 1836 Rev. Marcus Whitman with a small party of fellow-workers arrived at Fort Walla Walla, Oregon, to begin evangelizing the In- dians. Finding that the British were preparing to claim the region as their own by right of first settlement, he took a famous ride to Washington

I

The Advance Guard of Civilization 41

and the East in order to secure government support and a number of colonists that the region might be a part of the American nation. His purpose was accomplished through appalling dangers and incredible hardships by virtue of an indomitable will and a triumphant faith. In 181-7, four years after his return, he with thirteen others was mas- sacred by the Indians. And so our evangelical faith won its way through two hundred and twenty- nine years from Jamestown to permanent abode on the Pacific slope.

As we view the vast area reaching from the 9- Fuung- in Pacific to the Atlantic and from the Mexican Gulf to the frozen Arctic regions, we find that frontier conditions still exist over extensive regions. Along the vast mountain region from the Laurentians of Labrador to the foot hills of Alabama primitive conditions flourish, somewhat unevenly distributed. The same is true of the well-nigh measureless re- gion of the Rocky Mountains from the Yukon to the Rio Grande. The call is still for men who, full of faith, courage, enterprise, initiative, drawn by the Son of God and the sins of men, count their lives not dear unto themselves, if only they may make the great salvation known.

It is evident that the men and women needed lO- t^® for this work must possess special qualifications. Needed First of all they must have ample vision. The vast possibilities of the frontier region must lie clearly before them. Sin, opeu and defiant, mv.pt

42 The Call of the Home Land

cry out for cleansing. The Christ in his exhaust- less grace will stand in the way calling and beckon- ing. Varied resourcefulness must he theirs. There is imperative need of minds well disciplined and full-stored, and hands capable of skilled service in many directions. Policies must be formed. Schools and churches must be built and managed. Many frontiersmen are men of culture and require preaching of a high order. Dangers and difficul- ties rise on every hand. In not a few places on the frontier a man must stand by his duty with his life in his hands and boldly proclaim the right in the face of bitter opposition, of cunning slander, and threatened violence. The problems that he faces call often for the highest courage. His faith must stand the severest shock. Back of their rough exteriors, beyond their aggressive wickedness, he must believe that these men can be saved. Up to God his faith must climb, and to His infinite re- sources it must cling. It must stand the shock of sin and the pressure of love. Hopes for man, for men, for the institutions which they form, must keep him steadfast to his duty and glad in its per- formance. Above all else he must love. ISTo other motive is strong enough to keep him to his task, or comprehensive enough to include every man. The frontier is truly a place for enterprise. The worker here who constantly quotes what he did in the East or at home will be hopelessly left in the struggle. Here precedents are of little value, unless they

The Advance Guard of Civilization 43

can show how new conditions can be most promptly and thoroughly met If no way to progress is sug- gested by experience, then a new one must be made at once. Here^ too, a premium is put upon initia- tive. To sit quietly by and wait for opportunity to offer itself is a sure invitation to defeat. The lumber men, buried in the deep forest and busy with their own life, are not apt to spend much time or thought in bringing a Christian worker among them. The low cabin on the prairie cares little, perhaps, for a visit from God's missionary. He simply must seek the opportunity and often un- invited seek entrance to cabin and camp. The peo- ple are not likely to take the lead in the building of a church or a school. iP^early all movements for betterment must begin with the missionary. !N'o man has ever succeeded in this work who has thought more, or even as much, concerning his own comfort as of the work to be done. He must prac- tice always self-denial. Leaving home and friends, turning from the old life, with all its attractions, without thought of himself, he gladly faces the hardship of the new life. The problems that press for solution, the trials of the new life, its tempta- tions, its exhausting demands on all the resources of manhood, test his loyalty to Jesus Christ. "No loose grip upon him can here suffice. Christ's words, Christ's Spirit, Christ's example, must in- deed be all and in all to him. The largest manhood is here needed, hel4 ^7 ^ true vision, cultured,

•11. The Agents Used

44 The Call of the Home Land

brave, faithful, hopeful, urged by love's constraint, enterprising, self-denying, centered upon and bounded by Christ. For such a man or woman there is still eager demand. Such a life here makes ■ an adequate investment of itself, and rejoices in its ; own absorption.

In this foundation work on the frontier God has used different agents to produce the desired re- sults. First came the home missionary. Perhaps Christians have not given this heroic man his due. The work that has fallen to his hands has just been sketched. It has ever been difficult, varied, often extremely rough and dangerous, as necessary to society as the laying of a good foundation is to the permanence of a building, and constructive in lift- , ing men and whole regions into the light and lib- erty of God's children. The conditions of his task have been lonely. Forsaking home and friends, he has travelled long distances in physical discom- fort, dreary and lonely. His salary, for some strange reason, has always been small, often inade- quate. Sometimes he has not been appreciated at home, sometimes sadly misunderstood as to motive and method. There should be an awakening as to the real results which he has accomplished, and his reward should be proportionate. Rough men have been softened, lonely homes have been cheered, lawless regions have been brought under the dominion of right and love, churches have sprung up, schools have grown, colleges have been

The Advance Guard of Civilization 45

founded and made to shine as lights in the dark- ness. Let us arise and bless him to-daj as he works and prays and waits. God sees and God measures and God rewards.

On this front line of civilization the missionary has always found faithful believers, who in pov- erty and loneliness have borne steady witness to the grace of Christ. Brought into activity and trusted with gTeat duties they have established the work done by the missionary. The Sunday-school has been ever blessed by God in the pioneer work of the Church. Its simple essentials of organization and equipment have easily lent themselves to the varying conditions of life. Its social life has drawn thousands to it. Its special appeal for the young has always been heard by some earnest souls. Its marked efficiency in bringing children and youth to a confession of Christ has ever com- mended it to God's people. Out of Sunday- schools established in thinly populated regions have sprung thousands of churches, strong and fruit- ful, themselves transformed into powerful agen- cies of expansion. In the experience of some of the leading denominations, for every ten Sunday- schools established there has come one self-sup- porting church. Hard by the church has sprung up the school, the missionary often being both preacher and teacher. Says a recent author, "Whenever one of these early Presbyterian preach- ers settled he first prayed, then preached, built a

46 The Call of the Home Land

church, a school house, and spent the rest of his days praying, preaching, teaching, and on occasion fighting."

As population grew and learning advanced, the college was established, and bore its testimony to the value of higher things, often through great tribulation unto a blessed fruitfulness. Working through these human agents in silent and resist- less power has been the Spirit of God. From Him has come the vision, the faith, the courage, the en- terprise, the initiative, the self-denial, the good hope, the compelling love. He has touched church and school and college with power to enlighten, to heal and to save. The wilderness and the solitary place have been made glad, and the desert has blossomed as the garden of the Lord. His has been the problem, His the solution, to Him be all the praise.

Questions and Hints.

jyfg^pg To the successful teaching of this chapter a large map of the United States will be of the greatest help. Sketch maps should be made by members of the class showing the location of the Thirteen Colonies. Another should show the United States at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. Another, at the time of the Annexation of Texas. Origi- nals may be seen in the Century Atlas, Maps XVIII, XIX, especially the upper map XIX.

The Advance Guard of Civilization 47

These maps do not always show the exact move- ment of the frontier line, but they do show the growth of the frontier problem.

The Phillipine and Porto Eican acquisitions are not here represented, because of the lack of space and time.

1. Kame the chief types of religion that first settled America. Where did each begin work ?

2. What was the problem which the churches faced? Discuss briefly the difference between civilization and religion. Upon what does our civilization mainly rest?

3. Name the chief agents engaged at first. How did they meet their responsibility?

4. Describe the main difficulties in the way of evangelizing the frontier at first encountered. With what spirit were they met? What may be the good effects of attacking obstacles ?

5. Give a sketch of Francis McKemie. What type of w^orker did he represent? Give an illus- tration of the evangelistic use of a college. Who was the representative traveling evangelist of the 18th century? Can you give an estimate of the value of his work ? Give an estimate of the value of the itinerant preacher.

6. What motives carried population West of tlie AUeghanies after the Revolutionary War? How did the invention of the steam engine aid evangelization in the West? Give some account of Sunday-school missions in the early evangeli-

48 The^Call of the Home Land

zation of the West. Let representatives of each denomination in the class, or others specially appointed, present a brief report on Sunday-school missions in each church.

7. Give a brief account of how religion spread over the great Western plains. What permanent work did the missionaries do here?

8. Give a brief narrative of Whitman's win- ning the Oregon region. How long did it take Protestant Christianity to spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific?

9. What regions are yet to be won in detail? Locate them definitely on the map.

10. Discuss the characteristics of frontier work- ers. Can you give illustrations from recent litera- ture showing these qualities in action? Let some one here tell of the Sky Pilot, of Shock in the Prospector, and of Dr. Luke of Labrador.

11. Carefully estimate the work of the home missionary, its quality, its conditions, its results, its rewards. How have believers aided in fron- tier work ? Why has the Sunday-school been use- ful ? Of what value are schools and colleges on the frontier ? To whose blessing is the conquest of the frontier due ?

What impression as to the nature of frontier work does this chapter make upon you? As to its importance? Would this be a good place for you to invest your life ? Is the Lord Jesus pleased with your decision as to your life-work?

The Advance Guard of Civilization 49 Is he calling you to tlie frontier ? Will you go ? Books of Refekjence.

Any standard history of the United States and Canada.

The Leavening of the ISTation. Clark.

Winning of the West. Roosevelt.

Minute Men of the Frontier. Puddefoot

Home Missionary Heroes, Presbyterian Board of Home Missions.

Heroes of the Cross in America. Shelton.

At our Own Door. Morris.

The Story of the Churches. Each denomina- tion in separate volume. Baker & Taylor Com- pany.

The Sunday School Man of the South. Mc- Cullough.

Life of Paxson. Paxson.

Leaflets from Denominational Home Mission Societies or Boards.

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The Stranger Within Our Gates : The Immi- grant.

Since 1402 in ever-increasing numbers almost i. Origins every nation in the world has been contributing sons and daughters to make America populous and rich. The great races of earth are represented — Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Negro, Indian. Representatives of non-Christian religions are found in the Japanese, Chinese, East Indian, Mo- hammedans, Corrupt Christianity is represented by Armenians from Syria, the Greek Church from Russia and Greece, by the Roman Catholic Church from Italy, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, Ireland, Cuba, and Mexico. Two hundred years ago the Negroes were savages in Africa. The Hebrews make a class to themselves. Protestants have come to us from England, Scot- land, North Ireland, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany.

The following statistics are of interest as show- ^' Numbers ing facts concerning our foreign born population. They are taken from Strong's Social Progress for 1905:

51

52

The Call of the Home Land

Races are represented as follows:

Caucasian 66,809,196

Negro 8,883,994

Indian 237,198

Mongolian 114,189

Different religious creeds are represented below, most of whom perhaps are foreign bom:

Protestants 67,223,000

Roman Catholics 11,887,000

Jews 1,044,000

Mohammedans 15,000

Others 421,000

The following exhibit shows the number of our

foreign born population in 1900 from the seven

chief sources of supply :

Germany 2,663,418

Ireland 1,615,459

Canada 1,179,807

England 840,513

Sweden 572,014

Italy 484,027

Russia 423,726

Of interest is the following analysis of immi- gration arriving in the United States and Canada, in year ending June 30, 1903.

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511,302

The Immigrant 53

During January, February, and March, 1906, there arrived in the United States 253,068 immi- grants, an increase of 2,754 over the correspond- ing months of 1905. "On a single day, April 16, 1906, seven liners brought in 11,745 steerage pas- sengers, and about 15,000 were due to arrive the next day on nine steamers more."^ The total num- ber arriving in 1905 was 1,027,421.

(1) Several causes have combined to move these 3. What immigrants from their birth-place to new and thes^peopie strange conditions. In various ways they have bere? learned to think that America is only another name for opportunity. At home they have lived on small farms with little or no hope for enlargement. As cost of living increases, they have scant oppor- tunity to enlarge their incomes, and so added pov- erty comes. The need for laborers and the high price paid for work make a strong call to them. They have heard of the tens of thousands of acres of good farming lands free to the actual settler, or for sale at a trifling cost. They have been told something of the great cities, calling for men in every line of work; of the railroads' hungry de- mand for laborers; of the vast fields laden with rich harvests waiting for reapers ; of good houses and unheard of comforts that are the rewards of frugality and industry. To this land of what seems to them universal prosperity, they turn their hearts and faces. America is a great magnet to them.

'See Collier's Weekly, April 28. 1906.

54 The Call of the Home Land

(2) Forces at work in their native places have tended strongly to drive them forth. In nearly all the European nations there is more or less political disturbance and unrest. The old order and the new era are in conflict, and no one knows what the morrow may bring forth. The strife in Eussia betw^een tlie aristocratic class and the peasants, the irreconcilable enmity and strife between the Turk and the Greek, the spread of socialism in Ger- many, the unsettled questions between Church and State in France, the universal cry of the poor and the oppressed against the rich and ruling, are sam- ples of the political questions which keep men un- easy. Everywhere in Continental Europe there are signs of war. Vast armies maneuver annually, and the soldier is seen in every community. Each family is linked by law to the army, while vast sums are being spent in naval rivalry.

The total army establishment in times of peace

in six countries is seen in the following table :

Men. War Budget.

Germany 617,977 $143,945,000

France 549,372 134,450,710

Italy 277,976 55,801,670

Austria 383,869 76,254,140

Russia 4,551,000 191,652,735

Great Britain 221,800 172,500,000

The necessary expenses of government, the sup- port of an idle aristocracy, and the maintenance of huge armies and navies combine to increase the burden of taxation nearly to the limit of endur- ance.

The Immigrant 55

In Central Europe the population is so dense that the struggle for existence is most intense. The population per square mile in Great Britain is 346 ; in Belgium, 589 ; in France, 188 ; in Ger- many, 269; in Austria, 226; in the United States, 21.

In the countries whence our immigrants came poverty is widespread and grinding. The follow- ing statement from Strong's "Social Progress," p. 89, illustrates the difference between the Ameri- can and European workingman in the matter of food: "Dr. E. R. Gould finds that the American workingman, the best paid workingman in the world, is also the best fed; and although it costs more to employ him in money, he produces so much more work because of the high standard of living, that he is also really the cheapest working-man of the world. From Dr. Gould's data, taking 100 as the quantity of each article consumed by the aver- age workingman in the United States, the follow- ing figures would represent the quantity con- sumed by the average European workingman, ac- cording to the average consumption of the British, Belgian, German, and French workmen taken to- gether: Meat, 33; lean or fat, 50; eggs, 85; but- ter, 100; flour, 100 ; potatoes, 175 ; sugar, 25 ; cof- fee, 85."

In several European countries, notably in Rus- sia, religious persecution is practiced to such an extent that a man cannot worship God according

56 The Call of the Home Land

to the demands of his conscience without permis- sion from the civil authorities, and in some cases not at all.

(7) It appears that there are forces at work now to drive men from home to America. During the last half of the 19th century there was a wonder- ful development of facilities for travel by sea and by land. Great railroads penetrate Europe in all directions, making it comparatively easy, safe, and cheap for a family to get to a seaport. At the Tvharves in every European seaport immense steam- ships wait to take the emigrant across sea. One ship has been known to carry more than three thousand emigrants at one time in comparative comfort and perfect safety. Landing at one of our seaports they find (statistics of 1904) some 690 operating companies with 209,002 miles of railroad, whose agents vie with one another for the privilege of carrying the immigrant to any part of our land. Says a prominent periodical, "In this country there are nearly thirty thousand more miles of railway than in all the seventeen countries of Europe." 4. Reception When an emigrant ship nears our shores, she

n the United ° ^ . . . ,

States must first stop at the quarantine station for a close

inspection to prevent the entrance of contagious

disease. He is then carefully examined in view

of the following law: "Act of Congress, March 3,

1903. Section 2. That the following classes of

aliens shall be excluded from admission into the

The Immigrant 57

United States. All idiots, insane persons, epilep- tics, and persons who have been insane within five years previous ; persons who have had two or more attacks of insanity at any time previously; pau- pers ; persons likely to become a public charge ; professional beggars; persons afflicted with a loathsome or with a dangerous contagious disease ; persons who have been convicted of a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpi- tude ; polygamists, anarchists, or persons who be- lieve in or advocate the overthrow by force or vio- lence of the Government of the United States or of all government or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public officials ; prostitutes, and persons who procure or attempt to bring in prosti- tutes or women for the purpose of prostitution; those who have been, within one year from the date of the application for admission to the United States, deported as being under offers, solicita- tions, promises or agreements to perform labor or service of some kind therein ; and also any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satisfactorily shown tliat such person does not belong to one of the fore- going excluded classes; but this section shall not be held to prevent persons living in the United States from sending for a relative or friend who is not of the foregoing excluded classes. Provided, That nothing m this act shall exclude persons con-

58 The Call of the Home Land

victed of an offense purely political, not involving moral turpitude. And 'provided fiurtlier. That skilled labor may be imported, if labor of like kind unemployed can not be found in this country. And provided further, That the provisions of this law applicable to contract labor shall not be held to ex- clude professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers, ministers of any religious denominatiou, profes- sors for colleges or seminaries, persons belonging to any recognized learned profession, or persons em- ployed strictly as personal or domestic servants." Landing at Castle Garden, I^ew York, for ex- ample, with his wife and children and all his sim- ple worldly possessions, he faces conditions very different from what he ever knew. Being from the continent of Europe he cannot speak our lan- guage, and tlie words which he hears about him convey to his sluggish mind no ideas. When he comes upon the streets he is met by solicitors of bar-rooms and other evil establishments, and a thousand pitfalls are in his path. Perhaps he is met by some kinsman or friend who shows him where to get lodging and helps him to find work. Now and then he is met by the same employment agent, ready to send him inland to farm or factory. His condition is pitiful indeed. He stands be- tween the old life and the new. The wide ocean separates him from friends and from the only life he has known. After awhile the immigrant de- cides that he will become a citizen of our Eepublic,

The Immigrant 59

He must tJien go before a United States court and make oath that it is his "intention to become a citizen of the United States, and renounce forever, all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, state and sovereignty whatever, and par- ticularly all allegiance and fidelity to the" country from which he comes. At the end of five years from his landing he may get his naturalization papers on the following conditions : That he make oath to a United States court that he came to this country before he was eighteen years old, and has lived here ever since ; that he is — years old and for more than three years has intended to become a citizen; that he prove by three witnesses that he has lived in the United States five years at least, and in a certain State for one year; that he has been a man of "good moral character, attached to the Constitution of the United States, and well dis- posed to the good order and happiness thereof" ; that he is not an anarchist ; that he has not violated the law concerning the admission of aliens; that he will support our Constitution; and that he re- nounces all allegiance to every foreign sovereignty.

The influence of this embryonic citizen will be 5 Tne determined chiefly by his history and character. J^°^^^*°*'^ With scant political education and training in the privileges and duties of citizenship, he is likely to become an easy prey of the political manager, who finds an effective way of controlling his vote. Be- fore he can add strength to the State, he must be'

60 The Call of the Home Land

come assimilated. Many old ideas anl prejudices must be surrendered. By a process more or less rapid and thorough, he becomes like the men around him. The habits of thought and action bred into him during generations in the Eastern world must be broken and the habits of the West- ern world must dominate him. He becomes Occiden- talized. As he enters more into the new life, he is captured by its freedom and its optimism. He thinls;s as he pleases, he expresses his opinions with perfect independence, and he goes where he likes without challenge or passport. Asked as to his condition and prospects, he promptly replies, "All right!" He has been Americanized.

This man with others like him has a moral in- fluence also that needs to be noted. Though he may be able to read and write, he probably does neither to a large extent — certainly not at first. If he has come from a land where the Greek or Roman Church is dominant, it is certain that his moral education is defective. Distinctions between right and Avrong are dull, for he has not read the Bible carefully and has trusted the priest to make moral decisions for him. Finding himself free here he is apt to give rein to passions long re- strained or to find new channels for their exces- sive indulgence. Tempted by the promise and glitter of new things, he easily falls into sin. Long used to the light wines and beer of his native land, he is easly tempted to drink heavily of our stronger

The Immigrant 61

liquors. He has brought with him the Continental view of Sabbath-keeping and uses the Lord's Day for physical recreation and amusement. Long ac- customed to regard woman as his inferior, he with difficulty learns the American idea of purity and equality in his treatment of her. His own charac- ter is not the sole sufferer from his moral weakness. As a member of a community of men much like himself, he helps to perpetuate and propagate his moral defects until his immorality becomes a con- tagion in his vicinity. It is well enough to assimi- late him to our thought and life, to strip from him his Continental and Oriental garments and customs and clothe him in Occidental freshness, to teach him the genius of American life, but there is a higher step yet to which he must be led. We must Christianize him. Perhaps the last element of the old life to disappear will be the religious. Amer- ica prescribes to him no creed. The church here simply offers him the Christ and says, "Follow Him."

We easily discover three processes through e. Methods which we must take our brother. He must be °fWork taught — information must be imparted. He must be induced to lay his life out along new lines — his reformation must be effected. His character must be remodeled — ^his transformation must be secured.

Some wise plan must be devised for distribut- (i.) Distri- ing immigrants more widely over the country. '^'^*^°'^-

62 The Call of the Home Land

The present tendency is for them to settle near N'ew York. The following table shows their con- centration. During the year ending June 30, 1904, the following five States received:

a " ^

B £i

New York 263,150 32

Pennsylvania 146,478 18

Massachusetts 58,411 7

New Jersey 41,780 5

Connecticut 18,520 2.3

These five States received 528,339 64.2

Sixty-four out of every one hundred immigrants in that year stopped within three hundred and fifty miles of New York City. That means that the mining and manufacturing section is receiving the lion's share.

The following table is equally interesting. Dur- ing this same year

m

a

es

.£? g

a s

South Carolina received 95 1/100

North Carolina received 112 1/100

Oklahoma received 290 4/100

Indian Territory received 422 5/100

Georgia received 499 6/100

These five States received 1,418 17/100

This means that the South, which has vast areas

of unimproved farming lands and immeasurable

The Immigrant 63

undeveloped resources, is receiving the fewest num- ber of immigTants. There can be no doubt that wider distribution woukl hasten the new citizen's development and would be helpful to the whole country.

Undoubtedly the first service to perform for (2) Work our new brother is to help him to get hon- orable, wholesome, instructive work. Hitherto his labor has been drudgery and all work, toil. With his initiation into the life of an jimer- ican workman, he needs to be taught its freedom, its self-respect, its masterfulness, and its gladness. We need to make it difficult, if not impossible, for him to be long idle.

The American free public school is the supreme (3) Schools opportunity for the immigrant child to become quickly and thoroughly Americanized. During the year ending June 30, 1903, a total of 102,431 children of foreign birth under four- teen years of age entered the United States and Canada. In a very short time they enter our schools by the thousand. Here they quickly learn to read, write and speak our language, and by contact with our native boni children they learn our customs. They in time become the teachers of their parents at home.

The Christian church has striven to do her duty (4) The to these one-time strangers. At the principal ^^^^^^ ports of entry there is a gracious opportunity for various persons and societies appointed by

64 The Call of the Home Land

the different denominations to receive and wel- come them. When they remain permanently in the cities, they naturally settle in the quar- ter where their fellow-countrymen reside. Here the churches endeavor to follow them. In many cases visitors call at their homes to become acquainted and to invite them to their churches. They seek to be of real service, often bringing sweet relief in cases of hunger, nakedness and sickness, and often saving the unsuspecting from the snares laid for them by the wicked. In many cases where a particular colony is large enough, a native pastor is employed to visit the homes and to preach in the church and chapels especially built for them. In this work the Sunday-school is especially useful. Here the children are regu- larly taught the Bible itself with its blessed heal- ing and up-building truths, to sing the sweet songs of Zion, to reverence the Lord's Day, to pray, and to rejoice together in its brightness. From these schools they take good literature in their native tongues and in English back to their homes, where its silent work goes on daily. The circulation of especially written tracts and leaflets is carried on extensively.

(5) In all forms of work certain considerations must be kept steadily in view. It is always and everywhere desirable to break up the solidarity which results from the establishment of "quar- ters," where old habits of thought and old preju-

The Immigrant 65

dices are ke^Dt alive. Many of these opinions and customs are inconsistent with American citizen- ship, to say nothing of Christianity.

(6) In order to do the most effective service, it is best for the worker to understand, not only the American point of view, but that of the for- eigner also. Next to a competent knowledge of the Word of God, skill in its use, and a pure Christian character, the establishment of this point of contact is of the highest value. What a straight road to an Italian's heart is some bit of accurate knowledge as to his condition and prospects at home.

(Y) In all this work there is an enormous demand for genuine sympathy. With what long- ings do these strangers turn hearts back across the sea to the home-land ! Loneliness seizes upon them. Poverty hinders prog[ress. Temptations come thick and sharp. Curiosity about their hab- its is natural and to a certain degree is proper. We cannot refuse to pity them. But Jesus Christ loves them with infinite yearning. Into this love we must enter and in their joys and sorrows we must sympathize. We must shake ourselves free from national prejudices, must strangle our pride of birth or station, and humble ourselves that we may lift them up.

Information truly he must have. The only 7 His freedom denied to any man in our beloved country Need^'^^ is freedom to be ignorant and to do wrong. Intel-

66 The Call of the Home Land

ligence is not only the safeguard of liberty, it is the very fountain from which it flows. Knowl- edge must be so abundant and so insistent that no man can remain ignorant, even if he wishes to. Such must be the supremacy of law in our land, that a man must at least maintain the sem- blance of right conduct. The law can indeed re- strain the wicked man and force him to reforma- tion. But neither information nor reformation can give him a new heart and cause him to think right, to feel right, and to do right. Reformation to American ideals and habits is indeed desire- able; but his supreme need is to be transformed by the renewing of his mind, that he may prove what is the good and acceptable and perfect will of God. 8. A Great Perhaps in the history of the world, there has xpermen j^gy^j. j^g^j^ such an experiment made in state- building as we in America have been making for a hundred years. Stop and think. For all these long years racial types have been coming to us freely, bringing in their fundamental natures all the racial differences implanted by God and in- tensified by suffering and isolation. Here Cau- casian, Indian, Malay, Mongolian, and Negro meet and become brothers. To our welcoming shores have come national types from every land on earth, developed by the influence of peace and war and fixed for ages. To these have been added types of individuals, with all tlie differences resulting

The Immigrant 67

from temperament and education. And still they come, joining types which are distinctly American. What is to be the resultant ultimate type ? Here they are — ^German, French, Russian, Italian, Irish, Hollander, English, Turk, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, JSTegi-o, Hindu and Esquimo, 'New Eng- lander, Virginian, ISTew Yorker, frontiersman, heathen, Romanist, Protestant. Some of the best and wisest men in the land look upon this experiment in assimilation with anxiety. Will our institutions stand the shock? Surely there is enough here to make us thoughtful and to arouse us to utmost exertion.

Up to the present the results surely have clearly Reauits justified the experiment. A swift glance over tlie brief life of our nation, recalls type after type of noble manhood and womanhood, quickened, strengthened, and beautified by America's trans- forming touch. No section, scarcely any consid- erable community in the land, has failed to feel the impetus to industry and the improvement in educational science and art, given by some son adopted from an alien house-hold. There is a growing opinion that further legislation is needed in order to protect our institutions against the lowest types of immigrants, while we invite the en- trance of the highest. No doubt this will be done in due time. On the whole the outlook is hopeful.

68 The Call of the Home Land

10. The In Jerusalem for the Day of Pentecost God Future gathered "Jews, devout men from every nation un- der heaven." This new Jew, this new pentecostal type of manhood, began at once to perfect and perpetuate itself through the proclamation of the truth. Is it too much for us to believe that the Lord Jesus may be gathering in our good land "men from every nation under heaven," that through the renewing and unifying power of his Spirit a new type of manhood may go forth to bring the nations to His feet?

Questions and Hints.

1. What races are represented in American pop- ulation ? What religions ? What part of Europe do the Roman Catholics chiefly come from ? The Prostestants ?

2. What racial type is most numerous in Amer^ ica ? Compare in numbers Roman Catholics and Protestants ? Why so many Jews ? So few Chinese ? Wliat country supplies the largest num- ber of immigrants ? Why is this ? What per cent of the whole number of immigrants in 1904 were under fourteen years of age? What impression does the per cent of illiteracy make upon you ? What was the per cent of increase in 1904 as com- pared with 1903 ?

3. (1) What new opportunities draw immi- grants here ? ( 2 ) What forces drive them from home ? Can you add others ?

4. Discuss the causes for excluding aliens.

The Immigrant 69

Describe the immigrants' landing? Here clip- pings and pictures from papers and magazines will be especially helpful. Upon what conditions may a foreigner become a citizen of the United States ?

5. When does he become assimliated ? What is meant by "occidentalized" ? When is he Amer- icanized ? VThj must he be Christianized also ?

6. (1) Discuss the problem of distribution. (2) What is the American idea of work? Why is it necessary to give an immigrant work? (3) What effects has the public school, upon his chil- dren, on him ? (4) What agencies does the church employ in reaching after him ? ( 5 ) ^Vhy is it helpful to break up the foreign "quarters" in the large cities ? (6) Give an estimate of the im- portance of understanding his point of view. (7) "\Mierein lies his claim to sympathy ?

7. What is his supreme need ? Why ?

8. What three main types are represented among the immigrants ? Is this mixture a proper cause for serious thought ? Why ?

9. What has been the result of the mixture in the main ? IN^ame several foreign born citizens, dead or alive, who have done our country distin- guished service ? Can you name any who have done harm ?

10. Why is there need of further legislation to regulate immig-ration ? What do you think of the idea that God is making here a new type of manhood to evangelize the nations ?

70 The Call of the Home Land

11. ISTame some duties wliieli this chapter makes plain to jour church? To your college? To your society ? What privileges ? To you ? Why not establish a Chinese Sunday-school, or teach a class? Italian? Greek? Cuban? Mexican? Does Christ Jesus want you to invest your life here ? Write out three good reasons why he does not Write three good reasons why he does ? Which are the stronger? What are you going to do about it?

Books of Reference.

Reports of the United States Commissioner ol Immigration.

Emigration and Immigration, by R. M. Smith.

Report of the United States Industrial Com- mission. Vol. 15.

Social Progress 1905, by Josiah Strong.

Literature from your Denominational Board of Home Missions.

Aliens or Americans ? Grose.

IV

A Race Problejsi : The Negro in the South.

The origin of the IS^egro race is uncertain. For i. Origrin ages its home has been the continent of Africa, with its 11,-103,000^ square miles, and its popu- lation of 148,669,000, giving an average of thirteen persons to the square mile. It would not he accurate to say that all these people belong to the Negro race, but certainly a great ma' jority are of this family. Most of the colored people in the United States are descended from ancestors who lived on or near the west coast of Africa.

Previous to their transportation to America, 2. Their they were sunk in very low fonus of sav- condition agery. They lived in tribes with little or- ganization, and inhabited rude huts to shel- ter them from the heat and rain. Their food consisted mainly of wild fruit and such game as their cunning and skill with rude weapons enabled them to take. Their idea of a God was that He Avas always angi'y and must be placated with sac- rifice. They were enslaved by superstition and lived in abject fear of evil spirits. Their moral standards were low in the extreme. For ages they had been one of the chief sources of supply for the slave markets of the world.

'Statistics are taken from Strong's "Social Frogress," 1005,

71

72 The Call of the Home Land

3. Brought gQ £^j, ^g ij^g records show, they have never

Out by . . .

Force been an exploring, or emigrating, or colonizing

race. They have been content, on the whole, to remain undisturbed by the movements of the world outside. The slave trader has fol- lowed his unholy calling until the present time and has personally or through his paid or impressed agents captured the natives in their for- est homes and brought them, often with unspeak- able cruelty, to the sea-coast, where other slave traders waited to carry them by force in earlier days amid the horrors of the slave-ships, to distant lands for sale.

4. Appear- j^ ^]^q middle of the fifteenth century Ne-

ancein n i i • i n

America gro slaves were annually brought m thousands to Europe. In 1553 they were freed in England. The Spaniards brought them freely to their American colonies, and in the year 1619 a Dutch ship landed nineteen Negroes at Jamestown in Virginia. Throughout the whole colonial period this trade was regularly kept up, until in 1775 it is estimated that there were 500,000 black slaves here, a number equal to 19 per cent of the entire population. The ISTew England colonies, as well as those in the South, bought and sold and kept slaves. "Thousands of negro slaves were sold into N^ew England,^ Boston merchants engaged in the Guinea trade, but l^ew- port, R. I., was the great center of this traflfic." "The following advertisement taken from the Con-

iSee Dorcbeater's "Christianity in the United States," p. 22g.

f

A Race Problem 73

nedicut Gazette (ISTew Haven), October 1, 175 Y, will tell the story of the African slave trade in Connecticut at that time: To he sold: Several likely ISTegTO boys and girls: an-ived from the coast of Africa. Samnel Willis, at Middletown." Many reasons combined to increase their numbers in the South, of which two were the growth of cot- ton raising and the suitableness of the climate.

In slave days the Negro as a rule had a com- ^- Condition fortable house to live in and was well clothed, slavery His food was plain but plentiful and whole- some. "When he was sick, he was attended by his owner's physician. He was taught the use of tools and was forced to work when he showed unwillingness. Marriage was recog- nized, but at times the family tie was broken and its members sold apart. He was taught the difference between right and wrong, and wrong doing was promptly punished. A Christian mas- ter usually provided religious instruction for his slaves, who often sat in his church and listened to his pastor. Occasionally they were taught the elements of learning, but generally they were illit- erate. N^o apology is here offered for human slavery. Our nation is absolutely united in re- joicing that the institution is dead, without possi- bility of resurrection.

The total results of slavery was the civilization, q rp^^a,! in thousands of cases the Christianization, of the Results of Kfigro, He did not rise to the civilized life by

74 The Call of the Home Land

ages of struggle and suffering. He was introduced suddenly against his will into a Christian civiliza- tion. He became civilized by two processes. First he was forced to clothe himself, to obey the law, to work, to adjust himself to a state of society of which he had been utterly ignorant. This was civilization by compulsion. Then he imitated the institutions and customs, good and bad, of his master. In this he has always been expert. Here was civilization by imitation. 7. What American citizenship brings with it both the Emancipa^ right and privilege of freedom. It generally brings tion Meant the right to vote. Duties and privileges are both involved in it. The right to vote implies intelli- gence. The privileges of citizenship imply grave responsibility and every citizen is obliged morally to maintain it unhurt and to improve society of which he is a member. When suddenly freed by military decree the Negro entered at once into privileges which he could not appreciate, and which in numerous cases he abused. His chief addition to the high civilization which he received by imi- tation and compulsion was his power to do physi- cal work, which was no small contribution. But he had no power to improve society by any con- tribution of thought or of moral energy. He was made responsible for doing what he could not do, and his very situation was filled with cruelty. 8. Recon- At the close of the Civil War in 1865 the § ruct^jpQ social life pf the South was shattered. For

A Race Problem 75

ten years Congress tried to reconstruct Southern institutions without paying much attention to Southern opinion or social conscience. So far as the relation of the Negro citizen to his old master was concerned, there sprang up antagonisms, sharp and threatening, and covering every human inter- est, political, social, industrial, educational, and religious. Most of these antagonisms have soft- ened with time and experience, especially those having to do with education and religion and to a considerable degree with politics.

The discussions and experiences of the past forty 9. some years have strongly united Southern opinion and, ^^+!®^^ increasingly, public opinion at large as to the fol- lowing points :

(1) The Negro will continue to live in the South.

(2) The average Negro is inferior to the aver- age white man in initiation, in construction, and in administration.

(3) The price of peace is separation, with spe- cial reference to all educational, social, and relig- ious affairs.

(4) There is an increasing class of Negroes who are intelligent, independent, resourceful, and genuinely and ethically religious.

(5) There is a large criminal class of Negroes, who are the chief source of th^ race troubles in the country,

76 The Call of the Home Land

(6) The great mass of the ISTegro population, still living in the rural districts, are quiet, con- tent, and surely improving in all material mat- ters.

(7) The religious life is more intelligent, but it is still far too emotional and unethical.

10. Present As a rule, the pure-blooded ISTegTO is a fine speci- men of physical strength. He is capable of great

(1) Physical ^^^ prolonged labor. Many think him lazy by nature, having little conception of the real mean- ing and dignity of labor. This anecdote illustrates his love of ease. A Negro farm hand was found by his landlord, asleep in the field under a shady tree in the middle of the afternoon. Going up to him, the man said: ''Wake up, Jim. What is the matter with you f " 'Tain't nothing the matter with me, boss." "Is your mule sick ?" "No, sir, boss. Da she is out da eat'n' grass." "W^ell, what are you doing here then ?" "Boss, I'se just awaiting here for de sun to go down, so's I kin quit work." Until subjected to great poverty and bad conditions as to food, clothing, shelter and personal purity, he is remarkably exempt from disease.

Some investigators claim that there has been a notable increase of consumption, insanity and ven- ereal diseases. In the cities the condition is accu- per cent of them die without medical aid. In the lately described by President E. R. Wright: "Any one who will give the least observation to

A Race Problem 77

this matter will see that the cities are the hot-beds of crime, misery, and death among the colored peo- ple. Here they are huddled together, often with two or three families in one room. Without em- ployment for more than half the time, they are consequently insufficiently fed and poorly clothed. When sick they are unable either to employ a phy- sician or to buy medicine. At least twenty-five per cent, of them die without medical aid. In the City of Savannah, during the year 1894, 251 col- ored persons died without medical attention. This being thirty-three and one-third per cent of the total number of deaths among these people for that year. About sixty per cent of this number of deaths were children under the age of ten. Twen- ty-four thousand of the 52,000 of the population of Savannah are Negroes. Hence it will be seen that whatever affects these people affects at least nearly half the population of our chief seaport. What is true of Savannah, I judge to be approxi- mately true of all of the cities of Georgia and of most of the cities of the South." The neglect as to medical help is perhaps overstated as to general conditions. In spite of poverty and disease the ISTegro population has steadily increased. In 1800 it was 1,001,463; in 1900, 8,833,994. The per cent of increase was 13.5 between 1880^ and 1890, and eighteen per cent between 1890 and 1900. The negro population grew thirty-four per cent, in twenty years.

'See an article on "The Possibilities of the Negro," In Booklover's Magazine, July 1908,

78 The Call of the Home Land

{2) Mental Here conditions differ widely. That many ISTegroes have high mentality there is no sort of doubt. In the pulpit, at the bar, behind the teacher's desk, with the artist's pencil, and with the poet's pen, and in technical engineering there are many instances of great ability. ^Doubt as the accuracy of this increase is felt by some bo- cause of alleged defects in the census of 1890.

It is believed by some observers that the Negro child's mental growth is normal and satisfactory, as a general thing, up to the beginning of adolescence, and that subsequently it is not normal. Scientific study of Negro psychology is lacking. As a rule, he shows good powers of memory, poor analysis, strong emotions, and weak will. In most matters his judgment is poor, and there is a lack of inventive- ness. The colored man is a great lover of music, w'hich expresses itself in song and in certain rhythmic movements when at work. As a rule they are light-hearted and happy. Their wit is genuine, as may be seen in the matchless stories told by Mr. Joel Chandler Harris. Their humor is irresistible, and, after all, the more attractive because of its unconsciousness. Here is an anec- dote of an old colored woman whom a showman wished to secure for his show. Said his agent: "Aunty, do you remember George Washington?" "Does I recomember George Washington ? W'y, laws-a-massy, mistuh, I reckon I does. I orter,

^Seefoot note, p. 77.

A Race Problem 79

ortent I ? Fer I done nussed him. We played together evy day when he was a li'F chile." "Well, do you remember anything about the Revo- lutionary War?" ''G'way, chile! Yes, indeed I does, honey. I stood dar lots of times, an' seen de bullets flyin' aroun' thicker'n rain-drops." "Yes, well how about the fall of the Roman Empire ? Do you recollect any- thing about that?" The old woman took a long breath. In fact, it mounted to a sigh. She re- flected for a few moments and said: "De fact is, honey, I was purty young den, an' I doesn't have a very extinct recomembrance 'bout dat; but I does 'member, noAv dat you speaks of hit, dat I did hear the white folks tell about hearing somep'n drap." The nation's progress in thought has been little affected by the J^egro's contribu- tion. The progress that he has made in education is truly remarkable and full of hope for the future. The per cent, of ISTegro illiteracy in 1880' was sev' enty, in 1890, fifty-seven; in 1900, forty-four, a decrease of twenty-six per cent, in twenty years.

It is true that in every Southern State through public or private provision any capable and ambi- tious colored man or woman can get a fair college education, and some technical training beside. To produce these remarkable results Southern and ISTorthem statesmanship and benevolence have combined. Tens of millions have been given by

80 The Call of the Home Land

individuals and churches of the North, and, ac- cording to Dr. Booker Washington^ "Since 1880 $105,807,930, have been spent for the negro schools in the former slave States. In the school year 1870-80, $2,120,485 were spent for colored schools and in 1900-01, $6,035,550, an increase of $3,- 915,065, or almost eighty-five per cent." (3) Moral Their moral condition is varied. There are clearly discernable three classes. At the bot- tom is the colored criminal. The most re- cent available statistics" show that in the United States there are about 83,329 convicted criminals, of whom 24,277, or twenty-nine per cent, are col- ored. It is from this class that crimes against women most largely originate. There is need for a more careful study of the ISTegro criminal and his treatment.

As we rise in the scale, we see the great middle class of people, laborers in town and country. The moral advantage is with the countryman. With this class the chief moral delinquencies are pettit larceny, impurity, intemperance, and un^ truthfulness. It is not meant that these immoral- ities are universal, but that they exist to a notice- able degree. Its moral excellencies are especially cheerfulness, industry, patience, and hopefulness. There is still another class composed largely, though not exclusively, of educated people, who

'Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 146. 2 Strong's Soeial Progress, 1905, p. 98.

A Race Problem 81

are truthful, honest, just, pure, and good. This class is steadily increasing. It is true that the low moral condition of the rising generation is cause for serious thought.

Ever since his emancipation and enfranchise- (4) Political ment, the Negro has voted almost solidly with the Republican party. His ignorance and ven- ality made him the prey of designing poli- ticians. Entrusted with the ballot, he has too often voted without intelligence or conscience. In the States and counties where he has made the majority of voters, he has misused the ballot to such an extent that ruin stared the people in their faces. In consequence some of the States have disfranchised hundreds of thousands of Ne- gro voters. The laws do not make it impossible for any Negro ever to vote, but they put a pre- mium on inelligence in the voter and so offer a new incentive to education. These laws are of too recent adoption to form a fair judgment as to their effects.

Throughout the whole Soutn with absolute C5' Social unanimity, the white people have a law writ- ten and unwritten, that in all social matters there must be no mixing of the rases. Severe penalties are provided for intermarriage, and swift ostracism, if nothing more serious, is visited upon any person practicing it. Every Southern man be- lieves that this separation is necessary for the pro^ tection and perpetuation of white blood and civi-

82 The Call of the Home Land

lization. Everywhere in the South the posses- sion of education and property is separating the colored people into classes, just as it does else- where. Educated colored people can now find satisfaction for their social desires among their own people. (6) Indus- From Virginia to Texas for generations the colored people have made up the laboring class. The ]S[egro is at liberty to enter any calling he pleases upon fulfilling the ordinary require- ments. "Prior to the Civil War," says Ex- Governor Lowry of Mississippi, "there was a large number of Negro mechanics in the Southern States; many of them were expert blacksmiths, wheelwrights, wagon-makers, brick masons, carpen- ters, plasterers, painters, and shoe-makers. They became masters of their respective trades by reason of sufficiently long service under the control and direction of expert white mechanics." But dur- ing this period he was mainly engaged in agri- culture and still is so employed. Up to quite re- cent years he has not been identified with labor unions, but now the tendency is toward the organi- zation of colored imions. In every State in the South remarkable progress in industrial educa- tion has been made, and thousands of IN^egroes have been carefully trained in them for skilled service. Dr. Booker Washington has estimated that fifty-two per cent, of l!^egro laborers are en- gaged in agTiculture, and that "4n forty years

'Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 147.

A Race Prohlem 83

287,933 ^Negroes have acquired control of farm land in the South Atlantic States, of whom, 202, 578 or 70.4 per cent, are tenants, and 85,355, or 29.6 per cent, are owners or managers; and that the total value of the Negro farm property is con- servatively estimated at $230,000,000."

The ISTegro shows naturally strong relig- cv^Reiierious ious tendencies. Perhaps his chief enjoyment is in the exercise of his religion. There is a marked tendency among them to separate re- ligion from morals. It is mixed with supersti- tions. Always and everywhere it is emotional rather than intellectual in type. Here is a pict- ure of a religious service in a colored country church in 1896 in an Alabama swamp. A white minister with friends was camping on a lake near- by for fishing and hunting. He sent word far and wide that he would preach for the colored people in their church. Long before the hour for the service the roads and paths leading to the church were here and there filled with people, men, women and children, in wagons, in buggies, in road carts, on horse-back, mule-back and afoot. When the preacher arrived, the grove about the church was a scene long to be remembered. The people gathered in groups here and there. All were clothed in their Sunday best. The women were gay in bright colored calico. Entering the church the minister went into the small pulpit with the colored pastor. The service began with

84 The Call of the Home Land

singing, which soon attracted the people indoors nntil they filled all of the rude benches. To right and left and in front of the pulpit sat the older men and women. As the wor- ship proceeded the emotions rose and found expression in low murmurs of satisfaction, or loud, "Amens !" of approval. The congrega- tion was strongly responsive Mdien the minister arose and gave out his text. He was himself a warm-hearted man and was keenly susceptible to his surroundings. The situation called out the best that was in his mind and heart and conscience. As he got well into his subject, the older men and women began to indicate their approval by swaying their bodies and nodding their heads. As the preacher warmed to his work the congregation responded eagerly. Soon a low m.oan could be heard, — a sort of obligato of satisfaction — broken now and then by the rhythmic patting of the feet and clapping of the hands. To the right one said "Amen!" which was answered here and there by exclamations like "Say dat agin" "Dats de truth !" "Hear dat white man!" "Amen!" "Amen!" And the low m-m-m-m-o-a-n went on. The preach- er's head and heart were now afire. Suddenly to his left a loud cry was heard above all the rest. It came from a large woman, who rent the air with shout after shout, throwing her arms about her. She Avas promptly seized by three sisters who held her until she fell exhausted and moan-

A Race Problem 85

ing. On went the preacher, while the men kept up their fervent amens. Soon two other women in different parts of the honse broke loose in wild shouts and were quieted only by exhaustion. The colored pastor in the pulpit behind the preacher was in a high degree of joyful excitement, clapp- ing his hands, patting his feet, and shouting "Amen ! A-A-men" The climax of the sermon was now reached. The people were simply in ecstacies. The pastor could no longer contain himself and shouted above the preacher's excited tones, above the groans of the men and the shouts of the women, "Amen ! Amen ! ! Go it, doctor ! Go it." The doctor did his best and soon ceased from exliaustion. He will never forget the eager hand- shakes and cordial thanks from the people. Five months afterward he met one of the leading men of that church in the town making Christmas pur- chases. "How are you. Uncle Reuben," said he. "I'm well. Doctor. When is you comin' back to see us ? That 'ere sermont you preached is a-gwine up and down the swamp yet!"

In most of the cities throughout the South at present, one can easily find colored church build- ings well constructed, comfortably, sometimes hand- somely furnished, well warmed, ventilated, and lighted. Their congregations are well dressed and intelligent. Their ministers are men of classical education, who preach with dignity and quietness. Their services are quiet and reverent. Their busi-

86 The Call of the Home Land

ness affairs are well managed and their work is well organized. The great Negro denominations conduct their affairs with intelligence and power. Their benevolences are fairly well supported. Their organic work is carried on through well established and effective boards and societies. 11. Some As a result of the religious teaching of the Ne- groes before the Civil War, "In 1859 there were 468,000 Negro church members reported in the South, of whom 215,000 were Methodists, and 175,000 were Baptists.'"

Amongst the Negroes there are to-day,^

Denominations 27

Organizations 24,572

Church edifices 21,146

Seating capacity 6,810,965

Valuation $28,863,168

Members 3,589,780

Members and adherents 6,325,880

Statistics show most clearly that the overwhelming majority of the colored people belong to denomina- tions entirely independent of white control. 12 The Two words sum up our duty to our brother in Need hlack. Christian training. Reformation is good as far as it goes, but the Church of God cannot hope for the best results until the mass is lifted up through the regeneration of the individuals com- posing it. A race is ordinarily regenerated by its own agents. The chief agent in this work is un- doubtedly the colored pastor. At emancipation the

i"The Negro Church," Atlanta University Press, p. 2fl, 2 Strong's "Social Progress," 1905, p. 149.

A Race Problem 87

^Negro's church was the center of his whole life. Here he worshipped God; here his children went to school. It was the meeting place of his political club, and his social recreation was found here. The very center of his church life was the preacher. His influence is not so gi'eat as it was once, because of the growth of general intelligence. This man has generally natural powers of leadership which have been cultivated by long practice. His rule has been autocratic indeed. Possessed of a rude eloquence he has swayed the people through pas- sionate appeals to their prejudices and emotions. He must be trained. Out of ninety answers re- ceived by an investigator from colored men to the question, "What is the greatest need of our churches ?" fifty-four replied, "An educated, con- secrated ministry." Progress has been made, but there is need for more work. There are now some thirteen theological schools for ISTegroes in our country with 368 students, of whom sixty are col- lege graduates. Some plan capable of wide appli- cation is needed for reaching the colored pastors in the villages and rural districts. The John 0. Martin Education Fund has been founded for this purpose and is doing incalculable good.

Close by the preacher stands the colored teacher, sharing his opportunity and his influence. His ac- cess to the children gives him an unequalled oppor- tunity to shape life at its beginning. His concep- tion of his calling must be much higher. Too

88 The Call of the Home Land

often he teaches because it gives him influence and money. He must be shown the real nature of his calling- and be induced to make every effort to form character Avhile he imparts knowledge.

We must go beyond teacher and preacher. Upon the people themselves direct and pow- erful influences must be brought to bear. There are many colored parents who seek earnestly to do their duty to their children; but nevertheless there are multitudes of col- ored homes without any conception of order, cleanliness or obedience. The children are turned into the street to grow up without the fear of God. There is urgent need for pure and wholesome home instruction and training. Fathers need to be taught their responsibility for the purity of the home circle. Mothers must learn the simplest lessons of order and cleanliness. Children require sound instruction as to their relations to parents and other members of the household.

The mass of colored people need to be given the education of the head, including, besides the simp- lest elements of learning, grammar, history, hygiene and civil government. They need to be taught as far as human skill can teach them to hate evil and love good, to restrain evil passion and to give pure love an open way for growth. Their consciences must be awakened to the demands of righteousness and be taught to condemn all unholiness. Their wills must be taught to act according to the de-

A Race Problem 89

mands of an enlightened conscience. Their hands must be trained to useful labor and made skillful servants to an enlightened understanding, an awakened conscience, and a renewed will. Attain- ment without character is no fit ideal for this life even. The subjection of their lives to the Bible is at once their supreme need and our highest aim for them.

IsTo new methods of work are here suggested. 14. Methods The free public school, normal and trade schools, the Church of God with its preaching and teach- ings— these are the mighty agencies which under the blessing of God are equal to redemption of the American l^egro from ignorance and sin. With these actively at work the future is hopeful. With- out them or any one of them confusion will come upon us and our children.

The people who make the opinion and control 15. ACom- the life of our country must in some way occupy monview- the same view-point. That view-point must be the cross of Jesus Christ. Looking upon the vast en- terprise with Christ's eyes, with Christ's love, and with Christ's patience, we shall go forth with con- fident hope for the redepmtion of the American colored man.

Questions and Hints.

1. What is the home of the N'egro race? Its population ? Whence did most of the colored peo- ple now in America come ?

90 The Call of the Home Land 1

2. Describe their condition before they were brought out of Afraca. What can yon say of their religion ? Why do yon sni)pose Africa has always furnished so many slaves ?

3. How did the colored people come to America ?

4. Who first brought them ? When did they ar- rive in Virginia ? Who brought them there ? What share had ISTew England in ISTegro slavery ? Why did the South get most of them ?

5. Discuss carefully their condition during slav- ery.

6. What were the total results of slavery ? How was the l^egro civilized ?

Y. Discuss the ISTegro's fitness for citizenship at emancipation.

8. How did the Civil War affect the social life of the South ? How did Congress try to recon- struct it? What antagonisms sprang up between his old master and the freed N^egro?

0. What seven matters arc said to be settVd now? Discuss these matters in detail.

10. (1) Describe the N'egro's physical condi- tion. What two causes work against his health? Describe the effect of city life on his mortality? Why is he healthier in the country ? What is the ]3resent ISTegro population in the United States? How rapidly has it grown?

(2) ]SJ"ame some of his chief mental traits? Give a good typical illustration of your own of ISTegro humor or wit, Describe his progress in

A Race Problem 91

intelligence. "What is his present per cent, of illiteracy ?

(3) What three classes as to morals are there? Describe each class.

(4) Describe his political state. Why have so many been disfranchised ?

(5) Describe his social condition. Why do Southern people practice social separation?

( 6 ) Who make the laborers of the South ? What is his chief occupation? Has he progressed in- dustrially ?

(7) Wliat are some of the chief characteristics of the IsTegro's religion? Describe the service held in the swamp. What other type may be seen ? Hot\' is the church work of the colored de- nominations conducted ?

11. Give some account of the I^egro's religious life as shown by statistics. Explain why most ISTegTO churches are independent of white con- trol.

12. What is our duty to them? What is the key to betterment ? Give an estimate of the preach- er's power ? What influences are at work for hia improvement? Why is the teacher's work so im- portant ? What is his relation to the character of the people ? Why must work be done among the people directly?

13. WTiat can schools do? What can the church do? Tell something of the work of your church for the ISTegroes.

92 The Call of the Home Land

14. What is the common view-point ? Is puhlic opinion uniting at it?

What can you do for the Negro's betterment? Are you doing it ? Can you help to unify public opinion ? Did you ever teach in a colored Sunday- School ? Did you ever speak to a Negro about his personal salvation ?

Books of Refeeence.

Up From Slavery. Booker T. Washington.

The Future of the American Negro. Thomas Nelson Page.

The Problems of the Present South. Murphy.

Reports of U. S. Commissioner of Education.

Pamphlets on Various Phases of the Subject — Published by the Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga.

Souls of the Black Folk. Du Bois.

The Evangelization of the Colored Race in the United States; A Concensus View. Presbyterian Committee of Publication.

The Publications of Various Denominations.

Eedeeminq a City : City Missions.

There was a time in the history of the world i. no Cities when there were no cities. Man first lived alone in *^^^ the country. Then several families lived close to- gether because they were akin. After awhile other individuals, for personal defense or various social reasons, settled near them, and soon a village grew up. From natural increase and from the increase due to accessions from outside the village g^e^9■ lo be a town. From the same causes the town grew to be a small city, and the small city grew to be a large city. As civilization advanced, commerce and manufacture and the needs of government drew men together at certain strategic centers over the face of the earth. "A hundred years ago three per cent, of the population of the United States was urban ; now about thirty-three per cent. Then we had only six cities of 8,000 inhabitants; in 1900, we had 515." (Strong's "Social Progress," 1905.)

One of the most striking facts about the move- 2. increase ment of the world's population in the last century ^° u™t>er was the increase in the number of cities. In 1890 there were in the United States twenty-seven cities of 100,000 inhabitants and over. In 1900 this number had increased to thirty-eight. In the same

93

94 The Call of the Home Land

period the cities of 25,000 and over increased from 124 to 161.

3. Increase While the numher has been increasing rapidly

in Size , ^ • ■ i ■, i ii

the growth m size has been even more remarkable. "This is not peculiar to our new civilizations. London is probably 2,000 years old, and yet four- fifths of its growth has been added during the cen- tury just past. For sixty years Berlin has grown far more rapidly tlian New York. Paris is more than four times as large as it was in 1800. Eome has doubled since 1870. St. Petersburg has in- creased nearly threefold in seventy-five years. Odessa is a thousand years old, but nineteen-twen- tieths of its population has been added since 1800. Calcutta has increased 460 per cent, in seventy years. In Europe, Asia, and Africa we find this movement of population from country to city. It is a world-phenomenon and is due to a redistribu- tion of population." (Strong's "Social Progress," 1905.)

4. Bvisiness Since the dawn of civilization money has played

' a most important part in the affairs of individuals and of states. It must remain so to the end. It measures values and is a universal medium of ex- change. Its possession marks the presence of prop- erty and ordinarily proclaims the superior shrewd- ness of its owner. One of the dangers of our times is that we are disposed to measure a man's worth by the size of his bank account. For weal or for woe the world's money is being concentrated in the

Redeeming a City 95

large cities. Perhaps it is not too much to say that the world's accounts are finally paid in Lombard street, London, or Wall street, iSTew York. The following table shows something of the enormous wealth represented in ten cities, September, 1902.^

Total

Real

Personal

Income

Estate

Property

New York

1249,184,086

13,237,778,261

$550,192,612

Chicago

43.316,277

259,254,598

115,325,842

Boston

49,074,577

925.037,500

227.468,334

Philadelphia

48,387,084

919,706,697

1,649,799

St. Louis

17,043,757

842,325,544

52,470,160

Cleveland

13,809,910

143,323,490

53,130,155

San Francisco

10,898,872

289,682,092

123,417,901

Baltimore

10,227,940

258,304,425

176,039,397

New Orleans

9,544,183

108,079,794

37,694,075

Louisville

4,605,324

90,200,000

33,900,000

Grand Total $455,591,110 $6,573,692,401 $1,370,188,275

"Of the aggregate of loans made by the national banks on September 15, 1902, amounting to $i3,280,127,480, the amounts outstanding in the banks of iTew York, Chicago, and St. Louis, the three central reserve cities, was $877,934, 9-12," ^or about 27 per cent. The possession of these vast sums of money gives the cities the undisputed con- trol of the business of the land.

Chiefly because the cities are the gathering 5, concen- places where business is centered, thither go men Exec^ive who have executive skill. The young man on the Power farm, who has the intelligence to plan his work thoroughly and the will-power to put his plans to working, soon tires of the daily routine and hard

'Strong's "Social Progress," 1905.

96 The Call of the Home Land

manual labor of the farm. Going to his nearest town he becomes superintendent or manager of some company. As he gains skill from experience he discovers that his powers will bring him more influence and money in the city. Thus it is seen that it is an inevitable tendency for the city to absorb the executive power of the country. All the great corporations whose busi- ness supplies the needs of a nation or reaches to the ends of the earth, calling for brains and adminis- trative skill of the highest order, are located in or near the great cities. 6. Manufac- Money and executive skill do not lie idle. When Centers i^o^ey is invested under the direction of brains and skill and controlled by character the sure result is transformation of raw material into finished pro- ducts. Because a market is close at hand and trans- portation is easy these manufactories are built in or very near the great cities. In 1900 thirty-six per cent, of the manufacturing establishments in the United States was located in one hundred cities. They had fifty-one per cent, of all capital invested and fifty-two per cent, of the value of products. What a serious interference with trade would occur if the factories of Boston, "New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Chicago, and St. Louis were to shut down for a few months ? Millions of people would be thrown out of employment and the trade of the country would be paralyzed.

Redeeming a City 97

Where products are to be moved transportation 7. Distrib- lines will be found. Cotton pours into 'New Or- centers leans and from there by rail and ship is trans- ported to the great manufacturing centers. It is woven into cloth and distributed again throughout the country. At certain seasons oranges are col- lected in Jacksonville or Los Angeles, vegetables at ISTorfolk, fruit at Baltimore, grain at Chicago, only to be distributed to consumers every where. And so the cities become the purveyors of the na- tion.

It is to our cities that we turn to see the amplest 8. Educa- provision for the education of all the children, and centers the best results of public school work. Here great crowds of children throng the fine buildings to be taught by trained teachers, working with the best equipment the times afford. Here millions of dol- lars are annually spent in the war on ignorance. The following sums were spent in our five largest cities for schools at last returns :

New York $32,318,705

Chicago 9,735,930

Philadelphia 4,887,302

St. Louis 2,858,566

Boston 5,738,235

In recent years the tendency to build colleges and universities in large cities has been marked. Here magnificent buildings invite thousands of eager youths to enter fields of higher learning under conditions favorable to research. In and near the great cities are to be found the best equipped tech-

Life

98 The Call of the Home Land

nical schools of all kinds. Here scientific theory may be illustrated to students by observation in laboratory and shop. Cities are becoming more and more powerful centers of learning, affecting the thought and life of the whole people. 9. Social In the cities one finds every phase of social life intensified and enlarged. In the crowded streets and houses of the "Eastside" and in the quiet free- dom and elegance of ''West End," or "Up Town," may be studied the life of people who work with their hands, or who spend their days in retirement and ease. People of the same nationality settle in the same section, and we have the "Italian Quar- ter" of New York, or the "French Quarter," of 'New Orleans, or the "Chinese Quarter," of San Francisco. The "Foreign Quarters" of the cities of the East and ISTorth and West are matched by the "J^egro Quarter" of the Southern city. The foreign born population of our five largest cities was as follows by the census of 1900 :

New York \ . . . 1,270,080

Chicago 587,112

PhiladelpMa 295,340

Boston 197,129

St. Louis 111,356

The ISTegro population of our five largest South- ern cities is as follows :

Baltimore 79,258

Memphis 49,910

New Orleans 77,714

Atlanta 35,727

Louisville 39,139

Slums

Redeeming a City 99

In a modern city one may study the idle rich or the toiling masses of workers ; here dwell side by side the employer and employee. Here indeed "the rich and poor meet together," and side by side work out their destiny for good or evil. Here we are brought face to face with the problems of civil government in their acutest and most per^ plexing forms. Here santitation, taxation, the suf- frage, public utilities and education require the closest thought and the largest action.

Here is the modern "slum" Avith its ignorance, lo. The poverty, sin, lawlessness, degTadation and wretch- edness. Its population is composed partly of native Americans, who for one reason or another find it difficult to live. Into its life come thous- ands of foreigners, drawn together by common language and customs and held in the merciless grip of poverty. The condition of the people is most pitiful. They are crowded together in houses and rooms, too small, badly ventilated, exposed to violent extremes of weather, making rather a place to sleep and eat in than a home. Here food is scarce and often of a very poor quality. The clothing worn scarcely covers naked- ness in summer and in winter is poor protection against the cold. The social life is peculiar to itself. Families are frequently large and so crow- ded that privacy is often unknown and personal purity is constantly endangered. This poverty eclipses hope, while intemperance and prodigality

100 The Call of the Home Land

tend to make poverty perpetual. In numberless cases neglect, depression and wickedness have strangled whatever religion existed, and have driven the people into opposition to the Church. The social group of men meets in the comer saloon where the work of the day and politics are discussed, emphasized by profanity and illustrated by obscenity. The recreation of the grown people is provided by the low theater, where men, and women witness lude dancing and laugh at the roughest of jokes. The children play in the streets without responsible supervision, absorbing its vul- garity, its obscenity and its profanity.

11. The Re- The religious life of a great modern city is so ligionofthe y^ried that no general word will characterize it.

Each city must be studied by itself and in detail in order to grasp the facts securely. There are some qualities which they possess in common.

12. Division There is a marked division in classes. The of Classes "down-town" church is composed of the working

people, while the wealthy and educated live and worship to themselves in the "up town" or "west end" district. Sometimes this division is along racial or national lines. When the Gospel is unhin- dered by prejudices it tends powerfully to make men alike in their opinions and tastes and charac- ter. When the church is composed exclusively or chiefly of one class or race, there is a powerful tendency to produce and perpetuate certain types, not always the highest. The ideal church is com-

\

Redeeming a City 101

posed of all sorts of people, made one by love and obedience to Jesus Christ.

In the city more than elsewhere religion con- is. Formal- forms to certain recognized rules, and expresses itself in fixed forms of Avorship. These forms, while agreeable to those who are accustomed to them, tend to make the uninitiated uncomfortable, and often make it difficult for the Church to lay hold firmly upon the poor and ignorant.

The religion of city people is in spite of for- 14. Genu- mality often most genuine. It is constantly sub- ^^^ jected to the severest tests, which purify it. It is ever exposed to the sharpest criticism, and is thus purged from what is unessential or sinful. It is exercised upon objects the most varied, and so be- comes resourceful. IvTew demands are made upon it by the changing conditions of the modern city and so it becomes enterprising. ISTo more genuine Christians are to be found in all the world than can be met any day in the heart of any great mod- ern city.

Because of the religious problems presented by preachers the city and because of the unlimited field for the most frnitful investment of all the powers of brain and heart and conscience, the greatest preachers of the world are found in the large cities. Here the great masters of pulpit eloquence as well as of executive skill sway vast multitudes and organize them for effective service.

102 The Call of the Home Land

16. Head- Throughout America there is no hoard of any Quarters for Jarffe denomination that is located outside of a

Church ° . .

Boards large city. Boston, IN'ew York and Chicago are headquarters for the Congregationalists and Bap- tists ; Boston and ISTew York for the Episcopali- ans; N'ew York, Philadelphia and Pittsburg for the Presbyterians; Baltimore for the Romanists; 'New York, Philadelphia and Chicago for the Methodists. Thus city brains and experience and love of progress control the workings of the great churches. 17. org-an- With the conditions before named it is easy to ^® °^ understand that in the cities religious life is most perfectly organized. Here Jesus through his dis- ciples has entered prisons and cleansed them and made them schools for teaching useful industry. Here huge hospitals have risen under Christian impulse and benevolence for the care of the un- fortunate and the cure of the sick. Here Chris- tian science is erecting better houses for working- men and is opening public playgrounds for his children. Here through organized charity mil- lions of the poor are fed and clothed, nursed in sickness and comforted in distress. Here through united effort the powers of darkness and sin are re- strained in thousands of ways. Here from house to house in fraternal competition workers go in search of neglected children to bring them to the Sunday-school, an trained workers are ever seek- ing lost men and women to save them^

Redeeming a City 103

Here side by side with organized virtue and is. The goodness stand the banded hosts of evil. The city and Shame seems to be satan's supreme opportunity, and he is using it well. The city is the chief field of en- deavor for thieves and thugs. The saloon with its train of myriad evils is most unhindered and brings forth its deadliest fruit. Here lewd songs and dances tempt men and women to impurity, and licentiousness Avalks under the guise of decency. Here the gambler revels in risk and finally plunges to his ruin. Here hypocrisy, lying and dishonesty seek to hide themselves in the noise and crowd. Sabbath breaking is open and impudent. Here men are caught and held by the whirl of business and the seductions of pleasure until they forget God and duty. Here ignorant foreigiiers dwell in vast multitudes without God and without hope in the world. Recently there seems to have been a veritable tidal wave of all kinds of public dis- honesty in our large cities. Men are false to high trusts and make use of public office to enrich them- selves, while they pass for respectable citizens. Truly in the city sin abounds in every degree and opposes the progress of the truth and the rule of simple goodness.

In America the city is growing in numbers and 19. The

size and now controls the business of the con- ^eai Prob- lem tinent. It is the center in which the executive

forces of the day are collected. In it are the men

who direct the affairs of the Church. Here all the

tiflc Investi- eration

104 The Call of the Home Land

social problems of our times are acute. Here the powers of sin are entrenched. Here the battle rages most fiercely between organized religion and organized sin. What the result shall be depends upon the means used and the agents employed to do battle for God and right. 20. scien- The demand for accurate information is not sat- isfied until each city has been thoroughly and sci- entifically investigated. The method for doing this work varies. Sometimes a few interested and trained investigators undertake it patiently. An- other method is for a committee representing the leading denominations to be appointed. The city is carefully districted and enough intelligent work- ers are secured to carry the plans through and to gather results. Here are some of the questions tliat should be asked. Total population? Population by districts (or wards) ? by races ? by denomina- tions ? by occupations ? School population ? School enrollment ? School attendance ? Per cent of illiteracy ? Cause of illiteracy ? Number of churches ? of missions ? of denominations ? Loca- tion of churches and missions on map ? Seating capacity of churches ? Church attendance ? At- tendance of men ? Sunday-school enrollment ? Sunday-school attendance? Comparison of day school and Sunday-school in enrollment and in attendance ? Number of paupers ? Arrangement for their care ? Number of saloons ? Their loca- tion on map ? Number of houses of prostitution ?

Redeeming a City 105

Their location on map ? Efforts to reach this class ? Religious work for prisoners ? Estimate and locate the gi-eatest religious destitutions of the city? Is an adequate effort being made to reach them ? Is the land of effort proper? What is the duty of your denomination in this case? of your church? What is your duty?^

To say that preaching the Gospel is the sovereign 21. The remedy for these evils is to speak tlie truth but in ®°^® ^ the most general terms. To name the Church of Christ as the agent for this high duty is to deal in generalities. The Gospel is to be preached by the Church. Is there nothing more to be said ? The Gospel is a system of truth and the Church is an organism specially designed by God to relate this truth to the life that now is as well .as that which is to come.

First amongst the constructive religious forces 22. Preach- in the city is the regular, faithful preaching of ^^^^j^ the truth by trained preachers filled with the Holy Spirit. The open church with its strong sennon, ennobling praise, its up-lifting prayer, its cor- dial welcome for rich and poor alike is still blessed by God as the mightiest agency for saving men. Personal work, organized bands and boards and various societies are efficient helpers, but nothing should be allowed to diminish our respect for and confidence in scriptural preaching.

'This method was aoplied to NsshviUp.Tenn.. and suburbs, with a population of 102.000 under the direction if Mr. J E. McCullocl^t See his book "The Open Church for the Unchurched.'

106 The Call of the Home Land

23. In Tents Experience is teaching ns that there are multi- tudes that will not come into a church. It be- comes necessary to go out after them. In some of the cities, notably in Philadelphia, effective campaigns have been planned by holding preaching services in tents in vacant lots in the most crowded districts. This movement has extended to other cities, as 'Ne'w York, Baltimore. It has won its right to be a permanent method of making the Gos- pel kno^vn. 24. Special Within the last two or three years special evan- gelistic services have been held in many cities with blessed results. For months before the advent of the evangelists the religious forces of the city art. trained for work. The city is carefully districted, and a central church is selected for special services in each district. Strong preachers tell the story of salvation, re-enforced by effective singing and persistent personal work. To bring those who are interested to a decision for Christ and to gain ac- cess to them for further personal work, cards are distributed by the workers, to be signed by these interested, collected at the close of the meeting and given out to the pastors. In con- nection with these tent meetings and special evan- gelistic efforts, the active co-operation of Christian men and women is needed in advertising, in seek- ing the unconverted, in instructing inquirers, in singing, and in financing the work.

Redeeming a City 107

One of the most powerful agencies in the hands 25. The of the Church for the salvation of a city is the school Sunday-school. The old idea of this school has proven inadequate to the task imposed upon it. It must now be under some responsible control, thor- ougly organized into departments, — Primary, in- cluding the Cradle Roll and Beginners' Class; Junior; Intermediate; Senior; Xormal; Home; Missionary. Its instruction must be graded, pro- viding for progressive teaching in memorizing the Bible ; Bible History ; Bible Doctrine ; Bible Geo- gi'aphy ; Bible Literature. Its worship, which in- cludes its reading of the Bible, its prayer, its praise, and its offerings, must be interesting, ele- vating, and spiritual. Its methods must be digni- fied, practical, tested and adapted. Its great domin- ating two-fold object must be kept ever in view — to bring souls to Christ and build them up in Christ. The modern city school is equipped with a specially desig-ned building, which is provided with suitable furniture, with maps, charts, litera- ture, and whatever else may help to promote its purpose in existence.

In all the chief cities of America, and in scores 26. The of the smaller ones, the evangelical churches unite ci^ristian

Associflition

in the support of the Young Men's Christian As- sociation and Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, This powerful and progressive work of but little more than a half century's growth has ad- mirably adapted itself to the physical, social, in-

108 The Call of the Home Land

tellectual and spiritual needs of the young men and young women. It affords an unhindered oppor- tunity for religious work of every kind. In its secretaryship is to be found a life-work worthy of the best of our young men and women. 2,7 j-,ay -^ powerful ally of the Church in the uplift of School the city should be the public day-school. This institution of the State draAvs to itself by the mil- lion people of every class and nationality. In many places in addition to intellectual training it offers courses in manual training and in domestic eco- nomy. Into its very heart the Bible should be put as the foundation on which our civilization rests.

28. Visita- In many of our cities organization exists to

* promote friendly visiting. Thus persons volim- tarily band themselves together to visit in a purely friendly way the homes of the poor, of the unfor- tunate, of the sick, and of strangers. This agency can be used more extensively than in the past to extend the influence of Christianity. In many instances trained nurses are employed, who may become powerful witnesses to the healing grace of the Lord Jesus.

29. Settle- In most of our large cities there are companies ments q£ pg^gons who for philanthropic or Christian rea- sons live together in settlements to which the people of the neighborhood may look for social enjoyment, for helpful counsel and for comfort. They are provided with reading rooms, games, baths, kitch- ens, gymnasia and other appliances designed for

Redeeming a City 109

their purposes. They all no doubt do good, but those are most to be commended that are openly Christian and seek to make Christ known when- ever possible.

To the shame of our civilization it becomes so. Rescue necessary to establish homes for the rescue of women, who through temptation have lost their chastity. These institutions have been greatly blessed by God, especially in reaching women who have not been hardened in sin. Thousands have been thus reclaimed and given back to society to live usefully and happily.

One of the most powerful and successful agen- 31. The cies now at work amongst the ignorant poor and ^^^y*^°'^ sinful classes of the city is the Salvation Army. Originating in England not far from a quarter of a century ago it has spread widely throughout the cities of the world. It consists of a great army of Christian workers, most of whom, perhaps, are the fruits of its own labors, who under a certain form of strict discipline give themselves with wond- erful zeal and self-denial to testifying for God in halls and on the streets. They conduct rescue mis- sions, boarding houses, industrial establishments, and farms for the protection of those who comp un- der their influence.

As you have estimated the place and influence of 32, a city the city in our modem life, have seen something and You of the forces of good and evil contending for its subjection, and have measured the efforts that are

110 The Call of the Home Land

being made for its redemption to God, have you asked yourself the question, "What claims has Jesus upon me for the investment of my life in an effort to make his Gospel 'the power of God unto salvation' in my city?"

Questions and B^lnts.

1. How did cities originate? Gives some ac- count of the origin of the city near or in which you live. Do you know of a city that has perished ? Why?

2. Give some account of the increase in the number of cities in the United States? In your own State ?

3. Compare the growth of Charleston, S. C, and Atlanta, Ga. Why the difference ?

4. What influence have cities on business ? What is your trade centre ? Why ?

5. Why do men of executive power go to the cities ? Do you know of such cases ? What re- sults ?

6. Why are cities the centres of manufacturing ? What is made in your city?

7. Why do cities become distributing centers ?

8. Estimate the influence of cities on education ? Is this influence wholesome ? Why were or were not you educated in a city? How did it affect you?

9. Why do races, nationalities or classes settle

Redeeming a City 111

together in cities ? What effect has this on its life ? Describe a visit which you have paid to a certain "quarter" of a city.

10. Describe the general conditions existing in a slum. Make your own definition of a slum.

11. Why is it difficult to describe the religious life of a city ?

12. Is it good for the life of the churches in a city to be divided into classes? Why?

13. What is apt to be the effect of a forma] church life on those who are outside it? Would formality be an improvement on some conditions which you have seen or heard of ?

14. What tests help to make the city religious life truly genuine? Name one or more distin- guished Christian workers or thinkers, who were trained in a city. Can you trace the influence of the city on their lives ?

15. Why do the great preachers go to the cities ? Is your answer worthy of you and them ? Is their course justifiable ?

16. Why are the great denominational boards on societies located in the cities ? Where are those of your own church ? What would be the probable effect of their removal to the country ?

17. Why are religious activities better organized in the city than elsewhere ?

18. What forms of sin seem to thrive most in cities ? Why ?

112 The Call of the Home Land

19. Carefully estimate the real religious pro- blem of the city.

20. Give in outline an analysis of the religioui condition of the city that you know best.

21. What is the general remedy?

22. Give an estimate of the influence of preach- ing.

23. What are the general effects of tent work?

24. Lay out a plan for an evangelistic campaign in your city.

25. Give somewhat in detail the advantages of the Sunday School in city work. What is your school doing? Are you trying to help or to hin- der?

26. What is the peculiar sphere of the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association ?

27. How may the public school become an ally of religion? Is it such in your town?

28. What is friendly visiting?

29. If you have the opportunity, visit a settle- ment. Describe the chief lines of work there done. Is Jesus Christ directly made known through it ?

30. Do you know anything of the Crittenden Homes for fallen women?

31. Make a visit to the nearest Salvation Army headquarters and thoroughly investigate the work. Make a detailed report on what you see. Estimate its value.

32. What definite thing can you do for the re-

I

Redeeming a City 113

demption of the men and women of your city? Will jou do it ? Are you doing it now f

I

VI

A Problem of Isolation : The Mountaineees

OF THE South.

From northern 'New York to the foot hills of i- Their ]N^orth Georgia and Alabama, in the general di- rection of northeast and southwest, with scarcely a break in the mighty chain stretches the Appalach- ian System of mountains. At its heart is the primitive gTanite. Its sides are covered with grass, bushes, and trees. Its valleys are fertile and most beautiful to look upon. From these heights the waters flow into the Great Lakes, the Atlantic Ocean, or the Gulf of Mexico. In their depths are hidden immeasureable treasures of iron, coal, copper, zinc, lime-stone, marble, pyrites, slate, salt, oil, with here and there a dash of gold. Across them a dozen or more great railroads have built their lines into the grain fields of the West, while shorter lines are helping to bring all parts of this favored region close to market and are opening their vast resources in raw material to the enterprise and science of man. On the tops and sides of these great mountains there are beau- tiful hotels and splendid sanatoriums for the pleas- ure and healing of the people. The region is one of the most beautiful in the world and will soon

115

116 The Call of the Home Land

be the playground and sanatorium of the whole Atlantic seaboard. The system reaches its high- est point at Mt. Mitchell, which is 6,710 ft. high. 2. Phygicai The section of this region north of Virginia has been developed further than that from Vir- ginia south. It is not proposed here to study this northern section. We wish here to look into the conditions existing in the mountain counties of Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Arkan- sas, and Missouri. The following table gives ap- proximately the number of counties in each State, their area, population, illiteracy and foreign born citizens, according to the Census of 1900.

Virginia

87

17,700

638,039

90,400

2,413

■West Virginia

21

12.593

280,679

30,015

5,860

North Carolina

29

12,292

460,483

83,287

1,081

South CaroUna

4

2,679

162,059

81,680

458

Georgia

27

8,710

349,910

53,433

648

Alabama

27

19,790

744,381

133,732

8,510

Tennessee

40

15,853

678,397

100,028

4,050

Kentncky

42

15,251

583,427

93,848

2,790

Arkansas

29

21,265

506,885

50,918

6,064

Missouri

10

7,314

166,556

13,145

2,665

Total 266 133,506 4,570,816 680,431 85,134

3. Soil, One of the peculiarities of these mountains is

Rivers, Climate

Rivers, ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ wooded to their tops. On some of

Mountaineers of the South 117

the highest peaks in Korth Carolina there are "balds," considerable acres without trees but covered with rich grass. The Indians of the re- gion had a tradition that these balds marked the foot-prints of the Evil Spirit as he stepped from peak to peak. The sides of the mountains are composed often of fertile soil. The valleys and coves are famous for their productivity. The whole region is watered by abundant springs, brooks, creeks, and rivers, which sparkle in the sunlight and sing as they descend. The climate is most healthful. In the summer it is cool, and in the winter, cold, sometimes severe, but always bracing.

Here are vnst primeval forests of spruce, white 4^ products pine, yellow pine, cedar, poplar, walnut, oak, hick- ory, birch, maple, hemlock, drawing thither lum- bermen, who are fast cutting away these riches. Crops of wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats, com, and grass are easily raised. On the mountain sides the fields are small and often so precipitous that plowing becomes there a fine art indeed. In the valleys however there are farms of several hundred acres, level and most attractive. Huckle- berries and blackberries grow wild in great per- fection and abundance. Apples, peaches, plums, and cherries are plentiful and fine. Herbs used for medicine or for flavoring extracts are found in large quantities. Apples from this region are famous in the great markets of the world. The

118 The Call of the Home Land

delicious Albemarle pippin goes from the moun- tains of Virginia to the royal tables of England. In the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkan- sas thousands of acres have been planted in apple trees with enormous profits to their owners. Gar- den vegetables of almost every kind flourish to great perfection. 5. Isolation This region, so charming and resourceful within itself, is by a provision of nature isolated. The huge mountains have proved strong barriers against the approach of good turnpike roads and railroads. The turnpike as a rule scarcely de- serves the name, although there are notable recent exceptions. The skill of the engineer is taxed to build a railroad up their sides and through their tops. Telegraph lines have not yet left the rail- road line as a general thing. The telephone is rapidly bringing the people in close touch with the outside world and into internal fellowship. These physical conditions are largely responsible for the state of the people. A story is told in one of these mountain sections of a man who many years ago chose a location for a home, built a house, cleared away the forest, and prospered. Real- izing that he should have a wife, he sought in vain for one in his own settlement. He decided to go further, and some ten miles away in a neigh- borhood separated from his by bad roads and a high mountain he found a lady who suited him. He promised if she would becoine his wife t-o take her

The Mountaineers of the South 119

to live in another State, a hundred miles away. At the appointed time for the marriage he ap- peared with his wagon, ready for the long journey. After they w^ere made one, he took her hy a very circuitous route to his own home. She lived there for two years in blissful ignorance of the location. Happening one day to climb the mountain near by, she was attracted by the familiar sound of a cow- bell. Following it she came upon the cow that she used to milk and was thus led to her old home. The world of education, of enterprise, and of progTess has been shut out; the people have been shut in. Isolation explains the facts to a very large degree.

As we have seen, within the resrion lives a popu- ^ The Peo-

. . ple-Their

lation of 4,570,816. Of this total population only origin

35,134 or .0074 per cent are foreign born. Here then is a people of remarkable homogeneity and of exceptionally pure American birth. Their names and traditions indicate their English, Scotch, Irish, French, and German origin. There are more people of unmixed colonial ancestry in North Carolina, perhaps, than in any other State of the Union. In these mountains the names and cus- toms of colonial times exist to such an extent that the people may be called modern colonials. They went to the mountains originally for various reas- ons. Many went for pure love of adventure, led by the pioneer spirit Others left the eastern sections of the States because they did not own negro slaves and would not compete with slave

120 The Call of the Home Land

labor. Slavery never existed in this region to any great extent. 7. Classes Here as elsewhere differences of birth, educa- tion, wealth and character divide people into classes. Isolation explains the fact often notice- able that one neighborhood differs materially from one a few miles away. A family settled in a certain valley years ago and its descendants have owned it for several generations. In this way family traits have been powerfully impressed upon the region. Upon another neighborhood, not far away, another family with different origin, train- ing, and traits impresses itself. Because of these local differences, it is very difficult to make ac- curate general statements. To think of all the people in this vast section as alike in all respects would be a great mistake. Here may be found peo- ple of education and wealth, who own large estates and live in beautiful houses and enjoy the pleas- ures and employments of the most refined society. It is not to be forgotten that in this region are included the rich and populous valleys of Virginia and East Tennessee, besides a great number of smaller ones, where the people are prosperous, cultered, and devout in an unusual degree. Then there is a large class of small farmers, who live in humbler homes but with considerable comfort and with the most perfect independence. A third class may be seen in almost every community, con- sisting of people who do not own th^iv homes, but

The Mountaineers of the South 121

who rent land, or work as day laborers. The mountains do not possess a monopoly of this class surely.

The family that is specially worthy of our lov- s- Their ing- ministry lives near the road on the side of Material the mountain or in a cove. Their house is built of hewn logs, fitted together. Since the advent of the steam saw-mill the houses are being made of sawn lumber and are much more roomy and comfortable. It is a mistaken idea, however, that a log house is always uncomfortable. If it is wel] built and plastered, it is both cool in the summer and warm in winter. It has two or three rooms with a '^loft," or garret. It has a plain door and two or three windows, often without glass, which can be closed by heavy shutters. The cracks between the logs have been closed partially by mud or plaster. There is a chimney made of rough Btones, and a large fireplace which often serves the triple purpose of cooking, heating, and lighting. One room is used exclusively for sleeping and com* pany. The other serves as dining room, kitchen, and pantry, besides holding a bed or two. The furniture is very simple indeed and scant. The cooking is done over the open fire in pot, or pan, or oven. In many cases cheap cook stoves are lending their aid to the burdened housewife. Their food consists of corn-bread, sometimes flour biscuits, bacon, sometimes fowls or game, with vegetables in season. The finest honey from home-

122 The Call of the Home Land

made hives and preserves put up by the wife are at hand. Outside there are chickens and some- times geese. At the spring not far away there is a pot for boiling and a tub for w^ashing the clothes. In the rude stable there is a horse, with a wagon outside. Farm tools are few and simple. In the yard are a few bright flowers, while apple and peach and cherry trees are nearby. In this simple home lives a man with his wife and from three to ten children. He does not ask for pity and will promptly resent the least show of conde- scension. His iscolation has cut him off from op- portunity, and his improvidence tends to seal his destiny. His poverty discourages effort, and sim- ple inertia helps to keep him where he is. The sec- ond class referred to in section seven has also been powerfully affected by isolation. They have been shut off from good teaching and intelligent worship imtil they fail to appreciate the value of both. They can pay moderate sums for schools and are coming to estimate aright their responsi- bility and privilege. They respond at once to friendly efforts to help them help themselves. 9. Educa- Some figures concerning illiteracy have already tionai. Ijeen given. But they do not tell the whole story. These counties are divided into school districts whose location and size are not always determined by intelligence and usefulness. Sometimes the board of education is composed of unintelligent though honest and earnest citi^ns; sometimes it

The Mountaineers of the South 12a

is controlled by small designing politicians. The school houses are often rude and uncomfortable log houses, with little or no furniture. The teacher is likely to be poorly equipped and has sore need to be taught himself. A well informed and devoted friend of the mountaineers tells this anec- dote : "A friend related an incident that gives an insight into the situation in some of these com- munities. While making his way on horse-back from the railway station to a summer resort hotel,, he was accosted with the following plea by a des- perate looking individual sitting on the road side :. 'Mister, can't you help a fellow out of a mighty bad fix ? Them chillun at the school has got more sense than I've got; and I am afeard they'll find out that I can't work this here sum, and I'll lose my place.' Upon asking him to state the problem, it proved to be the following: 'If one yard of calico cost 7^ cents, what would 8 yards cost ?' " The school term in most of these counties is pain- fully short. In seven typical mountain counties of North Carolina and Tennessee it averaged in 1901 seventy-six days a year. In almost all these regions a public library is unheard of, and books are scarce everywhere. The public men are sel- dom well educated, though numbers of them are in- telligent and thoughtful. Truly these conditions call for serious thought and vigorous action. The situation is not hopeless, since decided progress has been made in the last few years.

124 The Call of the Home Land

10 Reiigrious A very great mistake is often made in suppos- ing that the mountain people are morally much ■worse than others. Such is far from the case. That the wide-spread lack of education places them at a serious disadvantage is not denied. But the people are very religiously inclined. There are many church organizations among them and preachers in plenty. The church buildings are often rude log houses, and the preachers suffer for lack of broad education. Services are held not more than once a month in these churches. By far the greater portion of the people are Bap- tists and Methodists, the majority probably being Baptist. The sermons that they most enjoy and for the most part hear are in the main long dis- 'Cussions on abstract doctrines, very frequently of a narrow, denominational character. An edu- cated minister once preached in this region, his sermon being about thirty minutes long. After worship the following conversation occurred. A native preacher asked him, "Are you educated ?" *'Yes," said the minister, "I have been educated." "How long did you go to school ?" "Well, I was four years in college and three years in the theo- logical seminary." "And after all that schooling you can't preach but half an hour ! Why any of our preachers can preach two hours without going to school at all." Sunday-schools are not main- tained in all the churches, and, where they do

The Mountaineers of the South 125

exist, they are in great need of equipment and bet- ter teaching.

Of course it is diflacult to name characteristics t^rt^jcs**^ that will apply universally over so wide an area, and among people differing so in condition. It is believed that the following are general To a marked degree the people are honest. Dwellings and bams are left without fastening and without fear of depredation. Almost without exception the people are hospitable. Poor they may be and unprepared to entertain guests, but a respectable and worthy person is sure to be welcomed to all that the people have. A widespread peculiarity is failure to appreciate aright the sacredness of a promise, especially as to matters which appear to be of small importance. They are rather un- demonstrative and at first non-committal, but this arises from their purpose to shield them- selves from imposition and to maintain their independence. In some of the communities their is a sort of tribal feeling running through the large family connections, and violence, real or fancied, done to this feeling meets with prompt, vigoroug, and often fatal treatment. Their independence is everywhere a most notable trait of character, and it asserts itseK in all pos- sible ways. The position of inferiority given women among the second and third classes named above is a most lamentable fault There is a story to the effect that in reply to some questions of a

126 The Call of the Home Land

stranger a mountain woman once said, "Men and dogs has an easy time in these parts, but its auful hard on women and steers." The whole concep- tion of the relation of woman to her husband, to the children, and to the work of the family sadly needs radical change. They are intensely relig- ious in temperament. They believe in God and in the Bible and in the Church. Skepticism is rare. They love to go to church and delight in religious controversy, being often quite skilfuU in debate.

12. Respon- 'pj^g mountaineers are not worse than other slveness,

people. They have not had what might be called

a full American chance. They have been and are isolated. They are truly virgin soil. Their greatest need is opportunity. A new desire to know, to do, to be, is spreading abroad, and op- portunities for betterment are eagerly seized. From these mountains have come a number of leading men in all the States where they lived. In the Revolutionary War it was a band of mountain- eers of the better class from ^North Carolina and Tennessee who marched horseback through dense forrests and in the face of great hardship finder their brilliant leader John Sevier, to fall upon the Brtish at King's Mountain, and, to quote Thomas Jefferson, "That glorious victory was the joyous annunciation of that turn in the tide of success which terminated the Revolutionary War with the seal of independence." In every great crisis of the nation they have furnished their full share of

The Mountaineers of the South 127

men who dared to die for their convictions. To- day in the Southern schools, colleges, and univer- eities the young men and women from those sim- ple mountain homes are making brilliant records in scholarship in the face of difficulties that would overcome people of less sturdy and resourceful stock.

It must be distinctly understood that any 13. Methods method of work that may be adopted must be °* Work carried out in the spirit of pure brotherliness. The spirit of criticism, of condescension, of pity will be at once detected and resisted with the ut- most determination. To this grand work the Church and the School must go hand in hand.

The fundamental conception of the church must i4. The be broadened. There is need of better church ^^ buildings to cultivate the spirit of reverence. The preaching must be altered from narrow sectarian j discussions to such a treatment of the Bible as ' will show its relation to the life that now is. Care- fully trained ministers of the Gospel must go to them with large resources, with constructive power, and with a vast love for the people. To such leaders they will give a warm welcome and a large place in their lives. Sunday-schools are needed in every neighborhood where twenty or more per- sons can be brought together, to be organized, equipped, and conducted according to modern ideas. The people need pastorial care of the most instructive, encouraging and spiritual kind in every

128 The Call of the Home Land

direction. The best religious literature is needed in the form of books, papers, and tracts. Evangelis- tic meetings are required, in which the people are moved to action by emotion fed upon careful in- struction and by consciences enlived by the pure Word of God.

16. The The whole educational equipment and process School jjgg(j reform. The public school must be awakened to a sense of its opportunity to instruct, to unite, and to advance a whole generation. The people will gladly come together to hear addresses by com- petent men on the nature and value of education, and no mas meetings are needed. Here the church is lending its aid with the most encourag- ing results. For scattered over most of this re- gion nuder the controll of different denominations are excellent schools, conducted with modem ideals and methods. Besides secular learning these schools teach the Bible systematically and care- fully. In thousands of cases isolation, poverty and lack of intelligence make it impossible for the homes to provide the best condition for rearing children. In such cases boarding schools intro- duce the boys and girls into the best home condi- tions available. There is urgent need for schools that will teach domestic science, gardening, farm- ing, wood and iron working, and the care of ani- mals.

16. Sell It is true that while the redemption of a peo- ^^^^ pie from ignorance, poverty, and sin may be suc'

The Mountaineers of the South 129

cessfuUy begun by outside persons, its completion can be accomplished only by the people them- selves. Whatever redemptive forces may be em- ployed by generous and devout friends, the dis- tinct purpose should everywhere reign to teach the people to raise themselves. Native mountaineers must be educated to be teachers and preachers among their own people.

It is difficult to name the good results already 17. Resvats reached. The spirit of improvement is spreading abroad in the great mountains. The material con- ditions which have existed for generations are rap- idly changing with the advent of the railroad and the sawmill. Better trained ministers are even now at work. The school is answering to the de- mands made upon it with some traces of modern efficiency. But the most blessed results have been reached through the education and conversion of hundreds of resourceful young men and women, who have returned to their homes representing a new era and humbly taking their places in the home life to redeem it and to raise it to God.

What are these magnificent mountains saying I8. The to me? They call me to rest, to recreation and g^^jj to pleasure. They welcome me to climb their rugged slopes and to stand on their high-lifted summits and gaze into the blue distance where the ^'far- flung line" of peaks disappears. At my feet there are thousands of natives, honest, hospitable, eager, responsive, and resourceful people, isolated, shut

130 The Call of the Home Land

in upon themselves and shut out from God's large place. The restless, hungry city yonder calls me to enter its struggle, and it represents power, in- fluence, position. As I gaze, Jesus Christ comes up the path, and, standing at my side, looks into the great valley below with longing eyes. He goes down the path, beckoning to me, and together we go into the isolation, the hunger, the sin, into the infinite promise of human life made rich and beautiful by his touch.

Questions and Hints.

1. Get out a good map and study carefully the location of the Southern mountains. Bring to the class objects gotten in this region, or pictures of its scenery and life.

2. In what States do these brothers live ? Study the statistics until they speak to you.

3. Can you verify the description of the soil, rivers and climate?

4:. Are the products of the region sufficient to sustain its life ?

5. Estimate the influence of isolation. Its causes. Compare it with Chinese isolation.

6. Give some account of their origin. Trace some of their family names to their source, such as Sevier, Benfield, Buchanan, Vance, Burleson, Banner, McCoy.

T. Describe the classes of people. How did they originate ?

The Mountaineers of the South 131

8. Give in jour own words a picture of a moun- tain home ?

9. Report upon their educational condition.

10. How do their religious characteristics differ from those of your community ?

11. What of their responsiveness ? Make a list of leading inen in American history who came from the mountains. What did each one in your list do ?

13. What spirit must characterize remedial work? . 14. Estimate the work to be done by the church.

15. The value of the school.

16. Why should native workers be trained? Discuss the question of self-help as related to evan- gelization.

lY. What results from work done? 18. May not Jesus Christ be calling you to give your life to these brothers in isolation?

Books of Reference.

Literature on this subject is chiefly in the form of leaflets, pamphlets and reports.

Write to your denominational Horn.? Missionary Board or Society for information..

Reports of Southern Board of Education, Uni- versity of Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn.

Reports of U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C.

132 The Call of the Home Land

At Our Own Door, by S. L. Morris. Heroes of the Cross in America, by Don O. Shelton.

vn

A Problem of Reconstruction : The Country Church.

In a group of twenty-nine students in the Col- i. Point of lege Conference for the Southwest, there were sev- °"** enteen men whose parents were from the country, and twelve of the men came thence themselves. It is undoubtedly true that most of the people who live in the Central, Western and Southern Statejt are close to the country, and have pleasant recol- lections of their own, or of their grandparents' rural home. Perhaps it was not far from tliis home to the country church where the family went to worship. The building was plain in its white and green. It stood not far from the cross- roads in a small grove of beautiful trees. Just a little way from it was the burying ground where our kin for generations have found a resting place till the trumpet of God shall wake them. Just down the hill was the spring where the thirsty crowds went for sweet cool water. Here and there in the grove were hitching posts where the horses were tied. On preaching day it was filled with horses, mules, wagons, buggies and carriages. Inside the house the pews were plain, and the floor uncarpeted. At most two stoves furnished the heat for the winter. A small cabinet organ to one side near the front showed where the choir sat. 133

134 The Call of the Home Land

The pulpit was unadorned, consisting of a plat- form on which Avere a desk for the Bible and hymn hook and two chairs for the minister and an occas- ional visiting brother. "Sweetly simple," we say. Yes ! But here it was that the people learned of God and of one another, and the fires of faith were kept aglow, and reverence was cultivated, and love grew strong. Some who study these pages will be going back there one of these days as pastors, and many to live and work and die. We need to study the conditions carefully. ^'r. ^^.*®"^^ This church was once large and flourishing, but

Conditions ^ ^ , . .

(1) Small now it is weak and small. This state of affairs is and Weak ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ changes in the population. Many of the

old people have died and the younger generation has moved away. Sometimes it happens that a village has grown up some miles away around a railroad station and the people have moved their membership there. What is to be done with the remnant ? The old must be comforted and the young must be trained. In many cases the church differs from the one just described in that it is small because it is new. Its future depends upon

its being nurtured now.

(2) Large "

and Strong- There are still left many large and strong rural

churches, their membership numbering several hundred. Its supporters are prosperous farmers who take an honest pride in their church relations and give time and money and thought to their maintenance.

A Problem of Reconstruction 135

As above indicated the rural churcli buildings (3.) Plain are severely plain in architecture, as a general rule^ In this respect they are protestant indeed. They are uncomfortable in the winter and far too little care is bestowed on them. Of course there are notable exceptions, where the buildings are large and handsome, giving evidence of the refined taste and wealtli of the community.

It is difficult to estimate the average size of the (4> sman country church. The majority of them belong to edtSmber-' the Methodist and Baptist denominations. On the ship whole, perhaps, their average membership num- bers less than 150 communicants. By the very nature of the case they must be scattered, in not a few cases, families living seven and ten miles from the church.

In some of the older and richer States of the (6) Bad Eftst the rural districts are blessed with many miles of graded and macademized roads, a journey over which is a delight. But throughout the land at large the roads are bad indeed. In the summer time they are endurable, but in the winter and early spring their condition makes them often im- passable. ^STot long ago a progressive pastor preached a sermon to his country church on "Good Eoads as a Means of Grace."

The American climate is favorable to out-of- (6) inciem- door life for the greater part of the year, but in "^ every section there are months of frost or rain. It is hard on man and beast to drive for miles over

136 The Call of the Home Land

rough roads in a storm to find shelter in a cold

building or stand tied exposed to the cold and wet.

(7.) Unsuit- Xhe improvement in the quality of the vehicles ableVehi- n , , i i i

cies used by country people has been great m recent years, and will continue to be greater with the in- crease of wealth and the betterment of the roads. But in multitudes of cases, especially amongst the poor, open buggies, Avagons or carts are the only means of getting to church besides walking, 3. inteUec- In many rural districts the people are well edu- (1.) improv- cated, their homes are supplied with good reading iner and they are interested in matters far beyond their immediate surroundings. ISTevertheless it is true that for various reasons country people are not generally as well educated as their friends who live in town or city. And so the country church faces the problem of ignorance as well as of sin. (2.) stim- In thousands of country districts the church ia Ediics^ion ^^® strongest stimulus to education in existence. Its very presence brings light, and its supreme struggle is with the darkness. In the early set- tlement of this country the church and school house stood by one another in more senses than one, and the prophet on Sunday was the preceptor on week days. °Life "^^^ church is the center of the social life of many a rural community, and should by all means be made more and more the supreme influence thereof. This is manifested in many ways.

A Problem of Reconstruction 137

The teaching and preaching services on Sunday ( i ' The more frequently and regularly bring the people i^etin^ together than any other occasion. The routine of the farm-life or the weather has kept the people close at home during the week. On Sunday neigh- bor meets neighbor on the friendliest terms at the church. Here they exchange news about their af- fairs and often lay wise and useful plans for the common good. Here strangers are introduced and cordially welcomed to the hospitalit}'' of the neigh- borhood. In their worship they are drawn together and made homogeneous. On these occasions the preacher is, humanly speaking, the most powerful constructive force in the life of the whole region.

The burial of the dead brings the people to- puneraf gather under circumstances peculiarly favorable to the cultivation of sympathy and kindly service. All weep together.

In the marriage of the young the whole church <3) The is interested, and for weeks this happy event is the chief subject of conversation. All rejoice to make the young folks happy, and the community is united in rejoicing.

More and more these days the church is bring- ing its people together to cultivate acquaintance, and teach people to be interested in one another. This custom is more observed in to^vn and city than in the country at present. But it is surely making its way to the most remote localities. At tliese occasions an excellent opportunity is afforde4

138 The Call of the Home Land

for the cultivation of social graces and manners, and the young are taught -wholesome forms of recreation. One of the most serious defects in American rural life is the lack of social organiza- tion. The first duty of the church is to save men, not to entertain them. But one of the surest ways to keep them saved is to keep them interested in one another and wholesomely entertained. The country pastor may well study tlie science and art of entertaining people in groups.

(5) Hospi- Qj^g Q-f -f-jjg most marked graces of the country church is its hospitality. Everybody is cordially welcomed by everybody, and one is often embar- rassed by the very abundance and warmth of invi- tations to the houses of the people. Upon this grace the social life of the church rests, and it should be carefully cultivated.

6. spiritiiai Such is the material, intellectual and social life

Lifs

of the average country church. This is the sub- stantial environment in which its spiritual life must grow. AVhat is that spiritual life ? ' Pure^and Faith lives easily in the country ; in the city it Simple is kept alive with difficulty. Here men see God in the works of his own hands, in the great silent for- ests, in cloud and sunshine, in the varied pro- cesses of nature, like the growing of grain and the instincts of animals. Here they hear his voice in the singing of the birds and in the roar of the storm. Here in the cali^ and silence they can heal him speak in the chambers of their souls. Thej

A Problem of Reconstruction 139

believe in the Bible, in the Church of Christ, in tlie power of simple goodness here and in the real- ity of the hereafter. In the conutry men believe.

Country people happily are the great conserva- f^) inertia tives of our national life. IsTew ideas spread slowly among them, and they unwillingly part with an old idea simple because it is old and they are ac- quainted with it. This habit of mind is specially noticeable in spiritual matters, and tends to be- come pure inertia. They are too often prone to stay in their present state of mind and heart and conscience and activity. Powerful influences from without and from within must be brought to bear wisely and persistently to move them to new activ- ities and to sustain them.

The final reliance of the rural church, as of all <3' ^^p-

. ports

churches, for the origin and maintenance of its preachin{? spiritual life is the Holy Spirit sent from God in answer to believing prayer. But in its support he is pleased to use certain human agencies. The first of these in importance is the regular faithful preaching of the Gospel. Emphasis should be put upon the supreme value of the stated preaching of a regular pastor. Inferior preaching is not de- sired in the country more than elsewhere. The very best is needed, the whole message of God should be spoken, not merely the emotional and hortatory element. There is pressing need of care- fully planned courses of earnest teaching, furnish- ing a broad and deep basis for the building of

140 The Call of the Home Land

strong characters, a mighty setting forth of funda- mental truth in its relation to life. Experience has shown that lasting good com.es to these churches from carefully planned evangelistic services held during the summer season or lato fall vt^hen farm work slacks somewhat These occasions have proved the spiritual birth-place of thousands of the best workers in the land. Sunday ^^^ ^^ ^^ most notable facts of our day is the School truly wonderful growth of the Sunday School movement in extent and power. On the ISTorth American Continent there are no fewer than four- teen millions directly engaged as teachers, oiBcers or pupils in this gracious work. The old idea of this institution as a place where pious persons with more or less fitness gather the children of the Church for more or less effective teaching and worship is giving place to a better. God's blessing has ever been on this work, however unskilled the workers and however imperfect their methods. The modem school comes with a sufficient course of in- struction, with dignified ideals of worship, with adequate material equipment and with an admira- bly adapted organization to bring all the people under its saving and uplifting power. In its sim- plest form it does not require elaborate buildings or expensive apparatus, but in an effective way gathers the children and grown people of a com- munity for the study of the Bible and for worship of the most high God. In its piore elaborate forms

A Problem of Reconstruction 141

it is fully equal to any reasonable task laid upon it One of its chief elements of usefulness in the country is that it does not require the presence of preachers or of professionally trained persons, however desirable they may be. It meets every Sunday and is alveays an invitation to study and an effort at redemption. Time and again rural churches have been kept from perishing by theii* Sunday Schools. The wise worker in the rural districts will give particular attention to the growth of the Sunday School.

It needs no argument to prove that religious Books books and papers are powerful allies in the sup- port of the spiritual life. The Sunday School library is the fountain from which many a thirsty youth has drunk. It is a sad fact that from ignor- ance, poverty or carelessness, or from all three combined, the average country home is ill supplied with good literature. Libraries of good religious books can now be rented at a reasonable rate for a limited time. A little co-operation in any con- siderable neighborhood will result in raising funds enough with which to start a church library.

A review of the facts above recited will impress one with the thought that the forces, material, so- cial and spiritual, now at work are not specially favorable to the rural church. Its regeneration is of the highest importance because the churches themselves considered are eminently worthy of it. It must be considered that the town and city

6. Its Re- generation

142 The Call of the Home Land

churches are recruited largely from this source. If these members are well taught and well trained at home, then their entrance to the new and larger life of the city will not draw them from the church. To the country church we have learned through long years of experience to look for a fresh supply of ministers. How shall this regeneration be effected ? First of all it should be repeated that this work must proceed from the Holy Spirit. It must come from within. Illumination, vision, de- sire, conviction, adequate action, result from his presence in the heart and life of the Church. ISToth- ing should be allowed to obscure this momentous -■ fact. All progress is the result of the union of divine and human energy. Some effective methods

are here suggested. (1) Social f°

Betterment Communities are not regenerated in a moment i

as a whole. Each individual must be changed. This fact does not in the least alter the necessity, of dealing with the Church as a whole, each con- gregation being regarded as a social unit. Plans large enough to affect the whole must be devised, and adequate action must be initiated. One great dominating policy must be adopted, and all the ele- ments of the whole must be brought to contribute to its out-working. About fifteen years ago in Toronto a young man just from the seminary took charge of a new field. At the first service in spite ' of a good deal of advertising there was no one present except the minister and some students who

A Problem of Reconstruction 143

bad come to aid bini. But the young man had a vision, and towards it he worked patientl}', rely- ing on God for guidance and results. By and by this work began to gather persons around it and a church was organized. From the first the young man sought to have them see his vision of a church committed as a whole to the firm belief that it ex- isted to make Jesus known in all the world. They caught the vision and to-day there are four hundred and fifty members with a pastor at home and one beyond the seas. The social unit was moved in the direction of the vision.

T-.-iT . n 11 (2) Sunday

it IS indeed a serious matter for a church to schooiim- neglect to use to its fullest capacity the modern provement idea of Sunday School work. I^To other argument is needed than that children and youth, hitherto the largest field of its endeavors, are w^orth saving for their own sakes. Our zeal should be quickened when we remember that this is one of the church's most effective agencies for salvation. Then, too, upon the salvation and training of the young de- pends the effectiveness of the Church of to-mor- row. Through the home department and special classes for adults the Sunday School is giving proof of its ability to deal with the mature life of the Church. The Church of to-morrow is present in the young life of to-day. 'No pains therefore should be spared to bring the Sunday School in the coun-- try to the highest degree of efficiency.

144 The Call of the Home Land

(3) Younff In addition to the Sunday School, whose chief ^^c^etfes work is to study the Word, nearly all denomina- tions to-day encourage the organization of Young People's Societies, whose principal care is to train for work. Millions of young folks scattered over the whole earth are now being trained to habits of definite daily Bible study and prayer ; to conduct a prayer-meeting acceptably; to study, pray for, and give to, missions; to take active part in hun- dreds of ways in the work of the local church. The leadership of the churches is involved in this mat- ter of training the young to take the places left vacant by their parents, or to step out with high purpose to undertake some new line of work. This work undoubtedly has peculiar difficulties in the country, but none are insurmountable. 8 The In- Beyond all doubt the minister of the Gospel is strmnents ^Yiq chief human ae-ent in this reconstructive work.

( 1 ) Ministers ^ . . i i i j

In numberless cases ministers, young and old, need a new vision of the condition and relations of the country charges. They are too often viewed as a practice ground on which to gain experience for town or city work. The author wishes to record here his conviction that, after a ministerial life of twenty-three years spent in country, town and city, as teacher, pastor and secretary, he has never done a piece of work that was more appreciated, or more immediately and permanently fruitful, than the three years spent in ministering to four widely scattered country churches. His heart turns to

A Problem of Reconstruction 115

them jet with deep longing. Men of the highest ability, with the most genuine culture, aflame with zeal for their work, and d^a^vn by a real love for the people, are the supreme human need of the struggling country churches.

ISText in efficiency to the skilful minister is the ' ^ ) Trained trained worker, man or woman, each in his or her appointed sphere. N^o man has ever yet seen what that man is capable of who has given himself en- tirely ito God's hands to be used as he sees fit. One of the most pressing needs of our country churches is for their leaders to go to institutes, conferences and summer training schools to get their vision en- larged and to learn the best ways of working. The officers of these churches in particular need this experience, and should be urged to use every op- portunity in reach. The young people are pecu- liarly susceptible to such influences, and their leaders should be sent where they can see the best methods under the most wholesome influences. The college man in his country home and church has a special duty to perform. His education is not to be viewed as a special favor to be enjoyed alone, but as an opportunity for trained service to his fellowmen. He should step to the front and with God's help lead.

For one reason or another our country churches ^3' Orarani suffer heavily for lack of thoroughly effective or- ganization. In this age of competition, the insti- tution that is not organized throughout to do a

146 The Call of the Home Land ]

definite work is doomed to be left behind hope- lessly. The country church is no exception. The first principles of organization must be taught, and effective metliods sought, found and adopted. The officers of a church should adopt a definite policy bearing on every phase of the church's life. Then every member must be brought into a defi- ' nite relation to it. The women must be sought out and committed to a definite responsibility. The men must be enlisted, each having his own work in harmony with the whole. The instruction of the church on Sunday, in the prayer-meeting, in the Sunday School, in the homes must be intelli- gently planned. The training of the young, espe- cially in Bible and mission study and in prayer must be planned in the light of God's Word and of modern experience. The worship of the church in song and in gifts must be organized to be most effective. What detail was given to Moses by God for the organization of his Church ! How it em- braced all the men and women and children, and ! extended to every conceivable situation! In apos- tolic days the organization was changed, but it was no whit less effective. In both cases the Church i was taught again and again that it is "not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of I hosts." 0. Why Multitudes of our young people go from the col- stand Idle? Yq^^ campus back to the village or country church. For a few weeks they attend its worship, and touchi

A Problem of Reconstruction 147

its life. Why not lay hold with prudence and joy- fully to see what good may be done ? Some go back from college to live in the country. One such person may be called by God to undertake with his help the reconstruction of the religious life of a whole community. Is God calling you ? Will you do what he wants you to do ? Answer quickly, ''Here am I, Lord, send me, send me !"

Questions and Hints.

1. Did you come from a country church ? De- scribe its location and physical condition. Give the description in the text.

2. Why are country churches generally small ? What sort of buildings do they have? How does a scattered membership affect their life ? Bad roads ? the weather ? vehicles ?

3. Estimate the intellectual life of a rural church ? How does it affect religion ?

4. Give an account of the social life. Estimate the social influence of Sunday meetings ; of fune- rals; of weddings; of parties.

5. [N^ame two leading characteristics of the spir- itual life of the rural church. Other characteris- tics ? ISTame the chief supports of the spiritual life. Estimate their relative importance.

6. Why is the regeneration of the country churches important ? hat three methods are sug- gested ? Criticize these methods. Give others.

148 The Call of the Home Land

7. What instruments of regeneration are named ? Whence comes the minister's authority ? Is he to be obeyed ? What need of trained leaders ? Are you training to be a leader, if God shall call you ? Why is organization necessary ? Try to sketch an effective organization for your country church. Criticize your plan.

8. Make a complete list of the things you can do for your home church in country or village. Will s^ou do them all ?

vm

The Making of a Boy : Box's Club.

Boys are everywhere, and not one should be lost. What can be done to save them for God and for society ? It will be well to study them with the utmost care. Let us analyze one if we can.

I. His Body.

The greatest fact about a boy's body is its well- i. itsCon- nigh ceaseless activity. There is an intimate re- lation between health and morals. So it is of importance to keep his body well. Cleanliness likewise influences character, perhaps to a far greater extent than many of us think. Plenty of soap, water, and towels is the first condition to- ward his regeneration. A weak boy is apt to b« cowardly and scheming ; a strong one, overbearing and aggressive ; a deformed one, distrustful of himself, suspicious of others.

The great end is to get a boy to take care of 2. its caxe himself. To this end appeal should be made di- rectly to reason. If that fail then resort to pride. If that fail a friendly talk with parents may be tried. It should always be private, and great tact- fulness is required. Caution is needed to pre- vent hurting a boy's feelings, or offending his personality. When an honest effort is made to 149

150 The Call of the Home Land

improve, wise commendation is good medicine. 3. itsEne- Enemies, cruel and eager, lie in wait for him. ™^®^ Laziness is one of the chief of these, leading to stagnation. Dirt comes easy, stays easy, and seems natural, but it is an enemy. Then tobacco, es- pecially the cigarette, strikes at nerves and heart. Beer and whiskey beckon him under the guise of good feeling and good fellowship. At the age of puberty, lust or sexual desire, coming as a new ex- perience, is apt to lead to unchastity. Friends, too, abound for the boy. Play is his natural ele- ment and is designed by God for his good. Well adapted work develops his habits of concentra- tion and persistence, laying a foundation for fu- ture industry. Soap and water, liberally applied in frequent baths, keep the body fresh and clean. Well directed athletics secure orderly development of bodily powers and tend directly to manliness and skill. A boy needs to practice restraint upon certain tendencies to eat too much. A firm hand on a boy's shoulder has kept many a fellow straight.

II. His Mind.

1. Its Type Mental powers differ greatly in boys, and so it is wrong to pour them all into the same mould, or to require the same work from them all. One boy likes mathematics; another, geography; another.

j Making of a Boy 151

physicial science ; another, history. One hoy is a natural musician, while his companion is in- fatuated with mechanics. The mental gift should he discovered early and ho made the key to his education ultimately.

The chief business of the average American boy a.HisLes- is going to school, and studying is his occupation sons for nine months. Here is an easy avenue of ap- proach to his inner life. Well directed questions about his books and lessons draw him out soon and open the way for intelligent sympathy. The wise leader forms an acquaintance Avith teachers and makes an alliance with the school. Wise entrance to his school life gives an nnhindered opportunity to inspire him to secure a liberal education, a thing that is within reach of every American boy.

One faces at once the question of his reading, cation out^of A list of the best five or ten books for boys is a school valuable possession. Keep them before the boys until they have mastered their contents. The habit of reading the best books can be most easily fixed in boyhood and will be a source of power and happiness to him always. His taste should be carefully watched. It is a good plan to teach boys to begin early to form their own libraries and to aid them in the selection and purchase of the books. A friendly visit with some boys to the public library will open a world of opportunity to them.

152 The Call of the Home Land

4. Absorp- A bo J learns more perhaps out of school than AssimUation i^ ^^- ^^ ^^ts on the world around him like a sponge on water — absorbs it. He is one enormous interrogation point to all nature and persons. In- quisitiveness is his chief mental quality, and side by side with it is its correlative, acquisitiveness. Kearly every time he asks a question he gets a fact. Memory comes promptly to his aid and the newly gotten fact is laid away for future use. Visits to museums, zoological gardens, menageries, pic- ture galleries, long rambles in the woods — all may be m.ade powerful allies in the education of a boy. The important thing for the leader of boys in their education is to become informed as to conditions and enter with real sympathy into their struggle with m€'n, books, and things.

III. His Sotji/.

1. Its Con- Observation and the Bible unite in teaching dition •, . .

that a boy's soul is sinful. He does wrong natur- ally ; it is a struggle to do right. The fact is shown in many different ways in different boys, and some- times in the same boy. Down at the root of his thinking, of his feeling, and of his action some- thing is wrong. It must be made right before the only permanently satisfactory results can be got- ten. 2. itsReeren- This soul must be touched by the Holy Spirit and given spiritual life and poweij ISTo other's

building:

Making of a Boy 153

power is equal to the task, and no other's act secures the result.

This quickened and awakened soul must turn to 3- its Oon- , 1 . ^ 1 . T 1 • •. tj: version

goodness by its own tree choice and begin its lue

of captivity to the Lord Jesus Christ.

The struggle toward perfect manhood being 4. Ks up- f airly begun must be continued forever. This soul once sinful, now regenerated and turning its face to God, needs spiritual nurture. Through Bible study, prayer, and Christian work, it is fed and grows towards the supreme ideal in Christ. These four fundamental facts about the spiritual life must never be lost sight of or obscured. By careful attention to each a boy's spiritual life will manifest itself in a genuine type of Christianity.

A boy being asked once by his pastor what it ^ a Boy's was to be a Christian replied, "A Christian, Sir, is somebody that loves Christ and does what he commands." The boy had gone straight to the very root of the mater — love and obedience. Now a boy will not manifest his love, nor prove his obedience in the same way that an adult will. Our supreme task is to bring a truly healthful type or religion to bear upon his mind, his heart, his conscience, and his will, and let his growth be free. Certain traits will surely need to be taught proper expres- sion. He will be changeable from year to year, or even much more frequently. His idealism will be always in evidence, for the tries to be the men be reads about or sees every day. Always and

154 The Call of the Home Land

everywhere he must be doing things. His religion is nothing if it is not active. As he approaches manhood he thinks less of gratifying himself than of serving others ; his altruism becomes evident. Few things can be more hurtful to a boy's religious life than to force it into types perfectly proper for adults. 6. Its In the support of his religious life a boy needs to be trained to the proper use of the Bible.

(1) HiB The leader's problem is of a threefold nature. How can he make the Bible interesting to boys? How can it be made to appeal to him ? How can it be made helpful ? The Boy's Department of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association may be consulted with pro- fit on all these points. There is not room here for the discussion. Of one thing we should make sure, if possible, and that is the formation of the habit of daily Bible reading by the boys.

Prayers "^^ mother's knee is the best place in all the world to learn the first lesson in prayer. But by and by the boy ceases to pray at this altar. He needs in- struction as to what makes an intelligent and spiri- tual prayer in its elements of praise, confession, petition, and intercession. By skilful dealing, a boy may be induced to lead in prayer. Here, as in Bible reading, we should earnestly try to have the boy form habits of daily prayer, so that it will become a. normal part of his life.

Making of a Boy 155

The boy's natural love of action can easily be (3) His used as the basis for teaching him how to work for the church. Two considerations must be kept in mind here — that the work must be adapted to hia capacity, and that it must be varied. It is best not to allow him to originate or direct his activity at first, but as he gains wisdom by experience, en- courage him to think of things to do and of the best way to do them.

IV. A Boy's SuRnouNBiisrGS.

It may not be improper to speak of his ancestry (i) Ancestry in this connection. Too much is sometimes made of the influence of heredity. But no one who hopes for success in dealing with boys can afford to be blind to the physical, mental, and spiritual ten- dency which comes with the blood. Appeal to family history is sometimes a powerful stimulus to a boy.

By home is not meant simply the house he lives (2j his in, for that is the shell of the home, but the place Home plus the personal influences and interests located there. "No one can deal with a boy successfully who does not know his father, mother, brothers and sisters. The home must be known, whether it is rich or poor, or neither; whether it is in the country, village, town or city. It is well to know what sort of a place the boy's room is, for it is apt to be an expression of the boy's tastes and habits.

156 The Call of the Home Land

C3> His A boy's associates are an index to his character, Groip because he chooses them freely, if left alone, and he chooses them because they suit him. His en- vironment is fixed for him, because he is not self- controlling. It is of the highest importance to know the size and constitution of the group of which he is a part. Its origin, leaders, purposes, history — in a word its life must be accurately known. Its influence on the boy is certainly one of the most powerful that aifects him, ( 40 His _^Q mentioned above, the school claims most of a boy's waking hours for five days in the week and nine months in the year. It fills a very large place in his surroundings. Its size, its quality, its life, its direct influence, and that of the school- spirit must be reckoned with. t5) HiB For three months every summer, the boy is free from the restraints of the school. Its freedom is at once his danger and his opportunity. Help him to plan for it. He must be occupied in some way. What shall be his work ? Where ? His hours ? His associates ? What is to be the spirit of his work ? Temptations will come in the shop or store or office. Can we help him to bear them ? The possession and free use of his money is another temptation. Where is he to go for his outing ? Is it to be in the country, by the sea shore, or in the mountains, or on some welcoming farm ? Is he to travel ? It may be made an opportunity for his improvement in all matters. It is sure to bring

Making of a Boy 157

; its temptations. Teach him how to make it a

! blessing to himself and to everybody about him.

Possibly his outing is to be on the co-operative

plan in the establishment of a club camp under

1 wise leadership. The time and place must be

I selected with care. The equipment must be plain

! but sufficient — a tent, or tents, heavy blankets,

rough clothes, and old shoes, tin cups and plates,

iron knives and forks and pewter spoons, tin pans

and cans, frying pan and dutch oven, kettle and

i water bucket. Things to eat in great abundance,

i but good and wholesome. Then come balls and

bats, tennis balls and rackets, fishing hooks and

, lines, and axe and hammer and nails, some simple

medicines and needles and thread and buttons.

. Then Bibles and some good reading for leisure

I hours fill out the essential equipment. What pos-

I sibilities lie locked up here for social mingling

with the boys when they are most inclined to

communicate and are open to direct influences.

The great purposes of the outing must be kept

well in view — recreation; personal acquaintance

and the discovery of points of contact ; Bible study

and nature study; and direct personal work for

Christ.

V. Working With Boys.

Secure grip upon them can be secured only after (i) How to much thought and prayer. Ill considered plans ^®*^°^^

158 The Call of the Home Land

will not answer here, the strain is too great. One must seek the parents, so that after consultation mutual understanding and co-operation may be gained. Boys must be visited 'personally to get them to talk and let you into their lives through the exhibition of their treasures — "things." An informal, and now and then a formal, invitation to your home will help to get hold on them. The discovery of a boy's "gift" will give you an im- mediate entrance to his life ; he will feel that you understand him. After all one must have certain adaptability to boy-life, whether natural or ac- quired, and then persistence and patience must come to the rescue.

(2) How to Boys love action and variety. Satisfy their love Hold on £qj. ]3q^^ ^\^q inventive faculty must be used to the fullest extent to inform and interest and lift them up. Boys gifts, as for mechanics, music, art, declamation, &c., should be cultivated. The in- exhaustible resources of tact, the irresistible force of unchanging determination, and the introduction of God's power through prayer will all be needed. Think of the beauty of redeemed boyhood, and the glory of the manhood that is to be.

(3) Meeting's Enough has been said above to indicate the pur-

for study p^gg ^^^ methods of this meeting. It should be and Worship , , ., , . , . °,

added here that special attention should be given

to the singing of boys. Experience proves that

they love to sing when led skilfully and given the

best words. Get the boys who seem to be able to

Making of a Boy 159

sing best to form a club choir. It will be useful on many occasions.

Meetings of purely social character should be c4\ social regularly held with the purpose to satisfy social Meetings cravings; to cultivate social graces, as politeness, order, deference, ease of manner, to study boys' life in action. Their time should be selected so as not to interfere with school or church duties. The meeting should be short so that the boys' rest may not be taken from them. If possible, a stated place should be provided. The cJmracter of this meeting should be carefully studied. Sometimes it should be purely recreational, when games, conundrums, puzzles, engimas, "stunts," and simple dramatics form the chief items of the program. Sometimes they should be educational, consisting of lantern exhibits, talks on science and art and processes of manufacture. The best stories may be read and the best jokes told, and all be made glad with songs.

Every boy's club should make provision for an (6) com- abundance of comrnittee work. Every merriber ™i**e®

'^ Work

should be on at least one committee. The commit- tees should be given definite work to do in a stated time and be held responsible for it. This work should be divided out until every boy has it under- stood just what he has to do. All committees and every member of each committee must be held to a strict account of the work assigned.

160 The Call of the Home Land

(6) A Mis- ]^^Q boy's club should consider its policy as com-

slonary ^ .•; •■,•,. .."^ ,.

Meeting- plote Without providing lor a missionary meeting. Both Home and Foreign Missions should have con- sideration, and plans for it should be made far in advance. The purpose of this meeting should be to inform boys accurately about missions, to win their approval, to gain thir co-operation, and to secure personal surrender to the idea. It should be in charge of a missionary committee^ which should be composed of some of the best loys in the club. It should meet at a definite time and place, and its work should be carefully divided out amongst the members. The program should provide for every- body's taking some part. It should have variety, brevity and spirituality. It should have action and move forivard to a definite purpose. In the club there should be a mission study class, to be com- posed of eight or ten earnest boys under a com- petent leader. A definite text book should be taken up and regular lessons recited at a certain place and time. The meeting should instruct the boys in the principles of and encourage them to practice scriptural giving, which is individual, systematic and proportionate. Here too they should learn to sing some of the really great missionary hymns. These meetings may be greatly improved if the boys have access to curios, photographs, books, leaflets, charts, scrapbooks, and now and then en- joy a really good missionary address, especially from a missionary.

Making of a Boy 161

VI. A Boy and Jestjs.

Boy's clubs have different objects in view. Some are purely social; some are industrial; and some have more than one purpose. From the christian worker's standpoint there can be but one great, dominating purpose, viz. : to bring boys to Christ and bring them up in him. All the plans that have been suggested herein are intended as helps in this direction. If they do not lead to him they fail of their highest aim, however much good they may do otherwise. The boys around our colleges, or near our homes present an unsurpassed oppor- tunity for christian enterprise and work. Boys' clubs exist in all the great cities and in many of the smaller ones. The students at Harvard, Prin- ceton, Ann Arbor, Toronto and elsewhere are doing an immense good amongst the boys through their clubs. The Boys' Department in the City Young Men's Christian Association welcomes the co-opera- tion of young men. There is need for young men to enter the boy's secretaryship. Here are the boys; here are the methods which experience has tested and approved; and here is the blessed op- portunity. Here they come — with shouting and noise and laughter, the precious boys ! Who wiU take hold and lead them to Jesus Christ as Saviour and Lord ?

162 The Call of the Home Land

Questions and Hints.

I. Discuss the relation of a boy's body to his morals. Compare his physical enemies and friends.

II. How do boys differ mentally ? How can his school be used as a point of contact? What can be done to help a boy with his reading ? Can you make out a list of good books for boys. What does a boy learn outside of school.

III. Discuss the four fundamental facts as to a boy's spiritual nature. Do you understand what is meant by each ? Discuss the leading character- istics of a boy's religion. What are its main sup- ports ? Estimate the value of each ?

IV. What influence has heredity on a boy ? Give illustrations of your answer. What, explicity, does a home do for a boy? Estimate the influence of his social group on a boy. Of his school. Describe an ideal vacation of three months, giving only the main points.

V. Suggest methods for getting a hold on boys. How may it be maintained ? Make a program for an interesting social meeting for boys, l^ame some of the principles that govern good committee work. What are the points in a good program ? What should a missionary meeting provide for in detail ?

VI. What is the all-controlling purpose of a christian boy's club ? Give some facts to prove that boys are accessible to you. By corresponding find

Making of a Boy 16S

out what college boys are doing for boy's clubs, and report on the subject to the class. Find out what the need is for Boy's Secretaries. What is your college doing for the boys around it? What are you doing?

Books of Eeference,

The Boy Problem. Forbush. Work for Boys. A quarterly journal edited by Forbush.

The Association Boy. A bi-monthly journal. From One to Twenty-One. Murray. A pamphlet. Psychology of Religion. Starbuek.

Conclusion.

In bringing these studies to an end it will be Look Back well to turn our minds back over the course. We have seen how the church of Christ came to our shores and spread over our goodly land; how the religious destitutions of our advancing fron- tiers have been supplied by heroic effort; how the incoming multitudes of foreigTiers challenge us to bring them into subjection to Jesus ; how the mil- lions of colored people in the South call urgently for spiritual uplift; how the intricate problems of the modern city require vigorous, adequate ef- fort to redeem it to God ; how the isolation of the mountaineer must be broken with the offer of a full American chance ; how the country church calls for sympathetic reconstruction ; how the mul- titudes of American boys offer a large field for the investment of one's life. These are not mere ab- stract problems, to be investigated and dropped. They are problems of real life. Here are matters affecting the quality and permanence of our civi- lization. Far more, here are matters involving the immortal destiny of millions upon millions of our fellow-citizens. To turn from the careful con- sideration of each of them is to play the coward.

From the backward glance let our eyes be turned Look within within. The underlying facts in each case in their relation to us cannot be denied. Our vision is clear. In each of us who claim Jesus as Lord

165

166 The Call of the Home Land

there is a certain consciousness of power to do given by the spirit of God. Few there are who will confess that they have no desire to take part in this fundamental work; we want to help. To all of us there comes the clear voice of conscience urging "You ought! You must! You ought! You must!" There is no escape from the moral imperative.

Dt. E. I. Bosworth, that irresistible teacher of men, has given us a most satisfying definition of human life. He says, "human life is the situation created by the infinite ingenuity of the heavenly Father in which to train his children to use power after friendly fashion." Living we are, power we have, God is our father. Opportunities many and varied has he thrust upon us. Shall we not use this power for the brothers about us to lift them to God? Look up. God is near. He calls to-day. Who will say him nay ?

What shall be the ultimate type of christian man- hood to prevail in America? There is here now such a combination of national, racial, and religi- ous types as the world has never seen before under one government. We are brothers — all brothers. Shall we set our faces forward, animated by a deep-set purpose and inspired by an unfailing hope that we will here produce such a type of christian manhood as the world has never seen? The day nears high noon and is bright. The future is unfilled, save with the good God, and he beckons 113 to fellowship and glory.

INDEX

Adventists, 27.

Africa, 51; Statistics, 71, 94.

Agents — at work, 32; used, 44, 45, 46.

Alabama, 41, 83, 115; Sta- tistics, 116.

Albemarle Pippin, 118.

Alleghany Mountains, 32, 37.

America, 16-26, 38, 51, 53, 66.

American — Heathen, 21; Church Life, 25; Chris- tianity, 26; S. S. Union, 37, 38, 39; Workingman, 55; Colonies, 41, 72.

Anecdote— Negro, 76, 78-79.

Appalachian Mountains, 9, 115.

Arkansas, Statistics, 116.

Arminian, 24, 25.

Army Statistics, 54.

Articles, Thirty-nine, 24.

Asia, 94.

Atlantic— Coast, 20; Sea- ports, 22, 35, 115.

Austria — Pop. per sq. mi., 55.

Baltimore— Lord, 21; City, 97, 106.

Bancroft, 18.

Baptists, 21-23, 25, 27, 32,

167

86, 102, 135.

Barbadoes, 34.

Belgium — Pop. per sq. mi., 55.

Berlin, 94,

Bible — Translation, 16.

Bibliography, 30.

Blackstone Island, 21.

Books of Reference, 49, 70, 92, 131, 132, 163.

Boston, 72.

Boy— His Body, 149, 150; His mind, 150-152; His Soul, 152-155; His Sur- roundings, 155-157; Work- ing with Boys, 157-160; A Boy and Jesus, 161.

Brainerd, David, 22.

British, 40, 126.

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 15.

Calcutta, 94.

California, 31, 40.

Calvin, John, 16, 17; Creed, 20; Calvinism, 25.

Canada, 31, 63.

Carolinas, 20, 32; Statis- tics, 116; North, 117, 119, 123, 126.

Carter, Robert, 38.

Catholic — Missions in the U. S., 18; Statistics, 27,

Cavalier, 19, 21, 32.

168

INDEX

Chalmers, Dr. Thos., 38.

Champlain, 18.

Chesapeake, 35.

Chicago, 97.

Christian — Connection, 27 ; Scientists, 27; Associa- tion, 107, 108.

Christianity — Entrance through the South, 17; American, 25, 26; Cor- rupt, 51; In U. S., 72.

Christians — at Home, 9, 32; or Disciples, 21, 22, 23.

Church— oldest (Church) building in U. S., 17; Statistics, 22, 23, 24; Government, 25; Boards, 102.

City Missions— No Cities Once, 93; Increase in Number, 93, 94; Increase in Size, 94; Business in Cities, 94, 95; Concentra- tion of Executive Power, 95, 96; Manufacturing Centers, 96; Distributing Centers, 97; Educational Centers, 97, 98; Social Life, 98, 99; The Slums, 99, 100; Redemption of the City, 100; Division of Classes, 100, 101; For- mality, 101; Genuine- ness, 101; Great Preach^

ers, 101; Headquarters for Church Boards, 102; Organized Work, 102; City's Sin and Shame, 103; Real Problem, 103, 104; Scientific Investiga- tion, 104, 105; Remedy, 105; Preaching in Church, 105; In Tents, 106; Special Services, 106; Sunday School, 107; Christian Association, 107, 108; Day School, 108; Visitation, 108; Set- tlements, 108, 109; Res- cue Work, 109; Salvation Army, 109; City and You, 109, 110.

Colonial Days— Difficulties encountered, 33.

Columbus, 15, 17.

Conclusion — Look back, 165; Look within, 165, 166; Look up, 166; Look forward, 166.

Congregationalists, 21-23, 25, 27, 32, 102.

Connecticut Gazette, 73.

Copernicus, 15.

Cortereal, 15.

Cortez, 15, 17.

Cotton, 97.

Country Church — Point of Contact, 133, 134; Mate- rial Conditions, 134 ;

INDEX

169

Plain Buildings, 135; Membership, 135; Bad Roads, 135; Inclement Weather, 135, 136; Un- suitable Vehicles, 136; Intellectual Life, 136; Social Life, 136; Sunday Meeting, 137; Funeral, 137; Wedding, 137, 138; Hospitality, 138; Spirit- ual Life, 138; Faith, 138, 139; Inertia, 139; Sup- ports Preaching, 139, 140; Sunday School, 140, 141; Good Books, 141; Its Regeneration, 141, 142; Social Betterment, 142, 143; S. S. Improve- ment, 143; Y. P.'s Socie- ties, 144 ; Instruments, 144-146; Why Stand Idle, 146, 147.

Delaware, 20.

Denominations, Seven larg- est, 21.

Disciples ( Denomination ) , 21; "The Disciple," 24; (of Christ, 27).

Dissenters, 24.

Distributing Centers, 97.

Dorchester, 19, 72.

Drink Curse, 10.

Dunkards, 27.

Dutch, 20, 24; Reformed Church, 25, 32.

Edinburg, 38. Education, 122, 123. Educational Centers, 97,

98. Edwards, Jonathan, 22, 36. Eighteenth Century, 22, 24,

35, 36, 72, 73. England, 16, 17; English

Colony, 19; Church of,

19, 23, 24, 32, 36; Inde- pendents, 23; New, 19,

22, 23, 32, 36, 72; Slaves

freed, 72; 109. Episcopalians, 21-25, 102. Europe — Condition of, 15,

16; 21, 26, 54, 55, 56, 72,

94. Evangelical Bodies, 27. Evangelization, 21. 23, 25,

35-37. Fifteenth Century, 16, 51,

72. Foreign Born, Statistics,

98, 116, 119. Fort Walla Walla, 40. France, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

54, 55. French (Roman Catholics

in North and West, 18),

31. Frontier (Conditions, 41).

(Work, 41-46). Georgia, 20, 33; North,

115; Statistics, 116.

170

INDEX

German Evangelical Synod,

27. Germany, 20, 24, 54, 55. Glasgow, 37, 38. Gould, Dr. E. R., 55. Government, Churcli, 25. Great Britain, 55. Great Plains, Across, 40. Greek, 54. Guinea Trade, 72. Harris, Joel Chandler, 78. Hayti— Island of, 17. Hebrews, 51. Henderson, Ky., 39. Henry VIII, 16. Holland, 16, 17, 25. Huguenots, 20. Illinois, 38, 39. Illiteracy, Statistics, 116;

123. Immigration, 37. Immigrants — Origins, Bl; Numbers, 51-53; What brought them here, 53- 56; Reception in U. S., 56-59; Need, 59-61; 65-66; Methods of Work, 61; Dis- tribution, 61-63; Work, 63; Schools, 63; Church, 63-65; Great Experiment, 66, 67; Past Results, 67; P^iture, 68. Independents, English, 23. Indians, 19, 21, 22, 32, 40, 41,

Indiana, 39, 117. Industrial Centers, 10. Ireland, 35, 38. Italian, 65. Jacksonville, 97. Jamestown, Va., 16, 19, 22,

31, 41, 72. Jefferson, Thos., 126. Jerusalem, 68. Jesuits, 18, 19. Jews, 27, 68. Kentucky, 39 ; Statistics,

116. King's Mt, 126. Labrador, 41. Lake Huron, 18. Latter Day Saints (Mor- mons), 27. Liberty (Civil), 16, (Re- ligious) 21. Log College, 36. London, 94, 95. Los Angeles, 97. Luther, Martm, 16, 17, 24. Lutherans, 20, 21, 22, 24,

25, 27, 32. McCullough, Rev. Jno. H.,

37. Magellan, 15. Makemie, Rev. Francis, 34,

35. J

Manhattan, 31. Manufacturing Centers, 96. Martin, Jno. C, Education Fund, 87.

INDEX

171

Maryland, Romanists in, 20, 21; Eastern Shore, 25, 35.

Medici, Catharine de, 16.

Mennonites, 27.

Methodists, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, 86, 135.

Mexico, 17, 31; New, 31.

Michael-angelo, 15.

Middle States, 20; West, 38.

Ministers, Statistics, 22, 24.

Mission Study, best meth- ods, 10-13.

Missionary, Home, 44, 45.

Mississippi River, 18, 19, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39.

Missouri, Statistics, 116.

Montreal, 19.

Moravians, 20.

Mormons, 10, 27, 31.

Mountaineers of South — Their Home, 115, 116; Physical Conditions, 116; Soil, Rivers, Climate, 116, 117; Products, 117, 118; Isolation, 118, 119; The People — Their Ori- gin, 119, 120; Classes, 120, 121; Their Condi- tion, 121-125; Character- istics, 125, 126; Respon- siveness, 126, 127; Meth- ods of Work, 127; The Church, 127, 128; The

School, 128; Self Help,

128, 129; Results, 129; The Mountains and I,

129, 130.

Mt. Mitchell, 116.

Negroes — Origin, 71; Their Condition, 71; Brought out by Force, 72; Ap- pearance in America, 72, 73; Condition Under Slavery, 73; Total Re- sults of Slavery, 73, 74; Emancipation, 74; Re- construction, 74, 75; Some Matters Settled, 75, 76; Present Condi- tion, 76-86; Some Statis- tics, 86; Supreme Need, 86-89; Methods, 89; Com- mon View Point, 89.

Neshominy Creek, 35.

Netherlands, 16.

New Jersey, 20.

New Orleans, 97.

Newport, R. I., 72.

New York, 20, 24, 25, 32, 35, 38, 62, 95, 106.

Nineteenth Century, 23, 37- 41, 56, 74, 77-79, 83, 93, 94.

Norfolk, 35, 97.

Norway, 24.

Odessa, 94.

Oregon, 40.

Oxford, 36.

172

INDEX

Ozark Mountains, 118.

Pacific Coast, 31, 32; 40, 41.

Painting, 15.

Paris, 94,

Papacy, power of, 16; Per- secution, 20.

Pennsylvania, 20, 32, 35.

Philadelphia, 106.

Pilgrims, 19, 23, 31.

Pioneer Types, 34.

Pizarro, 15.

Plymouth Rock, 19, 31.

Population, U. S., (1775), 22; Foreign born, 51, 52, 53, 55; Negro, 77; U. S., 93, 94; City, 94, 95; 98, 116, 119.

Presbyterians, 22, 25, 27, 35, 45, 46, 102.

Princeton University, 36.

Printing, 15.

Problem, the first, 22; Church's, 32; Real, 103, 104.

Protestant, Faith, 19; Be- ginnings, 19; Colonies, 20, 21; Episcopal Church, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 51.

Protestantism, Puritan and Cavalier Types, 21, 32.

Psychology, Negro, 78.

Puddefott, 31.

Puritans, 19-21, 32.

Quaker, 20.

Quarantine, 56-58.

Quebec, 18.

Questions and Hints, 27-30,

46-49, 68-70, 89-92, 110-

113, 130-131, 147-148, 162-

163. Races, 51, 66, 67. Raphael, 15. Reformed, Faith, 16, 17;

Churches, 25; Dutch, 25,

32, 27.

Religious Life — Europe, 15; New World, 20, 22; of City, 100, 102; Original Forces, 21; Types, 25; Denominations in U. S., 27; Persecutions, 55, 56; 124.

Revolutionary War, 37, 126.

Rhode Island, 22.

Rio Grande, 41.

Rocky Mountains, 32, 40, 41.

Roman Catholic — First Chapel in the New World, 17; French, 18, 31, 21; Missionaries, 31; in Maryland, 20; Eng- lish, 20. 21; 22, 24, 40, 102.

Rome, 94.

Russia, 54, 55, 56.

Saint Lawrence River, 18, 3L

Saint Petersburg, 94.

INDEX

173

Salvation Army, 109.

San Miguel. 17, 31.

Santa Fe, 17, 31.

Savannah, Ga., 77.

Scotch and Scotch-Irish, 20, 32.

Scotland, 25, 38.

Sculpture, 15.

Seventeenth Centui-y, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 72.

Sevier, John, 126.

Sixteenth Century, 15, 16, 17, 18, 40, 72.

Spain. 16, 17.

Statistics, denominations in U. S., 22, 27; Baptist, 22.23; Foreign born pop., 51, 52, 53, 98; Army, 54; Pop., 55; Quantity con- sumed by workingman, 55; Railroad, 56; Immi- grant, 62. 63; Africa, 71; Negro, 72. 77, 79. 80. 82. 83, 86, 87, 98; U. S., 93. 94; City, 94, 95; Bank, 95; Manufacturing Cen- ters, 96; Educatiou. 97. 116.

Strong's Social Progress. 51, 52, 55, 71, 80, 82, 86,

93, 94, 95.

Sunday School, American Union. 37, 38, 39. 45, 64, 107, 140, 143.

Sweden, 20, 24.

Tennent. Rev. William, Sr., 35, 36.

Tennessee, Statistics, 116;

East. 120. 123, 126. Toronto, 31. Turk. 54.

Twentieth Century, 79. 93, 96, 116, 123. Unitarians, 27. United Brethren, 27. Universalists, 27. Virginia, Colony, 19, 23,

32, 34, 35, 116, 120. Washington. State, 40;

Booker, 80, 82. Wesley. John, 24, 36. West Virginia, Statistics,

116. Westward Movement of the

Frontier, 31. Whitefield, George. 36. Whitman, Rev. Marcus. 40. Williams. Roger. 22. Workingman. 55. Yukon. 41.

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FLAG SERIES.— Questions and answers on Country. Government, Pci !• Homes and Food, Child Life, Condition of Women, Education, Religious luiil Missionary Work. Bach, 5c. postpaid.

Following countries are now ready:

1. China.

6.

South America.

2. India.

7.

Mexico.

3. Japan.

8.

Italy.

4. Africa.

9.

Western Malaysia

5. Korea and Thibet.

and Philippines.

Complete catalogue of Missionary Books, Tracts, Maps, Charts, etc, sent free on request.

Special descriptive lists of Missionary Libraries at reduced prices free for the asking.

Any book in print at lowest price obtainable.

Presbyterian eommittee of Public atioi

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries

1012 01235 3969