=- - ....D UJ g =- - IJ1 - __= iu - ::T - - (1"" =-- r-=t I- ::::::=:: 0 (fJ _ r-=t -:. - --....D - - - rr1 Â" . i . ..:... _ .. _ 106'. tk, ". '\",-""", -, .;i. .... ..þ, 1) \ , \ '" .. \ t' \- Ii C ð U () - "'" t CANADA DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS THE CANADA YEAR BOOK 1922-23 OFFICIAL STATISTICAL ANNUAL OF THE RESOURCES, HISTORY, INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE DOMINION Published by Aut.horit.y of The Honourable THOS. A. LOW, M.P., MINISTER OF TRADE AND COMMERCE , - Mt ' ' .: '- . ti 4!_ :. - .. OTTAWA F.A.ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1924 The lary ;ary- Tear- "an and ew Test rear ion, fhe 1ce, ."om "act the Ion, ign lrt- 1 of ted In), lnd art IOn )th tal the .es, In :ts, >rk ng h" ty in ng he nd ire 'al he .er 'lti le- loti y, :e, Ie Ie er .is Id Ie le re - 500----- 1450- / I' ).... t. t f{ ....... ) .< Ç, r / .r to. 1: .. 8TATUTE MH..E8 q &0 100 t 2 0 3 00 3&0 400 4 0 000 , , . I , . KILOMETEJl8 O too 2'0 8'0 4.0 &'0 '''0 7'0 8'0 ENCIU,VI.D 8V, PEL!... & ..'P."HAPT fORT "filE, "'IfT. 120 C ----- us. 110. IOS .. ---- /'0'" ---... -= , 't 1 f I' c C;)C:I i III II ,.11 5 ft. } - ) -b ,.J I lif" ,. i'..., \,. " I I I r. 1 I I! IS " i! \ Jj s: I'iS O - ' ---- ---- I C/(I =- - PREF ACE. The Canada Year Book had its origin n the firs year of th Dominion. The want of a publication that would assemble III convemently access ble and summary form the chief comparative statistics of Canada, togethe wIth the necessary- descriptive matter was felt immediately after ConfederatIOn, hen t e "Year- Book and Almana of British Korth America," b irW, (to quote Its ub-tItl.e), "an Annual Register of political, vital an.d trade tatllihcs, customs tarIff, eXCISe and stamp duties, and public events of mterest m Upp r and Lower Canada, ew Brunswick, Xova Scotia, Prince Edward .Island, i\ewfoundland and}he ' est Indies," was founded. Subsequently the title was altered to that of The .l.ear Book and Almanac of Canada, -an ann lal stat stica bstr!lct of the .Do mIOn, and a Register of legislation and of publIc men III BntIsh orth Amenca.. The work was edited by l\Ir. Arthur Harve , F:S.S., of the Dep rtment of Fmance, but was in no sense a government publicatIOn. It was publIshed annually from. 1867 to 1879. In 1886, after the pas:;ing of a General Statistics Act, the ItStatllitical Abstract and Record of Canada" was instituted as an official book of reference re pecting the institutions, population, finance, trade, and general conditions of the Dominion, "with comparative data for the 'Cnited Kingdom, British Possessions and foreign countries." The work was prepared in the General Stati"tical Office of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and was continued annually until 190-1 under the direction of Dr. George Johnson, F. .S. In 1903, the General Statistical Office was amalgamated with the Census Office (which was at the same time made a permanent organization), the Year Book being remodelled by the late Dr. Archibald Blue, Chief Officer, and continued under the title "The Canada Year Book, Second Series." In the reorganization and centralization of statistics which followed the Report of the Commission on Statistics of HH2, and the establishment of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in 191 , the continuous improvement of the Year Book, both in content and method of presentation, was made a primary object. A fundamental purpose of statistical organization is the securing of an aperçu or conspectus of the country as an entity, especially as regards its manifold social and economic activities, which are thus viewed both in their totality and in their relations to each other. In addition, therefore, to the branches of the Bureau which deal with specific subjects, such as population, agriculture, mining, trade, education, etc., etc., and which work in collaboration with the various Dominion and Provincial Departments having jurisdiction in corresponding fields, there was created a "General tatistics Branch" whose functions are: (a) the carrying on of subsidiary inquiries on a great variety of subjects of less extent and complexity than those assigned to special branches in the Bureau, but es ential to a complete and rounded scheme; (b) the synthesizing of general statistics and the interpretation of the general economic trend; (c) the preparation of digests and abstracts of statistics relating to group phenomena; and (d) the bringing of Canadian statistics as a whole into relation with British Empire and world statistics, under the necessary reservations suggested by differing polit.ical and economic systems in the different nations. In these multifarious activities, the Branch builds upon the inter-departmental organizations completed by the other branches of the Bureau (which provide for a pooling of data as between the Bureau and the various executive Departments, Dominion and Provincial), but also supple- ment"! these materials with descriptive and other data drawn from a wide field. The most important publication of the General Statistics Branch of the Bureau is the Canada Year Book, which is a compendium of official data on the physiography, history, institutions, population, production, industry, trade, transportation, finance, labour, administration, and general social and economic conditions and life of the Dominion-the whole conceived from the widest point of view and presenting the more salient statistics of the country against a background of interpretative matter designed to bring out their significance. It will be appreciated that a work of this character is dependent upon completion of the basic organization of statistics, and that it has been necessary therefore to develop the Year Book gradually, as the improved materials under the Bureau became available. 'Vith the present edition of the Year Book, the Bureau has entered upon the final stages of its revision of this important publication. The changes that havE' 62373-A! iv been made in recent years have been described in the pref ce for each edition. The present is marked by the omission of any le:tding topical article; effort having been concentrated during the past year on the general improvement of the several sections and their arrangement in logical form and sequence. E pecially thorough has bcep the revision of the sections on population aml on the differcnt pha e" of production. Among other features of the cdition to which the spccial atterl ion of the reader may be directcd are' the contributions by Rir Frederick Rtupart, Director of the Meteorological Service of Can:tda, on the f:tctors which control Canadian weather and on thc development of the leteorological Rervicc; the cxpamled trcatment of parliamentary representation in Canarla anù of provincial governmcnts and min- istries; the summary of the principal data collected at the census of 1921 and t.he first detailed treatment of vital !'tatistics; the addition to the productiun section of a general survey of production and of a I;ub-section on construction, and the development of the other sub-sections under thi" heading; the more adeauate treatment of internal trade; the in:--.ertion of sub-sections on roads and highways and on aerial navigation in the 1 ransportation and communications !'cct.ion; the publication of the Burcau'!' new index number of ,,,hole"ale prices anù of its statistics of retail prices; th(' introduction into the finance section of a discussion of national wealth all11 national income; the adding to the administration section of an entirely new sub-section on "public health and public benevolence," also of a selcct bibli- ography of leading books relating to Canadian history. Throughout the volumc, the latest available information is included in each section, the- tables in many cases including figures for the fiscal year lÐ - :3, and the letter-pre!':; supplying supplementary figurcs extending in some cases to the end of the calemlar year 1923. The present edition of the Ycar Book has bcen edited by l\lr. R ..:\. Cudmore, B.A. (Tor.), M.A., (OJ\.on.), F.S. ., F.R. Econ. Soc. Grateful acknowledgments are hercby tendered to the numerous officials of the Dominion and Provincial Governments who have generously assisted in the collection of information. The tables havc in the main been compiled, as for many years, by ::\Ie!'srs. Jas. I kcad and Jos. 'Yilkins, while most of the diagrams have been dra"n by Ir. R. B. 'Vatts. R. H. CO_\.1'8, Dominion Statistician. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, Dcc. 31, 1923. SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 1. Geo aphical Features..... _.. - .. . _ _ _ . . . .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. General Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provincell! and Territories as in 1923... ... 2. Physiography....................... _... ':'. .... .... ................. .... '" 3. Rirers and Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Drainage Basins of Canada..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada........ ., . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4. Area, Elevation and Depth of the Great Lakes................... ........... 5. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. . .. . ... . . .. .- 4. Islands....... . ., . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .. . . - . . . . - . . . . . - -- 2. Geological Formation....... ............. .... -........ . -.. .. -.. - -.. -... ... 1. H iswrical Outline and Geological Divisions . . . _.. . . _ .. ............ 2. Economic Geology of Canada, 1922... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Seismology in Canada... ... _ . . .. _....... - . . . . . . . . - . . . . . 4. The Flora of Canada........ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Faunas of Canada............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. The Natural Resources of Canada.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Climate and Meteorology.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1. The Facwrs which Control Canadian TV eather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Climate of Canada since Confederation.... .. . . . . . . . .. ....................... 3. The Meteorological Service of Canada....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 6. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations. . . . . . . . . 7. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations....... II. HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY. 1. History of Canada... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Chronological History of Canada, 1497 to 1923................................ III. THE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 1. Constitutional Development of the Colonies Prior to Confederation........... . 2. The Constitution of the Dominion at Confederation................ .. ...... .. 3. Evolution of the !lõational Constitution since Confederation............. . . . . IV. PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA. 1. Nova Scotia....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. !lõew Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Prince Edward Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Quebec.......................... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . _ . _ . _ _ . 5. Ontario .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 6. Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .1Ianitoba......... .......................................... 2. ::5askatcheU'an.. 3. Alberta.. . . . . . . . _ . _ _ ................... _ _ 7. British Columbia....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ........ V. PARLIA 'WENT AR Y REPRESENT A TIO IN CAï"lADA. 1. Dominion Parliament............. .... .... .... .... 1. Governor::.-General of Canada, Ibß7-1923...... 2. ::\Iinistries since Confederation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3. Duration and Sc-sions of Dominion Parliament." ISfi7-1923.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4. Rf'pa ,entation in the Senate of Canada, by Pro," inc I, according to the British 1\orth America -\.ct, 1 t.i7, anù amending Act , a at Oct. 31, H/:!3..... ....... 5. Repn.".entation in the House of Commons of Canada, showing the effect of Hepre<ntage Distribution of Cal\adian population by Provinces and Territories 1871 to 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............................ 3. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1921. and numerical increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. -. .. 4. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871, and increase per ccnt by dccades from 1871 to 1921. ... .................... ..... .... ........ 5. Arca and Population of Canada by rrovinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 and 1901. .. ................... ...................................... 6. Density of Population in Canada according to the Census of 1921.... . . . . . . ., . 7. l\Iovement of Population, including estimated Natural Increase, recorded Immigration, and estimated Emigration for the intercensal periods 1901-1911 and 1911-1921........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Sex Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Sex Distribution of the People of Canada, by Provinces. 1871-1921..... .. .. . . . 9. Proportion of Sexcs per 1.000 of Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1871-1921 10. l\1asculinity of the Population of Various Countries....... . 3. Conjugal Condition. .... .., ............ . . .. ............ ............. 11. Conjugal Condition of the Population by numbers and percentages. as shown by Censuses of U.;71, U.;81. 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ........ 12. Conjugal Condition of the P('ople of Canada, classified as Bin,,!;le, :\Iarried, 'Vidow('d, Divorced, L('gally S<,parated. and not given, by J>rovinces, Census 1921........................................................... -....... 13. Conjugal Condition of the Population, 13 years of Age and Over, 1921...... 4. Dwellings and Families.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Number of Dwellings and Families in Canada, by Provinces, as shov.n by the Census of 1921. . .. . .. . .. . . 5. Al7e Distnbution...... . . . . . . . . . .. .. -. . .................................... 15. Proportion pf'r 1,000 of the Population by .\.ge-Periods. 1871. 181'1, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... 16. Proportion per 1,000 of the Population by Age-Periods by Prm-inces, 1921, with totals for l!H 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Male and Female Population of Canada by Age-Periods, lE.81, 18m, 1901, 1911 and 1921. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Racial Origin. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Origins of the Pcople according to the Cen uses of 1 71, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 1!121................. .. . .... . . . ..... ............................. 20. Proportion per cent which the People of each Origin form of the Total Popula- tion, 1871, 18S1, 1901, lUll and 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . ... .... . 21. Racial Origin of the Population, by Provinces and Tprritories, 1921....... . . . . . 22. Racial Ori"in'! of the People for Nine Cities of GO,OOO and over, as shown by the Census of 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 7. Religions .... . -.................. ...................................... 23. Heligions of the Ppople at each Dccennial Cpnsus, 1871-1921.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. Ratio per cent of Specified Denominations to Total Population in Census Years. 25. Hf'ligions of the People by ProvincC'5, Census 1921....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Birthplac('s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. Birthplaces of thl' Population of Canada according to the Censuses of 1871-1921 27. Population claf'sified by Sex and Nativity, by Provinces and Territories, according to the C('nsus of 1921...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ... 9. Rural and l'rban Population....... . . .. ................................... . 28. Rural and ('rban Population by PrO\ inces and Territories, 18m, 1901, 1911 and 1921.. _.. _.... .. ................ ..... ...................... 29. Percentage Distribution of Rural and t:'rban Population by Provinces and Territories, 1 !n, HI01, 1911 and 1921. . ..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. L'rban Population of Canada, divided by Size of Municipality Groups, 1901, 1911 and 1\121...................................... ............. :U. Ratio of Femalps to l\1ales in Rural and L"rban Populations, 1921.. . . . . .. .... 32. Population of Citi('s and 1'0\\ ns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1921, compared \\ith lR71,-Rl,-!H, HI01,-11............................................. 33. Population of To\\ns and Villages ha,ing betv.een 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 1921. as compared \\ith 1901 and 1911....... ..... 10. Quinquennial Population of the Prairie Provinces....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ..... 34. Population of the Prairie Provincf>s, 1901, 190r., IfIll. 1916 and 1921... .., .... 35. Population of the Prairie Pro"inces by Sex at eac'h Census Period from 1870 for l\lanitoba and from I!.1Ol for Saskatchewan and .\.Iberta........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Pnpulation of the British Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..................... 36. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1911 and 1921. . . . . . 12. J'opulation of the World........ . ..... ... ......... ...................... ..... 37. Number and Density of the Population of the Yarious Countries of the "'orld . 2. Vital Statistics......... . . . . . . . ., . . . . . ., .. .. .. . .. . . . l.i.l\'atural Increase..................................................... -...... 38. Bummary of Births, :\Jarria ('!!, Deaths and Natural Increase, by Provinces, for the calcndar years I!I:?O, 19:11 and 1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. Summary of Births, l\Iarriages, Dpaths and Natural Increase, by Cities of 10,000 and over, for the calendar year 1921......... .. . . . . . . . ... ., . . .. . . . . ., . . . .. 2. Births................... ........... ....................................... 40. Summary Analysis of Birth Statistics for the calendar years 1920 and 1921... . . 41. Births per 1,000 Married 'Vomen of Child-bearing age, hy Provinces, HI:?1.. . . . PAGE. 140-182 140-149 140 140 141 141 144-148 148 149 140-151 150 151 151 152-154 1.'J2 153 153-154 154-155 155 155-157 156 156 156-157 157-162 159 159 1oo-1tB 162 162-165 163 163 Hì4-165 lüü-lü7 lü6 Hì7 1ß7 -175 169 170 171 171 171-173 173-17i) 176-177 176 176-177 177-180 177-180 181-182 181-182 183-204 18,)-187 186 187 188-192 188 189 2. Vital Statistlcs-concluded. 42. Births by Sex and Ratio of Males to Females, 1921....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43. Illegitimate Births in Registration Area, by Age of Mother and by Provinces, 1921 and 1922....... ... . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 44. Stillbirths in Registration Area, by Age and Status of Mother and by Provinces, 1921 and 1922...... . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . ... . . '" . .... . . ... . . . ... . . . . . 45. Crude Birth Rates of Various Countries in Recent years................... .. 3. Marriages.................................................................. 46. Marriages and Marriage Rates, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47. Previous Conjugal Condition of Brides and Grooms, 1921.. . . " ... . . . .. ..... 48. Nativity, by Percentages of Persons Married, in the Registration Area, by Provinces, 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49. Crude Marriage Rates of Various Countries in Recent years........ .......... 4. Deaths........................................................... . . . ... . .. . 50. Deaths and Death Rates, by Provinces, 1920, 1921 and 1922......... . . . . . . . .. 51. Excess of Births over Deaths, by Provinces, for each Sex and by Totals, 1921 . . 52. Deaths in the Registration Area of Canada from Twenty Leading Causes, 1921 and 1922....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 196-197 53. Deaths from Tuberculosis in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922.. . .. 197-198 54. Deaths from Cancer in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922.... . . . . .. 198-199 55. Crude Dcath Rates of Various Countries in Recent Years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 56. Infantile Mortality by Provinces, together with the rate per 1,000 Living Births, 1920, 1921 and 1922....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. Number and Ratio of Infant Deaths in the Registration Area to Living Births, by Sex and Provinces, 1921. ........................................... 58. Infantile Mortality by Se... in the Registration Arca by Principal Causes of Death, 1921 and 1922. ..... .. . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59. Rate of Infant l\1ortality p r 1,000 Living Births in Various Countries of the World in Recent years..... ............. ............. ............ ...... 60. Rate of Infant Mortality per 1,000 Living Births in Great Cities of the World in Recent Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61. Maternal Mortality in the Registration Area by Age Groups, 1921-1922....... 62. Maternal Mortality in the Registration Area by Causes of Death, 1921-1922. .. 3. Immigration.................................................................. 1. Statistics of Immigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, 1897-1923......... ................. ...... 206 64. Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, by Nationalities and Races, Fiscal years 1916- 1923......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . 207-208 65. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1923............. 208 66. Occupation and Destination of Total Immigrant Arrivals in Canada for the fiscal years 1922 and 1923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67. Rejcctions of Immigrants upon Arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after Admission, by Principal Causes and by Nationalities, 1903-1923........ ..... 68. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Senrices, 1901-1923............ 69. Record of Chinese Immigration, 18R6-1923........... .... .... ..... .... ..... 70. Rccord of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1923. .... . . . . . . . . " . . 71. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years, 1868-1923..... .... ... ...- 2. Immigration Policy... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii VI. POPULA TION-concluded. PAGE. 189 190 191 192 192-194 193 193 194 194 194-204 195 196 200 201 201 202 203 203 204 205-215 205-214 209 210--211 211 212 213 214 214-215 VII. PRODUCTION. I. r General Survey of Production...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216-220 I. Summary by Industries of thc Value of Production in Canada during 1920 and 1921......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... ........ .... . 219 2. Summary by PrQvinces of the Value of Production in Canada, 1920...... .... . 219 3. Percentages of the Value of the Net Production in each Industry to the Total Net Output of each Province, 1920....... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 2.- Agriculture...................................... .... ......... .... .. _.. .. 220-309 1. Development of Agriculture in Canada........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 220-225 1. The Beginnings of Agriculture... .. .. . . . ..... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. ........... _ . . . ., 220-221 2. Agriculture in the Provinces before Confederation... . ... . .. .. . ..... .... . . . . . . . .. .. 221-224 3. Progress since Confederation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224-225 2. The Government in Relation to Agriculture.. .. .................................. 225-235 1. The Dominion Department of Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 2. Provincial Departments of Agriculture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226-227 3. Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 4. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 227-230 5. Provincial Experimental Farms and Stations..... . ....... ........... ... . . . .. .. . ... 230-235 3. Statistics of Agriculture.... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235-309 1. Acreage, Yield, Quality and Value of Crops.. ....... .... ... .. ." ... . . . ..... . .... .. 236-260 1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-1922 and five-year average, 1917-1921 ......... '.' .... . . " . . . ..... .. . . . . .. .. ... 238-254 2. Annual Average Yields per Acre of Field Crops for Canada, ßnd by Provinces, from 1915-1922, with decennial averages for the years 1912-1921... . . . . . . . .. 255-257 3. Areas !\nd Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Flaxseed in the three Prairie 2-7 ProVInces, 1920-1922...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. . . . .... . .. . . a 4. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1 17-1922..... ... . . . . . . . . . 2.38 viii VII. PRODUCTION-continued. 2. A riculture-continued. 5. Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1921 and 1922. 6. Quality of Grain Crops, as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 1913-1922... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....................................... 7. Average Value!! per Acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents 1908-1910, 1914-1922.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2ðO 2. Farm Live Stock and Poultry............................................... . . . .. 2ðO-270 8. Numhers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1921-1922............. 261-263 9. Estimaterl Numbers of }'arm Live Stock in Canada, 1917-1922............... 263-264 10. Avcrage Values of Farm Animals and of 'Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspond- ents, 1916-1922.......0. . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... '265--266 11. Average Values per head of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 1916-1922...... . . . . . ., . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . _. ............ 266-267 12. I:stimated Total Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1916-1922267-268 13. Estimated Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, 1921-1922........ 269-270 3. Fur Farming. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' ......... 270-271 14. Number of Fur Farms and Value of Land and Buildings, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 0 271 15. Number and Value of Fur Bearing Animals on Fur Farms in Canada. 1920, 1921 and 1922........... ............. ...................................... 4. Dairying Statistics....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. Production and Value of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1920-1922......... . . 17. Production and Valúe of Factory Cheese, by Provinces,. 1920-1922. . . . . . .. . ., . 18. l\Iiscellaneous Products of Dairy Factories, 1920, 1921, 1922....... . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by Provinces, 1900, 1910, 1915 and 1920-1922.. 0" . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . .. 273-274 20. Total Value of all Product", of Dairy Factories, by Provinces, 1918-1922.. . . . . . 274 5. Fruit Production......... . . .0. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 275-277 21. Fruit Trees, Bearing and Non-bearing, togcther with Average Number per Farm and per 100 Acres of Improved Land, 1911 and 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. Fruit Production for all Canada, together with the A verage Production per Farm and per 100 Acres of Improved Land, 1900-1920........ .. . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . 23. Production and Value of Apples in Canada. by Provinces, in 1920, according to the Census of 1921......................0............................... 24. Production and Value of Commercial Apples in Canada, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922. ................................................................ 276 25. Production and Value of all Kinds of Commercial Fruits in Canada, 1920-1922. 277 6. Farm Labour and '''ages............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............................ 278-280 26. Average'" ages of Farm Help in Canada, as Estimated by Crop Correspondents, 1915-1922...........0........ .... .................................... 278-279 27. Average" ages per Year of Farm Help in Canada, as Estimated by Crop Corre- spondents, 1920-1922.......... . . . . . . . . . .0.. 0 . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . 280 7. Prices of Agricultural Produce...... ............................................ 280-292 28. "\\ eekly Range of Cash Prices per Bushel of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, Basis in store, Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922. .... . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .... . . . .. 281-282 29. l\Ionthly Range of Average Cash Prices of'tanadian Wheat at Winnipeg, Basis in store, Fort "\\"illiam-Port Arthur, 1920-1922 . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............ . 282-283 30. "\\ eekly Range of Cash Prices of Oats at "\\"innipeg, Basis in Store, Fort William- Port Arthur, 1922..... ............................................... 0 283-284 31. "eekly Range of Cash Prices of Rarley and Flaxseed at Winnipeg, Basis in Store, Fort William-Port Arthur, If)22. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 284-285 32. l\Ionthly Hange of Average Ca.,h Prices of Barley, Oats and Flaxseed at Winni- peg, Basis in Store, Fort William-Port Arthur, 1920-1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. l\lonthly Hanj!e of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and Oats, 192o-1!J22.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 286-287 34. Ymrly AVPT3ge Prices of Home Gro\\n '" heat, Barley and Oats in Englantl and ,\ ales, 1!J02-1922... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '" ..... 35. A"erage lonthly Prices of Flour, Bran, and horts at Principal Markets, 1022 36. Averagp Pripps per C\\ to of Canad;an Live Stock at Principal l\Iarkets. 1920, 1921 and 1922. .................... .................................. 37. Average l\Ionthly Prices per C\\t. of Canatlian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1922......................0- ......... 0............................. 38. Average Prices per lb. paid by Farmers i0r Grade Number 1 Clover and Grass- sed., by Pro" inces, durin!!: April and l\Iay, 1 !l23, and Average Prices for Canada during April and lav, UIl9-1!J2 ...... ........ ......................... 39. A" eragc Pncps per lb'-Paid to Farmers for Clover and Grass-8Cpd, by ProvincE !, during .\pril and l\Iay, 1!J23, and Average Prif'es for Canada during April and l\lay, 1919-192 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... 40. Index Numbers of Agricultural PriCI for Canada. 1914-1922......... 8 Mif>cellaneous Agricultural Statbtics....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 41. E timatpd Production of ,\ 001. by Pro"inces, 1922.... 42. Produption "tnd Value of 'Vool ill Canada, 1915-1922... . . .. 43. Area and \ ielrl of Tobac 0 in Canada, HI2{}-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. Area, ): ield and Valup of Sugar Beets in Canada and Production of Refined Beet-root SUjI;ar, 1911-1922..... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45. Maple Product'! in the Prm ince of Quebec, 1!!18-H122.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Stock!) of Grain in Farn1f'rs' Hands at the end of the Crop Years 1920-22... . . . 47. Stocks of Grain in ('anada at the close of the Crop Years 1020, 1921 and HI22. 48. Stocks of Wheat in Canada, March 31, HI19-1923. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 49. Stocks in Canada of Oats, Barley and I'Iax<;ped, March 31, 1922 and 1923...... 50. DistriLution of Canadian ,\ heat Crops of 1921 and If)22....... .. . 51. Dif>tributioll of {'anadiail. Oat Crops of 1921 and 1922..............0. ....... PAOB. ð8 2 9 271 271-274 272 272 273 275 275 276 2Sö 287 288 289 290 291 291 292 292-2U!I 2!I:l 2(14 294 295 296 2!J6 2 }6-297 2U7 297 298 298 VII. PRODUCTION-continued. 2. Agriculture-concluded. 9. Summary Statistics of Agricultural Revenue and .Wealth..... . . .. ................. 299-301 52. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 1918- 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 299-300 53. Estimated Gross Agricultmal Wealth of Canada, by Provinces, 1922........ . . . 301 10. Statistics of the World's Agriculture.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . .. 302-309 54. Acreage and Production of Cereals and of Potatoes in various Countries of the World, 1921 and 1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 303---307 55. Yields per Acre of Cereals and of Potatoes in Yarious Countries of the World, HJ21 and HJ22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Forestry........ . ........... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Physiography, Geology and Climate from a Forestry "Viewpoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. ltI ain Types of Forest Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Important Tree Species....... " ..................... ................. ........ 4. Forest Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Estimated Stand of Timber of merchantable size in Canada, by Regions, 1922. . 5. Forest Administration....... -. . . .. - - . - - - - . . . .. . . . . . . .... .... . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . 6. Forest Utilization............................................................ 2. Lumber, Lath and Shingle Production in Canada for the calendar years 1908-1921 3. Total Prod1iction of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Kinds of Wood, for the calendar year 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Provinces, for the calendar -par 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Imports of Forest Products, by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920-22. - . . . . . ... . 6. Exports of Forest Products, by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920-22. . . . . . . .. . . 7. Production, Consumption and Export of Pulpwood, calendar years 1908-22..... 8. Pulp Production, Mechanical and Chemical, calendar years 1908-22....... . . . . . 9. Pulp Production, by Classes and Provinces. calendar years 1921-22....... " . . . 10. Summary of Paper Production in Canada, calendar years 1917-22..... . . . . . . 11. Paper Production in Canada, by Classes, calendar years 1921-22..... . .... .. . . 12. Exports of 'Wood Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922.... ................ 13. Imports of Wood Pulp, by Countries, C'alendar year 1922.. . . . . - . . - - . - . . . . . . . . 14. Exports of Paper, by Principal Countries, calendar year 1922... . . . . . 15. Imports of Paper, by Principal Countries, calendar year 1922 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . - . . 16. Summary Statistics of Forest Products, 1917-21............................. 17. Total Values of Primary and Secondary Forest Production, 1920-21... ... . . . .. 7. Forest Depletion and Increment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Fur Trade............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Numbers and Values of Pelts Purchased by Traders from Trappers and Fur Farmers, years ended June 30, 1921-22............ . - . . . . . . . . .. .......... 2. Kind, Number, Total Value and Average Value of Pelts of Fur Bearing Animals taken in Canada, year ended June 30, 1922, v.ith Comparative Average Values for the year ended June 30, 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 5. Fisheries....... .... .... ............. .... 345-361 1. The Early Fisheries........ . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 345. 2. The Canadian Fishing Gro',nds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . _ _ . . 346-349 3. The Gorernment and the Fisheries. . .. ................. _ . . . . . . . . - ........ 349-351 1. Government Bounties to Fishermen, in the fi,;C'al years 1918-1921... . . . . . 351 4. The Modern Fishing Industry....... .... ......... .... .351-3ßl 2. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada, in the fiscal years 1870-1921...... 352 3. Total Value of Fisheries, by Provinces in the calendar years 1917-21... 352 4. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishcs, 1917-21.. ...... . .... . .. .... 352-333 5. Quantities and Values of Sea fish marketed during the calendar years 1920 and 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . ...... . . . . . . . .. 3.')4-355 6. Quantities and Values of Inland Fish l\Iarketed during calendar years 1920 and 1921..................................................... -.. - . ...... 7. Yield of the Fisheries of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1920-1921..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Number of Fish Canning and Curing Establishments, by Provinces, 1921....... 9. l\Iaterials used and Value of Products of Fish Canning and Curing Establish- ments, 1920-1921. .. . .. ............ .................................. 10. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Ve spl'!, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Fisheries of Canada, 1920-21........ . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Number of Persons Employed in the Fisheries of Canada 1920-21... ........ 12. Salaries and Wages in Fish Canning and Curing Establi!>hmcnts, 1920-21. 13. Value of Exports and Imports of Fish and Fish Products. 1902-1922. .... ... 14. EXPOIts of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by Principal Countries, in the fiscal years 1921 and 1922. ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. .......................... 360 15. Exports of the Fisheries compared as to Quantit and Value, for the fiscal years 1\.121 and 1922........ .. ... .. . ... . . . .. . .. 360-361 6. Mines and Minerals....... ............. .... _ _.. 361-400 1. General Production...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . .,. . .. . . 361-369 1. Value of Mineral ProduC'tion in Canada, calendar years 18"),j-1921.. ............ 3G2 2. :\li eral Production of Canada, calendar ears 1921 and 1922.... . . . . . . . . . . . " 362-3b3 3. l\Iin<::-al Production of Canada compared a to Quantity and Value, calendar years 021 and 1 t/22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX PAGE. 308-309 310-341 310-311 312-314 314-317 317-318 3]8 318-322 322-339 323 325 325 326 327 328 332 334 335 335-336 337 337 337 338 339 339 340-341 341-345 344 356 336 357 357 358 5.' 359 360 364 x VII. PRODUCTION-continued. 6. Mines and Minerals-concluded. 4. l\Iineral Production of Canada, by Provinces, 1800-1922.. . . - 5. l\1ineral Production of Nova Scotia, 1920-1021-1922.. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . - . 6. l\1!neral Product on of New Brunswick, 1920-1921-1922... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 7. Mmeral ProductIOn of Quebec, 1920-1921-1922.. ....................... .... 8. l\1ineral Production of Ontario, 1920-1921-1922...... .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 9. l\1ineral Production of Manitoba, 1920-1921-1922...... .. . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10. l\Iineral Production of Saskatchewan, 1920-1!)21-1922.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 11. l\1ineral Production of Alberta, 1920-1921-1922... -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 12. l\Iineral Production of British Columbia, 1920-1921-1922. - ............. 13. l\1ineral Production of Yukon, 1920-1921-1922........ 2. lIfetallic 111inerals....... . . . . . . . . ., .. . . .. . - . . - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . 1. Gold.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Quantity of Gold Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922. 15. Value of Gold Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922... . 16. QU'l.ntity and Value of the \Vodd's Production of Gold and Silver for calendar years 1920-1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . - - . 374-375 2. Silver........ ... .................................. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 375--377 17. Quantity md Value of Silvcr Produced in Canada during the calendar years 1 '-i7-1922. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Quantity and Valu!' of Silvpr Produced in Canada. by Provinces, during the calendar years 1911-1922... _ _.' _... ......... .............. 377 3. Copper.................................. _ . . _ . . _ ....... ....................... 378-379 19. Quantity and Value of Copper Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calcndar years 1911-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . 379 20. Copper Production of Seven Countries and of the World, 1013-1022. .... . - - 379 4. Lead......................................................................... . 380-381 21. Quantity and Value of Lpad Produced from Canadian Ore, calendar y ars 1887-1922. - _ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ........................... 5. NickeL............. - . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............................................. 22. Quantity and Value of Nickel Produced in Canada during calendar years 1889- 1922........ ............... -. .......................... 6. Cobalt........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Zinc...... ............................. -....................... .............. 23. Production of Zinc in Canada, calendar years 1911-1922........ ......... 8. Iron......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. Iron Ore Shipments and Production of Pig Iron, calendar years 1909-1922.... 3. Non-Metallic 1I1inerals.... . . . . . - . '.' ... . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . .. . .. ............... 1. Coal.................... ....... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. Production of Coal in Canada, calendar ycars 1909-1922... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for Home Consumption, fi.,cal ycars 1901-1923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................. 27. Exports of Coal, the produce of Canada, fi f'al years 1903-1!)23.. . . . . . . . 2R. Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, c ('ndar years 1!)0l-1!)22 .......... .. 29. Coal made available for consumption in Canada, by Provinces, calendar year 1922. .. _ . . . .. . . . . . . 388-300 Coal Resources of the Provinces..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391-394 30. Coal Resources of Canada, by Provinces and Classes of Coal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 31. Coal Production in the Principal Countries of the \\ orId, 1!)13-1921... 394-395 2. Asbestos..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 395-396 32. Production of .\<;bestos and Asbestic in Canada, calpndar years 1900-1922...... 3!)6 3. Otner Non- Ietallic Minerals. . . ." .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 396 4. Clay Products and Structural lIIaff'rials......... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 306-397 33. Production of Cement in Canada, calendar years 1902-1922... . .. .,. - . . - . . . . 397 34. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, fiscal year::! 1:0;98-1023.... _. . 3!)7 5. Number of ."fines, Capital, Labour, Wages, etc., by Principal Groups. . . . . . . . . .. .. 397-400 35. Summary of Principal tatistips rplative to :\linin . l\1ptallurgical, Structural :\Iaterials and Clay Products Industrie", Operating Plants, 1!J21......... .... .. 309-400 7. \Vater Powers............. .... . _........... ..... ......... ......... ... 401-411 1. TVater Powers of Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .......... - - . . .. 401-404 I. Devploped \\"atcr Power of leading countrics, J!I22... . . . _ . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 401 2. Available and Developed Water Power in Canada. February 1, 1023....... ... 402 3. Developed \\ ater Power in Canada, February 1, 1923... ...... . . . . . .. -. . . . . . . 403 4. Developed 'Water power in Canada, Utilizcd in the Central Electric Station Industry, February I, 1923. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .., . . . 5. Developed Water Power of Canada used in the Pulp and Paper Industry, February I, 1923........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Central Electric Stations.... - - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Statistics of Central Electric Stations, calendar years 1917-1!J21.. . . . . . . . .. ... 7. Electric Energy Geupmted in calendar years lOBI, 1!J20, 1921, by Provinces. . .. 8. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity Inspection Act in the fiscal years 1914 -1923. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Electrical Energy Generated or Produccd for Export by Canada under the authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during thc fiscal ycar 1918--1923........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... ., . . . . . PAGE. 365 363 3ß6 3ß6 3ß7 368 3ß8 368 369 360 370-384 370-375 370 371 377 3 0 381 381 382 382-383 382-383 383-384 384 384-396 3R4-3!)5 385 387 ; 87 310.18 403 404 404-406 404 405 406 406 7. Water Powers-concluded. 3. Public Ownership of Hydro-Electric Power.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 406--411 10. Consolidated Operating Report of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, 1912-1922....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Statement of Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Departments of Municipalities served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, calendar years 1919-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Electric D('partments of :l\Iunicipalities sen'ed by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission for the calendar years 1919-1922. .. ........ _ . . . . . .. ....... ...... . . . ... 0 .. .. 409-410 8. Manufactures................................................................. 411-459 1. Et1olution of Canadian 111 anufactures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 0 . . .. 411-413 2. Statistics of ..1-/anufactures.... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . .. 413-443 1. Growth since 1871......................................................... _. . .. 413-416 1. Historical Summary of Statistics of Manufactures. by Provinces, 1870-1921. . .. 415-416 2. Recent ::\Ianufacturing Production................................................ 417-431 2. Volume of Products of Canadian Manufactures, 1915-1921.......... .... .... 417 3. Summary tatistics of ::\Ianufactures of Canada, 1919, 1920, 1921.. . . . . 0 . . . . . . 418 4. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1920..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 418-419 5. Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1921.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 6. Summary Statistics of l\Ianufacturps, by Groups of Industries (old classifica- tion) 191R, 19HI, HJ20.......... .......................... _.... _. _ ... 420-421 7. Statistics of the Numbers, Capital, Employees, Wages, Cost of Materials and Value of Products of Canadian :Manufacturing Industries, 1921, with summary by groups for HJ20 (new classification).. . . .. . . .. . . ..0. . . . . . . 0 422-431 3. Capital Employed........... 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 430-432 B. Capital Employed in the :\Ianufacturing Industries of Canada, in Percentages, by Provinces, 1915, 1917-21............ . .....0.......... ........... ........ 9. Capital Employed in the l\Ianufacturing Industries of Canada, by Industrial Groups, 192(}-1921...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Capital Employed in the l\Ianufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces and by Groups of Industries, 1921_ . . . . . . . . . _ _ .. . . . . . 0 432 4. Employment....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 433-435 11. 'V age Earners in Manufacturing Indu!'tries, 1915-1921............... .... ... 433 12. Average Yearly Earnings and Real Wages of 'Yage Earners in l\Ianufacturing Industries. 1913-1921......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434: 13. Male and Female Employees on Salaries and Wages, by Provinces, 1920 and .1921 435 5. Power and Fuel..... _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .. 435-437 14. Power used in the Manufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces and Groups of Industries, 1921... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 15. Fuel used in the l\Ianufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces, 1921...... 437 6. Localization in :\Ianufacturing Industries.......................................... 437-443 16. Statistics of ::\Ianufactures, by Cities, Towns, and Villages of 1,000 Population and over, 1920........ . .. . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 438-443 3. Typical Individual .\Ianufactures........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 443-459 I. Flour l\Iilling.. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 444-446 17. Production and Export of 'Wheat Flour, by Ionths, during the Crop Year ending August 31, 1923..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 2. The Boot and Shoe Industry..... . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-449 3. The "'oollen Industry............................. . .... . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 . . . . . . 449-452 4. The Iron and Steel Industry...... 452-456 5. Chemical and Allied Industries.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . .. 456-459 9. Construction.............................................................. 0 . . .. 459-462 1. Relation of Construction Industry to General Business Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . .. 459-461 1. Cost of l\Iaterials and Value of Products in the Construction Industries as reported to the Industrial Census, 1920-1921.................. ............. . _...... 2. Employees, and Salaries and Wages Disbursed in the Construction Industries, as reported to the Industrial Census, 1920-1921.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . .. 3. Value of General Construction completed by Classes of Work, 1921........ . . . . 2. Construction in Transportation and Public Utility Industries....... 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3. Contracts A warded. . . . . .. ................................................... 4. Value of Construction Contracts awarded in Canada, 1918-1923, according to the compilation of MacLean Building Reports, Ltd........... .. . ......... 4. Building Permits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Values of Building Permits Taken out in 35 Cities for the calendar years 1918- 1923..................................................... 0............ xi VII. PRODUCTION-concluded. VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE. 1. External Trade....... ..........................0.................... 1. Historical Sketch of External Trade and Tariffs...... 0 . .. . .. ... .. . . . . .. . . 2. The Commercial Intelligence Sert1ice...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Statistics of External Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 18ü8-1923.... . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . PAOE. 408 409 432 432 460 460 461 461 461-462 462 462 462 463-579 4ü3-465 465-466 466-554: 470 xii VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE-continued. PAGE. 1. External Trade-concluded. 1. Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per Capita of Exports, Imports and Total Trade. l!:iü8-1923... _. ........... . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 471 3. Movement of Coin and Bullion, lR6S-1918......... . . . .. ................... 472 4. Duties Collected on Exports, 18üh-l !:i92. and on Imports for Home Cons umption, IhÜ8-19:!3.... .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . _ . . . _ ................... 473 5. Exports to the United Kingdom. United States and to other Countries, of Mer- chandise. the produC'e of Canada. l!:iüS-1923....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 6. Imports from the L"nited Kingdom. United States. and from other Countries of l\lerch:lIldise entered for Home Consumption. 186h-1923.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 7. Percentage Proportions of Imports from Umted Kingdom and United States respectively. to Totals of Dutiable and Free in the 23 fiscal years 1901-U)23.. 476 B. Average Ad Valorem Rates of Duty Collectal on Imports from the United Kingdom, rnited tate!<, and all Countries in the 56 fiscal years 1868-1923.. . 476 9. Imports for Home Consumption of Certain Raw Materials used in Canadian t.lanufactures, 1902-1923........... .. .... .............. _ _..... ......... 477 10. Exports to thc United Kingdom. to the United States and to all Countries by Classes of lerchandise, the Produce of Canada, by Values and Percentages, 1920-1923... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 11. Imports from the Cnited Kingdom, from the United States and from all Coun.. ries, by Classes of )lerchandise entered for Home Consumption, by Values and Percentages. 1920-1923.... _ . . . .. ...................................... 479 12. Exports of Canada to the United Kingdom, United States and all Countries. in Quantities and Values, by Classes of Home Produce in the 4 fiscal years 1920- 1923...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . - - ......... 480-505 13. Imports of Canada from the Cnited Kingdom, the United States and all Count- ries, in Quantities and Values, by Classes entered for Consumption, in the 4 fiscal years 1920-UJ23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 506-537 14. Imports (Dutiable and Free) and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce, by )Iain Classes. during the fiscal years ended l\Iarch 31. 1914, 1919-HJ22....... 538-539 15. External Trade of Canada, by :\lain Groups and Degrees of .Manufacture, according to Origin, year ended March 31, 1922......... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 540-541 16. Summary of the Trade of Canada. by )Iain Groups, compiled on a Classifica- tion according to Purpose. fiscal year ended March 31, 1922...... . . . . . . . . . ., 542-546 17. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for Conswnption and the Duty Collected thereon at certain Ports, during fiscal years ended l\larch 31, 1922 and 1923....... ..... .... ............. ................................. 547-548 lB. Imports of Canada, by values entered for Consumption, from the British Empire and :Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Rate Tariffs in the 2 fiscal years 1921-1922. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M9 19. Aggregate Trade of Canada, by Countries, for the fil:!cal year ended ;\Iarch 31, 1923.... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 550-551 20. Values of Exports of Home Produee from Canada to the British Empire and to ]."oreign Countries in the 5 fiscal years 1919-1923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . - . 552 21. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption from the British Empire and from Foreign Countpes. in the 5 fiscal years 1919-HJ23 553 22. Value of Merchandise Imported into and Exported from Canada through the United States during the fiscal years ended )Iarch 31. 1921-1922........... 554 4. Canadian-Irest Indian Trade................ ................................. 554-556 23. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign 'Vest Indies, 1901-23..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 24. Values of Exports I Domestic and Foreign) to the British and Foreign "Test Indies, by Countries, during fi"cal years 1921-192;{..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 25. Values of Imports entered for Home Consumption (Dutiable and Free) from the British and Foreign \\ est Indies, by CountrlCs, during th<: fiscal years 1!121-1923 556 5. Statistics of the Fnited .({ingdom Import and United States Export Trade in Food Commodities ................ _ . . . . .. ..... 557-579 26. Quantitil' and Yalups of electeù Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported into thp lnited hingùorn, by Countries \\ hence imported. during the 5 calendar year", 1917-1921. __ ....... _................... ........ 557-5ül 27. Quantities and Values of \nimal and Agricultural Products e"-ported from the ùnited State'! to principal countries, for the year ended June 3U, H117. and the calendar years 191h-19HJ-1920 and 1921....... . . . ... . . . . . .. 561-579 2. Internal Trade. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0-612 1. InteT1JTOvincial Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 580 2M. Rail\'. ay Traffic 1\10' ement of \\ hpat in Canada and its provincl , in tons. for the calendar years 19:!1 and 19:!2. . .. . 500 .Gra'.Trad ,stall' ......... .. 5ðl-594 29. Number and Stora e Capacit of Grain Elpvators in the licens years 1913-1!} 3.. 5'-'6-587 30. Quantiti of Grain Inspected during the fiscal Y".ns 1921-HI:!3... ........... 5:- ,-591 31. Quantiti of Grain In..pect d dUring the fi"cal year::! endpd )larch 31. HJ14 -1923 5!11-592 32. Shipme111, uf Grain by V( eI::! from rort" illiam and I'ort \rthur, for the n.1vi- atioll f. ::'ons 19:! 1- HJ:!:! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .' .. 593 33. Shipmenu of Grain by \ ( wi", and all-Hail Route, from Fort \\ Illium and Port .\rthur. for th crop u.r Ildpd August 31. 1 :!1-1!122........ .... ........ 593 34. Canadian Grain handled in I'ublic I:levators in the East. by crop year . nding Augu"t31.191E-l!122........ .... ........ ..... ......... 59& 35. Canadian Grai'l h.mdled in Public I:levators in the East, by Ciao cs of Ports, during the crop :J,ear ending .\ugllst 31, 1!J:!2... ... ...................... 594 xiii VIII. TRADE AND COMMERCE-concluded. 2. Internal Trade-concluded. 3. Marketing of Live Stock and Animal Products..... .. .... .... . . ............. ...... 594-604 36. Animals on Farms and Killed or Sold by Farmers in Canada, by censal years, 1871-1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 37. Index Numbers of Animals on Farms in Canada, from 1918 to 1922........... 596 38. Live Stock Marketed through Stock Yards, Packers, etc., in several provinces of Canada, 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .., ................................... 597-598 39. Grading of Live Stock marketed at the Stock Yards of Canada, by provinces, calendar year 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 40. Receipts and Disposition of Live Stock :It Principal Markets in Canada, calendar years 1921 and 1922...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 41. Principal Statistics of the Slaughtering and Meat Packing Industry of Canada. for censal years 1871-1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 42. Live Stock slaughtered at Canadian Inspected Establishments, by months, 1921- 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .. ... 601 43. Total and per capita Consumption of l\Ieats in Canada, per annum, calendar years 19HJ-1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . _ , . . . . . . . . . . 602 44. Summary of Interprovincial and Export Shipments of Meats for fiscal year 1922 603 4. Cold Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 604-606 45. Cold Storage Warehousps in Canada, 1923....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 604-605 46. Stocks of Food on hand in Cold Storage and in process of cure, by Months a.nd Commodities, 1922......... .... ............. ............. . _.. .... ...... 606 5. CoaL... . . . .. ...................................... . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 606-608 47. Distribution of Coal through Retail Dealers, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922.... 607 48. Yearly Average Retail Prices of Coal in Canada, by Principal Municipalities, 1920-1921-1922........ . . . . . . . . . . . . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .., . . . . . . .. 607-608 6. Bounties, Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Marks..... . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. _.. . . . _ . _ . . . .. 608-612 49. Bounties pairl in Canada on Crude Pptroleum, 1903-1923... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 50. Number of Canadian Patentees, by province of idence, for the fiscal years 1913-1923.......... . . ........................... .... . ..... ........... 610 51. Statistics of Patents applied for, granted, etc., fiscal years 1919-1923. ........ . 611 52. Statistics of Copyrights, Trade Marks, etc., fiscal years 1919-1923........ . . . . . 612 IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS. 1. Government Control over Agencies of Transportation and Communication.... The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Steam Railways................................................. _ ... _ _ _..... 1. Historical Sketch. . . . . .. . . . - . . . . - .. . . - . - . 2. Statistics of Steam Railways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, June 30, 1835-1919, and December 31, 1919-19:! ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Steam Hailway Mileage, by provinces, June 30, 1916-1919 and December 31, 1919-1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . _ . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....................... 3. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, June 30, 1876-1919, and December 31, 1919-1922..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, for the calendar year 1921. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, for the calendar year 1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Steam Railway Statistics, years ended June 30, 1901-1919 and for the calendar years 1919-1922........... ................. ........................... 7. Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Rail ways per mile of line and per train ... mile for years ended June 30,1909-1919 and for calendar years 1919-1922. __ B. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Raih\ ays for the calendar years 1919-1922................ ............. ........ ..... .. ................. 9. Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Services and Receipts, 1910-1922......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . .. 628-629 10. Number of Steam Railway Employees, Amount of Salaries and Wages and Ratios of latter to Gross Earnings and Operating E"-pcnses for years ended June 30, 1907-1919 and for calendar years HJ19-1922........ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 11. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways for years ended June 30, 1918 and 1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922................. _ _.......... .. 12. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways during the calendar years 1920, 1921 and 1922....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63(H)31 13. Areas of Land Subsidies Granted to Steam Raih\ays by the Dominion and Provincial Governments up to December 31, 1922.......................... 14. Railway Bonds Guaranteed by Dominion and Provincial Governments........ . 15. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to December 31, 1922.... . . .. ................................... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses, and Revenue of Canadian Government Railways for the fiscal years 1868-HJOO, 1901-1922 and I:efore Confederation.. 633-634 17. Capital Expenditure on Government Railways to March 31, 1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . 634 18. Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Steam Railways, for the years ended June 30, 1888-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Number of Persons killed and injured on Steam Railways, for the calendar years 1920-1922......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. 635-636 20. Canadian National Railways Train Traffic Statistics for years ended December 31, 1920, 1921 and 1922......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. 636-637 PAGE. 614-616 615-616 616-637 616-623 623-637 623 624 624 625 626 627 627 628 629 630 632 633 633 635 XIV IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS-continued. PAGE. 3. Electric Railways.............................................................. 637-642 21. Summary Statistics of Electric Railway Operation, years ended June 30, 1901- 1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922.... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. 22. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways for the calendar years 1919-1922. 23. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, years ended June 30, 1908-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 24. Mileage Operated, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Rail- ways in Canada, year ended December 31, 1921.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ....... 25. Mileage Operated, Capital, Earnings, Operating Expenses, Employees and Salaries and Wages of Electric Hail\\8Ys in Canada, year ended December 31, 1922................................................................. 641-642 26. Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Electric Railways, years ended June 30, 18!)4-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. 642 -4. Express Companies....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 642-646 27. Operating Mileage of Express Companies in Canada, by Routes, by Provinces and by Companies, for the calendar years 1919-1922... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 28. Earnings of Express Companies for the years cnded June 30, 1915-1919 and for the calendar years 1919-1922..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ ......... 29. Operating Expenses of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915- 1919, and for the calendar years 1919-1922............... ......... - - .... 30. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper for the calendar years 1919--1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 5. Roads and Hi\?,hways.......................................................... 646-648 31. Classification of Canadian Highway and Road Mileages as at October 31, 1922. 647 32. Statement of progress of the provinces under Canada High\\ays Act, 1919, to l\larch 31, 1922....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Motor Vehicles..... .... . ................... .. ......................... . ..... .. 33. Number of .Motor Vehicles registered in Canada, by Provinces, 1907-1922...... 34. T)-pes of Motor Cars registered in Canada, by Provinces, 1922................ 35. Revenues from the Taxation of the Sale, Distrihution and Operation of l\1otor Vehicles, by Provinces, for the calendar year 1922........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Motor Vehicle Acts and Regulations in Force.......... . . . . ..... . . . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 651-654 Imports and Exports 0/ Motor Vehicles. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 654-655 36. Canadian Imports and Exports of 1\lotor Vehicles, fiscal years ended l\1arch 31, 1907-1923. ........ . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Ale Navigation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . 37. ulIlmary f-:tatistics of Civil Aviation in Canada, calendar years 1921 and 1922. 38. Civil Aviation Accidents in Canada for the calendar years 1921 and 1922....... 8. Canals................................................................ . . . 39. Canals of Canada, Length and Lock Dimensions, 1922....................... 40. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Seasons of 1921 and 1922, by direction and origin. _ . _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 41. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic hy month!!, 1917-1922....... ... ........ 661 42. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1921-1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 43. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the navigation seasons, 1921 and 1922. ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. 661-662 44. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the navigation seasons 190(}-1922, by Nationality of Vessels and Origin of Freight. . . . . . . . . . 45. Traffic through all Canadian Canals during the navigation seasons 1900--1922, by Nationality of Vessels and Origin of Freight...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 46. Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the navigation seasons 1!J18-1!J22................ ... ......................................... 663-664 47. Total Expenditure and Hevenue of Canals, 18ü8-1922, and before Confederation 665 48. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals for the fiscal years 186 -1922, and before Confedcration...... . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels, years ended June 30, 1919-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... 50. Summary of Commercial Traffic through the Panama Canal, years ended June 30, 1915-1922. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .' . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 667 9. Shipping and Navigation........... ........ ................ ................... ü67-680 51. ::;ea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) entered and cleared u.t Canadian ports during the fiscal years 1921 and 1922... ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 52. Sea-going Vessels cntpred and cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, fiscal year 1922... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 53. Sea-going Vessels entprpd in\\ards and outwards hy COllntries, 1!J22.... . . . . . . . . 54. Sea-going V pssels entered and cleared at Canadian Ports, with Cargo and in Ballast, 1901-1922.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '.' .. ., . . . . . . . . . . .. . 55. Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and departed from Canadian Ports, 1901-1922........ . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1918- 1922.............. ................................................ -" 57. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada and the United States, exC'lusive of fprriagp, 1918-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. Statement showing, by Provinces, the Total Number and Tonnage of all Vessels entered and cleared at Canadian Ports during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1922................................................................. . 59. Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, fiscal years 1901-1922. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 60. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping of Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1912-1921...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 639 639 639 640 644 645 646 648 648-655 650 650 65.5 655--656 656 656 657-667 658-659 662 665 666 669 670 671 671 &72 673 674 674 675 xv IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS-concluded. 9. Shipping and Navigation-concluded. 61. Revenue of the Department of l\larine, fiscal years 1917-1922............ .... 676 62. Expenditure of the Department of .Marine, fiscal years 1917-1922.... . . ... . . .. 676-677 63. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1868-1922.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1922.. ... . .... . ... . . . . ... .. . .. .. 65. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, calendar years 1908-1921.......... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, for 1870-1900, for the years ended June 30, 1901 to 1917, and for the calendar years 1918-1921......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 67. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, fiscal years 1912-1922... . .. Canadian Government Jlerchant .,.[arine............. . . .. ...... ..., . . . .... ....:.. . . . Telegraphs.......................................... ........... _. .... .. .. .... 68. Bummary Statistics of all Canadian Telegraphs, for calendar years 1920 and 1921 69. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, June 30,1919, and for the calendar )-ears 1919-1921............ .......................... .... ............ 682 70. Radio Stations licensed in Canada for the fiscal year 1923......... . ... . . . . . . .. 683-684 71. Canadian Government Steamers equipped \\ith the Radiotelegraph, fiscal year 1923................................................................. . 72. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations, for the fiscal years 1922 and 1923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 73. 'Wireless and Radio Stations in operation in Canada, as at March 31, 1923.. . . . 685 Telephones... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 686-688 74. Progress of Telephones in Canada for years ended June 30,1917-1919 and for the calpndar years HH9-1921. . _ . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75. Number of Telephone Companies in Canada, by Pro\inces, December 31, 1921. 76. Number of Tell'phone Companies in Canada, 1911-1921.......... .... ........ 77. Telephones in use, :\Iileage of 'Wire and number of Employees, by Provinces, December 31, 1921...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78. Telephones in use, l\lileage of 'Wire and Number of Employees, 1911-1921...... 79. Financial Statistics of Telephone Companil's, by Provinces, for the calendar year 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 688 80. Financial Statistics of Canadian Telephone Companies for the years 1912-1921. 688 The Post Office......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . _ ........ ................ 689-696 81. 1'-i umber of Post Offices in Operation in the several Provinces of Canada, :\Iarch 31, 1922..... ... _............................................. 82. Statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,000 and upwards, for the fiscal years 1921 and 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 691-692 83. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial years 1890 to 1910, and for the fiscal years 1911-1922.. .................... 692-693 84. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, fiscal years 1901-1922. . . . 693 85. l\Ioney Orders by Provinces, fisC'al years 1918-1922.................... .... 694 86. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, fiscal years 1917-1922.. _.......... 695 87. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., fiscal years 1921 and 1922.... . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . 695 88. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, fiscal years 1920-1922........... .. 696 10. 11. 12. X. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES. 1. Labour.......... ............. .... ......... .... .... ........ ................... 697-732 1. Occupations of the People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 697-701 1. Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations in Canada, by Ages, 1911.......... . . . 698 2. N umber of l\Ialt's and Females ten years of age and over engaged in Gainful Occupations, by Provinces, 1881-1911... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .' ... . . .. . . 698 3. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Industries of Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1881-1911. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 699 4. Percentage Distribution by Sexes of the Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations. by Industries and Provinces, 1911........ . . .. .... ...................... 700 5. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Nativity, Sex and Industries, of Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1911.... . . . .. . . . ... .... ... .. .. . . . 701 2. Dominion Department of Labour... .... ................. .... ... ........ 701-704 3. Canada and the International Labour Organization. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 704-707 Dominion-Provincial Conference relative to obligations of Canada under Labour Sections of Peace Treaties. . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . _ .. 706-707 4. Organized Labour in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 707-715 6. Membership of Trade UniOlli! in Canada, 1911-1922.... ., . . . . ... . .. . . ..... . . 713 7. International Trade Unions operating in Canada... . .. . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . .. ... 713-714 8. Non-international Trade Unions operating in Canada..... . . . . . . .. .. . .... .... 715 5. Fatal Industrial Accidents in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 715--716 9. Fatal Industrial Accidents in Canada, 1922-23...... .... .... .. . .. .... . .. ... . 716 6. Employers'Liability and Workmen's Compensation in Canada...................... 716-721 10. Provisions of Employers' Liability and Workmen's Compensation Laws in the various Provinces in 1923.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. 718-721 7. Trade Dispute$-Strikes and Lockouts ....................... ..................... 722-727 11. Record of Trade Disputes by years, 1901-1922..... . . . ... . _ . ............ .... 722 12. Trade Disputes by Industries, 1922. ......... . .. ........ _ . ....... ........ 724 13. Trade Disputes by Causes and Results, 1922. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . 725 14. Trade Disputes by Months, 1920, 1921, and 1922. .......................... 726 15. Trade Disputes by Methods of Settlement, 1922. . .. ........................ 726-727 PAG!:. 677 678 679 679 679 680 680-68.'> 681 685 686 687 687 687 688 690 xvi x. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES-concluded. PAGE. . Labour-concluded. 8 Employment and Unemployment............................................... 728-732 16. Index Numbers of Employment as reported by Employers, by Industries, as at the end of each month, January, 1921 to October, 1923........ . . . ... . . . .. 730 17. Percentages by Provinces of t:"nemployment in Trade Unions, 1915-1923...... . 732 2. \Vages.................. . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 732-743 18. Index Numbers of Rates of Wages for Various Classes of Labour in Canada, 1901-1923......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 19. Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour of Employees of Steam Railways in Canada, HJ21, 19:!2 and 1923. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 20. '" agrs and Hours of Labour of Employees in and about Coal Mines in Canada, 1921, 1922 and 1!"1:!3......... .... .... ......... .... .... ........ ........ 734-735 21. Samples of Wagt J and Hours of Labour for Various Factory Trades in Canada, 1!J21, 1922 and 1923... . . . ... _........................................ 735-736 22. Samph..3 of Wages and Hours of Labour for Unsh.iUed Factory Labour in Canada, 1921, 1922 and 1923.. ...... ........................................... 737 23. "" ages per Hour and Hours "orked pcr Week in Leading Trades in Canadian Cities, 1921, 1922 and Inn.... ................................ 737-738 2-1. :\leùian 'Weekly \\agrs in :\Ianufacturing Indu'itries, 1915-1!J21............... 739 25. 'Weekly "-ages of I:mployc s in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1920 and 19:!1... .... . . . . .. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 739-740 26. 'Wage Earncrs Classified by Groups of Industries and of \Vages, 1920 and 1921. 740 Minimum WagesofFemaleEmployec8.... ....... .., .... ..........741-743 27. Minimum" eekly ",Vages for Experienced Female Adults....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 742-743 3. Prices................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. .. .. 743-736 1. JVhole.sale Prices........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-14-751 28. Index Kumbers of Wholesale PricI 3 in Canada, 1890-1921........ . . . . . . . . . . .. 746-748 29. Index Numbers of Whole....ale Prict I by Groups of Commodities and by Months, 1!119-1921. ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 30. Weil!:htcd General Index umbers, Hil9-1922....... ..... 749 31. 'Weighted Index Numbers b) Groups, If122........................... ..... 749 32. Iudex Numbers of "holesale Prices by Origins and Degree of :\Ianufacture, by Iontbs, 1919-1921........ . . . . . .. . .. 749-750 2. Retail Prices...... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .., . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752-756 33. Index Numbers of ChanS!:ps in the Cost of Living in Canada, Based upon Weighted Retail Prices, 1910-1923... ............. ............................... 752-753 34. Prices and Index N umbprs of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel, Lighting and Rent in 60 Cities in Canada, 1913-1921, and by Months for 1922...... . .. 7.54-755 35. Index Numbers of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fupl, Lighting, and Rent, in Canada, by Provinces and i\lonths, ]!J22...... 756 XI. FI ANCE. 1. Public Finance.. ........ _... ......... .... .... ......... .... .... ...... 1. Dominion Public Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................... 1. Balance Sheet of the Dominion of Canada, as at Ma.rch 31, 1923..... . . . . .. . . . 2. Receipts and Disbursements, fiscal years ended Ma,;rch 31,1919-1923. .......... 3. Detailed Receipts on Consolidated Funri Account, 1919-1923.... . ., . .. 4. Detailed Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-1923...... . . . . . . . . 5. Principal Items of Hpceipts of Canada on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1923 6. Principal Items of Dommion Expenditure, 1861:;-1923..... . . . . . ... . . . .. . .. . . . 7. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1868-1923................ War Tar Revenue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. War Tax Revenue during the fiscal years ended Iarch 31, 1915-1923......... 9. War Tax Revenue collected by the Customs and Excise Department, by Provinces. during the fidcal years ended March 31, 1922 and HJ23.. . . . . . .. 771-772 10. Statement showing Amounts Collected under the Income War Tax Act and the Business Profits ",Var Tax Act, by provinces, for the fiscal years ended l\Iarch 31, 1922 and 1923.... . . .. ................................................ Inland Revenue.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . _ .................................. 11. Excise and Other Inland Revenues {or the fiscal years 1918-1923....... .. . .. .. 12. Numbcr of Excise Licpnses issued during the fiscal years 1918-1923... ......... 13. Statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1919-1923..... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . 14. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Liquor, l\Ialt and Tobacco taken out of Bond for Consumption, in fiscal years 1918-1!J2J... ................................ 15. Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco, and amount of Excise and Customs Duties per head, in the fiscal years 1918-1923............ Provincial Subsides............. . . . . " ..................................... .. 16. Subsidies and Other Payments of Dominion to Provincia.l Governments i9i 1!J23..... ... ' 17. Total of Subsidÿ' ÀÌI f ' j ciÿ ï, . i.süi t ' i ch 3i; Ï923.'. '. : : : : : : : : : : National Debt............ ........................................................ 18. Sumçmry of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1917-1923....... . . . . . . . . . 19. Deta!ls of the Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1920-1923...... 20. DetaIls of the GroBS Liabilities of Canada, March 31, 1920-1923. ". . . .. .. . . . . 21. Funded Debt Payable in London, New York and Canada, together with tempo- rarr loans 88 at March 31, 1923........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,.... ........... 778--779 22. Public Debt of Canada, July I, 1867 to :\farch 31, 1923....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7bO 757-808 757-780 762 763-764 764 76.3 766 767-769 770 770-772 770 772 773-775 774 77-1 774 775 775 775-776 776 776 776-7hO 778 778 778 xvii XI. l"INANCE-continued. PAGE. 1. Public Finance--ooncluded. 2. Provincial Public Finance...... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 781-793 23. Statement sho\\ing the or.linary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial Governments, for their respective fiscal years ending 1869-1922......... '.' .. 783-785 24. Annual Ordinary Receipts and Expenditurcsof the Provincial Governments, per head of population, 1919-1921...... . . .. ................................ 785 25. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts of Provincial Governments for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921..... .............. ......... ..... 786-787 26. Classified Summary Statemen' <)f Ordinary Expenditures of Provincial Govern- ments for their respective fis' ""I years 1917-1921.... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 788-791 27. Combined Itemized Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts and Expenditures of all Provincial Government:!, for their respective fiscal years 1917-1921..... 790 -791 28. A:ssets and Liabilities of the Provincial Governments at the close of their respect- ive fiscal years ended in 1921.. . . . ... . . " ............... 792-793 3. .M unicipul Public Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 794 SO;; 29. Summary, by Provinces, of M ullicipal Statistics of Principal Interest of Cities of 10,000 population and over, for the calendar year 1920. . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .. 796-797 30. Expenditures, Ordinary and Extraordinary, of Cities of 10,000 population and over, for the calendar year 1920......... . . ... .,. '" . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 798-799 31. Receipts, Ordinary and Extraordinary, of Cities of 10,000 population and over for the calendar year 1920.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . '. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 800 32. Assets and Liabilities of Cities of 10,000 population and over for the calendar year 1920.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . ... . . ., .... . . ., . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 801 33. Summary, by Provinces, of Statistics of Principal Interest of Urban Municipali- ties of 3,000 to 10,000 population, for the calendar year 1919.... . . . . . . .... '. 802-803 34. Summary, by Provinces, of Stati:stics o Principal Interest, of Urban Iunicipali- ties of 1,000 to 3,000 population, for the calendar year 1920.. .., . _.... _.. 804-805' 4. National Wealth and Income. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 806-808 35. Estimated National Wealth of Canada, 1920................................ 806-807 36. Amount of Income Assessed for the purposes of Income War Tax, by Provinces, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 192 1923............................ 808 37. Number of Individual and Corporate Tax l- yers, by size of Incomes and amount of Taxes paid under the Income War TaJl: Act, fiscal years ended March 31, 1922 and 1923.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .. ............ 808 2. Currency and BankiD , Loan and Trust Companies................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 808-835 1. Canada's MonetaTJI Sll8tem. ............................. .............. ................... 888-814 38. Coinage at tbe Ottawa BrùIlch of the Royal ),[int in the calendar years 1920-1922. . . 810 39. Gold Coinages of the Otta\\a Branch of the Royal Mint, 19:18-19:32.... ............. 810 40. Composition of Canadian Gold Reserves, December, 31, 1905-1922............. .... 810 41. Circulation in Canada of Silver and Bronze Coin, December 31, 1901-1922.... ..... 811 42. Dominion Notes Circulation and Reserves at JU'le 30, 1890-192:!....... _" ., 812 43. Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, Marcb 31, 1918-1923...... 812 44. Statistics of Bank Note Circwation, 1892-1922..... . .. _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . .. . . .. 813 45. Circulating l\Iedium in hands of the Public, 1900-1922........ .... . . .. .. . . . . . 814 2. Banking in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 815-833 46. Historical Summary showing Development of the Sanadian Banking Business, calendar years 1867-1922.. . .. . . . . . . .. . . '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ". . . . . . . . . 47. Assets of Chartered Banks, for calendar years 1919-1922.... . . . . . . . . . . 48. Liabilities of Chartered Banks, for calendar years 1919-1922. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 49. Assets of each of the Chartered Banks of Canada, December 30, 1922..... _ .... 50. Liabilities of each of the Chartered Banks of Canada, Dccember 30, 1922....... 51. Deposits in -Chartered Banks in Canada and else", here, for the calendar years, 1918-1922......... . . . . " . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . . 52. Loans of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 1918-1922......... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 824 53. Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1922..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .... 825-826 54. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1922... .. _ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 826-827 55. Number of Branches of Banks in Canada, by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905, 1915-1922.......... . .,. . .. . '. . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . '. 56. Number and Location of Branches of Chartered Banks, as at December 30,1922 57. Number of Branches of Canadian Chartered Banks in other countries, with their Location, December 30, 1922.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks in 16 leading cities, for the calendar years 1918-1922.... . . .. . . .. . .. . . ...... .. . .... .. . . . 829 59. Canadian Bank Insolvencies since 1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 60. Bank Absorptions in Canada since 1867....... ............................ 830-831 61. Deposits with Government and other Savings Banks, as at June 30,1868- 1906, and March 31,1907-1923.......................................... 62. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923... . . . . . . . . . .. 63. Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923... 64. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 31, 1918-1923... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83& 3. Loan and Trust Companies. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 833-835 65. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1922.. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 66. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1922...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 834-835 62373--B 818-819 820 821 822 823 824 827 828 829 832 833 833 3. Insurance...... .................... 1. Fire Insurance............ . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....................... 67. Fire Insurance in Force, Premiums Reccived, Lo::;ses Paid anù Percentage of osses to Premiums, Ib(j!)-1922...... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 838 68. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921...................... 83ð- 41 69. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1922......................... 841-844 70. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other ... _ classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian I transacting such busincss in Canada, 1918-1922......... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . ., 844-84.5 71. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insur:lIlcf' and other classes of Iusurance, and Liabilitips in Canada of Companie:s other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922........ . . . . . .. . 72. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance or Ko.. Fire Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expendi- ure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such blli>inc ::. In Canada, 1918-1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .. . . . . .. ........ . .73. Amount of Net Premiums \\ritten and Xet Losses incurred in Canada, h Provinces, by. Canadian. Hriti h and Foreign Companies tran::.acting Fire In urance Busmess, 1921 and 19:12.. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . 74. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance in Canada, 1\.121 and 1\.122..... - - . . 75. Fire Insurance carried on property in Canada in 1921 under section 129 of the Insurance Act, 1917, by Companies, Assoc.iations or Under\\riters not licen::.ed to transact busines:s in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Life Insurance........ .... . . .. ...... .. .. . . . . . . .. .. ., ... .. . . . ... . . . .. 76. Life Insurance in Force and Effected in Canada, 1869-1922.... 77. Life Insurance in J!'orce and Effected in Canada, 1921........ . . . 78. Life Insurance in Force and Effected in Canada, 1!:J22......... . . 79. Progress of Life Insurance in Canada, 1918-1922..... . . .. .. . ." .. 80. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1918-1921... . . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 81. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 1918-1922. -....... .......................... 82. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Com- panies other than Canadian Companies, 1918-1922........ . . . . . . .. .. .,... 83. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income and Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 191 1922. .................................... ............. ........ 84. Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan, 1918-1922.......................... 85. Dominion and Provincial Life Insurance in Canada, 1921 and 1922.. 3. Miscellaneous Insu.rance.. .. ..' ..,........................... 86. Insurance Other than Fire and Life, 1922........ . . . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87. Income and Expenditure, and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing only In:surance Business other than Fire and Life, 1922... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88. Income and Expenditure in Canada of C, and in Newfouudland for the calendar years 1921 and 1922....... . . , . . . . . . . . '. . ... . . . . . .. . . 94. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Branches of Business, 1920--1922. . .. ., 95. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Classes, for 1922, with total:; for 1901 to 1921....................................................... 96. Causes of Failures in Canada and the United States, by numbers and pcrcentages, years ended December 31, 1921 anù 1922.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97. Commercial }<'ailures and Business Confidence in Canaùa, 190D--1922. (Brad- street). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................. ., 98. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1900-192:l. (Dun).. 99. Assignments under the Bankruptcy Act, by Months, lU:lO-1923....... . . . . . . . . xviii XI. FlNANCE-concluded. PAGE. 835-867 836-84S -t5 b-lG f'H 8..J.S 848 849-862 854. 855 856 857 h58 858 859 859-860 8tjl 862 862-866 8ü3 864. 864 865 866 866-867 867 868 868 8û9 8iO 871 872 873 XII. EUUCA TION. J. General Education... ..................................... - . ........... 874-887 1. Statistical Summary of Education in Canada, by Provinces. lU22, or Latest "\ ear Reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . - . . . . . .. 876-877 2. Nunlber of Schools, Teachers and Pupils m Canada, by Provmces, 1901, lU06, 1911 and 1916-1922, or latest year reported..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. R78-8RU 3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Hruns\\ick. Quebec, Ontario and lanitoba, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916---1922, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906, 1911, 1916---1922.. ... .. ,.. ..... . .. . . . . . . . '.' . . .. . .,. .. .. . . '" . . . . . . . . .. ",,1}-882 4. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Roman Catholic Classical Collpges in Quebec, 1\.101 1906. 1911, 1916---1922...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 5. N umb'er of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools. in Ontario. 1901, 1906, 1911, HH6-1922... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ., . . . . . . . . . 88 6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario 1911, 1916- 1922......... . . ., . . . ..... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 I. General Education--concluded. 7. i\umber of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in f:askatchewan, 1908, HIll, 1916-1922........ . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. Xumber of Tea('hers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia, 1901, 1906, l!Hl, 1916-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . : . . 9. ReC'eipts and Expenditure for Publie Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .., 883-887 10. .\verage Annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1921-1922, or latest 'Year Reported......................... ............. .... .... 2. Vocational and Technical Education.. ........... '........ .... .... ........... 11. Vocational Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, year ended June 30, 1922.. 3. Iligher Education.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. rniversities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees........ . 13. rniver!'itie!' of Canada: Number of Teachin Staff in the Various Faculties, lÇ121-1Ç122...... ...................................................... 893 14. rniversities of Canada: Number of Students in the Varion."! Faculties, 1921-1922 894-895 15. rniversities of Canada: Number of Students by Academic Years and Number of Degrees Conferred. HI21-1922. ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . 896 16. rniversities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1921-1922.... . . . .. . . . . . . ., 897-898 17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees. ..... . .. .. 898-900 I 18. Prpfessional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and f'tudents, 1921-1922........... ........ .... , . ............ ..... .... ....... 900-901 19. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1921-1922.......... .... ........... 902-903 xix XII. EDUCA TION-concluded. XIII. ADMINISTRA nON. I. Public Lands........ . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ............... 1. Dominion Lands...... .. . . . . ... . . . .. . ...... .. . . .. . . . .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., I. Disposition of the Surveyed Area."! in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, Jan. 1, 1923..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Homestead entries on Dominion Lands in l\lanitoba, Saskatchewan. Alberta and British Columbia. . . . . . . .. ......................................... 3. Homestead entries in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, by '\ationalities. made during the fiscal years 1917-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Receipts of Patents and Homestead entries in the fiscal years 1917-1922....... 5. Land Sales by Rail\\ay Companies having Government Land Grants, and by the Hudson's Ba) Company, in the fiscal years 1921-23................. :.. 2. PrO! incial Public Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............... 2. Public Defence...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L AI ilitia Forces. . . .. . . _ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Permanent and Non-permanent Active Militia in Canada, 1923............... 7. l\loney voted by Parliament for the Militia, for the fiscal years ended March 31. 1921-24........ . . . ... ... . _ . . . . . . . . ........ . . ....... ............... 2. The Jíatal Service......... .'" _ ., . . . . . . , . ... ..... . . . . . ....... . .... .. . ..... .. 3. The Air Board......... ...,................................................. 4. The Royal J.lilitary College... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 3. Public Health and Public Benevolence........ .... .... ....... .... 1. Dominion Department of Health. .... ...... ... ... . .. ... . . . . . .. .. . .. 2. Other Public Health Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Prince Edward Island... ........................................................ 2. Nova Scotia Department of Health. ............................................... 3. New Brunswick Department of Health..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Quebec Bureau of Health.. _..... ..,............. .......... ........... 5. Ontario Board of Health. . _ . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . : k \ : o: e lt "th::::::::: :::.:::::: : : : : : ::: ::: :::: :: :: : :: : :: : :::: .. . 8. Alberta Department of Health.. . . . . . . .. .............................. . . . . . . . 9. British Columbia Board of Health.. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Tt.e Canadian Red Cross Society. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 11. Victorian Order of Nurses.. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. l\lothers' Allowances.. . .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . B. Mothers' Allowances in Canada, 1922-23. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. PuhJic \Vorks............ ........' .... ......... .... ....... ...... ............. .. 9. Dimen:-ions of Graving Dock"! owned by the Dominion Government..... .... . 10. Dimpw,ions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock Subsidies .-\ f't. 1!1l0.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Expenrliture and Revenue of Public Works Department, for the fiscal yearfl Harbour Com i i;:' .'. ',' ........ . . : : :: ............ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5. The Indians of Canada..................... ............................... 12. Indian Population of Canada, 1871-1921..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools. by Provinces, fiscal year ended March 31, 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............................................. 14. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands, by Provinces, 1922..... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 15. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1922. ............... 16. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total Values, by Provinces. 1922 17. Sourcps and Values of In('ome of Indian!'!. HI22....... . . . . .. ............. .. PAGE. 883 883 887 888-889 889 889-903 891-893 904-910 904-907 90 906 906 907 907 907-910 911-915 911-913 912 913 913 914 914 915--925 917-919 919-925 919 920 920 920 921 921 922 922 923 923 923 924 924 !)2,j-928 Çl26 Çl26 927 927 928-931 930 930 930 931 931 931 xx XIII. ADMINISTRATION-concluded. 6. Department of Soldiers Civil Re-estab1lshment.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ..... _ _ 18. Number of Pensions in Force on March 31, 1923, by relationship of Dependants and Rank of Disabled, and Annual Liability Incurred thereon..... . . . . . . . .. . 19. Scale of Annual Pensions Granted to Dependants of deceased Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Naval Forces and Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective 20. S eS r : 1 e I: 't"o' Dis bl d 'S iÏ ;s' ; d' s icii f 'th ' c i 'Ñ i Forces and Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective for years commf'ncing Sept. I, 1921, 1922 and 1923, under the Pension Act... .. . . ._ 7. IHlscellaneous Administration..... . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . .... , " . . . . . . ,. . . . . . ... 1. The Soldiers Settlement Board.... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Scientific and Industrial Research in Canada.,. _ _ . ... . . ..... _ _ _ . . . The Research Council of Canada. . . . . .. ................... . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . The National Research Institute... _" _ 3. Department of Secretary 0/ State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 21. Number of Companies Incorporated under the Companies Act and the nmending Acts during the calendar years 1900-07, and for the fiscal years ended Mt1rch 31, 1908-1922.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Naturalizationd in Canada. by Principal Nationalities, effected under the Natural- ization Acts 1914-1920, during calendar years 1916-22......... ........ ... .. ,I. .\' ational Gallery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . ;}. ROllal Canadian Mounted Police.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Strength and Distribution of Royal Canadian Mounted Police on Scptf'mher 3U, 1922.... ....................... ................................. ü. The Civil Serrice 0/ Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................................. 24. Employees of the Civil Service of Canada in Ottawa and outside of Ottawa,.as at December 31, 1921. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ........... 7. Judicial and Penitentiary Stat.istics.... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . ., ... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. Convictions by Groups of Criminal Offencf's, and Total Convictions for :\Iil\or Offences, 187ü-1922, with proportion to Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 26. Charges, Convictions and Percf'ntagps of Acquittals for Indictable OffpnC'es, hy Provinces, 1920, 1921 and 1922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ... 27. Indictable Offences by Classes, during years endeù Septf'mber 3U, HJ20, H)::!l, 1922.... .................................... ..................... .,. 28. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences 1915-22........ . . . . . . . . ... ........ .. ....................... _. 29. Classification of Persons Convicted of Indictable Offences, 1916-1922... . . . . . . . 30. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1911-1922.. " . . . . . . . 31. Indictable and Summary Convictions, by. Classes of OffenCf'!I, 1918-1920.. " .. 32. ConviC'tions for Drunkenness for the five eßrs 1918-1922..... . .. . . . . . . .. ... 33. Juvenile Criminals Convicted of Major Offences, by Classes of Offence, HI:!:!, with Total and Yearly Average for the Period 1885--1922. . .. . .. " . . . . . 34. P<;>pul ti n of Penal Institutions, 1918-1922..". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penltentlanes. .. . . . .. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .................... ........ 35. Movements of Convicts, 1916-1922....... . . . . . .. ............. ... _ 36. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, HH6-1922.......... .... ... 37. Age of Convicts, 1915-1922........ . . . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. .... ... . .. . . .. .. ... 38. Classification of Convicts, 1916-1922.......... . . . . .. . .. .. ... . .. . . . . .. ... . .. 8. DiTJoTce8 in Canada....... _. . . . . .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .......... _...... _. 39. Statistics of Divorces GrantC'd in Canada, 1901-1922.............. .......... XIV. SOURCES OF STATISTICAL AND OTHER INFORMATION RELATIVE TO CANADA. I. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics .................. .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 2. Acts administered by Dominion Departments............................... 3. Publications of Dominion Departments...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Publications of Provincial Departments...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Prince Edward Island.. _ .' -. _ _ _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . 3. New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Quebec.......... . . ... .. . . . '.' . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . ........ . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. á. Ontario...................... .... .. ... . . . . ... . .. . . ..... .. . ... ... .. .. . . . . . . . . 6. J\[ anitoba. ......... . . . . . - . . . - . - . . . 7. Saskatchewan........ .... . .. . . . . .. . ... 8. Alberta..................................................................... 9. British Columbia......... . ........ .. . ... ... .. . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . .... . . ... ... .' . 10. Yukon Territory..... . . . ... . .. .. .. . ... .,. .. . . . . . . . . . .... .. . ...... ......... . '. 932-9 8 934 935 936-9:n 938-960 938-9:m 939-!l42 940-941 941-942 !l42-945 94:i 941, 94.;-!}4Ij 9 Hi-fl-t7 947 94 7 -94 948 948-959 95!! !I.í 1 951-95l 9,j2 9;')3 !I.'){ !l55 !l56 !/56 957 957-959 95S !l5H !l5H 959 960 961-969 969-971 971-979 979-98/) 979 979 979 979-981 981-983 983 984 !lð-t 9b4-986 98G 5. Select BibJlolÞ"aphy of the History of Canada................................. 9k6-989 xxi xv. THE ANNUAL REGISTER. 1922-23. 1. Dominion Legislation............ .... ........ ................................ 990-995 1. 1922................. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. . . . . . .. . ... . ... . . '" 990-993 2. 1923..................... ............ . . . . . . .. .., 993-995 2. Provincial Legislation. 1922..... _ . . . .. ........................................995-1006 Prince Edward Island. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 995-996 Nova Scotia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . .. ........ . . . , . . . . . .. 996-Ð97 New Brunsu'ick.. .... ..................... ..................... ............. ... 997-Ð!:I8 Quebec... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9!J8-9Ð!J Ontario........ ......... .... ............. .... ................. ............. .. .999-1001 Manitoba. . . . . .. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . , . . . '.' . . . . . ..... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .1001-1002 Saskatchewan... . . . . _ . .. _. . . . . . . . .... .... . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . .. . . .1002-1003 4.lberta. . . . . . . . _ _ . _ _ . _ _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1003-1004 British Columbia.. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. _..... . _. _................ ..1005-1006 3. Principal Events of the Years 1922-1923......................................1006-1010 General Economic Conference. . . . . . . . _ . . ... . ... . . .. . _ . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .... .... . ., . . . 1006 Conference at Washingwn re Rush-Bagot Treaty.. _. . . .. . . . . .... . .... .... '.' . .1006-1007 Signing of Trade Agreement between Canada and France...... . . . . . . . _ . . . ... ...... .... 1007 Third Assembly of the League of Nations........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . _ . . 1007 Fourth A.sl'embly of the League of Nations.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007 Imperial Conference......... . . . .... . . . . . ., . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ... .. . . 1008 Provincial General Elections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008 The Economic and Financial Years 1922 and 1923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .loo8-100fI Obituary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .' ......1809-1010 4. Extracts from the Canada Gazette............... .... ...... .1011-1015 Privy Councillors, 1923. . . . . .. . . _. _ ... . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . ............. . . . . -1011 Lieutenant-Governors, 1923.. ....... . .' ............ .......... _.... ........ ... -1011 New Members of the House of Commons, 1922-23.................. _ _ __ .... ........... -1011 C'abinet }'[inisÚ'rs, 1923................................................... . . .......... -1011 Judicial Appointments, 1922-23.............. ............ . . . . . .........................1011-1012 Commissions, 1922-23.............. ............... . ........... ............ ........ 1012-1015 I mperial Honours and Decorations.............. . . . .................. ...... ............ -1015 Day (>f General Thanksgiving.. ......... ... ............ ............ ........... ............ -1015 SPECIAL ARTICLES IN CANAI)A \ EAR BOOK 1<)13-1<)21. (Not repeated in this Edition). Fifty \ ears of Canadian Progre s, 1867 to 1917. By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F .S.S., Editor, Dominion Bure"lu of Statistics, Ottawa..... ............................ lIi,.toryof the Grelt War. By Brig.-General E. A. CRrIKSHANK, LL.D., F.R.S.C., Director of the Historical ection, General Staff, Department of Militia and Defence, Ottawa. With appendices. ....... _'" . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ., ........... Reconstruction in C:mada. By . A. CUDMORE, B.A. (ToL),. M.A. COxon.), F.S.S., F.R. Econ. Soc., Editor Canada Year Book, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa..... . 1918 23-72 1!JI9 1 73 1920 1-64 LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRA'iS. lap of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Facing Preface lap: Geology of Eastern Canada......... .... ............. ...................... 14 :\Iap: Geology of Western Canada.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . 16 Iap of Canada showing Normal }'Iean Temperature and Precipitation in January. '" . Facing p. 40 :\Iap of Canada sho\\ ing N ormal Iean Temperature and Precipitation in July. . . . . . . . Facing p. 40 :\Iap: The Two Canadas in 17!Jl .... _'.. ............. .... ......... ..... 66 :\lap: Canada at Confederation, 1807 '" . _ _ . . .' '" .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73 :\Iap: Canaùa in 1870... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Iap: Canada in 1872......... ......... .... ............. ......... ...... _ _ 74 ì\lap: Canada in 1905... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. . . . . . 74 Diagram: Index Numbers of Average Prices of Field Crops, 1909-1 22.... . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Diagram: Variation in Production and Average Valu!' of Lumber, lUOS-1921... ..... 324 Diagram: Pulpwood Production, l\1anufacture and Export.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Diagram: Pulpwood Consumption, by Provinces, 1920-1921. ............. .... ...... 333 Diagram: Pulp Manufactured, by Provinces, 1920-1921..... .. _.......... ......... . 333 Diagram: Paper Produced, by Provinces, 1920-1921............ ....... _. .... ...... 33:3 :\lap: Domimon of Canada (::;outhern) Showing Origin of Coal Supply, 1922... . 386 Diagram: Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, 1901-1!J21.......... . . . . . . ., 3RfI Diagram: Aggregate External Trade of Canada, H)01-1923......................... . Facing p. 470 Diagram: Movement of Canadian \Vheat Crop, 1!J21-1922...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5S5 Diagram: Cattle Receipts and Prices at Toronto, Montreal, and Winnip!'g, 1920-1921- 1 !J22. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ................. !)U!) Diagram: Twelve Years of frade Unionism in Canada.. .... .... .. .. ............ . 712 Diagram: Estimated Time Los", in Working Days, by Groups of Industrif's, 1901-1922. 7:!3 Diagram: Index Numbers of Employment as reported by Employers and Trade Unions, 1920-1923. . ..... ., . . . . . . . . ... .. .. ........... ...... .. . ..... ...........,.. 731 Diagram: The Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1921. ........ . . . . 747 Diagram: Prices of Raw anù Finished l\laterials, 1919-1921..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Diagram: Weighted and Unweighted Index Numbers of Prices, 1919-1921........... ., 751 Diagram: Organization ùf the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962 xxü STATISTICAL SU}(}I.\UY OF THE PROGUESS OF C.\XADA. <\rea of the Dominion of Canada in square miles:-Land, 3,603,9CII; Water, 125,756; Total, 3,729,665. Items. 1811. 1881. 1891. 18!J1i. 1901. I Estimated population 1\0. 3,689,287 4,324,810 4,833,239 5,086,000 5,371,315 .,1 Immigration No. 27,773 47,991 82,165 16,835 49,149 .\!!;riculture 1 - 3 Wh('at. ....... .acreE I.ß4ß,781 2,363,554 2,701,213 - 4,224,542 bush. 16,723,873 32,350,269 42,223,372 - 55,572,368 $ lli,993,2ß5 38,820,223 31,667,.')29 - 36, 122,03!1 4 Oats. ... .acre - - 3,961,356 - 5,367,655 bush. 4'2,489,4')3 70,493,131 83,428,202 - 151.497,407 $ 1.'),966,3J() 23,967,655 31,702,717 - 51,509,118 5 Barley . acre' - - 868,464 - 871,800 bush. 11.496,m 16,8H,86b 17,222,795 - 22,224.366 g 8.170,735 11. 791.408 8,611,397 - 8,h!-:9,746 II rorn a'ns - - 195,101 - 360,758 bush 3,/im.83C 9,025,142 10,711,380 - 25.875,919 S 2.8X3,14 5,415,085 5,034.34!-- - 11,902,923 71 PotaÌf)(>s .acre 4113, 102 464,28:1 450,1\10 - 448,743 bush. 47,3:30,187 55.268,227 53,490,857 - 55.362,635 f.1 S 15,21l,774 U,2f\8,510 21,396,34? - 13,1'42,658 llny und C'low'r . acre 3,tiãO,41!J 4,4ã8,349 5,9:$1,548 - 6,543,423 ton:" 3,818,641 5.115:>,811' 7,69:3,733 - 7 ,S52, 731 $ 38.869,900 4:1.4-16.480 69,24:l,59; - 85,625,315 I I i.old ('rops- I Total Area. Acrc - - - - - $ - - - - 19J, 953, 420 Live Sto(>k- P- HorR's. o 836,74:3 1,059,358 1,470,572 - 1,577 ,493 $ - - - - 118,279,419 IO 'filch CO"" Ko. l,251,20!1 1,595,800 1,"57,l1 - 2,408,677 $ - - - - 69,237,970 11 Other CattIe Ko. 1,373.081 1,919,189 2,263,474 - 3.167,174 $ - - - - 54,197,341 12 Sheep... No. 3,155,509 3,048,678 2,562,781 - 2.510.239 $ - - - - 10.4!IO,,')!).J 13 f;\\ ille !\o. 1,:361\,083 l,207,6H 1,733,85(j - 2,3,j3,b28 S - - - - 16,445,702 Total \3lue . S - - - - "!6S, 6;'it, 026 Dairying- 14 Cheese, factory.. lb. - - - - 220,8.13,469 S l,fiOl,738 5,464,41>4 9,784,28 - 22,221,430 15 Butt.er, creamery lb. - - - - 36,066,739 $ - 341,47b 913,591 - 7,240,972 1 fi 'liscellanec,us dairy products. . $ - - - - 269,520 Total \alue of dalr) produrt.. S - - - - 29,i31,922 I ï.sherie!"- Total \alfl( S 1,.>>'13,199 l.i, SIì, 162 18,!lii,8it 20,107,,12,1 2:>>,737,153 \Jinerals- 17 Gold.. oz. 1O.1,18ì fì ,524 4.'),OI 133,262 1.167,2111 S 2,174,412 1.313.153 '10.614 2,754,774 24,128,503 I il vcr oz. - 3:'i5.IIS3' 414 . ã2:3 3,205. 4: 5,539.192 S - :i47,271 2 409,54\1 2,149,503 3,2ß5,354 19 COPP<'r. Ih. - 3.260,4:W 9,5 !I,4(11 9.3!13.0I2 37.R 7.0I9 S - :1fi6, 79b' 1,226,703 1.0 I, !160 6,O!JIi,áRI O TRarl. lb. - 204, 8fiO ' 88,665 24 Iml,!!7; 5I,900.9.;R $ - 9.216 2 3,857 71,15\1 :?24!I,387 1 Xickel Ih. - 8:39,47; 4,035,347 3 . 397 , 113 !I.I !I,047 S - 4!J8,2,1;fi 2,4!1.20f. I,ll'S, !I!ln 4.:.!14.,)23 2 Pi imn. ton" - "4,R 7 n.:o.!11 fi7,2l1h 7i .:17fì 8 - 3".,1'12- 3 i!>' !IIII 9:?4. I":! 3,512.923 "? Coal tons 1. Ofi3. 742 3 1,5:r; ,106 3.577,74\J 3,745.711' 6,4ht\.325 S 1,763,423 3 2,68R,621 7.019,425 7,22/;,462 12,699.24:1 4 CC'ment brI. - 69,843 2 93,4ì!J 14!I.o:1f' 450,3H4 S - 81 ,90!1 108,561 201,651 fi/ìO, 030 Total value S - 10, 22I,2.'i5 4 18,976,616 %2,-ii-i,2.'i6 G.i, 797,911 - - I 1'1l<' figl!rl'!j of field crops (1.';71-1911), arc for the precpding year!:. 2 I S7. a Ib74. 4 I& fì. xxiii STATISTICAL SU1UIARY 01'-' THE PROGRESS OF CAXADA. \reu of the Donlinion of Canada in square miles:-Land, 3,603,9C9; Water, ]2.j,7':6; Total. 3,729,665. 1906. 1911. 1916. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 -- - 6,171,000 7,206,643 8,03,j,584 8,478,546 8,631,475 8,788,483 8,966,834 9,146,4,j(, 1 18H,064 311,084 48,537 57,702 117,336 148,4ïí 89,999 72,887 2 - 8,864,1,j4 ],j,369,70!J ]9,125,968 18,232,374 23,261,224 22,422,693 22,671,864 3 - 132,0ì7 ,54i 2ñ2, 781, 000 l!1:J,260,400 263, Hi!! ,300 300,858, 100 399,786,40n 474,199,000 - 104,816,825 344.0116,400 457,722,000 427,357,300 242,936,000 3:W,4]!!,OOO 316,606, :-00 - 8,fi56,179 10,996,487 14,952,114 15, !i40 , 92!i Hi,940,029 14,541,22!ì 13,727,067 4 - 245,393,425 410,211,000 394,387,000 530, 70!J, 70U 426,232,900 4H I. 239 ,000 537,733,300 - 86,796,130 210,957,500 317,097,000 280,1],5,400 146,395,300 ]85,4.55,000 177,704,400 - 1,283,094 1,802,996 2,645,509 2,55].919 2,795,665 2 ,5t19, 520 2,784,571 5 - 28,848,310 42,770,000 56,389,400 63,31O,5,'j0 59,709.100 71,865,300 76,997,800 - 14,653,697 35,024.000 69,330,300 52,821,400 28,254,150 33,335,300 32,05j,700 - 293,951 173,000 264,607 291,650 296,866 318,397 317,729 6 - 14,417,599 1),282,000 16,940,500 14 ,334,800 14,904,000 13,798,000 13,608,000 - 5,774,039 6,747,000 22,080,000 16,503,400 12,317,000 11,500,700 12,466,000 - 464,504 472.9!J2 818,767 784.544 701,912 . 68:1, 5tl4 560,942 7 - 55,461,478 63,297,000 75,344.940 3 80.298.840' M .407 , 600 3 55,745,300" 56,460,OO()3 - 27,426,765 50,982,300 118,8J4,200 129,I\m,300 82,147,600 50,320,000 57,076,800 - 8,289,407 7,821,257 10,595,383 10,:170,292 10,614,951 10,001,667 9,725,602 8 - 10,406,367 14,527,000 16,348,000 13,338,700 11.366,100 14,488,200 14,844,900 - 90,115,531 168,547,900 338,713,200 348, Hi6,200 267,764,200 104,950,000 162,8!ì:l,OOO - - 38.930.333 ,)3,049,6,111 52. S.'JO. 8lj,) 59,63;;,3411 ;;7 .IH9, tiS1 56,569,794 - 38,1,513,795 88ß,49-t,900 1..'i37.1ì0,100 1,J.'i5,2-J-J,t),jt) 9:U,863.670 96t,293,200 S91.i55,200 - 2,598,958 3,246,430 3,667,369 3,400,352 3,813,921 3,648,871 3,530,64] 9 - 381,915,505 418,686,000 435,070,000 361,328,000 314,764,000 264,043,000 223,154,000 - 2,595,255 2,835,532 3,548,4:l7 3,530,238 3,736,832 3,745,804 3,(\59,36510 - 109,575, :J26 198,806,000 327,814,000 281,675,000 190,157,000 179,141,OUO 173,015,000 - 3,930,828 3,763,155 6,536,574 5, 947 ,14 6,469,373 5,974,Oti5 5,5!i6,86fi 11 - 86,278,490 204,477,000 381,007,000 279,825 100 ]83,649,000 156,441,000 143,458,000 - 2,174,300 2,025,030 3,42],958 3,720,783 3,fi75,860 3,;:63,.525 2,75:1,860 12 - 10,701,691 20,927,000 50,402,000 37,263,000 23,308,000 24,962,000 21,321,000 - 3,634,778 3,484.<)82 4,040.070 3,516.678 3,904,895 3,9],'j,684 4.40.5,311j 13 - 26,986,621 60,700.000 102,309,000 81.155,000 54,842,000 5/ ,300,000 52,312,000 - 615,457,833 903, 6!ì6, 000 1; 96,602,000 1,O,ll,2,11i,000 ì66, i20, 000 681,887,000 6L3, 260, OOU 204 , 788,583 199,904.205 192,968.597 166.421,8il 149,201,856 lfì2,117,494 135.821,116 - 14 23,597,6:30 21,587,124 3,'j,512,622 44,586,lIi8 39,100.872 28,710,030 21,824,760 - 45,930,294 64,698,165 82,564,130 103,899,707 1] 1,691, 718 128,744,610 152,501,900 - l,'j 10,949,062 15,645,845 20,966,355 56,371,98,,) 63,625,203 48.135,439 ,j3,45:3,282 - 910,842 1,814,871 - 34,238,440 43,610,416 35,078,548 29,604,004 - I6 35,457,5,13 39,0,17,840 - 13;;,196,602 1,16,336,,191 111,921,017 10,1,972,0,11; - 26,279,485 3,1.667,872 3.'i, 860, 708 5Iì,508,,Iì9 2 49,2,11,339" 3-1,931,9.15 2 U,SOO,210 c - 556,415 473,159 930,492 766,764 765.007 926,32!, 1,263,364 1,17!1.,'S0( 17 11,502,120 9,781,077 ]9,234,976 ]5,853,478 15,814,098 19, 14S. 9 L 26.116,050 24,382,00( 8,473,37r 32,559,044 25,459,741 16,020,657 13,330,357 13,543.198 ]8,581,43[, 18,8li4,O(J( I).} 5,659,455 17,355,272 16,717,121 17,80J,474 13,4:)0,330 8,4 5.3,j5 12,576,758 IO.944,OU( 55.609,888 55,648,011 117,150,028 75,0;;3,581 81,600,691 47,fì20,820 42,879,8]8 6,31 ,Oo( 19 10,720,474 6,886,998 :n,867,150 14,02!i,265 14,244,21/ 5,9:>3,555 5,738,177 12,515.000 54,608,217 23.784,969 41,497,615 43,827,699 35,953,717 66,679,592 93,307.171 112,600.00L O 3,089,187 827,717 3,532,692 3,053,037 3.214,262 3,828,742 5,817,702 7,882,000 21,490,955 34,098,744 82,958,564 44,544,883 61,335,706 19,293,060 17,597,123 61.444,000 21 8,948,834 10,229,623 29,035,408 17,817,953 24,534,282 6,752,571 6,158,993 18, 4: 3. 00(1 598,411 917,535 I,Hi9,257 917,781 1,090.396 665,676 428,923 8 O,018 2 7,955,136 12,307,125 16.7:)0,898 24,577,589 30,319,024 17,307,576 8,819,242 - 9,762,601 11,323,388 14, 48J, 395 13,681,218 16,631,954 1,'j, 0,'j7, 495 15, 1,'j7 .4: 1 17,131, 531' 3 19,732,019 26,467,646 38,817,481 54,413,349 80,603,723 72 ,451,656 65,518,4\17 74.2ti9,OUO 2,128,374 5,692,915 5,369,560 4,405,2,'j7 6,6:>1. 980 5,752,88.5 6,943,372 7.6,j2.001 24 3,170,859 7,644,537 6,547,728 9,802,433 14,798,070 14,195,143 15,438.48] 14,201,OUU 79,286,697 103, 2'!0, 99,1 177,201,53,1 176,686,390 277,8.)9,665 lil,923, 342 1 1R ,I,297,24'! 21,1,102,000 1 The figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 2 Calendar years. 3 Cwt. xxiv STATISTICAL SU\UIARY Ot' THE PROGRESS Of' C.-\ ADA-continued. Items. 1871. Ibl)l. Hs91. 1896. 1\101 --- Ianufacturesl- 1 Employees............. . No. IS7,942 254,894 272,033 339,173 2 Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,964,020 164.11.;7,423 :J53 , 213,000 - 445,916,487 3 alaries and wages... . 40,851,00!' .')9.40] . 70 79,234,311 - 1I3,249,3.iO 4 Products. . . _ .. _ . . . . . . . . _ $ 221,617,773 30:1, 7:n , X6i 368,696,723 - 481,0.')3,37.'; Trade- 5 Exports'.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 57,630,024 83,!I-l4.701 8x.671,i38 109,707,80f, 177,431,386 Ij Import!,,3. . .. . . . . . . . . . . S 84,214,3Sb 90.4158.329 111.533,954 105,361.16] 177. 9:JO, 9111 Total ............ S l-11,S.U,-I12 I H. t: :I, o.'lfi 200, O,;, 692 215,OGS,9t.6 3';';,362,305 Exports, domestic- 9, 73 ), 75X 7 Wheat. _ . . . ....a.......... . b:Ish. 1. 748. 977 2,5:!3,6i:1 2,I08,21tJ ), 91!1,.j4: $ 1,981,917 2,593,8:?C 1.583,OM 5,771,521 6,871,93!1 b Wheat flour.. . . . . .. _ . _ . brI. 306,339 439,72b 296, 71'4 186,711 1,118,700 . l,ü09,84t :!.173,lOb 1.388,578 71X ,133 4,015,226 9 Uats................. . ...... bush. 542,386 2,926,53: ::60,560 968,13. 8,15,'),063 S 231,227 1,791,Sn 1211,917 2ï3,h61 2,490,521 10 IIay. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tons 23,487 Jtj8,3S1 65,083 214,640 252,97; $ 290,217 1,813,208 .i.,)9,4St 1,976,431 2,097,S8:? 11 Bacon and hams, shoulders c"\\ t. 103,444 10:1,547 7.').541 537,361 1,055,495 and sides. . . . . .. _. . _ _ . _ . _ _ $ 1,018,918 758.3:J4 1.i:?8.41i!, 4,3SI,96S 11,778.44Ii 12 Butter lb. 15,439,266 17 , 6411.4!1] 3,7(i$,101 5,889,241 ]6.3:J5,5 X $ 3,065,234 3,573,m4 6112 ,I 75 1,052,08!. 3,2!ì5,6ti3 13 Cheese...... lb. 8,271,439 49,255,52 106,202,140 IG4,6S9,123 H).'), 926, 697 $ 1,109,906 5,510,44:J 9, 501:i, 800 13,95ti,571 20,696,951 ]4 Gold 4 .......... ..... ...... $ 163,037 767,31b 554,1213 1,099,053 24,44.'),156 15 Silver. ............... ..... oz. - - - 2,508,233 4,022,019 . 595,261 34,494 238,367 1,595,548 2,420.750 16 Copper fi ...... -...... ........ lb. 6,246,000 39,604,000 10,994,4118 3,575,482 26,345,7ïli . 120,121 150,412 505,196 194.771 2,659.261 17 Nickel.. _ .....-.-..... lb. - - 5,352,043 fi,996,540 9,537,5513 $ - - 240,49\1 486,65] 958,365 18 Coal......................... . toM 318,287 420,055 833,684 1,025,060 1,888,53 $ 662,451 <\1-.123,091 2,916,465 3,249,069 5,307,06 1\1 Vegetable products (except chemicals, fibres and wood) . - - 13,742,557 14,606,735 25,541,56/ 20 Animals and their products (except chemicals and fibres) $ - - 36,399,140 48,763,906 68,465,332 21 Fibres, textiltJs and textile pro- ducts.. .. . . ....._ $ - - 872,628 2,104,013 1,11130,.')39 22 Wood, Yo ood products Md' p $ - - 25,351,085 28,772,187 33,099,91- 23 Iron and its products.... . . . . . . $ - 556,527 1,188,254 3,778,897 24 Non-ferrous metals and their products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ - 1,618,95.5 3,843,475 33,395,09 . 25 Non-metallic minerals and their products................... . $ - 3,m x,584 4,368,013 7,356,32 :!6 Chemicals and allied products $ - - S31.211 481,66] 791,97: "27 All other commodities.. . . . _ . . $ - - 5,291,051 5,5ï9,561 3,121,7-11 Total exports, domestic... . $ 57,630,02,1 S3, DU, 701 8S,671,731\ 109,707,805 177,431,38 Imports for consumption- 28 Vegetable products (except chemicals, fibres and wood). $ - - 24,212,140 22,742,835 38,036,75, 29 Animal5 and their products (exeept chemicals and fibres) . - - 8,080,862 7,599,802 H,022,S9 30 Fibres, textiles and textile pro- ducts............. . .$ - - 28,670,141 27,421,51!J 37,284,75 31 Wooù, wood products d $ - - 5,203,490 4,787,281-. 8,196,901 :J2 Iron and its products. . . . . . . . . . $ - - 15,142,615 13,393,762 29.9.')5,93 33 Non-ferrous metals and their products.............. ...... $ - - 3,810,626 2,967,439 7,159,14 34 :Kon-metallic minerals and their products (except chemi- cal.,).. ................. .... $ - - 14,139,024 13,736,879 21,25.'),40. 35 Chemicals and allied products. . - - 3, 6!ì7, 810 3,840,800 5,69:?,:,(j 3tJ All other commodities.. . _ . _ . . . - - 8,577,24fì 8,870,831 16.32b,56 Total Imports .,. $ 8-1,2U,a'lS DO, t"",3 9 IU,533,9.i-l 10.'i,361,161 177,930,91 Steam Railways- 37 Mile.. in operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . No 2,695 7,331 13,838 16,270 18,14 38 Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257,035,188' 2S4,419, :?93 632,O(jI,440 697,212,941 8i6, 110,1S3/ 39 Passengers.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 5,190,4167 6,943,67] l:l, 2:?2 ,56S 13,059,023 18,385,72 40 Freight.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... tons 5,fi70,836 7 12,065,32:J 21.753,021 24,248,2!1-1 36,999,371 41 Earnings. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19,470,539 7 27,987, .')00 48,192,099 50,374,295 72,898,74 42 Expenses........ .. $ 15,775,532 7 20,121.418 34.960,44\1 34,893,337 50,36 , 72 . 8 o 4 6 2 :l 4 8 9 Q 2 9 6 1 The statistics of manufactures in 1871, 1881, 19111, 1920 and 1921, include works employing fewer than five hands, while those of 1891, 1901 and 1911 are for works employing five hands and over, except in the case of butter and cheeee factories, flour and iI'ÎBt mills. electric liiht plants, lumber, lath and xxv STATISTICAL SmOIARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-continued. 1906. Hill. 1916. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923.8 383,920 515,203 - 682,483 685,349 517,141 - - 1 833,916,155 1,247,583,609 - 3,230.686,3\)8 3,443,276,053 3,210,709,288 - - '2 162,155,578 241,008,416 - 689,435,709 816,055,139 581,402,3S5 - - 3 706,446,578 1,165,975,639 - 3,520,731,589 4.024,739,463 2,747,92\),675 - - 4 235,483,956 274,316,553 741,610,638 1,216,443,806 1,239,492,098 1,189,163,701 740,240,680 931,451,443 5 283,740,280 452,724,603 508,201,134 919,711,705 1,064,528,123 1,240,158,882 747,804,332 802,465,043 6 519,220&,236 727,041,156 1,249,811,172 2,136,153,å11 ,30:l,020,221 2,0&29,322,383 1,488,0:13,012 1,733,916,486 40,399.402 45,802,115 157,745,469 41,808,897 77,978,037 129,215,157 136,489,238 215,074,566 7 33,M8,391 45,521,134 172,896,445 96,985,056 185,044,806 310,952,138 179,990,730 252,145,805 1,532,014 3,049,046 6,400,214 9,205,439 8,863,0\)& 6,017,032 7,414,282 10,227,060 8 6,179,825 13,854,790 35,767,044 99,931,659 94,262,928 66,520,490 53,478,150 60,075,426 2,700,303 5,431,662 26,816,322 17,879,783 10,768,872 14,321,048 36,195,127 29,022,347 9 1,083,347 2,144,846 14,637,849 15,193,527 9,349,455 14,152,033 18,717,105 14,533,015 206,714 326,132 255,407 492,208 218,561 179,398 31 ,287 58,300 10 1,529,941 2,723,291 5,849,426 7,666,491 4,087,670 4,210,594 650,379 927,143 1,029,079 598,745 1,536,517 1,246,888 2,236,426 982,338 992,080 1,015,901 11 12,086,868 8,526,332 27,090,113 40,242,175 70,123,580 31,492,407 23,012,480 22,536,397 34,O:n ,525 3,142,682 3,441,183 13,659,157 17,612,605 9,739,414 8,430,591 21.994,578 12 7,075,539 744,288 1,018,769 6,140,864 9,844,359 5,128,831 3,224,390 8,243,138 215,834,543 181,895,724 168,961,583 152,207,037 126,395,777 133, 20,340 133,849,800 114,549,900 13 24,433,169 20,739,507 26,690,500 35,223,983 36,336,863 37,146,722 25,440,322 20,828,234 12,991,916 5,344,465 16,870,394 9,202,033 5,974,334 3,m8,779 2,532,050 5,449,469 14 7,261,527 33,731,010 27,794,566 19,759,478 12,379,642 13,331,050 13,601,420 17,111,416 4,310,528 17,269,168 14,298,351 19,519,642 14,255,601 11,127,432 8,711,304 11,4S8,992 15 44,282,348 55,005,342 111,046,300 65,612,400 42,003,300 36,167,900 10,333,900 21,451,30016 7,148,633 5,575,033 14,670,073 8,684,191 5,253,218 4,336,972 1,029,417 2,035,511 23,959,841 34,767,523 70,443,000 79,164,400 44,140,700 47,018,300 10,904,700 42,628,500 17 2,166,936 3,842,332 7,714,769 11,170,359 9,039,221 9,405,291 2,689,702 8,880,641 1,820,511 2,315,171 1,971,124 1,8...;,639 2,120,138 2,277 , 202 1,953,053 2,089,43818 4,643,198 6,014,095 6,032,765 10,169,722 13,183,666 16,501,478 13,182,440 12,956,615 55,828,252 84,556,886 257,249,193 288,893,218 416,122,771 482,924,672 317,578,963 407,760,092 19 84,570,644 69,693,263 138,375,083 244,990,826 314,017,944 188,359,937 135,798,720 135,841,64220 2,602,903 1,818,931 15,097,691 28,030,381 34,028,314 18,783,884 4,585,987 7,850,843 21 45,716,762 56,334,695 83,116,282 154,5[9,154 213,913,944 284,561,478 179,925,887 228,756,205 22 4,705,296 9,884,346 66,127,099 81,910,926 81,785,829 76,500,741 28,312,272 51,137,912 2 3 28,455.786 34,000,996 66,036,542 79,260,732 54,976,413 45,939,377 2; .885,996 44,358,03724 7,817,475 10,038,493 11 ,879,741 26,662,304 30,342,926 40,121.892 22,616,684 27,646,704 25 1, 784,1\00 2,900,379 15,948,480 56,799,799 22,581,049 19,582,051 9,506,170 14,046,94026 4,002,038 5,088,564 87,780,527 255,326,466 71,722,908 32,389,669 14,030,001 14,053,068 27 235,483,956 274,316,553 741,610,638 l,216,U3,806 1,239,492,098 1,189,163,701 740,20&0 680 931,451,443 60,330,667 79,214,342 95,426,024 157,506,654 242,075,389 261,081,364 172,665,523 161,669,784 28 23,616,835 30,671,908 38,657,514 41,505,094 95,098,743 61,722,390 46,645,789 46,736,77429 59,292,868 87,916,282 96,191,485 178,190,241 231,559,877 243,608,342 139,997,137 170,146,95830 14,341,947 26,851,936 18,277,420 35,399,852 43,183,267 57,449,384 35,791,487 35,845,544 31 49,436,840 91,968,180 92,065,895 192,527,377 186,319,876 245,625,703 110,210,539 138,724,45532 17,527,922 2'i ,655,874 29,448,661 41,649,431 52,103,913 55,553,902 29,773,413 37,492,604 33 33,757,284 53,335,826 53,427,531 135;250,417 121,956,176 206,095,113 137,604,140 139,919,01234 8,251,378 12,489,776 19,258,326 34,282,647 29,886,102 36,334,612 24,630,333 25,793,10135 27,184,539 42,620,479 65,448,278 103,399,992 62,344,780 72,688,072 50,485,971 46,136,811 36 283,7:10,280 ß2, 724, 603 508,201,134 919,711,70,} 1,064,528,123 1,210,158,882 747,804,332 802,465,043 21,353 2:>,400 37,434 38,896 39,384 39,771 39,773 - 37 1,065,881,629 1,528,689,201 1,893,125,774 2,036,165,606 2,170,030,128 2,164,687,636 2,159,277,131 - 38 27,989,782 37,097,718 43,503,459 43,754,194 51,318,422 46,793,251 44,383,620 - 39 57,966,713 79,884,282 109,659,088 116,699,572 127,429,154 103,131,132 108,530,518 - 40 125,322,865 188,733,494 261,888,654 382,976,901 492,101,104 458,008,891 440,687,128 - 41 87,129,434 131,034,785 180,542,259 341,866,509 478,248,154 422,581,205 393,927,406 - 42 shingle mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works and fish canneries. 2ExportB of domestic merchandise only. I Imports of merchandise for home consumption. . The figures for 1919 are for gold exported to foreIgn countries only. 'Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, regulus, etc. 6 Year 1876. 7 Year 1875. IThe figures for 1923 are subject to rpvision. 62373-c xxvi Items. STATISTICAL SUIUJIARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-concluded. 1901. Electric Railways"- 1 Miles in operation............. 2 Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pa<;sengers.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Freight. .,. .. . . .... 5 Earnings..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Expenses. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canals- 7 Passengers carried............ No. S Freight. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., tons Shipping (sea-going)- 9 Entered. . .,. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., tons 10 Clearecl....................... " Total. ...... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. 11 Telegraphs, Government, miles of line 12 Tplegmphi;, othl-r, miles of line........ 13Telephonei;........... .......... No. 14 Iotor "ehicles. _ _ .. Postal- 15 Money orders i,sued... . . . . . . . S 16 Revenue......... ....... $ 17 Expenditure................... S Dominion Finance- 18 Revenul'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . S 111 Expenditure... .. .. .. .. . . . . 20 Gross debt.... ............. S 21 Assets...... ............. .., S Netdebt................ . Chartered Banks- 22 Capital paid up............... S 2 Assets... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 24 Liabilities (excluding capital andrescrves). ... ....... S 25 Deposit<;2.. ................... S Savings Banks- 211 Deposits in Post Office.... . .. . S 27 Government. .. .. .....'....... S 28 Special.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . s Loan Companies"- 2!! A<;sets... ... ... 30 I,iabiliti""i;. .. . . . .. . .. .. ... .. . 31 Deposits...................... Trust Companies- 32 Shareholders' assets....... . . . . 33 Investments On trnst RcCOunt.. Dominion ]'ire Insurance- 34 Amount at risk, Dec. 31.... . . . 35 Premium income for year. . . . . Provincial Fire Insurance-- 36 Amount at risk Dec. 31.. . 37 Premium income for YE:ar. . . . . Dominion J-ifc Insurance- 38 Amount at risk Dec. 31.... 39 Premium income for year. . . . . Prm. incial Life Insurance- 40 Amount at risk Dec. 31..... .. . 41 Premium income for year. . . . . Educa.tion- 42 Enrolment... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 43 No. of Teachers.............. 44 Total Public Expenditure..... $ 1871. No. S No. tons S S 100,377 3,955,621 2,521,573 2,594,460 5,116,033 4,546,434 803 . 637 994,876 1881. 118,136 2,853,230 4,032,946 4,071,391 8,104,337 1,947 7,725,212 1.344,970 1,876,658 1891. 146,336 2,902,526 5,273,935 5,421,261 10,695,196 2,699 27,866 12,478,178 2,515,823 3,161,676 1896. 151,342 7,991,073 5,895,360 5,563,464 11,458,824 2,786 28,949 13,081,861 2,971,653 3,752,805 675 120,934,656 287,926 5,768,283 3,435,162 190,428 5,665,259 7,514,732 7,028,330 14,543,062 5,744 30,194 63,192 17,956,258 3,421,192 3,837,376 19,335,561 21,635,218 38,579,311 36,618,591 5 ,ÓU, 701 15,623,08 25.102,654 36.3,13.568 36.9-19, U2 46,866.368 115,4!!2,61:!3 199,861,537 289,899,230 325,717,537 354,732,433 37,7R6,165 4-1,465,757 52,090,199 67,220,104 86,252,429 77,707,618 155,395,780 237,809,031 258.487.433 268.480.004 37,095,340 59,534,977 60,700,697 62,043,173 67,035,615 125,273,631 200,613,879 269,307,032 320,937,643 531.829,324 O,250,9'j4 127,176,249 187,332,325 232,338,086 420,003,743 56,287,391 94,346,481 148,396,968 193,616,049 349,573,327 2,497,260 6,208,227 21,738,6-18 28,932,930 39,950,813 2,072,037 9,6:!S,44,j 17,661,378 17,866,389 16,098,144 5,766,712 7,685,888 10,982,232 14,459,833 19,125,097 s s s s s . .. 8,392,464 8,392,464 2,399,136 73,906,6 8 12/i,041,146 143,887,377 IS8,523.307 71,965,017 123,915,704 143,296,284 158,.,):!3,307 13,460,268 18,482,959 19,404,878 20,756 910 13.55g 8g 1. 000 18,016 995,000 23.718 228,453,784 462,210,1168 759,602,191 845,574,352 1,038,687,619 2,321,716 3,827,116 6,168,7Hi 7,075,850 9,650,348 s . s s s s 45,825,935 103,290,932 261,475,229 327,814,465 463,769.0 4 1,852,974 3,094,689 8,417,702 10,604,57? 15,189,854 - 1,083,000 - 27.126 - 11,044.925 1 Calendar years 1920-1922. 2 Including amounts deposited elsew here than in Canada from 1901-1922. '.Active assets only. . Including Building Societies and Trust Companies (1871-1911). · Motor vehicles in 6 provinces numbered 2,130 in 1907. IThe figures for 11123 are subject to revision. No. eI xxvü STA.TISTICAL SU)I}IARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-concluded. 1906. 1911. 1916. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923 8 814 1,224 1,674 1,696 1,699 1,687 1,724 - 1 - 111,532,347 154,895,584 171,894,556 170,826,404 177,187,436 188,258,974 - 2 237,655,074 426,296,792 580,094,167 686,124,263 804,711,333 719,305,441 738,908,949 - 3 506,024 1,228,362 1,936,674 2,474,892 2,691,]50 2,285,886 2,445,425 - 4 10,966,871 20,356,952 27,416,285 35,696,532 47,047,246 44,536,833 49,660,485 - ð 6,675,037 12,096,134 18,099,906 26,839,070 37,242,483 35,945,316 35,986,872 - 6 256,500 304,904 263,648 262,056 230,468 230,129 219,519 220.592 7 10,523,185 38,030,353 23,583,491 9,995,266 8,735,383 9,407,021 10,026,055 11.199,434 8 8,895,353 11,919,339 12,616,927 11,694,613 12,010,374 12,516,503 13,620,183 17,095,883 9 7,948,076 10,377,847 12,210,723 13,566,780 13,234,380 12,400,226 13,974,287 17,182,454 10 16,843,429 22,297,186 24,827,656 25,261,393 25,244,754 24,916,729 27,594,470 34,278,337 6,829 8,446 10,699 11,428 ll,454 11,207 11,455 - II 31,506 33,905 38,552 37,771 40,939 4 t ,577 41,641 - 12 - 302, 7.59 548,421 724,500 856,266 902,090 944, 029 - 13 L 21,519 123,464 341,316 407 , 06-1 465,378 513,821 - 14 37,355,673 70,614,862 94,469,871 142,375,809 159,224,937 173,523,322 139,914,186 143,055,120 15 5,993,343 9,146,952 18,858,410 21,602,713 24,449,917 26,331,119 26,554,538 29,262,233 16 4,921,577 7,954,223 16,009,139 19,273,584 20,774,385 24,661,262 28,121,425 27,794,502 17 80,139,360 117,780.410 172,1-17,838 31 ,946. 747 319,7,16,335 43,1.386,537 381,952,387 39,1,614,900 18 17,240,641 87,77-1,188 130,350,727 23 , 731,283 303,843,830 361,118,145 347,560,691 332,293,732 19 392,269,680 474,941,487 936,987,802 2,41\0,183,021 3,041,529,587 2,902,482,117 2,902,347,137 2,888,827,237 20 12,'),226,702 134,899,435 321,831,631 647,598.202 3 792,660.9633 561,603,133 3 480,21I,336 3 435,050,368 3 21 267,O,l ,978 3,10,0,12,052 615,156,171 1,8H,58.J,819 2,248,868,624 2,340,878,883 2,422,135,801 2,453,776.869 91,035,604 103,009,256 113,175,353 115,004,960 123,617,120 129,096,339 125,456,485 124,373,293 22 878,512,076 1,303,131,260 1,839,286,709 2,754,568,118 3,064,133,843 2,841,782,079 2,638,776,483 2,643,773.986 23 713,790,553 l,097,b61,393 1,596,905,337 2,495,582,568 2,784,068,698 2,556,454,190 2,364,822,657 2,436,587,628 24 605.968,513 980,433,788 1,418,035,429 2,189,428,885 '2,438,079,792 2,264,586,736 2,120,997,030 2,107,606,111 25 45,736.488 43,330,579 40,008,418 41,654,920 31,605,594 29,010,619 24,837,181 22,357,268 26 16,174,134 14,655,5fi4 13,520,009 l1,402,09b 10,729,218 10,150,189 9,829,653 9,247,12127 27,39;),194 34,770,386 40,405,037 46,799,877 53,118,053 58,576,775 58,292,920 59,327.961 28 232,076,447 389,701,988 70,872,297 74,520,021 90,413,261 96,698,809 102,493,145 - 29 232,076,447 389,701,988 70,872,297 74,520,021 90,413,261 96,698,809 100,403,652 - 30 23,046,194 33,742,513 8,987,720 9,347,096 15,257,840 15,868,926 16,910,558 - 31 - - 7,826,943 10,007,941 10,224,252 10,238,236 10,353 , 24;j - 32 - - 47,669,243 73,133,017 73,704,706 88,036,507 101,078,205 - 33 1,443,902,244 2,279,8fi8,346 3,720,058,236 4,923,024,381 5,969,872,278 6,020,513,832 6,348,637.436 - 34 14,687,963 20,575,255 27,783,852 40,031,474 50,527,937 312,564 48,168,310 - 35 - - 849,915,678 1,004,942,977 1,054,105,011 1,269,764,435 1,036,200,959 - 36 - - 3,902,504 4,302,492 5,216,795 5,545,549 4,890,627 - 37 656,260,900 950,220,771 1,422,179,632 2,187,837,317 2,657,O?5,493 2,934,843,848 3,171,388,996 - 38 22,364,456 31,619,626 48,093,105 74,708,509 90,218,047 99,01,3,081 107,104,091 - 39 - - 348,097,229 223,853,792 174,740,215 222,871,178 175,380,201 - 40 - - 5,311,003 4,407,833 3,282,669 4,389,008 4,329,716 - 41 1,173,009 1,356,879 1,622,351 1,738,977 1,812,618 1,869,6i3 1,950,000 - 42 32,250 40,516 50,307 53.990 55,733 56,607 59,312 -43 16,368,244 37,971,374 57,362.734 74,843,138 76,835,089 112.976.543 114, 7n ,249 -44 NOTE. In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries (1871-1916), trade, shipping, the Post Office, the public debt, re\"enue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings Banks relate to the fiscal years ended June 30 up to 1906, and from that on to tbe years ended Marcb 31. Agricul- tural, dairying, fisheries (1918-22), minerDI, manufacturing, banking, insurance, loan and trust companies' statistics relate to the calendar years and railway statistics to the yea.rs ended June 30, 1871-1919, and to the calendar years 1920-1922. . Canal statistics are those of the navigation seasons. The telegraph statistics relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calendar years for other lines. ERRATA. P. 5. Table 1. The land and water areas of Saskatchewan are 243,381 and 8,319 sq. miles respectively, instead of 242,808 and 8,892. The corresponding areas of Canada are 3.603,909 and 125,756 instead of 3,603,336 and 126,329, as given in the table. P. 25. The longitude of Saskatoon seismological station should be 106 0 30' W. instead of 106 0 40' W. The registration of the Victoria Station should be correct to:l: .1 sec. instead of correct to:l: 1 sec. P. 171. Table 30. The urban population of Canada in 1921 should be 4,352,442 instead of 4,352,402. x'l:vi.i I.-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. I.-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. I.-General Description. Situation.-The Dominion of Canada comprises the whole northern half of the North American continent except the United States territory of Alaska, and J__abrador, a dependency of the island colony of Newfoundland. It is bounded ôn the west by the Pacific ocean and Alaska, the boundary with which was in part determined by the award of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal signed at Washington, Oct. 20, 1903; on the south by the 49th parallel, the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence river and additional lines set am; by the Ashburton Treaty, signed Aug. 9, 1842; and on the east by the Atlantic ocean, the gulf of St. Lawrence, the undefined Labrador boundary and Davis strait. Northern bOW1daries have yet to be fixed by further exploration, but cape Columbia in north latitude 83 0 5' is the most northerly known point of land in the Dominion. The southernmost point is Middle if'hnd in lake Erie, in north latitude 41 0 41', while from east to west the Dominion extends from about west longitude 57 0 -the approximate bOW1dary with N ew- foundland-to west longitude 141 0 , the boundary with Alaska. Canadian territory thus e tends over about 84 0 of longitude and 42 0 of latitude. Area.-The area of the Dominion (including an estimate of 500,000 square miles for the provisional district of FrankJin) is 3,729,665 square miles, a figure which may be compared with that of 3,743,529 for the United States and its depen- dent territories, 3,800,000 the total area of Europe, 2,974,581 the total area of Australia, 3,913,560 the total area of China inclusive of dependencies, 3,275,510 the area of Brazil, 1,802,577 the area of India, 121,633 the area of the United King- dom and 13,419,046, the total area of the British Empire. By comparison with the last two figures Canada is seen to be over 30 times as large as the United King- dom and to comprise almost 28 p.c. of the total area of the British Empire. Political Subdivisions.-Ümada is divided from east to west into the follow- ing provin('es:-the Atlantic Maritime provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, all three comparatively small in area; Quebec, covering a strip south of the St. Lawrence and the whole territory north of the St. Lawrence and east of the Ottawa to Hudson strait; Ontario, extending northward from the Great Lakes to Hudson bay; l\Ianitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, the provinces of the interior continental plain, extending from 49 0 to 60 0 north latitude; and British Columbia, the province of the western mountain and Pacific coast region, also extending from 49 0 to 60 0 . North of the 60th parallel of latitude the country is divided into the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, the latter area composed of the provisional districts of Mackenzie, Keewatin and Franklin. In actual area the three Maritime provinces, covering a total land area of 51,163 square miles, make up but 1.4 p.c. of the total land area of the country. Quebec, the largest in area of all the provinces, and Ontario cover 19. 45 and 10. 15 p.c. of the country's aggregate land area rcspectively. The four western provinces, taken in order as one proceeds west, constitute 6. 4,6 -7, 7.0 and 9.8 p.c., tþ.e Yukon 5, 7 p.c., Franklin 13. 8 p.c., Keewatin 5.7 p.c. and Mackenzie 13. 9 p.c. of the land area of the Dominion. A brief description of each of the provint'es is appc doo. Prince Edward Island.-This, the smallest province of the Dominion, lies at the south of the gulf of St. Lawrence and is separated from the mainland of the 62373-1 2 PHYSICAL CHA.RACTERISTICS OF CA.VAD.l continent by X orthumbcrland !'\trait. It is 150 milf's in length and varies from 4 miles to 30 in width, covering an area of 2,184 squarf'miles, somc 200 squarf' miles more than the statp of Delaware and slightly more than half thc area of thf' islam1. of Jamaica in thc British \Yest Indies. Its rich rcd soil and red sandstone formations make up a distinctive and even topography, no point in the island attaining a grcater altitude than 311 feet above sealevC'l. .A dimate tempered by the surround- ing watcrs of the gulf and yet free from the rigours of Atlantic storms, combined with mmlerous rivers, shdtered harhours and rolling plains, offC'rs great inducf'- ments to thc pursuit of agriculture and of fishing. ThC' provinc'e is noted for its predominance in the fox-farming industry, its lobster cannC'ries, and its production of oats and potatoes. !Çova Scotia.-Thc province of Xova Scotia is 3 6 miles in lcngth by from ;")0 to 100 milcs in width, a long and rather narrow strip of land lying parallel to thc l\lainf' and Xew Brunswick coast and joined to thc latter by the isthmus of Chi - nf'cto. It includes at its north thc island of Cape Brcton, which is separated from the mainland by thc strait of Canso. The total area of the provincc is 21,4-2R square miles, a little ovcr 2,000 square miles less than the combined area of Belgium and IIol1and, with hich Nova Rcotia may vpry well be compared as to climate, natural resources and accessibility. Capc Breton island, at the mouth of thc gulf of Rt. Lawrence and sheltering Prince Edward Island from the .Atbntic, is roughly 100 miles in length with an cxtreme breadth of S7 miles, its area of 3,120 square milcs enclosing the salt water lakes of Bras d'Or, conneetC'd with the Se':\ at the north by two natural channds and at thc south hy thc :--;t. PC'ter's ship canal. The ridge of mmmtainous country running through the centre of the Xova Rcotian mainland divides it roughly into two slopes, that facing the Atlantic being g('llcrally rocky, barren and open to the sweep of _\.tlantic storms, while the other, fac-ing the' bay of Fundy and the gulf of Bt. Lawrence, consists for the most part of m'ahle and fe'rtile plains and river v:lIleys, and is noted for its gene'ral farming and fruit farming dif'tricts. The A.tbntic coast is deeply indPntC'd with numerous exeell('llt harbours. New Bruns1L'ick.-"Ïth a total area of 27,Ð8.'5 square milC's, :Ne'w Brunswick may he comp:lre'd to f-;cotland wit h its area of 30,40;") squarC' milf's. The conform- ation of the province is alSO mther similar to that of Scotland, for thf' country, although not mountainous, is divC'r:-;ified by the occurrence of a great numbf'r of low hills amI valleys. While Xew Brunswick is essentially a part. of the mainland, the bay of Chalf'ur at the north, the' gulf of t. Lawrence and :Northumberlancl strait at thf' C3'-'t, the hay of Fundy at the south and Pa samaquoddy hay at the southwest, provide the province with a very C')o,,Je'nsive sea coast. Although largf'r in arca than XOVà ('otia, Xc\\" Brunswick doe's not rover as many de'g;re'C's of latitude as dops tht' former, its most southern point ]'C'ing a little' south of 45 0 north latitude and its most northern a little' north of 48 0 , while XO'/a I-'cotia extends roughly from thp 1-3rd to the 47th paral1el. To its southwest is a group of islands bdoIll!ing to the provinee, the most important be'inJ:!: Campohpllo with an area of 115,000 acrps, Grand :\lanan with an area of 37,000 a('res and the" p:--,t Isle's, with an area of R,OOO :.teres. The soil of thesp i:-:lands, similar to much of that on the mainlam1, is genprally fertile, but only a :-:mall proportion of it is unùer ('ultivation. New Brun:--:wick has been well called the best watC'rro country in the world; its numcrou::, rivprs provide' ac('c !--\ to ð.tensive lumbering areas in its interior and to many of the most attractive hunting and fi.<;hing Tf--.sorts in the Dominion. Qu-ebec.-( uehpc miJ:!:ht with con:--:idprable accuraey he ineludpd among the Maritime provincef', for the gulf of Ht. Lawre'nee' is real1y a part of the' Atlantic, GEXERAL DES(,RIPTI().\ 3 while salt water wa hes the ('oasts of the province for many miles on its northern and western borders. BC'sides includinf:!. a narrow strip of land between the St.. Lawrence and the international and ew Brunswick boundariC's, Quebec extends northward from the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers to Hudson strait, covering over 17 0 of latitude and an area of 706,834 square miles. The combined areas of France, Germany, Sweden and Italy are some 7,000 square miles less than the area of Quebec. Apart from its importance as the threshold of Canada and the gate- way through which ocean navigation must pass on its way to the interior of the continent, Quebec is also noted for its natural resources. The untold timber limits of its northern an'as form the basis for a great pulp and paper industry of tlw present and the future. Its rivers, many of them as yet comparatively unknown, may be harnessed to supply over one-third of the electric power available in Canada. Its mineral depo its, particularly tho e of asbe!"tos, have long bC'en known for their quality and extent. and the fisht'rif's of the St. Lawrence river and gulf an' equally fam;li:tr. Agricultural1y, the climate and soil of the ::-;t. Lawrence shores and the plains of the .Eastern Township'; make the province eminently fitted for general farming operations. Ontario.-The province of Ontario is the sedion of the Dominion contained between the great international lakes and Hudson bay and between the western boundary of Quebec and the eastern limits of ::\Ianitoba. Its mo t southern point is in north latitude 41 0 41' and its most northern in north latitudp !)6 0 4-S'. The total area comprised \vithin its limits is 407,262 square miles, of which its water area of 41,382 square miles forms the unusually large pprcpnÜlge of 10.16. The province is a little more than 8,000 square miles less in area than are France and Germany together, and when compared with the statf'S to the south Ontario is found to be almost equal in extent to the combined area of the six Xew England states, Kew York, XC'w Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iichigan, and 'Visconsin. :i\Iany varietie:--: of climate and soil are encountered, from the distinctively southern conditions found along the shores of lake Erie to the infinitely diverse ones of Hudson and James bay. Ontario. of aU the provinces of Canada, is the centre of the country's manufacturing life, owing to its abtUldant water power resources and its prm.imity to the coal fields of PC'nnsylvania, but the many natural resources of its rural districts are not on this account neglected. Iining in the Sudbury, Cobalt and Porcupine districts is a thriving industry, the nickel coming from the Sudbury field amounting t.o three-fourths of the world's consumption; fruit farming in the Kiagara district and general farming throughout the entire central part of the province are carried on extensively under unusually favourable conditions, while timber and furs are the mm-t important products of the far north. .,uanitoba.-l\Ianitoba, the most easterly of the prairie provinces and also the oldest in point of settlement, extends roughly from a line joining the west coast of Hudson bay and the lake of the 'V oods to a line approximating cJosely to the 102nd meridian west from Greenwich. On the north and south it is bounded by the GOth and 49th paraUels of latitude respectively. The total area of :\Ianitoba is 251,832 square miles. This arm may he compared to that of the United Kingdom with its. area of 121,633 square milcH, and Manitoba is seen to be 8,566 square mile,., greater than twice t he total area of the British Isles. The province is typically an agricultural one, its southern plains being speciaUy adapted to this form of industry. Its northern districts, with a topography very different frem that a its prairies, are of importance in the production of copper ore and of timber products 62373-H 4 PHYSICAL ('HARACTb'RISTICS OF CANADA Saskatchewan.-The central prairie province, contained within the western boundary of Manitoba, the 49th and 60th paralleJs of latitude, and the HOth meri- dian, covers an area of 251,700 square miles, but slightly Jess than that of Mani- toba, and greater by 5,000 square miles than the combined areas of the r nited Kmgdom and Norway. The country consists for the most part of the open rolling prairie at an average altitude of 1,500 feet above sea-level, while in the north it assumes a more broken aspect and is as yet but slightly developed. The climate is quite different from that of eagtern Canada, with less precipitation and perhaps slightly more severe features than are encountered in many other parts of the country, but it is nevertheless most favourable to plant and animal growth. The northern districts are abundantly watered by lakes and rivers and are rich in coal and tinIber resources. Alberta.-Lying between Saskatchewan on the east and the Rocky mountains and the 120th meridian on the west, and bounded on the north and south by the Northwest Territories and the 'Cnited States respectively, is the province of Alberta. Its area is slightly greater than that of Saskatchewan or Manitoba, comprising a total of 255,285 square m;les, a little more than the combined areas of Germany and Bulgaria. Formerly an almost exclusively ranching country, it has now become a great wheat producing region, the frontier of the grain grO\\ ing area now approx- imating to the line of the foot-hills of the Rockies. In the soutll\VP t, considerable coal and oil mining are carried on; lumbering is important in tht' more mountainous western parts and in the north, where some ranching is still pursued in the less populous sections. The climate of .Alberta is a particularly favourable one, less 8evcre in summt'r than more eastern parts of the cmmtry and tempt'rcd in winter by the "Chinook" winds from the Pacific. British Columbia.-The province of British Colunlbia is in some respects the most favoured part of Canada. \Yithin its boundarie::i are reproduced all the varied climates of the Dominion and almost every natural feature, whiJe some of its climatic and geographical conditions ate" peculiar to the province. Extending from the Rockies to the Pacific and from the 49th to the 60th parallel of latitude, its limits contain an area of 335,855 square miles, more than three times the area of Italy, slightly less than thrt'e times the area of the 'Cnited Kingdom and but slightly less than the combined area of the United Kingdom, .Ko. wPy and Italy. The many islands of the Pacific coast, notably Vancouver islánd with an area of about 13,500 square miles and the Queen Charlotte group, are included in the province and are remarkable for their temperate climate and abundant natural resources. Mention need hardly be made of the mineral resources, the great lumber trade, the fisheries and Hie agriculture of British Colwnbia. Yukon and Northwest Te1ïitories.-The vast area of 1,449,300 square miles is included within the boundaries of Canada'::; northern subdivisions, the Yukon Territory and the three provisional districts of the .Korthwest Territories. This is almost twelve times the area of the United Kingdom, nearly half the area of the United States and more than the combined areas of the Argentine Republic and Chile in South America. Much of these northern regions is uninhabited, large areas of them even unexplored, but none the less they are of considerable potential economic value, owing to their possibilities in agricultural and pastoral production, to their mineral deposits such as the Yukon gold fields, as well as to their forest resources and their fms. PHYSIOGRAPHY 5 Summary of Land and Water Area.-For the convenience of the reader, the total land and water area of the Dominion, and its distribution into provinces and territories, is shown in Table 1. t.-Land and \\ater Area of Canada b)' Provinces and Territories as in 1923. Total Provinces. I,and. Water. Land and Water. sq. miles. sq. miles. sq. miles. Prince Ed"ard Island............ ..................... 2,184 - 2,184 Nova Rcotia. . .. . . .. . . . . . '. ............................. 21,068 360 21,428 New Brunswick. .......... ............................... 27,911 74 27,985 QuebE'C. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ............... ........... 690,865 15,969 706,834 Ontario........................ . ............................... 365,880 41,382 407,262 :Manito a..... . ........... ............. ........ 231,926 19,906 251,832 Saskatchewan.. _ .. ............... ......... 242,808 8,892 251,700 Alberta........ . .. .. .... 252,925 2,360 255,285 British Columbia....... ........... --... 353,416 2,439 355, 8M yukon......................... . ....... 206,427 649 207,076 Korthwest Territories- Franklin......... . ........ 500,000 - 500,000 Kee"atin...... . ......... 205,973 6,851 212,824 Mackenzie. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. 501,953 27,447 529,400 Total_ .... .......... 3,603,336 126,329 3,729,66á The watcr area is exclusive of Hudson bay, rngava bay, the bay of Fundy, the gulf of St. Lawrence and all other tidal waters, excepting t.hat portion of the rivcr St. Lawrence which is between Pointe-des-Monts and the foot of lake St. Peter, in Quebec. 2.-Physiog.raphy. Topography.-The tope-graphic features of the present surface of the American continent admit of its division, in Canada, into several physiographic provinces. The exposed surface of the old pre-Cambrian continent forms one of the largest divisions and has been called the Canadian Shield, the A.rchæan Pencplain and, in its southern portion, thE' Laurentian Highland. The mountainous country of the west conf'titutes the Cordilleras, while the mountains of eastern United States, in their continuation across the border, form the Appalachian highlands of eastern Canada. The Great Plains, with various subdivisions, occupy the area between the mountainous area of the west and the great: roughened surface of the Canadian Shield. The St. Lawrence lowland lies between the I.aurentian and Appalachian highlands. \Yithin the borders of the Canadian Shield an area on the southern margin of Hudson bay has been referred to as the U clay belt." It occupies a pari of the basin that was submergcd during tht' glacial period and covered wIt h a coating of cby which smoothed over its inequalities and concealed most. of the underlying rocks. Since its emergcnce the surface has been but slightly altered by drainage channels cut across it. Canadian Shield.- The portion of the pre-Cambrian continent whose exposed surtace still forms a large part of C['.nada, has an area of about two and a half million square miles. Its northern border crosses the Arctic archipelago, the eastern lies beyond Baffin island and Labrador and reaches the depressed area occupied by the St. Lawrence river, a short spur or point crossing this valley at the outlet of lake Ontario to join the Adirondack mountains in New York. The south- ern boundary runs from the spur west to Georgian bay, skirts the north shore of 6 PllrSICAL CHARACTERlSTIrS OF rAX.1D 1 lake Huron and sweeps almost entirely around the an('ient depre ('d arm occupied by lake uperior. The western edge, from thC' lake of the 'Yoods and lake'Vinnipeg, bears nort.hwest to the westprn end of lake A.thabaska, and passes t.hrough the basins occupied by Great Slave and Great Bear lakes, reaching thp Arctic ocmn cast of the Mackpnzie River delta. In detail, the surface features of thp Canadian hield are irreguJar; but, viewed broadly. it has the conformation of a great plain, deprCHsed toward the rentrt' and in the north and slightly elevated along the eastern and t;outhern borders, where it presents a somewhat steep outward slope. The general clt'vation 1n the eastern portion is under 2,000 feet, and Over the larger part of the plain is about 1,000 feet. The highest portion is along the northeastern margin wlH'rc it pre ents a stet'p face to the sea, rising to a maximum altitude of ahout 6.000 feet. Appalachian Region.-The continuation of the Green mountains of Vermont into Canada may be traced in the Xotre Dame mountains, which approach the fo:t. La\\Tence below Quebec and, continuing with more eastf>r1y trend, form the highland of the Gaspé peninsula. Over a large pan of the region these hill'5 hardly attain the dignity of mountains, but peaks rising 3,500 feet above the nearby coast arc found in the Gaspé peninsula. The continuation of the 'Yhite mountains of Kew Hampshire is found in the highlands of ::\Iaim' and Xew Brunswick, the conti- nuity being shown quite plainly by the rock-folding and other evidences of the great earth movements which caused the topography. An additional ridge appar- ently forms the present province of Kava Scotia, and although the highlands of that province in few places rise to plevations greatpr than 1,500 feet, the rock struc- ture indicates that it was a mountainous country at no very remotC' gt'ologieal period. St. Lawrence Lowlands.-The southern intprior of the continent consists of a plain of low relief, bordered on the east by the Appalachian mountains, on t1:e west hy the Cordilleran mountai^ systems, and on the north by the Laurentian plateau. This plain, i.n its Canadian portion, is kno"n as the St. La" renee lowlands, an I extends from a short distance below Quebec city to lake Huron, with a length of 600 miles and an area of 33,000 square miles. To the northeast it becomes reduced in width, and in the vicinity of Quebec is represented by a narrow plateau or shelf on each side of the St. Lawrence river. The triangular area bt'yond, in which is the island of Anticosti, is structurally related to the central lowlands. The St. Lawrence lowlands may be divided into three sections: (1) the St. Lawrence river plain, separated from (2) the Eastern Ontario basin, by a point of crystalline rocks, and (3) the Ontario peninsula, a slightly more elevated plain whose eastern border is a steep t'scarpment, the eastern outcrop of a heavy lÍIn('- stone bed which underlies the western peninsula. Great Plains.-A great area, including many diverse features, lie to the east of the Cordilleras. The portion that is included under the term Great Plains e),.t.ends from the southwestern edge of the ancient surface forming the Canadian Shield, to the e3.<:tern edge of the mountainous region of the Cordilleras. In the belt traversed hy the railway lines a three-fold division into pra 1 rie steppes, rising one above the other, is clearly recognizable, though the divisions are not distinguish- able in the region farther north to which the term prairie is not applicable. For the purpose of description these three divisions arc adopted and a fourth is added for t he broken hilly country of the foot-hills. The first or east.ern division comprises the plain lying betwecn the Canadian Shield and the plateau formed of Cretaceou:> RIVERS 1I\TD LAKES 7 sediment!':; the second extends from the edge of this plateau westward to the erosion remnants of former Tertiary deposits; and the third stretches from this line west- ward to the foot-hilk North of the prairie country these di!':tinctions are less noticeable, and divisions two and three become merged into one. Cordilleran Region.- The western part of the American continent is more or less mountainous. The Andean chain, which extends throughout the length of South America and broadens out in the rnited States and in Canada, has an average width of over 500 miles. This region, covering about 600,000 square miles in Canada, is the most elevated in the Dominion, many of the summits reach- ing heights of 10,000 fed, with occasional peaks over 13,000 feet above sea level. The mountainous tract forming the Cordilleras can be divided broadly into three parallel bands; a series of plateaus and mountains, comprised in the Columbia, Interior, Cassiar and Yukon systems forming the central part, referred to as the Central Belt; another :-:eries of paranel ridges ef.st of the central plateaus, formed of fault rocks and folds and including the Rocky and Arctic systems, known as the Eastern Belt; and a third division between the plateau country and the Pacific, composed of the Pacific and Insular systems, called the Western Belt. Following is a list of the principal named Canadian Cordj]]eran peaks exceeding 12,000 feet in elevation:- Kame. Elevation. X.Lat. W. Long. Range. feet. .-\.lberta- Alberta. .. . . . . . . . 12,000 52 0 14' 117 0 36' Rockr. mtns. Forbes..... ...... 12,000 51 0 48' 116 0 56' The Twins.... .. .. . 12,085 52 0 13' 117 0 12' British Columbia- Hobson. . . . . . . . . 13,068 53 0 07' 119 0 08' Yukon- .-\ ugus ta. . 14,900 60 0 18' 140 c 28' St. Eli ,s mtns. Cook.... .. 13,700 60 0 10' 139 0 59' Hubbard. 16,400 60 0 21' 139 0 02' King......... 16,971 60 c 35' 140 0 39' Logan....... .... 19,539 60 0 51' 140 0 21' I.ucania...... .. 17,147 61 0 01' 140 0 28' 1('Arthur 14,253 60 0 36' 140 0 13' Xewton. . 13,860 60 0 19' 140 0 52' :-;t. Elias....... 18,000 60 0 18' 140 0 57' Steele...... . 16,644 61 0 06' 140 0 19' Strickland. 13,818 61 0 14' 140 0 45' Yancouver. 15,617 60 0 21' 139 0 42' Walsh............ . 14,498 61 0 00' 140 0 00' Wood....... 15,885 61 0 14' 140 0 31' 3.-Rivers and Lakes. General.-The waterways of Canada constitute not only one of its most remarkable geographic features but one of the most vital elements of its national existence. The water area of 126,329 square miles is unusually large, constituting almost 3! p.c. of the total area of the country, whereas the water area of the United States forms but slightly more than 1! p.c. of its area. The Great Lakes, with the St. I_awrence river, form the most important system of waterways on the conti- nent and one of the most notable fresh water transportation routes in the world. Their value in facilitating the cheap and speedy shipment of grain from the prairi(" provinces cannot be overestimated. These lakes never freeze over, but usually most of their harbours are closed by ice about the middle of December and remaw frozen over until the end of :March or the beginning of April. 8 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA.YADA Drainage Basins.- The great draînage basins of Canada are the Atlantic (554,000 square miles), the Hudson bay (1,486,000 square miles), the Arctic (1,290,000 square miles), thc Pacific (387,300 square miles), and the guJf of Mexico (12,365 squarc miles). Table 2 indicates the drainage areas of the more important rivers. Drainage Basins. 2.-Drainage Basins of Canada. Drainage Basins. Atlantic Basin. Hamilton. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . Miramichi....... _ ................. St. John. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . .. .. . . . . . . . St. I,awrence.......................... Saguenay... ... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . St. Maurice....................... i :::::::::::::::::::::::::: : Otta\\a......... _... _ .... _ _., Lièvre. .. . . . . . . .. _. ........... Gatineau......... ............... Total...... . . '. ..... . . . . . . . . . . Hudson Bay Basin. I{okeoak. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George..................... _. _. _..... Big..... . . . . . . . .. .. _ _ _ . .. .. . . _ . . Eastmain. _.. ................. Hupert. .............................. Broadback........................... . N ottaway.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moose..... ...... ........... ..... ..... Y ibi:: ::::::::::.:::: ::::::: Albany....:. ............ _ _. _. ..... Kenogaml. _ _ _ .. . . . . _ . . . . . . Atta\\apiskat...... ....... \Yinisk. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ........ Severn.................. ........ Hayes.................. ...... Kelson.. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Vinnipeg. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . English................... _ _.. Red.............._ ABBiniboine...... .... Saskatchewan........... .......... North Saskatche\\an............ South Saskatchewan............ Red Deer............... Bow..... . .. . .. . .. . . .. ..... '" Belly.................... .... Churchill.... .............. _........ . Area Drained. Sq.. miles. 29,100 5,400 21,500 309,500 35,900 16,200 8,000 9,000 56,700 3,500 9,100 554.000 62,400 20,000 26,300 25,500 15,700 9,800 29,800 42,100 11 , 300 10,600 59,800 20,700 18,700 24,100 38,600 28,000 370,800 44,000 20,600 63.400 52,600 158,800 54,700 65,500 18,300 11,100 8,!J00 115,500 Area Drained. Hudson Bay Basln-concluded. Sq. miles. Kazan................................. 32,700 Dubawnt.............................. 58,500 Total. .... . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . PaclOc Basin. \. ukon... _............................ Porcupine...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Stewart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pelly................................ IJewes................ .............. 'Vhite..... ...................... _ _" Alsek.. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . _ .. . . .. . . Taku........ _ _.... _ _ _. _...... Stikine. . . . . . _ _ _ .. _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nass.................................. . Skeena................................ . Fraser. . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thompson.... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . ]\" echako.. ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blackwater.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . _ _ _ _ . Quesnel. . .. . . . .. . . . . _ . _ . . _ . . .. . . . . Chilcotin.. _... . _........ Columbia.. .. _. _. __................. I{ootenay....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Okanagan........................... . Kettle..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . Pend d'Oreille....................... Total.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . Arctic Basin. Ral'ks... .. . _......_........... Coppermine........................... . \1 ackenzie.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liard................................ Hay................................. Peace............................... . Athabasha.......................... . Total. ....... .... . . GulCor:nelico Basin.............. 1.486,000 145,800 24,600 21,900 21,300 35,100 15,000 11 , 200 7,600 20,300 7,400 19,300 91,700 21,800 15,700 5,600 4,500 7,500 39,300 15,500 6,000 3,160 1,190 3S7,300 47,.')00 29,100 6.',;.) 000 lO:ÚOO 25,700 117,100 58, 900 1,290,110O n.3G:í KOTE.-Owing to overlapping, the wtals of each drainage basin do not represent an addition of the drainal!;e areas as I!;iven. Trihutaries and suh-trihutari<,!j are indicated by indentation of the names. The Gull of hlexiro basin is that part of the southern area of the prairie provinces drained by the Mi880uri and :r.1i;:sissippi rivers and their tributaries. St. Lawrence River ystem.-Most important of the lakes and rivers of Canada is thc chain of the Grcat Lakes with their connccting rivers, the St. Law- rence rivcr anù its tributaries. This {'hain is called the St. Lawrcnce River sy tem. The Grcat Lakes, separating the province of Ontario from the United States and connected by a series of canals with the St. Lawrence river, al10w vcss<'ls drawing not over 14 feet of water to procced from the Atlantic ocean to the intcrior of the Dominion as far as Fort \\ illiam and l)ort Arthur, twin cities situatcd on lake Superior, practically half wa across the continent. Other River Systems.-Apart from the St. Lawrence, the great watcrway of the eastern half of the Dominion, other systcms also merit somc attention. The RIYERS ASD LAKES 9 Saskatchewan river, for example, flowing eastward from the Rocky mountains to lake 'Yinnipeg and thence northward by the Nelson river into Hudson bay, drains a great part of the plains of the western provinces. In the north, the Mackenzie ríver, with its tributaries the Slave, Liard, Athabaska and Peace rivers, follows the northerly slope of the Great Plain and empties into the Arctic ocean, its waters having traversed in all a distance of 2,525 miles. The Yukon river also, drain- ing a great part of the Yukon territory, flows northward through Alaska into the Behring sea after a course of 2,300 miles. The Fraser, Columbia, Skeena and Stikine rivers flow into the Pacific ocean after draining the western slopes of the mountains of British Columbia. Table 3 gives the lengths of the principal rivers with their tributaries, classified according to the course taken by their waters. 3.-Lengths of Principa1 Rhers and 'Tributaries in Canada. NamE."B. Miles. Names. M ilea. Flowing into the Atlantic Oc('an. Hamilton (to head of Ashuanipi)... . . . . . .. . Katashkwan........ ........ ...... ...... ... Romaine.. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . '. Moisie.................................... . St. }Iarguerite............................ . St. John.... _ _............................. 1\1 iramichi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. La\\TenCe (to head of St. Louis)......... 1\lanikuagan............................ . ::[ i : : .. ::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Saguenay (to head of Peribonka).... . . . . tt..:::...::::::::::::::::::::: : Ash\\ apmuchuan. . _ .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . {'haudière. .. . .. . . .. . . _ . .. . . .. . St. Maurice.... . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. 1\1 atta\\ in.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Francis.............................. Richelieu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Ottawa.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . :.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : North Nation... . Lièvre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gatineau....... . Coulonge................ ............. Dumoine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Nation........... ....... ... .... :: t .:::...::::::::: :: ::: ::: ::: Petawawa........ .... ........ :Moira. Trent... ... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . Grand.... .......... ....... ........... Thames........................... ..... French (to head of Sturgeon). .. ........ Sturgeon........................ ....... fl l: 'gi.":::.'.:: :: : : :: : : : : : . . . . . . . . . . : : Thessalon....... . .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nipigon (to head of Ombabika)...... " Flowing into Hudson Bay. Hayes....................... ..... .... .... Nelson (to lake Winnipeg). . ..... ... ...... 1'.eIson (to head of Bow).................. Red {to head of lake Traverse}. ....... . . . Red (to head of Sheyenne}..... . .. . . . .. .. ABSiniboine............................ . SOUris................................. . Qu' Appelle. . ................ .. . .. .. _ . . . . Winnipeg (to head of Firesteel). .... . . . . . . English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 220 270 210 130 390 135 1,900 310 270 240 405 280 185 165 120 325 100 165 210 685 70 115 60 205 240 135 80 90 105 130 95 60 150 140 135 180 110 153 140 40 130 Flowing into Hudson Bay-concluded. Nelson {to head of Bow)-concluded. Saskatchewan (to head of Bow}......... North Saskatchewan.................. South Saskatchewan (to head of Bow). Bow................................ Belly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Red Deer........................... Churchill.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beaver. . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kazan........ ......_ _.'" -........ .... Dubawnt... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........... Severn.................................. -. Winisk................................... . Atta\\apiskat........ ..................... Albany (to head of Cat river)............. Moose (to head of Mattagami}............. l\fattagami............................. . Abitibi...... _ ............. Missinaibi............. . Harricanaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .... . Notta\\aý (to head of Waswanipi)........ 'Vaswanipi............................. . Rupert................ .................... Eastmain...................... ......... Big. ... .... .............................. Great" hale... -.......................... Leaf.... .................................. Koksoak (to head of Kaniapiskau}........ Kaniapiskau... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . George.................................. . Flowing into the Pacific Ocean. Colum bia (total)........ .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . Columbia (in Canada). .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . Kootenay.. -.... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraser.... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . Thompson (to head of Korth Thompson) Korth Thompson........... . .... South Thompson................. --'.' Chilcotin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blackwater............................ . Kechako............................... . Stuart. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skeena. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Nass.................. --................. Stikine............. ..... -.............. AIsek.............. .. ............ ......... Yukon {mouth to head of Nisutlin)........ Yukon (Int. boundary to head of Nisutlin). Stewart........ . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . \Vhite......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . Pelly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macmillan............................. . Lewes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 390 1,660 355 545 450 450 270 475 330 1,205 760 865 315 180 385 1,000 305 455 580 420 295 465 610 340 275 340 26.') 250 4(>0 190 380 3i5 520 3ti5 295 535 445 365 1,150 465 400 695 270 185 120 145 ]40 255 220 335 205 335 260 1,765 655 320 185 330 200 338 10 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA..V 1DA Xames. Miles. 3.-I.engths of Principal Rhers and Tributaries in {'anada-concluùcd. :\1iles. Names. Flowing Into the Arctic Ocean. \fackenzie (to head of Finlay}....... ... ". Peel...... .... Arctic Red_. .. Liard.. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . Fort Nellj()n.. Athabaska... . Pembina.......... . !:,lave..... . 2,S25 365 230 550 260 765 210 265 Flowing Into the .-\.rctlc Ocean -con. Mackenzie-concluded. Peace (to head of Finlay).. . . . . . . Finlay. . . . . . . . . . . . Parsnip.... . moky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Little Smoky.............. Coppermine. Backs. . . . . . . . . . 1,065 250 145 245 IS5 525 605 NOTE.-In the above tahle the tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated hy indentation of the names. Thus the Ottawa and other rivers are shown as tributary to the St. Lawrence, and the Gatineau and other rivers as tributary to the Ottawa. The Great Lakes.-Table 4 shows thc len th, breadth, area, elevation above sea-level and maximum depth of each of the Creat LakeR. -t.- Area, t]e\ation and ))('I)th of the (;nat I,ak('s. Lakes. Length. :Kame. uperior. .......... ..... fi('higan. .. .. .. .. . . . Huron.. ..... St. Clair. .. . . .. Erie.. ........ ... . Ontario......................... ......... milcs. 3R3 320 247 26 241 180 Breadth. Maximum depth. Area. Elevation above sea-level. feet. 602.29 581. 13 581.13 575.62 572.52 246. 17 milcf'. 160 118 10 1 24 57 53 square miles. 31,810 22,400 23,010 460 9.940 7,540 Lake Superior, with its area of 31,810 square miles, i thc largest body of fre ,}1 water in the world. As thc international houndary h('tween Canada and the rnited States passes through the centre of lakes Superior, Huron, Eric and Ontario, only half of the areas of theRe lakes given in the above f'tatenu'ut is Canadian. The whole of lake :Michi an is within rnited States territory. From thc we:,;tern end of lakc Superior to the mouth of the St. Lawrence there is, with the aid of the canal system, a continuous navigable waterway. The total length of the t. Law- rence river from the hcad of the St. Louis river to the Pointe-des-:Monts, at the entrancc of the gulf of St. Lawrence, is 1,900 miles. TJle tributarics of the St. Lawrence, several of which havc t hemsclves important tributaries, indud{' thE' Ottawa river, 685 miles lon , the St. Maurice river, 325 milcs long, and the Sague- nay (to head of Perihonka), 405 miles long. Other Inland Waters.-In addition to the Great Lakes thcre are large bodies of inland water in other parts of Canada. Of thei'c only the following prin- cipal lakes, with thcir respective areas, nero he mentioned here: in QueLec, lake :i\Iistassini (975 square miles); in Ontario, lake ipigon (1,730 squarc miles); m Manitoba, Jake Winnipeg (9,45 ) gquare milcs), lake Winnipegosis (2,086 square miles) and lake :Manitoba (1,817 square miles); in Saskatchewan, Reindcer lake (2,436 square miles); in Albcrta, lake Athabaska (2,842 square miles). All these are wit.hin the boundaries of thc provinces as at prcsent constituted, and are exclu- sive of lakes situated in the Northwest Territories, as, for instance Great Bear lake (11,821 square miles) and Great Rlave la1..e (lO,71n square miles) in the district of Mackenzie. feet. 1. tHO g70 i50 23 210 i38 RIVERS lXD L.4KES 11 Table 5 gives a list of the principal lakes of Canada by provinces, with the area of each in square miles. The table corresponds with the delimitation of the provinces as altered by the Boundary Extension Acts, 1912 (2 Ceo. V, cc. 32, 40 and 45). Xames of J.akl's. 5.-Areas of Principal ('anadlan takes b)" Prminces. Areas. Xaml's of Lakes. Xoya cotia- - Bras d'Or. .. . .. ... J,ittIe Bras d'Or. Total ...... XI'\\ Brunswick- Grand.... . . . . QUl'bec- Abitibi, portion in Queb c. Apiskigamish. . . . . . . . . . . . Ashuanipi.... . .. . . . . Atikonak... . .. . Aylmer......... . Baskatong....... . Burnt.......... .. . " . . . . . . .... Champlain, portion in Quebee Chibougamau... . Clearwater........ . Evans........... . Expanse....... . Gull............ Grand Victoria. Great Long.... Indian House. . . . . Ishiamikuagan. Kakabonga..... . Kaniapiskau. Kipawa...... . Lower Seal. . . . . . . . . )Jatapedia.... .... Ianuan.............. . Iattagami. . I egantic....... __ . . . I elville. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . - Iemphremagog, part in Quebec. Jenihek................. . '!into........ ...... " ....... Jishikamua............. . lishikamats.. ...... . . . . . . . . Jistassini. .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Jistassinis. ...... . . . . . . . . . . Xemiskau. ich k m.. :\ommmg... ............... .., Obatogamau.................. . Olga.......... ................ Ossokmanuan. ............ Papineau. . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patamisk...... ..... Payne. . . . . .. Petitsikapau. Pipmaukin.............. . Pletipi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quinze, Lac deB......... ..... ......... Richmond........ ..... . . ........ ....... t. Francis, Beauce county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Francis, river St. La\\Tence, part.,.. t. John.. .... .......................... St. J ouis..................... :--it. Peter............. i .t:. :::::::::::::::.::: Timiskaming, part.............. Temiscouata. . .... .. . . . .. .............. Thirty-one Mile......................... Two Mountains......................... l'pper SeaL....... . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ,,, akonichi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square )1 ill's. 230 130 360 Quehec-concluded. Waswanipi.... .. . Whi tefish.. . . .. . . . . . Total. . 74 Ontario- Abitibi, portion in Ontario. ............. Bald.................................... Balsam. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............. Buckhorn. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameron. . . . . .,. . Couchiching. Deer. Dog.. . Eagle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erie, portion in Ontario...... .... .. .... George, portion in Ontario.......... . . ... Huron, including Georgian bay, portion in Ontario. .......... ., I,a Croix, portion in Ontario. Lansdowne. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Long.................... ..... )Ianitou, Manitou island..... ........... fille Lacs, Lac de....... rud.... ........... )J uskoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xamakan, portion in Ontario............ i g.-.-:::::.:::.::....... . Ontario, portion in Ontario..... ........ Panache.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pigeon......... .... . .......... Rainy, portion in Ontario... Ricl'.. .................. .... Rt. Clair, portion in Ontario............. Rt. Francis, river Rt. La\\Tence, part..... Bt. Joseph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raganaga, portion in Ontario.. Bandy. . . . . . . . . . . . . i::! :::::::::::::' . R('ul!:og................ . Rtony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rturgeon, English river. RturJ!;eon, \ïctoria county. . . . . . . . . . . . Ruperior, portion in Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . Timagami. . . . . . . . ., . Timiskaming, part. . . .. . . . . . Trou t, English river. . . . . . Trout, Severn river...... ..... Wanapitei....... ....... . . .. . . .. . ........ Woods, lake of the, part in Ontario...... 25 392 319 331 8 17 56 3 138 478 23t 59 125 57 245 306 87 65 441 117 220 16 113 87 14 1,298 28 112 735 612 122 975 206 56 208 9 56 50 131 5 44 747 94 100 138 46 269 13 59 350 56 130 106 12 65 29 23 63 270 44 Total... . Manitoba- Atikameg. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cedar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ("ormoran t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dauphin........ ............... ... ..... Dog.................................... Ebb-and-flow.......................... . Etawney.... ................... Gods.. . . . . . . . . . .. . Granville............. ........ l kih .-.'.'.:::::::'::::::::::::::::::: : Kiskittogisu... .. ................. .... fanitoba.............................. . Areas. Square )Jill's. 100 19 11,330 331 2 17 14 6 19 7 61 128 5,019 11 14,331 23 98 75 38 104 13 54 19 1,730 330 3,727 35 15 260 27 257 24 245 21 245 392 271 39 19 106 18 11, 178 90 52 134 233 45 1,325 -U,188 90 285 14t 200 64 39 625 319 392 551 69 122 1,817 12 PHl:iICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CASADA. Names of Lakes. 5.-Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces.-concludcd. Names of Lakes. }\1 nnitoba--'-COncluded. 'loose........ .............. _ _ _ _. _ _.. ::-.Jamew, part... __ Xorth Indian... . . . . . . . N eultin, part. _ .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Playgreen.............................. . Reed................................... Red Deer, est of lake Winnipl'gosis..... Reinrleer, part.......... .............. St. Martin............. . _. Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . _ . . Rhoal. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . _ . _ . . South Indian............ ................ Swan................................... Todatara, part...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waterhen...... ...... ............ ...... r:1 : i :::: : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Woods, lake of the, part..... . _ _ . . . . . Total.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,895 Saskatchewan- Amisk............ ..... ........ ....... Athabaska, part.............. ...... Buffalo................................ . Candle... .. Chaplin. . _ . . _ . ('ree. .. .............. Cumberland.... ................ Dove................................... Ile-a-la-Crosse............ ............. Johnston.................. .......... J,ast Mountain........ ..... ..... J ittle Quill............. ...... _. Manitou............... ... ::\Iontreal. . ...... . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . l : r : : : : : : : : : : : . . . .. . . . : : : : : : : : Quill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Red Deer, on Red Deer river. ...... . . . Heindeer, part......................:... Ronge, Lac la.................. ........ . \Vhi te Loon. . .. . . . . . .. . _ . . . . . . _ . "itchikan... _ _. _... _ _. Wollaston..... _. .......... Total.. .. . . . . .. . .. ... ......... 8,3 9 Alberta- Athabaska, part.......... ........... Reaver....... ..... Riche, Lac Ia.......... ........ Ruffalo... . . . . .. . . . . . . . _ . . Claire... .. ... J,esser Slave.. ........ Pakowki . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sullivan.......... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041 8!J 125 55 404 480 72 94 1- Total...... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2,360 Areas. Square I iles. 552 12 184 76 224 86 86 134 125 58 102 1,531 84 156 83 83 9,459 2,086 60 British Columbia- Adams... ..................... ........ AtIin, part................. .... .... ..... Rabine......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chilko. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . HarriROn.. ...................... _ ..... Kootenay. .. . . . . . _ . .. . . . . . J,ower Arrow. . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . Okanagan. . . .. . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Owikano. . . . . . .. .................. . .' Quesnel. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhuswap............ ............. ....... f:tuart. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . Tacb ........... ............ ..... Tagish, p.'trt. . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . Teslin, part.... _ . . . . Upper Arrow.. .. _ .. .. .. Total. Areas. Square Mill's. ,;2 331 306 172 122 2:W 64 135 98 147 124 220 135 91 123 91) 2,4.'J9 514 612 1,029 674 1,654 122 980 674 11,821 10,719 368 318 490 1,22.; 980 230 343 331 123 184 52 858 3U01 107 12 lR4 56 87 32 48 123 6..9 . .. 1 '!O,925 111 1,801 281 150 66 406 166 242 187 131 98 70 67 138 54 383 163 \17 2,30J 343 !J7 70 906 Northwest Territories- Aberdeen......... .. . Aylmer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _. _ _ . . Clinton-Colden. .. Dubawnt. . . . . . .. _ . . . . . . Franklin.......... ... ........... Garry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gras. J,ac de.. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Great Bear............ ... ........ Great Slave............................ . Kaminuriak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macdougall. .................. _ _ ., _ _.. Maguse....... ... ..... Martre, Lac Ia..... ................ Mackay........... ... ..... ..... ...... Nueltin, part......... ....... Kutarawit....... .,. .... Pelly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schultz. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "rhoalintoa..... . . . . .. . . . . Todatara, part.. .. ..... . . . . Yathkyed..... ... .. Total.. Yukon- Aishihik. . . .. . . . . . . . . . Atlin, part....... Kluane. . Kusawa..... .. Laberge. . Marsh........... . Tagish, part....... Teslin, part... . " Total Canada. . 4.-Islands. The northcrn and we:-,tcrn coa5ts of Canada are fringed by islands, whilè along the eastern coast and in the- On'at Lakes and the St. L9.Vvrence river a f'mallcr number of important islands are found. Those on the north are mostly within the Arctic circle, but include several situatcd as far south as James bay; they are included in the provisional districts of Franklin and Kccwatin. affinl Victoria and Ellesmere are the largest of the northern islands, with areas estimated at 211,000, 74,000 and 7G,600 :;quare milef. respectin'ly. On the Pacific coagt, GEOLOGUYAL DFVISlnXS 13 south of the Alaskan boundary at Dixon entrance, are the Queen Charlotte ISlands (4,000 f;quare miles) and Vancouver island (13,500 square miles), besides innumer- able smaller islands. Manitoulin island in lake Huron and the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence at its outlet from lake Ontario are among the most important islands of our inland waters. On the eastern borders of the Dominion are the island of Anticosti, Prince Edward Island, one of the nine provinces, Cape Breton island and the Magdalen islands. II.-GEOLOGICAL FORMATION. I I.-Historical Outline and Geological Divisions. Introduction.-'Vhile politicaHy and economically Canada is a new country, from the geological point of view its central and eastern parts are of extreme old age, forming probably the largest area of Archaean or pre-Cambrian rocks in the world. At the same time comparatively recent geological events have rejuvenated the region, impressing upon it many of the characteristics of youth, as a result of which the Dominion presents impressive contrasts in geological structure and physical features. 'Yhen the officials of the Geological Survey commenced to study the geology of eastern Canada they found that the more ancient and crystalline rocks, the nucleus or protaxis about which the remainder of the continent was built up, extended north-eastwards and north-westwards on each side of James bay and Hudson bay. The American geologist Dana ca]]ed this Canadian Archaean with its spread- ing arms a V -formation, but when it became evident that the ancient rocks extcnded also along the north side of Hudson bay, the Yiennese geologist, Suess, gave to this vast area the name of the Canadian Shield, a. term which has been accepted by subsequent writers. In the centre of the Shield there was at least in early times a depression filled by a shallow sea and now occupied by Hudson bay. A second Archaean protaxis is situated 500 miles south-west of the edge of the Shield, that of the Selkirk and Gold Range mountains in British Cokmbia. This is long, narrow, and somewhat interrupted, running from south-east to north- west parallel to the coast. The débris resulting from the destruction of the mountainous Archaean areas piled up in the shallow seas around, and on their flanks and in the wide trough between thcm marine Palaeozoic rocks were laid down. Later, Mesozoic sediments were deposited upon them, practically completing the outline of Canada and extending south into \\hat is now the United States. Together with this growth in area went the upheaval of mountains, first in Archaean times, whcn apparently the whole surface of the Shield as covered by great mountain chains, next at the end of the Palaeozoic agc, along the south- eastern and south-western sides, and finally at the end of the :Mesozoic era, when the Rocky mountains were elevated on the margin of the shallow interior sea. Outside of this area of mountain-building the rocks are fairly level and undisturbed, showing comparatively stable conditions throughout the continent. Historical Outline.-Since more than half of Canada is covered by Archaean or pre-Cambrian formations, these must first be considered. The lowest rocks are lAdapted from articles by R. W. Brock, 1I.A.. LL.D., University of British Columbia, and Wyatt Malcolm, M.A., Dept. of Mines. Ottawa, in the Canada Year Book, 1921. ï.. t t (: -' - . "' . , "\ 8 [: .,! "I ,, - Ï' & . ,,-,: " > . 0 < < , " .' , .1 < . , "j "-t>O ò..,, , "" < > " .:, .0 " .. .., . o . ., > . , <, ', "" , , ,1: 1 . t '\ t i ð ', -3 ,-,-l(j I '\J ìfu ç,,; . ' r ct \J CJ V5 . 1 1 r ßj -...J V:> '-l. , Eii IIT1J1) U ' ' F J , .1 III ""'" !..J --- -- .. ? l"'" v .Jl<._ L... ' =I >J .ç JP';:; )/' . "..' . cl.._ " - :r! \,) . "\"' _ "" <:>Ìì '1_ . t:-- ... 1<. 'II").. ø-""':"'" - "' II' _> 11<'; . , , 'y "" ..." .,! . '. . ""'^ "'- i.= í -;'i!j.: . '> . '. ' ., c ., 'C '''''':;;:'"' , -- -: :'k. ' .' V & ' ......." ,. '<;..0 .. ' .. ;; ,':>0; >'.. ;, . <-; fie r.fd & ' dY ""- ,1 1"" ;ç 1f .: """, , : j,. I .y ",. /1 0/./:': '-' .! . ...., -:!. . 1 .... ..,0 I '/ .' '" '" w ';L.-# gj ;:. f \ .... "'" K$r / '\c k' ....<Þ .L,::t y __ ' ' ,r"i '). 'Ý t -<. . / /, . , , , I J""' ?L:eVL OF CA.VA.DJ J:., <<: Z <<: Ü Z ø:: r.1 E-o a1 <<: f:; ÞO< ð ..::I o r.1 o , \ \ , 1 J , GEOLOGICAL DrVISIOKS Vi the Laurentian gmnites and gneisses, which latter, though once believed to be sedimentary, are now known to be deep-seated eruptive rocks, which pushed up a molten material into the cold rocks above, lifting them as domes and themselves solidifying slowly far below the surface. These great domes of gneiss and granite, known as batholiths, are the commonest structure of the Archaean region. Though the Laurentian rocks are the lowest, they are not t he oldest, as the Keewatin rocks were already cold and solid at the period when they were heaved upward upon the shoulders of the Laurent ian. The Keewatin rocks also consist chiefly of eruptive rocks, lava flows and volcanic ash now metamorphosed into greenstones and schists. 'Vith them are found in many places thick deposits of ordinary sediments, now changed into gneiss or mica-schist, together with the band- ed jasper and iron are of the iron formation. Much marble or crystalline limestone is a180 found in the Grenville series of the southern Archaean, which is probably of the same age as the Keewatin. During that period thousands of feet of lava, ashes, mud and sand were laid down on a sea-bottom that has utterly vanished. This was followed by the eruption of the domes of gneiss, lifting the earlier rocks into great mountain ranges, which were afterwards worn down to stumps, disclosing their foundations of granite àIld gneiss enclosed in a rude network of Keewatin schist. The next formation, the Huronian, consists of a great sheet of boulder clay or tillite formed by wide-spread glaciers, and masses of water-formed sediments, now slate or quartzite or limestone. In many phtces the Huronian rocks still lie ne ly flat on the worn surfaces of the older rocks, but in others they were caught in mountain-building operations and squeezed and rolled out into schists. The Animikie or L"ppermost Huronian is also madp up of sediments, very modern in appearance. The Keweenawan is tlle concluding formation of the Canadian Archaean, resulting from another outburst of volcanic activity. Thousands of feet of lava, ash rocks, coarse sandstones and conglomerates were piled up on various parts of the old continent. Kewecnawrn intrusi,'es are considered the source of the ores of silver, nickel and copper mined on a great scale in northern Ontario. Altogether, more than half of the Dominion Owes its present configuration to forms shaped in the Archaean rocks though overlaid and sometimes obscured by later activities. Palaeozoic formations are Dll well represented in Canada, limestones, shales and sandstones of its various ages (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous) contributing to the shaping of the country. These in many places lie almost undisturbed, but in far eastern Canada, whue the Palaeozoic ended with the Appalachian mountain-building period, they are crumpled into great folds or torn asunder with profound faults. The Carboniferous of the Atlantic coast is valuablc for its important coal-beds. The Mesozoic in its carlier formations (Triassic, Jurassic) is poorly represented in Canada, but its later formation, the Cretaceous, is of great importance, both for extent and economic íeatures, its crumbling sandstones and shales underlying the prairies of western Canada and containing beds of coal at many places. During the Laramie pcriod, a transition era between the Mesozoic and the Tertiary, were elevated the Rocky mountains, the latest. and therefore the highest of the mountain ranges of Canada. By this time the continent was complete within its main outlines; but during the Tcrtiary, sediments were deposited in scveral small western basins, while in southern British Columbia volcanic eruptions covered t how-;ands of square miles 16 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA.VADA ,--- j J \ , . 'L e. V "l=: 1. I Ctlr.- "- . '." L "?--f' ,(r .t::., (_..... ., r 1 """'" 'A:, -: : --v-- , $' $ ' -... f:. ' ( . '\. " ..-..:.. 1 , 11," .. /:> ..tr l \ ) ' 'l !l j , . <; i .I; (. 3 ' .... ,," .; -, ;;:i1iF/ , ( .. -:'. .: ; :" i'." " . l t l \ t. /t i . " .. ..-- . It I p -: . ..:,:::=(' r:}::::\: ;.;.ø1.:;; . . ' II[IIII I I U I . - I:"" " '<"..- , ... '.V '....' .t" It . -,.... T' ": :.::r::::: . :;:.&;::":.< : ', -! ia l .!.!' '" :" .:' i< :'.} .' 'f- .' ':.z ::Ádfl,..- r 1V '(:t:." ,':' ..:j . '/ :; o ':' f jfìiJ -" QO ......J <...... . ::":: 7.:":-... ;I,JI.I h -: .". j i1 .,,=. ..)...l.. p{ " < . : ' ::::: '-;;,'''>' y :;,;,:t )v 11 " - '< ' . '","" . >...' . "'''''''''.'': "'\l';, /. ;, . -A ..... ... ,1 7 :-- ' 4r <- ,I: ' . " f . ' ' . Y "' . f ",- --. .>, -<î , ?: L... _ Ii 't1 rr , rr .... _I..> DlIrj[lr (jPñ:PJ /n.UMJ ... "':t I t .......: ro' - .....oj t è, ('" ; . 't , / .'1 i,(/ (/"!Jqllii? ':' / ( GEOLOGICAL DrVISIONS. 17 with lava or ashes. Thereafter the climate grew colder, and with the Pleistocene or Quaternary began the Glacial Period, which continued for a long time but was relieved by at. least one inter-glacial period characterized by a warm climate. At the close of the Glacial Period the surface of the northern part of the continent had been profoundly modified, "the vast accumulations of loose materials, due to ages of weathering, being scoured away from the central parts of the glaciated areas, leaving bare rounded surfaces of fresh rock, while nearer the edges of the ice-sheets boulder clay was spread out or long loops of moraine were heaped up, blocking the valleys and transforming the wholc system of drainage". During the subse- quent thawing of the ice-sheets, the melting ice in the upper part of the valley:; of the northward-flowing Canadian rivers formed glacial lakes in which sheets of silt or sand were deposited, forming what are now thousands of square miles of the most fertile lands of Canada. Also. as a consequence of the heavy load of ice, which at some points was two miles thick, the land sank some hundreds of feet, lcaving thousands of square miles beneath the sea when the ice-shC'ets bC'gan to thaw. Relieved of its burdC'n of ice, the sunken portions of the continent rose again, exposing wide belts of marine clay on the f'oastal plains. )Iany of the richf'st soils and the flattest plains of Canada owe thC'ir fertility and t.heir smoothness to the process just described. Thus the geologically recent episode of the Ice Age "modified the old topography and hydrography of Canada, giving to one of the oldest. lands under the sun its singularly youthful aspect". Geolo ical Divisions.-As a result of the process of geological development just described, the Canada of to-day may be divided into five main regions, each with distinctive characteristics of formation and present resources. A generally accepted division is as follows:- 1. The Appalachian or .Acadian region, occupying the Maritime provinf'f':{ and the mountainous south-eastern side of the province of Quebec. 2. The Canadian Shield or Laurentian Plateau, the vast upland surround- ing Hudson bay and stretching through twenty degrees of latitude to the Arctic circle and in places four or five degrees beyond it. 3. The St. Lawrence Lowlands of southern Quebec and Ontario, ext,ending south-west from the city of Quebec to the Detroit river. 4. The Intf'rior Continental Plain, contained between the western edge of the Canadian Shield and the Rocky mountains. 5. The Cordillpran rf'gion, extf'nding from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific coast. In addition two other less important regions may also be noted :-1. The Arctic Archipelago, including the islands of the Arctic ocean north of Hudson bay and 2. The Lowlands of James and Hudson bays. These last two regions, while distinct as to formation and peculiarities, are yet of insufficient importance and interest to warrant the further more detailed mention gÍven to the five principal regions. Appalachian Re ion.- The Appalachian region occupies the lù l ly part of southeastern QUf'bec and the l\Iaritime provinces. Here during remote geological ages the sedimentary beds of limestone, sandstone and shale that had been deposited beneath the sea were foldf'd into mountain ranges, hardened, and intruded by igneous rocks. During long succeeding ages these mountains have been subdued, and little is left that may bp regarded as mountains except the otre Dame range of Quebec with a general elevation of 1,000 to 2,000 feet and with peaks rising above 3,500 62373-2 18 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS UF CANADA. feet, the broken hilly country of the northwestcrn part of New Brunswick, a section of this province bordering the bay of Fundy, and a central ridge in Nova Scotia. In the ordinary processes of erosion much of the loosened material resulting from rock decay was carried seaward, and in recent times glaciation denuded a great deal of the more elevated sections of country, leaving barely enough soil to support a forest growth. In some places sediments have been deposited subsequently to the great folding processes of earlier ages; they are unaltered, easily attacked by weathering agencies and are overlain by an ample depth of soil. The soils of Prince Edward Island, the Annapolis-Cornwallis valley and oTher sections are derived from thesc sand- stones and shales of later deposition, the shales producing the clayey constituents and the sandstones yielding the sand that renders the f:oil porous and tillable. Calcareous slates have in places such as in Carleton and York counties, New Bruns- wick, broken down into fertile soils. In eastern Quebec sufficient soil has been retained in the val1eys to render the land arable. 'The great fertility of the reclaimed marshes of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is due to the fine silt deposited by the tides by which they were formerly submerged. In Canada the Appalachian extension is found to possess many of the minerals which have placed some of the eastern States in the foremost rank of mineral and industrial districts of the world. Important deposits of coal, gypsum, and gold are mined in Nova Scotia. Of lesser but still considerable importance are the iron, stone and building material industries; manganese, antimony, tripolite and barite are also mined, and some attention has been paid to copper. The principal minerals of New Brunswick are gypsum, iron, coal, stone for building purposes and grind- stones, clays, antimony, manganese, mineral water and oil-bearing shales. Natural gas is also a commercial product. The chief asbestos mines of the world are situated in the southeastern part of the provincc of Quebec, where there are also important deposits of chrome iron ore, copper and pY.fite. Iron ores and gold also occur. St. Lawrence Lowlands.-The St. Lawrence lowlands consist of the gener- ally level, arable land south of the Laurentian plateau. This lies on both sides of the St. Lawrence above Quebec, reaching south to the international boundary, occupies the eastern part of Ontario, east of a line running southward from a point about 50 miles west of Ottawa, and forms that portion of Ontario lying southwest of a line extending from Kingston to Georgian bay. These lowlands are among the most fertile of Canada's agricultural section", They are underlain by flat-lying shales and limestones which yield readily to weathering. The physiographic features are favourable, and the residual material derived from the decomposition of limestoncs and shales results in a fertile, calcar- eous, clayey soil. The loose surface deposits are of great depth, in placcs exceeding 200 feet. The region was overridden by the great glacier, but the glaciation had apparently slight denuding effect on this part of the country, and served to mix the loose mate- rial" resulting from the weathering of the shales and limestones, and contributed the potash-bearing ingredicnts transported from the granitic areas of the Laurentian plateau. In its mineral deposits the area is very similar to the state of New York, its Palaeozoic rocks containing frequent occurrences of petroleum, natural gas, salt, gypsum and other non-metallic minerals. In addition, clay product!', ccment and other building materials are produced in large quantities. GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS. 19 Laurentian Plateau.-North of the valley of the St. Lawrence, from New- foundland to beyond the lake of the Woods, and enclosing Hudson bay like a huge V, is an area of pre-Cambrian rocks, estimated to cover 2,000,000 square miles, or over one-haJf of Canada. The plateau is underlain by hardened sediments and igneous rocks. The latter are much more widespread than the former, however, and granitic types predominate. Considerable inequalities of surface have been augmented by glacial action and a further effect of glaciation was the denuding of much of this region of its soil. Generally speaking, therefore, the physiographic and soil conditions are not favourable to agricultural pursuits. Over a great part of the area, how- ever, sufficient soil has been retained to support a forest growth, although insuffi- cient for agriculture. "'-ithin the plateau there are some valleys where areas of softer rock have afforded a greater abundance of soil that has not been removed by glaciation, and beautiful cultivated fields lend a pleasing contrast to the surround- ing forest. In places the sediments deposited in the basins of glacial lakes have reduced the inequalities of the surface and produced large level areas of arable land. Interesting examples of these are furnished by the Clay Belt of northern Ontario and Quebec, traversed by the Canadian National railway, and by the flat section of country along the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway a few miles north of Sudbury. The rocks of this pre-Cambrian formation are remarkable for the varif'ty of useful and valuable minerals they contain. Iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, platinum, lead, zinc, arsenic, pyrite, mica, apatite, graphite, feldspar, quartz, corundum, talc, actinolite, the rare earths, ornamental stones and gems, building materials, etc., are all found, and are, or have been, profitably mined. Most of the other minerals, both common and rare, that are used in the arts have been found. Diamonds have not been located, but from their discovery in glacial drift from this area, it is altogether probable that they occur. A tongue of these pre-Cambrian rocks extends into X ew York state and supports some large and varied mineral industries. Another extension crosses over from Canada into Michigan, \Visconsin, and Minnesota. In it are located the Michigan copper mines and the great lake Superior iron ranges. Along the southern edge of the pre-Cambrian in Canada there are the copper and gold deposits of Saskatchewan and :\lanitoba, the gold ranges of the lake of the ,,? oods, the silver of Thunder bay, a succession of iron ranges occ rring at intecvals from Minnesota to the province of Quebec, the copper rocks of :Michipicoten and Bruce Mines, the Sudbury copper- nickel deposits (probably the largest high-grade ore bodies in the world), the Mont- real river and Cobalt silver areas, the world-famous Porcupine and other gold deposits, the corundum deposits of eastern Ontario, the magnetites of eastern Ontario and Quebec and their large apatit.e-mica deposits. In the far north about Coronation gulf, are rocks that will warrant prospecting, since they bear native copper very similar to the great Michigan occurrences. Interior Continental Plain.-The greater portions of Manitoba and Saskat- chewan that lie outside of the pre-Cambrian and the province of Alberta are pre- eminently agricultural, the flat-lying shales and sandstones having weathered down into the clays and clay loams which have made the plains one of the great wheat producing districts of the world. The greatest proportion of the surface deposits is derived from these underlying rocks. Some large stretches of the region, how- ever, were submerged by glacial lakes in which fine silts and clays, carried down from the surrounding land and introduced by glacial streams, were deposited. Such 62373-2! 20 PHYSIC1L CIl41R.1CTERISTICS OF C.-L\"ADA. is tlw very fertile Red Riwr vaHl'Y. This is 3. part of thp hed of a gr('at lakf' that extmded from the l...aun'ntian platmll \Vest to the :Manitoba escarpmpnt; it r<':l('hcd southwn.rd into the L"nitcd State:; and northward 100 miles h('yond lake 'Winnipeg. The sedimpnta.ry rocks which underlie the greater part of the Interior Plain are chiefly of Cretaceous age and contain coal, building ston('s, clays, some of tlwm high gradl' and cpnwnt mat('rÌtI,k Xatnral gas OVf'r wide areas and under great pressure has hef'n tappC'd in northern \.lberta, and some oil has been C'ncouDtered in the southwest. The lower sand..;tones of the Cretaceous along the Athabaska rivl'r, where they come to the 8urface, are for mites saturatl'd with bitumm. These tar sands wiJl prohably average 12 per cent in maltha or a pha1tum. Recent prosp('ct- ing has discovered oil at Pouce Conpé on the Peace river, and at }o'ort Norman, on the [a('kenzie river, near the Arctic circle. At other points in the Devonian rocks of the Mackenzie basin oil indications occur. The lignitf's of the ea.stern plains are useful for local purposes, and highly bituminized coals arc fonnd as t Iw mountains are approachf'd. Yast areas are und('r1ain by lignite beds in Saskat- che\\ an and Alberta, and the reserves of bituminous coal in Alberta ar(' ('normous. Gold is found in a number of the rivers coming from the mountain . Gyrsum is quarried in l\Ianitoba and imrortant depo:-iits also occur in Xorthern Albprta. Beds of salt have been discovered by drilling ne:tr :\IdIurray, Xorthern Alberta. Cordilleran Re ion.-The CordiJleran belt in South America, in :\Iexico, and in the western States, is recognized as onc of the grf'atest mining regions of the world, not('d principaIJy for its wealth in gold, silver, copper and lead. The Cor- dilleras stand unparalleh'd in the world for tll(' continuity, e"Xtent and variety of their mineral resources. In Canada and in Alaska this belt maintains its reputa- tion, although in both, for the grmtcr part, it is unprospeded. In Canada the helt has a length of 1,300 miles and a width of 400 miles. It is pre-eminently a /!rea.t mining region. Its rocks rang(' from the oldest formations to thf' youngf'st; vulcan- ism and mountain building proce:5ðes have repeatedly been active. The chipf produds of its lode mines in Canada are copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc. Thc Yukon territory i:; noted for its production of placer gold and is now a.ttracting attention with rich silver orf's. In addition to the:..,e minerals there are, within the same region, enormous resources of coal of excellent quality, varying from lignite to anthracite, and convf'niently distributed. The surface of the rf'gion is generally mountainous, though the interior spction is reducf'd to an elevated plateau. Agricultural pursuits are therf'fore limited to the vaHey:=:. In these there are numerous terraces composed of silt carried down by streams issuing from former glaciers, the latter acting as eroding agcnts on the underlying rocks. These valley deposits are fertile and are well adapted to fruit culture. 2.-Economic Geology of Canada, 1922. 1 The purpose of this paper is to call attent ion to the most important reports and articles treating of the economic geology of Canada published during 1922. Brief notes are given on the contents of the most important rpports. This paper also indicatps whf're detailed information regarding the mineral rl'sources of the country may be obtained, since the articles referred to, although recmtly publi:;hed, do not necessarily contain the best and mORt complete information on the suhjPf't. lContributed b W att Malcolm, :\1..-\., Geological Surve ', Canad.. ECOXOJIIC GEOLOGY OF CAXADA. 21 The numbers appearing after the names of writers or articles refer to the publishers li!artmmt of Marine and Fi:sheries, while the three remaining station arc controlled by the Dominion Oh-:ervatory Bran('h of the Dppartment of the Interior, with the a:-; istancC' and co-op ratil)n of the univer::;ities at Halifax and Saskatoon. The records for Toronto and \ïctoria are publislwù from Toronto, whcnce monthly bulletin:s arc i :sued to :seismolugical oh:servatorie:s interested, giving full df'tails of all quakes as registerC'd. The re('ords for Ottawa, askatoon and Halifax are published frum Ottawa. Monthly bulletins are is:sued to about 230 seismo- logical observatorie:s interested giving full details of the quakes ai' registered. The:se IContributed by Ernest A. Hodgson, 1. A., Sei8mologist, Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. THE FLORA OF CAl\-ADA. 2:') are supplemented yearly by a publication giving the location of epicentres of all earthquakps of which any trace is registered at Ottawa. Data are gathered from all the reporting seismological stations of the world. Regular research work in seismology is carried on at Ottawa where the full time' of two seismologist is given to thp work of earthquake study alone. The reports are issued in the publications of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. The natural and im;truDlental data for each station are as fol1ows:- Halifax.-Lat., 44 0 38' .; Long., 63 0 36' W.; Alt., 47.3 m. F:ubstrata, carbonaceous slate. Equip- ment:-Small Mainka Pendulum eismograph. Mechanical ree;istration. Components N.S., B.W. )lass of each 139.3 kgm. Period of each, 10 sec. Damping ratio of each, 6:1. :\lagnification of each, about 60. Time is checked automatically each hour by signal from Western Union Telegraph and is to be depended on to one or two seconds. Ottawa.-Lat., 45 0 23' 38. N.; Long.. 75 0 42' 57.W.; Alt., 82 m. Substrata, boulder clay over limestone (Ordovician). Equipment:-(I) Bosch Horizontal Seismog;raphs. Photo!!;raphic registration. Independent components, N.S.,E.W. :\lassofeach200g;m. Period of each, about 5.5sec. Damping ratios,N.S. , 2:1,E.W., 18:1. Magnification of each, 120. (2) 'Iilne-Shaw Horizontal Seismographs. Photographic registration. Independent components, N.H., E.W. Mass of each, lib. Period of each, 12 sec. Damping ratio of each, 20:1. Magnification of each. 250. (3) Wiechert Vertical Seismograph. }Iechanical registration. Mass. 80 kgm. Period, 6 sec. Damping ratio, 20:1. Magnification. about 160. (4) A deformation Instrument. Photographic registration. Components, N.S., E.W. Mass of each, about 20 gm. Period of each, about 36 sec. l:"ndamped. Used for determination of tilt. The time servic(' at Ottawa is that of the Dominion Observatory and the registration on the record is kept correct to "ithin 0.2 sec. Toronto.-Lat.. 43 0 40' N.; Long., 79 0 24' W.; Alt., 115.5 m. Substrata, sand and gravel on boulder clay to a depth of about 15 m. then shale over crystalline rock (Laurentian) to a depth of about 335.5 metres. Equipment:-(1) Milne Seismoe;raph. Photographic registration. E.W. component. Mass, 0.23 kgm. Period, 18 sec. o damping. (2) }Iilne-Shaw Horizontal F:eismographs. Photographic registration. Independent components, N.S., E.W., Mass of each; 1 lb. Period of each, 12 sec. Damping ratio of eacn, 20:1. Magnification (If each, 150. Time markings by Toronto Observatory clock. The registration has an error of 2 sec. The time is checked by meridian transits. Saskatoon.-Lat., 52 0 08' N.; Long., 106 0 40'W.: Alt.,515m. Rubstrata, clay and sand. Equipment: Small Mainka Pendulum Seismograph. Mechanical registration. Components, N.S., E.W. Mass of each, 139.3 kgm. Period of each, approximately 9 sec. Damping ratio of each, 5:1. Magnification of each about 60. Time by local clock, checked occasionally by telephone with train time. "Victoria.-I.at., 48 0 24' 50" N.; J ong., 123 0 19' 28" W.; Alt., 67.6 m. Substrata, igneous rock. Equip- ment:-(1) Milne Seismograph. Photographic registration. E.W. compo Mass, 0.23 kgm. Period, 18 sec. No damping. (2) }Iilne-F:haw Horizontal Seismoe;raphs. Photographic registration. Independent components, .S., E.W. Mass of each, lIb. Period of each, 12 sec. Damping ratio of each, 20:1. Magni- fication of eaci', 250. (3) Wiechert Vertical Seismograph. Iechanical registration. )Iass, 80 kgm. Period, 5 sec. Magnification, 70. . Time service of the meteorological station. Registration correct to::l: 1 sec. IV.-THE FLORA OF CANADA.l Introduction.-It is a well known fact that, at a geologically recent period, practically thp whole of Canada from t.he Rocky mountains east was covercd with glacial ice which, slowly advancing southward, reached as far as Ccntral Missouri. 'Yhatever vegetation may have flourished in Canada before the glacial period \Va!': gradually forced to migrate outhward as the ice advanced. During this retreat many species were no doubt wiped out of existence, but a certain number, belonging perhaps largely to types which now are found in the arctic regions, ma.naged to sur- vive. In fact, we must surmise that, during the gkcial period, the vegetation immediately in front of the continental ice was arctic in character and that, when the glaciation reached its maximum, those parts of the United. States which were immediately to the south of the ice had a flora similar to that now existing in the far north. \Yith the rf'turn of a warmer climate and the gradual recession of the continental ice, vegetation began to move back northward, with the arctic types as a vanguard IThis article, reprinted in slightly abbreviated form from the 1921 Year Book, is a revised and popular. ized edition of a paper, entitled "Flora of Canada," by the late Mr. J. M. Macoun, C.l\LG., F.L.S., and M. O. Malte, Ph. D.. published in Canada Year Book, 1915, and also as Museum Bulletin No. 26, Geological urve ', Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1917. 26 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA VA.DA. followed by more temperate and southern ones. Generally speaking, the Canadian flora, as it exists today, may therefore be said to be composed of immigrants that took possesE'ion of the country after the glacial period and established themselves in botanical provinces in accordance with their specific requirements. These botanical provinces, generally referred to as zones, are briefly described in the foJIowing pages. The Arctic Zone.-Botanically, the arctic zone is the region lying north of the tree line. In Canada it extends far to the south of the arctic circle, especially in the eastern parts of the Dominion. Its southern limit is, roughly, a line running from the estuary of the Mackenzie river to the mouth of the Churchill river on the west coast of Hudson bay. EasT of Hudson bay, the tree line, i.e., the southern boundary of the arctic zone, runs from about late 56 0 on Richmond gulf to the mouth of George river on the ea tern shore of Ungava bay, and from there in a southeasterly direction along the coast of Labrador to Hamilton inlet. South of Hamilton inlet a narrow strip along the coast as far south as the strait of Belle Isle and extending a short distance to the west from there is also barren of real trees and therefore has an arctic aspect. This strip can hardly be included in the arctic zone proper, however, although a few arctic plants may be found there; the lack of trees and the barren appearance in general are caused by the arctic current which flows from the north along the coast and through the Htrait of Belle Isle. The vegetation in the arctic zone is generally of a low-growing and even dwarf- ed type. The woody plants, even when half a century old or more, reach a very inconspicuous height in comparison with their next of kin farther south and are often prostrate or even trailing along the ground. In the more northern parts of the arctic zone the most conspicuous woody plants are willows md dwarf birches. Further south, on the tundra, i.e., the marc or less boggy lowlands north of the tree line, the woody plants are chiefly represented by members of the blueberry family. In respect to herbaceous vegetation, the arctic flora of Canada is very closely related to the so-called circumpolar florlY in general. Not only are there many species in arctic Canada which occur all around the north pole, but in general characteristics the Canadian arctic plants are vcry similar to arctic plants else- where, particularly to those growing in Greenland and arctic Europe. A striking form of growth encountered in many species is the dense, compact, bunchy type, which e pecially is found well developed on rocky ground in the northern sections of the arctic zone. This form of growth is characteristic also of arid and semi-arid regions in hot climates, and at. first sight it may seem strange that it should also be found in the arctic. The arctic zone, however, from a plant physiological point of view, is somewhat akin to arid regions farther south. In the latter regions the bunch growth is generalJy considered to be associated with a shortage of water supply in the ground, and to some extent the mme may be mid of arctic areas. The ground may apparently be well supplieJ with moisture, but the plants relying upon the moisture are often unable to utilize it on account of the temperature in the ground being at times so low that the water-absorbing parts of the plants are incapable of functioning. Compactness of growth is also displayed by a number of plants which, although not growing in defined bunches, form dense and often rather extended mats. On the other hand, there are quite a number of species which grow neither in bunches nor in mats; these are particularly common on the tundra. Practically all arctic plants are perennials. Owing to the shortness of the season they are often caught by early frost while the blossoms are still undeveloped and before their fruit has ripened. Indeed, many species regularly enter the winter THE FLORA OF CA.!'; ADA. 27 in this condition and hibernate with flower and leaf buds in an advanced stage of development. '" hen the returning sun again wakes them up to renewed activity, they are therefore ready to spring into blossom over-night, as it were, and to present a surprisingly rapid development of vegetative as well as of floral organs. The Sub-arctic Forest Zone.- The sub-arctic or so-called coniferous forest extends, in the east, from the arctic zone southward to a line running approximately from Anticosti to the south end of lake 'Winnipeg. This line is practically identical with the northern limits of the white and the red pine. ""est of lake Winnipeg the sub-arctic forest is bounded to the south and west by the prairies and the foot- hills of the Rocky mountains, respectively. The Gaspé peninsula and sections of New Brun wick may also be included in the sub-arctic forest zone. The sub-arctic forest, as the name indicates, is decidedly boreal. The trees do not reach any imposing height and the number of species which make up the forest is small in comparison with the number occurring in the hardwood forest zone to the south. The sub-arctic forest is largely coniferous in charactc,r, the black and white spruce being the dominating trees. Of the other coniferous trees the Banksian pine is the most important species. It reaches perfection in the western part of the zone and constitutes the chief source of supply of lumber for the northern prairie region. The other trees characteriHtic of the zone in general are aspen and balsam poplar, white birch, larch, and balsam fir. Between the gulf of St. Lawrence and lake 'Winnipeg, white cedar, white elm, and ash are occasionally met with, but these trees cannot be properly considered as belonging to the sub- arctic forest. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the sub-arctic forest is the abundancE of berry shrubs such as gooseberries, currants, blueberries, raspberries, yeUow- berries, and high-bush cranberries. Another is the remarkable uniformity, in general character as well as in species, exhibited throughout the zone. This lack of variety is especially marked in the vegetation of the bogs, which are very numer- ous throughout the zone, the species encountered in the bogs of anyone part of the zone being characteristic of practically the whole sub-arctic forest. The herbaceous flora of the sub-arctic forest is also remarkably uniform through- out, and hardly a species is found that does not occur either in the arctic zone or in the hardwood forest zone to the south. A noteworthy exception to this rule is a small water lily, in fact the smallest of the water lillies, which is found in this area only. The sub-arctic forest zone is as yet almost undisturbed by settlers except in some sections of the so-called clay belts of northern Quebec and Ontario. It forms a vast reserve of national wealth and may in the future furnish the chief supply of wood for the pulp and paper industries in eastern North America. The Hardwood Forest Zone.-The hardwood forest zone includes all eastern Canada south of the sub-arctic forest, with the exception of a small region in south- ern Ontario. It is characterized chiefly by deciduous trees, the principal ones being basswood, sugar maple, red maple, black ash, white ash, white elm, yeUow birch, red oak, burr oak, and beech. Of the coniferous trees white pine, red pine, hem- lock, and white cedar are the most important. The underbrush, although very variable and made up of a great number of species, is generaUy rather scanty and becomes conspicuous, as a component of the forest, only along its borders or where the woods are open. Among the most typical shrubs may be mentioned service berry, moosewood, purple flowering raspberry, sumach, poison ivy, and arrow- wood. 28 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF (,A.Y lDA.. As the rainfall is abundant throughout the zone, the herbaceous vegetation, where light and soil conditions are favourable, is rich in both f';pecies and individuals. In the woods proper it i rather insignificant after the foliage of the trees is fully devdoped. In the spring, however, it i very luxuriant and, e:':p('cially where the soil is rich and deep, there is a magnificient display of beautifully coloured and showy flowers, for instance trillium, bellwort, dog's-tooth violet, showy orchis, jack-in-the- pulpit, f';pring beauty, violets (blue, yellow and white forms), hepatica, dutchman's breeches, squirrel corn, bloodroot, pepper-root, barren strawberry, flowering winter- grl'en, blue phlox, etc. Others, less conspicuous but characteristic of th(' hard- wood forest's spring flora, are species of sedges, wild ginger, blue ('ohosh, mitre- wort, star flower, showy lady's slipper, etc. Characteristic of the bogs of the zone are, among others, various species of orchids and the pitcher-plant. The autumn flowers arc chiefly members of the composite family, with asters, golden rods, and joe-p)Te in greatest profusion. \"ery characteristic of the hardwood forest zone is the autumnal colouring of the leaves of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants which lasts a cumparatively long time, from about the first week of S('ptember to the second week in October, depend- ent on the dryneb:> of the season. During that period a splendid display of colours is exhibited, especially in open, mixed woods where the underbrush is wdl developed. :-;hades of yellow, golden bronze, red and scarlet are mixed in a gorgeous symphony of colours, generally marvellously modulated by the sombre, deep, dark or bluish green of the conifprs which are dotted among the deciduous trees. X a such wealth of autumnal colour is met with in any of the other zones. The Carolinian Zone.- This zone is confined to a small tract of land in southern Ontario, bounded to the south by lake Eric and to the north by a line running appro:ximatcly from the northern shore of lake Ontario to 'Vindsor. In general physiognomy it is rather similar to the hardwood forest flora just described, but differs greatly in its characteristic Spl ies which are deridedly southern. It e:xhibits a large number of plants, woody as well as herbaceous, which occur no- where else in Canada. The most characteristic trees are the hickori('s (six species), t he oaks (ten :,:pecies), black walnut, chestnut, and sycamore. Le::.s abundant and more local in their distribution are the cucumber tree, the tulip tree, the flowering dogwood, which aU have beautiful and very conspicuous flowffs, the papaw, the red muI- berry, the American crabapple, the sour gum, the sassafrass, and others. The herbaceous vegetation is very rich and at lea.::;t a hundred bpecies which occur nowhere ebe in Canaùa are founù in the zone. A fe\\ of the most conspic- uous ones may be mentioned, viz.: yellow nelumbo or lotllð flower. mayapple, wild lupine, tick trefoil, flowuing spurge, swamp rose mallow, wild pansy, priekly pmI', poke milkweed, wild potato vine, downy phlox, water-leaf, h('(' balm, fox- glove, tall bell flower, great 10bC'lia, ironweed, dem;e button snak('root, prairie dock, cup plant, bun flowers, taU coreopsi:,:, Indian pJantain and showy lady's slipper. Golden seal and ginsC'ng were at one time abundant but arc now practically extinct. IndC'ed a similar fate is ah-;o threatening many of the other species charac- teristic of the zone, all accuunt of the clearing of the land for agricultural purposcs. The Prairie.-'Cnder the gcneral term prairie is understood the vast grass- covered area uf the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. It is hounded to the east and north by the sub-arctic fore:-ot and to t h(' \,.(.:,:t. by the foot- hills of the Rocky lIlountains. THE FLORA. OF r'A.\A.D_1. 29 The prairie, which begins a few miles east of \\ïnnipeg, has becn ubdividf'd into three zones, known as the first, second and third "prairie steppes." These f'teppes are rather indefinite, botanically speaking, and they have one thing in common as far as the vegetation is concerned. The luxuriance and general appearance of their flora are to a conspicuous degree dependent on the rain and snowfall. In the case of the spring vegetation, the rainfall during the previous year and the snow- fan during the preceding winter are dominant factors, so much so that, in the event of lack of sufficient precipitation, the pring flora may in certain years be either very poorly represented or even almost entirely absent. The summer and fall vegetation are to an equal extent depf'ndent on the present season's precipitation and thus it may happm that a district which one year displays a luxuriant gro\\- th, rich in species and individuals, may in a folIo\\- ing year appear almost barren of flowering plants. Lack of precipitation is also largely responsible for the fact th::>,t in some seasons the grass vegetation, so characteristic of the prairie, may remain practically at a standstill without heads or seeds being formed. First Pmirie Steppe.-This area inc]udes " the low plain of Manitoba, bounded by a line of elevated country) which commences at the international boundary at a point some distance west of Emerson, and extends northwestwardlr under the names of Pembina, Riding, Duck, Porcupine and Pas mountains." The southea tern part of the area so defined differs from the true prairie in that it is characterized by many woodland plants which have their home (last of the Great Lakes but which occur rarely, if at all, between lake Huron and the 1ani- toba border. Among these plants may be mentioned nettle tree, basswood, wild plum, hawthorn. Yirginia creeper, moonseed, bloodroot, columbine, hog peanut, tick trefoil, prickly curmnber, bpecies of gentian, lousewort, Indian paint-brush, ox-eye and cone-flower. The flora of this region is distinct from tho. e of the are u.: farther to the northwest. The prairie proper of the first prairie steppe is confined chiefly to what is known as the Red River valley, i.e., the low, flat plains south and west of \\ïnnipeg. In this region trees are met with only in narrow fringes along the rivers, oak, elm, poplar, and Manitoba maple being the most abundant. Away from the bordf'rs of streams the prairie is treeless. It is covered with an abundance of herbaceous plants, the most widely represented families being the composite family (asters, golden rods, etc.), the rose family, the pea family, the grass family, and the sedge family, but the species representing them can hardly be said to be characteristic of the zone, as practically all of them are found in suitable localities farther west. Second Prairie Steppe.- This central region extends westward from the first prairie steppe to a line running apprm.imately from the international boundary at longitude 103 0 30' in a northwesterly direction to Battleford. The flora is rather diversified and several very different plant associations are met with. In the north, where the prairie and the sub-arctic forest meet, the flora is composed of species characteristic of both zones, as is also the flora "Of the north- ern parts of the third prairie steppe. In the southwestern part of the second prairie steppe, i.e., the country southwest of the Moose mountain, in Saskatchewan, the vegetation is in many respects similar to that of the drier sections of the third prairie steppe. The grass is very short and the vegetation in general of a type adapted to regions with a scant precipitation. In places, large sandy tracts exist which are covered with a profusion of cactus, and in others there is no vegetation except that peculiar to arid land. Considerable broken or park-like country is found near the hi]]s forming the boundary between the first and second prairie steppes, 30 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANA.D !. and is also met with in the Qu' Appelle River valley and in other parts of the zone. Poplar and oak are the chief trees of the bluffs and the herbaceous vegetation, as may be expected., is made up of a mixture of prairie and woodland forms. The major part of the second prairie steppe is true prairie, with no trees except in the river valleys. Shrubs occur, generaUy in low thickets or copses, and very frequently in small clumps composed. of a single species. On the exposed prairie, where their growth always is stunted., snowberry, silver berry, buffalo berry, sask- atoon, roses, and other species occur. In damp situations meadow sweet is met with, and in wet places, such as the borders of ponds and marshes, willows are abundant. The herbaceous vegetation varies somewhat with soil conditions but, taking the s colld prairie steppe as a whole, the numerous members of the pea family are perhaps the most characteristic flowering plants. Third Prairie Steppe.-This region include" the rest of the prairie up to the foothills of the Rocky mountains. In its northern parts, i.e., north of lat. 52 0 , the flora is very similar to that of the second prairie steppe, but in the southcrn parts it is very different. Except on Wood mountain and C}--press hills trees occur only along the borders of streams in the valleys, and the ponds, marshes, and lakes are not even fringed with shrubs. The rivers and creeks flow in deep, narrow valleys and the country is broken by coulees and low hills. The precipitation is scant and, as a result, the vegetation is often almost desert-like in character. Large districts, especially in the Coteau de ::\lissouri belt, are characterized by the absence of drainage valleys, the result being that the water in the lakes and ponds is gcncrally saline and that numerous alkali flats occur. The vegetation in such situations is sparse and largely made up of plants especiaJly fitted for soils rich in salt. Indeed, in these inland ponds and marshes, a number of plants thrive which normally occur in profusion on the shores of the Atlantic ocean. The Rocky Mountains.-A great umber of prairie species are found at considerable altitudes in the foothills of the Rocky mountains. On the other hand, a number of sub-alpine forms descend practica])y to the prairie, the result i'eing that in the foothills, where the two types of vegetation intermingle, the flora is very rich in species. As the foothi1Js and the lower slopes are ascended, prairie forms graduaUy disappear and are replaced by mountain species. Vegetation in general becomes more luxuriant in appearance, herbaceous plants grow taUer, shrubs become an important feature in the flora, and finally rcal forests are reached. In the well developed forests on the slopes the trees are largely coniferous, the principal ones being lodge-pole pine, whitebark pine, white spruce, balsam fir and highest up, larch. Shrubs are few in number, except in open and springy places, where bewildering thickets of many species of willows are found. The herbaceous vegetation is also rather scant, except along the edges, in open spaces, and along brooks and rivulets. In the dense forest, members of the blueberry and winter- green familie are conspicuous. On the grassy slopes above the tree line the herbaceous vegetation again becomes very rich in species, exhibiting the richness and brilJiancy of colour in the flowers so characteristic of alpine Vf'getation in general, until, j\.L t below the snow line, it takes on an appcarance suggestive of arctic vegetation. In fact, many species occur on the higher levcls in the Rockies which also have their homes in the arctic regions, a fact which may be satisfactorily explained, in the words of Darwin, as a result of conditions caused by the glacial period, as follows: "As the warmth returned. (after the glaciation had rcached. its height) the arctic forms would retreat THE FLORA. OF CANADA. 31 northward, closely followed up in their retreat by the productions of the more temperate regions. And as the snow melted from the bases of mountains, the arctic forms would seize on the cleared and thawed ground, always ascending higher and higher, as the warmth increased, whilst their brethren were pursuing their northern journey. Hence, when the warmth had fully returned, the same arctic species, which had lately lived in a body together in the lowlands. . . . . would be left isolated on dif?tant mountain summits (having been exterminated on all lesser heights) and in the arctic regions . . . . . . . " The Selkirk Mountains.-While the Rockies may be looked upon as a chain of individual mountains, the Selkirk range has more the character of a high- level plateau. As a result there are real alpine meadows in the Selkirks whereas, in the Rockies, similar plant formations are generally met with on steep slopes. Differences in the vegetation of the Rockies and the Selkirks above the tree line are . conspicuous and are due largely to the amount of precipitation, the Selkirks being favoured with a much more abundant moisture supply. For this reason the alpine meadow plant associations of the Selkirks extend almost to the snow line and, for the same reason, a number of high-alpine plants, which in the Rockies are characteristic of the bare peaks above the grassy slopes, are not met with at all in the Selkirks. The Selkirk forest differs from that of the Rocky mountains with regard to composition, as far as the trees are concerned, the principal species being cedar, Douglas fir, hemlock, and Engelmann's spruce. The undergrowth on the mount- ains proper is quite similar to that of the Rocky mountain forest and, although more luxuriant, is not represented by many species. In the lower valleys, however, and on lower levels where the forest is more open in character, the shrubby as well as the herbaceous undergrowth is very different. Not only is it luxuriantly deyelop- ed, but the species of which it is composed are of a different type. The Rocky mount- ain flora is diE appearing, its place being taken to such an extent by Pacific coast species that the casual observer will find it rather difficult to detect any conspic- uous difference between the flora of the Selkirk valleys and that of the coniferou"l forest of the Pacific coast. The Coast Mountains.-AIthough having a large number of plant species in common with the Selkirks, the Coast range must be considered a distinct botanic- al zone, as many species occur there which are peculiar to this region alone. Owing to the long growing season, the high average temperature and the abundance of the precipitation, the vegetation in the valleys and lowlands of the Coast range is almost sub-tropical in appearance. The trees, especially the cedar, the Douglas fir, and the spruce, reach gigantic dimensions, and the forest possesses a luxuriant undergrowth. In old, untouched forests, faJlen trunks, shrubs, and herbs form an almost impenetrable tangle, especially where salal and devil's club are luxuriantly developed. Trees characteristic of the valleys and the lowlands are the cedar, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, hemlock, white fir, red alder, crabapple, broad-leaved maple, and cascara, while the characteristic shrubs include several species of wilJow, Oregon grape, species of currants and gooseberries, thimbleberry, salmonberry, roses, june- berry or saskatoon, devil's club, salal, blueberries, and red-fruited elder. The herbaceous vegetation is very rich. Many species of beautiful ferns are abundant, and the grass vegetation, especially along the coast, is luxuriantly developed. Of other herbaceous plants may be mentioned skunk cabbage, tril- .-) PHYSICAL CllARACTERISTlrS OF r 1XADA. lium, wild lily-of-the-valley, yellow pond lily, fringe-cup, false mitrewort, alum root, bleeding heart, goat's beard, twinflower and aster. The major part of Yancouver island has a typical Coast Range flora. The southea!--:tern section, howevpr. has a vegetation of a quitC' different type. There, the growth is influenecd by the ('nmparatively scant precipitation, with little rain between spring and fall. As a rpsult the spring vegetation is much more conspic- uous than the summer and fall vegetation, especially on open and rocky land. In addition, the section is cha.racterized by a numbpr of spC'cies which are mor<> or le:,s of a Californian type and which occur nowhere else in Canada. Among the- characteristic plants of this ect.ion of t he i land may be mentioncd several Slwcit-":; of bromc grasses, camas, wild hyacinth. blue-eyed grass, spring-beauty, lupins, bird-foot clover, tall veteh, marsh hollyhock, godetia, arbutus or madrona, gilia, grove-lover, paint-brush, etc. Dry Belts of British Columbia.-A few word may finally be !--:aid about. the most important dry belts of British Columbia, including the Okanagan and the Kamloops district!>. The-sc r{'gions, owing to the scant precipitation ana to the nature of the soil, have a flura whi('h stnmgely cOlltras s with that of the other parts of the British Columhia mainland. In the dry belts two florllitic subdivisions may be recugnized, which, however, run more or less into each other and for this reason will not be- dmlt with se'parately. One subdivision is characterized by o-called bunch gra 'ses. of which ., wild rye" is the most conspicuous species, and is more or Ipss dC'stitutc of forC'st-forming trees. The other floristic subdivision of the dry belts is more densely wooded, the character- istic tree of the forest being the yello pine. On the' whole', the' dry belts may be said to be park-like in gencral character, with a rather desert-like ground vegetation. V.-FAUNAS OF CANADA.1 Historical.-\\'hether thc fauna of the western hemi;:,;phere was derived from that of the eastern, or vice versa, as is eontC'nded by various authoritie-s, therp is a dose relationship betwC'en them. Geological evidence shows that in previous ages types now found in but one of the great continental circumpolar divi ions were common to both. Old and now submcrged land connectiuns between the continents have been postulated both from zoologieal and geological cvidence, and a more or less complete continuity of land throughout the northern hemisphere, in former times, must be acknowledged before pre-sent American biotal conditions can be thoroughly understood. That this connection was in the far north and in what is now arctic ur sub-arctic climate did not prohibit a continual interC'hange of warmth-loving species, for the presence of coal in very high latitudes points to mildcr if not tropical or sub-tropical conditions where now we find perpetual snow and ice. One must, therefore, conceive of a pre-glacial time when trec-ferns- and other luxuriant coal-producing forest types occupied extreme northern lands, and such animals as elephants, horses and other warmth-loving species could ..pread from one cuntinent to the othcr. This intcréontinental connection must have been made and broken numbers of times by the recurrence of glacial periods which covered this country with ice lAbridged from an article contributed to the 1921 Year Book by P. A. Taverner, Department of Mines, Ottawa. FAUN AS OF CANA.DA. 33 to well south of the present Great I akes and must at times have formed barriers more complete even than to-day to the passage of life across the far north. During these periods of alternate isolation and connection there was ample time and oppor- tunity for wide divergence in development in the faunas of the separated land masses, the extinction of connecting links and the occurrence of many complexities to confuse the clear picture of the historical succession, until to-day we find a nearly identical circumpolar fauna at the north progressively breaking up and differen- tiating into peculiar and special New and Old 'World forms as it proceeds south. The general trend of geographical distribution in Canada is from southeast to northwest. Ocean currents have much to do with this. Our east coast is chilled by the cold arctic current coming directly down from the polar ice fields through Davis strait, and the west coast is warmed by the grateful temperature of the great final sweep Qf the Japan current. 'Vhen we realize that the barren Labrador coast is in almost the same latitude as southern British Columbia and is slightly south of the most southerly point of the British Islf's, we can see what a funda- mental influence these ocean currents have on the distribution of life upon our continent. Elevation also has a determining influence on climate and the distri- bution of animal life. It is well known that high mountains even in the tropics present arctic conditions at their peaks. Less elevation has similar effect in pro- portion to its height and often a rise of a few hundred feet will produce conditions that otherwise would only occur at considerable distance to the north. Not only do mountain ranges thus project long tongues of northern faunas into southern localities, but on the retreat of the ice at the end of glaèial epochs they formed oases for the retreating cold-loving forms as they withdrew from the gradually warming lowlands. We thus have true arctic" relicts" of an ancient order isolated on mountain tops far from their natural habitats,-boreal islands in a sea of more southern life. Zonal Distribution.-The general outline of zonal life distribution is well known, as is the fact that tropical life differs from temperate and from arctic. Close study, however, shows that besides these broad and obvious associations minor ones also exist. Various attempts have been made to map them out, and perhaps the most successful and generally accepted one for our purposes is that which divides North America into three regions, Boreal, Austral and Tropical, with the first two each divided into three life zones: the Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian zones for the Boreal region and the Transition and Upper and Lower Austral zones for the Austral region. In Canada we have five of these zones represented- from the north the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition and Upper Austral. These extend across the continent, roughly agreeing with latitude, but thrown out of regularity, as previously indicated, by local conditions and agreeing closely with the mid- summer isotherms. The Arctic zone is the so-calJ(d " bar en land" of the far north, and includes all the islands and the north shore of the continent. The distinctive land mammals of this zone are the polar bear, musk ox, barren land caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare and lemming. Amongst the characteristic birds are snow buntings, ptarmigan, longspurs, snowy owl and gyrfalcons. This region is the great nesting ground for many of our waders and more northern ducks and geese, but few are residents as most forms migrate in winter. The Hudsonian zone is the land of scrub forests, small stunted trees, mostly coniferous, and scattered dwarf willows and poplars. The southern boundary of this zone extends from the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence to nc tr thc mouth 623ï3-3 34 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANA.DA of James bay, thence in a wavy curve to Great Slave lake where it drops south suddenly to a latitude about on line with the lower point of the Alaska Pan-handle, and thence to near the coast. It thus includes the southern Ungava peninsuJa, a narrow belt extending northwest from James bay, the Yukon, northern British Columbia and southern Alaska. It is pcnetrated -from the north by the Arctic zone which persists on the mountains of the Yukon and from the south by the Canadian zone which follows up the valleys of the Mackenzie and Peace rivers. It is shut off from the sea on the Pacific side by the Alaska Pan-handle which has an intrusive Canadian fauna. On the othcr hand, it works down the Rocky mount- ains in a narrow band and scattered isolated spots across the United States bound- ary. This zone can be considered more as a transition betwecn t he Canadian and Arctic zones than a primary division itself. It contains spccics whose centres of abundance are on either hand and a few peculiar to it. Musk m..en. caribou and ptarmigan range into it in winter from the north, and it forms the extreme northern distribution of woodland caribou and moose. Its most characteristic birds are the rough-legged hawk, great-grey owl, northern shrike, pine grosbcak, white-winged cross-bill and fox sparrow. The Canadian zone occupies the greater area of Canada and can be roughly defined as the coniferous forest belt. It includes practically all the remaindcr of the Dominion except the inner shorcs of the Kava Scotia peninsula., southern Ontario and Quebec in a narrow strip from about Montreal to just bclow Georgian bay on lakc Huron, the prniries, a small irregular fringe along the Pacific coast opposite Vancouver i:-:land and a fcw mountain valleys penetrating thc southern boundary of British Columbia. It pcnetratcs the Hudsonian zone on the north along the valleys of the Mackenzic and Pcace rivers and runs up most of thc Alaska Pan-handle, The characteristic life is more numerous than in the preceding zones and includes the moose, woodland caribou, lynx, marten, porcupine, varying hare, white-throated sparrow, numerous warblers, olive-backed thrush, thrce-toed wood- peckers, pileated woodpecker, spruce grð\1se and Canada jay. The Transition zone lics just along the southern border, including most of both shores of the bay of Fundy, a narrow belt following the north shores of lakes Ontario and Eric, all of the western prairies and intrusive valle)'s into the south of British Columbiå and the shores of the strait of Gcorgia. The name Transition wcll describes its falUla. It contains comparatively few distinctive species, but in it many northern and southern forms meet. Its southern limit lies in the L"nited States below, striking almost squarely across the continent on a line with the lower points of the Great Lakes, with excursions southward along the mountain ranges east and west and penetrated by extensions of the 'Gpper Austral fauna along warm lowland valleys in the west. It forms the northern limit of range of the cotton- tail and jack-rabbits and the American elk, and is just touched upon by the varying hare from the north; the common molc of the south meets the star-nosed and Brewer's mole of the north and the wild cat partially rcplaces the Canada lynx. Amongst birds, the wild turkey, bob-white, two cuckoos, towhee, wood thrush and yellow-throated vireo are here at the northern limit of thcir rangcs, and the Balti- more oriole, blucbird, catbird and bobolink overlap thc solitary vireo and \\ ilson'l:j thrush. The Upper Austral zone in Canada is small in area, crossing our borders in a narrow shore belt along lake Erie, extending to the sout h side of lake Ontario and including the Kiagara peninsula. It extends south as far as thc northern bordcrs FAUNAS OF CANADA 35 of the Gulf States, variously dotted and cut into by intrusive branches of the neigh- bouring faunas from either side, especially in the broken country of the west. The opossum is perhaps the most distinctive of the mammals of the zone and among birds we have the yellow-breasted chat, mockingbird, Carolina wren, Carolina chickadee, orchard oriole, baTn owl, a number of distinctive southern warblers and Bome southern subspecific forms allied to more northern variations. These make the latitudinal or thermal divisions of our faunal life. Outside of the species mentioned are numerous forms that extend over the whole area, but show in different zones variations recognizable only to the expert. A good example is the hairy woodpecker. This bird breeds over all the wooded parts of North America, but the birds from the Lower Austral zone are quite separable by the trained eye from those of the Upper Austral and Transition and these from the large northern form of the Hudsonian. This is but one C3.se of måny where a northern and a southern race exist in the same species which are designated as subspecies. Some of thepe geogr3.phical races are so slightly differentiated as to require an expert to sep3.rate them while others are marked and striking. The critica1 difference between a fun species and a subspecies is the f3.ct that the latter intergrade and blend into each other gradualJy. \Vith species the break between is sudden, and intermedi3.tes do not occur. Further Divisions.-" ith this zonal distribution and a vari3.tion of life groups depending b3.sically upon temperature, we have another system of distribu- tion from east to west, depending largely upon phYf'ic3.1 conditions of habitat- the 3.rrangement of land and water or mountain ranges forming barriers or highways of migration and leading certain forms in cert3.in directions while barring them from others-and the comparative rainfall and humidity of climate. This has a primary direct influence upon such forms of life, as well as a secondary and indirect one through the pl3.nts and insects which give them food or shelter. The principal east and west division is m3.de by the Rocky mountains, which successfully cut off the Pacific C09st from close cont3.ct with eastern forms. The Rocky mount3.in system approximates the dividing line of the e3.st and west faun3.s, leaving a triangular patch to the west inc1uding British Columbia, southern Yukon and southern Alaska as the we-tern or mountain faùna, and cutting through the Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian transcontinental zones. The mountain district is characterized by an abundant rainf3.ll, a high average humidity and a greatly diversified and rugged topography] forming a succession of parallel mountain ranges and valleys which facilitate intercommunication in a north and south direction, while obstructing it from east to west. The::;e topo- graphical conditions continue to the south well into Mexico and enforce migration routes and conditions and associations more or less isolated. The marked humidity of the climate, especially near the coast, also causes or encourages special physiolog- ical changes in numerous organisms tending as a rule to produce larger size and richer colouration. These differences in physic3.1 conditions and the isolation formed by the barrier mountains have produced a great number of forms peculiar to the district. In fact, comparatively few species, either of birds or animals, extend across the mountains from the east unmodified, and the native population can be dividcd into three heads: sub::;pecific variations of eastern forms, species confined to the area and forms of evident mountain origin but spreading from them a certain distance eastward. Typical amongst the first may be mentioned the moose and woodland caribou, the Oregon subspecies of the ruffed grouse, Ha ris' Rocky-mountain and Gairdner's 62373-3 36 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA woodpeckers, northwest flicker, dusky and streaked horned larks, many forms of the warbJers and sparrows and others. Of fuJI species confined to this .f::mna are: DougJas squirrel, black-tailed deer, pika, yellow-beJ1ied marmot, bushy-tailed wood rat, little striped skunk or spilogale, blue and Franklin's grouse, band-tailed pigeon, red-breasted and \Villiamson's sapsucker, Steller's jay, black and Yaux swift, black- chinned and rufous hummingbirds, Clark's nutcracker, northwestern crow, dipper, chesnut-backed chickadee, varied thrush and others. Forms typical of the mount- ains but spreading a little way east are: hoary marmot, mule deer, grizzly bear, red-napcd sapsucker, Lewis's woodpecker, red-shafted flicker, Hammond's and 'Vright's flycatcher, black headed grosbeak and many more. The Eastern fauna is comparatively homogeneous across the continent in a diagonal direction from Nova Scotia to Alaska, with but slight variation in physical aspect, except in the prairie region of the central we t. In generaJ the country is of low, evcn topography with good rainfall and is cover('d \\ ith a uniform forest of but little variety except that due to latitude and zonal di::;tribution. In the west it is penctrated by a great semicircular expansion of the Transition zone, extending from the eastern l\1anitoban line along the international boundary to the mountains and north to Edmonton and Prince Albert, and characterized by great dryness, near-desert conditions and an almost entire absence of trees. The general tendency of this prairie fauna is towards small size and pale, bleached colouration. Species characteristic of it are the prong-horn antelope, bison, coyote, gopher, prairie chicken, sage hen, burrowing owl, Leconte's sparrow, and lark bunting, who e open country requirements debar thcm from wooded land. The remainder of its fauna is similar to that of the eastern country but gcnerally subspecifically differentiated from it through the dryer climate and desert-like conditions. Some species included in this division are western horned owl, Say's phoebe, desert horned lark, pale goldfinch, western clay-coloured sparrow, Dakota song sparrow, prairie marsh wren, etc. True Eastern fauna, through generally similar from the far northwest to the Atlantic coast, does show a slight tendency to variation north of these pJains, but the influence is slight and in broad treatment may be disregarded. Many species extend unmodified throughoút the area, or when modification occurs it can usually be attributed to either thermal differences or the influence of the closely allied neighbouring prairie forms with which it comes in contact in migration. In general most of the subspecific forms mentioned as prairie or western are represented by type subspecies in this great eastern fauna, which is perhaps the most typical of Canada and gives distinctive character to our biotal resources. VI.-THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF CANADA. The economic life of new countries must at first depend el)tirely, snd later, mainly upon their n8tursl resources. Older countries, after exhausting their most easily obtained resources, turn for a livelihood to manufacturing snd simil8r pur- suits, cOl)serving their own resources and utili2Íng those of less developed lfe8S. Canada is di8tmctly a new country, the resource of which are but now commel)cil)g to be appreciated; in recent years numerous surveys and investigations as to their extel)t and value have been made. A hort B1Jmm8ry of important det8ils regarding THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF CASADA. 37 them follows. Fuller information will be found in the introductions to the later e('tiQIls-Agriculturel F\,lr 1 Fi heries. Fore try; l\Iin rpl . " ter Powers-of this volulPe. Agricultural Lands.-Of the totallaIJd area of the nine provinces (1,401,- 316,413 acre ) it is estimated that 8pproxÏIl'ately 440,951,000 acres are avail3ble for UEe in ::agricultural production. The area now under cultivation iE but a fraction of thiE total, that undcr field crops in 1921 being 59,635:346 acreE. The area under paEture in the s me :year in all the provinces except Manitoba and Alberta WfiS 9.977,204 acres. TheEe figures are exclusive of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, where certain of the more hardy crops have been grown and where I"tock raising is possible. Farm lands of almost unlimited extent are to be had in all parts of the Dominion, and are among the most productive in the world. In 1923 Canada was the world's leading exporter of wheat: while in the export of other grains she also occupied a prominent place. Fruit culture is carried on in the Maritime Provinces, in southern Ontario aI1d in British Columbia, under favour- able conditions of soil and climate. Stock raising is a flouriEhing pursuit on the prairies, while mixed and dairy farming proves profitable throughout the wholc coun try. Furs.-Canada is one of the world's greatest fur producers. .Aß early as 1676, Canadian furs Eold in England were valued at ;(19,500. Since that time vast ar{'as of Ollr northern territory have been e""ploited by b1Jnter and trapper, the vast expanses of northern Quebec and Ontario and the Nortbwest Territories f1Jrnisbing sub- sistence for many of the mOEt highly prized fur-bearing animals, among the mOEt important of which are the beaver: fisher, various varieties of foxes, marten, otter Bnd many others of less commercial value. The uccessful breeding of the fox on fur farms came in the period of rising prices after 1890. Other animals also have been domesticated, though less successfully than the fox-raccoon, mi:gk, marten, otter, skunk, muskrat and beaver. During the year 1921-22 the value of pelts purcbased by traders from trapperE in C )I1Bda amounted to $17,438,867. Pelts sold from fur farms in the calendar year 1921 were valued at $626;900, and animals sold at $690,566. Forests.-Among the mOEt notable of all CaJJadian natural resources are thoEe of the forests. From the days whell early French ettlers established Ehip-building yards akng the St. Lawrence up to the present: when our forests s1Jpply millions of tons of pulp, paper, and other wood products yearly, these resources have been of immenEe value, not only to Canada but to the Empire. Canada's forest areas may be stated as follows:-(l) the great fir forest of the Rocky mountains and Pacific coast, (2) the northern coniferous forest stretching in a wide curve from the Yukon, north of the Great Lakes to Labrador, and (3) the deciduous hardwood forest, extending from lake Huron through southern Ontario and Quebec to New BrunEwick alld the Atlantic coast. Estimates have placed the extent of timber lands in the Dominion at 932,416 square miles, of which 390,625 are covered with saw timber of commercial size, alld the remainder with pulpwood. Next to Russia and the United States our resources are the most important in the world: in qualit.y as well as in extent. .The strength and durability of many of the woods of British Columbia place them amongst the most valuable in commercial UEe, while pulp woods from limits in eastern Canada are of equally high grade. Statistics of the total value of forest production in 1920 place it at $315,902,193. The value of pulp and paper products alone in 1922 was $155,785,388 ($236,420,176 in 1920). 38 PHYSICAl.} CHARACTERISTICS OF CA. V ADA Fisheries.-The firE't of Canada' resources to be exploit cd by Europeans was the fi hing-banks of the Atlantic coaE't. It is believed that for many years before the actual discovery and :::ettlcment of North America the cod-banks E'outh of Newfoundland and ea t of Nova Scotia h2d attracted French fiE'hcrmen by their abundant catcheE'. TheE'e fiE'hing grounds alone extend along a coast line of more than 5,000 miles comprising an area of not less than 200,000 square mile , where many of the world's most valupble food fishe are caught. Other fishing grounds include the inshore expan:::es of tbe St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes and innumersble othcr inland water areas, Hudson bay with a shore line of 6,000 milès and the Pacific coast, with its ivland almon fiE'heries and over 7,000 miles of well-protected shore. The value of Cansdian fish products in HH8 (the record year) reached S60,250,544. Minerals.-The numerous and varied roineral deposits of the Dominion form anothcr of her most important resources. Their value was first appreciated eprly in the 17th century, when iron was mined in Cape Breton. FollO\\Ïng a develop- ment which has ol1ly become an important one during recent years, when the needs of manufacturing industries and a more settled civilization were to be met, Cal1ada has now become one of the important mining countries of the world. Her coal resources are only now being e:X'Ploited to any considerable extent, the estimated totpl reserves available amounting to 1,234,269,310,000 metric tov , approximately one-sixth's of the world reserve; over 85 per cent of the Canadian re erve are in Alberta. The total estimated reserves constitute almost one quarter of the total amouvt of coal available in North :md South America. E:xtellsive oil fields exist in the western province , where they remain practically undeveloped. Some smaller fields in Ontario have been exploited, while oil:::hale occurs in several part of eastern Canada, In the production of natural gas, Canada holds econd place among the countries of the world. Nickel depoFit at Sudbury, Ontario, are as largc as all otherE'in the world combined, Bnd produce six-E'eventhE' of thc world total. Coppcr depoE'it in the same area and in Manito1:1a, while not of great extent, :::till assure the maintenallce and pOE'sible increase of the preE'ent rate of production. Ar enic in large quantities is a by-product obtained in the smelting of Ontario :::ilver ores of the Cobalt and Porcupine districts: where the latter are found in large quantities. Gold, of which Canada was in 1921 the world's thiId largeE't producer, iE' alFo found in the E'ame region, in BritiFh Colun 1 bia and in the Yukon. Canada is the E'econd largeE't producer of lI'agneE'itc and the third largeft producer of mica in the world. J arge iron depo:::its, although of a low grade, are found in the district north of Lake Superior. The a beE'toE' depol"itE' of E'outhern Quebec are unrivalled in the produc- tiol1 of this mineral. The total value of mineral production in Canada during 1922 was $184,297,242. Water Powers.-Ca1Jada's w::ltcr tHea of 126:329 E'quare miles, di:::tributed as it is throughout all partE' of the COUl1try, provide a large amourt of potential electric eneTgy. It is e timated that 18,255:316 horse power are available at a minimum yearly flow, 32,075,998 at maximum flow and that a turbine installation of 41,700,000 horFe power is availahle. Pre:::ent turbine ip:::tallation is set at 2,973,739 horse power or only 7 p.c. of the possible amount. CLI-'!,fATE AND METEOROLOGY 39 VII.-CLI fATE AND METEOROLOGY. I.-The Factors which Control Canadian Weather. l Several prime factors play important rôles in establishing climatic types, latitude, distance from the Eea (especi311y on the western side of tre continents), altitude, and prevailing winds, tre last named being a variable, accounting for differences in the character of ccrreEponding Ee3HJnE in different years. Canada, with bel' huge area, has a wide range of climatic type:;, varying between temperate and arctic, and between marine 3nd semi-arid. No country, however, has a climate altogether independent of the rest of tbe world; the 3tmosphere knows no political boundaries, but moves in accordance with physical laws. Prevailing Winds due to Inequality of Atmospheric Pressure.-Meteoro- logical research has Ehown that the earth's atmm'phere is not spread uniformly over its surface, and that certain regions exist where the atmospheric presEUJe is either higher or lower tban the general average the year round, md other regions where it changes with the seasons, Tbe winds 3re tre outcome of tbe tendency to establisb an equilibrium, which, however, is never attained. This general circulation of the atmosphere is withal a mechani m of marvellous beauty and intricacy, which, owing to caUEes yet mperfectly understood, is subject to many variations. Tre most persistent and relatively unvarying feature of atmospheric distri- bution is a belt of high pressure between latitudes 30 0 and 40 0 in the southern hemisphere. Its partial counterpart exists in tbe northErn bemisphere, but is there subject to greater cranges, which without doubt, result from the larger land areas in the north. Between tbese two belts of high pressure is a belt of relatively low pressure over the equatorial regions. To this distribution, with certain other factors, is due the system of trade winds, the northeast and southeast trades. Towards higher latitudes beyond 40 0 in both hemispheres, there is a tendency towards a gradual diminution of pressure, and westerly winds prevail in the middle and even higher latitudes. Unequal Heating of Land and Water.-Tbe physical properties of land and water, as regards temperature, play an important rôle. The earth receives almost all its heat from the sun, and the character of the surface on which it falls plays a very important rôle in determining climatic differences. 'Water has a large capacity for heat and, being a fluid, is mixed by the winds and kept fairly uniform in temperature to considerable depths. Thus the sun's heat warms the oceans very slowly, and for the same reason tbe oceans cool very slowly. 0.11 the other hand, the same solar heat warms a mass of land more rapirlly than the same mass of water in the ocean, and morcover the sun's heat is all absorbed in the surface layers of the land, which thuE become very hot; similarly, when thf' sun is withdrawn, the land surface cools very rapidly. The result of these physical facts is that the northern portions of the continents of the northern hemisphere become very cold in winter, wbile the OCe3I'S in corresponding latitudes remain warm, and as cooling of the lower strata of the atmosphere, resting over the lands, If'ads to contraction, the pressure becomes bigher over the continents tban over the seas, and conse- quently, the tendency is for air to move from land to sea during the winter, wrile in summer, when all the continents become warmer than the oceans, the reverse holds. But the winter effect of còntracting atmospheric lower strata is in operation IContributed by Sir Frelerick Stupart, Director of the Meteorological Service of Camda. 40 PHYSICAL CHARA.CTERISTICS OF CANADA more or less throughout the year oyer the ice covered arctic seas, and over Green- land, with the result that in summer the barometric pressure is a little higher in the polar regions thßn in the middle latitudes. Cyclones and Anticyclones.-This gencral average distribution of pressure has an important bearing on Canadian weather. Another important factor to bf> considered, is the influence of anticylonic and cyclonic areas. W" e have mentioned thc wef:t to cast drift of thc air ovcr the middle latitudes, and it is within and more frequently toward:; the northern limit of this drift, that the phcnomena of the travelling anticyclone and cyclone are found. The anticyclonic area is a disturbance in the general drift of the atmosphere, usually of enormous extent, within wbich tl>e air is moving spirally outwards from the higher to the lower pressure. Within this region the weather is generally fine and settled. The cyclonic area is also a disturbance, varying frcm a few hundred to more than fifteen hundred miles in diamcter. It may be elllptical or circular or very irregular in form, and within its boundaries the air is moving inwarde- from a higher to a lower pressure. This is the region of unsettled and stormy weather. The anticyclones and cyclones, designated as areas of high and low pres8ure, or more shortly as highs and lows, pass across the North .American continent in constant procession from west to east at velocities averaging 20 miles in summer and 30 miles in winter. The highs, especiahy those first appearing in the more northern regions, have a tendency towards a southeastward course, while the m::tjority of the lows have a more directly eastward movement, the mean average track being from British Columbia to the Great Lakes and thence to Newfoundland. It is the passage of thfse high and low areas which brings to us thc cbanging winds and weather; warm sÞowery weather being associated with the lows, and fair, cool or cold weather, according to the season, with the highs. As example: the barometer is high, in say, Ottawa and Toronto, and begins to fall as a low approaches lake l\Iichigan, the wind sets in ftom tàe east or southeast and cloudiness increases, and within twelve hours conditions are more or less favourat Ie for rain. Rain falls continuously when warm, moist, expanding and hence cooling air is passing slantingly upward over a barrier of relatively cold air, and these conditions are frequently found in advance of the low, more especially in the colder seasons, and occasionally in summer, But in summer it is more often. that the rain partakes rather of the character of showers, perhaps with thunder, and this occurs wben, with the heating of the land, upward moving, convectional, and hence rapidly cooling currents, become prevalent. It is often thought that if only water vapour in the cloud would fall as rain, it wo,lld be sufficiem for all purposes, but this is not so; the actual amount of water in the cloud is not much greater than is often obtained in a heavy dew. Before an abundance of rain can be obtained, it is nec{'s- sary to feed the cloud with a copious supply of water vapour. This supply is obtained when the centre or trough of lowest pressure approaches the plaf'C of observation, and the rain usually tecomes heavier, and as it passes, the wind shifts to the northwest, not infrequently with a squall, and tbe barometer begins to ris{' in advance of an oncoming. area of high pressure, acccmpanied by clearing weatber. Such is an ordinary sequence cf events over the larger portion of Canada. Effect of Topography on Climate.-The topography of a country, howcver, exercises an important influence on weather conditions, and there are many parts of Ontario, to say nothing for the momcnt of British Columbia, where, owing to topographical features, considerable rain or snow may fall with westerly winds, lAP OF CANADA SHOWING N I\L MEAN TJ To late p. 40. : , 1' :" I _ . . ' . I , ::...,..', . . "- #' ' , Ri\lt . ": . .." .. I . I . I r r ," ' ,,,., .. 'f. i . .' ( \.-. . . W'flOj r:(.. .. .., .... .. ---... ---. S T () MEAN TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN JANUARY. NORMAL MEAN TEMPERATURE JA N UARY METEOROLOqlCAL SERVICE' STATIOH6 = 0 NORMAL PRECIPITATION JANUARY MAP OF CANADA SHOWING NORMAL MEAN 'fJl:e II. 40. \flU' Tmru IN JULY. II '" "Stilet . f7J . 1tJ i '.. . \ \f;\: \ , ''rill ) .r . kiJ. \ . J ' . v' / I_ f " \ . fool ,I r ,1 -.\ .:. . ,. '. lu a \. ".. " .'1. ' : 1\ .....- t. , '.;,.,:' \. _ r,( J.r .' _V"'"" . . ..... '- Ii . .;... "' f' J, 1 ;' . ..... , : ". ...: . \: :. ,e .... .À1 '; CAXADIAN CLI][ATIC FEA.TURES 41 when the barometer is rising behind a retreating low area. Immediately to the east of lake Huron and Georgian bay tÞe land rises rather abruptly over 1,000 feet; westerly winds off the lake are deflected upwards by the increasing height of the land, and the air, expanding as it rises, is cooled below the dew point, with re:,;ulting precipitation. Hence it is that the snowfall in Grey, Bruce and neighbouring counties is greater than in the counties to the south and east, where the land falls away in elevation. This topo aphical effect is more general and more pronounced in British Columbia, where, in winter, the mean temperature of the sea is warmer than the land. The air coming eastward from the Pacific rises up the western slopes of the mountain ranges, and the cooling effect of expansion leads to very heavy rains on the outer coastline with lighter but still heavy rains on the lower mainland. Climatic Features of the Canadian Provinces.-There are very interesting climatic features peculiar to each of the Canadian provinces. Beginning in the far west, the most striki.ng feature is the mildness of the climate near the Pacific coast, where the controlling influence is the prevailing westerly winds which bring the warm moist air from the Pacific. In addition to this, when winds are northerly and easterly the air is being drawn from highcr to lower levels, and is thus gradually warmed as the atmospheric pre sure increases towards sea level. It is also due to this latter cause th3.t the cold spells near the coast are never severe. Another feature is the seasonal cÞaracter of the rain fulls. During the colder months of the ear it is heavy while in summer it is very light. In the cold montÞs, Pacific air, on reaching the continent, is cooled both by passing over a relatively cdd land, and also a land with rapidly increasing elevation. In summer, on the contrary, the sea air is colder than the land, and it is only occasionally, even at high levels, that it is cooled below the dew point, hence the deficiency of rain during June, July and August. Another factor which plays an important rôle in British Columbia is tbe anticyclone moving southward from the Yukon. It is at such times that the- severe east and northeast snowstorms occur in the mountains. A problem whicb is receiving much attention is trat of the precipitation of tbe western provinces. It bas not yet been definitely decided wÞence comes the moisture which falls in summer rains, but from recent investigation it would appear that tbe greater part i from the gulf of Mexico, tbough a certain proportion comes across the mountains south of Canada from the Pacific. The variation from season to seascn is certainly closely connected with the distribution of atmospheric pressure over other parts of the continent. It is surmised tbat a cold spring, following a cold winter with an abnormal accumulation of snow and ice in northeastern Canada, including Hudson bay, is usually tbere followed by a ratber persistent abnormally high barometer, which in turn leads to a prevalence of east and northeast winds over the northern portion of the Great Lakes, and thence westward to the Canadian prairies, while over the northwestern portions of the continent, the pressure is relatively low. Tbe strcam lincs of the warm lower atmosphere in tbe Mississippi vallcy will thcn be ftom the southeast, converging towards colder east and northeast winds, and gradually rising abovc them. 'With such conditions, which are strikingly like those which have prevailed tbis past spring, copious rains are likely to occur in the western Canadian provinces. W ('n, in otÞH seasons, a series of lows pas3 ea tward across tbe Great Lakes, tbe rffult8nt tream lines in western Canada. will be soutbwest and west and tbe rainfall wcst of tbe Great Lakes will be light. A factor wHcb plays an important rôle in detcrmining tbe character of western winters is tte intensity of the anticyclones and tÞe latitude in which they first 42 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. appear. The weatver chart of the northern temispbere between longitude 40 0 E. and 1 00 \V., now prepared daily, includ.es data l:oth from Ala ka and from the sub-arctic portions of the north Atlantic, and there is a growing conviction that tbe pressure disbibution in northwestern AmeJica in winter depends largely on tbe position and the intmsity of tbe normal area of low pressure over the north Pacific, whicb is the resultant of the persistent development of deep cyclonic areas. In some seasons t}1e e cyclonic areas enter tbe continent very far nortv, and appear actually to prevent tbe formation of tbe anticyclone , whicb are so intimately associated with great cold waves, and in sucb seasons, comparatively mild or even very mild wÏnteJfI prevail in the western provinces, tl'e general flow of air l:-eing from the soutv and west. In other seasons, the Pacific cyclonic areas develop farther south, and enter the continent over British Columbia, and tben great anti- cyclones, accompanied by intense cold, develop in tbe Mackenzie River valley and Yukon, and sweep southeasTward towards tbe Great Lakes and eastern Canada. One of the problems then to be solved has relation to tbe factors governing cyclonic development in the higher latitudes over the ocean, and one wonders whether a varying solar radiation may not cause changes in the barometric distribution in the tropics, which will affect the strength of the trade winds and which will in turn lead to variations in the great ocean currents, and then, according as the warm waters are abnormally far north or far south, the Pacific centre of action will also vary. The solution of such a problem may ultimately lead to the possibility of forecasting the character of coming winters. Canadian territory stretches northward beyond the arctic circle, from lands in the western provinces, where cereal crops are an assured success, to the barren lands where only mosses and lichen grow. A question of moment then, is how far nortb the lands of agricultural possibilities extend. Certainly, between the two limits, tbere is a wide zone, in the southern ponion of which crops will in most years mature, and in the northern portion of which they will only very occasionaJIy ripen. Throughout all this vast doubtful area the factor of long summer sunlight plays an important rôle, and lengthens the period of growth, but another fae.tor, acting adversely, is the liability of early and late summer frc::ts, and tre husbandman who sees his crops rapidly maturing is not unlikely to see them destroyed in August before ready for barvest. Graphs showing summer temperature curves at various stations show bow in August the downward trend of the curve is very rapid at tbe more nortber stations. The soutbern portions of Ontario, enjoy a particularly favourable climate, partly owing to tveir being fartper south than other portions of tbe Dominion. The most southerly point in Ontario is in the same latitude as Rome and Toronto is in the same latitude as Florence. The Great Lakes also exert an important influence in tempering tbe cold of winter and moderating the heat of summer, and undoubtedly have some influence in equalizing the precipitation, periods of drought there being less frequent than in corresponding latitudes to the west. The enormous territory includcd in northern Ontario and Quebec, north of a line passing through Quebec cit.y, enjoys a fairly warm sumnlf'r, and it is only as autumn advances that a marked difference of temperature is registered between these distri(.t and those f3rtber south. It is not latitude alone wbich leads to tbe shorter growing season and more Sf'vere winters in tbe e northern parts, but rather the fact that the mean path of cyclonic depre.-;sion lifs in the valley of tpe St. Law- rence to the south. THE JfETEOROWGICAL SERVICE OF CAN ADA 43 In the southern portions of Ontario and Quebec the winds connected with cyclonic circulation commonly veer from east through south to west, while in the north they back througb northeast to northwest and it is only occasionally that tbe warmer air of the south is wafted northwaJd. This of course, leads to a steadier find more intense cold in winter, and, as this whole northern region has a fairly heavy precipitation, the snow lies deep in winter and does not disappear until quite late in the spring. It is practically certain that deforestation will nOT appre- ciably affect tbis northern climate, the causes whicb lead to existing conditions being the result of a world wiqe atmospheric ciJculation. The weather types peculiar to the Maritime provinces aJe likewise largely controlled by factors apart from latitude (wbich is lowf'r than that of Great Britain). Nova Scotia and New Brunswick lie near the eastern coast line of America, and hence are affected at intervals by the cold waves coming from the interior of the continent. Then ag3Ì.D tbe mean patb of lows is directly over tbe nortbern part of the gulf of Sf. LaWJence, hence conditionli associated with cyclonic areas are of frequent occurrence. Tbese conditions are accentuated by the fact that many storms, especially in winter, develop near the Atlantic coast between the Gulf etream and the cold land, and, moving northeastward, cause g les and bring prf'cipitation in tbe Maritime provinces and Newfoundland. 2.-The Climate of Canada since Confederation. Under tbe above beading Sir Frederick Stupart, Director of the Meteorological Service of Canada, contributed a short article, which for reasons of space is not reprinted bere, to the 19 1 edition of the Year Book (pp. 169-173); to it tbe interested reader is referred. 3.-The Meteorological Service of Canada. 1 In order to secure information regarding the climate of Canada in the 17th and 18tb centuries, the URelations of the Jesuits" have been carefully examined and the references to climatic phenomena collated under sucb headings as "winter", usummer", "drough", etc. From these notes it hservatory to the Government of Canada, arrange- ments were made for retaining the military observers, and the institution was placed under the direction of Professor CherrÏman, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the university of Toronto, who continued in charge for t" a years. During this period a stone observatory was erected on the exact site of the old frame building, the pillars on which the magnetic instruments were placed being left stánding and the walls built around them. Presumably there was no change in the position of the meteorological instruments. In 1855 Professor G. T. Kingston, M.A. was appointed director of the obser- vatory. For about ten years he apparently confined his attention almost exclusively to magnetic work and the local meteorology, but it is quite obvious from correspond- ence and the various reports made by him to the Government that for some years prior to 1870 he had been considering the possibility of inaugurating a Meteorological Service in Canada alonf! much the same lines as those then existing in Great Britain and the United States. In 18G9 he addressed himself by letter and circular to persons actually engaged in meteorology, including the principals of several grammar schools, who for several years had acted as obser ers, and others who were interested in this movement, requesting their co peration. The result was a steady increase in the number of observers, who now with unity of purpose and action made syste- matic and similar observations in different portions of the Dominion. From October, 1869, to the spring of 1871, meteorological work in Canada was carried on by purely voluntary organization; no emoluments whatever were attached to the services of the observers, and the instruments were provided from private sources or lent from the MaWJ.etic Observatory, Toronto, whi h also furnished the forms for registration. The work connected with organizing new stations and discussing and compiling returns was also gratuitously performed by the director and assistants of the observatory. Professor Kingston received much assistance from a few persons in the various provinces who recognized the usefulness of the proposed work. Among these were the late Archbishop Machray, of Rupert's Land, the late F. Allison, M.A., of Halifax, the late H. J. Cundall, C.E., of Prince Edward Island, and Captain Ashe, R.N., of Quebec. In more recent years Mr. E. Baynes Reed proved a most valuable officer of the service. In the spring of 1871, a grant of $5,000 made by the Dominion Government for tþe promotion of meteorological research gave considerable impetus to the movement. The preparation of a daily synchronous weather chart was begun in 1873, but the information received in Toronto was quite inadequate to admit of daily forecast.s and the issue of storm warnings. However, through the courte y THE AIETEOROWGICAL SERF ICE OF CANADA 45 and goodwill of the Chief Signal Officer at \Vashington, warnings of e"--pected storms in Canada were sent to Toronto, and thence forwarded to the various districts likely to be affected. By 1876 there were 15 stations in Canada reporting three times daily to Toronto, and reports from upwards of 50 American stations were .also received at the observatory. Also the storm signal display stations had by this time been increased to 37, and observing stations of all classes numbered 115. Forecasts were first issued during the summer of this year, a chart of the weather with the probabilities for the ensuing 24 hours being prepared each morning at 10 o'clock and furnished to the Marine Exchange Board in Toronto for public inspection. Mter September 1, warnings were issued from the observatory without waiting for advice from \Vashington, and in October the daily forecasts were first printed in the Toronto evening papers. The Meteorological Service was now completely established, and during the 45 years which have since elapsed, its growth has been steady, and its activities have greatly increased. At the time of writing (July, 1923) there are 686 observing stations, the records of which are published regularly in the "Monthly Record". The majority of these stations are necessarily in the more southern portions of the Dominion, but there are several stations in the Peace River district, at intervals in the Mackenzie River basin, between lake Athabaska and the Arctic sea, along the shores of Hudson bay and in the Yukon. Publications of the ::\Ieteorological Service.-The " Ionthly Record", which began as a two page issue in January 1877, is now a volume of 82 pages, including two maps, showing the distribution of precipitation and the temperature values and their departure from normal. A thirteenth III mber is published each year, containing the reports of stations received too lah for the monthly issue, among which are usually those from the far north. Frt,ffi the inception of the Sprvice until 1916, an annual Climatolo,rical Report was pl bliRhed, but the :Monthly Records, with the supplement, bound together, now constitute the Annual Climato- logical Report of Canada. In addition to the Monthly Record there is published within a week a meteoro- logical map for the month just closed, showing the distribution of rainfall over the Dominion, the temperature and departure from normal, and also fairly compre- hensive notes descriptive of the prevailing weather and the condition of vegetation, or in winter of the depth of snow and thickness of ice. A Climatology of the Dominion is in progress. Parts I and II, covering British Columbia and the western provinces, have been published. Part III, for the province of Ontario, will shortly be sent to the printers and the part covering Quebec and the Maritime provinces will soon be ready. A brochure containing the Meteorological Report of the Toronto Observatory has been published annually for over 60 years. Weather Forecasting Service.-The particular work which brings the service most closely into the public eye is weather forecasting. Forecasts are issued from the central office, Toronto, for all parts of the Dominion east of the Rocky mountains, and from Victoria for British Columbia. For the purposes of the weather map, on which forecasts are based, two daily reports, 8 a.m. and ð p.m. Eastern standard time, are telegraphed to the central office, in Toronto from 39 stations in Canada, from 5 in Newfoundland and from Bermuda. Most of these reports are immediately forwarded to 'Washington, while Toronto receives about 100 similar reports from stations in the United States. Each report includes the reading of the barometer reduced to sea level, the tem- 46 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. perature, the direction and velocity of the wind, and precipitation, if an.)". All these reports having been entered in a map of North America, lines called isobars connecting places with the same barometric pressure, are drawn and show graphically the distribution of pressure; the areas of high and low pressure are thus clearly marked out. Noting the movements of these areas as shown by previous maps, the forecastinl!' official, from IanI!' experience, and a knowledge of many of the physical laws which govern atmospheric phenomena, is able to judge of changes likely to occur over subsequent periods of from one to several days. Supplementary to this weather chart of America, a chart is also prepared daily containing reports from Europe and Alaska, and also from the Azores and sevpral sub-arctic stations in the North Atlantic. This chart is very hf'lpful, showing as it does how intimately connected are the changes in all parts of the globe. The weather forecasts are issued twice daily, namely at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. and are usually in both instances for the ensuing 36 hours. At times the forecast is more extended, but there is no regular issue covering a longer period. The general means of disseminating the forecasts is by telegraph, and arrangements exist whereby every telegraph office in Canada should receive them without delay. In many parts of the Dominion, a copy of the forenoon forecast is supplied to central telephone offices and furnished to rural subscribers and shipping people when asked for. The forecasts are also broadcasted from all the government wireless stations for the benefit of shipping near the Atlantic coast and on the Great Lakes. In addition to the re ular bi-daily issue of forecasts, special warnin s of expected gales are telegraphed to agents at over 100 ports, where storm signals ar displayed, and special notice is telegraphed to the railways when snowstorms and drifts are expected. The daily weather map is printed each morning in the Toronto and \Vinnipeg offices, and several hundred copies are distributed to commercial companies, insur- ance companies, railways, and many other business concerns. In addi,tion a large -number of public schools and high schools receive the map, and as a result, a good knowledge of atmospheric changes is not uncommon among teachers, who, it is found, take plf'asure in e-xplaining the maps to their pupils. A very similar weather map is prepared at Victoria 1\Ieteorolovical Office, whence forecasts are issued for British Columbia and the sea routes adjaceut thereto. Meteorological Research.-Since research is essential to the life and progress of meteorology, a trained physicist and assistants are included in the staff of the central office. Meteorological research includes a scientific study of the earth's atmosphere and its circulation, and in view of this, increasing attention is devoted to exploration by balloons carrying self-recording instruments. Results are co-ordinated with those obtained in other countries by the same means. Further, as it it is probable that variation in the temperature and the position of the great ocean currents are factors intimately connected with prevailing winds and climatic control, transoceanic steamships are being equipped with thermometers for con- tinuously registering the water temperature. The study of solar radiation and atmospheric electricity is not neglected. A subject which receives very serious attention is that of agricultural meteoro- logy, which is concerned with the effect of weather changes on the growth, yield and quality of crops, more especially as this effect is modified by various methods of cultivation. Data for the determination of the epochs of wheat growth are now collected .by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for the use of this Branch, and T,HE l\IETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA 47 special experiments are conducted by the Dominion Experimental Stations. Use is also made of the statistics which are published in earlier years, by co-ordinating the times of growth with the meteorolog-ical observations of these years. This branch is in the development stage and will have to create its own observational material in the future, since the work accomplished to date has shown that the statistics of earlier years were not gathered with sufficient attention to detail to permit of the rigid analysis which the nature of the work demands. Some preliminary notice of the work on wheat has been published as well as an article on the suitability of the climate of various districts in Canada for the production of sugar from the sugar beet. 'V ark on oats, wheat and potatoes is progressing. Magnetic Observatories.-The Mag-netic Observatory which, as already stated, was established in 1840, was, on the recommendation of the present director of the Meteorological Service, removed to the village of Agincourt, 14 miles distant from Toronto, since it was found that the elect1"ical development of railways and light was impairing the records. The work of observation has, however, been carried on without intermission and with increased equipment at the new site as a branch of the Meteorological Service, so that from 1840 to the present time there has been an uninterrupted record of changes in terrestrial magnetism-one of the longest and most valuable records in the world. At this observatory, all the camp. sses attr:cherl to the theodolites of the Dominion Land Survey are annually adjusted, and the magnetic instruments used by the Dominion Observatory are here standardized. Another :Magnetic Observatory was establi"herl near Atha- baska Landing, Alberta, in 19lG, and a continuous record of the magnetic declina- tion has since been obtain('d there, data very necessary to the Dominion surveyors as well as to the science of terrestrial magnetism. Miscellaneous Activitiès.-Some attention has been given to seismology, mainly for the purpose of obtaining data for others to study; the service having suitable observers and locations for instruments. The first self-registering seis- mometer in opel at ion in Canada was placed in the Toronto Observatory in 1897, and later on another was placed in the office of the service in Victoria, B.C. Both these instruments have recently been replaced by others of a more sensitive tyþe. The Meteorological Service has from its earliest days supervi ed the time service of the Dominion, making use of its observers, notably those at Toronto, Victoria, Montreal, Quebec and St. John, K.B., to take stellar observations and send out time signals. Tables 6 and 7 which follow, have been prepared by the Meteorological Service of Canada for insertion in the Year Book. }'or the interpretation of Table 6 a note on the method used in measuring temperature and precipitation is appended. TE:MPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. TEMPERATURE.-At the stations of the Dominion Meteorological Service the highest and lowest temperature in each 24 hours, termed respectively the maximum and the mini- mum, are recorded by self-registering thermometers. For any month the sum of tho daily maxima, divided by the number of days of the month, is the mean maximum tem- perature of that month. The mean minimum temperature is obtained in a similar manner. The half sum of the mean maximum and the mean minimum is called the mean temperature. The averages of these results for any particular month over a period of years are the average means for that period and are used as normal means or temperatures of reference. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded during the whole period of years are termed the extreme maximum and extreme minimum respectively. These latter figures are of course to be regarded as extraordinary, the more unlikely to recur the longer the period from which they have been derived. Temperatures below zero have the minus sign (-) 48 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA prefixed. The mean winter temperature is based on the records of January, February, March, November and December, and the mean summer temperature is based on those of June, July and August. PRECIPITATION.-Under the collective term "precipitation" is included all moisture which has been precipitated from the atmosphere upon the earth: rain, snow. hail, sleet, etc. The amount of moisture is conveniently measured by determining the depth to which it has accumulated upon an impervious surface, and is always expressed in inches of depth. The total depth of snow is tabulated separately, but is added to the depth of rain after division by ten. An extended. series of experiments in melting and measuring snow having been collated, the rule was deduced that a given fall of snow will, in melting, diminish on the average to one-tenth of its original depth. This rule is used in practice. All solid forms of precipitation other than snow are included in the tables of rain. 6.- ormal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations. VICTORIA, B.C.-Lat. 48 0 25' N., long. 123 0 21' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Temperature of. Precipitation in inches. Months. Mean Mean )fean High- I.ow- l\1pan Averages. Extremes. daily. daily daily est. est. daily nlax. min. range. Rain. Snow. Total. Greatest. Least. - - - - - - - - - J an.. . . .. . .. . 39.2 43.5 35.0 56.0 -2.0 8.5 3.88 6.3 4.51 6.54 2.56 Feh......... 40.3 45.0 35.6 60.0 6.0 9.4 3.08 4.5 3.53 6.20 0.!J6 )Tar.......... 43.1 49.2 37.0 68.0 17.0 12.2 2.40 1.5 2.55 4.58 0.67 April.... .. . . 47.7 54.9 40.6 75.0 24.0 14.3 1.73 fì 1.73 5.40 0.21 May. ........ 53.0 60.7 45.3 83.0 31.0 15.4 1.30 - 1.30 2.8.1 0.35 June........ . 57.1 65.1 4!J.0 88.0 36.0 16.1 0.93 - 0.93 2.37 0.08 July......... 60.3 69.2 51.2 90.0 37.0 18.0 0.36 - 0.36 1.15 R Aug........ . 60.0 68.8 51.2 88.0 37.0 17.6 0.65 - 0.65 2.26 0.00 Sppt. . .. . .. . . 55.6 63.3 47.9 8.').0 30.0 15.4 2.01 - 2.01 4.27 0.32 Oct......... . 50.4 56.0 44.8 70.0 28.0 1I.2 2.55 - 2.55 5.60 0.46 1';'ov........ . 44.5 48.6 40.5 63.0 17.0 8.1 6.31 1.5 6.46 11.50 0.91 Dee.... 41.5 45.1 37.8 59.0 8.0 7.3 5.86 0.5 5.91 12.41 1.66 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 49.4 55.8 43.0 90.0 -2.0 12.8 31.06 14.3 32.49 51.03 22.58 VANCOUVER, B.C.-Lat. 49 0 17' N..long.123 c 5'W. (Observations for 30 years.) 1 F A 1\ J J A S an.......... 35.0 39.2 30.9 55.0 2.0 . 8.3 7.12 14.4 8.56 10.54 6.08 eb......... 37.8 43.1 32.5 58.0 10.0 10.6 5.90 3.2 6.22 10.17 2.60 Mar.......... 41.9 49.0 34.8 61.0 15.0 14.2 4.31 1.5 4.46 10.29 0.89 priI........ 47.0 55.8 38.3 79.0 27.0 17.5 3.09 - 3.09 5.29 1.04 tay........ . 53.5 62.3 44.7 80.0 33.0 17.6 3.56 - 3.56 5.39 1.44 une. .. .. . . . . 58.4 67.7 49.1 88.0 36.0 18.6 2.82 - 2.82 5.42 1.43 uly.... . . . . . 63.2 73.3 53.0 90.0 43.0 20.3 1.33 - 1.33 2.45 0.32 ug........ . 61.5 71.0 52.0 92.0 39.0 19.0 1.71 - 1.71 5.86 0.22 ept......... 55.7 64.0 47.4 82.0 30.0 16.6 4.29 - 4.29 9.0!) 1.61 Oct......... . 49.2 55.7 42.6 69.0 23.0 13.1 5.69 - 5.69 9.20 1.76 Nov........ . 42.4 47.1 37.6 63.0 15.0 9.5 10.97 3.1 11.28 18.99 4.18 Dee......... 38.9 42.8 35.0 58.0 17.0 7.8 7.27 2.9 7.56 9.55 4.21 - - - - - - - - -. - - ear........ 48.7 56.0 41.5 92.0 2.0 14.5 58.06 25.1 60.57 72.29 52.27 y PORT SIMPSON, B.C.-Lat. 54 0 34' N., long. 130 0 25' W. (Observations for 20 years.) Jan.......... 34.0 40.0 28.1 64.0 - 9.0 11.9 8.62 9.8 9.60 16.74 1.08 Feb......... 34.8 41.8 27.7 63.0 -10.0 14.1 6.07 11.8 7.25 16.65 1.93 1\Tar........ . 37.6 44.8 30.3 63.0 11.0 14.5 5.06 5.3 5.59 8.16 1.41 ApriL..... . 41.6 49.9 33.4 73.0 18.0 16.5 4.85 3.0 5.15 14.31 2.24 May........ . 48.3 56.5 40.0 79.0 27.0 16.5 5.14 - 5.14 9.84 1.63 June......;. . 52.8 60.5 45.1 88.0 34.0 15.4 4.26 - 4.26 7.50 1.20 July...... .. . 56.0 63.3 48.8 88.0 29.0 14.5 4.42 - 4.42 9.41 1.28 Aug........ . 56.7 63.8 49.5 80.0 31.0 14.3 6.93 - 6.93 14.11 1.74 Sept........ . 52.2 5!J.l 45.2 74.0 30.0 13.9 9.03 - 9.03 14.63 2.20 Oct.......... 47.1 53.5 40.7 65.0 28.0 12.8 12.21 - 12.21 16.99 6.71 Nov ......... 39.7 45.6 33.7 65.0 6.0 11.9 11.47 1.6 11.63 23.90 3.26 Dee......... 36.9 42.6 31.2 62.0 5.0 11.4 10.11 8.7 10.98 18.82 5.23 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 44.8 51.8 37.8 88.0 -10.0 14.0 88.17 40.2 92.19 126.48 62.05 TEJIPERA.TURE AND PRECIPITATION 49 6.-l\ormal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected ('anadian Stations- continupd. K\MLOOPS, B.C.-Lat. 50 0 41' N.,lon!!;. 120 0 18' W. (Observations for 22 years.) Temperature of. Precipitation in inches. Months. Mpan Mean }\fpan High- Low- Mean Averages. Extremes. daily. daily daily est. est. daily max. min. range. Rain. Snow Total. Greatest. Least. - - - - - - - - - - Jan......... . 2 .4 28.3 16.5 54.0 -31.0 11.8 0.13 7.7 0.90 0.60 0.35 Feb......... 26.5 33.4 }9.6 64.0 -27.0 13.8 0.20 6.0 0.80 }.17 0.02 !If ar..... . . ... 37.6 47.3 27.8 70.0 - 6.0 19.5 0.20 1.2 0.32 0.83 0.01 April....... . 49.7 61.1 38.3 92.0 19.0 22.8 0.36 S 0.36 1.36 R )!ay......... 57.5 70.3 44.8 100.0 26.0 2.'j.5 0.93 - 0.93 2.50 R June........ . 64.6 76.4 52.7 101.0 35.0 23.7 1.23 - }.2::\ 3.07 0.57 July......... 69.6 82.7 56.5 102.0 42.0 26.2 1.27 - 1.27 3.50 0.35 Aug......... 68.1 80.9 55.4 101.0 35.0 25.5 1.0.; - 1.05 3.73 0.00 Sept....... .. 58.4 69.3 47.4 93.0 28.0 21.9 0.!J4 - 0.94 2.34 O.}o Oct......... . 47.8 56.2 39.3 82.0 16.0 16.9 0.57 0.2 .0.59 1.41 R Nov......... 35.8 41.5 30.2 72.0 -22.0 11.3 0.40 6.5 }.05 1.23 0.07 Dee.. .. . . . .. 28.8 32.6 24.9 59.0 -17.0 7.7 0.20 13.5 1.55 0.64 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 47.2 56.7 37.8 102.0 -31.0 18.9 7.48 35.1 10.99 13.47 7.07 DAWSON, yuKo.....-Lat. 64 0 5' N.,long. 131 0 20' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Jan......... . -24.6 -18.0 -31.3 30.0 -68.0 13.3 0.00 8.6 0.86 1.73 Feb......... -12.0 - 4.3 -19.6 45.0 -55.0 15.3 R 7.3 0.73 1.35 0.2 'far....... .. 5.6 16.5 - 5.3 52.0 -47.0 21.8 0.01 4.7 0.48 1.21 0.00 April.... .. . . 27.6 40.2 15.1 67.0 -30.0 25.1 0.18 4.7 0.65 1.68 0.23 May........ . 46.8 59.0 34.6 85.0 12.0 24.4 0.83 0.4 0.87 2.00 0.25 June......... 56.9 70.3 43.6 90.0 27.0 26.7 1.18 0.3 1.21 2.66 0.25 July. .. . . .. . . 59.4 71.9 46.8 93.0 31.0 25.1 1.61 - 1.61 3.32 0.62 Aug........ . 54.0 66.2 41.7 85.0 23.0 24.5 1.51 - 1.51 2.38 0.07 Sept....... .. 41.6 .51.1 32.2 78.0 8.0 18.9 1.40 1.8 1.58 3.52 0.86 Oct. . . .. . . .. . 26.4 32.7 20.1 68.0 -22.0 12.6 0.29 8.8 1.17 4.09 0.10 Nov. _ ....... 0.4 6.4 - 5.6 46.0 -48.0 12.0 0.01 12.4 1.2.5 2.60 0.24 Dee......... -10.2 -4.3 -16.1 38.0 -63.0 11.8 R 10.9 1.09 2.09 0.08 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 22.6 33.0 13.0 95.0 -68.0 20.0 7.02 59.9 13.01 17.75 6.2S R o EDMo:-oroN, ALTA.-Lat. 53 0 35' N., long. 113 0 30' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Jan.......... 5.9 1.5.6 - 3.8 57.0 -57.0 19.4 0.06 7.0 0.76 2.49 0.05 Feb......... 10.6 21.1 0.1 62.0 -57.0 21.0 0.00 6.7 0.67 2.33 S !If ar . .. . . . . . . 23.4 34.9 11.9 72.0 -40.0 23.0 0.05 6.2 0.67 1.93 R April.... ... . 40.8 52.9 28.6 84.0 -15.0 24.3 0.44 3.6 0.80 2.60 0.04 )fay......... 51.2 64.4 38.1 90.0 10.0 26.3 1.73 1.3 1.86 4.04 0.20 June...... 57.3 70.1 44.4 94.0 25.0 25.7 3.26 S 3.26 8.53 0.00 July.......: : 61.2 73.7 48.8 94.0 33.0 24.9 3.56 - 3.56 11.13 0.15 Au!!;..... .... 59.0 71.6 46.4 90.0 26.0 25.2 2.47 - 2;47 6.43 0.49 Sept........ . 50.4 62.9 37.8 87.0 12.0 25.1 1.33 0.7 1.40 4.32 0.00 Oct. . .. . . .. . . 41.7 53.2 30.3 82.0 -10.0 22.9 0.39 3.5 0.74 1.86 0.00 ov........ . 24.5 33.3 15.6 74.0 -37.0 17.7 0.06 6.7 0.73 3.57 0.00 Dee......... 16.0 24.7 7.3 60.0 -43.0 '17.4 0.07 6.8 0.75 3.21 0.00 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 36.9 48.2 25.6 94.0 -57.0 22.6 13.42 42.5 17.67 27.81 8.16 )!EDlCI \'-E HAT, ALTA.-Lat. 50 0 2' N .,long. 110 0 41' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Jan.......... 11.2 21.6 0.7 62.0 -51.0 20.9 0.00 6.1 0.61 1.72 0.00 Feb......... 12.8 23.5 2.1 64.0 -46.0 21.4 0.01 6.0 0.61 1.51 0.00 1\far....... .. 26.7 38.4 14.9 84.0 -38.0 23.5 0.11 5.0 0.61 1.62 S April. . . . . . . . 45.1 58.8 31.4 96.0 -16.0 27.-t 0.37 2.4 0.61 2.26 0.03 )1 ay.. . .. . .. . 54.7 68.0 41.5 99.0 12.0 26.5 1.70 0.5 1.75 6.29 0.12 June........ . 62.5 75.6 49.3 107.0 30.0 26.3 2.57 S 2.57 5.62 0.00 July. .. .. . . .. 68.4 82.7 54.1 108.0 36.0 28.6 1.73 - 1.73 4.86 0.09 Aug......... 66.0 80.7 51.4 104.0 31.0 29.3 1.51 - 1.51 5.65 0.00 Sept. .. . .. . . . 56.5 70.2 42.7 94.0 17.0 27.5 0.S8 0.4 0.92 2.41 0.00 Oct......... . 45.8 58.7. 32.9 93.0 -10.0 25.8 0.51 1.1 0.62 3.48 0.00 Nov........ . 29.3 39.9 18.7 76.0 -36.0 21.2 0.08 6.4 0.72 3.11 R Dee......... . 21.1 31.0 11.2 68.0 -37.0 19.8 0.06 4.7 0.53 1.42 0.00 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 41.7 54.1 29.2 108.0 -51.0 22.2 11.53 32.6 12.79 22.28 6.72 62373-4 50 PHYSICAL CHA.RACTERISTICS OF CA.VADA S.-Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- continuf'd. FORT VER'-\:ILION, ALTA.-Lat. 53 0 21' N., long. 110 0 52' W. (Observations for 18 years.) Months. Mean daily max. l\ d l a l n HiO'h- Low- my min. est. est. Mean daily range. Averages. Rain. Snow. Total. Precipitation in inches. Extremes. Temperature of. Mean daily. Jan.......... - 14.8 Feb......... - 3.9 :l\Iar......... 11.8 ApriL. . .. . . . 32.0 )fay. ........ 49.3 June......... 57.9 July......... 61.0 Aug... .. . . . . 57.1 Sept... ..... 47.3 Oct.......... 33.1 -:-;ov......... 14.0 Dec. . . .. . . .. - 1.7 - 2.5 9.7 26.0 44.5 63.3 72.2 75.2 70.4 58.2 43.1 22.4 10.2 - 27.1 - 17.5 - 2.4 19.5 35.3 43.7 46.9 43.8 36.4 23.1 5.6 - 13.6 50.0 53.0 63.0 78.0 !)3.0 98.0 94.0 101.0 84.0 70.0 48.0 65.0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.23 0.78 1.65 1.60 1.57 1.40 0.26 0.02 0.00 4.7 3.7 7.0 6.1 0.6 0.1 -77.() -58.0 -41.0 -29.0 13.0 26.0 28.0 28.0 9.0 -14.0 -26.0 -50.0 24.6 27.2 28.4 25.0 28.0 28.5 28.3 26.6 21.8 20.0 16.8 23.8 0.1 2.1 7.2 5.0 Year-o .... 28.6 16.1 101.0 -77.0 25.0 7.52 36.6 11.18 FQRT CHIPE'\ Y'-\:-l, ALTA.-Lat. 58 0 46' N., long. 111 0 13' W. (Observations for 16 years.) 14.78 7.60 41.1 Greatest. Least. 0.47 0.37 0.71 0.84 0.84 1.66 1.60 1.57 1.41 0.47 0.74 0.50 1.80 0.65 1.70 1.85 2.06 3.44 3.49 3.32 2.33 0.81 1.40 1.60 0.15 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.51 0.53 0.64 0.00 0.20 0.20 Jan.......... - 11.9 - 3.5 - 20.4 45.0 -55.0 16.9 0.00 9.0 0.90 1.68 0.02 Feb......... - 9.1 0.5 - 18.7 46.0 -56.0 19.2 R 5.8 0.58 2.03 0.03 :àl ar . .. . . . . . . 5.0 15.1 - 5.0 47.0 -41.( 20.1 R 5.8 0.58 1.58 0.09 ApriL. . . . .. . 28.5 39.4 17.6 69.0 -22.0 21.8 0.20 4.4 0.64 3.04 0.0& lay........ . 44.5 53.8 35.1 83.0 - 3.e 18.7 0.65 1.6 0.81 2.08 0.02 June......... 54.0 64.6 43.3 90.0 24.0 21.3 1.56 0.1 1.57 3.31 0.10 July. . .. .. .. . 61.5 71.0 51.9 93.0 26.0 19.1 2.64 - 2.64 9.52 0.21 <\u ........ . 58.1 68.1 48.2 89.0 25.( 19.9 1.64 - 1.64 3.67 0.39 ('pt........ . 45.2 53.0 37.3 79.0 13.( 15.7 1.52 0.5 1.57 2.93 0.27 Oct. . no .. . .. 33.7 40.1 27.3 66.0 - 9.0 12.8 0.32 4.3 0.75 5.30 0.02 Nov. ........ 11.0 17.9 4.2 56.0 -33.0 13.7 0.05 8.6 0.91 2.28 0.26 Dec....... .. 2.2 10.3 - 5.9 49.0 -48.0 16.2 0.01 9.1 0.92 3.20 0.09 - - - - - - - - - - year...... .. 26.9 35.8 17.9 90.0 -56.0 17.9 8.59 49.2 13.51 16.99 6.70 QU'ApPELLE, SAsK.-Lat. 50 0 32' X. long. 103 0 57' W. (Observations for 30 years.) . J an. .... . . . . . - 0.6 8.5 - 9.7 50.0 -47.0 18.2 0.00 6.9 0.69 2.28 0.05 Feb........ . 2.0 11.2 - 7.2 50.0 -55.0 18.4 0.00 8.1 0.81 2.85 0.12 :àJ ar. 16.0 2.').7 6.2 76.0 -45.0 19.5 0.06 9.6 1.02 4.11 0.05 April, : : : : : 37.3 4(1.1 25.5 89.0 -24.0 23.6 0.43 6.7 1.10 3.59 0.29 )) ay . .. . .. .. . 4!).8 62.4 37.3 92.0 8.0 25.1 2.40 3.1 2.71 6.95 0.25 June. .. .. . . . . 59.6 70.8 48.4 101.0 25.0 22.4 3.6!) S 3.69 7.19 0.32 July......... 63.8 75.9 51.7 100.0 34.0 24.2 2.84 - 2.84 7.25 0.58 Aug........ . 61.1 73.3 48.9 100.0 27.0 24.4 2.04 - 2.04 5.03 0.30 S('pt..... .... 52.0 64.0 39.9 93.0 12.C 24.1 1.28 1.0 1.38 4.61 0.08 Oct.... .... . 40.8 51.5 30.2 86.0 -12.C 21.3 0.53 4.5 0.\)8 3.35 S Kov.. 21.8 30.4 13.3 73.0 -30.0 17.1 0.14 8.4 0.98 2.51 0.12 Dec....... _ . 10.7 18.5 2.8 4"9.0 -40.0 15.7 0.01 7.1 0.72 3.11 0.03 - - - - -- - - - - - - year........ 34.5 45.1 23.9 101.0 -55.0 21.2 13.42 55.4 18.96 26.47 10.14 PmSCE ALBERT, S\!'\K.-I..at. 53 0 12':::-J., long. 105 0 48' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Jan.......... - 5.9 5.3 -17.1 53.0 -67.0 22.4 0.00 8.2 0.82 2.00 0.22 Feb......... - 1.3 11.3 -13.9 52.0 -70.0 25.2 0.01 6.8 0.6!) 2.15 0.04 Mar........ . 12.1 26.2 - 2.1 68.0 -44.0 28.3 0.10 7.7 0.87 2.56 0.17 ApriL. . .. . .. 36.1 48.7 23.6 86.0 -23.0 25.1 0.38 4.4 0.82 3.37 0.03 May........ . 48.9 62.6 35.2 90.0 2.0 27.4 1.34 1.6 1.50 4.87 0.01 June........ . 58.1 71.a 45.1 96.0 17.0 2.).9 2.67 - 2.67 7.36 1.00 July.. .. . . . . . 62.0 74.2 49.8 93.0 33.0 24.4 2.31 - 2.31 5.31 0.17 Aug........ . 58.8 71.7 46.0 94.0 22.0 25.7 2.31 - 2.31 8.01 R. Sept....... .. 49.4 61.7 37.1 87.0 14.0 24.6 1.32 0.7 1.39 2.94 0.09 Oct.......... 38.3 49.2 27.4 85.0 - 5.0 21.8 0.57 2.3 0.80 1.97 0.10 Nov.... ..... 18.5 27.4 9.5 66.0 -41.0 17.9 0.12 8.7 0.99 3.06 0.07 Dec....... .. 5.3 15.1 - 4.5 58.0 -57.0 19.6 0.01 8.0 0.81 2.61 0.19 - - - - - - - - - - - year.......:. 31.7 43.7 19.7 96.0 -70.0 24.0 11.13 48.4 15.97 29.88 9.25 TEJfPERATURE AND PRECIPITA.TION 51 6.-Xormal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Statlons- continued. WINNIPEG, }IAN.-Lat. 49" 55' N., long. 97 0 6' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Temperature OF. Precipitation in inches. Months. !\Ican Mean Mean High- Low- Mean Averages. Extremes. daily. daily daily est. est. daily max. min. range. Rain. Snow. Total. Greatest. Least. - - - - - - - - - - Jan.......... - 3.5 6.8 -13.8 42.0 -46.0 20.6 0.01 8.1 0.82 2.12 0.12 Feb......... - 0.5 10.7 -11.8 46.0 -46.0 22.5 0.01 7.4 0.75 1.80 0.09 Mar......... 15.2 26.7 3.6 73.0 -37.0 23.1 0.21 9.6 1.17 3.00 0.29 April.... . .. . 38.7 50.1 27.4 90.0 -13.0 22.7 1.10 4.4 1.5! 5.64 0.25 1\1 ay . . . . . . . . . 51.5 64.5 38.5 94.0 11.0 26.0 2.06 0.9 2.15 6.38 0.11 June........ . 62.6 74.9 50.2 101.0 21.0 24.7 3.03 - 3.03 6.30 0.45 July........ . 66.2 78.1 54.3 96.0 35.C 23.8 3.25 - 3.25 7.14 0.87 Aug......... 62.7 75.0 50.4 103.0 30.0 24.6 2.18 - 2.18 4.75 0.77 Sept... ..... . 54.1 65.9 42.2 99.0 17.0 23.7 2.07 0.1 2.08 5.49 0.60 Oct......... . 41.6 52.0 31.3 85.0 - 3.0 20.7 1.22 1.4 1.36 5.67 0.29 Nov.. ....... 22.0 30.8 13.3 71.0 -33.0 17.5 0.17 8.2 0.99 2.34 0.06 Dec......... 7.2 16.7 - 2.4 49.0 -44.0 19.1 0.06 8.6 0.92 3.99 0.11 ------ - 48.7 20.24 õl year........ 34.8 46.0 23.6 103.0 -46.0 22.4 15.37 PORT ARTHUR, ONT.-Lat. 48 0 27' N., long. 89 c 13' W. (Observations Cor 30 year:'!.) Jan......... . 6.2 17.1 - 4.6 48.0 -40.0 21.7 0.02 7.4 0.76 1.46 0.2 Feb. .. . . . . . . 8.2 19.7 - 3.3 52.0 -51.0 23.0 0.05 6.5 0.70 2.77 O. 1\1 ar . . .. . . . . . 19.6 30.8 8.4 70.0 -42.0 22.4 0.11 8.1 0.92 2.76 0.1 April.. .. . . . . 35.6 44.7 26.4 78.0 - 3.0 18.3 1.19 3.6 1.55 3.09 0.0 }fay........ . 46.0 55.6 36.5 89.0 16.0 19.1 1.98 0.5 2.03 4.10 0.3 June......... 57.1 67.2 47.0 91.0 20.0 20.2 2.69 - 2.69 6.94 0.5 July..... . . . . 62.6 73.5 51.7 96.0 33.0 21.8 3.76 - 3.76 9.21 1.39 Aug......... 59.0 70.6 47.5 94.0 31.0 23.1 2.77 - 2.77 5.06 1.02 Sept........ . 52.8 62.3 4:3.3 88.0 19.0 19.0 3.26 - 3.26 7.54 1.3 Oct.......... 41.5 50.6 32.9 80.0 1.0 17.7 2.39 0.9 2.48 5.27 0.37 Nov......... 26.7 34.6 18.7 69.0 -22.0 15.9 0.84 6.2 1.46 4.29 0.35 Dec......... 13.4 22.7 4.1 51.0 -38.0 18.6 0.18 6.6 0.84 2.68 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - year........ 35.7 45.8 25.7 96.0 -51.0 20.1 19.24 39.8 23.22 29.43 18.8 1 04 8 7 6 o o o TOROXTO, O:S-T.-Lat. 43 0 39' N., long. 79 0 20' W. (Observations for 70 years,) Jan.......... 22.1 29.1 15.2 58.0 -26.0 13.9 1.14 17.3 2.87 5.72 0.61 Feb......... 21.7 29.2 H.l 54.0 -25.0 1.').1 0.93 16.5 2.58 5.21 0.29 }far... __.... 29.0 36.3 21.9 7.').0 -16.0 14.4 1.50 11.5 2.65 6.70 0.66 ApriL...... 41. 4 6 2 : 0 6 33.3 90.0 6.0 16.;3 2.15 2.5 2.40 4.90 0.09 May......... 52.7 43.'393.0 25.0 18.72.97 0.1 2.t18 9.36 0.52 June......... 62.6 72.4. 52.9 97.0 28.0 19.5 2.71j 2.íti 8.09 0.57 July......... 68.1 77.9 58.2103.0 39.0 11.7 3.04 3.04 5.63 0.36 Aug......... 66.6 76.1 57.1 101.0 40.0 19.0 2.77 2.77 7.09 R. Sept......... 59.2 68.2 50.2 97.0 28.0 18.0 3.18 3.18 9.76 0.40 Oct.......... 47.0 54.9 39.1 86.0 16.0 15.8 2.40 0.6 2.46 5.96 0.56 Kov. ...... 36.3 42.5 30.1 70.0 1 - 5.0 12.4 2.49 4.6 2.95 5.84 0.11 Dec......... 26.3 32.5 20.0 61.0 -21.0 12.5 1.53 13.0 2.83 6.00 0.47 ----------- year........ 44.4 52.6 36.3 103.0 -26.0 16.3 26.86 66.0 33.46 50.18 24.84 PARRY SOUND, ONT.-Lat. 45 0 20' N.,long. 80 0 l' W. (Observations for 40 ye rs.) . year........ 41:o----sl.O 98.0 -39.0 2Q.O 27.95 121.5 ---;O'W----s0.30 14.3 13.7 23.5 39.0 51.5 61.8 66.5 64.2 55.7 45.8 33.5 20..,') 24.5 24.9 34.3 49.4 62.4 72.7 76.9 74.5 67.6 54.5 40.8 29.7 4.0 2.6 12.8 28.5 40.6 50.9 56.1 54.0 47.9 37.1 26.2 11.4 54.0 -38.0 58.0 -38.0 71.0 -27.0 82.0 - 3.0 90.0 16.0 94.0 31.0 98.0 37.0 9'3.0 35.0 90.0 24.0 84.0 9.0 69.0 -20.0 56.0 -39.0 20.5 22.3 21.5 20.9 21.8 21.8 20.8 20.5 19.7 17.4 14.6 18.3 0.87 0.76 1.33 1.76 2.96 2.47 2.80 2.83 4.49 3.83 2.63 1.22 31.5 23.4 H.8 3.1 0.6 4.02 3.10 2.81 2.07 3.02 2.47 2.80 2.83 4.49 3.92 4.12 4.45 7.75 6.31 5.49 4.03 6.06 5.47 0.92 5.46 8.43 6.33 7.33 8.16 1.76 0.46 0.75 0.75 0.58 0.70 1.10 0.63 1.52 0.57 2.09 2.18 Jan......... . Feb......... Mar........ . April.... . . . . May........ . June........ . July.......... Aug... .... Sept. .. . . . .. . Oct......... . Nov........ . Dec......... S. 0.9 14.9 32.3 ti2373-4! 52 PHYSICAL CHA.RACTERISTICS OF C 4NADA. S.-Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- continued. CO'M'AM, ONT.-Lat. 42 0 09' N., long. 82 0 44' W. (Observations for 20 years.) Temperature cF. Precipitation in inches. Montbs. 'lean Mean Me n Higb- Low Mean Averages. Extremes d '1 daily d lIy est. est.' daily al y. max. mID. range. Rain. Snow. Total. Greatest. Least. ----------r---- Jan.......... Feb... ..... ?lIar ........ April. . . . . . . . ;\-Iay........ . June......... July.. __ .. Aug _ .. ... Sept........ . Oct.......... Nov........ . Dec......... year........ 46.2 22.0 21.1 32.8 43.7 55.6 64.6 70.6 68.9 61.6 49.4 37.8 26.4 31.6 30.9 42.8 54.& 67.6 76.6 83.0 81.6 74.4 61.7 47.9 35.0 62.0 57.0 80.0 87.0 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 97.0 85.0 74.0 70.0 0.1 2.7 8.2 2.77 2.62 2.58 2.55 3.60 4.18 3.3 2.49 2.18 2.49 2.67 2.64 6.01 6.16 6.30 4.54 6.76 7.21 7.08 5.66 5.50 5.36 5.04 4.42 1.45 1.11 1.07 0.47 1.48- 0.41 0.6& 0.00 1.09 1.07 1.05 0.90 12.3 11.3 22.8 32.7 43.6 52.6 58.2 56.2 48.9 37.1 27.8 17.9 -20.0 -25.0 - 8.0 10.0 19.0 30.0 36.0 35.0 26.0 10.0 8.0 -11.0 19.3 19.6 20.0 21.9 24.0 24.0 24.8 25.4 25.5 24.6 20.1 17.1 11.8 10.1 6.8 2.1 0.2 1.59 1.61 1.90 2.34 3..58 4.18 3.38 2.4!J 2.18 2.48 2.40 1.82 57.3 35.1 100.0 -25.0 22.2 29.95 42.0 34.15 38.97 26.67 HAILEYBURY, O:olT.-Lat. 47 0 26' N., long. 79 c 38' W. (Observations for 20 years.) Jan.......... 6.4 17.4 - 4.6 48.0 -40.( 22.0 0.27 17.5 2.02 3.43 1.2 Feb......... 7.8 14.0 - 3.4 48.0 -48.0 17.4 0.20 18.0 2.00 3.94 O. . Mar.. 19.4 21.6 8.2 66.0 -34.0 13.4 0.52 16.0 2.12 4.43 0.5 April.. . : : : : : 37.1 48.0 26.2 81.0 - 3.0 21.8 1.25 5.8 1.83 4.38 0.8 1\1 ay . .. . . . . . . 50.8 62.2 39.4 93.0 14.0 22.8 2.83 1.5 2.!J8 4.73 0.7 June...... . . . 61.7 73.4 50.0 100.0 28.0 23.4 2.91 - 2.91 5.55 0.7 July........ . 66.0 76.8 55.4 102.0 36.0 21.4 2.72 - 2.72 8.21 1.5 Aug......... 62.2 72.7 51.8 04.0 30.0 29.9 2.88 - 2.88 4.45 1.14 Sept........ . 55.3 64.9 45.7 91.0 24.0 19.2 2.31 - 2.31 7.44 0.96 Oct. . .. . . . . . . 43.0 51.5 34.4 80.0 13.0 17.1 2.58 2.8 2.86 5.20 0.9 Nov. .____.. 23.2 35.2 21.1 67.0 -15.0 14.1 0.99 13.7 2.36 4.35 0.4 Dec. ....... 13.6 22.0 5.2 51.0 -34.0 16.8 0.75 19.9 2.74 3.95 O. - - - - - - - - - -- year........ 37.1 46.7 27.5 102.0 -48.0 19.2 20.21 95.2 29.73 39.77 27.1 o .}4 9 8 5 2 5 7 3 88 3 MONTREAL, QUE.-Lat. 45 0 31' N.,long. 73 c 34' W. (Observations for 50 years.) Jan.......... 12.7 20.8 4.6 53.0 -26.0 16.2 0.85 31.4 3.!J9 6.18 2.08 Feb........ . 14.3 21.8 6.8 47.0 -24.0 15.0 0.72 26.1 3.33 6.35 0.49 )far........ . 24.6 31.7 17.4 61.0 -15.0 14.3 1.45 1!J.5 3.40 7.32 1.01 ApriL..... . 41.3 4!J.3 33.4 77-0 8.0 15.9 (6!J 5.3 2.22 4.19 0.48 .'Jay........ . 52.9 61.6 44.3 8!J.0 23.0 17.3 3.01 0.1 3.02 6.22 0.11 June........ . 63.9 73.6 54.3 92.0 38.0 19.3 3.21 - 3.21 8.00 0.90 July. . .. . . . . . 69.1 77.4 60.8 95.0 47.0 16.6 3.!J5 - 3.95 7.72 0.96 Au/1:........ . 66.1 74.0 58.2 90.0 43.0 15.8 3.35 - 3.35 7.89 1.23 cpt. . . .. . . . . 58.5 66.2 50.8 90.0 33.0 15.4 3.46 - 3.46 6.65 0.88 Oct..... ..... 46.0 52.9 39.1 80.0 21.0 13.8 3.13 1.4 3.27 7.47 0.65 I"ov........ . 33.3 39.2 27.4 68.0 0.0 11.8 2.26 11.7 3.43 6.40 1.44 Dee. . .. . . . . . 19.6 26.5 12.7 59.0 -21.0 13.8 1.17 25.2 3.69 5.94 1.12 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 41.8 49.6 34.1 95.0 -26.0 15.5 28.25 120.7 40.32 48.01 30.97 Jan.......... Feb......... Mar......... April..... .. . )Iay........ . June........ . July. .. . . . . . . Aug......... :-;ppt........ . Oct. . . . . . .. . . :!\ov........ . Dec.......... year........ QUEBEC, QUE.-Lat. 46 0 48' N.,long. 71 0 12' W. (Observations for 20 years.) 9.7 17.7 1.8 1 47.0 -34.0 15.9 0.64 30.7 3.71 6.58 1.10 12.0 20.2 3.7 49.0 -32.0 16.5 0.74 27.3 3.47 6.22 0.98 22.8 30.7 15.0 64.0 -23.0 15.'5 1.2!J 19.9 3.28 6.16 1.05 37.0 45.3 28.7 80.0 3.0 16.6 1.42 6.4 2.06 6.57 0.70 52.0 62.0 42.0 88.0 21.0 20.0 3.01 0.4 3.05 6.93 0.27 61.2 70.8 51.5 90.0 34.0 19.3 3.83 - 3.83 9.23 1.32 66.1 75.7 56.6 96.0 39.0 19.1 4.30 - 4.30 7.12 0.53 62.8 71.5 54.1 90.0 38.0 17.4 4.00 - 4.00 9.58 1.35 55.3 63.6 46.9 88.0 29.0 16.7 3.77 - 3.77 8.75 1.08 42.0 47.8 36.3 77-0 14.0 11.5 2.94 1.5 3.09 6.99 0.93 32.2 35.7 28.7 66.0 -10.0 7.0 1.75 14.2 3.17 7.09 0.90 15.0 22.2 7.8 55.0 -27.0 14.4 0.85 25.2 3.37 6.78 1.13 31.l1 96.0 -34.0 115.'9 28.54 125.6 -----s2.39 TEJfPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 53 6.-N"ormal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations- concluded. SOUTH WEST POIYT, AYTICOSTI, QUE.-Lat. 49 0 23' N.,long. 63 c 38' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Temperature cF. Precipitation in inches. Montbs. Mean Mean Mean Higb- Low- Mean Averages. Extremes. daily. daily daily est. est. daily max. min. range. Rain. Snow. Total. Greatest. Least. - - - - - - - - - - Jan.......... 11.9 19.8 4.0 47.0 -40.0 15.8 0.58 18.3 2.41 6.70 0.54 Feb......... 12.5 19.7 5.3 46.0 -35.0 14.4 0.25 14.7 1.72 4.70 0.27 l\f ar.... . .. . . 21.0 27.1 15.0 47.0 -20.0 12.1 0.50 12.0 1.70 4.95 0.29 April... . . . . . 30.5 35.4 25.6 71.0 - 3.0 9.8 1.12 5.6 1.68 7.92 R.05 :!\fay.... ... . . 39.8 4S.0 34.5 78.0 19.0 10.5 2.40 0.4 2.44 4.68 0.05 June........ . 48.4 53.4 43.5 85.0 26.0 9.9 2.93 0.1 2.94 5.58 0.40 July.. . . . . . . . 56.6 62.3 51.0 79.0 34.0 11.3 3.14 - 3.14 8.70 0.43 Aug......... . 56.2 61.5 51.0 80.0 28.0 10.5 3.43 - 3.43 4.92 0.7& Sepf........ . 48.7 54.4 43.0 73.0 20.0 11.4 2.92 - 2.92 4.81 0.70 Oct.......... 39.8 45.1 34.5 68.0 8.0 10.6 3.40 0.5 3.45 9.85 " 0.54 Nov ........., 30.2 35.4 25.1 57.0 - 1.0 10.3 2.05 6.4 2.69 4.54 0.49 Dec.........I 27.2 13.8 52.0 -39.0 13.4 0.65 14.7 2.12 5.10 0.32 Year. .. . . .. . 34.7 40.5 28.9 85.0 -40.0 11.6 23.37 72.7 30.&4 45.43 15.83 FREDERICTON, N.B.-Lat. 45 0 56' N., long. 66 c 40' W. (Observations for 30 years.) Jan......... . 13.3 24.3 2.2 55.0 -34.0 22.1 1.&4 23.9 4.03 8.34 1.36 Feb......... 15.4 26.6 4.1 51.0 -35.0 22.5 0.!)6 47.0 5.66 4.78 0.48 )far......... 26.5 36.9 16.0 65.0 -20.0 20.9 2.16 25.6 4.72 7.58 1.32 April.... . . . . 38.9 49.5 28.3 82.0 - 2.0 21.2 1.97 10.0 2.97 4.43 0.30 :!\fay........ . 51.2 62.8 39.6 92.0 24.0 23.2 3.21 0.1 3.22 9.08 0.88 June......... 59.6 71.7 47.5 92.0 26.0 24.2 3.71 - 3.71 8.01 1.47 July........ . 65.9 77.0 54.8 96.0 40.0 22.2 3.03 - 3.03 6.28 1.26 Aug......... 63.2 73.7 52.7 95.0 35.0 21.0 3.97 - 3.97 6.99 0.76 Sept........ . 55.3 66.1 44.5 92.0 25.0 21.6 3.54 - 3.54 7.73 0.91 Oct.......... 43.4 54.2 32.6 81.0 15.0 21.6 4.02 0.5 4.07 9.9!) 0.85 Nov........ . 33.0 40.9 25.0 68.0 - 3.0 15.9 3.17 9.0 4.07 6.47 0.96 Dec......... 19.4 28.2 10.5 58.0 -26.0 17.7 1.56 18.9 3.45 6.42 1.18 - - - - - - - - - - - Year.. . . . . . . 40.4 51.0 29.8 96.0 -3.5.0. 21.2 32.94 135.0 46.44 54.62 35.02 YARMOUTH, N.S.-Lat. 45 0 53' N.,long. 65 0 45' W. (Observations for 35 years.) Jan......... . 30.0 34.3 19.6 54.0 - 6.0 14.7 2.75 20.3 4.78 0.92 1.97 Feb......... 25.7 32.7 18.8 52.0 -12.0 13.9 2.13 21.8 4.31 7.77 2.28 )far........ . 31.8 37.8 25.7 55.0 - 2.0 12.1 3.32 13.3 4.65 10.75 1.45 April.. . .. .. . 39.7 4&.4 33.1 72.0 17.0 13.3 3.17 5.5 3.72 7.12 0.82 May........ . 48.1 55.6 40.6 73.0 25.0 15.0 3.77 S. 3.77 7.66 0.93 June......... 55.3 63.0 47.6 79.0 31.0 15.4 2.83 2.83 6.68 0.69 July. .. .. . . . . &0.8 68.2 53.2 86.0 41.0 15.0 3.38 3.38 8.42 0.52 Aug......... 60.7 67.9 53.6 83.0 39.0 14.3 3.51 3.51 9.59 1.08 Sept....... .. 56.0 63.2 48.8 79.0 31.0 14.4 3.50 3.50 5.70 0.88 Oct......... . 48.6 55.4 41.7 74.0 25.0 13.7 4.15 0.3 4.18 11.38 0.78. Kov......... 41.8 46.6 37.1 66.0 11.0 9.5 3.77 4.0 4.17 8.56 1.51 Dee. . .. . . . . . 31.1 37.6 24.5 58.0 - 3.0 13.3 3.31 14.7 4.78 9.20 1.88 - - - - - - - - - - - year....... . 44.1 50.7 37.0 86.0 -12.0 13.7 39.59 79.9 47.58 70.90 35.06 CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.-Lat. 46 0 14' N.,long., 63 c 8'W. (Observations for 30 years.) Jan.......... 19.0 27.0 11.0 52.0 -19.0 16.0 1.46 19.6 3.42 7.62 1.10 Feb........ . 18.0 26.0 9.0 49.0 -21.0 17.0 0.86 17.5 2.61 6.37 0.88 1\1 ar . . ... . . . . . 27.0 34.0 20.0 54.0 -15.0 14.0 1.67 13.9 3.06 5.54 1.48 April... . . .. . 37.0 44.0 30.0 74.0 8.0 14.0 2.11 8.8 2.99 6.10 0.82 May........ . 48.0 56.0 40.0 .81.0 26.0 16.0 2.51 1.0 2.61 5.85 0.40 June........ . 57.0 66.0 49.0 87.0 32.0 17.0 2.54 - 2.54 5.37 0.47 July......... 66.0 74.0 58.0 91.0 37.0 12.0 2.96 - 2.96 8.97 1.81 Aug.. . . . . . . . 65.0 73.0 57.0 92.0 42.0 16.0 3.37 - 3.37 8.44 0.94 Sept....... . . 58.0 65.0 50.0 87.0 34.0 15.0 3.36 - 3.36 8.75 0.06 Oct.......... 48.0 54.0 41.0 77-0 26.0 13.0 4.46 0.2 4.48 10.38 0.50 Nov........ . 37.0 42.0 32.0 62.0 11.0 10.0 3.48 6.0 4.08 8.00 1.74 Dec........ . 25.0 32.0 19.0 52.0 -11.0 13.0 2.19 16.0 3.79 7.25 1.41 - - - - - - - - - - - year........ 42.0 49.0 35.0 92.0 -21.0 14.0 30.97 83.0 39.27 56.43 3245 54 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 'i.-Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations. (The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) .VICTORIA, B.C., lat. 48 0 25' N.,long. 123 0 21'W. Sunshine average. Wind. Average Average no. days with no. days Strongest wind No. Per- com- A ver- A ver- Prevail- recorded. Months. of bours centage pletely age age ing Thun- per of clouded. no. of hourly direc- Miles der. Fog. Hail. month. possible gales. velo- tion. per Direc- duration. city. hour. tion. - - - -------------- Jan...... 53.4 19.6 14 3 9.0 N 50 SE Feb..... 79.4 27.9 7 2 8.9 N 48 SW Iar.... . 143.0 39.0 5 2 9.0 SE 52 SW o\pril... . 184.8 44.9 2 2 9.0 sW 50 SW May..... 198.6 41.9 3 2 8.8 F;W 41 W June.... . 215.1 44.7 1 2 9.7 sW 49 SW July. .. . . 293.7 60.4 1 2 9.1 SW 44 SW Aug..... 256.9 58.0 1 1 7.8 SW 43 SW 2 Sept.... . 183.3 48.6 3 1 6.5 SW 44 SW 3 Oct... ... 118.3 35.3 7 1 6.8 E 56 SW 4 Nov.... . 57.3 20.8 10 3 9.9 NE 57 SE 1 Dee.... . 38.1 14.9 13 3 8.8 NE 59 SE 1 year.... 1,821.9 67 24.8.6 SW 59 SE 15 .Sun:shine, 1895-1910; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1915. .VANCOUVER, B.C., lat. 49 0 17' N., long. 123 0 5'W. Jan..... . 46.4 17.3 17 4.3 E 40 NW - 3 - Feb..... 51.5 18.2 10 4.0 E 26 W - 4 - .Mar. . .. . 135.6 36.9 7 5.0 E 30 SE - 1 - April... . 179.4 43.7 4 Average 4.8 SE 25 W - - 1 May.., .. 220.0 46.5 3 less 4,8 SE 23 W 1 - - June.... . 228.0 47.2 2 than 4.5 E 27 W 1 - - July..... 265.6 54.6 2 one 4.1 S 22 W 2 - - Aug... .. 252.7 57.0 2 per 3.7 S 20 W 1 - - Sept. . .. . 162.9 43.3 5 montb. 4.6 S 26 NW 1 2 - Oct.... .. 111.3 33.4 8 3.8 SE 35 W - 6 - Nov..... 51.1 18.6 13 4.3 E 25 NW - 4 - Dec.... . 38.8 15.3 15 4.4 E 30 W - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - year.... 1.743.3 - 88 - 4.4 SE 40 NW 6 24 1 .Sunshme, 1908-1917; days clouded, 1909-1920; wi n!! , days with thunder, etc., 1905-1920. tKAl\lLOOPB, B.C., lat. 50 0 41' N..long. 120 0 18'W. J F M M J J A S o N D Y an...... 65.0 24.7 12 3.5 S 25 SE - - - eb..... 87.0 31.1 7 3.1 S 24 NE - - - ar.. ... 166.0 45.2 4 4.5 SE 31 W - - - \. pril.. . . 187.0 45.2 3 Average 4.8 S 30 W - - - ay..... 224.0 46.8 3 less 4.4 S 30 W - - - une..... 240.0 50.1 3 than 4.1 SW 25 SE - - - uly.... . 295.0 59.9 1 one 4.1 SW 40 SE 1 - - ug.... . 262.0 58.6 2 per 3.5 SW 30 SE - - - ept.. . . . 185.0 49.1 3 month. 3.5 S 40 S - - - ct...... 140.0 42.3 6 3.6 SE 40 NW - - - ov..... 70.0 26.2 10 4.4 Sg 40 W - - - ec.... . 50.0 20.1 13 3.3 S 30 SE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ear... . 1,971.0 - 67 - 3.9 S 40 Several 1 - - tSunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1906-1920; wind, etc., 1897-1916. tEDMoXToN, ALTA., lat. 53 0 35' N., long. 113 0 30' W. Jan...... 79 31.6 10 - 4.4 W 36 W - - - Feb.... . 125 45.7 3 - 4.9 W 34 NW - - - Mar..... 174 47.4 3 - 5.6 S 28 NW - - - April... . 212 50.7 3 - 7.2 SW 42 NW - - - May..... 222 45.1 3 1 6.8 SW 36 HE 1 1 - June.... . 242 47.8 3 - 5.9 W 34 NW 3 1 - July..... 273 53.8 2 - 5.3 RW 30 !,;W 4 1 1 Aug..... 256 56.3 2 - 4.7 W 26 I\'W 2 1 - Sept..... 184 48.6 3 - 5.3 W 36 W 1 1 - Oct..... . 150 46.2 4 - 5.2 W 28 NW - - - Nov.... . 87 33.9 7 - 4.6 SW 25 NW - - - Dec..... 77 33.2 11 - 4.2 SW 34 NW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Year... . 2,081 - 54 1 5.3 SW 42 NW 11 5 1 :Sunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1906-1920; wind. etc. 1897-1916. SUKSHINE, WIND AND WEATHER 55 '7.-A\'erages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- continued. (The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) -MEDICINE HAT, ALTA., lat. 50 0 2' N., long. 110" 41' W. No. Months. of hours per month. Per- centage of possible duration. Average no. days com- pletely clouded. Wind. Strongest wind A ver- Aver- Prevail- recorded. age age ing no. of hourly direc- :!\Iiles gales. velo- tion. per Direc- city. hour. tion. - - - - - 2 5.9 SW 46 S 2 6.0 SW 51 S 2 6.6 SW 41 S,NW 3 7.4 W 50 S 2 7.5 S 60 N,W 2 7.5 SW 61 SW 1 6.4 SW 46 SW 1 5.6 S\V 50 W 1 5.8 SW 50 S 1 5.9 W 60 W 2 6.1 SW 60 SW 2 6.5 SW 60 N --- - --<-- - - 21 6.4 SW 61 SW Average no. days with Sunshine average. Thun- der. Fog.' Hail. Jan...... 88 33.1 8 Feb.... . 117 41.6 6 )Iar.... . 169 46.0 3 April... . 220 53.4 2 May..... 233 48.9 3 June.... . 268 55.0 1 July... .. 326 66.6 1 .Aug..... 284 63,8 ! Sept. . .. . 196 52.0 3 Oct..... . 158 47.7 4 Nov..... 102 37.8 6 Dec..... 82 32.9 9 2 4 4 3 1 year.... 2,243 47 14 -Sun..,hine, 1!J06-1916; dW3 clouded. 1910-1920; wind. dJ.Y3 with thunder. etc., 1896-1915. "'ROSTHER:o.I, SASK., lat. 52 0 39' N., long. -PRI:o.ICE ALBERT, S-\SK., lat. 53 0 12' N., long. 105 0 48' W. 106 0 21'oW. Jan..... . 91.6 36.1 10 - 3.3 S 26 NW - - - Feb... .. 137.7 50.0 4 - 3.2 SW 29 NW - - - Mar..... 176.1 47.9 4 - 4.0 SW 35 NW - - - April. . . . 220.8 53.6 3 - 5.0 SE 36 NW - - - :\Iay.... . 262.7 53.8 2 - 4.9 S 25 SE - - - June.... . 280.1 56.0 2 - 4.2 SE 31 N 1 - - July.... . 294.8 65.2 2 - 3.6 SW 31 SE 3 1 - Aug.... . 272.9 60.3 2 - 3.0 SW 24 E 2 1 - ept. . .. . 190.8 50.4 4 - 3.8 SW 24 Several. - 1 - Oct..... . 141.4 43.3 6 - 3-9 SW 28 NW - - - Nov..... 111.6 43.1 7 - 3.4 S 20 Several. - - - Dec..... 78.3 33.0 11 - 3.2 SW 32 N - - - - - - - - - - - - - - year.... 2,258'8 - 57 - 3.8 S 36 NW 6 3 - *::;unshine and days clouded, 1!J11-1920; wind 1896-1917, 1898 missing; days with thunder, etc., 1896-1917. -INDIAN' HEAD, S-\sK.,lat. 50 0 31' N .,long. -QU'ApPELI..E, SASK., lat. 50 0 32' N., long. 103 0 57' W. 103 0 40'W . Jan...... 81.4 32.8 10 2 9.4 NW 66 NW - 1 - Feb..... 103.7 37.0 6 2 9.5 NW 46 W - 1 - )Iar..... 131-8 35'9 6 2 9.6 W 48 NW - 1 - April... . 170.1 41.2 4 2 10.0 SW 58 S - 1 - :!\lay.... . 214.4 44.6 5 2 9,8 SW 50 NW 2 1 - June.... . 207.4 42.4 4 1 g.O S 48 SW 4 1 1 July..... 272.4 55.5 2 1 8.2 SW 42 NW 5 1 - Aug.... . 228.9 51.3 2 1 7.4 SW 38 SW,NW 4 1 - Sept... . . 162.8 43.2 5 1 8.4 W 41 SW 1 1 - Oct..... . 130.5 39.5 6 2 9.1 W 45 NW - 1 - Nov..... 68.8 25.7 8 1 9.1 W 42 NW - 1 - Dee.... . 58.8 23.8 12 2 9.0 W 45 .KW - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - year.... 1.831.0 - 70 19 9.0 W 66 NW 16 12 1 -Sunshine and days clouded, 1891-1910; wmd, etc., 1897-1917 (1908 missing). tWINr..--n>EO :!\IAN lat 49 c 55' N long 97 0 6' W J ., .. an...... 110.3 41.4 9 7 ]2.8 W 50 N,W - Feb.... . 138.6 49.2 6 5 12.2 SW 55 NW' - 1 - lar.... . 175.0 47.7 7 6 13.1 S 66 NW - - - pril.. . . 206.7 50.2 5 7 14.5 E 60 W 1 - - May.... . 250.7 52.3 4 6 14.5 E 66 NW 2 - - June..... 250.4 51.6 3 5 12.7 E 46 N\V 4 - - uly..... 290.5 59.5 2 5 12.1 S 55 SW 5 - - Aug..... 256.7 57.8 3 4 11.3 S 43 W 3 - - Sept. .. .. 179.6 47.7 4 6 13.0 S 5.3 W 2 - - Oct...... 124.8 37.6 8 6 13.8 R 60 NW 1 - - ov.... . 89.6 33.2 10 5 ]2.4 HW 45 N,W - 1 - Dec.... . 81.2 32.2 14 4 12.2 S\1j 59 \\- - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - Year... . 2,154.1 - 75 66 12.9 R 66 NW 18 2 - - tSunshme, 1882-1910; days clouded, 11101-1920; wmd, etc., 189/-1916. J 1< A 56 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 'i.-Averages of Sunshine, nind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations- continued. (The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) .HAILEYBURY, ONT..lat. 47 0 26' N., long. 79 0 38' W. J J A Sunshine average. Wind. Average no. days with Average Strongest wind No. Per no. days A ver- A ver- Prevail- recorded. Months. of hours centage com- age age ing Thun- pletely per of clouded. no. of hourly direc- Miles der. Fog. Hail. month. possible gales. veloc- tion. per Direc- duration. ity. hour. tion. - - - - - - - - - - - Jan...... 92 33.4 10 1 2 NW 8 N,NW - 1 - Feb.... . 119 41.6 7 2 2 NW 9 SW - 1 - Mar..... 165 44'8 5 2 2 S 9 SW - 1 - April.. . . 193 47.3 5 1 2 S 8 N,NW - 1 - May..... 210 45.0 4 1 2 S 8 NW 2 1 - une.... . 259 54.5 2 1 2 SE 8 SW 4 1 - uly.... . 266 55.5 1 1 2 SW 8 Several. 6 - - ug... .. 221 50.3 2 1 2 S 8 NW 4 1 - Sept.... . 174 46.3 4 2 2 SW 8 S 2 1 - Oct..... . 110 32.8 7 2 2 SW 9 NW 1 1 - Nov.... . 56 20.1 13 2 2 NW 10 SW,W - 1 - Dec..... 61 23.2 12 1 2 W 8 1I.W - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - year.... 1,733 - 72 17 2 S\, 10 S\\, \\ 19 n - .Sunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded. 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. N .GRAVEXHURST, O'T., lat. 44 0 56' ., .PARRY SOUND, ONT., lat. 45 c 20' N., long. 80 0 l' ". long. 79 0 23' W. Jan..... . 80.7 28.4 12 1 9.4 8E 48 W - - - Feb..... 126.3 43.4 8 1 9.0 S 49 W - - - Mar..... 153.0 41.5 7 1 9.1 SW 52 SW 1 - - April. . . . 189.4 46.9 5 1 8.9 S 36 N 1 1 - May.... . 217.2 47.4 5 1 '7.9 S 39 SW 2 - - June.... . 229.8 49.4 2 - 6.8 SW 36 8W 2 - - July..... 265.2 56.4 1 - 6.5 SW 36 NW 3 - - Aug..... 252.6 58.2 1 - 6,9 S 30 SW,8E 3 - - Sept..... 170-6 45.6 4 - 7.4 SW 36 S\V 2 - - Oct.... 138.5 41.0 7 - 8.7 S 36 SW 2 - - Nov.... . 85.4 29.9 11 2 10.5 SW 48 \\ - - - Dec..... 61.5 21.5 14 1 9.4 S 37 W,N\\' - - - - - - ----g -r4 - - - -- - year.... 1,970.2 77 S 52 SW 14 1 .SunshIne, 1902-1910, 1915-1920; wmd, etc., 1896-1920. tTORO....-TO. ONT., lat. 43 c 39' N.. long. 79 0 20' W. Jan. 779 270 11 6 13 6 8W 56 NE - 2 - Feb 1081 36 7 6 5 13 7 W 56 E - 1 - Mar. 1500 405 6 5 12 8 BW 60 i';W 1 1 - April 190 7 47 1 4 3 119 HE 50 E 1 1 - May 2189 479 2 2 99 BE 54 W 3 1 - June 259 8 563 1 1 87 SE 35 NE 4 1 - July 28') 2 604 1 1 80 S 36 W,SW 5 1 - Aug. 252 7 59 8 1 - 80 RW 48 NE 6 - - Sept 207 8 554 2 1 88 SE 50 S 3 2 - Oct 149 3 43 8 4 2 99 S 53 W 1 2 - ?\ov 853 294 8 4 12 2 SW 50 W - 2 - Dee 652 235 10 7 13 2 SW 50 S\V - 1 - ------------- Year 2 046 9 - 56 37 109 S 60 NW 34 15 - tSunshine, 1882-1!JI0; days clouded, 1901-1920; W1nd, etc., 1896-1920. .WOODSTOCK, ONT., lat. 43 0 38' N., long. 80 0 46' W. J A Jan.... .. 62.0 21.4 14 4 12.4 8W 57 8W - 1 - Feb... .. 88.7 30.2 8 4 12.3 W 47 NW - 1 - Mar. .. . . 122.6 33.2 9 5 12.2 SW 52 S\\' - 1 - April... . 167.4 41.7 6 4 12.1 SW 48 8W 1 1 - May..... 206.8 45.6 4 3 10.5 SW 46 SW 2 1 - June..... 246.1 53.7 2 1 8'9 W 36 E 2 1 - uly.... . 275.4 59.4 1 1 8.4 W 36 SW 2 1 - ug.... . 238.0 55.4 2 1 8.0 SW 40 SW 2 2 - Sept..... 181.8 48.7 4 1 8.4 W 34 NW 2 1 - Oct..... . 135.7 41.7 6 2 10.5 SW 40 NW 1 2 - Nov.... . 76.4 26.3 10 3 11.9 SW 53 SW - 2 - Dec.... . 54.1 19.4 15 4 12.4 SW 49 SW - 1 - - - - - - - - -- - - - year.... 1. 855.0 - 81 33 10.7 SW 57 RW 12 15 - .Sunshine, 1882-1911; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 18\111-1920. SUNSHINE, WIND AND WEATHER 57 'i.-Averages of Sunshine, \\ïnd and \feather at Selected ('anadian Stations- continued. (The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) . IO:iTREAL, QUE., lat. 45 0 31' N., long. 73 0 34' W. Jan..... . Feboo. .. Mar.... . April.. . . May.... . June.... . July.... . Aug.... . Sept. . .. . OcL... . Nov._... Dec..... 12 9 6 6 4 2 1 2 4 6 11 14 Wind. Strongest wind A ver- Aver- Prevail- recorded. age age ing no. of hourly direc- Miles gales. veloc- tion. per Direc- ity. hour. tion. - - - - - 6 15.5 SW 56 SW 7 16.7 SW 66 NW 8 16.7 SW 60 SE, S\\ 4 14.9 S 53 SW 2 12.8 S 49 W 2 11.6 Sw 48 SW,NW 1 11.3 W 42 SW - 10.6 SW 36 W 1 Il.7 SW 38 SE,NW 2 12.9 SW 45 W 5 14,6 SW 58 W 5 14.0 SW 50 NW - - - - - 43 13.6 SW 66 NW Average no. days with Months Sunshine average. No. Per- of hours centage per of mont.... possible duration. - - 76.0 34 103.4 41 145.9 45 173.7 50 204.6 51 217.3 50 238.4 59 218.6 58 171.5 53 122.2 41 68.5 30 60.0 26 - - 1 800.1 - Average no. days com- pletely clouded. Thun- der. Fog. Hail. 1 2 3 5 4 3 1 C 1 2 1 1 year.... 77 .Days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. tQUEBEC, QUE., lat. 46 0 48' N., long. 71 0 12' W. 19 9 Jan...... 86 31.0 11 9 15.0 sW 62 KE - 1 - Feb..... 105 36.5 8 8 16.1 SW 69 NE - - - Mar.... . 152 41.4 7 8 15.3 SW 72 NE - 1 - April:. . . 174 42.5 5 7 14.4 NE 54 NE 1 1 - May.... . 197 42.1 4 6 14.4 NE 52 W 2 - - June..... 248 44.6 4 4 13.2 SE 46 NE 4 - - July..... 223 46,8 2 2 11.6 S 43 NE,::;\\' 7 - - Aug.... . 224 48.4 2 1 10.7 SW 39 NE,SW 5 - - Sept..... 153 45.2 5 3 11.5 SW 42 NE 2 1 - Oct...... 123 40.2 8 4 12.4 SW 66 NE 1 2 - Kov..... 65 24.0 10 5 14.0 S\V 58 NE - 1 - Dec..... 70 28,8 13 6 13.9 SW 68 NE - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - year.... 1. 819 - 79 63 13.5 S 72 NE 22 8 - tSUIllihine, 1903-1912; days clouded, 1903-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. .WOLFVILLE, N.S., lat. 45 0 5' N., long 64 0 .YARMOUTH, N.S., lat. 45 0 53' N., long. 65 0 45'W. 21'W. Jan...... 84.0 29.6 10 4 13.2 NW 53 SW,NW - 2 - Feb..... 99,6 34.4 10 4 13.1 NW 60 SW - 2 - Mar.... . 134.0 36.4 8 4 12.5 SW 60 NW - 4 - April.. . . 147.6 36.6 7 2 11.1 SW 43 NW - 4 - May.... . 200.8 43.8 5 1 9.9 SW 44 - 1 7 - June.... . 230.0 49.4 2 - 8.6 S 40 E 2 7 - July.... . 235.6 50.2 2 - 7.7 SW 36 S 2 13 - Aug.... . 232.4 53.6 2 - 6.7 SW 65 SW 2 11 - Sept.. . . . 182.5 48.6 3 1 g.O SW 48 W 1 7 - Oct...... 151.4 44,8 7 2 10.0 S 54 SE 1 4 - Nov..... . 98.9 34.7 8 3 12.0 F-:W 60 - - 2 - Dec..... 67.2 24'8 Il 3 12.6 sW 62 SW - 2 - - - - - - ---.-- - - - - - year.... 1,864.0 - 75 24 10.5 SW 65 SW 9 65 - .Sunshine, 1 5-191O; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, days wIth thunder, etc., 1896-1915. .FREDERICTOV, N .B., lat.45 0 56' N., long.66 0 40' W. Jan..... . IlO.3 39.2 10 2 8.2 NW 38 sW - 1 - Feb..... 124.2 43.1 8 2 9.3 NW 49 NW - 1 - Mar..... 154.8 42.0 8 2 9.5 NW 40 NW - 1 - April... . 184.6 45.6 7 1 8.2 NW 36 NW - 2 - May..... 205.4 44.4 I} 1 8.0 SW 37 NW 1 1 - June.... . 217.6 46.4 5 - 7.4 W 34 NW 2 1 - July.... . 236.8 50.2 3 - 6.6 SW 32 NW 3 2 - Aug..... 223.0 . 51.2 3 - 6.7 W 28 NW 2 2 - Sept... . . 179.0 47'8 5 - 6.0 NW 30 NW 1 4 - Oct... .. . 151.4 44.8 6 1 7.7 W 33 SE,NW - 3 - Nov.... . 91.3 33.3 11 1 8.1 NW 37 - - 2 - Dec.... . 94.1 35.9 12 2 8.5 NW 42 NW - 2 - - - - - - - - -- -- - Year.. 1,972.5 - 84 12 7.\1 W 4\1 NW 9 22 - .SunshiIie, 1881-19Il; days clouded. 1901-1920; wind, etc., 181:16-11:120. 58 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA.VADA 'i.-Averages of Sunshine, WInd and Weather at Selected Canadian Statlons- continued. (The years indicate the period of observation on which averages. are based.) tCHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.,lat. 46 0 14' N.,long. 63 0 8' W. Sunshine average. Wind. Average Average no. days WIth no. days Strongest wind No. Per- com- A ver- A ver- Prevail- recorded. Months. of hours cent age pletely age age ing Thun- per of clouded. no. of hourly direc- Miles der. Fog. Hail. month. possible gales. velo- tion. ppr Direc- duration city. hour. tion. Jan...... -----gg NW N\V - - - 8.8 46 - - - Feb..... 112 38.9 10 1 8.4 SW 55 8E - 1 - Mar... .. 1 0 35.3 9 2 8.6 S 41 HW - 1 - April.. . . 153 37.6 9 - 8.4 SE 33 HE 1 1 - May..... 195 42.1 7 - 8.1 S 32 NE 1 - - June..... 226 48.2 6 - 7.0 S 28 S 2 - - July.... . 238 50.2 4 - 6.3 SW 32 HW 2 - - Aug... . . 229 52.4 5 - 6.5 SW 31 sW 2 - - Hept... _ . 179 47,8 6 - 7.2 SW 32 S, NW 1 - - Oct..... . 114 33.9 11 1 8.2 SW 38 8 - 1 - Nov..... 73 25.9 13 1 9.1 W 38 NE - 1 - Dec..... 60 17 1 9.0 NW 38 S\V - - - -----u98 -wï -s:o -ss -s - year.... - 8 9 - tSun::.hine,1906-1916; days clouded, 1907-1920; wmd, etc., 1896-1920. .CALGARY, ALT\., lat. 51 0 2' N., long. lli O 2' \V. Wind. AverageoÐumber of days with Strongest wind :r.r onths. Average Average Pre" ailing recorded. number hourly direction. Thunder. Fog. Hail. of gales. velocity. Miles p. h. Direction. January. .......... --w- -----s2 1I.Tw- - - - - - - February. .. . . . . . . . 1 6.6 W 48 W - - - March............ . 1 7.6 SW 48 SW - - - April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8.5 W 56 NW - - - May............... 1 8.8 NW 48 N, NW 1 - - June............... 1 8.6 NW 50 W 1 - 1 July.............. . 1 7.6 NW 48 NW 3 - - August........... . 1 7.3 NW 36 W 2 - - September... . 1 7.5 NW 62 NW - - - October. .. .. . . . . . . 1 6.5 NW . 40 W - - - November....... . 1 6.0 W 36 Sev<>ral. - - - December........ . 1 6.5 W 52 W - - - year.............. --r.3 ---w- I----Y - - .Wind, days WIth thunùer, etc., 1897-1916. tPAS, 1A",.,lat. 53 0 49' N.,long. 101 0 15' W. January........... 1 February.......... 1 March............ . 1 April.............. - May............... - June.... . . . . .. .. . . . 2 July... ............ 1 August... .. .. .. . . . 1 September......... 1 October. . . . . . . . . 1 November.......... - December........... - year.......... 9 7.5 7.2 7.5 8.3 8.5 7.8 8.9 7.7 6.8 7.5 7.9. 7.1 W W 8 E E 8E W W W W W 8W -W- 43 NW - - - 40 W - - - 45 W - 1 - 41 8W - - - 40 - - - - 44 SW 2 - - M SW - 2 - 48 NW 2 1 - 41 NW - 1 - 42 W - - - 33 NW - - - 38 W - - - -s4 sw- 4 ----s tWind, days with thunder, etc., 1910-1920. .PORT NELc;o , )lAN., lat. 57 0 0' N.,long. 92 0 56' W. I F M A ) J J A 8 o N D anuary. . . . . . . . . . . 2 12.4 W 34 W, NW - 1 - ebruary......... . 3 12.9 W 48 NW - - - arch............. 3 11.4 W 41 NE - 1 - pril.. . . 2 12.8 HE 51 NW - 1 - lay........ ....... 1 12.4 NE 40 NB - 3 - une............... 3 13.6 NE 38 NE,NW 3 2 - uly.............. . 2 13.8 NE 53 NE 3 1 - ugust........... . 2 12.4 HW 42 NB,NW 2 2 - eptember........ . 3 12.8 HW 42 SW,NW 1 1 - cOOber...__..... . 4 13.6 NW 40 - - 1 - ovember... ..... 5 13.1 NW 43 N - 2 - ecember.____... . 2 11.7 W . 42 NW - - - Hw- --s3 -----g - Year - .Wind, days \\ith thunder, etc., 1\11b-19:!0. SUNSHINE, WLVD AND WEATHER 59 'i.-Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Statlons- concluded. (The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are .based.) fPORTARTHUR, ONT., lat. 48 c 27' N.,long., 89 0 13'W. Wind. A verage number of days with Strongest wind Months. Average Average recorded, number hourly Prevailing Thunder. Fog. Hail. of gales. velocity. direction. Miles per hour. Direction. -- - - January.. _ _ _.. _... 1 6.9 NW 37 NW - - - February..... . . . . . 1 7.1 NW 50 NW - - - l\Iarch............ . 1 7,8 N\V 52 NW - - - ApriL... . . .. . . . . . . 1 7.8 S 39 NW,NE 1 1 - l\Iay.............. . 1 7.8 SE 41 NE 1 2 - June.............. . - 6.7 E 51 NW 2 2 - July............... - 6.4 S 34 N\V 4 1 - August. . . - 6.7 SW 41 NW 3 2 - September _. - 7.1 SW 62 NW 2 2 - October. .. . . . . . . . . 1 7.4 SW 42 NW 1 3 - November. ....... 1 8.1 W 40 NW - 1 - December........ . 1 7.4 NW 52 NW - 1 - -- - - -- - year............ 8 7.3 SW 62 NW 14 15 - tWind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. tWmTE RIVER, OXT., lat. 51 0 30' N., long. 94 c 2' W. J F A l\ J J A S o N D anuary. . . . . . . . . . . - 4.2 E 28 KW - - - ebruary. . . . . . . . . . - 3.3 E 22 S, NW - - - larch...... . - 4.4 E 30 - - - pril.... . .. . . . : : : : - 5.0 E 30 N - - - {ay...... . . . . . . . . . - 5.6 SE 28 SW 1 - - une.... . . . .. . . .. . . - 5.0 S 32 SW 1 - - uly..... .......... - 4.4 SW 23 N 2 1 - ugust........... . - 3.6 S 24 SW 2 1 - eptember........ . - 3.9 SW 24 S 2 1 - ctober. . . . . .. . . . . - 4.1 SE 25 SW - - - ovember....... . - 4.6 SE 25 NW,SW - - - ecember...... _.. - 3.7 S 24 S - - - - - - - - - year............ - 4.3 SE 32 SW 8 3 - fWind, days with thunder, etc., 1896-1920. .COCHRANE, O:r-.T., lat. 49 0 4' N., long. 80 0 58' W. January.......... . - 7'8 W 34 NW - - - February.. . . . . . . . . - 7.2 NW 32 NW - - - March....... . . . .. . - 8.2 S\V 33 NW - - - April. .. . . . . . . . . . . . - 8.4 SE 35 NW - - - l\lay. . .. . . . . . _ _ . . . . - 8.5 S 35 NW 1 1 - June.... .. . . . . . . . . . - 8.4 S 34 SW 2 - - J u]y _ . . . . .. . _ . . . . . . - 7.1 W 29 SW 3 - - August........... . - 6.5 W 31 NW 2 - - September...... ... - 7.3 SW 30 SW 1 1 - October... ........ - 7.2 SW 35 SE - 1 - November.. ...... - 6.6 ::;W 30 SW - 1 - December.... ..... - 6.8 NW 27 SW - 1 - - - - - - - - - year............ - 7.5 SW 35 NW,SE 9 5 - . .Wind, days with thunder, etc., 1911-1920. fSOUTH WEST POINT, ANTICOSTI. QUE., lat. 49 0 23' N.,long. 63 c 38' W. January.......... . 16 21.9 NW 72 NW - - - February...... _... 13 19.9 SW 65 NW - 1 - March.. . .. . . . . . . . . 12 18.6 S 68 NW - 1 - April.. .. . . . . . . . . . . 8 15.8 :-;E 70 NW - 3 - l\Iay........ " . . . . . 6 13.8 SE 52 NW - 3 - June...... ......... 4 13.3 SE 56 \V - 5 - July............ ..-: 3 12.1 SE 44 W - 7 - August........... . 4 12.3 SE 68 W - 5 - September.... . . . . . 6 14.3 SE 58 NW - 3 - October. -- 10 16.6 S 67 W - 4 - Novembe :::: - 11 18.8 SE 98 K - 1 - December......:: : 14 20.6 SW 71 NW - 1 - - - - - - - - year............ 107 16.5 S 98 N - 34 - fWind, days \\ith thunder, etc., 1897-1920. II.-HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY. I.-HISTORY OF CANADA.1 NOTE.-It has not been considered desirable to load the text of this section with numerous dates. For these the reader is referred to the chronological history printed at the end of this section of the Year Book. The Founding of the French Colony.- The year 1608 may be regarded as the birth-year of Canada. The country and the name had been made known by the voyages of the Brpton sea-captain, Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, in the early half of the preceding century, and one or two ill-fated and wholly abortive attempts at settlement had subsequently been made; but in 1608, undf'r the leadership of Samuel de Champlain, of Brouages in Saintonge, the first permanent settlement was made. It was but a slender colony that he planted under the shadow of the great rock of Quebec; the germ of life, however, was there, a life which, surviving all perils and difficulties, finaJly struck its roots deep and branched out into a nume- rous and vigorous people. .. The claim of France to the St. Lawrence country was held to have been estab- lished by the discoveries made in the name of the French King, Francis I. It was assumed that what was then called Acadia, which may be described roughly as the region of our present Maritime provinces, had also become Frcnch territory, notwithstanding the fact that Cape Breton had been discovered in I 1497 by John Cabot, sailing under a commis- t sian from Henry Yll of England. During the five years preceding the arrival of Champlain's colony at Quebec, settlements in which Cham- plain took part had been attempted by the French at Port Royal (Annapolis) in Nova Scotia, and at the mouth of the St. Croi" river. The Fur Trading Companies.-The main motive for the occupation of the country, so far as the adventurers-Champlain perhaps alone exccpted-were conccrned, was the fur trade, though the royal commissions or patents JA("Ql.:f;S CARTn;R under which they operated invariably contained stipulations for actual colonization and for missionary work among the Indians. Thesè stipulations were systematically evaded by a succession of associations or companies to whom privileges were granted. Of course there were difficulties in the way; the native Indians were uncertain in their movements and at tÏU1es mena- cing; but this was not the real deterrent to settlement. The adventurers thought, and with reason, that settlement would hamper trade. Champlain's colony had at first consisted of about thirty persons. Twenty years later, when it barely exceeded one hundred, Charles I of England during his war on France granted letters of marque to David Kirke, authorizing him to attack the French possessions in Canada. After fitting out a small fleet of privateers, Kirke's first stroke, early in 1628, was to capture, in the mouth of the St. Lawrence, IRevi8ed and abridged from the history prepared under the direction of Arthur G. Doughty, C. f.G.. LL.D., Deputy Minister, PublicArchivesofCanada,-forthe 1913 Year Book. HISTORY OF CANADA 61 a French fleet of eighteen vessels, which were carrying out a number of new colonists for the settlement, as well as badly needed supplies of provisions, goods and military stores. Just at this time Cardinal Richelieu, moved by the representations Cham- plain had made as to the miserable condition and prospects of the colony, had resolved to create a company on a much wider basis than any previously formed. This was the Company of New France, more generally known as 'the Company of One Hundred Associates. The preamble of the edict issued set forth in forcible terms " the lamentable failure of all previous trading associations to redeem their pledges in the matter of colonization; and the new associates were, by the terms of their charter, bound in the most formal and positive manner to convey annuaJIy to the colony, beginning in the year 1628, from two to three hundred bonâ fide settlers, and, in the fifteen following years, to transport thither a total of not less than four thousand persons male and female." The charter contained other useful stipulations, including the maintenance of a sufficient number of clergy to meet the spiritual wants both of settlers and natives. So long as it fulfilled these conditions, the company was to have absolute sovereignty, under the French king, of all French possessions between Florida and the Arctic regions, and from Newfoundland as far west as it could take possession of the country. It was in furtherance of these plans that the fleet which Kirke captured had been sent out. Had l{irke sailed at once to Quebec the place would have fallen but he preferred to let starvation do his work. The following year he took the . town without a struggle and set up his brother as governor. Champlain and many of his associates returned to France. But in the meantime peace had been signed and in 1632 Canada was given back to France. It now. remained to be seen what Riche- lieu's company would effect. Crippled by the loss of the capital invested in the fleet of 1628, it did not accomplish much, although a beginning was made when Champlain returned to Quebec in May, 1633, bringing with him over a hundred settlers. His life was, however, drawing to a close, and he died on Christmas Day, 1635. Several eventf' of special importance may be noted here. In 1639, two ladies of distinction arrived from France, Madame de la Peltrie and Madame Guyard, the latter better known as Mère de I'Incarnation. Their monument is the Ursuline Convent of Quebec. In 1641 M. de Maisonneuve conducted a band of earnest followers to Montreal in order to folind there a strictly Christian colony _ Twelve years later Sister Margaret Bourgeoys established at Mont- real the Congrégation de Notre Dame for the education of girls. The year 1668 is glorious in Canadian annals for what has been .c,alled the Canadian Thermopylae. To avert an attack on Montreal... Dollard, a young inhabitant of the place, and a score or so of companions threw themselves in the path of the Iroquois, and so sternly and heroically defended a position they had fortified on the river Ottawa that the Indians were disheartened and withdrew. Of the Canadians, all but one perished. CIIA'IPL.UN 62 HISTORY AKD CHRO_VOLOGY The year 1659 is marked by the arrival of Monseigneur de Laval, with the title of Bishop of Petræa, in partibu8, and the powers of Vicar Apostolic, to preside over the church in New France; from 1674 to 1688 he exercised full powers as Bishop of Quebec. In 1663, the Company of New France practically acknow- ledged its insolvency and made a surrender of all its rights and privileges to the King. It had not carried out its engagements; in fact its policy had differed little from that of its less distinguished predecessors. It had bound itself to plant in Canada not less than 4,000 settlers in fifteen years, :yet a census taken in 1666, 35 years after it had begun operations, showed that the whole population of the country was less than 3,500. Royal Government.-The King accepted the surrender made by the company and proceeded to establish a still larger one under the name of the 'Vest India Company. Colbert, the great Minister of Marine and Colonies and the incarnat.ion of the mercantile system, was the inspirer of the idea; yet, as the prestige of Riche- lieu had not saved the Company of New France from shipwreck, neither did that of Colbert and his royal master save the Company of the 'Vest Indies. It lost its monopoly of Canadian trade in 1669. The country had been governed since 1663 by the Sovereign Council of New France. The first governor of New France to make a name for himself in history is Louis de Buade, Count Frontenac, who arrived in Canada in the year 1672; but a few years earlier a man of greater note had been sent to Canada as intendant, an office involving financial and judicial authority exercised in nominal subordination to the Governor as the King's personal representative, but with a large measure of prac- tical independence. This was Jean Talon. He was the first to perceive the indus- trial and commercial possibilities of the country, and the first to take any effectual steps for their development. Mines, fisheries, agriculture, the lumber trade and one or more lines of manufacture all received his attention. He returned to France shortly after the arrival of Frontenac, but he had given an impulse which had lasting effects upon the economic life of Canada. Frontenac, a veteran soldier, established good relations with the Iroquois, who had been the most dangerous' enemies of the colony, but his relations with the intendant, Jacques Duchesneau, who succeeded Talon after an interval of three years, were most unhappy, and those with Bishop Laval were somewhat strained. So much troub1e did their disputes cause to the home government that both he and the intendant were recalled in 1682. Two mediocre governors, M. de la Barre. and the Marquis de Denonville, succeeded; after them Frontenac, now in his seventieth year, was again sent out. It was on the day of his departure from France, August 5, 1689, that the terrible massacre by the Iroquois, narrated in all Canadian histories, occurred at Lachine. A month or so before this, France had declared war on England as a sequel to the English Revolution of 1688, and Frontenac made it his first duty on arriving in Canada to organize attacks on the neighbouring English colonies. The massacre at Lachine was outdone by massacres by French and Indians at Schenectady, and other outlying English settlements. The English colonists did not remain passi.,.e UDder these attacks. In May, 1690, an expedition under Sir \Villtam Phipps, a native of what is now the state of Maine, sailed from Nova Scotia, and took possession of Port Royal and other forts and settlements in that region. With a greatly increaf;ed force, some thirty- two ships in all and over two thousand men, he set sail for Quebec in full expect- ation of capturing that fortress and making an end of French power in North HISTORY OF CANADA 63 America, but the expedition proved a disastrous failure and involved the people of Boston in a very heavy financial loss. The remaining years of Frontenac's second administration were marked by border warfare and negotiations with Indian allies and enemies, followed by a general peace which was solemnly ratified a few years later. Frontenac died on Kovember 28, 1698. During the remainder of the French régime the history of Canada was marke<;l by no outstanding events. The war of the Spani::;h Succession caused a renewal of war on the Canadian frontier, two of the principal incidents being the massacres of English colonists at Deerfield and Haverhill in Massachusetts (1708). In the summer of 1711 a powerful expedition was despatched against Quebec by way of the St. Lawrence under the command of Sir Hovenden \Yalker. Had this force reached Quebpc it was amply sufficient to overpower any opposition that could have been made to it, but the elements seemed to be arrayed against the invader. A number of transports& crowded with troops, were wrecked at Sept Iles, and th e enterprise had to be abandoned. The war in Europe was, however, disastrous to France, and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) transferred to England the French possessions of Acadia and Newfoundland. The limits of Acadia were not at the time defined with any accuracy, and the French continued to occupy the mouth of the St. John river and what is now the city of St. John. Cape Breton, or as they called it, Ile Royale, was left by the treaty in their possession, together with Ile St. Jean .'all. -...... ,, lnr f <1<115,... ((ffor" / ( .t:. 'h, . ,,,Y I -<;;, !î" t -,1;1' - II ",wr -c no 11) "'r .1.1 í(: ' ;,: ....1'" \ :f I QueM ,d I , ...,.,..., I 1'1-. , ----....-"""'.( l.t.!1 . /< ' "". J,. ,1' v " ;IIJl .... ...,/ .,;'P -. 'I.... - _ J CANADA b!i t.he P."oc!ømellon of 1763 1" 1. ..... ..a ç- ---' r ; '"À · .>o.d- " e Reproduced by J'erm;ssion 01 Sir Charles Lucas and t e IJelegates of the llarendoD Press, Olford CAN o\DA IN 1763. now Prince Edward I -;la.nd, and they perceived the importance of placing the former island in an adequate state of defence. Special attention was paid to the fortifica- tion of Louisburg. \Var having again broken out between England and France, an expedition was formed in New England under the command of Sir William 64 HISTORY AXD CHROl\ OLOGY Pepperell, to attack the French fortress. A small English squadron joined the expedition, and the capture of the place was accomplished on JlUle 16, 1745. The peace of Aix la.chapeJle, in 1748, restored the fortress and the whole island to France, to the great disappointment of the New Englanders. Ten years later (July 26, 1758), the Seven Years' \Yar having broken out, it again passed into the possession of Great Britain after a siege in which General \Yolfe greatly distinguished himself. The Capture of Quebec and Cession of Canada.- The expedition against ... ,' '>'''', Quebec was part of the war policy of the great < I \\ïl1iam Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who chose @'L i t , ';) . \ , \Volfe for the command. The story of how /' , -. _ -r. _ Wolfe's army scaled the heights above the city . . \ 'I on the night of September 12-13, 1759, is among f . . ' c -:: '\':\j /, , the best known of historical incidents. The ; __ - battle that ensued on the morning of the 13th _ , has becn rightly looked upon as one of the ,...' !.. " most decisive events in the world's history. Wolfe died victorious; Montcalm, no less gallant ;u a soldier, was carried from the field fatally wounded, and expired on the foIlowing day. Quebec surrendered to the British, and the capitulation of Montreal, a year later, placed the whole country in their possession, though the Treaty of Paris, by which Canada was ceded to Great Britain, was not signed till GENERAL WOLFE February 10, 1763. Military Government.-For a period of fifteen years after 1759, the govern- ment of Canada was of a military character, and no small amount of confusion existed in the administration of justice and the general application of law to the affairs of the community. In the year 17 4, an important step was taken in the passing of the Quebec Act, which established a council with limited legislative powers, sanctioned the use of French law in civil matters, confirmed the religious orders in the possession of their estates, granted full freedom for the exercise of the Roman Catholic religion and authorized the coJlection of the customary tithes by the clergy. The Act also defined the limits of Canada as extending south to the Ohio and west to the l\Iississippi. On that account, and also on account of t.he recognition granted to the Roman Catholic church, it gave great umbrage to the older colonies. The foIlowing year witnessed, in the battle of Lexington, the first bloodshed in their quarrel with the Mother Country. Towards the end of 1775 two bodies of colonial troops marched against Canada, one under Montgomery by way of lake Champlain, and the other under Benedict Aru.old through the woods of l\Iaine. l\Iontreal was captured and the two commanders joined forces some miles above Quebec. On December 31, each led an attack on that city from different quarters. Both attacks were repulsed; Montgomery was slain and Arnold was wounded. In the spring the Americans retreated and shortly aftcrwards evacuated the country. Canada had been saved by the Fabian policy of Carleton. The Grant of Representative Institutions.-The task which devolved on Great Britain in the government of her new possession demanded an amount of practical wisdom which few of her statesmen possessed. The military men at HISTORY OF CANADA 65 the head of affairs in the colony-Murray, Carleton, Haldimand-were men of character and inteJIigence; but the questions arising between the two races which found themselves face to face in Canada, as an English immigration began to flow into the country, both from the British Isles and from the colonies to the south, hardly admitted of theoretical treatment. The Quebec Act, which created a nominative Council but not a representative Assembly, did not satisfy the new-comers. Racial antagonism was by this time causing friction, so the British Government decided to divide the Province of Quebec into the two provinces of 'C"pper and Lower Canada. and to- give each a legislature consisting of two houses-a nomirrative Council and an elective Assembly. The population of Lower Canada at this time was about 165.000 and that of Upper Canada probably 15,000. The population of the country as a whole had been greatly increased by the Loyalist emigration, partly voluntary, partly compulsory, from the United States. In Lower Canada the exiles found homes chiefly in that portion of the province known as the Eastern Townships and in the Gaspé peninsula, and in L'pper Canada in the townships fronting on the St. Lawrence river, around the bay of Quinte, in the Niagara distriet and along the Detroit river. It was not, however, only the Canadian provinces that received accessions to population from this source. Considerable bodies of Loyalists directed their steps to the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and some also to Prince Edward Island. \Yherever they chose to settle, lands were granted to them by the British government, and after a period of struggle with new conditions many began to find comfort and prosperity under the flag of their forefathers. These provinces all possessed what ha<; been called a " pre-loyalist," element in their population, consisting of settlers from New England and other parts of what subsequently became the United States. These, as difficulties developed between Great Britain and her American colonies, did not, as a rule, manifest any very strong British feeling, and the relations between them and the later Loyalllit settlers were not altogether cordial. Nova Scotia, which had been British since its cession under the Treaty of "C'trecht, received parliamentary institutIùns as early as 1758, though in practice the administration was mainly in the hands of the Governor of the province and his Council. Up to the year 1784 it was held to embrace what is now New Brunswick and also Cape Breton, but in that year these were both constituted separate pro- vinces. Cape Breton was reunited to Nova Scotia in the year 1820, not without considerable opposition on the part of the inhabitants. The representative institutions conferred upon the two Canadas by the Act of 1791 quickened political life in both provinces and stimulated emigration from the United States. After a time a demand began to be made in bmh provinces, but less distinctly in the lower than in the upper, for" responsible government. " In the absence of legislative control over executive administration, taxation was excessively unpopular, and without adequate appropriations, public works 62373-5 GENf RAL 110NTCAL:\1 66 HISTORY A;"'-D CHROYOLCGY could not be undertaken on the scale which the public interest required. In Upper Canada antagonism grew up between the official party, to which the name of " Family Compact" was given, and those who de ired more liberal institutions. In Lower Canada a similar condition developed, further embittered by racial feeling. The intentions of the home government were good, but the wants of the provinces were only imperfectly known, and the military govcrnors who were scnt out w('re not, as a rule, fitted to grapple with difficult political situations. The Go' ernments of both rprer anrf 10\, er Canada had at their disposal ccrtain revenuc::; collected under an lmperial Cu toms Act passed in 1774 for the' express purpo P of pro- viding a pennanent means of carrying on the civil government. In both provinces the liberal party demanded that the revenue in question should be THIt TWO C"'N"'DAS under CO'1.tltut..ønal Act pf 179. .nd ,(.., . . 0' i> <>0'\ t1 THE MARITIME PROVI!'iCES FIoMt.....,"'..n Reproduced by permissioD of Sir Cbarles Lucas aud the Delegates o. Ibe Clare I-OD Press, O ord. THE Two CANADAS IN 1791. placed under the control of the locallegi::;lature. In Upper Canada the matter was amicably arranged; the legislature took over the revenue and in return votcd a small permanent civil li t. In Luwer Canada the legi lature took over the revcnue as offered by the home government, but refused to vote a civil list. Several years of political conflict ensued, the legislature refusing supplies and the government being obliged to take money from the military chest in order to pay salaries to the public officers. FinalJy an imperial Act was passed (February 10, 1837) sus- pending the constitution of Lower Canada and authorizing the application of the provincial funds to necessary purposes. The War of 1812-15.-In following the course of the internal political develop- ment of the country, the present narrative has been carried past a very scrious crisis in its earlier history, the war of 1812-15. The causes of the conflict have no connection with Canadian history, but Canada was made the theatre of operations, and Canadian loyalty to the Mother Country was put to a crucial test. Thc war was opened brilhamJy by General Brock in the capture of Detroit, held by an American force much superior to his own (August 16, 1812), and at the battlc of Queenston Heights (October 13, 1R12), in which an invading force was driven back with heavy loss, but in which the gallant Brock fell. The subsequent course of the struggle was marked by alternate victory and defeat. In two naval battles, lake HISTORY OF CANADA 67 Erie (September 10, 1813) and lake Champlain (September 11, 1814), the British fleets sustained serious reverses; while in the engagements of Stoney Creek (June 5, 1813) and Crysler's Farm (November 11, 1813) and the very decisive one of Chateauguay (October 26, 1813), victory rested with the defenders of Canada. The main effect of the war, which was brought to a close by the Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 181-1), was to strengthen British sentiment in Canada and to give to the Canadians of both provinces an increased sense both of self-reliance and of confidence in the protection of the Mother Country. Lower Canada suffered but little from the depredations of the enemy. Upper Canada, on the other hand, suffered seriously, her capital, York, having been captured and its public buildings burnt (April, 1813) and a large extent of her frontier devastated. Nevertheless, when Mr. Gore returned to the province in September, 1815, he reported that the country was in a fairly prosperous condition owing to the large amount of ready money which war expenditure had put into circulation. The Rebellion of 1837 and Lord Durham's Report.- Towards the close of the year 1837, to resume the domestic hi..,tory of the country, the political di::;agree- ments to which reference has been made resulted in attempts at armed rebellion in both the Canadian provinces. These attempts were speedily repressed, especiaHy in upper Canada, where the insurrection was confined to a comparatively small section of the population, and occurred at a moment when the provincial govern- ment, under Sir F. B. Head, was supported by a large majority of the legislative body. In consequence of these troubles, the Home GQvernment decided to send out a special commissioner to make a thorough investigation, not only in Upper and Lower Canada, but in all the North American provinces, for all had Euffered political restlessness. The person chosen was the Earl of Durham, son-in-law of the second Earl Grey, a man of marked ability and of advanced liberal views. His Lordship - arrived at Quebec on l\Iay 29, 1838, commissioned as governor-general of the whole of British -North America. His stay in the country b.sted only five months, but he was, nevertheless, able to lay before the British Government in January, 1839, an exhaustive report, dealing principally with the affairs of the Canadas. He recognized that the time had come for granting a larger measure of political inde- pendence to both provinces, and, without indi('ating the scope he was prepared to allow to the principle, made it clear that in his opinion the chief remedy to be applied was" responsible government". This, however, was to be conditional on a reunion of the provinces "as a means of balancing the two races into which the population of Canada was divided, and of procuring as far as possible their harmonious co- operation in working out the destinies of the country. The imperial authorities approved the suggestion, which, hQwever, they recognized as involving very consider- able difficulty. Lord Durham might have been entrusted with the duty of carrying it into effect had he not given up his commission on account of the criticism to which some of his plans had been subjech>d in the British Parliament. The man design- ated for the task was Charles Paulett Thomson, afterwards raised to the peeragé as tl,tron Sydenham and Toronto. Thomson arrived at Quebec in October, 1839, and applied himself vigorously to his task, the most difficult p Lrt of which was to render the proposition acceptable to the province I)f l:" pper Canada, already in full possession of its constitutional rights. The constitution of Lower Canada, as already mentioned, had been suspended, and had been replaced by the appointment of a special council with limited powers. After strenuous negotiations, Thomson succeeded in meetj 62373-5! 68 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY certain dE'mands of the western province, and, as the council in Lower Canada was favourable to the scheme, he was able to draft a Bill which, with a few modifica- tions, was enacted by the Home Government in 1840. General elections were held in February, 1841, and the legislature of the united provinces met in June. On September 3, Robert Baldwin, representing the constituency of North York, pro- posed certain resolutions which were carried with little or no opposition, affirming the principle of responsible government. The United Provinces under Responsible Government.-The French Canadians were almost without exception opposed to the union, and it was there- fore impossible at the time to obtain their co-operation in the fonlolation of a ministry. Sir Charles Bagot (Lord Sydenham had died in September, 1841) fully recognized, as had his predecessor, that the situation was a most unsatisfactory one; more- over, he saw how easily a combination might at any moment be formed with the French Canadian vote in the assembly to defeat his government. He saw, indeed, such a combination on the point of being formed, and resolved to ask Mr. Lafon- taine, the most influential French Canadian in the house, to take cabinet office. On condition that Baldwin should be taken in at the same time and that one or two other changes should be made in the cabinet, Lafontaine accepted the proposal, and the matter was arranged accordingly. The government so formed may be regarded as the first Canadian Ministry in the usual acceptation of the word. Sir Charles Bagot's successor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, had a misundcrstanding with his ministers on a question of patronage and with one exception they resigned. A general election followed, with the result that the Governor-General was over- whelmingly sustained in Upper Canada, while Lower Canada gave an almost equal majority in favour of the late government. The Draper-Viger government, which now came into power, had a most precarious support in the assembly, and in the general election of January, 1848, Lord Elgin being Governor-General at the time, Baldwin and Lafontaine were restored to office by a large majority. A leading member of their government was Mr. (afterwards Sir) Francis Hincks, who. occupied the post of Inspector General, or, as he would to-day be designated, Finance Minister. Baldwin and Lafontaine having both retired in 1851, the Government was reconstructed, with Hincks as Prime Minister and A. N. Iorin as reader of the Lower Canada section. Much useful legislation must be credited to the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry. The session of 1849 alone produced the Judicature Act, the Municipal Corporations Act, which gave Canada a workable system of local governmcnt substantially the same as that which exists to-day, the Act for amending the charter of the University of Toronto and enlarging the ba is of that institution, an Amnesty Act, which enabled any hitherto unparooned rebels of 1837-8 to rcturn to the country, and the Rebellion Losses Act. The latter Act, though carcfully framed to exclude any payments to persons who had actively participated in the rcbellion, was rcpresented by certain opponents of the government as designed to recompense such persons, and its signature by Lord Elgin was followed by rioting in Montreal, then the seat of government. The Governor-General was mobbed as he drove through the streets, and the legislative buildings were set on fire and totally destroyed (April 25, 1849). One result was the removal of the seat of government to Toronto in the fall of the same year and the adoption of a system by which that city and Quebec were alternately to be th..e seat of government. The IIincks ministry was chiefly remarkable for the steps taken to develop a railway system in Canada and for the adoption of a Reciprocity Treaty betwecn Canada and the United States. HISTORY OF CANADA 69 In the making of this treaty Lord Elgin took the deepest interest, and it was largel due his skilful diplomacy and unusual powers of persuasion that thë negotiations proved successful. Hincks himself visited Washington and argued the case' 'in papers submitted to Congress. The treaty was undoubtedly beneficial to Canada, particularly when the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 caused a greatly increased demand for farm products of every kind. Although the union of the provinces and the introduction of responsible government gave a new stimulus to the political and social life of Canada, grave political difficulties were not long in developing. The differences between the eastern and western sect.ions of the province were very marked and any political party which rested mainly on the votes of either section was sure to incur keen opposition in the other. The Draper-Viger govemment, formed by Sir Charles Metcalfe, rested mainly on Upper Canada votes; the Baldwin-Lafontaine govern- ment, which followed, rested mait11y on Lower Canada votes. The Act of Union had given equal representation in the Assembly-forty-two members-to each section of the province. Lower Canada at the time had th larger population; but owing to immigration, the census of 1851 showed a balance in favour of Upper Canada. An agitation then sprang up in the west for representation by popula- tion, but the demand was stoutly resisted by Lower Canada. The Hincks govern- ment was defeated in 1854 by a combination of Conservatives and Reformers, and was succeeded in September of that year by a coalition under the premi<,rship of Sir Allan MacN'ab. Under the new government, two very important measures were carried,-the secularization of the clergy reserves, which for over twenty years had been a subject of contention in the country, and the abolition of what was known in Lower Canada as seigneurial tenure. Both were progres ive measures, and the first was as strongly approved in Upper Canada as the second in Lower Canada. In 1855, the seat of government, which had been removed from Toronto to Quebec in the fall of 1851, was again transferred to the former city, where it remain- ed till the summer of 1859. In December, 1857, the question of a permanent seat of government was decided in favour of Ottawa by Her Majesty Queen Victoria, to whom it had been left by a vote of the Canadian Parliament. In 1856 Mr. (afterwards Sir) John A. Macdonald, who, as Attorney General for the West, had b{'en the most influential member of the coalition government, succeeded to the premiership, after ill-health had compelled the retirement of Sir Allan MacNab. Party spirit from this time onwards ran very high. Although a certain section of the Reformers had supported the coalition government, the bulk of the party remained in opposition under the leadership of George Brown, whose policy, while it won him many adherents in Upper Canada, had an opposite effect in Lower Canada, and thus arrayed the two sections of the province against each other. I Improvements in Transportation.-Considerable progress was meanwhile being made in the material development of the country. Even before the union, some important steps had been taken towards the development of a canal system. The Lachine canal was opened for traffic in 1825; the WeIland canal in 1829; the Rideau canal, constructed entirely at the expense of the home government, in 1832, and the Burlington canal, which made Hamilton a lake port, in the same year. An appropriation was made by the legislature of Upper Canada in 1832 for the Cornwall canal, but various causes interfered with the progress of the work, and it was not till the end of the year 1842 that it was completed. Further developments 70 HISTORY A^-D CHRONOLOGY and improvements of the canal system followed, and the progress in this respect has been continuous to the present day. The total expenditure on canals in Canada down to Confederation is officially estimated at $20,962,244. The first steam railway in Canada was opened in 18 7, between Laprairie, at the foot of the Lachine rapids on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, and St. Johns, on the Richelieu river, supplying a link in the rajlway and water communi- cation between Montreal and New York. In 1847 a line was opened between l\lontreal and Lachine. The 'fifties were, however, pre-pminent.ly the pericd of railway e).pansion in pre-Conffderation times. In 1853 ar..d 1854 the Great 'Yest- ern railway was opened from Niagara Falls to Hamilton, London and 'Vindsor. In lR53 communication was completed between l\Iontreal and hland Pond, establish- ing connection with a line from that place to Portbnd, and in 1854 the line was opf'ncd h('tween Quebec and Richmond, thus giving railway communication between Quc1)('c and l\fontreal. In December, 1855, communication was established betwef'n Hamilton and Toronto, and in 1856, by the Grand Trunk railway, between Montreal and Toronto. T Northern railway from Toronto to Collingwood was completed in 18rí5 and the Buffalo and Lake Huron railway between Fort Erie and Goderich in 1 58, though sections of it had been completed and operated earlier. River and lake navigation developed steadily from the year 1809, when the " Accommodation," a steamer owned by John Molson of Montreal, began to ply between Montreal and Quebec. The year 1816 saw the" Frontenac" launched in lake Ontario. Year by year larger and faster vessels were placed on our inland waters, the chief promoters of steamboat enterpri'3es bping in Upper Canada, t.I e Hon. John Hamilton of Kingston and in Lower Canada, the lIon. John Molson. A large and powerful steamboat interest had been created by the middle 'fifties when the competition of the Grand Trunk railway gave a serious blow to lake and river transportation. It was in the 'fifties also that steam navigation was established between Canada and Great Britain. l\lr. (afterwards Sir) Hugh Allan, of l\Iontreal was the pioI).eer in this important enterprise. As early as 1853 some vessels of about 1,200 tons capacity were placed upon the route between Montreal and Liverpool, and in 1855 a mail contract was assigned to the Allan firm for a fortnightly service. The early history of this enterprise was marked by an unparalleled and most discour- aging series of disasters; but with unflagging courage the owners of the Allan line held to their task, repaired t heir los es as best they could, and gradually succeeded in giving the service a high character for regularity and safety. The Genesis of ConfelJeration. 1 -The idea of a federation of the Briti h provinëes in Korth A.merií'a had been mooted at various times. It had been . hinted at in the discussion in the House of Commons on the Constitutional or Canada Act in 1791. \\ïl1iam Lyon Mackenzie suggested it in 1825, and Lord Durham had given it his conRid('ration, but was led to believe it impracti('- ahle in his time. The idea was taken up and strongly advocated by the British American League, a ::;hort-lived political organization of a comwrvative c"haracter formed at Montreal in 1849, with branches in other cities. In 1851 the question was brought before the legislature, but a motion for an address to the (,lueen on the subject only secured bcv('n votes. In 1858, however, a strong speech in its favour was made by Mr. (afterwards Sir) A. T. Galt. Macdonald's government was defeated in 18.3H but was reconstructed Wlder Cartier with union of the IFor a more detailed account or the Conrederation negotiations, see Sir Joseph Pope's article, "The Story or Confederation," in the 1918 Year Book, pp. I-t3. HISTORY OF CAXADA 71 provinces as its policy. The political situation in Great Britain was not favour- able to any decisive action at the time, and some years elapsed before the question was taken up in a practical manner. Towards the close of the year 1861 the country had been greatly excited over the Trent difficulty with the United States. At one moment war between Great Britain and the republic seemed imminent. It was doubtless under the influence of the national feeling thus aroused, that the government led by Cartier intro- duced a Militia BiB of very wide scope. The government at his time was receiving an extremely precarious support; and on their Militia Bill they sustained a decisive defeat, largely owing to the unpopularity of the measure in Lower Canada. Upon the resignation of Cartier and his colleagues, J. S. Macdonald was entru--ted with t.he task of forming a government. Two short-lived administrations followed, when it became apparent that parliamentary government in Canada, as it was then constituted, had come to a dead stop. On several fundamental questions there was betwepn eastern and western Canada an antagonism of views which made it impos::;ible for any government to receive adequate support. Thus the idea of a larger union, with a relaxation of the bonds in which Upper find Lower Canada were struggling, forced itself on the attention of the leading men of both parties. The leader in this new path was undoubtedly Gcorge Brown, who, early in the session, had been appointed chairman of a committee to consider the best means of remedying the political difficulties referred to. The committee had recommended the adoption of a federative system, either as between Upper and Lower Canada or as between all the British North American colonies. Brown having consented to co-operate, if necessary, with his political opponents to that end, a coalition government was formed under the leadcrship of J. A. Macdonald, in which Brown accepted the position of President of the Council. At this very time the three l\Iaritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Bruns- wIck, and Prince Edward Island were considering the question of a federal union amongst themselves, and had arranged a meeting at Charlottetown in September, 1864, to consider the matter. A delegation from the legislature of Canada attended to place their larger scheme before the Maritime delegates. It was agreed to adjourn the convention to Quebec, there to meet on the 10th October. From the deliberations which then took place sprang the Dominion of Canada as it exists to- day; for, although the federation as formed by the British North America Act only embraced the provinces of Ontario and Quebec (Cpper and Lower Canada), New Brunswick and Kava Scotia, provision was made for taking in the remaining pro- vinces and portions of Briti::;h 'North America, as opportunity might offer. The immediate effect of Confederation was to relax the tension between "Gpper and Lower Canada, and, by providing a wider stage of action, to give a new and enlarged political life to all the provinces thus brought into union. The political history of New Brum,wick and Xova Scotia in the period preceding Confederation ran paraHel in many respects with that of "Gpper and La" er Canada. As already mentioned, New Brunswick became a sepnrate province in 1784. Its first Legislative Assembly, consisting of twenty-six members, met at Fredericton in Jnnuary, 1785. It was to be expected that the home authorities, dealing with sparse populations scattered over the vast extents of territory acquired by British arms, should have provided for them institutions and mcthod::; of administration to some extent of a paternal character. It was natur,tl too that the point of view should in the first place be the imperial one. As result two conflicting tendencies arose, the tendency of the strictly colonial systcm to consolidate itself and to form 7 HISTORY AND CHRO.VOLOGY vested interests, and the tendency of increasing population to demand for the people a ful1er measure of political initiative and a well defined responsibility of the gClvernment to the electors. The main difference between the Maritime provinces and the Canadas in this respect was that, while in the latter violent means were employed in order to bring about reforms, in the former, constitutional methods were strictly adhered to. In Nova Scotia, the cause of reform found its strongest champion in Joseph Howe; in New Brunswick the lead was taken by such men as E. B. Chandler aJPi L. A. 'Vilmot. For all the provinces the full recognition and establishment of the principle of responsible government may be as::>igned to the years of 1848 and 1849. The Confederation Agreement and the Extension of Canada.-The prinf'iple of representation according to population was put into operation by the Briti::>h North. America Act, so far as the com,titution of the elective chamber, henf'cforward to be called the "House of Commons," was concerned. In the old Canadian Legislature each section of the province returned sixty-five members. The new province of Quebec retained this measure of representation, and the other provinces wcre allowed repre:-5entation in the same proportion as sixty-five bore to the population of the province of Quebec. In the upper house, or "Senate," equality of representation was establiRhed as between Ontario and Quebec, twenty- four seats being given to each, while Ncw Brun::>wick and Nova Scotia were allowed twelve each. The debts of the several provinces were equitably provided for, and a payment at so much per head of population was madc for provincial expenses out of the federal revenue arising from customs, excise, etc. In the course of a few years, certain financial readjustmcnts which local circumstances seemed to call for were madc in the ca.';;;e of both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In the old province of Canada the extinction of the Hudson's Bay Company's claims in Rupcrt's Land and the Xorthwest and the acquisition and organization of those vast territories had at different times occupied the attention of the govern- ment. In the year 185G the subject was mtlch debated in the press, and in 1857 Chief Justice Draper was sent to England to discuss the matter. In the speech from the throne in the year following the governor-general said; " Correspondence in relation to the Hudson's Bay Company and its territory wil1 be laid before you. It will be for you to consider the propositions made by Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies to the company and to weigh well the bearings of these propositions on the interests and rights of Canada. Papers will al::>o be submitted to you showing denrly the steps taken by the provincial government for the asser- tion of those intere::>ts and rights and for their future maintenance." It was not, however, till after Confederation that definite action was taken. In the first session of the Dominion Parliament an address to the Queen was adopted cmbodying certain resolutions moved by the Hon. William l\IcDougaH. McDougall and Cartier wcre sent to England to follow the matter up, and after some months of negotiation they succeeded in arranging for the transfer. The first province formed out of the ceded territory was Manitoba. The appre- hensions of the half-breed population that certain rights, regarded by them as prescriptive, would not be duly protected, retarded for some months the accession of the new province to the Dominion. An expeditionary force under Sir Garnet (later Field-Marshal Viscount) Wolseley was scnt to the disturbed region, but before its arrival at Fort Garry (September 24, 1870) all opposition had ceased. The date of the legal creation of. the province was July 15, 1870, on which date the Northwest Territories were also placed undcr à territorial government. The HISTORY OF CAN ADA 73 .N r 7' D S r CANAD-\ AT CO FEDER."-TION IX" 1861. (O TARIO, QrEBEe, KO\'A :SCOTl.-\ AND NE\\ ßRL"X"S\HCK). -1< ., +"1 .-..... ... C? .4' Z r E D S l' S CANADA IN 1870, SHO\\ ING TOE NEW PROVINCE OF }IAl'i--':TOßA AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES AS THEN ORGANIZED. 74 HISTORY AXD CHRONOLOGY ',J ::l" 2' E D 1- . A( > \ ,j' 1 ..... ./I' s T -.J t. S _-.J!-' C."-NAD.-\ I:S 1873, SHOWING THJ< ADDITION OF BRITISH CULl. 1IßIA (18ì1) AXD OF PRIX('E J<:UWARD I1SLAND (1873). q . ?' l /f" / ...,. J ! l7- l' E D $' z S T CANADA IN 1905, SIIO\H G Tin; Nt;W PROHX('J<;S Of<' SASKATf'lIIm.-\N AND ALBERTA AND TIlE YI;KUN TI.;RRITUR1:". NOTE.-The political divisions of Canada in 1923 are sho\\n in the coloured map inserted immediately .beCore the table or contents. HISTORY OF CANADA 75 subsequent dcvelopment of the wholc western region, the enlargement (twice) of the limits of Manitoba, the creation out of the Northwest Territories of the two provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta and of the Yukon Territory are matters within recent memory. The maps on pages 73 and 74 illustrate the political development of Canada from 1867 to 1905. In 1867 British Columbia had a separate provincial Go"ernment, established in 1858. After the provincial Legislature had passed resolutions in favour of union with Canada on certain specified conditions, including the construction of a trans- continental railway and the maintenance of a sea service between Victoria and San Francisco, the Pacific province on July 20, 1871, joine! the Confederation. Two years later (July 1, 1873) Prince Edward Island also was admitted. In 1866, the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States of 1:-:G-l had been abrogated. The effect was temporarily depressing so far as Canada was conccrned, but the main result was to c.reate an active search for other markets, and in the same year a commission, headed by Hon. 'Ym. 'McDougall, was f'ent to the ',"est Jlldies and South America with that object. In the same year an attack was inade by the }'enians, chiefly soldiers from the disbanded armies of the northern states, -on t he Niagara frontier. In an engagement which took place near the village of Ridgeway, the Canadian volunteers sustained, for their numbers, considerable loss; but the enemy, hearing of the advance of a body of regular troops, made their scape to the American side, where they were arrested by the civil authorities. An important event in the early history of the Dominion was the negotiation of t1 e Treaty of 'Vashington (1871). The abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, had put an end to the fishing rights in British waters which, under that treaty, .the Americans had enjoyed. American fishermen were, however, slow to recognize or accept the change, and werc bpnt on enjoying the privileges to which they had grown accustomed. 'Yhen some of their vessels were seized and confiscated much ill-feeling arose; and, as the Alabama claims were still unsettled, relations between Great Britain and the United States were in a highly unsatisfactory condition. In these circumstances it was decided to refer the principal matters in dispute between the two countries to a joint commission, consisting of five members from ach; the Canadian Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, was appointed as a member on the British side in order that the interests of Canada might ha e full representation. The Commission accomplished some useful work, inasmuch as . it provided a means for the settlement of the Alabama claims and of the San Juan qucstion; but while the Canadian Parliament ratified thc clauses relating to Canadian intcrests, the fecling was gencral that those interests had in a measure been sacrificed. The fisheries were to be thrown open to the Americans for a period of ten years, and a commission was to decide as to the compensation to be paid to Canada for the privilcge. The Americans were to havc frce navigation of the St. Lawrence and the w;,e of the Canadian canals on the same terms as Canadians, while thc latter were to have the free navigation of lake Michigan. It had been hoped that some compensation might be obtained for losscs inflicted by the Fenians, but the Americans refused absolutely to entertain the proposition. The government that was formed to carry Confederation undcrwent an impor- tant change before that event took place. George Brown resigned in the month of December, 1865, t.he assigned reason being that he could not agree with his col- leagues as to the expediency of pushing negotiations with the government at 'Yashington on the subject of reciprocity. Later, when Confederation had been fully accomplished, a political question arose, namely, whethcr or not the govcrn- 76 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY ment should retain its coalition character. Sir John Macdonald was desirous of ret.aining his Reform colleagues, while Brown held that they should retire; they decided to remain. The first election under Confederation gave the Government a decided majority. The second, held in ISï2, was again favourable to the Government, tl10ugh its- popularity had been somewhat lessened by the dissatisfact ion with t.he Treaty of \Vashington, ratified the year before. Revclations maðe in 1873, as to the means by which election funds had been öbtained by the government brought on a Cabinet crisis. To avoid impcnding defeat in the House of Commons, Sir John l\Iacdonald resigned (Novemb 5, 1873) and Alexander Mackenzie, the recognized lcader of the opposition, was called upon to form a government. A general election held early in the following year gave a large majority to the new administration. The Canadian Pacific and Intercolonial Railways.-The agreement with British Columbia was that the transco tinental railway should be begun within two- years after its becoming a province of the Dominion and the question was engaging the attention of Sir John Macdonald's Government in 1872, whcn an Act was passed defining the conditions on which a contracting company might construct the line. The change of Governmcnt involved to some extent a change of policy on the rail- way question, but the defeat of the Mackenzie Government in September, 1878, threw the conduct of the enterprise again Ïhto the hands of :Macdonald. The plan first adopted was that the railway should be built in sections by the govern- ment, but the difficulties involved were such that in 1880 the work was turned over to a syndicate which undertook to form a company to build a road from a point near North Bay, Om., to the Pacific, for a cash payment of $25,000,000 and 25,000,000 acres of land in what was known as the" Fertile Belt". The contract embraced other points which cannot be detailed. Certain sections of the line which the Government had already built, or was building, were also turned over to- the company. This '" as the origin of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which has since become one of the most powerful corporations in the world, controlling 13,442 miles of railway. The last spike on the main line was driven on November 7, 1885. · In connection with Confederation a guarantee had been given by the Imperial Government of a loan of .f:3,000,000 sterling towards the construction of the Inter- colonial rnilway. There was considerable delay in the construction of this line, .which was not opened through its entire length till the year 1876. That year was further marked by the establishment of the Supreme Court of Canada as a court of appeal from provincial jurisdictions. In the following year an International Commission, created under the terms of the Treaty of Washington to determine the amount to be paid to Canada for the ten years' concession made to the United States in the matter of fisheries, gave an award known as the Halifax award of $5,500,000 in favour of Canada. The National Policy.-The change of Government in 1878 was generally recognized as due to a growing feeling in favour of a protective policy for Canad3, a policy which the Conservative party had adopted, but to which the Liberal leader, Mackenzie, was strongly opposed. A tariff, which may be taken as consti- tuting the first phase of what has f:ince been known as the" National Policy," was introduced by the then Finance Minister, Sir Leonard Tilley, in the session of 1879, the effect of which was to raise the customs duties to an average of about 30 per cent. The first tariff adopted under Confederation, while establishing free trade among the provinces, had imposed duties averaging 15 per cent on all goods HISTORY OF CANADA 77 from abroad. This had been increased to In per cent during the Liberal régime, which had coincided, in the main, with a period of great financial depression. The new tariff was thus a decided step in the direction of protection, and was heJd to be justified by its effect on the trade of the country. The year 1880 was marked by the transfer to Canada by Imperial Order in Council of all Britisll possessions on the North American continent not previously specifically ceded. In the same year the Canadian Academy of Arts was establisll- cd and in the following year the Royal Society of Canada, both of which have been influential in promoting the cultural life of the Dominion. Reference lUts been made to certain troubles incident to the organization of a government for the province of Manitoba in 1869-70. After a lapse of fifteen years the same elements in the population which had tllen resisted the political change a.gain broke out into open rebellion (March, 1885) in the Prince Albert district of the territory of Saskatchewan. Militia regiments were despatched from eastern provinces under the command of General Sir :F. Middleton, and order was complete- ly restored but not without some loss of life. The same year witnessed the com- pletion of the Canadian Pacific railway, the last spike having been driven by Sir Donald A. mith (later Lord Stratllcona and l\Iount RoyaJ) at a point called Craigellachie on November 7. Canada now possessed within her territory a line from ocean to ocean, though the first through train from Montreal tv Vancouver did not pass over the line till the month of June foJIowing. General elections were held in the years 1882, 1887 and 1891, and on each occasion the Government of the day was sustained. On the last occasion, Sir John Macdonald, with his accustomed energy, threw himself into the campaign at a very inclement season of the year, but the strain was too great for his years and, when parliament met on April 29, he was in visibly impaired health. On June 6, 1891, he died, aged 76. By common consent he had done much to shape the political history of Canada. His gifts as leader and statesman were acknowledge I not less freely by opponents than by his supporters. He was succeeded as premier by Sir John Abbot, who had only held the position for a year and a half when the state of his health compelled him to retire. Sir Jolm Thompson, who su('cceded him, reconstructed the Government but died while in England on public business in 1894. Three Conservative premiers had now died in the space of three years and a half. Sir Mackenzie Bowell was then placed at the head of an administration in which certain elements of disunion soon began to manifest themselves, as a result of which Sir Mackenzie, on April 27, 1896, yielded the reins of Government of Sir Charles Tupper, who had for some years been filling the office of High Com- missioner for Canada in London. A question relating to the public schools of Manitoba had now become acute. Upon the establishment of the province a system of " separate schools" was organized under which the control of Catholic schoolf'l was left in the hands of the Catholic section of a general school board. The cancell- ing of this arrangement in 1890 led to protests and a demand for the "remedial legislation" provided for by tlle British North America Act in cases in which educational rights enjoyed by any section of the population before Confederation were abridged or disturbed by subsequent legislation. The Privy Council, to whom the case had finally been appealed, decided that such remedial legislation was called for, and the Dominion Government was consequently under obligation to introduce it. The question was much discussed before and during the general election of June, 1896, but to what extent it influenced the result is doubtful. The Government sustained a decisive defeat (June 23, 1896). 78 HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY The Period of Rapid Development.-The death of Sir John Macdonald had been followed within a year by that of the Ron. Alexander Mackenzie (April 17, 1892). The latter had not, }JOwever, been leader of the Liberal party for the last five years of his life, the Ron. (afterwards Sir) \Vilfrid Laurier having been elevated to that position after the general election of 1887. On the accession to office of his Government on July 13, 1895, it wa'3 recognized that the business of the country had adapted itself to the measure of protection provided and that any abrupt change would be unwise. One of the earliest measures adopted was thereduc- tion" by one-fourth of the customs duties chargcd upon articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United Kingdom, or of certain specified British colonies, or of any others, the customs tariff of which was as favourable to Canada as the proposed preferential tariff to the colonies in question. An impediment to the immediate carrying into effect of tlÜs arrangement was found in the existence of certain commercial treaties made by Great Britain with Germany and Belgium; after this difficulty had been removed by the denunciation of the treaties in question, the reduced inter-Imperial tariff went into operation on August 1, lS 8. From the application of this tariff, wines, spirituous liquors and tobacco were excepted. This" British Preference," as it was called, was further increased to one-third in the year 1900, but in 1904 this method of granting a preference was abandoned in favour of a specially low rate of duty on almost all imported dutiable commodities. In a general election which took place on December 7, 1900, the Government was sU8tained. Rhortly afterwards Queen Victoria died and was succeeded by King Edward YII (January 22, 1901). It had been suggested by the Colonial Secretary (Mr. Clmmberlain), at the accession of the King, that advantage should be taken of the presence in London of the premiers and probably other ministers of the self-governing colonies of the Empire, on the occasion of the coronation, to discuss various matters of imperial import, and a conference at which he presided was opened on June 30 and rcmained in session till August 11. At this conference a number of important resolutions were a opted, including one recognizing the principle of preferential trade within the Empire and favouring its extension, and another recommending the reduction of postage on newspapers and periodicals between different parts of the Empire, to which effect was subsequently given. The development of Canada during tIle last twenty years, in pùpula.tion, commerce and industry has been very marked, and has been especially conspicuous in her western provinces. The Northwest Territories, which at first were governed from \Vinnipeg-the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba being also Lieutenant- Governor of the territories-were organized as the provisional districts of Assi- niboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabaska on May 17, 1882, under a Lieutenant- Governor of their own and with the seat of government at Regina. \Vith the growth of population they rapidly advanced towards provincial status, and on September, 1905, the four territories were organized as the two provinces of Saskat- chewan and Albcrta, with capitals at Regina and Edmonton respectively. Their subsequent progress has been even more remarkable, owing to the large volume of population they have annually received both from the United States and from European countries, in addition to settlers from eastern Cn,nn,da. The discovery of gold in the Yukon country led to its organization as the Yukon Territory (June 13, 1898), and as such it rcturns a member to the House of Commons. The mining of gold and silver in Canada led to the establishment at Ottawa (January 2, 1908) of a branch of the Royal Mint, where gold, silver, nickel and copper coins are struck for circulation in the Dominion. HISTORY OF CANA.DA 79 Two very important arbitrations in wllich Canada was much interested have taken place since 1890, the first relating to the rights possessed by British subjecte in the seal fisheries of Behring sea, and the second as to the bOlmdary between Alaska (purchased by the United States from Russia in 18(7) and Canada. In the first case the claims advanced, mainly on behalf of Canada by Great Britain, were fully upheld (September, 1893). In the second there was some disappoint- ment in Canada over the award (October, 1903), which did not, however, in any serious degree affect Canadian interests. Canada's Part in the South African War.-In the year 1899, the difficulties which had arisen between the British government and the Transvaal, on the sub- ject of the legal disabilities under which British subjects in that country were labour- ing, resulted in a declaration of war by the Republic. Sympathy with the MotHer Country became so acute in Canada-as also in New Zealand and Australia- that the Government felt impelled to take a share in the struggle by sending Cana- dian troops to the scene of action. A first cont.ingent of the Royal Canadian Regiment left Quebec on the steamer Sardinian on October 30, 1899. Others of this force followed, numbering in all 1,150 officers and men, while Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Dragoons and an artillery corps were also despatched to the front. In addition, Lord Strathcona sent out, at hi own e pense, a special mounted force of 597 officers and men. A total of 3,Om officers and men were despatched to South Africa in the years 1899 and 1900. The Canadian troops distinguishcd them- selves by their bravery, part.icularly in the battle of Paardebcrg (February 27, 1900) in which the Boer general, Cronje, WI'J.S forced to surrender. In 1901 there was a further enlistment in Canada of Mounted Rifles to the number of 900, at the expense of the Imperial Government, and also of 1,200 men for service in the South Mrican constabulary. Conclusion.-Politically, during the greater part of the pre-war period, Canada remained under the Government of Sir 'Wilfrid Laurie.r, which, however, was defeated in 1911 on the issue of freer trade relations with the United States. The succeeding Conservative Government, under Sir Robert L. Borden, held office during the earlier 'part of the Great 'Yar, but toward its close broadened out to include Liberals who beli{'ved in the application of a measure of conscription to re- inforce the Canadians at the front. The Union Government, still under Sir Robert Borden, was sustained at tlle election of December, 1917, and remained in office throughout the remainder of the war ånd demobilization period, but the Liberals who had consented in a great emergency to support it, one by one retraced their steps. Finally, the increasing weakness of the Government led its new lender, Mr. Arthur Meighen, to appeal to the country, which, in December, 1921. returned to power the Liberals under Mr. Mackenzie King, who had succeeded Sir \\ïlfrid Laurier as Liberal leader on the death of the latter in 1919. A notable feature of the election wn,S the return to the House of Commons of 65 Progressive members, mainly agriculturists from Ontario and the Prairie provinces, their number consider- ably exceeding that of the Conservatives in the new Parliament. Economically, the period between 1900 and the outbreak of the war was one of rapid expansion, owing largely to the great influx of immigrant labour (see sub- section "Immigration "), and of capita], the total outside capital invested in Canada in 1914 being estimated at 3,500,000,OOO, nearly 80 p.c. of which was British. This capital was largely inve-,;tcd in the construction of the new trans- continental railways, which had been enabled to secure it partly through the guaranteeing of their bond by Dominion and Provincial Governments. The 80 HISTORY Az...-D CHRONOLOGY untimely ending of the rapid growth period owing to the war, revealed that these railways could not meet their ob]igations, and the result was nationalization along the lines of the Drayton-Acworth report. (See sub-section" Steam Railways "). During and since the war, investments in Canada by the capitalists of the United StatEs have greatly increased and at the commencement of 1923 Canada's total indebtcdness to the outside world has been estimated at $5,250,000,000, about $2,750,000,000 to the United Kingdom and $2,500,000,000 to the United States. , But while indebtedness has thus increased, nationaJ weahh and national income have grown at least proportionately with these obligations to the people of other countrics. Our intelligent and industrious population can still face the future with confidence. The history of Canada has now been covered in briefest outline down to the commencemcnt of the war. The history of the war and Canada's part in it was dealt with in the leading article of the 1919 Year Book; the story of reconstruction in Canada h[ts been summarized in the leading article of the 1920 Year Book; a dcscription of the changes brought about by the war in the imperial and inter- national status of Canada will be found in the next section of the present volume; to these articles the interested reader is referred. II.-CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA, 1497 to 1923. 1497. June 24, E:lstern coast of North America discovered by John Cabot. 1498. Cabot discovers Hudson strait. 1501. Gaspar Corte Real visits New- foundland and Labrador. 1524. Verrazano explores the coast of Nova Scotia. 1534. June 21, Landin/1; of Jacques Cartier at Esquimaux bay. 1535. Carticr's second voyage. lIe as- cends the St. Lawrence to Stada- cona (Quebec), (Sept. 14), and Hochelal1;a (Montreal), (Oct. 2). 1541. Cartier's third voyage. 1542-3. Dc Rouerval and his party winter at Cap Rouge, and are rescued by Cartier on his fourth voyage. 1557. Sept. I, Death of Cartier at :::)t.Malo, France. 1592. Straits of .Juan de Fuca discovered by df' Fuea. lß03. June 22, Champlain's first landing in Canada, at Quebec. lßO.3. Founding of Port Uoyal (Anna- polis, N.S.). lß08. Champlain's seeond vi it. July 3, Founding of Quebec. lß09. .July, Champlain discovers lake Champlain. 1610-11. Hmlson f'xplores Hudson bay and James bay. 1611. Brulé ascends the Ottawa river. 1612. Oct. 15, Champlain made lieu- tenant-general of New Franee. 1613. June, Champlain ascends the Ottawa river. 1615. Champlain e"\plores lakes Nipis- sing, Huron and Ontario. (Dis- covered by Brulf anù Le Caron). 1616. First schools opened at Three Rivers and Tadoussac. l(j20. Population of Quebec, 60 persons. 1621. Code of laws issued, and register of births, deaths and marriages opened in Quebec. 1622. Lake Supprior discovered by Brulê. 1623. First British settlement of Nova Scotia. 1627. New France and Acadia granted to the Company of 100 Associates. 1628. Port Royal taken by Sir David Kirke. 1629. April 24, Treaty of Susa between France and England. July 20, Quebec taken by :::;ir David IGrke. 1632. March 29, Canada and Acadia restored to France by the Treaty of St. Gf'rmain-en-Laye. 1633. May 23, Champlain made first governor of New France. 1634. July 4, Founding of Three Rivers. 1634-35. E"ploration of the Great Lakes by Nicolet. 1635. Dec. 25, Death of Champlain at Quebec. 1638. June 11, First recorded earthquake in Canada. 1640. Discovery of lake Erie by Chau- monot and Bré heuf. 1641. Resident population of New France, 240. 1642. May 17, founding of Ville-Marie (:Montreal) . 1646. Exploration of the Saguenay by Dablon. 1647. Lake St. John discovered by de Quen. CHROYOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CiLYAIJA. 81 1648. :March 5, Council of New France ereated. 1649. March 16-17, lurder of Fathers Brébeuf and Lalemant by Indians. 16J4. Aug., Amdia takpn by an expe- dition from New England. 16.55. Nov. 3, Aeadia restored to France by the Treaty of Westminster. 1639. June 16, François de Laval arrives in Canada as Vicar-Apostolic. 1660. :May 21, Dollanl dps Ormeau"'{ and si"teen companions killed at the Lon!!: Sault, Ottawa river. 1663. Company of 100 Associates dis- solved. Feb. 5, severe earth- quake. April, Sovereign Council of Kew France f'stahlislwd. Popula- tion of Kew France, 2,WO, of whom 800 were in Quebec. 1664. May, Company of the West Indies founded. 1665. Mar. 23, Talon appointed intendant. Population of New France, 3,21.';. 1667. July 21, Aeadia restored to Franee by the Treaty of Breda. White population of New France, 3,918. 1668. Mission at Sault Ste. Marie founded by Marquette. 1670. :May 13, Charter of the Hudson's Bay Comp'lny grant d. 1671. Population of Af'adia, 441. 1672. Population of Kew France, 6,705. April 6, Comte de Frontenac governor. 1673. June 13, Cataraqui (Kingston) founded. 1674. Oct. I, Laval becomes first Bishop of Quebee. 1675. Population of Kew Franre, 7,832. 1678. Xiagara Falls visited by Hennepin. 1679. Ship Le Griffon built on Kiagara river above the falls by La Salle. Population of New France, 9,400; of Aeadia, 51!í. 1682. Frontenac recalled. 1683. Population of New France, 10,2.51. 16R,'). C'ard money issued. 1686. Population of New France, 12,373; of Acadia, 88.5. 1687. March 18, La Salle assassinatpd. 1689. June 7, Frontcnac reappointed gover- nor. Aug. 5, Massac.re of whites by Indians-at Laehine. 1690. May 21, Sir William Phipps captures Port Royal, but is repulsed in an attack on Quebec (Oct. 16-21). 1691. Kelsey, of the Hudson's Bay Co.. reaehes the Rocky Mountains. 1692. Population of New Franee, 12,431. Oct. 22, Defence of Verchères against Indians by Magdeleine de Verchères. 1693. Population of Acadia, 1,009. 1697. Sept. 20, by the Treaty of Rys- wiek, places taken during the war are mutually restored. D'Iberville defeats the Hudson's Bay Co.'s ships on Hudson Bay. 1698. Nov. 28, Dpath of Frontenac. Popula- tion of K ew France, 15,355. 62373-6 1703. June 16, SovereiJ:m Couneil of Canada becomes Superior Council and membership increased from 7 to 12. 1706. Population of Kew France, 16,417. 1709. British invasiol1 of Canada. 1710. Oct. 13, Port Royal taken by Nichol- son. 1711. Sept. 1, Part of Sir H. Walker's flcet, procpeding against Quebec, \\ re(' ked off the Sew'n Islands. '1713. April 11, Trpaty of Utref'ht; Hud- son bay, Acadia and N e" found- land ceded to Great Britain. Aug., Louisbourg founc!('d by the Freneh. Population of New France, 18,119. 1720. Population of New Fmnre, 24.234, of Isle' St. Jean (P.E.I.), about 100. April 2.), Gon rnor and C'oundl of ova Scotia appointed. 1721. June ]9, burning of about one half of Montreal. 1727. Population of New Francp, 30,613. 1728. Population of Isle t. Jean (F.E.I.), 330. 1731. Population of the north of the penin- sula of A('adia, 6,0.00. 1734. Road opened from Quebec to Mon- treal. Population of New France, 37,716. 1737. Iron smelted at St. Maurire. French population of the north of the Acadia peninsula. 7, !í{18. 1739. Population of l'\ew Franre. 42,701. 174,5. June 17, Taking of Louisbourg by Pf'ppcrell and Warren. 1747. Marquis de La Jonquière appointed govprnor, raptured at sea by the English, took offiee A Jig. I.';, 1749. 1748. Ort. ]8, Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle. Louisbourg restored to France in e"chan!!:e for :\Iadras. 1749. June 21, Founding of Halifax. British immigrants brought to Nova Srotia by Governor Cornwallis, 2,544 persons. Fort Rouillé (Toronto) built. 1750. St. Paul's Church, Halifa" (oldest An dÌC'an church in Canada) huilt. 1752. :\larch 2.5, Issue of the Halifax "Gazette," first pappr in C'an- ada. British and German popula- tion of Kova Smtia, 4,203. May 17, Death of. La .Jonquière. 1754. Population of Kcw Fraure, !),'J,OOO. 1755. July 10, Iarqui8 de Vauùreuil- C'avagnal govprnor. Sept. 10, E"pulsion of the A.cadians Crom Nova cotia. 1756. f1even Years' ,,,oar between Great Britain and Franre. 1758. July 26, :Final capture of Louis- bourg by the British. Oct. 7, First mpeting oC the Legislature of Noya Seotia. 1759. July 2.';, Taking of :Fort Niag3;ra by the British. July 26, Beg;m- ning of the Sicge of Quebec. July 31, Frenrh virtory at Beauport Flats. Sept. 13, Defeat of the 82 HISTORY AND CHROSOLOGY French on the Plains of Abraham. Death of Wolfe. Sept. 14, Death of Montcalm. Sept. 18, Surrender of Quebec. 1i60. April 28, Victory of the French under Levis at Ste. Foy. Sept. 8, Surrender of Montreal. Military rule set up in Canada. Popula- tion of New France, 70.000. 1762. British population of Nova Scotia, 8.104. First British settlement in New Brunswick. 1763. Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris by which Canada and its dependencies arc ceded to the British. May, Rising of Indians undcr Pontiac, who take a number of forts and defeat the British at Bloody Run (July 31). Oct. 7, Civil govern- ment proclaimed. Cape Breton and Isle St. Jean annexed to Nova Scotia; Labrador, Anticosti and Magdalen islands to Newfound- land. Nov. 21, General Jas. Murray appointed governor in chief. First Canadian post offices established at Montreal, Three Rivers and Quebec. 1764. June 21, First issue of- the Quebec "Gazette." Aug. 13, Civil goyern- ment established. 1765. Publication of till' first book printed in Canada, "Catéchisme du Diocèse de Sens." May 18, lontreal nearly de!-.troyed by fire. Population of Canada, 69.810. 1766. July 24, Peace made with Pontiac at Os\\ego. 1768. Charlottetown, P.E.I. founded..April ] 1, Great fire at Montreal. April 12. Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dor- chester) governor in chief. 1i69. Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) separated from ova Scotia, with governor and council. li7Q-72. Hearne's journey to the Cop- permine and Slave rivers and Great Slave lake. 1ï73. Suppression of the order of Jesuits in ('anada and escheat of their estates. 1íi4. Junf' 22, Thf' QUf'her Act passed. 1775. May 1, The Quehec Act comes into force. Outbreak of the American Revolution. M 0 n t- gomery and Arnold invade Canada. N ov. 12, Montgomery takes Mon- treal; Dec. 31, is defeated and killed in an attack on Queber. 1776. The Americans are defeated and driven from Canada by Carlf'ton. 1777. Sept. 18, General Frederick Haldi- mand governor in chief. 1778. Captain Jas. Cook explores Noot- ka sound and claims the north- west coast of America for Great Britain. June 3, First issue of the Montreal "Gazette." 1783. Sept. 3, Treaty of Versailles, recog- nizing the independence of the Unitf'd States. Organization of the Northwest Company at Mont- 1784. real. Kingston, Ont.. and Sf. John. N.B., founded by United Empire Loyalists. Population of Canada, 113,012. Aug. 16, New Brunswick and (Aug. 26) Cape Breton separated from N ova Scotia. May ]8, Inrorporation of Parrtown (St. John, K.B.). April 22, Lord Dorchester again governor in chief. Oct. 23; Govern- ment of New Brunswick moved from St. John to Fredcricton. C. Inglis appointed Anglican bishop of Kova :-;cotia-first colonial bishopric in the British Empire. King's College, Windsor, N.S. opened. Sailing packet service established between Great Brit- ain and Halifax. Quebec and Halifax Agricultural Societies established. Spain surrenders her exclusive rights on the Paci fic coast. Population of Canada, 161,311. (This census does not include what becomes in the next year Upper Canada.) The Constitutional Act divides the provinre of Quebec into Upper and Lo\\er Canada, each with a lieutenant-governor and legis- lature. The Act goes into force Dec. 26. Sept. 12, Colonel J. G. Simcoe, first lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada. Sept. 17, Fin,t legislature of Upper Canada opened atN ewark(Niagara). Dec. 17, First legislature of Lower Canada opened at Quebec. Van- couver island circumnavigated by Vancouver. April 18, First issue of the "Ppper Canada Gazette." June 28, Jacob Mountain appointed first Angliran bishop of Quebec. July 9, Importa- tion of slaves into Upper Canada forbidden. Rocky M 0 u n t a ins crossed by (Sir) Alexander Marken- zie. York (Toronto) founded by Simcoe. Nov. 19, Jay's Treaty betwf'en Great Britain and the "Lnitl'd States. Pacific Coast of Canada finally given up by the Spaniards. Government of Upper Canada moved from Niagara to York (Toronto). St. John's Island (population 4.500) rc-named Prince Edward Island. Founding of New Brunswick College, Fredericton (now Uni- versity of N .B.). The Rocky Mountains crossed by David Thompson. Settlers sent by Lord Selkirk to Prince Edward Island. Nov. 22, Issue of "Le Canadien" -first wholly French ne\\spaper. Population- t pper Canada, 70.718; Lower Canada, 2....0.000; New Bruns- wick, 35,000; P.E.I., 9,676. 1i85. 1786. 1787. li88. 1789. 1790. 1i9!. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1798. 1800. 1803. 1806. CHROXOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CAXADA. 83 1807. Simon Fraser explores the Fraser river. Estimated population of Nova Scotia, 65,000. 1809. Nov. 4, First Canadian steamer runs from Montreal to Quebec. 1811. Lord Selkirk's Red River settle- ment founded, on land granted by Hudson's. Bay Company. 1812. June 18, Declaration of war by the United States. July 12, Americans under Hull cross the Detroit river. Aug. 16, Detroit surrendered by Hull to Brock. Oct. 13, Defeat of the Americans at Queenston Heights and death of Gen. Brock. 1813. Jan. 22, British victory at French- town. April 27, York (Toronto) taken and burned by the Ameri- cans. June 5, British victory at Stoney Creek. June 24, British, warned by Laura Secord, captured an American force at Beaver Dams. Sept. 10, Commodore Per- ry destroys the British flotilla on lake Erie. Oct. 5, Americans under Harrison defeat the British at Moraviantown. Tecumseh killed. Oct. 26, Victory of French-Cana- dian troops under de Salaberry at Chateauguay. Nov. 11, Defeat of the Americans at Crysler's Farm. British storm Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo. 1814. March 30, Americans repulsed at La Colle. ::\Iay 6, Capture of Oswego by the British. July 5, American victory at Chippawa. July 25, British victory at Lun- dy's Lane. July. British from Nova Scotia invade and occupy northern Maine. Sept. 11, British defeat at Plattsburg on lake Cham- plain. Dec. 24. Treaty of Ghent ends the war. Population - Upper Canada, 95,000; Lower Canada, . 335,000. 1815. July 3, Treaty of London regulates trade with the United Htates. The Red River settlement destroy- ed by the Northwest Company but restored by Governor Semple. 1816. June 19, Governor Semple killed. The Red River settlement again destroyed. 1817. July 18, First treaty \\ ith the Northwest Indians. Lord Hdkirk restores the Réd River settlement. Opening of the Bank of Montreal; first- note issued Oct. 1. Popula- tion of Nova Scotia, 81,351. 1818. Oct. 20, Convention at London regulating North American fish- eries. Dalhousie College, Halifax. founded. Bank of Quebec founded. 1819-22. Franklin's overland Arctic ex- pedition. 1820. Oct. 16, Cape Breton re-annexed to Nova Scotia. 1821. March 26, The Northwest Com- pany absorbed by the Hudson's 62373-6! 1822. 1824. 1825. Bay Company. Charter given to McGill College. Population of Lower Canada, 427,46.5. Population of Upper Canada, 150,066; of New Brunswick, 74,176. Oct. 6, Great fire in the Miramichi district, N.B. Opening of the Lachine canal. Population of Lower Canada, 479,288. Founding of Bytown (Ottawa). Sept. 29, Convention of London relating to the territory west of the Rocky mountains. Popula- tion of Nova Scotia, including Cape Breton, 123,630. The Methodist Church of Upper Canada separated from that of the United States. Nov. 27, First WeIland canal opened. Upper Canada College founded. June 1, The North Magnetic Pole discovered by (Sir) James Ross. Population Upper Canada, 236,702; Lower Canada, 553,131; Assiniboia, 2,390. Outbreak of cholera in Canada. Incorporation of Qupbec and Mon- treal. Bank of N ova Scot ia founded. May 30, opening of the Rideau canal. Aug. 18, The steamer 1coyal William, built at Quebec, leaves Pictou for England. Feb. 21, The Ninety-two Resolu- tions on public grievances passed by the Assembly of Lower Can- ada. Mar. 6, Incorporation of Toronto. Population of Upper Canada, 321,143; of New Bruns- wick, 119,457; of AssiniiJoia, 3,3:>6. July 21, Opening of the first rail- way in Canada from Laprairie to St. John's, Que. Victoria Uni- versity opened at Cobourg (after- wards moved to Toronto). Rf'port of the Canada Commis- sioners. Rebellions in Lower Canada (Papineau) and Upper Canada (W. L. :Mackenzie). Nov. 23, Gas lighting first used in Montreal. Feb. 10, Constitution of Lower Canada suspended and Spccial Council created. March 30, The Earl of Durham governor in chief. April 27, Martial law revoked. June 28, Amnesty to political prisoners proclaimed. Nov. 1, Lord Durham, censured by British parlia- ment, resigns. Populat.ion- Upper Canada, 339,422; Assiniboia, 3,966; Nova Scotia, 202,575. Feb. 11, Lord Durham's report submitted to parliament. John Strachan made first Anglican bishop of Toronto. July 23, Passing of the Ac of Un on. First ship of the Cunard lme arnveð at Halifax. July 28, death of Lord Durham. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 84 HISTORY AND CHROKOLOGY 1841. Feb. to, Union of the h\o provinces -as the province of Canaùa, with I\.ing::.ton as eapital. Feb. 13, Draper-Ogden administration. April 10, Halifax incorporated. June 13, Meeting of first united Parliament. Sept. 19, Death of Lord ydenham. Population of Upper Canada, 45.),688; of P.E.I., 4ï ,042. 1842. :March 10, Opening of Queen's Univer- sity, King::.ton. Aug. 9, The Ash- hurton Treaty. Sept. 16, Baldwin- Lafontaine admini::;tration. 1843. June 4, Vietoria, B.C. found('d. Dcc. 12, Draper-Viger administra- tion. King's (now l'niversity) Col- lege, Toronto, opened. 1844. May 10, Capital moved from I\:ing- :,.ton to Montreal. Knox College, Toronto, founded. Population of Lo" ('r Canada, 697,084. 184.5. May 2R and June 28, Great fires at Quebec. Franklin starts on his last Aretir e}..pcdition. 1846. May 18, Kingston ineorporated. June 15, Oregon Boundary Treaty. June 18, Draper-Papineau ad ministration. 1847. May 29, Shen\Ood-Papineau admin- istration. Electric tplpgraph s( r- vicp opened; Aug. 3, 1\1ontreal to Toronto; Oct. 2, 1\[ontreal to Que- her. Nov. 23, Montreal-Laehine railway opened. 1848. Man'h 11, Lafontaine-Baldwin administration. May 30, Frf'df'r- icton incorporated. Responsible gOH'rnment granted to Nova Scotia and Xew Brunswiek. 1849. April 2.'), Signing of the Rebellion Losses Act, rioting in Montreal and burning of the Parliament buildings. K ov. 14, Toronto made the Capital. Yancouver island granted to the Hudson's Bay ('om- pany. Population of Assiniboia, 5,391. 18.51. April 6, Transfer of the postal systf'm from the British to the Provincial Government: uniform rate of post- age introduced. April 23, Pm,tage stamps issued. Aug. 2, Incorpora- tion of Trinity Collf'gf', Toronto. Sept. 22, Queb('e lwcomes the Capital. Oct. 2S, Hinrks-!\iorin admini::;tration. Res p 0 n sib 1 e government grantt.d to Prince Edward Island. Population - Fpper Canada, 9:")2,0.04; Lo\\er Canada, 890,261; Kew Brunswick, HJ3,800; Nova Scotia, 276,854. 1852. July 8, Great fire at Montreal. Dec. 8, Laval University, Quebec, open- ed. The Grand Trunk railway chartered. 1854. June 5, R('ciprocity Treaty with the Pnited tates. Sept. 11, MacNab- :\Iorin m ini::;try. eign('urial tenure in Lower Canada aholished. Secu- larization of the rl<< rgy r('s('rv('s. 1855. Jan. 1, Incorporation of Ottawa. Jan. 27, [arNab-Taché administra- tion. March 9, Opening of the Niaf!:ara suspension bridge. April 17, Incorporation of Charlottetown. Oct. 20, Government moved to Toronto. 1836. The Legislative Counril of Canada is made elertive. First meeting of the kgislature of Vancouver island. l\lay 2;!, Taché-J. A. :\Iac- donald administration. Oct. 27, Opening of the Grand Trunk rail\\ay from 1\lontr('al to Toronto. Popu- lation of .Assiniboia, 6,691. 1857. Nov. 26, J. A. Macdonald-Cartier administration. Dec. 31, Ottawa ehosen by Quecn VictOJia as future capital of Canada. 1858. Feh., Dis('overy of gold in Fraser River valley. July I, Intro- durtion of Canadian decimal cur- rency. Aug. 2, Bro-wn-Dorion administration. Aug. 5, Comple- tion of the Atlantic cable: first message ::;ent. Aug. 6, Cartier- J. A. Mardonald administration. Aug. 20, Colony of British Columhia established. Control of Van('ouver island surrendered by the Hudson's Bay Company. 1859. Jan., Canadian silver coinage issued. ept. 24, Government moved to Quebf'c. 1860. Aug. 8, The Prince of Wales (King Erh\ard VII) arrives at Quebec. Sept. I, Laying of the corner stone of the Parliament buildings at Ottawa by the Prince of \Vales. Prince of \\ales College, Charlotte- to"n, founded. 1861. Aug. 14, Great flood at 1\Iontreal. Sept. 10, Meeting of the first Anglican provincial synod. Popula- tion- Upper Canada, 1,396,091; lower Canada, 1,1l1, 66; New Brunswick, 2.j2,04i; O\'a Scotia, 330,S.5i: Prince Edward Island, 80,R.'jï. 1862. May 24, 8andfield Macdonald-Sicotte administration. Aug. 2, Victoria, B.C., incolporated. 1863. May 16, andficld Macdonald-Dorion administration. 1864. March 30, Tarhé-J. A. Macdonald administration. Conferences on confederation of Briti::;h North A.meril'a; ept. I, at Charlotte- to\\n; Oct. 10-29, at Quebec. Oct. 19, Raid of Amf'rican Con- CPderates from Canada on St. Albans, Y crmont. 1865. Feb. 3, The Canadian J,egislature resolves on an address to the Queen praying for union of the provinee::; of British orth Amerira. AUf!:. 7, Belleau-J. A. Macdonald administration. Oct. 20, Proclam- ation fixing the scat of government at Ottawa. 1866. :Mar. 17, Termination of the Reci- procity Treaty by the United States. May 31, Raid of Fenians from the Gnited Statcs into Can- CHROXOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CA.I\-ADA. 85 ada; they are defeated at Ridge- way (June 2) and retreat across the border (June 3). June 8, First meeting at Ottawa of the Canadian legislature. Nov. 17, Proclamation of the union of Vancouver island to British Columbia. 1867. March 29, Royal assent given to the British North America Act. July 1, The Act comes into force; Union of the provinces of Canada, Kova Scotia and New Brunswick as the Dominion of Canada; Upper and Lower Canada made separate provinces as Ontario and Quebec; Viscount Monck first governor gpneral, Sir John A. Macdonald premier. Kov. 6, Meeting of the fi rst Dominion Parliament. 1868. April 7, Murder of D' Arcy McGee at Ottawa. July 31, The Rupert's Land .Act authorizes the acqui- sition by the Dominion of the Northwest Territories. 1869. June 22, Act pro\'iding for the govern- ment of the ::-Jorthwest Territories. !'\ov. 19, Deed of surrender to the Crmvn of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany's territorial rip:hts in the orthwest. Outbreak of the Red Rivèr Rebellion under Riel. 1870. May 12, Act to establish the province of Manitoba. July 15, Northwest Territories transferred to the Dom- inion and Manitoba admitted into Confederation. Sept. 24, Wolseley's expedition reaches Fort Garry (Win- nipeg); end of the rebellion. 1871. April 2, First Dominion census (populations at this and succeeding enumerations given in :r premier. Aug., Gold discovered in the Klondyke. AUI?;. 19, Opening of the eighth Dominion Parliament. 1897. July, Third Colonial Conference in London. Dec. 17, Award of the Behring Sea Arbitration. 1898. June 13, The Yukon district estab- lished as a separate territory. Aug. I, The British Preferentml Tariff of Canaäa goes into - force. Aug. 23, :Meeting at Quebec of the Joint High Commission between Canada and the C"nited tates. Dec. 25, British Imperial Penny (2 cent) Postage introduced. 1899. Oct. 11, Beginning of the South African war. Oct. 29, First Can- adian Contingent leaves Quebec for outh Africa. 1900. Feb. 27, BattIe of Paardeberg. April 26, Great fire at Ottawa and Hull. 1901. Jan. 22, Death of Queen Victoria and accession of IGng Edward VII. Feb. 6, Opening of tho ninth Dominion Parliament. April I, Fourth Dominion eensus. Sept. 16-0ct. 21, Visit to Canada of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (King George V and Queen :Mary). 1902. May 31, End of South African War, peace signed at Vereenigmg. June 30, Meeting of fourth Colonial Conference in London. 1903. Jan. 24, Slgmng of the Alaska Boun- dary Convention. June 19, Incor- poration of Regina. Oct. 20, A ward of the Alaskan Boundary Commission. 1904. Feb. 1, Dominion Railway Com- mission established. April 19, Great fire in Toronto. Oct. 8, Incorporation of Edmonton. 1905. Jan. 11, Opening of the tenth Domin- ion Parliament. Sept. 1, Creation of the provinces of .\lberta and Saskatchewan. 1906. University of Alberta found(,)d. Oct. 8, Interprovincial Conference at Ottawa. 1907. :March 22, Industrial Disputes Investigation Act passed. .\pril 15-l\Iay 14, Fifth Colonial Con- ference in London. New customs tariff including introduction of intermediate tariff. Sept. 19, Npw Commercial Convention with France signed at Paris. Oct. 17, First message by wireless tele- graphy bet"\\een Canada and the United IGngdom. universIty of Saskatchewan founded. 1908. Jan. 2, Establishment of (ìttawa braneh of Royal ::\Jint. .Apnl 11, Arbitration treaty between T.:nited Kingdom and United States. May 4, Ratifiration of Treaty for demareation of hound- ary betw('en ranada and United States. June 21-23, Bicentenary of Bishop Land celebrated at Quebec. July 20-31, Quebec tercentenary c('le- blation::;; ViSIt to Quebec of Prim'e of \\ ales. .Au . . C rf'at fire in J{ootenay Valley, B.C. Pniver- sity of British Columbia founded. 909. Jan. 11, Signing of International Boundary \\ aters Convention bet\\een Canada and enited States. Jan. 20, opening of 11th Dominion Parliament. May 19, Appointment of Canadian Com- mission of Conservation. July 28. Conference on Imperial Defence in London. 1910. May 4, Pas:-ing of Naval Service Bm. :M ay 6, Death of JGng Edward VII and accession of King George V. June 7, Death of Goldwin Smith. Sept. 7, Korth Atlantie Coast Fisheries Arbitration award of the Hague Tribunal. Kew trade agreement made with Ger- many, Belgium, Holland and It:'lly. 1911. May 23-.June 20, Imperiai Conference in London. June I, Flfth Dominion census. July 11. DIsastrous fires in Porcllpme district. Sept. 21, General election. Oct. 10, (::5ir)R. L. Borden premier. Oct. 11, In- au uration at Kitrhener of Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Transmis- sion Rystf'lll. Kov. 15, Opening of 12th Dominion Parliament. 1912. April 15, Logs of the steambhip Titanic. April 15, Appointment of Dominions Royal Commis JOII. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY-OF CANADA 87 . May 15, Extension of the bound- aries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. June 17, Judgment delivered by the Imperial Privy Council on the marriage question raised by the ne temere decree. 1913. April 10, Japanese Treaty Act assented to. June 2, Trade agree- ment with ',"est Indiea came into force. 1914. Jan. 21, Death of Lord Strathcona and )Iount Royal, aged 94. May 29, Loss of the steamship Empress of !rel md. Au!!;. 4, war with Ger- many; Aug. 12, with Austria-Hun- gary; Kov. 5, with Turkey. Aug. 18-22, pecial war session of Can- adian Parliament. Oct. 16, First Canadian contingent of over 33,000 troope land at Plymouth, Eng. 1915. Feb., First Canadian '.contingent lands in France and proceeds to Flandels. Apri122, :-'econd battle of Y pres. April 24, Battle of St. Julien. }Iay 20-26, Battle of Festubert. June 15, Battle of Givenchy; gallantry of Canadian troops highly eulogized by F .-)1. ir John French. Oct. 30, Death of Sir Charles Tupper. Xov. 22, Issue of Canadian ,\ ar Loan of $50,000,000. Xov. 30, War loan increased to 8100,000,000. 1916. Jan. 12, Order in Council author- izing increase in number of Cana- dian troops to 500,000. Feb. 3, Destruction of the Houses of Parliament at Ottawa by fire. April 3-20, Battle of t. Eloi. June 1, Census of prairie provinces. June 1-3, Battle of Sanc- tuary Wood. Sept. 1, Corner- stone of new Houses of Parliament laid by Duke of Connaught. Sept., Issue of second ,var 10an,$100,000,000. HH7 Feb. 12-May 15, Visit to England of Prime :Minister and colleagues for Imperial Conference. Feb. 21, Final Heport of Dominions Royal Commission. March, Third war loan, $150,000,000. March 20-)lay 2, Meetings in London of Imperial War Cabinet. March 21-April 27, Imperial War Conference. April 5, Declaration of "ar against Ger- many by C'nited States. April 9, Capture of Yimy Ridge. .June 21, Appointment of Food Controller. Aug: IS, Battle of Loos, capture of Hill 70. Aug. 29, Passing of !\Iili- tary Service Act. Sept. 20, Com- pletion of Quebec bridge. Sept. 20, Parliamentary franchi5e extended to women. Dominion Government authorized to purchase 600,000 shares of C. . R. stock. Oct. 26-:r\ ov. 10, Battle of Passchendaele. Nov. 12, Fourth Voar loan (Victory Bonds). Dec. 6, Disastrous explosion at Halifax, N.S., Dec. 17, General election and Union Government sustained. 1918. Mar. 18, Opening of first session of 13th Parliament. ::\Iar. 21, Germans launch critical offensive on west front. Mar.-April, Second battle of the Somme. April 17, Secret session of Parliament. June-July Prime Minister and colleagues attend Imperial War Conference in London. July 18, Allies assume successful offensive on west front. _\ug. 12, Battle of Amiens. Aug. 26- 28,Capture of Monchy Ie PreU"'{. Sept. 2-4, Breaking of Drocourt-Quéant line. Sept. 16, Austrian peace note. Sept. 27-29, Capture of Bourlon Wood. Sept. 30, Bulgaria surrend- ers and signs armistice. Oct. 1-9, Capture of Cambrai. Oct., Serious influenza epidemic. Oct. 6, First German peace note. Oct. 20, Cap- ture of Denain. Oct. 2.}..-Nov. 2, Capture of Valenciennes. Oct. 28, Issue of fifth war loan for S300,OOO,000 in the form of Victory Bonds. Oct. 31, Turkey surrenders and signs armistice. :!\ov. 4, Aus- tria-H ungary surrenders and signs armistice. Nov. 10, Flight into Holland of German Emperor. Capture of1\lons. Kov.ll, Germany surrenders and signs armistice. 1919. Feb. 17, Death of Sir \\ ilfrid Laurier. Feb. 2O-July 7, Second session of 13th Parliament of Canada. )'Iar. 7, \ Appointment of government receiver of the Grand Trunk Pacific railVoay. Iay 1-June 15, Great strike at \\ innipeg and. other western cities. June 23, General election in Quebec, and retention of Liberal administration. June 28, Signing at Yersailles of Peace Treaty and Protocol. July 24, General election in Prince Ed ward Island and defeat of Conservative administration. Aug. 5, Election of Right Hon. W. L. :Mackenzie King as leader of Libf'ral party in Canada. Aug. 15, Arrival of H. H. H. the Prince of Wales for official tour in Cana- da. Aug. 22, Form l opening of Quebec Bridge by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. Sept. 1, II.R.H. the Prince of Wales lays founda- tion stone of tower of new Par- liament Buildings at Ottawa. Sept. I-Nov. 10, Third or special peace session of 13th Parliament of Can- ada. Sept. 15, Opening at Otta\\a ot the National I ndustrial Con- ference. Oct. 20, General election in Ontario, and formation of ministry by E. C. Drury, Cnited Farmers' Orrranization. Issue of sixth ,var loa for $300,000,000 in the form of Victory Bonds. Dec. 20, Organ- ization of "C'anadian K ational Railways" by Order in Council. 1920. Jan. 10, Ratifications of the Treaty of Yersailles. Feb. HI, Share- holders ratify agreement for sale 88 HISTORY A.YD ClIROXOLOGY of the Grand Trunk railway to the Dominion Government. Feb. 26-July I, Fourth sf'ssion of the thirteenth Parliament of Canada. lay 31-.June 18, Trade Conference at Ottawa between Dominion and West Indian Govern- ments. June 7-19, Convention ot American Federation of Labour at Montreal. June 29, Provin('ial gen- eral election in :\Janitoba, Liberal government retained in office. July 10, :--ir Robert Borden is succeeded by HÜ!;ht Hon. Arthur ::\feighen as Premier. July 16, Ratifications of the Treaty of St. Germain- en-Laye. July 27, Provincial gen- eral election in Nova Scotia, Liberal government sustained. Aug. 5-7, Imperial Press Conference at Ottawa. Aug. 9, Ratifications of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. Sept. lR-23, Ninth Congress of Chambers of Commerce. of the Empire at Toronto. Oct. 9, Provin- cial general election in New Bruns- wick, Liberal government is sus- tained. Oct. 20, Prohibition defeat- ed in British Columbia. Oct. 25 Referendum re complete prohi- bitIOn of the liquor traffic is carried in Kova cotia, Manitoba, Saskat- chewan and Alherta. Kov. 15, First meeting of League of Kations Assem blY begins at Geneva, Swit- zerland. Dec. I, Provineial genf'ral >lection in British Colum bia, Liberal government is I>ustained. 1921. Feh. 14_June 4, Fifth Session of Thirteenth Parliament of Canada. Apnl 18, Ontario votes for pro- hihition of the manufa('ture, im- portation and sale of akoholic lIquors. May I, Government control of liquor traffic becomes effe('tive in Quebec. )Iay 10, Preferential tariff arran1-'ement with British West Indies becomes effe('t- ive. June 20-August 5, Imperial Con- ference at which Canada is represent- ed by Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen. June 9, At general ele('tion in Saskat- chewan, Liberal government is sustained. July 18, At gf'neral . election in Alherta, the 'Cnited }'armers secure majority of seats. Sept. 5-0ct. 5, econd meeting of Assembly of League of Kations at Geneva; Canada represented by Rt. Hon. C. J. Doherty. Kov. 1], Opening of ('onference on limita- tion of armament at Washington, ir Hobt. Hordf'n reprf'senting Canada. Dee. 6, Dominion general election. Def'. 29, :\ew ministry (Liberal). \\ith Hight Hon. W. L. :Mackenzie h.ing as premier, is sworn in. 1922. Feb. I, Arms Conference at \\"ash- ington approves 5-power treaty limiting capital fighting ships and oled ing again,>t unrestricted sub- marine warfare and use of roison gas. Feh. 10, Hon. P. C. Larkin appointed High Commisf:ioner for Canada in tile Lnited Kingdom. Mar. 19, \ïlhjalmur Stf'fansl>on announcf'S tahing possession of Wrangell island in f'ept., 1921. April 10, General Economic Con- ference opened at Genoa, ir Chas. B. Gordon representing Can- ada. July 13, Conferenf'e between Canada and the Lnited States re perpetuating the Ru'-'h-Bagot Treaty regarding armament on the Great Lakes. Aug. 2, Alex- ander Graham BeU, inventor of the telephone, died. Aug. 7, Allies' Conferen('c on war debts and repar- ations opened at London. Sept. 4, Third assembly of League of Nations opened at Geneva. Uct.4, Order in Council consolidating separate lines in Canadian K ational Rail\\ay system and appointing new board of directors. Oct. 5, Serious forest fires in northern Ontario; town of Haileybury destroyed. Oct. 10, M udania Armistice signed by Britain, France and Turkey. Oct. 14, Fourth International Labour Conference at Geneva. Nov. :'0, Turkish Peace Conference opened at Lausanne. Dec. 4, Opening of First International Postal ('on- ference at Ottawa, between repre- sentatives of the "Cnited t;tates and Canada. De('. Ü, Irish Free State inaugUJated as one of the Domin- . ions in the British I:mpire. Dec. 9, Reparations ('onfcrence opened at London. De('. 15, Signing of trade agreement b('t\\een Canada and Fram'e, Hon. W. S. }ïelding and Hon. E. I apointe repre::;enting ('anada. rassing of -\.ct by Imper- ial parliament removing embargo on Canadian ('attic. 1923. Jan, 1, :r\ational Dcfenr'e Act, 1922, comes into effect amalgamating Militia, Kaval and Air I'or('e de- partment:". Jan. 4, Signing of trade agreement het\\een Canada and Italy, Hon. \Y. S. Fielding and Hon. E. Lapointe representing Canada. April 1, Removal of British embargo on Canadian ('attIc effective. .June 25, Provin('ial elec- tions in Ontario; ('onscrvative party under }- on. G. F.o ard Fergu- son returned to power. .July 2U, PIO- vincial elections in Prin('e Ed\\ard Island; Conservative pa,ty under }-; on. J. D. Hte" art rf'turnpd. to pO\\'pr. SI'pt. 3, Fourth ses::;ion of League of Nations at (;eneva, Canada represl'nted by Hon. :--ir L. Gouin and j on. Geo. P. Graham. Oct. J, Imperial Conference and Imperial l' conomic ('onferpn('e at London. Canada repJ'escnted at the former bv Rt. lIon. W. L. Iac h.enzie Kiñg. III. THE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.! The Dominion of Canada is the largest in area and the most populous cf the great self-governing Dominions of the British Empire, which also include the Commonwealth of Australia, the Union of South Africa, the Dominion of New Zealand and the island colony of Kewfoundland (with Labrador). These Domi- nions enjoy re:-:ponsiblc government of the Eritish type, administered by Executive Councils (or Cabinets) acting as advisors to the representative of the Sovereign, themselves responsible to and possessing the confidence of the rEpresentatives elected to Parliament by the people, and giving place to other persons more accept- able to Parliament whenever that confidence is shown to have ceased to exist. Of these Dominions, Canada, Amitralia, and South Africa extend over enor- mous areas of territory, the first two approximating in area to Europe. Each section has its own problems and its own point of view, so that local parliaments for each scction ,as well as the ccntral parliamcnt for the whole country, are required. These local parliaments, established when transportation and communication were more difficult and expensive than at present, were chronologically prior to the central body. to \\ hich on its formation they either rei3igned certain powers, as in the case of Australia, or surrender('d all their powers with certain specified except- ions, as in Canada and South Afriea. Of such local parliaments, Canada at the present time has nine, Australia six and South "Africa four. Bcsidcs the Dominions above enumerated, the Irish Free State (Saorstat Eireann) now possesses fuU Dominion status. The great Empire of India has internationally been accepted as' a member of the League of Nations, and in its internal administration has been placed on the rOßd, formcrly traverbed by the Dominions which are now fully self-governing, tûwaFds responsible government. Indeed, the wholc evolution of the Empire, throughout a]] its parts which are more than mere fortresses like Gibraltar or trading stations like Hong Kong, is in the direction of responsible government, to be attained in the dependencies as it has been in wh3t used to be called the colonies, by the gradual extension of self-govern- ment in proportion to the gro\\ ing capacities of their respective populations. It is the recognized aim of Britii3h admini:,;trators, by t he extension of educational facilities and by just administration, to develop these capacitics to t hc utmost, so that in the dependencic:5, as well as in the Dominions and in the Mother Country, the constitutional history of the future may be a record of " freedom slowly broad- ening down from prccedent to precedent." It is the purpose of this article to relate as briefly as possible, thc process of this development of free government in the Dominion of Canada. I.-CONSTITUTIONAL DEYELOPl\fENT OF THE COLONIES PRIOR TO CONFEDERATION. The French Régime.-The settlement of Canada commenced at a time when the extension of European trade and commerce throughout the world was being mainly carried on by chartered comp nie8 of merehants belonging to various nations, more partieularly EIl land, Francc and Holland. Thef'e companics each tried to monopolizc the trade of the l"C'giOIls in which th('y established the1ll8elves, lAdapted frolll an article by S. A. Cudmore, :\1..\., F.S.S., published in the Can"1.da Year Boo", 1921. 90 THE COKSTITUTION AND GOVERNJIENT OF CANADA receiving from their sovereign charters which, theoretically at least, gave them a monopoly so far as their compatriots were concerned, while against foreign competi- tion they maintained their position with the sword, even when their respective mother countries, thou:;ands of miles and months of time distant, were at peace. Among such companies of this period were the English and Dutch East India Companies, the Guinea Company, the Russia Company, the Virginia Company, and a little later, the Hudson's Bay Company. Similarly, we find in the earliest stage of French enterprise in Canada that several short-lived companies successively possessed a monopoly of trade and employed such men as Champlain as governors and explorers of the new territories. The charters of these companies were, however, cancelled for violation of their terms, and at last in 1627, the monopoly _of trade and the right to make grants of land was conferred upon the Company of One Hundred As ociates, in consideration of its undertaking to Eettle the countr and 3Upport mÏsf'ionaries to christianize the Indians. Governmentally, therefore, the fir:;t stage in Canadian histocy may be said to have been the autocratic government of a trading company. This company, however, failed to live up. to its agreement and its charter was cancelled in 1663, when Canada became a royal province, governed like an ordinary French province of those days, by a Governor to whom, as personal rerresentative of the King, were entrusted the general policy of the country, the direction of its military affairs and its relations with the Indian tribes. The Bishop, as the head of the Church, was supreme in matters affecting religion. and the Intendant, acting under the authority of the King, not of the Governor, was respon!'ible for the administration of justice, for finance and for the direction of local administration. A Superior Council also existed, with certain adminis- trative powers which were more formal than real. . This system continued until the end of the French régime. The British Colony.-From the capitulation of Quebec on Sept. 18, 1759, and of Montreal on Sept. 8, 1760, to the signing of the Treaty of Paris on Feb. 10, 1763, Canada was ruled by British- military officers who instit.uted courts which applied French law and administered the country as an occupied territory, the final disposition of which was as yet unsettled. 'Cpon the final surrendcr of the country by France under the Treaty of Paris, a Royal Proclamation of Oct. 7. 1763, defined the frontiers of the new rrovince of Quebec, and provided that as soon as circumstances would 'admit, General Assem- blics should be summoned, with power to enact laws for the public welfare and good government of the colony. In the meantime, courts were constituted for "dealing with civil and criminal cases according to the laws of England," with an appeal to the Privy Counci1. Under the Quebec Act of 1774, passed with the purpose of conciliating the ll(W colonies at a time when the old colonies were falling off from their allegiance, the use of the old French civil law was resumed, while English criminal law continued to govern throughout the province, which was now extend- (,(I to the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi. These boundaries were. how- cver, abandoned at the Treaty of Yeri":ailles, 1783, when the Great Lakes became thé dividing line. The influx of the United Empire Loyalists, English-speaking people accustomed to English laws, tlecessitated the division of the colony and the establishment of representative institutions. The Constitutional Act was passed in 1791, dividing the Canada of those days (the St. Lawrence valley) into two provinces, establishing in each province a nominated Legislative Coun('il and an elected Legislative Asscmbly. Under this Act, upon which the govcrnmentlof Canada was based throughout half a century, " the Executive was (t hrough Crown THE CONSTITUTION AT CONFEDERATION 91 revenue and military grants from the Home Government) financially, and worse stilJ, constitutionally independent, and the House of Assembly, in seeking vaguely to cure a disease which it had not in reality diagnosed, frequently overstepped its :;:phere, with the result that it was dissolved time after time."-(Lefroy, Constitu- tional Law of Canada, pp. 20-21). The Constitutional Act was at first accepted as an improvement on the previous- ly existing method of government, but as time went on, the increasing population and wealth of the provinces, combined with the narrow and selfish policy of the privileged few, led to frequent clashes between the Executive and the Assembly, complicated in Lo\\"er Canada by the difference of races. In 1837, a rebellion in each province. though speedily stamped out, led to the appointment of Lord Durham by the Home Government as a special commissioner clothed with more extensive powers than had ever before been held by a representative of the Crown in British N ()rth America. The famous report made by Lord Durham to the British Government is ahnm;t universally regarded as the greate t political document in Canadian history. He saw clearly tbe necessity of re-establishing harmony between the executive and the legislative branches of the government by making the former, as in the Mother Country, re::,.ponsible to the latter. He in:;;isted also upon the de::,irability of establish- ing a free democratic system of municipal government, by participation in which citizens would secure a training which would be of u:se in fitting them for the wider duties of public life. Upper and Lower Canada were to be united under a single Parliament, and in the Act provision was to he made for the voluntary admission to the union of the other British North American rrovinces. \Yhile Lord Durham was disavowed by the Home Government, his report formed the basis of the Act of union of 1841, which united upper and Lower Canada under a single Parliament, in which each province "a5 equally represented. This equality of representation in a single Parliament, applied to provinces of differing race, religion and institutions, finally became unworkable; deadlock became the parent of Confederation, under which each province could legislate on its own local affairs, while a common Parliament was established for all the provinces agreeing to enter the federation. Confederation.-\Yhile suggestions for the union of the British North American provinces date as far back as 1789, the first legislative action looking to this end was taken by the Assembly of Nova Scotia in 1861. In 1864 delegates from Nova Scotia, Kew Brunswick and Prince Edward Island assembled in Charlotte- town to confer in reference to a union of these provinces. A sécond convention at which the province of Canada was represented, met in Quebec on Oct. 10, 1864, at which seventy-two resolutions, which afterwards formed the basis of the Briti:sh North America Act, were adopted and referred to the respective legislature8 for their concurrence, which was finally given. The British North America Act received the Royal Assent on March 29, 1867, and came into force on July 1 of that year. II.-THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DOMIl\'ION AT CONFEDERATION. Constitution of Canada.-In the preamble to the British North America _Act, it is stated that the provinces of Canada, Kava Scotia and New Brunswick .'. have expressed their desire to be federally united into onC' Dominion, with a 92 THE C01YSTITUTIOX A.VD GOrERXJfE^ T OF CA VADA Constitution similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom." Thus the' Canadian constitution is not an imitation of that of the united States; it is the British Consti- tution federalized. Like the British and unlike the American Constitution, it is not wholly a written constitution. The many unwritten conventions of the British Constitution are also recognized in our own; what we have in the Briti:-;h North America Act is a written delimitation of the rf'spective powers of the Dominion and Provincial Govcrnments, and an enactement of the terms of the Confpderation agreement. The Briti8h North Amcrica Act simply divides the sovereign powers of the State between the provincial and the central authorities. The British Korth America Act deolares that the executive overnment of Canada shall continue to be vested in the sovereign of the Vnited Kingdom (sec. 9), represented for federal purposes by the Governor General, as for provincial purposes by the Lieutenant-Governor. The Governor General is advised by the King's Privy Council for Canada, a committee of which constitutes the ministry of the day The Dominion Parliament consists of the King, the Senate and the House of Commons. It must meet at least once a year, so that twelve months do not elapse hetween the last meeting in one session and the first meeting in the ne'xt. Scnators, now 96 in number, appointed for life by the Governor Gf'neral in Council, must be 30 years of age, British subjects, residents of the province for which they are appointed, and possess $4,000 over and above their liabilitif's. Members of the House of Commons (235 in 1921, but subject to increase as a result of the census of that year), are elected by the people for the duration of the rarliament, which must not be longer than five years. Dominion Finance.-Among the most important provisions of the British North Amf'rica Act are those relating to the appropriation of public money and the- rai8ing of taxes for Dominion purposes. The House of Commons has the sale right of initiating grants of public money and of directing and limiting appropriations, yet thf' House of Commons must not (sec. 54) adopt or pass any votf', hill, resolution or address for the payment of any part of the public funds for any purpose that has not first been recommended to the house by message from the Governor General in Council during the session in which such vote or bill is proposed. This rule is of the most vital importance in promoting public economy, as it eliminates all pos8ibility of private mcmbers combining to secure expenditures of public money in their constituencies, and leaves to the executive authority the initiation of all legi8lation requiring the expenditure of public funds; it is also operative in the Pro- vincial Legislatures. Powers of Parliament.-The powers of the Dominion Parliament include all subjects not assigned exclu:--ively to the provincial legislatures. More especially, under section 91, it has exclusive legislative authority in an matters relating to the following: public d('bt and property; regulation of trade and commerce; raising of money by any mode of taxation; borrowing of money on the public credit; p08tal service; census and statistics; militia, military and naval service and ddf'nce; fixing and providing for salaries and allowances of the officers of the government; beacons, buoys and lighthouses; navigation and shipping; quarantine and the establishment and maintenance of marine hospitals; sea-coast and inland fi8heries; ferries on an international or interprovincial frontier; curr('ncy and coinage; bank- ing, incorporation of banks, and issue of paper money; savings banks; weights and measures; bills of exchange and promi:"sory notes; interest; legal Ìf'nder; bank- ruptcy and insolvency; patents of invention and discovery; copyright ; Indians THE COYSTITUTIO.V AT COXFEDERA. TIOX 93 and lands reF'erved for Indians; naturalization and aliens; marriage and divorce; the criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, but including the procedure in criminal matters; the pstablishment, maintenance nd management of penitentiaries; such clas."es of subjects as are expressly excepted in the enumeration of the classes of subjects by this Act exclusively assigned to the legislatures of the provinces. 1 Judicature.-The appointment, salaries and pensions of judges arp dealt with under sections 96 to 101. The judges (except in the courts of probate in r{pw Brunswick and Nova Scotia) are appointed by the Dominion Government from the bars of their respective provinces, and hold office during good behaviour, being removable by the GovErnor General only on address of the f:cnate and House of Commons. Their salaries are fixed and provided by Parliament. ruder the provisions of section 101, empowering Parliament to establii'h a general Court of Appeal, the Dominion Parliament passed. in 1875, an Act to ('stablish a Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer for the Dominion (38 Vict., c. 11). In 1877, however, these courts were separated and the ExC'hequer Court of Can3da, with one judge, a registrar, and other proper officers, was establish- ed. An additional judge was added to this court in HH2. The Supreme Court of Ca ada has appellate jurisdiction from all the courts of the provinces, and questions may be referred to it by the Gm;ernor General in Council. It has also jurisdiction in certain cases between the provinces, and in cases of controversies between provinces and the Dominion. 'Yhile its jud ent is final in criminal cases, there is in civil cases, subject to certain limitations, an appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England, which also enter- tains appeals direct from the provincial Courts of Appeal. The decisions of the Supreme Court and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council constitute the case-law of our constitution, the legal interpretation of the constitution and of the varied powers of the Dominion and provincial legislatures. Finance.-Under Part VIII of the British North America Act, the revenues which had previously accrupd to the treasuries of the provinces were transferred to the Dominion, nótably the customs duties. The public works, cash assets and other property of the provinces, except lands, mines, miner31s and royalties, also became Dominion property. In its turn, the Dominion became respon:,;ible for the debts of the provinces. Since the main source of the revenues of the provinces, customs duties, was. now taken over by the Dominion, the Dominion was to pay annual subsidies to the provinces for the support of their goverrunents and iegis- latures. These subsidies have from time to time been increased. Miscellaneous.-Among the miscellaneous provisions contained in Part IX of the British North America Act, are sections providing for the rptention of existing legislation of the provinces in force until repealed, the transfer of existing officials to the Dominion, and the appointment of new officials. The Parliament of Canada was also given powcr necessary to perform treaty obligations of Canada, as a part of the British Empire, towards foreign countries. Pnder section 133, either the English or the French language may be used by any person in the debates of Parliament or of the Legislature of Quebec, all Acts of which bodies are to be printed in both languages. Either language, too, may be used by any person in any court of Canada established under t he Act, or in the courts of Quebec. 1 Powers of Prol'incial Legislatl/res. -For details of the general powers of Provincial L islatures in Can8:da and their special powers in respect of education, as stated in sections 92 and 93 of the BritIsh North America Act, see commencement of the sub-section on Provincial and Local Government in Canada. 94 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CAXADA Veto Power.-Lnder section 56, it is provided that Acts of the Dominion Parliament, after receiving the assent of the Governor General, may within two years be disallowLd by the Sovereign in Council. Similarly Acts of the rrovincial Le islature, after receiving the as"'-ent of the Lieutenant-Governor, may be disallow- ed wit hin one' year by t he Governor General in Council. This veto power. on Dominion legislation has practically never been exercised by the Sovereign in Counci1. 1 In the case of controverRies between the Dominion and the rrovince!", while the veto power has been exercised in the past, the present tendency is to let the matter be decided by the courts rather than di :;allow by an executive act legislation duly passed by the provincial1egi:-;latures. The argument is that if such legi!"lation is annulled as ultra vires of the rrovincial legislature, then the Dominion Government, an executive body, has made itself the judge in its own case, which could be more properly decided by the courts; if legislation, admittedly intra vires of the provincial legislature, is annulled, on the ground of its immorality or unwisdom, then the anDuJIing power has set itself up as an author- ity on morality and wi<:dom. The Dominion Minister of Justice, in 1909, on the que-;tion of disaJJowing the Ontario legislation with respect to the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, stated the case as follows:-' . " In the opinion of the undersigned, a suggestion of the abuse of power, even so as to amount to practical confiscation of property, or that the exercise of a power has been unwise or indiscreet, should appeal to 'your Excellency's government with no more effect than it does to the ordinary tribunals, and the reIl1efly in such case is an appeal to those by whom the legislature is elected. .. IlL-EVOLUTION OF THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION SINCE CONFEDERATION.2 Since no attempt was made in the British North America Act to define the relations between the British and the Canadian Governments, those relations have nec.essarily passed and are still passing through a stage of gradual development in which they are influenced to a remarkable extent by custom and convention and the creation of "new conventions of the Constitution." From the very commence- ment of our history as a nation there has been a gradual development of the powers of the Canadian Government, accompanied by a more liberal attitude on the part of British statesmen, largely due to the more advanced ideas of government which have permeated the administration of the mother country itself. In 1876, for example, the then Colonial Secretary proposed to issue permanent instructions to the Governor General providing that the latter should preside at meetings of the Council (a right which in the case of the Sovereign had long fallen into desuctude); that he might dissent from the opinion of the major part of the whole; and that in the exercise of the pardoning power in capital ca5es, he was to receive the advice of ministers, but to extend or withhold pardon or reprieve according to his own judgment (one of the last prerogatives to disappear in the case of the Sovereign). IThis right has only b3en exercised i I one rather technical case. In 1873 an Act of the Dominion Parliament empowered any committee of the Senate or House of Commons to examine witnesses upon oath when so authorized by resolution. "There wu" a confusion of opinion as to the competency of Parliament to enact it. The law officers of the United Kingdom eventually advised that the Act was ultra "ires, and it was accordingly disallowed for that rea.'!on and not upon considerations of policy."-Borden, Canadian Consti- tutional Studies, p. 65. 2In this part of the article, con<;ider Ible use has been made of Sir Robert Borden's recently published volume, "Canadian Constitutional Stuùies." EYOLUTIOiY OF THE CONSTITUTION SINCE CONFEDERATION 95 The then Canadian Minister of Justice, Hon. Edward Blake, secured in 1878 the issuance of a new set of instructions, in whir'h the only provision that the Governor- General might act except on the advice of Ministers, related to the exercise of the pardoning power, providing that in cases where a pardon or repricve might affect Imperial interests, the Governor-General should take these interests into his person- al consideration in conjunction with the advice of his MinistC'rs. The development of inter-Imperial relations up to the Great War may be studied in the records of the Colonial Conference. In tll(' first Colonial Conference of 1887, we have a purely consultative gathering in calling which the chief aim of the British Government was to devise a mC'thod of more effective co-operation in defence. After - a second, but constitutionally unimportant Conference had been held in Ottawa in 1894, the third Colonial Conference, attended only by Prime Ministers, was held in London in 1897, and the fourth, which Dominion Ministers attended to assist their Prime Ministers, in London in 1902. At the latter Confer- ence a resolution was passed favouring the holding of sueh Conferences at intervals not e:.\..ceeding four years at which t, questions of common interest could be discuss- ed and considered as bdween the Colonial Secretm'y and the Primp Ministers of the self-governing ColoniC's." In 1905 the Colonial Secretary, l\Ir. Lyttleton, suggested to the Don inion'" that the Colonial Conference should be changed into an Imperial Council, consisting of the Colonial Secretary and tllf' Prime Ministers or their representatives. On Canada objecting to the use of the term" Council It the name was changpd to "Imperial Conference." In 1907 the first "Imperial Conference" assembled; by an extraordinarily significant change, it was provided that future Confermce" should hf' bctwf'en thC' Government of the rnited King- dom and the Governnwnts of the self-governing Dominions, and that the Priml: :Minister of the rnited Kingdom (not the Colonial Secretary) was to be ex officio- President of the Conferenr'e, "hile the Prime l\Iinisters of the Dominions and the Colonial Secretary were to be e:r officio membl'rs. This was a move toward recogniz- ing that the Home Government was simply 1)rÙ1WS inler pm'cs among. the nat.ions of the Empire. The ConfC'rence of 1911 met under thi., arrang('ment, and in 1912 the British GovernmC'nt gave Canada an assurnnte that a Dominion l\Iinister resident in London would be rcgularly summonf d to all meetings of the Committee of Imperial Defence and that no important step in foreign policy would be taken without commltation with such representatives. In 1917 there was evolved what was known as tl e Imperial \Var Cabinet, a gathering of the five mf'mbers of the Briti8h \Yar Cabinet and the Prime l\Iinisters of thf' 8plf-governing Dominions. A resolution on the qupstion of future constitutional relations passed unani- mously at this Confercnce is of profound significance. It was as follows:- " The Imperial \Yar Conference are of opinion that the rf'adjustment of the constitutional relations of the component parts of the Empire is too important and intricate a subject to be dealt with during the war, and that it. should form the subject of a special Imperial Conference to be summoned as soon as possible after the cessation of hostilities. . . "They deem it their duty, however, to pl ce on record .their .-VIew that any such readjustment, while thoroughly preservmg all domestIC affmrs, shition waf:' encountered, which was finally overcome. Through combination of thc panel system, by which the rcpresentatives of the British Empire might be selected from day to day as the nature of the subject dcmanded, with di tinctive representation of caeh Dominion, the Dominions secured eff ctivc representation, and took no inconsiderable part in the Confcrence. As a natural development of this rcpresentation came the signature by the Dominion plcnipotcntiaries of ,the various treaties concluded at the Conference, the submission of these treat ips for the approval of the Dominion Parliaments, and the appenrance of the Dominions as Signatory Powers. Further, the Domi- nions claiml.d that they should be accepted as members of the new League of Kat ions, and rcpresented on its Council and Assembly. This claim was finally accepted, and the status of thc Dominions as to membership and representation in the Assembly is precisely the samc as that of other signatory members. As to representation on the Council, thc Prime Minister of Canada obtained from Presi- dent Wilson and Messrs. Clemenccau and Lloyd George, a signed dcclaration that "upon the true construction of the first and second paragraphs of that Article, represcntatives of the sclf-governing Dominions of the British Empire may be sclected or named as membcrs of tlH' CounciL" At the first Assembly of the League of Nations at Geneva, from Nov. 15 to Dec. 18, 1920. Canada was represented by the Rt. Hon. Sir Geo. E. Foster, the Rt. Hðn. Chas. Jos. Doherty and Hon. N. 'V. Rowell, the first of whom acted as a Vice-President of the Assembly.I The participation of Cana a in the Peace Treaty and in the League of Nations made it necessary for an official definition of Canadian nationals and Canadian nationality to be made, since among different measures arlopted in connection with the operations of the League of Nations, were provisions defining certain rights and privileges to be enjoyed by the nationals of members of the Lcague. A Canadian national was accor(lingly defined by 11-12 George V, chap. 4, as: (a) any British subject who is a Canadian citizen 2 within the meaning of The Immigration Act, chapter 27 of the Statutes of 1910, as heretofore amended; (b) the wife of any such person; (c) any person born out of Canada, whose father was a Canadian national at the time of that person's birth, or with regard to persons born before the passing of this Act, any person whose father at the time of such hirth, po!':ses!':cd all the qualifications of a Canadian national as defined in this Af't. In the debates on this Act it was thoroughly established that its effect was not in any way to l'ìupers('de the term .. British subject," but to create a sub-class of .. Canadian nationals" within" British subjects." IAn account of the proceedings of this first Parliament of the Nations was given on pages 738 to 742 of the 1920 edition of the Year Book. 2According to the Immigration Act, 1910. a "Canadian citizen" is ., (I) a person born in Canada who has not become an alien; (ii) a British subject who has Canadian domicile; (iii) a person naturalized under the laws of Canada who has not suhsequently become an alien or lost Canadian domicile. EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION SINCE CONFEDERATION 97 A similar advance toward recognition of the existence of a Canadian nation is to be found in the gradual tendency toward direct negotiation instead of negotia- tion through London with the diplomatic or consular representatives of other powers. For many years the consuls-general of other countries at Ottawa or Mont- real, more especial1y the consuls-general of the United States, Japan, Italy and Germany, discharged diplomatic or semi-diplomatic functions in Canada, and Sir 'Wilfred Laurier in 1910 considered that while (C this has been done without autho- rity and is contrary to the rules that apply among civilized nations, it became a necessity because of the development of the larger colonies of the British Empire, which have become practical1y nations." Further, Mr. Blake in 1882, Sir Richard Cartwright in 1889, and Mr. Mills in 1892 moved resolutions in favour of Canadian diplomatic representation at "\'Vashington, emphasizing the fact that a Canadian diplomatic representative would be an envoy of the Queen, that he would act in co-operation with the British Ambassador at 'Yashington, that he would be in direct communication with the Government of Canada, to whom he would be responsible, and that the growing importance of Canada's relations with the United States made such an appointment desirable. 'Yhile at that time these proposals were regarded as premature, in 1918, when Canada and the United States were both devoting their energies to the great struggle against a common foe, it was found necessary to establish a Canadian War Mission at Washington, which in effect, though not in form, was a diplomatic mission. This brought to a head the question of Canadian diplomatic representation at Washington; the authorities in London were consulted, with the result that on May 10, 1920, it was announced to Parliament that H it has been agreed that his l\Iajesty on advice of his Canadian ministers, shall appoint a Minister Plenipotentiary who will have charge of Canadian affairs and will at all times be the ordinary channel of communication with the United States Government in matters of purely Canadian conCHn, acting upon instructions from, and reporting direct to the Canadian Government. In the absence of the Ambassador, the Canadian Minister will take charge of the whole embassy and of the representation of Imperial as well as Canadian interests. He wiH be accredited by His Majesty to the President with tbe necessary powers for the purpose. This new arrangement will not denote any departure either on the part of the British Government or of the Canadian Government from the principle of the diplomatic unity of the British Empire." The principle involved in this arrangement had, as a -matter of fact, already been accepted in the appointment of the International Joint Commission. Up to October, 1923, however, no Cana- dian Minister to Washington had been appointed. Negotiation of Treaties.-The right to negotiate commercial and other treaties has been developing almost from the beginning. In 1871, the Prime Minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald, became one of the British commis- sioners acting under instructions from the British Government, at the conference that resulted in the Treaty of Washington. This dual function, however, he found a very difficult one. In 1874, Hon. Geo. Brown was associated with the British Minister at Washington for the purpose of negotiating a commercial treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1878, Sir A. T. Galt, later High Commissioner, was commissioned to undertake negotiations with France and Spain for better commercial relations, these negotiations, however, to be conducted by the British Ambassador. In 1884, the High Commissioner for Canada, Sir Charles Tupper, in conjunction with the British Ambassador to Spain, was given full powers to .conduct negotiations for a commercial treaty between Canada and Spain, the 62373-7 98 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNJIENT OF CANADA negotiations to be conducted by Sir Charles Tupper and the convention to be signed by both plenipotentiaries. In 1891, the Canadian Parliament petitioned for the denunciation of the commercial treaties with thc German Zollverein and Belgium, which prevented Canada from extending preferential treatment to British products. The Canadian tariff of 1897 provided for the grant of prefercntial treat- ment to British goods, and at the Colonial Conference of that year, the Premiers of the self-governing colonies unanimously recommended "the denunciation at the earliest convenient time of any treaties which now hamper the commercial relations between Great Britain and her colonies." The treaties were accordingly denounced. In 1907, Mr. Fielding and Mr. Brodeur negotiated a commercial convention between Canada and France, and in 1911, the negotiations regarding reciprocity with the United States were carried on directly between the Govern- ment of Canada and the government of the United States. In 1914, the Arbitra- tion Treaty concluded between the British Empire and the l'"nited States, made provision that in case the British interests affected were mainly those of some one or other of the self-governing Dominions, the minister of the International Commission of Arbitration chosen from the British Empire might be selected from the Dominion principally interested. In December, 1918, commissioners were appointed by Canada and the United States to make a joint inquiry into fisheries questions arising between the two countries. As a result, a treaty looking to the preservation of the Pacific coast fisheries was signed by the Commissioners, but failed to secure ratification by the United States Senate. Defence.-As early as 1862 the Government of Canada, following British precedents, successfully asserted the principle that the raising and maintenance of Canadian military forces were subject to the absolute control of the represent- atives of the Canadian people. During the South African war, the last of the British garrisons was temporarily, and in 1905, permanently withdrawn and the defence of the naval stations at Halifax and Esquimalt was taken over by the Cana- dian Permanent Force. "When on the outbreak of war in 1914 Canadian forces were sent overseas, an important constitutional question was the sufficiency of Canadian legislation for the control and discipline of the forces when outside the Dominion. However, the Governor in Council is authorized by section 69 of the Militia Act to place the militia on active service beyond Canada for the defence thereof, and by section 4 of the same Act, the Army Act, the King's Regulations and other relevant laws not inconsistent with Canadian enactments have force and effect for the governance of the militia as if enacted by the Parliament of Canada. But the Army Act, in section 177, provides that where a force of militia is raised in a colony, any law of the colony may extend to those belonging to that force, whether within or without the boundaries of the colony. This settled the question of extra-territorial jurisdiction. Another important development was the establishment in London in October, 1916, of a Canadian Ministry of Over- seas Military Forces with a resident Ministel. In course of time this became an Overseas Canadian 'Var Office, with an adequate staff and a systematic arrange- ment of branches, administering the Canadian forces as a thoroughly autonomous body, under the primary direction of the Overseas Ministry, but finaIJy re ponsible to the Canadian Parliament. ImmilÞ"ation.-Though provinces may legislate in the matter of immigra- tion, their lcgislation falls to the ground if it is inconsistent with the legislation or with the international obligations of the Dominion. Several Acts of the province of British Columbia restricting immigration have been disallowed on this account. EVOLUTION OF THE COVSTITUTIO.V SINCE COYFEDERATION 99 Under the Dominion law, Chinese immigrants are subjected to a head tax of $500, while Japanese immigrants are handled under a CI gentlemen's agreement JJ with the Imperial Japanese Government, Japan undertaking to restrict the flow of Japanese to Canada. The restriction of immigration from other parts of the Empire, and more particularly from India, is, however, a very difficult question because of its reaction on the loyalty of the Indian peoples to the Empire. The question was discussed at the Colonial Conference of 1897 and at the Imperial Conference of 1911, when it was pointed out th t the reasons for existing restrictions were purely economic and did not involve the question of the inferiority of those restricted. In 1917: the matter was discussed at the Imperial War Conference. The principle of reciprocity of treatment was accepted, and at the 1918 Conference it was agreed that "It is an inherent function of the Governments of the several communities of the British Commonwealth, including India, that each should enjoy complete control of the composition of its own population by means of restriction on immigration from any of the other communities." Provision was, however, made for permitting temporary visits. This srrangement has settled, at least for the time, a dispute which endangered the stability of the Empire. Naturalization.-For a long period a very vexed question was the right of naturalization. Up to 1914, the Dominions were unable to grant full naturaliza- tion which would hold good throughout the Empire. In that year an Act of the British Parliament (4-5 Geo. V, c. 17), provided for the issue of a naturalization certificate to an alien by the Secretary of State on proof of five years' residence, and the fulfilment of certain other conditions. Where the Parliaments of the Dominions enforced the same conditions of residence, their Governments were given power to issue certificates of naturalization. taking effect in all parts of the Empire that had adopted the Act. This was done by Canada in 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, c. 44). Copyright.-A difficult and anomalous situation with regard to copyright was similarly cleared up in 1911, the Imperial Copyright Act of that year being based on the principle that the Dominions must be free to legislate as they saw fit. The Act of 1911, therefore, does not extend to any Dominion unless the Parliaments of these Dominions have declared it to be in force; similarly, Dominion Parliaments may repeal it where it is in force. Granting of Titles.-Another source of difficulty between the British Government and the Dominions has been the granting of titles by the former to citizens of the latter who have rendered services to the Empire as a whole. Oppor- tunities of rendering such service came to many citizens of the Dominions during the war, and the British Government was generous in its recognition of these ser- vices. Exception was taken in the Canadian Parliament to the granting of titles to Canadians, and in 1919 Parliament passed an address to His Majesty praying that he should U refrain from conferring any title of honour or titular distinction upon any of his subjects domiciled or ordinarily resident in Canada, save such appellations as Me of a professional or vocational character or which appertain to an office. JJ General Conc1usion.-While it can hardly be maintained that the Domin- ions have as yet secured an adequate voice and influence in the direction of the Empire's foreign policy, it is to be observed that the powers of the Dominions have hitherto developed as the need for more extended powers has arisen. Without any violent break with the past, the Dominions have secured through the League 62373-7-l 100 THE CO.vSTITUTION AND GOVERNME^ T OF CANAf)r1 of Nations a voice in international affairs at least as powerful as that of such inde- pendent nations as Argentina and Brazil. Ten years ago this would have been considered unthinkable without a total. separation from the Empire, yet it has actually occurred. This progress of the Dominions in international status in the past decade is thus set forth by Oppenheim, in the third edition of his International Law, Vol. 1, secs. 94a and 94b: "94a. Formerly the position of self-governing Dominions, such as Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, did not, in Inter- national Law, present any difficulties. Then they had no international position whatever, because they were, from the point of view of International Law, mere colonial portions of the Mother Country. It did not matter that some of them, as, for example, Canada, and Australia, flew as their own flag the modified flag of the Mother Country, or that they had their own coinage, their own postage stamps, and the like. Kor did they become subjects of Inter- national Law (although the position was somewhat anomalous) when they were admitted, side by side with the Mother Country, as parties to the adminis- trative unions, such as the Universal Postal Union. Even when they were empowered by the Mother Country to enter into certain treaty arrangements of minor importance with foreign States, they still did not thereby become subjects of International Law, but simply exercised for the matters in question the treaty-making power of the Mother Country which had. been to that extent delegated to them." "94b. But the position of self-governing Dominions under,,-ent a fundamental change at the end of the 'Vorld War. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and also India, were not only separately represented within the British Empire delegation at the Peace Conference, but also became, side by side with Great Britain, original members of the League of Nations. Separately represented in the Assembly of the League, they may, of course, vote there independently of Great Britain. Now the League of Nations is not a mere administrative union like the Universal Postal Union, but the organized Family of Nations. Without doubt, therefore, the admission of these four self-govern- ing Dominions and of India to membership gives them a position in International Law. But the place of the self-governing Dominions within the :Family of K ations at present defies exact definition, since they enjoy a special position corresponding to their special status within the British Empire as " free com- munities, independent as regards all their own affairs, and partners in those which concern the Empire at large." Moreover, just as, in attaining to that position, they have silently worked changes, far-reaching but incapable of precise definition, in the Constitution of the Empire, so that the written law maccurately represents the actual situation, in a similar way they have taken a place within the Family of Nations, which is none the less real for being hard to reconcile with precedent. Furthermore, they will certainly consolidate the positions which they have won, both within the Empire and within the Family of Nations. An advance in one sphere will entail an advance in the other. For instance, they may well acquire a limited right of legation or limited treaty- making power. But from this time onward the relationship between Great Britain and the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire is not likely to correspond exactly to any relationship hitherto recognized in International Law unless the British Empire Rhould turn into a Federal State." A list of the Departments of the Dominion Government, of the Acts which they administer and of the principal publications of each Department will be found in the section U Statistics and other Information relating to Canada." See, in the index, the entries U Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of Dominion Government," and U Publications of the Dominion Govcrnment." , IV.-PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA. The source of the powers of the provincial governments of Canada is the British North America Act, 1867 (30-31 Yict., c. 3 and amendments). Under section 92 of the Act, the legislature of each province may exclusively make laws in relation to the following matters :-amendment of the constitution of the province, except as regards the Lieutenant-Governor; direct taxation within the province; borrowing of money on the credit of the province; establishment and tenure of provincial offices and appointment and þayment of provincial officers; th3 management and sale of public lands belonging to the province and of the timber and wood thereon; the establishment, maintenance and management of public and reformatory pr;sons in and for the province; the establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals, asylums, charities and eleemosynary institutions in and for the province, other than marine hospitals; municipal institutions in the province; shop, saloon, tavern, auctioneer and other licenses issued for the raising of provincial or municipal revenue; local works and undertakings other than interprovincial or international lines of ships, railways, canals, telegraphs, etc., or works which, though wholly situated within one province, are declared by the Dominion parliament to be for the general advant- age either of Canada or of two or more provinces; the incorporation of companies with provincial objects; the solemnization of marriage in the province; property and civil rights in the province; the administration of justice in the province, inclu- ding the constitution, maintenance and organization of provincial courts both of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and including procedure in civil matters in these courts; the imposition of punishment by fine, penalty, or imprisonment for enforcing any law of the province relating to any of the aforesaid subjects; generally all matters of a merely local or private nature in the province. Further, in and for each province the Legislature may, under section 93, exclu- sively make laws in relation to education, subject to the following provisions.- " (1) Nothing in any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or privilege with respect to denominational schools which any class of persons have by law in the province at the union. (2) All the powers, privileges and duties at the union by law conferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the separate schools and school trustees of the Queen's Roman Catholic subjects shall be and the same are hereby extend- ed to the dissentient schools of the Queen's Protestant and Roman CatholiC' subjects in Quebec. (3) " here in any province a system of separate or dissentient schools exists by law at the union or is thereafter established by the legislature of the province, an appeal shall lie to the Governor-General in Council from any act or decision of any provincial authority affecting any right or privilege of the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority of the Queen's subjects in relation to education. (4) In case any such provincial law as from time to time seems t? the Governor-General in Councii requisite for the due execution of the prOVISIons of this Section is not made, or in case any decision of the Governor-General in Council on any appeal under this Section is not duly executed by the proper provincial authority in that behalf, then and in every such case, and as far only as the circumstances of each case require, the Parli Ir?ent of Ca!lada ay make remedial laws for the due execution of the prOViSIOns of thIS SectIOn and of any decision of the Governor-General in Cou'ncil under this Section." 102 PROVINCIAL AKD LOCAL GOVERXJrfEXT IN CANADA The purpose of these sections was to preserve to a religious minority in any province the same privileges and rights in regard to education which it had at the date of Confederation, but the provincial legislatures were not debarred from legislating on the subject of separate schools provided they did not thE'reby pre- judicially affect privileges enjoyed before Confederation by such schools in the province. These powers, given to the four original provinces in Confederation, have, with some slight changes, been retained ever since and the more recently admitted provinces have assumed the same rights and responsibilities on their inclusion as units in the federation as were previously enjoyed by the older members. I.-NOVA SCOTIA. 1 The province of ."Kava Scotia has made no important changes in its constitu- tion since it became one of the original members of Confederation in 1867. In that year the Legislative Council consisted of 36 members and the Legislative Assembly of 55 members. The number of members of the Council is now 21 and of the Assembly 43. Legislative councillors are appointed for life, and the mem- bers of the Assembly are elected for four years, the maximum duration of its exist- ence. The constitutional relations of the Ministry to the Assembly are based on the principles of responsible government by which it retains office only so long as it is supported by a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The local Ministry or Cabinet., styled the Executive Council, consists of the Prime Minister and President of the Council, the Provincial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Minister of 'Yorks and Mines and the Minister of Highways. These are salaried officials; six other members have office without salaries. Agriculture, immigra- tion and education are under the control and management of the government through certain boards and councils, each with its secretary and staff of officials. Municipal Institutions.-Previous to Confederation, the local government of counties and townships was confided to.the magistracy, which was an appointed body, holding commissions for life and not responsible in any way to the electorate. In the early years of its history this body did much useful and important public service, yet abuses here and there existed on account of the irresponsible nature of their tenure of office, which rendered reform and public accountability very difficult to obtain. Public opinion, however, and the controlling influence of the legislatures operating steadily upon even irresponsible bodies of life-appointed magistrates made the institution as it existed fairly acceptable to the people generally. In 1875, the incorporation of the counties and certain townships, hitherto an optional action, was made compulsory, twenty-four municipalities being then establishëd. In 1895, the Towns Incorporatiòn Act was passed, making the incorporation of towns throughout the province optional. In 1921 there were 41 incorporated towns. The county councils consist of councillors elected by the ratepayers every three years. The warden or presiding officer is chosen by the council and holds office until the next election of councillors. The mayors of towns are elected by the ratepayers and hold office for one year. Halifax, the capital of the province, has a special charter, the mayor being elected annually and the eighteen aldermen for three years, six retiring each year but being eligible for re-election. 1 This article, as well as those on the government of the other Maritime Provinces, is adapted from the article by the late Thomas Barnard Flint, D.C.L., Clerk of the House of Commons, in the Canada Year Book, 1915. NEW BRUNSWICK 103 Judiciary.-The provincial courts consist of (1) the supreme court, which is a court of appeal and also a circuit court, and (2) the county courts. Presiding over the supreme court are a chief justice and six other judges. One of these is a judge in equity, who also acts in divorce cases and one is admiralty judge of the ()xchequer court of Canada. The county courts have a limited original jurisdiction and an appeal jurisdiction from probate and magistrates' courts in certain cases. The judges of this court are seven in number, each having a district of jurisdiction covering a county or group of counties and holding terms of court in the county towns of their respective districts. The judges of the supreme and county courts are appointed and paid by the Dominion Government, but the procedure of the courts in all civil matters is regu- lated by provincial legislation. The purely provincial courts and courts of probate have jurisdiction over wills and intestate estates. Stipendiary and police magistrates' courts and courts of justices of the peace are also under provincial jurisdiction. The judges of these courts and justices of the peace are appointed by the local government and are paid, in some cases by salaries and in others by fees. The sheriffs, clerks, registrars and officers of all the courts are appointed by the pro- vincial authotities. In criminal cases the jurisdiction and procedure of all the courts are fixed by federal statutes. The procedure as to the selection of grand and petit jurors, of revisers of voters' lists and assessment courts is fixed by the provincial statutes. In each county, and in some counties in one or more districts of a county, are offices for the registry of deeds and of all documents pertaining to transfers of or affecting . titles to real estate as well as those creating and discharging liens on personal pro- perty. II.-NEW BRUNSWICK. The province of New Brunswick in all essential features of provincial adminie- tratiop is similar to its neighbour, Nova Scotia. The province entered Confeder- ation with a Legislative Council of 40 members holding their seats for life, a Legis- lative Assembly of 40 members and an Executive Council of nine members. Under its powers of changing the provincial constitution, the Legislative Council was abolished by an act passed on April 16, 1891. The Assembly at present is com- posed of 47 members, and the Executive Council is composed of (1) the Premier, (2) the Minister of Lands and Mines, (3) the Minister of Public 'V arks, (4) the Provincial Secretary-Treasurer, (5) the Minister of Agricultl1re, (6) the Minister of Public Health, and (7) the Attorney-General. In New Brunswick the subject of public instruction is under the managelI'ent of a Board of Education consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor of the province, the memberp of the Executive Council, the Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and the Chief Superintendent of Education. Municipal Institutions.-In the matter of municipal institutions and the establishment of responsible local government, New Brunswick has passed through several stages of development very similar to those of Nova Scotia, and the old régime of county government by magistrates, who were in no way responsible to the people, in time gave way to more modern forms. Municipal incorporation was rendered optional by an early Act of 1851, which, however, had but little effect beyond the division of counties into parishes with a certain amount of local auto- 104 PROVI.V'f'IAL AXD LOC.L1L GOVERY "'fE^ T IN CANADA nomy and some limited powers of administration which have been recognized in subsequent legislation. Later, however, an Act of 1877, providing for compulsory incorporation, was put into force, and, with its amendments, is substantially effect- ive at the present time. It provides that county counci]s be constituted as bodies corporate, having two councillors elected yearly from each parish'in the county. The councils elect from among their members a presiding officer who is styled the warden and who holds office until the next election of councillors. Councils may themselves, however, provide by by-law for their election biennially, a provifion which does not apply to the municipality of the city and county of St. John which still holds a charter granted in the year 1785. In addition to a warden, each council elects a secretary, a treasurer and an auditor who may not be a counciJIor nor hold any office under the counci]. Thp councils also appoint overseers of the poor, constables, commissioners of highways, coJlectors of rates and other parish and county officials as may be nece,,;sary. The qualifications of voters for the councils are very liberal. In general every British subject of legal age, having real property of any value if a resident, or if not, having real property to the value of one hundred dollars, is entitled to vote. Judiciary.-The provincial courts of Kew Brunswick, similar to those of Nova Scotia, consist of the supreme court and of county courts, the supreme court consisting of the appeal division presided over by the chief justice of New Bruns- wick and t" a pUisne judges, and the King's bench division, presided over by a chief justice and three puisne judges. There are six county court judges with juris- diction in the fifteen counties of the province. Parishes are provided with local courts presided over by commissioners who are ex officio justices of the peace, and in some cases they are provided with stipendiary or police magistrates. These commissioners have civil jurisdiction in debts not exceeding eighty dollars and in cases of tort when the damages claimed to not exceed thirty-two dollars. IlL-PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. At the time of entering the Union, the government of Prince Edward Island consisted of a Governor and an Executive Council, a Legislative Council of 13 members, and a House of Assembly of 30 members. The Legislative Council was made elective in 1862 and so continued until its abolition after the union in 1873. The former Legislative Council districts, after the passage of the Abolition Act, electro members to the Legislative Assembly, fifteen in number, while the same districts elected members to the Assembly on a different franchise, thus practically amalgamating the two houses into one Assembly of 30 members. The electoral system, as far as voting is concerned, is practical1y one of manhood suffrage. The Executive Council of Prince Edward Island consists of (1) the President of the Council, and Attorney-General, (2) the Provincial Secretary-Treasurer, who is also Commissioner of Agriculture, (3) the Commissioner of Public 'Yorks, and (4) ix members without portfolio. l\ïth regard to the judiciary, the supreme court has a chief justice and two assistant judges. The judge of the ('òLnty court for Queen's county is also the local judge in admiralty of the exchequer court. The supreme court is also a court of appeal and has jurisdiction in appeal chancery cases. It has original jurisdiction botp in civil and criminal matters. In civil cases of debt the action must be for an amoWlt above $32, and QUEBEC' 105 all cases beyond the jurisdiction of the county court may be tried before a judge of the supreme court. The assistant judges of this court have also chancery powers. There is a surrogate and probate court for the province with one judge. A system of county courts is established consisting of three judges, one for each county. These are appointed and paid by the federal government and have jurisdiction in suits up to the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars. Education is under the direction of a Board of Edùcation consisting of the members of the Executive Council of the province, the Superintendent of Education, who is also secretary of the Board, and the Principal of Prince of'W ales Collegf'. IV.-QUEBEC.l Political and Administrative Organization.-The first assembly of repre- sentatives of the people to be elected by popular vote sat at Quebec, the capital of Lower Canada, in 1792, after the establishment of the parliamentary government which still exists and which originated in the Constitutional Act of 1791. A similar form of government was at the same time establjshed in the province of Upper Canada. This state of affairs lasted down to 1840, when the two provinces were united, and the territory formed by the union of the two Canadas received the name of province of Canada. Finally, in 1867, a confederation of four provinces was set up. The provinces of Ontario. Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were the first to join in establishing a central government, the seat of which was fixed by the Imperial Government at Ottawa. The legislature of Quebec is composed of three branches: the Legislative Assembly of eighty-five members representing the eighty-six electoral divisions of the province (the counties of Charlevoix and Saguenay have the same repre- sentative); the- Legislative Council of twenty-four members nominated for life by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council; and finally an Executive Council composed of the Lieutenant-Governor and his advisors, the ministcrs of the Crown. The Legislative Assembly and also the Legislative Council have the power to bring forward bills relating to civil and administrative matters and to amend or repeal the laws which already exist. A bill, to bE' approved by the Lieutenant- Governor, must have received the assent of both Houses. Only the Legislative Assembly can bring forward a bill requiring the e penditure of public money. The extreme lcngth of a Parliament is five years. The premier is assisted by sevcn ministers, each with departmental portfolios (one of them, the treasurer, having two portfolios) and by two ministers without portfolio. Municipal Organization.-For the purposes of local or municipal adminis- tration, the province of Quebec is divided into county municipalities, 74 in number; these include rural municipalities and villages, as well as town municipalities hitherto organized under the former municipal code. In 1922 there were 22 city, 87 town and 261 village municipalities, as well as 9-13 rural municipalities, a total of 1,313 local municipalities. Each local municipality is administered by a corporation composed of seven members in the rural municipalitics and of a number varying according to the municipality in the cities and to"'ns. In rural municipalities, the election of candidates for the municipal council takes place annually in the month of January when three of the six council]ors are replaced, while the mayor is elccted lAdapted from the article by G. E. Marquis, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Quebec, in the 1921 Year Book. 106 PROVIKCIAL AI\.D LOCAL GOVERNAfENT IN CANADA for a two year term. The county council is composed of all the mayors of the villages and rural municipalities in the county. The head of this body bears the name of warden and is elected at the March quarterly meetings of the council. Most of the towns and cities are organized into separate corporations inde- pendent of any county council, in virtue of special charters granted by the legis- lature. The composition varies in different municipalities. The powers of the municipal councils are very extensive, being applicable, however, only to questions of purely local interest, while their regulations must contain no provisions incom- patible with the municipal laws of the country. They can appoint officials to manage the business of the municipality; form committees to undertake particular branches of the administration; make all highway regulations; nominate a local board of health; see to the maintenance of order; and finally aid colonization and agriculture by imposing direct taxes upon the taxable property of municipalities. All sums necessary for local public administration may be raised by the muni- cipal council by means of direct taxation on the property in the municipality as well as on certain business stock. Every two years assessors are named by the council who establish the value of the real property of their municipality. These assessors must make a new assessment ran every three years, but must amend and correct this roll every year. With this assessment as a basis, the municipal council raises the taxes which it needs to meet the expenses of administration. A few years ago a Department of Municipal Affairs was established to supervise more closely the carrying out of the municipaJ law and especiaUy the borrowing of money. School Organization.-Public instruction in the province of Quebec is governed by a single act ca]]ed the Law of Public Instruction, although there are two kinds of schools, one for the Catholics and the other for the Protestants or non-Catholics. This is what is called the confessional system. Regulations for each of these religious units are prepared by the Catholic Committee or the Pro- testant Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, respectively, and submitted for the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council before going into force. The territorial unit administered by a school corporation is called a school muni- cipality. This may differ in boundaries from the parish and even from the local municipality. There are 1,746 of these school municipalities, of which 1,394 are Catholic and 352 Protestant. School municipalities are constituted at the request of a group of ratepayers by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council on the recommend- ation of the Superintendent of Public Instruction or occasionally by an Act of the legislature. Each of them must be divided into school districts, except in cities and towns. School administration is in the hands of five commissioners- or three trustees. In the same municipality the dissentients or religious minority elect the trustees to direct the affairs of the dissentient schools whilc the majority clcct the commissioners. The school commissioners and trustees are elected for three years, five of the former or three of the latter forming a school corporation. Their duties are nume.- rous, but in brief it may be said that they must erect a school in each school district, look after the maintenance, provide the necessary equipment, engage teachers, supervise their teaching and settle the differences which may arise between teachers and parents. Like the municipal corporations, the school corporations have the right to impose taxes for the construction and maintenance of schools and for the payment of the teaching staff. School taxation is distributed over all the taxable property ONTARIO 107 of the school municipality; the assessment roll prepared by the Municipal Council must, except in rare cases, serve as a basis for the taxation imposed by the school corporations. Formerly the school corporations had under their control schools of four kinds; kindergartens, elementary primary, intermediate primary and superior primary schools. A modification of the above classification was m:lde in September, 1923, under which the last three types of schools were reduced to two which are the primary course (4 years) and the intermediate course (4 years). The programme of studies has been modified so as to give a more suitable type of education to country children, so as to keep them on the land, and to provide for town and city children an education which will fit them for industry, commerce and finance. Besides the schools under control of the school corporation, there are also the classical colleges where secondary instruction is given, as well as four universities, not including several special schools. The whole school organization is directed by the Council of Public Instruction, which prepares the school regulations and the programme of studies. It chooses also the professors and principals of the Normal schools, as well as the examiners of candidates for teachers' certificates; finally, it approves as it E'ees fit, the textbooks which are submitted to it. When the two Committees of the Council sit together, thus constituting the Council, its chairman is the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who also directs the Depart- ment of Public Instruction. He is named for life by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, but the Provincial Secretary is the spokesman of this department, and is responsible before the provincial legislature for its administration. V.-ONTARIO.l Historica1.-The northern part of what is now the province of Ontario came under British rule in 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, the southern part in 1763, by the Treaty of Paris. At the latter date the whole white population was only about 1,000, mainly settled along the Detroit river. By Royal Proclamation of Oct. 7, 1763, the eastern part of the province, and by the Quebec Act of 1774 (14 Geo. III, c. 83), the whole of what is now southern Ontario, became part of the province of Quebec, under French civil and English criminal law and without any representative government. The immigration of the United Empire Loyalists and their settlement in the country led to an increasing demand both for English civil law and for representative institutions. This demand was met by the passing of the Constitutional Act of 1791 (31 Geo. III, c. 31), which established the pro- vince of Upper Canada with a Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council of not fewer than seven, and a Legislative Assembly of not fewer than sixteen members, to be elected by the people. These representatives of the people, however, had little control over the Executive Council, and the result was the struggle for respon- sible government which culminated in the rebellion of 1837, after which Lord Durham's report paved the way for its introduction and the union of the Canadas by the Act of Union (3-4 Vict., c. 35). Present Constitution.-The Legislative Assembly of Ontario, the single chamber of the legislature of the province, was originally composed of 82 elected members, the number, however, having been increased un il the present when lAdapted from the article by S. A. Cudmore. Editor Canada Year Book. in the 1921 Year Book. 108 PROVINCIAL AXD LOCAL GOVERl\ 1 [E.VT IN C.4NADA its total is 111. It is elected for four years on an adult suffrage basis and holds annual sessions so that 12 months shall not intervene between the last sitting in one session and the first sitting in the next. The Executive Council consists (1923) of thirteen members, nine of them holding tJortfolios as follows: Prime Minister and Minister of Education; Attorney- General; Secretary and Registrar; Treasurer; Lands and Forests; Agriculture; Public Works and Highways; Labour; Mines. Besides the regular departments, certain commissions have been created for specific purposes. They include the Niagara Falls Park Commission, the Railway and Municipal Board, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission and the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Commission. Municipal Government.-Under the system established by the Constitu- tional Act of 1791, municipal administration was carried on in the main by the courts of quarter sessions, whose members were appointed by and responsible to the governor in council. As urban communities began to grow, there commenced an agitation for local self-government, which after many rebuffs, resulted in 1832 in the grant to Brockville of a limited measure of control of the local police. In 1833 Hamilton and in 1834 Belleville, Cornwall, Port Hope and Prescott received similar powers, while in the latter year York became a self-governing city with a. mayor, aldermen and councillors under the name of Toronto, Kingston receiving in 1838 a similar constitution, though bping denied the name of city. Upon the introduction of responsible government, the District Councils Act of 1841 was passed, giving a considerable measure of local self-government with a. large measure of contr"ol by the central authorities and a. few years later, a. more comprehensive measure, the Municipal Act of 1849 came into force. This Act has been called the l\1agna Charta of municipal institutions, not only for Ontario, but for the newer provinces which largely copied Ontario institutions. Its main features are still clearly visible in the municipal system of to-day. Under this system there existed in 1868, when the first legislature of Ontario assembled, 539 local self-governing units, including 36 counties, 399 townsbips, and 104 cities, towns and villages. In 1921, there were in the province 911 local self-governing units, including 38 county municipalities, 557 townships, 149 villages, 143 towns and 24 cities. There was thus in that year a local self-governing body for every 3,200 of the population of the province, and the general effect has been to init iate the masses of the people in the problems of self-government, so that Ontario has been described by eminent students of democratic governments as one of the most perfect democracies in existence. Townships and Villages.-Township municipalities may be organized in hitherto unorganiz{'d territory when the population of the geographical township of six miles square is not less than 100, and where the inhabitants of an area Dot surveyed into townships e:xceed 100 on not more than 20,000 acres. The township is governed by a chief executive officer styled reeve, and four others who may be deputy reeves or councillors, depending on tbe number of municipal electors. These provisions apply also to villages, which may be created out of districts or parts of townships where a population of 750 exists on an area not exceeding 500 acres. Police villap;es with certain limited rights of self-government may be formed by county councils where a population of not less than 150 exists upon an area of not less than 500 acres and where the majority of freeholders and resident tenants of the locality petition therefor. Police villages are administered by three trustees who may be created a body corporate where the population exceeds 500. ONTARIO 109 Towns.- Towns may be incorporated on conditions prescribed by the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board, but must have not less than 2,000 population. A town in unorganized territory is governed by a mayor and six councillors, or if the population is not less than 5,000, by a mayor and nine councillors. A town not in unorganized territory is governed by a mayor, a reeve, as many deputy reeves as the town is entitled to have as its representatives in the county council, and three councillors for each ward where there are less than five wards, or two councillors for each ward where there are five or more wards. Towns having not less than 5,000 population may, by by-law approved by the electors, withdraw from the jurisdiction of the county council. Cities.-Cities, which are always entirely separate in government from their counties, must have, when constituted, a population of 15,000. They are governed by a mayor, a Board of Control if such exists, and, at the option of the council, two or three aldermen for each ward. Boards of Control, who may be elected by general vote in any city of more than 45,000 people and must be so elected in cities of over 100,000, form a sort of executive authority for the larger cities giving a large portion of their time to the public service, and being paid a salary considerably higher than the alderman's indemnity. The duties of the Board of Control include the preparation of estimates, the awarding of contracts, the inspec- tion of municipal works, and the nomination of officers and their dismissal 01' sus- pension. The Board reports to the council, in which its members also have a vote, and its action is subject to approval or reversal by the whole council. The council may not make appropriations or expenditures of sums not provided for by the Board's estimates, without a two-thirds vote of the members present. Counties.-All members of county councils are also members of the councils of the municipalities within the larger county municipality, being the reeves and deputy reeves of townships, villages and towns. The presiding officer of the county council is called the warden, and is annually chosen from among the reeves who are members of the council. The county council has charge of the main highways and bridges, the courthouse, gaol, house of refuge, registry office, etc. Its rates are collected through the constituent local municipalities. Provisions for the erection of one kind of urban municipality into another are given in the Municipal Act. Judiciary.-Under the Law Reform Act of 1909 (9 Edw. VII, c. 28), the Supreme Court of Ontario is established in two divisions, the appellate division and the high court division, the former being a continuation of the old court of appeal and the latter a continuation of the old high court of justice. The appellate division is composed of not less than two divisional courts, each with five justices, who. try appeals from the high court and the other courts of the province, and from whose decision appeals may in certain cases be made to the Supreme Court of Canada. The justices of the High Court hold assizes at least twice a year in each county, with a very comprehensive jurisdiction. In each county or district . there is a court presided over by a judge, who sits at least twice a year, with or without a jury, to try minor civil actions. Each county judge also presides at least twice yearly over a court of general session, with a limited jurisdiction in criminal matters. Criminals may, with their own consent, be tried by the county judge without a jury. Each judicial district is divided into court divisions in each of which a division court is held by the county judge, or his deputy, at least once in every two months. These courts are for the recovery of small debts and damages. The county judges hold revision courts for the revision of assessment rolls and of voters' lists; they are also judges of the surrogate courts, which deal with the estates of deceased persons. 110 PROVn...-CIAL AKD LOCAL GOVER.Yi1IENT IK CAS ADA VI.-MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.1. Historical.-On the prairies there have been two distinct trends of historical and political development-that of the Red River and that of the Territories. The whole region was originally under the sway of the Honourable Company of Adventurers trading into Hudson's Bay. In the case of Red River, responsible self-rule came with the transfer to Canada. The Territories possessed absolutely no form of government prior to their incorporation in the Dominion. On September 4, 1812. Captain Miles Macdonell, in the name of Lord Selkirk, took formal possession of the District of Assiniboia at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. This was the first act of government in what is now western Canada. The district was governed for several years by a governor and council appoint- ed by Selkirk, and although it was responsible to only a slight degree to those whose interests it was expected to regard and foster, its membership was largely represent- ative of the leaders in the community. In 1841, the Municipal District of Assini- boia was formed, its establishment marking the beginnings of self-government in the west. The series of Dominion Acts relating to the west begins with "An Act for the temporary government of Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territory when united with Canada," June 22, 1869. This Act sought to prepare for the transfer of the Territories from the local authorities to the government of Canada. A year later the Manitoba Act (33 Vict., c. 3) launched upon its independent constitutional career the c1d district of Assiniboia, now in possession of complete self-govern- ment. For a short time there was a temporary government with two ministers and the Legislative Assembly. After this, government was carried on with the Legis- lative Assembly and a Legislative Council, but without a premier. At the end of .six years the Legislative Council wa!:! abolished. \Yithout a Legislative Council but with a premier and a Legislative Assembly the province assumed the constitu- tional form which has endured to the present day. On the establishment of the province of Manitoba, the Territories were not at first given a separate government. They were administered from Fort Garry by the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba with the aid, first of a small executive council of three, and then with the aid of a more formal but still provisional North- west Council. The charter of the separate political existence of the Territories is the Northwest Territories Act, 1875 (38 Yict., c. 49). The development of the country had already become a rapid one. The construction of the Canadian Pacific railway exerted a powerful influence on its growth and tended to a great extent to determine the course of settlement. 'While the capital was still at Battle- ford, in 1881, Chief Factor Lawrence Clarke W3S elected to represent the district of Lorne on the Northwest Council. Three years later the elected representatives of the people became numerous enough to exert an influence upon legislation. In 1886 a territorial judiciary was established. Then followed a parliamentary struggle for the control of the purse. In quick succession came the Advisory Council, the Executive Committee, the Executive Council. In the contest between represent- atives of the settlers and the Dominion officials, victory lay with the people and with the cause of popular government. It was not, however, till 1897, on the eve of a remarkable growth in population and economic development, that the govern- ment of the Territories, which for half a decade had been giving expression to the IAdapted from the article by Rev. E. H. Oliver, Ph. D., F. R.S.C., in the 1921 Ye:l.I" Book. JIA NI TOBA 111 people's will, was made completely responsible in form as it had already been in fact. The increased volume of immigration necessitated heavier expenditures upon education, public works and local administration. It was impossible to introduce municipal organizations into many districts outside the limits of the denser settle- ments. The result was to impose excessive burdens upon the territorial govern- ment. Financial embarrassments gave rise to constitutional aspirations. FinaJly, after a prolonged agitation, the Saskatchewan and Alberta Acts (4-5 Edw. VII, cc. 42 and 43), provided for the erection on September 1st, 1905, of two provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Provincial Constitutions.-Each of the three provinces has a Lieutenant- Governor, appointed by the Dominion Government, who holds office for five years. '\Vithin his term he is not removable except for cause assigned, communicated to him in writing. His powers are exercised in accordance with the principles of responsible government, with the advice and consent of the provincial cabinet. Each province also, has in its cabinet a Minister of Public \'" arks, an Attorney- GeneraJ, a Minister of Agriculture, a Provincial Treasurer, a Minister of Education and a Provincial Secretary. More than one department or sub-department is frequently under one responsible minister. In addition each province has a Legisla- ture consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor and the Legislative Assembly. There mllEt be a yearly session. Though the Assembly may be dissolved at any time it must not continue longer than a fixed period of years after a general election. I.-Manitoba. Municipal Government.-The stages in the growth of municipal institu- tions in Manitoba are marked by the legislation of the years 1871, 1873, 1882 and 1900. In 1871, the County A:,sessmeDt Act and the Parish Assessment Act made provision for dealing with local finance. An Act of 1873 provided for the erection of a local municipality in districts containing not less than '30 freeholders. In 1883, the province was divided into 26 counties 3;nd 3 judicial districts. Then, by the Generai Municipal Act of 1900, every city, town, village and rural municipal- ity became a body corporate. Over all of these bodies, excepting cities having separate charters of incorporation, is the upervision of a department of Municipal Affairs. By legislation enacted in 1921, a Tax Commission was established in order to improve the standard of municipal assessment throughout the province, and especially in rural areas where some laxity had existed. A feature peculiar to local government in Manitoba is the "Improvement District," that portion of a rural municipality or incorporated village formed into a particular territory to provide for local improvements. It differs in both nature and functions from the improvement districts of Saskatchewan and Alberta. ID general, the other forms of municipal organization are the ruraJ municipalities villages, towns and cities. School Districts.-The most elementary and in many ways the most import- ant unit of self-government on the prairies is the school district, the local organiza- tion for the support and administration of educational affairs. Its individual character depends largely on whether it is a rural, village, town, city or consolidated district, but the most common of these, the rural district, is governed by a board of three trustees elected by the ratepayers for three years, one being elected and one retiring annually. Still another form also exists, the rural municipality school organization, an aggregation of rural schools undcr one board of trustees. 112 PROV1NC1A.L A -D LOCAL GOVER JIE,-VT 1:-1 CANADA Other Forms.-As mentioned above, the other forms of municipal organiza- tion in addition to the improvement district are the rural municipalities, villages, towns and cities. The rural municipality is a permanent corporate body with powers to legislate on matters such as public health, cemeteries, hospitals, cruelty to animals, fires, municipal buildings, etc. It collects the school ta:xes in the district and may borrow by means of debenture issues. Certain license fees may be collected but taxation constitutes the principal source of revcnue. The council consists of the reeve and six or four councillors as determined by by-law. Villages arc incorporated under the Municipality Act in which a primary requirement is that a minimum number of 500 inhabitants be resident on an area of 640 acres. Towns may be erected on a petition from any locality with over 1,500 inhabi- tants. The council consists of the mayor and two councillors from each ward. A city in Manitoba may be formed on application from a town containing over 10,000 inhabitants. its council is composed of a mayor, a board of control similar to those of Ontario, and two aldermen from each ward. Its powcrs are the familiar ones including the acquisition of property, public safety, public ordcr and morality, fire protection, libraries, drainage, sewerage and water supply. Judiciary.- The courts of the three provinces are essentially the same. In Manitoba there are the court of appeal, with a chief justice and four puisne judges, the court of King's bench, the surrogate court and the county courts. In Saskat- chewan are the court of appeal and the court of King's bench (with the supreme court judges having jurisdiction in bankruptcy) and several district courts. In Alberta there are the trial and appellate divisions of the supreme court (the judges acting in bankruptcy as above) and also several judicial districts and sub-judicial districts presided over by district judges. 2. -Saska tchewan. The province. of Saskatchewan began its existence in 1905 with numerous municipal customs and organizations which it received as a legacy from the old Northwest Territories. Many of them were soon discarded on the recommend- ation of investigating commissions and among the earliest moves of the new pro- vince in the direction of municipal government was the amending of local improve- ment Acts and the consolidating of other Acts relating to municipalities. In general, local government in Saskatchewan is similar to that of Manitoba. The school district is the most important governmental unit. Improvement districts in both Saskatchewan and Albcrta differ from those in Manitoba in that they consist of those sparsely settled areas where there exists either no municipal organization whatever or one of a very simple character. As a rule each local improvement district has exactly the same area as the rural municipality into which it may subsequently be transformed. This is generally the territorial unit of 18 miles square or 9 townships. Taxes 'are collectible by the Department of M Ullicipal Affairs and are expended within the district on highways, the destruction of animal and insect pests, etc. Villages may be incorporated when 50 people actually resident in a hamlet make application. Taxes may be levied on land at its fair actual value, on buildings and improvements at 60 p.c. of their value and on pcrsonal property and income. On written petition of two-thirds of the number of ratepayers, a by-law providing for the assessment of land only may be passed. BRITISH COLUMBIA 113 Towns may be erected from villages having over 500 inhabitants. The land and improvements are assessed on the same basis as in villages, but in addition, the town has the power of imposing an income tax, a tax on personal property and a tax on improvements. - Towns of 5,000 inhabitants may be incorporated as cities under a general City Act. The city may, at its own volition, assess land values, exempting buildings and improvements. City government is by mayor and aldermen elected by the people and by appointed commissioners, a contrast to the elective boards of control common to eastern cities. 3.-Alberta. From the standpoint of government, the development of Alberta since its creation in 1905 has been very similar to that of Saskatchewan, in much the :same way as these two provinces have been closely allied with Manitoba in the application of older, eastern methods of government to western conditions. In Alberta also, the five main forms of municipal organization exist: improve- ment and municipal districts, vilJages, towns and cities. The school district is again a vital element in the organization of government and, in Alberta, is similar in constitution to those of the other prairie provinces. The council of rural mlmi- cipalities is generally elected at large, although, with the electors' approval, it may provide for election by divisions in a manner similar to that seen in Sabkat- chewan where the reeve is elected at large while each of the six councillors is chosen by a division of a township and a half. A vil1age in Alberta is not a corporate body and its powers are very limited. It may be established where any centre of population contains 25 occupied dwelling houses within an area of 640 acres. '" hen a village population reaches 700 it may be established as a town and towns again may become cities on application and granting of a special charter. As each city conducts its affairs according to the provisions of its charter (since there is no City Act governing their creation) methods of city government in the province show considerable differences. VI I.-BRITISH COLUMBIAI. British Columbia entered Confederation on July 20, 1871. The province had been constituted in 1866 by the union of the colony of Vancouver Island and its dependencies with that of British Columbia. Local responsible government began before Confederation, but previously the colonies had been administered by two mixed elective and appointed councils. The Lieutenant-Governor and a Cabinet not to exceed twelve ministers constitute the present administration. The Cabinet is composed of the following: the Premier, who is also Minister of Railways and President of the Council; Attorney-General and Minister of Labour; Minister of Finance and Minister of Industries; Provincial Secretary and Minister of Educa- tion; Minister of Lands; Minister of Mines and Commissioner of Fisheries; Minister ()f Public Works; Minister of Agriculture. British Columbia has a single chamber legislature, consisting of 47 members. Vancouver's representation has been increased from 2 members in 1894 to 6 at present, elected at large. Victoria returns 4 members, while the other 36 ridings are one-member constituencies. The term of the Legislative Assembly, formerly four years, was increased to five years in 1913. lAdapted from tbe article by John Hosie in tbe 1921 Year Book. 62373-8 114 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA Judiciary.- The principal courts of the province in the order of authority are as follows:- 1. Court of Appeal, consisting of a chief justice and four puisne judges. The appellate jurisdiction of this court is wide, covering appeals from all judgments and orders of the supreme court, appeals from the county courts, appeals from the opinion of a judge of the supreme court on constitutional questions referred to him by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, etc. It is also the court of ..appeal for the province in all criminal cases under the Criminal Code of Canaàa. 2. The Supreme Court, consisting of a chief justice and five puisne judges. It has general jurisdiction throughout the province as a superior court of record, and there are certain appeals under provincial legislation which are heard before it. Its jurisdiction is exercisable by each individual judge as anù for the court. 3. County Courts, of which there are nine. These have juriEdictio in aU personal actions where the amount involved does not exceed $1,000; in actions of ejectment where the value of the premises does not exceed $2,500; in equity cases where the amount involved does not exceed $2,500. They have wide jurisdiction under the provincial mining acts, and upon appeals from smal] debts rourt'3. The administration of criminal justice is also largely in their hands. 4. Small Debts Courts, with juriFdiction in personal actions up to $100. They are presided over by judges appointed by the provincial government. In addition to the above COurtb there are many stipendiary magistrates. and justices of the peace, exercising a more or less limited jurisdiction under the Criminal Code of Canada as well as under the Summary Convictions Act. Education.-The Department of Education is lmder a Minister who is also Provincial Secretary. The Superintendent of Education has the rank of a deputy minister. Supervision is in the hands of two high school inspectors, sixteen inspec- ors of schools, and one inspector of manual training schools. The system is non- sectarian. Attendance is compulsory frolp. the age of 7 to 14. The provincial university was authorized by legislation in 1908, but was not opened until 1915. It confers degrees in Arts, Applied Science and Agriculture, and has power to grant degrees in aJI branches except theology. Other educational institutions incJude two normal schools and over forty' high I3chools. There are also night schools for instruction in academic and technical subjects. Manual training and household science departments are in operation. in many high schools and elementary schools. The maintenance of all city and town schools, and a large majority of the rural schools, is provided for by local or district assessment, supplemented by grants from the provincial treasury. Control of these schools is vested in the local authorities, subject to the regulations of the department. Cities and organi7ed municipalities elect their boards by popular vote. These boards appoint municipal inspectors and other officers. Municipal Government.-Local administration is at present based on the Municipal Act and amending statutes, together with the Village Municipalities Act. Large powers of local self-government are conferrcd by the existing system. An urban municipality may be formed by a community of not less than 100 male British subjects, provided the owners of more than half of the land petition for it. District municipalities may be organized by 30 resident male British subjects of full age. Village municipalities may be formed by petition where the number of residents does not exceed 1,000 but the provisions of the Municipal Act shall not BRITISH COLUMBIA 115 apply thereto. The city organizations are of the same general type, differing only in details. In all, the chief executive officer is the mayor, and all have elective councils. The Municipal Act has provision for the board of control, but neither this nor the Commission system is in operation. All the larger cities have dropped the ward system. Vancouver, the largest city, has reduced its council to eight members. The municipal franchise for ordinary purposes is open to adult male residents and to female householders and real estate owners. Only owners of real estate, male or female, may vote on money by-laws. Such by-laws are necessary for expendi- tures beyond the ordinary revenue, requiring the issue of debentures. They require a three-fifths majority of the votes cast. The chief executive of a district muni- cipality is the reeve and in most other reEpects the district municipality is similar to the city government. While he general municipal system is established by common legislation, several municipalities have secured certain modifications by special enactment. Each has its own system of assessment and taxation. Vancouver, for example, levies taxes upon fifty per cent of the value of improvements. Under the Municipal Cemeteries Act, 1921, municipalities are given power to establish cemeteries, mausoleums and crematoriums. Two or more municipali- ties may act together in the matter, with a joint board of control appointed by the respective councils. Aid is now given the municipalities from the receipts from government sale of liquor, from receipts for motor licenses, and from a newly imposed tax on betting at race meetings. The apportionment of such moneys is on a basis of population. 6:?J73- l V.-PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA. I.-DO INION PARLIAMENT. The Dominion Parliament is composed of the King, represented by the Governor- General, the Senate and the House of Commons. The Governor-General is appoint- ed by the King in Council. Members of the Senate are appointed for life by the Governor-General in Council and members of the House of Commons are elected by the people. As a result of the working out of the democratic principle, the part played by the King's representative and the Upper Chamber of Parliament in tbe country's legislation has been, in Canada as in the mother country, a steadily decreasing one, the chief responsibilities involved in legislation being assumed by the House of Commons. The Governor-General of Canada-The Governor-General is appointed by the King as his representative in Canada, usually for a term of five years, v. ith a salary fixed at .f:lO,OOO sterling per annum and forming a charge against the consolidated revenue of the country. Tl1e Governor-General is bound by the terms of his com- mission and can only exercise such authority as is expressly entrusted to him. He acts under the advice of his Ministry, which is responsible to Parliament, and, as the acting head of the executive, summons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament and assents to or reserves bills. In the discharge of these and other e},.ecutive duties, he acts entirely by and with the advice of his Ministry (the Governor- General in Council). In matters of Imperial interest affecting Canada, he consults with his Ministers and submits their views to the British government. The royal prerogative of mercy in capital cases, formerly exercised on the Governor-General's own judgment and responsibility, is now ê.-xercised pursuant to the advice of the Ministry. A list of the Governors-General from the time of Confederation, with the dates of their appointment and assumption of office, is given in Table 1. 1.-GO\ernors-General of Canada. 1867-1923. Name. Date of appointment. Date of assumption of offIce. Viscount Monck. G.C.l\l.G.............................. ..... .......... June 1, 1867 July 1, 1867 .. LordLisgar.G.C.M.G................................................ Dec. 29, 186b Feb. 2, 1869 TheEarlofDufferin,K.P.,K.C.B..G.C.l\I.G......................... May 22, 1872 June 25, 1872 Thel\larquisofLorne. K.T.,G.C.:\l.G................................ Oct. 5, 1878 Kov.25, 1878 The Marquis of Lansdowne. G.C.M.G... .............................. Aug. 18, 1883 Oct. 23, 1883 Lord Stanley of Preston. G.C.B.................. . ................ May 1, 1888 June 11, 1888 T he Earl of Aberdeen, K. T., G .C.l\l.G......... . . . .. .... .............. May 22, 11393 ðept. 18, 1893 TheEarlofMinto,G.C.M.G..................................... .... July 30, 1898 Nov. 12, 1898 TheEarIGrey.G.C.M.G........................................... .. Sept. 26, 1904 Dec. 10, 1904 Field-Marshal H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, R.G................... lar. 21, 1911 Oct. 13. 1911 The Duke of Devonshire, K.G., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O.................. Aug. 19, 1916 Nov. 11. 1916 General the Lord BingofVimy, G.C.B., G.C.l\1.G., M.V.O............ Aug. 2. 1921 Aug. 11, 1921 The Ministry-A system of government based upon the British, by which a Cabinet or Ministry (composed of members of the House of Commons or tbe Senate), responsible to Parliament, holds office while it enjoys the confidence of DOMINION J.UINISTRIES 117 the people's representatives, is found in Canada. The Cabinet is actually a com- mittee of the King's Privy Council for Canada. 'Without enlarging upon the features of the system, it may be sufficient to note that the Cabinet is responsible to the House of Commons, and, followin,g established precedent, resigns office when it becomes evident that it no longer holds the confidence of the people's representatives. Members óf the Cabinet are chosen by the Prime Minister; each of them generally assumes charge of one of the various departments of the government, although one Minister may hold two portfolios at the same time, while other members may be without portfolio. The present Ministry consists of 19 members. Three of them are without portfolio while four others, including the Prime Minister, are in charge of two or more departments. The Prime Ministers since Confederation and their dates of office, together with the members of the present Ministry, are given in Table 2. 2.-1Uinlstries since ('onfederation. 1. Rt. Hon. Sir John A. :\Iacdonald, Premier. From July I, 1867 to Nov. 6, 1873. 2. Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, Premier. From Nov. 7, 1873 to Oct. 16, 1878. 3. Rt. Hon. Sir John A. l\Iacdonald, Premier. From Oct. 17, 1878 to June 6, 189l. 4. Hon. Sir John J. C. Abbott, Premier. From June 16, 1891 to Dec. 5,1892. 5. Hon. Sir John S. D. Thompson, Premier. From Dec. 5, 1892 to Dec. 12, 1894. 6. Hon. Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Premier. From Dec. 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896. 7. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Premier. From May I, 1896 to July 8, 1896. 8. Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier. From July 11, 1896 to Oct. 6, 1911. V. Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden, Premier. (Conservative Administration). From Oct. 10, 1911 to Oct. 12, 1917. 10. Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden, Premier. (Unionist Administration). From Oct. 12, 1917 to July 10, 1920. - 11. Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen, Premier. (Unionist-"National Liberal and Conservative Party"). From July 10, 1920 to Dec. 29, 1921. 12. Rt. Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Premier. From Dec. 29, 1921. NOTE.-A complete list of the members of Dominion :\Iinistries from Confederation to 1913 appeared in the Year Book of 1912, pp. 422-429. A list of the members of the Dominion Ministries from 1911 to 1921 appeared in the Year Book of 1920, pp. 651-653. TWELFTH DmUNION :M:INISTRY. (According to precedence of the Ministers as at the formation of the Cabinet.) Office. Occupant. Date of Appointment. Prime Minister, Secretary of State for External Affairs, President of the Privy Council.................................. Right Hon. "illiam Lyon Mackenzie King Dec. Minister of Finance: . ... . . . . ... . . . . ... . .. Right Hon. William S. Fielding. - . . . Dec. Minister of National Defence............... Hon. George P. Graham................... Dec. Hon. Edward Macdonald!.................. April Hon. Edward Macdonald...... .... ..... ... Aug. Postmaster General......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Hon. Charles Murphy...... . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . Dec. 29, 1921 29, 1921 29, 1921 28, 1923 17, 1923 29, 1921 Minister without Portfolio. . .. .. ... ..... .. . Hon. Raoul Dandurand... . . . . Mini!!ter of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establish- ment and the Minister in charge of and to administer the Department of Health... . Hon. Henri S. Béland.... . . . . . Dec. 29, 1921 Dec. 29, 1921 Minister of Public Works.. ................. Hon. He\\itt Bostock.... ........... Dec. Hon. James H. hing.... ................. Feb. Minister of Justice and Attorney General... Hon. Sir Lomer Gouin..: . . ... . . .. . . . . . . .. . Dec. I 29, 1921 . 3, 1922 29. 1921 29, 1921 j 29, 1921 . Minister of Customs and Excise..... ..... Hon. Jacques Bureau......._ Dec. Minister of Marine and Fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . Hon. Ernest Lapointe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. Solicitor General................. ... . ..... Hon. Daniel D. .\IcKenzie.................. Dec. 29, 1921 Hon. E. J. )lc\lurray............ ept. 12, 1923 lActing )linibter. . 118 PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA TWELFTH DOMINION MINISTRY -concluded. Office. Occupant. Date of Appointment. Minister of Immigration and Colonization.. Hon. James A. Robb................... .... Aug. Minister of Trade and Commerce.......... Ron. JamesA. Robb........... ...._ _ _..... Dec. Ron. ThomasA. Low.............. . ..... Aug. Minister without Portfolio. . . . _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . Ron. Thomas A. Low. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Dec. Secretary of State......................... Ron. Arthur B. Copp...................... Dee. Minister of Railways and Canals... . . . . . . . . Ron. William C. Kennedy.......... . . . . . . .. Dee. Ron. George P. Graham................... April Minister of the Interior, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs and ?llinister of ?t1ines..................... _....... _. _ _ _. Hon. Charles Stewart.... _................. Dec. 17, 1923 29, 1921 17, 1923 29, 1921 29, 1921 29, 1921 28, 1923 29, 1921 Minister of Agriculture... ... _ . . . . _ . . . . . . .. Hon. William R. Motherwell.... . . . . . . . . . .. Dee. 29, 1921 Minister of Labour...... .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. Ron. James Murdock. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . .. ... Dee. 29, 1921 Minister without Portfolio................. Ron. John. E. Sinclair........... .... _..... Dee. 29, 1921 In Table 3 are ven the dates of the opening and prorogation of the sessions of the various Dominion Parliaments from 1867 to 1923. 3.-Duration and Sessions of Dominion Parliaments, 1861-1923. 8 Days Elections, "'Tits Number of Ses- Date of Date of of returnable, dissolutions, Parliament. sion. Opening. Prorogation. ses- and lengths of sion. Parliaments. 1o .. .j 1st Nov. I, 1867 May 22, 1868 118 1 2nd April 15, 1869 June 22, 1869 69 Aug., Sept., 1867. 1 1st Parliament..... 3rd :Feb. 15, 1870 May 12, 1870 87 Sept. 24, 1867. 4 4th Feb. 15. 1871 April 14, 1871 59 July 8, 1872.6 5th April 11, 1872 June 14, 1872 65 4 y., 9 m., 15 d. 1 July, Aug., Sept., '72. 1 2nd Parliament. ... .{ 1st Mar. 5, 1873 Aug. 13, 1873 81 2 Sept. 3, 1872. 4 2nd Oct. 23, 1873 Nov. 7, 1873 16 Jan. 2, 1874.& 1 y., 4 m., 0 d. 1 1st )Iar. 26, 1874 May 26, 1874 62 Jan. 22, 1874. 3 2nd Feb. 4, 1875 April 8, 1875 64 Feb. 21, 1874.4 3rd Parliament......... 3rd Feb. 10, 1876 April 12, 1876 63 Aug. 17, 1878. 5 4th Feb. 8, 1877 April 28, 1877 80 4 y., 5 m.. 25 d. 1 5th Feb. 7, 1878 May 10. 1878 93 1st Feb. 13, 1879 May 15, 1879 92 Sept. 17, 1878. 1 4th Parliament. . . 2nd Feb. 12, 1880 May 7, 1880 86 Nov. 21, 1878. 4 3rd Dec. 9, 1880 Mar. 21, 1881 103 May 18, 1882.& 4th l'eb. 9, 1882 May 17, 1882 98 3 y., 5 m., 28 d. 1 1st Feb. 8, 1883 May 25, 1883 107 June 20, 1882. 1 5th Parhament. . . . . . . . . 2nd Jan. 17, 1884 April 19, 1884 94 Aug. 7, 1882.4 3rd Jan. 29, 1885 July 20, 1885 173 Jan. 15, 1887.' 4th :Feb. 25, 1886 June 2, 1886 98 4 y., 5 m., 10 d. 1 1st April 13, 1887 June 23, 1887 72 Feb. 22, 1887. 1 6th 'Parliament.. _ _..... 2nd Feb. 23, 1888 May 22, 1888 90 April 7, 1887.4 3rd Jan. 31, 1889 May 2, 1889 92 Feb. 3, 1891.& 4th Jan. 16, 1890 May 16, 1890 121 3 y., 9 m., 27 d. 1 1st April 29, 1891 Sept. 30, 1891 155 2nd Feb. 25, 1892 July 9, 1892 136 March 5, 1891. 1 7th Parliament......... Jrd Jan. 26, 1893 April I, 1693 66 April 25, 1891.4 4th :\lar. 15, 1894 July 23, 1894 IJI April 24, 1896.' 5th April 18, 1895 July 22, 1895 96 5 y., 0 m., 0 d. 1 6th Jan. 2, 1896 April 23, 1896 III 1st Aug. 19, 1896 Oct. 5, 1896 48 2nd Mar. 25, 1897 June 29, 1897 97 June 23. 1896. 1 th Parlìament.. . .. . . . . 3rd Feb. 3. 1898 June 13. 1898 131 July 13, 1896.4 4th Mar. 16, 1899 Aug. 11, 1899 149 Oct. 9. 1900.' 5th Feb. I, 1900 July 18, 1900 168 4 y., 2 m., 26 d.' 1st }'eb. 6, 1901 May 23, 1901 107 Nov. 7, 1900. 1 Vtb Parliament.. . . . . . . . 2nd Feb. 13, 1902 May 15, 1902 90 !Dee. 5. 1900.4 3rd Mar. 12, 1903 Oct. 24, 1903 227 Sept. 29, 1904.' 4th Iar. 10 "-J04 Au . 10 1904 154 3 . V m. 26 d. 1 g I y. DOMINION PARLIAMENTS 119 3 -Duration and Sessions of Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1923-concluded. lI-J'umberof Parliament. 10th Parliament.. . . . . . . 11th Parliament.. . . . . . . 12th Parliament. . . . . . . . 13th Parliament.. _ . . . . . 14th Parliament.. . . . . . . Ses- sion. Date of Date of Opening. Prorogation. Jan. 11, 1905 July 20, 190 )lar. 8, 1906 July 13, lro Nov. 22, 1906 April 27, 190 Nov. 28, 1907 July 20, 190 Jan. 20, 1909 )lay 19, 190 Nov. 11, 1909 )[ay 4, 191 Nov. 17, 1910 July 29, 191 Nov. 15, 1911 April I, 191 Nov. 21, 1912 June 6, 191 Jan. 15, 1914 June 12, 191 Aug. 18, 1914 Aug. 22, 191 Feb. 4, 1915 April 15, 191 Jan. 12, 1916 l\lay 18, 191 Jan. 18, 1917 Sept. 20, 191 Mar. 18, 1918 May 24, 191 Feb. 20, 1919 July 7, 191 Sept. 1, 1919 Nov. 10, 191 Feb. 26, 1920 July 1, 192 Feb. 14, 1921 June 4, 192 Mar. 8, 1922 June 28, 192 Jan. 31, 1923 June 30, 192 5 6 7 8 9 o 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 o 1 2 3 Days of ses- sion. Elections, writs returnable, dissolutions. and lengths of Parliaments. 10 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 191 128 157 236 120 175 196 7 139 173 8 148 5 71 127 207 9 68 138 71 127 111 113 151 1 Nov. 3, 190P Dec. 15. 1904. 1 (Sept. 17, 1908. 5 )3 y., 9 m., 4 d.' Oct. 26, 1908. 1 Dec. 3, 1908. 1 July 29, 1911.f' 2 y., 7 m., 28 d. 1 Sept. 21, 191V Oct. 7, 1911.' Oct. 6, 1917. 5 6 y., 0 m., 0 d. 1 Dec. 17, 1917. 1 Feb. 27, 1918. 1 Oct. 4, 1921. 5 3 y., 7 m., 6 d. 1 Dec. 6, 1921.1 Jan. 14, 1922. 1 1 Adjourned from 21st December, 1867, to 12th March, 1868, to allow the local Legislatures to meet. s Adjourned 23rd May till 13th August. 1 Period of general elections. 1 Writs returnable. 5 Dissolution of Parliament. I Duration of Parliament in years, months and days. The life of a Palliament is counted from the date of return of election wIÎts to the date of dissolution, both days inclusive. 7 Not including days (59) of adjournment from :May 19th to July 18th. 8 ot including days (25) of adjournment from Dec. 19th, 1912, to Jan. 14th. 1913. 9 Not including days (39) of adjournment from Feb. 7th to April 19th, 1917. 10 The ordinary legal limit of duration for each parliament is five years. A brief résumé of the history of parliamentary representation follows. Attention may be drawn to the growth in the number of members of both the Senate and the House of Commons since Confederation and to the greatly increased unit of representation in the lower house. The Senate.-The British North America Act, 1867, provides in sections 21 and 22 that "the Senate shall consist of seventy-two members, who shall be styled Senators. In relation to the constitution of the Senate, Canada shall be deemed to consist of three divisions,-(I) Ontario; (2) Quebec); (3) The Maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia and Kew Brunswick; which three divisions shall be equally represented in the Senate as follows,--Ontario by twenty-four Senators; Quebec by twenty-four Senators; and the Maritime Provinces by twenty-four Senators, twelve thereof representing New Brunswick and twelve thereof representing Nova Scotia. In the case of Quebec, each of the twenty-four Senators representing the province shall be appointed for one of the electoral divisions of Lower Canada specified in schedule A to Chapter I of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada." The upper chamber of the Dominion Parliament, while it has been distinctly secondary in importance to the lower, as in most other bi-camerallegislatures, has still remained an integral part of the Canadian Parliamentary system. The first increase in the membership of the upper chamber took place in 1871, when Manitoba and British Columbia, upon entering Confederation, were given two and three Senators respectively. In 1873 Prince Edward Island was ,pven four Senators, the representation of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick being reduced by two Senators each. In 1882 Manitoba was given an additional member and in 1892 another. The Northwest Territories, in 1888, were given representation 120 PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA by t",o Senators, the number being increased to four in 1904. Saskatchewan and Alberta, on their creation in 1905, were each allotted four seats. At that time the membership by Provinces was:-Dntario, 24; Quebec, 24; Nova Scotia, 10; New Brunswick, 10; Prince Edward Island, 4; British Columbia, 3; Manitoba, 4; Saskatchewan, 4; Alberta, 4, a total of 87 members. Following the increased representation given to the western provinces by the Representation Act, 1914, the number of senators was increased in HH7 to 96 by 5--6 Geo. V, c. 45 (an Act of the Imperial Parliament). A fourth "division," represented by 24 members, and comprising the area of the Dominion situated to the west of Ontario was created, and each of the four western provinces was repl'esented in the Senate by 6 members. 'While t he total number is thus 96, provision is made by the Act for the creation of additional senators by the Governor-General. The total, however, must never exceed a maximum of 104. Senators are entitled to be addressed as "Honourable". The personnel of the Senate, by provinces, as at Oct. 31, 1923, is shown)n Table 4. 4.-Representation in the Senate of Canada, I}J Pro\inces, according to the British l\orth America Act, 1867, and amending Acts, as at Oct. 31,1923. Names of Senators. Post Office Address. Names of Senators. Post Office Address. Prince Edward Island (4 senators)- Yeo, John. ...... . . . . .. .. . .. .. Port Hill. Prowse, Benj. C. . ...... . . . . .. Charlottetown. Murphy, Patrick C........... Tignish. McLean, John........ ........ Souris. Nova Scotia (10 senators)- :Farrell, Edward J\-1........... Liverpool. Roche, William.............. Halifax. Curry, NathanieL........... Amherst. Ross, Wm. B................ Middleton. Girroir, E. L............. .... Antigonish. l\1cLennan, John Soo..... .... :::ìydney. Tanner, C. E. ....... . .. .. . ... Pictou. Stanfield, John. ....... '. . . . .. Truro. McCormick, John.......... .. Sydney Mines. Martin, Peter................ Halifax. New Brunswick (10 senators)1 Poirier, Pabca.l.... . . . . . . . . . .. Shediac. King.G. G.................. Chipman. DanIel, J. W................. St. John. Bourque, T. J................ Richibucto. Fo\\ler, G. W................ Susbex. Todd, Irving R.... . .... . . ... Milltown. l\lcDonald, J. A.............. Shediac. Black, Frank B..... .. ..... .. :::ìackville. Turgeon, OnélÒiphore. . . . . . . .. Bathurst. Quebec (24 senators)1- Bolduc, JOl--eph, I).C.......... St. Victor de Tring. Montplaisir, H............... Three Rivers. '1 hibaudeau, A. :A....... . ..... Montreal. Danduranù, fl., P.C......... Montreal. Ca grain, J. P. B. . . .... . . . . .. Montreal. Béi4ue, F. L................. Montreal. Legril', J. H.................. Loui eville. Te"bier, Jules................ Quebec. David, L 0................. Montreal. CloTan, H. J................. Montreal. . Mitchell Wm................ Drwumondvdle. Des6aull s, G. C.... .. .. . . d. St. Hyacinthe. La vergne, Louis. .. . . . . . . . . . .. Arthabask.l. lOne foCat vaClUlt. 'Quebec-concluded. Wilson, J. M. . . . . . . . . . . _ . .... '[ontrea1. Pope, Rufus II. . .. .. . ...... Cookshire. Beaubien, C. P............... Montreal. L'Espérance. D.O........... Quebec. Foster, G. G................. )Iontreal. White, R. S. ...... . . . ... . . ... Montreal. Blondin, P. E., P.C.......... Grand'.\1ère. Chapais, Thomas.... . .. .. . .. Quebec. Webster, L. C........ . . oo. ... .\lontreal. Boyer, Gustave....... ...... Rigaud. Ontario (24 benator8)- McHugh, Goo................ Lindsay. Belcourt, N. A., P.C......... Otta\\a. Ratz, Valentine.............. New Hamburg Gordon, Goo................. North Bay. Smith,E. D................. Winona. McCall, Alexander....... . Simcoe. Donnelly, J. J. ... .. . .. . . .. ... Pinkerton. Lynch.:Staunton, G........... Hamilton. Robertson, G. D., P.C....... Weiland. Blain, Richard........ . . . . . .. Brampton. Fisher, J. H............ . . . . .. Par is. Bennett, W. H............... }1idland. Web"ter, John................ Brockville. Mulholland, R. A.... . .. . _. . Port Hope. O'Brien, 1\1. J........ ..... HenIrew. White, G. V................. Pembroke. H.eid, J. D., P.C............. Prescott. FObtcr, Sir G. E., P.C....... Otta\\a. hemp, :Sir A. E., P.C........ Toronto. Macdonell, A. H............. Toronto. McCoig, A. B................ Chatham. Hardy, A. C. ................ Broch-ville. Pardee, F. F...... . . . . . . . . . .. Sarnia. A lebworth, Sir A. B., P.C.. Toronto. Uanltoba (6 scnators)- WatbOn, Robt................ Portage la l'rairie. Sharpe, W. H................ )lanitou. Mcl\leans, L. . . ... . . . . .. . .. " Winnipeg. BénHrd, Aimé......... ....... Winnipeg. Schaffner, 1<'. L. . . . . . . . . . . ." "' innipeg. Bradbury, G. II............. :::ìelkirk. THE SENATE 121 4.-Representation in the Senate of Canada. by PrO\inces. etc.-concluded. Names of Senators. Post Office Address. Names of Senators. Post Office Address. Saskatchewan (6 senators)- Ross, James R._...._..._.... Regina. Laird, H. W................ _ Regina. Willoughby, W. B...... . . . . .. :\loosejaw. Turriff, J. G................. Ottawa,Ont. Calder, J. A., P.C............ Regina. Gillis, A. B.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. Whitewood. Alberta (6 senators)- Lougheed, SirJ. A., P.C..... Calgary. DeVeber, L. George.. ...... IJethbridge. Michener, Edward........... Red Deer. Alberta-concluded. Harmer, Wm. J.............. Edmonton. Griesbach, W. A............. Edmonton. Coté, Jean Léon....... . . .. . .. Edmonton. British Columbia (6 senators)- Bostock, Hewitt, P.C....._.. l\IonteCreek. Planta, A. E. ....... .... _.... Nanaimo. Barnard, G. H............... Victoria. Taylor, J. D................. New Westminster. Green, R. F. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. Victoria. Crowe, S. J... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Vancouver. The House of Commons.- The British North America Act provides under section 37 that "The House of Commons shan consist of one hundred and eighty-one members, of whom ei hty-two shall be elected for Ontario, sixty-five for Quebec, nineteen for Nova Scotia and fifteen for Kew Brunswick." Further, under section 51, provisions were made for d cennial re-adjustments of representation in accordance with the results of the decennial census of the Dominion. The section provides that the province of Quebec shall always have a fixed number of 65 members, and that there shall be assig:ned to each of the other provinces such number of members as will bear the same proportion to the number of its population (ascer- tained by the census) as the numbf'r 65 bears to the population of Quebec (wit.hin its area as in 1911). A further provision in subsection 4 of section 51 stipulates that "on any such re-adjustment the number of members for a province shall not be reduced unless the proportion which the number of the population of the province bore to the number of the aggregate population of Canada at the then last preceding re-adjustment of the number of members for the province is ascertained at the then. latest census to be diminished by one twentieth part or upwards." By an amend- ment to the British North America Act passed by the Imperial Parliament in 1915 (5-6 Geo. V, c. 45), it was enacted that "notwithstanding anything in the said Act. a province shall always be entitled to a number of members in the House of Com- mons not less than the number of senators representing such province." As a consequence of this amendment the representation of Prince Edward Island has remained at 4 members. Re-adjustments in Provincial Representation.-The first Dominion Parlia- ment was chosen by the electors in the general election held from Aug. 7 to Sept. 20, 1867. Its lower chamber was composed of 181 members, as set out by the foregoing provisions of the British North America Act. During its existence, the inclusion of Manitoba as a province of the Dominion on May 12, 1870, and of British Columbia on July 20, 1871, resulted in the addition of four and six members respectively. As a result of the census of 1871, a further increase took place through the addition of six new members for Ontario, two for Nova Scotia and one for Nc" Brunswick, at the general election of 1872; further, in 1874, after the admission of Prince Edward Island to the Dominion, six members were added from that province. The results of the general election of 1882 again show increased representation arising out of the census of 1881-increases of three for Ontario and one for Manitoba bringing the total number of members up to 210. The elections of 1887, in which an addi- tional member for Ontario and four new members for the Northwest Territories (later Saskatchewan and Alberta) were returned, brought a further increaf:>e to a 122 PARLIA MENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA total of 215. Later redistributions following the censuses of 1891 and 1901 resulted in'increases in the number of members from the new electoral districts of the western . p;ovinces and the Yukon, ånd reductions in the representation given to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the total number, however, remaining practically the same. The number of members for Ontario also showed, as a consequence of the census of 1901, a decrease, after the election of 1904, from 92 to 86. The resutt-s of the four elections of 1891,1896,1900 and 1904 show the number of members returned to have been 215, 213, 216 and 214 respectively. In 1908, following the passing of the Eepresentation Act of 1907, a total of 35 members from the Maritime provinces, 10 members each from Manitoba and Saskatchewan, together with 7 from Alherta, a new member for British Columbia and unchanged representation from Quebec and Ontario showed a grand total of 221 members in the House of Commons. No further changes were made until after the election of 1911, when an amendment to the Representation Act provided that the House of Commons should consist of 221 members as follows,-Ontario, 86; Quebec, 65; Saskatchewan, 10; British Columbia, 7; Alberta, 7; Manitoba, 10; Nova Scotia, 18; New Brunswick, 13; Prince Edward Island, 4; Yukon Territory,!. A further Representation Act of 1914 provided for an increase in the number of members to 235, divided among the provinces as follows,-Ontario, 82; Quebec, 65; Nova Scotia, 16; New Brunswick, 11; Manitoba, 15; British Columbia, 13; Prince Edward Island, 4; Saskatchewan, 16; Alberta, 12; Yukon Territory,!. This Act is now in force but as a result of the census of 1921 a further Bill, providing for increases in the number of members from the western provinces and for a decrease in the number of members from Nova Scotia and a grand total of 245 members, was given a first reading on February 13, 1923. I t establishes the basis on which the fifteenth Parliament of Canada will probably be constituted. The effect of the various Representation Acts, as shown by the number of members returned to the House of Commons for the various provinces, at the general elections in the years for which figures are given is shown in Table 5. i.-Representation in the House of Commons of Canada, showing the effect of Representation Acts, 1861 to 1921. o Q Province. 1867. 1872. 1882. 1896. 1904. 1908. 1911. 1917. 1921. - - - - - - - - ntario.................. . 8 88 91 92 86 86 86 82 82 uebec.................. . 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 Kova Scotia.... . . . . . . . . . . 19 21 21 20 18 18 18 16 16 New Brunswick. . _ . . . . . . . . 15 16 16 14 13 13 13 11 11 Manitoba.... _... - 4 5 7 10 10 10 15 15 British Colum bia. -. : : : : : . : - 6 6 6 7 7 7 13 13 Prince Edward Island..... - - 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 Sa.'1katchewan............ . - - - } 4 10 10 10 16 16 Alberta...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 7 7 12 12 yukon................... . - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - Total. . . . . . . . . . . . 181 200 %10 %13 2U 221 221 235 235 While the number of members of the House of Commons has been growing fairly steadily since Confederation, the unit of representation-one-sixty-fifth of the population of Quebec ",ithin its 1911 boundaries-has also been increased after each census in consequence of the expanding population of Quebec. The units of representation as shown by the six decennial censuses taken since Con- THE HOeSE OF COMMOXS 12 federation, are as follows:-1871, 18,331 persons; 1881, 20,908; 1891, 22,Ð01; 1901, 25,368; 1911, 30,819; 1921, 36,283. The Present Redistribution Problem.-The method by which the repre- sentation of provinces is determined may be further explained. The population of Quebec, it has been shown, constitutes the basis from which the unit of repre- sentation in the other provinces is determined, Quebec's representation of 65 mem- bers in the House of Commons remaining constant. The provisions of the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, however, while they provided for an enlargement of the area of the province, stipulated that the population of the newly added areas should not be included in any computations relative to representation. Quebec's population in 1921 (excluding the population of UnJ!ava) was 2,358,412, which, divided by 65, gives a unit of representation of 36,283. The quotient, therefore, obtained by dividing the population of each province (Prince Edward Island ex- cepted) as shown at the date of the census, by the unit 36,283 indicates, except where subsection 4 of section 51 of the .Act applies, the number of members to which each province is entitled. The method is illustrated in Table 6. '.-Representation of the Provinces and Territories of Canada in the House -of Commons, as determined by the British ISorth America Act and the - Censuses of 1911 and 1921. Census 19l1. Census 1921. Province. Quotient Repre- Quotient Repre- Population. based on Population. based on Unit. sentation. Unit. sentation. Prince Edward Island....... 93,728 3.04 4 88,615 2.44 4 Nova Scotia................ 492,338 15.98 16 523, 837 14.44 14 New Brunswick.... ... 351,889 ll.42 11 387,876 10,69 11 Ontario................:::: : 2,527,292 82.00 82 2,933,662 80,86 82 Manitoba.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461,394 14.97 15 610,118 16.82 17 Saskatchewan. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . 492,432 15.98 16 757,510 20.88 21 Alberta. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374,295 12.14 12 588,454 16.22 16 British Columbia.... . . . . . . . 392,480 12.74 13 524,582 14.46 14 Quebec (without Ungava)... 2, ()()3, 232 65.()() 65 2,358.412 65.()() 65 Totals.. _. . . . . . . . . . . 7,189,080 - 234 8,773,066 - 244 Quebec (Ungava)........... 2,544 1 - - 2,7871 - - yukon................... '.' 8,512 - 1 4,157 - 1 N.W.T..................... 6,507 - - 7,988 - - R.C. Navy................. - - - 485 - - Canada........... . 7,206,643 - 235 8,788,483 - :U5 I Represents the population in the area added to Quebec by the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, the population of which by sec. 2, ss. "A" of said Act, is to be excluded from the population of the province in ascertaining the unit of representation. From the foregoing figures it is evident that the representation of the four western provinces should be increased wbile tbat of Kova Scotia should be diminished. Again, the application of the provisions of subsection 4 of section 51 of the Act (quoted above) to Kova Scotia and Ontario (the only provinces in which a noticeable decrease in the rate of growth of population is found) is shown.in Table 7. 124 PARLIAlrIE.I'-iTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA 1.-Table showing Application of 1Section 5t, Subst'ction 4. of British North America Act, to Representation of Ontario and 1\"O\'a Scotia. Proportion which Popula- Ratio of Decrease. tion of each Province bears Decrease in Decrease in greater , Province. to the Total Fopulation of proportion proportion equal to or Canada. from 1911 from 1911 to less than one- to 1921. 1921 to twentieth of proportion proportion 1911. 1921. in 1911. in 1911. I Ontario...................... .1 .35069 .33380 .01689 .0481 less. Nova Scotia.......... ........ .06831 .05960 . 00871 .1275 greater. The above table shows that under the provisions of section 51, subsection 4 of the B.N.A. Act, no reduction should take place in the representation of Ontario because the proportion which the number of the population of the province bore to the number of the agrregate population of Canada at the readjustment of the number of members for the province based on the census of 1911 is ascertained at the census of 1921 to be diminished by less than one-twentieth part. The pro- portion for Nova Scotia, having diminished by more than one-twentieth part, the provisions of subsection 4 of section 51 do not apply and the representation of Nova Scotia should be reduced in accordance with the provisions of section 51, sub-sections 2 and 3 of the Act. Therefore the representation to which each province is entitled as a result of redistribution based upon the 1921 census wîll be as follows:-Alberta 16, British Columbia 14, Manitoba 17, Kew Brunswick 11, Nova Scotia 14, Ontario 82, Prince Edward Island 4, Quebec 65, Saskatchewan 21, Yukter........... 25,196 15.-158 11.483 Putnam, H............. Truro, N.S. Cumberland......... 41,191 24,033 17,346 Logan,H. J .............. Amhcrst. X.S. Digby anù Anna- polis............... 28,965 16.368 12,596 IJovett,L. J............. Bear River, N.S. 1 Under the British North America Act, 1886 (49-50 Viet., chap. 35) the Parliament of Canada is given pov.er to provide for the representation in the ðenate and House of Commons of territories iorming part of the Dominion of Canada. but not incluùed in any province, In virtue of this provbion, the Yukon Territory was by 2 Edw. VII, e. 37, grdnted rcpresentation by one member in the House of Commons. 2 From Heport of Chief Electoral Ufficer, 1921. 3 Each voter could vote for two canl.1idates. t Votes and voters from returns of gencral elections, 1921. 11.748 !IcIsaae, C. F. . . . . .. . .. Antigonish, N .S. THE HOUSE OF COJIltfONS 125 S.-Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the Representation Act, 1914, as at Oct. 31, 1923-continued. Provinces and L Districts. :x ova Scotla-con. Halifax............. . Hants.............. . ::::::::::: : Lunenburg.. .. ... . . . . Pictou........ ....... Shelburne and Queen's. .. .... . . . . . Yarmouth and Clare New Ui"uDswlck (11 members)- Charlotte........... . Gloucester........ .. . I\:ent. ... . . . . . . . . . .. . Xorthumhcrland... . Restigouche and Madawaska...... . Royal.. .. . . .. __ .. .. . St. John City and Counties of St. John and Albert.. . Victoria and Carle- ton.... . . . . . . . .. . . . Westmoreland...... . york-Sunbury..... . . Quebec (65 members)- Argen teuil.. ... . . . . . . Bagot.............. . Beauce... . . . . . . .. .. . Beauharnois... . . . . . . Bellechasbe. ..... . .. . Berthier. . . . .. . . . . . . . Bonaventure........ . Brome......... ..... Cham bly-V erchères. Champlain......... . Charlevoix-Montmo- rency. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . Chateauguay-Hunt- ingdon.... . . . . . . .. . Chicoutimi-Sague- nay.. .............. Compton............ . Dorchester. . .. . . . . . . Drummond and M- thabaska......... . Gaspé.............. . Hull................ . J oliette.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Kamouraska....... . Labelle....... . . . . .. . Laprairie and Na- pierville.... . . . ... . L' Assomption - Mont- calm.............. Laval-Deux l\fon- tagnes............ . Levis............... . Popu- lation, 1921. 9-7, 228 19.739 23.808 23.723 33,742 40,851 23,435 31,1i4 21,435 38, 684 23,916 33,985 42,977 32,078 69,093 33,900 53,387 38,421 17,165 18.035 53,841 19,888 21,190 19.817 29,092 13,471 34,643 48,009 28,874 26,731 90,609 32,285 28,954 44,823 40.375 43,5.H 25.913 22,014 35,927 20,065 28,318 38,314 33,323 Voters on list. 53,839 2 11,781 12,712 14,359 18.591 27, 680 13,155 17, 106 13,066 16.565 10,847 17,110 19,108 19,492 38,838 2 18,194 29.619 21,736 8,927 9,333 20,968 10,076 9,157 9,462 13,090 7,441 14,800 21,377 12,589 13,427 34,432 15.561 11, 898 19.925 17,063 20,873 12,370 10,139 14,654 9,691 14, J83 13,575 15,465 N urn ber of votes polled. 1 Name of Member. P.O. Address. 60,639 2 } Finn, R. E.I.....,..... Halifax, N.S. l\Iaclean, Hon. A. K.5.. Halifax, N.S. 8,843 l\brtell, L. H........... Windsor, N.S. 8.825 Chisholm, A. W.... .... \fargaree Harbour, N.S. 10,948 Robinson,E. W......... Wolfville, N.S. 12.495 Duff, Wm.............. Lunenburg, N.S. 20,014 Iacdonald, Hon. E."l\I.. Pictou, N.S. 9.877 4 Fielding, Rt. HOD. W. S. Ottawa, Onto 12,903 Hatfield, P. LaC....... Yarmouth, N.S. 10,304 Grimmer, R. W......... St. Stephen, N.B. 10,632 4 Robichaud, J. G........ Shippigan, N.B. 7,755 Lpger,A. T.5............ Richibucto, .B. 12,112 Morrissy,John..... .. Newcastle, N.B. 9. 407 Iichaud, Pius.. . . . . . ... Edmundston, N .B. 13,704 Jones, G. B............. Apohaqui, N.B. 45,107 2 \Baxter, Hon. J. B. 1\1... :;t. John, N.R. pIacLaren, Murray..... St. John, N.B. 11,822 Caldwell, T. W......... Florence\"ilIe, RB. 20.670 Copp, Hon. A. B........ Ottana, Onto U,750 Hanson, R.B........... Fredericton, X.B. 7,295 1 Stewart, Hon. Chas.. ... Ottawa, Onto 7,214 Marcile, J. E. ........... Actonvale, Que. 13,442 Béland, Hon. H. S...... OttR\\a,Ont. 8,541 Papineau, L. J. .. . . Valley field, Que. 6,335 Fournier,C.A.......... St. Charles Co., Belle- chasse, Que. 7.5-10 Gervais, Théodore...... Berthier (en haut), Que. 7,781 l\Iarcil, Hon. Chas...... Ottana, Onto 5.978 1\IcMaster,A. R........ Westmount, Que. 13.8.U Archambault, J ......... Montreal, Que. 16,982 Desaulniers, A. L....... te. Anne de la Pérade, Que. 10,646 Casgrain, P. F... ..... }Iontreal, Que. 10,582 Robb, Hon. J. A........ Ottawa,Ont. 27,152 Savard, Edmond....... Chicoutimi, Que. 12,144 Hunt, A. B.............. Bury, Que. 8,474 Cannon, Lucien......... Quebec, Que. 15,882 Laflamme. J. N. K.. .. Montreal, Que. 12,092 Lemieux, Hon. R....... Otta a, Onto 14,5-13 Fontaine, J. E........... Hull, Que. 10,275 B Denb h " J d . J . G ';'" . . . . . . ., oliet A te, Que d ' Is Poca- 7,367 1 ouc ar, . . . . .. . .. . .. ::ite. nne e tière, Que. 10,447 Fortier, H. A........... Hull, Que. 5,675 Lanctðt, Roch.......... St. Constant, Que. 9,788 Seguin, P. A... . . .. . . ... L'Assomption, Que. 10,095 Ethier, J. A. C.......... St. Scholastique. Que. 12,864 Bourassa, J. B.. . . . .. . .. St. Romuald, Que. 1 From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. 2 Each voter could vote for 2 candidates. a Mr. Finn was elected on Dec. 4, 1922. . . . 1 Votes and voters from returns of general elections, 1921. Rt. Hon. Mr. FIeldmg, Mr. RobIChaud. Hon. Mr. Stewart and Mr. Bouchard were elected by acclamation on Jan. 19, Nov. 20, Feb. 28 and May 15, 1922, respectively. 5 This seat is now va ant. 126 PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION IN CANADA S.-Representation In the House of Commons, according to the Districts or the Representation Act, 1914, as at oct. 31, 1923.-continucd. Provinces and Popu- Voters Number Districts. lation, on of votes Name of Member. P.O. Address. 1921. list. polled. I - Quebec-con. L'Islet... ........... 17,859 7,743 5,878 Fa.fard, J. F............ . L'Islet Co., L'Islet, Que. Lotbinière.......... . 21,837 10,064 7,566 Vien, Thos.... .......... Quebec, Que. l!askinongê.. .. .' .. . . 16,945 7,959 6,133 Desrochers, E. . _ . . . . .. . St. Didace Co., Mas- Matane...... . 36,303 10,411 Pelleticr, F. J....... . . . . kinongê, Que. 15,189 M.atane, Que. Megantic... . . . : . . : : : 33,633 14,188 10,516 2 Roberge, E............. Laurierville, Que. }fissisq uoi. .. .. . . . . . . 17,709 9,558 8,097 Kay, W. F.............. Phillipsburg, Que. }fontmagny. . . . . . . . . 21,997 10,245 6,507 Dêchène, A. M.......... Iontmagny, Que. Montreal Island- Hochelaga........ . 73,526 30,322 22,573 St. Père, E. C...... .... Montreal, Que. Jacques Cartier.... 89,297 42,636 30,1312 Rhêaume, J. T.......... fontreal, Que. Laurier-Outremont 72,047 31,492 21,725 2 Gouin, Hon. ir Lomer. Ottawa, Onto Maisonneuve.. . . _ . . 64,933 24, 838 18,487 Robitaille, C. . . . _ . . _ . . . Maisonneuve, Que. St. Ann. . ..... . . . . . 52,049 22,024 17,453 Walsh, J. C............. Montreal, Que. St. Denis.......... 78,920 33,418 23,948 Denis, J. A............. Montreal, Que. Westmount-St. Henry.......... . 62,909 30,906 25,042 Mercier, Paul. .. . . . . . . . . Montreal, Que. St. James.......... 42,443 17,593 12,906 Rinfret, F. . . . . . . . . . .. . . Montreal, Que. St. Antoine......._ 32,394 17,155 14,464 Mitchell, W. G.......... Montreal, Que. St. Lawrence-St. George......... . 36,912 16,754 13,774 Marler, H........ _. _. _.. Montreal, Que. George Etienne Cartier.. .. . . . . .. 54,800 19,523 13,946 Jacobs, S. W............ Montreal, Que. St. Mary... . . . . . .. 63,975 27,330 20, 635 Deslauriers, H. . . . . . . . . . Montreal, Que. Nicolet....... . ... .. . 29, 695 13,536 10,632 2 Descoteaux. J. F........ St. Monique, Que. Pontiac............. . 46,201 24,326 16,701 Cahill, F. S............. Campbell's Bay, Que. Portneuf. . . .. . . . . . . . . 34,452 15,772 11,259 Delisle, M. S... ....... . Portneuf, Que. Quebec County.. .. . . 31,130 13,249 11,409 Lavigueur, H. E.. . Quebec, Que. Quebec East....... . . 38,330 14,736 10,490 2 Lapointe, Hon. E. . . . . . . Ottawa, Onto Quebec South.. ..... . 27,706 12,971 10,667 Power, C. G............ Quebec, Que. Quebec West......... 37,993 16,104 13,486 Parent, Goo............. Quebec, Que. Richelieu........... . 18,764 9,095 6,758 Cardin, P. J. A......... Sorel, Que. Richmond and W oUe 42,248 18,420 13,372 Tobin, E. W.. . . . . . . . . . . Bromptonville, Que. Rimouski. . . . . . . . . . . 27,520 11,221 7,642 d'Anjou, J. E. S. E...... Rimouski, Que. St. Hyacinthe-Rou- ville....... ........ 36,754 17,636 14,076 Vorin, L. S. R.......... St. Hyacinthe, Que. St. Johns and Iber- ville....... . . . . . .. . 23,518 11,388 8,765 Benoit, A. I. . ..... . . . . . . Iberville, Que. Shefford............ . 25,644 12,003 9,044 Boivin, G. H........... Granby, Que. Sherbrooke......... . 30,786 17,290 13,661 McCrea, F. N........... Sherbrooke, Que. Stanstead.......... . 23,380 12,619 10,041 Baldwin, W. K.......... Coaticook, Que. Têmiscouata..... _. 44,310 18,141 13,837 Gauvreau, C. A......... Fraserville, Que. Terrebonne. . .. . . . . . . 33,908 15,270 12,593 Prevost, J. E.. _ _ ...... St. Jerðme. Que. Three Rivers and St. Maurice.. . . . . . . . . . 50,845 24,570 0,803 ' Bureau, Hon. I .. .. . . .. . . Ottawa, Onto Vaudreuil-Soulanges. 21,620 10,397 8,473 Ouimet, I. R. ........... St. Polycarpe, Que. Wright..... ......... 21,850 10,169 7,737 Gendron, R. M. . . . . . . . . Maniwaki, Que. Yamaska........... . 18,840 8,715 6,638 Boucher, Aimê.......... Pierreville, Que. Ontario (82 members) Carruthers, Iohn........ Little Current, Onto Algoma, E. . ... . . . .. . 40,618 16,879 12,356 Algoma, W........... 33,676 16,091 10,728 Simpson, T. E.. . . . . . . . . Sault Ste. Marie, Onto Brant.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,085 11,174 8,134 Good, W. C............. Paris, Ont., R. R. 4. Brantford.... ....... 33, 292 18,537 13,049 Raymond, W. G..... . . . Brantford, Onto Bruce, N..... . . . . . . . 20,872 12,278 10,467 l\{alcolm, Iames....... . . Kincardine, Onto Bruce, S..... _. _. _... 23,413 13,752 10,871 Findlay, I. W . .. . . .. . . . . Elmwood, Ont., R.R. 1. Carleton......... . 32,673 17,185 13,473 Garland, W. F.......... Ottawa, Onto Dufferin...... . . . . . : : 15,415 10, 260 7,823 Woods, R. J . . . . . . . .. . . . Corbetton, Ont., R.R. 2. Dundas............. . 24,388 15, 184 11. 255 Elliott, Preston....... . Chesterville, Onto Durham...... . . . . . . . 24,629 16,392 12,516 Bowen, Fred. W. . . . . . . . Newcastle,Ont., R.R. 2. Elgin, E.............. 17,306 11,057 8,186 Stansell, I. L. ........... Htaffordville, Onto Elgin, W........ ..... 27,678 19,027 12,041 McKillop, H. C......... West Lorne, Onto Essex, N...... . . ... .. 71,150 40,837 19,840 Healy, A. F. . . . . . . . . . . . Windsor, Onto EBBex, S...... ........ 31,425 17,242 12,410 2 Graham. Hon. G. P.... Ottawa, Onto Ft. William and Fort William, Onto Rainy River...... 39,661 16,912 11,090 Manion, Hon. R. I...... Frontenac.......... . 20,390 11,694 9,358 Reed, W. S............. Harrowsmith, Ont., R.R.2. I From Report of Chief Electoral Officer, 1921. . 2 Votes and voters from returns of general election, 1921. }fessr8. Roberge, Rhêaume, Gouin, LapoInte, Descoteaux, Bureau and Graham were elected by acclamation on Nov. 20, Nov. 20, Jan. 19, Jan. 19. Kay 14, May 21 and Jan. 19, 1922, respectively. THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 127 s.-Representation in tile House of Commons. according to the Districts of the Representation Act, 19U, as at Oct. 31, 1923-continued. Provinces and Districts. Ontarlo-oon. Glengarry and Stor- mont.............. Grenville. ... .. . . . . . . Grey. N............. Grey. S. E.......... Haldimand......... . Halton............. . Hamilton. E......... Hamilton, W........ Hastings. E......... Hastings, W......... Huron. N............ Huron. S............ Kent................ Kingston.. . . . . . . . . . . Lambton. E. . .. .... Lambton. W......... Lanark............. . Leeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lennox and Adding- ton................ Lincoln..... . . . . . . . . . London. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Middlesex. E........ 1 3:::::::::::::... ............... 4..... ..... . .................... 5............. ........ ........... ..... b.................................... . 7.... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.................................... . 9.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.................................... . 11......... 12......... __................ 13........ .................... 14.... .......................... .. .. . 15.................................... . 16........... ........ 17.................................... . 18.... .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . ... .. . .. . . .. . .. 19.... .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . ..; . .. . .. . .. . Hon. J. F. McCreight... ... ........ . Hon. A. De Co;;mos... ...... .. .. .. . .. .. Hon. G. A. Walkem.................... Ron. A. C. Elliot... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . Hon. J. Walkem....................... Hon. R. Beaven........... :........ ... lIon. W. Smythe........ . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. Hon. A. E. B. Da-.áe.......... ........ Hon. J. Robson.... __ . .. . .. . Hon. T. Davie.. _ __ . ........ ........ Hon. J H. Turner......... . . .. .. . .. . .. . Hon. C. A. Semlin..................... Hon. Jos. Martin....................... Hon. J. Dunsmuir...................... Hon. E. G. Prior....................... Hon. R. 1IcBride...................... Hon. Wm. J. Bowser................... Hon. Harlan Carey Brewster.. ... . ... Hon. John Oliver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec. -, 1871 Dec. 23, 1872 Feb. 11, 1874 Feb. I, 1876 June 26, 1878 June 13, 1882 Jan. 28, 1883 April 1, 1887 Aug. 3, 1889 July 2, 1892 Mar. 4, 1895 Aug. 12, 1898 Mar. I, 1900 June 15, 1900 Kov. 21, 1902 June 1. 190:J Dec. 15, 1915 Nov. 19, 1916 Mar. 6, 1918 Office. THE OLIVER (PRESENT) MI TRY. N' ame. Date or Appointment. Premier, and President of the Council Hon. John Oliver...................... ::\Iar. 6. 1918 Provincial :;ecretary, :\linister of Education anù !\Iini!'ter of Rail" ays. Hon. J. D. laclcan.'... .. ........... :\Iar. 6, 1918 .\ttorney Gl'neral and linister or Labor Hon. A. :\L :\Ianson............... .... Jan. 28, 1922 'lini>;ter of Lands..... .. . . .. ....... Hon. r. D. Pattullo.................... Mar. 6, 1918 :.\linister of :Finance and :\Iinister of Industries. _. ...................... Hon. John Hart........................ :\Iar. 6, 1918 :.\linister of Agriculture........ ......... lIon. E. D. Barrow.................... Mar. 6, 1918 :\linister or Mines and Commissioner of Fisheries............................ !fon. William Sloan.... ................ Mar. 6, 1918 'linister of Public Works............... Hon. W. H. Sutherland................. Jan. 28, 1922 THE TERRITORU:S. LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. Name. Date of -\ppointment Date of Appointment. Name. \. G.Archibald.................... :May 10, 187 Joseph RoyaL.................. July 1,1888 .FrancisGoodschallJohnson......... April 9,187'> C.H.Mackintosh................ Oct. 31,1893 .\lexanderMorris.................... Dec. 2,187 M.C.Cameron.................. May 30,1898 David Laird......................... Oct. 7, 187 A. E. Forget..................... Oct. 11, 1898 l dgar Dewdney.................... Dec. 3, 1881 A. E. Forget.............. ...... Il\far. 30, 1904 I econd term. THE CA.XADL1N HIGH COJIJIISSIOXER 139 10.-I.ieut('nant-{ ovt'rJlors. L('!!:islatures and Jlillistrics of Prminces. 1861-1923-concluded. LEGISLAT-CRES. LE'gi,lature. Kumber of Sessions. Date of First Opening. Date of Dissolution. 1st........ . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2nd.... .. _ ................... 3rd............. - --....... 4th........... .. 5th...... .... ........ ..................... 3 Oct. 31, 1888......... By effiuxÎon of time. 5 Dec. 10, 1891......... Oct. I, 1894 4 I AUI!:. 29. 1895......... Oct. 13, 1898 4 -\pril 4, 1899......... April 26. 1902 13 April 16, 1903......... Aug. 31, 1905 NOTE.-In 1888 the districts of Alberta, Assiniboia, Athabaska and Saskatchewan, called the orth- west Territories, with their capital at Regina, were given local responsible government, and the old )J"orth- west Council was replaced by the Xorthwest LegislaturE', which existed until Aug. 31, 1905. When thE' area approximatd;\<- comprised within their limits was formed into the proyinces of Alberta and askatcht.'- wan in 1905, and the:oE' prO\ inces ,\ E're given sy"tems of I!:overnment similar to the other pro, inees of thE' Dominion. The remainingare9.s (the Yukon Territory and the provisional districts of Franklin, Keewatin and Mackenzie) are now alministerel by the :;';orthwe3t Territorie3 Branch of the Department of the Interior. IlL-THE CANADIAN HIGH COMMISSIONER AND THE PROVINCIAL AGENTS-GENERAL. The policy of the early North American colonies, in maintaining in London accredited repre elltatives for business and diplomatic purposes, waf; recognized in the eighteenth century as being a more satisfactory mean of communication with the home government than that provided by occasional official vi:-;its or by correspondence. Edmund Burke, the noted British statesman, held the position of agent of the colony of New York for some years following 1771. Of the Canadian colonies, Nova Scotia waR the first to adopt the plan, its legislature having appointed an agent in London in 1761. New Brunswick was similarly represented in 1786, Upper Canada as early as 1794, Lower Canada in 1812 and British Columbia in 1857. For some years after 1845 several of the colonies were repre ented in London by Crown .\gents, appointed by the Secretary of State and paid by tlH' polonies themselves. Thi:::ï system, however, was of but short duration. With the federation of the provinces in 1867, a new political entity was brought into existence, which could not avail itself of the services of the provincial agents. To overcome the inadequacy of the methods of communication between the Can- adian and Imperial governments (carried on at that time by correspondence bet\\ cen the Governor-General and the Secretary of State) the position of Canadian High Commissioner was created in 1879 (See R.S.C., 1906, c. 15). This offipial is the repre:-;entative of the Canadian Government in London, appointed by the Canadian Government and clothed with specific powers as a medium through whiph constant and confidential communipations pass between the Governments of Great Britain and of Canada. Sir Alexander Galt was the first Canadian High Commissioner, holding office from N"ovember, 1879, until May, 1883, when he was succeeded by Sir Charles Tupper. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal was appointed in 1896, Sir George Perley in 1914, and the present incumbent, Hon. P. C. Larkin, in February, 1922. Agents-General.-The older provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia still adhere to the practice of former days and are represented in London by Agents-General. These officials are appointed by the legislatures of the provinces under general authority given in the British North America Act and act for their Governments in capacities very similar to that of the High Commissioner, with the exception, perhaps, that their duties have tended to become of a business rather than a diplomatic nature. VI.-POPULATION. I.-GRO'VTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION. I.-Census Statistics of General Population. Since the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, decennial censuses have been taken on the de jure plan as of the dates April 2, 1871, April 4, 1881, April 5, 1891, April 1, 1901, June 1, 1911 and June 1, 1921. The population of Canada and its percent ge distribution as on these dates, together with the absolute and percentage increases from decade to decade, is given in Tables 1 to 4 immediately following. 1.-Polmlation of Canada by Pro\inces and Territories In the Census years 1871 to 1921. 1 Province or Territory. I 1871. Ib81. 1891. 1901. 1911. 1921. Prince Ed ward Island....... 94,021 108,891 109,078 103,259 93,728 88,615 Nova :O;cotia................ 387,800 440,572 450,396 459,574 492,331:> 523,837 ew Brunswick...... .- 285,5\14 321 , 233 321,263 331, 120 351,889 3S7,876 Quebec.. . ----.- 1,191,516 1,359,027 1,48b,535 1,648,8\18 2,OU5,776 1 2,361,199 Ontario....... __.. ....... 1,620,851 I, !J26, 922 2,114,321 2,182,947 2,527,292 " 2,933,662 Manitoba....... . ......... 25,228 62,260 152,506 255.211 461 , 39.P 610,118 Saska tchewan. - - - 91, 79 492,432 757,510 Alberta...... ... ......:::::: - - - 73,022 374,2!J5 3 588,4:>4 British Columbia........... 36,247 49,459 98,173 178,657 392,4 O 524,582 Yukon Territory............ - - - 27,219 8,512 4,157 Xorthwest Territories 4..... 48,000 56,446 98,967 20,129 6,507" 7,988 Royal Canadian Navy. .... - - - - - 41)'> Total.. . . .. . ...... 3,G1'S9,257 4,3::1,810 .833,239 5,3ìl,315 7,206,643 8,788,4& 2.- Percentage Distribution of Canadian Population b) Pro\inces and Territories, ISH to 1921. Province or Territory. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. 1911. 1921. - - - - - p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c..J p.c. Prince Edward Island. .................. 2.55 2.52 2.25 1.92 1.30 1.01 Kova Scotia............................ 10.51 10.19 9.32 8'56 6.83 5.96 New Brunswick......................... 7.74 7.43 6.65 6.16 4.88 4.41 Quebec................................ . 32.30 31.42 30.80 30.70 27.83 26.87 Ontario.................. . .. 43.94 44.56 43.74 40.64 35.07 33.38 Manitoba....... _. _... 0.68 1.44 3.16 4.75 6.40 6.1)4 Saskatchewan...............:.:.:.:.::: : - - - 1'70 6.84 8.62 Alberta. . . .. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.36 5.19 6.70 British Columhia....................... 0.98 1.14 2.03 3.33 5.45 5.97 Yukon Territory........................ - - - 0.51 0.12 0.05 Northwest Territories 4 .................. 1.30 1.30 2.05 0.37 0.09 0.09 Royal Canadian Kavy .................. - - - - - - - - - - - - 100.00 100.00 100.00 1Ot/.W 100.00 100.01 1 The population of the Prairie Provinces, according to the quinquennial census of 1916, is given on page 177. 2 A13 corrected as a result of the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. a As corrected by transfer of population of Fort Smith (368) to Northwest Territories. t The decrease shown in the population of the Northwest Territories after 1891 is due to the separation therefrom of vast areas to form Alberta, Saskatehewan and the Yukon Territory, anf1 to extend the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and .Manitoba. CENSUS STATISTICS OF POPULATION 141 3.-Population of Canada by PrO\inces and Territories in 1871 and 1921, and numerical increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. Popula- Increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. Popula- Increase Province or tion 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 tion 1871 Territory. in to to to to to in to 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. 1911. 1921. 1921. 1921. - - - - - - - Prince Edward 1. . 94,021 14,870 187 -5,819 -9,531 -5, 113 88,615 -5,406 Nova Scotia....... 387,800, 52,772 9,824 9,178 32,764 31,499 523,837 136,037 New Brunswick... 285,594 3.'i,639 30 9,857 20,769 35,987 387,876 102,282 Quebec........... . 1,191,516 167,511 129,508 160,363 356,878 355,423 2,361,199 1,169,683 Ontario......... " . 1,620,851 306,071 187,399 68,626 344,345 406,370 2,933,662 1,312,811 Manitoba.... ...... 25,228 37,032 90,246 102,705 206,183 148,724 610,118 584,890 Saskatchewan.... . - - - 91,279 401,153 265,Oï8 757,510 757,510 Alberta. .. . . .. . . . . . - - - 73,022 301, 273 214,159 588,454 588,454 British Columbia.. 36,247 13,212 48,714 80,484 213,823 132, 102 524,582 488,335 Yukon Territory.. - - - 27,219 -18,707 -4,355 4,157 . 4,157 Northwest Territories 1 ".. 48,000 8,446 42,521 -78,838 -13,622 1,481 7,988 -40,012 Royal Canadian Navy.......... . - - - - - 485 485 485 - - -- - - - - Canada.... . . . 3,689,257 635,553 50 .4291 538,076 1.835,328 1.581,8:10 8,788,483 5.099,226 4.-Population of Canada b)' Prminces and Territories in 1811, and increase per cent by decades from 1871 to 1921. Province or Territory . Popula- tion in 1871. Per cent increase by decades from 1871 to 1921. 1871 to 1881. 1881 to 1891. 1891 to 1901. 1901 to 1911. 1911 to 1921. Per cent increase in 50 years. Prince Edward Island........ 94,021 15.82 0.17 -5.33 -9.23 -5.46 Nova Scotia................. 387,800 13.61 2.23 2.04 7.13 6.40 New Brunswick.............. 285,594 12.48 0.01 3.07 6.27 10.23 Quebec............... ...... 1,191,516 14.06 9.53 10.77 21.64 17.72 Ontario.. . ................. 1,620,851 18.88 9.73 3.25 15.77 16.08 Manitoba.................... 25,228 146.79 144.95 67.34 80.79 32.23 Saskatchewan................ 439.48 53.83 Alberta...................... 412.58 57.22 British Columbia............ 36,247 36.45 98.49 81.98 lW.68 33.66 1,347.24 Yukon Territory............. -68'73 -51.16 NorthwestTerritories 1 ....... 48,000 17.60 75.33 79.66 -67.67 22.76 -83.36 Canada....... ......1 3..689,2,jì l17.23 138.22 -5.75 35.08 35.82 98.17 80.99 2,318.42 Early Censuses.- The credit of taking the first census of modern times belongs to Canada. The year "as 1665, the census that of the colony of New France. Still earlier records of settlement at Port Royal (1605) and Quebec (1608) are extant; but the census of 1665 was a systematic "nominal" enumeration of the people, taken on the de jure principle, on a fixed date, showing age, sex, occupation, and conjugal and family condition. A supplementary enquiry in 1667 included the areas under cultivation and the numbers of sheep and cattle. When it is recalled that in Europe the first census dates only from the eighteenth century (those of France and England from the first year of the nineteenth), and that in the United States as well the census begins only with 1790, the achievement of the primitive St. Lawrence colony in instituting what is today one of the principal instruments of government may call for more than passing appreciation. 1 The decreases shown in the population of the Northwest Territories since 1891 are due to the separa- tion therefrom of immense areas to form the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Yukon Territory, as well as to extend tho boundaries of the older provincos of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. 142 J>UPULA.TIO.Y '1'he census of 1665 (the results of which occupy 154 pages in manuscript, still to be seen in t.he .\rchives at Paris, with a transcript at Ottawa) showed some ,215 souls. It was repeated at intervals more or less regularly for a hundred years. By lüS.3 the total had risen to 12,263, including 1,538 Indians collected in villages. By the end of the century it had passed 15,000, and this was doubled in the next twenty-five years. Not to present further details, it may be said that at the time of the ce!':-:ion (1763) the population of Xew Franc(' was about 70,000, whilst another 10,000 French (thinned to these proportion!' by the expulsion of the Aradi:Ul!') were <;cattered through what is now Nova Scotia, Kew Brunswick and Prin<'e Edv.ard Island. '1'he British population of :Xova Scotia was at this time about 9,000. After the ces!'ion, our chief reliance for statistics must be laid for half a century and more upon the reports of colonial governors-more or Ipss :--poradic-though cen!'u!'cs of the different sections under Briti h rule were taken at irregular intervals. British settlement on a ubstantial scale in th(. Gulf Province!' ami in Ontario datí'!' only from the Loyalist movement which followed the American Revolution, at the ('lid of which, i.e., about the year of the Constitutional Act (1791), the population of Lower Canada was approximately W3,000, whilst the newly constituted Province of Lpper Canada under Lieutenant-Governor imcoe numbered perhap:; 15,OOn, and the addition of the Maritime colonies brought the total well over 200,000. .\ decade later Canada began the nineteenth century with a population of probably not lc:-;s than 250,000 or 260,000. Subsequent censuses gave the population of the different colonies as follows:-Upper Canada (1824) 150,069, (1840) 432,159; Lower Canada (1822) 427,465, (1844) 697,084; Xew Brunswick (824) 74,176, (1840) 156,162; Nova Scotia (1817) 81,351, (1838) 202,575; Prince Edward Island (lS:!2) 24,600, (1841) 47,042. The policy of desultory censu -taking v.as ended in 1847 by an .\et of the Canadian Legislature creating a "Board of Registration and Stati tics," with instructions "to collect statistics and adopt measures for disseminating or publish- ing the same," and providing also for a d ennial census. The first census there- under was taken in 1851, and as similar censuses were taken by Kew Brunswick and :Xova Scotia in the same year, we have a regular measure of population growth in Canada over the past seventy yeal"s. The fifties saw a very rapid development, especially in Ontario, whil.,t the sixties !'howed only less substantial gains. In the years following Confederation, again, there was a spurt, the increase between lR71 and 1881 (which included severallf'an years towards the end) being 63.3,553, or 17.23 p.C. In neither of the two decades next following, however, was this record equalled, either absolutely or relatively, the gains in each being under .3.30,000, or 12 p.c. With the end of the century the population of Canada had reached approximatf'jy Ii \"e and a quarter millions, or twenty times that of 1800. Twentieth Century Expansion.-It is within the confincs of the present cen tury that the most spectacular expan ion of the Canadian population has taken place. The outstanding feature was, of course, the opcning to settlement of the "last best "-est." The unorganized territories of Briti!'h Korth America had been ceded to the Dominion soon after Confcderation, and the 'Vest had been tapped and traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway in the eighties and nineties. But though western population doubled v. ith each of these decades, it was only with the launching of a large-scale immigration movement after 1900 that western settlement and pro- duction became a first-rate economic factor. Simultaneously an almost equally triking development occurred in the industrial centres of Eastern Canada, which formed the immediate ha. is for the mm"c upon the "'e t. .\t the back, of course, THE CENSUS OF 1921 143 was the heavy inflow of British capital-a total of two and a half billions of dollars within a dozen years-which went to finance the large constructive undertakings (chiefly railway and municipal) which characterized the movement and which represented at bottom the traditional policy of England in search of cheap and abundant food for her workshop population. The years 1901 to 1911, in brief, form the decas mirabilis of Canadian e}..'pansion. The immigration movement just mentioned, which had previously run well under 50,000 per annum, rose rapidly to over five times that volume, eventually passinp; 400,000 in a single year. In the ten years 1901 to 1911 it totalled over 1,800,000, and though at least a third of the:-- 2ô,617 19,867 Bruce North............. 950.95 10,684 10,188 20,872 21.95 23, 783 27,424 Bruce South.... .......... û!J9.46 11,904 11,509 23,413 33.47 26,24\1 31,59û Carleton..............., . 6.')0.87 16,751 15,922 32,673 50.19 24,417 22,880 Dufferin. 556,64 7.996 7,419 15,415 27.69 17,740 21,03ü Dundas... : : ::: : : :: :: : .')76.11 12,331; 12,050 24,381' 42.33 25.973 28,3511 l>urham................ . 628.98 12,457 12,172 24,629 39.16 26,411 27,57U Elgin East. ... . . .. . . .. .. . 362.52 8,872 8,434 17,306 47.74 17,5!J7 17,901 Elgin West.. ............. 357.58 13,860 13,81!S 27,678 ï7.40 26,715 25,68.') E::.sex Korth. .. .. . .. .. .. . 239.27 37, III 34,039 71,150 297.36 38,006 28,78'1 E8seX South...... . . . .. .. . 467.53 16,129 15,296 31,425 67.21 29,541 29,955 Fort William and Rainy River..... . . . . . . . .. . .. . 12,784.68 21,573 18,088 39,661 3.10 32,158 18,461 Frontenac............... . 1,5!J5'91 10,612 9,718 20, 390 12.77 21,944 24,746 Glengarry and Stormont. 697.33 19,528 19,045 38,573 55,31 38,22G 40,580 Grenville.. .... ...... ...... 462.83 8,266 8,378 16,644 35.96 17,545 21,021 Grey North.............. 669.79 15,395 15,272 30,667 45.78 33,957 33,00:; Grey utheast..... a.... 1,038.03 14,610 13,774 28,384 27.34 31,934 36,5 7 Haklimand. ..... 4&'\.13 10,889 10,398 21,21\7 43.60 21,562 21, 23: Halton. . ..... 362.69 12,748 12,151 24,899 68.65 22,208 19,54;, Hamilton ï-:'a i. .... 2.69 24,9!)3 24,837 49,820 18,520.44 39,793 2-1.001) Hamilton Wc!->t.. .. 3.54 18,893 20,405 :J9,29S 11,101.11 37,279 28,634 Hastings East .... 1,291.41 11,997 11,075 23,072 17.86 2-1,97b 27,94:\ H3.btings We t..... 1,031'57 17 , 130 17,321 34,451 33.39 30,825 31,34' Huron 1Ii"orth.... ..... . .. . 660.11 11,657 11,883 23,540 35.66 26,886 30,9';1, Huron &uth. ......... 635.31 11, 692 11,856 23,5-1ð :J7.06 26,097 :JO . 85-! Kent..... !SU;.50 26,646 25,493 52,13!J 63.70 49,391 49.67.\ Kingston...... :: :::::::: 3.54 11,666 12,438 . 2-1,104 6,809.03 20,660 19,."" Lambton Fast. .......... tì47.81 13,OS4 12, 717 25,801 39.82 28,827 3t,4411 Lambton West........... 575.57 16,976 15,912 32, bð8 57.13 29,109 ')9.72:\ Lanark. ........... 1,137.99 1\),332 16,661 32,\193 2S.!I!J :H,375 37,2:t! I.eeds...... . . . 899.68 17,338 17,571 34,909 :\8'S0 36,753 37,97;) Lcnnox and Add.ï gi ñ...: 1,169.77 9,638 \1,356 11\,994 16.23 20,38ti 23,341. Linroln. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 332.41 24,874 23,751 48,625 146.28 35, 429 1 30, 55:.! London. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 6.65 25,364 2H,474 53;838 8,095.94 41),300 37,97li Middlesex East........... 481.00 14,581 13,413 27,!J94 51j.lS 23,465 23,33\1 )tidùlesex Wcst. .. . . . . . . . 752.14 12,678 12,355 25,033 33.28 27,300 :n,3H7 :Muskoka. .... .. . . . . . . . .. . 1,585.38 10,153 9,286 19,439 12.26 21,233 20,971 ipis:-;ing. ................ 11,157.32 31,50ð 27,057 58,565 5.25 43,679 24,931 Xorfolk. . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 634 . 26 13,305 13,061 26,366 41.56 27,110 29,147 :KorthumberIand..... . 704.29 15,012 15,500 30,512 43.32 32,892 33,5511 Ontario orth. . . . . . . . .. : 504.82 7,875 ,,545 15,420 30. 5-l 17,141 18,3!1I1 Ontario &uth............ 347.69 15,762 15,312 31,074 89.37 23,865 22,01S Utta\\a. ................. 4.75 43,232 50,508 93",740 19,734.74 77,182 59,140 Oxforù ^ orth.... .. .. . .. . 410.56 12,232 12,295 24,527 59.74 25,077 25,644 Oxford ::;ou th.. .. .. . .. . . .. 353.99 11,133 II, 102 22,235 1)2.81 22,294, 22.ïW IBy map measurement. PROVINCES AND ELECTORAL DISTRICT8 147 5.- -\rea and Population of Canada b} Provinces and Electoral Districts, 19U. 1911 and 1901-continued. Land Provinces and Districts. area in sq. miles. Ontario-concluded. Park dale . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ParTY Sound.. .......... Peel........... .... Perth North.... ... Perth South. .. .. ... . . . . . . Peterborough East. .. . . . . Peter borough W()st...... . Port Arthur and Kenora. Prescott. ........ .. . . . . . . . Prince Edwarû........... Renfrew:\'"orth........... Renfrew ðouth........... Russell...... _ ..... Simcoe East. . . . . .. . . . . . . f:imcoe North. . . . . .. . . . . . Simcoe South....... .. Timiskaming. . . . .. . . . . Toronto Centre........... Toronto East............. Toronto North........... Toronto South... __0.. Toronto West. ........... Victoria....... . .......... Waterloo North.......... Waterloo ðouth........... Weiland................. . Wellington :North......... W llington South..... . .. . Went\\orth.... _..... 0 _... York East.. __ _._ _.' York ortL.............. York South.. .. . .. . . . . . . . York West............... }Ianitoba. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Brandon.. ..... ....... Dauphin.. ........ Lisgar __ . .. . . . . Macdonald __ .. .. .. . .. .. \larquette.... '" eepawa....... ..... Nelson..... ............. Portage la Prairie. . . . . . . . Provencher. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . i .............. : ::::::::: Springfield.. " _. _ _ _. Winnipeg Centre.......... } Winnipeg North. ... . . . . .. \Vinnipeg South........... askatche\\an... .......... Asbiniboia....... ....... Battleford.. ... Humboldt..... _ _. 0 h.indersley... . . . J ast lountain......... .. . íackcnzie . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . iaple Creek.............. !\[oose Jaw. . . ......... .. North Battleford..... .... Prince Albert............ <.!u'Appelle.............. . Regina......... 0.000..... ::5altcoats... .. .... IBy map measurement. ü 3ï3-1O! 4,336'00 468.51 4:!!I.77 40!ì.!H 1'\91.38 553.81 207,570.90 494.29 390.40 1,057.81 1,644.95 698.68 52!J.39 574..88 551).61 46,211.00 2,834..23 273.20 24.2.63 3S;.27 i'i80.4.6 43S.R8 4.51.97 64.52 4:JO.56 202.28 158'52 1,9 6.CO' 2, 914'06 1 5,4.68'75 1,97!ì.96 2,390,90, 5,454.24 3,491.53 173,975'18 1. 710.22 4.,261'36 10,689.84 3,5S6'35 15,944..15 59.46 2-1.3.381.00 5,h50.86 6,651.96 1>. 320. 9i'i l1,2tH.30 7,01;5.51 5,8.';6.34 15,149.09 5,591.12 72,000.00 76,499'00 4,458.06 2,063.25 4,554.69 Population, 19:!1. )Iales. Females. Total. 38 8')0 14:716 12, 371 16, 223 9,315 7,101 14,382 24.,136 13,429 1',288 12,339 13,76S 22,084 18,888 11 2')7 I:Ù55 30,219 25,326 31,096 32,378 19,335 :J2,717 17,621 20,591 16,440 36,360 10, 182 17 ,161 32,574 38.163 11 , 84.0 4.9,572 35,361 320,56; 21,31i'i 19,254 15,652 12,936 22,433 15,464 10,705 12,027 15,819 :!9,639 14,341 30,935 :J9,125 32,060 28,862 ,113,700 18,831 18,561 30,300 25,758 27,731 29,907 31,318 27,376 26, 121 31,054 18,819 26,395 23,261 41,960 12,306 11,525 16,238 9,067 6,615 14,936 19,164 I:J,049 8,518 11,617 13,296 21,329 18,234 10,873 12,1S5 21,:H9 26,412 33 7')9 40: lÕO 18,261 35,680 Hi, 374. 21, 107 17,128 30,308 9,6i'i1 17,166 31,875 39.787 11, 296 50,4.84 35,320 2iì9",),')1 18,868 16,228 14,269 IO,S!ib 18,821 12,892 9,101 10, 227 13,489 25,756 12,06!J :!7,935 37,345 30,897 30,766 3-13,SlO 15,951-> 15,080 24,H2i'i 19,014 22.324 : 23,027 21,260 25,775 16,017 :!3,582 20,174 80,780 "7 0')') 23:896 32,461 18,382 13,716 29,318 4.3,300 26,478 16,806 23, 956 27,061 4.3,413 3- 1')') ::!2:1ÕÕ 24.,810 51,5611 i'il, i68 64,825 72,4i8 37,5!J6 68,397 33,995 -n, 6% 33,561' 66,668 19,833 34,327 64,44.<) 77,950 23, 136 100, OM 70,681 Per so. mile. 11.99 152.62 138.35 172.14 34.16 78.21 14.2.59 1,208.15 53' 73 1 494.63 44.5.88 ,6.3 13.78 6.49 15.11 9.96 7.56 8.12 0.11 13.01 6.87 ,5.18 7.36 3.69 610,118 , ð 8 1 .Ja,'::t _ 29,921 23,824. 4.1,254. 28,356 HI, 806 .,.) 254 9: 308 i'i5,395 26,4.10 .';8,870 76,470 1 62,957 3,347'71 59,628 J 757,510 :l-t,7h9 :J3,641 i'i5,::!25 -14.,772 50,0,')5 5i'i,629 i'i6,064 i'iO,403 4.7,:J81 56,829 :W,8:iö 49,977 4.3,795 1911. 6.23 i'il.01 ;.5.53 4.4..85 15.38 52.93 0.21 53.5b 4.3.04 22.64 16.4.5 62.13 70.12 :l8.44 44..41 1.11 i'i9,609 26,M7 22,102 30,23.5 18,947 1 15,4!J!J 1 ' 26,151 39,10 9 1 26,968, 17,150, 23' 617 1 27,852 39,434 35,294. 24,699 25,060, F, S ;)4.,/9_ .53,712 i'il,318 43,9M 57,804.' 36'49!J 1 :J3,619 28,988 .12,163' 22,292 1 3') "00' 4:634 1 :J2, 864 22.415 31,933 35,831, -161,39-1 1 :J9,734 23,35!1 Z: I :J2,384' 23.!J2:3' 11, i3i! 22.059 24.,276' 32,653j 27, 13:3 37,24.7 58,!J03, 4.,';,682, { 35,525' -192,-132 31,9i,';' 21,667 8: i 33, 093 1 :J6,940 19,730 31,5521 24,330 35,839 30,470 4.4,202 32,3131 3'1 1 .5.95 5.06 6.631 3.9/ 7. 06 1 9.49, 3. 70 1 9.01 0.66: 0.74.1 7.8b ::!4..22 9'62i 1901. 22,303 24,93tì 21,475 29,25li 20,615 16,291 20,704 10,526 27 035 17: 864 24,5,56 27, 67ti 35,161\ 29,84,5 21\,071 26,39!J 3,378 45,8SS 36,763 20, 761i 38. lOb 4.1,06' 38,5t1 7 1')4. 25:470 31,58!i 26,120 29,526 26,81S 8,47t-. 22,41!J 18, 9tH 17 ,905 '!55,211 25,047 12,611 26,899 17 , 324 20,435 19,14U 2,:J.';! 14, !J6! 14,12\ 16,44: 22,634 20,29 42,!J25 91,2;9 9,05:{ 1,35; 1,6S' :J 1,.'175 11,984 1,473 3,725 4,57\1 16,644 17, I:J3 6,581 10,874 1-18 POPULA TION 5.-Area and Population of ('anada b)' Prminces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 and 1901-concluded. Population, 1921. Land Provinces and Districts. area in 1911. 1901. sq. miles. Per :Males. Females. Total. sq. mile. - - - Saskatrhewan-concluded. I::iaskatoon... .... . . . .. . .. . 3,45.3.38 28, 862 26,289 55,151 15.9i 31,633 2,!!64 Swift Current.. . . . . . . . .. . 7,958.48 29,220 24,055 53,275 6.69 28,691 484 Weyburn................ . 6,051.89 l!1.826 15,862 35,688 5.89 31,081 1,172 Alberta................... . %5 ,985.001 3U,20 261,2,16 588,-15-1' 2.33 37,1,295 73,022 Battle River...... 13,191.90 27,483 21,6!J0 49,173 3.73 26,3,';2 591 Bow River........... 11,2ã9.86 32,460 22,896 55,356 4.92 27,304 1,565 Calgary East... .. . . . . . . . . 2,033'59 23,819 21,176 4-1,995 22.13 35,1fi3 .'),526 Calgary West............ 4,6:30'00 22, 733 21,608 44,341 9.58 30,023 3 , 5-16 Edmonton East.......... 57,172'40 30,719 25,829 56,548 0.99 30,926 7,685 Edmonton West.......... 112,497.43 41,94i 32,320 74,267 0.66 35,386 '1,641 Lethbridge. .............. 5,498.33 21,072 16,627 37,699 6.86 29,4S7 5,99i; [acleod . . .. . . . . . . . . ..... 9,017.00 18,976 15,032 35,008 3.77 30,77\1 8,228 :\Ieilicine Hat.. . . . '" 12,497.00 23,982 19,197 43,179 3.46 24,697 ,IS5 Reel Deer. 13.431.84 27,426 22,203 49,629 3.69 37,50i 7,568 Strathcona. . ... . . ...... 5,309.09 22, 682 19,838 42,520 8.01 28,355 12,635 \Ïctoria... . . . . .. .... 6,386.45 30,909 25,830 56,739 8.88 38,316 8,851 British Columbia. ........ 3,")3,416.00 293,409 2,'U .173 52,1,582 1.-11- 392,-1"0 178,657 Burrard............... ... 620.79 3-1.387 35,535 69.922 112.63 48,493 1. 267 Cariboo... ...... ... 164. fi93.50 23.934 15.900 39,834 0.24 2fi.541 !9,155 1 Comox-Alberni..... . .... 18,227.46 20, 665 11,344 32,009 l.i5 19,739 8,444 Fraser Valley. .. 304.95 17,054 11,757 28, 811 94.48 22,645 8,219 Kootenay East......... 13,367'11 11.983 7,154 19,137 1.43 22,46fi 8,446 Kootenay West........... 12,979.11 16,880 13,622 30,502 2.35 28.373 ,516 Nanaimo......... ........ 2,717'00 26,079 21. 931 48,010 17.67 31. 878 22,298 New Westmnister....... . 6,102.41 25,059 20, 923 45.982 7.54 29,384 14,855 Hkeena...... . ... ........ . 123,896.14 19.083 9,851 28.934 o 23 22.685 13,013 Vancouver Centre........ 5.73 3-1,867 26,012 60, 879 10,624.60 60.104 :!7,OlO Vancouver South......... 32.24 23,439 22,698 46,137 1,431'04 O,446 1,520 Victoria.... . .. 7.50 20,107 18,620 38.727 5,163.60 31. 660 20,919 Yale... . .. ........... 10,462.06 19,872 15,826 35,698 3.41 28,066 , yukon......... ........ 206,427.00 2,819 1. 338 4,157 0.02 8,512 7,2111 Northwæt TcrritoriE'S.....: : 1,207,926'00 4,129 3,859 7.988 0.007 6,Ií07 20,1211 Royal Canadian Navy. . . . . - 485 - 485 - - I Canada............. . 3,603,909.00 4,5%9,9,15 4.258,538 8,788,483 2.4-1 7,206, ti43 I 5,371,31i I By map measurement for provinces and electoral districts. I Includes Yale District. , Included in Cariboo Di8trict. Density of Population.-The density of population in 1921 (i.e., the number of persons per square mile of the land area), is shown by provinces and for the country as a whole in Table 6. Generally speaking, the density of population decreases M one travels westward, but the enormous area of the province of Quebec reduces the density of its population to the low figure of 3.42. As among the nine provinces, the density of population is greatest in Prince Edward IRland and least in British Columbia. 6.- nensit). of Population In ('anada according to the {'ens us of 1921. 40.56 1 Saskatche\\an.... h. ................ 3.12 24.86 Al t;rta................................. 2.33 13.90 BrItIsh ColumbIa.................. .... 1.48 3.42 Yukon TeITitory............ ........... 0.02 8'02 1 Northwest TeITitories.................. - 2.63 - I (.anada........................ %.44 Prince Edward Island. ....... _ _. .... _. _. Nova Scotia.......... ........ New Brunswick.. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. ........ Quebec.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario..... . .. . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manitoba................................ . SEX DISTRIBUTION 149 Elements of Growth.-The lack of comprehensive and comparable vital statistics for the whole of Canada, together with the lack of statistics of emigration, makes it difficult to determine how far the growth of population is due to natural increase and how far to immigration. The following estimate (Table 7) may, however, be of interest. During the last decade, in addition to some 60,000 Can- adians who died overseas and nearly 20,000 who took their discharge in the United Kingdom, there were also great numbers of residents of Canada-most of them recent immigrants-who left Canada to join the forces of the Mother Country and of her allies in the Great War and did not return. The estimated figure given for emigration in the decade 1911-1921 may therefore be regarded as of a distinctly abnormal character. i.-l\lovement of Population, Including estimated Natural Increase, recorded Immi- gration, and estimated Emigration, for the Intercensal periods 1901-1911 and 1111-1921. Decades and Items. No. Decade 1901-1911- Population, Census of April 1, 1901........... __ __ . . ... . ... . ... ... .... __ . Natural increase (1901-1911 inclusive), estimated... ..................................... Immigration (April 1, 1901 to May 31, 1911)..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Popu lation, Census of June 1, 1911..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emigration (April 1, 1901 to May 31, 1911), estimated... . . ... . . . . . . . 5,371,315 853,566 1,847,651 8,072,532 7,206,643 865, 889 Decade 1911-1921- Population, Censu", of June 1, 1911..... . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . Natural increase (1911-1921), estimated........................... ................... Immigration (June 1, 1911 to May 31,1921)............................... Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population (Census of June 1,1921)........... ...... .......... .... .... .......... ....... Emigration (June 1, 1911 to June 1, 1921), estimated............... ................ Net gain in population, 1901-1911... ..... et gain in population, 1911-1921......................... .................................. 7,206,643 1,150.659 1,728,921 10.086.223 8,788,483 1,297,740 1 1,835,328 1,581.840 1 This figure includes also the 60,000 Canadian lives lost at the front and the 801dJ.ers (about 20,000) enlisting in Canadian forces and receiving their discharge in the United Kingdom. 2.-Sex Distribution. Throughout the older countries of the world there is usually found an excess .f female over male population, more especially as in most of these countries the <0,848 4,990 9, S.3 6,184 6,687 12, 871 7,142 8,237 15,379 90 to 94 " 1,356 1,554 2,9lU 1,693 2,010 3,703 1,800 2,380 4,180 95 to 99 " ..:: } 423 538 961 417 502 919 412 565 977 100 an -I ovpr..... 62 58 120 90 93 183 Not given........ 29,766 19,311 49,077 26,687 9,996 36,683 11 , 601 9,676 21,277 - - - - - - - - - Total popu- latlon.. _ .. ,751,70S %,819,607 5,371.315 3,8 1,995 3,38J,6-18 7,206.6-1.3 4,329,9-1.5 -1.,258,538 8, 78S,483 6.-Racial Origin. In five out of the six censuses of Canada since Confederation the racial origin of each person has been secured, the exception being in 1891. The object of this question is to ascertain from what basic ethnic stocks the Canadian population, more particularly the recently immigrated population, is derived. The answer "Canadian" is not accepted under this heading as the purpose of the question is to obtain, in so far as possible, a definition of "Canadian" in terms of racial deriv- ation. Of this procedure of the Census, criticism has been received on two main grounds: (a) That there are Canadians whose family is of several generations residence in the country who may not know their ultimate racial origin, or who may be of very mixed racial origin; and (b) that the practice tends to perpetuate racial distinctions which it is desirable to obliterate. As against these criticisms respectively, the following must be considered: (a) that Canadians whose family . is of three or more generations residence are enumerated and differentiated through the question on the birth place of parents above described; (b) that notwithstand- ing the desirability of racial assimilation, there are special features in connection with the process that require appraisement and study; for example, 295 children of Chinese fathers and 618 of Japanese fathers were born in Canada (not including the province of Quebec) in 1921. Again, the fact that the constitution of Canada is based on the presence of two dominant races points to the desirability of a measure- ment of these factors; only recently it has been widely pointed out that the original 158 POPULA TIO.\' French colony, numbering 75,000 at the date of the Conquest, has e:x-panded to over three millions today; measurements of this kind would be impossible if the answer IICanadian" instead of lIFrench" were accepted under the heading of racial origin, yet undoubtedly if the descendants of the original French colonists are not "Can- adians," no one is; (c) finally, racial origin is an important subject for study in a lI new " country like Canada from a scientific standpoint, i.e., from the f'tandpoint of the student of ethnology, criminology, and the social and "biometric" scien{'f'<: in general. To accept the answer "Canadian" to the question on raC'ial origin would con- fuse the data and defeat the purpos(' for which the question is asked. Racial Distribution in 1901-1911 and 192t.-The racial origins of t le peopl.. of Canada as collected at the censuses of 1 71, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 1921 are shown in Table 19, while percentage figures are given in Table 20 for the populations of the various racial origins at the above censuses. During the past decade the total increase of population wa:,; 1,3 1,840. The increase in the population of English origin was 722,346 or 43. 6S poC. of the total; of Irish 57,433 or 3.63 poc.; of Scottish 175,757 or 11.11 p.c.; of other British 16,382 or 1.03 p.c.; of French 397,S )2 or 25 .2S p.c. The British races were respon- sible for 61.66 p.c. of the total increase' in population during the decade, and. tog ther with the French population, which is ahnost wholly a native-born popula- tion, account for 1,369,997 or more than 86.5 p.c. of the total increase for tlw decade. 'Yhen the change in the racial distribution of the population during the fir:->t two decades of the century is considered, one of t he most notable features is the increase in the population of Engli:-;h r:1('f' from 23.47 p.c. in 1901 to 25.30 p.c. in 1911 and 28.96 poco in 1921. Tllf' Irish dement in the population has declined fairly rapidly from 18.41 poco in 1901 to 14.58 p.c. and 12.60 p.c. in 1921, and the Scottish from 14.90 in 1901 to 13.85 in 1911 and 13.36 in 1921. The total popula- tion of the British races was 37.03 p.C'. in 14)01, 54.08 p.c. in 1911 and 55.40 p.e. in 1921. The other great racial element in the population is the J.'rench, which constituted 30.70 p.c. of the total population in 1901,28.52 p.c. in 1911 and 27.9] . p.c. in 1921. Thus 87. n p.co of the population W(,I"(, in 1901 of the two great Tacinl stocks, 82.60 poco in 1911 and 83.31 p.c. in 1921. Thus, taking the pa t 20 y('arS:l a unit of time, there has heen a d('clinf' in tllf' }wrc<'lltage of thp British awl Freu('" racial clements to the total population. This decline has in the main heen du(' to the immigration of eOlltineutal Europ- eans to Canada during the past twenty year , whieh have seen the g;rowth of the Hcandinaviari element in our population from .;)R poCo to 1.90 poc., of the Hehrews from .30 p.c. to 1.44 p.c., and of the Italians from .20 to .76 p.c. The population of German race, if we may accept 't h(' statist ies furnished, has declined from 5. 7X p.c. of t.hc total in 1901 to 3.33 p.c., hut on the other hand, the Dutch have increased from .(j3 p.c. in 1901 to 1.33 p.c. in 1921. .\ltog('ther, the percentag;e of the total population of European racial origin, other than Briti:-:h and French, ÏIwrem.:pd 0 from R. fil p.c. of the total in H)Ol to 14 .1:3 poco in 1921. Asiatic immigration to Canada in the past twenty years has been re:-;ponsiblp for the increase of the Asiatic population from 0.44 p.c:'. to (}.73 p.c. of the popula- tion. In the same period the population of Kegro origin have declined from 0.32 p.c. to 0.21 p.c. of the total, and that of Indian origin from o S p.Co to 1.26 p.c. RACIAL ORIGINS Origin. 159 It.-Origins of the People According to the Censuses of IS71, 1881, 1981, 1911 and 1921. British- English. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Irish..................... ........... Scotch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French... . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . " . Austrian...... . ........................ Belgian....... . . " ..... .................. Bulgarian and Roumanian................ Chinese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... Czech (B'ohemian and roravian). . . . . Dutch.... ... ...................... Finnish....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . German. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greek......... .... ........ ...... ........ Hebrew..... .,. ................ ... ..... Hungarian....... ...................... Indian...... ................... Italian. ..... Japanese. _ . . . . . . eg:ro. .. Polish.. .. . .. . .. Russian......... ......... Scandinavian ..... ....... ...... 8erbo-Croatian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swiss.. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkish. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ukranian-Buko....inian.. ............... Galician..... .. Ruthenian................... . Yarious.... . i .:::::::::::::::::::: Unspecified........ ........ .............. Grand Total....... .............. 1871. o. 706,369 846.414 549,94fi 7,773 2,110,502 1,082,940 1881. No. 881,301 957,403 699,863 9,947 2,.'i-tS,5U 1,298,929 4,383 30,412 1901. No. 1,260,8 9 988,721 800,154 13,421 3,06.1,195 1,649,371 10,947 2,994 354 17,312 1911. No. 1,823,150 1,050,384 997,880 25,571 3,896,98.; 2,054,890 42,535 9, 59 3 5,H75 27,7ï4 54,986 15,497 393,320 3,594 75,681 11,605 105,492 15,411 9,021 16,877 33.365 43,142 107,535 6,625 3,880 9,960 35,158 29,845 20,652 147,34.5 7,206,6-t:J 1921. Ko. 2,545,496 1,107,817 1,173,637 41,953 4,868,903 2,452,751 107,671 20,234 15,235 39,587 8,840 117,814 21,494 294,6.% 5,740 126,196 13,181 110,596 66,769 15,868 18,291 53,403 100,064 167,359 3,906 12,837 313 1,616 24,456 16,8ûl 63, 788 18,915 21,249 S,7 .4S3 20.- Proportion per cent" hich the People of Each Origill Form of t.he Total Population, 1871, 1881, 1901, 1911 and 19 1. 29,6û2 02,991 254,319 667 33,845 2,502 310,501 291 16.131 1,.549 127,9411 10,834 4,738 17,437 6,285 19,825 31,042 3,865 1,681 3 5,682 4 Ori in. Hri tish- English. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. Irifih........................... . Scotch. _ . . .. _ . .. . . . . Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total British. . . . . . . . . _ . _ . . _ . . French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austrian.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgian. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. Bulgarian and Roumanian. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. Chinese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. Czech (Bohemian anrt Iora....ian). . . . . Dutch....... . ........ Finnish. .. . . . German. ................ Greek. ......... .. Hebrew. ., Hungarian. Indian .. Italian.. .. . Japanese.... . Negro......... . Polish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russian...................... . Hcandinavian............... . .'.':"""""" . Turkish. . . . .. ............... .. . . Ukranian- n t : .. .:::....::: : : : : : : : : : Ruthenian........ ............ Ckranian. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various.........,....................... . Unspecified. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. .. . .... .. . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . 125 23,037 1,035 108,547 1,849 21,394 1,227 5,223 4,588 1,454 31. 539 5.311.315 umber per cent of Population. 1871. 1881. 1901. 1911. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. 20.26 20.38 23.47 25.30 24.28 22.14 18.41 14.58 15.78 16.18 I.HIO 13.85 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.35 60.5;; 58.93 57.03 54.08 31.07 30.03 30.70 28.52 - - 0.20 0.59 - - 0.06 0.13 - - 0.01 0.08 - 0.10 0.32 0.39 - -2 - - 0.85 0.70 0.6.3 0.76 - - 0'05 O..J'} 5.82 5.88 5.78 fi.4û - - 0.01 0.05 - 0.02 0.30 1.05 - - 0.03 0.16 0.66 2.51 2.38 1-4û 0.03 0.04 0.20 0.63 - - 0.09 0.13 0.62 0.50 0.32 0.23 - - 0.12 0.46 0.02 o.o 0.37 0.60 0.05 0.12 0.58 1.49 - - - - 0.08 1).11 0.07 0.09 - - 0.03 0.05 - - - 0.14 - - 0.11 0.49 - - 0.41 - - - - 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.29 0.22 0.94 0.58 2.04 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 1921. p.c. 28.96 12.60 13.36 0.48 55.,10 27.91 1.23 0.23 0.17 0.45 0.10 1.34 0.24 3.:3.') 0.06 1.44 0.14 1.26 0.76 O.IS 0.21 0.61 1.14 1.90 0.04 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.28 0.19 0.73 0.22 0.24 100.00 NOTE.-Origins were not taken in 1891. I1ndudes "half-breeds". 2lncludes Danish Icelandic, Xorwep'Ïan and Swedish; in 1921 they wprc respectively 21.124, 15,876, 68,856 and 61,503. 3Included with Austrians. 41ncluded \Üth Galician". 21,496 607 1,623 2,962 1,220 7,fi61 3.48 ,').761 3,952 40,806 ,1.324,810 160 POPULATION 21.- Racial Origin of the Population, by PrO\lnces and Territories, 1921. No. . Origins. Population............... ........ Total 1 British......... _ _ _ .. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . 2 Englishi. .. _.. _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Irish 1 ....... . " . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Scotch!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Other i . _ ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 French I .......................................... 7 Austrian. _.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Belgian..................... _ . . 9 Chinese..................... . . . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . 10 Czech (Bohemian and Moravian). . _ . . . . . .. . . . . . . 11 D:.mish I ......................................... 12 Dutch........................................... 13 Finnish. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............... 14 German......................................... 15 Greek.......................... ........ 16 Hebrew............ .... 17IIungarian.___... ._................... 18 Icelandic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Indian................................... ...... 20 Italian.......................... . . . . 21 Japanese......................... ........ 22 Negro........................... . . . . . . . . . . 23 K orwegian.. . " . . .. . . .. .. . . _ .. . . _ _ . __ 24 Polish........... .. ... 25 Roumanian. _'" _ _ . _ _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Rus!!ian........................... .............. 27 Serbo-CrO'ltian.................. . . . . . . . . . . 28 Albanian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. 29 Croatian. . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Juga-Slavic.... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Montene.?;rin..._................. .._'.. 32 Serbian. . . _... . . . . _ .. . . . .. .. 33 Siovenian... _. .... _..... _. _................. 34 Swedish..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Swiss............................................ ; :.'.'.'.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 Bukovinian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 39 Galician. '" '.' ... _ _ . .' . . . . . . _ _ . .. . ... _ . _ . _ . . . 40 Ruthenian..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '" . _...... 41 Ukranian.... '" .. ... . . . . _ . . . . . . .. . . ., .. . . . . . : V- :fo i. l::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 Arabian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Armenian...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Brazilian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Bulgarian..................... _. _ _ _...... _'. 48 Chilian.... _. _.................... _. ........ 49 Egyptian.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::ii :. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 52 Hindu. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Jamaican. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 J aplander.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lettish..... . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . . _ . _ . . _ _ _ . . . 56 Lithuanian.. _...... .... 57 :\f altese. . ". .... __. .. _ __................... 58 :\fexican. _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Persian. . '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Portuguese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Hpanish........ . . . ... . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . 62 Turkish..................................... 63 Other....................................... P.E. Island. 88,615 76,627 23,313 18,743 33,437 134 11,971 2 2 14 I Totals ror Canada include personnel or Royal Canadian Navy Nova Scotia. 17 239 1 260 3 21 523,837 07,618 202,106 55,712 148,000 1,800 56,619 682 841 315 229 352 11,506 45 27,046 150 2,161 180 9 2,018 1,620 3 6,175 482 980 111 520 107 1 235 26 43 10 6 7 83 490 833 1,140 389 44 t New Brunswick. 387,876 168,002 131,664 68,670 51,308 1,360 121,111 80 212 185 7 976 3,638 35 1,698 54 1,243 6 106 88 44 257 519 667 20 4 27 2 168 12 3 167 246 17 1 Quebec. 1,331 367 3 1,190 588 65 11 185 11 2,361,151 67,108 196,982 94,947 63,915 1. 264 1,889,277 1,901 3,284 2,335 82 :195 1,413 76 4,668 1. 780 47,977 89 11 11,566 16,141 32 1,046 705 3,264 1.371 2,802 67 7 2 2 64 3 578 31 594 S !l08 764 2,570 1,176 7 386 47 736 6,066 ',126 42 119 1 78 2 534 188 7 25 4 16 27 11 35 49 17 20 1,209 30 8 3 51 402 106 2 RACIAL ORIGIXS 161 21.-Racial Origin of the Population, b)' Provinces and Territories, 1921. Ontario. l\Ianitoba. 1 Saskat- Alberta. British Yukon. Northwest Canada. No. chev.an. Columbia. Territories. 2.133,662 110,118 751,510 S8S,f5t 52t,582 4,157 7,988 8, 78 , f83 l,fBI,015 350,992 400,416 !51,8S0 !87,613 1,847 473 4,868,903 1 1,211,660 170,286 206,472 180,478 221,145 769 234 2,545,496 2 590,493 71,411 81,786 68,246 51,298 369 106 1,107,817 3 465,400 105,031 101,678 96,062 101,965 662 130 1,173,637 4 14,4tJ2 4,258 4,430 7,034 7,105 47 3 41,9 'i3 5 218,275 40,638 42.152 30,913 11,246 281 258 2,452,7.51 6 11,790 31,035 39, 738 19,430 2,993 20 - 107,671 7 3,175 5,320 3,477 2,590 1,321 7 2 20,234 8 5,625 1,331 2,667 3,5111 23,533 1 - 39,587 9 1,336 I,W8 2,571 2,537 1,040 7, - 8,810 10 2,450 3,4 4,287 6,772 2,191 37 17 21,124 11 50,512 20,728 16,639 9,490 3,306 34 I 117,506 12 12,835 506 1,937 2,926 3,112 21 ' - 21,494 13 130,515 19,4H 68,202 35,333 7,273 155 12 294,636 14 2,078 257 363 350 703 2 - 5,740 15 47,798 16,669 5.380 3,212 1,696 8 I 126,196 16 I. 737 828 8,916 1,045 343 7 - 13, 181 17 137 11 ,013 3,.593 507 575 - - 15,876 18 26,6.54 13,869 12,914 14,557 22,377 1,390 3,873 110,814 19 33,355 1,933 689 4,028 8,587 22 1 66,769 20 161 53 109 473 15,006 28 - 15,868 21 7,220 491 396 1,048 676 6 - 18,291 22 3,416 4,203 31.438 21,323 6,570 107 14 68,856 23 15,787 16,591 8,161 7,172 1,361 19 - 53,403 21 3,120 919 5,645 2,017 276 - - 13,470 25 8,605 14,O09 45,343 21,212 7,373 7 7 100,064 26 I,S49 111 8i7 80i 695 11 16 3,906 27 41 1 1 - - - - 43 28 19 - - - I - - 20 29 1,014 102 816 792 656 11 26 3,624 30 - - - - 3 - - 5 31 138 8 10 6 25 - - 193 32 7 - - 4 10 - - 21 33 6,713 8,023 19,064 15,943 9,666 109 3 61,503 34 5,014 897 1,823 2,468 983 12 5 12,837 35 2,709 310 466 198 211 I - 8,232 36 8,307 .u,1 S9 18,097 13,827 793 - - 106,721 37 179 192 1,209 28 I - - 1,616 38 2,748 10,288 6,598 3,930 416 - - 24,456 39 806 7,987 3,327 4,618 31 - - 16,861 40 4,574 25,662 16,963 15,251 345 - - 63,788 41 7,636 891 1,787 2,254 1,454 6 53 21,249 42 3,4-08 8 380 69(J 1,70(J 9 3,141 IS, 711 43 19 4 4 2 - - - 98 44 508 4 8 8 13 - - 665 45 7 - - - I - - 9 46 1,378 40 87 80 50 - - 1,765 47 I - - - 29 - - 34 48 11 - - 2 - - - 29 49 - - - - - - 3,242 3,269 50 2 - - - 20 - - 22 51 28 8 6 10 951 1 - 1,016 52 8 - - - - - - 8 53 - - 6 - I 1 - 8 54 35 111 34 156 23 - - 381 55 309 45 84 94 60 1 - 1,970 56 217 17 - 1 2 - - 279 57 10 5 7 15 22 - - 70 58 29 - 34 - 14 - - 80 59 47 13 2 44 106 2 - 467 60 704 186 67 156 395 2 - 2,208 61 91 5 38 28 10 1 - 313 62 4 - 3 - 9 1 - 20 63 623ï3-11 162 POPULATION 22.-Raclal Origins of the People for Xlne Cities of 60,000 and over, as shown b)" the ('ensus of 1921. Origins. Montreal. Toronto. Winnipeg. Vanoou- Hamilton. Ottawa. Quebec. CaI- London. ver. I!;ary. British- - - - - - - - English.. .. .. . . . 88,014 260,860 58,321 49,931 56,984 25,907 3,728 27,425 34,378 Irish......... .. . 34,484 97,361 23,315 14,126 16,845 27,551 4,075 9,082 10,806 cotch.. ........ 25,672 83,620 37,069 27,878 20,263 14,434 822 15,599 9,789 Other. . . . . '" . . . 460 3,389 1,864 1,674 1,005 323 10 843 539 Total British 148,630 <<5,230 120,569 93,609 95,091 68,215 8,635 5 ,9.9 55,512 French.... ..... . . . 390,168 -a,944 2,252 ----.:956 30,442 85,350 1;408 -mi Austrian. . .. . .. . . . 1,223 1,165 6,785 271 872 222 7 435 84 Helgian.......... . 1,941 215 284 228 15 93 71 91 19 Chinese.. . . . . .. . . . 1,735 2,134- 814 6,484 374 282 98 6b8 238 Czech (Bohemian and Moravian).. 66 72 305 72 78 25 9 26 Dutch....... ...., 432 3,961 1,236 738 1,615 402 10 628 62 Finnish.... . 8 735 70 301 19 8 - 22 1 Gl'rman. . . . .. . . . . 1,520 4,689 4,762 1,117 2,944 2,005 Y4 876 1,23 Greek........... . 1,446 812 139 328 125 97 73 68 61 Hebrew.......... . 42,717 34,619 14,449 1,270 2,560 2.799 375 1,247 70 Hungarian....... . 67 59 344 25 200 2 3 14 Ino.ian........... . 156 183 44 59 219 44 12 22 - Italmn.. . .. . . . . . . . 13,922 8,217 1,311 1,590 3,268 1,124 156 425 58 Japanese......... . 15 42 35 4,246 - 9 - 41 Negro.. .. 862 1,236 424 324 375 38 14 66 20. Polish... ...... 1,4:l7 2,380 5,696 174 1,478 172 7 287 17 Rumanian....... . 1,026 25ô 389 34 435 207 1 97 Russian.......... . 2,067 1,332 3,791 357 950 133 5 1,973 11. Scandinavian.... . 977 1,109 6,147 2,660 467 371 37 1,098 17 Sl'rbo-Croa tian. . . ,')9 163 53 127 157 - 1 12 wiS5. ........... 428 5S3 278 154 122 79 18 154 5 Hyrian........ .... 1. 499 387 156 94 9 152 64 18 7 "Ckranian- Rukovinian - 16 6 - - 15 - - Galician.. . ... 327 365 2,013 76 120 69 - 57 Huthellian. .. 34 116 1 ,54!) - 145 26 - 4 - l:kranian. ... 690 û52 2,813 31 105 100 - 92 Y arious. . . . . . . . ., 1,623 1,333 159 350 281 37 15 24 3 l"nspecificd. ... 2.341 1.472 422 2-16 16.5 675 138 208 22 Grand total - 6 18,506 5 l,893 Ii9,tJ :;7 111,211 114,151 101,843 95,193 13,:105 "Sõ,95 3 4 4 3 2 58 2 4 !J 3 9 5 9 3 3 6 7 6 7 3 1 -, 7.- Religions. The rcligion:s of the people of Canada have been recorded at each of the censuses taken sinf'e 1S71, the instruction book issued to the enumerators at the census of 1921 stating that the religion of each person shall be recorded, specifying the denomination, sect or community to which the person belongs or adheres, or \\hich he or she favours. The number of persons stating their preference for each of the principal religious bodies at each of the censuses is given in Table 23, while per- cf'ntage figures are presented in Table 24. In recent years there will be noted certain changes in the religious distribution of the population, corresponding in a considerable degree to the changes in racial origin noted above. For example, contemporaneously with the increase in the percentage of persons of English race during the past 20 years, there has taken place an increase in the Anglicans from 12.69 p.c. of the population in 1901 to 16.02 p.c. in 1021. The Presbyterians, to some extent as a result of Scottish immi- gration, have also increased from 15.68 p.c. of the total population in 1901 to 16.03 p.c. in 1921. Further, synchronizing with increasing immigration from continental Europe, the Lutherans have increased in the same period from 1.72 to 3.28 p.c., the Greck Church from 0.29 p.c. to 1.93 p.c. and the Jews from 0.31 to 1.42 p.c., while increasing Asiatic immigration is reflected in the growth of the adherents of Eastern religions from 0.29 p.c. to 0.46 p.c. Of the total population of 1921 (8,788,483) 8,572,516, or 97.6 p.c., are classi- ficd as bf'longing to some Christian denomination or sect; 173,143 or 1.9 p.c. a.'i RELIGIONS 163 non-Christian, this figure including 125,190 Jews, 40,727 of Oriental religions and 7,226 Pagans, leaving less than 0.5 p.c. otherwise reported. In Table 25 are given for Canada and for the provinces, the number of persons accredited to each of 64 specified religions, as well as (in a footnote) the totals for Canada for 57 others. In addition there were 119 sects enumerated, each with fewer than 10 adherents. Thus altogether 240 distinct sects or denominations are reported as compared with 203 in 1911 and 157 in 1901. 23.-Religions of the People at each Decennial Census, 18i1-1921. Religions. Adventists......... ......... Agnostics.................. . Anglicans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Baptists 1 ........ . . . . . . . .. .. . Brethren. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buddhists............ _. _. _.. Christians.............. .. Christian Science. . . . . . . . . . . Confucians..... ............. Congregationalists......... . Disdples or Christ... . . . . . . . Doukhobors............... . Evangelical Association. .. . . Friends I Quaker). .. .. . .. .. . Greek Church..... ......... Jews...... _ _ _.. _............ Lutherans......... . . . . . . . . . . Mennonites (inc. Hutterites) Methodists.. _. .......... .... Mormons...... _........... Xo Religion................ Pagans......... ............ Plymouth Brethren........ Presbyterians... ..... _ _. _ __ Protestants... . . . . . . . .. . . . . Roman Catholics.......... Salvation Army............ Union Church. . . . . . .. . . . . . . Urutarians... ,.............. Other f'ects. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . Not given........... _...... Total. ..... . . . . . . . . Ilncluding Tunkers. 187l. 1881. 6,179 7,211 - - 494,049 574,818 239,343 296,525 2,305 8,831 - - - - - - - - 21. 829 26,900 - 20,193 - - 4,701 - 7,345 6,553 18 - 1,115 2,396 37,935 46,350 - 21,234 567,091 742,981 534 - 5,146 2,634 1,886 4,478 2,229 - 544,998 676,165 10,146 6,519 1,492,029 1,791,982 - - - - 2,275 2,126 27,553 20,145 17,055 86,769 3,485,761 4,32",810 1891. 1901. 1911. 1921. 6,354 8,058 10,406 12,215 - 3,613 3,llO 594 646,059 681,494 1,043,017 1,407,959 303, 839 318,005 382,720 421, 730 11,637 8,014 9,278 ll,626 - 10,407 10,012 11,288 - 7,484 17 , 264 12,559 - 2,619 5,073 13,826 - 5,115 14,562 27,319 28, 157 28,293 34,054 30,574 12,763 14,900 ll,329 9,371 - 8,775 10,493 12,658 - 10,193 10,595 13,908 4,650 4,100 4,027 3,149 - 15,630 88,507 169,822 6,414 16,401 74,564 125, 190 63,982 92,524 229, 864 287,484 - 31,797 44,625 58,797 847,765 916,886 I, 079, 993 I, 158,744 - 6,891 15,971 19,656 - 4,810 26,027 21,738 - 15,107 ll, 840 7,226 - 3,040 3,438 6,482 755, 326 842,531 1,1l6,071 1,408,812 12,253 11,612 30,265 36,350 1,992,017 2,229,600 2,833,041 3,383,663 13,949 10,308 18,834 24,763 - 29 633 8,728 1,777 1,934 3,224 4,925 36,942 17,923 31,316 57,976 89,355 43,222 32,490 19,351 4,833,239 5,371,315 7,%06,643 8,7o S,483 24.-Ratio per cent of Specified Denominations to Total Population in Census Years. DE'norT'inntion!>. 1871. 188l. 1891. 1901. 19l1. 1921. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Ad ventists. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.16 Anglicans.................. . 14.]7 13.35 13.37 12.69 14.47 16.02 Bapti'!t".. .. . . . ... . .... . . .. . 6,87 6.86 6.29 5.92 5.31 4.80 Christians................. . - - - 0.13 0.23 0.14 Con ationalists. . . . . . . . . . 0.63 0.62 0.58 0.53 0.47 0.35 Disciples. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0.47 0.26 0.28 0.16 0.11 Eastern I"E'ligions 1 ............ - - - 0.29 0.39 0.46 Evangelicals. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 - - 0.19 0.15 0.16 Greek Church.............. - - - 0.29 1.23 1.93 JewR....................... . 0.03 O.flO 0.13 0.31 1.03 1.42 Lutherans. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.09 1.06 1.32 1.72 3.19 3.28 Mennonites l ... .............. - - - 0.69 0.62 0,67 Methodists..... _ _.......... 16.27 17.]] 17.54 17.07 14.98 13.18 Mormons.. . . . . .. . . .... . . .. . 0.02 - - 0.13 0.22 0.22 No Religion..... ........... 0.]5 - - 0.09 0.36 0.25 Pagans..................... . 0.05 0.10 0.56 0.28 0.16 0.08 Presbyterians.............. . 15.63 15.64 15.63 15.68 15.48 16.03 ProteBtants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.29 0.15 0.25 0.22 0.42 0.41 Roman Catholics... . . . .. .. . 42.80 41.43 41.2] 4] .5] 39.31 38.50 Salvation Army......... . . . . - - 0.29 0.]9 0.26 0.28 All other.:!.. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.20 0.37 0.5!! 0.94 0.95 1.32 [Tnspecified................ . 0.4!1 2.07 ] .85 O'RO 0.47 0.23 Total............ .. 10).09 100.00 100." 101.00 101.01 lei." J Eastern Religions include Confucians, Budùhi:,ts, Mohammedans, Shintos, Sikhs, Hinùus. I Included with Baptists in 1891. 1237 111 164 POPULATION No. Religions. Population Total............... . 25.-Religlons of the People by Prince Nova New Edward Scotia. Brunswick. Quebec. Island. 88,615 523,837 387,876 2,361,199 14 1, 240 956 1,656 1 20 1 27 5,057 85,604 47,020 121,932 - 5 4 ... JI 10 1 7 23 r 40 5,316 86,833 86,254 9,256 - - - - 4 19 270 651 - 7 - 87 - - - 13 - ï 25 21 - - - - 123 83 51 21 - - - - 475 I,C03 596 182 ') I 224 152 427 117 206 24 12 I 87 - 12 91 78 .')7 1,314 8 I 2,3ï2 559 4,715 4261 1 1 8 746 911 7 - I - - 1 - 4 - 4 I 33 56 96 ;: I 28 4 111 27 7 17 I 16 - _51 116 5,961 74 28 236 16 460 98 53 - - - - 18 1.974 1, 213 47,759 - - - - - 8,077 378 2,209 3 2 4 6 11,408 59,065 34,872 41 . 884 - 40 - 10 - 40 10 31 - - - - 8 46 7 59 - - - - 6 1 - 29 13 18 22 I 35 75 555 979 1 7 68 I 286 25 76 218 374 5 - - - - 121 110 337 25,945 109,860 41,211 73,445 35 165 423 18,620 - - 7 9 39,312 160,802 170,319 2,019,518 108 2,071 736 658 - - - 11 - - - - 2 7 2 99 - 18 2 6 - - - 14 - - 14 1 - 5 - 38 17 89 46 67fi - 19 1 6 1 114 94 378 24 42 41 150 85 418 453 6,690 1 Adventists...................................... 2 Agnostics........................................ 3 Anglicans........................................ 4 Apo:;,tolic Brethren............................... 5 -\thei5ts....... . . . .. ... ....... . .. .... .. . . . . . . . 6 Baptir"ts............................... ........ 7 Believers........................................ 8 Brethren........................................ 9 Bud.-Ihi"'ts....................................... 10 Catholic AposttJlic............................... 11 Chri5tadelphians.... ....................... 12 Chri tian Alliance. ...................... 13 Christian Church........ .................... 14 Christian Reform........ . .. .. . .. . . .. . . 15 Christians.................................... . 16 Christian Science................................ 17 Church of Christ.............. .,. ............... 18 Church of God (Kew Dunker)...................1 19 Confucians....................................... 20 Congregationalists............................... 21 Dei"t. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Di"ciples of Christ. . .,. . - - . . .. .. .. .. 23 Doukhobors.. ......................... ... 24 Dutch Reforln......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Evangclical Association.......................... 26 Free Thinkers.... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . <0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Friends.. .................................... 28 GObpel People. . .. ............................... 29 Greek Church.... .............................. 30 Holiness Movement. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 International Bible Students Association. -.. -.... 32 Independents................................ ... 33 Je\\8................ ............................ 34 Labor Church. . .. . .. ........................... 35 Lutherans... ................................... 36 )Ipnnonites (inc. Hutterites) .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 37 )I ethodists. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 )fj,,"'ion............ ....................II! 39 }Iohammedans....... .............. 40 Moravians......................... ..... 41 Mormons........................................ 42 New Thought.................................. 43 Non-Conformists................................ 44 Non-Sectarian................................... 45 No Religion..................................... 46 PagallJ:J...... ................................... 47 Pentecostal............. -. . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . 48 Peoples Church... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Plymouth Brethren......... . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 50 Presbyterians.................................... 51 Protestants...................................... 52 Reformed Church.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . 53 Roman Catholics.... ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i h:t:d1H:;à' ::::... ::: ::::::::::::::::::::: il ii i ::::::::::::::. ::::.:.::::::::::::::: 58 Swedenborgian (New Church)... ................. 59 Theosophi..,ts.................................... 60 l'ndenominationalists......... ........... ........ F :ri . :::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::: 63 United Brethren in Christ.......... ............. 64 Vniversali5ts.................... ................ 65 Varioua !'Ccts l ....... . .. . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Not Given............. ..................... Totals for Canada includ{' personnel of Royal Canadian Navy. IVarious sects comprise 25 Armenian, 25 Assembly, 12 Bahais, 17 Big Church, 17 Body of Christ, 71 Brotherhood, 10 Brother of Man, 95 Carmelite, 19 Children of God, 27 Church Community, 95 Church of Fir>> ;'3 not greatly exaggerated thereby. 16R POPULATION 'Yhile a summary comparison betwecn urbanization in Canada in 1921 and in the United States in 1920 would lead us to the conclusion that our country, though far less densely peopled than the united States, had an almost equally large per- centage of its population in urban communitie!', viz., 49.52 per cent in Canada as compared with 51.4 per cent in the United States, the fact that in the United States inhabitants' of places having under 2,500 population are included with rural popu- lation, while in Canada the inhabitants of many places with less than 100 popula- tion are classed as urban, must be taken into account. A faircr basis of comparison is secured if the same population limits are taken for both countries, as may be done by using Table 30. Thus, at the census of 1920, the United States had 25.9 p.c. of its population resident in cities of 100,000 and over, while Canada in 1921 had only 18.87 p.c. of its population in such places. The united States had an additional 16.4 p.c. of its population rcsiding in cities of between 10,000 and 100,000 popula- tion, and 4.7 p.c. in cities and towns of 5,000 to 10,000, while Canada had in cities of these categories only 13.32 p.c., and 4.36 p.c. rcsp<,ctively of its population. Thus, taking all places of 5,000 and over-the lowcst population for which com- parütive figures arc readily available-47 p.c. of the population of the united States residEd in such places as compared with 36.55 p.c. of the population of Canada, showing thc much higher degree of urbanization which has been reached in the United St:Jtes-a natural thing in an older f'ettl(d and more densely peopled country. On tl'e basis of the renf'US cla!'sificaticn, it is apparent from Table 28 that in the last decade, as in the previous one, urh: n communities absorbed somewhat over two-thirds of the totd inrre:: <, in population, with the result that the urban population of Canada was in 1921 nearly equal to the rural. Out of every 1,000 perwns in the country, 505 were residEnt, on June 1, 1921, in rural and 495 in urban communities, as comparcd with 545 in rural and 455 in urban communities on June 1, 1911, 625 in rural and 375 in urbnn conrmunities in 1901, and 682 in rural and 318 in urban communities in 18m. From Table 30, showing the di!'tribution of urban population in Canada by f'ize of citics and to\\ ns, it becomes evident that for the first time in its census history Canada possesses cities of more than half a million population. These are Montreal and Toronto, with 618,506 and 521,893 inhabitants respectively, the former having in its nf'ighbourhood several "satellit<," cities, Yerdun, ,:restmount, Lachine, Outre- mont, "hich, with other smaller towns in it!' vicinity, bring the population of "Greater [ontreal" to the 700,000 mark. Xo other city has attained the 200,000 mark, but during the past decade Hamilton and Ottawa have been added to 'Vinni- peg and Yancouver as cities of ovcr 100,000 population, while Quebec, which in 1911 was, together v.ith Hamilton and Ottawa, in the 50,000 to 100,000 class, has becn joined in that class, though at a considerable interval, by Calgary, London, Edmonton and Halifax. Details of the popul:1tion of these and other smaller cities and towns of 5,000 and OVer, are givcn by censuses from 1871 to 1921 in Table 32, while the populations of urban communiti('s having a population of from 1,000 to 5,000 ill I! 21 are given for 1901, 1911 and 1ft!1 in Table 33. RURAL AXD URBA.X POJ>ULATIOl\ 169 28.-Rural and Urban Population b)O PrO\'inces and Tt'rritories. 1891. 1901. 1911 and 1921. 1891. 1901. Provinces. Rural. Urban. Rural. Urban. Prince Edward Island.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 94.823 14,255 88,304 14,955 K ova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373,403 76.993 330,191 129,383 K ew Brunswick.. . . .. . . . . . . . __ . . . . __ 272,362 4S,901 253,835 77,285 Quebec........ .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . 988.8 0 499,715 994,833 8 654,065 8 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295,323 818,998 1,246.969 935,978 Manitoba. . . .. ................................. 111,498 41,008 184,775 3 70,436 3 Saskatchev.an....... ................. _1 - 77,013 8 14,2ßß9 Alberta.... . ..... ............ .. .. _1 - 54,489 2 18,533 2 Briti;;h Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60,945 37, 2 8 88,478 90,179 Yukon Tcrri,.ory................ ... _I - 18,077 9,14:! Korthwest Territories.......... _I - 20,129 - Royal Canadian Navy.. . . .. .. .. .. . .. ... . . . . . - - 3... ,.. I ,..... ---- ('anada. . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 3.296,141 1.5:17,098 1911. 1921. Kumerical increase in dccade 1911-21. Provinces. ---- Rural. "Crban. Rural. Lrban. Rural. ürban. -- Prince Edward Island...... 78,758 14,970 69,522 19,093 -9,236 4,123 Nova Scotia........ ........ 306,210 186, 128 296,799 6 227,038 f -9,411 40,910 New Brunswick............ 252,342 99,547 263 ,432& 124,444& 11,090 24 ,897 Quebec......... ........... 1,038,934 8 966,842 8 1,038,630 1,322,569 - 304 355,727 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . I, 198, S03 7 1,328.489 1.226,379 1,707,283 27,576 378,794 Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . . ....... 261,029. 200,365 348,502 261,616 87,473 61,251 Saskatchewan. .. . .. . . . . .. . . 361,037 8 131,395 8 538,552 218,958 177,515 87,563 Alberta. . . . . . . . . . 236.633 2 137,662 2 365,550 222,904 128,917 85,242 British Columbia..... ISS, 796 203,684 277,02(\ 217,562 83,224 43,87 Yukon Tprritory............ 4,647 3,865 3,182 975 -1,465 -2,890 North\\e. t Territories. . . . . . 6,507 10 7,988 1,481 Royal Canadian Navy... .. 4S5 4S5 -- --- -- Canada. . . . . 3,93:1,696 3, '!n. 947 4..J36.0.u 4,3;,)2,H2 "O!,3-1ã 1,0.9. -19,") 1 The population (9 , Ni7) in territory now comprised in the provincPQ of Alberta, ::;askatche\\an and in the Yukon and Northwlost Territories was classified as rural in the Census of 1891. 2 Volume 1, Census 1911, places the urban population of Alberta for that year at 141,!.37. Induded in this figure was th(' population (5,250) of tw "h (' places which, according to the Report of the .\runicipa! Commissioner for Alberta, were not then incorporated. The places so included v. ere .-\etm" Bankhead, Bellevue. Bick('rdike, Cann'ore, Cardiff, Exshaw, Hillf'rest, Passburg, Queenston and Elmpark. The correction r suhing from this and from other small adjustmpnts conI' 'quent upon more definite knowledge as to incorporated areas, places the urtan population for 1911 at 137,6üJ. imihr corrections bMe been made in the urban and rural figures for th(' Census of 1901. 3 As correct..,d in Cpnsu" Report, Prairie Provinces, 1!Jl6. 'As changed by Extension of B }undaries Act, 11)12. & Corrected by inFormation received bince Bulletin 1 v.-as printed, which transfclrel population of Shediac and Hampton to urban f'oluma and population of ::;alisbury to rural. · Corrected by information received Blnce Bulletin 2 v. as printed, giving Clark's Harbour as an incorpor- ated to\\n. 7 As changed by Extension of Boundaries Act, UJl:!. 8 The urban population of 970,791 shown in Volume I, Census 1911. is reduced to 966,843 by the transfpr of the population of Maniv.aki, iartinville, :\Ioisie, St. Bruno, S1. Iartin and St. Vincent de Paul from urban to rmal; by adjustments in area of the villages of 8te. Anne and Ste. Geneviève; and Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 8 Urban and rural population for 1911 and 1901 are as corrected in Census Report, Prairie Provinces, 1916. 10 As reduced by Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 170 P()PULATIOV 2I.-Percentage Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by PrO\lnces and Territories. 1891. 1901, 1911 and 1921. 1891. 1001. Provinces. Rural. "Lrban. Rural. Urban. Prince Edward Island.............. .... ....... ....... 86.93 13.07 85.52 14.48 Nova Scotia....... .......................... ......... 82.91 17.09 71.85 28.15 New Bruns" ick....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eo.. . . . . .. . 84.78 15.22 76.66 23.34 Quebec..... . . . .. .... .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... eo. . . . .. . 66.43 33.57 60.33 39.67 Ontario......... . . .. .. . . . . . . ., . - ... .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... . 61.26 38.74 57.12 42.8" l\Ianitoba....... ............................ ."- -.-.- 73.11 26.89 72.40 27.60 Saskatchewan.. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . -I - 84.37 15.63 Alberta.............................................. . _1 - 74.62 25.'38 British Columbia................................. .... 62.08 37.92 49.52 ;;0.48 Yukon Territory...................... .... ....... ..... _1 - 66.41 33.59 Northwest Territories........ ..... ... ..... ..... ...... _1 - 100.00 - Royal Canadian Navy................................ - - - - Canada.... . .. .. .... .. .. .... .... ...o. .... .... .. .. .. . .. . . .. .... .. .. .. .. . 68.%0 31.80 6 .50 37.:;0 Qu o ) Sas A B Y N 1911. 1921. Provinces Rural. Urban. Rural. Urban. Prince Edward Island........... _....... ............ 84.03 15.97 78.45 21.55 . ova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.20 37.80 56.66 43.34 ew Bruns" ick. . . . . .. . .. . . eo . .. . . eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.71 28.29 67.92 32.08 ebec........... . ...o. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. 51.80 48.20 43.99 56.01 ntario................. ............................. 47.43 52.57 41.80 5R.20 lanitoba.... ... ......... . '.' .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 56.57 43.43 57.12 42.88 katchewan..... ...... .......... ................... 73.32 26.68 71.10 28.90 Iberta. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.22 36.78 62.12 37.88 ritish Columbia.................................... 41HO 51.90 52.81 47.19 ukon Territory............ ........................ 54.59 45.41 76.55 23.45 .w. Territories.... _..' _. ........................ 100.00 - 100.00 - Royal Canadian Navy............................ ., - - 100.00 - Canada........... ..... ... ............... .. 54.iS 45.42 50.jð 41.52 NOTE.-In using this table, reference should be made to the notes appended to the preceding table showing rural and urban population by numbers. 1 The population in the territory now comprised in the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Yukon and orthwest Territories was classified as rural in the census of 1891. RURAL _LYD URBA:-.,r POPUL.ITIOX 171 3O.-Urban Population of Canada. dhided by Size of lUunidpality ("rOUI)S, 1901. 1911 and 1921. 1901. 1911. 1921. In Cities and Towns Num- Per cent Num- Per cent Num- Per cent of ber Popula- of ber Popula- of ber Popula- of of tion. Total of tion. Total of tion. Total Places. Pop. Places. Pop. Places. Pop. - - - - - - - - Over 500,000... ..... - - - - - - 2 1,140,399 12.97 Between- 400,000 and 500,000 - - - 1 470,4.80 6.53 - - - 300,000 and 400,000 - - - 1 376,538 5.22 - - - 200,000 and 300,000 2 475,770 8.86 - - - - - - 100,000 and 200,000 - - - 2 236,436 3.28 4 518,298 5.90 50,000 and 100,000 3 181, 402 3.38 3 247,741 3.44 5 336,650 3.83 25,000 and 50,000 5 188,869 3.52 6 241,007 3.34 7 239,096 2.72 15,000 and 25,000 3 55,499 1.03 13 237.551 3.30 19 370.990 4.22 10,000 and 15,000 8 95, 266 1.77 18 221.322 3.07 18 224.033 2.55 5.000 and 10,000 37 275,919 5.14 16 323,056 4.48 54 382.762 4.36 3,000 and 5,000 50 190,789 3.55 60 226,212 3.14 73 276,026 3.14 1,000 and 3,000 187 320,433 5'97 251 429,553 5.97 292 489,461 5.57 500 and 1,000 179 130,238 2.42 247 180,784 2.51 = } 374,727 4.26 Under 500.......... - 107.614 2.00 - 90,284 1.25 - - - - - - - - - Total. . .. . . . . . - 2,021.799 37.14 - 3,280.96,1 4,).53 - 4.352,402 49.52 31.-Ratlo of Females to l\'lales in Rural and rrban Populations, 1921. Provinces. Rural. Urban. Provinces. Rural. Urban p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Frince Edward Island. . . . . . . . . 93.55 112.90 Alberta..... . 74.63 94-()4 Nova Scotia.... 92.45 102.26 British Columbi '.::: ::: :: : : : 71.91 87.16 New Brunswick. :::: :.::: ::::: 91.48 108.19 Yukon. __ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 45.76 51.33 Quebec..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.09 106.02 N. W. Territories........... . 93.46 - Ontario........ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.66 105.24 - - Manitoba. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.36 98.90 ("an ad a, 1921.. . . . . . . . . . . 81'%0 102.68 Saskatchewan... ............... 79.29 93.23 Canada. 1911. . . . . . . . . , . . 83.52 9t.95 32.- Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 Inhabitants In 1921. compared with 1871-81-91-1901-1L NOTE.-The cities aud towns in which a Board of Trade exists are indicated by an asterisk C.). In all cases the population is for the city or town municipality as it existed in 1921. Cities and ToWIl.'I. Population. Provinces. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. 1911. 1921. ' Iontreal...................... Quebe<'... .... 115,000 155,238 .Toronto...... _..' __. .... Ontario.... ... 59,000 96,196 'Winnipeg.... _ _ _ ..... ....... ).Ianitoba.... _... ... 241 7,985 .Vancouver.................... British Columbia... 'Hamilton.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. Ontario............. 26,880 36,661 'Ottawa. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . " ... .. . .. . . . .. 24,141 31, 307 .Çuebec........................ Quebec............. 59,699 b2,446 .Calgary....................... Alberta............. .London....................... Ontario............. 18,000 26,266 .Edmonton.................... Alberta...... .Halifax........................ Nova Scotia. _ __. 29,582 36,100 .St.John....................... New Brunswick__.. 41,325 41,353 .Victoria....................... British Columbia... 3,270 5,925 .Windsor....................... Ontario............. 4,253 6,561 .Regina.. ...................... Saskatchewan....... .Brantford..................... Ontario............. 8, 107 9, 16 .Saskatoon..................... Saskatchewan....... .rrcl1 '::::::::::::::::::::::: Q bec:::: ::::::::: 3,800 6,890 219,216 181,215 25,639 13,709 48,959 44,154 63,090 3,876 31. 977 38,437 39.179 16,841 10.322 12,753 296 11,26" 328,172 490,504 1 209,892 2 381.833' 42,340 136,035 27,010 100,401 52,634 81,969 59, 928 8'1,062 68.840 78,710 4,392 43,704 37,976 46.300 4,176 31.064 3 40,832 46,619 40,711 42,511 20,919 31,660 12,153 17,829 2,249 30,213 16,619 23,132 113 12,004 1. 898 1 11, 629 13,993 18,222 618,506 521,893 179,087 117,217 114,151 107, 843 95,193 63,305 60,959 58,821 58,372 47,166 38, 727 38,591 34,432 29,4"0 25,739 25,001 24,117 1'72 POPULATIOX 32.- Population of Cities and Towns Ita\in mer 5.000 inltal)itants in 1921. compared "itlt 1871-81-91-19al-11.-contiuul'd. Cities and Towns Provinces. "Sherbrooke. . . . . . . . . .. Quebec............. .Sydney........... .... NovaScotia........ Three nher ....... Quebec............. : !tchener.......... O !ario............ . hmg...ton..... _., .. .::;ault Ste. Marie............... co ....... .Pl'terborough................." ....... .FortWilliam............. ., " ............. . t. Clithulincs....... . . .. . . . . . . " . . . ., . . . . . . . . .MooseJaw................ Saskatchewan. ..... .Guelph........................ Ontario............. \\'e"tmount... ..,... QupLl'c............_ . Ioncton. . . .. New Bruns\\, ick... . . .Glace Bay. Kova ðcotia.... ... .:--:tratford........ . .. ..... Onbrio............. .St. Thoma..... " .Lachine.... .,. Quehec....:::::::.::: .Brandon. . . ............ . . .. '\[anitoba........... : ort.Arthur. ...... U !ario............. tsarma........... ....... ..... *Niag3ra Falls. . . . . . " .New Westminster........ :: British 'ë i b'i '. _. .Chatham.. ......... ... .... Ontario............. Outremont......... ........ Quebec........ . .Galt................... ...... Untario............. .St. Boniface................... )[anitoha........... .Cbarlottewwn and Royalty... P. E. Island. . . . . .. . :Bellevi le. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. On rio............. Owen Sound. .. . . . .. .. _ _ .. __ . . . . . .OS}l3,\\3.. _..._. .... .0.".. . . ..Lethbridge.................... Alberta............ . .St. Hyacintbe.......... ....... Quebec.... .... ..... . orth Bay....... ............. Ontario.... ...... . .. ha inigan Falls.. ........ Qu ?ec....... .... LéV1S.... . .Brockville. ... Ontario'.....::....:::: .Amherst........... OVR I:::\cotia........ .Wood!-'tock...... ." Ontario.... .. .l\1e(IÏ{'ine Hat..... .. . Alberta.. .Vallpyfic1d........ ........ Quebec. ......... .Joliette.. .............. ..... ". . . . . . . . . .. .Nanaimo and suburbs......... Briti!'h Columbia. .Kew Gla!>gow.... .,. Kova Scotia. ....... .Chicoutimi.......... Quebl'c............. .Orillia............ ...... Ontario............. .Welland......... .... co ..... · f'u<.U>ury . . . . . . . . . _ . " . _. .... _ . . . ::;YÙDey Mines............... . Nova Scotia...... . .::;orel.......................... Qm.hpc............. *Frederi('wn.... ........... ew Brunswick..... *Dartmouth................... :\ova Scotia........ .Thetford Mines................ Quebec....... .... Pembroke....... .......... Ontario. ............ :1{i.v{ en.d i p: ..:.....:.::::::: Qu ec.. .::: : .Korth Vancouvl'r _. 13ritish Columbia... .Grand ".lère. ... . .. . Quebec . . .Lindsay.... ........... .. Ontario......... ... .Truro...... ......... ..,..... Ko\'a Scotia........ Prince Albert.. .. .. .. ... ::;aBkatchewan....... .C'ornv.al!......... Ontario............. *Yarmouth......... .......... 1\ovu Scotia........ Walk{>rville...... Ontario. ........... .N ............:::...........::::: .::::: .SmithFalls. ........ ..... " . .Granby. . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Quebec............. .Portage la Prairie.. . . . . . . .. l\iani taba.... . . . .. . . Cap ragd('leine.. . . ..... Quebec............. .Korth Sydney..... r-iova I:::\cotia........ .Prince Rupert.... British Columbia... .Trenwn....... '" ........ Ontario..... ... ..... .\\' aterloo. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871. 4,432 7,570 2,743 12,407 879 4,611 7,864 6,878 200 600 4,313 2,197 1,696 2,929 5,873 3,827 8,S07 7,305 3,369 3,185 -3,746 6,!ì91 5,102 982 1,800 3,047 1,393 1 3')0) 1: 1Ïõ 5,636 6,OOt.i 1,508 3 0.)0) 1:ã4Ï 4,049 2,033 2,500 3,398 1,150 876 1,226 1,796 1,594 1881. 7,227 1. 480 8,670 4.054 14,091 780 6,812 9,631 9,890 884 5,032 8,239 8,367 2,406 3,874 2,347 1,5110 7,873 387 5,187 1,28 11, 4 5 9.5Hi 4,426 3,992 5,321 7,597 7,60!) ? ')74 5:373 3,906 3,268 1,645 2,5\):> 1,!m 2,911 1,87U 2,340 5,7\11 6,218 3,786 2,820 4,314 2,291 5,0110 3,461 4,4t.i8 3,4 ,') 1,0\1;) 4,854 2087 1:040 1,437 1,520 3042 :Ú66 Population. 1891. 10,110 2,427 8,334 7,425 19,263 2,414 9,717 9,170 10,537 3,076 8,762 2,459 9,500 10,366 3,761 3,778 6,692 3,349 6,67S 9,052 795 7,535 1,553 11,373 9,916 7,497 4,066 7,016 7,301 8,7!Jl 3,781 8,612 5,515 3,347 4,5!15 3,776 ') ')77 1:752 2,035 ? 44" 6:669 6,5U2 6,252 4,401 4,722 4,175 6,081 5,102 6,8115 6, OS!! 933 2,Obl! 5,550 3 864 1:710 3,363 1,289 2,513 4,363 2,9.11 1901. 11, 765 9,909 9,981 9,747 17,961 7,169 12.886 3,6 3 9,946 1,558 l1,l!J6 8.856 9,O 6 6.1115 9,959 11,485 6,365 5,620 3,214 8.176 5,702 6,4119 9,068 1,141' 7,866 2,019 12,080 11,117 8,776 43 0 4 2:072 9,210 2,530 2.7ti8 9.242 S.\140 49M 8:ð:3:J 1,570 11 ,055 4,220 6,130 4,447 3,826 4,907 1,8ti3 2 , 0:!7 3, Hll 7,0,')7 7,117 4,80ß 3,256 5,156 4,O:!O 4 ,56\) 16,405 17 ,723 13,691 15,196 18.874 14,920. 18.360 16,499 12,484 13, 823 15,lï5 14,579 11,345 16.562 12.946 14,054 ll,688 l:i.839 11.220 9,947 9,248 13,199 10,770 4,820 10 2!Jresden...................... . Tweed............... .......... Keewatin..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . L.Orignal..................... . Port Elgin.... ................. Capreol. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Havelock. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harriston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Point Edward................. Beamsville. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . CardinaL..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Caledonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Kemptville.... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Lakefield.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iroquois Falls.................. Norwich...................... . Hagersville................... . Riverside. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parkhill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Port Perry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chippawa..................... . Elora. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sioux Lookout................. Winchester.. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . Port Credit. .................. \Vaterford. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . Arthur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bobca:vgeon .................... Port McNicoll.............. .... Shelburne. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . \Vatford............. ..... ...... Iadoc... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. .. Richmond HilL....... . . . . . . .. . Stouffville.................... . Chelmsford. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Fenelon Falls................... Dryden..... ................... Eganville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Markhan1.................. .... Ta vistock... .... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Manitoba. Transcona..................... . Dauphin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Selkirk.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neepawa....................... . Pas........... .................. 1901. 1911. 1921. 2,443 2.266 1.484 1.720 2.019 1.839 1,734 1,734 1.012 1.368 1. 205 1,945 1. 391 1.353 1.653 1.387 890 1,146 1.636 1,685 - 1.850 1.665 1.674 1.577 1. 422 1. 581 1.125 1,152 2.146 1.624 989 1.616 1,177 1,138 1.400 1,524 1,693 1,696 - 1,578 1.792 1,555 1,553 1,445 1,378 1.320 1,256 1.279 1.258 1,318 1,208 1.484 1,613 1,551 1,168 1,368 1,156 1,242 1.026 1,347 1,313 1,235 984 1,637 780 832 1.378 801 1. 523 1,244 1.269 1,020 1.430 1,465 460 1,187 1,101 1.122 1.285 914 1. 188 1.279 1.157 629 1.223 493 1.132 140 1,107 967 403 - - 4.185 1,135 2,815 3,885 2.188 2,977 3,7 1.418 1,864 1,887 - - 1.858 1,436 1,491 874 1.096 1,111 952 1,192 1.397 1,112 1.106 1.289 1,148 707 1.197 550 1,143 1,083 1,102 1,000 1. 113 1. 092 1,058 652 1.034 550 1,053 715 1,189 909 981 Towns and Villages. 1,726 1,722 1,718 I, 70 1,673 1. 651 1.588 1.565 1.546 1,537 1,524 1,523 1,499 1,494 1.492 1.478 1,463 1.462 1.462 1. 444 1. 444 1.442 1.422 1.411 1.376 1.357 1. 351 1,339 1. 339 1.327 1.298 1.291 1.287 1,268 1.263 1.258 1.256 1,241 1,223 1.204 1,189 1.1 1.17tì 1,169 1, ]55 1. 152 1.143 1.137 1.136 1,127 1. 126 1,123 1,123 1.104 1. 095 1. 074 1. 072 1,059 1.058 1,055 1. 053 1.045 1. 031 I,Og 1,015 1.012 1,011 ltIanltoba-concluded. Souris....... '" . .. . . .. .. ...... . Carman....... .............. ... l\Iinnedosa.................... . Virden.... . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . ... Morden....................... . Stonewall..................... . Tuxedo. ._...................... Saskatchewan. North Battleford (city)........ Swift Current (city)............ Weyburn (city). ................ Ielville....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Estevan. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Kamsack.. . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . Humboldt.... _................ l\Ielfort.......... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Biggar... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... ... . Indian Head.. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... Canora. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Battleford......... . . . . . . . . . . .. . Shaunavon.................... . * ;: . :::::::::::::::::: : Moosomin..................... . }: si b i :::: :: : : : : :: : :: : :: : Kindersley. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maple Creek. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alberta. Drumheller....... _....... _..... Red Deer (city)................ Wetaskiwin (city)... ............ Camrose....................... . Macleod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . Tab('r. . . . ...................... Cardston. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . Ponoka........................ . Coleman. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . Blairmore.. _... ............... Vegreville. . . . .. . . . . ... . . ... '.' . Stettler....... .. . . . . . . ... ... . . . . Raymond.... ............ ....... Hanna......................... . Vermilion.. ............. ........ High River.............. ....... Ed on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . Redcliff.. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ... '. . . Lacombe........... ... ... ...... l\Iagrath..... . . . . . ... ... .. .... . . Grande Prairie........ ... ... . . . . Rig Valley. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . Beverly........................ . British Colcmbla. }{amloops.......... ............ Fernie. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . ... . Vernon. ............. ............ Cumberland........ ............ Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . . Revelstoke. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . Cran brook. . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . Kelowna. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . Port CoquitIam................. Rossland...................... . Prince George.......... . . . . . . .. . Ladysmith..... ......... ... .... Chilliwack........ ..... ..... ... . 1IIerritt... . . .. . . .. ... .. .... .. . . . Grand Forks.................... Duncan..... _. . . .... ... . . . ... . . . Port Alberni.................... Port Moody. . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . 1901. 1911. 1921. 839 1,854 1,710 1,439 1,271 1.591 1.052 1.483 1,505 901 1.550 1,361 1,522 1,130 1.268 589 1,005 1,112 - - 1,062 - 2,105 4.108 121 1,852 3,518 113 2.210 3.193 - 1. 816 2.808 141 1,981 2.290 - 473 2.002 - 859 1,822 - 599 1,746 - 315 1,535 768 1,285 1.439 - 435 1.230 609 1,335 1,229 - - 1,146 - - 1,106 - 781 1,101 868 1,143 1,099 413 1,172 1,074 - 1,006 - 456 1,003 382 936 1.002 23 550 - 2.499 2.118 2.328 2,411 2.061 1.586 1,892 1,844 1,723 1.400 1.705 1.207 1.612 642 1.594 1.557 1.590 1.137 1.552 1,029 1.479 1,444 1,416 1,465 1,394 1,364 625 1,272 1,182 1,198 497 1.138 220 1,137 1,029 1,133 995 1,069 - 1.061 - 1.057 - 1.039 796 639 151 231 153 499 424 - 3. 77 4.501 - 3. ]4f 4.343 80 2.67] 3.685 73? 1. 237 3, ]76 J.360 1.460 3.020 1.600 3.017 2.782 I. Hili :UI!1(1 2.725 26] 1.663 2.5 O - - 2,148 6. J56 2, 8 6 2.007 - - 2,053 i4C 3, g5 1.967 2i7 1,657 1,767 - 703 1. 721 1,012 1,577 1.4fì9 - - I, J78 - - 1,056 - - 1.030 176 POPULAT/OX to.-Quinquennial Population of the Prairie Provinces. The Census and Statistics Act, 1905, provided for taking a census of population and agriculture in Ianitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1906 and in every tenth Tear thereafter, thus instituting, in addition to the general decennial census for all Canada, a quinquennial census of population and agriculture for the three prairie provinces. The quinquennial census of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta was therefore taken as for June 1, 1916, and the complete results were published in a report dated January 12, 1918. A summary of the principal data was published in the Year Book for 1918, pages 105-112. Total Population of Prairie Provinces.-The male and female population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (a) by provinces, (b) by the electoral dis- tricts constituted by the Representation Act, 1914 (4-5 Ceo. V, c. 51), and (c) by cities, towns and villages, as compared with the population by sex for 1911 and by totals for 1901 and 1906, was published in the Year Book of 1916-17 (pp. 95-105). The total population of the three prairie provinces in 1916 was returned as 1,698,220, as compared with 1,328,12] in 1911, 808,863 in 1906 and 419,512 in 1901. As the population of the prairie provinccs in 1921 was 1,956,082, the incrf'ase during the five year period since 1916 was 257,862 or 15.18 p.c. This comparatively low rate of increase, as compared with the increase of 28 p.c. during the five years ended 1916, was undoubtedly due to the effect of the war in restricting immigration. Table 34 shows the population of the prairie provinces for 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 192], the population being distinguished by sex for 1911 and 1916. In Table 35 are furnished statistics of the population of Manitoba from 1870, and of Saskatche- wan and AlberfJ1. from 1901, with the percentage of increase in each Quinquennium. 3t.-Population of the Prairie Pro\inces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 1921. 1901. 1906. 1911. 1916. 1921. Provinces. Malt's. Fe- - males. TotaL :Males. Fe- males. Total. Total. Total. TotaL --------- Manitoha........... 255,211 365,688 252,954 208,440 Saskatchewan....... 91,279 257,763 291,730 200,702 Alberta.... -- .. . ... . 73,022 185,412 223,792 15o,50J 461,394 294,609 259,251 492,432 363,787 2M, 041) 374,295 277,256 219,269 553,860 647,835 496,525 610, 118 757,510 588,454 Total........... 419,512 808,813 768,476 559,6.J.; l,328,nl D35,SJ 76 ,568 1.698, 20 1,9J6,08'! ----------- 35.-Popu1atlon of the Prairie Pro\inces by Sex at each Census Period from 1870 for Manitoba and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta. Province and Years. Population. Males. Females. Total. Increase over Preceding Census. lales. Females. Total. - -- -- --- - - No. No. No. No. p.c. 1'\0. p.c. No. p.c. Manitoba- 1870................... . 6,317 5,911 12,228 1881................... . 35,123 27, 137 62,260 28,806 456.01 21,22ti 359. 10 50,032 40!H6 1886. .. . ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . 59,594 49,046 lOR,64o 24,471 69.67 21,909 80.73 46,J8o 74.49 1891. . . . , . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 84,342 68, 16! 152,506 24,748 41.53 19,118 38.98 43,866 40.37 1896. .... . . ..... . ... . 1 1 193,425 - 40,919 26.83 1901 2 . .................. 138,504 116,707 255,211 64, 162 64.22 48,543 71.22 102,705 67_34 )906.................... 205,183 160,505 365,688 66,679 48.14 43,798 37.5:J 110,477 43.29 1911....,.............. . 252,954 208,440 461,394 47,771 23.28 47,935 29.87 95, 706 26.17 1916................... . 294,609 259,251 553,860 41,655 16.51 50,811 24.37 92,466 20.04 1921. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 320,567 289,551 610,118 25,958 8.81 30,300 11.69 56,258 10.16 1 In 1896 the Canaus consisted of a count of population only. 2 Ten-year increase shown. POPULA.TIOX nF BRITISH EJIPIRE Iii 35.-Population of Prairie Prmlnces b)' Se\: at each Census Period from 1870 for Ianitoba and from 1901 for askatche\\ an and Alberta-concluded Population. IncreJ.se over Preceling Census. Province unci "\ e:1rs. }Iales. Forna'''.j Total. _ :\Ial l ,=- Females. Total. --- ----- 1\0. o. o. No'1 p.C. 1'\0. p.C. o. p.c. Sm:katchewan- 1901... . ...-_...... 4 Q ,431 41,fW; 91,279 - - - - 1906.......... . 152,791 104,9ï2 257.763 103. 360 209. 10 63,124 150. S4 166,484 182.39 1911. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,730 200.702 492,432 138,939 90.93 9.';,730 91.20 2M,669 91.05 1916................... . 363,787 284.04... 647,835 72,057 2-1.70 S:>,3-16 41.5. 155,403 31.50 1921. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . 413,700 343, SlO 757,510 49,913 13.72 59,762 21.04 109,675 16.93 Alberta- 1901......... ... ....... 41, 019 32,Om 73.022 - - - - - - 1906........... .. ...... 108,28.3 ï7. 12 1 185,412 67,2e4 162.9S 45, 126 141.00 112,390 153.91 1911.. . .. 223,792 150,503 374,295 115,509 106.67 73,374 95.13 188,883 101.87 1916........... . 277,256 219.26? 496,525 53,464 2:J.89 68,766 45.69 122,230 32.66 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324,208 264,246 588,454 46,952 16.93 44,977 20.51 91,929 18.51 Prairie PrO\'"Ínces- 1901................... . 228,954 190, !i58. 419,512 - - - - - - 1906................... . 466,257 342,606 808,863 237,303 103.64 152,04S 79.79 389,351 92.81 1911.................. .. 768,476 559' 645 1 1,328,121 302,219 64.82 217,033 63.35 519, 25 64.20 1916................... . 9:J5,652 762, 56b 1,968.220 167,176 21.75 202,923 36.26 36 1, 495 28.87 ) 921.. .. . 1,058,475 897.607 1. 956, 082 122,823 1:3.13 135,039 17.71 257,852 15.18 11.- Population of the British Empire. During the decade 1911-1921 the boundaries of the British Empire \\ere con- tracted by the voluntary giving up of Egypt and expanded by the addition of various territories as a result of the war. The increa es of territory were mainly in Africa, where the Tanganyika Territory, outhwcst Africa, and portions of the Cameroons and Togoland were added to the Empire, with an aggregate area of 731,000 square miles and an estimated population of slightly oyer 5,000,000. In Asia the territories acquired by mandate from the League of Nations include Palestine and Meso- potamia, with 3,619,282 inhabitants on an area of 152,250 square miles. In the Pacific the territories added to the Empire include \Vestern Samoa, the Territory of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and part of the Solomon islands, all of which were formerly German possesFions. According to the most reliable estimates the total area of these regions is 90,802 square wiles with a population of 637,051. Statistics of the area and population of the territories included in the British Empire in 1921 are given in Table 36, together with comparative figures of popula- tion for 1911. 36.- Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1911 and 1921. (From the British Statistical Abstract, Statesman's Year Book, and other sources.) Countrie!l. Area in square Census of mile!!, 19:?1. 1911. Population. Census of 1921. t:urope. England und 'Vales...... ........................................ Scotland.......... ....... .. .... ., ..... j;i: ty:;e IJ .. . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . : : : : : : :: } Isle of \Ian................ Channel Iblands.......... .......... -. ... Gihraltar.............................................. .. . laltaE. .......................................................... 58,340 30,405 32,586 36,070,492 4,760,9().1 1,250,531 (3,139,688) 52,01!i !16,ti99 19,120 211,564 37,885,242 4,81'2,288 1,284,OOO 3,139,688 3 60, 23ð 89,614 21,000 213,000 227 75 Ii 117 Tot-a!, Europe.................. ... .................. . 1%1,7511 .j,j,601,Ut 47,57;),0711 623ï3-12 l,S POPULAT/OK 36.-Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1911 and 19 1 -continued. Countries. Asia. Ad('n, including Perim................. SOcotra..... . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . . .. . . .. . . Borneo- Rri tish North Borneo. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Brunei. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :'arawak...... . ... .... . ... . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total, Borneo........... Bahrein Is. Prot..... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . Ceyiï (ú : ï;::.....:: : : : : : : :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyprus6 7...........................,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . Hon ;rlt ri : :..:::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: } India, British... .... . . Xative t;tates.. ................ -... Total, India............................ :'trait!' :--;cttlements. Laboon.. __.. Chlistmas Is... -.... COCOb or Keeling Is._ Total, Straits ::;ettlementb and dependenclC . Asiatic }Iandates- Palestine......... . . . . . . . . . . . . )l('sopotamia (Iraq)... .................. Total, Asiatic )[andatcs........... rí'l{erated }Ialay States- Perak......................................... ...... : : bÙ :::.::::::::::..... ..:: :::: ::::::::: l'ahang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................. Total, Federated )íalay States................. '(;lÚederateù }talay States- Johore.. .............................. ................ Kedah.. __.. .......................... ..... -- -- ..... Pí'rlis................ ....... ......... .....,. ...... ......... l elantan. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. '.. Trengganu. .............. . . ... ................... Total, r nfederated }Ialay tates....... .. .. .. .. . . ..... Wei-lIai-Wei................... .. Total, A!>ia Afrlcll. British Ea"t Africa- Kenya Colony and Prot....... . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .... .. .. .. . . . . . .. . Tanganyika Terr. (late German East Africa).................. Uganda Proto . - . - ................. Zanzibar Prot....... . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . -- .. ... Pemba........... .................. .... J.lauritius.........................,................. ........... Dependencies of. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . yai'aland Prot.............,.......................... .......... :-;t. Helena................................................ ........ Ascension.... . .. . ...... .. .. .. . . .. '.' .. . .. .... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . Tnstan da Cunha................................................. Area in square mil('s, 1921. Population. Census of Census of 1911. 192'1. 80 46,165 54,923 1,382 12,000- 12,000- 31,106 208, 183 208,183 3 4,000 21; 718- 25,454 42,000 500,000 600,000 77, 106 729,901 833,637 275 - llO,ooQfo 25,331 4, 106,350 4,504,549 - - 70,000- 3,5M 274,108 310,808:0 3\11 366,145 } 625, 166 !JO,594 1,093,074 244,221,377 247,003,293 709,555 70,888,854 71,939,187 1,802,629 315,110,231 318,9t2,480 1,572 715,529 } 881,939 28 6,546 62 1,463- 1,100 - 749 SOO 1,662 724,287 883,839 9,000 - 757, IS2 143,250 - 2,849,282 17 152,2.';0 - 3,606,464 7,875 494,057 59('),055 3,138 294,035 401, 00\1 2,573 130, 199 178,762 14,037 118,708 146,064: 27, 623 1,036,999 1,324,890 7,500 3,800 316 5,870 6,000 23,486 180,412 245, \186 32,746 286,751 154,073 899,968 282,244 33S 554 40,091 309,293 153,092 1,123,274 285 2,U6, :i 147,133 323,M3 b.-Il 33 ,:10') , 030 245,050 2,402,863' 2,376,000 365,000 - 4,122,000 1l0,300 10 2,843,325 3,066,327 Il tHO 114,000 ! 197,000- 3bO 83,000 720 368,791 385,074 S9 6,690 39,573 970,430 1,201,983 47 3,477 3,747 34 400 250 - - 130 POPULATIOS OF BRITISH EJIJ>IJ-lE 17tt 36.- Mea and POlmlation of the British Empire, by Countries, 1911 and 1921-contillued. I Area in Popuhtion. sq uare -- -- Census of Census of miles, 19 1. 1911. 1921. 156 22,691 24,811 68,000 344,323 300,000 4 11,716 404,507 417, i12 275,000 125,350 152,98.3 149,000 771,077 81)3,6 0 291,000 822,482 931,500 6,678 99,959 133,563 276,966 2,564,965 2. 7S2, 719 35,284 1,194,043 l,429,3!JS 50,389 528,174 628,827 110,450 1,686,212 2.087,636 322,400 - 227,432 795,4S!I 5,973,394 7, 156,012 Countrief<. Africa-concluded. eychelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i;omaliland. Prot. ............................. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa- Baf;. Prot. (Friendly Is.}...... ... ............ . . __. __ TClr. of Xe\\ Guinea (late German Xe\\' Guinea) - I.. ..... :Sew Guinea (Kaiber Wilhelm's Land}..................... Hismarck Archipelago. ............................. .... &lon10n Is. Prot.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brit. f-:olomon Islanru. Prot.................................... Gilbert and EHice Is. Colony.. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " . t: : . . :.'.':::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : tarbuck Is.. -. . . -. .......... . . .. . J an is Is. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... _ . .. .. . . . . . }!:alden. ....................................... ............. Total, Pacific Islands.... .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 2,099,72 2,5,_ 1, 531. 52!' 495,336 3,870 332,213 213,877 757,634 5,436,794 90,540 380,000" 276, 8i>- 103,861 1,008,468 1,218,91J 1.260 - 37,157 10 - 2,129 7,083 139,541 157,266 385 23,737 70,000 - 15,752 - 3, &>0 - 11 , 000 150,000 20 31,121 Ib 59 2 140 19 I - 11 3:1 35 168 101,2001 205,255 23,57 ' 350,000 188,OOOt 17,OOOi 150, 65()6 36,122 59 140 30 168 765,741 Grand total. ..... Total, -\.ustr'llasla.................................... 3, 27t1. 53';1 6, 1!\1\, 269 7 .89t. H9,719,2.'i8 SUM" \RY BY COXTINEr-.'"'l8- Europe....................................................... . Asia.... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . Alrica....................................................... . .-\merica.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . Australasia. _. _... .. ....___....__. _. '.. . . .. 13, JU,5191 121,133,076 121,7511 45,601.214 n,575,070 2,116,084 323,542,8ð1 332,302,030 3,8{17,9:?0 39,296,361 50,678,245 4,010,229 9,503,351 11,169,025 3,278,535 Ct,IS8,269 7,894,8 S ITenitory heretofore kno\\n as the United Kingo.om: area, 121,633 square mile!:'; population, 1921, 47,341,070. 2 Estimated population 1\orthern Ireland, 11/22. 3 Census 19)1. :-;0 census in 1921. t Estim- ated population. & Estimated population, 1919. 0 Excluding the military and per80ns on ships in Ilarbours. 7 Admini"tered b ' Erudand under a convention dated 4th June, 1878; annexed on the 5th Xovember, 1914. i By the ShantunJ! settlpment at \'ia!>hingtoll, January, 1922, Wei-Hai-Wei is restored to China. 8 Ad!11Ïni;,- tered provincc:" only. 10 Incluùing 16,169 square miles of v.ater within the territorial limits o[ the t.:ganda Protectorate. 11 Estimated population, December, 1921. I Including 567,5úl chilùren-scx not stated. 13 Estimated population, 1917. u Exclusive o[ certain Aborigincb estimated to number 13,000 at the census of 1911. 1& The population "fa ted for Au"tralia is exclusive of full-blooded Aborigines, estimated at 100,000 in 1911. 10 Kumher o[ Papuans estimated. 17 Population in 1920. 18 The area (2S0 square miles) and population (12,59S in 1911) of the Cook and other island" of the Pacific arc excluded. The Xiaori population (49,844 in Hili) is also excluded. 18 Population in HJl4. æ Preliminary return. !\ orthern Protectorate and outhern igeria and Colony in I\JIL POPULATIO.V OF THE WORLD 181 12.-Population of the World. Statistics glvrng the number and density of the population of the various continents and countries of the world at the latest enumerations are presented in Table 37, which has in the main been based upon the similar table in the official year book of the Commonwealth of Australia. In many cases, more especially in Africa, the populations are rough aprrm.imations. 31.-Number and Density of the Population of the '"arious Countries of the "odd. Country. {'ontlnents Europe...... . . . . . . .. .. . Asia........-.......... Africa.... ...... Korth and Central America and the West Indies.......... South America..... . . . . Australasia and Poly- nesia... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . Popula tion. Xumber. Density.! 474,970,182 1,017,676,054 144,368,361 145, 531,4S7 64,26ï,810 8,569,840 TotaL.... _ __...... l,855,383,7:i4 Europe - Russia................ . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . V nited Kingdom. .. .. . . Italy....... .. . . . .. .. . . . France................ . Poland. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain {inc!. Canary and Baleáric Islands.).... Rumania.............. . Czecho-Slovakia. . . . . . . Jugo-Slavia............ . Hungary.... . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium............... . ill etherlands......... ., . Austria. ................ Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden............... . Greece................ . Bulgaria...... ......... Lithuania............. . Switzerland..... . . .. .. . Finland............... . Denmark............. . l\"orway ................ Turkey............... . Esthonia.............. . Latvia..... . .. ... . . . .. . Albania.... . .... . . . . .. . Danzig................ . J,uxemburg............ . :\lalta..... .... .. .. .. .. . Iceland.......... .. .. .. . FiuDle. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . \lonaco............... . Gibraltar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ::;an Marioo............ Liechtenstein.. . . . . . . . . . Andorra............... . Total. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . -\sla- - China and Depenùen- cies... . . . . .. .... . . .. . British India.......... . Japan and Dependencies (incl. Korea)......... Feudatory Indian States Dutch }; ast Indies. ..... 122,288,160 5!J, 8.5ï, 2S3 47,341,OïO 40,070,161 39,209,766 26,886,399 20, ;83, 844 17,393,149 13,595,816 11,337,68ö 7, 8iO, 83 7,684,2ï2 6,841,155 6,131,4-15 5,957, !J85 5,903,762 5,447,077 4,861,i39 4,800,000 3,&;0,320 3,3.35,237 3,289,195 2,646,306 1,8!n,OOO 1,750,000 1,503,193 1,400,000 351,380 263,824 213.000 94, 690 49,806 22,956 21,000 12,027 10,716 5,231 474,970,182 436,094,053 247,003,293 77,606,154 71,939,187 49,161,047 1 Number of persons per square mile. 73.78 326.25 388.85 362. 19 184.38 180.39 106.70 142.2-1 25().55 118.56 219.91 654.31 5-13. 73 19!).29 167.88 34.12 129.90 119.57 31.07 242.88 22.30 191.85 21.17 173.77 75.56 60.13 121.74 4115.62 264.08 1,820.51 2.38 6,225.75 2,869.50 11,200'00 316.50 164.86 27.39 126.60 Country. 126.60 59.86 12.55 Asia-concluded. Russia in Asia.......... Philippine Islands. .. . . . i: ::::::::::::::::: : Turkey in Asia..... . . . . Tonking.. ..... _ . _ . . . . . Afghanistan...... _ Annam. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . NepaL................ . Arabia (Independent). . Ceyl m............ ..... Cochin China.......... Syria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Bo'<:hara. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . :\lesopotamia. . Smyrna........... __... Kurdi8tan and Armenia (Turkish). . .. . . . . . . . . Georgia............... . Azerbaijan............ . Cambollia............ . Far Ea tern Republic. . Kiau Chau. . . . . . . .. . .. . Federated :\lalay States Armenia.. .... ......... :\-lalay Protectorate.... Straits ::;ettlements..... British North Borneo, Brunei and ::;arawak.. Laos.................. . Palestine. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong and Depend. Goa, etc... .... . . . . . . h.hiva................ . Oman...... . .. . . . . . . .. . Timor, etc.............. Cyprus.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . French India...... . . .. . Bhutan.. ............... Kwang Chau Wang..... Wei-hai-wei... .......... Bahrein Islands... . . . . . :\-racao, etc............. )laldive I"lands........ Aden and Depenùencies Sokotra. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.19 9.-15 2.46 33.43 Population. Number. 21,046,008 10,350,730 9,500,000 9,121,000 8,456,900 6,470,250 6,380,500 5,731,189 5,600,000 5,500,000 4,504,549 3,452,24 3,000,000 3,000,000 2,84:1,282 2,500,OaO 2,470,900 2,372,403 2,096,!J73 2,000,000 1,811,725 1,427,000 1,324,890 1,214,391 1 123 274 , 88.3: 839 833,637 800,000 770,000 625, 166 54S 472 519:000 500,000 377,815 310,808 265 200 250: 000 168,000 147,177 110,000 ï4,866 70,000 54,923 12,000 Total............... 1,017,676,054 Africa - Belgian Congo.. . Nigeria and Protector- ate.................. Egypt. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . French Equat. Africa. . Abyssinia........:.... . Tanganyika Territory.. V nion of 8. Africa.. . . .. . Algeria. .. . . __ . . . . . . . . . . Angola..... ........... radagasca.r and adja- cent islands.......... 111.43 225'97 297. 03 101.J8 87.38 16, 750,OaO 18,500,000 13,387,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 4,122,000 7,156,012 5, lIDO, 974 4,119,000 3,54.3,575 Density) 3.56 90.48 }.5. 1:3 45.86 : 0.!J5 l.j9.6-l 26.04 144.15 103.70 5.50 177. 8 156.92 26.19 :H.97 19.89 96.90 3-1.32 92.10 61.73 34.54 2.78 528.52 47.96 79.68 47.83 531.79 10.81 8.211 85.56 1,598.8Y 3:34. B-1 21.62 6.10 51.54 86.72 1,35:3.06 12.50 884.21 516.41 440.00 18,716.50 608.70 6.10 8.68 59.85 18.41 54.94 38.25 9.16 22.86 11.29 8.99 26.11 8.50 15.55 182 POPULA TIOX 37.-l\umber and Density of the Population of the Various Countries of the World-concluded. Country. Afrlra -concluded. torOCL'O......... .... .. . Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.. Portuguese East Africa. l:"ganda Protectorate... rpper Volta............ Kenya Protectorate.... S,em;gambia and Niger. 1ums.......... . Gold Coast and Pro- tectorate..... . Liberia............ .. French Guinea......... :Rhodesia. . . .. . . . . . . .. . I vory Coast....... .. French Cameroon...... Sierra Leone and Pro- tectorate..... . . Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Kyasaland Protect..... Britif'h Cameroon...... Tripolitania and C 're- naica. ... ." . . . . . . . . . . Dahomey. .. .. .. . . .. . Frene h Sahara.. Rio de Oro and Aùrar. Territory of Z\iger..... Italian ::)omaliland..... :::;panish ioroceo....... llasutoland........ ..... Togolanù (Bri tish). ... . Togoland (French).... . Eritrea. ... ...... )I.auritius and Depend.. Briti8h ::)omalilanù..... Portuguese Guinea.. . . . ïauretania. .. .. . . . .. . . . Gambia and Protect... uth West Africa...... Spanish Guinea........ . Zanzibar and Pemba... Reunion.. . . . . . . .. .,. llechuanaland Protect.. Cape "\ erde Islam.lß... ::)\\ aziland . . . .. .. . . .. . . . Comoro and íayotte.. :French t;omali Coast... ::)t. Thomas and Prince Islands.............. . :;eychelles. . .. .. ....... .Fernando Po, etc... . . . . Hni..... ........ . ::)t. Helena............. Ascension.. . .. . . .. . . .. . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1\orth and ('entral Amerlra and "est Indies Lnited States.......... l\lexico.. . .. . .. . . . . . . . Canada. ............... ti: ....-::::::::::::::: Guatemala............ . ::;alvador. ..... . . . . . . . . . Porto :Rico. ..... .. . . . .. ::)an Doruingo.......... Jamaica........... ..... Nicaragua............. . Honduras... .... . ... Costa Rica.. ........... Trinidad and Tobago... Population. Kumber. 6,000,000 5,850,000 3,120,000 3,066.327 3,000,100 2,376,000 2,400,000 2,093,939 2,078,043 2,000,000 1,851,200 1,735,120 1,545,680 1,500,000 1,541,311 1,225,323 1,201,983 400,000 1,000,000 860 590 800: 000 OO, 000 iOO, 225 650,000 liOO, 000 497,712 188.265 500,000 405,681 385,074 300,000 289,000 2liO,000 240,000 227,432 200,000 l!i7,OOO 173,190 152,!J8:i 14!J,7!i3 13a, 563 !i5,617 65,000 58,907 24,811 23,M4 ,W,OOO 3,747 250 144,368,361 105,710,620 15,501,684 8, ib8, 483 2,8b:J,004 2,500,000 2,003,5711 1,501,OUO .1,2119,8011 897,405 1)58, 188 (j&),119 637,114 468,373 365,913 Density.1 26.90 5.76 7.29 27.79 19.43 9.69 6.54 41.88 26.13 ,50.00 19.44 3.94 12.67 9.01 51.04 16.54 30.37 31.73 2.46 10.26 0.52 7.33 2.02 4.66 77.92 42.48 14.94 22.84 8.86 475.98 4.41 20.73 0.75 58.08 0.70 21.12 193.13 178.55 0.56 101.21 20.00 66.40 11.23 163.63 159.04 29.29 20.73 79.72 7.35 12.55 Country. North and C('ntral Am('rlca and "est Indles--ooncluded. K e\\ foundland and Labrador. . . . . . . . . . . . Martinique. .. . . . . . . . . . . Guadeloupe and Depen. Barbados... ........... Windward Islands.... . Leeward Islands.. . . . . . . Alaska. . . .. . . . . . . Curaçao......... .... Bahamas.............. . Bri tish Honduras..... Virgin I>;lands of li .S. <\.2 Bermudas.... . ... Greenland (Danish). _. Turks and Caicos Is... . Cayman I81ands... . . . . . St. Pierre and Iiquelon Total............... South Am('rlra - Brazil (inel. Acre)..... . Argentine Uepublic.. _.. Columbia (exc!. Pana- ma).................. Peru............. ..... Chile. . . . . . . .. . . Bolivia........... ... "enezuela............. . Ecuador. Uruguay... . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraguay.. . ..... . Panama Hepublic. . . . . . British Guiana.... .. .. . Dutch Guiana....... . . . Frpnch Guiana. . . . . . . . . Panama Canal Zone.... Falkland Islands. . . . . . . South Georgia. ......... Total..... . 35.55 20.21 2.31 65.34 245.00 .1.49 113.86 378.40 46.42 203.99 12.97 14.39 20.36 185.17 Australasia and Poly- n esla - Commonwealth of Aus- tralia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N ew aland........ .. . Hawall................ . Papua.. ................ Territory of New Gui- nea......... .......... Dutch Kew Guinea..... Fiji. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solomon Islands {Brit- ish)................. . New Hebrides......... 1\ ew Caleùonia and De- pendenciel!.. . .. . . .. . . . Mar8hall Islands, etc. (Japanese mandate).. Western ::iamoa......... French El!tablishments in Uceania.. ......... Gilbert and Ellice Is. .. Tonga. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Guam................. . Samoa (American).... . auru 181and....... .. . . TotaL............. . Number. 267,304 : 44,439 22 ,822 155,312 170,581 122,242 55,036 53,702 .')3,031 45,317 26,051 20,127 13,449 5,612 5,253 3,918 145,531,487 30,64:>,296 8,6!J8,516 5,855,077 4, Ü:!O, 201 3,754,723 2, !I, 970 2,411, !J52 2,000,000 1,494,953 1,000,000 401,428 307,3111 113,181 4!1,009 22, 5H 2,255 1,000 64,267,810 5,436,7!14 1,218,913 255, !J12 276, 8 8 555,000 200,000 157,266 150,650 tiO, 000 55,700 4!J,690 37,157 31,477 :J6, 122 23,572 U,:!46 H 324 2: 129 8,569,840 Population. Densi ty. 1.64 634.91 318.31 941.64 330.58 170.73 0.09 133.26 12.04 5.27 197.36 1,059.32 0.29 25.05 59.02 42.13 18.19 9.35 7.54 13.28 6.40 12.95 5.62 6.05 17.24 20.72 5.69 12.40 3.44 2.4!J 1.53 43.37 0.35 1.00 9.45 1.83 11.73 39.6b 3.06 6.19 1.65 22.20 13.69 10.91 7.70 51.76 29.48 20.71 175.58 61.22 63.32 81.61 212.90 2.M 1 Xumuer of persons per !>quare mile. 2 Late Danish \\'t.'"t Indies. VITAL STATISTICS 183 II.- YIT AL STATISTICS. The collection of vital statistics commenced in Canada, as in England, with the registration of baptisms, marriages and burials by the ecclesiastical authorities. These registers, maintained by the priests from the first settlement of the country, have made it possible for the vital statistics of the French colony to be compiled from the year 1610. 1 In the beginning, only one copy of such records was made, but in 16ï8 the Sovereign Council of Quebec ordered that in future such records !'hould be made in duplicate, and that one copy, duly authenticated, should be delivered to the civil authorities. This arrangement was continued after the cession of the C'ountry to England, and was extended to the newly-established Protestant churches by an Act of 1 ï93, but the registration among the!'e latter remained seriously defective, both in Lower Canada and in the newly-established provinC'e of lT pper Canada. In English- peaking Canada, vital statistics were from the commencement seriously defective, the pioneer settlers often going out into the wilds far from the authority of government and the ministrations of religion. \Yhile a law existed in t.; pper Canada requiring ministers of religion to deposit duplicates of their registers of bapti!'ms, marriages and deaths with the clerks of the peace for transmission to the provincial secretary, this law remained practically a dead letter. Again, the efforts made to secure records of births and deaths at the censuses of 1851 and 1861 produced mo!'t unsati'3factory and even ridiculous results, as was pointed out by Dr. J. C. Taché, secretary of the board of registration and statistics, in a memorial published in the report of the Canadian :\linister of Agriculture for the year 1865. Xevertheless, in spite of the inherent unsoundness of securing at a point of time in a decennial census a record of births and deaths occurring over a considerable period of time, this method was persisted in down to 1911, when the obviously untrust- worthy character of the results obtained led to the discarding of the data obtained at the inquiry. In l\Iontreal and Toronto, for example, the local records showed 11,038 and 5,593 deaths respectively in the calendar year 1910, while the census records showed only 7,359 and 3,148 deaths respectively in the year from June 1, 1910, to May 31, 1911. Similar discrepancies were shown for other areas, proving the census data to be very incomplete. The Dominion Government instituted in the early 80's a plan for compiling the annual mortuary statistics of cities of 25,OOO'population and over, by subsidizing local boards of health to supply the information under special regulations. A beginning was made with the five cities of Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Halifax and St. John. By 1891 the list had grown to 25, at a time when in most of the provinces the only birth and death statistics were those of the municipalities. Upon the organization of provincial bureaus of vital statistics, however, this work was abandoned, though a conference of Dominion and provincial officials, held in 18g3, passed a resolution calling upon the provincial and Dominion authorities to co- operate in the work of collecting, compiling and publishing the vital statistics of the Dominion. This resolution had, however, no immediate practical results in securing accurate or comparable vital statistics. Each province (except New Brunswick, which had no vital statistics) enacted its own legislation on vital statistics and administered such legislation according to its own individual methods. \Vhile the vital statistics of Ontario were published 1 For a summary of the vital statistics of the Roman Catholic population from 1610 to 1883, see the Statistical Year Book of Quebec, 1921, English or French edition. p. 51. For details by year!! of this move- ment of population, see Vol. \' of the CenBuso1187J, pp. 160-265 and Vol.I\' of the CensÏ1sof 1881, pp. 134-1-15. 184 POPULATIOK in considerable detail annually from 1871, the arrangements for the collection of data were unsatisfactory. Only in 1906 was the publication of vital statistics begun in Prince Edward Island (no report for 1912 has ever been ii'sued), and in Nova Scotia the publication of vital statistics dates only from 1909. Because of the lacunæ, and even more becawo:e of the incomparability of facts collected, of methods of collection and of standard of enforcement, Canadian vital statistics remained e"'-tremely unsatisfactory and impossible to be compiled on a national basis, as was pointed out by the 1912 commi<;f':ion on official statistics, which recommended that "for the Dominion, now cngaged in building up its national unity, it i:;; important that uniform data should rcnder possible to Ftatisticians the inFtitution of true interprovincial and international comparisonf':. By effective co-operation of the province:;; with the Dominion this object should be capable of attainment without sacrifieing the liberty of eaeh province to satisfy its own special statistical require- ment:;;." The scheme of co-operation, thus outlined, has now been brought into cffect as a eonsequence of the e:-;tablishment of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics under the Statistics Act of 191 , which f':pecifically provided that the Bureau should publish an annual report on vital statistics, and of the Dominion-Provincial conferences on vital statistic:;;. The Fcheme was in the first inFtance drawn up in the Bureau and submitt< d to the various provinces; later a Dominion-Provincial conference on vitall-tati:-ti('s was held in June, 1918, when a comprehensive and final discussion took plm'f' .\t the eonferenees of 191R, it wa:': agreed: (1) that the model \ïtal Statistics A('t prepan d by t he Dominion Burf'au of f-;tati:-;tics, '" hen accepted by the legisla- t ures, hould fcrm the ba i of the vital stati:-tie:-; legiFlation of the f':everal provinces, thus H'euring uniformity and comparability; (2) that the provinces should under- tah.e to obtain the returns of birthf':, marriages and deaths on the prescribed forms as approvul ar>1.9 123,889 48.1 1,080 !90 jJOPU LA. T IV.V I11egitimacy.-The ratio of illegitimate to total births ii', gencrally speaking, low in Canada ai' compared with other countries. Out of 16S,979 living births in the regi:4ration area of Canada 3, 47, or 2 p.c., were returned in 1921 as the issue of unmarried mothers. Preliminary statistics for 1922 show that out of 162,552 births reported in the registration arpa, 3,3üx or 2 p.c., were illegitimate. Statistics are givcn in Table 43. 43.-Dlegitlmat(' Births in Registration Ar('a b)" .\ge of l\lother and h) Prminces 9 1921 and 1922. Age of mother. P.E.I. $. KB. Onto Man. RaSK. AHa. B.C. Total. - -- - - - - - - 1921. rnder 15 years ...... 1 - iI 11 4 5 - 2 26 1.j-19.... ... 14 ]51 í2 551 144 106 1 50 1,089 20-24. . . . . .-. 19 168 S4 528 154 66 1 45 1,065 25-29. . .............. 7 43 26 208 56 31 1 13 385 30-34 . ....... 3 16 i 112 30 30 - 14 212 35-39........ . ...... - 9 i 63 1!J 11 - 2 111 40-44 . .............. .. - 5 3 15 q 5 - 2 39 45-49.. . .......-..... - - - 4 2 - - - 6 Xot given............ ..... 5 4 3 100 2 4 2!J6 - 41-1 - - - -- - -- -- - - lale..... . ...... 16 201 113 i!i6 222 122 154 68 1,692 Female. ....... 33 195 92 7!16 198 136 ]45 60 1,655 - - -- -- - - - - Total hlrths .. 49 396 O5 1,';92 -I2u 258 99 HI' 1,3,&7 -- - - - -- - - -- - - Per cent of total births.. . 2.3 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.3 1.1 1.8 1.2 2. ---- -- - --- - -- -- - - - 1922. rnder 1.5 year:;... - 2 3 20 5 1 6 2 39 15-19. _ --..... 14 182 89 544 110 105 105 51 1,230 ,. ..!tria. .. llclgi urn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ireland......................... . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia..... .. ......... Crude Year. Birth Rate. 1920 1920 1921 1921 1921 1921 1922 1922 1920 1922 1!122 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1920 1920 1921 1920 1921 1917 1922 25.1 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.6 24'1 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.{\ 23.4 23.4 23.3 23.2 22.5 22.4 22.1 21.4 21.4 '20.4 20.2 19.0 18.0 J Birth Registration Area. 3.- Marriages. Nearly a century ago it was observed in the "Cnited Kingdom that the number of marriages tended to be high when the price of wheat was low and to be low when the price of wheat was high. This was quite naturally the case among a population, the majority of which was living at a comparatively low standard of comfort, and where the staple food, as a consequence, was the chief factor in the cost of living. More l'ecentIy, the curve showing maJiriage rates has in the United Kingdom and in other English-speaking countries ceased to bear any constant relation to the price of wheat, the staple foud of the peuple, though it ::>till does so in poorer countries. Its place in influencing the marriage rate, has, however, been takm by the general level of prosperity. j\larriage,-; in such countries as the united Kingdom, the l'nited States, Canada and Australia tend to increase in "good times" and to diminish in "hard times," when great numbers of those who are contemplating marriage are led to postpone such marriage until the advent of better industrial conditions. Even in the short period covered by the vital statistics of the registration area of Canada, the truth of the above statement is supported by the evidence. In 1920, a year of great prosperity, the marriages occurring in the registration area of Canada numbered 59,344 or 9.4 per thousand of population; in 1921 they declined to 51,073 or 8.0 per thousand, and in 1922 to 4ï,(3!)0 or 7.3 per thousand of popula- tion, largely owing to the industrial depre:--; iun in these years. It should also be mentioned, of cour::>e, that there duubtIc.:;::> o()ccurred in 1920 a number of deferred marriages, which under more normal conditions would have occurred in the war years. Summary statistics of marriages contracted in 1921 and 1022 appear in Table 46. JfARRIAGES 193 46.-l\larriages and Jlarriage Rates, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922. Population Marriages, 1921. Population Marriages, 1922. Provinces. in in thousands, Per thousands, Per 1921. No. 1,000 1922. No. 1,000 pop. pop. - Prince Edward Island... ............ 89 518 5.8 88 579 6.6 Nova Scotia................ ......... 524 3,550 6.8 528 3,167 6.0 New B runs\\ ick. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 388 3,173 8.2 392 2,795 7.1 Ontario........................ ..... 2,934 24,871 8.5 2,981 23,360 7.8 1\lanitoba.......................... . 610 5,310 8.7 626 4,808 7.7 Saskatchewan............. _.. _...... 758 5,101 6.7 786 5,061 6.4 Alberta. . . . .. . . . . . _ 589 4,661 7.9 611 4,263 7.0 British Columbia. ..::::::::.:::::.: 52'; 3,889 7.4 539 3,657 6.8 - Canada (registration area). . . . . . . . . . 6,417 51,073 8.0 6,551 47,690 7,3 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,361 18,659 7.9 - - - Canad:> (exclusive or the Terri- torles) . . . . . . . . . . .. ............. 8.745 69,732 8.0 - - - NOTE.-The figures for 1922 are preliminary. Conjugal Condition of Brides and Grooms.-Statistics showing the previously existing conjugal condition of the contracting parties in the 5] ,073 marriages which took place in the registration area in 1921 are presented in Table 47. 47.-Previous Conjugal Condition of Brides and Grooms, 1921. (arriages between Provinces. Bachelors and Widowers and Divorced Men and Spin- Wi- Di- Spin- Di- Spin- Wi- Di- vorced Widows. vorced vorced sters. dows. Women. sters. Women. sters. dowse Women. - - - - - - -- - No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Prince Edward Island.... . 446 17 - 28 25 - 1 1 - Nova Sco1ia.............. 2,965 154 10 227 168 3 18 4 1 New Brunswick........... 2,607 141 23 221 141 7 19 8 6 Ontario. 20,958 1,052 49 "1,657 1,032 20 68 28 7 Manitoba.::::::::::: ::::: 4,438 254 40 307 215 6 38 9 3 Saskatchewan............ . 4,240 303 26 289 204 2 24 11 2 Alberta.................. . 3,787 276 40 276 220 10 37 7 8 British Columbia.. " . . . . . 2,975 247 92 243 186 27 67 19 33 - - - - - - - Can3da (registration area).. . . .. . . .. . ..... . 42,416 2,4,1,1 280 3,2-18 2,191 75 272 87 GO Nativity of Brides and Grooms.-It may be noted in Table 48 that more than 50 p.c. of brides and grooms in the western provinces were not Canadian born, while in the eastern provinces in most instances more than 70 p.c. were native born. In Prince Edward Island 97 p.c. of contracting parties were Canadian born. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick more than 80 p.c. were native born. Altogether 40.1 p.c. of the grooms and 36.7 p.c. of the brides were born outside of Canada. 62373-13 lfJ-t PUP eLl TIn.\" -t!'\. - '\"athit . b Pf.'rc('ldagt's. of P('rsons l\larried in the Rf.'gistratlon .\rea. b) PrO\inces, 1921. PrO\ inrI'S. I Popu- lation in t l\Ous- o ands. \larriag('s. Per cent di8tributicn of Grooms amI HI ides hv Xativity. . Total. }>er Horn in pro"\ ince Born in other norn ) ,000 of re:,idence pro"\"inces. el"e"\\ here. popu- -- - lation. GrooJll::!. Bridr". Grooms. Bri(le,.. Groom,..' Bride". - - -- - l'rinrc Ed"\\anl J"lan(l. h9 51" 5.8 92.3 94.6 .'i'0 1.9 :!. i 3..'i ova Scotia.... _.. 524 3,;;:;0 6.8 7E.3 81.3 'H 4.5 17.3 14.2 ew Bruns"\\ ick. . :{8h 3,Ii3 8.2 73.4 78.0 10.1 S.4 16.5 13.6 Ontario.. .. . .. . .. .. 2,9:'4 24,871 R.!j 63.6 66.7 5.{) 4.7 :JO.8 2s.6 \lani toha.. .. .. .. . . 610 :i,310 1;.7 26.4 37.2 Ib.l 14.1 35.5 .h.7 :;:a katche\\an..... . i58 .'i,101 6. i i.l 15.6 31. ! 28.1 61.5 56.3 Alberta.. .. .. .. .. .. 589 1,61\1 7.8 7.0 14.2 26.1 25.1 ü{).9 60.i llritish Columbia. 525 3,8õ9 7.4 13.7 18.3 22.6 20.5 63.i 61.2 -- - - - - - --- - ('anada (rt' ls tra- tlon area) ., ... 6,,117 ,'i1.073 ;.9 ,16.9 52.0 13.0 11.3 to. 1 36.7 ,\1arriage Rates in Various Countries.-For comparativc purp0:-' p:,, thc crudc marriage rate per 1,000 of population in various countrip:, of thc wurld is shown for the indi('atcd years in Tabl(' 49. !9.-Crude Jlarriage Ratt's of "arious ('ountri('s in ReC('Ilt 't'a.. . Countr)' . I Crude ì ear. hIarriage Hate. Prussia. . . . . . . Germany....... . Hungary. . _. Serbia.. .... Spain......... ..... l:nited Kingdom...... ......... union of DouthAfrica {\\hite,.,)... Bulgaria..... . "etLerlands. . . . .. . . . Japan........ . . . . . S\\itzerland... . \ïctoria.... .. . . . :-'out h Australia. .... . J )enmark ........... ew :-;outh Wales........ :\'ew Zealand. -\ustralia... . Rumania.... ...... .. El1.II;land and \\al(';;....... Belgium. :-,cotland. .. .. .. . . . . \\ e;;tprn 1\ ufitralia Hus8ia, European. . Crude Year. larriage Rate. Country. 19:! 1 1922 1922 1911 1921 1919 1920 1911 1921 1921 HI20 1 21 19n 1920 1921 1921 1921 1914 J!I21 1912 1!'21 1921 1909 11.fI ('anada 11.1 Quebec... .... ...... \0.5 TabIliania... 10.3 Queen81and......... 10. 3 . )!I t rio .. .. .. .. . !J.9 \[amtoba... \1.9 France... .. 9.4 \ustria............ .... g.') ::\e\\ llrun,.,wicL............... 9.1 \Iberta... .......... 9.0 ""on\ ay.. . . .. . . . .............. S.9 British Columbia. ............. 8.8 Finland. . .. .. . .. .... 8.8 Sweden. ................ 8.8 Prince Elh, ani bland.......... 8.7 Saskatche\\an.. ..-.. ---.. 8.6 Ireland.. ......... s.5 Xova::;cotia..... s.4 Chile..... ....... ........... b'O Ce)lon............... 8.0 Portugal. s.o Italy.... j'.!1 Jamaica.. 19U 1921 1921 1921 1!12:! HI2 HI13 1912 19:!2 1922 1921 1922 1920 1\121 1922 1922 1\119 1922 190i-lh 1920 HIl8 I 1920 1909-12 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.8 i.i 7.5 i.-l i.l 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 1\.6 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.1) 5. 5.0 4.1 4.1 4.- Dea ths. " it hin the pa t ('ent lIl') and UlU1 e e:'l'P('ially \\ it hin the pa t gencrat i(1ll t herc has uccurnd gcnprally throughuut the ('ulmtri('s of the white world a notable de('line in the dmth rate, ex('ept wherc Ulan ha:, hrought death upon him::;elf through wars and the aftermath of wars. How far this dp('liue ha:, been due to advaw'cs ill l1ledical :..wiencc, how far to bet tPl" sanitation and ho\\ far to thc improw'lJ}eut in the J,!:cneral cunditions of living as a result of tlH' increase in the produ('t ive pow('r of humanity, i:, in di put(>, hilt ('oll('erlling the f:lf'ts there is no douht. DEATHS 195 Perhaps thf' mo t impref:sive testimony regarding this declinf' in the df'ath rate is furnished by the mortality f:tatÏ:5tics of Rweden, when' vital tatistics have been kept with great accuracy for the whole nation ever sincf' 17.30. There the crude death rate declined from an average' of 35.6ì per 1,000 in the decade 1751-1)0 to H.20 in the decadf' 1011-20, and to 12.71-\ (preliminary figure) in HI2:? Rimilarly, in England, the crude death ratp, which was 22.6 per 1,000 in the ()O' and 21.3 in the 70' and 18.2 in the 90's of the last cmtury, deelined to 1.3. [) in 1906, 13.8 in 1913 and 12.1 in 1921. In cotland, again, the rate wa.;;; 22.1 in the 60's, 21.8 in the 70' , 18..) in the 90' . 16.4 in 19013 and 13.6 in 1921. Of COUl"f:e, tlI(' preccding f:tatements arc not to be' takC'n to mean that eyc'ry year will show a decline in the death rate a compared with the preceding Year. There will always be year of specially high mortality, as for instance 191ð, when the death rate in Ontario, the mo t populous of the provinc('s included in the registra- tion area of Canada, was 15.3 per 1,000 as against 12.0 in 1917 and 11.9 in 1919. Over a decade, however, these idios) ncrasies of individual years are reduced to> negligibility, and it remain::; true that from decade to decade there is, genemJIy speakin and under normal condition...:, a decline in the crude death rate of the count- ries of the white world. .\s for Canada. there i:,> little dount but that the del'line in the death rate whil'h has been ob::-:erved in other countries has also occurred among ourselves, though on account of the improved registration in rpcmt years the diminution of the death rate is not apparent from the statistics collected. In Quebec, however, wherC' the same methods of registration have b('pn ('mployeò for many years, the mortality has shown a decline in recent year from 17.89 per 1,000 ill 1910 to H.}.') per 1,000 in 1921, largely on account of thp rpòuction in infnnt mortnlit.y. The total deaths and dpath rate,> nre given in Table 50 for the regi tration area of Canndn, by provinces. It is worthy of note that the total deaths in 1921 and 1922 (preliminary figures for the latter year) show a con idC'rablc decline n,.: com- pared with 1920, the first y('ar in whi('h the statistic are available on a comparative bnsis for the area. 50.- Deaths and Death Rates h) PrO\inces, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Population Total Crude death rate per (in thousand" I. Deaths. 1,000 population. Provinces. 1920 1921 l!122 1920. 1921. 1922. 1!J20. 1!121. 1!122. estim. census. e'!tim. - - - - - - - - - Prince Ed\\anl Island..... 89 8!! 88 1,279 1, :'09 I,OS!! 14.-1 13.6 12.4 Xova Scotia....... ,p' __. 520 524 528 7,563 6,420 6,616 1-1.5 12.3 12.5 Xe\\ Rrummick. 3R-1 388 392 5,623 5,410 5,129 14.ï t:i. !! 13.1 Ontario.. . 2,RS9 2,934 2,931 40,410 34, 551 33, !16!J 14.0 11.... 11.4 .\Janitoba.... . 598 610 626 6,511 5,388 5. ï4ï IO.P S.') 9.2 t-:askatche\\an........ . ï3.5 757 786 5,918 5,596 6,016 S'O ï.-1 ï.7 \lberta .. . .. . . . . . . . . 570 .588 611 5,674 4,940 5.115 10.0 .-1 H British Columbia. ... _ . .. : 511 525 539 4, ï39 4.2!1S 4,494 9.3 8.0 8.J Canarla (registration are.t) 6.296 6,415 6,551 77, ï22 67,722 68,175 12.3 10.6 10.4 Quebec.... .2,323 2,361 40,68633,433 17.5 1-1.2 Canada (eU'lushe 0; - --- - -- - _ 1 - Territories)............ 8.619 S,77G - l1S,jOS 101,tã5 13.; 11.,) - Mortality by Sex.-_\ccorJing to Table 51, thC' numl)('r of male children born in 1921 in the rf'gistration area exceeded the total mnlc d('ath for the year by 50,723, while the gain in tlw f('male populntion during thC' :-all\(' p('riorl wa,.: .ïO..ï:H. 623i3-13} 196 POPULATION That is to say, while the number of male children born exceeded the females by 5,289, yet, owing to the higher mortality among males as compared to females, Q8 : 77, the net increase for the year of the male over the female population in the registration area was reduced to 189. 51.-Excess of Births o\'er Deaths, by Provinces, for each SCI and by Totals, 1921. Pr K K ÜJ1 M Sa Al Br Males. Females Provinces. E"tcess of Births. Deaths. Lirths over Births. Deatns. aea ths. inee Edward Island.. 1,073 619 454 1,083 590 ova Scotia. . . . ... . .. . 6,695 3,372 3,323 6,326 3,04S ew Brunswick........ 5,942 2,858 3,084 5,523 2,552 tario............... . 38,307 18,062 20,245 35,845 16,489 anitoba. ... . ........ 9,455 2,964 6,491 9,023 2,424 skatchewan......... . 11,620 3,078 8,542 10,873 2,518 berta... . . . . . . .. . . .. . 8,493 2,858 5,635 8,068 2,082 itish Columbia...... 5,549 2,600 2,949 5,104 1,608 - Total. . . . . . . . . . 87,134 36,411 50,723 81,8,15 31,311 Both sexes. Excess of Excess of births over births over deaths. all deaths. . 493 947 3,278 6,601 2,971 6,055 19,356 39,601 6,599 13, O!JO 8,35.'i 16,897 5,986 11,621 3,496 6.445 50.53'& 101,2,')7 Mortality by Cause.-In Table 52 are shown the deaths in the registration area in 1921 and 1922 by twenty leading causes. In both years diseases of the heart headed the list with 8.9 p.c. in 1921 and 9.6 p.c. in 1922-a significant increase. Pneumonia came second with 8.8 p.c. in 1921 and 9.3 p.c. in 1922, cancer in third place with 7.13 p.c.. in 1921 and 7.47 p.c. in 1922, and tuberculosis in fourth place with 7.07 p.c. in 1921 and (}.76 p,c. in 1922. While a comparison covering only two consecutive years must be considered as of a very tentative nature, the increases in heart disease and cancer must be regarded as very significant, especially since :similar increases are occurring in other countries. On the other hand, the decline in tuberculosis must be considered as altoget er satisfactory. 62.- Deaths in the Registration Area of Canada from Twenty Leading Causes, 1921 and 1922. Causes of Death. P.E.I. N.S. N.B. Onto Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Total. - - - - - - - 1921. Diseases of heart......... . 96 563 420 3,394 429 339 308 472 6,021 Pneumonia............... . 97 505 500 3,005 563 498 446 352 5,966 Cancer. . .,. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 480 279 2,585 427 309 281 3R8 4,826 Tuberculosis, lungs. . ... . . . 112 579 344 1,731 305 256 260 316 3,90 TuberculOflis, other organs 16 123 69 352 115 66 53 92 88 Premature birth.......... 20 195 141 1,630 3.10 460 3.0 1M 3,250 Diarrhoea and enteritis. . . 42 241 295 1,619 377 326 243 75 3,21 Senihty...... . . . . . . . . . . .. . 126 614 389 1,404 82 136 98 65 2,914 Cerebral haemorrhage. 47 211 175 1,553 177 143 97 197 2,60 apoplexy. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . Discascs of arteries........ 15 161 as 1,b24 127 99 84 157 2,55- Congeni tal debility.. .... . 27 291 149 1,029 185 247 2-') 85 2,26 ,,- Nephritis................ . 44 196 12ü 1,145 116 140 111 163 2,041 Diph theria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 63 56 653 148 172 156 33 1,29 Infj uenza. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 20 70 84 509 57 69 67 64 94 Bronchitis... . . . . . . . . . . .. . 15 87 46 510 71 83 47 46 9 ColIS(enital maUormations. 9 49 35 493 81 90 60 45 862 Paralysis............. .... 36 144 96 382 52 18 48 33 80 Appendicitis............. . 11 56 47 344 72 123 107 S6 816 Anaemia, chlorosis....... 9 44 37 511 34 34 31 35 735 Drowning................ . 6 39 30 358 54 47 33 111 678 4.11 other causes. . . .. .... . 368 1,709 2,004 9,520 1.586 1,941 1,848 1,259 20,235 - - - - - - - - Total. . .. . . . . . . . . . 1,%0' 1,420 6,410 3,1,551 i,3S8 i,591 4,M 4,208 17,722 3 6 8 o a 5 7 o 05 9 DEATHS BY CAUSES 197 52.-Deaths in the Registration Area of Canada from Twenty Leading ('auses,. 1921 and 1922 -concluded. Causes of Death. P.E.I. N.S. N.B, Onto Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Total. - -- - - .- - - - 1922. Diseases of heart. . . . . . . . . . 111 578 487 3,752 442 368 318 534 6,590 Pneumonia............... . 107 659 481 3,135 561 539 443 395 6,320 Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 534 321 2,605 445 345 317 440 5,092 Tuberculosis, lungs...... . . 96 559 354 1,629 307 254 238 320 3,757 Tuberculosis, other organs 15 132 63 347 69 86 65 75 852 Premature birth.......... 20 228 188 1,672 366 444 370 189 3,477 Diseases of arteries....... 20 140 110 2,044 157 124 124 154 2,873 Diarrhoea and enteritis. . . 23 165 207 1,112 520 421 285 106 2,839 Senili ty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 561 337 1,266 82 161 82 60 2,691 Cerebral haemorrhage, apoplexy. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 45 278 169 1,586 168 106 89 148 2,589 Infl uenza . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 24 218 196 91n 183 293 269 209 2,353 !\ephritis................ . 33 210 134 1,100 179 160 126 156 2,098 Cong;eni tal debility. . . . . . . 26 217 170 874 172 25S 148 73 1,938 Diphtheria.............. . 7 45 44 410 150 199 131 23 1,012 Congenital maUormations 3 55 33 491 94 101 73 53 903 Bronc hi tis.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 13 95 39 445 73 54 8.J 40 842 Appendici tis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 57 39 331 89 125 125 66 836 Anaemia chlorosis. . . . . . . . . 13 44 31 525 50 32 33 47 ï75 Paralysis.... .. . .......... 22 115 100 368 37 25 27 40 734 Diabetes mellitus......... 8 52 4.'> 370 58 44 55 74 706 All other caU!!cs........... 272 1,674 1,581 8,946 1,545 1,877 1,711 1,2\12 18,89& - - - - - - - - Total.. . . . . .. . . . . . 1,089 6,616 5,1 9 33,969 5, it7 6,016 5,115 4,4IU 68,175 Tuberculosis.- Deaths assigned to tuberculous affections numbered in the aggregate, 4,789 in 1921 and 4,608 in 1922, the latter figures being subject to revision. The males numbered 2,439 in 1921 and 2,353 in 1922; the females, 2,350 and 2,255 respectively. The mortality rate for the registration area was 747 per million people in 1921 and 703 per million (provisional) in 1922. In England the crude rate per million population was 1,131 in 1920. Tuberculosis caused in 1921 out of every 1,000 deaths, 106 in Prince Edward Island, 109 in Nova Scotia, 76 in New Brunswick, 60 in Ontario, 78 in Manitoba, 58 in Saskatchewan, 63 in Alberta and 97 in Briti h Columbia. 53.-Deaths from Tuberculosis in the Registration Area, by Sex, 1921 and 1922. Si tes. r.E.I. N.S. N.B. Onto :\lan. Bask. Alta. B.C. Total. - ----- - - 1921. Respiratory system. Total 112 579 344 1,731 305 256 260 316 3,903 1 57 274 147 856 165 131 133 211 1,974 F 55 305 197 875 140 125 127 105 1,929 :Meninges and central nervous system.... Total 7 52 31 119 50 18 17 46 340 )i 2 38 17 67 27 11 9 26 197 F 5 14 14 52 23 7 8 20 143 Intestines and peri- 17 16 205 toneum. . .. .. . . . . . . Total 4 22 18 85 23 20 M 3 10 8 31 11 4 12 6 85 F 1 12 10 54 12 13 8 10 120 Vertebral column.. .Total 2 13 6 28 6 5 3 7 70 ?Ii 11 3 12 3 3 3 5 40 F 2 2 3 16 3 2 2 30 Joints.. . .......... Total 3 14 4 2 2 4 29 ?I,l 2 6 1 1 2 12 F 1 8 3 1 2 2 17 Other organs... . . . . . Total 11 10 48 11 6 5 6 99 ?II 7 6 26 5 2 3 4 53 F 4 4 22 6 4 2 2 46 Disseminated....:. .Total 22 4 58 21 18 6 13 143 I 8 2 32 9 14 3 10 78 F 1 14 2 26 12 4 3 3 65 Total, both sexes........ . 128 702 413 2 083 420 322 313 408 4,789 :\1: 62 350 183 1,030 221 166 163 264 2,439 F 66 352 230 1,053 199 156 150 144 2,350 19 I'OPCL1 TIOS 53.- Ueaths from Tuberculosis in the J(e i!itration .\rea, b) ex. 1921 and 19 2 -('onclU(kd. :-,ite:<. I P.L.I. . . K.B. Ont. :Man. :--:a"h.. Alta. B.C. Total. HJ::?2. , He::-piratory 8 stelll. .. I ;,0 266 li7 i!I, WI l:?i 121 214 1,901 l' 4l! :?!':{ li6 832 158 l:?i 11i 106 1,855 :\lenin['.t:8 and C'entml I nen ous S) ,.. telll .. , 2 R i G2 Ii 15 12 16 169 .. 1 2i !I 4:i 10 14 i 10 123 Intestine:< and peri ton- ('unl. \i 1 10 9 35 3 11 8 12 89 F 5 10 14 59 11 8 10 8 125 , l'rtehral rolumn. :\j 2 3 4 15 1 4 4 5 38 F - 5 1 16 4 2 2 1 31 Joint,... .. .:\1 1 6 1 4 - . 2 1 5 20 F 1 2 - 9 2 - 2 - 16 Other organs . \( - 4 6 24 2 8 9 3 .'ift I - S ? :!2 4 1 3 3 r Di;. eJllinated. \I' - 9 5' 27 10 15 4 10 80 r 2 10 5 29 5 6 3 2 62 Total, hoth St'W'" 111 691 JHî 1.9i6 376 340 30.'1 39:i 1,60..'1 \I 56 336 209 964 IS2 182 159 265 2,35: F 55 355 20i 1. 012 194 158 144 130 2,255 XOTE. -The figures for 1922 are ,..uhjert to r<,\'i"ion. Cancer.-DC'ath assigned to cancer aggregated in 1921 4,82û, 2,309 males and 2,517 females, and in IfJ22 !),092, 2,414 males and 2,ß78 females. The crude rate was in 1921, 7!)2 and in 1922, 777 per million population. Out of every 1,000 death:--ò in the rC'gist rat ion area in 1922, 75 w('re assigned to ran('er a ('ompared \\ith 7] in 1921. By prm"inc(':--ò, the number of deaths dup to caJH'('r per 1,000 total deaths "pre in 1922 as folluw:'i, figures for 1921 bf'ing gi\"('Il in parenthesp:'i for comparative purpo:-:es: PriIH'e Edwmd Island, 7 (û4); Xova ('otia, Rl (7;")); X('w Brunswick, ü:3 (52); Ontario, 77 (7!)); l\Ianitoba, 77 Cï9); f':a:-:katehe\\;IIl, !)7 (.ï5); \Ihprta, li2 l.ï7); Briti h Columhia, 98 (92). 5-1. neath" from (.'ancer in the I(e istration .\ua, b) Sex, 1921 and 1922. Total, ites. }>.I:.I. x. . X.B. Or.t. \Ian. :'ask. Alta. n.r. regi,;- tration area. - - -- - - - - - 1921. Buccal ca\Ït:\.... :\1 3 13 6 Hi 9 11 5 13 Hi F - 1 1 11 3 - 1 - Ii tomaC'h anclli\'eT :\' 21 9/ì if, 483 118 89 H5 90 1. 05R ]' 13 \10 4i 37i i 48 2h 49 73U I)eritoneum, inte,..t ines. and rectum. . I 5 33 11 171\ 29 IS 32 32 3:!S F 7 41 17 213 24 18 16 3S 374 Female !1:enital organs... F 4 38 23 216 43 29 20 40 433 Breabt....... . ......F 6 19 20 235 21 31 16 29 3;; kin.... . :\1 1 11 7 41 4 3 6 5 78 1-- - 3 - 25 - 4 - - 32 rn"peeified organs......M 9 65 35 38i 58 41 40 53 6h F 8 iO 36 312 40 17 32 39 .')54 - --1-- - - - -- - - - Total"............. ,'- 39 218 135 1. 176 21h ItJ2 168 193 2,309 r 38 262 144 1.409 209 147 113 195 2,517 - - .- - - -- .m l - - - - Total, hot h "('\1',... ... ìì 4 0 2i!t 2.;;N:i :109 2S1 3t\. 4.! 26 ( OJ[ PA.RA1TVE Df<..'A I'll If.' 1'88 199 5-1. J)t'aths from ('anrer in thl' Regi"tration Area. 1>)' Sex. 19 1 and 19 -concluded. Total, :,itp" P.E.I. X$. ".B. Ont. 'Ian. :-:ask. Alta. B.C'. reg:is- tration area. - - -- - - - -- 1922. Buccal cadt) . .. .)1 5 2U 13 SO 14 13 10 12 16, F - 4 1 14 - 2 - 4 25 :,tomach and lin.r.. " IS 109 64 4,6 109 97 ;1'; Hl3 1,054 r H 112 fiO 391 8ï 56 43 ï3 836 Ppritoneum, intestines. ami rectum. . , 6 23 23 203 33 29 23 34 3ï4 r 5 44 30 235 22 14 29 36 415 Female genital organ" __r 4 36 15 24: 46 25 36 45 ,no rea t. .. FI 11 34 23 231 33 24 21 37 411 :-:kin. .. . \1 2 19 7 49 ; 4 10 6 10-l F 1 4 5 2ï - 1 2 2 42 rn,.p('cified organ- . ;\1', 9 67 4:i 3ï!J 6') 53 45 59 715 F 10 62 3. :!'i7 34 2; 20 29 496 - - --- - - - - - - - - Total" .. .. \f 40 238 150 1. 18ï 223 1% lti6 214 2,414 F 45 296 171 1.418 222 149 151 226 2,6ï8 - -- - -- - -- -- --- - Total. both st'\es..... !ì5 534 3 1 2.b05 U5 :U;; :m HO 5,092 X01'E.-The figures for 1\122 are subject to re,'ision. Comparative Death Rates of Different Countries.-In Table 55 will be found a comparative statement of thf' (Tude dC'ath rate of various countries and provinces for the latest available year. It i", worthy of note that three Canadian provÏIwC':-; have the lowest df'3th rates in the list, and that the rf'gistration area of Canada ha,.; a lowC'r death rate than an." othC'r leading country except Australia :md XC'w Zealand. The Im\ death rate:--: :)1'1' in all thr('C' cases duC' in part to a favour- ahlf' agC' distrihution of population. 5ã.-{'rude Death Rates of '"arious ('ountries in Recent Years. Country. Sashatche\\an... . .. . British Columbia. .-\lberta...... . P'\ Zealand...... janitoba........ . Queensland. .... ew outh Wale" Australia South Australia. Tasmania. {'anada 1 . . . . . . . . . \Y.este n Au,;tralia. .. \ lctona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T:nion of South Africa (whites)..... Ontario........ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . orway.......................... . Ketherlands...................... . England and Wales. _.. ...... 1:;weden................. .. Prince Edward Island.... ........ Kova Scotia....... . . . . . . . .. ...... r ni ted Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . Denmarh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . rnited ;tates] IHegj"tration .-\rea. Crude Year. Death Rate. 1922 1922 1922 1921 1922 HJ21 \921 1921 1921 1\121 19 2 1921 HI21 l(J2U 1922 1921 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1921 1920 \!J20 Country. Crude Year. Death Rate. 7.7 8.3 8.4 8.ï 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.-1 10.4 10.5 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.9 13.1 ew Brunswicl . ........ Belgium....... ...... Kco tland .. . . . . . .. . .. Pru",;ia.. ... Quebec... ... Ireland...,.... ... Dwitzcrlaud .. Germany....... ...... .. ..... Finland. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austria... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France.......................... . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; :':':':'::::::::""" :::::: Bulgaria......... . Jamaica................. ........ Japan.......... ........... ... . Rumania.. ..... ............ Portugal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chile.... . . ., .. .. Russia, European. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceylon.. .. . .. . 1922 1920 1921 1921 1921 1921 1920 1922 1920 1921 19.20 1916 1922 1912 1921 1911 1919 1921 1914 19B-18 1907-16 1909 1920 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.6 14.2 14.2 14.4 I.'H 15.2 16.2 16.5 20.1 20.8 21-1 21.3 21.5 22.2 22.7 23.8 24.4 28.6 28.9 29.6 200 POP ULA TIOJ.V Infantile and Maternal Mortality. In recent years a great part of the energy devoted by the medical profe<;sion and s:mitarians to bring about a decline in the death rate has gone to reduce infant mortality, and in this fif'ld a large measure of success has been attained. In Canada both the Dominion, provincial and municipal health authorities have taken part in the struggle to reduce infantile mortality, and usually, in the absence of epidemics, each year is showing an improvement. Even in the three years for which the figures are available for the registration area, there is evident a considerable decline in infantile mortality. 'While in 1920 more than 10 p.c. of all children born died in the first year of life, in 1921 the proportion dropped to 8.8 p.c. or 14,893 deaths in a total of lû8,979 births, and in 1922 the infantile death rate showed a further betterment, dropping to 8.6 p.c. or 14,069 deaths in a total of 162,552. Deaths of children undcr one year of age constituted 20.6 p.c. of all deaths in 1922, as com- pared with 21.9 p.c. in 1921, and 21.4 p.e. in 1920. Table 56 shows that in ncarly every province the infant death rate per 1,000 living births i:s lower in 1922 than it was in the two preceding years. liS.-Infantile Mortality by Pro\ånces, to ether with the rate per 1,000 Living Births.. 1920, 1921 and 1922. Infant Deaths. Infant Dèath Rate per 1,000 Births. Provinces. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. - - - - - PrincE' Edward Island.... _ __ e............... 184 180 150 80,0 83.5 73.0 Nova Scotia.... . .. . . . . .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 1,536 1,311 1,225 116.5 100.7 9;.3 New Brunswick....... . .. . . . . '" . . . .... 1,454 1,299 1,188 134.9 113.3 103.7 Ontario............................................ . 7,497 6,768 5,910 103.7 91.2 82.9 Manitoba.... . . . . .. . . . . . . .... ., 1,882 1,533 1,666 102.7 83.0 94.2 Saskatchewan.. . .................... 1,958 1,814 1,874 85.7 80.6 85.6 Alberta... _................... ............... 1,545 1,391 1,430 93.5 84'0 90.0 Bri tish Columbia.. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . 638 602 626 60.8 56.5 64.6 - - - - - Canada (registration area).......................... 16,694 14,893 14,069 100.1 88.1 86.6 Quebec...................... ...... ............. 14,134 11,387 - 163.7 128.3 - - - - - - - Canada {excla..be or the territories).... . . . . . . . . . . . 311,828 26,280 - 121.8 102.0 - I NOTE.-The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. Infant Mortality by Sex.-Table 57 shows that while male births in 1921 ex- ceeded female births by 5,289, yet owing to the greater mortality among male infants, their net advantage at the end of the year was only 3,066. For the registra- tion area, the ratio of deaths to 1,000 births was 98 for mak , as against 77 for females, ánd 88.1 per 1,000 births both sexes. INFAXT lI-IORT ALITY 201 li7.-:Sumber and Ratio of Infant Deaths In the Registration Area to Living Births, by Sc, and Pro\inces, 1921. :\Iales. Females. Both Sexes. I Deaths under 1 yr. Deaths under 1 yr. Deaths Living Living per Births. umber Per 1,000 Births. N b Per 1,000 1,000 I Births. _ ' urn er. Births. Births. Prince Edward Island........ 1,073 95 88 1,083 85 80 83.5 Kova:-::cotia................. 6,695 73.'\ 110 6,326 573 90 100.7 KewBruns\\ick.............. 5,942 740 124 5,523 559 101 113.3 Ontario...................... 38,307 3,918 102 35,845 2,845 79 91.2 Manitoba......... _ __ ... 9,455 868 92 9,023 665 74 83.0 Saskatchewan............. ... 11,620 1,048 90 10,873 766 70 80.6 Alberta...................... 8,493 808 95 8,068 583 72 84.0 British Columbia............ 5,549 343 62 5,104 259 51 56.5 Totals............... 87,13-1 1 8,558 ---;s 81,81,) 6,335 -n----ss.t Provinces. Infant J/ortality by Cau8e.-More than 82 p.c. of the total infant mortality in 1921 was attributed to 12 diseases, being 83 p.c. for male children and 82 p.c. for female children. In 1922 the same 12 causes were re ponsible for more than 86 p.c. of the infant mortality. In Table 58 are gi,'en the statistiC's of infant mortality by causes for both years. 58.-lnfantile Jlortality by Sex in the Registration Area, by Principal Causes of Death, 1921 and 1922. 1921. 1922. Cause of Death. :\Iale. Female. Total. }fale. Female. Total. -- - - -- Premature birth..... _ 1,862 1,391 3,253 1,908 1,479 3,477 Diarrhoea and enteritis........::::::::: 1,:348 969 2,317 1,203 931 2,134 Co enital debility..................... 1,322 943 2,265 1,139 797 1,936 Pneumonia............................. . 918 676 1,594 889 661 1,550 Bronchitis..................... ......... 150 116 266 104 94 198 Congenital malformations............... 470 363 833 504 385 889 Convulsions. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 325 201 526 284 205 489 Whooping cough. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 212 406 143 138 281 Other infectious diseases. _ .. 293 190 483 527 370 897 l:j iù '.: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : :: . : : 45 33 78 34 30 64 92 83 175 58 44 102 Hernia........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 6J 41 105 50 27 77 Cause of death not stated............... 472 354 826 408 293 701 Other diseases.......................... 1,003 763 1,766 727 547 1,274 --- - - - Total.......................... . 8,55& 6,335 1-1,893 8,008 6,001 1-1,069 Rate per 1,000 living births........ .. . . . . 98.2 77.7 88.1 86.6 NOTE.-The figures for 1922 are subject to revision. Infant Mortality in Various Countries.-The rate of infant mortality to living births has been greatly reduced in civilized countries by the recent advances in medical science and in sanitation. The low rccord is held at the pre:5ent time by New Zealand, where in 1921 the rate of infantile mortality was only 47.8 per 1,000 living births as compared with 68 in 1905. Queensland, with an infantile mortality rate of 54.2 in 1921, made a remarkable record for a sub-tropical country, while Norway and Sweden with rates of 62.3 and 64.4 respcctively in the latcst available year , were the lowest among European COHn tries. As showing the improvement in recent years, it may be stated that the rate of infantile mortality in England and Wales has been reduced from 128 per 1,000 living births in 1905 to 83 in 1921, while the rate in Germany has declined from 196 in 190--1 to 134 in 1921. In thc Nethcrland:5, again, the rate has declincd from 202 I)()I'C Ll TIO.\' l:n I'pr l,oon livinJ!: hirths in 190.') to 72.f' in H120. I-'tatisti(':,; m'p p:iwn hy I<,ading countries in Tablc 59. ã9.- Ratc of Infant )Iortalit) I)l'r 1.000 I.hing Births in Various Countries of the \\orld in Rcccnt Years. Rate oC " R.'J. te oC ('ountQ. Year. inCant Country. Year. inCant mcrtality morta Ii t) . --- :'\ew Zealand....... 1!J21 47.8 II Hcotland........ 1921 90.0 Queensland........ . 1921 54.2 Alherta .. 1922 HO.O Xorway...... _ 1919 62.3 Denmark..... . 1920 90.7 Xl''' South Wal ' 1921 1\2.6 \f ani toba .. 1922 94.2 ;-'\\ eden... .. .. . . . . . . HIl7 64.4 T'inland 1920 9().7 Pritish Columbia....... 1922 64.6 :-';o\.a (.()tia.. 1922 97.3 :-=outh Australia.. ... 1!J21 65.5 ficJ,Úunl. 1919 102.9 Australia... . l!121 65.7 K '\\ Brun,miek 1922 103.7 \ïctoria. In21 72.6 QuebeC'. . 1921 128.3 Xethcrland, 1920 72.8 ;; ny... . 19'21 1 4.0 Prince I d\\anl I,l.wd. 1922 73.0 1922 1 4.0 Ireland 1921 76.0 :-'l'rhia. 1911 1-1Ii . 0 rrance. . 1!1l:? 78.0 :O;pain. 1921 147.4 Tasmania. . . . . . . . l!1:?1 78.0 Ital) l!121 147.1) Western Australia . ....-. .-. 1!!21 78.3 Bulgaria. 1\111 l:ifi .11 {Onion oC South -\!lieu (\\ hite,,) 1111!1 82.0 Jamaieu 1919 lIil.0 Ontario........ . .... 1922 82.9 Japan. . 1921 l'iS.5 F.nl!;land and Wales HI21 83.0 Ceylon... . 1920 182.0 {"nitI'd Kin dom.. 1\121 8:3.0 I Itum.ni.. 1914 187.0 f'\\itzerland..... . "1 HI20 R .8 I1une;an. 1922 199.6 f'askatchewan.. _. .. 1922 81).6 \U8t ria .. ... .. . . . 1918 205.8 rniterl States l ..... 19:?0 S5.8 1{lIssia, EuTO)X'an...... 1909 248.0 ('anada l ................. . 19 RG.G Chilp. 1914 286.0 I Hl'gistration Area. Infant :Mortality in Citics.-In fOl'Jl\('r time:-: C'ÜI('S \\"('re ronsidcrf'd to he> "tl\(' gra\"pyaHls of population." The numhf'r of de>aths, c'onf-:ef)lIt'nt upon thc rapid :-prC' .(1 of Ìnff'ctious di ease::;, wa generally grc'atC'r than the number of births and it wa the ]))'pvailing opinion that ('it if'S would naturally comC' to an end if they were not })('ing cun t antly rC'inforced by fre h young life from the prolific' countrysidc. ThC' unhC'alt hiness of ('it ies was f'spp('ially rlt'st rtH't ivp of infant lifC', and it is one> of thc' greatC'st triumphs of our time that tht' ('ity mc, is in our days, if not as hC'althy, yf'Ì not ne('pst-;arily morc dangC'rous to human liff' or l':-:pecially to infant lifp, than lifC' in thc ('ountry a a whole. To give parti('ular examples, thf' ratC' of infantilc mortality in I ondon, England "8.s in HI I, 80 per 1,000 living births as ('('mpared wit h a rate for England and \YalC's of b3 per 1,000. I\ew York City experiC'n('C'd in 1921 an infant mortality of ï1lwr 1,000 a!': against a rate of 85.8 pcr 1,000 for thc rcgistration area of thC' rnitC'ò. :-\tates. The department of the RC'ine (Paris) had in UH 9 an infantilc mortality of 11 per 1,000 living hirths as compared with 12 for thc 77 departments of Franre for which Ow vital statisties wcre collect cd. In Gt'rmany again, the infant mor- tality for BC'rlin was, in 1921, 13.5 per 1,000 living births as compan'd with 134 for t hC' whole> country. In Canada, our C',,-pcric'nce, cxcept in the provin('C' of QupheC', has abo up to tll(' pre>se>nt hepn rather favourable to the citif'!':. Montreal had in 1021 an infant mortality of l.')X p<'r 1,000 living births as compar('d with 128 for the province of QuebC'C'. On thc other hand, Toronto had in HI:!1 an infant mortality of 91 per 1.000 living hirths as again!':t 91.2 for the provin('c of Ontario. o too, \\ïnnilwg e...:perienced in lU21 an infantile mortality of 77 pC'r 1,000 as compared with :{ for :\Ianitoba, and YancouvC'r in 1921 an infantilc mortality of 59 per 1,000 living hirths as compared" ith 56.!} in thc Sington. Edmonton. :-;aska toon.. .. . Toronto. . . . . . . . J,ondon, Ont. Buenos Aire . :\lanchester. . . . Paris.. . . . . . . . . . Hamburg. Year. i f iì II mort3lit . 1920 1921 1921 1916 191.') 1921 1921 19 1 1921 1921 1921 HI21 1\116 1920 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 1919 1921 1921 1921 1921 1916 1921 Hl21 1921 City. 4,> Edinburgh... 54 Antwerp.... . 54 J,i verpool.. . . 55 G la,;gow 56 -\berrlepn. . . . 56 Ionte \ïdpo... 59 Dresdpn. . 61 Rellast. 62 Dublin.... 62 Munich........ 67 Genoa.............. 71 Berlin, Gprmany....... 7::\ Halifax........ 74 J.eipzig."... 71 Ottawa.......... 74 Cologne 7;; Chicago..... 77 Vienna........ 78 Ht.John............. 80 Pragup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 :--;hcrbrooke..... 82 :\1 ar,;eille-,;. . . . . . 82 îontreal...... 85 Quebec. .. . .. . . . 89 Breslau. . .. . . . . . 91 Hio rle .Janeiro... 91 :\Iadriù.. !12 Florpn!'!'. . .. . . 94 Petrognlll 94 :\I:adras. 95 Bom bay 95 Ratp of Year. infantile mortality. 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 19Hì 1921 1921 1921 1921 1916 1921 1921 1!J2! 1921 1921 1916 1921 1921 1921 1920 1916 1921 1921 1921 1912 1915 1916 1912 1921 W20 96 98 105 106 108 111 115 115 12:{ 126 126 135 135 136 139 140 145 146 147 151 154 157 158 163 170 170 177 192 249 2Rl fi56 "Maternall\lortality.-.\ subject of cognat<, intere t with infantile mortality i that of maternal mortality. The maternal mortality in the C'ight provincei:; con- f'tituting the registration area of Canada i hown hy agC' group:; in Table 61, and by causes in Table 62. 61.- Jlaternal Jlortalit) in the Re istration Area, b) \ge Groups, 1921 and 1922. .\g(' croup-. P.E.I. K.S. ì\ .B. Onto l\lan. Sask. Alta. B.C. Total. --- - - - - - - - - - IMI. 15-19.... ...... 1 2 4 22 3 7 4 - 43 20-24. . ...... - 13 7 51 14 22 18 12 137 2.'i--29. . .. 2 10 9 93 15 19 34 7 189 :m-3!1.. 3 22 20 174 39 68 46 29 401 40-4H. . 1 9 7 47 10 12 9 3 98 - -- -- -- - -- - - - Totals. 7 56 4, 3!ì7 hi 1 8 111 51 S6S - - - - - - - - - Ra tp per 1,000 Ii \ in!! birt h,; 3.2 4.3 4.1 5.2 4.4 5.7 6.7 4.8 5.1 - - - - - - - - - 1922. lã-19. . 1 3 5 18 4 7 6 2 46 20-24. . .. 2 13 5 70 8 23 19 6 146 25-29. . 3 14 14 71 29 28 24 7 190 a0-39. . - 32 30 158 4::\ 50 47 33 393 40-49.. _ I 8 5 51 14 17 13 11 120 50 and over. - - - 1 1 - - - 2 Age not stated'. . . . . . . . . . . : - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - Totals. . .U 59 370 99 12,) IU9 59 ts9S - -- - - - - - -.- -- H.atcper 1,000 Ii \"i ng births 3.4 5.6 5.1 .').2 5.6 5.7 6.9 6.1 5.5 XOTF.- Thl' fi url',", for 1!122 are ,",uhjppt to rè\"Ì;:ion. 204 POPULATION C2.-IUaternal Mortality in the Registration Area, by Causes of Death, 1921 and 1922. I Total, Cause of death. P.E.I. N.S. :-'.B. Onto Sask. AHa. B.C. regis- :Man. tra tion area. - - - - - - - - 1921. Accidents or pregnancy- total. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 8 3 !J 17 26 23 11 1 7 (a) Abortion. .......... - 1 2 39 9 8 9 4 72 (b) Ectopic gcstation... - 1 - 11 3 - 8 4 27 (c) Other aCl'idents or pregnancy.......... . 1 6 1 48 5 18 6 3 88 Puerpcral haemorrhage.... 1 8 13 47 7 17 9 5 107 Other accidents or child- birth-totaL....... . . . 1 5 4 48 15 21 21 5 120 (a) Caesarean section.. . - 1 - 4 2 - 2 3 12 (b) Othcr surgil'.al oper- ations amI instru- mcntal delivcry..... - 1 - 4 - - - - 5 (c) Others under thif' title............... . 1 3 4 40 13 21 i.9 2 103 Puerperal sepsis...... ..... 2 9 6 75 24 33 26 14 189 Phlegmasia alba dolens; t pU(' eral em holism or sud en death in puer- perium. .. ............ - 2 3 14 3 4 3 3 32 Puerperal albuminuria and convulsions.......... - 2 23 15 81 14 21 18 9 183 Following cbildbirth (not othern ise defined). .. . - 1 3 24 1 6 11 4 50 Puerperal diseases or the hreast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Totals. ..... 7 56 47 387 ISI US III 51 SSS - - - - - - - - - 1922. Accidents or pregnancy- total............. ..... 2 12 12 í8 18 27 25 18 192 (a) AhortiQn............ - 6 2 34 9 12 17 13 93- (b) Ectopic gestation... - 1 4 . 18 3 5 2 - 33 (c) Other accidents or .. pregnancy. ....... . . . 2 5 6 26 6 10 6 5 66 Puerperal haemorrhage.... - 5 6 55 14 21 12 6 119 Other accident!'! of child- birth-totaL......... . - 8 6 42 11 10 16 4 97 (a) Caesarean 8cction.. . - - 2 15 2 1 1 - 21 (b) Other surgical oner- ations and instru- mental delivery.. ... - 1 - 3 - 1 2 - 7 (c) Others under this ÞOI title... . - 7 4 24 9 8 13 4 69 Puerpera) sepsi :".:::::::: 2 12 14 59 24 31 22 9 1i3 Phlegmasia alba dolens; puerperal embolism or sudden death in puer- 4 perium............... . - 2 2 22 4 4 8 46 Pucrperal albuminuria and 2 !)5 19 23- 23 13 197 convulsions.......... . 21 11 Follm\ ing childbirth (not othprv. h.e defined). . . . 1 10 8 29 8 9 3 5 73 Puerperal disl'ases of the breast............... . - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -----+- Totals. ........... 7 70 59 370 99 J 5 109 5' 89!S XOTE.-Thc figure" ror 1922 are subject to revision. IJI,fM IGRATION 205 IlL-IMMIGRATION. Immigration has throughout Canadian history played a great part in reinforcing Canadian population, especially the English-speaking population. 'Vhile the great majority of French-Canadians can trace their genealogy back to ancestors who left the Old 'World 200 or 250 years ago, or even longer, the great bulk of English- speaking Canadians are comparative newcomers both to Canada and to this con- tinent, though a considerable number of the United Empire Loyalist families had been resident in the old colonies for generations before they moved north to estab- lish English-speaking settlements in Canada. During the middle third of the nineteenth century there 'was a great English-!'peaking immigration which settled the province of Ontario and made it for the first time more populous than the sister province of Quebec, thus bringing about the agitation for representation by popula- tion. Thereafter immigration slackened until the dawn of the twentieth century brought another flood of settlers to the newly opened territories of the Great North West, resulting in an increase of population between the censuses of 1901 and 1911 greater than the combined increase of the three decades from 1871 to 1901. I.-Statistics of Immigration. Immigration during the second decade of the twentieth century promised at its commencement to be even greater than during the first. In its first three years no fewer than 1,141,547 persons are report.ed to have entered Canada for purposes of settlement. If this rate had been maintained, the population of Canada in 1921 would certainly have been in excess of ten millions instead of bcing less than nine millions. The war, which commenced on August 4, 1914, dried up the sources of our immigration in Great Britain and Continental Europe, where every able-bodied man was needed for the defence of hi'S country. Immigrant arrivals from the United Kingdom in 1918 only numbered some 3,000 as compared with 150,000 in 1913; from Continental Europe immigrant arrivals numbered only about 3,000 in 1916 as compared with approxii1lately 135,000 in 1914. Since the war, immigration, though increasing, has never approached that of the pre-war period, which is prob- ably a fortunate circumstancc, since the capital necessary to set in employment such great bodies of labourers as came to Canada in 1912 and 1913 could hardly have been sE'cured. Immigration to Canada, as to other new countries, is generally greatest in "boom" periods, when capital as well as labour is leaving the older countries for the newer in order to secure the more remunerative investments gcnerally to be found in virgin territories where the natural resources are still unexploited. In periods of depression, however, the sending abroad of both capital and labour is diminished, both preferring at such times to endure the evils which they know at home rather than take the risks of a new departure at a distance. This proposition is aptly illustrated by the statistics of Table 63, which show that during the past 25 years, immigration was at its minimum in the year of deepest depression, 1897, that it steadily increased from that time forward until 1908, that a decline took place in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1909, on account of the short depression of 1908, that thereafter immigration steadily increased till 1913, while the fiscal year ended March 31, 1914, showcd a decline due to the depression which occurred in the year preceding the war. In the fiscal years 1915 to 1919 political rather than economic conditions restricted immigration, but with the expansion of business at the end of the war mil" immigration was more than doubled, while the depression Oü 1'01't' L1 TIns which characterind 19:21 and 19:!:! is J"(.fleeted in tlH' dC'clining immigrat ion of t hp fiscal years ended March 31, H)2:! and 1!}:!:3. The improvement in bu in('ss ('onditions in 19:23 has been r('flcetcd in an incrca e of immigration during the fir,..;t half of thc fi:-:cal year mding l\Iarch 31, 19:2--1. During these Rix m.onths 9--1,33:3 :-cttlers entered Canada as compared with 46,331 in thc same period of the pre- ccding year-an increase of 104 p.c. The number of immigrant arrivals in Canada from the rnitC'd Kingùom, the United States and other countrie:,; is given hy years from 1 97 in Ta.ble 63. 63o-N'umber ofImmigrant Arrhals in Canada from the t:"nited Kingdom. the rnite(1 states and other countries, 1891-19'!3. I I I lmmig.ant Arrivals Immigrant .\.rrival,; from from Fiscal I rnitcd - Total. Fi8cal Total. Years. rnited Other Year!:!. l'nited United Other I King- Coun- King- Coun- dom. taÌllS. tries. dom. :::;tates. tries. -- -- - - ISHii............. . 11 ,38 2,412 7,921 21, ilG 1911. .... 123,013 121,4;)1 66,620 311,Ob1 1898 1 .. ... .. . . . . . . . ll,17 9,119 ll,G08 31,900 1912...__. 130,121 133, il'l 82,40G 354,237 lROOI... .. .. lD, 660 11,945 21,918 44, 54 1913. .. . .. . : :: : 150,542 139,000 112, " t 402, 4 2 1000 2 .... .. .. 5,141 8,54a 10,211 23, 895 l!Jl4.......... . 142,622 107, 530 134,7:!'i : S4,SiS 1901. ............. 11,810 17, H8i 19, 52 40,149 1915.. . . . . . .. 43,276 50,77!! 41,n4 144,7S!! 1002.. . .. .... 17 , 259 26,388 23, 732 67,379 1916..... . ... 8,Ii64 3fì,037 2,9 6 4S,5.n 1903. .. ..... . 41, i92 49,473 37,099 12".364 1917...... 8,282 61,3S!! 5,70: 75.:371 1904. . . .. .. .. . .. . . ,)0,374 45,171 4, iS6 1: 0, 331 HJlg.. .. .. .... 3,1i8 il,314 4,;)82 79,074 I!I05. .. . .. . . . .. . G5, 59 4:\, 543 37, 364 141ì,266 1919. __ -- . .. 9,914 40,715 7,Oi ;)i, i02 HI06.. __..... tj, 796 ,'>7.796 44.4 Ï2 Ih!l,064 1920. . 59,G03 49,651; 8,07i 117,336 100i 3 ._ ...... .. ,)5,791 34,ö50 :-:4. li 124,667 1921. . .... 74,262 41-j,059 26,151; 14S,477 1008. 120,182 58,:n n,07,'j 262,469 1922 39,020 29.345 21,6 4 9,!1!19 1909... 52,901 59,8:32 34, 175 146,90S 192 . . 34, 50S .,.) 00-' l1ì,372 72,887 ..... --, ' 1910. ..... 59,790 IO: , 798 4.'>,206 20>>.7!14 , 1 Calendar year. 2 ix month:-, January to June, inclu"i\"e. 3 Xinp month" cnrfed :\Iarch 31. XOTJI:-Ree Table 7 of this i>ection for an e,.timate of the mo\ement of population between the censu"e:- of 1911 and 1921. ationality of Immi rant Arrivals.-Immigration, whit'h \\ a:-- at a low ebb during the war period, may oncc marC' t)('come, \\ hC'n normal condi t ion arC' restored, the chief means of reinforring population and populatinj.!; the va:-:t waste spacC's of Canada. "L'nder sueh condition the racial and linguistic composition of that immi- gration become of paramount importance, Canadian::; generall.\' prefer that fo'f'ttlers should bc of a rC ldily a:--: imilable typC', already identifipd hy raec or languaj.!;c with one or other of the two great races now inhabiting thi country-and tllUs prC'parC'd for the as.;umption of the dutiC's of dpmol'ratie Canaclian eitiz('w..hip. :-:;inec the FrC'nrh are not to any grC'at e'i:tí'nt an ('migrating peoplp, thOis lIlpans that thf' prC'- fC'rablC' sett Iprs are those who spí'ak the Engli:-h languagC' - t hosc eoming from the {-nit(.d h.ingdolll or tllf' l nited :-\tat('s. Xext in ordpr of rp:alinC'..:s of a:-,similation arc thc' :-;eandinavians nnd the Dutch, who readily IC'al"ll Engli:-:h and arc already acquainted with thf' working of freC' dC'morratic institutions; a fc'" 'year ago most Canadians would have included the Germans in the sanl(' r:ltC'gory. :--\C'ttlcrs from Houthern and Eastí'l'n Europe, howevpr desirable from the pU1'('ly economiC' point of view, arc lcss readily assimilate(1, anù thC' CanaùÏanizing of the people from the::;e rcgions who came to Canada in the first fourteen years of this century is a problem both in thc agricultural Prairie Provinces and in the cities of the Eafo't. Les," Wo;.<;imil- able still, according to the gC'lwral opinion of Canadian , are tho:-:p who comc to Canaùa from t hC' Orií'ut. lJ/JIIGRAXT ARRIVALS Oï On the whole the great bulk of Canadian immigration of the past gC'neratiun has been drawn from the Engli:,;h-speaking countriC':-.;, and from tho!'e continental European countries where the population Ü; ethnically nearly related to the Briti h. The nationalities of the immigrant arrivals of t he yC'ars from H)1() to ] fI : arC' shown in Table 64. 6-1.-Immi ant .\rrimls in Canada. by Xationalities all!. Ital"e,. fiscal )o'ea)"" 1916-t92: . ,ationalities. 1!/16. 1!J!7. 1915. 1!J19. In:?o. 19:?1. In:?:? 1 1 ",' . _.J. - - - - - - - RIÎti:;h ;O-;ubjPct- eritish Isles- English .............. 5,857 5,li-t 2,477 7,954 45, lï3 47,6S" 23,22.') HI, 11\:-- Irish. ................ 818 95S 174 336 2,751 6,3Kl 3..')72 3,66 Hcottish. . . ..................... 1,887 2,01\2 473 1,518 10,997 19,248 11, .j96 11,071 Welsh. ..................... 102 88 54 106 682 !H3 li27 581 - - -- - - -- - - - Total, British Isles....... . 8, 664 8,2'\2 3,178 9,914 59,603 74,252 39,020 3t,:;OS - -- -- - - -- - Other British- Africans, South.................. 11 1 4 23 63 32 41 Australians..................... . 32 18 34 35 88 90 76 67 Bermudians.. ....... ........ ...... 16 10 I 1 S .) 7 East Indians............. ........ 1 10 l:i 21 Jamaicans........... . 9 6 24 2 3 Ix 13 :m \laltese........... ..... 4 109 144 2 405 I4U :!-1 3-;- X e\\ foundlanders. . . . . . . 255 1,21:J 1,199 512 4-13 1,042 :!1i7 1,552 X ew Zealanders. . . IS 12 13 15 31 40 5 3:! -- - -- ------- - -- - Total, Other British....... 330 1,405 1,428 5(j7 11114 1,411 562 1,80<; - --- --- - -- -- --- Grand Total, British Subjects... 8,99-1 9.'ìS7 4.606 to,.U;t 60,:)97 75,673 39,.3S2 36,316 European Continental :\ a tionali- t ies- _\Ibanians 6 6 -\ustJ ianb 15 5 26 14 2: Bel ians... ...... ......... 172 1:?6 19 48 1,532 1,645 503 3lü Bulgarians.. . .. .. . . . . . . . . I I 4 27 III C'zecho-SIO\.aks..... . I 4 308 152 101 Dutch..... IS6 151 !J4 59 154 595 183 Il!1 Esthoni:ms. 12 Finnish. . 139 249 113 2 44 1,401 274 1,lïI French. . . . . 180 199 II4 222 1,5 4 861 332 :--1 Germans. 27 9 I I 12 137 178 ::?16 Gn'eks._ 145 258 45 4 39 357 209 Hi Ih'bre\\s, 'n. '. .'.'.'.'..... 1:-' 28 2 15 32 !J20 2,336 tj:;!, Hebre\\s, \ustrian...... .. . I 1 1 I I Iebre\\ s, German.. I Hebre\\s, Polish. . .. ... . . 36 1,600 5,216 1,3711 lIebrews, Hus.,ian.. . . . . . . . 46 108 : o 48 242 51 i5:! Hungarians. . . 23 48 2:! Italians...... . 3SS 758 189 4!J I, 16S 3,h 0 2,413 2,07t Jugo-Hlavs.. __ 6 2 I 12 hf! 180 l:!tj T atvians. _ . . ... I Lit huanians.. HI LO(i 1.uxembergers. . . iii 1ü ii ;! Polish........ ............ I) 12 76 -1, O!i I ::?,70: 2,92 Purtugue!'e 1 4 Rumanians,...... . 4 -1 21 9W i5!} 427 Rus!,212 52,746 35,648 28,728 26,1ï7 12,406 1,766 18\1,064 1907 (9 mos.)...... .. .. . . . _ 6,510 18,3l!J 32,654 20,273 15,307 17,559 13,650 3D5 124,667 1908................. ..... 10,360 44,157 75, 133 39,789 30,5.10 31,477 30,768 19'> 262,469 1909.._........_......... . 6,517 19,733 29,265 19,702 22, 146 27,6'>1 21,862 32 146,908 1910. ... . .. ... . .. . 10,644 28,524 46,129 21,04!J 2D,218 42,509 30,721 - 208,794 1911. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,23ti 42,914 80,035 34,653 40.763 44,782 54,701 - 311,084 1912. .... .... .. .. . . ., . . .. . 15,973 50,602 100,227 43,477 41i,15 45,957 51. 3 - 354,237 1913. . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . . 19,8oo 64, 8J5 122,798 43,813 45.147 48,073 57,960 - 402,432 1914..................... . 16,730 80,368 123,792 41,640 40,999 43,741 37,608 - 384,878 1915..................... . 11,104 31,053 i4,873 13, 1\Iti 16,173 18,263 10,127 - 144,789 1916. . . ..... ... .. .... .. .. . 5,981 8,274 14,743 3,487 6,001 7,215 2,83(; - 48,537 1917..................... . 5,710 10,930 26,078 5,247 9,874 12,418 5,117 - 75,374 1918..... .... . '.' . ... .... . 5,247 9,059 23,754 6,252 12,382 16,821 5,559 - 79,074 1919..................... . 3,860 6,772 13,826 4,IS62 8,552 11,640 8,190 - 57,702 1920. .... .... . . .. ........ . 5,554 13,078 39,344 11,387 14,287 20,000 13,68ti - 117,336 1921. .. . ... .... .... .. " .. . 6,353 21,100 62,572 12.649 13.392 17,781 14,630 - 148,477 1922. . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . .. . 3,222 13, 724 34,590 8,904 9,894 11,825 7,840 - 89,999 1923. .. . . .... " . ... . ... .. . 3,298 9,343 30,444 6,037 8,18ti 8,798 6,781 - 72,887 - - - - -- - - - Tobll. . . .. . . . .. .. . 176,339 577 ,958 1,0-10,9411 510,674 1,010, 27 41I1,n8 13.211 a,7-10,61 CCCUPATION OF IM1'tIIGRAI...-T ARRIVALS 209 Occupation of Immigrant Arrivals.-As stated below in the paragraphs dealing with immigration policy, the settlers most universally acceptable to Can- adians are those who settle on the land or those females who enter domestic service. In Table 66 will be found statistics of the occupations of immigrant arrivals in Canada during the fiscal years ended March 31, HI22 and 1923. GG.-Occupation and Destination of Total Immi ant Arrhals in Canada for the }'iscal Years 1922 and 1923. Description. Farmers and farm labourers- :\1.en..................... ........... \Vomen........... .................. Children....... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Generallabourers- l'Ilen......._......... __. "" _ ... \Vomen........................ . .... Children........................... . Mechanics- l\ien. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Vomen.... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Chi dren....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . CierI,s, traders, etc.- ):en................................ \Yomen............................ . Children........................... . Miners- '1.en............................... . \YOInpn............................ . Children. . . ... ..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domestics- \\.omen.... .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . Not classified- l\[ m............................... . \Ybmen............................ . Children.... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Totals- !\len..... ....... ... ...... ........... \\"omen............................ . Children........................... . Totals. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Des tina tion- Maritime Provinces..... . . . . . . . Quebec. . __ . . . . . Ontario..... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ïanitoba.......................... . Saskatchewan...................... . l-'..lberta. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia.............. ..... Yukon. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922. 1923. Via From the Via From the Ocean lJ ill ted Totals. Ocean United Totals. Purts. tates. Ports. States. ------ 11,556 8,049 19,605 11, 370 6,389 17,750 3,600 2,384 5,984 2,536 2,070 4,606 3,185 2,861 6,046 2,242 2,541 4,786 2,812 1,802 4,614 2,675 884 3,559 844 445 1,289 388 229 617 594 340 934 344 169 513 3,623 2,285 5,\108 4,158 1,382 5,540 1,886 544 2,430 1,293 386 1,679 919 453 1,372 836 351 1,187 1,404 1,175 2,579 1,003 688 1,691 1,049 489 1,5 651 315 966 428 283 711 237 181 418 494 146 640 920 175 1,09!> 101 19 120 111 31) 141 109 22 131 142 25 167 6,880 755 7,635 6,273 701 6,974 3,256 1,995 5,251 2.264 1,387 3,651 9,973 3,073 13,046 7,359 2,414 9,773 7,941 2,225 10,166 6,078 1,696 7,774 ------ 23,145 15,452 38,597 22,390 10,896 33, 286 24,333 7,709 32,042 18,611 6,145 24,756 13,176 6, IS-! 19,360 9,879 4,966 14,845 -------- 60.6,;! 29.3,15 89,999 ';0,880 22,007 12,1:187 ------ 2,033 1,189 3,222 2,368 930 3,298 9,357 4,367 13,72-1 6,163 3,18:! 9,343 25,741 8, W) 34,5\10 24,417 6,027 30,444 7,188 1,716 8,(104 4,589 1,457 6,037 5,365 4,5::!9 9,8i14 4,413 3,773 8,186 5,24: 6,582 11,825 4,113 4,685 8,798 5,722 2,008 7, no 4,819 1,833 6,652 5 10'; 110 7 1.)0) 129 Prohibited Immigration.-The following is a summary of the classes whose admisf'ion to Canada is prohibited under the existing regulations. The regulations, ho" ever, do not apply to Canadian citizens or perbons having Canadian domicile:- (1) Imbeciles, feebleminded persons, epileptics, insane persons, persons of constitutional psychopathic inferiority, pf-'rsons suffering from chronic alcoholism and thosf' mentally defective to such a degree as to affect their ability to earn a living. WB73-H 210 ]J()PCLATIO.Y (2) Pl'rsons afficted wit h tuherculot-:i ur wit h any loat Iwsonw, con taJ!:ious or infpctious di pasp or a disl'ase whiC'h may hp (bngprous to public b'alth; immigrants who arl' dumb, blind or otlwrwisp physically dpfectin'. (:3) Prostitutps and wonwn and girls ('oming to Canada for allY immoral purposp, pimps. IH'ocurpr and pl'rsons "ho ha \"(. he(.n ('onyieted of any crinH' involving moral turpitude. (4) Professional beggar or vagrants, charity aided immigrants and lwrsons who arl' likdy to bl'C'ome public charges. (5) Anarchists, pl'rsons who dishf-'lieve in or are oppof:pd to org:miZl'd governnwnt or who belong to any organization teaching disbelief in or oppo::,i- t ion to organized government, persons who have bepn guilty of pspionage or high treason and pprsons who have lwen deported from Canada. (ü) ppr:-\12 616 725 520 5,6::!: OtllPr countries.. ... .. 1,483 47ï 3!)1\ 204 95 84 76 7!1 133 2H 22-1 3,465 ------------- Totals........ . .... 6,90;1 1 ,1S3-1 1,73-1 I,U3 605 527 15-1 1 bd5,I,UU 1 2,016j 1,6.12 18,ti1St Juvenile Immi ration.-_\mong the most gf'nerally H-'f'f'ptable immigrant arrivab are the juveniles of both Sf'xes, who are trained by highly af'f'rediterl British organizations for Canadian liff' before POming to Canada, thf' boys being taught the lig,hter branches of farm work, whilp tlH' girls are instruct<.'d in dome:-.;tic occupations. On arrival in Canada the boys arp plapcd on farms, whilp tll<' girl:--; are placed <'ithf'r in town or f'Olmtry, but th<.' organizations remain the kgal gmlldians of the childrpn until they have rearllf'd maturity, and in alMition the chil(lr<.'n aI"(' subject to dfìcient and recurrent GovernnlPnt inspection until they reach their ninetpent h year. This i]ll-'pef'tion i:--; under th<.' f'ontrol of the upervi:-.;or of Juv<.'nile Immigra- tion. The number of juvenile:, immigrated to Canada in eaeh year since 1901, tf)- gether with the number of applications for their sf'rvices, is given in Table 68, from which it may be seen that the application::; are in re('ent years from 10 to I.') times the number of young per ons immigrat<.'d. 68.-Juvenile Immigrant.s and Applications for their Ser\ices, 1981-1923. Applications II Applications Fi"C:.ll Jun'nill' Fiscal Juvpnile \em. immi!!;rants. for thpir Year. immigrant". for tllPir services. services. -- Xo. !\o. Xo. :\"'0. 1901 -. !li7 5, ;ft 1913 .. 2,642 33,4n 1902.. . .. l,ã40 S,ãS7 1914. 2,318 32,417 1903. . 1,979 14,219 19 I.'). .. 1, S99 30, 854 1904.. .. 2,212 16,573 1916. ... ..... ::;21 31,72j 1905-. .. 2,814 17 , 833 1917. .... 251 28,993 1906.. .. 3,258 19,374 1918........ . ... - 17,916 1907 1 ... . 1,455 15,800 1919. ... .., ..... - 11,718 1908....... . ... 2,375 17,239 1!I20 . ...... 155 10, 235 1909. . .. 2,424 15,417 1921. 1.421\ 19,841 1910.. . 2,422 lRA77 192:! ... 1,211 15,3i1 1911..... . 2,.')24 21,768 1923.... .. .' 1,184 17,005 1912.. .... .. 2,689 31,040 - Total.... . ...... JS,ã76 -I51,6;.i 'OTE.- The above are included in the total number of immigrants recorded el"ewhere. 1 :\"ine months Oriental Immi ration.-The immigration to Canada of labourer belonging to the Asiatic mcp , able bf'cau e of their low standard of living to underbid the white man in sPlling th<.'ir labanI' is fUlldampntally an economif' ratll<'r than a racial problem, afff'f'ting most. of all tho e p!)rtions of tllf' f'Olmtry whi('h ar<.' neare t to the Efi t find the eIas!,:pf-: whif'h fpd their <.'f'onomif' po:-;ition thr<.'atp}l<'d. ():? 73-14 212 POPULATION Chinese ImmigratÙ.n.-As a result of the influx of Chinese into Canada, legis- lation was passed in 1885 (48-49 Yict., c. 71) providing that thereafter Chinese of the labouring class should be required as a condition of their entry into Canada to pay a head tax of $50 each; on January 1, 1901 (62-64 Vi('t., c. 32), this amount was increased to 8100 and on January 1, Ig04 (3 Edw. YII, c. 8) to 500. This tax is paid by Chincse immigrants, with the exception of consular officers, merchants and clergymen and their families, tourists, men of science, students and teachers, a record showing the number of Chinese admitted who paid the tax, the number exempt from it, and the revenue realized being given by years from 1886 in Table 69. In recent years the number of Chinese immigrants <'lltcring Canada has been much reduced, owing to the operation of Orders in Council (renewed every six months from December 8, 1913, and replaced by an Order in Council of June 9, 1919) under which the landing in British Columbia of skilled and unskilled artisans and labourers is prohibited. 69.-Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1923. Fibcal Year. 1886-91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1892......___..... _._.............. ....... ..... 1893.. __.. ..... .... -............... 1894.... . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... '"'''' .. ....... 1895............................. .............. 1896..... ..... ...... ........... ..... ....... .... 1897........ .... .......... .... ..... ............ 1898.......... ........ .......... 1899.... .. ., .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . 1900.... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.... ......... 1902.... . .. .. .. . 1903.......... .. 1904.... ............. ... ..... ............. 1905...... ............... ............ 1906................................ ..... 1907 1 .... ................ .............. 1908.. __ . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909.. ......................... 1910......... """" 1911. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912....... ........................... 1913. ... . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. ... . . .. . 1914...... ......................... 1915......... .......................... 1916...... ......................... 1917... ............................... 1918...... ....-............. 1919. ..... 1920....... .......................... .. 1921. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 1922. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1923. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Totals. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !jl,lJ4, 1Nine months. Paying tax. No. 4,590 3,276 2,244 2,0::;7 1,440 1,762 2,447 2,175 4,385 4,231 2,518 3,1525 5,245 4,719 8 22 91 1,482 1,411 l,tH4 4,51:> 6,OS:J 7,078 5,274 1,155 20 272 650 4,Ob6 363 885 1,459 652 Exempt from tax. Percentage of total arrivals Rcgistra- admitted tion for exempt leave. from tax. Total Revenue. Ko. 222 6 14 22 22 24 24 17 17 26 26 62 84 128 69 146 200 752 6!lã 68S 805 4 8 367 238 103 69 121 119 267 181 1,550 287 59 1,9013 p.c. 4.61 0.18 0.62 1.04 1.50 1.34 0.97 0.78 0.39 0.61 1.02 1.73 1.58 2.G4 89.1)1 86.!J0 68.73 33.61 33.00 29.89 15.13 7.57 4.93 4.32 8.1\1 77.53 30.78 15.47 6.15 33.27 63.66 16.44 8.30 8.t1Z No. 7,041 2,168 1,277 666 4n 697 71\8 802 8:>:1 1,102 1,204 :g i 1,920 2,08 2,421 : 3,731 4,002 3,956 4,:U2 3,742 3,450 4,373 4,Ob4 3,312 2,907 3,244 5.52J 6,80] 7,5 2 6,682 $ 239,6ti4 166,503 113,491 105,021 72,475 88,800 123,119 109,7M 220,310 215,102 178,704 364,972 526,744 474,420 6,080 13,521 48,094 746,535 713,131 813,003 <) '>6'} 05G 3' Õ4 ' 7' N 3: 54iÚ42 2,644,593 588,124 19,389 140,487 336,757 2,01\9,61\9 53'),479 474, :J:t! 743,032 431,557 IOl,2lb 22,189,b82 I The Chinese Immigration Act of 1023 (13-14 Geo. V, c. 38) restricts the entry to or landing in Canada óf persons of Chinese origin or descent, irrespective of allegiance or citizenship, other than government representatives, Chinese children born in Canada, merchants (defined by what regulations the i\Iinister of Immigra- ORIENTAL I.JrMIGRATION 213 tion and Colonization may prescribe) and students-the last two classes to possess passports issued by the Government of China and endorsed by a Canadian immi- gration officer. Japanese immigration to Canada was comparatively negligible prior to the Russo- Japanese war of 1904-5, but thereafter assumed considerable proportions, no fewer than 7,601 Japanese immigrants entering Canada, largely from Hawaii, in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1908, and settling mainly in British Columbia. In that year an agrcement was made with the Japanese Government under which the latter undertook to limit the number of passports issued to Japanese emigrating to Canada, while the Canadian Government agreed to admit those possessing such passports, while prohibiting others from entering. The statistics of Table 70 show that in this way Japanese immigration has been effectively limited. East Indian immigration to Canada, like Japanese, is shown by the statistics of Table 70 to have bcen negligible down to 1907, when no fewer than 2,124 East Indian immigrants arrived. However, as a consequence of the operation of section 38 of the Immigration Act of 1910, East Indian immigration has since that date been comparatively small A resolution of the Imperial War Conference of 1918 declared that "it is the inherent function of the Governments of the several com- munities of the British Commonwealth that each should enjoy complete control of the composition of its own population by means of restriction on immigration from any of the other communities." However, it was recommended that East Indians already permanently domiciled in other British colonies should be allowed to bring in their wives and minor children, a recommend3:tion which was implemented, s far as Canada was concerned, by Order in Council of March 26, 1919. However', in the fiscal years ended March 31, 1921, 1922 and 1923, only 10, 13, and 21 East Indian immigrants respectively were admitted. 70.-Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1923. Fiscal Chi- Japan- East Total. Fiscal Chi- Japan- East Total. Year. nese. ese. Indians. Year. nese. ese. Indians. - - - -- - - - No. No. No. No. No. No. Ko. No. 1901........... . 2,544 6 - 2,550 1913............ . 7,445 724 5 8,174 1902........... . 3,587 - - 3,587 1914............ . 5,512 856 88 6,456 1903. ........... 5,329 - - 5,3 9 1915............ . 1,258 592 - 1,850 1904........... . 4,847 - - 4,847 1916............ . 89 401 1 491 1905.. _ __ . . ..... 77 354 45 476 1917..... ..-.. 393 648 - 1,041 1906. . 168 1,922 387 2,477 1918. . 769 883 - 1,652' 19071 . ......... : : : : 291 2,042 2,124 4,457 1919...::::::::: : 4,333 1,178 - 5,511 1908..... ....... 2,234 7,601 2,623 12,458 1920............ . 544 711 - 1,2 1909........... . 2,106 495 6 2,607 1921.. .. . 2,435 532 10 2,977 1910........... . 2,302 271 10 2.5iB 1922.......::::: : 1,746 471 13 2,230 1911........... . 5,320 437 5 5,7ti2 1923............ . 711 369 21 1,101 1912........... . 6,581 765 3 7,349 - - - TotaL....... . 60,621 21. 258 s,a-l1 87,m 1 ine months. 2l-l ])()])CL.l T lOX Expenditure on Immigration.- 1'1)(' SUIll e pel1dpd bv the Dominion Goyernment on inlluiJ!;ration in eaeh of thp fi:.wal years (>ll(lpd 186g to 19 : incluf'ive. [1:-- stated in th(' Puhlif' Af'f'ouJlt:-- i f'u('(l annually hy tJ)(. Dí'partnl<'nt of rinanep, are :--hO\\ n in 1'ahlp 71. ;1.- E\I)(,lUliture on Immi ation in the Fis('a) \"('ars t 6"-t92:J. (Compiled frolll ,he I'ubli,-. \('count!"). '\ ear. S Yt'ar. I $ Year. 4: I \ l'ar. S - 11--:: - - - -- I 36.050 1 .)... .. . 373,958 189b... . ... 261, HI511 1912. .. . 1. 365,000 2G, 952 1 1 !\M....... .. 511.209 H\!J!I 255.879 t!)l3......... 1,4 7, 112 55,!Jfi6 IHb5. .... . ..... 423,861 1900. .... 134.))63 1914..... .. 1. 893, 29 5-t , 004 IS 6. ., 257,355 1901. ... 444, no 191:>. .... 1,658,18:? 109.954 IH87. . .. . 341.2:i6 1902. ..... 494,842 1916. ... ... 1,:i07,480 265,W; J888.......... . 244, i89 1903. .. 642,914 1917. ..... ],I8I,91J1 291,297 1889. .., 202,499 1!104.... . 741,78b 1918. .-. 1,211,954 278,777 1890. 110,092 WQ;). _ 972,357 19HI. .. 1,112,071' 338,I7!! 1891. .-.- 181,04S 1906. .. 8-t , 668 l!):?f) . .. 1,388,18.; 309,3S3 1892... . ..... 177,1i0:; 1907 1 . .. 611,201 1921. 1,688,961 154,351 1893. . .. 180,677 1908. . .. 1,074.69i 1922....... .. 2.052,371 1>;6,403 Jb!I4. ... 202, 23.') 1909. .. 979,326 ]923..... . 1,987,745 161,213 1895. .. 19S,6S3 1910. .. 960,1\76 - 214,251 1896. ..... 120,199 1911.... . 1,079,130 TotaL.. . :U.-I20.91'2 IS. 339 I IMI7. 127,438 II 1868. .. 1869.... IH70. 1871. .. . . Ib72. 1873. .. 1874 lSi5. 1"76.. . IS77. . 1 /;ih.. 1879.... . 1/;/;0. . 18S1. I S.!. . 1 Sinp months. 2.-Immigration Policy. .\t the elo"<,' of the \\ar tlwre was a J!;í'neral antil'ipation that tl\(' 1lI0n'IlI<.'nt pf immigration to Canada woulll again b('('om(' ,"í'ry Iw:n y, hut for :-:evcml reasons thi antieipation \\af; nor r('alizr;1. Canada, in common with all other countries, (' periell('pd a :--h:l1 e of t IH' di location of bu:--il1(,:-- and the il:lluf'trial Ulleertaint ií' of the r('('(m truction pí'riod. Thp demohilIzation of tl)(' Canadian forc(':--, eoincident with thí' u:--pl'n"ion of all \\"ar activities. created a ,..urplu of labour whi('h made it impractieahlí' for the Canadian D('partlll( lit of Immigration and Colonization to ('....t('OIl illChH"elilPnt:-- to immigration. Th(, \\"plfarp of 1 he count ry f-:eeuH'd to demand that, a:-- a nth" only those hould h(' aùmitted who would as:--i t in (kn"loping ih natural rí':-:our('p . f'hid among \\ hif'h is it:-- fertilí' aJ,!:riculturallanù. l,'armer and farm laboul"l.rs hC'eamp mor(' than ev('r the ohjective of the' Departmpnt. Other fadur" contrihutiuJ!; tll a lowC'r immigration a:-- eOlllpar('d with the lwriod immpdi- Ht ply precC'ding tIll' \\"ar wpre t hp high eost of (If'('an and lalld t raJlf'port at ion and th(' halaIlI'í' of exehml/!C' again:--t British and European :-,('t tiNs, ('oup!l.cl wit h t IH' genC'rally impovprif'hcd condit ion of some of the ('ountries whieh had form('rly eontrihutf'd immigrant:,., :md tlIP fa(.t that, although great an'as of laud \\ere lill availaLlp in Canada as frpC' homesteacl:-:, t h<,y \\<'re no\\' locat('d for t he most part at ('onside'ruble (li tal}('e" from rail\\'ay . The rp('('nt policy of 1 he Dí'partnH'1I1 ha:-- b( en lICIt 10 ('Iu'om'agí' :-:pttle]lH'lIt ill loealities likely to rpqui\"(' additional rail\\ay f'onstruf'tion at an earl) datC'. ::\10:--1 of t hp restrietive regula1ioJl lIan' 110\\ 1)(,C'Jl can('elled, hut t h('y 1'1"(':1 t ed ill 1 hp mind.... of many people oul :--idp of ('allada :--oll!e doubt a:-- to 1 hí'ir Well'OIlIl' iu I lip Dominion. IJ[JIlGR lTI().Y ]JOLHT 21.") During H)2:1. on aI'count of HH' rl'turn of pro:-Iwrity amI thf' ab:"orption of ur- plu labour, it bef'an1(' incrpa::-:ingly evidl'l1t that poplliar opinion in Canada fayoureò a re: and willing to spttlp on tl1f' land and as ist 1Il agri(,lIltural dC'yplopment. Whilp capital i.., es ential to llnmediate lanù Sf'ttlc- ment, it:-: ab pnce will not close the road to prosperity to tho:-,I' strong of hnnd and ..:tout of henrt, determined to uccep(l. The oppn door policT prp\"ails for tho e f'la:-:sp,..: likely to succped and for whom therC' is a dC'mand. In the inten'sts of the imnlÍgrant and of Cannda, detC'rmination of fitIw:-:s, as far as po:-:: R('/JCCT/O Y output of ;Þ:3.(iS ,OOO,OOO a:--. ('omparC'd with 41 p.e for agrif'ulture. l\[inf'ral pro- dud ion follmYf'd with a value of ahout !). p.c. of thC' net output (Tahle> 3). Con- ....trUf't ion i:-; {'rpditC'd wit h a net production of $136,000.000 or :3.7 JU.. Ot hel' indu tri(',.:. C':H'h ('rf-'ditf'{l with le:-;:-; than p.f'. of thf' national pr('duf'tion, \\C'll' flIP gPIH'ration of dC'f'tri{' powpr, ('U:-;tOIll and rppaiI work. fishf'riC':-; and trapping. \\ hi('h ('ontrihutf'd to thC' value of pr"duetion during H' O in thp onkr namC'd. Ianufaf'ture::.-:, eonstl'lH'tion and repair :-;ho1':-; lJ{'h a:-; garagC':-;, bla('k!'mithing :lIld ....tpam l:llmòrif"s arf' rf"gaHled nt' sf'f'OIulary pH duction. whieh may be c'ontrastpd \\ it h the extractive or primary indut'trief:. Dedul"ting the net va]uc of the' prIJduf'ts mack by manuf:lf't uring f':-;tablishments elo:-;ely as:-;oeiatf'ò wit h t he primary inòus- trie:-, a value of about 1,957.000,000 remained in 19 0 as the produet of the strictly C':\.tractive p1"OCC'S":f":-;. Thi:-; eomparf'S \\ith 1.-tO-t,OOO,OOO, thC'Ilf't value of sC'conòary produetion after nll dupli('ation ha::; been eliminakò. In ot her \\ urds, the eOlubinC'd C':\.t r:lC'tÏ"w inùw-:t rif':-; (,w'C'cdcò in net output the f'C'condar) inùu,.:t rif's hy $!)53,OOO,OOO in 19 0. \\ït h referencf' to the provineial stati:-;t ies given in Tal>]e:-; 2 and 3. t hf' analysis rclnte,.: to the net produetion in 19 0. The pre-cminC'TJ('p of Ontariu Wi the most prochlf't ive provinee is òist inctly Rho" n in Tahle 2. It produf'ed in 1920 ahout :3 p.c. of the Canadian total of 3,682,000,OOO. Quebe(' held se('ond place with (i. p.f'., and the thrf'e western provinces of a:-;katchC'wan, .\lberta and British ('olumbia followeù with p('l'centagf's of 7.8, 7.:! and {).2 re:--:pPf'tivcly. The well ]-,(10\\ n agrif'ultura] n'sourccs of l\[anitobn eIl:lh]('d t hf' provinf'e to contribute 5.7 p.c. of the net output for H)20. .\ :--:crif's of pf'rf'entages df'signf'{l to show th(> J"l']ative importance to eac'h pro\"- inee uf the sC'Vf'ral pl'Oc1II('t ive inùust ries in H' O i:; given in Table 3. To faeilil, te eumparison the perf'entagf's of the net output of Illanufncturf's to thf' net prcc!tIf'tioll of all industrie:; have a]su been compuh'd. Xova f'otia was ekpendf'nt almost f'qually on agri('ulture and manufaduring. The contribution of agric'ulture was 32. n-p.c. as cOJIlparc.d with a percentaJW Of :3.:J for manufa turf's, II.('.S. Th(' percpntage for th(' whole of the manufaC'turf'd produc.t was :H .9. Th(' mining imlustry wa:- al:--:o important with a prcùuetion of l . -1 p.f' Agricult urp, inf'kding fur-farming, f'ont ributf'd bl p.c. of t hp n('t output of Prince Eùward Island. Farming was the chief industry of 1\ew Brun,.:- wic'k ànd ]umbNing wa:; a clo f' second, the re }If'f'ti'::.e contribUTions being 40.6 and 35.-1 p.c. The \\hol(' of manufacturC's \\a:-< repr('scn-teù by a perf'entagl' of 31.4, while' llIanufnf't urel', n.e.s. \\as va]uNl at 1: .3 p.c. The inf'OIIlf' (lcriv('d from manufaduring in Queb('c' was greatN than that trom :wy other iTJ(lu:-;tr . Thf' portion, asidf' from the output of e tabli:--:llIuents a:-sociat{>cl with the extJ":letivC' industri<.>s, wasequivalf'nt to :37.{) p.c., while the net output of t]1(' entire manufaf'turing proc('s:;, r('fC'J")cd (othes:uneha e.was48.1 p.e. Farming- hp]rl H'c'OJHI p]ac(' with a produf'tion of 3().9 JU'. and fore..:try with an out- put of }4.4 p.C'. occupi('d third rank in this eonnp,.tion. .\ similar ordcr obtained in the provinf'e of úntario, thf' pre-eminf'IH'e of manufacturing being more marked than in the sistf'r provinf'e of QUf'bC'c. Thc pereentag(':-; for agrif'ulture and fore:--:try were 30.7 and 8.1 rf'spef'ti\'ely. :\lining was C'J"editC'd with an output of 4.8 p.C. ancl c'on:--.t l'lH'tion follO\wcl wit h a produc.t ion of : . 7 p.C'. X C'arly 7 p.c. uf t ]H' output of a:--:katf'hl'\\:m \\as ùl'J"ived from farming, and t]1(' J"('{'orcl:., of 1\Iallitoha awl .\I\)f'rta \\pre (iO p.c. and 7 .. p.f'. rC'sppc.tively. )[anuf:u,tllring hdd sl.c'oml place in ::\[anitooa and mining in . \lhcrt a, the minew] pH duet ion of A]berta, eonsi:,t- ing c'hif'fty of COli.] mining, formed l .7 p.C'. of t]lC' IlC't output of the provinC'l'. GEXERAL :)CRLE. Y OF PROÐGCTJOX ln LumberinJ!: con tituted the f'hief industry of llriti:--h C'oh.mbia, although manu- facturing, agriculture and mining were a1:,;o of importance, indicating the variety of the resourf'eS of the westf'rn provÜlf'e. Xf'arly:iS p.c. was f'ontributed by tlw lumber industry, while farming and mining contended for third place with per- ('entaJ!:e of lï. and lï. rf'spf'f'tivply. The f'hif'f industI"): of the Yukon Terri- tory was mining, with an output of -is..) p.c. of thp total prodüction of thE' Territory. 1.- Summar)' b)" Industries of the "alue of froduction in ('anada dUl'inl1; 192a and 1921. I I 1920. 1921. Di \"ision of In. lu>'try. Cro:" . !';"et. Cro,",,,. !';"et. I S $ S -\griculture . r 0 9' !J' 494 1,519,8-12,77B 1,485,109.796 1,092,422,570 Fore"try. .. .J4.J,lti1,505 408.1 1 31,182 3-1a,122,670 258, 325, 785 Fisheries I 63,588,428 -19,241,339 43,456,342 34,931,935 Trapping. 20,!J!J9,300 20,999,300 9,527.029 9,527,029 Mining. 227,859,665 213,041,895 171,923,342 162,926,580 Electric po\\er. ...... 65,705,060 65,705,060 73, :>76, 580 73,376,580 Total primal')' productIOn. . 3,02;1,125,452 2.277,61>1,352 2,126.515,759 1,631,510,621 -- - Con:"truction. . .... ........ 206,168,135 135, 87t.1Hl 121,836,367 76,396,407 Custom and repair. . .... 102,266,412 63,962,896 89,108,737 57. 156,112 Ianufacture!,l. ... 3,675,989,988 1,588,544,194 2,536,067,792 I. 151,970,221i - Total econdar production] 3,9Q4,-124,51ì5 I. 758,:181.1:14 2,747,012.896 1,286,322,715 ---- - - -- Grand total. 6.352,8.ib.119 . :J.6S1.9-11i.9U5 1 -1,-IS5.-ISì, ìSã 12, 728,9Uti.28,j 1 The item "manufactures" includes dair\" factorie!'. saw mi!!s. pulp mill!', fish canning and ('uring, shipbuilding and certain mineral indu",trie,.. whi('h are alw induded in otl1el I'eadings above. This duplica- tion amounting to a gross of 1654,693,898 and a net of $.!54.093,581 fO!' 1920 and a gl'O>'S of $388,040,870 and a net of $188,927,081 for 1921 i8 eliminated from the grand total. 2.-Summar) b) Prmillces of the Yalu.e of Production in ('allada. 192D. 1920. Pprcent- ages of Province. Total Gl'OS,; et !'jet Yalue. Yalue. Value. $ 5\ Prince Edward h1 and 1753 about I,G1.5 German and R" iss immigrants had settled in what is \lOW the county of Lunenburg. :Further, after the e'-pulsion of the Acadians from Port Hoyal in 17.3,5, a eon:;idprable number of ).;" pw Engl:uHI('rs had settled in the .Annapolis Valley. As early as 17lJ:!, U,:J-!O af'I'I'..; were und.'r ('ultivation producing hay, grain and potatoes and supporting some Ii\'(, stock. In 1ï ; , after t he Peace of Paris, many l- nite(1 Empirl' Loyalists came to X ova Scotia, hringing their live stoc:,;: with them. They received from the 13riti:-:h Government grants of land, agricultural implements and seed corn. In the .Atlantif' Provinces generally, tlH' farmers were unprogressive and farm- ing was at a rather low ebb when, in lX1S, a series of letters publi:;hed in tlH' .\f'adian Recorder under thp signature of "Agricola," attracted public attention. T}}(' e lettf>rs dealt with all phase;.; of the industry. The people weJ'e awakened from their let hargy and the outcome was the formation at tllP ('nd of IS 18 of the ('entral .\grif'nltnral oeiety of whieh "Agrif'ola," now found to he John Young. a ;-;cot man who had ('011)(' to Xova Bcotia a few years previously, hl'f'ame se('retary. Tw('nty- fivp oth('r agrieultural sO('ietips were organized within the next two year . Yearly p hibitions were held, improved Htock and sepd wen' dist.rihuted and conditions improved genprally. X ew Bruw;uick-As early as lG05 French adventurers, ascending t he t. John river, noticcd field:; of Indian earn on the flats along its shores; but thc first settlement was made by Rome fifty .\cadians with a few cattle near that river in1()U:3. \Yhen Acadia was ceded to Great Britain- in 171;3, other moyed north from the penin:-:ula of ova Scotia into Xew Brunswick, settled in the valleys and devoted th('msclveH to growing corn and hay. The land wa:" vC'r.\' f('rtile and produced abundant ('rop . \bout 1762 a number of 1\Iassachusett coloni:--t s formed ,1 ett le- ment at a pla('e now f'alled ::\Iaugerville; oth('rH took th(' allm"ial land,.: hetween there and the ,Jemseg rivcr. In 17R4, wlll'n a large part of t he land belonging to the .\cadians was :--:pized by thl' British and given to the l nited Empire Lo "alist:--:, the Acadians moved to the northern part of the Province and founded the flourish- ing I'ettlement of ßladawaska. The rich oil along the t. John river, wh('n only deared of the trees and harrowed, produced 20 hu:;hels of ('orn and 20 bushels of w}wat p('r acre and when prop('rly worked gavl' much bettl'r yields. In 17S8 evrnty acre." of land were sold for .f:.:12 3s. ()(I., hut in t 1}(' early year of the nineteenth century, land rosc rapidly in valuC'. Large quant it ies of hay, root:--: and vl'getahles of all kinds, as wpll as beef and mutton, wen' marketed at :-:t. John. Queb3c.-During tW0 centuries and a half t he habitant varipd hi" system of farming very little. \\lwn th(' land was ('lparl'd of tr('I's, wheat and oat:--: were "ùwn among the st umps. Two crops of this nat ure wen' halT('st ('(I and then hay and ot her gras l'S W('I"(' grown for Hevpral year:;. \\"hpII the st umps were ufti('i('nt l . rot ten, t he land was ploughed. Half t he land was ploughed in t }JI"(.p cono.;p('1It iv(' years and seeded to cerea}:; and roots; t h(' of her half was k('pt for the produ('t ion of hay as pastur(' for live :--:tof'k. This was altl'rnated during the ne t thl"('(' yC'ars, and so on. The quantity of live tock kept was :-mall eomp:11'('(1 with the. THE DErELOPJIEJo. T OF AGRICUL'J'L'RE :3 area of the farm. This "as not a very i'cientific system. but tlw i'oil was so rif'h that the crops of grain, roots and hay were always plentiful, so mUf'h sO that flour, wlH'at and peas were being exportf'd in 1749. Butter and cheese wpre alwa:n-: wade, while maple sugar has bcpn one of the regular product:; since 16f10, and potatoe'" were first grown in 175B. Onlario.-Agriculture in Ontario may be :;aid to have bpgun in lUïl, when Frontenaf' founded the first settlement near Kingston. He wa:; granted a vast territory on the understanding that he would foster agriC'ltlturp and stock raising: but little agricultural work was actually done, as all of the settler:;' time was taken up in warring with the Indianf'. In 1701, a small settlmwnt on the Detroit ri,'pr wa::; started by La Iotte Cadillac. who is said to have brought somC' cows with him. The first Engli:;h-speaking agricult ural sptt lempn t wa:,,> not commenced unt il 1783, when the rnited Empire Lo:valists arrived from thf' "(Tnited States. They sett led principally around !\iagara, York, now Toronto, and t he bay of Qllinte, the sC'ttlement" along the hay of Quinte and the t. Lawrence river being among t he most populous. Town:;hips were survpyed and grants of land given. .\8 t }wsp exiled settlers wpre vpry poor owing to the confiscation of thC'ir property. the had to be providf'd with rations, clothe:;, implements, seed grain. ptf'. A cow was allotted to every two families and other artiC'les wC're divided among them. The implements supplied them were very crude, hut by eomhining their efforts tI}('y were ablp to clpar open spacps in thf' forf'sts, builttler:--: \\ere kilkd and the J"(.mainder fled up bk(' \\ïnnipeg to Jack river. Early in ISlï a l"('lief force was ,.:ent hy Lord fo:eJkirk, fort 224 PRODUCT lO V Douglas was recaptured and the settlcrs were pcrl'uaded to return and resume farm- ing. Misfortune, however, seemed to follow the efforts of this colony, its crops being wiped out by grasshoppers in 1818 and 1819. A'ð the supply of seed was exhausted, some of the settlers went south to \Yisconsin and, after much hard labour, returned with 250 bushels of sced. Small crops followed and the people were only saved from suffering and want by the generosity of Lord Selkirk. In 1882 thc population was fiSl and the numbers of livc stock were: horf;cH,78; oxen, 6; cattle, 48; calves, 39; f':heep, 10; pigs, 12. The quantitics of seed sov.n were in bushels: wheat, 235; barley, 142; corn, 12; potatoes, 570. Thc first satisfactory crop of grain was reaped in 1824, whcat yielding 44 bu hcls from the plough and 68 bushels after the hoe. It was gathered with the Fickle and thrcshed with the flail. The crops yaried during succeeding ycars, but by IF\30 the colony was in a flourishing condition. In the territories now knov.n as the provinccs of Saskatchewan and Alberta the agriculture of early days was limit cd to the trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company. About these posts settlcrs grew vegetables, wheat, barlcy and oats. British Colllmbi2-Daniel \Villiam<; Harmon was the first farmcr in British Columbia, settling in the :Fraser Lake district. Entrif's in his diary show that in 1811, 1815 and other years, he planted potatoes, vegetables and barlcy and that the yields were large, one bushel of potatoes producing forty-one, and five quarts of barley sown yielding five bushels. For many years fine crops were grown in this district and at the posts of the Hudson's Bay Company, which, together with the North-\Yest Company, was the pioneer in agriculture in Briti<;h Columbia. In 1837 the Hudson's Bay Company had a large farm near fort Yancouver, producing grain, vcgetables and othcr crops and carrying all kinds of livc stock. They had large farms at Nisqually and Cowlitz and smaller ones on Vancouver Ü:land, Dr. John McLoughlin being one of the great promoters of agriculture. \Yith the gold rush to the Cariboo in thc 50's, and the springing up of mining camps, an impetus was given to farming. This was the beginning of stock raising in the vallcys of the Thompson and Nicola. Later many of the mincrs turned to farming and stock raising. Pro 7'ess Since Confederati03. The political union of Canada, as effected under the Briti h North America Act, 1867, did much to stimulate agricultural progress throughout Canada, espccially as it allowed the establishment of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, whose cffortH hayc been a powerful addition to those of the Provincial Departments of Agriculture. Lnivcrf'al agricultural depref'sion in the cighties led to the crcation of the e .perimental farm system and the consequcnt improvemcnt of agricultura! practice in many dircctions. Great changes in the incidcnce of farming operations were brought about by the opening up of the Prairic Provinces through the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, completed for traffic in l bÛ. Various changes of fi.,>cal policy on thc part of both Canada and the rnited States have bad important results. An influencc, temporarily, in the wrong dircction was thc adoption in 1890 of the 1\IcKinley tariff, the effect of \\ hich was largely to exclude Canadian agri- cultural products from the United States. Grain growing in Ontario Hnd Eastern Canada generally was adversely affccted by this tariff and al o by the rapidly increasing grain production of thc Prairie Provinccs uncler conditions of virginal fertility and low cost. Thcse conditions divertcd the trade in agricultural products from the United States to the United Kingdom and gave rise to tbe establli;hment in Eastern Canada of chee:;e factories and creamerics and to an important export THE GOVERlvTJIENT IN RELA.TIOK TO AGRICULTURE 225 trade in dairy products, especially cbeese, to the United Kingdom. The introduction from Denmark in 18 2 of the centrifugal cream separator was another noteworthy element in the expansion of the Canadian dairying industry. Through the efforts of the Dominion and Provincial Departments of Agriculture and other varied forms of as ociated activity, much improvement in agricultural practice has been accom- plished. In connection with dairy g alone the present practice of forcing milk pro- duction in the winter as well as in the summer, largely through the use of corn silage, was undreamed of a generation ago. Similar remarks apply to the year- round forcing of meat production, also a practice now followed by advanced farmers where the conditions are suitable. To\\ ards the end of the nineteenth century a policy of extensively adver- tising the agricultural possibilities of Canada for the attraction of new immi- grants was vigorously pursued and proved highly successful. The annuallj' increasing tide of fresh settlers, and the investment in Canada of large amounts of British capital, were indeed outstanding features of the first decade of the present century, and the eAtraordinary progress in the settlement and development of the Prairie Provinces was due to these factors. The number of new immigrants arriving in a single year reached its maximum in 1913 with 402,432. Then came the outbreak of the great war in 1914, causing a complete disruption of national life and entailing consequences profoundly affecting agriculture. Reviewing the period as a whole in the light of the statistics available, it may be stated that with a population of 8,966,834 as compared with 3,454,000, the acreage under wheat has grown from 1,646,781 in 1870 to 22,500,000 in 1922, and the wheat production, which was not more than 161 million bushels in 1870, reached the maximum of almost 400 million bushels in 1922.1 Canada is, in fact, at the present time the world's second largest wbeat-producing and wheat-exporting country, ranking next to the United States; indeed in the crop year ended July 31, 1923, Canadian wheat exports exceeded those of the United States. The value of all field crops, which in 1870 was estimated to be 8196,789,000,2 attained its maximum with $1,537,169,000 in 1919 and was $962,- 526,000 in 1922. For 1870 the value of farm live stock has been estimated at about 8142,000,000, whilst in 1922 the estimated value was $681,887,000. 2.- The Govemment in Relation to Agriculture. It is provided in section 95 of the British North America Act that "in each province the Legislature may make laws in relation to agriculture in the province"; it is also "declared that the Parliament of Canada may from time to time make laws in relation to agriculture in all or any of the provinces; and any law of the Legislature of a province relative to agriculture . . . . shall have effect in and for the province as long and as far only as it is not repugnant to any Act of the Parliament of Canada." In other words, the right of concurrent legislation by the Dominion Parliament and Provincial Legislatures is expressly established. .Aß a result of this provision, there exist at the present time Departments of Agriculture with Ministers of Agriculture at their head both in the Dominion and in all the nine provinces, though in most of the provinces the portfolio of agriculture is combined with one or more other portfolios in the hands of a single Minister. A short sketch of the functions of the various Departments is appended. IThe yield of wheat in 1923 is provisiOnàlly estimated by the Bureau of Statistics at 469,761,000 bushels. . 2)Ionthly :Bulletin of Agricultural Statistiæ, :\Iay, 1923, p. 185. 62373-15 226 PRODUCTION t.-The Dominion Department of Agriculture. The Dòminion Department of Agriculture was constituted in 1868 under authority of 31 Vict., c. 53, with numerous functions which were by no means purely agricultural, including (1) agriculture; (2) immigration and emigration; (3) public health and quarantine; (4) the marine and emigrant hospital at Quebec; (5) arts and manufactures; (6) the census, statistics and the registration of statistics; (7) patents of invention; (8) copyright; (9) industrial designs and trade marks. In the course of time the purely agricultural work of the Department came to demand greater attention; the non-agricultural functions were one by one en- trusted to other Departments of the Government, while specialization became the order of the day within the Department itself. At the present time it includes the following branches: (1) Experimental Farms; (2) Dairy and Cold Storage; (3) Health of Animals; (4) Lh'e Stock; (5) Seed; (6) Entomological; (7) Fruit; (8) Publications; (9) Agricultural Instruction Act; (10) International Institute. For the Acts of Parliament administered by the Dominion Department of Agriculture, see in the index "Acts of Parliament, list of principal, administered by Departments of Dominion Government." For the publications of the Department, covering a wide field of information, see in the index the entry "Publications of the Dominion Government." 2.-Provincial Departments of Agriculture. Prince Edward Island.-The Department is under a Minister entitled Com- missioner of Agriculture, and supervises agricultural instruction, the agricultural and technical high school, the cheese and butter factories, and the women's insti- tutes of the province. Nova Scotia.-The Department of Agriculture of Nova Scotia was in 1921 divided into six main branches: (1) Agricultural Societies, Exhibitions and Associ- ations, (2) Horticultural Branch, (3) Enilomological Branch, (4) Dairying Branch, (5) Poultry Branch, (6) Women's Institutes. Sew Brunswick.-The branches of the New Brunswick Department were in 1921 as follows: Immigration and Farm Settlement, Elementary Agricultural Education, Agricultural Societies, Dairy Division, Live Stock Division, Horti- culture Division, Soils and Crops Division, Poultry Division, Apiary Division, Women's Institute Branch and Entomological Branch. Quebec.-The Quebec Department of Agriculture includes the following divisions: Dairy, Agronomy, Live Stock, Horticulture, Poultry, Council of Agri- culture. Ontario.-The Ontario Departmcnt of Agriculture includes the following branches: Agricultural Societies, Live Stock, Institutes and Dairy, Fruit, Co- operation and Markets, Statistics and Publications, Agricultural Representatives Branch (supervising the work of 48 local representatives in 1921), Colonization and Immigration. The Department conducts the affairs of the Ontario Agricultural College and the Ontario Veterinary College at Guelph, and the Agricultural School at Kemptville. .Manitoba.-The Manitoba Department of Agriculture includes an Agri- cultural Extension Service, a 'Weeds Commission, a Dairy Branch, a Publications and Statistics Branch, a Live Stock Branch, a Game Branch, besides operating the Manitoba Agricultural Collcge. AGRICULTURAL EXPERI }lENT AL STATIONS 227 Saskatchewan.- The Saskatchewan Department includes six principal branches: the Live Stock Branch, the Field Crops Branch, Dairy Branch, the Bureau of Statistics Branch, the Game Branch and the Co-operative Organization Branch. Alberta.-The Alberta Department conducts the following main services: Dairy, Live Stock, Veterinary, Agricultural Schools and Demonstration Farms, Seeds and Weeds, Poultry, Fairs and Institutes, Branding, Crop Reports and Statistics. BrItish Colllmbia.-The branches of the Department of Agriculture are: Horticultural, Live Stock, Dairy, Inspection and Fumigation of Imported Fruits, Nursery Stock, etc., Entomology and Plant Pathology, Markets, Apiary Inspection, Statistics and Publications. For the publications of the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, see in the index the entry "Publications of Provincial Governments." 3.-Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada Among the most important contributions of Canadian Governments to the development of agriculture throughout the country, is the maintenance of agricul- tural experiment stations where research work in both plant and ß,nimal breeding and adaptation to climatic conditions is carried on. Already this work has had a profound effect in the improvement of Canadian agriculture: for example, in the year 1923 about 360,000,000 bushels of Marquis wheat, a variety produced at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, were grown in Canada. Amongst the earlier exreri- ments undertaken, the remits of which have passeJ permanently into good Cana- dian farm practice, may be mentioned tho e re ating to early seeding, summer fallO\ying, the use of farmyard manure, the fertilizing value of clover crop,; and the introduction into we3tern agriculture of suitable grassEs and c!over-". Both the common red c over and alfalfa are now entering into western rotations as the resdt of efforts on the part of the farms to obtain hardy trains and to discover means of resistence to winter-killing. Further experiments with earlier-ripening aud drought-resisting cereals are now being carried on, each new discovery increasing the cultivable area of Canada. Other researches relate to the production of frost- resisting fruit trees for the Prairie Provinces. This research work has already had a profoundly ameliorating effect upon the Canadian agriculture; a state- ment regarding the work now under way at the Dominion and Provincial experi- ment stations is appended. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations. Central and Branch Farms.-Inaugurated in 1886 by Act of Parliament, the Dominion Experimental Farms system was at first made up of the Central Farm at Ottawa and four branch Farms: one at Nappan, Nova Scotia, for the Maritime Provinces; one at Brandon for Manitoba; one at Indian Head for the Northwest Territories, and one at Agassiz for British Columbia. The opening up and rapid settlement of the Dominion have led to a corres- ponding increase in the number of Experimental Farms and Stations 1 . These, with the two Tobacco Stations, now total 24, with a total acreage of 12,757, as compared with the original five Farms, having a total acreage of 3,472, as established in 1886. The following table shows the present number of Farms and Stations with the acreage of each and the date of establishment. 1 The fivp.originalfarms established in 1886 are known as "Experimental Farms": those added since are styled "Experimental Stations." No distinction in the work is expressed by these titles. 62373-151 228 PRfJDUCTION DO II IO EXPERBIEXTAL FARm: AND ST\TIONS, 1923. Farm or Station. Province. Acreage. Central Farm, Otta\\ a. .. .. . . . . ... . '" Ontario................... KapushasingStation..................... . .. Ontario. . ............. Harrow Tobacco ðtation............................ Ontario...... . .. .. .... Charlottetown Station.............................. Prince Edward Island..... Nappan Farm....................................... Nova Scotia.............. Kentville 8tation................................... Nova Scotia.............. Fredericton Rtation................................. New Brunswick........... Ste. Annc de la Pocahère Station...... . . . . .. ..... ... Quebec................... Cap Hou/!;e1'htion... .. ................ Quebec................... J ennoxville Station.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . Quebec. .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 1.3 Ferme Station.. . .,. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... Quebec.... . . .. . . rarnham Tohacco Rtation........................... Quehec................... 1lrandon Farm. .. .................................. J\lanitoba................. Iordcn titation... . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ranitoba................. Indian HC'ld Farm.................................. Raskatchewan............. Ro<;thern 8tation. ....................... Saskatchewan... .......... Scott Rtation. . . . . . _ . ............... Saskatchewan............. :-;\\ ift Current Station.... ....... ..... ... .,. Saskatchewan............. J aCOIllbe Station.................................... Alberta............. -..... Lethbridl!;e Station.................................. Alberta......... - . ...... Invermere Rtat.ion. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . ... .. Briti'òh Columbia.... . . .. . Sun.merland 8tation... .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. Britbh Columbia.... . . . . . .\ assiz Farm..... .... .... ....................... Britii'h Columbia......... Sidney Rtation, Vancouver Island. . . . . '.' . . .. .. . .. . .. British Columbia...... . . . 467 1,282 249 151 460 434 520 340 339 455 1,200 65 625 302 680 650 520 640 850 400 53 550 1,400 125 Date c",tab- Ji..hed. 18R6 1916 1909 1909 1886 1912 1912 1911 1911 1914 1916 1912 1886 1915 1886 1908 1910 1920 1907 1906 1912 1914 1886 1912 In addition there are nine sub-stations, viz.: Salmon Arm, B.C.; Swede Creek, Yukon Territory; Fort Vermilion, Grouard and Beaverlodge, Alberta; Forts Smith, Resolution and Providence, Northwest Territories; and Betsiamites, Saguenay County, Que. E>..-perimental work under the Division of Illustration Stations is conducted on 15 farms in Saskatchewan, 11 in Alberta, 10 in British Columbia, 31 in Quebec, 10 in :Kew Brunswick and 11 in Nova Scotia. Organization of the System of Experimental Farms.- The Central Farm at Ottawa, as its name implif''', is the centre or headquårters of the system. Thereat are situated the Director, having control and general supervision of the whole, and the chief technical officers, having charge each of his special line of work, both at the Central and Branch Farms. At Ottawa, the policy to be pursued throughout the system is settled by agreement after discussion by the Director, the technical officers and the superintendents on whose branch farms the work is to be conducted. The technical staff at Ottawa supervise the actual experimental work at the Central Farm. At the branches, the superintendents are in charge of the carrying out of the various lines of general experiment and also conduct experiments of local importance. Exclusive of the Division of Bacteriology, about to be organized, the Divisions at Ottawa, which represent the different lines of work carried on throughout the system, and which have each a technical officer in charge, are as follows: (1) Animal Husbandry; (2) Bees; (3) Botany; (4) Cereals; (5) Chemistry; (6) Extension and Publicity; (7) Economic Fibre Production; (8) Field Husbandry; (9) Forage Plants; (10) Horticulture; (11) Illustration Stations; (12) Poultry and (13) Tobacco. Briefly the main lines of the work of these Divisions are as follows:- Animal Husbandry.-This Division comprises work with beef cattle, dairy cattle and dairying, horses, sheep and swine, and undertakes experiments in the breeding, feeding, housing and management of each of these classes of live stock. Bees.- The Bee Division covers the breeding, feeding and manipulation of bees, and the study of bee products, including their marketing. DOJIlXIOX EXPERIJIEXTA.L FARJ!S 229 Botany.- The work of this DivÜ::ion fall!' 'into t\\ a cla Hes, economic botany and plant pathology. The former includes the study of mEdicinal, poisonous and economic plants. Different yarieties find trflin!' of fibre phillts 'are also studied, and special attention Ü:: given to the life history and control of weed . The Division has also charge of the arboretum at the Central Falm. In plant pathology, in addi- tion to the pathological laboratory at Ottawa, there are laboratories at Charlotte- town, P.E.I., Fredcricton, K.B., St. Catharines, Ont., Brandon, Man., Indian Head, Sask., and Sumrnerland, B.C. Investigations are being conducted into diseases affecting forest trees, fruit trees, cereals, Emall fruits, potatoes, ,egetables and tobaccos. Cereals.-In the Cereal Division, the work comprises the production, by cros!'- breeding and selection, of new varieties of grains and the testing of these as to their suitability for various parts of Canada. Approved varieties are grown on a larger scale and samples are distributed free to applicant farmers. Among the more recent varieties prcduced in this Division and now widely grown in Canada are the Arthur pea and the Huron, l\Iarquis and Prelude wheats. Two interesting ,'arieties now being introduced are the ruby wheat, ripening not quite as early as Prelude but yielding better, and the Liberty Hull-less oat, which should greatly widen the field of usefulness of this cereal and simplify the processes of its manufacture into food for man and beast. The Divi::.ion also carries on extensive milling and baking tests. Chemistry.-The work of the Division of Chemistry comprises the analYEis of fodders and feeding stuffs, fertilizers, soils, well waters, insecticides, fungicides, etc. It al:so assi<::ts other Divisions in chemical problems and does a large amount of analytical work for other branches of the Department and for military and civilian use abroad. Field tests with various kinds and quantities of fertilizers are carried on by this Division at a number of the branch farms and stations. Extension and Publicity.-This Division acts as a connecting link between the E 1>erin1ental Farms and the farmer by making the work of the former as widely kno,,;n as possible. Two chief means used are the exhibits at as many fairs as pos&ible each year and the e ension of the departmental mailing lists. Economic Fibre Plants.-The Division studies the areas in Canada suitable for fibre production, the best varieties and strains of seed of fibre plants, cultural methods, harvesting, retting and scutching processes, etc. Chiefly for demonstra- tional purposes, the Division is operating at Clinton, Huron County, Ontario, a leased commercial flax mill. Field Ihlsbandry.-This Divi!'ion applies, under fieÌd" conditions, the results obtained by other Divisions more directly engaged in scientific research. Some of the main lines of work under way are tests of fertilizers, methods of drainage, rotations and cultural methods. Data of cost of production of field crops are gathered in connection with this work. Forage Plants.-The Division has for its work the variety testing of grasses, leguminous forage plants, field roots and Indian corn; plant breeding with these; the collcction of genera and species likely to be of value as forage plants; the study of the pos:iibilities and methods of gro\\ ing root seed, including sugar beets, in Canada, and the distribution for trial of seed of varieties newly obtained and not available commercially. H orliculture.- The work of the Division of Horticulture falls under four main heads: vegetable gardening, orcharding and small fruits, ornamental gardening 230 PRODUCTION and plant breeding. In the three first named, the testing of varieties is a main feature, with a view to ascertaining the hardiest, earliest, best-yielding and most disease- resistant sorts. In plant breeding, the aim is the improvement of existing sorts by cross-breeding. Greenhouse work is also given special attention at Ottawa. Can- ning expcriments and demonstrations are carried on. Illustration Stations.-This Division forms another connecting link between the Experimental Farms and the farmer. These Stations are now 88 in number. Each is located on the farm of a rcpre pntative farmer, who does the work according to dircctions framed to iUm;trate the best rotations, the best varictic<; of crops, and the best cultural methods, as dpterminpd by the work of years on the Experimental Farms. Poultry.-The scope of work of the Poultry Division has been greatly extcnded during the last few years. It now covers the following main lines of investigation: artificial and natural incubation, poultry brceding, ystems of breeding and rearing, production of heavy-laying strains, feeding för eggs and table, and housing of poultry. Poultry survey work, i.e., the cndeavour to get groups of farmers in various localities to keep accurate records of their poultry costs and returns, is already showing results in the bctter how;:ing, breeding and care of the farm flock. Egg-laying contests and record of pcrformance work are carried on. Tobacco.-The Tobacco Division deal'S with the breeding, variety tests and cultural methods, thc warehousing and marketing of tobuC'co. A complctc analysis of the soils of the tobacco-producing regions of Canada is being made. During the growing scason,. inspectors examine t he tobacco fields of as many growers as possible, with a view to suggcsting the best cultural methods and mcans of com- bating diseases and insect pests. In addition to the work done by the Division of E>..tem;ion and Publicity and Illustration Stations, the rcsults of the work of the Expcrimental Farms are made availahle to the farmer (1) by correspondence; (2) by publications; (3) by uSeason- able Hints," now in its eighth year, a Iff-page pamphlet brought out every four months, with a circulation of about 383,000; and (4) by articles in the press. The Farm officers devote considerable time each ycar. to lecturing, demonstrating, judging at fairs and assisting at Short Courses in AgriC'ulture. Excursions to the various farms are also a valuable means of bringing the work to the attention of the farmer. Provincial Experimental Farms and Stations. Nova Scotia. College of Agriculture, Truro.-About 430 acres arc devoted to gencral farming, gardening and invcstigations. Conducted primarily as a college and distributing station for pure-bred live stock and seeds, investigational work does not occupy so promincnt a position as it docs at a purely experimental station. Nevertheless, practical experiments are being carried on, amongst which the follow- ing, together with those described Qn pages 305 and 306 of the 1921 Year Book, are the most important. A permanent pasture experiment was bcgun twelve years ago to determine the value of top dressing with basic slag, acid phosphate and wood ashes. In addition to the foregoing, the application of crude kainite is now being tried on the permanent pa'3ture. Fairly extensive experiments are being triC'd wit h "ïld Kenti....h clover as a pasture crop. PROVINCIAL EXPERIAfENTAL FARMS 231 Experiments to determine the fertilizing value of a crude salt mined at Mala- gash have given good results for mangolds, but results with other crops have not been impressive. Three classes of silage crops are being tried under identical conditions, viz.: corn, sunflowers and O.P.V. (the college name for a mixture of oats, peas and vetches). The value of the O.P.V. mixture is now thoroughly proved under Nova Scotia conditions. Sunflowers have given good results for four years, but corn has proved very variable. A trench silo filled in 1922 gave very satisfactory results. Field and garden experiments have shown good results from the use of home grown oats, wheat, turnips and tomatoes, as compared wiili seed of these crops grown elsewhere. Experiménts already carried on for two years are being continued in the control of scab in potatoes by the application of ground sulphur and inoculated sulphur. Experiments have been conducted in the control of the cabbage root maggot, and with insects affecting orchard fruits, carrots and other vegetables. The cabbage root maggot is now perfectly controlled, but further work remains to be done with other root and vegetable pests. Extensive e",--periments in the control of insect pests on fruit trees are being carried out, mainly at points in the Annapolis valley.} where conditions are more favourable for such investigations than at the college. Model orchards at some 35 localities outside of the recognized fruit belt are operated to determine varieties and methods suitable for these localities. Details of the college experimental work, including results obtained, are published in the Annual Report of the Secretary for Agriculture for the Province. The College enrols about 50 to 100 students annually in its regular course and from 200 to 300 annually in various short courses. Numerous extension short courses are annually conducted at various centres in the province. A college prospectus, issued annually, contains complete accounts of the nature of the studies in these courses. Quebec. Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue.-The College is situated about 20 miles west of Montreal and is incorporated with McGill 'L'"niversity. The College property comprises 786 acres, divided aR follows: main farm, 584 acres; cereal husbandry plots, 75 acres; poultry department, 17 acres; orchard, 35 acres; vege- table gardens, 25 acres; the campus, including driveways, lawns, trees, shrubs, flower beds, school garden and recreation fields for students of both sexes, 50 acres. The agricultural engineering, animal husbandry, bacteriology, botany, cereal husbandry, chemistry, horticulture, physics, poultry, zoology, and entomology departments are all well equipped for the numerous researches and experiments under way. In the School of Agriculture, the courses offered include 4-year courses, leading to the B.S.A. and B.Sc. in Agr. degrees, a 4! months winter practical course for farmers and farmers' sons, and yarious short courses. Postgraduate work can be taken in cereal husbandry, entomology, plant pathology, bacteriology, etc.- the higher degrees offered being l\I.S.A., M.Sc. and Ph.D. In the School of House- hold Science, the courses include a 4-year course, ]eading to the degree of Bachelor of Household Science, a 2-year institution administration course, a I-year home- maker course, three short courses each of about 3 months duration in household science, etc. In the School for Teachers, courses under the Protestant. Committee of the Council of Public Instruction of thp Province of Quebec are offered leading to model, kindergarten and elementary diplomas. The teaching and experimental staff of the College consists of about 60 members. The total enrolment for 1921-22 was 762. More complete information respecting the work of the College will be 232 PRonCCTION found on record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, pp. 241-242, and 1918, pp. 235-237. The annual report of the Collegc and the annual announcement should be consulted. Oka Agricultural Institute.- ituated on the Lake of Two . Iount3ins, about 20 miles from Montreal, the Oka Agricultural In titute is one of the oldest e: ..perimcntal farm in Canada. It was affiliated to Laval University of Mont- real (now Pnivcrsity of Montreal) on March 25, 1908. The total area of the farm compri:,:c 1,800 acres, including all kinds of soil. Horticulture holds an important place. The area devoted to fruit trees is about 40 acres, and includes 4',000 trees (applcs, cherries, pears and plums) grown according to the most recent methods. Special attention is givcn to thc breeding of live stock. The dairy herd is of con- siderable importance and has been entirely.formed at the Institute itself. Official milk record., hegun in '1918 have already resulted in the registration of 52 animals in thc "Rccord of Performance," with an average yield exceeding 10,000 lb. of milk. The raising of swine, poultry and bees is also pr ctised. The poultry houses shelter thousands of bird:,;, amongst them the famous hen "Chantecler," bred by the poultry manager and regi tered in the 'United States Standard of Perfection in 1921. Mention should abo be madc of the modern rabbit hutch, 70 ft. x 13 ft., probably unique of its kind in Canada. The Im;:titute can accommodate about 150 indoor students. The present curriculum includes (1) a scientific course of four years leading to the 'Cniversity d('gree of B.R.A.; (2) a practical coursc of two years for young mcn less advanced, embracing all the principal agricultural subjects such as gencral agri- culture, c('reals, foddC'r plants, rural and hygienic construdion, machines and motors, the' cultivation of fruits and vegetables and the breeding and utilization of farm live to(k The famous Oka chcc e (Port du Ralut) made at this Institute is w"ldcly known throughout the North American continent. School of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de la Pocatière.-This school, with accommudation for 125 boarders, is situated on the southern slope of a hill domin- ating a farm of nem"ly GOO acres. "-ithin oPle mile of the Intercolonial Railway and on the QucbC'c-Rivière-du-Loup line, it is easily accessible, and attracts thousands of visitor!';. who eek agricultural information from both the School and the Dominion E},.perimental f-;tation, which is not more than a mile from the village. The students of the School are divided into (1) those taking a four-years' agronomic course, and (2) those reC'eiving special practical training for two years. The School is affiliated to Laval university, QUf'bec, which awards the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of Scicnce in Agriculture) to successful students of the first class, whilst those in the other rcceive a Certificate of Agricultural Proficiency (Brevet dc Capacité AgricoJe). Lectures in adjacent parishes are frequently given by the School professors, who also conduct agricultural pages in two of the largest provincial weeklies for the extension of new agricultural information. Cultural experiments are also undertaken at the School, and bulletins are published. Ontario. Ontario Agricultural CoIlege and Experimental Farm, Guelph.-The College and Experiment Station were established in 1874 to train young farmers in the science and practice of agriculture and to conduct agricultural experiments for the bencfit of the province. The land property consists of a little more than 700 acres of average loam soil. The farm property consists of 500 acres; e},."perimental plots of about 100 acres and campus and woodlots form the remainder. The growth of thc institution as an educational centre has been very rapid. Academic work PROVISCIAL EXPERIJ/E.YTA.L FARJIS 233 at the present time requires the space and equipment of sixteen large buildings for dormitories, class rooms and laboratories. Courses offered include a four-year course for the degree of B.R.A. (Bachelor of Science in Agric.ulture), a two-year course for the Associate Diploma, winter courses for farmers and farmers' sons, summer courses for teachers of the province and domestic science courses at Mac- donald Institute. The teaching and experimental staff consists of about seventy- five members. In 1874 the College opened with 28 students. The total enrolment in long and short courseR in the academic year 1921-22 was 2,112. More complete information respecting the researches and experimental work undertaken at the college will be found on record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, pp. 243-245, and 1918, pp. 238-241. Also reference may be made to the Forty-seventh Annual Report of the College, covering the year 1921. Manitoba. Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg.-Field husbandry experiments are conducted in five divisions: (1) Forage Crop Improvement; (2) Cereal Crop ImproyemenC; (3) Soil and Crop Management; (4) Co-operative Experiments; and (5) Studies in Quality of Farm Crops. The work of the Forage Crops Improve- ment Dh ision has for its object the production and improvement of plants suitable under Manitoba conditions for pasture, hay and fodder. Varieties and strains of forage crops have been imported from the United States and European countries, and improvement is being obtained by selection and hybridization. The major investigations are being conducted with alfalfa and red clover, but work is also being done with sweet clover, timothy, western rye, brame, meadow' fescue and meadow foxtail. Profitable results have been obtained in fodder corn, especially by securing early maturing strains. In the Cereal Crop division, the work consists of the testing and classification of cereal varieties with a view to standardization. The crops under study are wheat, oats, barley, flax, spring and fall rye, peas and buckwheat. Introductions of cereals have been made from various parts of the world, and selections have been made which promise to be of value. Hybridization for improvement is also followed, and some promising crosses are now under test. In the Soil and Crop Management division the projects include soil renovation and soil cultivation experiments, e},,1Jeriments in cereal crops, perennial and annual forage crops, hoed crops and cropping sequence. Work is also being done in silage and in ascertaining the carrying capacity of the grasses and clovers when used for pasture. Co-operative experiments are being conducted in order to determine the varieties and practices best suited to the different agricultural zones of the province. These e},,1Jeriments are being conducted with both government institutions and individual farmers. In this work experimental fields, on which complete variety tests, fertility tests and management tests are made, are operated at the Birtle Demon- stration Farm, Killarney Demonstration Farm, Teulon High School Farm, Elkhorn Indian School Farm, and Pas Indian School Farm. Tests in which farmers are trying out three or more varieties or methods are in operation at about 100 places. In addition to this, considerable work is being done co-operatively on the reclamation of peat lands and drifting soils. Studies in quality of farm crops are being con- ducted with wheat and barley. In the former case milling and baking tests have been made of wheat from different points of the province with an idea of estab- lishing the quality of wheat grown under different soil and climatic conditions. The Departments of Botany and Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Physics, Chemistry and Engineering are also carrying on numerous investigations. 234 PRODurTION Saskatchewan. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.-The College of Agriculture has over 1,300 acres of land at the University and another 560 acres about 35 miles distant which were bequeathed to the College by a pioneer settler, an ex-student of the University of Cambridge, England. Of the 1,300 acres, 210 acres are set aside for experimental work in field husbandry and horticulture. Two hundred and seventy acres of prairie were purchased in 1918, 100 acres of which have been broken for the Ficld Husbandry Department. The remaining OO acres are operated as a general farm with great diversification of crops. The buildings, paddocks, etc., are located on an adjoining half section of land designated as the campus or building plot. The College offers a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.S.A.), and a three-year associate course for farmers' sons intending to make farming their life work. Short courses in general agriculture, tillage, crops, live stock, poultry, dairying and engineering, are held for adult farmers during the winter months, both at the College and at various points through- out the province. Practical e"'--periments are undertaken in the departments of field and animal husbandry, as well as a variety of scientific investigations in the departments of chem- istry, physics, biology, engineering, etc. Alberta. College of Agriculture, Edmonton South.-A College of Agriculture has been established at the University of Alberta, Edmonton South. A definite four- year course with matriculation entrance leading to the B.Sc. degree is under way. Students from the provincial schools of agriculture will enter the second year of the course after satisfying :::pecial entrance requirements. At these schools various experiments are in progress as described in the 1920 edition of the Year Book, p. 286. At the College itself numerous agricultural experiments are also being conducted, including the followitfg tests: Detprmination as to whether the present varieties of wheat, oats, barley and peas are suitable for the Park Belt sections of Alberta; breeding and selection of promising varieties of wheat for earlier maturity combined with high milling qualities; the testing of alfalfas, red clover, sweet clover and at"ike for winter hardiness and of sweet clover in the Open Plains sections to determine its drought hardine ,,; varieties of corn and sunflowers for fodder; relative suitability of corn and sunflowers for .the Park Belt; selection of a suitable grain corn for the dry spctions; growth of alfalfa and sweet clover for hay and seed; nurse crops with clover and timothy. Extensive experiments in the feeding of cattle, sheep and swine have bpen undcr way for three or four years. They include both winter feeding and summer pasture work. Other re::.earches have been made on the utilization of the best native grasses of Alberta; hay and pasture production; effects of frost on grain; production of alfalfa seed; factors of hardiness in winter wheat; sunflowers; potatoC's; seed production; various experiments with cattle, sheep and swine. A start has been made in a definite soil survey of the province, beginning with the soil-blo"\\ n area of the south. British Columbia. Departmen t of Agricul ture.-1I orticultural Branch.- Demonstration work in continuation of researches previously undertaken was again carried on this year. This included work on the control of the strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus, Linn.) and the various strengths of lime-sulphur "prays to be used in the STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 235 control of apple scab. Soil work was also continued along.the line of cover crops as well as the use of commercial fertilizers. New work was undertaken in the use of oil sprays for the control of blister mite, oyster-shell scale and leaf raIler, and also in the commercial use of spreaders for spraying work. Soil and Crop Branch.-The seed potato inspection and certification work started in 1921 by the Soil and Crop Branch was continued and extended during 1922, in co-operation with the provincial plant pathologist. University of British Columbia.-Progress has been made with the clearing and preparation of land for experimental and general farm purposes. The results obtained by the departments of agronomy and horticulture are becoming increas- ingly valuable, especially for farmers and gardeners cultivating upland coast soils. In the department of animal husbandry, excellent foundation stock has been pur- chased, consisting of Jerseys, Ayrshires, Shorthorns and Herefords, and good Y ork- shire and Berkshire pigs and Southdown, Shropshire and Oxford Down sheep have also been acquired. Seven Clydesdale mares formerly at Colony Farm now form the horse-breeding nucleus. Departments of dairying and poultry have been organized, and are carrying on investigational and instructional work. In addition to the teaching and investigational work at the University, the members of the Faculty of Agriculture, in co-operation with the Dominion and Provincial Govern- ments, have organized and conducted considerable extension work throughout the province. 3.-Statistics of Agriculture. Annual Statistics.---Since 1918 the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, in co- operation with the nine Provincial Governmënts, has been collecting annually the basic agricultural statistics of Canada. These statistics are secured by means of a simple schedule calling for a statement of the areas so-wn to field crops and of the numbers of farm animals alive on June 15. When completed they are compiled into totals by the Burf'au, and the areas as finally estimated form the basis for the estimation during the growing season and after harvest of the yields of field crops. These yields are estimated in each district by the experienced crop correspondents of the Bureau. In 1922 schedules were returned for about 25 p.c. of the farms of the Dominion, and, on the basis of these 25 p.c., estimates for the field crops and live stock of the Dominion were prepared. In six of thf' provinces the schedules were distributed in 1923 through the agency of the rural schools, in British Columbia and in Prince Edward Island they were mailed direct to farmers; in Quebec, through the co-operation of the Quebec Bureau of o:;tatistics, the schedules were distributed by local agents under the direction of the agronomists or district agricultural representatives. This system has been found effective in securing a larger sample of the farms of the country than could be obtained in any other way. Census Statistics.-At each of the six decennial censuses of Canada taken since Confederation, statistics of the agricultural activitics carried on throughout the country have been I'ecured, such, for example, in the Lter censuses, as tbe acreage sown, the yif'ld of crops, the value of that yield, the number of fruit trees, the value of farms, the number of live stock, etc. In the publication of the results of each of these censuses, a special volume has been devoted to agricultural (and horticultural) activities, and this will be the case in the publications of the census of 1921, some of the results of which are used in the following statistics. Censuses of population 2nd agriculture have also been taken for the three Prairie Provinces in 1906 and 1916. 236 PRODUC1'IO.V Presentation of Agricultural Statistics.-In the currCllt roition of the Year Book, the statistics of agriculture are pre ('nted under the follo ing headings:-(1) Acreage, yield, quality and value of crops, (2) Farm live stock and poultry, (3) Fur farming, (4) Dairying, (5) .Fruit, (6) Farm labour and ages, (7) Prices, (8) Mis- cellaneous, (9) Summary of agricultural revenue and agricultural wealth, (10) 'W orld statistics of agriculture. I.-Acreage, Yield, Quality and Value of Crops. Field Crops, 1917 -22.-In Table 1 are presented for Canada, by province , estimates of the area, yield, quality and value of the principal field crops for each of the six year:' 1917 to 1922, with the five-year averages for the period 1917 to 1921.1 The estimates of 1922 are based upon statistics collected from about 168,000 farmers throughout Canada in June of that year under arrangements made between the Dominion find Provincial Governments in accordance with plans dating from 1917 for the four provinces of Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, and from 191 for the remaining five provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Kew Bruns" ick, Ontario and Manitoba. As was pointed out in prpvious editions of the Year Book (see 1920 edition, p. 188), comparability with the stati tics of 1917 and 1918 was somewhat affected by the change in the method of estimation which then took place. In estimating totals for the year 19 2 it was possible to use a preliminary count of the number of farms, according to the schedules of the census of 1921 as re('pived and compiled. Season of 1921-22.- Taken altogether, the Canadian agricultural season of 192 was of marked excellence. In parts of the Dominion, notably British Columbia and the northl'rn and cl'ntral di.<;tricts of Alberta and Saf......... .1917-21 143,351 32.50 4,656,600 33.82 0.99 4,613,460 Barley... ... .... ..1917 4,800 24.75 118,800 46.54 1.34 159,203 1918 11,571 30.00 347,000 48.19 1.62 562,000 1919 13,894 31.25 434,000 46.97 1.77 768,000 1920 11,487 26.00 298,400 46.76 1.51 452,000 1921 8,686 23.00 200,100 47.58 1-16 231,600 1922 7,155 27.25 194,000 47.96 0.98 191,000 Averages......... .1917-21 10,087 27.75 279, 660 47.21 1.55 434,560 Rye................... .1917 300 15.00 4,500 54.50 1.67 7,500 1918 531 14.50 7,700 55,67 1.85 14,200 1919 1,046 29.50 31. 000 53.00 1.55 48,000 1920 47G 15.00 7,100 56.00 1.50 10,650 1921 369 14.25 5,260 52.50 1.50 7,900 1922 243 20.25 4,900 56.00 1.38 6,800 Averages......... .1917-21 543 20.50 11,112 54.33 1.59 17,650 Pea"...... . .. .. . . : . .. . . .191 ï 170 14.25 2,400 58.50 4.44 10,700 1918 1,753 18.75 33,000 59.50 3.20 106,000 1919 1,896 20'CO 38,000 58.50 3.84 146,000 1920 1,046 20.50 21.400 56,81 3,67 78,500 1921 775 16.75 12,981 58.20 3.36 43,600 1922 639 22.CO 14,000 57.00 3.00 42,000 Averages...... . .1917-21 1,128 19.00 21,556 58.30 3.57 76,960 Beans... .. ..... ..1917 1,000 17.75 17,750 59.00 7.95 141,100 1918 8,829 16.25 143,000 59.14 7.34 1,050,000 1919 6,859 12.75 87,000 57.56 6.37 554,000 HJ20 4,617 18.50 85,900 58.50 6.00 515,400 1921 2,982 19,' 5 57, 800 59.86 4.36 251,800 1\122 3,108 19.00 59,000 58,83 4.00 236, Averages......... .1917-21 4,85ï 16.00 78,290 58.81 6.42 502,46 Buck", heat. . . . . . . . . . . . .1917 10,900 21.00 228,900 46.56 1.14 261,000 1918 19,342 23.00 445,000 47.1C 1.35 601,000 1919 17,384 25.25 439,000 47.23 1.55 680,000 1920 13,106 22.25 291,400 47.27 1.36 397,000 1921 9,404 20.50. 192,500 48.07 1.06 203,5 1922 8,65ï 24.00 208,000 46.94 0.98 189,000 Averages......... . 19lï-21 14,027 22.ï5 319,360 47.25 1.34 428,5 [ixed grain.'J........... .1917 4,000 24.00 96,000 39.91 1.24 119, 1918 5,407 36.00 195,000 42.24 1.30 254,00 1919 8,628 37.50 218,000 46.77 1.53 334,000 1920 6,171 32.50 200,600 39.20 1.32 265,00 1921 4,713 30.00 141,100 44.46 0.97 136,7 1922 4,495 30.50 137,500 45.76 0.85 117,00 Averages. .1917-21 5,784 29.50 170,14C 42.52 1.30 221,74 centals. centals. per cental. Potatoes............... .1917 41,000 104.95 4,303,800 - 1.53 6,599, 1918 51,25C 114.45 5,865,600 - 1.55 9,092,000 1919 62,060 96.60 5,995,200 - 1.81 10,891, 1920 50,092 122.25 6,125,400 - 1.63 9,966, 1921 39,168 98.25 3,848,400 - 1.58 6,093, 1922 38,051 97.10 3,695,400 - 0.97 3,572, Averages......... .1917-21 48,714 107.30 5,227,680 - 1.63 8,528,2 Turnips, mangolds, etc. .1917 9,100 175.45 1,596,500 - 0.94 1,501, 1918 23, 823 195.60 4,660,350 - 1.15 5,406, 1919 30,291 268.85 8,144,500 - 1.20 9,773, 1920 19,946 215.85 4,305,500 - 1.24 5,368, 1921 15,436 247.50 3,820,500 - 0.40 1,528,00 1922 16,162 .215.60 3,484,500 - 0.60 2,090,0 Averagl"s......... .1917-21 19,719 228.50 4,505,470 - 1.04 4,715,2 000 o 00 00 000 o o 00 o o 000 000 000 000 000 00 000 000 000 000 o 00 00 AREA, YIELD A}..TD VALUE OF CROPS 243 I.-Area, Yield, Quality and "alue of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and Fhe- Year Average, 1917-1921-con. Yiel:l Weight Average Field crops. Are:l. per Total per price Total yield. measured per value. acre_ bushel. ton. acres_ tons. tons. lb. S S Nova Scotia-can_ Hay and clover. .... _.' .1917 542,000 1.65 894,300 1l.83 10,580,000 11)18 605,464 1.45 878,000 20.00 17,560,000 1919 678,357 2.10 1,425,000 22.34 31,835,000 1920 632,069 1.50 948, ()()() 35.00 24,966,000 1921 571,661 1.35 771,700 23.00 17,749,000 1922 558,052 1.55 871,000 16.25 14,154,000 Averages... . .... .1917-21 605,,910 1.60 983,400 20.88 20,538,000 Alfalfa........ _........ .1917 30 3.50 100 15.00 1,500 Fodder corn.... ....... .1917 48C 9.20 4,400 6-00 26,400 1918 4,644 9.50 44,000 9-00 396,000 1919 2,960 9.50 28,000 8.00 224.000 1920 1,451 8.00 11, 600 10-00 116,OOO 1921 1,466 6.50 9,500 6.00 57,000 1922 1,179 7.55 8,900 9.50 84, 600 Averages......... .1917-21 2,200 8,85 19,500 8.40 163,880 per New Brunswlck- bush. bush. bush. Spring wheat........... .1917 16,000 12.00 192,000 58.43 2.25 43:0,000 1918 49,453 19.00 940,250 59.68 2.32 2,183,700 1919 35,641 17.50 623,000 59-61 2.80 1,744,400 1920 29,485 15.75 464,400 58.25 2.11 979,900 1921 28,028 15.25 427,000 59.20 1.50 641,000 1922 22,629 17.50 396 , ()()() 59.29 1.73 685,000 Averages......... .1917-21 31,721 16.75 529,330 59.03 2.26 I, 196,200 Oats......... _......... .1917 190,000 22.50 4,275, ()()() 33.33 0.94 4,018,500 1918 224,442 31.50 7,051, 400 35.32 0.97 6,877,400 1919 305,48t 30.25 9,261,000 "35.10 0.98 9,086,000 1920 3C9,071 29.50 9,117,600 34.93 0-60 5,470,600 1921 284,728 25.00 7, 118, ()()() 31.50 0.65 4, 627,000 1922 313,937 30.75 9,666,000 35.85 0.58 5,606,000 Averages. ... _ .19-17-21 262,145 28.00 7,364,600 34.03 0.82 6,015,900 Barley................. .1917 1,800 22.00 39,600 42,84 1.36 53,900 1918 6,601 24.75 163,140 47.81 1.55 253,279 1919 10,662 26.75 285,000 47.48 1.35 385,000 1920 8,lï7 23.75 194,200 46.50 1.41 273,800 1921 8,898 17.00 151.000 47.64 1.11 168,000 1922 7,551 25.00 188,000 48.28 0.94 177,000 Averages......... .1917-21 7,228 23.00 166,588 46.47 1.36 226,794 Rye. .., .... _....... .1918 308 16-25 5,000 1.85 9 , ()()() 1!H9 353 20.00 7, 000 56.00 2 . 00 14,000 1920 254 14.00 3,600 1.80 6,500 1921 479 17.50 8,400 1 . 00 8,400 1922 580 19.00 11,000 57.00 1.00 11,000 Averages...... . . .1918-21 348 17.25 6,000 1.57 9,475 Peas....... . .. .1917 400 15.CO 6,000 60.45 2.83 l7,OOO 1918 4,077 14.75 60,100 59.37 3.68 221,200 1919 4,697 14.75 69,000 59.85 3-03 209, 000 1920 2,844 15.00 42,700 6C.50 2.35 100,300 1921 2,124 12.75 27,000 59.75 2.25 61,000 1922 2.227 14.25 32,000 6().73 2.81 90,000 Averages. ........ .1917-21 2,828 14.50 40,960 59-98 2.97 121,700 Beans. ..... .., .1917 300 19.50 5,850 59.00 8.75 51,200 1918 5,491 15.50 85,580 59.39 8.05 689,400 1919 6,409 16.50 106,000 58.58 5.25 556,000 1920 4,254 16-25 69,100 60.00 3.39 234,200 1921 2,292 12.75 29, 000 59.50 4.00 116, 000 1922 3,559 18.00 64,000 59.67 3.35 214,000 Averages.... . 1917-21 3,749 15.75 59,106 59.29 5.57 329,360 Buckwheat. . . . . . . . . . .. .1917 57 ,()()() 19.50 1,111,500 45.48 1.13 1,256,000 1918 72,483 20.75 1,499,500 47.38 1.65 2,477,000 1919 74,642 25.00 1,871,000 47.74 1.36 2,547,000 1920 66,366 22.75 I, 509, 800 46.69 1.45 2,189,200 1921 49,812 22.25 1,108,000 47.84 1.00 1,108,000 1922 54,605 25.00 1,393,000 48.50 0.97 1,35t,OOO Averages......... .1917-21 64,061 22.25 1,419,960 47.03 1.35 1,915,440 62373-16! 244 PRODUCTIOY 1.- \na, 'Md, Quality and \"alu(' of Principal )<'i('ld Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and .'Í\('- Y('ar .\\t'ra e. 1917-21-con. Yield Weight Average Held eropR. Area. per Total per price Total yield. mea::!ured per value. acre. bushel. bushel. l\ew Bruns"lck-con. acres. bush. bush. lb. S S Mixed grains........... .1917 840 19.50 16,380 43.29 1.10 18,000 1918 4,292 32.50 139,900. 42.97 1.25 175,200 1919 5.297 33.75 179,000 43.83 1.23 220.000 1920 3, 95 29.75 10 1. (J()O I 41.00 1.17 118,200 1921 4,089 23.50 96.000 41.67 0.88 84,000 1922 3.632 31.00 113.000 49.11 0.84 95. 000 Averages. 1917-21 3,583 29.75 106,456 42.55 1.16 123.080 centah.. cental..,. per cental. Potatoes....... . 1917 46.000 89.90 4.134.6011 - 1.88 7,787,000 1918 57, 272 95.10 5,446.560 - 1.67 9.077,600 1919 75,573 86.65 6,474.120 - 1.62 10.466.000 1920 78,335 118.80 9,306,180 - 1.17 10,857,200 1921 74,875 129.75 9,715.200 - 1.50 H,573,OOO 1922 74.811 98.50 7.369,000 - 0.83 6,116,000 Averages . 1917-21 66,411 105'65 7,015,332 - 1.50 1O,552,1tjO Turnips. mangold,;. etc. 1917 7,700 150.25 1.157,0110 - 1.22 1,412.000 1918 18.507 175.00 3.238.750 - 1. Hi 3,757.000 1919 24, 279 183.25 4,449.400 - 1.15 5,155,(100 1920 20.030 1ì6.50 3,5:35.3011 - 0.40 1.414.100 1921 17,745 174.75 3,101.000 - 0.34 1,054. (100 1922 16.202 198.65 3.218.000 - 0.78 2,510,000 Average!! . 1917-21 17 , 652 175.40 3,096.290 - 0,83 2,558,420 ton . ton.... pE'r ton. Hay and clover. 1917 568. (100 1.60 909,ÛOU - 10.29 9,354.000 1918 1 740.637 1.50 1. 111. 000 - 15.30 16,998.300 1919 1 7 1ì.175 1.40 1. 11 1. 000 - 20.26 22,512,000 1920 726, :J80 1.20 871. 700 - 27.87 24,294,300 1921 694.497 0.90 625.000 - 25.00 15.625,000 1922 700.581 1.50 1.051,000 - 14.1JO 14,714,000 Averages . .1917--=21 703,138 1.30 9:!5.540 - 19.18 17,756.720 Alfalfa. .. . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _.' .1918 1,178 1.50 1,800 - 9 . 00 16,200 Fodder corn. 11117 85 9 . 00 770 - 6.00 4,lì00 1918 3.45!1 4.50 15,li00 - 10.00 156.000 1919 5.906 5 . 00 30,000 - 8.00 40, 000 1920 5.243 .00 41. !IDOl - 10.00 419,000 1921 3,738 7.00 1 26,000 - 10.00 260.000 1922 5.503 7.50' 41. ono - 10.00, 410.000 A VE'rage ... 1917-21 3.686 6.20 22.854 - 9.45 215,920 per I Quebec - bu:Id Crops In Canada, 1917-22 and }'iH'- Year -"',('rage, 191ì-21-con. "\ ield Weight Average Field crop . Area. per Total per price Total yield. measured per value. acre. bushel. ton. acres. tons. tons. lb. $ $ Ontario-con. .Fodder corn........... .1917 265.000 7.54 1.998.000 - 5.00 9.990.000 1918 380,9t6 10.35 3.944.300 - 5.73 22.601.000 1919 399.549 10.05 4.014.000 - 6.30 25.304,000 1920 449.176 10.39 4.668.050 - 6.85 31.976.000 1921 438.343 11.44 5,015.100 - 6.50 32.598.000 1922 438.819 10.06 4.413,000 - 4.35 19.197.000 Averages......... .1917-21 386,603 10.25 3.927.890 - 6.24 24.493.800 Sugar beets........... ..1917 14,000 8.40 117.600 - 6.75 793. 800 1918 18.000 10.00 180.000 - 10.25 1,845,000 1919 24. 500 9.80 240,000 - 10,86 2,606.000 1920 36,288 11.37 412.400 - 12.80 5.278.700 1921 28.367 9.45 368,000 - 6.50 1.742.000 1922 20,725 9.20 190,400 - 7.88 1.500.000 A Yerages. . . ... " . .1917-21 24.231 10.05 243,600 - 10.07 2.453.100 per '[anltoba- bush. bush. bush. Fall "heat.. ........... .1917 3,860 22.25 85,900 . 62.33 2.20 189.000 1918 2.734 18.00 49.000 - 2.06 101.000 Averages......... .1917-18 3.297 20.50 67.450 - 2.15 H5,OOO Spring wheat........... .1917 2,445.000 16.75 40,953,800 60.82 2.05 83,955.300 1918 2,980.968 16.25 48,142,100 60.16 2.06 99.173,000 1919 2,880,301 14.25 40.975.300 57.22 2.40 98.341,000 1920 2.705,622 13.90 37.542.000 59.56 1.83 68,769,000 1921 3.501.217 11.15 39.054.000 56.62 0.91 35,539.000 1922 3.125.556 19.25 60,051,000 60.52 0.83 49,8t2.000 Averages......... .1917-21 2,902.621 14.25 41.333.440 58,87 1.87 77.155,460 All wheat...............1917 2.448.860 16.75 41.039.700 60.86 2.05 84.144,300 1918 2.983.702 16.35 48.191.100 - 2.06 99.274.000 1919 2,880,301 14.25 40,975.300 57.22 2.40 98.341.000 1920 2.705,622 13.9Q 37.542.000 59.56 1.83 68.769.000 1921 3.501.217 11.15 39.054.000 56.62 0.91 35.539.000 1922 3,125.556 19.25 60.051.000 60.52 0.83 49,842.000 Averages........ ..1917-21 2.003,910 14.25 41,360.420 58.56 1.87 77.213.460 Oats...... ......... .... .1917 1,500.000 30.25 45.375.000 27.27 0.67 30.401,300 1918 1,714,894 31.75 54.473.500 35.21 0.71 38,676.000 1919 1,847,267 31.25 57,698.000 33.42 0.72 41.420.000 1920 1,873.954 30.75 57.657.000 34.89 0.56 32.007.000 1921 2.226.376 22.27 49.442.500 32.03 0.30 14.833.000 1922 1,851,6C8 40.25 74.433.000 36.04 0.31 23,074,000 Averages......... .1917-21 1. 832,498 29.00 52,929,200 32.56 0.59 31,467,460 Barley........ .... . .... .1917 708.000 22.50 15,930.000 46.27 1.07 17.045.100 1918 1.102,1165 25.25 27,963,400 48.54 O.fjlJ 24.887.000 1919 893.947 19.25 17,149.400 43.90 1.17 20.137.000 1920 839 078 21.00 17.520,000 46.31 0.80 13.988,000 1921 1,04;t,'I44 18.87 19.681.600 45.02 0.43 8. 463. (J()() 1922 968.783 9.75 28,863,000 47.54 0.41 11.834.000 Averages.... . ... .1917- 1 917.427 21.50 19.648,880 46.01 0.86 16.904,020 Rye.................... .1917 37.000 17.25 638.300 54.03 1.62 1.034.000 1918 240.469 16.25 3,935.700 73.66 1.41 5,549.000 1919 298.932 13.75 4.089.400 54.89 1.28 5.228.000 1920 148,602 15.50 2,318.600 54.91 1.35 3.140.100 1921 257. 793 13.83 3.564,700 54.90 0.79 2.816.000 1922 421.603 16.75 7.078.000 55.19 0.61 4,318,000 Averages......... .1917-21 196.559 14.75 2.909,340 58.48 1.22 3,553.420 Peas.......... ......... .1919 5,666 14.25 81.400 60.00 2.08 170.000 1920 4.162 15.00 62.200 60.CO 1.10 68, 400 1921 10.958 13.75 151.400 60.00 2.50 378.500 1922 11.000 3.50 258.500 58.00 1.25 323.000 Averages......... .1919-21 6.928 14.25 98,333 60.00 2.09 205,633 AREA, YIELD AKD VALUE OF CROPS 249 I.-Area, Yield, Quallty and Yalul' of Principal FMd Crops in ('anada, 1917-22 and Five- Year Avcra e, 1917-21-con. Yield Weight A ve!age Field crops. Area. per Total per prIce Totd yield. measured per value. acre. bushel. bushel. acres. bush. bush. lb. $ $ lUanltoba-con. :Mixed grains........... .1917 1,400 31.00 43,400 - 1.25 54,250 1918 30,309 28.25 856,000 43.50 1.03 882,000 1919 30,355 25.00 759,000 40.56 1.40 1,063,000 1920 28, 800 21.25 612,000 43.50 1.87 1, 144,000 1921 10,473 1 19.85 208,000 42.50 0.40 83,000 1922 13,503 30.00 405,000 48.00 0.38 154,000 Averages......... .1917-21 20,267 24.50 495,680 42.51 1.30 64.5,250 Flaxseed............... .1917 16,300 9.00 146,700 54.50 2.85 418,100 1918 107,961 10.00 1,091,000 54,72 3.15 3,437,000 1919 57,379 9.00 520,300 55.05 4.26 2,215,000 1920 146,455 7.90 1,157,800 54.66 2.25 2,587,700 1921 61,689 8.83 544,700 54.78 1.50 817,000 1922 66,680 11.00 734,000 55.54 1'80 1,321,000 Averages. . . . . . . .. .1917-21 77.957 8.75 692,100 54.74 2.74 1,894,960 centals. centals. per centaI. Potatoes............... .1917 34,400 ß3.55 2,185,800 - 1.27 2,769,000 1918 45,000 111.00 4,995,000 - 0.93 4,662,000 1919 42,000 75.55 3,172,5CO - 1.34 4,266,000 1920 37,000 55.30 2,046,000 - 2.32 4,733,300 1921 38,081 92.30 3,514,920 - 0.75 2,636,000 1922 38,798 96.00 3,725,000 - 0.17 1,751,000 Averages. . . . . . . . . .1917-21 39,297 81,00 3,182,844 - 1.20 3,813,260 Turnips, mangolds, etc..1917 2,500 92.60 231,500 - 1.26 292,000 1918 9,910 125.85 1,247,400 - 0,88 1,097,700 1919 6,C45 92.05 556,500 - 1.19 663,000 1920 7,404 72.65 538,000 - 1.87 1,005,100 1921 4,411 115.65 510,050 - 0.54 275,000 1922 4,630 145.25 673,000 - 0.56 377,000 Averages......... .1917-21 6,054 101.85 616,690 - 1.08 666,560 tons. tons. per ton. Hay and clover. ....... .1917 75,000 1.00 75,000 - 11.11 833,300 1918 74,000 1.00 74,000 - 16.00 1,184,000 1919 260,378 1.50 401,400 - 16.99 6,818,000 1920 208,512 1.50 311,900 - 16-00 4,968,900 1921 244,672 1.55 378,500 - 13.00 4,921,000 1922 222,617 1.75 394,000 - 10.00 3,940,000 Averages..... _... .1917-21 172,512 1.45 248,160 - 15.09 S,745,040 AUaUa............. _... .1917 4,400 2.07 9,100 - 13.45 122,400 1918 3, 6()() 2.25 8,100 - 18.00 145,800 1919 5,181 2.20 11,400 - 22.40 256,200 1920 3,679 2.00 7,410 - 22.45 166,400 1921 5,676 2.59 14,700 - 17.00 250,000 1922 4,609 2.60 12,200 - 14.00 171,000 Averages. _. _..... .1917-21 4,507 2.25 10,142 - 18.55 188,160 Fodder corn.... _...... .1917 9,800 4'86 47,600 - 7.50 357,000 1918 12,340 5.50 67,900 - 10.50 713,000 1919 16,867 6'80 114,500 - 13.28 1,520,000 1920 17,042 4.40 74,400 - 19.00 1,412,000 1921 17,296 7.20 124,900 - 9,00 1,124,000 1922 28,853 7.50 216,000 - 6.00 1,296,000 Averages....... _. .1917-21 14,669 5.85 85, 860 - 11.94 1,025,200 Saskatchewan- bush. per bush. bush. Fall wheat............. .1917 10,000 17-00 170,000 60.00 2.07 351,900 Spring wheat.. ..... . . . . .1917 8,263,250 14.25 117,751,300 60.92 1.95 229,615,000 1918 9,249,260 10.()() 92,493,000 60,97 1.99 184,061,000 1919 10,587.363 8.50 89,994,000 59.00 2.32 208,787,000 1920 10,061, 069 11.25 113,135,300 59.95 1.55 175,360,000 1921 13,556,708 13.75 188,000,000 58.36 0'76 142,880,000 1922 12,332,297 20.25 250,167,000 61.50 0.85 212,642,000 Averages. . . .. .... .1917-21 10,343,530 11.50 120,274,720 59,84 1.56 188,140,600 1 Including other grains. 250 PROD CrT lOX t.-Area, 'Yield, Quality and '-alue of Principal t'ield {'rops in Canada, t917-22 and }'ive- Year A\Cra e. 1917-21 -con. Yield Weight Average Field crops. Area. per Total per price Tot!!.l yield. measured pl'r value. acre. bU!lhel. bushel. - acres. bush. bush. lb. $ $ Saskatchewan-con. All wheat.............. .1917 8,273,250 14.25 117,921,300 60.91 1.95 229,966,900 1918 9,249,260 10.00 92,493,000 60.97 1.9!1 184,061,000 1919 10,587,363 8.50 89,994,000 59.00 2.32 208,787,000 1920 10,061,069 11.25 113, 135,3CO 59.95 1.55 175,360,000 1921 13,556,708 13.75 188,000,000 58.36 0.76 142,880,000 1922 12,332,297 20.25 250,167,000 61-50 0.85 212,642,000 Averages.. . .. .. . . .1917-21 10,345,530 11.50 1?0,308,720 59.84 1.56 188,210,980 Oats................ . .1917 4,521,600 27.25 123,213,600 34.58 0.62 76,392,400 1918 4,988,499 21.50 107,253.000 34.38 0.70 75,077,000 1919 4,837,747 23.10 112,157,000 35.48 0.70 78.510,000 1920 5.106,822 27.70 141.549,000 35 . 00 0.41 58,035.000 1921 5,681.522 30.00 170,513,000 35.24 0.24 40, 372, 000 1922 5,098,10-1 35.25 179,708,000 35.93 0.29 52.115,000 Averages. .. 1917-21 5,027,238 26.00 130,937,120 34.94 0.50 65,677,280 Barley... .............. .1917 669,900 21.00 14,067,900 46.84 1.00 14,067,900 1918 699,296 17.00 11,888,000 46.10 0.88 10,461,000 1919 492,586 18.20 8,971,000 46.87 1.08 9,689,000 1920 519,014 20.25 10.510,500 46.75 0.66 6,931,000 1921 497, 730 26.75 13,343,000 47.75 0.36 4,858,000 1922 636,456 29.00 18.511,000 47.97 0.38 6,971.600 Averages. 1917-21 575,705 20.50 11,754,280 46.86 0.78 9,201.380 Rye.................. _ .1917 53,250 18.75 998, 400 43.00 1.63 1,627,400 1918 123,500 11.50 1,420,000 55.19 1.50 2, 130.000 1919 190,482 10.50 2,000,000 55.52 1.31 2,620,000 1920 172,449 14.70 2,535,000 56.14 1.26 3,19-1,000 1921 1,208,299 11.25 13,546.000 56.04 0.67 9.080,000 1922 900,931 18.00 16,164,000 56.23 0.53 8,567,000 Averages. ... _ _. .1917-21 349,596 11.75 4,099,880 53.18 0.91 3,730,280 Peas......... ...... .1917 2,605 17.25 44, 900 60.00 4.00 179,600 1918 4,251 20.00 85,000 60.00 1.50 1 8. 000 1919 4,853 18.00 87,300 60.00 4.00 349.000 1920 2,519 14-50 36,500 2.00 73,000 1921 2,535 19.2t5 48.800 61.00 2.50 122,000 1922 2,302 22.50 51,800 60.60 2.00 103,600 Averages......... .1917-21 3,353 18.00 60,500 60.24 2.80 170,320 Beans................. _ .191 861 18.00 15,000 6.45 97.000 1919 1,820 10.00 18,200 60.00 4.00 72.800 1920 793 17-00 13.500 4.00 54,000 1921 967 16.25 15,700 60.00 2.00 31,000 1922 2,199 12.75 28,000 60.00 2.50 70,000 Averages......... .1918-21 1,110 14.00 15,600 60. 00 4.09 63,700 Mixed grains........... .1917 39,500 32.00 1, G4,OOO 50'CO 1.25 1,580.000 1918 23,449 21.00 492,000 45.00 1.10 541, 000 1919 22,017 35.00 771.000 1.40 1,079.000 1920 18,361 33.50 615,000 1.25 769,000 1921 23,081 30.00 692,000 40.20 0.28 194,000 1922 29,425 29.25 R61,000 45.00 0.30 258,000 Averages. . .. .... . .1917-21 25,282 30.25 766,800 45.07 1.09 83.l, 600 Flaxseed... ............ .1917 753,700 6.25 4,710,600 55.55 2.60 12,247,600 1918 840,957 5.00 4,205,000 54.43 3.10 13,036,000 1919 929,945 4.80 4,490,000 53.82 4.14 18,589,000 1920 1,140,921 5.00 5,705.000 53.95 1.82 10,383,000 1921 426,849 7.50 3,230,000 55.38 1.38 4,443,000 1922 466,177 8.75 4, 079, 000 55.94 J .71 6,975,000 Averages......... .1917-21 818,474 5.45 4,468,120 54.63 2.63 11,739,720 cantals. cental!!. per cental. Potatoes............... .1917 67,700 79.85 5,406.000 1.42 7,659,000 1918 59,783 69.75 4,170,540 1.60 6,672,900 ]919 66,176 102.00 6,750,000 1.48 10,013,000 1920 53,814 76.50 4,116,600 2.08 8,576,000 1921 58,606 105.90 6,206,400 0.83 5,172.000 1922 55,600 72.25 4,012,000 0.80 3,210,000 Averages......... .1917-21 61,216 87.05 5,329.908 1.43 7,618,580 AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 251 I.-Area, Yil'ld, Qualit)- and "altlt' of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1917-22 and } he-Year Average, 191i- 1-con. Field crops. Saskatche\\ an-con. Turnips, mangolds, etc..1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages.. _. _... _ .1917-21 Hay and clover........ .1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 Alfalfa...... .... .1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 Fodder corn........... .1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 \lberta- Fall wheat.... .. .. . . .. ..1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 Spring wheat.......... ..1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 All wheat.............. .1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 Oats................... .1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages......... .1917-21 Barley................. .1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Averages. . . . . . . . . .1917-21 Area. acreS. centals 11,103 9,760 13,932 10.449 7,87C 8.666 10.623 260,275 315.117 265.417 234,532 278,601 255.024 270.788 9.500 6,943 11,526 10.473 8.926 7,341 9.474 15.658 11.186 6,690 16.685 22,789 38,645 14,602 51,700 44.065 40.600 38.000 85,114 64,554 51.896 2,845,600 3,848,424 4,241.903 4,036,483 5,038,290 5,701.041 4.002,140 2.897,300 3,892,489 4,282.503 4,074,483 5,123,404 5.765,595 4,054.036 2,537,900 2.651,548 2,767.372 3,089,700 2,911,743 1.614,500 2,791,653 472,100 470,073 414,212 480,699 568,191 378,063 481,055 Yield per acre. Weight Total per yield. measured bushel. centals lb. 863,500 - 1,101,650 - 1,795,500 - 1.572.500 - 667,000 - 973.000 - 1.200.030 - tons. 369,600 - 362,400 - 279,000 - 328,300 - 445,800 - 360.400 - 357.020 - 15.300 - 9,700 - 18.400 - 23. 600 - 26,800 - 13,600 - 18,760 - 31,300 - 63,200 . - 84. COO - 62. 6()() - 258.700 - 187,000 - 99,960 - bush. 1.059,900 60.53 661.000 60.00 640.000 60'80 713.000 61.00 1,468,000 60.33 839,000 60.50 908,380 60.53 51.932,200 60.86 23, C91, 000 59.94 33,935,000 60.07 82,748,000 61.32 51,576,000 61.77 64,137,000 60.58 48.656.440 60.79 5 52.992,100 60'81 0 23.752,000 59.97 34,575,000 60.11 0 83.461,000 61.3C 53.044,000 61.66 64,976,000 60.58 49,564,820 60.77 86.288,600 37.09 60.323.000 35.94 65.725,000 36.60 115,091,000 38.09 64,192.000 37.38 35,519,000 36.07 78,323,920 37.02 10,386,200 45.16 0 7.756.000 44.17 0 10,562.000 47.()() 0 12,739.000 48.12 0 11,651,000 48.57 6,238,000 46.99 10.620.040 46,60 77.75 112.85 128.85 150.50 84.75 112.25 112.95 tons. 1.42 1.15 1.05 1.40 1.60 1.40 1.30 1.61 1.40 1.60 2.25 3.00 1.85 2.00 2.00 5.65 12.50 3.75 11.35 4,85 6,85 bush. 20.50 15.00 15.75 18.75 17.25 13.00 17.50 18.25 6.00 8.00 20.50 10.25 11.25 12.15 18.2 6.0 8.00 20.5 10.35 11.25 12.25 34.00 22.75 23.75 37.25 22.00 22.()() 28.()() 22.00 ]6.5 25.5 26.5 20.5 16.50 22.00 Average price Total per value. cental. $ $ 1.82 1,572,000 1.82 2,005.000 2.24 4.022,000 . 1.88 2.956,000 1.20 800,000 0.98 953,000 1.89 2,271,000 per ton. 10.12 3,740,000 11.92 4.319.800 17.00 4,743,000 10.00 3,283,000 11.25 5,015,000 8.00 2,883,000 11.82 4,220.160 13.40 205,000 17.50 169.800 27.50 506,000 20.00 472,000 17.50 469,000 ]2.50 170,000 19.42 364,360 8.00 250,400 10.50 663, 600 12.50 1.050,000 18.00 1,127,000 8.50 2,199,000 7.00 I, 309,000 10.58 1,058.000 per bush. 1.98 2,098.600 1.92 1,269 000 2.43 1,555,000 1.52 1.084.000 0.71 1.042,000 0.77 646.000 1.55 1,409,720 1.73 89.842,700 1.92 44,335,000 2.31 78.390,000 1.52 125,777.000 0.77 39,714,000 0.77 49,385,000 1.55 75.611,740 1.74 91,941,300 1.92 45,604,000 2.31 79,945,000 1.52 126.861.000 0.77 40,156,000 0.77 60.031,000 1.55 77,021,460 0.63 54.361,800 0.73 44,036,000 0.64 42,064,000 0.36 41,433.000 0.24 15.406.000 0.35 12,432,000 0.50 39,460,160 0.98 10,178,500 0,97 7,523,000 1.09 11,512,600 0.62 7,898,000 0.32 3,730.000 0.42 2,620,000 0.77 8,168,420 2 _<) ;)... PRODUCTION t.-Area, Yield, Quality and "alue of I>>rinclpal Fit>ld ('t'ops in ('anada. t9li-22 and Fhe- Year AH'rage, 1917-21-con. Yield Weight Average Field crops. Area. per Total per price Total acre. yield. measured per value. bush l. bushel. acres. bush. bush. lb. . . \Iberta on. Rye................... .1917 30,880 20.50 633.000 55.25 1.50 949,500 1918 47,877 17.25 826,000 54.90 1.41 1,165.000 1919 83, 804 14.00 1.173,000 55.14 1.42 1.666. 1920 160,960 21.25 3.420,000 56.85 1.25 4,275.000 1921 22,136 9.00 1,999,000 55.29 0.62 1.239,000 1922 603,583 10.25 6,187,000 55.73 0.55 3.403,000 Averages......... .1917-21 109,131 14.75 1.610.200 55.49 1.15 1. 858. 900 Peas................... .1917 1. 851 17.50 32,400 60.00 2.00 64.800 1918 1,994 18.00 36,000 60.00 1.50 5-1, 000 1919 1,603 18.00 29,000 60.00 3.00 87,000 1920 2,899 17.00 49,000 60.00 2.00 98,000 1921 2.357 21.00 56,600 60.00 2.00 113,000 1922 1. 591 H.60 18,5GO 60.00 2.00 37.000 Averages......... .1917-21 2,141 19.00 40,600 60.00 2.05 83.360 Beans.......... ........ .1918 763 18.00 14.000 60.00 6.45 90,000 1919 69G 10.00 6.900 60.00 4.00 28,000 1920 2,305 17.00 39.000 60.00 4.(}() 156,000 1921 339 19.00 6,400 60.00 2.00 13.. 000. 1922 100 14.25 1. 400 60.00 2.00 2,800 Averages......... .1918-21 1,024 16.25 16,575 60.00 4.33 71,750. lixed grain.'!........... .1917 24,027 25.75 618,700 51.50 1.20 742,400 1918 27.989 21.50 602,000 40.00 1.15 692,000 1919 26,000 36.25 943,000 57.00 0,83 783.000 1920 8,398 30.00 252. ()(J() 43.00 1.00 252.000 1921 9,813 22.75 223,000 43.00 0.27 60.000 1922 14,314 25.50 370, GOO 44.50 0.40 148, 000 Averages......... .1917-21 19.245 27.50 527.740 46.90 0.96 505, 880 Flaxseed............... .1917 139,800 7.00 978,600 54.00 2.78 2,720.500 1918 95,920 5'00 480.000 55.25 3.12 1,498.000 1919 80,690 2.'ÍØ 222,000 55.75 4.15 921.000 1920 103,700 7.00 726.000 55.40 1.83 1.329,000 1921 28,434 6.00 171,000 57.00 1.28 219,000 1922 22,186 4.00 88,700 54.79 1.52 135,000 Averages......... .1917-21 89.709 5.75 515,520 55.48 2.59 1,337,500 centals. centals. per centaJ. Potatoes............... .1917 48,917 90.85 4,445,400 - 1.27 5,631.000 1918 44,247 42.30 1,871,640 - 1.85 3,462,500 1919 45,848 107.85 4,944.720 - 1.38 6,840,200 1920 43,000 99.60 4.282,800 - 1.67 7,138,000 1921 51.377 95.10 4.885,800 - 0,83 4,072,000 1922 42.502 65.75 2.791.000 - 0.83 2,317,000 Averages......... .1917-21 46.678 87.55 4.086,072 - 1.33 5.428, i40. Turmps, mangolds, etc. 1917 10,947 103.75 1;136,000 - 1.48 I, 681. 000 1918 12,506 94.25 1.178,700 - 1.32 1. 555, 900 1919 12.500 110.75 1,384.400 - 2.12 2,934,900. 1920 12.300 130.85 1,609.750 - 2.00 3,219,500 1921 8.202 76.75 629.500 - 0.60 378.000 1922 9,289 86.75 806,000 - 0.60 4R4,OOO Averages. .. .... . . .1917-21 11,291 105.20 1,187.670 - 1.65 1. 953, 860 tons. toTh'l. pel ton. Hay and clover........ .1917 493.522 1.48 730,400 - 10.92 7.976,000 1918 469.000 0.85 398,700 - 15.82 6,307.400 1919 433,296 1.10 476.600 - 20.89 9,956,200 1920 383,527 1.30 498,600 - 20.00 9,972,000 1921 454.883 1.00 454.900 - 10.GO 4.549,000 1922 291.723 0.80 231.400 - 16.00 3,750,000 Averages......... .1917-21 446,846 1.15 5H,840 - 15.14 7,752,120 Grain hay.. .. . .. .. .. . ..1921 - - 1.133,476 - 10.00 1l.335,OOO 1922 1.220.000 1.25 1,525,000 - 12.00 18,300.000 000 AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF CROPS 253 I.-Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal t'ield Crops in Canada, 1917-22 and Fhe- Year .-\.wrage, 191ì-21-con. Yi ld Weight Average Field crops. Area. per Total per price Total yield. measured per value. acre. bushel. -ton. acres. tons. tons. lb. $ $ Alberta-con. Alfalfa................. .1917 31,396 2.05 64,400 - 10.73 691,000 1918 24,285 . 2.00 48,600 - 21.50 1.044,900 1919 21. 553 2.00 43,000 - 29.16 1,254,000 1920 19,906 2.25 44. 800 - 24.00 1.075.000 1921 30,000 1.75 52,500 - 12.00 630, 000 1922 26.539 2.20 58.400 - 15.00 876,000 Averages. _ ...... _1917-21 25.428 2.00 50,660 - 18.53 938.980 Fodder corn. ........ .1917 3,976 1.00 4,000 - 7.00 28,000 1918 700 5.50 3,800 - 10.50 40,000 1919 900 5.58 5,OCO - 10.50 52,500 1920 7,644 4.25 32,500 - 18-00 585,000 1921 6,991 10.00 69,900 - 4.00 280,000 1922 15,648 5.25 82,200 - 5.00 411,000 Averages. . _ . . _ _ _ . .1917-21 4,042 5.70 23,040 - 8.55 197,100 bush. bush. per British Columbla- bush. Fall wheat......... . .1917 3,24u 31.75 102,856 6G.67 1.92 197,500 1918 7,200 2-1.75 178,000 59.67 2.15 383,000 1919 12,699 24.75 314,000 59.50 2.88 904,000 1920 13,762 19.25 264, 200 60-00 2.18 576,000 1921 14,101 27.25 384,300 61-25 1.15 442,000 1922 14.080 23.00 324,000 60.00 1.18 382,000 Averages.. _ _ _ __ ..1917-21 10, 200 24.25 248,670 60.22 2.01 5CO, 500 Spring wheat........... .1917 18.100 28-50 515.850 59.55 2.00 1,031. 700 1918 .2!1.GOO 22.00 638,000 60.25 2.08 1. 3n, 000 HIl9 31,202 22.00 686. COO 58.50 2.79 1,9lt.OOO 1920 32. 45:i 18.75 610,100 60.00 2.21 1,348.300 1921 32,426 24.50 794,400. 60.00 1.25 993,000 1922 32.324 22.00 711.000 1 61.17 1.24 882,000 Averages. 1917-21 28,636 22.75 648,870 59.66 2.04 1,322,800 All "heat... .. . .. 1917 21. 340 29.00 618.7CO 59.94 1.99 1,229,200 1918 36,200 22.50 816,000 5!1.96 2.09 1,710,000 19HI 43,901 22.75 1,000,000 59-CO 2.82 2,818,000 1920 46,215 19.00 874.300 60-()() 2.20 1,924.300 1921 46. 527 25.25 l.I78.700 60.05 1.22 1. 435,000 1922 46,404 22.25 I. 035. 000 60-70 1.22 1,264,000 A,,-erages.. _ _.. _ __ 1!J17-21 38.837 23.10 897, 540 59.79 2.03 1,823,300 Oats...._ _... __ .. .1917 60,200 53.75 3.235,800: 35.50 0.90 2.912.200 1918 39.000 39.75 1. 550. 000 34-17 1.00 1. 550, 000 191!1 45.021 47.25 2,127,000 36.00 1.07 2,276.000 192C 47,992 34.75 1. 663,000 36.00 0.96 1. 596, 500 HI21 56.535 48.75 2, 756. COO 35-14 0.57 1.571.000 HI?:? 57.513 43-75 2,51/).000 37.14 0.62 1.560,000 ..h erages...... _... .1917-21 49,749 45.50 2,266,360 35.36 0,87 1,981,140 Barley. . ....1917 5.500 29.25 160,900 48.67 1.28 206.000 1918 7.927 26-50 209,000 52.50 1.47 307,000 1919 10.497 33.(0 346.000 47.75 1-82 630,WO 1920 9.646 37.75 364,100 50.00 1.50 546,200 1921 8.333 34.75 307,000 48.33 0.75 230,000 1922 7.30/) 29.25 214.0011 48.78 0.91 195,000 Averages. ...... _. .1917-21 8,481 32.75 277,400 49.45 1.38 383,840 Rye. .. _ .. .. _.. _ _. .1918 820 30.00 25.000 60.00 2.07 52,000 1919 4.91I 22.50 1I0,0001 5t.75 2.08 229.000 1920 5.367 25.75 138.200 55.00 2.02 279,200 1921 5.614 22.50 126.300 5-t - 00 1.10 139,000 1922 6.982 20.00 140.000 55.50 0.95 133,000 Averages. . 1918-21 4,178 25.00 99,875 55.94 1.75 li4,8oo Pea'!. .1917 1. 338 23-75 31. BOO 59.83 2.46 78,200 1918 2,193 21.50 47,000 60.00 3.00 141. 000 1!J19 2,251 2:H)() 52. COO 59.00 2.60 137,000 1920 2.657 26. ()() 69, 100 59.00 3.05 211,000 1921 2.565 25-00 64. 100 59.43 2.20 141,COO 1922 2.214 25.75 57. COO 60.00 2.08 119.000 A-\erages......... .1917-21 2,201 24.00 52, 800 59.45 2.68 141,640 254 PRODUCTI06V t.-Area, Yield, Qualit) and 'Talm' of Principal Field ('rops in Canada, 1911-22 and Fht>- Year A't>ra c, 1917-21-concludcd. Yield Total Weight Average Field crops. Area. per per price Total yield. measured per value. acre. bushel. bushel. acres. bush. bush. lb. $ $ British Columbia-con. Beans.................. .1918 2,748 18.5C 51,000 - 4.20 214,000 1919 1,677 17.25 29,000 60.00 3.75 109,000 1920 1,615 20.00 32,300 60.00 4.50 145,400 1921 1,118 21.00 23,500 60.50 2.25 53,000 1922 1,122 20.00 22,400 60.00 2.40 54,000 Averages. . . . . . . .. .1918-21 1,789 19.00 33,950 60.17 3.84 130,350 Mixed grains........... .1917 1,850 40.00 74,000 - 0.70 51,800 1918 3,228 21.50 69,000 - 1.10 76,000 1919 4,017 36.50 147,000 50.00 1.37 201,000 1920 4,893 36.00 176,100 41.00 1.25 220,000 1921 5,663 34.00 193,000 - 0.75 145,000 1922 5,009 31.00 155,000 45.00 0.70 109,000 Averages......... .1917-21 3,930 33.50 131,820 45.50 1.05 138,760 centals. centa.ls. per centa1. Potatoes............... .1917 15,024 99.90 1,501,200 - 1.15 1,726,400 1918 15.013 136.80 2,053,800 - 1-62 3,320.300 1919 18,000 102.00 1.836,000 - 1.67 3,060,000 1920 17,780 99.00 1,760,220 - 2.13 3,755,000 1921 16,704 105.60 1,764.000 - 1.50 2,646.000 1922 19,18; 120.00 2,302,200 - 1.17 2,694,000 Averages......... .1917-21 16,504 108.05 1,783,044 - 1.63 2,901,540 Turrups. mangolds, etc.. 1917 4.590 172.35 791,000 - 1.28 1,012,000 1918 5,758 211.00 1,214,950 - 1.20 1, 457,000 1919 7,387 182.50 1,348, GOO - 1.50 2,022,000 1920 7.403 217.50 1,6lC,OOO - 1.62 2,608,000 1921 6,809 183.00 1,246,000 - 1-34 1,670,000 1922 7.347 200.00 1, 469.000 - 0.76 1,116,000 Averages.. _..... -.1917-21 6,390 194.35 1,241,990 - 1.41 1,753,980 ton.'!. tons. per ton. Hay and clover........ .1917 129,254 1.85 239,000 - 17.60 4,206,400 1918 114,414 HW 217,4CO - 33.25 7,228,600 1919 126,251 1.50 189,000 - 35.25 6,662,000 1920 127,017 2.00 254,000 - 35.00 8,890,000 1921 137,301 2-30 315,800 - 23.68 7,478,000 1922 141,413 1.65 233,000 - 27.25 6,349,000 A verage _........ . 19li-21 126,847 1.90 213,010 - 28.36 6, 893, 000 Grain hay. . . . 1919 60,390 2.50 151,000 - 29.00 4,379.000 19:!0 60.612 2.25 136.400 - 33.12 4,518.000 1921 57,603 2.;0 155,500 - 20.20 3.141,000 1922 56,62/\ 1.75 99,100 - 26.34 2,610.000 Averages...... _.. .1919-21 59,535 2.50 147,633 - 27.18 4,012,667 Alh.lCa................. .1917 8,681 2.58 22,400 - 22.92 513,400 1918 12,268 3.25 39,900 - 32.25 1,286,800 1919 13,331 3.00 40,000 - 37.00 1.480,000 1920 13,478 3 .00 40,100 - 33.71 1, 361, 900 1921 12,785 3.70 47,300 - 23.70 1,121,000 1922 15,918 3.00 47,800 - 27.00 1, 291, 000 Averages... . 1917-21 12,109 3.15 38,000 - 30.33 1,152,620 Fodder corn....... .... .1917 2,239 7.00 15,700 - 15.00 235,500 1918 2,016 10.10 20,400 - 10.00 204, COO 11119 4,368 11.50 50,000 - 12.00 600,000 1920 4,713 1l.50 54 , 200 - 17.75 962,000 1921 4,741 9.85 46.700 - 14.50 677, ()()() 1922 4,715 11.00 51, 900 - 15.00 779.000 Average'!. . . . .1917-21 3,616 10.35 37,400 - 14.32 535,700 ANNUAL A VERA.GE yIELD OF CRJPS 255 2.-Annual ..berage Yit>lds per acre of Fit>ld ('rops for ('anada and b)' Provinces from 1915 to 1922, with Decennial A\erages for the )'ears 1912-21. Field Crops. Canada- bush. Fall wheat.... 28.50 Spring wheat.......... 25.75 All wheat......... 26.()() Oats.................. 40.25 Barley................ 31.50 Rye.................. 20.50 Peas.................. 17.75 Beans........... ...... 16.75 Buckwheat.... _...... ?3.()() Mixed grains. . .. 37.50 Flax seed............. 13.25 Corn Cor husking...... 56,75 centals. Potatoes.............. 74.55 Turnips. etc.......... 192.00 tons. Hay and clover....... 1.36 Foddercorn........... 10.17 Sugar beets........... 7.83 AUaUa................ 2.65 Prince Edward Island bush. Spring wheat......... 19.()() Oats................. 34.75 Barley. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . 29. ()() Peas.................. 15.75 Buckwheat...... ... 29.00 Mixed grains.......... 38.75 centals. Potatoes........... ... 68.85 Turnips. ete........... 224.75 tons. Hay and clover....... 1.77 Fodder corn........... 13.00 bush. 18.50 31.25 26.25 15.OQ 18.75 17.50 21.75 34.25 centak Potatoes... .......... 84.75 Turnips. ete........... 195.00 tons. Hay and clover...... 1.78 Fodder Corn.......... 4.64 AUaUa................ 2.30 Nova Scotla- Spring wheat.......... Oats.................. Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rye.................. Peas.................. Beans................ . Buckwheat.......... . Mixed graÍl19. .. . . . .. . . 1915. 1916. bush. bush. 21.50 21.50 16.75 15.50 17.00 15.75 37.25 30.25 23.75 23.00 19.50 18.25 14.50 15.25 12.75 13.75 17.50 18.()() 25.75 32.50 12.50 6.50 36.25 33.00 centals. centals. 80.25 72.95 132.00 145.35 tons. tons. 1.86 1.66 6.65 7.34 4.75 8.40 2.91 2.39 bush. bush. 16.75 14.50 37.25 32.25 29.25 28.50 22.25 14.00 27.25 29.00 41.25 38.25 centals. centals. 123.60 105.00 238.50 252.70 tons. tons. 1.70 1.55 13.00 7.00 bush. 19.50 34.75 26.25 17.00 17.75 16.25 24.50 34.00 centals. 120.60 202.00 tons. 1.80 8.75 5.00 1917. bush. 19.00 10.75 11.00 28.75 24.50 15.25 13.25 15.50 20.75 38.75 5.75 56.75 centals. 85.15 188'75 tons. 1.40 9.50 10.00 2.25 bush. 20.00 34.50 28.50 16.00 21.75 44.50 centals. 102.00 260.25 tons. l.50 5.25 bush. 15.75 29.25 24.75 15.()() 14.25 17.75 21.00 24.00 centals. 104.95 175.45 tons. 1.65 9.20 3.50 bush. bush. 22.25 19.50 37.25 36.00 30.00 31.25 14.50 29.50 18.75 20.()() 16.25 12.75 23.00 25.25 36.00 37.50 centals. centals. 114.45 96.60 195.60 268.85 tons. tons. 1.45 2.10 9.50 9.50 New Rrunswlck - bush. bush. bush. bush. Spring wheat.......... 19.00 17.25 12.00 19.00 Oats.......... .. 27.75 30.50 22.50 31.50 Barley................ 23.00 23.75 22.00 24.75 Peas.................. 17.()() 16.50 15.00 14.75 Beans................. 21.25 15.25 19.50 15.50 Buckwheat........... 22.75 22.75 19.50 20.75 Mixedgrains.......... 31.50 34.25 19.50 32.50 centals. centals. centals. centals. Potatoes.............. 86.55 115.20 89.90 95.10 Turnips. etc........... 164.50205.50 150.25 175.00 tons. tons. tons. tons. Hay and clover....... 1.39 1.48 1.60 1.50 Fodder corn.......... 7.00 10.00 9.00 4.50 Quebec- Spring wheat.......... Oats...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Barley. .... .. . . . . . . . . . Rye... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Peas................. . Beans...... ..... .. Buckwheat.......... . bush. 20.00 30.25 26.50 16.75 16.50 22.00 24.75 bush. 15.00 22.75 20.00 14.25 14.00 17.75 19,00 bush. 14.00 21.75 18.50 16.75 12.00 15.00 16.50 1918. bush. bush. 23.75 24.00 9.50 14.00 10.00 14.50 26.:>5 33.50 21.25 24.75 13.50 17.50 14.75 19.()() 16.50 17.50 23.50 23.75 31.00 40,00 5.00 5'60 61.00 49.25 centals. centals. 92.00 102.35 176.95 2()().45 tons. tons. 1.55 1.30 9.75 9.60 9,80 11.37 2.20 2.45 1919. 1920. 1921. bush. 21.50 12.75 13.()() 25.25 21.25 11.75 14.25 17.50 22.75 25.75 7.75 50.25 centals. 91.75 173. 80 tons. 1.07 10.75 9.45 2.50 bush. 21.25 17.75 17.75 33.75 27.75 15.50 18.00 16.25 22.50 35.50 8.85 43.25 centals. 81.55 196.10 tons. 1.45 9.00 9.20 2.65 bush. bush. bush. bush. 17.00 12.00 16.75 21.25 34.00 27. 27.00 35.m a.oo 24.56 23.25 .oo . 16.00 16.50 23.50 21.()() 20' .50 24.75 D.25 44.00 33. 29. 37. centals. centals. centals. centals. 75.()() 102.00 96.95 74.75 259.20 241.00 285.20 285.00 tons. tons. tons. tons. 1.80 1.25 0.80 1.45 12.00 8.00 10.00 7.50 bush. 17.25 27.25 24.00 16.25 15.50 17.00 20.75 bush. 17.50 30.25 26.75 14.75 16.50 25.00 33.75 centals. 85.65 183.25 too.... 1.40 5.00 bush. 16.75 26.75 22.75 17.25 15.00 19.75 24.00 bush. 19.50 30.25 26.00 15.00 20.50 18.50 22.25 32.50 centals. 122.25 215.85 tons. 1.50 8.00 bush. bush. 15.75 15.25 29.50 25.CO 23.75 17.00 15.00 12.75 16.25 12.75 22.75 22.25 29.75 23.50 centals. cental!'. 118.80 129.75 176.50 174.75 tons. tons. 1.20 0.90 8.00 7.00 bush. 17.00 30.25 25.25 18.75 17.00 18.00 25.75 bush. bush. 15.50 20.25 28.75 33.25 23.00 27:25 14.25 20.25 16.75 22.00 19.25 19.00 20.50 24.00 30.00 30.50 centals. centals. 98.25 97.10 247.50 215.60 tons. tons. 1.35 1.55 6.50 7.55 bush. 15.25 21.25 21.25 17.25 14.75 18.75 23.25 bush. 17.50 30.75 25.00 14.25 18.00 25.00 31.00 centals. 98.50 198.65 tons. 1.50 7.50 bush. 15.75 27.75 22.75 15.50 14.25 17.00 22.50 Ten year 1922. average. 1912-21. bush. 23.00 15.50 15.75 32.25 25 . ()() 16.00 16.25 16.00 22.25 33.50 9.50 52.50 centals. 91.20 182.60 tons. 1.40 9.40 9.40 2.45 bush. 17.75 34.50 27.75 18.75 26.25 39.50 centals. 103.65 247.75 tons. 1.50 9.50 bush. 19.50 32.75 27.50 19.75 19.75 17.00 23.75 32.00 centals. 113.55 220.50 tons. 1.65 8.55 bush. 17.25 28.75 23.75 15.00 16.00 23.50 30.00 centals.. III .30 172.25 tons. 1.35 6.25 bush. 16.50 26.75 23.00 17.00 15.25 17.50 22.50 256 PRODUCTIOX 2.-Annual AH'ral!:e Yi('lds p{'r a('r(' of "'i('ld ('rops for Canada and by Provinces from 1915 to 1922, "ith ))ecenrnal A ,('rages for the ) ears 1912-21-con. Field Crops. 1915. Ten year 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. average. 1912-21. - - - - - - - - Quebec -con. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. )1ixed grains. . . . .. . . . . 29.75 20.25 21.25 27.00 27.00 29.25 24.00 26.75 26.50 Flax seed... .... 12.00 10.50 8.25 11.25 9.75 11.50 11.50 10.00 10.75 Corn for husking..:. : : 31.25 2-1.75 24.25 21.75 41.00 29.75 29.50 28.00 28.50 centals centals. centals. cental.... centals. centals. centals. centals. centals. Potatoes...... . . . . . . . . 89.85 78.60 48.00 88.20 108.90 111.30 97.50 82.35 93.45 Turnips, etc...... . . . . 154.10 132.50 112.25 147.75 158.75 164.65 159.50 158.15 148,60 tons . tons. ton". ton". tons. tons . tons. tons. tons. Hay and clover....... 1.26 1.75 l.il 1.50 1.50 1.25 0.95 1.35 1.35 Fodder corn. . . . . . . . . . 8.61 8.00 8.50 7.25 8.25 8.00 9.00 7.25 8.00 Alfalfa. . . . ... 2.84 2.65 2.26 2.25 2.35 2.40 2.20 1.50 2.35 Ontario- bU8h. bush bu::;h. bush. bush. bush. hush. bURh. bu...h. Fall wheat............ 28.25 21.25 21.50 19.50 24.30 24.30 22.00 21.90 23.00 Spring wheat. .. .... .. . 22.25 16.25 19.50 23.25 15.60 16.80 12.50 16.90 18.00 All \'oheat......... 27.75 20.75 21.25 21.25 21.20 22.30 20.10 21.25 22.00 Oats................. . 39.75 25.50 36.50 45.00 29.30 44.90 23.40 38.20 35.50 Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.25 23.00 31.00 36.75 23.10 34.40 22.00 32.20 29.75 Rye................. . 20.00 17.50 17.75 16.00 15.80 17.70 14.50 16.40 17.00 Peas.. 17.75 14.25 16.75 21. ()() 14.30 20.20 13.60 19.70 16.50 Beans. .....................: 16.00 11.75 11.75 13.75 12.60 16.70 16.10 15.60 15.00 Buckwheat.......... . 21.75 14.50 18.75 20.50 22.80 22.30 22.70 21.60 21.25 Mixed grains.......... 40.00 26.00 37.75 44.25 31.40 44.20 26.20 38.50 36.00 Flax seed. .. . . . . . . . . . . 12.50 9.25 13. ()() 12.25 !HO 10.70 8'90 10.70 12.50 Corn for husking. . . . . . 58.50 37.25 37.25 66.75 6S.60 53.00 54.00 46.50 56.25 centala. centals. centals. centals. centals. cental.... centals. centalR. centala. Potatoes............. . 55.65 36.60 80.20 69.95 57.75 92.00 56.30 70.65 70.95 Turnips, etc..... ..... 197.25 105.50 170.45 230.15 173.75 242.15 175.65 222.60 194.10 tons. ton",. ton",. ton". tom,. tons. tons. tom . tons. Hay and clover.... . . . 1.32 2.00 1.70 1.32 1.59 1.26 1.11 1.56 1.40 }'odder corn.......... 10.63 6.50 7.5t 10.35 10.05 10.39 11.44 10.06 9.90 Sugar beets........... 7.83 4.75 8.40 W.()() 9.80 11.37 9.45 9.20 9.40 Alfalfa.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.72 3.00 2.74 2.28 2.14 2.45 2.58 2.84 2.45 )(anIt oba- bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. Fall \'oheat............ 23.25 16.00 22.25 18.()() Spring wheat.......... 24.75 11.()() 16.75 16.25 14.25 13.90 11.15 19.25 16.25 All wheat......... 24.75 11.00 16.75 16.25 14.25 13.90 11.15 19.25 16.25 Oats...... ............ 38.50 33.50 30.')5 31.75 31.25 30.75 22.27 40.25 31.75 Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.50 20. ()() 22.50 25.25 19.25 21.00 18.87 29.75 .23.25 Hye.................. 18.00 18.50 17.25 16.25 13.75 15.50 13.83 16.75 15.00 :\Iixed grains.......... 33.50 32.25 31.00 28.25 25.00 21.25 19.85 30.00 25.00 Flaxseed... .......... 8.25 1; .75 9.00 10.00 9.00 7'90 8.83 11.00 9.75 cental.... cental . ccntal centala. cental!'. centals. centala. cE'nta'ø. centals. Potatoes....... . ___a. 51.45 88.35 63.55 IIl.00 75.55 55.30 92.30 96.00 85.(i5 Turnips. etc....__ 125.12 72.50 92.60 125.85 92.05 72.65 115.65 145.25 1I2.50 tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. ton". ton". tom.. tom.. Hay and clover. ...... 1.02 1.83 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.55 1.75 1.45 Fodder corn........... 2'6: 2.75 4,86 5.50 6.80 4.40 7.20 7.50 5.75 Alfalfa...... . . . ...... 1.36 2.75 2.07 2.25 2.20 2.00 2.59 2.60 2.25 Saskatcheftan- bU'ih. hu..,h. bush. bush. bu.'!h. bush. bush. bush. bush. :-;pring " heat... .. . ... . 25.00 16.25 14.25 10.00 8.50 11.25 13.75 20.25 14.75 Oats. . __ . . __ . . 43.50 43.00 27.25 21.50 23.10 27.70 30.00 35.25 31.25 Barley. 31.75 27.00 21.00 17.00 18.20 20.25 26.75 29 . {)() 23.00 Bye..............:::: 28.25 24.00 18.75 1I.50 10.50 H.70 11.25 18.()(J 15.75 Peas.................. 15.50 32.50 17.25 20.00 18.00 ]4.50 19.25 22.50 19.25 Mixed grains.......... 2.').25 35.00 32.00 21.00 35.00 33.50 30.00 29.25 30.75 Flax seed....... 13.25 12.25 6.25 5.00 4.80 5.00 7.50 8.75 9.50 ('entals. ccntals. cental,. centals. ('entals. cental::;. centals. centals. centals. Potatoes.......... . fif).15 9:J.45 79.85 69.75 IO:HJO 76.50 105.90 72.25 91.05 Turnips, etc........ 1I6.50 126.50 77.75 1I2.85 128.85 150.50 8t.i5 112.25 145.90 ton... ton... ton..... tons. ton". ton.... ton". tons. tons. Hay and clover. . . 1.39 2.35 1.42 1.15 1.05 1.40 1.60 1.40 1.40 Fodder corn.......::: 2.40 2.60 2.00 5.65 12.50 3.75 1I.35 4.8.'i 6.45 Alfalfa...... . . . . . .. . . . 1.83 2.85 1.61 l.tO 1.60 2.25 3 . ()() 1.85 2.00 Albt'rta- hu h. bush. bush. hu"h. hush. bu."h. bush. hush. hu"h. rail wheat............ 31.25 30.25 20.50 15.00 15.75 18.75 17.25 13.00 21.25 Spring" he'lt.. . . .. .., . 31.00 25. ()() 18.25 6.00 8.00 20.50 10.25 1I.25 16.00 All "'heat......... 31.00 25.00 18.25 6.(JO 8.00 20.50 10.35 11.25 16.25 OatiL. .... . . . . . . .. . . . . 46.00 48.00 34 . ()() 22.75 23.75 37.25 22.00 22.00 3-1.50 Barley. .... 32.25 29.00 22.00 16.50 25.50 26.50 20.50 16.50 25.00 Rye.. ............... 23.50 24.50 20.50 17.25 14.00 21.25 9.00 10.25 16.00 Peas...... ............ 20.00 20.00 17.50 18.00 18.00 17.00 24.00 1I.50 18.75 }Iixed grains.......... 37.25 30.00 25.75 21.50 36.25 30.00 22.75 25.50 2R.25 Flax fleed............. 14.00 13.75 7.00 5.00 2.75 7.00 6.00 j.oo 8.75 GRJ.IV YIELDS OF THE PRA.IRIE PRfJVIYCES 257 2.-Annual .-\\eral!;e Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Prminces from 1915 to 1922, with Decennial Averages for the )'ears 1912-21-concluded. Ten year Field Crops. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. average, 1912-21. -- -- - - - Alberta-eon. centals. centals. cental;;. centals. cental:s. centals. centals. cental". centals. Potatoes............. . 85.20 98.25 90.85 42.30 107.85 99,60 95.JC 65.75 91.80 Turnips, etc. .. .. . . . . . . 117.60 139.75 103.75 94.25 110.75 130.85 76.75 86.75 110.50 tons. tons. ton" tom;. tons. tons. tons. ton". ton". Hay and clover. . .. . . . 1.31 1.93 1.48 0.85 1.10 1.30 I.CO 0.80 1.25 Fodder corn. . . . . . . . . . 3.42 2.56 1 . 00 5.50 5.58 4.25 }O.OO 5.?5 5.25 Alfalfa.... . 2.15 2.65 2.05 ?(O ' .CO 2.25 1.75 2.20 2.25 British Colllmbia- bush. bm.h. bush. bush. bush. bu"h. bu"ll. bush. bm:h. Fall \\heat............ 33.50 3(.75 31.75 24.75 24.75 19.25 27.:;5 23.00 27.25 ::;pring \\ heat... . .. .. . . 32.50 31.00 28.50 22.00 22.CO 18.75 24.50 22.CO 2-1.25 All wheat........ . 32.75 31.CC 29.00 22.50 22.75 19.00 25.:>5 22<'5 ::>5.25 Oats........ .... ....._ 61-75 6C.50 53.75 39.75 47.25 34.75 48.75 43.75 5:::.25 Barley.. . " . . . . . . . . . . . 4C.25 45.75 29.2.') 26.50 33.00 37.75 34.75 29.25 34.50 Peas.... ............. 9.75 33.75 23.75 21.50 23 . 00 26.00 25.00 25.75 26.50 Iixed grail's..... .. . 4C. 00 50.00 40,00 n.50 36.50 36.00 34.00 31.00 39.50 ('ental". centals. cental". centals. centals. centals. centals. centals. centals. Pota toes. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . H8.35 113.40 99,90 136.80 Im.OO 99.00 lC5.60 120'CO 117.75 Turnips, etc....... . . . . 227.75 250.00 172.35 211.00 182.50 217.50 183.00 200.0U 210-35 tons. ton . ton". tons. tOI1.". ton". ton... tons. tons. Hay and clover.. . . . . . 2.34 2.67 1.85 1.90 1.50 2.00 2.30 HI5 2.25 Fodder corn.......... 12.62 10.00 7.00 10.10 11.50 11.50 9.85 11.00 10.25 Alfalfa.. .... . . . . . . . . . . 3.52 2.88 .2.58 3.25 3.00 3 . 00 3.70 3.00 3.25 Grain Yields of the Prairie Provillces.- The total yield:; in the three Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) are finally estimated as follows: "heat 375,194,000 bushels from 21,223,448 acres, as compared \\ ith 280,098,000 bushels from 22,181,329 acres in 1921; oats 289,660,000 bushels from 8,564,212 acres, as compared with 284,147,500 bu:-:hels from 10,819,641 acres in 1921; barley 53,612,000 bushels from 1,983,292 acres, as compared with 44,681,600 bushels from 2,109,OG5 acres in 19:21; rye 29,429,000 bushels from 1,926,117 acres, as compared with 19)09,700 bushels from 1,688,228 acres in 1921; and flaxseed 4,901,700 bushels from 553,043 acres, as compared with 3,945,700 bushels from 516,972 acres in 1921. . 3.-Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Baric)', R)"e and }'Iaxseed in the three Prairie Pro\'Ïnces, 19 O-22. Provinces. bu"h. .'rairie Prminces- "'heat. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oats. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Barley.. .. . . . . . . . . Hye. __.. __............... .Flaxseed. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . l\lanitoba- \\ heat. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oats...................... Barley. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rye...................... Flax:'ieed...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Sasl.atchcwan- \\ heat. _... ............._ Oats...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rye...................... Flaxseed...... . . . ... . . . . . . Albcrta- "'heat. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Oats...................... Barley................... . Rye. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Flaxseed. . ... ............ 6 373-17 1920. acres. 16.841,174 10,070.476 1,838,791 482.011 1,391,076 2,705.622 1.873. !J54 839,078 148,602 146, 455 lO,061.C69 5,106,822 519.014 172,449 1,140.921 4.074,483 3.089. 700 480,699 160,960 103,700 19 1. acres. 22,181.329 10.819,64,1 2.109,065 1,688.228 516.9,2 3.501,21. 2.2 6.376 1,043.144 257, 793 61.689 13.556.708 5.681,522 497,730 1.208,299 4:!6,849 5.123.404 2,911,743 568.191 222. 136 28.434 19:?2. 1920. 1921. 1922 acres. bush. bush. 21.2?3.44 234.138,300 280,098.000 375.194.000 8,564,212 314.297.000 284,147,50U 28!J,660.000 1.983,292 40,760,500 44.681.600 53,612,COO 1,926.117 8,273,600 19,109,700 29,429.000 555,043 7,588,800 3,945,700 4.901.700 3,125,556 1,851,608 968,783 421,603 66.68 12.332, 297 1 5,Oil8.104 636,4561 900' 931 1 466.177 5,765,595 1.614,500 378, 053 603.583 22.18 37.542.000 57,657,000 17,520.000 2,318,600 1.157.800 113.135,300 141.549.000 10,501.500 2,535,000 5.705,000 39,054.000 49,442,500 19.681,600 3,564.7CO 514,700 188.000.000 170.513.000 13.343,000 13,546. GOO 3.230.000 6C,051,OOO 74.433,000 28,863.000 7,078.000 734.000 250,167.000 1,9.708,000 18.511.000 16,164,000 4,079,000 64.976,000 35.519.000 6,238.000 6,187,000 88.700 83.461. 000 53.044,000 115.0!J1, 000 64,19 , 000 12.739, ()()() 11,657,000 3,420,000 1,999.000 726,000 171.000 258 PRODUCT/O.V f.-Total Areas and Yalm's of Field Crops in Canada, 1917-22. AREAS. Provinces. acres. Canada.. .. . .... .... . . . . . . . P. E. Island.............. Kova Scotia.............. Kew Bruns\\ick........... Quehec. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Ontario. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manitoba................ . Saskatchewan............ . Alherta.................. . Britbh Columbia.... . . . . . 1917. acres. 42,102,288 491.210 752,980 888,125 5,778,139 8,233,500 4,837,660 14,678,042 6,692,616 250,016 1918. acres. 51,427,190 488,180 910,387 1,188.200 8,201,362 10,000,063 6,325,150 16,332,872 7,739,391 241,585 1919. acres. 53,0-19,6-10 526,628 1.011,144 1.335,118 :',973,021 9,915,884 6,344,318 17,430,554 8,170,971 342,002 VALUES. 1920. acres. 52\ : 919,547 1,253,834 7,905,987 10,108,272 6,020,310 17,347,901 8,389,521 349,388 1921. acres. 59,635,346 552,184 807,858 1,171,305 8,051,989 10,075,073 7,421,786 21,774,483 9,417,870 362,798 1922. 57,189,681 543,069 789,096 1,205,817 7,435,300 10,258,613 6,747,240 19,833.167 10.005, 623 371,756 s ' s I s S Canada. . .. . . ..... .. . . . . ... 1,1-14,636,-150 1,3i2,935,910 1,531,liO,100 1,-155,244.050 P. E. Island.... ....... 16,530,000 16,277.800 22,367,400 18,530,400 Nova Scotia.............. 23,313,400 4 ,486,200 63,357,000 47,846,550 New Brunswick. .......... 24.404,200 42,891.270 53,134,400 46,35; ,300 Quebec................... lá3,197,900 276,776,901 309,963,000 330,251,000 Ontario................... 251,095,100 384,013,900 383,573,900 375,716,900 Manitoba................. 137,470,750 180,507,500 182,097,200 133.989,900 Saskatchewan............. 349,488,200 299,362,100 340,029,800 271,213,000 Alberta................... 176,965,800 113,072,700 158,044,400 204,291.500 British Columbia......... 12,171, 100 17,547,600 24, 603, COO 27,017,500 S '31,8G3,670 14,202,970 29,556,400 38,325,400 219,154,000 239, 627.400 72,135,500 215,635,000 82,780,000 20,447,000 S 962,293,200 10.889,800 24,140,400 31,979,000 165,139,600 222.599,400 98,078,000 296,227,200 94,946,800 18,273,000 - . In Table 5 is given a comparison of the qUaluUY anti value of the 1922 and 1921 crops. Taking the field crops as a whole, the total value in 1922 is greater than in 1921 by 3.3 p.c., the increase being caused by larger quantities to the extent of 20.4 p.c., offset by lower prices to the extent of 17.1 p.c. 5.-Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and '"alue, for 1921 and 192"l. ("000" omitted). Field Crops. Fall wheat.................. Spring wheat......... .. . . .. . All wheat................. Oats....................... . Barley.. . . . .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rye........................ Peas....................... . Beans...................... . Buckwheat.. ... .... Mixed grains.............. . FlaL'ieed........... .... ..... Corn for husking............ Potatoes................... . Turnips, etc... . ... . . . . . . . . . . Hay and clover............. Grain hay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alfalfa..................... . Fodder corn......... ..... Sugar beets.......... .... Totals.. . .. . . . . . . . . . Increase or decrease. . . . . . . . Actual Value, 1922. S 19,059 320,360 339,419 185,455 33,335 18,703 6,141 3,714. 8,140 16,501 8,639 11,510 50,320 23,886 194,950 20,910 10,295 29,198 1,500 962,616 Value at prices of 1921. S 19,335 30-!, 664 323,999 167,021 33,777 23,309 6,720 3,780 8,634 17,179 7,212 11, 452 71,354 29,462 341,342 18,239 16.088 41,447 1,238 1,122,253 Act.al Value, 1921. Due to Due to Increase(+> higher (+> larger (+) or de- or or crease (-). lower (- > smaller (- > prices. quantities. S 15,846 227,090 242,936 146,395 28,254 15,399 5,439 3,156 7,285 13,902 5,938 12,317 82,148 26,620 267,764 14,476 13,211 4i,881 1,742 931,853 s + 3,213 + 93,270 + 96,483 + 39,060 + 5,081 + 3,304 + 702 + 558 + 855 + 2,599 + 2,701 - 807 - 3],828 - 2,734 - 72,814 + 6,434 - 2,916 - 15,683 - 242 + 30,753 s - 276 + 15.696 + 15,420 + 18,434 - 442 - 4,606 - 579 - 66 - 494 - 678 + 1,427 + 58 - 21,034 - 5,576 -146,392 + 2,671 - 5,793 - 12,249 + 262 -159,631 s + 3,489 + 77,574 + 81, 063 + 20,626 + 5,523 + 7,910 + 1. 281 + 624 + 1,349 + 3,717 + 1,274 - 865 - 10,791 + 2,842 + 73,578 + 3,763 + 2,877 - 3,434 - 504 + 190,390 p.c. p.C. p.c. - + 3.3 - 17.1 + 20.4 QUALITY OF GRAIN CROPS 259 Quality of Grain Crops, 1913-1922.-Table 6 gives the average weight per measured bushel for each of the principal grain crops from 1913 to 1922, with the ten-year average for the period 1912-1921. .r The table shows that in 1922 fall wheat, 59.91 lb., whilst superior to 1921 was slightly below the ten-year average of 60 lb. The weight was above the ten-year average for five and below it for six years. For spring wheat, 60.31 lb., the quality was better than in 1921, 58.10 lb., and also better than the average, 58.94 lb. The weight was above average for five years and below it for six years. For all wheat the weight in 1922, 60.24 lb., was higher than in 1921, 58.11 lb., and higher than the average 59.18 lb. It was above average in eight years and below it in three years. Oats, 35.68 lb., were above 1921, 32.97 lb., and above the average of 34.96 lb. They were above average in seven years and below in four years. Barley, with a weight in 1922 of 47.66 lb., was above 1921, 46.05 lb., and above average, 47.13 lb. It was above average in seven years and below average in four years. For the remaining crops the decennial averages were as follows, the number of times the average was exceeded being placed within brackets: peas 59.72 lb. (8); beans 59.60 lb. (7); buckwheat 47 .69 lb. (5); mixed grains 44.47 lb. (7); flax 54.62 (8); corn for husking 55.95 lb. (6). G.-Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 1913-22. Crop. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. Fall wheat... _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . Spring wheat............. . All wheat. . . . _ .. . . . . . . . . Oats................. _. _... Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . Rye........... ... Peas....................... Beans.................. _.. Buckwheat....... _.. _..... :Mixed grains......._....... Flaxseed. . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . Corn for husking........... 60-25 59.61 59.71 59.52 59.37 61.19 60.37 59.46 60.31 56.51 59.48 58.69 60.34 59.49 60.19 57.10 59.46 59.44 36.48 35.31 36.61 33.86 33.55 35.61 48.41 47.22 48.26 45.66 46.97 47.24 55.66 55.47 56.32 54.95 53.44 55.60 60.00 60.53 60.74 59.88 59.81 59,93 59.70 60.21 59.61 60.00 59.70 58.67 50.32 48.20 48.02 46.35 46.49 47.41 44.74 45.51 44.98 43.13 44.41 46.39 55.79 52.49 55.28 5i.99 54.73 53.72 56.27 56.62 56.32 56.51 56,18 53:97 61.20 60.14 58.53 59.07 59.12 59.35 34.16 35.62 46.32 47,62 55.09 55.44 59.60 60.44 59.99 59.73 47.23 47.95 44.83 44.65 55.14 54.79 - 56.45 58.77 59.91 58.10 60.31 58.11 60-24 32.97 35.68 46.05 47.66 55.06 55.71 59.42 60.08 59.30 59.39 47.35 47'80 41'6 44.33 54.34 55.04 55.56 55.45 Ten-year average, 1912-21. 60.00 58.94 59.18 34.96 47.13 55.19 59.72 59.60 47.69 44.47 54.62 55.95 Average Values of Farm Land.-The average value of the occupied farm lands of Canada, which includes both improved and unimproved land, together with dwelling houses, barns, stables and other farm buildings, is shown in Table 7 to have been $40 per acre in 1922, as compared with $40 in 1921, $48 in 1920, $46 in 1919, $41 in 1918, $38 in 1917, $36 in 1916 and $35 in 1915. By provinces, the value for 1922 is highest in British Columbia, viz., $120. In the other provinces the average values of farm lands per acre are rcported as follows for 1922: Ontario $64; Quebec $58; Prince Edward Island $45; Nova Scotia $34; New Brunswick and Manitoba $32; Saskatchewan $28 and Alberta $24. The average values in 1922 of orchard and fruit lands, including buildings, etc., in the fruit growing districts of Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia are estimated as follows: Nova Scotia $93 ($117); Ontario $127 ($137); British Columbia $320 ($300). The figures within brackets represent the averages for 1921. 62373--17! 260 PRODUCTIOV 7.-Au'rage ,"alues per acre of Occupied "'arm I.ands in ('anada, as estimated by Crop ('orrl'spolldents. 1908-10, 19lt- 2. Provinces. lJ08. 1909. uno. 1914. 19150 1916. 1917. 1918. 191iJ. 1920. 1921. 1922. ----------- $ S $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Canada............... . 31 32 33 37 35 3G 38 41 16 tS to 40 P. E. Island.......... 34 32 31 39 38 39 44 44 51 49 46 45 Nova Scotia.......... 25 31 25 ::8 28 34 34 36 41 43 35 34 Kc\\ Brun wick....... 21 4 19 26 22 29 :?9 35 32 35 28 32 Quebec 0 ... 42 43 43 47 51 52 53 57 72 70 59 58 Ontario..... . 47 50 48 54 52 53 55 57 66 70 63 64 Manitoba 0 . .. . . . . . . . . . 27 29 29 32 30 32 31 32 35 39 35 32 Saskntchev.an........ 0 20 22 2? 24 24 :.>3 26 2;) 32 32 29 28 Alberta... _ 18 20 1 ?4 H 23 22 27 28 29 32 28 24 British Columbia. ... . 76 73 74 150 125 119 149 149 li4 li5 122 120 Orchard and Fruit Lands, 19 2: ova Scotia, !J3 ($l1i in 1921); Ontario, $1"7 ($137 in 1921); BJitish Columbia, $320 ($300 in 1921). 2.-Farm Live Stock and Poultry. Numbers of Farm Animats.-In Table 8 arc givcn by provinces the numbers of each de!3cription of farm Lve stock in Canada for thc year 192 , as compared with 1921, a('('ording to cstimates madc jointly by the stati:-:tical authorities of thc Dominion and l>rovincial Gavel nments. 1 The total number of hor:3es in Canada on June 15, H) :!, was estimatL>d at 3,G4S,871, as ('om pared with 3;813,921 in If)21. l\lulcs numbered 9,202, as against 10,424; milch cows 3,745,804, as against 3,737,832; :>ther cattlc fi,! 74,OG.3, as ap:ainst 6,469,273; total cattle 9,719,8ß9, as against 10,207,105; !3hecp 3,26 0 3,.-2.-:" as against 3,ß75,8."j7; swine 3,DI5,ßS4, as against 3,8[4,89.5 and poultry (all dcscriptions) 4:!,930,i)ß , as against 37,18 \7U3. All Jescriptions of farm live stock show, thf'rrfore, a decrease as ('omparcd ",ith 1921, exccpting milch cows and swine, both of which have slightly increased. The dccrease is most marked in thc case of sheep, which have declined in numhcr by 412,3:32 since 1921 and by 45-,25" since 1920. By provinces, hor!3cs have increased only in Princc Edward Island, New Brunswick and British ColllIuhia. l\Iikh cows have increased in all provinces, except Prince Edward Island, Quebcc and Alberta, which show a decrease. TotaJ ('attle show incrcases in Prince Edward I Jand, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan and British Columhia, but decreases in the other prov- inccs. Sheep have declincd in all provinccs, except Kava Scotia and Saskatchewan, the dccrease bcing most markcd in Alberta, where the number has fallcn from 523,599 to 2GO,3ß6. Swine show a decrease in all the eastern provinces, but an increase in the Prairie Provinces and in British Columbia. Poultry have increased in all the provinces, except Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 1 Statistics of the numher and value of the variou'l de:icriptions of farm live stock, collected at the decennial cen'iuses since 1871, will he found in the "Stati'itical Summary of the Progress of Canada," im- mediately following the Table of Contents. l\-UJi BERS OF F_1RJ[ LIl'E STOCK 26] 8.-Xumbers of Farm Lh'e Stock In Canada, by IJro\inces, 1921-1922. Classification.-HoRsE8: Stallions, !\lares and Geldings, 2 years old and over: Colts and Fillies, under 2 years. CATTLE: Bulls for breeding; )Iilch CO\\::;; Calves, under 1 year; Steers, 2 years old and over; All other cattle. p Provinces. 19:31. 1922. II Provinces. 1921. 19:?2. No. No. No. No. Canada- Sma Scotla- Horses- Horse!'- Stallions............. . 42,811 46,682 Stallions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 1, 124 1\lares...... . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 746.580 1. 689.519 1\Iare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.555 31. 599 Geldings.... . . . ., . . . . . 1,5-15, CO2 1. 514.159 Geldings. ., . . . . . . . . . . . 24.603 23.425 Colts and fillies.. . . . . . 479,528 398,511 Col ts and fillies.. . . . . . 3,189 2,766 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,813,921 3.648.871 Total............ . 61.321 58,914 Cattle- 1\Iules.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,424 9,202 Bulls. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,065 4,750 l\blch cows. . . . . .. .. . . . 143.780 144,937 ('alves............... . 68. 137 59,486 Cattle- Steers.......... . 38.080 34,589 Bulls....... ........... 285,372 278,570 Other cattle. .. . . . . : : : : 78.230 75,940 Milch CO\\s............ 3.737,832 3,745.804 ('alves. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,321, 732 2,170,152 Total.... . 333.292 319.702 Steers. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 881.123 803,900 Other cattle........... 2,981,016 2,721,443 Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324,260 329,345 Total.. _. . . . . . . . . . 10,207,105 9,719.869 Sheep. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S\\ine.................. . 52,064 47,504 3,675,857 3,263,525 Poultry- Hens.. __.. 708,753 910,203 Swil)e................... 3,85t.895 3,915,684 Turkeys...........::: : 7,853 9,519 Gee. e................ . 13,460 17,311 Poultry- Ducks. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,678 12,770 lIens.. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . 34,340,474 39.434,873 Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . 740.744 949,805 Turkeys..... 1,199,494 1,590.?81 Geese.............:::: 883.69::! 947 , 26!J Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762,135 958,139 ('W BrW1S\\'lck- Horses- Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,185,793 42,930,562 Stallions... . . . .. . . .. . . 3,011 3,324 Rabbits (British Iares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,702 35,810 Col- Geldings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,C93 27, 307 umbia only!... ........ 65,789 51, 623 Colts and fillies...... . 4,152 3,711 . E. Island- Total.. . . ......... 69,958 70,152 lIorse,,- Cattle- Stallions............. . 88 67 Bulls......... . 9,954 9.440 1\lares................ . 14,515 16.875 )Iilch cows.... ... . . . . . 139,C55 146.054 Geldings.......... .... 13,110 12.672 Calves............... . 58,845 61,874 Colts amI fillies.. . . . . . 3,568 3,766 Steer. ................ . 22,877 25. 934 Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . Other cattle....... . . . . 64,715 59,813 31,311 37, 830 Cattle- Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.446 303, 115 Bulls................. . 3,195 2.744 Milch cows............ 55,022 51,613 Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.951 236,031 Calves............... . 29,878 2t,062 Steels................ . 7,C43 5.544 S\\ine....... . .......... 89,337 85,260 Other cattle.. .. . .. . . . . 43,C57 59.979 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,195 Poultry- 143.942 Hens.. ..... . . .. . . . . . . . 679,542 1,168,619 Turkeys.............. . 29,452 44,282 Sheep.. _..__ Gee.,e....... _ ..... 22.585 25,057 ........... 131,763 105,703 Ducks... . .-.. 11 , 826 13, 538 S\\ine................ .., Total. . . . . . .... 743,405 1,251,496 42.447 37,351 Poultry- QUI'))I'C- Hor,;es- liens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647,088 781,745 Rbl1ions.... . 7,264 7,R83 Turkeys.......... ..... 4,15:i 12,751 [are8.........::::::: : 197,546 177.308 Geese..... . .......-. 27,06!J 34. 882 Geldings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,173 155,423 Ducks.. . 11. 133 16,295 Colts and fillies. -..... 34.976 27,976 Total............. 689.443 845.673 Total............. 406.959 368,590 262 PR()DUCTIO \ Provinces. S.-Numbers of Farm Live toek in Canada, by Pro\'inees, 1921-1922-con. Quebec-concluded Cattle- Buns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milch cows. .. .. . . . . . . . Calves............... . Steers................ . Other cattle.. Total............ . Sheep. . . .. . . . . . . S\\ÍDe.... ...... PouItry- lIens....... . . . . . . . Turkeys.............. . Geese................ . Ducks. . . . . . .. . . . . . Total.. On tarlo-- Horses- Stallions. .. . . . . .. . Mares...... ........ ... Geldings.... . ......... Colts and fillies.... .. Total............ . Cattle- Buns................. . :Milch cows............ Calves............... . St.eers................ . Other cattle. _ . . Total.... .. Sheep......... . Swine......... 1921. No. 105,041 I,04U.389 441.701 66,533 399,730 2,053.394 1,006,617 833,920 3,476,729 146,004 129,86i 80.618 3,833,215 3.665 353,075 272,087 65,410 694,237 67,759 1,201,270 651.532 :>49,099 717,453 2,890.113 1. 081, 828 1,563,807 PouItry- Hens.................. 10,389.852 Turkeys............... 991,377 Geese...... ....... 413,219 Ducks..... ...... 363,758 Total. . 1'lanltoba- Horses- Stallions.. .. . . .. .. . l\lares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gelding'!....... ...... Colts and fillies....... Total..... . Cattle- RUnR...... _........... Milch cows........... . Calves............... . Steers................ . Other cattle.. .., . . . . Total. . . . . . Sheep..... . _ .. . . . . . . . . . 1922. No. 99,924 1. 006,992 384,561 49,248 317,665 1,858,390 990,918 728,926 6,117,723 :>06,659 125,2H 68,673 6,518.332 3.569 350,9!J8 272.442 58,843 685,852 69,077 I, 35, 665 626.353 :>34,049 671.037 2,836.181 986.617 1. 553,434 12.740,84t 336,447 446,187 440,539 11,458,206 13,964,317 1. 500 191,159 173.433 53,697 419,789 20,493 251. 799 191,979 83,567 269,921 817,759 131,361 5.020 173.690 154,389 41. 633 374,632 17,708 252,245 173,324 75.810 221.653 740,740 112,863 I Provinces. 1}1 II.1.toba-concluded SWIne.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PouItry- Hens....... .. Turkeys.. _ Geese..... . Ducks. ..... Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . 8askatdu'wan- Horses- Stanions........... _ _. 1\lares........ .. ..... Geldings............. . Colts and fillies.. . . . . . Total.. .......... 1\-lules. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cattle- Runs. _ _. _............. Milch cows....... ..... Calves............... . f;teers....... . . . . . . . . . . Other cattle........... TotaL...... _. _. _. Sheep.................. . Swine.................. . PouItry- Hens....... _ . _ . _ . . . . . . Turkeys.... .. ..... Geese................ . Ducks............... . Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . \Iberta- Horse<;- Stallions.. _ . . _ _ _ _ Mares. .... .. _. _. Geldings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colts and fillies. . . . . . . Total.. . . . . .. .. . . . Cattle- Buns....... ........... l\1iIch cows..... .. '" Calves.... . Steers... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other cattle........ .. . Total. . . . Sheep.. . .. .. . S\\ine... . Poultry- lIens................. . Turkeys.......... . . . . . Geese...... ........ Ducks........ ...... Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . 1921. No. 224,704 3,449,598 172,830 72.847 61,015 3,756,290 13,612 505,905 487,813 161,948 - 1,169,278 10,111 32,405 421,706 389,126 167,478 552.617 1,563,332 188,021 432,776 9.051,788 255.923 109.365 136,933 9.554,009 11 , 848 398,015 360,362 146,285 916,510 36,!JM 423.838 441,806 246,446 705.148 1,854,202 523,5!J9 574,318 4,534.042 283,346 83, 363 62,814 4,963,565 1922. No. 235,214 3,250,990 210,709 73, 833 76,576 3,612,108 13,892 508,416 489,162 132,032 1,143,502 8.907 33,423 456,006 398,240 173,668 541,449 1,602,786 191,937 563,069 7,705,102 419,063 121.530 210,255 8,455.950 11.009 372.655 358,069 121,583 863.316 36.294 3!12.037 3!1:i, 502 205,058 626,151 1. 653,042 :>60,366 623,188 4,908,543 337,336 89.724 86,536 5,422,139 NUMBERS OF FARJl LIYE STOCK 263 S.-Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Prodnces, 19 1-1922-concluded. Provinces. 1921. Provm= 1921. 1922. No. No. No. No. British Columbla- British Columbla-con. Horses- heep.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,457 49,745 Stallions............. . 849 794 1\[ares...... .. . . . . . . . . . 19,108 22.268 Geldings............. . 18,298 21, 320 Colts and fillies.. .. . . . 6,303 6,701 Swine. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,522 41,738 Total.. . . . . .. . . . . . 44,558 51,083 Poultry- Hens.................. 1,403,082 1,851, 102 l\lules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 295 Turkeys.............. . 8,556 13,515 Geese................ . 11,918 13.198 Cattle- Ducks...... --.. 23,360 3? ,957 Bulls... .... . . . . . . . . . . . 4.496 5,210 Milch cows....... . . .. . 57,973 60, 255 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,446,916 1,910,772 Calves............... . 48.728 48.750 SteelS....... . . . . . . . . . . - - Other cattle........... 150.175 147,756 Rabbits........ . . . . . . .. . 65.789 51,623 Total.. .. . . . . . . . . . 261,372 261,971 In Table 9 are given in summary form the numbers of farm live stock for Canada and by provinces for the years 1917-22. For numbers of hve stock for various years back to 1871, see the "Statistical Summary of the Progress of Can- ada," immediately following the Table of Contents. 9.-Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, 1917-22. Live stock. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. No. No. No. No. No. No. Canada- Hor:ões............. .. 3,412,749 3,609,257 3,667,369 3,400.352 3,813,921 3,648,871 Milch cows.. ..........:::: 3,202,283 3,538,600 3.548.437 3,504.692 3,737,832 3.745,804 Other cattle. ............. 4.718,657 6.507,267 6,536,574 6,067,504 6,469,273 5,974,065 Total cattle........... 7,920,94ü 10,045,867 10,085.011 9,572,196 10.207,105 9.719,869 Sheep.................... . 2,369,358 3.052,748 3,421,958 3,720,783 3,675,857 3.263,525 Swine. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,619,382 4,289,682 4,040,070 3,516,587 3.854,895 3,915,684 Prioee . dward Island- Hor:ões......._.. _..... _'" 38.948 32.620 34,676 35,569 31. 311 32,830 Milch cows....... 46,032 41,429 45.662 49.932 55.022 51. 613 Other cattle. . . . . . . : : :: : : : 54,970 69,092 79. 815 89.211 83. 173 92,329 Total cattle. ... .. . . . . . 101,002 110.521 125,477 139,143 138,195 143.942 Sheep. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.573 73.046 114,955 128,529 131,763 105,703 Swine.................... . 35,236 40,814 49,510 49,917 42,447 37,351 Nova Scotia- Hor,;es. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.193 70,101 69,589 67,583 61.321 58.914 Milch cows _ . . . .. . . . . . _ . . . 131.442 157. 829 162.230 170.308 143,780 144,937 Other cattle. . . . .. . . .. .. . . 135,C46 249,422 243,831 228.153 189,512 174,765 Total cattle... ........ 266,488 407.251 406.061 398,461 333,292 319,702 Sheep.................... . 200,979 259,8-17 261,529 403,567 324,260 3'.:9,345 Swine........ . . .. . . . . . . . . . 49,850 68,238 69,982 57.950 52,064 47,504 New ßruns\\ick- Hor;;es................... . 65,169 66,590 77, 828 76,737 69,958 70,152 }liIch cows. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 100,221 I?O, 123 153,058 147,760 139,055 146,054 Other cattle. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 89,456 166.624 211.964 185.228 156,391 157,061 Total cattle....... . .. . 189.677 286,747 365,022 332,988 295,4-16 303,115 Sheep.................... . 103, 877 140.015 212,745 280,090 236.951 236,031 S\\ine........ . . . . . . . . . . .. . 69.269 79,814 104,939 92.925 89,337 85,260 Quebl'C- Horses........ . . . . . .. .. .. . 379.276 496,811 463,902 433,199 406,959 368,590 \liIch cows............... 911, on l,lß3.865 1,056,347 1.030,809 1. 040,389 1,006.992 Other cattle. . . . . ., .. ., . . . 958,010 1. 2-15, 819 1,213.297 1,101,403 1.013,005 851,398 Total cattle _ ... .. . . .. . 1,869.033 2.409,684 2,269,644 2,132.212 2,053,394 1,858,390 he!'p...... ... ....... .. 849,148 959, OiO 1,007,425 1,031,982 1.006.61ï 990,918 Swine. : ......-........... 712 08i 997 255 935 425 836 431 833 920 728 926 264 PRODUCT/G.V 9.-Estimated :Xnmb 'rs of "arm U\( tock in Canada. 191i-22 -conclurlerl. Live stock. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. Ko. Ko. Ko. Ko. Ko. No. - .. .. .... 887,246 732,977 719,569 704,640 694,237 685,852 cows... ..... ....... 1,082,119 1,097.039 1,141,016 1.170,010 1.204,270 I. 235 . (;65 cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865,947 1,770,683 1. 786,175 1,711.817 1. 685, 843 1,600.516 otal cattle... .... .. . . 1.947,966 2,867,722 2,!I:?7, 191 2.8SI,827 2,890,113 2,836,181 ........ .. . 595,477 972,341 1.101. 740 1.129,084 I. 081, 828 986,617 .............. ...... 1.236,064 1,656,386 I. 695,487 1,614,356 1,563,807 1,553,434 ba- " .. .. .. 321.175 384,772 379,356 356.628 419,789 374,632 CO\\s. . 20:U 77 225.659 227, 872 221,785 251,799 252, U5 cattle. .:::::::::::: 357,870 5:?1,240 553. 899 536,189 565,960 488,495 otal cattle........... 560.017 i46. 899 781. 771 757,974 817,759 740,740 ..................... 80,588 136,782 167, liO 156,716 131,361 112,863 ........... ...... li5.013 284.596 :?61, 542 212,542 224,704 235,214 hl'wan- <: .................... 880,301 990.OC9 1.078.452 939,805 1.169,278 1.143,502 CO\\s. . .... 351. 430 352,989 374.062 354.507 421. 706 456.006 cattle. .. ... 856.687 926,342 1.005,501 96f1.555 1.141,626 1,146,780 otal cattle. .....: : : : : I,211,C90 1,279,331 1. 379, 56:l 1,324,062 1. 563.332 1. 602, 786 .......... ......... 127,892 134,177 l-l6,911 160, !J18 1 8.n2' 191. 937 .......... ......... 573,938 521, 240 432,367 321,900 432,776 563,069 - s........... .... 718,317 791,246 800,380 741,851 916,510 863,316 cows....... .. 325,861 328,702 336,596 305,607 423.8:J8 392,037 cattle. ---.... 1,209,433 1,362,880 1.247,448 1.050.334 1,430.364 1,261. C05 otal cattle. .. . ...... 1,535.294 1,691,582 1. 584, 014 I. 355 _941 1,854,202 1,653.042 ............. ....... 276,966 332,179 364,498 383.424 523,599 260.366 ........... ......... 730,237 601,534 445,858 286,556 574,318 623,188 ('olumbla - s........... .... 55,124 44,131 43,717 44,070 44,558 51.083 CO\\R..... . ... 49,C05 50.965 51.594 53,974 57,973 60,'>55 cattle... .. 191. 338 19.5, Hi5 194,644 19>,614 203,399 201.716 otal cattle..........: 240.343 246.130 246.238 249,5<;R 261. 372 261. 971 ............. .. 43,858 45,291 44,985 46.473 51. 457 49,745 ............ ....... 37,688 39, 8C5 44,960 44,010 41.522 41. 738 On tarlo- Hor,.æ Milch Other T Shrep S\\ ine j\lanUo Hor"e Iilch Other T Sheep f;\\ ine Sa.<òkatr Hor,.e }Iilch Other T heep Swine Albl'rta Hor:,e }tileh Other T f:hrep S\\ine British Hor"e Milch Other T Sheep S\\ine Values of Farm I,ive Stock and of \Vool.-The average value,> for horses and cattle in 1022 (Tables 10 and 11) howed a further falJ, as compared with the extraordinary drop reported in 1921, as compared with 1920. 'Yith exceptions in one or two of the eastern provinces, the fall wa g('neral, but was most aCf'entuated in th(' l>rairie Provinces. Only in the cal'e of :-;}wep and swine was there some small recovery. For Canada as a whole, horf'es under one year averaged :34, as against $3R in 1921; horses one year to under three years $70, against $79; and horses three years old and ov<'r $111, figainst 123. Cattle under one year were $11, again:--t 812; cattle one year to under three year $25, against $26; cattle three years old and over 83R, against 83 ). For alJ descriptions the average value per head for Canada was as follows: hor es 72, as again t $83 in 1921; milch cows $18, against $51; other cattle :326, figainst $28; all cattle 3,5, again t 37; sheep figain t :-'6, and swine $15, against 14. I,'or swine per 100 lb. live weight the average is 810, the same as in 1921. The price of wool shows some increase, as compared with the low record of 1921, the average prices in 1922 for Canada h('ing 17 cents pPr lb. unwashed, find 24 cents per lb. wa"hed, as against 14 and 22 cents respectively in 1021. Applying the avemge values p('r h('ad to the numhers as returned in June la"t, it is posf'iLle to calculate appro>.Ïmately, as is done in Table 12, the total value of fann live stock in Canada for the year 1022, as compared with 1921, in brackets, as follows: IIor:ses 8264,043,000 ( 14,764,OOO); milch cows $179,141,000 ($190,- V ALVES OF FA.RJI LIrE STOCK 265 203,000); other cattle $156,441,000 ($183,64ï,000); all cattle $335,582,000 ($373,- 850,000); sheep 824,962,000 ($23,308,000); swine Si>7,300,000 ($54,042,000). Thus, the estimated total value of tbese descriptions of farm live stock amounted to $681,887,000, as compared with S765,9G4,OOO in 1921, $1,04G,717,000 in 1920 and $903,686,000 in 1916. 10.-A\erage Yahles of Farm .Animals and of \\"001, as estimated by Crop Correspond- ents, 1916-22. N Horses. Other horned. Wool per lb. cattle. S"ine Provinces. 1 year 1\Iilch 1 yeal per 'Cnder to 3 cows. 'Cnder to 3 Ice lb. Sheep. 1 under years 1 under years live Un- Washed. year. 3 and year. 3 and weight. washed. years. Q"I,er. years. over. - - - - - - - - - S S S S S S S S S S S Canada.......... .1916 54 IG9 160 70 20 43 63 12 10 0.37 C.50 1917 57 116 167 84 24 52 77 17 15 0.59 0.75 1918 56 112 162 87 25 5i 88 16 16 0.62 0.80 1919 55 108 161 92 25 56 83 16 15 0.55 0.70 1920 49 102 151 80 20 45 67 15 10 0.22 0.32 1921 38 79 123 51 12 26 39 10 6 0.14 0.22 1922 34 70 111 48 11 25 38 10 8 0.17 0.24 P. E. Island...... .1916 37 76 112 52 14 31 46 12 9 ' 0.37 0.47 191i 41 79 118 63 17 37 54 Ii 14 0.60 0.76 1918 43 86 131 71 17 38 60 16 15 0'65 0.83 1919 53 -97 146 83 20 48 72 16 14 0.46 0.59 1920 45 93 141 60 14 31 47 13 8 0.19 0.26 1921 35 74 112 38 9 20 30 9 5 0.13 0.19 1922 39 76 119 47 10 23 35 10 7 O.li 0.21 'ova Scotia...... .1916 50 99 150 53 13 33 54 11 7 0.39 0.49 1917 49 101 149 63 18 41 63 Ii 9 0.61 0.74 1918 51 lCO 152 65 15 40 62 17 Ie 0.71 0.88 1919 55 109 167 76 17 46 75 18 11 0.62 0.76 1920 51 lC7 157 71 16 40 66 16 8 0.21 0.29 1921 41 88 134 44 10 24 41 11 4 0.15 0.20 192:.' 40 82 133 45 10 23 40 11 6 0.18 0.23 'ew Bruns\\lck..1916 55 113 169 48 13 28 44 12 6 0.36 0.48 1917 54 118 165 63 16 37 55 Ib 10 C.59 0.74 1918 60 125 175 65 18 38 58 17 12 0.71 0.89 1919 62 125 204 70 17 41 58 17 11 0.57 0.73 192C 58 120 176 61 15 35 53 15 8 0.21 0.32 1921 43 96 151 40 10 23 33 10 5 0.13 0.19 1922 46 99 155 40 11 25 36 11 6 0.19 0.26 uebec. .. . . . . . . _ .1916 49 105 155 62 16 35 52 14 11 0.44 0.58 1917 53 117 171 81 19 43 67 2ü 15 0.65 0.83 1918 53 114 17-1 79 18 40 62 17 14 0.63 0.83 1919 55 120 179 84 19 42 64 17 13 0.57 0.76 1920 50 111 169 75 16 35 54 17 10 0.29 0.42 1!J21 36 85 136 46 9 21 33 11 6 0.21 0.31 1922 38 85 135 45 10 22 35 12 8 0.21 0.32 n tario.. . . _ _ . . . . . 1916 52 105 151 76 23 51 71 12 13 0.34 0-44 1917 55 105 147 92 29 63 90 Ii 18 0.55 0.66 1918 54 105 146 96 29 65 94 Ii 20 0.61 0.76 1919 53 101 144 107 29 64 95 Ii 18 0.54 0.67 1920 52 100 143 92 25 55 82 16 12 0.18 0.25 19a 48 88 126 59 13 32 47 10 8 0.10 0.15 1922 43 82 121 58 16 33 48 10 9 0.15 0-19 lailltoba........ .1916 61 123 171 74 21 47 6i 11 12 0.31 0.37 1917 63 12i 178 88 27 55 83 16 16 0.5\ 0.55 1918 65 126 182 91 28 65 93 Ib 17 0.56 0.67 1919 59 117 172 90 26 59 85 16 15 0.54 0.61 1920 50 104 154 71 18 43 65 14 9 0.17 0.23 192\ 37 i5 117 45 10 2\ 31 9 6 0.09 0.14 1922 33 il 110 42 10 23 34 8 7 0.131 0.17 N Q o l\ 266 PRODUCT/OX 10.-A\erage Valu('s of }'arm Animals and of \\'001, as estimated by Crop Correspond- ents, 1916-22 -concluded. Horses Other horned Wool per Ib cattle. Swine Provinces. 1 year fiIch 1 year per Under to 3 cows. Under to 3 100 ib. Sheep. 1 under years 1 under yeal'8 - live Un- Washed year. 3 and year. 3 and weight. washed. years. over. years over. - - - - - - - - - - S S S S S S S S S S S askatrhewan... .1916 65 133 188 73 22 47 67 10 10 0.28 0.33 1917 69 137 194 85 27 58 83 15 14 0.50 0.5i 1918 64 134 190 91 30 6t 92 15 17 0.56 0.71 1919 56 108 162 91 27 60 86 16 15 0.51 0.62 1920 46 97 149 73 19 45 66 13 8 0.19 0.28 1921 31 71 118 49 11 27 40 9 6 0.1? 0.15 1922 25 55 93 40 9 22 33 8 7 0.16 0.20 Alberta.......... .1916 51 102 151 77 27 51 73 11 10 0.28 C.37 1917 55 109 161 89 33 62 87 16 15 0.51 0.55 1918 48 96 142 93 32 64 95 15 15 0.57 0.69 1919 40 82 125 89 26 57 83 16 14 0.52 0.64 1920 32 72 114 71 20 45 64 14 10 0.18 0.22 1921 20 46 65 48 10 25 37 9 6 0.12 0.20 1922 14 32 60 38 8 19 30 9 7 0.15 0.23 British Columbla1916 48 87 144 9C 24 48 72 13 11 0.29 0.45 1917 50 101 155 103 29 62 89 17 14 0.46 0.52 1918 52 98 150 106 29 65 93 15 15 0.54 0.64 1919 63 110 .167 118 35 70 102 19 16 0.49 0.58 1920 50 103 162 125 30 68 95 19 11 0.17 0.3? 19?1 33 75 138 85 18 40 58 12 8 0.08 0.12 1922 25 54 105 69 13 30 46 11 9 0.17 0.25 NOTE.-See paragraph relating to production and value of wool on page 292. ll.-A\erage Values per head of Farm Live Stock In Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents. 1916-22. Farm Animal::!. Canada- Iforses..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1\lilch cows.............................. Other cattle....... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cattle.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheep................ . Swine..... . . . . Prince Ed\\ard Island - Horses............. ...................... 1\lilch cows.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... Other cattle....... . . . . . .. . .. ............ Total cattle.... ...................... :::::::::::::. ::::::::::: NO'fa Srotla- Ifor,.,':-! __ ..... :!\filch Co\\s.... Uther cattle... .... .. . . . . Total r.attle........ :::::::::....... l'i'r\\ ßruns\\lrk- IIIIr>,C8. _... . . _. . . .. .. . 1\lilch cows... .. .. Other cattle....... . . ... . . . .. . Total cattle............... Sheep. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .. ...... ........ S\\ine....... . . .. . . . . .. '. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . 1916. 1917. S 129 70 54 61 10 18 S 126 86 57 69 15 26 87 52 35 42 9 20 88 103 6t . 71 38 44 50 54 14 15 27 29 108 53 38 45 7 18 111 117 63 65 45 44 54 53 9 10 29 30 127 49 33 41 7 17 127 141 63 65 40 41 52 51 10 12 27 28 1918. s 127 87 61 70 16 26 1919. 1920. S 119 92 58 70 15 25 114- 83 53 64 14 27 127 76 54 63 11 29 138 70 42 53 11 31 S 106 79 47 59 10 23 109 60 34 43 8 24 119 71 43 55 8 24 139 61 39 49 8 22 1921. 11922. S 83 51 28 37 6 14 s 72 48 26 35 8 15 84 38 21 28 5 16 92 48 26 34 7 19 98 44 27 34 4. 18 95 45 26 35 6 18 115 40 23 31 5 17 110 40 25 32 6 17 VALUES OF FARJ! LIVE STOCK 267 11.-A,'erage Values per head of Farm Uve Stock In Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 1916-22-concluded. Farm Animals. Quebec- Hor:5es.................................. . M:ilchcows... ....... ..... Other cattle... .. . . _ .,. _ . . . . . . _ . _ _ _ . _ . . . _ . Total cattle.......................... Sheep. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario-- Hor:5es.................................. . ?'l:ilch cows....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . _ . _ Other cattle. . . . . ." _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cattle. . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . _ . . . _ _ _ . _ . _ . _ . Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swine... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manltoba- Ilorses.................................. . ?Hlch cows............................... Other cattle. . . ., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . _ . _ _ . . . Total cattle. ... . .. . .. . . . _ ., . . Sheep..... _" _ _'" _.... _ _ _. _... _. _.. _.. _. Swine. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatche\\an- Horses.......................... ......... ?lilch cows............................... Other cattle. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Total cattle........... _...... _ _...... Sheep........ _ _. __ _.. _ ..... Swine.. __".' _ _. _. _ _ _... _.... ............. Alberta- Hori!es.................................. . ?rilch cows............................... Other cattle.............................. Total cattle. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheep_..................... ....... _.. _... Swine..... ......._ ........... British Columbla- HOl"i'es.................................. . Milch cows............................... Other cattle. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cattle. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swine.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. S 115 62 51 57 11 17 125 76 65 71 13 18 128 74 51 59 12 17 149 73 51 58 10 17 121 77 56 61 10 17 108 94 55 66 11 19 S 132 82 46 63 15 29 113 93 63 79 19 25 138 88 57 69 16 24 138 85 59 66 14 25 122 89 64 70 15 24 118 103 65 73 14 21 S 131 79 45 61 14 26 111 96 67 78 20 27 141 91 64. 73 17 26 149 91 66 73 17 28 107 93 70 74 15 24 123 106 67 75 15 24 S 134 84 44 61 13 24 S 126 75 38 56 10 26 1922. s S 100 45 23 35 8 19 89 46 23 35 6 16 96 59 34 45 8 13 90 58 34 44 9 14 110 107 68 8.3 18 25 108 92 57 71 12 23 89 45 23 30 6 14 8 4 2 31 7 14 131 90 58 67 15 26 114 71 44 52 9 22 82 49 28 33 6 14 67 40 23 28 7 13 125 91 62 70 15 26 108 73 45 59 8 20 64 48 28 32 6 13 42 38 21 25 7 12 94 89 60 66 14 25 80 71 45 51 10 18 100 85 40 50 8 17 i8 69 33 41 9 16 1?9 118 71 81 16 28, 126 125 72 11 21 12.-Estimated Total Values of Farm Lh'e Stock in Canada, b)" Prmlnces, 1916-22. Pro"ince and Year. Horses. Milch cows. All Sheep. S\\ ine. Total. Cattle. $ S S S S S 'anada..... ........ .1916 418,686,000 198,896.000 403, 3i3, 000 20,927,000 60,700,000 903.686,000 1917 429, 123, 000 274,081,000 544,676,000 35,576,000 92,886,000 1,102,261, 000 1918 459,155,000 307,244,000 706,058,000 48,802,000 112,751,000 1,326,766,000 1919 435,070,000 327,814,000 708,821,000 50,102,000 102,309.000 1,296,602,000 1920 361,328,000 278,4S2,OOO 56fì, 973,000 37,263,000 81,153,000 1,046,717,000 1921 314,764,000 190,203,000 373,850,000 23,308.000 54,042,000 765,964,000 1922 264,043,000 179,141,000 335,582,000 24,962,000 57,300,000 681,887,000 . E. hland. . .. . . .. . .1916 3,355,000 2,394,000 4,369,000 799,000 766,000 9,289,000 1917 3,408,000 2,923,000 4,998,000 1, 245, 000 947,000 10,598,000 1918 3,353,000 2,922,000 5,930,000 I. 081, 000 1,183,000 11,547,000 1919 3,935,000 3,794,000 8,024,000 1, 603, 000 1,320,000 14,882,000 1920 3,880,000 2,975,000 5,991,000 1,073,000 1,205,000 12,149,000 1921 2,637,000 2,079,000 3,861,000 654, 000 688,000 7,840,000 1922 3,011,000 2, .182, 000 4,857,000 779,000 726,000 9,373,000 c p 2û8 PRUDUCT/OX 12.- E timat('d Total Yahl(, of }'a-m Jj\(' Stork in ('anada. b) .-rmÎur('s. 1916-22-concluded. Province and Year. Total. l\ova cot1a......... .1916 11H7 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 New Brunswlek... .1916 1917 1918 1919 19 0 1921 19:<:2 Quebec......... . ..1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Ontario. . Hor e.:!. . ..1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 $ 6,93:J,OOO 7,J.ll,ooO 8,194.000 8,838.000 8,066,000 6, G07, COU 5,588,000 8,244,OCO 8,244,000 9.385,000 10, i7fi, oeo 10. fili6, 000 8,Q.J.5,000 7,709,COO 38.252,000 49.875,000 65. C82, COO 62.16:3,000 55,583.000 36.219,000 37,023,000 112,026.000 100.259,000 81. 169,OOU 79,15:3, OOC 76,197,000 66,349,000 61,520,000 Iailitoba. . . . . . . . . . . .1916 41. 494. COO 19Iï 44,574.000 1918 54,371.COO 1919 49,523,000 1920 40.536,000 1921 37,305,GOU 1922 31,599,000 Sasl.atclu.wan...... .1916 125,023,000 1917 121.482,000 1918 147.511.000 HI19 1:39.8G7,OOU 1\' 0 101,499, COO 1921 95,463,000 1<122 76,978,000 Alberta.............. .1916 191i 1\118 1919 1920 1921 1922 British Columbia... .l!n6 1917 HnS HII!I If120 1921 1922 73.737.000 87,635,000 84.6fi2,OOO i5, 236, 000 59.348.000 58, 283, ()()O 36,630.000 6,1ì2 , 000 6.505.000 5.428.000 5, fi39. COO 5.553,000 4.456.000 3.985,000 .\:ilch COWB. .\11 Sheep. Swine. Cattle. S S S. S 6,897,000 12,172,000 I. 3C6, 000 935,000 8.314,000 14.391,000 1. 809, 000 2,626.000 10.337,000 21.383,000 1,433.000 '). 020, 000 12.329.000 25.496.000 2,877,COO 2,029.000 12,033,COO 21,927, ()(){J 3,260.000 1,395,OCO 6,25!J.000 11,335,000 1,437,000 937,000 6,575,000 11,145,000 2,003,000 862, 000 4,861,000 7,904.000 689,000 1,202,000 6,314,000 9,848.000 1,039.000 1,853,000 7. 810, ()I){) 14.580.000 I,IH2.COO 2, 219, OO Ie.MC.OOC 19,510.000 2. 449,OOC 3.291.000 9,013,000 16.237. GOO 2,241. 000 2.044.000 5,562,000 9. 15!J,OOO 1.185, OW 1.519,000 5, 879 , COO 9,828,000 1. 303,000 1, 48fi, 000 39,668.000 66. 720. 000 5,226.000 9.(32,000 74,248.COO 118,078. roo 12,737.000 0. 94,OOO 91 , 945, 000 148,007.000 13,427.000 25.929,000 88,734,COO 13íJ, 119, ()()() 13,097,COO 22,450,000 77,311.000 119,164,000 10,320,000 21,747.000 47, 85S, 000 71,15i,OOO 6.C40,OOO 13,343,000 45,162,000 64,813,000 7, 587, 000 13,664,000 82.241,000 140:8fi6,OOO 7,370. COO 25.283,0(;0 100,096. COO 154,428. COO 11. 016, 000 31.211,000 105.515,000 224. 280. COO 19,76fi,CCO 43.896,000 121. 623, COO 242,895. COO 19,831.000 42.387.000 107.128,000 205, 007,000 13,349.I:CO 37.641,000 71. 250, ceo 128,767,000 8.249,COO 20.659.000 iI, 167.000 125,916,000 8,904.000 22,415,000 14,427,000 32,678,000 883. GOO 3,500.000 17,842,COO 38.330,000 1.289,000 4. 157.000 20.622.000 54, IIi8, 000 2.317.000 7.517,000 20,609. COO 52,684,000 2.518,000 7,185.000 15. 698,OOe 39,344, COO 1. 389. 000 4.601.000 11. 378. COO . 24,508.000 783. COO 3. C:J!I. 000 10.589,000 22,891.000 789.000 3;320,000 23.358. COO 58.508.000 1.242.000 9,022. (ì00 30.213,000 8O.:{ 9.rOO 1. 822, 000 14.492.000 32,122,000 93,2fil,OOO 2,281.000 14,595.00/11 34. 04C. COO 9fi,:m.000 2.204,000 11. 242. 000 25,879.000 69,509.000 1.287.000 6.438,000 20.577.000 52,239.000 1.200,000 5,9fi3,000 18,405,OGO 44. 4fi9, 0ucks......... . .... 62,814 R6,536 Other fowls ... 4,534,042 4, 90S, 543 Totals. ." ._-.. 4,963,565 5,422,139 British Columbla- Turkeys... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 8,556 13,515 Geese.................... ..... II,918 13.198 Ducks....................... . 23,360 32,957 Other fowls..... . . . . . . . . . .. .' . 1,403,082 I, 851,102 Totals................. . 1,446,916 1,910,772 1921. 1922. 1921. 1922. S per S per S S head. head. 3.25 2.46 561,700 518,300 2.20 1.91 160,300 141.000 1.03 0.98 62,800 75,000 0.78 0.68 2,690,700 2,210,700 3,475,500 2,945,000 2.85 2.42 729.400 l,llt,l00 2.29 1.96 250.400 238, 200 1.07 0.94 146.500 197,600 0.70 0.61 6,336,300 4,700,100 7,462,600 6,250,000 2.90 2.46 821. 700 829. 800 2.22 1.92 185.000 172,300 1.13 0.96 71. 000 83,100 0.70 0.59 3,173, BCO 2,896,000 4,251,500 3,981, 200 4.30 3.78 36.800 51,100 2.98 2.69 35,500 35,500 1.44 1.25 33,600 41,200 1.37 1.03 1,922,200 1,906,600 . - 2,028,100 2,034,400 3.-Fur Farming. Fur Farms of Canada, 1922.- The erm "fur farm" includes farms devoted entirely to the raising of fur-bearing animals, together with parts of farms where the raising of fur-be ring animals is carried on as a distinct branch of the operations. Of such farms there were in Canada in 1922, according to the reports issued by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1,026, including 977 fox farms and 49 farms raising miscellaneous fur-bearing animals, the former showing an increase of 202 over 1921, and the latter an increase of 12. This increase was general throughout the Dominion except in Yukon Territory. The total value of the land and buildings was $1,925,9.51, as compared with $1,589,300 in 1921 (Table 14), and of the fur- bearing animals $5,864,153, as compared with $5,977,545 in 1921 (Table 15). The slight decline in the value of fur-bearing animals was due to the drop in the value of silver foxes, the numbers of which showed an increase of 4,364, or 24 p.c., over 1921, while their value showed a decrease of $126,338, or 2 p.c.; their general average value being only $254, as compared with $322 in 1921. The fur-bearing animals born in captivity in 1922 numbered 19,199, while 3,626 died and 8,278 were killed for their pelts. The total number of live animals sold was 4,339, of which 3,794 were silver foxes. The total amount received by fur farmers in 1922 from the sale of live animals and pelts was $1,537,525, as compared with $1,498,105 in 1921. For a more intensive study of fur farms the reader is referred to the report on Fur Farms, 1922, which may be obtained, as Jong as copies are available, on application to the Dominion Statistician. DAIRYING ST A TlSTIGS 271 H.-Number of Fur Farms and Value of Land and BuildIngs, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Provinces. Prince Edward Island................... Nova Scotia............................ New Brulli'wick......................... Quebec. . . . . . . . . . .. .............. Ontario................................ . Alanitoba...... ......................... Saskatchewan.......................... . Alberta................................ . British Columbia....................... Yukon Territory........................ Totals for Canada........:.... Fur Farms. 1920. 1921. 1922. No. No. No. 309 55 57 80 42 2 2 15 11 14 587 375 108 64 109 94 6 5 14 21 16 Value of Land and Buildings. 435 121 86 156 128 19 9 26 30 16 1920. S 640,489 67, 875 101,354 121,498 70,928 53,268 33, 000 59,700 13,029 41,450 1921. S 763,235 127,724 132,810 173,204 144,049 90,850 37.075 61,875 21,100 37,378 1922. S 810,694 129,493 160,605 238.967 200.360 202,685 40.200 62,137 45.080 35,730 812 1.026 1,202,591 1,589,300 . 1,92ã,9ãl li.-Number and Value of Fur-bearing Animals on Fur Farms in Canada, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Kind of Animal. Silver Fox........................ Patch Fox................... .... Red Fox...... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Blue Fox... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White Fox.. ...................... lI-Iink.. ........ ...... ............. Alarten.......................... . Fisher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raccoon............. .............. Skunk.... ........................ Opossum. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lynx.. ................... Bear .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Brown Beaver............... .... White Beaver...... .. .. . . . . ., .. . . . A'l:uskrat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Karakul Sheep.................... Total.. . ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 16,529 1920. No. Number of Fur-bearing Animals. 1921. No. 13,694 1, 103 373 3 1 188 3 6 23 33 17 . 954 1,237 484 210 8 5 55 99 9 2 2 39 1 2,250 750 23,105 1922. No. 22,318 1,384 435 10 16 288 3 7 105 34 5,157 941 1920. S 4,536,417 87, 735 11, 810 748 100 4,835 100 675 260 125 3 81 BO,OOO Value of Fur-bearing Animals. 1921. S 5,789,465 102,850 10,035 100 5,366 410 700 854 500 65 200 200 1,300 50 5,550 60,000 30,782 4,722,905 5,977,545 1922. S 5,663,127 103,055 8,626 2,200 700 6,051 175 700 1,313 396 150 2,400 7 , : 'lO 68,050 5,864,153 2 1,100 4.-Dairying Statistics. The first permanent introduction of cows into Canada was undoubtedly made by Champlain at Quebec between 1608 and 1610. In 1629 he had 60 or 70 cattle on his farm at Cap Tourmente. In 1660, Colbert, the great French Minister, sent to New France representatives of the best dairy cows of Normandy and Brittany. In 1667 there were 3,107 head of cattle in New France and in 1671, 866 in Acadia. The first cattle in what is now Ontario were taken thither by La Motte Cadillac in 1701. In 1823 a herd of 300 cattle was driven north to the Red River Settlement and sold to the settlers. Cattle in British Columbia date from as early as 1837. Cheese Production.-The early French colonists made butter and cheese, of which the "frornage raffiné" still made on the Isle of Orleans is probably a survival. The United Empire Loyalists introduced cheese and buttermaking into the districts settled by them, and as early as 1801 sent their surplus butter and cheese to the United States. The first modern cheese factory in Canada commenced business in the county of Oxford in 1864, while shortly afterwards factories were established 272 PR0DUCTIO.V in. the Burkville and Belleville districts of Ontario, in l\Iissisquoi County, Quebec, near Essex, Kew Brunswick, and in \.nnRpolis County, Kova Scotia. These factories were e:;;tabli::;hed before 1870; after that date the number rapidly increased. Creameries.- The first creamery in Canada was established at Athelstan, Huntington County, Quebec, in 1873, while the first cream separator was installed at Ste. l\Iarie, Beauce County, Quebec, in 1882. The first Ontario creamery was established in 1873, and "hat was probably the first cream separator in Ontario was installed at Belleville in 1883. Production and Value of Creamery Bv.tler.-The total quantity of creamery butter produced in Canada in 1922 (Table 16\ wa::; 1.J2,.,)0l,HOQ lb., of the value of S53,4'-3,2.,2, as compared with 12'-,714,{'.10 lb., of the value of $-! ,13f,4:39 in 1921, an increqse in quantity of 23,75ï,2! 0 lb., or 18 p.c., imd an increase in value of 5,3lï,S43, or 11 p.c. fhe increase in value is due to the increased quantity, as the average price per pound dropped from 37 cents in 1921 to 35 cents in 1922. Increaf':ed production of creamery butter is shown by all the provinces, the largest proportionate increase being in Quebec, where the production increased during the year by 8,ïtO,C6i lb., or 1 p.c. 16.-Production and \'alue of Creamery Butter, b)" Prminces, 19 O-22. Provinces. 1920. 1921. 1922. 192C. 1921. 1922. lb. lb. lb. i S S Prince Ed ward Island.. . . . . . I,IGG.o.12 1,109,546 I. 262, ooe 674,744 452,523 449,303 I\ova Scotia................ 2,503,188 3,C94,768 t t I 1,518,757 I. 306, 465 1,244,958 I\ew Brun...,,,,ich.. ............ I. 053. 649 1,152,lIi8 606,891 475,] ]2 467,287 Quehec.................... . 41,fi3:?,5lJ 48,47 ,403 57'2J8'4ì 1 23,580,949 17,594.9 ] .20.0::4,C39 Onbrio... _.. ....... 37.234, !l98 43.471,53t 51,633,Oì 21,343,858 16, 6S0, 247 18, 2]8, fi 9 )lanitoha. . .... 7,578,549 8,541,'1!15 10,559,601 4,282,73] 3,25:J,057 3,603.491 SaskatC'hewan... . .. .. 6,638,656 7,030,053 8.901,144 3,727,140 2,552,698 3,061;,;;73 Alberta............ ... lJ, 821. 29] 13,04"i,493 15,417,0701 6,555,509 4,543,()()7 5, ]26, 844 Britbh Columbia... .... 2,062,814 2,818,552 2,9W,] 83 n 1. 334, 624 1. 277.400 I. 252.158 Total. . . . ., . . . . . . . . . 111,691,718 128,71J '10 1;)2,501,900 1 1 63,6'!,i,203 1 -IS. 1:1;), -139 1 53, 453, 28 Production and Value of Factory Cheese.-The total production of factory cheese in 1922 (Table 17) was 13.ï, 21,1lt) lb., of the value of $21,b21,7fO, as com- pared with 1ß2,117,494 lb., of the value of 528,ílO,030 in 19 1, a decrease in quantity of 2t),2 6,37:-; lb., or 16.2 p.c., and a deCl"eac;e in value of $6,S 5,2 0, or 21 p.c. The average price of cheei'e fell from 17 cents in 1921 to 1ß cents in 19 2. The provinceH showing increased productioll. were Prince Edward I::.-land, 4.18 p.c.; Nova Scotia, S.O p.c.; Alberta, 0.14 p.c.; and British Columbia, 2.87 p.c. 17.-Production ami Yalue of Factory Cheese, by Prminces, 1923-22. Provinccs. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1920. 1!J21. 1922. lb. lb. lb. . . S Princc Edward Island... . . . . 2,081.277 1,681,779 1.752.233 525.635 293,65] 284,471 Nova ðcotia................ 52,638 29,440 31, 820 14,865 5,578 5,010 New Brun"wick............. 1.235,008 1,100,382 9Z6, 052 336,409 203.94] 147,503 Quebec.................... . 52,162,777 54, 24:!, 73;; 3S. 923. 77 13,372,250 9,]97.911 6,Oli5.539 Ontario..... . .............. 92,784,757 103, 4J2 , 696 92,707.05!J 24,605,823 18,676,J80 15.036,980 Manitoba.. __ _ 116,229 255,829 102,354 31,611 47,34 ] 16,747 Saskatchewan.:.....:::.::::: : 28,367 22, 659 12,44 7,790 4,200 2,026 Alberta.................... . 398,750 930, fi60 931.992 110,355 200,478 183,860 Britibh Columbia.... . . . . . . . 342, 053 4:n,314 433,388 96,134 80,541 82.624 Total........ . . . . . . . 1-19,201,8;)6 162,117, j9j 13 - 821 116 11 39,100, 72 21'\, ì 10, 0301 21,8201,760 a, . II DAIRYI!I;G STATISTICS 273 Condensed Milk and Milk Powder.-The quantity of condensed milk made in Canada in 1922 was 21,241,080 lb., of the value of $2,388,319, a decrease in quantity of 17,7.36,856 lb., or 45.53 p.c., as compared with 1921. The quantity of evaporated milk made was 32,392.570 lb., valued at $3,137,039, a slight increase in quantity over 1921. The quantity of milk powder and skim milk powder made in 1922 was 7,352,716 lb., valued at $1,173,447. Of the 23 condenseries in operation in Canada in 1922, 20 were situated in Ontario, and to the total value of products of condenseries of $9,501,345 Ontario contributed $8,256,861. Table 18 shows the quantity and value of products other than butter and factory cheese for the years 1920, 1921 and 1922. IS.-Miscellaneous Products of Dairy Factories, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. Product. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. S S S Condensed milk. . . . . . " lb. 53,662,699 10,202,230 38,997,936 5,837,787 21,241, 080 2,388,319 Evaporated milk........ lb. 30.469,642 3,809.653 31, 202, 713 3,428,456 32.392,570 3,137,039 Milk powder............ lb. 7,574,668 2,178,176 1. 703,49d 554.918 1,430,466 456,371 Skim milk powder... ... lb. - - 5,749.229 830,585 5,922,250 717,0711 Sterilized milk........ _. lb. 7,608.927 785,044 6,696.264 719.009 150,000 11,000 Skim condensed milk... lb. 363,294 18,723 1,307,781 51,788 1,505,354 58, 876 Condensed coffee and cocoa.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. lb. 531,451 147.052 324,011 94,065 297,348 60,257 Whey butter... .. . .. . . .. lb. 1,516,932 757.156 1,337.404 431, 114 1,140,386 345,946 Casein.................. lb. 109,958 19.233 98.136 9,814 82,538 10,294 Ice cream.............. .gal. 2.996.514 4,151, 949 3.007.337 3,967.918 2,771,925 3,669,564 Milk sold.............. .gal. 28,199.796 14,249.858 27,660,810 12.846,749 31, 097.939 12.309,128 Cream sold. .. (1b. butter fat) 7,319,131 6,533.098 8,051,215 5,734,638 9,219,324 5,607,315 Buttermilk sold............ - 306.235 - 300,278 - 269,276 undry.................... . - 452,009 - 271,429 - 653,543 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 43,610,416 - 35,078,5:18 - 29,694,004 Retrospective Statistics.-In Table 19 the production and value of creamery butter and factory cheese is compared by provinces and for all Canada for the years 1900, 1910 and 1915, and annually from 1920 to 1922. Table 20 shows the total value of all the products of dairy factories by provinces for the five years 1918 to 1922. 19.-Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese In Canada, by Provinces, 1900, 1910, 1915 and 1920 to 1922. Estab- Years. lish- Creamery Butter. Factory Cheese. ments. No. lb. S lb. S Canada..................... .1900 3,576 36,066,739 7,240,972 220,833,269 22,221. 430 1910 3,625 64,489,398 15,597,807 199,904,205 21,587,124 1915 3,513 83,991.453 24,385.052 183,887,837 27.097,176 1920 3,165 111.691,718 63,625,203 149,201,856 39,100,872 1921 3,121 128,744.610 48,135,439 162,117,494 28,710,030 1922 3,095 152,501,900 53,453,282 135,821,116 21,824.760 Prince Edward Island...... .1900 47 562,220 118,402 4,457,519 449.400 1910 45 670,908 156,478 3,293,755 354.378 1915 42 539,516 151,065 2,260,000 327,700 1920 37 1,166.032 674,744 2,081. 277 525,635 1921 34 1.109,546 452,523 1,681,779 293,651 1922 33 1,262,006 449,303 1,752.233 284.471 62373-18 274 PRODUCT/OX 19.-Production and Value of Creamer) Butter and Factory Cheese In Canada, by Provinces, 1900, 1910, 1915 and 1920 to 1922 -concluded. hstao- Years. li,;h- Creamery Butter. Factory Cheese. ments. No. lb. S lb. S ?iota Scotia................. .1900 33 334,2Il 68,686 568,147 58.321 1910 18 354,785 88,481 264,243 29,977 1915 27 1,240,483 346, OIl 125,580 18,837 1920 26 2,503,188 1,518,757 52,638 14,865 1921 26 3,094,768 1,306,465 29,440 5,578 1922 25 3,329,246 l, 244,958 31,820 5,010 New Brunswick............ .1900 68 287,814 58,589 1,892,686 187,106 1910 42 849,633 212,205 1,166,243 129,677 1915 43 776,416 231.838 1,165,651 168,086 1920 38 1,053,649 606,891 1,235.008 336,409 1921 38 1,152,168 475,Il2 1,100,382 203.941 1922 35 1,224,930 467, 287 926,052 147,503 Quebec.....__.... __........ .1900 1.992 24,625,000 4,916.756 80.630.199 7,957.621 1910 2,143 41,782,678 9,961. 732 58,171,091 6,195,254 1915 2,058 36,621. 491 10.899.810 54,217,Il3 7,571,691 1920 1.809 41,632.5Il 23.580,949 52,162,777 13,372,250 1921 1,774 48,478,403 17,594,921 51,242,735 9,197,911 19:::2 1,752 57,258.470 20,024,039 38,923, 770 6,065,539 Ontario..................... .1900 1,336 7,559,542 1,527,935 131,967,612 13,440,987 1910 I. 254 13,876,888 3.331,025 136.093.951 14,769,566 1915 1. 164 26.414,1:?0 7,534.653 125,001.136 18,831,413 1920 1,058 37,234,998 21.343,858 92,784,757 24,605,823 1921 1,059 43.471,53 16.680,247 103,432,696 18,676.380 1922 1,053 51,633,070 18,218,629 92,707,059 15,036,980 Manitoba................... .1900 69 1,557,010 292,247 1,289.413 124,025 1910 42 2.050,487 511,972 694.713 81,403 1915 59 5,839.667 1,693.503 726,725 109.008 1920 57 7,578.549 4.282,731 Il6,229 31,611 1921 51 8.541.095 3,253,057 255,829 47,341 1922 47 10,559,601 3,603,491 102,354 16.747 Saskatchewan.............. .1900 5 143,645 29,362 6,000 868 1910 27 1,548.696 381. 809 26,730 3,396 1915 29 3,8Il.0I4 1,055.000 - - 1920 47 6,638.656 3.727,140 28.367 7,790 1921 56 7,030,053 2,552,698 22,659 4,209 1922 60 8.901.144 3,066,573 12,448 2,026 Alberta.... .................. .1900 18 601 489 123.305 21. 693 3,102 1910 56 2,149,121 533,422 193,479 23.473 1915 62 7,544,148 2.021.448 381. 632 68,441 1920 55 11,821. 291 6,555.509 398.750 110,355 1921 49 13,048.493 4,543,047 930,660 200.478 1922 60 15,417,070 5,126,844 931,992 183,860 British Columbia.......... .1900 8 395.808 105, 690 1910 9 1.206,202 420,683 1915 29 1.204,598 451. 724 10,000 2,000 1920 34 2,062.844 I. 334, 624 342,053 96,134 1921 34 2,818,5.')2 1,227,409 421.314 80,541 1922 30 2.916,183 1.252.158 433,388 82.624 2O. Total Value of AU Productt;; of I)airy I<'actorles, by Prm'lllces, 19tH- 22 1 . - Provinces. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. S 1 1 S 1 Canada...................... . 107, 3tO, 8;). 13."),196,602 U6, 336, 491 111,92-1,0172 10-1,972,0-1' P. E. Island................. 855,374 1,184,163 1,252,013 786,696 793,819 Nova Scotia................. 1,423.451 I. 974.269 2.517 .338 1.517,870' 1,917,033 New Brunswick............. 768.034 1,167.256 1.196.354 897, 288 858, 765 Quebec. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,033,944 36,790.0:31 37,732,572 26,796.939 26.089,5711 Ontario..................... . 54,785.716 69.897,519 75.926,248 60,046,795 53,542,6C5 Afanitoba....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . 6.119,219 7.042.646 7,788,178 6,052,676 6,459,836 Saskatchewan.............. . 3,261. 222 5.042,377 5,536.245 4,197,808 4,553,541 Alberta..................... . 5,550,583 7,872.541 8.838,298 6,522,814 6,831,470 Briti<;h Columbia............ 3.543.307 4.225.794 5 549.245 3.977.820 3,925,399 1 The total value of dairy products in 1901 and variolL<; subsequent years is shown in the "Statistical Summary of the Progress of Canada," immeiiately following tbe table of contents. 2 Includes the sum of 11,127,311 not apportioned by Provinces. FRUIT PRODUCTION 275 5.-Fruit Production. Fruit culture in Canada is mainly carried on in several widely-separated regions. Apples are chiefly grown in the Annapolis valley in Nova Scotia, in Ontario and in British Columbia. Peaches are grown in the Niagara peninsula, along lake Erie, and in British Columbia; plums and cherries in Ontario and Quebec. Statistics of the number of bearing and non-bearing fruit trees, collected at the census of 1921, are published in Table 21, together with comparative figures for 1911; from these it may be seen that only in peaches was there an increase during the decade in the number of bearing trees. Nevertheless, when the statistics of production of Table 22, also collected at the census, are consulted, there is evident a great increase since HnO in the production of apples, peaches, plums and cherries. This may indicate that to-day fruit-growing is on a much more scientific basis than in the past, and that the yield per bearing tree is larger because of the greater attention given to the selection of stock and the care of trees. 21.-Frult Trees, bearing and non-bearing, together with average number per farm and per 100 acres of Improved land, 1911 and 19U. Trees Trees per 100 Trees, bearing. Trees, non-bearing. per farm. aeI es Kinds. improved land. 1911. 1921. 1911. 1921. 1911. 1921. 1911. 1921. - - - - - - No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Fruit Trees- Apple................... . 10.617.372 9,802.218 5.599.804 2,649,740 - 17.51 - 17.57 Peach.................. . 839.288 1.021,709 1. 056.359 174.513 - 1.68 - 1'69' Pear..._................. 581. 704 501, 586 385.538 172,304 - 0.95 - 0.95 Plum.................... 1,075,130 985.267 637, 220 266. 889 - 1.76 - 1.77 Cherry................. . 741.992 688.504 495,082 195.999 - 1.24 - 1.25 Other.................. . 146.659 - 141,233 - - - - - - - - - - - - - TotaL............ 1-1,002,145 12,999,284 8.315,236 3,-159,4-15 - 23.H - 23.23 22.-Fruit production for all {'anada, together with the average production per farm and per 100 acres of improved land, 1900-1920. Total Production. A verage Production. Kinds. Per farm. Per 100 acres 1900. 1910. 1920. improved land. 1900. 1910. 1920. 1900. 1910. 1920. - - - - - - - - Orchard fruits- Apples.. ... . . bush. 18.626.186 10,618.666 17.475.414 34.23 14'87 24.57 61.75 21.79 24.66 Peaches.... . " . 545.415 646. 826 1.076.223 1.00 0.90 1.51 1.81 1.33 1.52 Pear!!....... . " 531. 837 504,171 521.036 0.96 0.70 0.70 1.76 1.03 0.74 Plums....... " 557.875 508,994 808.369 1.02 0.71 1.14 1.85 1.05 1.14 Cherries.... . " 336.751 238,974 502,447 0.61 0.33 0.71 1.11 0.49 0.71 All other.... " 70,396 47,789 - 0.13 0.07 - 0.23 0,09 - - - - - - - - - - TotaL... .. II 20.668.460 12.565,420 20,383,489 37.95 17.58 28.63 68.51 25.78 28.77 - - - - - - - - - Small fruits- Grapes...... . lb. 24,302.634 32.898.438 33.269.412 44.62 46.03 46.79 80.56 67.50 46'94 Straw- berries..... qts. - 18.686.662 15.411.188 - 26.15 21'67 - 38.35 21.74 R.aspberries. " - 1 8.378,718 - 1 11.78 - 1 11,82 Currants a.nd gooseber- " ries....... . 21,707,791 3.830.609 2,002,136 39.85 5.36 2.82 71.96 7,86 2.82 Other small fruits..... . II - 9,000.208 843.407 - 12.60 1.19 - 18,47 1.19 Ilncluded with other small fruits. 62373-18 276 PRODUCT/OX Fruit Production of Canada, 1920-22.-The accompanying tables show (23) the production and value of apples in Canada, by provinces, in 1920, accord- ing to the Census of 1921; (24) the production and value of co mercial apples in Canada by provinces in 1921 and 1922; and (25) the production and value of all kinds of commercial fruits in Canada for the years 1920 to 1922 The values in Table 23 represent the prices paid to growers on the farm for the fruit alone; but the values in Tables 24 and 25 for the years 1921 and 1922 represent the wholesale market prices of graded fruit, including all charges such as packing, insurance, transportation, marketing, etc. Also the data for 1920 result from the Census of 1921, whilst the data for the years 1921 and 1922 represent estimates, based partly on the Census of 1921, and issued jointly by the Dominion Bureau c,f Statistics and the Fruit Branch of the Department of Agriculture. 23.-Production and Value of Apples In Canada by PrO\lnces In 1920, according to the Census of 1921. Provinccs. Total Average Total quantity. price. value. barrels. S c. S Prince Edward Island. . . . .... . . . . ...... ........... 58,255 2 68 156,097 Nova Scotia... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1,440,812 2 73 3,936,000 New Brunswick.. -........ ........................................ 130,876 3 00 393,527 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - . . . . - . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,045 3 71 1,239,168 Ontario.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - ............................. 3,257,483 2 02 6,592,359 Prairie Provinces........................... -.... ................ 496 6 30 3,127 British Columbia... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. . . .. . - .. .. - . . 606,665 444 2,696,329 Total..... . . _ . . .... ... .. . . . .. .. .. . . . ..... .. .. . . .. . . . . . 5,828,632 258 15,016,607 2!.-Production and Value of Commercial Apples In Canada, by Provinces, 1921 and 1922. Provinces. Year. Total Average Total quantity. price. value. barrels. . $ c. S Nova Scotia............................................. 1921 2,036,065 545 11 ,096,554 1922 1,891,852 4 15 7,851,185 New Brunswick....... ...... .................... ......... 1921 138,589 500 692,945 1922 173,236 450 779,562 Quebec............................ -................. ..... 1921 124,564 566 704,686 1922 216,984 700 1,518,888 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 1,932,280 710 13,719,188 1922 1,739,000 437 7,608,050 British Columbia. . - -... .. . . .' . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . 1921 1,136,202 846 9,607,717 1922 1.027,333 6 75 6,934,497 Totals.. .. .. .... .. ., . . . - - - . .. . .... ... . .. . . . . . 1921 5,367,700 167 35,1'21,090 19 ,O,aS,,aO.) 4 90 2!,692,1!i2 FRUIT PRODUCTIO V 277 25 -Production and Value of aU Kinds of Commercial Fruits in Canada, 1928-1922. Fruits. Year. Total Average Total quantity. price. value. barrels. S c. $ Tree }'rults:- Apples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........--.... 1920 5,828,632 258 15,016,607 1921 5,367,700 6 67 35,821,090 1922 5,048,405 4 90 24,692,182 bushelI'. Pears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 1920 520,330 I 38 715,776 1921 435,968 258 1,124,162 1922 461,227 I 45 668,854 Plums and Prunes. . . . . _ . . ................. 1920 809,363 I 21 979,237 1921 57,'),575 I 47 844,412 1922 408,438 I 28 522,393 Peaches. ... . .. . . . . . .................. ......... 1920 I ,077,195 1 19 1,281,632 1921 366,715 230 844,936 1922 577,561 1 56 904,325 Cherries...... . ................. ........ 1920 41ì5.128 238 1,153,429 1921 211,210 2 75 580,827 1922 202,740 238 481,850 Small Fruits: quarts. Strawberries. _ . 1920 15,658,346 o 19 2,977,041 1921 10,149,000 o 16 1,622,960 1922 8,678,200 o 18 1,526,050 Raspberries. . . . . . . . . .. . . ................ 1920 8,360,518 023 1,962,681 1921 7,522,950 o 15 1,123,001 1922 6,271,725 o 18 1.,159,287 Other Berries. . . . . . . . . --....... 1920 2,827,241 o 19 539,138 1921 2,931,790 o 17 489,062 1922 2,837,549 o 15 428,757 lb. Grapes. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 1920 33,269,412 007 2,328,860 1921 46,8ï2,308 o O. 2,812,338 1922 70,308,462 005 3,515,423 Total Values....................... _........ 19 0 26,954,401 l!P.l 45,26 , 188 1922 33,899,121 Summary of Fruit Production of Canada.-For the year 1920 the census statistics of production and value are as folJows Apples, 5,828,632 barrels, $15,016,607; pears, 520,330 bushels, 715,776; plums and prunes, 809,363 bushels, $979,237; peaches, 1,077,195 bushels, $1,281,632; cherries, 485,128 bushels, $1,153,429; strawberries, 15,658,346 quarts, g2,977,041; raspberries, 8,360,518 quarts, $1,962,681; other berries, 2,827,241 quarts, $539,138; grapes, 33,269,412 lb., $2,328,860. Altogether the value to growers of the various kinds of fruit specified represents for the year 1920 a total of $26,954,401. For the year 1922 the estimated production and value of the various fruits produced commercially are as follows, with the corresponding figures for 1921 given within brackets Apples, 5,0-18,405 barrels, $24,692,182 (5,367,700 barrels, $35,821,090); pears, 461,227 bushels, '5668,854 (435,9C8 bushels, $1,124,162); plums and prunes, 408,438 bushels, $522,393 (575,575 bushel"!, $844,112); peaches, 577,561 bushel", $904,325 (366,715 bushels, 8814,936); apricots, 37,766 bushels (31,205 bushels); cherries, 202,740 bushels, $481,850 (211,210 bushels, $580,827); strawberries, 8,678,200 quarts, $1,526,050 (10,149,000 quarts, $1,622,960); raspberries, 6,271,725 quarrs, $1,159,ï87 (7,522,930 quarts, $1,123,001); other berries, 2,837,549 quarts, $428,757 (2,931,290 quarts, $489,062); grapes, 70,308,462 lb., '3,515,423 (46,872,308 lb., $2,812,338). The total estimated value of the commercial fruit production of 1922, as computed at the average wholesale prices in the city markets, is therefore $33,899,121, as compared with $45,262,788 in 1921. 278 PRODUCTIO.V 6.-Farm Labour and \Vages. Average Wages of Farm Help.-For 1922 the average wages of farm help showed a substantial decline as compared with 1921, and a still greater dccline as compared with 1920, the record ycar. For the wholc of Canada the avemge wages per month of farm helpcrs during the summer season of 1922 were for men S59 and for women $39, including board, the average value of which was $21 for mcn and $17 for women. In 1921 the corrcsponding averages were 67 for men, including board, value $22, and $42 for women, including board, valuc $18. For the complete year 1922 the average value of wages and board was :-.594 for mcn and S418 for women, as compared with $669 for men and $449 for \\omen in 1921. The average yearly value of board in 1922 is $235 for mcn and $191 for women, as compared with $248 for men and 8200 for women in 1921. By provinces the average wages for mcn and womcn rCf'pectively in the summer scason, and including board, were in 1922 as follows, the figures for 1921 being givcn within brackets for comparison: Prince Edward Island $40 and $27 ($45 and 827) ; Kava Scotia 550 and 829 ($56 and $31); New Brunswick $53 and $32 ($54 and $31); Quebec $53 and $29 ($58 and 32); Ontario $57 and 837 ($60 and $38); Manitoba 63 and $43 ($79 and $50); Saskatche- wan S64 and $46 ($80 and $51); Albcrta $64 and $45 ($78 and $54); British Col- umbia $75 and 54 ($79 and $54). In Table 26 the total value of wages and board is givcn for 1922, as compared with prcvious ycars, and in Tablc 27 the value of the yearly board for HJ22, as comparcd with 1921 and 1920 is given separately. 26.-Average Wages of Farm Help in ('anada. as estimated b) Crop COrreSI)ondents, 1915-22. :Males Der month in Females per month in :Males Females l:mmmer season. summer season. per per year. year. Provinces. . -- Wages Wages Wages Wages "ages. Board. and Wages. Board. anù and and board. board. board. board. - ----- S S S S S S S S Canada.... . 1915 22 15 3i 9 II 20 341 200 1916 26 Ii 43 9 13 22 397 228 1917 45 19 64 19 15 34 611 364 1918 49 21 70 21 17 38 681 416 1919 54 24 78 24 19 43 764 465 1920 60 26 8fi 27 20 47 821 492 1921 45 22 67 24 HI 42 6fi9 449 1922 38 21 59 22 I7 39 594 418 P. E.lsland...................1915 Ii 10 27 6 9 15 238 137 1916 18 13 31 9 9 18 301 167 1917 26 14 40 13 10 23 407 254 ]918 31 15 46 14 11 25 469 289 IlIl!) 33 18 51 15 13 28 5C4 318 1!J20 42 18 60 18 14 32 572 372 1421 29 16 45 15 12 27 460 287 1922 26 H 40 15 12 27 415 295 l\" ova Srotia. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . H.I'} 21 12 33 8 8 16 310 169 1916 23 16 39 8 11 19 365 195 1917 37 Ii 54 14 12 26 543 296 1918 41 19 60 16 14 30 590 326 Hit!! 4i 22 fi9 18 1fi 34 62R 346 19 O 49 24 73 21 17 38 i35, 4G8 1921 36 20 56 17 14 31 592 1 352 1!J22 31 19 50 16 13 29 536 327 AVERAGE WAGES OF F ARJf HELP 279 26.-A\erage "ages of Farm Help in Canada, as estlm:ded by Crop Correspondents, 1915-22--concluded. Provinces. [ales per month in Females per month in Bummer season. summer season. I Wage8 Wage!' Wages. Board. and Wages. Board. and Board. lJoard. - - - - - S S S S S $ 20 14 34 8 8 16 22 14 36 7 10 17 39 18 57 15 13 28 49 20 69 17 14 I 31 56 23 79 20 15 35 56 23 79 19 16 35 35 19 5i 17 14 31 34 19 53 17 15 32 20 13 33 6 10 16 25 16 41 9 11 20 42 17 59 17 12 29 45 20 65 2C 13 33 53 23 76 22 15 37 62 24 86 24 16 40 39 19 58 18 14 32 35 18 53 17 12 29 18 13 31 6 11 17 23 16 39 19 13 32 41 18 59 18 14 32 42 20 62 19 16 35 48 22 70 22 18 40 52 23 75 25 19 44 40 20 60 22 16 38 37 20 57 21 16 37 30 15 45 14 13 27 30 18 48 12 15 27 47 21 68 23 17 40 55 23 78 26 19 45 63 26 89 32 20 52 70 28 98 34 24 58 53 26 79 28 2 50 40 23 63 24 19 43 ?5 17 42 10 14 24 31 18 49 11 15 26 50 23 73 23 18 41 61 25 86 29 20 49 66 28 94 32 23 55 72 30 lC2 35 25 60 54 26 80 29 29 51 40 24 64 25 21 46 27 17 44 10 14 24 32 20 52 13 16 29 53 23 76 25 19 44 60 26 86 28 22 50 67 28 95 34 24 58 76 31 107 36 26 62 52 26 78 31 23 54 41 23 64 24 21 45 30 19 49 15 16 31 28 22 50 11 18 29 53 25 78 27 21 48 61 ?8 89 34 23 57 65 31 96 37 27 64 64 31 95 36 27 63 52 27 79 31 23 54 47 28 75 30 24 54 New Brunswlek............. .1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 ]920 ]921 1922 -Quebec...................... .1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 192C 1921 1922 Ontario...................... .1915 1916 1917 1918 19]9 1920 1921 1922 ManUoba.................... .1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 192C 1921 1922 Saskatcbewan...... . . . . . . . . . .1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 \Iberta..... ................. .1915 19]6 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 )lrltlsh Columbia........ . . . . .1915 1916 1817 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Males Females per per year. year. Wages and board. W 3ges and board. $ S 308 153 328 164 572 306 725 335 804 401 785 391 575 332 520 317 301 159 371 196 523 287 575 317 695 372 767 407 559 335 510 306 304 179 360 206 561 344 6C7 382 691 431 736 470 609 418 569 397 390 245 454 83 689 452 791 494 889 557 975 559 798 552 640 471 386 ?41 434 78 734 470 849 545 912 598 1. 003 653 7;15 556 673 502 404 253 5('1 299 784 476 863 5ß9 976 648 1. 038 638 74fì 566 628 482 463 287 543 325 803 481 903 589 1.065 715 1. 033 742 855 613 849 636 280 PRODUCTION 27.-Average Wages pt'r Year of Farm lIelp In Canada, as estimated by Crop Corres- pondents, 1920-22. Males. Females. Provinces. Wages Wages Wages. Boo.rd. and Wages. Board. and board. board. - - - - - S S S S S S C.n.d......................................... .1920 543 278 821 275 217 492 1921 4?1 248 669 249 200 449 1922 359 235 594 227 191 418 Prince I:d" .rd Island.... .... . . .... ...... .1920 371 201 572 212 160 272 1921 282 178 460 151 136 287 1922 247 168 415 165 130 295 l'\io,a ScotI.................................... .1920 472 263 735 218 190 408 1921 364 228 592 182 liO 352 1922 327 209 536 177 150 327 New Brunswick........... _ _.... _....... . .1920 531 254 785 213 178 391 1921 361 214 575 183 149 332 1922 328 192 520 168 149 317 Quebec......... .. .... . . . " . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .1920 524 243 767 235 172 407 1921 360 199 559 193 142 335 1922 322 188 510 176 130 306 Ontario....................... _............... .1920 474 262 736 259 211 470 1921 382 227 609 233 185 418- 1922 348 221 569 225 172 397 Manitoba..................................... .1920 650 325 975 312 247 559 1921 503 295 798 303 249 552 1922 381 259 640 250 221 471 lSaskatcbe" an... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .1920 667 336 1. 003 364 289 653 1921 498 297 795 302 254 556 1922 398 275 673 267 235 502 Alberta. ............ -........................ .1920 697 341 I. 038 360 278 638 1921 463 283 746 318 248 566 1922 367 261 628 248 234 482 . British (.olumbla............................. .1920 684 349 I. 033 431 311 742 1921 552 303 855 353 260 613 1922 526 323 849 342 294 636 7.-Prices of Agricultural Produce. Tables 28 to 33 and 35 to 39 record the avemge prices of Canadian agricul- tural produce and Table 34 the yearly avernge prices from 1902 of British-grown wheat, barley and oats. Tables 28 to 32 record the average prices of Canadian grain at "rinnipeg, basis in store Fort '''ilIiam-Port Arthur, weekly, for the weeks ended Saturday during the year 192 (Tables 28, 30, 31' and in monthly averages for the three years 1920 to 1922 (Tablæ 29, 32). Table 33 gives the monthly range of average prices in British markets of Canadian wheat and oats for the years 1920 to 1922, the English currency, weights and measures having been converted into Canadian equivalent denominations at the par rate of exchange. Table 35 gives the monthly average prices of flour, bran and shorts at principal markets in 1922, Table 36 the average prices of Canadian live stock at principal markets for the three years 1920 to 1922, and Table 37 the average monthly prices of selected dæcriptions of Canadian live stock at principal markets in 1922. The last-named table is an abridgment of the more detailed classification appear- ing in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics. Tables 38 and 39 give the average prices per lb. paid to and paid by farmers in Canada for clover and grass- seed in 1923 and previous .years. PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 281 28.-fteekly Range of Cash Prices per bushel of Canadian Wheat at Winnipeg, basis in store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922. (Per bushel of 60 lb.) SOURCE: BOARD OF GRAIN COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA. Date. No.1 No.2 No.3 Northern. Northern. Northern. No.4. No.5. No.6. Feed. 1922. $ c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. $ c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. $ c. lanuary 7..... 1.071-1.131 1.021-1.081 0.931-0.981 0.881-0.921 0.811-0.851 0.721-0.761 0.661-0.701 .. 14.....1.101-1.14! 1.05}-1.081 0.951-0.99j 0.891-0.931 0.821-0.86j 0.74J-0.78j 0.681-0.72i CI 21......... 1.141-1.161 1.09t-l.12i 0.991-1.021 0.941-0.971 0.871-0.901 0..791-0..821 0.731-0.761 II 28..... 1.141-1.181 1.101-1.151 1.01i-1.051 0.951-0.981 0.89!-o'.911 0.811-0.841 o. 75l-0. 781 Averl'ge.... 1.111-1.1.'i: 1.061-1.11 0.97l-1.011 0.9 l-0.951 0.851-0.881 0.771-0.801 0.711-0.741 February 4... 1.181-1.21l 1.151-1.1 1.05t-1.09! 0.981-1.03i 0.901-0.96 0.831-0.89 .. 11... 1.23 -1.281 1.20 -1.241 1.11 1.17t 1.051-1.10i 0.97!-1.02l 0.91l-0.961 u 18..... 1.341-1.391 1.291-1.341 1.23i:-l.27i 1.161-1.211 1.0St-l.121 1.02 -1.051 " 25..... 1.42 -1.461 1.37 -1.41ì 1.30i-l.341 1.231-1.28 1.151-1.191 1.08 -1.121 Average.... 1.29 -1.3t 1.25 -1.29i I.U:-1.22l 1. UI-1.151 1.0:J -1.07i 0.96}-1.001 0.77t-O.83 o . 85l-0 .9Oi 0.96 -0.991 1. 02l-1.06} 0.90l-0.941 March 4...... 1. 43l--1. 47i 1.38t-1.421 1.29-H.34 1.21 1.27! 1.10 1.171 1.03!-1.101 0.971-1.041 " 11...... 1.39 -1.471 1.35H.42i 1.26 -1.32i 1.171-1.24 1.06!-1.131 0.991-1.06j 0.92t-1.001 ., 18..... 1.36 -1.431 1.311-1.391- 1.221-1.301 1.13t-l.2Ii.I.02!-I.IO-t 0.94 -1.011 0.891-0.971 " 25...... 1.37j-1.41l 1.321-1.371 1.241--1.291 1.151-1.191 1.041---1.081 0.941-1.001 0.921-0.961 Average.... 1.39 -1.45 1.3tH.40} 1.26 -1.311 1.17 -1.231 1.06 -1.12: 0.98 -1.021 0.321-0.991 April 1....... 1.36}-1.381 1.311-1.341 1.24f-1.27 1.151-1.171 .. 8. . . .... 1. 35t-1. 381 1. 31 -1. 331 1. 23 -1. 251 1.151--1. lR! " 15....... 1.37!-1.451 1.321-1.40 1.24H.311 1.161-1.241 .. 22....... 1.441-1.501 1.381-1.451 1.30i-1.36 1.211-1.26 .. 29....... 1.45 -1.491 1.40 -1.44 1.311-1.35 1.20 -1.231 Average.... 1.39!-1.4-iJ 1.3.1I--1.39J{0 1.26%o--1.31! 1.17!-1.22 1.041-1.06: 1.041-1.071 1.07 -1.141 1.1111.15 1. 081-1. l1i 1.07 -1.11 O. 94!-O. 961 0.94 -0.97t 0.97 -1.041 LOll-I. 05 0.98 -1.011 0.971-1.01 0.911--0.931 0.90 -0.921 0.90!-O.971 0.951-0.99 I 0.86i-0.951 .- 0.90:-0.951 :May 6........ 1.421-1.481 1.37 1.421 1.301-1.351 1.161-1.221 1.06H.11l 0.{;5 -1.001 .. 13........1.45i-1.471 1.391-1.431 1.31H.37 1.171-1.191 1.051-1.07j 0.ú5}-0.961 .. 20.... __.. 1.421-1.471 1.38 1.44j 1.301-1.361 1.181-1.25 1.081-1.12 0.93}-0.99 .. 27........1.40H.44t 1.351--1.391 1.27!-1.31i 1.15!-1.191 1.06 -1.091 0.92!-0.95i Average.... 1.42 -I.t7 1.37H..I21 1.301-1.351 1.17 -1.211 1.061-1.10 0.9t1-0.971 0.831-0.8811 0.83 0.841 J 0.821-0.87 t 0.81i-0.841 ' 0.8 1-O.861 lune 3........ 1.34l-1.38 :: :::::::: L L .. 24........ 1.29 -1.351 .. 30........ 1.33 -1.371 Average.... 1.31l-1.35 1.29i--1.33 1.201-1.25 1.091-1.141 1.001-1.041 0.881-0.91i 0.81l-0.771 1.2ïi-1.29 1.181-1.20: 1.07 1.11 0.971-1.01 0.85 0.88 0.75t-0.78 1.25 -1.27! 1.151---1.17 1.021-1.05 0.93 0.96 0.82 0.85 0.731-0.77 1.24!-1.3O 1.141-1.19i 1.02H.071 0.93 0.981 0.82l-0.871 0.74i-0.801 1.291-1.331 1.171-1.201 1.04}-1.10t 0.951-1.031 0.841-0.941 0.771-0.891 1.27!-1.31 l.1ii-1.26r 1.05}-1.09' 0.96 -1.001 0.st!-O.891 0.76}-0.801 luly 8........ 1.33:-1.401 1.31 1.381 1.18 1.24 1.061-1.131 0.99!-1.071 0.90!-O.98i 0.84:-0.931 " 15........ 1.321-1.381 1.301-1.341 1.19 -1.221 1.06 -1.091 0.98 -1.041 0.89 -0.921 0.811-0.841 .. 22........ 1.36 -1.37i 1.311-1.331 1.201---1.221 1.071-1.101 0.961-0.9!il 0.86l-O.8!Jl 0.77i--O.81i " 2!J........ 1.34 -1.361 1.27}-1.31j 1.19!-1.241 1.031-1.061 0.931-0.951 0.831-0.851 o. 73 -0. 76} Average.... 1. 3tl-1. 38} 1.301-1.34. 1.19:-1.231 1.06 -1.10 0.97 -1.01 0.S7t-0.911 0.791-0.8t1 August 5...... 1.28!-1.33} 1.191-1.22i 1.141-1.171 1.00l-1.021 0.8!! -0.911 0.801-0.82 0.701-0.721 :: 12......1.19t-1.32} 1.131-1.21t l.08i-1.151 0.94}-0.9!ii 0.79}-0.871 0.741-0.811 0.65}-0.711 .. 19...... 1.16}-1.191 1.10t-1.12 1.05 -1.071 0.8!J -0.931 0.77 -0.801 0.681--0.71} 0.58 -0.601 26...... 1.08 -1.161 1.05 -1.10 1.031-1.051 0.88:-0.911 0.761-0.791 0.681-0.711 0.581---0.611 Average.... U81-1.25} 1.12 1 -I 161 1.07k-1.UI 0.931-0.96:_ 080}-0.I'''; 0.73 -0.761 0.631-0.661 September 2.. 1.001-1.071 O.!)!) 1.04i 0.96f-1.031 0.86 0.901 0.78!-O.81} 0.691-0_721 0.591---0.621 " 9.. 1.00 -1.051 O. 99H .021 0.961---0.981 0.871-0.89 0.80 -0.82i o. 721-0. 73 0.621-0.641 " 16.. 0.96 0.9!J 0.96H>.981 0.90H>.94} 0.85t-0.871 0.7!i}-0.82 0.691-0.72 0.5!i:-0.62 " 23.. 0.!i7 -1.031 0.97}-1.021 0.94H.001 0.8S1--0.941 0.821-0.871 0.73}-0.781 0.631-0.681 .. 30.. 0.96 -0.981 0.95 -0.97i 0.91i-0.94 0.88 -0.901 0.81 -0.831 0.73 -0.751 0.62 -0.641 Average.... 0.98 -1.03 0.97 -1.01 ío 0.9t -0.981 0.871-0.90110 0.80 -O.83r.oI0.71 ío-0.7-i {0 0.61i-0.6-t {o 282 PRODUCTION 2S.-\\eeki} UanJ1;e of {'ash Prires per bu..hel of ('anadlan Wheat at \\innipeg, basis in store "'ort "'illiam-I'ort .\rthur, 1922 -concluded. I Date. No.1 No.2 Ko.3 Ko.4. No.5. No.6. Feed. Northern. Northern. Korthern. 1922. . c. S c. S c. S c. S c. . c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. . c. S c. Octüber 7... . 0.96 -0.981 0.94t-0.91! 0.89HJ.92l 0.87HJ.901 0.80HJ.83 0.721-0.75 0.61l--0.641 " 14.. .. 0.91 -1.021 0.95j--1.0Il 0.90HJ.961 0.88t-0.94 0.8:!HJ.891 O. 741-0.81 o . 63HJ.70 " 21... . 1.00}-1.m1 0.991-1.021 o. 95t-O. 98t 0.901-0.951 0.85 -0.83 0.81t-0.83 0.69t-0.711 " 28... . 1.001-1.061 0.991-1.05 0.96H.02 0.891-0.951 o. 85t--OÆ I O. 4g!--0. 501 o .47t-O .4S: 0.47{-0.471 o .46i--O .48 o .:i 7 1-Ð A81 0.43 -0.441 o . 391-0 .421 O. 37t-o .401 0.39!-0.411 0.39l-G.t21 0.40 -O.4!Ji 0.411-0.421 0.41l-0.42 0.411-0.431 0.41 -0.421 OAI -o.nl 0.40 -0.41 0.40 -0.4:J O. 37t-O.42 0.38}-0.411 0.39 -OAli 0.401-0.41l o .40t-O .401 o .401-0 .45 0.421-0 .44 0.40 -0.-13 0.411-0.43: 0.40 -0.411 o .40l-O .43 o 4-H-0 4'P 0:43"-0:441 o .41' -Ð .43 1 No.1 Feed. No.2 Feed. . c. S c. . c. S c. 0.46t-0.4Si 0.451-0.461 0.451-0.451 0.441-0.46 O. 45}-0.,I61 0.40}-O.41 0.36\-0.381 0.35t-O.361 0.361-0.371 0.371--0.381 0.37 -0.37! O. 37 -o. 39A 0.371-0.39 0.371-0.411 0.38!-0.391 o .371-Ð .39} 0.38 -0.391 0.3S!-0.401 0.35 -0.39 o . 36!-0 . 381 o 37 -0.39' 0.371- 0 . 381 0.37.-0.371 0.37}-0.411 0.40 -0.41 0.381-0.391 0.37!-O.411 0.:m-o.39} 0.38 -0.40 0.401-0.411 0.41 -0.42i 0.39 -o.n 0.44 -o.46t o .42i-o.431 0.421-0.421 0.'11-0.43 0.421-0.U 0.37l-O.38i 0.341-0.361 0.331--0.341 0.34!-0.351 0.3ti-O.3GI 0.35 -0.351 0.35 -0.37t 0.351-0.371 0.35t-O.381 0.35HJ.361 8.351-0.37 0.35 -0.361 0.35H>.371 0.311-0.36 0.331-0.341 0.3.11--0.361 0.33 -0.341 0.341--0.351 o .35 -o .401 0.31.\1-0.391 0.351-t.3H 0.34 -0.3111 0.3-H-0.361 0.381-0.39 0.38}-o.391 0.36H1.381 .31.-Weekly Range of Cash Prices of Barl!')' and Flat seed at \flnnipeg, basis in store .'ort William-Port Arthur, 1922. Barley (per bushel of 48 lb.) Flax seed (per bushel of 56 lb.) Date. Ko.3 Xo.4 Rejected. Feed. Ko.l No.2 No.3 C.,,,. C.W. N.W.C. C.W. C.W. 1922. $ c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. . c. S c. S c. . c. $ c. January 7.... . 0.511-0.541 0.4ü:-0.50i 0.371-0.411 0.371-0.41. 1.721-1. 7ü1 1.68 -1. 721 1.431-1.471 " 14..... 0.54l-0.55 0.50t-o.52} 0.41t-0.421 0.411=0.42 1 1. 711-1. 771 1.6ï1--1. 73t 1.42H .48! " 21.... . 0.54 -0.551 0.5 1 1-0.521 0.42.-0.4'"} 0.42 0.45 1.771-1.821 1. 73 -1. 7St 1.4SH.54t .. :!8.. .. . 0.54t-0.5üi 0.51 -o.5:H 0.441-0.4'\ 0.41!-0.4')1 1.81.-1.91 1. 7;1-1."7 1.5:Jl-1.61t Average.. .. 0.ã3H1.á5! O.áO -Ð.5 i O.-U1-o.-I4 O.Ut-O.Ul 1.7iï'-I.S 1. 711-1. 771 lAG -l.á3 February 4. .. 0.55 -o.56 0.5IHJ.53j 0.441-o.t71 0.441-0.46i 1. 90}-1. 98l I.btil-1. 941 1.61 -1.701 .. 11... 0.5ït-0.601 0.531---0.571 0.461-0..'J0 0.4fj -o.50 2.05}-2.2ü} 2.0H-2.22 1. 77 -1.91.\1 " 18. . 0 61t-0.63 0.58 -O.Ü01 0.51!-0.53 0.51}-0.53 2.291-2.42 2.24}-2.35} 2.011-2.14 .. 25.. . 0.631-0.b6} 0.60 -0.631 0.5.11-0..'Jt\} 0.5:Jl-0.551 2.36 -2.43} 2.31l-2.3S} 2.07}-2.14i A\crage.... 0.59 -0.Gli. 0.ãG -o.5S1 0.i9 -Ð.ãl 10.,1MI-0..'íl 1 .1ã -2.271 2.11 -2.2 1 1.8G1-1.99 PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 285 :31.-Weekly Range of Cash Pric('s of Barley and Flax seed at \\innipeg, basis In store Fort William-Port Arthur, 1922-concluded. Barley (per bushel of 48 lb.) Flax sced (per bushel of 56 lb.) Date. No.3 No.4 Rejpcted. Feed. No.1 No.2 No.3 e.w. e.w. N.W.e. C.". e.w. 1922. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. . S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. :Marc; 4..... . 0.651--0.671 0.62H>.641 0.551-0.561 0.551-0.561 2.36 -2.411 2.31 -2.361 207- 2.121 11...... O. 63t--0 . 651 0.60 -0.631 0.541-0.571 0.541--0.561 2.37!--2.40 2.321-2.35 2.08 -2 lOi .. 18...... 0.63 -0.651 0.60 -0.621 0.54!--0.561 0.54 -0.55 2.311-2.371 2.261-2.321 2.011-2.101 " 25..... . 0.64}-0.651 0.611-0.62! 0.56l-0.57t 0.561-0.57 2.29 -2.35! 2 .2 1-2 .30 2. 05l-2 .101 Ayerage.... 0.6-1 -0.66 0.61l-O.631 0.551-0.57 0.551-0.561 2.331-2.381 2 28t-2.331 2.05!--2.11 A il 1..... .. 0.64l-0.65l o. 61l-0. 621 0.551-0.57 0.55i-ü.57 2.201-2.30l 2 . 16!--2 . 241 2 02l-2.101 8....... 0.641-0.641 0.61HJ.621 0.561-0.57 0.56i-0.57 2.201-2.25 2.161-2.21! 2.01!-2.061 " 15..... .. 0.651-0.671 0.62H>.651 o .57t-O .59 0.57j-0.591 2.271-2.351 2.24 -2.3Ii 2.09 -2.161 " 22..... .. 0.661-0.691 0.64H!.66l 0.59 -0.621 0.58HJ.61j 2.35 -2.50 2.31!-2.47 2.151-2.30 " 29...... . 0.68 -o .6/1 0.66l-û.67! 0.601-0.621 0.591-0.611 2.42 -2.491 2.391--2.461 2.221-2.291 Average... . 0.65H1.671 0.63l-O.6 Ho 0.581-0.59 0.571-0.591 2 29 3 110-2.38 2.25:-2.3.)1 2 .1Ð-}-2 .18t - M y 6....... . 0.67t-O.691 0.651-0.671 0.60t-0.611 o .591-0.601 2.46 -2.50 2.42 -2.4.6 2.26 -2.30 13....... . 0.671-0.691 0.651-0.671 0.61 -o.631 0.591-0.611 2. 54!--2 .48 2 .41!--2 .44 2.211-2.28 " 20. ....... 0.68 -0.691 0.65}-0.67 o . 621-0 . 631 0.60t-0.611 2.441--2.49i 2 .401-2 .45! 2.24:-2.29! " 27... _.... 0.67 -0.68! 0.641-0.661 0.611-0.621 0.591-0.601 2.391--2.411 2.351--2.371 2.191--2.211 Average.... 0.671-0.691 O. 61ij-o. 67 0.611-0.631 0.59l-O.61 2.46l-2.47 2.40 -2.43) 2.23 -2.211 -- '">Y.,.' June 3. ....... 0.64 -0.681 0.611-0.651 0.581-0.631 0.56HJ.611 2. 32!--2. 3S 2 . 28!--2 .34 2 . 12!--2 .18 " 10....... . 0.651-0.671 O.63t-0.65 O. 60!-0 . 621 0.581-0.601 2.22 -2.321 2.17 -2.2S1 2.02 -2.141 " 17........ 0.631-0.641 0.62 -0.631 0.581-0.601 0.561-0.581 2. I.:; -2.451 2. 09!--2. 341 1. 92!--2 . 20! " 24.. ..... 0.63t-0.661 0.62t-0.651 0.59 -0.62l 0.58 -0.611 2.37 -2.44 2.311-2.38 2.161-2.23 .. 30....... . 0.64:-0.661 0.63HJ.65t 0.60 -o.611 0.59l-0.6It 2.401-2.47 2 . 34t-2 .39 2. 19!-2.24 Average... . 0.641-0.66 3 0.62!-o.651 0.591-0.62 0.56 -G.60} 2. 29ì-2 .41} 2.251-2.341 2.08}-2.16 - , Ju r 8........ 0.651-0.651 0.63 -0.641 0.60 -0.611 0.59 -0. 60 2. 38 -2 .421 2. 33!--2. 371 2. 18l-2.221 ]5....... . O. 63t-0 . 641 0.601-0.611 0.58 -0.591 0.571-0.59 2.41 -2.441 2.35 -2.391 2.20 -2.231 " 22........ 0.64 -0.641 0.61!--0.621 0.581-0.591 0.58 -0.591 2.391-2.47 2.34l-2.411 2.16 -2.23 .. 29........ O. 6.3!--0. 651 0.61 -0.631 0.561-0.581 0.561-0.581 2.36 -2.411 2.34 -2.36! 2.05 -2.171 Average... . 0.64 -0.651 0.61H1.631 0.581-O.59 0.57i-0.591 2. 38!-2 .431 2.341-2.38 2.141-2.211 August 5..... 0.58 -0.611 0.57 -0.581 0.52 -0.521 0.52 -0.521 2 .13 -2. 201 2 .09!--2 .161 1.93}-2.001 " 12... .. 0.551-0.601 0.531-0.571 0.48}-0.511 0.48i-ü.511 2.011-2.14} 1. 96!--2. OS 1. 81!--1. 941 .. 19.... . 0.54t-O.551 0.50HJ.51i 0.46t-O.471 0.46HJ.47i 2.021-2.08 1.971-2.03 1. 801-1. 86 .. 26.... . 0.55 -0.551 0.51 -0.511 0.47 -o.47! 0.47 -0.471 1.87}-2.071 1.831-2.021 1.70 -1.801 Average.... 0.55I-0.58! 0.53 -0.55 0.181-0.50 0.48H1.50 2.01l-2.121 1. 96i--2.07} 1.811-1.901 Sept ber 2.. O. 54}--0. 55! 0.501-0.511 0.46}-0.47i 0.461-0.471 1.90 -1. 931 1.86 -1.891 1.70 -1. 731 9.. 0.54 -0.571 0.51l-O.54} 0.471-0.49! 0.471-0.491 1. 94!-2 .03 1. 901-1. 971 1. 74!--1.851 .. 16.. 0.541-0.571 0.51l-0.54i 0.47t-O.49t 0.471-0.491 1.93 -2.01 1.89 -1. 97 1.77 -1.85 .. 23.. 0.54}--0.561 0.521-0.551 0.491-0.511 0.49}--0.511 2.08 -2.171 2.04 -2.131 1.91 -2.011 .. 30.. 0.52}-0.541 0.51 -0.531 0.47 -0.471 0.47 -0.471 1.99 -2.06 1.95 -2.02 1.83 -1.881 Average... . 0.ã3 -0.56 O. 51i-o. 54 0.47i-o.t9! 0.t7i-0.49! ] .97 -2.041 1.93 -1.991 1.79}{o-1.8Gl October 7.. .. 0.52 -0.53 0.51 -0.52 0.471-0.481 0.471-0.481 1.971-2.00 1.931-1.941 1. 821-1.84ì .. 14.. .. 0.521-0.54\ 0.481-0.51 o .461-0.481 0.461-0.481 1.97!--2.071 1.92 -2.0l} 1.8] -1.901 .. 21... . 0.511-0.531 0.461-0.491 0.421--0.461 0.421-0.461 2.13 -2.16 2.09 -2.12 1.83 -1.99 .. 28.... 0.511-0.521 o . 461-0 .4 71 o .42i-O .431 0.421-0.431 2.151-2.40 2.111-2.36 1. 73 -1.911 Avera e... . 0.511-0.531 0.t8j--Ð.50 0.441-0.461 0.tt1-O.t61 2.06 -2.151 2.011-2.11 1.80 -1.911 Nov mber 4. . 0.51t-O.521 0.t6H>.481 0.40i-0.42t 0.401-0.421 2.l7l-2.45 2.12 -2.4] 1. 76 -1.82 11.. O. 52i-ü .53} 0.48 -0.481 0.41i-0.421 0.411-0.421 2.02 -2.21 1. 98 -2. 14 1.64 -1.80 .. 18. . 0.52t-O.561 0.48 -0.521 0.411-0.491 0.411-0.491 2.041-2.101 2.001-2.06 1.64l-1.661 .. 25.. 0.52H>.551 0.49 -0.511 0.451-0.471 0.45!--0.471 1.991-2.071 1.95 -2.03 1. 56l-1 .631 Average.... 0.521-O.:ïtl 0.t71-0.501 0.42 HI.45t 0.t2i--Ð.t51 2.051-2.21 2.01l-2.16 1.001-1.731 Dece ber 2.. 0.521-0.541 0.48j-0.49! 0.441-0.461 o . 441-0 . 461 1.97 -2.021 1.89 -1.981 1.53 -1.631 9. . o . 53}-0. 551 0.49 -0.501 0.44 -0.451 0.44 -0.451 1.971-2.04 1.93 -1.98 1.541-1.66i .. 16.. o . 54l-0 .551 0.491-0.501 0.431-0.441 0.431-0.44} 2.07 -2.17} 2.01 -2.121 1.63 -1. 76t .. 23.. 0.55 -0.56 0.50 -0.51 0.441-0.,,6 o . 44!--0 .46 2.07 -2.1Oi 2.021-2.061 I 70 -1.77 IC 30.. 0.55 -0.57i 0.50i-0.521 o .461--0 .47 0.461-0.471 2.091-2.15 2.02 -2.11 L 74H.85 A1erage.... '.541-0.551 0.49t-O.50} 0.UI-0.46Ho OA4 -o.461 2.031-2.10 1.97!-2.05! ] .63Ho-l.73t 286 PRODUCT/O.Y 32.- :Uonthly Uan e of Av('ra e {'ash Pri('es of Barley, Oats and nax seed at Winnipeg, basis In store "'ort William-Port Arthur, 1920-1922. B\RL1iIV OATS (per bW!hel of 34 lb.) FLAX seed (per bushel of 56 lb.) (per bushel Date. of 48 lb.) No.3 C.W. No.2 C.W. No.3 C.W. No.1 Feed. No.2 Feed. No.1 No.2 C.,,,. No.3 C.W. N.C.W. Averages I c. S c. I c. I c. I c. I c. $ c. $ c. $ c. I c. $ c. I c. I c. I c. I c. I c. for- Jan. 1920. 1. 72 -1. 751, 0.721-o.9i! O. 88!--0. 9li 0.861-0.89 O.831-o.85 4.871-4.851 4.77 l -4. 89 t 4.45l-4.57t 1921. 0.88 -0.93 0.50}-O.521 0.47 -o.49}. 0.44:-0.471 0.411--0.441 1.94 -2.051 1.90 -2.01 1.66 -1.76i 1922. 0_53}-0.ã5 o .42l-0. 431 0.391-0.40i 0.37 -0.381 0.361--0.38 1. 751-1.82 1.711-1. 771 1.46 -1.53 Feb. 1920. 1.67 -1. 76 0.93 -0.961 0.89 -o.931 0.87 0.91! 0.851-0.891 5.07t-5.26 4. 80 -4. 991 4.46H.651 1921. 0.80 -0.841 0.4;1-0.50 0.431-0.451 0.41 0.43i 0.381-0.4D! 1. 761--1. 85 1. 721-1.81 1. 481--1. 561 1922. 0.591-0.611 0.47}-0.481 o. 44t---0 .45i 0.43 -0.441 0.-10l--0.41 2.151-2.271 2.11 -2.221 1. 86t--1.991 Mar. 1920. 1. 68}-1. 731 o. 97!-0. 99 0.941-0.96: 0.941-0.95l 0.921-0.941 5.27 -5.531 5 . 17 -5 .441 4.761-5.041 1921. 0.81l-Q.R5 o .4st-o .49{ 0.43I-OA4} o .421--0 .42} 0.381-0.391 1. 7U-1. 7" 1.701-1.74} 1.451--1.491 1922. 0.64 -0.66 0.491-0.511 0.441-0.461 0.431- 0 A5! 0.40i-{).42j 2.33i-2.3Si 2.28l-2.331 2.051-2.11 April 1920 . 1.671-1. 73i 0.9n-1.00! 0.941-0.97 o. 93t-0. 96 0.921--0.941 5. 261-5.49! 5.181-5.401 4.701-5.001 1921. O. 74 -0. 78 0.42 -0.45t 0.37i-OAO 0.351-0.38! 0.331-o.36l l.46H.581 1.42 -1.531 1.151-1. 271 1922. 0.65}-0.67 0.49 -o.51! 0.44l-D.461 0.431-0.451 0.401-0.421 2.2!J {o-2.38 2.251-2.351 2.101-2.181 May 1920. 1.78!-L82! 1.161-1.201 1.15t-l.171 1.121-1.151 1.10 -1.131 4.84l-5.051 4.82!--5. 01 i 4.171-4.351 1921. 0.75t-0.79 0.431-0.46 0.39H1.42 0.371-0.40 0.351-0.381 1. 64 1-1. 731 1.60 -1.691 1.32 -1.411 1922. 0.67t-O.69l 0.531-0.551 O. 5Ol-"Q. 521 0.481-0. 50} 0.46t-0.481 2.461-2.47 2.40 -2.431 2.23 -2.271 June 1920. 1.901-1.931 1. 25!-1.331 1.25 -1.33! 1.24H.32i - - 4.23H.391 4.19H.351 3.691--3.84 1921. 0.7it-O.8O! 0.471--0.491 0.43 -0.441 0.401--0.421 0.401--0.42 1. 77l-1.84 1. 731-1.80 1.471-1.55 1922. 0.64H>.661 0.511-0.53) 0.49 -0.51 0.461--0.481 0.431-0.46 2.291-2.411 2.25 -2.341 .081-2.16 July 1920. 1. 63i-1. i4! 1.121-1.22 1.10t-1.201 1.09 -1.181 - - 3.63}-3.821 3.59}-3.78! 3.091-3.291 1921. 0.781-0. 82 0.49H>.521 0.47 -0.491 0.44t-o.47 0.43}-0.46 1.861-1.931 1.821-1.891 1. 561-1. 63t 1922. 0.64 -o.65l 0.50!-o.511 0.47l-0.48i 0.451-0.461 0.42t-O .44 2.381-2.431 2.341--2.381 2.141-2.211 Aug. 1920. 1.37H .431 0.941--0.981 0.93 -0.961 0.82}-0.911 0.851-0.881 4.701--3.531 3.391--3.471 2.96 -3.051 1921. 0.761--0.791 0.471-0.50 0.47 -0.49 0.46 -0.481 0.44H1.461 1.96 -2.041 1.921--2.01 1.66 -1. 731 1922. 0.55H1.581 0.44t-O.471 0.40l-O.421 0.37 .38j 0.341-0.361 2.011-2.121 1. 961--2 .071 1. 8Il-1. 901 Sept. 1920. 1. 201-1. 26 0.85t-0.86 0.771-0.85 0.76t-O.831 0.671-0.82 3.391-3.521 3.331--3.451 3.031-3.171 1921. O. 70t--{). 74 0.46H1.481 0.44 -0.46 0.42HJ.441 0.-101-0.43 l.96j-2.04 1. 92i-2.OOi 1.671-1.761 1922; 0.531--0.56 0.44 t-O.46 t 0.411-0.43 o . 3 7j--{1. 391 0.35j-O.37 1.97 -2.041 1.93 -1.991 1.79"ío-1.86! Oct. 1920. l.l11-1.1n 0.70i-0.74: 0.66l-O.681 0.631-0.671 0.6] -0.64 2.921-3.061 2.881-3.021 2.521-2.651 1921. 0.56 -0.591 0.411-o.4:Jt 0.381--0.401 0.361-0.39 0.34!--O.36j 1. 78.....1.87 1. ï4 1.83 1.481-1.571 1922. 0.511-0.531 0.411-0.451 0.39 -0.411 0.37 -0.39' 0.331-0.361 2.06 -2.151 2.01 2.11 1.80 -1.911 Nov. 1920. 0.98 -1.11 0.59HJ.641 0.54l-0.59 O.51t-0.55j 0.48HJ.52 2.191-2.42 2.15 -2.381 1. 82l-2 .041 1921. 0.55}-O.5ðl 0.411-0.-131 0.39t-0.41i 0.37HJ.391 0.34}-0.371 1.171-1.761 1.671-1. 721 1.411-1.461 1922. 0.52}-O.54i 0.46H>.49 0.401-0.43 0.381-0.391 0.351-0.371 2.051-2.21 2.011-2.16 1. 651--1. 731 Dec. 1920.0.911-1.01 0.52{-0.56 0.49}-O.52! 0.46t-O.491 0.431--0.46 1.96}-2.07 1.92!--2.021 1.611-1.721 1921. 0.54H>.561 0.42t-O.4-1 0.3!J -0.41: 0.371-0.391 0.34H>.3711.70 -1.7511.66 -1.711 1.40 -1.451 1922. 0.54}-O.551 0.461-0.47i 0.41H>.43! 0.39 -0.41 0.36j-O.38! 2.031--2.10 1.971-2.051 1.6:ij o-1.73t 33.-IUonthly Range of Average Pri(.es in Uritish lUarkets of Canadian Wheat and Oats, 1920-1922 1 . Date. WHEAT (per bushel of GO lb.) OATS (per bushel of 34 lb.) No.1. No.2. No.3. No.4. Averages for- I c. I c. S c. S c. I c. I c. S c. I c. I c. I c. January 1920........... . 2.291 2.621 1.621-1.651 1921. .. ... ..... . 3.08t-3.111 3.00 I /u-3.03 2.86 -2.901/1o 2.951-3.06 1.13 -1.171 11122........... . 1. 66}-1. 691 1.62 - 1.65 1.56 -1.59 1.531-1.66 0.801-0.821 February 1920........... . 2.291 2.261-- - 1.681-1. 711 1921........... . 2.81l-2.84 2.751-2. 78Ho 2.671-2.701 2.601-2.631 1.021-1. tot 1922. .. .... .. .. . 1.81 -1.831 1. 75 -1. 7M1 1.65 -1. 72 1. 661-1. 65 0.97 -Ð.99 IPrices converted at par of exchan{W. PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 287 33.-1Uonthl Range of Average Price in British l\larkets of Canadian Wheat and Oats, 1920-1922L-concl uded. OATS Date. WHEAT (per bushel of 60 lb.) (per bushel of 34 lb.) No.1. No.2. No.3. No.4. Averages for- I c. I c. I c. I c. I c. I c. I c. I c. I c. Ie. March 1920. .... .... .., 2.481- 2.401- 1. 61l-L 64 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 79!-2 . 821 2. 75t-2.781 2.67!-2.701 2.62 -2.65 - - 1922........... . 1.971-2.021 1.90 -1.95 I.84J lIrI.87j 1.781-1.8 1 1 0.921-0.961 April 1920. ........... 2.78i- - 2.76 1.39 -1.441 1921.... . . . . .. . . 2. 71!-2. 7H 2.68t-2.71! 2.611-2.641 2.56 -2.59 - - 1922. . . .. . . . . " . 1. 86t-1. 89i 1.84 -1.851 1. 78 -1.81 1. 72 -1. 75 o .761-0. 78t May 1920........... . 2.79! 2.761 1. 48!-1. 53! 1921........... . 2.75 -2.7it 2.72 -2.75 2.66 -2.69 2.611-2.65 1922. .. . . . . . __.. 1.871-1.93 1.841-1.871 1. 73 -1. 761 1.67 -1. 70 0.79 -0.811 June 1920. .. . . . .. . .. . 2.79! 2.761 1. 62 t-1. 651 1921........... . 2,691-2.721 2.66 -2.6 2.62 -2.64! 2.50!-2.531 1922........... . 1. 76H. 781 1. 73 -1. 751 1.62H.651 1. 59i-1.62l 0.801-0.821 July 1920........... . 2. 79!- - 2.761 1.62t-1.65} 1921........... . 2'61t-2.1>41 2.58}-2.601 2.53t-2.551 2.39 -2.411 0.80i-O.86 1922........... . 1. 80t-1. 83 {o 1. 75 H. 78i 1. 62!-1.66i 1.58 -1.60t 0.801-0.8 2 1 August 1920......... .., 2.831- - 2.801 2.76\ 2.72 1.62H.65! 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 70 -2. 73 2.67!-2.70t 2.60l-2.63l 2.571-2.601 O. 92 --(). 981 1922.......... .. 1. 76t-1. 79t 1. 70t-1. 731 1.641-1.671 1.611-1.64 o. 75t-0. 781 September 1920... .... ..... 2.85 - - 2.82} 2.761 2.731 1.62H .651 1921.. . . . .. . . 2.7n-2.80l 0.97t-l.001 1922.. .. . .. .. . : : 1.49 -1.531 1.47 -1.50! 1.42 -1.449/10 1.39 -1.411 0.75 --().77! October 1920........... . 3.]0\-3.62 3.051-3.531 2.97t-3.441 2 . 94 -3. 381 1.611-1.631 1921...... 2.ooH -2.06! 1. 91 t-1. 96! 1. 751-1.771 1. 70 -1. 73 0.78l--().81 1922.... _. .:: ::: 1.5!ii-1.62 1. 56t-1.591 1.50!-1.531 1.471-1.501 0.771--().80 November 1920... ......... 3 . 60!--3 . 62 3.51!-3.531 3.40 -3.441 3.37 -3.38t 1. 551-1.581 1921. . . . . . . .... . 1.61 -1.641 1.58 1.61 1. 51 1--1. 54! 1.481-1.511 0.92 -0.941 1922. ........... 1.62!-1.65l 1. 59!-1.62t 1.531-1.561 1.501-1.531 0.801-0.821 December 1920........... . 3. 34!-3 . 361 3.26 -3.381 3. 14 t-3.17! 3. 13}-3.131 1.211-1.29t 1921........... . 1.65l-1.68l 1.621-1.651 1. 56!-1. 571 1. 53!-1.561 0.90!-0.93} 1922. .. . .. . . . .. . 1.571-1.601 1.54t-1.57i 1. 481--1. 51 t 1. 45 7 /10-1. 48 0.781-0.801 IPrices converted at par of exchange. 34.-Yearly Average Prices ofUome-Grown Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and Wales, 1902-1922. SOURCE: "London Gazette," published pursuant to Sec. 8 of the Corn Returns Act, 1882. Wheat. B rley. . Oats. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Years. Years. per per per per per ppr per p r per per per per qr. bush. qr. bush. qr. bush. qr. bush. qr. bush. qr. bush. - - - - - - - - 8. d. I c. s. d. I c. 8. d. I c. 8. d. $ c. 8. d. I c. 8. d. I c. 1902........ 28 1 0.85 25 8 0.78 20 2 0.61 1913...... . 31 8 0.96 27 3 0.83 19 1 0.58 1903...... .. 26 9 0.81 22 8 0.69 17 2 0.52 1914....... 3411 1.06 27 2 0.83 20 11 0.64 1904.. ...... 28 4 0.86 22 4 0.68 16 4 0.50 1915. . . .. .. 52 10 1.61 37 4 1.13 30 2 0.92 1905........ 29 8 0.90 24 4 0.74 17 4 0.53 1916....... 58 5 1.78 53 6 1.56 33 5 0.89 1906....... . 28 3 0.86 24 2 0.73 18 4 0.56 1917...... . 75 9 2.30 64 9 1.89 49 10 1.32 1907........ 30 7 0.93 25 1 0.76 18 10 0.57 1918.... . 72 10 2.22 59 0 1.72 49 4 1.31 1908.. ...... 32 0 0.97 25 10 0.79 17 10 0.54 1919......: 72 11 2.22 75 9 2.21 52 5 1.39 1909....... . 36 11 0.82 26 10 0.82 18 11 0.58 1920..... .. 80 10 2.46 8!i 5 2.60 56 10 1.51 1910....... . 31 8 0.96 23 1 0.70 17 4 0.53 1921.. . . .. . 71 6 2.17 52 2 1.52 34 2 0.90 1911....... . 31 8 0.96 27 3 0.83 18 10 0.57 1922... . . .. 47 11 1.46 40 3 1.18 29 1 0.77 1912...... . 34. 9 1.06 30. 8 0.93 21 6 0.65 288 PRODUCTION 35.-. verage l\lonthly Prices of Flour, Bran and Shorts, at Principal Markets, 1922. (SOURCE: For :Montreal, Trade Bulletin; for Toronto, Dealels' Quot-\tions; for Winnipeg and U.S. cities "The Northwestern Miller," :Minneapolis). :Montreal. Toronto. Flour Flour F'irst Pat- First Pat- :Month. Manitoha Ontario entsFloUl ents Flour Standard del'd at Bran. Shorts. (Jute (Cotton Bran. Shorts. grade. Montreal. bags). bags). - - - - - - - 1922. Per brl. Per brl. Per ton. Per ton. Per brl. Per brl. Per ton. PC! ton. S ets. S ets. S eta. $ ets. S eta. S eta. S ets. S eta. January........... . 7.50 5.00 1 27.25 29.25 7.50 7.70 28.25 30.25 February.......... . 7.875 5.20 1 29.31 30.94 8.00 8.20 28.25 30.25 March. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.515 6.212 1 32.50 33.00 8.50 8.70 28.25 30.25 Apri1.............. . 8.50 6.26 1 32.34 33.00 8.50 8.70 28.25 30.25 Jl,Iay.. .. .. .. .... ... 8.50 6.925 31.187 32.062 8.50 8.70 28. 5 30.25 June............... . 7.90 6.68' 26.45 28.45 7.80 8.CO 8.25 30.25 July............... . 7.81 6.16' 24.44 26.44 7.80 8.00 25.25 21.25 August. ........... 7.65 5.33' 24.58 26.75 7.80 8.00 25.25 23.25 September........ . 7.50 5.01' 20.50 22.50 6.8C 6.90 21.25 23.25 October........... . 6.63 5.25 3 20.00 22.00 6.50 6.60 20.25 22.25 November........ . 6.97 5.48' 22.50 24.50 7.00 7.10 23.25 25.25 December......... . 7.10 5.70 3 24.00 26.00 7.10 7.20 24.25 26.25 Winnipeg. Minneapolis. Duluth. Month. Flour . Bran. Shorts. Flour . Bran. Shorts. Flour. - 1922. Per brl. Per ton. Per ton. Per brl. Per ton. Per ton. Per brl. S ets. S eta. S ets. S cts. Seta. S cta. Sets. Seta. Seta. Seta. Seta. January........... . 7.15 19.00 21.00 7.25-7.65 21.20 -21.80 20.80 -21.60 7.10 - 7.35 February.. .. .. . . . . . 7.45 20.50 22.50 8.25 - 8.75 22.25 -25.50 25.05 -26.25 7.75 - 8.02 March. ............ 8.00 22.00 24.00 7.97 - 8.60 24.37 -26.25 26.25 -26.i5 7.87 - 8.12 Apri1. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 8.00 22.00 24.00 8.20 - 8.94 22.60.-23.40 23.50 -24.00 8.10 - 8.40 May.. ............. 8.00 22.00 24.00 8.07 - 8.89 21.40 -22.30 22.00 -22.30 7.862- 8.40 June......... . . . . .. . 7.40 21.00 23.00 7.46 - 8.19 16.12 -16.87 16.75 -17.75 7.46 - 7.7V July........ . . .. . . . . 7.30 20.00 22.00 7.75 - 8.21 15.62 -16.75 17.25 -18.12 7.68 - 7.88 August............ . 7.22 20.00 22.00 7.00 - 7.39 14.75 -15.50 16.62 -17.00 7.1V - 7.44 September........ . 6.32 17.60 19.60 6.47 - 7.17 16.75 -17.50 17.75 -18.50 6.53 - 6.78 October........... . 6.30 17.00 19.00 6.44 - 7.07 21.80 -22.00 22 80 -24.00 6.61 - 6.80 November....... .. 6.45 17.50 19.50 6.75 - 7.36 22.63 -23.00 23.50 -24.00 7.10 - 7.35 December......... . 6.52 18.00 20.00 6.87 - 7.42 24.60 -24.70 24.70 -24.70 7.15 - 7.35 NOTE.-The ton=2,OOO lb. and the barrel = 196 lb. 190 p.e. patent (Tor.) IFlour Standard Onto in second hand jute bap at Toronto. 'Winter Wheat. ex. track, "Trade Bulletin." A VERAGE PRICES OF CA.YADIAN LIVE STOCK 289 36.-Average Prices per cwt. of Canadian Live Stock at Principal iUarkets, 192:9, 1921 and 1922. SOURCE: Markets Intelligence Division, Live Stock Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. Classification. Steers-heavy finished...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Steers-l ,000-1 ,200 lb., good............. Steers-1.00D-l,200 lb., common......... Steers-70D-l,OOO lb., good.... .......... Steers-70D-l,OOO lb., common........... Heifers, good.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . Heifers, fair................ _..._ Heifers, common. . .... . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cows, good...... ...... ...... ........... Cows, common.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulls, good............................. Bulls, conlmon....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canners and cutters. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxen.................................... Calves, veal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . Calves, grass. ......... _.. _....... ...... Stoekers-45o-800 lb., good. . .. _.. . _ . . . . . Stockers-450-800 lb., fair. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Feeders-800-1,OOO lb., good............. Feeders-800-1,OOO lb., fair.............. Hogs (fed and watered), selects. . . . . . . . . HOjæ (fed and watered), heavies... . . . . . Hogs (fed and watered), lights....... .. . Hogs (fed and watered), sows.... ... _. _. Hogs (fed and watered), stags........... Lambs, good..... .. ................... Lambs, common...... _................. Sheep, heavy..... ...... ..... ....... .... Sheep, light........ .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Sheep, common. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . 13.77 12.89 10.22 12.27 8.65 12.56 8.82 7.67 10.65 7.89 10.46 6.98 4.66 16.79 8,58 9.02 8.23 11.22 10.78 18.98 18,87 16.58 15.41 13.27 13.86 10.04 8.52 8.65 5.36 Toronto. 1920. 1921. 1922. S cts. Sets. 7.52 7.14 5.94 6.81 5.61 6,87 5.78 4.69 5.06 3.82 4.55 3.15 1.86 3.50 9.37 3.69 5.24 4.15 6.08 5.18 12.66 10.95 11.74 8,83 4.95 12.88 9.29 4.25 6.53 2.97 1920. 13.08 11.42 12.34 8.08 11.62 8.81 7.10 9.77 6.91 11.13 5.06 4.48 10.30 12.13 6.99 19.82 18.97 18.06 16.24 13.83 12.79 10.58 10.44 7.17 Montreal. 19n. Seta. 12.52 10.11 12.13 8.31 9.92 8.23 6.49 4.56 3.37 1922. Seta. 8.92 8.24 5.97 7.55 5.85 7.19 5.91 3.80 5.88 4.65 6,98 3.43 2.28 6.27 6.94 2.92 Seta. 8.75 7.00 5.93 6.71 5.51 6.55 5.49 4.44 5.27 4.07 5.83 3.58 2.19 6.50 7.68 3.62 S cts. 7.73 7.58 6.64 7.24 5.24 7.66 6.18 4.35 5.86 4.52 5.55 3.í1 2.49 10.24 3.04 4.87 3.15 7.01 3.90 11.72 10.01 9.56 8.17 9.25 9.59 7.43 4.64 5.25 2,91 13.20 12.15 12.45 10.06 7.23 10.93 8.99 6.50 5.43 3.93 Winnipeg. Edmonton. Classification. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. - - - - - Seta. S cts. S cts. Sets. S cts. Sets. Steers-heavy finished.................. 10.12 5.41 5.28 12.:?8 5.27 5.10 Steers-l ,000-1,200 lb., good..... ........ 10.46 5.78 5.59 9.65 5.49 5.03 SteelR-l,COO-1,200 common............ . 6.91 3.89 4.09 5.83 3'85 3.12 Steers-700-1,OOO lb., good........... _.. 9,80 5.67 5.49 8.3!) 4.77 4.87 Rteer,,;-700-1,OOO lb., common. .......... 6.24 4.12 3.91 5.83 3,68 2.95 Heifers, good. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . _ . 8.36 5.19 5.43 7.68 3.58 4.30 Heifers, fair. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . _ . _ _ . .. . 6.42 4.04 4.29 6.18 - 3.38 Heifers, common. _... _ _ _ _ . . 5.07 2.92 3.15 5.62 3.47 2-64 ("'OW8, good.... .... _.. .. _ _ _ _: :::::::::: 8.79 4.34 4.00 7.97 2.82 3,60 Cows, common.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.91 3.18 3.01 5.71 4.05 2.46 Bulls, good............................. 6.31 3.32 2.84 6.14 2.96 2.31 Bulls, common. ...... . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . 4.91 2.55 2.08 4.22 2.88 1.51 Canners and cutters.... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.65 2.06 1.75 3.54 2.19 1.35 Oxen.................................... 6.30 2.87 2.83 8.88 2.04 2.32 Calves, veaL....................... _ _" 8.46 5.47 5.71 8.66 3.00 4.68 Calves, gra""................... _ _....... - - - - 3.31 - Stockers-450-800 lb., 11;000... _ _' .. _ _.. . 6.48 3.52 3.61 7.12 3.46 3.35 Stockers-450-8CO lb., fair..... ., . . . . . .... 5.39 2.81 2.74 5.54 2'87 2.51 Feeders-80o-1,OOO lb., good............. 8.33 4.27 4.37 9.94 3.34 3.89 Feeders-SOo-l,OOO lb., fair.............. 6.49 3.61 3.48 - 3.06 3.16 Hogs (fed and watered), selects......... 18.33 12.01 11.15 18.11 10.70 10.33 Hogs (fed and watered), heavies. . . . . . . . 16.56 9.56 8.61 17.26 9.98 9.25 Hogs (fed and watered), lights.......... 16.01 11.00 10.75 16.40 7.44 7.69 Hogs (fed and watered), stags........... 11.77 6.07 4.66 15.07 6.06 7.29 Hogs (fed and watered), sows...... _ _'" 13.94 6.77 7.12 16.11 8.22 7.21 Larnbs, good......... _... _. _ ........... 11.11 8.88 10.82 9.98 7.58 9.62 Lambs, common.......... 6.65 6.26 7.01 7.61 5.66 6.97 Sheep, heavy.. '" _ _. _.... . : : : : : : : : : - - - - - - Sheep, light....................,........ 7.23 5.21 6.52 7.93 5.26 6.25 Sheep, common........... ...... ........ 4'81 2.98 3.50 6.73 3.54 4.07 62373-19 :?90 PRODCCTI01V 3ì.-A\erage :\Ionthl)" I-riel's per c\\ t. of ('anadian the Stock at Principal :\Iar....ets, 1922. SOURCE: )larhets Intelligence Dh'i"ion, Live Stock Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. Cla.-"sification. :\Iontreal- teers, 1,000-1,200 lb., goo,\' ... .. Heilers, good. . -. Calves, n"ll....... -. HOj1;b (led and \\ater- 00), selects......... . IIog (fed and \\ater- cd), lights.. ...... Lambs, good. ....... heep, light. . . . . Toronto- :--;teer , 1,000-1,200 lb., good................ Heilers, good. .... Calves, veal.. . . . . . . . . Hogs (led and \\ater- ed),seleets..... .... Hogs (led and water- ed), lights. .. -. Lambs, good. ..... .. Sheep, light.......... . Winnipeg- ::;teers 1,000-1,200 lb., good.. . ........... Heilers, good.. .. Calve8, ve:.I.... ... Ho!!,s (led and water- ed), selects.......... Hogs (lcrt and water- ed), lights.... .... Lam bs, good. . . . . . SheE'p, light.. ..... ('al/1:ary- SteE'r.<, 1,000-1,200 lb., good.... . -.... H piler", good. . . Calves, veal... ..... HO/1:'i, (lcd and water- pù), selects.......... }Jog.'i (fed and \\ater- ed),light .. .... Lamhs, good. .... :-;hecp, light. . . . . Edmonton- ::;tcers, 1,000-1,200 lb., good................ Heilers, good......... ('alves, veal. ......... Hogs (fed and water- ed), 8e1ert8.... .... Hog... (led and \\ater- ed), lights......... I am bs, good Sheep, light...... Jan. Feb. Mar. April. :\rny. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c. S c 7.33 7.20 6.44 6.48 10.06 10.72 7.7r 8.22 7.06 7.62 7.00 5.56 8.55 8-39 8.030 8-18 6.14 5.28 7.76 6.37 6.02 5.66 5.14 5.69 7.18 6.28 5.65 5-4 4.75 5.25 5.2 6-82 8.50 8.45 9.13 9.30 12.66 13.78 13.95 14.06 14.47 14.89 15.08 13.18 12.38 11.52 11-15 11.33 _ _ _ 14.15 - - 13.99 12.92 12-31 11.28 11.1:i 11.39 9.06 10-04 1O.7C 10-50 14.97 11-94 10-25 9..')5 lC.53 10.j3 11-m 1}.1,O 4.43 5.92 6.63 7.68 6.81 5.15 4.38 4.34 4.29 3.93 5.33 6.29 6.80 7.06 7.29 7.74 8. 4 6.40 6'6: 6-93 7.51 7.95 10.93 11.73 9.51 7.26 7.65 8.45 7.88 6.95 6-70 6.30 8.27 .7.51 6.86 6.44 5.95 7.71 7.61 9.17 10.33 10.88 5.57 6.62 5.50 tH8 9.09 10.51 11.54 13.24 13.23 13.13 13.77 14.24 14.56 13.34 12.(7 10.97 10.84 10.7 1O.n 12.30 e.17 12.42 12.76 1:-1.24 13.69 12.40 11.08 9.79 1O.51i 10.16 12.41 13.38 13.32 13.55 15.60 15.55 12.80 11.20 11.3!1 11.07 12.::11 11.98 5.91 7.64 7.96 8.51 7.26 5.35 5.45 4,93 5.38 6.18 6.82 7.01 5.51 5.61 6.01 6.29 5.54 5.45 5.73 6.07 6.65 6.86 7. 3 7-82 7.2C 6.90 5.95 7.08 6-87 6.19 7.68 5.45 5.112 5.23 4.89 4.35 4.37 4-74 5.00 4-79 4.05 3.81 4.56 5.12 4.55 3.96 3.35 3.98 9.79 11.79 11.64 11.84 12.13 12.47 13.10 11.90 11.10 9.54 9.33 9.1' 9.71 11.41 11-55 11.74 11.66 1?28 12.61 11.18 10.41 9.23 8.49 8-78 8.47 9.01 10.78 13.48 1:-1.87 1:-1.33 11.24 9.23 9.44 10.37 9.83 10.77 5.60 5.28 6,84 9.15 10.03 6.97 6.31 4.95 5-16 5.92 5.82 6.15 4.71 5.CO 5.00 4.12 4.50 4-79 4.76 5.51 5.7.1 5.08 6.05 6.50 4.89 4.47 4.25 4-80 5.3R 5.59 4.C4 3.28 3.15 5.906.095.73 4.28 3.65 3.80 3.78 3-()f) 2.99 4.1:-1 3.4!) 3.37 8.50 7.4 9.19 6.48 3.98 3.16 3.27 9.06 10.91 10-80 11-13 11.75 11-95 11-97 11.05 10.17 8.58 8.47 7.43 9.27 6.83 5.94 8.55 5.91 8.19 8.05 8.03 8.78 8.99 !).43 10.68 11-0n 11.13 12.00 6.72 7.00 7.59 8.11 8.36 8.86 7.98 7.00 5.46 9.20 10.12 10.12 10.10 7.11 7.00 7.00 7.00 5-30 5.70 5.68 5.79 4.21 4.55 4.75 5.06 4.95 6.00 6.00 7.00 6.41 6.30 4.80 4.00 4.00 :-1.89 4.11 4.43 6.09 5.89 3.70 3.47 3.60 3.25 3.18 3.99 7.50 6.06 3.69 3.43 3.50 2-97 2.50 2.60 9.08 10.98 10.87 10.56 11.35 11.84 11.95 10.47 9-47 9.37 9.16 8,8 5.89 7.58 7.99 7.48 8.5Q 8.77 8.58 7.54 6.47 7.27 8.19 7.97 8.51 8.75 9.13 9.83 12.09 11.89 8.10 8.93 9.64 9.64 9.62 9.25 5.21 6.00 6-00 6.41 8-76 8.02 5.10 4.50 5.46 7.00 7.00 5.55 Clo\'er and Grass Seed Prices.-.A :-p('('ial survey of dover and gmf'S f:ecd prices ha hem undertnkm annually in r('cent years hy the Dominion BurC'au of tatisti('s, in co-oppration with the e('d Brandl of the Dominion Dppartment of Agriculture. tati ti('s of prices paid by farmf>rs and to farmers for grad(> 1\0. 1 clover and grass seed are givC'll for 1923 by provinces in Tables 38 amI 39, tog('ther with av('rage for Canada in the years 1919 to 1923. IXDEX SUJIBERS OF 4GRICULTURA.L PRICES 291 38.-Án>rage Prkes per lb. paid b)' farmers for Hrade :\'"0. 1 ('Imer and (;rass Seed, by prminces. during .\pril and :\Ia). 1923. and .-\verage Prices for ('anada during AI)ril and :\Ia)', 1919-23. Province",. Prince Edward Island. ... . . . . Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New BrußS\\ick........ Quebec. . . . .. Ontario. Ianitoha. . . . . . Saskatchewan. Alberta... . . . . . . .. Rriti"h Columbia. Canada, 1923.. " 1\)22...... " 19?1. " Ig O... " 1919 Red Clover. Abike. cts. 33 31 30 30 26 35 45 48 36 29 3 91 -, 401 74! 53} Alfalfa. cts. 25 23 22 23 18 28 43 38 2S! 21 96;1 41& 69 44 Sweet Clover. Western T" th Brome Rye. 11llO y. Crass. cts cts. 43 28 30 28 42 65 41 59 :14 38! 51! 65 431 cts. 19 19 21 13 10 15 16 20 92"" 13 B 15! 201 J5 40 cts. 12 1 131 14 141 13 1 -0 'I 9J.! 38 2 32 cts. 13 14 14 14 11 15 18! 18 16 13 14 16! 23l 18 13 14 16 16 14 19 1 20 43 37j 39.-A\erage Prices per lb. paid to farmers for ('Ionr and Hrass Seed. b)" pro\Ïnces, durinJ!; April and 1Ia)', 1923. and A\erage Prices for ('allada duri g _-\pril and 1Ia)", 1919-23. Provinces. Prince Edward Island. ...... Nova :O;cotia. .... !'\ew Bruns\\ick... Quebec...... . Ontario.... . __ 1Iani toba . _ . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . :-;askatchewan...... . . . . . . . . AI berta.. . . . . . .. _ . . . .. . British Columbia. .....o..... . Canada, 1923...... ......... " 1922...... o." "1921.... ... u 1920........ u 1919... Red Clover. Alsike. cts. 28 28 26 18 20 21 29 66 44 Alfalfa. Sweet Western Timothy. Brome Clover. Rye. Crass. cts. cts. 19 17 19 12 13 161 28 56 36 cts. 13 21 20l 23 26 55 38 cts. 12 09 07 08 08 on Ilf 11 29 23 cts. 09 08 06 08 to} m 25 27 cts. 10 m 12 08 09 15 08 08 09 09 09 12! 20 16 081 09 14 29 301 Index Numbers of Agricultural Prices.-Rccord of the av('rage prices received by farmcn; for agricultural produce have been collected annually since 1909 through the crop correspondents of the Cen!'us and Statistics Office and Dom- inion Bureau of StatistiC's. From. the e records. annual index numbers have been calculated for each crop and for the field crops as a whole. The average priccs for the five-year pn'-war period 1900-1913 have in each Case bccn taken as 100, and the figures for each year are e q)res ed as a percentage of thcse. In calculating the index numbers for the combined field crops, the various crops have been weighted aC'cording to the proportion which the value of each crop in each year bears to the total value for that year. Tahle 40 and its accompanying diagram (p. 293) show the great increase which took place in agricultural pric('s during the war period and the fall which took plaN' in 1920, 19:!1 and 1922. The years 1021 and 1022 are e l'ecially mcmorable for the great and sudden fall in the prices of agricultural produce, and the index numbers pray ide a convenient means of measuring its extent, and of making compari-'ons with previous years, and (> pecially with the maximum prices, which were reached in 1010. For wheat the index number in 1922 was 123.2, a slight increm;e over 1021, when it was 117.4, a figure which rcpres('nted a drop of llï.3 pOtnts, as compared with 1020 and of 623ï3-19} 292 PRODUCTION 226.1 points, as compared with 1919. Oats WCTf' also appreciably higher in 1922 than in 1921, 111.8 as against 100. These increases, however, were far more than offset by the decreases in the index numbers of the price of rye (from 101.4 to 81.7), of peas (from 196 to 179), of potatoes (from 167.3 to 117.4), of turnipR, etc., (from 154.5 to 122.7), of alfalfa (from 172.1 to 110.2), and more e:::pecially by the cutting almost in half of the price of the great hay and clovcr crop, the index number of which declined from 2W.2 in 19 1-a high price duc to the poorest crop on record-to 115.5. As a rcsult the index number for agricultural prices as a whole fell from 147.5 in 1921 to 117 in 1922. 40.- Index Numbers of A icultural Prices for Canada, 19U-1922. Annual Average PricE's. 19C9-1913 = lCO. Field Crops. Wheat. _ ............ ....... ..... Oats... __ .. ............... Barley.......... -...... Rye.............. ............. Peas........... ............... Bean ........................... . Buckwheat. . .. . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed ains.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flax............................. Corn for husking................. Potatoes. . . .. .. . - . . . . . . . . Turnips. etc.. . . . . . . .. . . - . . Hay and clover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- . FoddE'r corn....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . SUJ!:ar beets...................... Alfalfa... . . . . . . . . .. ............. All Field Crops.. ......... Annual average price!" 1909-13.l 1911. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1\122. s p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. 0.69 0.31 0.47 0.71 1.00 1. 79 0.61 0.57 1.12 0.63 0.46 0.22 11.65 495 5.84 11.59 176.8 131.9 18;1.9 281.2 292.8 343.5 23t.7 117.4 123.2 141.2 105.9 150.(. 202.9 229.4 235.3 155.9 100.0 111.8 142.9 110.6 1,4.5 229.8 212.8 261.7 176.6 100.C 97.9 110.7 108.4 156.3 228.2 209.9 1:17.2 187.3 101.4 81.7 146.0 165.0 222.0 354.0 299.0 286.0 242.C 196.0 179.0 129.1 1,0.4 301.7 416.2 302.2 :Z50.3 216.8 162.C 159.2 118.0 123.0 175.4 ?39.3 59'0 245.9 209. 145.9 137.7 115.7 100.0 154.4 2ü3.5 200.0 238.5 157.9 108.7 105.3 92.0 134.8 182.1 236.6 279.5 368.8 173.2 128.5 137.7 11 .7 112.7 169.8 292.1 277.8 206.3 184.1 131.7 131.7 106.5 130.4 176.1 219.6 213.1 206.5 210.8 167.3 117.4 122.7 109.1 177.3 209.1 195.1 227.3 186.4 154.5 122.7 1 2.1 123.3 99.6 88.7 139.5 177.9 224.0 202.2 115.5 99.2 99.2 99.4 103.8 124.2 139.8 156.6 142.4 100.4 102.6 94.2 106' 115.6 175.5 186.0 21\).1 111.3 134.9 122.3 109.4 92.2 100.0 153.9 188.5 205.3 172.1 110.2 ---------- 143.0 122.6 159.7 226.0 227.6 252.7 204.9 147.5 117.0 IPrices quoted for 1909-13 arð p.}r bushel. except for the last four items. whcre they are per ton. S.-Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. Production and Value of \Vool.-According to estimates publishcd by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics J the estimated production of wool in 192 was, by provinccs, as in Table 41. 41.- Estimated Production of Wool by Prmincl's, 1922. f'heep's Lambs' Total Total Provinces. Sheep. Lambs. sheE'p and wool. wool. lambs. wool. No. lb. No. lb. No. lb. P. E. I"land................ 59,244 4H.70!! 46.459 lR5.836 105,703 600,544 ova Hcoth................ 185. P87 1, 301. !l09 143.358 573.432 329,34.') 1,875.341 New Rrun!'\\ick............. 127, 886 895,202 lOR. 145 432.5!!0 236,031 1. 327,782 Quehec . _A.............. 567, 09.') 3.969.665 423. 823 1.695.292 990,918 5.664,957 Ontario. . . . 501,319 3,509,233 485.298 1.941.192 9s6.617 5.450.425 Manitoba.....:.::......::: : 60.9Rf 426.888 50,980 203.920 111. 9G4 630.808 Saskatchewan.............. . 127.598 893,186 64.339 257.356 191. 937 1.150,542 Alberta........ . ............ 166.012 1. 162.0R4 94.354 377.416 260.3fi6 1. 539,500 Briti.,h Columbia........... 28. 171 197,197 21.574 86.296 49.745 283,493 Total. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . 1,824,296 12,77Ð.Ð;2 l,t3 ,330 õ. ;53,320 3.2'2,626 18,52. ,392 INDEX NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL PRICES 293 INDEX NUMBERS Of AVERAGE PRICES or fIELD CROPS, 1909-22 Aannwzl Ål/eraý'e Prices ./.909-./9./.3==.1'00 1909 1910 191/ 191Z 1913 1914- 1915 1916 1911 1918 1919 19;:'0 1921 /9.<.2 350 I I I I I I 350 340 340 330 WHEAT-_____ _____ _____ I 33D OATS__ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _)(-______)( I 3Z0 POTATOES________:_ _ 320 HAY AND CLOVER_u___ ! 3/0 ALL CROPS__________ 3/0 CANAOA YEAR eOOKI9:l. -.2J . I 300 330 II 29D Z9D Z80 / 2BD 270 Z"to 26() 260 250 25D 240 /\ 240 230 L-, \ 230 220 I --:: \ \ 220 2/0 I J --;""'r---.. X 1\ 210 200 II / ......... ' \ 200 190 /I! I 1\ 190 180 J /1 f / \ \ 1\ 180 I If/ ; , \ \ 110 I , , 1'10 I 1\ lfllj / . . _\ , 160 \ .60 150 I \ h /1 / \\\ 150 140 I \ 1/1 / \ \ \ \ , /40 '30 II \ ' '1,' \ \\ '. ! I , 130 120 /\ '1' V: / \ /20 I " / \ if f\ '!\ / " "øP'" 110 , 110 ,\ --- \ / , , , - -- /' ' " 100 , ' 100 ( / )< -.......... / / 90 ""- T'- 90 8D v"/ 80 "to >10 (J 6D 1909 19/0 19/1 1912. 19/.3 1914- 19'5 19/6 /9/7 1918 1919 /920 192/ 192Z . 294 PRODUCT/a;'! The total wool clip of Canada for 1922 was, t1wrdore, c".;timated at about 18,.')23,000 lb., as compared with 21,251,000 lh. in In:!1 and 24,000,000 lb. in 1920, the estimate for 19:!0 being subject to correction by the cemms returns when available. At fin average value for unwfished wool of 17.!) CC'llts per lb., the total value of the wool clip of 192:! amounted to $3,214,000, fiS compared with $2,975,000 in 1921 find $5,280,000 in 1920. The average prices per lb. for wa hcd find unwashed wool, by provinces, for the years HH5 to 1921 are given in Table 10. For Canada the price in 1922 was 17 cents per lb. for unwaf'hed, and 24: CC'llts per lb. for wa hed wool, repr('senting a f'uhstantial recovery from the r('cord low figures of 14 cents for unwaf'h('d and 22 ccnts for "'a hed wool, attained in 1921. Table 42 shows the total e timates of production and valu(' for 19:!2, compared with the years 1915 to 19:!1, as previously publi h('d. 4:2.-Production amI \"alue of \\001 in ('anada. 1915-22. ProrluC'tion A vell1gp Year. Sheep. of Wool. prke' pe'r lb. Value. of Wool. Ko. Ius. cents. S 1915... .... . .. ...... 2,03R.66:? 12,000,000 28 3,360,000 1916........ .. 2,022. !141 12 ,000. 000 37 4.440.000 1917........ ...- 2,369,358 12.000,000 5n 7,000,000 1918............ 3.052.748 20.000.0110 lill 12,000,000 1919.. .. 3,421.95R w,rnMml 61: 12,000.000 1920...... .. 3. no. 783 24.000,000 22 5,280.000 1921......... . 3,6;5.860 21.251,000 14 2,975,000 1922.......... . ..... 3,262,626 18,523,392 17.5 3,244,000 E Production in Canada, 1921 and 1922.-Calculatiuns publi hed by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics place the estimated egg production on th(' farms of Canada in 1922 at 194,058,4ü8 dozen, valued at $4R,490,5ï8, from 29,9--1-3,.181 hens on farms, as compared with lüS,0-19,154 dozen, valued at S:40,9ßS,8-11, from 25,755,- 35ü hens on farms in 1921. These c timat('s do not include eggs other than those produ('ed on farms. Tobacco.-Tablc 43 gives the estimated area and yield of tobacco in Ontario and Quebec for the three years 1920 to 1922. 43.- Area amI Yil'hi of Tobacco ill Canada. 1920-22. Provinces. 1!120. 1921. 19 ' 1921- 1922. 1920. 1921- 1922. - lh. ppr lb. per lb. per acres. acres. aC'res. lb. }b. lb. acre. acre. acre. Ontario.... .. 20,114 6,553 9,18\1 21,688,500 7,121. 962 11. 031, 8iOIl 1,078 1. 091 1,201 Quebec. ..... 33,000 5,256 16,573 26,400,000 6,127,000 14, 915. 7OOI 1.166 900 - Totals and averages 53,114 11,809 25,762 48,088.500 13.248,962 25,947,57 1 9U5 1.124 1. 007 The prices paid for Canadian tobacco varied, 'of course, considerably according to type and quslity. Assuming for Ontario tobacco an average of 25 cents per lb. and for Quebec tobacco an average of 12 cents per lb., the total value of the Can- adian tobacco crop of 1922 may be placed at $-1,547,851, as compared with $2,393,190 PRODrX'TION OF SeGAR BEETS 295 1921 and 5,893,275 in 1920. For Ontario the estimated value is 82,757,967 in 1922 (11,031,870 lb. at 2.5 cents p<.'r lb.), as compared with $1,780,490 in 1921 (7,121,9m lb. at .5 cents per lb.) and :t;3,2.53.27.) in 1920 (21,688,500 lb. at 15 cents per lb.). For Quebec the value in 1922 is $1,78H,884 (14,915,700 lb. at 12 cents per lb.), as compared with 612,700 in 1921 (6,127,000 lb. at 10 cents per lb.), and $2,640,000 in 1920 (26,.100,000 lb. at 10 cents per lb.). Su ar Beets and Beetroot Su ar.-There are three sugar factories in Canada which manufacture sugar from Canadian grown sugar beets. They are situated at Chatham, 'YaUaceburg and Kitchener, in the province of Ontario, and are under the control of the Dominion Sugar Company, Ltd., of Chatham; only the first two of these factories were in operation in 1922. From 1903 until 1914, when it went out of business, there was also in operation the Knight Sugar Company of Raymond in Alberta. Table 44 gives particulars respecting the area, yield and value of sugar beets as a farm crop and of the production of refined sugar made from Canadian grown sugar beets for thf' years 1911-22. "1.- -\rea, \ïeld and "alue of Sugar Beets in ('anada and Production of UefÏned Beetroot Sugar. 1911-1922. .-\ verage Production Acres Yield Total Total of rpfined Year. gro\\n. per acre. yield. price value. beetroot per ton. bugar. - - acres. tons. tons. S cts. S lb. 1911.. .. . '" 20,677 8.50 175,000 6.59 1. 154.000 21,379,689 1912. ...... 18,900 10.50 201. COO 5.00 1,005.000 26.767,287 1913. .. 17,ODC 8.75 148,000 6.12 906.000 2ß.U9,216 1914. .... 12.ICO 9.00 108,600 6.00 651. 000 31.314,763 1915. ... 18,000 7.75 141. 000 5.50 775.500 39,515,802 1916.. . ... 15,000 4.75 71.000 6.20 440.000 17,O:!4,377 1917. -" 14,000 8.40 117,600 6.75 793. 800 23,376.850 1918. .. 18,000 11.25 204,000 12.71 2,593,715 50,092,835 1919. . ........ 18,800 9.50 180.000 1-1.61 2,630,027 37,839,271 1920......... . .... 34,491 9.94 343,000 15.47 5.307,243 89.280,719 1921.. . .. . .. . ....... 25,535 7,80 199.334 9.90 1,974,38-1 52,862.377 1922..... . ........ 14,955 8.55 127,807 7.56 966,521 29,911,770 The total value of the beetroot sugar producC'd in 1922 is estimated at $1,645,885, representing an average wholesale price of 5.5 cents per lb. For 1921 the corre- sponding values were 83,554,203 for total value and 6.7 cents, the average wholesale price per lb. In 1920 the average wholesale price per lb. was 14.4 rents, and the estimated value of the crop was $12,856,424. Maple Su ar.-The maple sugar industry of Canada is carried on in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Xew Brunswick and Nova Scotia. From 1851 to 1861 the average yearly production was about 13,500,000 lb., from 1861 to 1871 about 17,500,boo lb., from 1871 to 1881, 19,000,000 lb., and from 1881 to 1891 about 22,000,000 lb. During the ne},.,1, decade the yearly average fell to about 21,200,000 lb., and in more recent years to à little l(>ss than 20,000,000 lb. In the Maritime Provinces the yearly. output has rarely exceeded 500,000 lb. Quebec produces about 14,300,000 lb. and Ontario 5,000,000 lb. per annum. It is estimated that the industry, which represents an average annual value of almost $2,000,000, is carried on by about 50,000 growers. Table 45 shows the production and value of maple products in the province of Quebec, according to the annual statistics of the Dom- inion and Quebec Bureaus of Statistics, as follows: 296 PRODUCTION 45.-l\laple Products in the Prmince of (luebec, 1918-22. Maple Sugar. Maple Syrup. Total value or Year. A verÏige Average sugar Quantity. price Value. Quantity. price Value. and per lb. per gallon. syrup. - lb. . S gallons. S . S 1918...... ____ ... 10,173,622 0.15 1,526,043 1,928,201 1.50 2,892.301 4,418.34 1919....... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 12.353,667 0.25 3,088,417 1,470,275 2.25 3,675,687 6,396,43 1920..................;...... . 15,615,141 O' O 3,1:?3.028 1.449,649 2.50 3,624,123 6.747,15 1921......................... . 12,285,514 0.15 1,842,827 1,375,635 1.80 2,476,143 4,318.97 1922....... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 9,016,650 0.15 1. 35 , 497 1.575.074 1.80 2,835.133 4,187.63 4 1) 1 o o Stocks of Grain in Canada.-Table 46 shows the quantities of grain in farmers' hands at the close of the Canadian crop year on August 31, 1922, with comparative figures for the two previous years, as compiled frcm the estimates of crop correspondents. Adding the stocks in the elevators and flour mills, Table 47 shows the total quantities of grain in store at the close of each of the crop years, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 46.-Stocks of Grain in Farmers' Hands at the end of the crop) ears 1920-22. Total In Carmers' Total In Carmer&' Tot!.l.l In rarmers' Field Crops. pro- hand , pro- hands. pro- hand". duction Aug. 31, duction Aug. 31, duction Aug. 31, in 1919. 1920. in 1920. 1921. in 1921. 1922. 000 000 000 bush. p.c. bush. bush. p.c. bush. bush. p.c. bush. "heat..... . . ., .. . . . 193,260 1.10 2.122,300 263,189 0.81 2,144,400 3OC,858 0.78 2.360,300 Barley. ...... . . . . . . . 56.389 1.39 781. 100 63,311 1.69 1.072,900 59,709 1.09 645, 200 Oats... _.., . . ...... . 394.387 2.16 8,515,2(;0 530,710 5.5929,657,aOO 426.233 2.72 11,613.000 Rye................ 10,207 0.62 62,900 11,306 0.52 58,500 21,455 0.37 78,500 FIlWJeed........... . 5,473 1.45 79, 200 7,998 0.63 50,700 4,112 0.15 6,300 47.-Stocks of Grain in Canada at the close of the Crop Years 1920, 1921 add 1922. Wheat. Barley. bush. Quantities in Aug. 31, Aug. 31, Aug. 31, Aug. 31, Aug. 31, Aug. 31, 1920. 1921. 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. bush. bush. Farmers' hands.............. -. -. Country Elevators in West... ... . -. Terminal Elevators.... .. . .. . .. .. __ . .. . Public Elevators........................ Eastern Elevators....................... Flour ?olills......... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transit by rail. .. ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 2.1?2,3CO 2.144.400 2,360,300 980,000 1. 566, 689 4,657.202 1,603,811 2,367,181 4,683.435 4,316,527 874,045 1.683,700 30,007 23,260 237.780 719,624 1,500,000 - 6.031.889 4.578,027 bush. 781,100 210,000 171. 703 337,301 326 2.000 bush. 1,072,900 792,955 827.962 491,884 7,718 27,287 628,733 bush. 645,200 768.951 403.977 92,339 29,462 253,499 Quantities in Totals............. ............. 9,290,42aI13,727,0 S 19,-162,66-1 1,502,430 3,8-19,43912,19a,428 Oats. bush. bID.h. bUbh. Farmers' Hands........................ Country Elevators in West.............. Terminal Elevators.......... -. -........ Public Elevators........ ...-. Eastern Elevators............. -.... -. . Flour mills......... . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Transit by raiL......................... 8,515,200 29, 657, 3CO 11.613.000 560,000 3.195,676 1.461.009 339,829 4,668.256 872,179 240.100 4,724,616 1. 089,189 10.942 27.562 14,846 350.938 370,481 - 1.336,001 334.471 Rye. bush. bush. bush. 62,900 58,500 78,500 - 15,025 753,030 58.209 393, 106 788,779 23,379 8,160 308 5,920 - 355 5,698 2,513 328,922 975,593 Total!........................... 9,6S0,917 43,960,3-19 15,7-10,329 121,772 830,550 2,606,575 DISTRIBUTION OF CANADIAN GRAIN CROPS 297 47.-Stocks of Grain in Canada at the dose of the <.'rop Years 1920, 1921 and 1922-conc1uded. Quantities in Flax<;eed. Aug. 31, Au!!:. 31, Aug. 31. 1920. 1921. 1922. - - bush. bush. bush. 79.200 50,7W 6.300 48.000 195.402 89,620 466.086 1,465.369 190,924 21. 629 53.049 14,484 1,208 20 - 39.458 9.354 - - - 616,123 1,803,998 310,682 \ Farmers' Hands........................................................ \ IE : _e.s.t..:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Public Elevators... h . . _ . . . . .. -.. - - . . - . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eastern Elevators........ _........ _ - - - -. - .. -......... - -. -..... - -.. -. Tr8.Il8it by raiL..... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. - . . .. .. .., .. - .. . Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . According to Table 47, therefore, on August 31, 1922, about 19,463,000 bushels of wheat, 2,193,000 bushels of barley, 15,740,000 bushels of oats, 2,607,000 bushels of rye and 311,000 bushels of flaxseed constituted the "carryover" into the new crop year running from September 1, 1922, to August 31, 1923. Table 48 gives the results of inquiries as to the quantities of wheat, and wheat flour expressed as wheat, in Canada on March 31, 1923, with the corresponding figures for 1919 to 1922. 48.-Stocks of Wheat in Canada, l\larch 31, 1919-23. Wheat in March 31, I l\[arch 31, March 31, l\[arch 31, March 31, 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. bush. bUfOh. bush. bush. bush. Elevators..................... . 69,983.064 30.622.398 35,802.362 58.338,581 69.620,269 Flour mills.... .... _........... 5,390.066 5.575.253 3.635.818 4.000.000 7.000.000 Tran.<:it by rail. ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . IG, 8M. 840 6.271.697 7.119.983 10.998.505 8.396,782 Farmers' hands................ 32.315.000 34.837. ()()() 48.919.000 41.649,000 54.771.000 Totals. ... ..... . . . . . . . . 118,5-12,970, 77,306,3-18 95, -177,163, 11-1,986,086 139,788,051 Table 49 gives for oats, barley and flaxseed the stocks in Canada on March 31, 1923, as compared with the corresponding date of the previous year. -19.-Stocks In Canada of Oats, Barley and Flaxseed, March 31, 1922 and 1923. Oats. Barley. Flaxseed. Grain in March 31, March 31, March 31, March 31, March 31, March 31. D22. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1922. 1923. hush. bush. bush. bush. bush. bush. Elevators...... _ _ . . _ _ . . . . . _ . 21,852.211 16.899.256 5.536.623 7,269.234 1,390.583 808,150 Flour mills. . .. .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 900.000 14,000 70.000 - - Transit by rail. . ... . . . . . . . . . 6,003.399 2.755.299 1,102.649 25-1.096 179.711 96,829 Farmers' hands............. 147.604,000 171.163.000 14.901.000 17.836.000 618.000 837,000 Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . _ . 175,609,610 191,717,555 21,55-1,272 25, -129, 330 2,188,29-1 1,7-11,979 Distribution of the Canadian Wheat and Oat Crops.-Table 50 shows the distribution of the wheat crops of 1921 and 1922. Aß regards the commercial movement of the crop, Table 50 is constructed in general conformity with the data published by the Internal Trade Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. It will be noted that for the year ended August 31, 1922, the whole of the estimated gross production of 300,858,000 bushels of wheat is accounted for with the exception of a plus balance of 1,645,000 bushels, rather more than 0.5 p.c. of the total. For 1923, however, 2-1,038,000 bushels are unaccounted for, a balance equal to 6 p.c. of the total. 298 PRODUCT/U.\ 50. - Uistribution of the ('anadian \\ heat ('rol)s of 1921 aud 1922. Items. Crop Crop year ended ) ear ended Aug. 31, Aug.31, H122. 1923. I terns. Crop Crop year ended year ended Aug. 31, AUI!:. 31, 1922. 1923. Carryover R('pt. I, 1921-22 Gross produ('tion. _. . loss in c1e.:ming.. . .. . . . . . . . Grain not merchantable.. . Xet production. Imports.................. . .\ vailable (or dj"tribution. 000 bush. 7,856 300.858 9,026 12,034 279, 798 248 287.902 000 bush. 16,013 1 Exportsas!!:rain........... 399,786 Exports as Houri..... . . . . . 11. 994 Total exports . . . . . . . . . 9,799 Hebined (or seed. . 377, 992 1 'lilled (orfood.. . . .. . . . . . . 417 Carried over, August 31, 394.256 1922-23.......... ...... r naccounted (or. . . . 000 bush. 1.'í8.550 35.454 HI4,004 39. 240 37.000 16.013 2 + 1,645 oro bu!'}-o. 229,682 49.811 279.493 40,000 41,000 9.992 + 24, 038 Tablc 51 presents similar data in respect of oats. The bulk of this crop is con- sumed as food for live stock, and thc table :--hows approximately how the remaining portion of the crop is di:-:posed of, including thc quantities eÀported as grain, oat- meal and rolled oats, the quantity retained for seed and the quantity milled for home consumption repn'senting chiefly oatmeal and rolled uats u!'ed for human food. The carry ovpr represents grain in the elevators, in farmers' hands, in transit, etc., and the balance is the quantity consumed in Canada for feeding to live stock, tþ.e amoilllt being estimated at 3ï.>,3st,000 bu-;hcl'3 in 1923 and 319,880,000 bu:,:hels in 1922. 3 51.-Histrihution of the ('anadian Oat ('rops of 19U and 1922. Crop ('rop Crop Crop Items. year ended year ended Items. year ended year l'nded Aug. 31, AUI!:.31, AUI!:.31, Aug. 31, 1922. 1923. 1922. 1923. 000 hush. 000 bush. 000 bush. 000 bush. Carry owr, Rept. I, 1921-22 42,773 15,274 EXp01 ts as grain........... 27, (38 23,561 Gross production. . . . . 426. 233 491,239 Exports as meal, etc.. .... . 2.854 2.344 G,mn mt me'ohnntabl..."1 58,362 38.67( Tot!!.l exports............. 29,892 25,90.') Net production........ .. 367,871 452,.'í1ì9 Hetained (or seed. _ . . . 39. 044 39.000 À iì ti f ; di t ib ii : 677 414- )[illed lor home corummp 411,3?l 468.2', tion. . .. .. . . ..0. ....___ 7,231 6,9<<9 \ Carry over, August 31, 1922-23.. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 15,274 20,979 Balance (or home con- sumption as grain. . . . . . . 319,880 375,384 Per Capita Consumption of Wheat in Canada.-It is calculated that for the period of ten years ended August 31, 1919, the average per capita consumption of wheat in Canada was 5.8 bushels, that during thc four years of war (1915-18) the rate was 4.2 bu:-.hcls and that during the five-year pre-war period from 1910 to 1914 it was 7.7 bu!'hels. The:,;e ratcs }'epre!'cnt the gro s p('r capita consumption, after accounting for the whole of the production in the way of 101-'1'es duc to cleaning and unmerchantabl(' grain, adding the imports and deducting exports and grain retained for seed. During recent Yí'ars the Dominion Bureau of Stati::;tics has perfected arrangements for the p('riodical cullection of statistics of wheat milled in Canada. These indicate on the ha is of threc years' returns that the per capita 1 Flour is expressed as ",heat on the bw;is o( 1 barrel o( flour, weighing 196 lb., being equal to 4t bm,hels o( wheat. 2 The carryover, given as 19,463,000 bu"hel on p. 3480( the :\Ionthly Bulletin o( September, 1922, was subsequently reduced to 16,013,COO bushels on the ground that the difference repre.,ented new wheat o( the crop o( 1923 included amoni"t the quantity reported as in transit on Auglli!t 31, 1922. I For similnr calculations extendinp; over Ii series o( years both (or ",heat and oats, I'e the Year Book o( 1920, pp. 263-266 and the :\Ionthly Bulletin o( Agricultural :;tati tics (or April, 1920 (Vol. 13, No. 140), p. 75, and April, 1922 (Yol. 15. No. 164), p. 127. . Including 2,691,000 bushels as eed (or 1,076,300 n. re,. in Alberta, btimated as so\\ n, but not reaped (or grain. 11GRICULTURAL REVEKUE AXD WEALTH 299 consumption of wheat is 5.4 bushels, a figure only 0.4 bushels below that of 5.8 bushels, the average given above for the ten-year pericd cnded August 31, 1919. A report on the Flour Milling Indu try of Canada for 1921, i sued in Iarch, 1923, by the Industrial Census Divi ion of the Bureau placed the per capita consumption of wheat flour in Canada for the calendar year 1921 at 0.92 barrels, representing, at 4.5 bushels to the barrel, 4.3 bushels. According to the quantity shown in Table 50 as milled in the crop year ended August 31, 1923, viz., 41,000,000 bushels, the per capita consumption is 4.6 bushels, an exce:--s difference of only 0.3 bushels. The rate shown by the Industrial Census Brnnch applies, hem'ever, only to a single year. The rate for the tpn years 1910 to 1919 represents n'Ol"fo\"er calculations that are gross rather than net. Altogether the condusion appears to be ju tifi((l that the avernge per capita consumption of wheat in Canada is dose to 5 bUf'hels, either slightly more or slightly less. 9.-Summary Statistics of Agricultural Revenue and Wealth. Agricultural Revenue and \Vealth of Canada.-Table 52 shows under principal headings the gro s agricultural revenue of Canada, by provinces, for each of the five years 1918 to 1922. It is important to observe that the figures repre 'ent gross values, because it is not possible to distinguish between crops ufEd as materials for other kinds of production, such as the feeding of live stock, nor to allow for the costs of production. 1 52.-Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Reullue of ('anada, b)' Prmiuces, 1918-2 . ("000" omitted.) Items. Canada- Field crops..... ..... .......... .,. Farm animals. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . "001... . . . .. Dairy products... _. _ . . __ . . . . . Fruits and vegetaùles.................. Poultry and eggs....................... Fur farming...... .............. ....... Maple products............. ........... Tobacco......... ...... Flax fibre. . . . . . . . . Totals.._ .. Prince }'d"ard Island- Field crops.............. ....... .... FRlm animals...... ... ..... " 001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dairy products.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fruits and vegetables....... ........... Poultry and eggs...................... . Fur farming.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Totals........ . Nova cotla- Field crops.. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . Farm animals........... ............. 'Voal..... ............ .............. Dairy products..... ...... ............ . Fruits and vegetables................. . Poultry and egg&. .... . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fur farming.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . Maple products........................ Totals.. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1!J18. $ 1. 3Ï2 ,936 194.498 12,41C 200,341 48,671 40,000 1,048 5,258 4,270 ?,286 1, 81, ì1R 16,278 1,772 312 1,600 :mo 720 833 21,815 42,486 4,654 1,207 2.632 10,000 800 54 40 61,873 HH9. $ 1,537,169 186.679 11, 000 251,527 53, 230 40,000 1,048 7,494 15,620 5,524 2,109, '!91 22, 367 2,315 313 2,231 300 720 833 29,079 63,357 5,074 !J55 3,719 10,000 800 54 45 8-1,001 1920. $ 1,455. :?44 143,935 5,280 260,337 60,719 45,000 1,14C 8,100 5,893 434 1,986,082 18.530 1,763 160 2,278 300 810 767 21,608 47,847 4,122 5.H 4.455 12,451 900 49 45 70,-113 1921. $ 931. 865 98,424 2,975 250.000 59,428 51. 363 I. 487 5,751 2,393 1, -10:1, 686 14,203 1,059 98 I. 796 300 792 952 19,200 2!J,557 2,235 278 4,316 15,000 865 66 29 52,316 1922. $ 962,293 77,548 3.180 250,618 55, 855 58,815 1,50! 5,576 4,548 I,U9,937 10,890 1,174 42 1,800 300 985 955 16, H6 24,140 2,089 338 4,400 13,500 I. 063 68 28 45,626 1 For explanation of the methods used in estimating values, see the original article in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for March, 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 163), pp. 85-89. 300 PRODUCTION 52.-Estimated Gross Annual A (('ultural Rc\enue of Canada, by Produces, 1918-22 -concluded. Items. New Bruns"lck- Field crops............................ Farm animals...... ...... ............. "'001................................. . Dairy products.... . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . Fruits and vegetables.................. Poultry and eggs....................... Fur farming.. .... _ _ _ _ _ ...... :Maple products.. .. _.. _ .. .. . . .. .. .. . . Totals. .. . _ . .. .. _ . _ . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . Q ut'b pc- Field crops............................ Farm animals.. _.. _. _ _ _ _. __ Wool... .. __ __..... Dairy products.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Fruits and vegetables.................. Poultry and eggs....................... Fur farming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maple products. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Tobacco... ..... Totals. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On tarlG- Field crops... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Farm animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". 001. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dairy products. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . Fruits and vepetables....... . . . . . . .. . . . Poultry and eggs.......... . . . .. . .. .. .. . Fur farming.. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Maple products... . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . Tobacco.............................. . Fla:a: fibre............................. Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hanltoba- Field crops... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Farm aniDlals.. .... . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . "'001... . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . . Dairy products. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fruits and vegetables....... . .. . . . . . . . . Poultry and ep-gs....................... Fur farming..... .. ...... .... Totals. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskat('bewan- Field crops............................ Farm animals................. ........ WooL...... . ............. _. _. _....... Dairy products....... ........ __.. FruitQ and vegetables.................. Poultry and eggs....................... Fur farming........................... Totals.......................... . Iberta- Field crops. .. __ .... . __ .. __ . .. .. .. . . . . Farm animals......................... "001. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Dairy products.. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . Fruits and vegetables.................. Paul try and eggs..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fur farming........................... Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbla- Field crops. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Farm animals......................... \\'001... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... . Dairy proùucts........................ Fruits and vegetables.................. Poultry and eggs................ __..... Fw farming......... .......... Totals. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918. $ 42,891 3,681 653 1,419 1. 200 960 55 50 50,909 276.777 40, 862 3,956 58,004 8,000 5,040 49 4,418 2.320 399. j (j 384,014 68,916 3.880 Im,216 16,620 14,400 11 750 1, 950 2,286 695,043 180,508 13,7Rl 504 11 ,420 ],900 3,640 211,;53 299,362 24.033 493 6,051 1, 400 7,840 339,1;9 113,072 33, ]64 1,243 10,387 ],500 4,480 26 2 16.'1.872 17,548 3,635 ]62 6,6]2 7,75] 2,]20 20 7 MI'J 19]9. $ 53,134 4,869 707 2,2]4 1,207 960 55 53 63,199 309,963 37, 683 3,35] 68,432 7,820 5,040 49 6,396 6,780 .1,15.514 383,574 70,288 3,477 ]30,04] ]6,658 14,400 11 1,000 8,840 5.524 633,813 ]82,097 ]2,990 529 ]3,092 ],900 3,640 214, 48 1920. $ 46,357 3,934 378 2,]09 ],073 1,080 ]:?7 53 55,111 330,25] 3],250 ],979 67,U5 7,865 5,670 40 6,747 2,640 453.5Si 375,747 59,953 1,35t 135,093 22,823 16,200 52 1,255 3,253 434 616,16,1 133,990 9,342 ]71 ]3,830 ],900 4,095 163,328 340,030 27],2]3 22,9t6 15,076 439 196 9,346 9,868 ],400 1,400 7.840 8,820 - 78 1 382, Of .iT 1921. $ 38, 326 2,3]5 176 1,90] 1,077 885 149 63 .u, 89 2]9, ]5.1 20, ?62 ],203 66,056 7.272 5,467 116 4,3]9 6]3 324, ,I6 239,627 36,05] 613 130,04] ]6,58] 19,966 65 ],340 ],780 4-16..06-1 72, ]36 5,738 71 ]3,4]8 ],900 4,101 81 97,4,15 2]5,6.15 12,229 135 9,202 ],400 10,352 27 2-1S,9ðO 158.044 204,292 82,780 26,353 16,C54 16,065 I, ]02 445 377 14,620 ]5,678 14.440 1,500 ],500 1,500 4,480 5,040 5,3]4 26 2 ]2 ]6 20 6,125 -2-13." 021 -----nO. 492 24,603 4,16] 127 7,832 12,445 2,]20 20 51, 08 I Including }Ianitoba. I Including Manitoba anù Saskatchewan. 27,017 2,44] 53 9,88] 11,407 2,385 ]5 53,191 20,447 2,470 24 8, 8.10 14,398 3,62] 15 3 49.805 ]922. $ 3],979 2,433 252 2,000 1,000 1,496 150 60 39.3iO 165,160 18,325 1,]85 64,118 7,555 9,327 116 4, ]88 1. 790 271,764 222,599 35,468 818 132.000 ]6,200 24,108 70 ],300 2,758 435,321 98,078 2,728 82 13,500 ],900 3,784 85 nO,1ã7 296,227 6,532 ]84 9,300 1,400 8,786 28 323.457 94,947 8,133 231 14,600 1,500 6,]54 17 12S,682 18,273 666 48 8,900 12,500 3,112 15 43, S1t I Includinz the Yukon Territory. AGRICULTURAL REVE}.'UE AND 'WEALTH 301 The table shows that for 1922 the total agricultural revenue of Canada was $1,419,937,000, as compared with $1,403,686,000 in 1921, $1,986,082,000 in 1920, $2,109,291,000 in 1919 and $1,881,718,000 in 1918. The total for 1922, viz., $1,419,937,000, shows a net increase, as compared with 1921, of $16,251,000, or 1.2 p.c., and. as compared with 1920, a decrease of $566,145,000, or 28.5 p.c. It will be seen from the table that whilst for field crops there is in 1922 an increase of $30,428,000, this is largely offset by the further decline in live stock values, the production for the year 1922 being only 877,548,000, as against $98,424,000 in 1921 and $143,f35,000 in 1920. Comparing the provinces for the. year 1922, Ontario leads with a total value of $435,321,000; next comes Saskatchewan with 8322,4:7,000; and then follow in the order given: Quebec $271,764,000; Albcrta $125,582,000; Manitoba $120,157,000; Nova Scotia $45,626,000; British Columbia $43,514,000; New Brunswick $39,370,000; and Prince Edward Island $16,146,000. Table 53 gives the results of calculations showing, approximately, by provinces, for 1922, the total agricultural wealth of the Dominion. To arrive at this total, an estimate of the value in 1922 of land, buildings, and farm implements is added to the value of the agricultural production for the year and to the capital value of farm live stock and of poultry. 53.-Estimated Gross Agricuitural Wealth of Canada, by Provinces, 1922. ("000" omitted.) Prince Nova New Description. Edward Scotia. Brunswick. Quebec. Ontario. Island. S $ $ $ $ Lands.................................. . 23,300 62,5 8 39,587 508.758 734, 108 Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14,031 51.931 37, 772 257.094 377,253 Implements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.475 5,723 7.634 64.943 97,168 Live !;tock.............................. . 9,373 19,598 20,326 123.087 218.755 Poultry. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 844 1,486 7.333 15.508 Animals on fur farms......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 400 675 450 400 AgIicuituraJ production.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,146 45,626 311,370 271. 764 435.321 Totals.............. . .. 72,138 186,650 14.6,8ãO 1,233,429 1,878,513 Description. Mamtoba. Saskat- Alberta. British Canada. chewan. Columbia. $ $ $ $ $ IJ8nds.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355,468 863,961 439.460 1611,706 3,196,8711 Buildings. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.t, 440 121,703 66.113 35,3i5 1,035,712 Implements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 887 111,liO .'H,221 4,436 391,660 Live stock............................... 58, .599 130,011 86.431 15, i07 681,887 Poultry.................. ... 2,945 6,250 3,981 2,035 41,195 Animals on fur farms. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50 100 80 120 1 6,6i5 Agricultural production................. . 120,157 322,457 125,582 43,514 1,419.937 Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.)6,946 1,:i55,fìã2 i72,8il 270.893 6,773,9,1% 1 Including Yukon Territory $70,000. The gross agricultural wealth of Canada for 1922 is therefore eótimated at $6,773,942,000, as compared with $6,837,737,100 in 1921. The net decrease of 863,795,100 is due chiefly to the fall in the value of farm live stock, amounting to $84,077,000, against which there are increases for agricultural production, $16,251,000, and other items, $4,030,900. 30:! PRODeCT ION 10. -Statistics of the \Vorld's Agriculture. "'orld's Production of Cereals and Potatoes.-Tabk St. COJ1'-'truct('d from data publi:;:hed by the International Institute of Agriculture, either in the International Year Book of Agricultural Stati tics, 10(\9 to 19:!1, or in the monthly International ('rop H('port and \gricultural tatistics,. ho,, the ar(':\ find yield of wheat, rye, harley, oat , corn find potato('s in vflrious countrie of th(' world for the years 1921 and 19:!2 in cOllIltries of the northf'rIl hemisph('re, find for y('ars 19:!1-22 and 1922-23 in countries of the outhprn }wmi:--ph('re (Argmtina, (,hilf', rruguay, South Africa, \u tralia and Xew Zealand). Thf' table includes aba, for purpo:-:es of comparison, the annual aVf'rage arPfls and yidds for the five Y('ars HHß-2(\ (1916-17 to HI20-21 for the Routh('rn hemisph('re) and the ar('as and yields of 1922 (1022-23) in the form of percentage:, of HI:!1 (1921-2:!) and of the five-year avcragf's. Wheat.-For 38 countries tl1f' pnduetion of w}wat in HI22 was 3,088,583,000 bu heb from 211,947,000 acres, as compared with 3,07S,:1f)."),000 hu hels from 211,92ü,000 acre in 1021, ::md 2,747,394,000 bU:-ihels from 201,031,000 acrf' , the five-year av('ragf' for tI}f' Yf'ars 19W to Ht20. The area under wheat in In22 was practically the r-:ame as in lU21 and was 5 p.c. above the five-year averag(', and the 1922 yield was 100.3 p.c. of thp HI:!1 yipld, and 112.4 p.c. of the fiv('-y('ar av('rage. The average yield per acre was 14.ü bushels, as again t 14.5 bu hcls in 1921, and 13.6 bushf'l:-:, thf' fiv('-year average. Hyc.-In 2--1: eountri('s the production of rye was in 1022, ROO,061,OOO bushels from 44,402,000 acres, as against RI9,4t:3,000 bu hds from 40,lìü-t,OOO acres for 1921, and f) :!,073,000 hu"hds from 38,008,000 acres, th(' average acreage and yield of the five-year period 1916 to H120. The area und('r rye in HI:!:! was 100.1 p.c. of the 1!t 1 area, and llü.g p.c. of tl1f' fivl'-y('ar average. The yield was 97.6 p.c. of thf' In:!1 yif'ld and 13.").1 JU'. of f}}f' fivp-year av('rage. Rnrlcy.-In 32 countries th(' totul production of barley in 10:!2 was 09R,434,000 bushds from 44,111,000 acrf'S, as against 9IiS,R:!li,OOO bushels from 4 L 171,000 acres in 1921, and 960,f).')ü,OOO bushels frum 43,492,000 aeles, the five-year av('rage for the :wars 1916 to 1020. T}}f' acrl'age under harley was 90.9 poC. of that in 1021, and 101.4 p.c. of the fivp-year average; the yield was 103.1 p.c. of the yield in 1921 and 103.0 p.c. of the five-Yf'ar aV('rage. DahL-In 31 countries thp total produetion of oats in 1922 was 3,07R,Sn4,000 bus-hcls from 102,4{iR,OOO acres, as compar( d wit h 2, .5R,2-t8,000 bushds from 107,9.57,000 acr('s in 10:!1, and 3,1--1:7,574,000 hushels from 100,748,000 acres, the fivP-Yf'ar av('rage for the period lOW to 1!120. The aer('age undf'r oats in 1922 was 9-1.9 poco of 1021, and 101.7 p.c. of the fin-Yf'ar averagf'; thf' yidd was 107.7 p.e. of 1921, and 07.8 p.c. of the fiVf'-Yf'ar aVf'rage. Corn.-Xinetecn countri('s produc('d 3,.50 ,279,OOO hu:-:hds from 137,728,000 acres in 1022, as compare(l "ith 3,71."),47Ii,()(){1 bu:-:hcls from 1: 8,319,000 acres in 1021, anù 3,f)83,O.")0,000 hu:-:hel<; from 1-11,ï.")(\,000 acres, th(' fiv('-year average for lOW to 10:!(). The aereage in 10:!2 was BH.6 p.c. of that of 1021, and 97.2 p.c. of the five-year averagp; the yield was 9-1.4 p.c. of 1921, and 97.0 p.c. of the five- year aVf'rage. J>olatoes.-Thf' yipld for 28 countri('s in 1022 was 3,I:H,liSl,OOO c('ntab from 28,9fiO,OOO acrps, as again t 2,(lS7,4: ."OOO ("f'ntals from 27,S-t:;,OOO acres in 1021, and 2,1.=J6,R.")8,OOO celltaI:,; from 2."),646,000 :Lcrl'S, the fivp-ycar average for 1916 to 19:!(). 'I'll(' acreage in 1!12:! was 104 p.e. of that in 1021, and 112.!} p.c. of the five-year aVf'rage; th(' yif'ld was 1.,0.2 p.c. of 1021, and 1-1.5.3 poC. of thf' five-year aVf'rage. STA.TISTICS OF WORLD'S 4GRICULTURE 303 ; l .... 'ã = IN Ø> .... :s Joo <= == .= .... ... <= .<0 >..... < 8 8 8 g g ; g * g g = oo oo g g g M g o 8 E ; Eg ó ô MÒ Ò OO MMOOOO z M . _. M M 0 _ c. _ MOO M = o o o Ë g g 8 ] i = g g gi g g i o - = g M lâ MMO OO I OI OOO CM I = 6 6 6 . S S 8 = ? I I = O OO O- O O OOO OOO = OO = 8 OO OO OO O OO = ClJ . ;t ..... < 00 g M -0 Q M_ _MM . Ò Ó OO Ò 00 - - M o o 00 8 g g g g 8 M M OO _ _ _ _ OOO OO = a g c._ c o c c-. "" g 5 g g 5 MM M M oc - -M- O_ OO OO = d ri g N <:> :" !>L = :" Joo .. I ..; .; . ê: ::s o U : :z "(I) '.,j -c: 'ClJ :; - ëi 7J : g u. Ú ! ij-g g .. 1 i .u.g jLt 1 j I -... t::1Jb,ljê' L1Æ C: 1J cj >.> E-C =11.... '-J a.5:j s::'a:J- .w"" ]:ê s.t.5 r g ..':23 o :ö . :ap -g ê- 1Jr .J::.. ... g CJ U _ klf. k_U __ZZ_ T-T.Ú _U_ c:-C1>CD Il-. O C) ::s :3 r:: o I' N .-c ';:I = .-c t .-c "'" <= .... ....; I Õ .... '- = . g "cO a.>.... >0> <- ""' "" 0> g C!> " t.{O '"""" cb >c; -<:- C'1 0> .; -] c:: ::s o t) ooo o o I ö 1 1 81 5 - I I =ê s = g g = 8 E S ] ö g ó g ci óg o "" o o . O _ 1 M Q OOM M M gg ; = __ M _0 M o o = 3E M Ö MM M = - - - o "" o o I I I I = ê ê gê ê 8 = 9 1? 1 ò O OOOO M OO -OO - - - ooo oo =oo = = s = _ N Ø OO OOM 00 M g g s o o o g Ë g s = : o o o m 5 g b oo M = f . . oo oc oo c 8 00 o o o : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : oo! :j] -a.> : oS . 0 . : . 00 rr J do 1j j 11j .ê j j .E.= å 2.5 g g . J: c: Ë 15 8 b @ g :5 I: ;-;; ã) g .; ;'õ::.ë !O< h = % L ;.. CÞo at:)..........I.QC"') c;Ì)a:,';óö Q) oo o""'o O.....C"Icq OO.....C"') r:66cöoo 1 OOO"HOO:: oo..... s: ......C"":IO -O':IC"J...... C"\I'="IOI.O--C"Jr-C"":I _Ç') t.O r-M g ô ;i g- ooooo t.O C"":Ir-1.Q C"""C"J ""OC"":lC'I C"":I OO I.Q Maëc;",,;Ö Ó ..... -=-:0........... M _r-'I"""'400 OOQ)O cooc_oo:t' c..Ir-c"':'_ "'O"'d"_C"J MC"":IO':IC"":I U;U; "':ÖM OO 00 _C",JOO_ C"') MOOC\lM t.O C"') bÖ cÖ c;Ì) M 0" C'::C"J8 OOO__"'d'IO"'" ":'cÓM':cÓ"';' 6a:, :::OO ;:; co ...,.oo. ..... ...... COC"":lOO C"JC"":IC'IOOr- OOC'.1 -OC\,JIIO ci ...; ..... O""1" O'l"""'4 M OOOC"":l OO C'I COM a.QCOOOC\,JCO ....; C')t.O _OO O""'O O C"":I-a OOC"l a.t:I':OC"":IC':IC'lCO ..; : : : :.B oc;j :00 "0 o c:: '0 : . : >. : 0 : a : : ori go;:: g :Li] ai I ;:-1]> ë:.ê..èÆ g ;....Q::sQ)::J(Dat5 V< f. ;:" := STATISTICS OF WORLD'S AGRICULTURE 305 I I I ø OO MOO OO OOO O O O OOO = ? I I OO M OOOO OO OOOO O OO OO = oooo o oooo O . . . - . . . . . . . . . . I . . I . . . . . O MOO ØOOO O O M O OO M OO 0000 ø ø o oo o oo I OO ö 6 6 MØ oo oooooo oo o ooo oo MOOOO M OO OO O OOMM OO M OO = OOOOOO OOO MM MOOOO O O O OO g= i Ø O OOMOOO O = M= = ø . OO MOOO OMO=OM M Ø ó óó ö O M -O M M OOO OOOM = OO O O O = g 8 ô ó ø 00 = OO OOOOO OO MOO OOO O - M O - Oø O M O_ O ø Ô MOO OOÓÖOO O _ __ OO oo ø o -OO = Oø O_ O MOO OO : : : :: : : OO Ma OOO M OO .M O O O OO OO O O M O OOO Ó M ÒÖOO Ó Ö M M_ MOO - 91 1 1 o MO O - OO G OOOS O OOOSO = = I I O OO M OM O OOOO = SOOOO=OS S = O OOO O I OI OO M 6 ö oo ó = ooSS oo o S OO O OO O I oo ò oo ô oooo å ø S=ooS o o o o oo = S :E g E E 5 oo "" OO M O OO MØ OOOOØ ø_ oo oo o oo_c MO OO O OO_ M OO 0 O OO OOOOOO OOM MMOOMQ Ø _ O _ Ø O _ oo oo ... MOOOO OO OO_ _ _ _o __oo oo__ oo oo o _ o _ OO_ MMOO 0 .... oÕ '; -: ...; ci O OOO O OO OO oo ø O_ O_M OO M -- M- oo o o - ci ; oo - oo o oo ø o oo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ij 1-1 H UJ :]j Ii 1 1 1 IJ : I ã S::"t:J : os os 1i;"t:J ã ê 0 OS"t:J gj :.S...;..c: : : _ ..c:S::EE ..c:]$ s:: g 8 3õ5<;;j ê5 =' \I" ã'a g,]> ã:ã ro ZZ wüüPü ü 62373-20 :2 -c;j :00 : =Æ. . . . . . . . : > . os . : : : : . 0 : : _ . . . . . . : : : :J;; .. .. : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. : .. : : : : )1 j J 1 U J ê. E. :t5"t:J <1Ï] S::--d : 2"'ï::--d ;a s:: 6 E ;::.::1 C3 E s:: ' ã g o:,..S ã bO >; s:: =' Ë .....c: I t g; ra :s { õQ; 3] !S =' o< Q ZZ wooü C 306 PRODUCTION g"õ t, 1 p.. e:> QS ..."'" _ I g"õ o C) ; "C = - p -é -; .;. rÞ III .c ..... "'" Q rI" c:.. ï: 5 = Ul = oS > .5 @"õ a.> p.. e:> QS .... ...: 1 8"õ a.> . J, ;.- < "". C> - c:> . bIIO "". J, >- < ""I C> j c:: ::J o {.; '"?'?<;' '7''':' 1 0!' = =:èt "?r:- "! "? I " c3 I.QC"lMMQ')kQChcr:l ,... Q. =:::kQM- C)()O = tC"'lftlt--iCCOc:.t--O C"J......-_OOOOI.Q ,.... C/J C'HQMC"-,JOOo:.-O ..6 ;ici ;M ,... o "'d"' ...... g --' M E fJ ;i"; :;; : g M fJ .;;; . 0..... OOOC"l"'ChC)C'100 I .. c) ';UQ ,;'1 Ö .; .... Ii SC)C) r-::::TJkQ = OO--i' _C>MoO I c> c5 "';'ci,I':' ..Qr-:. -f4 é. oooo CO C"JC:O CÞ :;; ;: - MC'1 -= o o . 'I""""'IC"""'=-OO OOI.QC"I 00 ;;; :=:3 "'. ::: ;Õ <- <- :i 5 o o o . c:- l 00 ':'II.Q c:. r- ..... ;; "".= <- ;,; d e-i 8 : : : Ò : -d:!:8 : 3 :.5: .' Q .2 :00 : : : >. Eo< g.g-a;. .g . B 'ã . :ã lC);....-O( E-<. d '" +' e:> '" +,.,..,:.:: (.) c:: a.> "'" I gj- '" '" :3-- !:'.- a.> 'a ...- bile:> tIII>:::I =< J.ðC) < .. co i;,J ST AT/STIGS OF WORLD'S AGRIrULTURE 307 õ p... C;> 0:1 0:1 "'Ij C) -g C3 c 1 CN ø .-I .... ...; I o "C! :: .-I C'l = .... :s .. = == Q,I 5 .... e I I .... .... " ' ,,(!):i3Õ g>D ..... c;> 0:1 ] "" ë := e æ og C;> _ ë .C " .5 r:I1 Q,I e .... .... .. .... e "=' C co: :!J. 10:1 c:. ... Q,I i;.I .... e ... æ "=' c:: ... =- "=' :: Q,I bf) Q,I ... < I """ 62373-20! (!) . ø..... :>e> <- g 0'1 ø . t>j,=> c;J"" <..... 0" C> tñ ] t:: ::J o U 9 ? I I I M E g E9 g E E ê = E O OO OO OOOOI OO OO I N 6 6 OOO OO = =S OO OO == 00 ø OO OO OOO OO _ S 8 8 ; OOø _J i g g g gi Q M g Ñ o 00 CO - O O OO oo g 2 g Ô Ö OO OO _ _ = g M o m . O OO OO OO IOO 8 O = OO OO Ò Ö M Ô Ô Ó _ M _ M M_ M _O Ñ o o o O OOO OI I I OO N = 08 O OO 8 OO O=8 = OOOO OO M O OO I O OOOo l = C;> c. : g g g8 8 g 2 g g 8 = -- I I ! I g OO OO- OOO . M _ =O.OO OO O - I_ MC=.OO OO M . _Q _ _ O OO N E E MM = ø o o 9 MM M o o o : : m . :. :. .";;::J t::-E a ;:g1i 2.;::.rñ æ; "3 æ g] 8ã3 53 ::ê 13 13 ::J . ã"a'; 5 30< Qw w ZZp...p... æwüü < oo Q =- 308 PRODUCTION World's Yield of Cereals and Potatoes in 1922.-In the 38 countries report- ing their wheat crops to the International Institute of Agriculture, the average yield of wheat to the acre in 1922, as shown by Table 55, was 14.6 bushels, as compared with 14.5 busheìs in 1921 and 13.6 bushels, the five-year average for the period 1916 to 1920. The average yield of rye to the acre in the 24 countries report- ing was 18 bushels, as against 20.1 bushels in 1921 and 15.6 bushels, the five- year average. Of barley, the average yield per acre in the 32 countries reporting in 1922 was 22.6 bushels, as compared with 21.9 bushels in 1921 and 22.1 bushels the five-year average. Of oats, the average yield in the 31 countries reporting in 1922 was 30 bushels, as against 26.5 bushel... in 1921 and 31.2 bushels, the five-year average. Of corn, the average yield in 1922 in the 19 countries reporting was 25.5 bushels to the acre, as compared with 26.9 bushels in 1921 and 25.3 bushels, the five-year average. Of potatoes, the average yield in 1922 in the 28 countries report- ing was 108.2 centals to the acre, as compared with 75 centals in 1921, and 84.1 centals, the five-year average for the period 1916 to 1920. 5.i.- Yields per acre of Cereals and of Potatot's in '"arious Countries of the World, 19 1 and t9' . Countries. Wheat- Germany.............. . Austria...... . . .. .. . . . . . Belgium...... . . .. . . . .. . Bulgaria....... . . . . .. . . . Denmark........ _ _..... Spain......... .. _ ...... Serb-Croat-SJovene State................ . Finland.. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . France. . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ England and Wales..... Scotland......... . . .. .. . Ireland..... .. . . . . . . . . . . Greece.......... ....... Hungary. . _ . . . . . . . . _ . . Italy..... ... .. .... . .. . . Latvia................ . Norway............... . Netherlands........... . Poland........... ..... Portugal. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumania.... . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden......__ _...._... S"itzcrland......... ... Czecho-Slovakia.. _..... Canada................ . United States........... Cypros. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . India.. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . lapan........ .. . . . . . . . . . Algeria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egypt................. . French Morocco. . -. ... Tunis...... _ ........... Arp;entina.............. . Chile....... .... . . . . . . . . Uruguay............... . Australia. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . New Zealand........... _tn.rages....... ...... I . 1921. 1922. A ver- age 1916-20. bush. per acre. bu h. per acre. 30.2 21.1 17.3 15.8 42.2 35.3 18.0 16.9 50.7 39.5 13'9 12.2 14.0 11.4 14.1 13.4 24.3 Ig.2 35.3 31.2 39.4 38.6 33.7 34.5 11.3 10.7 18.3 15.8 16.4 14.1 17.1 13.6 24.0 26.0 46.7 33.5 17'9 16.5 7.4 8.7 12.8 14.1 34.9 26.3 30.5 23.5 24.9 22.0 13.0 17.8 12'8 14.0 12.3 13.3 9.7 13.() 21.3 22.5 12.0 5.9 25.4 24.1 11.8 6.2 7.1 4.2 13.0 12.1 17.1 18.2 12.2 7.4 13.3 11.1 29'9 29.8 14..5 14..1 Countries. bush. per acre. 24.6 14.2 25.4 13.7 41.0 13.6 It. 1 13'9 17.5 29'9 38.7 35.5 8.9 14.4 14'8 10.0 24.8 34.6 12.7 8.9 12.3 25.8 30'9 16.8 13.5 13.6 13.5 11.4 22.5 8.2 25.2 10.6 5.1 10.6 17'8 9.8 11.g 27'9 13.1 Rye- Germany.............. . Austria...... . . . . . . .. . . . Belgium. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulgaria............... . Denmark.............. . Spain................ _.. Serb-Croat-Slovene State...... .. .... _ ... Finland................ . France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hungary.... _.......... Italy........ ... .., ..... Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway............... . Netherlands.... _____.. Poland... .... '" Portugal............... . Rumania.............. . :i : i d::: :-:::::::: Czecho-Slovakia....... . Canada................ . United State<;.......... Chile....... . . . . . . . . . . . . A nrages _.. .. .. Rarley- Germany....... . . . . . . . . Austria...... . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium............... . Bulgaria............... . Denmark. .............. Spain.................. . Serb.-Croat-Slovene State.. .. _ . .. . . . . . . . Finland......... . . . . . .. . France... ......... ....... England and Wales. . . . . Scotland........... . . . . . Ireland....... ..... . . '" bush. per acre. 1921. A ver- age 191&-20. 1922. bush. per acre. bush. per acre. 25.4 17.4 38.0 17.2 21.8 15.7 12.6 17.1 Ig'9 14.2 17.3 19.6 17.5 28.7 35.5 18'9 8.0 11.3 30.5 31.6 24.6 11.7 13.6 16.7 20.1 15.6 34.6 16.9 26.1 14.9 8.9 13.4 18.0 11.9 16.0 16'9 11.7 29.0 27.0 17.6 8.0 14.0 26.0 30.7 23.5 15.5 15.4 22.3 20.2 13.4 22.1 13.1 23.3 14.8 12.4 15.9 15.7 11.7 13'9 17.4 9.6 25.3 27.0 10.2 5.9 12.1 22.2 14.8 15.9 13.8 17.8 20.1 18.' 15.1 31.7 20.6 53.5 24.0 43.9 20.6 14.7 16.7 22.8 29.6 34.6 32.6 25'9 16.8 42.8 22.4 45.6 Ig.0 11.2 15.4 24.4 29.7 37.5 40.2 27'8 17.4 46.2 17.0 37.8 20.7 14.2 16.6 20.6 82.0 36.5 4 H STATISTICS OF WORLD'S AGRICULTURE 309 ".-Ylelds per acre of Cereals and of Potatoes In Various Countries of the World, 1921 and 1922-concluded. Countries. Barle,.-concluded. Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Latvia................ . Norway..... . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands.. .......... Poland................ . Portugal...... ......... Rumania.............. . Sweden.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland........... . Czecho-Slovakia....... . Canada................ . United States.......... Cyprus... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan.................. . AIJ/:eria..... . Egypt. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . French Morocco.. . . . . . . Tunis........ . . . . . . . . . . . Chile....... . . . . . . . . . . . . AJerages............ . Oats- Germany.............. . Austria................ . Belgium............... . Bulgaria. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . Denmark.............. . Spain......... .. ....... . Serb-Croat-Slovene State...... . . . . . . . . . . . Finland......... ........ France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EnJ!:land and Wales. . . . . Scotland............... . Ireland. . . . Hungary............... . Italy...... ............. Latvia. . . . . Norway..... . . . . . .. . . . . Netherlands...... ...... Poland........... ..... Portugal. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Rumania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . Switzerland........... . Czecho-Slovakia. . . . . . . Canada.... . .." ..... United States. ......... Algeria................ . !"rel"!ch Morocco. . . . . . . . Tun18.................. . Argentina............... Chile....... . . . . . . . . . . . . Uruguay............... . AJerages............. 26.5 bush. per acre. 1921. bush. per acre. 18.1 19.2 18.0 27.5 53.9 z2.9 11.1 11.7 30,8 33.9 29.4 21.3 20'9 17.2 30,0 19.2 30.3 15.1 9.3 38.4 21.9 41.5 26.9 54.9 26.1 44.2 21.3 17.7 25.4 27.3 37.4 37.9 36.8 23.4 29.6 25.5 35.7 54.9 29.8 13.1 20.4 41.0 54.5 35.5 25.3 22.3 17.4 23.7 23.6 14.7 37.5 18.2 A ver- 1922. age 1916-20 18.5 14.1 17.4 33.9 46.0 21.1 16.4 22.0 32.4 29.9 27.8 27.8 25.2 16.8 37.2 6.9 30.1 10.7 3.0 41.3 22.6 32.9 24.2 46.9 24.5 49.1 19.3 16.8 26.9 33.1 34.5 39.0 41.6 25.6 23.6 25.4 41'9 41.0 27.6 24.8 26.3 41.3 45.8 33.4 23.8 28.1 g.O 6.0 6.7 19.7 39.2 22.5 30.0 Countries. bush. per acre. 17.8 16.5 10.0 35.0 43.1 19.8 8.1 19.5 28.4 33.9 21.8 23.5 24.2 20,6 31.8 13.0 29'0 15.4 5.8 34.2 Corn- Austria................ . BulJ!:aria.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . Spain.................. . France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hungary.......... ..... Italy.................. . Poland................. . Rumania.......... .... Switzerland........... . Czecho-Slovakia. . .. . . . . Canada............ ..... United States... ....... Mexico................ . Philippines............ . Algeria................ . French :Morocco. . . . . . . . Argentina.......... .... Java and Madura.... . . . South Rhodesia. . . . . . . . cent.a.ls per acre. 88.1 56.2 102.4 52.1 144.7 77.7 55.3 51.0 118.7 151.3 100.8 41.4 45.9 101.7 93.8 120.0 122.9 77.2 80.8 74.8 112.6 134.7 60.6 91.7 55.1 8.5 29.3 18.3 1921. bush. per acre. 22.4 24.3 21.1 12.8 14.6 25.3 17.2 13.0 45.4 24.5 50.2 29.6 24.0 11.8 14.9 9.7 24.0 12.7 13.0 26.9 75.0 108.2 84.1 A ver- 1922. a,\!;e 1916-20. bush. per acre. bush. per acre. 22.1 AYer.ages............ . 24.9 11.8 23.1 17.2 18.9 20.1 15.2 13.8 46.3 25.2 43.3 28.2 24.5 11.0 14.5 8.5 Ig.5 12.8 23.3 20.6 14.8 23.2 16.1 24.9 21'9 10.1 22.4 48.1 26.2 49.0 27.0 19.1 12.2 13.4 18.6 22.3 12.5 18.3 39.4 22.6 36'8 19.1 42.8 20'9 20.3 21.4 27.5 44.3 45.5 55.9 26.2 27.1 13.8 29.0 52.4 29.5 8.3 26.9 35.6 54.9 28.5 31.0 31.3 22.7 10.3 18.8 17.2 41.4 17.1 Potatoes- Germany.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . Austria. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . l ri ::::::::::::::: : Denmark.............. . Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finland.............. ... France........ ...... _.. England and Wales.... Scotland......... . . . . . . . Ireland..... . . . . . Hungary. . . . . . Italy. .. . . . Lahia.. . Lithuania..... . Norway....... Netherlands.. ... Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portugal.. . . . . . .. . . . . . Rumania. . . . . . . . . . . Sweden........ ... ...... Switzerland........... . Czecho-Slovakia....... . Canada. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . United States.......... Algeria.. ... . . . . . Tunis.......... ........ . South Rhodesia.. . . . . . . 25.5 2$.3 A vera es . . . . . . . . .. . . . 31.2 cent.a.ls per acre. 133.3 63.0 194.8 40.8 144.7 83.2 51.9 80.4 159.2 170.1 134.8 43.5 35.8 96.8 101.3 155.7 164.6 135.4 57.5 69.3 112.2 133.0 124.4 81.5 62.5 30.7 33.0 21.7 centals per acre. 97.5 50.6 148.7 29.3 123.6 79.9 52.3 64.8 137.8 142.3 107.3 72.8 41.6 67.7 84.5 160. 141.4 98.2 55.1 55.7 103.1 130.1 73.6 87.7 57-11 21.4 40.5 30.5 310 PRODUCT/OX III.-FORESTRY.1 1. - Physiography, Geology and Climate from a Forestry Viewpoin t. The Dominion of Canada may be roughly divided into three main drainage areas; the Pacific slope west of the Rocky mountains, the Great Plains region draining into the Arctic and Hudson bay, and the basin of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence together with the l\Iaritime Provinces. These three rE'gions support three distinct types of forest growth. 1. -The Pacific Slope. The PacifiC' slope is characterized by numerous systems of mountains running approximately parallel and extending from the southeast to the northwe t. The Rocky mountains vary in elevation from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level, with individual peaks extendinJ!: well above 10,000 feet. Between this !';ystf'm and the Pacific are the Selkirk, Caribou and Coast mountains and l('sser ranges, terminating with the sunken range whose upper elevations form Yancouver island, the Queen Charlotte group and other coast i land:-:. The chief rivers follow the valleys between these ranges, breaking through in ome ca::-es along the :-.horter cross valley!'; from ea<;t to west. The Rocky lUountains are formed chiefly of Palaeozoic ro('ks, ac; are also the ishmds on the coa'it. The Coast range is almost entirely granitiC' and the Selkirk , Pre-Cambrian or Cambrian. The intervening ranges are of mi"erl formations, varying from rocks of f:cdimentary origin to granites. The best soil in British Columbia is concentrated in valley bottoms or alluvial deltas, and the purely agri- cultural area has been e:;:t imaterl at 20,700 square mile:;: or about 6 p. c. of the land are I. The climate along the coa:5t i mild and humid, with a mean annual temperature varying from 44 0 to 49 0 F. The precipitation i:s the hmviest in Canaùa, varying from 40 to 120 inches. The greater }JÐ.rt of this precipitation falls (luring autumn and winter, ho"\\ever, only 30 p.c. falling during the growing season, to which fact is sometimes ascribed the scarcity of decilluous-Ieaverl forest gro\\ th which requires more moisture during the gro"\\ing sem.:on. In any case, coniferous tree growth in this region is the must luxuriant in Canada, and the forests have the most rapid rate of growth, the largest individual trees and the heaviest stands of timber in Canada, extending from sea level up to elevations of 3,300 or 4,000 feet. The Interior Dry Belt of British Columbia has a low annual precipitation, varying from 10 to 20 inches. Extremes of temperature from 1000 F. to -45 0 F. make this iJ. region unfavourable to tree growth. The" inds from the Pacific which precipitate most of their moi<;ture on the Coast range cross this interior plateau and give up a large part of what remains when they reaC'h the Selkirk and Rocky ranges, forming what may be termed the Interior Wet Belt, centered in the Columl ia valley. Here the precipitation varies from 30 to 60 inches, taking the form of snow in higher altitudes. Temperature varies from 100 0 F. to -17 0 F. In the Rocky Mountain range itself the climate is more extreme and variable than to the westward. 2.- The Great Plains. East of the Rockies lies the Great Plains region, composed of a variety of topographical types. From the foothills of the Rockies, the country slopes gradually Prepared in co-operation with the Form,try Branch, Department or the Interior. FOREST AREAS 311 eastward and northward. The prairie country extends from the international boundary to the 55th parallel along the foothills, gradually tapering down toward the east to a point near the lake of the 'Voods. This area is now almost entirely treeless, with rich fertile soil and is at present a purely agricultural or pastoral country. 'Whether its present treeless condition is due to climatic or other causes is problematical, but the presence of isolated patches of tree growth in situations well protected from fires would seem to indicate that repeated burning accounts, at least in part, for its present treeless state. The underlying rocks are of the Tertiary and l\Iesozoic ages. The climate of Alberta is extremely variable in winter, due to a warm dry wind known as the "Chinook" which blows from the south and southwest and extends its influence from the international boundary to the Peace river and eastward to Regina in Saskatchewan. In summer the isotherms run almost due north and south in Alberta. Rainfall varies from 15 to 20 inches. The temper- ature in Manitoba has an absolute recorded range of 150 0 F., with a mean range of 71(1. Saskatchewan and Alberta are more temperate, especially where they are affected by the "Chinook." K Ol"th of the treeless prairies is a region, largely un- explored, covered at first by a comparatively light forest growth which toward the north and east gives way to the sub- -\..rctic "tundra"-a region of muskeg and bare, glacier-worn rocks of the Laurentian and Pre-Cambrian types. These Laurentian rocks in Canada form the Archæan or Canadian Shield, with a distinct type of topography. This rock formation covers a huge. irre ular triangle with its apex near the Thousand Island::; in the St. Lawrence, from which point one arm extends northwesterly to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and the other northeasterly down the St. Lawrence valley to include t he Labrador peninsula. This entire region has been reduced to a peneplain condition by repeated glacial action, which has worn down the high elevations and scoured out most of the soil except in isolated depressions. It is covered \\ ith innumerable lakes, muskegs or bogs and rivers. The climate in the northern portion is as a rule too severe for continuous successful agriculture, but this region is covered by a comparatively light forest growth gradually thinning out toward the north and toward Hudson bay and James bay to the "tundra" type referred to. The southern portion of the shield is to a great extent agricultural land, actual or potential, much of it being still heavily forested. 3.-The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Slope. The basin of the St. Lawrence an(l the Great Lakes contains a variety of topo- graphical and geological types. The north shores of lake Superior and Georgian bay, the upper Ottawa river valley and the southern part of Laþrador are part of the Laurentian Shield already described. Here the climate is tempered in part by the presence of the Lakes and the gulf of St. Lawrence, but is nevertheless severe and variable. To the south, soil and climate improve and the southwestern peninsula of Ontario, the north shore of lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence valley are all essentially agricultural land. The rock is of sedimentary origin of the Palaeozoic .age. The Maritime Provinces, with a gf'neral slope toward the Atlantic, are varied in topography and geology. The climate resembles that of southern Ontario, being modified by the presence of the ocean. Precipitation is above 35 inches annually. This region supports a type of forest similar to that of the southern portion of the _ rchæan Shield. 312 PRODUCTION 2.-Main Types of Forest Growth. Physiographic, climatic and soil conditions in Canada, generally seem to favor the coniferous type of forest. "-nile the more fertile portions of Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces supported a heavy virgin growth of hardwoods, the greater part of Canada's forest area is covered with spruce, pine, balsam, Douglas fir and other coniferous softwoods. Three main groups of forest growth in Canada follow the main physiographic divisions already mentioned. These groups are, the Cordilleran, the Great Plains and the Eastern forests. t.-The Cordilleran Forest. The Cordilleran forest, which covers the greater part of the Pacific slope, may be sub-divided into the Coast belt, the Interior Dry belt, the Interior "r et belt and the Rocky Mountain belt. The Coast belt includes several distinctive forest types, their character being determined by variations in climatic and topographic con- ditions, among which altitude and precipitation have had the greatest effect on forest growth. Douglas fir and red cedar are the principal species in the southern portion of the belt at altitudes up to 2,000 or 2,500 feet. \Yith these are acssociated hemlock, white pine, amabilis and lowland fir. Toward the north and at higher altitudes Douglas fir disappears and red cedar and hemlock are the important trees, with amabilis fir and yellow cypress as subsidiaries. In the Queen Charlotte islands and along the coast of the mainland opposite, Sitka spruce and western hemlock forIn a lowland type. ""estern yellow or "bull" pine predominates at low altitudes, bordering on the grass lands in the Interior Dry belt. Douglas fir gradually increases in importance until it predominates at elevations up to 3,500 and 4,500 feet. ""estern larch covers a limited area between the true yellow pine and Douglas fir types. At the northern latitudinal and upper altitudinal limits of the Douglas fir type, an Engelmann spruce type develops which mcrges into a spruce-alpine fir type at still higher alti- tudes. Lodgepole pine has taken the place of Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, and, in some cases, yellow pine on burned-over areas, and has become to a considerable extent established as a distinct type. Forest types similar to those of the coast have developed in the Interior \\et belt. In the southern portion of this belt, red cedar predominates in the wetter situ- ations, mixed \\ith Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, white pine, hemlock, western larch, alpine or lowland fir and cottonwood. On the benches and lower valley Rlopes, hemlock and cedar are the important species. Engclmann spruce replaces hemlock at higher elevations, cedar gradually disappears and the spruce-alpine fir type stretches up to timber line. To the north, Engelmann, spruce and alpine fir are more prominent, and the other species are gradually eliminated. The Rocky l\Iountain belt includes portions of the Dry belt types to the south and those of the Interior \Vet belt further north. Otherwise the t .pical forest of the Rocky mountains is made up of Engelmann spruce, with an incrcasing proportion of alpine fir as the altitude increases. This type has suffered so severely from fire, especially on the dry eastern slopes, that lodgepole pine has established it elf per- manently in some cases and temporarily in others on burned-over areas. Most of the commcrciaJIy important species of the Cordilleran region are con- fined to British Columbia. The spruce-fir-lodgepole pine type of the northern interior extends across the Rockies into the foot-hills of Alberta. Certain species such 88 Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, lowland and alpine fir and lodgepole pine are also found in westcrn Alberta, but in few cases do they extend any great distance- eastward. :MAIN TYPES OF FOREST GROWTH 313 2.-The Forests of the Great Plains. The Great Plains region may be divided into the Prairie, -Northern Forest and Sub-Arctic belts. There are no great variations in altitude in the region, and soil conditions and latitude determine the distribution of forest types. The Prairie belt in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba extends north from the international boundary for 200 to 400 miles. Patches of tree growth in protected situations are made up chiefly of aspen poplar, with some white spruce and,jack pine. North of this purely agricultural and pastoral area is the great Northern Forest belt, from 300 to 400 miles wide, which extends from Alaska to Labrador, covering the northern part of the Laurentian Shield as far as the limits of commercial tree growth. Originally, white spruce predominated over this entire belt and it still forms the most important type commercially, although it has suffered severely through forest fires. In the east, balsam fir is an important associate and the spruce-balsam fir type makes up most of the pulpwood resources of eastern Canada. The black spruce-east ern larch (tamarack) type occupies poorly drained areas within this belt. Enormous areas have been burned over by forest fires. Aspen poplar has replaced the spruce and balsam on the best soil in these areas, and is now the most prevalcnt species, although this condition may not be permanent. Jack pine has taken possession of the dryer, lighter soils, in some cases permanently. Paper birch comes in witil aspen poplar toward the east, and balsam poplar occurs in the moister situations. Jack pine, aspen and balsam poplar reach a higher development along the Peace river in northern Alberta than they do elsewhere in America. Along its northern margin this belt merges into the sub-Arctic "tundra", with tree growth confined to narrow strips along waterways. To the northward, balsam fir disappears early from the forest growth, followed by balsam poplar, jack pine, aspen and paper birch, leaving white spruce, black spruce, tamarack or larch, and willow to define the northern limit of tree growth. This may be roughly indicated by a line drawn from the mouth of the Mackenzie river on the Arctic ocean to the mouth of the Churchill river on Hudson bay and across the Labrador peninsula at about 5S o N. latitude. 3.- The Eastern Forests. In southeastern Canada a number of belts of forest growth with distinctive characteristics are recognized. The hardwood belts include the Carolinian zone, confined to the north shore of lake Erie and the western part of lake Ontario. This is important only as forming the northern fringe of a type which covers a large area in the Central Eastern United States, and includes a number of species not found elsewhere in Canada. North of this zone, still in the purely agricultural and pastoral area, the original forests were of the commercially important hardwoods, such as maple, elm, basswood, oak, yellow birch, hickory and beech, with patches of pine, hemlock and other conifers on the lighter soils. This area has been largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, and the original forest type is to be seen only on farmers' wood lots. Since the beginning of the lumbering industry in Canada the region north of this belt, extending, roughly speaking, to the height of land between the St. Lawrence and Hudson bay waters, has becn the centre of the most extensive eJ.:ploit- ation and still occupies that position as far as eastern Canada is concerned. The forest types which still exist in this region vary considerably owing to soil and other conditions, but generally speaking white pine occupies the better situations on the lighter soils, and reaches its highest development in this belt. \Yith it is sometimes associated the red or Norway pine. On heavier soils spruce, hemlock 314 PRUDUCTION and the commercial hardwoods occupy a minor position. Cedar, tamarack and black spruce form t:ypical stands in poorly drained situations. Hardwood ridges, carrying chiefly maple and yellow birch, occur throughout this belt. The e>..tensive lumbering operations of the past century, together with repeated forC'st fires, have greatly modified these original types. The exclusive cutting of white and red pine, practised until recently, has resulted in the di placement of thcse species by spruce, balsam fir, jack pine and the hardwoods, the spruce-balsam fir pulpwood areas being the most valuable type remaining. Jack pine has come in extensively on burned-over areas on lighter soils, and aspen and paper birch are being rapidly establi."hed. Along its northern border, this mixed hardwood and softwood type merges into the Korthern Fore"t belt already described, with the disappearance of the white and red pines, Iwmlock and the commercial hardwoods. The Acadian belt cown; the l\Iaritime provinces and the south shore of the St. Lawrence in Quebec. The forest is- 8imilar to that of the Kew England states. being characterized by red spruce. With this are found varying proportions of whitf:' spruce and bal,am fir. In the mixed softwood and hardwood type, which also occurs in this belt, white pine and hemlock occur, with yellow birch, maple and beech represmting the commercial hardwoods. Cedar is fairly abundant in the western portion of this rC'gion. Burned-over areas in the Acadian belt are chiefly occupied temporarily by aspen and "hite birch. . 3.-Important Tree Species. In Canada there are approximat!'ly 160 different species and varieties of plants reaching tree size. Only thirty-one of these are coniferous, but the wood of these forms 80 per cent. of our standing timher and Ð5 per cent. of our 8a\\n lumber. 'Yhile the actual numb!'r of speci!'s of deC'iduous-leaved trees eems large in com- parison to their commC'reial importance, out of a total of some ninety species and varieties only four or five are worthy of compari:,on "ith the conifers. Spruce.-The five native pruce f-pecies are all of commercial importance, furni::,;hing nearly one-third of the tota1.production of lumber. i'pruce pulp\\ ood is w::ed in preference to all others, and forms over two-thirds of the total quantit.y of pulpwood consumed in Canadian pulp mills and ('xport!'d in the raw or unmanu- factured state. The wood has a long, tough, colourll':'s fibre, and, on account of its freedom from resin, i:-ò considered in the market,> of th!' \\orld to be the bC'f-t material for pulp manufacture. :;:pruce is abo used for raih\ ay ties, poles, cooperage and mini'1g timbers. Of the five native spruce !->pecies the white f-l))"uc!' (Picca canaden- sis) is the most abundant and the most important commercially. With black f-pruce (Picca mariana) it ranges from Lahrador to .\laska, extending northward almo t to the limit of tree-growth and ::-.outhward into the rnited tates. The black :,;pruce (Picca mariall ,) is'of less value, as it is a blnaller, slow-growing tre<" often confined to swampy situations and reaching l\\ log or pulpwood sizes only under more favourable conditions of growth. The red spruce (Picca rubra) is confined to the province of Quebec and the l\Iaritime provinces. Its wood is considered to be of greater technical valuf' than that of the other spruce species. The western species, Engelmann and Sitka spru('e (Picca Engclrrwnni and Picca s-itchcnsis), are not fuund east of the Rocky mountains. Their wood is of high technical value, and can usually be obtained in larger dimC'nsions than that of the othC'r spruces, as the trces attain great size in this region. Pin e.- There are nine di tinct pine species native to Canada, of which six are of great commercial importance. Eastern white pine (Pinus Strobus) is the IJIPORTAXT TREE SPECIES 315 most valuable coniferous wood in Canada. Up to a few years ago it was the most important wood in Canada in point of quantity of lumber sawn and square timber (Quebec pine) exported. Owing to increas<<:,d scarcity of good material, the wood has fallen off in production till its place at the head of the list has been taken by the spruces and Douglas fir. The wood of the white pine is soft, easy to work, fairly durable and strong in comparison to its weight. In addition to these properties, its most valuable quality is that of holding its shape with a minimum of shrinkage or swelling. The \wstern white pine (Pinus monticola) is similar in most respects to the eastern species. It does not form extensive pure stands, :seldom comprising more than 5 p.c. of the trees on a giyen area. It is confined to the province of British Columbia, while the eastcrn white pine is found from eastern l\Ianitoba to the Atlantic sea-board. The wood of the red or .Korway pine of eastern Canada (Pinus resinosa) i harder and more resino than white pine, and the tree is a valuaþle source of structural timber, as well as of sawn lumber. The wood of the western yellow or "bull" pine of the interior of British Columbia (Pinus ponderosa) is softer and lightf'r in colour than red pine, and is now used extensively as a substitute for white pine. The two jack pines (Pinus Banksiana of the east and north, and Pinus Alurrayana of the Rocky mountains and British Columbia) are not considered as valuable lumber-producing trees, although they are both used locally for rough construction. Jack pine railway ties are used to an cnormous extent) chiefly on account of the strength, cheapness, and abundance of the wood. Jack pine has a well-established use in the manufacture of kraft pulp, and its use in the manufacture of pulp for newsprint is now being developed. There are three other species of the genus P.inus that J.'each tree size in Canada, but these are only of local import- ance. Dou las Fir.-The Douglas fir (Pseudotsvga taxifolia) of British Columbia and the Pacific coast, often erroneously called "Oregon pine," is the only repre- sentative of its genus in Canada. It probably yields more lumber annually than any other single species in America. The t ee in Canada is not found ea:st of the Rocky mountains, the grcatcr part of the.lumber bcing produ('(d in the Canst region of British Columbia. This is Canada's largcst tree, and from it larger struc- tural timbers can be obtaincd than from any at her trce in America. It is used chiefly for tructural purposes, but on account of its attractive appearance it is also used extcnsiyely for intcrior finish. The wood is also important in Canada as a material for railway ties and mining timbers. It is noted chiefly for its strength :md durabj]ity, and thc large dimensions in which it can be obtained. Hemlock.- There are three hemlock :species in Canada's forests, two of which are valuable timber trees. The eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is abundant throughout its range in the eastern provinces, but is not found west of the province of Ontario. The wood is used chiefly for construction, especiaJIy in house framing. It supplies the demand for a cheap, strong material for many purposes, including railway ties, poles, mining timber, pulpwood, and firewood, and its bark is a valuable source of tannin. The Wf'stern hemlock (Tsuga lzeterophylla) is found in Canada only in the province of British Columbia, and is becoming more valuable each year .as its qualities are better appreciated. The western species is used. more extensively than the eastcrn in pulp manufacture. Balsam Fir.-There is only one balsam fir in northern and eastern Canada (4.bies balsamea), which is found from Labrador almost to Alaska. Its wood is sawn into lumber only to take the place of more valuable woods for rough construction, 316 PRODUCTION as it has few technical qualities which would recommend i('for any other use as lumber. The purpose for which the wood is best suited is the manufacture of wood- pulp for paper making. The tree occurs in the forest mixed with spruce and it is cut and marketed with that wood. Balsam fir has the requisite length and tough- ness of fibre for pulp-making, and, in spite of the fact that it gives a slightly lower yield of pulp per cord and contains a higher percentage of resin than spruce, its use is increasing. Th<<:,re are three western balsam fir species, the wood of which is very similar to hat of the eastern tree. The most important of these at present is probably the Alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). " here the wood of these western species is utilized it is put to uses similar to those of the eastern species. These western balsams are ('onfined to the Rocky mountains and the Pacific slope. Cedar.- There are only two species of the genus Thuja, commonly called Hcedar" in Canada. They are both of great commercial iniportance, each in its own region, as their ranges do not overlap. The wood of the cedars is the most durable oniferous wood grown in the Dominion. The eastern tree, white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), is found from the Atlantic to the southeastern part of Manitoba. It does not extend rus far north as some of the other conifers and is nowhere very plentiful, being confined to moist situations. Cedar is preferred to all other native woods for shingles and for all structural work exposed to moisture. In spite of the fact that the wood is not strong, its great durability in contact with the soil makes it a valuable railway tie materiaL It is used in enormous quantities both locally and for export for poles and fence-posts, and its use for this latter purpose is largely responsible for the increased scarcity of the lumber, as young trees are used before they have time to reach sawlog sizes. The western red cedar (Thuja plicata) is one of the giants of the Pacific Coast, being surpasl'ed m size only by Douglas fir. Its wood is sawn into lumher of lårge dimensions and is made into shingles to a greater extent than any other wood in Canada. Tamarack or larch.--Qf the throe native tamarack or larch species, t\\O are worthy of note. The eastern tamarack ttarix laricina) is found in every province in the Dominion in swampy situations. Its wood is hard, strong, and durable, being similar to that of Douglas fir and the southern hard pines. The western larch (Larix occidentahs) is more important commercially. It is found only in the interior of British Columhia, but grows on better sites and reaches greater size than the eastern tree. The wood of these two :;:pecies is cut into lumber and also used for railway ties and mining timbers. Birch.-Birch is Canada's most important hard" ood, and one of the few woods of this class where the exported material exceeds that imported. There are at lea:-:t seven native species, but only two are worthy of any detailed discussion. The yellow birch (Betula lutea) is the source of the most valuable birch lumber, used for flooring, furniture, cabinet-work and vehicle stock. The tree grows only in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, and does not reach commercial dimen- sions north of the Height of Land between the St. La" rence river and Hudson bay. Its wood is hard, heavy, strong, :md tough, but is not durable in contact \'with moisture. The paper birch (Bctula alba var. papyrifera) has a much wider distribution, being common from the Atlantic to the Rocky mountains, and is more abundant throughout its range than the yellow birch. Its wood is softer, weaker and less durable, and is not at present of great comm<<:'rcial value, except for spoolwood FOREST RESOURf'ES 317 and certain similar classes of turnery. The tough resinous bark of this tree has supplied th aborigines for centuries with the material for covering their famous birch-bark canoes. Maple.-The maple, whose leaf is the national embl m of Canada, is our second most important hardwood, and is represented in Canada by nine or more species scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific. OnJ)' one species, however, can be considered here. The sugar maple, or hard maple (Acer saccharum), produces the most valuable lumber and, like birch, is used for furniture, vehicle stock, and interior house fin hing. The sap of this tree is the principal sourcc of the maple syrup and sugar of commerce. Basswood.-Basswood (Tilia americana) is a valuable wood for cabinet-work of all kinds, but being restricted in distribution and in great demand, the available supply is rapidly disappearing. Minor Species.-Ehn, represented by three species in Canada, is a valuable vehicle wood. Beech, ash, oak, buttcrnut, chestnut, hickory, cherry, black walnut. tulip, black gum, red alder, sycamore, and sassafras are an valuable woods and are still sawn into lumber in Canada, but in many cases the supply, which was never large, has dwindkd almost to in ignificance. The poplar species (Populus sp.), of which there are seven native to Cunadn, like paper birch and jack pine, produces great quantities of material which will evcntually become valuable, when its qualities are better appreciated and whey the scarcity of the more valuable of the better understood woods will make it_ careful utilization imperative. 4.-Forest Resources. The total land area of Canada is approximately 3,600,000 square Illile::<. Lund uitable for agriculture, including pastoral land, has been estimated at -:169,000 square miles, of which about 90,000 square miles are at prel'ent devoted to field crops. The area covered by existing forests covers approximately 9.50,000 Rquare miles, some of which is agricult.uralland. Less than half of this carries mprchantable timber (6 inches in diameter), and only about a quarter carries saw timlwr (10 inches in diameter). The balance of the forested area carries young stands "hif'h have corne up after fire or cutting. On a considerable proportion of this area the succeeding stands are inferio to the original forests. Under preFent conditions about a quarter of the timber of commercial size is commercially inacf'essible, so that the forests on about two-thirds of our forest area are either too small or too expcn iv to be operated profitably. This is not a permanent condition, sim'e acccssibility depends primarily on market standards, current prices and transportation facilities, and all these factors are tending to increase the extent to which standing timher can be utilized. Young stands, as they reach maturity, also increase the area of accessible timber, and areas of farm land unsuitable for agriculturf' are cVf'ntually abandoned and revert to forest. On the other hand, forest fires, windfall, insect and fungus damage and com- mercial operations tend to reduce the area. Certain forest areas are cleared and devoted to 3.griculture. Only when systematic land classification has becn com- pleted can the total area of absolute forest land, be determined i.e. land capablf' of forest production but not suitable for agriculture. About 245,000 square miles of forest land in Canada has been set aside in forest reserves or parks or otherwise permanently dedicated to forest production. Dom- 318 PRODUCTION inion reserves and parks cover about 45,000 square miles in Manitoba, Saskatche- wan, Alberta and the area under Dominion control in British Columbia. The other provincial areas in square miles are as follows:-Quebec, 174,000; Ontario, 23,000; British Columbia, 3,000. .... For a large proportion of the prcsent forest area of Canada, thcre is little reliable information. Comprehensive forest surveys have been made only for the provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia. Reports of these surveys were published by the Comrnisi'ion of Conscrvation. A survey of conditions in Ontario, commenced-by that Commission, is now being eompleted by the Dominion Forcstry Bnmch in co-operation with the Provincial Fore.<;,t Service. Extensive arcas in the three Prairic Provinces have becn examined by the Dominion Bcrvicc, but the extent of their total resources is still undctermined. The Kew Brunswick Provincial Service has examined sixty per cent. of that. province's Crown timber lands and the Forest Service of Quebec is a1:,;o collecting data as to the forests undcr its control. The estimates given here for both area and quantity arc ba ed on data in- sufficicnt for accuracy; they must be accepted as being subject to rcvision as more complete information becomes available. Tablc 1 gins a rough distribution of these quantities and indicates that the greater part of the raw material in the Dominion is to be found in British Columbia, but that over forty per cent. of the total resourcc , includinJl: all classes of forest products, is to be found in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. I.-Estimated Stand of Timber of 'Uerchantable Size in ('anada, b)' Uegions, 19 . Region. Saw-material. Pulp\\ood, Cordwood. Post8, etc. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 SOFrWOOD. ft. B. I. cu. ft. cords. cu. ft. Eastern Provinces..... .................. 76,101,000 16,666,115 552,210 6-1,700,590 Prairie Provinces. . .... ..... 17,985,000 3,938,715 272,010 31,825,170 Britibh Columbia. _.. .......... 345,762,000 75,721,878 47,500 5,557,500 Total oft"ood........ ... 139,818,000 96,3 6, 70.. 871, ; O lO!,OS3, 60 HARDWOOD. Eastern Provinces. . .. .............. 32,134,500 7,037,430 209,815 20,342,417 Prairie Provinces. ............ 9,305,000 2,037,793 196,010 18,620,950 British Columbia.. ........ 788,000 172,572 2,160 205,200 Total Hardwood ..... ............... 1'!,227,5110 ',217,797 407,9",i 39; 16S.õ67 Grand Total...... ..... 4S'!,07.'i,500 lO.i,5H,5115 1.2;9,70dl Ul,251,827 5.- Forest Administration. I.-Administration of Dominion and Provincial Timber Lands. The Dominion Government administers Crown lands, including timber bnds, in thc provinces of l\1anitoba, Sa katch('wan and Alberta and in the Railway Belt and Peace Rivcr Block of Briti::;h Columbia. In all othcr cases timber land are administpred by the provinccs in which they occur. On the area under Dominion control and in most of the provinces, only the right to cut timber is disposed of, the title to the land remaining in the Crown, so that there are few privately owned timber lands other than farmers' wood lots. As new regions are explored. their lands arc cxamined and the agricultural land disposed of. _\.bsolute forest land is usually set aside for timber production, and the policy of di<;posing of the title to lands fit only for the production of timber has been virtually abandoned in every province in Canada. The ownerHhip of forests by FOREST AD1IINISTRATION 319 towns and communities, so common in Europe, is almost unknown in Canada, although efforts are being made to encourage the establishment and maintenance of forests of this nature. Dominion Timber Lands.-Dominion timber lands are administered by three different branches of the Department of the Interior at Ottawa. The Forestry Branch is chiefly concerned, with forest reserves and fire protection, the Timber and Grazing Branch deals with timber berths, and the Dominion Parks Branch adminis- ters the Dominion parks, which are primarily national playgrounds and game preserves and on which the timber is reserved. The Board of Railway Commis- sioners for Canada has charge of fire protection along lines subject to its jurisdiction. Forest reserves are primarily intended to supply the surrounding settlements "ith timber for local use, and to protect the watershedi'. The method of disposal of this timber and the conditions under which it can be removed are such that regeneration of the natural forest is as well provided for as possible without actual replanting of cut-over areas. On all other Dominion timber lands, licenses to cut timber, renewable aI).nually, are granted for stated area . Regulations provide for cutting to a diameter limit and disposal of logging débris. The export is prohibited of raw or unmanufactured timber cut from Dominion Crown lands and provincial Crown lands in every province but Nova Scotia. British Columbia.-In the province of British Columbia, the Forest Branch of the Department of Crown Lands has administered timber lands since 1912. All unalienated lands in the province which are examined and found to be better suited to forest than to agricultural production, are dedicated to forest production, and all timber lands carrying over a specified quantity of timber are withdrawn from disposal until examined by the Forest Branch. The present practice is to sell cutting rights for a stated period by public competition. The royalties are adjusted every five years on the basis of the average selling price of lumber. About 1,387 square miles of timber land is privately owned. Ontario.-In the province of Ontario, timber lands are administered by the Department of Lands and Forests. The sale of saw timber is by tender after exam- ination. Conditions cover the removal within a specified period, disposal of débris, etc. Pulpwood areas are usually disposed of by individual agreements for 21 years. Manufacture in Canada has been made a condition in the disposal of all softwood saw timber since 1897 and all pulpwood since 1900. In some of the individual pulpwood agreements the licensee must undertake not only to erect a pulp mill but also a paper mill within the province, the type of mill being stipulated in the agreement. In this province about five million acres of forest land were disposed of outright before the licensing system became universal. Quebec.- The Forest Service of the Department of Lands and Forests admin- isters the timber lands in Quebec; its powers include the classification of land, disposal of timber and regulation of cutting operations. Licenses are granted after public competition and are renewable from year to year, subject to changes in royalty by the government at any time. Grants of land in fee simple, made in some cases under the French régime in Quebec, are responsible for the private ownership of about six million acres of forest land. New Brunswick.-The Forest Service under the Department of Lands and Mines and a special Forestry Advisory Board, form the forest authority in New Brunswick. At present timber lands are disposed of as in the other provinces, but in the past several grants of forest land were made to railway companies, private 320 PRODUCTIO.V concerns and individuals, who now own in fee simple about seven thousand square miles of forest land. Nova Scotia.-In Nova Scotia the greater part of the forest land has passed into private ownership. '\\llat remains vested in the Crown is administered by the Commissioner of Crown Lands. Forest protection is conducted under the Commissioner of Forcsts and Game. 2.-Forest Fire Protection. The protection of forests from fire is undoubtedly the most urgent and most important part of the work of the different agencics administering forest lands in Canada. In the case of the Dominion Government this duty falls chiefly on the Forestry Branch of the Interior Dcpartment for all Dominion Crown timbcr lands, whether within forest rcserves or not. A special staff of railway fire guardians, under the Board of Railway Commissioners, is responsible for fire protection along railway lines through Dominion lands. These guards co-operate with the railway fire rangers employed by the various railway companies, the compulsory patrol of all lines throughout the country being a Dominion law. Other Dominion legislation regulates the use uf fire for clearing and other legitimate purposes and provides for closed seasons during dangerous periods. Each of the provincial governments maintains a fire protection organization which primarily covers unoccupied Crown timber lands, but frequently co-operates with owners and licensees for the protection of all timbered areas, the cost being distributed or covered by spccial taxes on timber lands. An interesting development in this connection in the province of Quebec is the organization of a number of co-operative protection associations among lessees of timber limits. Thcse associ- ations have their own staffs, which co-operate with those of the Board of Railway Commissioners and the Provincial Government. This latter contributes in the way of money grants and also pays for the protection of vacant Crown lands lying within the areas of the associations' açtivities. The simplest form of patrol is carried on by men, travelling generally in pairs, on foot, on horseback or in canoes. The fire protective systems in use throughout Canada have been improved by the following measures: the extension of roads. trails and portages, the building of telephone lines throughout the forest, the estab- lishment of lookout towers and stations, and the use of air craft for detecting and reporting incipient fires and carrying men and supplies to fires already startcd, patrol by automobiles, boats and railway speeders, maintenance at strategic points, of cabins for accommodation of patrolmen and supplies for fire fighting the use of portable forest fire pumps. the establishment of fire lanes and cleared fire guards through the forest and around fire hazards. In addition to these, certain legislative enactments have tended to reduce the fire menace. The establishment of closed seasons for brush burning by settlers during the dangerous dry periods has proved efficient, and the recently enacted law for Quebec, whereby all travelling in the woods during the fire season is regulated and restricted, has been of enormous value as a preventive measure. 3.-Scientific Forestry. The practice of forestry in Canada has consisted chiefly in the administration of existing forest areas. 'Vhat little reforestation or afforestation has been done has been largely of an experimental nature. During recent years investigatory or forest research work has assumed considerable importance. The object of this work is to secure an inventory of Canada's timber resources, to ascertain the best methods of FOREST ADMINISTRATION :121 .eðUring continuous production of desirable species by natural means, and the economic possibilities of establishing forests by artificial means. In addition to yh-icultural research, investigations are being carried on for the purpose of deter- mining the best methods of forest utilization or the converting of standing timber into saleable commodities. Technical foresters are employed by the Dominion and provincial Forest Ser- Tices and by many pulp and lumber companies. In addition to administrative work, these men carryon forest reconnaissance and intensive forest surveys for the purpose of estimating and mapping standing timber and determining conditions affecting growth and reproduction of existing forests. They also direct experimental planting and experimental regulation of commercial logging operations. The Dominion For- est Service employs a special staff for forest investigatory work, and has established a forest experimental station at Petawawa, Ontario, and at numerous points through- out the Dominion. The work is done in co-operation with the provincial sen-ices and with pulp and lumber companies, and is also carried on on Dominion forest reserves. The Forest Products Laboratories, established by the Dominion Forestry Branch in connection with McGill University, at Montreal, and the University of British Columbia, at Vancouver, carry on investigatory work in forest products, covering the strength, durability and other mechanical, physical and chemical qualities of Canadian woods, methods of seasoning, preservation from decay and chemical utilization in the pulp and paper and wood-distillation industries. The province of Quebec is organizing a Bureau of Forest Research under the Provincial Forester, supported by a generous annual appropriation. Much credit is due to the forestry departments of some of the pulp companies in Canada for pioneering work in forest research. Education in forestry and allied subjects and opportunities for research are offered by four Canadian universities and by other agencies. The University of Toronto, the University of New Brunswick at Fredericton, and the University of British Columbia. at Yancouvet, pro,.ide four-year courses leading to a professional degree. The School of Forestry and Surveying in connection with Laval University at Qc.ebec provides a combined course in the French language, of four years dura- tion, leading to diplomas in both sciences. The Government of Quebec is estab- lishing a school in papermaking at Three Rivers in the hear.t of the paper industry, several agricultural colleges provide short courses in farm forestry, and schools for forest rangers are established by some of the provincial Governments. The practice of forestry by individuals and private concerns is encouraged by the furnishing of expert advice by Dominion and provincial Services and by the distribution of trce planting material. The Dominion Forest Service maintains two nurseries in Saskatchewan, one at Indian Head and the other at Sutherland, neaI Saskatoon. From five to six million trees are distributed annually to farmers and ranchers in the Prairie Provinces for planting woodlots and windbreaks. If certain conditions are fulfilled, the material and instructions are provided free except for transportation charges. The province of Ontario provides material under similar conditions, and dis- tributes about 250,000 trees annually from its nurseries near St. Williams in Nortolk county. To encourage the establishment of communal forests by towns and other municipalities, the provincial Government undertakes to plant free of charge any area purchased by the municipality for this purpose. In Quebec, a forest nursery at Berthierville serves as a demonstration station for the School of Forestry and as a forest ranger school. It provides at present ' 73-::1 22 PRODCCTIOX about half a million trpef: for !':ale and di trihution in the province annually, com- prising seedlings and tranf'plants for forest planting and larg<.>r trecs for ornamental purposes. The capacity of the nursery is bping raif'ed to five milIion trpes. Provision is madc by Ipgi lation for the crpation of ccmmunal forests. 6.- Forest Utilization. The clparing of forest land was the primary stf'p toward the settlement. of eastern Canada by the early pioneers. The matprial so rcmovcd "\\ as at first marC' than sufficient for building purposes, fencing and fuel. In many casps logs and clearing débris were burned in order to get them out of the way. Later on, inroads were madp into the fore t surrounding the farms and settlements to supply these- nC'eds, and lumbering as a business developed graduaIly as the settlements cxtended, the ùpmand increascd and the f'upply receded. The industry, which f:tarted in the lower St. LawreJl('e valley and :i\Iaritime provinces, f'pread northward and wpstward during tht' pcriod of rapid advance in settlement. The Ottawa vaHey became the first important c<.>ntre of commcrcial activity in the industry, with the rafting of square tinlber to Quebec for e"'Port. The Gcorgian Bay and Rainy Rivf'r districts were later opened up, and although the- industry is now established over the entire Dominion these districts are stilI thf' chief lumbering rE'gions in eastern Canada. I-umbering to the north of thE' Prairip Provinces has progressed with the colonization of this region, hut. the production docs not usually e"ceE'd the local demand. Exploitation of the exten:-:ive forests of British Columbia proceedf'd simultaneously wit.h f'imilar development in the Pacific Statps across the bordf'r, and is steadily increasing in relative importancf', In 1908 this province eontributf'd less than a fifth of Canada's totallumhcr production. while in If):!! this proportion was over a thIrd, indicating that the centre of pro- duction is rapidly moving "\\ est.ward. l.-'''oods Operations. Differenc<.>s throughout Canada Ï110 soil, climate, topography, a\ erage size of trees, density of stands and numerous other local conditions, give rise to differencf's in logging nwthods not only hetween provincl's but. betweC'll adjacent logging I1nit in the same district. GC'llf'raHy !':peaking, throughout eastern Canada the climate is such that the cutting anù hauling of logs can be carried un most economically during the fall and \\ inter months. The trees are feHf'd and thf' logs hauled mostly on sleighs by horses to thE' nearest. stream or lakf', where they are piled on the ice or sloping banks. Logging railways are smllf'tiulf's used, in some CUf,es hauling the log:-: directly to the mills. Tractors arc being substit.utpd for horsps iumany operations. The> nature> of the topography, the presencp of connected systems of lakes and streams, makf's it possible in mo:-:t cases to float t he logs from the forest to t he mill at a minimum cost during the annual foopring freshf'ts. The logging industry east of the Rocky mountains is therefore almo:-:t entirply sea:-onal. In many ca es lumher- men co-opernte in river driving operation!':. Improvement companif's, financed by the logging operators, build dams, sluices and other river improvements to facilitatf' . the pa:-,:"age of the floating logs, and tow thf' material across lakes and stilt stretehl':-- of rivpr in booms or rafts. The logs, which carry thp distinguif'hing stamp or brand of each operator, are finaIly sorted and d"livpred to thpir respective O\\ners. In British Columbia the scarcity of drivable streams and the greatpr average size of the logs give rise to entirely different logging methods. Slides are built on suitable slopes to bring down timbcr from upper hill:-ides and bpnchcs, and logs are hauled and assembled by donkey <.>ngines and diffprmt cable systems. Logging railway TIlE LUii-JBER INDUSTRY 32:3" are used extensively to carry logs to the mills or to lakes, largc rivcrs or tidewater where they can be assembled in booms or rafts and towed to the mills. These operations are more or less independent of frost, snow or freshet, and are carried on in most cases throughout the entire year. In eastern Canada general logging operations arc carried on by the mill owners' or licensees of timber lands, oftcn through the medium of contractors, sub-contractors- and jobbers. In the better settled parts of the country a considerable quantity of lumber is sawn by custom saw-mills or I'm all mills purchasing logs from the farmets_ Unmanufactured pulpwood, poles, ties and other forest products have a market value, but saw-logs, as a rule being the property of the mill-owner, are not generally marketed as such in eastern Canada. In British Columbia logging is carried on more frequently as a separate enterprise by limit holùers, who cut and seJllogs on the market. In many cases mill operators are not limit holders, but buy their entire supply of raw material from logging concerns. In connection with woods operations, it should be borne in mind that the forests not only provide the raw material for saw-milh5 and pulp mills, but in addition provide annually about 16,000,000 railway tics, 1,000,000 poles for telegraph, telephone and power lineR, 14,000,000 fcnce posts, over 8,000,000 cords of firewood, together with piling, round mining timbers, square timbcr for export, wood for distillation, char- coal and excelsior manufacture, bark and wood for t.anning extracts, maple syrup and sugar, and a number of minor products. 2.-The Lumber Industry. The manufacture of lumber, lath, bhingles and other products and by-products of the saw-mill, forms the principal industry in Canada depC'nding on the forest for its raw matcrials. Annual statistics covering this and other forest industries were collected and published by the I.'orestry Branch of the Interior Department from 1908 to 1916. Rince that date the work has been carried on by thf> Dominion Bureau of Statistics, in co-operation with the Forf'stry Branch. Table 2 gives the produetion of lumber, lath and shinglf's from 1905 to 1921 inclusive. The greatest cut of lumber during this period was in 1911, when almost five billion feet board measure was produced. .Although the quantity produced annually did not alter matcrially from 100S to H) O, averaging approximately 4,000,000,000 fcet, the average value rosc from $Iß. 7 ppr thousand feet in 1908 to 839.12 in 1920. A reduction in both quantity and average ,"alue was recorded for 1921. 2.-Lumber. Lath and Shingle .-rodurtion in C'anada, for the calendar "ears 1905 to 1921. Lumber cut. Quantity )1. ft. bd. Value. measure. S 3,3H,126 54,3: 8,036 3,814.942 62,819,477 4,451,652 70,609,233 4,918.202 75,830,954 4,389,723 69,475,784 3,816,642 65,796,438 3,94fi,25t fiO,3fi3,36!1 3,8t2,676 61,919,806 3,490,550 58,365,349 4,151,703 83,655,097 3,886,631 103,700,620 3,819,750 122,030,653 4,298,804 168,171. 987 2.869,307 82,448,585 ::;hin les cut. Lath cut. Quantity Value. Quantity Valu('. )1. $ 1. $ 1,499,396 3,101,996 671,562 1,487,125 I, 988, 75: 3.701,182 822,124 1,979,034 1,976,640 3,557,211 851,953 1,943,544 1. 8:38, 474 3,512,078 965,235 2,212,226 1,578,343 3,175,319 899,016 2,06-1,622 1,485,279 3,Ob4,641 la9,678 1,783,283 1,843,554 3,688,746 625,010 1,585,484 3,089,470 5,7:34.852 79: , 226 2,040,819 2,897,562 5,962,9:33 66.5,588 1,743,94 3,020,956 8,4:U,215 616,949 1,828,018 2,662,521 8,184,448 438, 100 1,369,616 2,915,309 13,525.B25 520,203 2,157,758 2,855,706 14,695,159 762,O:U 5,248,879 2,986,580 10,727,096 804,449 4,188,121 o Years. 1908................. . 1909............... .. 1910. . .. . .. . 1911. . 1912. . .. . . 1913....... . 1914.......... . 1915........ . 1916... 1917.............. . 1918. .. .. .. .. .. 1919............... . 1920............... . 1921. 62373-21! 32' PRODUCTION VA I"'TIONS ,.. PItOPUCT'O" ANþ AV(R GI VALUI O lU"Sflt. 19 0 8 - 19t' t.1 Protl""t, 0" ." "' III i 0 "' 0 t .,t. .a,.ef Me",u..t S'o 0 c+.oo 0 .J.So 0 J.OOO Av't''' e ".I 4t "" Thoo"." d f(tt t. . M. .,).r o -..,...,,," ,,_ oo. o -I eoI .)0 / \ , / \ 1\ / , \V '" 1/ \ V ............. / \ II I, V J 1/ 1 ) . V V 7 - ............. / - -- --- <1i I.. O 0 tt' to IS THE LU},IBER n'çDUSTRY 325 Table 3 shows the production during 1921 by kinds of wood and Table 4 gives ih. eame information by provinces. 3.-Total Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, b)' Kinds of Wood, for the calendar year 1921. Lumber. Lath. Shingle!!!. Varieties. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 1\1. ft. B.1\1. S )1 S M S >>eftwoods- Spruce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874,456 24,621,202 340,973 1,935,370 42,822 157,079 Douglas fir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680,845 16,613,882 84,730 636,950 - - White pine................ 480,214 17,228,634 199,051 864,013 8,274 30,413 Hemlock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,169 6,114,436 48,352 209,345 3,719 12,031 Cedar................... . 95,675 2,799,167 9,293 43,869 2,923,150 10,496,153 Red pine. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 85,530 2,515,507 9,426 47,815 - - Balsam fir..... . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 707 1,834,217 14,830 78, 135 6,774 24,119 Jack pine. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 51,574 1,26S,086 27,048 128,186 1,251 5,M5 Yellow or buH pine....... 40,020 1,001,493 - - - - Tamarack...... .......... 35,323 823,181 - - - - Total softwoods...... 2,647,513 74,819,805 733,703 3,943,683 2,985,990 11,725,3ðl liard woods- Yellow birch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,897 2,355,503 - - - - }Iaple. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,962 1,771,742 - - - - Basswood................ . 26.118 914,700 - - - - Elm...................... 21,063 710,208 - - - - White birch..... .. . . . . . .. . 19.712 652,179 - - - - Poplar. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,679 332.548 10 60 393 1,231 Ash........ . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . 8,723 310,583 - - - - Beech........... ......... 8,445 243,559 - - - - Oak...................... 3,058 149,909 - - - - Chestnut................. . 371 18,588 - - - - Butternut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 13,018 - - - - Cherry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 8,794 - - - - Hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 8,154 - - - - Walnut................... . 23 1,765 - - - - Red alder. ................ 9 207 - - - - Total hardwoods..... 215,785 7,,191,457 10 60 393 1,231 UDSpecified.... . . . . . .. . . . . . . 6,009 137,323 70,736 244,378 197 :ill! Grand TotaL......... 2,869,307 82,448,585 804,449 4,188,121 2,986,580 10,7%7,0" L-Production of Lumber, Lath and Shingles in Canada, by Provinces, for the ('alendar year 1921. Lumber. Lath. Shinglee. Provinces. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 1\1. ft. B.M. S 111 S M S Prince Edward Island....... 5,803 158,712 766 4,035 7,064 23, 148 Nova Scotia ........ ...... 115,246 3,054,995 26,383 139,336 17,857 63,574 New Brunswick....:........ 269, 983 7,810,622 179,383 1,081,172 183,246 658,347 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649,334 19,656,462 121.649 652.216 361,496 1,283,OSt} Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734,054 24,518,164 353,337 1,503,474 40,389 . 171,642 Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,727 1,398,067 14,876 73, 297 34 102 Saflkatchewan. . . .. . . . . . . . . . 10,892 273,093 1,995 12,111 - - Alberta.................... . 26,002 711,149 1,640 5,715 2,243 10,715 British Columbia........... 996, 266 24,867,321 104,420 716,765 2,374,251 8, 516, 51 Total. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . 2,869,307 82,4,18,585 804,449 4,188,121 2,986,580 10,727,'" The cut of lumber in Canada during 1921 was considerably Jess than it has been since 1908, when accurate annual statistics of the lumber industry were first collected. During 1921 only 2,869,307 thousand feet board measure of lumber, valued at 32ß PROD LrCTION 882,44 ,585, was reported. This is a decrease in quantity of one-third from the production in 1920. The average value of lumber at the mill decreased by over 810 a thousand feet, cau: ing a decrease in the total value of lumber sa\\n of $85,723,402 or over 50 p.c. The number of mills reporting in 1921 was 3,126, a reduction of over 10 p.c. from 1920, and not only were there fewer mills in operation in 1921, but the average number of days each mill was in operation during the year was only R2 as compared with 96 for 1920. This re ulted in an average production per mill for the Dominion of only 918 thousand feet as again t 1,235 thommnd feet in 1920. The total number of employees on Ralaries and wages in the saw-mills in 1921 was 30,337, as compared with 41,158 in 1920. The total payroll in 1921 was 826,707,689, a reduction of over 40 p.c. from 1920. The average rates of pay for all clal'ses of employment in this indu::>try were con::;iderably less than in 1920. Other agencic of production in the saw-millo;, such as fuel w.;ed, pow('r em- ployed and mil'cellaneous e"p('n c incurred, all showed reductions from 1930 to 1921. In spite of the reduced production of sawn lumber, this group of mills reported increases in the quantities of lath and shingles produ('('d, amounting to o\'er 5 p.c. in the ca e.of lath and over 4: p.c. in the case of shingles. These incretl::>c::> in quantity were, however, accompanied by decreases in average value, causing decreases in the total values of lath and :;hingles produced. The figures for 1921 are: lath, 804,449 thousandR, valued at -1,18S,121, and shingles, 2,9S6,580 thousands, valued at 81O,72ï,096. Other miscellaneous by-products of the saw-mills show a general increase in total value, especially in the cases of slack cooperage stach., sawn ties and mine timbers. Decreases were reported in connection with veneer, tight cooperage stock and dressed !timber. The total value of all classes of products for 1921 was $116,896,559, as com- pared with $207,163,577 for 1920. A substantial increase in production and value, if not a return to average conditions in this industry, is indicated by returns already received for the calendar year 1922. 5.- Imports of Forest Prod oets b)" Chief Classes, calendar ) ears 1920 to 1922. Quantity. \ alue, Cla..,ses. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. - S S S Lumber, rough B8\\n... ., . . 1 Ft. 112,978 70,425 83, 254 I1,J39,32O 3,950,333 4,886,323 " clres8ed on one "ide 52,697 46,273 59,245 3,347,955 1,678,839 2,034,626 " matched.. 0 0.... " 2,318 7,181 5,242 217,753 266,717 276,309 - - Total ba\\n lumber... 0...... .. 167,993 123,879 147,741 14,705,028 5,896,069 7,197,258 Lath. .. . 0 \1 8,355 7,167 962 80,258 51,274 6,421 ::)hin les. . . 8,328 4,433 10,065 30,570 20,415 36,309 Veneer.. 0... . . 0.... . . ..S - - - 1,040,375 34:i,365 297,550 Timber, hewn or sawn. o. 0"' . .S - - - 150,468 35,832 37,377 Raih>,ay ties............... o. 994,310 1 441 601 540,424 1, 121,095 2,335,697 679,020 Logs........................ ..oS - - - 496,740 465,622 258,136 Poles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No. 115,957 30,544 1,892 26'j,620 73,805 7,011 Posts.. . ...... ................S - - - 31,640 l1,: 8!J 13,453 Fuel \\ ood 0 0.............. .Cords 9,277 8,895 9,002 31,194' 35, 101 36,571 Miscellaneous \\ood............ oS - - - 1,564' 604 1 354,912 290,796 Cork, canes, reed, etc.. o.........S - - - 84,898 255,373 286,356 - - 19, 5O.i: 4911 1 Total Import.!>. .S - - - !I,Sìl'l,851 1 9,145. %is THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 327 6.-E\:ports of Forest Products by Chief Classes, calendar years 1920 to 1922. Classes. Quantity. 1920. 1921. 1922. Value. 1921. Sawn lumber.... ......... ....M Ft. Lath........ . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .)1 Shingles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:\1 Timber squared............1\1 Ft. Railway ties... . . . ::'\0. Logs. . .... .......... ....M Ft. Poles.. ...... ..... ........... .No. Posts... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Piling. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Lin. Ft. Pulpwood.................. . Cords Fuel wood.................. " )tiscellaneous.................. .S 1,924.952 4-16.404 1,970,466 42,950 1,887,244 66, 495 112,184 1,024 227 808,132 2,192,979 55,103 1, 853, 296 119,320 152,713 1,993,551 1,295,910 2,358,992 55,140 965,288 185,489 306,421 1920. S 83,330,477 4,105,953 11,419,955 1,899,444 2,116,411 1,836,315 439,092 209, 292 250, 284 15,778,171 117,224 2,648,474 $ 37, ]59,008 5,301,286 7,507,526 1,699.530 2,248,185 2, 117,09i 653,334 36,933 163,907 14,617,610 81, 6S6 2,550,4iO 1922. S 58,063,896 7,643,710 9,210,961 1,492,344 684,247 3,270,575 1,211,592 64,020 119,290 10,359,762 70,168 2,278,674 ],818.483 1,399,486 1,365,538 1,247,404 1,092,553 1,011,332 29,880 1,824 11,570 Total Exports.. ..... S - 121,151,092 71,136,572 91,469,239 These two tables show the imports and eÀ-ports of the principal forest products for the calendar years 1920, 1921 and 1922. The first timber shipped from Canada to Europe was during the French régime in IG67, and consisted mostly of square timber and masts and spars for the French navy. The export to England began to develop in the early part of the 19th century. Quebec was the centre of thf' square and waney timber trade, which reached its maximum in 1864, when as many as 1,350 sailing vessels entered that port and carried away over 20,000,000 cubic feet of timber, most of which was white or "Quebec" pine. The increase in the production of sawn lumber, the "deal trade," and the increasing scarcity of suitable material, resulted in a steady decline in the exports of square and waney timber, and Montreal became the centre of activity in exportation. The exports of square and waney timber have now fallen to about 4,000,000 cubic feet. With the growing production of deals and other sawn lumber, the trade with the United States increased until in 1922 Canada exported almost 2,000,000,000 feet of sawn lumber to that country. The total value of exported sawn lumber and other unmanufactured or partially manufactured forest products in 1921 was over 594,000,000, of which about $76,000,000 worth 'went to the United States and $11,000,000 worth to the United Kingdom. The remaining export trade was widely distributed throughout both trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific channel". 3.-The Pulp and Paper Industry. The manufacture of pulp and paper is a comparatively r('('cnt development in Canadian industry. Paper was first manufactured in Cana -la about a hundred years ago, but prior to 1860 no wood pulp was used or produced. Rags, Rtraw, esparto grass, cotton waste and other substances were the raw materials uscd. The first paper mill was established at St. Andrews in Quebec (thcn Low('r Canada) in 1803 by a party of Americans who obtained concessions from the seign('urs. In 1825, at Crook's Hollow, was erected the first paper mill in what was then eppcr Canada. Mr. Crooks, the founder, earned a bounty from the Government of .:CWO for the first :-;heet of paper made in the province. 'Vhat is claimed to be the first wood pulp mill in Canada was erected by Angus Logan and Company at Windsor Mills, Quebec, about 1870. The Riordons were among the first to manufacture groundwood pulp, and in 1887 Charles Riordan brought the sulphite process from Austria, and installed at Merritton a sulphite mill which is still in existence. In the census of 1871 no pulp mills are mentioned, but in 328 PRODUCTION 1881 fi...e mills were in operation, with a total capital of $92,000, 68 employees nnd an output valued at $63,000. In 1891 there were 24, and in 1901, 25 mills. Since that date the advance in this industry has been still more rapid. At the pre!;-ent time there are in existence in Canada about 50 pulp mills, 35 combined pulp and paper mills and 40 mills making paper only, although not all of these are operating at present. This developmcnt is due chiefly to the existence in Canada of abundant water powers adjacent to extensive forest resources of pulpwood 8pecies. The importance of this combination is evident from the fact that energy to the extent of practically 100 h.p. is necessary for the prcduction of one ton of paper. The industry in Canada includes three forms of industrial activity, the opera- tions in the woods with pulpwood as a product, the manufacture of pulp and the manufacture of paper. Thef'e three stages cannot be treated as entirely distinct nor can they be separated from the different Rtngefì of the lumber industry. Some of the important pulp companies operate saw-mills to utilize the larger timbpr on their limits to the best advantage, and many lumber manufactur('rs divert a proportion of their spruce and balsam logs to pulp mills. As f1l.r as operations in the woods are concerned, it is often impof'sible to state whether the timber being cut will eventu- ally be made into lumber or pulpwood. On account of legislation already referred to, pulpwood cut on Crown lands in every province but Nova Scotia must be manufactured into pulp in Canadian pulp-mills. Pulpwood cut on lands held in fec simple may be exported, and a large proportion of it is sent to the L"nited States. Raw or unmanufactured pulpwood has therefore a definite market value. Table.7 and Diagram 2 show the anm al pro- duction of this commodity from 1908 to 1922, together with the quantities used by Canadian pulp mills and the quantities exported. 7.-Productlon, Consumption and Export of Pulpwood, calendar years 1908 to 1m. Total Production of Pulpwood. Used in Canadian Ezported Pulp-mills. Unmanufactured. Years. I . Per cent Per cent Total Average or total of totaJ Quantity. value. value Quantity. produc- Quantity. produo- per cord. tion. tion. Cords. $ $ Cords. Cords. 1908......... .. . . . . . . . 1,325,085 7,732,055 5.84 482,777 36.4 842,308 63., 19o9...... . .. . . . . . . . . . 1,557,753 9,316,610 !I.98 622,129 39.9 935,624 60.1 1910.... ............ 1,541,628 9,795, ]96 6.35 598,487 38.8 943,141 ðHiI 1911..-..-.... .... 1,520,227 9,678,616 6.37 672,288 44.2 847,9 9 55.8 1912........ _ _ __ .. .. .. 1,846,910 JI,9JI,415 6.46 866,042 46.8 980,868 53.:ij 1913....... . . . . . . . . . . - 2,144,064 14,313,939 6.67 1,109,034 51.7 1,035.030 48.3 1914...... . .. . . . . .. . . . 2,196,884 14,770,358 6.72 1,224,376 55.7 972,508 44.3 1915............ .... -- 2,355,550 15,590,330 6.61 1,405,836 59.7 949,714 40.3 19]6. ................. 2,833, JI9 19,971,127 7.05 1,764.912 62.3 1,068.207 33.7 1917....... . .. . . . . .. . 3,122,179 26,739,905 8.56 2,104,334 67.4 1,017,845 32.' 1918.. - --.- 3,560,280 37,886, 259 10.64 2,210,744 62.1 1,349,536 37,9 1919......... .. . 3,498,981 41. 941, 267 JI.99 2,428,706 69.4 1,070,275 30,8 1920.......... _ _ __ 4,024,82ð 61,IR3,060 15.22 2,777,422 69.0 1,247,4M 31-0 1921. _.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,273,131 52,900,872 16.11> 2,180.578 66.6 1,092,553 33.4 1922................. . 3,923,940 50,735,361 12.93 2,912,608 74.2 I,OJI.332 25.8 Since 1902 the exports of raw pulpwocd have gone exclusively to the United States, and have amounted annually to about 1,000,000 cords. The exportation of raw pulpwood, as shown in the accompanying diagram, has remained practically con- stant smce 1912, while the quantity consumed in Canadian pulpmills has increased by o...er 236 p.c. during the same period. In 1908, almost two-thirds of the pulpwood THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 329 A.&..wood '" lOI-"s .1,.(00.000 .1,000.000 2.Soo.000 1.000.000 1.5'00.000 1.000. 00 0 Soo.ooo Av...a,4 y ,,,. p." co.... J P"lpwood p..oduc.tic"",, .'tuu,ulec. tllr ." eo __ po..-r. "08- '9ti .... o o t .. ; i :;; :: !!: flÞ ... .. i- ... . 10 .......... / / / \V / / V / / ""'-- ".1( 0"1' V / . / <>,, . V ....0/ / 4 V ,(, :P . .- / V" / V ./'" i-- E ) rpol t 1/ "" / ..-- ............. '/ 7 r--, ---- ./" ............. \. / \ / Ja\ / V A ylj _c ,e - - 6 J :30 PRODCCTION cut in Canada waR exported in the raw or unmanufac'tured form. In 1922, with an increase of almost 300 p.c. in total production, the proportion e:xported has fallen to about one quarter. The manufacture of pulp forms the second stage in this industry. This is f'arried on by mills producing pulp alone and also by paper manufacturer operating pulp mill-; in conjunction with paper mills for the purpo e of providing their own raw mat('rial. Such mills usually manufacture a surplus of pulp for sale in Canada or for e:xport. The supply of ragR for paper mahing is distinctly limited and the material too c:xpensive for the manufacture of cheap paper. Early paper makers e:xrperimented with fihres from the st('ms, leaves and other parts of numerous annual plants, but the small proportion of palwr-making material recoverable from such sourccs led to ð-periments in th(' use of wood. Different species were tried, and finally spruce and balsam fir were found to be the most suitable for the production of all but the best clas es of paper. The wood is deliwred to the pulp mill in different ways. Logs eight feet and. upwards. are either floated in booms or rafts or delivered in railway cars. 'Vood rut in two foot (IT four foot lengths is seldom driven but is delivered by railway car or vessel. Thi:" material may be either peeled or barked or delivered with the bark on. Gcnerally speaking, wood sold by farmers is cut to short lengths and peeled by hand in the woods. :\Iaterial cut in log lengt h:" must pa s first through a Clcut- up" mill where it is cut into two or four foot lengths. The next stage in its pre- paration is the removal of the bark in a Clros s ing mill." This is accomplished by the rubbing together of the 10g'5 in a revolving drum or by the removal of the bark by revolving knives. This last mcthod produces the cleanef't pulpwood but results in the loss of a considerable proportion of the wood itself. This preliminary prepar- ation of pulpwood is frequently carried on at the pulp mill, but thcre are in Canada a numbcr of Clcutting up" and "ro sing mills" operating on an independent basis, chiefly for the purpose of ",aving freight on material cut at a. distance from the mill or on material intended for exportation. Logs are measurcd in board feet but the shorter material is measured by the cord (4' by 4' by 8' of piled material), which is approximately equivalent to 500 feet board measure or to 90 cubic feet of solid wood. Generally speaking, it takes about one cord of wood to make a ton of ground wood and two cords to make a ton of chemical pulp. _ Th('re are in Canada four met hods of preparing wood pulp, one of which is mechanical and three chemical. In the mechanical method grCf'n coniferous woods are preferred; 8prucc fonns over 80 p.c. of th(' total, with balsam fir, hemlock and jack pine. Soft "hardwoods" such as paper birch,white birch and poplar, are occasion- ally used. The barked and cleancd wood is held by hydraulic pressure against the surface of a revolving grindstone, the sticks lying with their length parallel to the width of the stone. The stone is constantly washed by water, which carries away the pulp in susperu;ion. Mechanically prepared pulp or "groundwood" i<; used only for the cheaper grades of paper and board which are requircd only for a compara- tively short time. It contains all the wood substance, a large proportion of which is not durable. Mixed with chcmical pulp it is used for news, wall, cheap book, manilla, tis::.ue, wrapping, bag and building papers and for box boards, container boards and wall boards. There are three methods of producing chemical fibre in use in Canada-the sulphite, sulphate (or kraft) and the soda processes, so called because of the chem- icals used in each case to dissolve out the non-fibrous or non-ccllulose components THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 331 ()f wood substance. Cellulose, which forms about 50 p.c. of wood substance, is the ideal paper-making material. It is a singularly inert substance, largely unaffected by ordinary chemical agents, atmospheric conditions, bacteria and fungi. High grade paper, being almost pure cellulose, will remain in perfect condition for cen- turies. Kat only do the chemicals used separate out the cellulose, but they remove the fats and resins so troublesome in paper making, and break down the subf;tance which holds the cellulose fibres together, so that they can be later felted together into a strong sheet of paper. The sulphite process, which is the most important in use in Canada, depends on the action of a bisulphite liquor (a comparatively weak acid solution of calcium and magnesium bisulphite) on the non-cellulose wood components. This liquor is pre- pared by burning sulphur or pyrites and absorbing the resulting sulphur dioxide gas in a milk-of-lime solution or in water, in the presence of limestone. The woods used in this procpss in Canada are all coniferous. Spruce forms 65 p.c., balsam 24 p.c., hemlock 10 p.c., together with small quantities of other conifers. The previously barked and C'lpaned pulpwood is chipped in a machine which reduces the wood to particles about an inch long and a quarter of an inch thick, or smaller. These chips are screened, cI"Uf;hed and ff'd into digf'f;ter -l:lrg{' steel tankf; lined with acid-re:Ústing brick-where they are cooked by steam in the presence of the bisulphite liquor referred to. The cooked chips are then "blown" into pits below the digesters and washed in preparation for screening. Sulphur and lime are the most important chemicals used in this process, and their recovery, or the economic utilization of waste sulphite liquor, is still largely an unsolved problem. Sulphite fibre is used in the manufacture of newsprint paper, in which it forms about 20 p.c. of the pulp used, adding strength to the remaining 80 p.c. of ground- wood pulp. It is used for the bettf'r claRses of white paper and boards, either pure or in mixture with the other fibres. The soda process is the oldest chemical proce::,;:" and depends on the action of an alkaline solvent, caustic soda, on the non-fibrous components. This caustic soda is prepared from soda ash dissolved in water and hailed with lime or is pro- .duced electrolytically from brine. Most of the chemicals used in this process are recoverable. The wood of the softer so-called "hardwoods" or broad-leaved trees, such as poplar, basswood, willow, etc., is used almost exclusively in this process. The wood is prepared as in the other chemical processes, and the chips are cooked in unlined metal digesters. The resultant fibre is used in the manu- facture of the best class of book, magazine and writing papers, as a filler mixed with stronger pulp. The result is a paper which lacks f:trength but can be readily finished to a good surface. - The manufacturc of sulphate or kraft pulp is a comparatively recent modi- fication of the soda process. It was first u:,ed in America by the Brompton Pulp and Paper Company at East Angus, Quebec, in 1907, and was treated as soda pulp in statistical reports up to 1912. The procef;s was first introduced with the intention of reducing the manufacturing cost of soda pulp by substituting salt cake (sodium sulphate) for the more expensive soda ash (sodium carbonate). Subsequent develop- ments showed that by an adaptation of this process the superior strength of coniferous wood fibre could be taken advantage of, and at the present time the woods used are almost exclusively coniferous. Spruce heads the list with about 65 p.c. of the total, followed by jack pine with about 20 p.c., hemlock with about 10 p.c., and other conifers in smaller proportions. The chipped wood is treated with the caustic solution in unlined steel digesters. The cooking proce",,,; is carried on just long 332 PRODUCTION enough to obtain fibres that can be easily separated. The fibres so obtained"a.re long, flexible and very strong, and are used in the manufacture of so-called kraft papers used for wrapping, bags; etc. The pulp or fibre from all four processes leaves the grinders or digester pits in a fluid state, consisting of water with a small proportion of fibre held in suspension. It is first screened and thickened, and may then be piped direct to the paper mill. For shipping or storing, it is usually dried out sufficiently to allow it to be formed into sheets and folded into bundles or "laps." For export, these "laps" are baled by hydraulic presses. In some cases the pulp is dried for. export by converting it into what is practically a coarse form of paper. Groundwood pulp is sold in laps either wet or pressed. Sulphite pulp is marketed in laps, sheets or rolls, and soda pulp is usually shipped in rolls. Table 8 shows the total production of pulp in Canada from 1908 to 1922 in- elusive, together v. ith the production of groundwood pulp and the production of fibre by the three chemical processes described. Statistics of va!ues are not_ava.il- able from 1908 to lU1ß. S.-Pulp Production, 11erhaniral and Chemical, calendar )ears 1908 to 19 2. Total Production. 1 Mechamcal Pulp. Chemical Fibre. Years. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Tons. S Tons. a Tons. a 1908................. . 363,079 - 278,570 - 84,509 - 1909................. . 445,408 - 325,609 - 119,799 - 1910................. . 474,604 - 370,195 - 104,409 - 1911................. . 496,833 - 362,321 - 134,512 - 1912..... .. .-... 682,632 - 499,226 - 183,406 - 1913. ........ 854,1>24 - 600,216 - 254,408 - 1!J14........... . 934,700 - 644,924 - 289,776 - 1915................. . 1,074,805 - 743,776 - 331,029 - 1916................. . 1,296,084 - 827,258 - 468,826 - 1917................. . 1,464,308 65,515,335 923,731 25,918,811 540,423 38,374, un 1918................. . 1,557,193 64,356,173 879,510 19,112,727 677,683 45,243,44i 1919... _. _ _ __ _ _... _... 1,716,089 73,320,278 990, 902 23,316,828 725,187 50,003,450 1920. 1,960,102 141,552,862 1,090,114 49,890,337 848,528 90,053,9911 1921.... _............. 1,549,082 78,338,278 931,560 32,313,848 612,467 45,929,51a 1922................. . 2,150,251 84,947,598 1,241,185 31,079,429 897,533 53, ð15, ð9:1 JThese totals include some um,pecified pulp and screenings. KOTs.-No values 8"uilable, 1908 to 1916. In Table 8 is shown the steady growth of this industry up to 1920, when 1,960,102 tons of pulp were produced. There was a drop in production in 1921, but the production of 1922 reached the highest point in the history of the industry. Table 9 gives the prcduction of pulp in Canada in 1921 and 1922 by processes and by provinces. During 1922 there were 43 mills manufacturing pulp only and 28 combined pulp and paper mills. These 71 establishments turned out 2,150,251 tons of pulp, valued at 84,947,.598, as compared with 1,549,082 tons valued at $78,338,278 in 1921, representing an increase of 38.8 p.c. in quantity. Of the 1922 total for pulp, 1,188,581 tons, valued at 36,247,976, were made in the combined pulp and paper mills for their own use in manufacturing paper. The surplus, together with the product of the pulp mills, amounting to 961,670 tons, valued at $48,699,622, was sold in Canada or exported. As in the case of pulpwood, a part of the product of this stage of the industry provides raw material for the .later stages, while the remainder has a definite market value as such. THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 333 puLPWOOD CONSUMPTION BY PROVINCES 1920...Z' PROVINCES HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF CORDS 1 R. 3 4 6 ., 8 " 10 " 12 13 GUEBEC ------ _____ {'9Zf ',f' 1,27 I 19,20 1,3S 3,8 15 v. . ONTARI O---- __ ____f9.2 1 '100,5ð'3 1920 942.,6?': . . 8Rrr1SH COLUMBIA_\'9 ' 2.25,24 19 0 295,617 NE W BRU N SW I CK -t:; 121.110 .. 1 BO,7Z {'92' Z2,36Z. NOVA S COTI A - - -- - O 24,S9S 192 PULP MANUfACTURED BY PROVINCES 1920-21 PROVINCES HUNDRED THOUSAN S OF TONS 1 2. 3 .4 6 .., 8 9 10 {'921 '184,90 G UEBEC------ ---- 1920 !J14.76 {'921 519,5 " O N TAR'O ----- -- - 192' 654,401 . , BRITISH COLUM B IA_{'9.21 165,05 1920 Zl8, 8 . . . . H EW B RUNSWIC K --f 9 : ' 61,8 1 0 - 19 0 89,069 NOVA {'9RI I 't,802 SCOTlA-_ __- 2 3 ,38-112 1920 PAPER PRODUCED BY PROVINCES 1920-21 PROVINCES HUNDRED THOUSANDS Of' TONS I 2 3 4 6 ., 8 10 ONTARIO- ___ _ __ _ {'921 501,8 - 19Z0 .56 76 GUEBEC -- _ _ _ _ ___{'9:l1 416,06 I 1920 5 06 13 9 ... B R ITISH CO UM B IA_{'92r 9&fJOI 1920 14'28 '- - C.....ADA Y "'R 500K 1922 -.zJ ' 334 PRODUCTION 9.-Pulp Production b)- Oassl's and Prmiuces. ('aleudar )l'ars 1921 aud 19 2. Quantity. Total Value. Kinds of Pulp b) Province". 1921. 1922. 1921. 1922. Tons of Tons of S S 2,000 Ib . 2,OOOlbs. Quebec- Ground\1.ood. . ......... 482,176 612,597 17,718,437 15,:?M,0I2 Soda .............. ..... J,479 793 300,825 57,815 Sulphite, bleached......... .... 63,051 44,257 5,604,731 3,880,472 Sulphite, unbleached. '" 121,992 244,578 7,712,428 13,503,038 ulpha.te. . . . . . . . .... .... ltO,972 178.260 7,499,159 10,436,498 Hf'r<.>emnl!'!'1....... ...... ....... 3,236 7,720 58,844 167,905 Total 7NI,906 1,08R,205 'IS.1'ì9-1.-I2-1 43. 329.7to Ont.ario - Groundwood . ..... 337,014 483,664 11,930,972 12,655,780 Soda...... . . .... . . .. .... 7.)0) - 82,584 - Sulphite, bleached.... .. 45,367 30,458 3,99-1,028 2,505,462 ulphite, unbleached .. 129,392 196,392 9,622,526 11,330,995 :-;ulphate... _ ., ..... 5,703 13,150 650,487 697,305 :-:creening" ] ,3]3 2,644 33,543 74,132 Total ........... 519.511 ;26,30 26,31-1.1-10 27,26-'1, In British { olumbia- Ground\1.ood.. _.. . . ........ 89,348 100,483 ],809,448 1,771,17S Sulphite, ble'1ched.... .. 17,27.3 24,077 1,80],522 1,547,963 :-;ulphite, unhlcached 51, 544 63,997 3. ]26,950 2,999,699 Sulphate . .. 6,888 9,869 471,073 663,285 Total 165.053 l S, -126 ;. 20 .9(ì,1 6. 9R2, 1 5 Ne\\ Bruns\\id..- f:round\\oou... _... ., 5,220 6,879 1i8,542 201,712 Sulphite, bleached. . 29,1 ]3 47,898 3,080,877 3,758,007 :--\ulphite, unbleachcd. .. 19, ]97 27, 221 1, .540,790 1,388,637 Sulphatc. _ 7,774 16,583 44 I. 563 846,516 f'f'r<,cning:< 506 1,169 2,530 10,440 Total. . ............. lil.8IO 99,750 'i.2U.302 6.205. :112 l'IO\'3 Srotia- Ground\1.ood. .. . 17,802 37,562 676.499 1,166,747 Total. 17,"02 37, ..62 676,-199 1.166. in Total for ('3nada 1.5t9,ItS2 %,150,2..1 7 .:n".2i'" -I.9I7,59g I Grounuwood. . .. 931,560 1,241,185 32,313,818 31,079,429 SOfia.. .__.. .. 4,201 79:\ 383,40!! 57,815- Sulphite, b]e ites of the main classcs of products in the industry from 1917 to 19 . These main clas:-:es are further su dividcd into about thirty sub-r'lasse:-:, details concerning which are includrd in Tahle 11 for 19 1 and 19:!2. PAPER PRODUCTION IN CANA.DA. 335 10.-Summary of Paper Production in Canada, calendar years 19ti to 1922. Newsprint Paper. Book and Writing Paper. 'Vrapping Paper. Years. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Tons. S Tons. S Tons. $ 1917................. . 689,847 38,868,084 48,141 9,310,138 50,360 5,646,750 1918................. . i34,783 46,230,814 48,150 10, i32, 807 61, 180 7,341,3i2 1919................. . 794,567 54,427,879 58,228 12,571,000 59,697 7,979,418 1920........_. ....... 875,696 80,865,271 73,196 21,868,807 77,292 12,161,303 1921. . 805,114 78,784,598 53, 530 12,550,520 52,898 6.634,211 1922...:::::::::::::: : 1,081,364 75,971,327 64,808 12, 5bO. 504 81,793 8,219,841 Boards. Other Specified Paper Total Paper. Years. Products. Quantity. Yalue. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Tons. Tons. Tons. I 1917..... ............. 54,080 3,543,164 11,261 1,382,205 853,689 !l8,750,341 1918....... _. _..._ -.. 87,749 5,551.409 35,862 3,267,142 967,724 73,123,544 1919_.. . .- ... 137,678 8,892,046 40,065 3,882,500 1,090,235 87,752,843 1920.......... . ...... 158,041 12,904,662 30, 726 4,222,724 1, 214,951 132,022,767 1921......... . ....... 89,120 6,225,948 18,285 2,358,658 1,018,947 106,553,935 1922. .. ....... 113,200 7,000,081 25,650 2,508,325 1,366,815 106,260,078 11. -Paper Production in Canada, by Classes, calendar years 1921 and 1922. Classe!'. Total value. Newsprint Paper- In rolls.. .... . .. .. . . . . In sheets.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hanging or wall paper. . . . . . . Poster paper....... Total Newsprint. Book and \\"ritinJ( Paper - Boo;ç" wood fibre chief ingredient........... Book, rags ehief ingredient. . . . . . . . . . . Cover...... . . . . . . '" . . .......... ........ Plat!', map, lithograph, etc.. ....... .. . Cardboard, bristol board, etc..... .... Coated paper... .... Writing pnper. " _.. _. All ot h!'r fi ne paper.. . __ . Total Book.......... \\rappinJ! P"per- Manilla (rope, jute, tag, etc.).. . .. ... .... ... Hea vy \HapDing (mill wrappers). ..... .. . Straw \1. rapping. ................ .. Bogus or wood manilla. . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . I\:raft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . _ All other \1. rapping. Total Wrapping...... Boards - Wood-pulp board... . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . Rtrawboard.. . . . . . . . . . Chipboard........ ..... Kewsboard... " Testboard.... ........... _..... . _..' .. Trunk, leather, binder's and pressboard..... Wallboard... .. .. ............... All other boards............. Total Boards....... " . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921. Tons of 2,000Ibs. 662,839 129,201 12,955 119 805,114 23,730 154 219 26 1,644 6,904 17 ,893 2,960 53,530 2,505 9,988 160 12,959 20,246 7,040 52,898 39,891 4,397 17,104 3,434 6,058 841 1,261 16,134 89,120 Quantity. 1922. Tons of 2,OOOlbs. 1,056,995 18, bOO 5,597 172 1,081,364 31,621> 160 4,730 1,906 7,940 15,5-13 2,903 64,808 3,300 22,792 160 9,027 38,6t5 7,869 81,793 60,210 5,413 19,492 362 5,587 3,858 988 17,290 113, 200 1921. S 65,309,772 12,066,316 1,388,708 19,802 i8,784,598 4, 4!J.t, 7!Jl a2,340 59,166 5,134 311,103 1,78.'>,998 5,256,499 '605,489 12,5.'jO,520 574,198 523,323 16,000 1,320,143 3,170,409 980,138 6,634,211 2,556,315 271,115 1,047,348 315,783 527,333 89,772 100,880 1,317,402 6,225,948 1922. S 74,068, li8 1,422,805 449,524 30,820 75,971,327 5,044,605 41,070 803,150 326, a55 1,702,433 4,141,5:m 501,352 12,560,504 480,1ì6.t 1,203,450 3,200 1,072,556 4,450,605 1,009,166 8,219,841 3,500,479 318,784 1,089,040 20,6% 306,19:1 487, 133 29,167 1,248,600 7,000,081 336 PRODUCTION 11.-Paprr Production In ('anada, b)- Classes, ('arendar )Oears 1921 aod 1922-concluded. Quantity. Total value. Cla."'sel.'. 1921. 1922. 1921. 1 !72!. Tons of Tons of $ S Other Papt'r- 2,000 IbB. 2,000 IbB. Tis/me........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,018 2,327 319,653 50-l,IS8 Toilet....... . . .. ..0. . . , . . 0 . . . . . 0 . : : : : : :: : : : 2.861 3,431 912,745 &50.136 Blottmg. . 0 . . ., 0 . . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . . . 0 0 . . 0 . . . 0 . . . 0 - - - - Building. roofing and Rheathin .o 0 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 . 14,406 19,892 1,126,260 1.353,553 Asbestos paPE'r. 0 0 0.00. 0 0 0.0..00000000.0..0 . - - - - Pure vegetable parchment. ....0........ 0 0 O. - - - - Miscellaneous paper 0 0 . 0 _ . . . . 0 . . - - - - Total Other Paper 0 0 .. .. .. 0 0 . . 0 . 0 . 18,285 25,650 2.358,658 2,508,325 Total Spedfted Paper. 0..0..... 0 1. 018. 9,n 1,366.815 106,553,935 106.260.'78 Unspecified Products...... . . . . ., . . . . ... ...... - - 335,857 825, ð88 Total All Products.............. - - IOG,1i1/9, .92 107.085,7" During 1922 there were 28 combined pulp and paper mills and 33 mills making paper only. These ß1 establishments produced 1,366,815 tons of paper, together with certain miscellaneous pulp products, with a total value of $107,085,76ð, an increase of 34.1 poco in quantity over 1921. Kewsprint paper forms annually about 80 p.c. of the paper production in Canada. In 1922 this class of paper amount- ed to 1,081,364 tons, valued at $75,971,327, an increase of 34.4 p.c. over 1921. While the manufacture of pulp and the manufacture of paper are properly two distinct industries, the existence of combined pulp and paper miUs makes it im- possible to separate many of their statistics. There were altogether 104 mills of all clas!'es in operation in 1922, as compared with 100 in 1921. The total net v:alue of production, which reached $236,420,176 in 1920, fell to $151,003,165 during the reconstruction period in 1921. The tal of $155,785,388 for 1922 shows a tendency toward the normal progress of t his industry. The total number of employees on salaries and wages in 1922 was 25,830 and their total payroll 832,918,955. The capital invested in the industry increased from $379,812,751 in 1921 to $381,006,324 in 1922. The total cut of pulpwood in Canada in 1922 was 3,923,940 cords, valued at 850,735,361, and of thi!' total, 7402 poco wa used in Canadian pulp mills, the remaining 2508 p.c. or 1,011,332 cords, valued at $10,359,762, being exported unmanufactured to the l)nited States. In 1921 th(' total cut was 3,273,131 cords, of which 67 poco was consumed in Canada and 33 p.e. exported. No pulpwood is imported into Canada. The exports of pulp during the calendar year 1922 were 818,247 tons, valued at $41,037,849, as compared with 527,2 2 tons,. valued at $33,133,675, for 1921. Imports of pulp during the same periods were 17,300 tons at $1,008,527 for 1922 and 17,354 tons at 51,683,041 for 1921. E)>,.-porb of new print paper \\ cre 959,514 tons at $68,362,817 for 1922 and 709,241 tons at $ü9,786,317 for 1921. Details of the external trade in these commodities are given in Tables 12, 13, 14 and 15 for the calendar year 1922. The United States market absorbs annually about four-fIfths of Canada'l!I pulp and paper shipments, and the remaining portion goes to the ITnited Kingdom and widely distributed overseas markets. Two-thirds of the newsprint paper con- sumed in the United States is either of Canadian manufacture or is made (rom wood or wood pulp imported from Canada. EXPORTS OF PULP AND PAPER 337 12.-Exports of Wood-Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922. Kinds of pulp and countries to which exported. Quantity. Value. Average value per ton. Total wood -pulp exported...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . - . . . l\Iechanical pulp....... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . - . . . Sulphite fibre, bleached......................................... Sulphite fihre, unbleached........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Sulphate (KraIt) fibre........... .............. ................. 'To the Cnlted States..... Iechanical pulp............. .. SulphitE' fibre, bleached....... . . .. . .. .. . Sulphite fibrE', unbleached........ . ....... Sulphate (KraIt) fi bre. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 'To the Unltrd Kingdom................ ................. ........ l\lechanical pulp. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphite fihre, bleached....... -.. -......... .... .......... . ...... Sulphite fibre, unbleached....... --......................... ..... To France............. .......... ....,. ...... .......-............. l\fe<'hanical pulp. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. - - - - . . . Sulphite fibre, unbleached.................. ................ .. .. -To Japan... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphite fihre, blea('hed...... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Sulphite fibre, unbleached..... -. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . To other Countries................... - -. -..................... l\lechanical pulp........................... -........ -............ Sulphite fi bre, bleached...... .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. - -- -- .. . . Sulphite fihre. unbleached................................... -... Tons. S 818,2-17 41,037,8-19 314.770 9.400.083 146, i05 11,993,202 208, -146 10,477,746 148,336 9,166,818 610,3U 33,OS3,301 188,810 5.536,518 138,691 11,426,232 134,477 6,953.733 148,336 9.166,818 137,2.1 4,9-12,600 93,974 3,000,492 52 4,477 43,185 1,937,631 3,957 152,821 1,943 58,651 2,014 94,170 22,3-19 1,383,606 7,761 5-1.2,003 H,588 841,603 4-1,426 1,475,521 30,043 804,422 201 20,490 If,182 650. 609 S 50.15 29.86 81.75 50.27 61.80 5f.21 29.32 82.39 51.71 61.80 36.02 31.93 86.10 44.87 38.62 30.19 46.76 61.91 69.84 57.69 33.21 26.78 101.94 45.88 13.-Imports of Wood-Pulp, by Countries, calendar year 1922. Kinds of pulp and countries from which imported. Total wood-pulp imported 1 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . From the United States.......................................... . Sulphite fi bre, blE'ached....... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Sulphite fibre, unbleached..._ .. ........... ........ ....... .... Soda fibre..... . . .................... .... -.................... . All other wood-pulp..... .. .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. - - .. -........... Quantity. Tons. 17,300 17,299 184 15,390 1, 451 274 Value. Average value per ton. S l,OC8,527 1,007,988 14,593 863,319 106,614 23,462 S 58.30 58.27 79.31 56.10 73.48 85.63 IThe total includes a small quantity of unspecified pulp, valued at $539, imported from the United Kingdom. l-I.-Etports of Paper. by Principal Countries, calendar )'ear 1922. Description. NE'wsprint........... tons Wrapping, Kraft..... " "rapping, n.o.p. a 0.. . " ""'a te pap r. ......... " Book pap r.. q . - - . . . " Bond paper. _ . . . . " Hanging paper... ... rolls Roofing paper, value,pnl y nal!;s............. Boards. . . . . . . . . . . " All other paper and paper good:l .. United States. United Kingdom. Australasia. Quan- tity. All Countrie"l. Value. Quan- tity. Value. s S 45,423 3,471,880 959.511 68,362,817 4,640 656,059 18,280 2,740,049 1 155 329 40,337 - - 14.530 291,192 1,501 210,115 1,584 225,710 337 66,909 611 132,980 752,184 13C.643 1,565,083 251,470 - 24,89 - 223,8!J3 - 3,39fì - 75,432 - 78,345 - 2,328,829 - 21.118 - 153,184 Total paper and paper goods.... --------- - 4,663,512 - 74,825,893 Qunn- tity. Quan- tity. Value. 62373-22 Value. S 887,831 62,860,142 2,181 226,447 197 10,914 14,453 289.410 3 364 29 6.181 46,295 10,511 - 127,128 - 9.040 - 1,425,876 - 34,319 S 13, 821 981. 3C8 6,902 1.121. 955 27 9,294 56 68 375,224 9,786 17, 796 62,657 3,982 8.225 635,122 36,757 - 65 ,000 ,332 - 2 ,886 ,882 338 PRODUCT/OX IS.-Imports of Paper b) Principal Countries. calendar year 1922. All countries. enited States. 'Lnited Kingdom. Other countne3. Description. Quan- Value. Quan- Value. Quan- Value. Quan- Value. tity. tity. tity. tity. - - - - - - - S S S S Ke\\"8print...... ..... tons 3,3 499,603 2,740 406,545 571 90.527 18 2,531 "rapping, Kraft.... . " 363 51,178 257 39,171 41 4,588 65 7,419 WrappillR;, n.o.p..... " 3,250 377,473 3,022 337.300 136 29.!JfìO 92 10,213 Book, coated........ " 76 24,650 54 18.776 15 4,169 7 1,705 Bond and ledger. .... . " 530 133,851 386 101,568 143 32. 0 6 1 257 Hanging. . . .. . . . . . . .. rolls 1,747, 95 342,191 1,633,228 296. 13R 75,628 36.524 38,439 9,529 RoofinQ;, value only. . . . . . - 368,366 - 367, 692 - 644 - 30 All other paper and paper goods, value only........ - 6,497,782 - 5,491,897 - 621.540 - 384,345 - - - - - - - - Total papn and paper oods.... . - 8,295,09-1 - 7, 059. OS7 - Rt9,97 - -ltG, n29 4.-0ther ""ood-l'sing Industries. Saw-mills and pulp mills are the two mo!'t important agC'Dts of secondary pro- duction among forest industries. They draw their supplies of raw material direct from the forest in the form of logs and pulpwood and produce sawn lumber, saw-miJI by-products, pulp and paper. There are aka a number of important industries which use these products as raw material for further manufacture. Some of them produce commodities made entirely of wood, others manufacture articles in which wood is the most important component, others prcduce articks in which woed is necessary but forms only a small proportion of the value. There are, in addition, a number of industries which use wood indirect]y in the manufacture of articlps which do not contain wood as a component part. The first group includes the manufacture of paper products; sash, doors and other millwork and planing mill products; boxes, baskets, cooperage and other containcrs; canoes, boats and small vessels; kitchen, baker's and dairy woodenware; wooden pump!', piping, tanks and 8ilos; spools, handles, dowels and turnery. The second group includes the manufacture of furni- ture, vehic]es and vehiele supplies, coffins and caskets, etc. The third group where wood has a secondary importance includes the manu- facture of ngricultural implements, railway rolling stock, musical instruments, sporting goods, brooms and brushes, etc. The fourth group could he said to include practically every form of industrial activity, 3S few, if any, of the::.e are entirely independent of the use of wood directly or indirectly. The first two groups, wherein wood, wood pulp or papcr is the chief or only component, were repre!'ented in Canada in 1921 by 3,926 estabJishments in which 8200,375,114 was invested. These indu"trie!' employed 56,311 workers whose salaries and wages amountcd to S70,183,ÙI'>1. They u:-;eù raw materials valued at $ 9,337,260 in the manufacture of commodities valued at .3219,222,379. 5.-Total Annual Forest Utilization. Table 16 gives the valups of certain cla!'ses of forest production of both primary and secondary nature. This table is repeated as in previous is"ues of the Year Book for comparison only. Tahle 17 gives the total value of primary and secondary forest production for 1920 and Ht!1. The firl't total includes primary production only, while the net figures in elude the value adùed by manufacturing logs and pulp- AXXUAL FOREST PRODUCT/OX 339 wood into sawn lumber, pulp and other saw-mill and pulp mill products. The figures for 1920 include data from the decennial census covering materials cut on farms, which data are not collected annually. As the estimated increase in population from 1920 to 1921 was only about 2 p.c., it was assumed that this woodlot produc- tion would be practically unchanged and the same figures are therefore included in making up the 1921 totals. 16.-Summary Statistics of Forest Products, 1917 to 1921. Items. Lumber, lath and shingles..... Firewood. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulpwood... ... ........... ... Cross-ties....... __............. Sq uare tim her exported.. .. _. Cooperage .................... Poles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logs exported................. Tannin/!: materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . Round minIng timber. . . . . .. . . . Miscel1aneous exports.......... :Miscellaneous products..... _... Total. .. . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . lEstimates, subject to revision. 1917. $ 93,1114,330 27,500.000 26,739,905 9,500.000 1,325,192 1,703,977 600.000 824,155 150,000 195,000 11,426,945 173,879,fiOI 1918. 1 113,254,684 26, 5eO, 000 37,886,259 9.369,520 1,402,871 1,496,205 613,COO 510,202 680,000 211,292 17,707,254 209 ,631 ,287 1919. 1 137,7U,036 25,000,000 41,941,267 9,446.182 1,933,216 1,392,365 1,506,058 5,335,257 221,268,381 1920. 1 188,116,025 37,436,000 61,183,060 ]3,405,473 1. 899,444 812,758 655.467 1,836,315 41,188 7,297,779 312 ,683 ,509 1921. $ 97,363,802 37,436,000 1 52,900,872 13,302,956 1,699,530 905, 810 655,467 1 2,117,097 15,346 11,873,889 1 218,270,7691 17.-Total "ahles of Primary and Secondary Forest Production, 1920 and 19 1. Items. Firewood.... _... ........................................... .. ........... Cross-ties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poles................... ..........................._..................... Po:-,ts.. Rails..:::::::::::::::::::::::::::': ::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::: Square timber exported... _ _ .'\. _ _.. Logs exported. _...... _... ........................... . ..._..... __. Pulpwood exportpd..................... ............ ...... .......... g: n: : : : 8t.8......... :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Logs, etc. for saw-mills... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulpwood u!'ed in pulr, mills................................................ Total Primar)' Produrts.... _. _ _ . Net Saw-mill Products 2 ................................. ................... Net Pulp mill Products 2 ................................................. ... Nrt Total 1920. 1921. $ 1 37,436,000 37,436,000 1 13,405,4ï3 13.302,956 655,467 655,467 1 1,396,751 1,396, i51 1 450,403 450,403 1 1,899,444 1,699.530 1. 836, 315 2,117,097 15,778,171 14.617,610 2,134,219 2,134,219 1 41,188 15,346 91,527,134 46.513,623 45,404,889 38,283,262 211,96;;,451 I,'}S. 622, 26t 100,718,055 59, 6t8, 505 96,147,973 40, C55. 016 408,831.482 258.325,785 IF."timates, sù!,ject to rpvision. 2The gross tot'11.", including the value of raw materials were,-sa\\-mills, 192C, 5192,245,189; 1921, 1106,162,128; pulp mIllf', 1920, $141,552,862; 1921, $78,338,278. The quantity of material corresponding to the value of primary forest produc- tion is measured in a numbcr of different units, all of which can be roughly converted into cubic feet. The total has becn estimated at apprm..imatcly 2,600,000,000 cubic feet per annum. ()23i3-221 340 PRODUCT/OK 7.-Forest Depletion and Increment. Fire Losses.-No accurate summing up of damage due to forest fires has ever been made for Canada, but it is quite certain that more than half of our original forest wealth has been destroyed by fire and that more timber has been so destroyed in recent years than has fallen to the axe. The historic 1\Iiramichi fire, in lR25, burned along the valley of the Miramichi river in New Brun wi('k, and on a bC'lt 80 miles long and 25 miles wide almost .every living thing was killed. One hundred and si ty people pC'rishpd, a thousand betld of stock were killed, and a number of towns, including Newcastle, Chatham and Douglastown were destroyed. The damage to the forest was not even estimated. Damage to at her property was placed at $300,000. During more recent times, a series of disa"trous fires swept over Northern Ontario. A number of isolated fires around the mining can p of Porcupine culminated on July 11, 1911, in a conflagration which resulted in the Joss of 72 lives and property damage estimated at $3,000,000. In 1916, fires in the same general region were responsible for the lives of at least 224 pC'ople, the exact number never having been detC'rmined. During 1922, a third fire, covering in part the area:,; burned over by the previous fires, destroyed the town of Haileybury and other centres and caused 40 deaths. In 1908, a fire originating in the forest around Fernie, British Columbia, destroyed that city, causpd 25 deaths, rendered 6,000 people homeless and damaged property to the estimated extent of $5,000,000. These are a few of the oubtanding historical disasters. Every year thousands of acres are covC'red by fires of Jess indiv- idual importance but which in thp aggregate are rapidly depleting our forest resources. During the last five years 72 ,250 acres of merchantable timber have been burned over annually. At the low estimate of 5,000 feet board measure per acre, the amount of timber destroyed annually would be 3,616,250,000 feet board measure. In B.ddition there v.!ere over 800,000 acres of young growth and 500,000 acres of cut- over land burned over, on which the increment of perhaps 30 years, on the average. was destroyed. . Speaking generally, there are two annual periods in Canada when the forest fire hazard is highest; iIi the spring. after the disappearance of the snow, when the forest floor is dry and the green underbrush has not yet developC'd and again in the fall when the green growth is dead and the ground is covered with dry leaves. StatiRtics collected by the different go"Vernment administrations and the Quebec Protective Associations I'how that over 95 p.c. of the fires of known origin arc due to human carelessness and therefore preventable. Campers, settlers .and railways are responsible for most of the fires whose origin is determined. Other causes, including lumbering operations and incendiarism, account for smaller proportions, and only a few are attributed to lightning. I.osses through Insects and Fungi.-During the last ten years the prucc budworm has caused tremendous damage to the spruce and balsam fir forC'sts in eastern Canada. In Quebec, it is estimated that 100 million cords of pulpwood have been destroyed by this insect, and in :Kew Brunswick the loss is placcd at II) million cord..;. Even though the active stage of the infestation is practically over, large amounts of timber continue to die every year as a result of previous defoliation. Other inse(.ts, though not as dest ructive as this one, entail a heavy dmin on the forest. Though the attacks of fungi arc more insidious, the ]oðs caused by the various forms of rot and other fungous diseases ü, probably not less than that caused by insects under normal conditions. The butt rot in hal<;am fir is especially pre- valent, and the value of the hardwoods a'so is greatly decrea ed on account of rot. THE FUR TRADE 341 Poplar and white birch seldom reach over 10 inches in diameter without considerable- decay, and, since these species form such a large proportion of the young growth, the loss, though it has never been computed, must be very great. Summary of Losses and Increment.-The annual consumption of st:mding timber for use amounts to about 2,600,000,000 cubic feet. At a very low estimate, fires destroy annually about 800,000,000 cubic feet of merchantable timber and the young growth on 1,300,000 acres. During the last ten years, the destruction occasioned by the spruce bud-worm has averaged 1,345,000,000 cubic feet per annum, besides the injury from bark-beetles and other insects. The loss due to fungi and windfall is not known but is undoubtedly large. It may be safely estim- ated that the forests of Canada are being depleted at the rate of upwards of 5,500,000,000 cubic feet per annum. With about 475,000,000 acres of potential forest land, an average annual increment of 11.5 cubic feet per acre would cover this depletion, but in view of the destruction of young growth which occurs and the deterioration of the forests and of the soil, caused by repeated fires, there is little hope that this increment is being produced at the present time throughout Canada, although individual areas are producing greatly in excess of this quantity. IV.-THE FUR TRADE. Historical Sketch.- The place which the fur trade held during the French régime in Canada, when for a century and a half it was at once the mainspring of discovery and development and the curse of settled industry, is familiar historyr Later, the Hudson's Bay Company may be said with truth to have held the West until the Dominion had grown to absorb it, bequeathing to the civilization which came after, a native race accustomed to the white man and an example of organiz- ation and discipline that was of lasting influence. The salient facts in the story are as follows: From the earliest times the Basque and Breton fishermen upon thE "banks'" had traded for furs. As the French Court demanded more and more furs, adven- turers came for the latter trade exclusively. Pont-Gravé and Chauvin built TadoussaC' in 1599 as a centre for this trade with the Indians of the Saguenay, and when trade routes were discovered further inland, the founding of Quebec and Montreal foJIow- 00. The French Government from the first granted monopolies of the fur trade, always on the condition that the company should bring to Canada a stated number of settlers. But settlement and the fur trade could never go together-settlement by driving fur-bearing animals farther afield made trading increasingly expensive, and the great profits of the fur trade, together with its freedom and romance, took aJI the adventurous from the rational pursuits of a settler. Trade spread west and south by the river routes, convoys bringing the furs yearly to Montreal and Quebec. The de Caen Company, in the seventeenth centul"), sent yearly to France from 15,000 to 20,000 peJts. h Beaver" was made the Canadian currency. In the meantime, English navigators had been seeking a Northwest Passage to the Orient. By 1632 their efforts came to an end with little practical result. Hudson bay, however, had been accurately charted., so that when the first English fur-trading ships came some thirty years later, they sailed by charted routes to a safe harbour. The first expedition came at the instigation of Radisson and Groseil- liers, two French coureurs de bois who had travelled in the rich fur country north of lake Superior, They had sought aid in France, but being repulsed turned to England. The charter of the" Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay " was obtained in 1670 by Prince Rupert, who became first governor of the 342 PRODUCT/OX company (whence the name Rupert's Land). In 1676, merchandi"e costing !650 was sent to the bay and the furs got by barter sold in England for !19,500. The dividend on the stock of !1O,500 was sometimes as high as 100 per cent, During the struggle with the French, beginning about 1685, no return was made, but with the EnglÜ:h victory, the company resumed payments, usually amounting to 20 per cent per annum. Forts were built on Hudson bay and James bay at the mouths of rivers; the company, as monopolist, waited for the furs to be brought to its posts. \Yith thc Seven Years' " ar, the fur trade from the I'outh passed out of the hands of the French, and until 1771 the English werc busy rroiscovering the old Frcnch routes to the 'Vcst. A period of open competition foHowed. The dis- covercr of a new fur district was soon {('Bowed by compctitors who undcrsold him and were undersold by him until some or all were ruined and left for new fields. C C The goods were bartered away for a consideration below their values . . . . . the Indians were corrupted and the English charactcr was brought into contempt." At length, the competitors would join thcir intcrcst8. Such a concern was the 1\orthwest Company, founded in 1783-1, with a stock divided into 16 shares. 1\0 capital was deposited, but each party supplicù a proportion of the articles needpd for trade. The Northwest Company pursued a vigorous policy, founding posts to control all the best fur districts. The Hudson's Bay Company felt the kecnness of the competition, and was forceù to abandon its ancient policy of waiting for furs to be brought to the bay. By 1816, the rivals had absorbed or ruined eleven other partnerships, and were themselves on the verge of ruin. FinaHy. in 1821, the two were joined undcr the name of the older company. The Northwest Company brought with it the control of the Pacific and Arctic watersheds, to be addld to the lands draining into Hudson bay, and over the whole region the Hudson's Bay Company spcured legal recognition of its monopoly of the fur trade. Thcre followed forty years of great prosperity. The company's rights of exclusive trading in Indian territory expired in 1859 and ten years later it surrender- ed its other privileges. In return, Canada granted .f:300,ObO to the Company, as ,,"ell as lands about its trading posts, and one-twentieth of the land in the fertile belt between the North Saskatchewan river and the 'Cnited States boundary. The Hud::>on's Bay Company thereupon became a trading company, with no extra- ordinary privileges. The Modern Industry.-Great changes have come over the trade in recent years. The railway has revolutionized conditions wherever its influence reaches. Steamboats now ply the larger lakes and rivers. Rising values have led to new processes of treatment and to the utilization of products onf'C rcjected. The musk- rat has ousted the beaver from the première place (muskrat -1,707,043 in 1921-22; beaver $4,266,767). Competition has been encouraged, and new territory cagerly Bought as in the days prior to 1821. The modern opposition, though it ranges throughout Canada, has centred at Edmonton, on the edge of the grcat preserve. 'Yinnipeg is now the chief coHecting and distributing point of the Hudson's Bay Company, though Moose Factory is visited once a year, as formerly, by a vessel from London. Montreal collects the furs of the OTtawa valley and the Quebec hinterland, and receives the bulk of the supplies. During the Grcat 'Yar, the important market changed from London to the United States, as is shown in the figures for the war years. Of the $5,100,000 worth of undressed furs exported to England and the United States in 1914. England received $3,000,000; in 1919, out of $13,300,000 worth, only $3,700,000 CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE 343 went to England. At the close of the war, Montreal took a position as an inter- national fur market, holding the first Canadian fur auction sales in 1920, when 949,565 pelts, valued at 55,057,114, were disposed of. Auction sales have also been held at 'Winnipeg and Fdmonton. The Canadian fur market is now firmly established and sales are held two or three times a year. Improved methods of capture, together with the advance of lumbering, mining and agricultural settlement, have driven fur-bearing animals farther and farther afield. Close seasons have been declared for Russian sable and Bolivian chinchilla and Canadian beaver, but even this has been insufficient, as is shown by a continued decrease of the numbers of the animals. The fur trade has taken other methods to supply the demand by renaming common and despised furs and by encouraging the use of the furs of domestic animals. About forty years ago, Persian lamb, astrachan and broadtail, the product of the Karakul sheep, came into general use. Several Karakul sheep farms are now established in Canada, the largest of which is situated in Alberta. Of fur-bearing wild animals in Canada, the fox has proved the most suited for domestication. The succes!"ful breeding of the fox on fur farms came in the period of rising prices after 1890 with the introduction of woven wire fencing. Other animals have been domesticated, though less successfully than the fox-raccoon, mink, marten, skunk, muskrat and beaver. For a review of the fur farming industry of Canada see pages 270 to 2ï1. Conservation.-The conservation of the wild life of Canada has been made a spe ial object of government policy through the organization, in 1916, of the Advisory Board on "\Yild Life Protection, to co-ordinate the efforts of various departments and branches of the Dominion government in matters relating to the conservation of the wild life resources of Canada. The Northwest Game Act and the Migratory Birds Convention Act are the most important subjects to which the attention of the Board is specially directed and upon which it makes recommendations. In addition, the Board investigates and studies all problems relating to the protection and better utilizaÌ'Ìon of all fur-bearing animals, "big game" mammals and to bird life whether game birds, insectivorous birds or other. The Board serves entirely without remuneration and in the seven years of its exist- ence it has incurred no expenditure. In aU provinces and territories of the Dominion, regulations governing the taking of fur-bearing animals are in force, and most kinds are protected during certain seasons of the year. In cases where special protection is necessary to avoid extermination of the species, the killing of the animals is prohibited for a period of years. Licenses are required to trade or traffic in furs and monthly and annual returns are made by the traders to the provincial authorities. Some of the prov- inces also impose a royalty on furs and require that all pelts must be stamped by a game guardian or other provincial officer. Commencing with 1881, records of the value of production of raw furs in Canada were obtained in the decennial censuses. In 1880, the value of pelts is shown to have been $987,555, and in 1910, to have been $1,927,550. In 1920, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics commenced the annual coUection of returns from fur traders, and for the season 1919-20, the value of pelts purchased from trappers and fur farmers is shown to have been $21,387,005. This figure should not be taken as representative of the value of an average year's production, as abnormally high prices were paid for pelts during the early part of the season. Present Production.-For 1920-21, the total fur production of Canada was valued at $10,151,594, and for 1921-22, at $17,438,867. For the calendar years 344 PRODUCTIO.v 1920 and HJ21, the value of the pelts sold from fur farms was $388,335 and $626,- 900 1 ; in both years the large item in the production was silver fox, which, being more valuable as well as more tractable, is most successfully bred. Statistics of the number and value of pelts produced are given by provinces in Table 1 for the years 1920-21 and 1921-22, while the number and value of pelts in 1921-22, and the average value per pelt in 1920-21 and 1921-22. are given by kinds in Table 2. 1.-:Kumbers and Valu('s of Pelts Purchased by Trad('rs from Trappers and Fur .'armers. ) ears ended June 31>>.1921 and 1922. Provinces. Prince Edward Island........................... "" Nova Scotia. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Brunswick...................................... Quebec.............................................. . Ontario.. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .. . . . . . Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alberta......... ..................................... British Columbia.............. -. -.................. yukon.............. .......... .................. ..... Northwest Territories....... .............. ........... Total for Canada...... .,. .............. Number of Pelt!\. 1920-21. 1921-22. 5,678 53.051 32. 858 37-1.167 739, 113 505,177 341. 839 539.832 120,499 16.125 208.068 2.936,40ì 7.167 52,472 52,214 402.799 1.101.556 643, 299 798.066 682.266 283,867 69.796 273, 288 1,366,790 Value of Pelts. 1920-21. 1921-22. S S 256,137 448,786 112,948 188.887 72.500 162.421 2.061,853 3.326,626 3,048.815 4.959,492 1.055.865 1.690.278 717 ,149 1,679. 81Z 1.087.164 1,377,139 507.134 1.568,009 78.189 203,402 1.153.840 1.834.01á 10,151,594 n.43S,b61 2.-Klnd. Kumber. Total Value and .\H'rage Value of Pelts of Fur-bearin Animals taken in Canada. ) ear ended JUDe 31.1922. "ith comparathe a.erage ,alues for the ) ear ended June 30.1921. Kind. Number of Total value pelts. of pelts. Badger.......... ..................... ... .... ....... Bear. black.. ..:...... ...... .................... -- .. Bear. brown........ .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Bear, grizzly......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bear. white.......................................... Bear. unspecified.... . . . . " . . . . .. . . .... .. . .. ......... Beaver....... .. ., . . . . '. ... . ..... . . . . . '" .' .. ....... . . Coyote............ ......,.................... ........ Ermine (weasel).............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fi"her or pekan............ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . " . Fox. cross...,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... Fox. red. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fox, sil ver.. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Fox. blue........ .......... ........................... Fox. white...... .............. ....................... Fox. other......... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lynx................................................. Marten or Bable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }'link. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Muskrat......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Otter. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . Rabbit.............................................. . Raccoon............................................ . Skunk.. . .. . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Sq uirrel. black........... . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Squirrel, grey............................. .. ..... Squirrel. red....................... _...... ......... \\'ild cat. .. .. __ . .' . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... Wolf.. . .. ............ ....... __....................... ". 01 verine or carcajou...... .......................... Caribou...... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... . . Deer......................... ....................... Elk................................................. . Moose................... ,............................ Panther...... ...... ...................... ............ Civet cat........... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . House cat..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total for Canada......... ....... . ..... .. 1.777 8,432 738 115 378 341 232.134 30,551 450,372 5.689 5,759 38,024 4.979 155 40.927 214 11.673 58,989 205,324 3.060,526 13.689 1,334 35.229 133,342 15 64 79 3.583 9.451 1.143 4 9.363 8 1,838 40 111 400 4,366.790 S 1,844 90,171 6.769 1.882 6.918 4.092 4.266,767 277.338 248.469 424.688 289,651 473.978 734,002 10.978 1,625,017 1.311 237,925 1,216.229 1,848,856 4.707,043 373.153 200 129.742 312,130 19 11 6 14.922 96.146 20,05!J 8 12,947 20 li,249 195 32 100 17,<<38,867 Average Average value per value per pelt pelt 1921-22. 1920-21. S ct8. S 1 04 096 10 81 12 52 '9 17 979 16 36 22 16 1830 246Z 1200 - ]838 1631 907 640 052 049 74 45 5886 50 30 51 09 1246 11 61 147 42 151 99 7082 7675 39 70 34 62 6 12 << 22 2038 2309 2062 22 87 900 823 154 1 24 2726 2402 o 15 022 3 71 30á 23á 1 73 1 27 100 o 17 - 007 006 4 16 382 10 17 950 17 54 1390 200 710 138 1 51 250 2 li6 285 3 88 4f!l 523 028 022 025 026 - - I For detailR of production of fur farms in Canada. see Bubsection under that heading in the section on Agricultural Production. FISHERIES 345 Exports.- Though the bison is nearly gone and the beaver and the martell are slowly foJ1owing, the fur trade of Canada is in no immediate danger of extinction. A century ago, the value of the export trade in furs exceeded that of any other product. This has been greatly changed, yet the total output is not declining, nd Canada may still be described as the last great fur preserve of the world. In 1667, exports of furs to France and the ,\\T est Indies were valued at 550,000 francs. In 1850, the first year for which trade tables of the Customs Department are avail- able, the value of raw furs exported was .f:19,395; in 1920, the value was $20,617,291, and in 1921, $11,711,981. Furs, dressed and undressed, to the value of $14,836,350, were exported in the fiscal year 1922, the British market absorbing $4,266,688 worth and the United States most of the rest. Canadian manufactures of furs and the home consumption are annually increasing with the growth of wealth and population. The area which will continue to furnish the historic peltries when settlpment has planted its furthest outpo.st will still have to be reckoned by the hundreds of thousands of square miles. V.-FISHERIES. 1.- The Early Fisheries. Fishing is one of the ear1iest and most historic industries of Canada. From a date which precedes authentic record, the Normans, the Bretons and the Basques were on the cod-banks of Newfoundland. Cabot, in 1498, when he first sighted the mainland of North America, gave it the name of "Bacalaos," the Basque word for codfish, which he found already in use among those hardy seamen. Cape Breton, one of the oldest place-names in America, is another memorial of the early French fishermen,-and the Spaniards and the Portuguese were but little behind. Fernandez de Navarrete mentions all three as frequenters of the It Grand Bank" before 1502. The fishing was by hand lines over barrels made fast to the bulwarks to prevent fouling, the vessels remaining during fine weather, then returning to France with from 30,000 to 50,000 cod. Voyages along the coast soon showed the cod as plentiful inshore as on the outer banks, and it bpcame common for a crew to anchor in a bay, erect a hut on shore, and make daily excur- sions to the fishing grounds-the product being salted and dried on land and at the end of the season shipped to France. Jacques Cartier, when he went up the St. Lawrence in 1534, found traces everywhere of these early" Captains Courageous" and of their rivalries in arms no less than in the capture of the teeming product which had tempted them so far from home. An establishment of the kind just mentioned was founded at Tadoussac by Chauvin in 1599. Soon the fishermen began to stay aU winter and thus to erect permanent fishing settlements. Fishing, therefore, may well be regarded as the first industry to be systematically prosecuted by Europeans in what is today the Canadian domain. It has never since ceased to yield a perennial harvest both to Europe and America. By the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Britain became the owner of Newfoundland and excluded France from fishing and drying fish on certain sections of the coast, but France retained the fisheries of Cape Breton and the gulf. The Seven Years war (1756-1763) put a stop to continuous fishing. At its close, the Robin family of Jersey came to Canada, and gradually acquired the former French fishing stations. Until the arrival of the Loyalists, all other fishing but cod was neglected. Inshore fisheries alone (including those of the Labrador coast) were developed during this phase; no deep-sea fishing vessel put out from Lunenburg, now the chief centr of the deep-sea fishery, until 1873. 346 PRODUCTIO.'''.,r 2.- The Canadian Fishing Grounds. The fishing ground", of the Dominion of Canada are perhaps the most extmsive in the world. On the Atlantic, from Grand Manan to Labrador, the coast line, not including the lesscr bays and indcntations, measures over 5,000 miles. The bay of Fundy, 8,000 square miles in extent, the gulf of St. La Tence, fully ten times that !'ize, and other oeean waters comprise not lc!'s than 200,000 square miles, or ovcr four-fifths of the area of the fishing grounds of the North Atlantic. In addition therc are on the Atlantic sea-board 15,000 squarc miles of in-shore waters controlled entirely by the Dominion. Large as are these areas, they represent only a part of the fishing grounds of Canada. Hudson bay, with a shore 6,000 miles in length, is greater in area than the Mediterranean sea; the Pacific coast of the Dominion measurcs 7,180 miles in length and is exccptionally well sheltcrcd; whilst throughout the interior is a series of lakes which togcther contain more than half of the fresh water on the planet, Canada's share of the Great Lakes alone amounting to ovcr 34,000 square miles, a total which of course does not include lake \\ïnnipeg (9,4-57 square miles), lake Manitoba, and others of even greatèr area. Still more important than the eÀtcnt of the Canadian fishing grounds is the quality of their product. It is an axiom among authorities that food fishes .improve in proportion to the purity and coldness of the watcrs in which they are taken. Judged by this standard, the Canadian cod, halibut, herring, mackerel, whitefish and salmon are the peer of any in the world. It is possible, therefore, to state that by far the most valuable fisheries of the wpstcrn hemisphere, if not of the globe, belong to Canada. It will be seen from the above that it is impossible to deal with the Canadian fisheries in the aggregate; they are those of a continent rather than of a country, and arc of corresponding diversity. Omitting the tremendous Hudson bay and peri-Arctic region, wlúch extcnds from Lngava to Alaska and which is h.no n to contain a number of valuable food .tìshcries in addition to its whaling grounds, there are roughly the following divisions of the Canadian fisheries: Atlantic Fisheries.-These were the first Canadian fishericsin point of time and until 1918 they remained the most important for aggregate value of product. Cod, halibut, haddoek, hake, herring, mackerel, lobstcr, oyster, seal and white whale fisheries are included. The cstuarian and inland waters of the Maritime provinces and of Quebec are sometimcs considered as distinct; if they are added, the list of products would embrace the salmon, the shad, the ga::;pcrcau (alc" ife), the smelt, the striped bass, the tom eod, the trout and the maskinonge. Conditions are fairly uniform throughout these fisheries, which are commonly divided into the inshore and deep-sca fisheries. Of the former (which employs seven-eighths of the fishermen) those from one to five miles out are frequented by boats, usually motor driven, carrying from two to four men each, and those twelve to fifteen miles out by larger vessels carrying from four to seven men. The fish are largely taken \\ith gill nets, hand lincs and trawls. Haddock, as well as cod, is a staplc product; during the spring and sununer it is split and salted, but the important season comes with the autumn, when the fish are shipped fresh or else smoked and sold as finnan haddie. The deep-sea fu;heries are worked by ves::;els of Cram forty to one hundred tons, carrying from twelve to twenty men, operating with trawls Cram dories. Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, is the leading centre for the" bankers," with the Shel- burne district second. T\\ice a year the flcets set sail for the Grand Banks of Kewfoundland, touching the Canso Bank and other well known grounds as they go INLAXD FISHERIES 347 and return. The vessels, built by native hands, remain at sea sometimes for months at a time, and, in the hands of sailors who have no superior, seldom come to grief. 'Yhen they return, the fish are taken on shore, salted and dried by the men who caught them, and reshipped to large dealers at Halifax. The 'Vest Indies are the chief markets for this product: no cod fish in the world stands the tropical climate like that cured by Nova Scotia fishermen. Lobstering is another distinctive industry. In 1871, there was only one lobster cannery in New Brunswick, and one in Prin('e Edward Island; today the canneries number over 500 and give work to over 6,000 people; 60,000,000 lobsters is a normal catch. The difficulty of enforcing regulations as to the capture of undersized and spawning lobsters offers a constant problcm in connection with the output, but a decline is now thought to have been arrested. Oysters, once plentiful everywhcre, are now found in somewhat diminished quantities. The canning of sardines, which are young herrings and not a distinct type of fish, in ew Brunswick is second only to lobstering. The fishing population of the Maritime provinces is a specialized and stable industrial class. The coast-wise fisheries are operated from April to November, except in sheltered districts; and though the larger vessels work an winter, sevcral thousand men are available for a time each year for other employment. This they find about the small plots of land which the most of them own or occupy, in the lumber camps of New Brunswick, or in the collieries of Nova Scotia. A few from Lunenburg and other centres engage in the "rest Indian trade. Apart from restrictions of weather and close seasons, the prevailing method of paying the men on shares has a further tendency in years of low catches or prices to drive them into secondary occupations. In view of the various disabilities attaching to the industry, an Act()f the prov- inciallegi lature of Nova Scotia was pa sed in 1905, which provided for the organ- ization of fishermen's unions or " stations" throughout the province, in affiliation with a central body, to meet annually for the discussion of common problems such as transportation facilities, the cordage supply, prices, methods of catching and curing fish, etc. Several successful conventions have been held. III New Bruns- wick similar legislation has been enacted. The larger interests, it may be added, look to a future in which the present scattered hamlets of fisher-folk will be swept into a few large communities, centralizing their energies, as in England and Scot- land, at pons where facilities for landing the fish are greatest and market accom- modation most extensive. Inland Fisheries.-The Great Lakes and tributary waters of the St. Law- rence are a second great diviÛon of the Canadian fisheries. 'Vhitefish, trout, pickerel, and lake herring are the most important commercial fishes of Ontario, though pike, sturgeon and coarse fish yield a fair return. The Quebec inland fisheries are comparatively unimportant. The story of the Great Lakes fisheries is one of reckless early depletion and subsequent slow recovery from re tocking. Single hauls of 90,000 whitefish were once common; in the Detroit river the fish used to be driven into pens where they were captnred or died by the hundreds of thousands, and were used later as fPrtilizer. AU this reaped its reward in barren waters and a demoralized market. The season on the Great Lakes lasts from six to eight months, and though fishing through the ice is followpd by many, a large number depend on miscellaneous employment between the seasons. Moving westward, lake Winnipeg, lake Winnipegosis, lake Manitoba and the smaller lakes to the north and east furnish most of the fish products of Manitoba. Whitefish 348 PRODUCTIO and pickerel are the chief products, but pike, tullibee, goldeye and many other varieties abound. In Saskatchewan and Alberta, commercial fishing is confined to the reJ!;ions north of the Saskatchewan river, where whitefish in large quantities are taken. The problem of transportation is keenly felt; some of the greateFT lakes of the continent,-Reindeer, Athabaska, Great Slave, Great Bear-and hundreds of smaller bodies of water are still beyond reach from a marketing point of view. The lakes of the west, however, repeating the part which the St. Law- rence played in the days of the French régirne, and the cod banks in the history of New England, have assisted greatly in the settlement of the country by providing a much needed food supply for early arrivals. Pacific Fisheries.-In Briti:5h Columbia, there is an interior fi hing region which corresponds in The main to the prairie section; in the early history of the province it is doubtful if the fur trade (which opened the door by way of the Rocky Mountains to latu enterprise) could have established its footing but for these fisheries. The great wealth of British Cohunbia, however, in this respect,-the source from which Fhe produces approximately two-fifths of the fish products of Canada, and has built up a trade which reaches to the end-; of the earth-is the estuarian salmon fisheries of the Fraf:er , the Skeena, the Nass and other rivers of the Pacific slope. Every species of this king of food fishes known to the waters of the Pacific (which, however, is not the true salmon) is to be found in the British Columbia coast waters-the sockeye, the spring, the cohoe, the pink and the chum salmon. Of these the sockeye is by far the most important, owing to its abundance and to its prevailing deep red colour and excellent texture, which have created so keen a demand for it in the British market. On the Fraser river, which used to be the chief source of supply, but which has now yieJded place to the Skeena and northern waters, the yield varies from year to year, being greatest, as a rule, every fourth year. The run begins late in July and is at its height in the opening weeks of August, though the northern rivers have a Eomewhat earlier season. The spring or quinnat salmon is a much larger fish; it was the species first used in the United States for canning. The run begins early in the spring and continues until July. The cohoes are smaller, running like the sockeye in compact schools during September and October on the Fraser and earlier on the northern streams. The chum mlmon is salted for export to the Orient. The pink salmon again fo]]ows the sockeye. Many of tbe employees in this fishpry are Chinese, Japanese and Indians (of 7,552 B.C. licenses last year. 2,926 were issued to Orient- als), the Chinese prepondprating in the canneries and the Indians and Japanese in the fishing operations. Until recent years the other coastal fisheries of British Columbia were only slightly developed. Halibut abounds off Vancouver island and between the Queen Charlotte islands and the mainland, and though the first endeavor to establish an industry was unsuccessful, by 1903 British Columbia supplied 10,000,000 pounds of the 25,000,000 taken on the whole Pacific coast north of California. The former figure has since trebled. Similarly, the herring industry remained undeveloped until recently. There is also the whale fishery which has been organized in recent year with four stations, two on Vancouver island and two on the Queen Charlotte islands. In 1922 only one on Vancouver island and one on the Queen Charlotte islands were operated. The yearly catch of about 500 (187 in 1922) includes whales of many kinds----Eulphur bottom, finback, and humpback with an occasional sperm whale. Whale hunting is carried on in fast boats with Svcnd Foyn harpoon guns- a method which was introduced from Norway. Every scrap of the whale is used- THE GOVERNJIEJo.-T Al\-D THE FISHERIES 349 oil, whalebone and guano are its products, and to an increasing extent C C salted bpef. It Black cod, oulachon, smelts, pilchards, sturgeon, shad, sea-cucumber and bass are also abundant in British Columbia waters. A word might be added with regard to the Canadian seal fisheries of the Pacific whose historic headquarters were the city of Victoria. The industry has disappear- ed, in part through the s('arcity of the animals, and in part through the workings of the Pelagic sealing treaty of 1911. The hair-seal fleets of the north Atlantic make St. John's, Newfoundland, their headquarters; a few Canadian ves els, how- ever, clearing from Halifax, N.S., take fur seals off the Falkland islands. Game Fish.- The above is a purely iD.dustrial and commercial survey. Fishing for sport, however, has its economic side in a country of such famous game fish as the salmon of the Restigouche, the black bass of the Quebec and Ontario highlands, and the trout of the Nipigon. A considerable public revenue is derived from the leasing of waters in sparsely settled districts to clubs and individuals for sporting purposps. Several hundrcds of guides find employment here during the summer months. 3.- The Government and the Fisheries. rpon the organization of the Gave; nment at Confederation, the administra- tion of the Canadian fisheries and marine was plficed in the charge of a Depart- ment of the Dominion government which then exercised complete juriE:diction over the fisheries, under the supervision of a Cabinet Minister, with a large staff of inspectors, overseers and guardians to enforce the fishery la" s. The annual expendi- ture of the Dominion on the fisheries is now $1,343,136 and its revenue about $224,156. In 1882, 1898, 1913 and 1920, decisions in the f'ourts considerably altered the status of juri diction as between the Dominion and the provinces. To-day the Dominion controls the tidal fisheries of the Maritime provinces and British Columbia and the fisheries of the three Prairie provinces, together with the right of legislation for all fishpries. The non-tidal fisheries of the Maritime provinces and Ontario and both the tidal and non-tidal fisheries of Quebec are controlled by the respective provinces. Conservation.-River and lake fi:,;heries certainly, and sea fisheries probably, if left to themselves, conform to the economic law of diminishing returns. The Canadian Government, accordingly, has }u d for a main object the prevention of depletion, the enforcement of close sem-ons, the forbidding of obstructions and pollutions, and the regulation of nets, gear and of fi:,;hing operations generally. In addition, an extensive system of fish culture has been organized, the Dominion at present operating 46 hatcheries at a yearly cost of about $362,000, and producing 1,300,000,000 fry per annum, mostly B.C. salmon and whitefish. The young fish are distributed gratis if the waters applied for are suitable. Scientific Research.-Stations under the direction of the Biological Board of Canada for the conduct of biological research into the numerous complex problems furnibhcd by the fisheries are established at St. Andrews, N.B., and Nanaimo, B.C. Toronto, l\I('GilI, Queen's, Manitoba, British Columbia and the chief Maritime province universities send workers to both stations, chiefly professors and trained specialists. The life-histories of edible fishes, the bacteriology of fresh and cured fish, improved method of handling and preparing fish, and numerous other practical problems have been taken up and scientific memoirs and reports issued. 350 PRODUCTION Direct Assistance.-For the re:-;t, the action of the government has been in thê way of rendering dirpC'Ì as:-istance in I'pPf'ific cases of difficulty. The inadequacy of the bait supply in the :Maritime provinccs has been met by the establishment of bait freezers. E perimental reduction plants were opprated for some years to encourage the capture of dog-fi",h. For several succes::>ive years, also, an expert was engaged to conduct a series of demonstrations in the Scottish mpthcd of curing herring. with a view to improving the Canadian ('ured product. A scheme for the bettering of the Canadian method of drying cod and haddock has also been authorized. A quarterly bulletin on the sea fisheries is issued for tlIP b('nefit of the trade. Finally, a fleet of armed cruisers patrol the coastal and inland waters for the prevention of poaching and the enforcement of regulations. An intelligence bureau in connection with this service consists of nearly a hundred station'S, from which the mov('ments of fish, supply of bait, etc., are announc('d daily to the fishermen. During the war it became de::5irable to inf'rease as far as po:-;sihle the consump- tion of fio;;h, re .erving the less peri hable animal foods for e'-port to our a11i('s. The government Therefore, undertook to providl' for the rapid tram"it of sea fish on its railway linps to the markets of the inland provinces, and to stimuht(' by a publi- city campaign the consumption of fish. Though much was accompJi:-;hcd in this direction, the annual per capita consumption of fi::-;h in Canada is now estimatf'd by the Fisherie::-; branch at not more than 20 pound:-;, a Jow figure considering Canada's position as a fi..-;h producing country. The branch has done much to improve the fast freight service for fish product::-> from the Atlantic coast to Mont- real and Toronto. International Problems.-So rich a fi::>hing area as the north .\tlantic could not fail to attract other countries, and old customs became elevated into rights, some of which have last('d untiJ the pr('sent. The French shore is a Xewfoundland question, now a sentimental one entireJy. Yery different is thp question of the right::> of tlw united Stat('s, whosC' fi"hermen. in the cOlonial period, provided the chief food supply for X ew England and who were grant('d by the TrC'aty of IndC'pend- ence a specific right to a share of the Canadian inshore fisheries. J osing this privi- lege by the war of 181 , the Lnited :Stat('s, after 1818, surrendered an hut their right to call at Canadian ports for shelter, wooel or water. In the years 185-1-ISö/ì. the H.ecipro(.ity Treaty re tored to AmC'ricans the right to u::-;e Canadian ports on the same terms as native fish('rmen. In 1S71 again, the Treaty of Washington abolish('d the American duty on Canadi,Lll salt-\\ater fish as an ('quivalent for the free aCf'ess of American vp<;sels to Canadian fishing ground", adding, under the Halifax arbitration award of l\"ovcmher 2 , 1877, a payment of $-1,;'00,000 by the rnited tates to Canada. In ISS.í, howC'ver, the unit('d f'tates terminated the fi,,,herie::-; articJe of this Treaty, and a period of acute disagreement between the countries followed. .\ settlement was n('got iated in IS ð hut was rejected by the 'C"nited States senate. Latcr a modlls ti,.ewli was agrced upon, which, having been subsequently renC'wed from timC' to tinw, :-;till con titutes the fi:.,hcrips arrange- menT between the countries. It l)('rmits .\mC'rican fishing v(,:-; pIs, on payment of an annuaJ licensp fee of S1.00 ppr ton, to fish around the Magdalen i:-;]ands and on the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence from Point Joli ea-;tward, to enter aU bays and harhours on the Canadian coast, to pun'hase bait supplies or outfit, to transfer catches and to ship crews. They arc forbidùen, however, to fi h or prepare to fi",h in territorial \',,-at ers. On the Great Lakr':-;, also, th(' more important fishery problems, such as rc::,tock- ing and marketing, are necessarily international in charactpr, and are complicated THE I..I0DER.V FISHING i'SDUSTRY 351 by the number of state governments interested. Much the same situation has developed in British Columbia, whcre the sockeye of the Fraser are taken by the canners of Puget sound in quantities that largely exceed the catch of the Canadian canners and by trap nets and other methods forbidden in Canadian waters. In 1906, an international commission took the first step in the direction of a mutual understanding on this vital question. Fishing Bounties-An important though indirect aftermath of the 'Vashington Treaty remains. By an Act of 1882 (-15 Yict., c. 18) for the development of the sea fisheries and the encouragcment of boat building, provision was made for the distri- bution annually among fishermen and the owners of fishing boats of $150,000 in bounties, representing the interest on the amount of the Halifax award. An Act of 1801 (54-55 Viet., c. 42) increased the amount to $160,000, the details of the expenditure being settled each year by Order in Council. For the year 1921, payment was made on the following basis: to owners of vessels entitled to receive bounty, $1 per registercd ton, payment to the owner of anyone vessel not to exceed $80; to vessel fishermen entitled to rcceive bounty, $7 each; to owners of boats measuring not less than 13 fect keel, $1 per boat; to boat fishermen cntitled to receive bounty, $5.30 each. The c!aims reccived numbered 11,674, of which 11,65-1 were paid, as compared. with 9,671 received and 9,66-1 paid in the previous year. The total amount paid in lÇ121 was $159,449. Details of the distribution of bounties for the years 1918 to 1921 are as follows:- 1.-GO\'crnment ßountic to Fishcrmen in the fisral !OeaTS 1918 to 1921. Provinces. Number or men who received bounties. Values of bounties paid. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. - - - - - - No. No. No. No. S $ $ S Prince Edward Island......... _... 2,333 1,805 1,187 1,562 10,392 8,702 8,110 9,413 Nova Scotia...... 14,141 13,538 11, 289 12,507 85,001 85,521 93, 873 91,410 New Bruns\\ick....... ::::::.::::: 2,492 2,240 1,544 1,948 17,114 16,085 13,774 14,640 Quebec........................... . 10,875 9,667 5,560 7,384 47,168 44,828 36,762 43,986 TotaL................ 29,841 27,250 19,580 23,401 159,675 155,136 152,,')19 159,449 4.- The Modern Fishing Industry. The existing fishing industry of Canada is in the main the growth of the past half-century. In 1844, the estimated value of the catch was only $125,000. It doubled in the following decade, and by 1860 had well passed the million mark. Tcn years later it was six millions, and this was again more than doubled by 1878. In the 90's it passed twenty mi]]ions, and in 1911, thirty-four miJIions. The highest rccord was reached in 1918, with ovcr sixty millions. (It will be understood that these figures represent thc total values of fish markcted, whethcr in a fresh, dried, canncd or othcrwise prepared Htate). Meanwhile the number of employees has mounted to Over 80,000, and the total capital invested to ovcr $.50,000,000 in certain years, though thc industry as a whole did not progres5 proportionately with the marked indu:-;trial expansion which set in after 1896 in Canada. Among individual fish products, the cod and the salmon long disputed the primacy; if the record bark to the beginning i:,; taken the cod is the most valuable fishery; in the past fifteen years, however, the ::;almon has definitely taken the lead, and the heavy pack and high price of lobsters have more than once sent cod down 352 PRODUCTION to third place. This has, of course, affected the relative standing of the provinces accordingly, British Columbia now occupying the leadership that in earlier times belonged to Nova Scotia. Herring and mackerel used to follow cod, but hav been displaced by halibut and whitefish. The yearly record of production since 1870, the total production by provinces for the past five yeats and the record by principal fish products for the past five years in descending order of importance are shown in Tables 2. 3 and 4. 2.-Total Value of the Hsheries of CanacJa in the fis('at !'ears 1870 to 19 1. y=. Val; Value. Year. Value. Yror. Value. S S S 1870.... ..... 6,577.391 1883.. ..... 16,958,192 1896. 20,407,42j 1909-10... . 29,629,16 1871......... . 7'573'1991118 'L --.. 17,766,401 1897. .... 22.783.""1 1910-11. " . 29,965,43 1872......... . 9,570,116 1885.. .... 17,722,973 1 <; 18...... . 19,667,121 1911-12... . 34,667,87 1873.......... 10,754,997 1886. __ . .. . 18,679,288 11 ISCJ9. __.... 21,891,70i 1912-13... . 33,389,46 1874.......... 11,681,881.' 1887.. ...... 18.386.11' . . . . 21,557,639 1913-14. .. . 33.207,74 1875. ..... . . . . 10.350. 385 1 1888 .. ..... .. 17.418,51 1901. ., 25,737,153 1 1914-15... . 31,264,63 1876..... .. . . . lI'117'OO 1889......... 17,665,2561902....... 21. 959,433 1915-16. . 35,860,70 1877......... . 12,005,934 1890......... 17,714,902 1903....... : n: ' 1916-17... . 39,208,37 1878......... . 13,215.67 1891......... 18,977,878 190.1....... 1917 1 ...... . 52,312,0 1879......... . 13,529,251 1892......... 18,941,171 1905....... 29,479,562 1918 1 ...... . 60,250.54 1880.......... "......1 1893 .. ...... 20,686,661 1906....... 26,279,485 1919 1 ...... . 56.508,47 1881......... . 15.817,162 1891. -.. 20,719,573 1907-08..... 25,499,349 19 0}...... . 49.241,33 1882......... . 16,824,092 1895....... 20,199,33 1908-09..... 25,451,085 19211...... . 34,930,93 lCalendar year. 3.-Total Value of Fisheries by )'rm tm'rs In th' calendar) ears 1917-1921. 7 3 2 4 8 1 8 8 44 4 9 9 5 Province!3. 1921. Prince Edward Island................... N ova Scotia. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Brunswick..... ............ Quebec..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ......... .. ManitobR............................... . Saskatchewan... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alberta................................. . British Columbia....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yukon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917. S 1, 786,310 14,468.319 6.143.088 3.414,378 2,866,419 1,543,288 20.238 184,009 21,518,595 67,400 1918. S 1,148,201 15,143,066 6.298,990 4,5')8,773 3,175,111 1,830,435 447.012 :318,913 27,282,223 37, 820 1919. S 1,531\,R44 15,171,929 4,979,574 4,258,731 3.410,750 1,031.117 475,797 333,330 25,301,607 8,800 1920. S 1. 708, 723 12,742,659 4.423,745 2,592,382 3,336,412 1,249,607 291\.472 529,078 22.329,161 33,100 S 924,529 9.778,623 3,1\90.726 1. 815, 284 3,065,042 1.023,187 243, fl18 408.868 13,953,670 28.988 Totalfor Canada.. __........... :i2,312.014 60,2dO,5U 56,508,479 49,2-11,339 3-1,931,935 .t.-Quantlty and Value of Chief Commercial Hshes, 1917-1921. Kind or Fish. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921 Increase or decrease 11/21 compared v.ith 1920 inc. +, dec.-. Salmon............... .. .. .cwt. 1.642,770 1,531.773 1.6R8,653 1,284,729 878,124 -406,605 S 17,411,02917,8ü9,51717,81)9,91315,5\15,970 9,305,763 -6,290,207 Lobsters........................cwt. 474,8il 264.096 345,806 399,985 393.625 -6,360 S 5,654,265 3,531,104 5,338,343 7,152,455 5,143,403 -2,009.052 +50,993 -1,675,201 +94,724 -422,246 Cod.............. .. ...cwt. 2,302,91!7 2,206,666 2,606,770 1,982,706 2,033,699 S 8,2bl,920 10,083,562 '9,987,612 6,270,171 4,594,970 Halibut....................... .cwt. 140,024 207,139 243,4.19 262,726 357,450 S 2,066,635 5,490,226 5,119,842 4,535,188 4,112,942 Ilerring........................ .cv.t. 1,481,708 1,973,669 1. 573, 9Sr. 2,072,723 I, (j(j3, 135 S 3,693,688 4, il9, 561 3,347,080 3,428,298 2,227,801 -410,588 -1,200,497 PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES 353 4.-Quantit)'1 and Value 2 of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1917-1921-concluded. Incre:J.Se or dec-ease IGnd of Fish. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1921 comp:ued with 1920 ine. +. dec.-. - - - Whitefish...................... .cwt. 178,838 205,044 197,403 181,764 IS4,07Z +2,308 S 1,248,006 1,927,863 1,849,741 2,015,299 1,916,698 -98,601 Mackerel. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. 167,067 196,781 229, 877 142,347 145,5.14 +3,197 S 1,333,354 1,937,211 2,035,849 1,126,703 1,124,679 -2,024 Haddock...................... .cwt. 712,416 554,366 56i,574 441,745 269,222 -172,523 S 2,936,719 2,796,171 2,048,746 1,522,680 899,629 -623,051 Smelts.................... ..... .ewt. 73,153 87,555 75.271 58,118 84,597 +26,479 S 1,027,555 971,206 835,195 789,3ôl 835,3 3 +46,032 Pickerel (including blue pickerel) cwt. 86,425 70,088 85,644 95,678 128,913 +33,235 S 650,632 649,180 7áO,163 868,048 811,747 -56,301 Trout.......................... .cwt. 75,662 86,608 68,670 55.763 61,348 +5,585 S 699,950 808,770 862,966 708,633 7!5,014 +36,381 Sardines.... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . bbl. 274,359 295,770 214,525 196,649 152,471 -44,178 S 1,910,705 2,320,513 830,074 860,268 646,463 -213,805 TulJibee............. .......... .ewt. 64,910 74,411 49,457 38,588 62,395 +23,807 $ 333,686 324,032 268,999 246,319 212,563 -33,756 Pike.............. ............. .cwt. 79,383 60,100 58,163 43.691 40,563 -3,128 S 429,3g6 40S, 514 327,675 264,896 175,987 -88,909 Pollock........................ .cwt. 189,908 164,502 227,963 141,302 134,407 -6,895 $ 486,195 574,832 602, 264 295,102 172,822 -122,280 Clams and quRhaugs......... . .bbl. 55,655 40,554 36,446 26,143 31,587 +5,444 S 222,965 169,199 160,125 147,409 171, 623 +24,214 Perch. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . cwt. 24,707 27, 886 18,547 20.976 27,481 +6,505 S 126,723 150,608 185,257 206,685 169,552 -37.133 Hake and cusk............ ." .cwt. 321,605 245,051 244,749 175,719 102.066 -73,653 S 890, 265 844,565 645,570 361,446 145,40J -216,046 Black cod...................... .cwt. , 29,966 10,527 25,783 20,317 -5,466 S - 285,034 116,580 181,202 142.558 -38,644 Oysters...................... ....bb1. 13,632 13,916 14,565 14,526 18,823 +4,297 S 109,265 123,570 153,276 146,863 126,686 -20,177 Pilchards.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. 1,363 72,723 65,624 88,050 19,737 -68,313 S 11,810 413,853 371,871 540,265 101,945 -438,320 lCaught and landed. 2Marketed. 'Included with cod. Operations in 1921-Detailed Record of Production.-The total value of the products of the Canadian fishing industry in the calendar year 1921 was $34,931,935, compared with $49,241,339 for 1920 and $36,508,479 for 1919. (The value of the fish at the vessel's or boat's ide was $23,173,592 in 1921.) This is the lowest since 1914, and $25,000,000 below the record year of 1918. The fall in prices and demoralized marketing conditions, resulting in lessened catches, were the chief factors in the decline. In Tables 5 and 6 will be found a detailed statement for the whole of Canada of each fish product marketed, with comparative figures for the preceding year,-Table 5 dealing with sea-fish and Table 6 with products of the inland fisheries. In Table 7, an analysis is made of the change in the value of each product from the preceding year due to variations in price and quantity respect- ively. It will be seen that the largest items of decrease in quantity were salmon, 62373-23 354 PRODUCTION lobsters, herring, haddock, sardines and pilchards, whilst on the other hand large increases are shown for cod, halibut, smelts, pickerel and tullibee. Lowcr prices were noted for all kinds of fish. In Tables 8 and 9 the number and operations of the fish canning and curing establishments are shown. I.-Quantities and Values of Sea Fish 'farketed during the calendar years 1920 and 1921. Kinds of Fish. c , ::n :i :::::::: ::::: ::::::: ::::: :::::: c . " Bmoked fillets......... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. IImoked............. ..... ................. .. .. dried..................................... .. .. boneless.... _.. ............. -............ " : = .:::::::::::::: :::::::::::::: ::::: : .. liver oil, medicinaL.... .. . . . . .' . . . .. . . .. .gal. Haddock, used fresh........................... .cwt. .. canned......................... ..... .cases Ie smoked........... ........ ..... ..... .cwt. ,e boneless.. ........................... ,. :: d l.t .:.:::::: :::::::::::::: ::: :: Hake d eusk, used fresh.............. . .. . . . . . c . green-salted.................. . Bmoked ...................... .. B oked fillets.......... . . . . . . . :: dried........................ . bonelesB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. Poll k, used fresh.......... .......... ...... ...e . green-salted.......................... . .. Bmoked fillets......................... .. " drie<:l........... . . .... ... .... .... ... .. " Whiting, used fresh............................ .cwt. . Halibut, used fresh............................ .cwt. .. Bmoked.. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. If smoked fillets......... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Ie " cannoo........................ . ...... .cases Flounders, brill, plaice, etc., used fresh...... . .. .ewt. Skate, used fresh..... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . " Soles, used fresh.. . . .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II erring, used fresh............................ .cwt. .. boneless................................ III' ca.nned. .............................. . cases " ømoked....... ....... .... ......... ... .ewt. " dry-salted... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. .. pickled.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. bbl. : furTIIi: ':::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Mackerel, used fresh........................... .ewt. .. canned................................cases .. sal ted. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . bbl. Sardines, canned............................... cases .. BOld fresh and salted.......... ....... bbl. Pilchards, used Cresh........ . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . ewt. .. canned......... ................... . cases c. saltOO......... . ............ . ... ... . . bbl. " usoo 88 bait....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. Alewives, used fresh........................... .ewt. .. BaIted............... . . .. .. . . . ... .... . bbJ. ,e smokoo................................ ...ewt. Quantity. 118,755 167.840 38,055 278 444,776 25,547 3,481 40 11,049 107.500 17.020 67,750 136 25.443 38,835 3.589 40,705 150 2,606 27,370 347 11,960 17.215 2,630 29,131 36 262,434 77 41 14,695 1,4t8 2,374 94,771 611 33.769 148.304 512,168 47,038 182,675 73,729 61,444 1.869 26,144 129.925 164,101 553 91,929 1,154 9,937 12,057 17.143 1.499 1920. Value. $ 702.667 932,173 436.778 3.810 3,809,470 344,215 29,348 400 11,310 455,647 129,654 623.214 1,780 74,440 237,945 10,357 114,679 1.200 33.385 199,015 2,810 26,821 54,727 34.055 179,499 274 4.533.650 1,128 410 70,834 5,278 20,012 206.656 6,670 200,368 590,132 872,107 308.725 361.349 86.187 631.144 12.535 483,024 627.972 232,296 1,212 503.937 6,925 28.191 30.870 155.809 20,198 Quantity. 137. 105 175,320 16,577 245 472.559 25,378 1,072 2,300 118.535 5,OJ5 39,943 4!15 12,507 11,864 8.514 22,641 5 3,177 12,489 367 8.857 18.592 253 29,741 44 357,158 18 22 165 4,152 1,969 3,010 64,061 100 . 4.966 49. 184 479.971 46.281 179.080 51,476 88.317 202 19,063 111,835 124,446 9 16,091 4,232 11,260 1,652 1,536 1921. Value. S 583.680 675,798 185,111 1.912 2.868.431 268.400 9,538 2,100 394.806 44,292 363,873 4.950 37,692 54.016 13,093 45,427 35 36,599 47,360 2,886 12,946 40,407 3,189 116,280 318 4.110,364 29B 445 1,835 15,749 8,375 20,219 163.801 1.000 30,597 219,196 667.230 271.992 388.002 46,715 795.699 1.412 327,568 512.174 132,999 37 91,328 10,580 2\).227 9,350 18,328 PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES 355 G.-Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed during the calendar years 1520 and 1921-concluded. I\:ïnds of Fish. h, ff::S ::::.::::::'.:::::::::::::::::: :cw . Sabnon, used fresh........ . . .. .' ... . ........... .. .. canned........ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .cases " smoked............................................. .ewt. :: :fids d:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::: .::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: Sh , J ::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : bb;. Smelts, used fresh............ ..... ...... ...... .cwt. StllI'!eon, = .s .:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :lb." Trout, used fresh.................. .... ........ .cwt. Black cod, used fresh........ . . . . . ..... . ..... . . . .. :: green-salted.........................:: smoked. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. dried................................. Red cod, etc. used fresh........... .. .. ...... .. .... ............ .... Ie " smoked .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Albacore, used fresh............................ " Caplin, used fresh.. . . . ... .. ... . . ... . ....... . .. . bbI. Eels, used fresh........ ..... .......... ........ .cwt. Octopus, used fresh............................. .. Oulachons, used fresh........ .. . .... ..... . . .... . .. Squid, used as bait. ...... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. : bbl. Swordfish, used fresh............ .. .... ........ .cwt. Tom cod, used fresh. ... .. . .. . ., ..............., .. Mixed fish, used fresh.. . .... .. .... ...... . . ..... IC Shell Fish- Clams quahaugs, used fresh........ .... . . . bbI. canned................. .cases ,e chowder............................ " Cockles, used fresh. ......................... .cwt. Crabs, used fresh....... . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. Lob .ters, in shell........ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. canned....... . . . . . . ... . .. ... . ..... .cases II tomalley................ .. ...... ...... ...... .. .......... .... .. " Mussels, used fresh........... ............... .cwt. Oysters, used fresh.... . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . bbI. Scal! s, shelled. ............................ . gal. canned............................. .cases Shrimps. used fresh......................... .cwt. \\inkle!l, used fresh........................... .. Dulse, dried.... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Tongues and sounds, pickled or dried.......... .cwt. Sealskins, fur.................................. .No. .. hair................................... Porpoise skins...... . ... .... . . . . . . . .... .... .. . . . .. Whalebone and meal. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . ... .. . . . tons Whale fertilizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. : ' ii::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :ga!, Whale oiL.......... . . .. . . ....... ...... ......... .. Fish oil... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. Fish glue. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " Fish meaL....... . . .. . .......... .... .. ...... . . . tons Fish fertilizer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. Fi ib :e l. .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :cw, . Fish skins....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Fish offaL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . tons Totals.................................. . 62373-231 1920. 1921. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. S a 779 6,857 377 4,860 2,021 16.437 2,180 19,646 216,865 2,750.351 269,165 2.910.254 1,188.599 12.419.034 602,863 5,936.524 2,667 23, 131 1.325 19.082 33.645 151.129 64,205 236,938 8,924 205.734 9,954 148,923 526 5,011 2,029 13,452 - - 37 100 408 5,961 913 10, 121 - - 17 788 58,056 788,617 84,371 833,109 338 5,470 257 5,668 - - 114 114 884 15,771 1,073 13,948 11,369 70,110 6,724 58,443 42 409 - - 7,164 110,683 6,135 79,703 - - 441 4,412 3,816 19,574 2,447 10,025 38 442 65 642 1,542 10.587 2,017 6,09S 7,865 17,090 12,466 13,794 2,256 22,037 3,101 30.358 394 4,082 371 2,933 2,115 9.096 188 1,18.5 4,950 12,280 12.322 31,321 3,351 51.104 6,851 96,413 8,247 31.015 18,998 26,747 1.591 2,116 1,631 5,567 8,986 33.383 9,217 39,914 17,195 114,026 22,384 131,544 - - 44 1M 214 657 290 861 10.660 58.263 7.026 46, 889 69.000 1,434,638 118.837 2,022,795 163.299 5,687,484 137,607 3,107.426 2,619 30,333 1,295 13,182 172 121 511 511 14,526 146,863 18, 823 126,686 8,131 28,848 9,542 35.372 - - 83 1.038 563 13,536 623 13.066 1,915 2,919 1,661 3,574 - - 1,060 7,060 1,144 10,025 273 2,0011 1,058 24,712 2,349 46,980 4.891 14,699 2,080 5,475 186 2.790 173 1,730 503 15.090 - - 1,033 82.630 - - 12.598 12,598 7,260 1,839 3,720 3.720 - - 604.070 338.026 - - 342,686 279,885 248,613 61,721 - - 65 139 - - 419 27,310 580 38,230 1,291 19,362 - - 3,500 17,500 9,100 3,579 - - 6,260 16,069 - - 2,076 7,515 - - - 43,602,05' - %9,'42,16' 356 PRODUCTION 1.- Quantitle and Values of Inland Fi"h Marketed during the calendar )"ears 1920 and 1921. Kinds of Fish. Alewives, fresh....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. .. s'1lted......... . .. . . . . . .... . . . . .. .. . . . bbJ. B8ß8......... ....... ............ .............. .cwt. Carp. ........ ....... . ... . .. . . ... ...... . . . . .. . . . " Caplin.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. _ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .............. ., Catfish............................................................................... 'e Eels. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Goldeyes, fresh....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .. smoked. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " IIerring, fresh.................................................... .." .. salted.................... ............. .bbl. faskinonge................................... .cwt. A-!ixed fish. . . . ... ............................. .. !.I ullets........ .. . " Perch.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " Pickerel, doré......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. " Pickerel (blue)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " Pike..................................................................................... " Porpoise..... ............................... ...No. Ralmon....................................... .cwt. Sardines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbl. Shad....... _................................. .cwt. Rmelts..... ................. " Sturf.eon.; :::::: :::::..::.::... ........ ::: :lh." ,e bladders.................................................. .Ko. Tr t, Î :::'.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :cw. . " canned................................................... . cases Tullibee, fresh. ................................ .cwt .. smoked................................. Whitefish, fresh............. __ . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. 881 ted. . . .. . . . . . . . . . __ .. . . .. " .. smoked............ __ __.. " , canned....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .ca.ses Total... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920. 1921. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. S S 142 426 67 335 230 2.300 - - 360 5,666 262 3,420 11.900 52,637 11,680 49,336 - - 777 388 6,263 46,813 6.277 50.648 7,885 84,675 8,710 78.417 2,123 10,685 820 2,425 1,245 22,829 1,327 24,950 126,673 758,178 75,522 421,934 6,321 37,926 2,889 17,334 4 78 - - .36,261 160.298 38.775 171,990 24,18.3 62,116 5.370 14,888 18,955 190,248 25,301 149,906 61,88.'3 631. 48.'3 64,854 619,570 33,795 236,565 61,059 192.177 43,691 264, 896 40,563 175,987 74 4,440 - - 2,706 41,580 2,201 40.490 - - 129 1,290 1,048 12,704 2,267 22. 788 li2 744 226 2,284 3,035 50,901 3.078 74,687 6,050 6,393 12,325 13,395 438 219 - - 51,489 663,482 57,300 705,661 2,260 29,380 1.632 20,245 - - 645 5.160 38,514 245, 644 62,395 212,563 37 675 - - 176,516 1.969,812 183,633 1,912,558 3,499 45,487 270 3,780 - - 10 200 - - 20 160 - 5,639,280 - 4,988,961 7.-1.leld of the t'isheries of ('an ada, compart>rl as to Quantlt . and "allie, for 1920 and 1921' ("()()()" omitt('d). Due to Due to A t 1 V 1 Actual Increase higher larger v I :, at r?:es value, d tJe r 8 1f:r 1921. of 1920. 1920. (_). prices (_ ) (-). quantitieoo. S --s- ---s- s -.-- --.- 9,306 10,661 15.597 - 6,291 - 1,355 - 4,936 5.143 7.039 7,152 - 2,009 - 1,896 - 113 4,595 6,431 6,270 - 1,675 - 1,836 + 161 4,113 6,170 4.535 - 422 - 2,057 + 1,635 2,228 2,749 3,428 - 1,200 - 521 679 1,916 2,041 2.015 - 99 - 125 + 26 1,125 1,152 1,127 - 2 - 27 + 25 000 928 1, 523 - 623 - 28 li95 835 1,149 789 + 46 - 314 + 360 812 1,169 868 56 - 357 + 301 745 779 709 + 36 - 34 + 70 646 667 860 - 214 - 21 193 212 398 246 - 34 - 186 + 152 176 246 265 - 89 - 70 - 19 173 280 295 - 122 - 107 - 15 171 178 147 + 24 - 7 + 31 170 271 207 - 37 - 101 + 64 145 210 361 - 216 - 65 - 151 142 142 181 - 39 - - 39 127 190 147 - 20 - 63 + 43 102 133 510 - 438 - 31 - 407 62 203 280 - 218 - 141 - - 77 I,08 1,388 1.699 - 611 - 300 - 311 3-1,'3% 4,1,57-& 49,2-&1 - 1-I,3U9 - ',6-12 - 4,66'1 Kinds of Fish. Salmon.... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .... .. ., . . . Lob!>ters...... ....... ...... ........ ... Cod..................... ........... Halibut........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herring................................ . \Vhitefish...... . . ., .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . 101ackerel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iladdock.............................. . ðmelts........ . . . . . . .. . .... .. .. . . .... . . . Pickerel. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trout....... .. . .. . .. . . . .... .. .. .. . ... . . . Sardines... .. . . . . . . . . .. . ... . Tullibee. . . . . . . Pike...... . . . ... .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. Pollock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clams and quahaugs......... ........... Perch. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . l-fake and cusk.......................... Black cod.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Oy"tcrs........ ......................... Pilchards... __. . . .... ............ . . ... . . Oils, fish......... . . . . . " ............... Other articles of the fiaheries ..... '.". Total. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lCalcndar years. FISH CANXLVG AND CURIXG EST ABLISll i\IENTS 357 8.- Xumber of Fish Canning and Curing Establhhments. by Pro\inces, 1921. Prairie Total Classification. P.E.I. N.S. N.R. Que. prov- B.C. for inces. Canada. - - - - - - No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Lobsier canneries....... . . . . _ .' ---- .. 160 141 172 65 - - 538 Salmon canneries..... ., ........ '.' ....... - - - 2 - 56 58 Clam canneries..... . . . .. . . ............ 1 2 4 - - 1 8 Sardine and other fish canneries. . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 2 1 1 - 5 Fish oil factories.. _....................... . - 1 - - - 4 5 Fish curing establishments....... _....... _. 1 98 59 26 2 42 228 - - - - - -- - Total ......................... 162 2t3 237 It 3 103 812 9.- Materials Csed and Value of Products of Fi-h Canning and Curing Establishments, 192D and 1921. Iaterials and Products. 1920. 1921. s s Materials used- Fish........... .... ..... .... ....... ............ ........ ...... '.' Salt.. _.. .. . . _ __. __... ... .... 8,524,407 TotaL...... . 14,347,089 456,013 4,229,490 330,437 19,36.'1,029 292,526 Containers.................................................... ., 2,874,809 16,736 Other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,708,478 Products- Fif'h marketed for consumption, fresh............................... ......... 5,092,174 5,376,393 Fish canned, cured or otherwise prepared.. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. 25, 807,973 13,517,739 Total. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 900, H7 IS,89t,132 Capital and Employees.-In 1921, the total capital invested' in the fish- eries was as follows: (a) in vessels, boats, nets, weirs, traps, wharves, ice-house::;, etc., used in the primary operations of capturing the fish, $26,257,487, of which $22,079,80.3 was invested in the sea fisheries, and $4,177,682 in the inland fisheries; (b) in fish canning and curing establishments (land, buildings, machinery, supplies on hand, cash and operating accounts) $19,411,990--grand total $-!5,6ü9,477. The number of employees engaged in the primary operations of fishing was 5.C),2:30 in 1921, and in cànning and curing efitablishments, 14,104, a total of 69,33-1. The total salaries and wages bill in canneries and fish curing establishments was $2,973,386. _\ decline in capital of nearly $3,000,000 from 19:10 is due to continued deflation in values. Tables 10 and 11, herewith. ::;how the items included in the above total::;, wit.h comparative figures for 1920, whibt Tablc 12 annlyzcs the salaries, wag<,s and earnings of t he employees in canneries, etc. 358 PRODUCTION 11.-l\umber and Capital Value of tïshlng Vess('ls. ßoats, :\ds, Traps, ('te., used In the t'lsheries of Canada, 1920 and 1921. Equipment. Sea FislÌeries- Steam trawlers.. . ...... . . . . . . " . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steam fishing veS8els.. . . .. ..... -- . . . . . .. . . . Sailing and gasoline vessels........... " - -"" Boats (sail and row)...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. -- -- " . Boats (gasoline)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carr 'ing smacks.............. ..................... Gp! nets, seines, trap and smelt nets, etc..... . . . . .. . WeIrs.. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trauls............................................ . Hand lines..... ................................ Crab traps.. __ _..... ........................... Oyster plant and equipment............. ........ Lobster traps....................... -..... . . ..... Fishing piers and wharves.................... -- ... Freezers and ice-houses............................. Small fish and smoke houses....................... Total value, Sea f'isherles............... Equipment. Inland Fi'!heries- Steam ve"sels or tugs....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boats (sail and row).. . . . -- .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Boats (gasoline)... _ ........ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gill nets.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .. . ..... . .. - . . Seines....... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. ., . . . . .... . . . . .. . . Pound nets.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . Hoop nets.......................................... I.ines......... . . . . . . . . . . . .., . . . . . .. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \\'eirs............................................. . Eel traps................ ....... .............. ...... }'ish wheels.. . --.............................. Spear3.. . ... _ .................................... Fi.."bing piers and wharves..... .................. Freezers and ice-houses................. .......-.. Small fish and smoke houses.. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. -- . . Total value, Illland Fisheries... . . .. . . . . . Description. Fhlh Canning and Curing Establishments- Lobster canneries. . . .. . .. . . . ... ... - - -- . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . Salmon canneries................. n.. .... ......:... Clam canneries...... ......... ................... .......... Sardine and other fish canneries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W hale oil and fish oil factories....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. Fbh curing establishments. .. . . . ... . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... . . '.' .. . Total of n..h CannIng and Curlnlt R'itabllshments... . Grand Total Capital In VI'S t-ed In FI'iherll's....... . '.' . . ..... Number. 9 31 1,046 12,320 14,611 299 94,158 1.054 26,599 63,O:?!! 4,500 1 1,290.639 2,617 640 7,524 1920. 1921. Value. Kumber. Value. S 850,000 688.800 5,783,914 821,660 6,011.490 348.260 4,54-1,019 774.380 497, 294 119,534 27,000 19,360 1,879.619 1,375.650 670.469 1. 095, 605 S 725.000 286,000 4,393.865 855,414 5,390.328 396,370 4,220,905 489,510 431,571 94,498 10,800 19,360 1,718.449 1.419,415 528,605 1,099,715 8 17 984 13,689 14,000 416 100,898 668 23,658 59,407 1,800 1 1.300,921 2.601 667 7,799 - 25,507,ÐS:I - 22,079,805 1920. 1921. Number. Value. Number. Value. S S . 142 993,357 136 921,938 2,280 148,968 2.528 151,244 1,012 529,621 1,114 586,250 - 1,246,746 - 1,056.309 426 34,305 338 33,700 1,108 777,107 1,072 722,410 2,282 95,037 2.229 78.818 1,016 7,282 1,243 25,234 321 41,058 431 116,582 175 525 193 772 4 850 5 5RO 122 410 116 1,001 341 127,818 369 128,293 600 359,905 738 330,331 93 23,170 85 24,220 I - 4,aS6,159 - ",177,68% 1920. HJ21. No. Value. No. ,"slue. S S 1578 2,426,920 538 I, 976, 696 67 10,072,356 58 10,617,367 9 90,449 8 71,605 8 750,204 5 830 678 11 1. 558,147 5 174 081 267 5,614,189 228 5.741 563 9:10 20,5U,265 RU 19 -HI .90 -- - - 60,405,478 45 669 471 EXPORTS OF THE FISHERIES 359 11.- Kumber of Persons Emplo)'ed in the Fisheries of Canada, 1920 and 1921. Sea Fisheries. Inland Fisheries. Employed in 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. No. No. No. No Steam trawlers....... . . . . .,. . . . . .. ., . 0 . . . . . . . . . " . . . . 206 175 - - Vessels.............................................. . 6,858 5,988 854 736 Boats......... 0.................... 0................. 41,992 40,697 4,888 5,298 Carrying smack'>....................... 0............. 538 585 - - Fishing not in boats................................. 0 - - 1,861 1,751 Total..... .. . . . .0. . __ .. . 0 . . . ..... . . . . . . . . 0 49,59! 47,U5 7,603 7,785 In Fish Canning and Curing Establishments. Employed in 1920. 1921. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. - - - - - Lobster canneries....................... 4,280 4,001 8,281 3,323 3,504 6, 27 Salmon canneries........................ 4,266 2,056 6,322 2,550 1,748 4,298 Clam canneries. . .. . .. . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 57 105 162 37 109 146 Sardine and other fish canneries. . . . . . . . 0 431 324 755 290 413 703 Whale oil and fish oil factories l . .... 229 7 236 42 - 42 Fish curing establishments.... . . . . . . . : : : 2,452 291 2,743 1,901 187 2,088 - - - - - Total. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,715 6, i8t 18,499 8,U3 5,961 14,104 - - - - -- - Grand total.............. 0 &8,912 6, .84 75,696 63,373 5,961 69,33-1 lFish oil factories only in 1921. 12.- alaries and Wages in Fish Canning and Curing Establishments, 1920 and 1921. On Salaries. On Wages. Contract and I ' Total. Piece-Workers. NO, $ NOol $ NOi s Nool s 1920.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . 651 0 759,176 13.137 3,180,701 4,711 916,413 18,499 4,856,290 1921.... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 487 551,330 10,534 2,023,040 3,083 399,016 14,104 2,973,386 Trade.-For reasons already noted, the domestic consumption of fish is rela- tively small in Canada, and the trade' depends largely upon foreign markets. Per- haps 60 per cent of the annual capture is an average export, of which t1Ie United States takes approximately one half and Great Britain one quarter. In the fiscal year 1921-22, total exports amounted to $29,521,894, of which $12,737,432 went to the United States and $5,541,103 to Great Britain. The most important single export is canned salmon (to Great Britain and European markets), followed closely by cod, dry salted (to the 'Vest Indies, South America, etc.). Fo.r fresh fish, espec- iaUy whitefish and lobsters, the United States is the chief market. In brief, Canada's export trade in fish fal1s below that of Great Britain and Norway alone; including Newfoundland it exceeds both. Canadian imports of fish in 1921-22 amounted to 8970,028. A general review of the import and export trade in fish over the past twenty years is given in Table 13, whilst Table 14 gives the comparative record of exports by countries during the past two years. Table 15 shows the leading items of export for 1921 and 1922. For a complete analysis of imports and exports, see annual report on Fisheries Statistics, issued by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 3ûO PRODUCTION 13. 'alue of Exporb and Imports of .'ish and }'Ish Products. 19D2-1922. Exports, ImportR of fish for Fxports, Imports of fil'h for Years. tìsherieR, borne consumption. Years. fi!oheries, borne consumption. dom stic. Dutiable. Free. domestic. Dutiable. Free. I I S I S , 1902...__..... 14,143,294 591,064 451. 835 1913. . . ... . . . 16,336,721 l,519,5i1 910,923 1903. 11,800,184 629,545 633,680 1 1914.. ...... 20,623,560 1,469,305 635,231 1904.......... 10,759,029 704,577 685,936: 1915.. 19,687,068 1,080,225 568,880 1905......... . 11,114,318 713,264 630.6601 1 1910.. .. ... .. 22,377,9i7 804,398 537,342 1906......... . 16,025,840 756,410 1,15:?,2 HH7......... 24, 8R9, 253 1,259,799 818,613 1907 1 ....... .. 10,362,142 699,218 862,8 HU8......... 32.602,151 966,643 1,397,127 1908......... . 13,867,367 795,612 I,O:?6,996 1919......... 37,137,072 1,054,848 2,079,530 1909......... . 13,319,664 746,315 814,770 1 1920......... 42,285,035 2,605,379 1,334,718 1910. 15,663,162 909,036 715,703ji 1921. .. 33,581,383 2,416,152 1,809,960 191L....... . 15,675,544 1,123,581 669, 03;' 1922... . . . 29,521,894 2,172,850 970,028 1912.. 16,704,678 1,203,045 984,45 i I Nine months. H.- }'xports of the }'isherlps, the produce of ('anada. b) principal countries, In the fiscal) ears 1921 and 1922. Exports to- 1921. Pnited I{ingdom....... AU"'tralia. . . . .. . _ . . . . . . . . British W. Indies...... . . . British Guiana.. ........ New Zealand............. Newfoundland........... . Hong Kong. .............. Bermuda........ ..... South Africa. . . . . . . 8 its Settlements.. _. _.. FIJL . .. '" . . Egypt and Sudan......... Gibraltar.. .. ........... Other British possessions. I 7,682,423 452,66-1 1,488,827 335,023 246,228 51,9R9 437,211 50.503 80,835 235,509 95,595 8,345 61,132 Total British t:mplre... 11.227,2 O United States... ..... 15,728,835 Belgium............ ...... 187,449 Brazil...... __ on. .. .. 1,216,243 I 1922. I 5,541.103 727,434 1,347,408 224.435 139,183 29,020 319,636 31, 819 23,538 113,829 43,099 26,695 55,615 31,977 8,65J,S21 12,73 ,432 283,720 798,869 Exports to-- 1921. I 187,744 19,928 1,459,988 82,956 880,500 28,130 10,793 527,561 28,780 46,848 55,398 60, 801 263,598 45,585 1,169,618 107,6&1 1922. S 188,380 57,564 1,176,125 82,863 2,564,953 24,995 671,214 724,415 67,485 30,017 82,050 29,154 129,805 81,730 1.073,937 62,365 Total Foreign countrll' 1 22,10S.t3ð 20.867,073 Grand Total oU:lports.. 33,581.383 28,521.89-1 Value at prices of 1921. Increase ( + ) or decrease (-). Due to higher (+) or lo\\er (-) prices. China.................... Costa Rica. ...... . . . . . . . . Cuba..................... Denmark............... . France... ........... Greece....... ......... Italy........... ...... .... Japan... ....____.. K etherlands. . . . . . .. ... . Dutch East Indies........ Dutch Guiana....... .. .. . Norway................. . Rweden...... ... ........ Panama. . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . Porto Rico.............. Other foreign countries... 15.- I.'xports of the I'i herle . comparf'd as to Quantlh and "alue, for the fiscal ) t'ars 19 1 and 1922. ("000 omitted"). Kinds of Fish. Alewives. salted........................ Bait fish................ ............... Codfi"h, boneless, canned and preserved Codfish, dried.......................... Codfish, fre!oh and frozen. ......... _ Codfish, green salted (pickled). .. Clams. fret!h and canned. . .. ........... Eels... ......_.............. Huddock, canned............... ....... Haddock, dried........ . . ............... Haddock, frel!h and frozen.............. Haddock, smoked.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. Halibut, fresh find frozen................ Herring, lake, fresh and frozen........... HerTing, lake, pickled...... . .. . . . .. . . __ . HerTihg, ilea, canned. ... _ __. . . . . .. . Herring, sea, dry salted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Actual value, 1922. Actual value, 1921. S 65 65 161 5,509 84 643 84 86 1 162 62 139 855 292 9 93 I, ()()() S 81 102 196 7,760 92 890 g9 00 1 218 711 145 I, O!IO 610 12 156 1. 136 I 62 - 14 - fit - 289 33 - 123 - 17 - 2 - 35 1a:J - 13 - 13 - 58 - 518 - 5 - 181 - II - S 12ï - 51 + 225 5,220 + 117 - 766 - 67 + 84 + 36 - 2115 - 75 - 152 - 913 - 810 - 14 - 274 - gill + S 16 - 37 + 35 - 2,251 + 8 247 + 15 + 4 + Due to larger (+> or 8maller (-) quanti- ties. I 56 - 17 + 6 215 + 318 - 3 - 63 - 136 + 46 51 211 2,540 25 124 32 6 35 77 4 7 177 200 2 118 145 JIIXES AXD JIU\?ERA.LS 361 15.-Exports of the Fïsheries. l.ompar d as to Quantity and "alue, for the fiscal )'ears 1921 and 1922-concludpd. ("000 omitted"). Kinds of Fish. Actual value. 1922. Yalue at pdce3 of 1921. Actual . value. 1921. Increa e ( +) or decrease (-). Due to higher ( +) or lower ( -) prices. Due to larger (+> or smaller (-) quanti- ties. s s s s s S Herring, sea, fresh and frozen. ... . .. . . .. . 104 130 247 - 143 - 26 - 117 Herring. sea, pickled.................... 389 417 482 - 93 - 28 - 65 Herring. sea. smoked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 281 387 - 186 - 80 - 106 Lobsters. canned........................ 3,756 5,635 5,179 - 1,423 - 1.879 + 456 Lobsters,fresh ...H.. _d .... 1,403 1,432 1,034 + 369 - 29 + 398 Mackerel. fresh and frozen............... 560 732 574 - 14 - 172 + 158 Mackerel,pickled....................... 383 405 564 - 181 - 22 - 159 Pi:l'hard<;.canned....................... 131 121 269 - 138 + 10 - 148 Pollock. hake and cusk. fresh and frozen 9 8 11 - 2 + 1 - 3 Pollock. hake and cusk. dried.... . . . . . . . 442 644 5J4 - 92 - 202 + 110 Pollock. hake and cusk. green salted..... 27 37 68 - 41 - 10 31 Salmon. canned......................... 6,433 10.717 7,581 - 1,148 - 4,284 + 3.136 Salmon, rlrysalted (chum).............. 221 194 131 + 90 + 27 + 63 Salmon. fresh and frozen 993 910 744 + 249 + 83 + 166 Salmon, pickled.. n..................................... _.. 231 275 207 + 24 - 44 + 68 Salmon orlake trout. ................... 347 379 364 - 17 - 32 + 15 Sea fish. other. fresh.... .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . 30 10 31 - 1 + 20 - 21 Sea fish. other. preserved............... 2 2 10 - 8 - - 8 Smelts................................... 1,064 1,068 774 + 290 - 4 + 294 Swordfish............................... 129 120 38 + 91 + 9 + 82 TuIlibee................................ 119 174 325 - 206 - 55 - 151 Whitefish............................... 1,151 1,305 1.331 - 180 - 154 - 26 Fish.other.freshandrrozen......... _.. 1,829 2,120 1,916 - 87 - 291 + 204 Tonp;ues and sounds........ . .. .. .. .. .. __ . 3 8 19 - 16 - 5 11 Oil. fish. cod....................... .... 80 181 87 - 7 - 101 + 94 Oil. fish, other.......................... 22 69 66 - 47 - 47 + 3 Oil,sea1........................... .... 12 18 2 + 10 - 6 + 16 Oil. whale_ .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . 27 79 95 - 68 - 52 - 16 Other articles of the fisheries............ 114 156 294 - 180 - 42 - 138 Totals.......................... - 29,5 40,3S-I 33,581 - 4,059 - 10'862 1 + 6,803 Increase or decrease. percent............. - - - - 12.1 - 32.3 + 20.2 VI.-VIINES AND MINERALS.1 The arpended descrip'ion of thc l\Iines and :\Iinerds Industry in Canada is diyidd into fh"e rart,;;. !<'i:st, there is a summa:.y of f!:eneral production, followed by a statemmt on the va- ious metallic minerals found in Can['da; third comes a discussion of non-metallic minerals and fourth of clay pw h cts and stn ctural mate: ials. The fifl h rart. deals "ith the indt strial organization of the mining industry. 1. General Production. The greater part of the area of Canada still awaits systematic prospecting and even in the older districts thorough development work has not been completed. The Geological Survey and the Mines J3ranch of the Dominion Government, as well as the Departments of l\lines of several of the Provincial Governments, have done valuable eÀ-ploration work. They have a number of capable mcn at work and their reports are of great value in forming an estimate of the mineral resources of the Dominion, but the country is so vast that at best they can do little more than describe surface conditions. The real value of mineral deposits can usually only 1 ee al o article "Geological Format:on of Canada" containing a section on the progre;;s of the economic gealogy of Canada, (which may be regarde 1 W3 ba..ic to the mining industry). pp. 13-24 of this edition of the \ eu Book. This article ii conden ed in part from previous article3 contributed by 'lessrs. U. W. Brock. l.A., L.L.D.. F.C.R.. formerly Director of the Geological Survey. and Wyatt Malcolm. l.A., Compiler of Geological Inrormahfln. Department of Iine::j. 362 PRODUCTION be determined by costly development work; and the lack of capital has retarded the development of mineral resources. The unprospected area is very great and since much of the northern territory has the same geological formation as some of the districts where mining operations are actively carried on, it may be anticipated that mineral production will in the future be greatly increased. As it is, mining, although only in its infancy, has become one of the leading extractive industries, exceeded in the value of production only by agriculture and forestry. The mineral production of Canada increaf:cd from $10,000,000 in 1886 to over $184,000,000 in 1922. The preliminary estimate of production for the first 11alf of 1923 was $87,152,248 as compared with $60,361,109 in the fir:;;t half of 192:3. In 1921, Canada ranked first among the mineral producing countries of the world in the production of asbestos, first in nickel, third in silver, third in gold and ninth in coal. The increasing importance of mineral production in Canada during the past generation is shown by the historical statistics of Table 1, while Table 2 gives comparative statistics of the production of individual minerals for 1921 and 1922, and Table 3 shows how far the variations in values between these years are due to differences in quantities produced and how far to changes in prices. t.-Value of 1lineral Production In Canada, calendar years t886 to 1922. Calendar Value Calendar Value Calendar Value Years. Total value. per Years. Total value. per Years. Total value pf"r capita. capita. capi tn. . . . . S S 1886........ . 10,221,255 2.23 1898. . . .. .. . . 38,412,4al 7.32 1910....... 106, 823,623 15.44 1887........ . 10.321. 331 2.23 1899. . .. .. .. . 49.234.005 g.27 1911....... 103,220.994 14.32 1888........ . 12,518.894 2.67 1900........ . 64.420.877 12.04 1912...... . 135.0-18,296 18.32 1889........ . 14,013.113 2.96 1901. . .. . . . .. 65,797.911 12.16 1913...... . 145.634,812 19.35 1890........ . 16,763,353 3.50 1902........ . 63,231. 836 11.36 1914....... 1?8. 863.075 16.75 1891........ . 18.976.616 3.92 1903......... 61.740,513 10.83 1915...... . 137.109.171 17.44 1892....... .. 16,623.415 3.39 1904........ . 60.082,771 10.27 19lü.. .. .. . lì7, 201. 534 22.05 1893. .. . .. .. . 20.035,082 4.04 ]905........ . 69,078,999 11.49 1917....... 189.646.821 23.18 1894......... 19.931.158 3.98 1906......... 79,286.697 12.81 1918...... . 211,301.897 25.36 1895......... 20,505.917 4.05 1907.. . 86.865,202 13.75 1919...... . 176.686.390 20.84 1896..... . .. 22.474,256 4.38 1908. . . .. ... . 85.557.101 13.16 11)20.. . .. . . 227.859.665 :>6.40 1897. .. .. 28.485,023 5.49 1909........ . 91.831,441 13.70 1921.. . . . .. 171,923,342 19.56 1922...... . 184,297,242 20.5;; 2.-l\lIneral Production of Canada, calendar ) ears 1921 and 1922. 1921. 1922. Increase C+) or Product8. Decrease (- ). Qu:mtity. Value Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. I\letalllc. S S p.c. p.c. Cobalt, metaIlicand contain- ed in oxide. '. .. . . ... Lbs. 251,9Sß 755.958 569.960 1.852. a70 + 126.1 + 145.0 ('opper......... . . . . . . . .. 47,620.820 5.95a.55;; 42. 8i9. 818 5,738.177 - 10.0 - 13.7 Gold............ : Fineoz'!. 926,329 19,148.920 1.263,364 26,116.050 + 36.3 + 36.3 hon. pig. from CaDa- 1,873,682 - 90.5 dian ore........... Tons 56,564 8.095 178,980 - 85.7 - Iron ore sold for export .. I. 058 3.272 1,781 4.938 + 68.3 + 50.9 Lead...... .... ... Lh8. 66, 679,592 3,828,742 93,307,171 5,817,702 + 39.9 + 51'9 Nickel.. . . . .. . . . . .. 19,293,060 6,752,571 ]7,597,123 6.158.993 - 8.8 - 8'8 Palladium....... .Crude ozs 591 38.267 724 47,060 + 22.5 + 22.9 Platinum........ . .. .. 292 21,910 469 45,783 + 60.6 + 108,9 Rhodium, O!'mium, 31.360 587.7 + 223.6 Iridium, Ruthenium Ozs. 57 9,690 392 + Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine 0'18. 13.543,198 8,4S.5.355 18,581.439 12.576.758 + 37.1 + 48.2 Zinc.... ... . .. .. . . .. .. Lbs. 53,089.356 2,471.310 56.290,000 3,217,536 + 6.0 + 30.1 Total.. . __ . . .. S - 49.3"3,232 - 61, 7s.;, 707 - + 2;;.2 NOTE.-According to a preliminary e timate. the mineral proJuction in 1923 was 1214,102,000. an 1Ilcrease of 12 p.c. over 1922. l1IINERAL PRODUCTION 2.-l\lineral Production of Canada, calenda1' )"ears 1921 and 1922-concluded. 363 Products. Non-metallic. Actinolite....... . . . . . . Tons Arsenic, white, and in ore. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . " Asbestos......................... " Barytes............... " Chromite..................... " Coal............ _.............. " Corundum........ .. .. .. .. .. _ .. .. " Fpldspar............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " Fluor par........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. " Graphite.................... " Grindstones...... .. ...." .. .. .. " Gypsum..;...... ...... u {agnesjte............. " M nesium sulphate. " {anganese............. " 1t.licß.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " Mineral water. ..... . . . Galb. Natro-alunite.......... Tons Natural gas......:M CII. ft. Iron oxides........ . . .. Tons Peat....... .. . . . . . . . .. " Petroleum crude...... Bbls. Pho phate..... _ _.. _ _ _ Tons P)-rites............... " Quartz....................... " Salt....................... ..... II Sodium car bonate... .. .. .. " Sodium sulphate........... " Talc.................. " Tripolite.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " Total. ......__ Structural [aterlals and Clay PrOllucts. Cement, Portland and Puzzolan........... . Bbls. Clay products- Bricks, common.... No. " pressed.. . . . " Bricks, hollow build- ing................ ,e Bricks, moulded and ornamental....... " Fire brick. . . . . . . . . . " Fire clay. . . . ... .. . .. Tons Fire clay blocks.... S Fireproofing and hol- low porous blocks. " Kaolin....... __..... Tons Paving brick........ No. Pottery from domes- tic clay........... $ Sewer pipe.......... No. Architectural terTa- cotta. .. . . .. . . ... . $ Tile, drain........ _. No. Lime..... _... _...... .Bush. Sand and gravel........Tons Slate. ............... " Granite............... " Limestone... .. . . . . . . . " I\Iarble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S3.nd tone......... . . . . " Total.. . .. .. . . . Grand Total. . Quantity. 78 1.491 92,761 270 2,798 15,057,498 403 29, 868 5,519 937 1.281 386,550 3,730 2,029 68 702 328,273 30 H,077,601 9,048 1. 666 187,540 30 32,173 100,350 164,658 197 623 10,124 341 . 5,752,885 22,438,243 80,947,398 3,627,777 1,995,284 4,502,233 2,931 6,879,067 11.574,862 319,398 3,322,024 1,650 28,426 1921. Value. 975 233,763 4,906,230 9,567 55,696 72,451,656 55,965 230,754 136,267 65, 862 64.067 1,785,538 81.320 39.506 3,400 70,063 21,716 1. 500 4,594.164 93,610 6.661 611,533 450 116,326 312,947 1,673,685 14,775 18.850 144,565 11. 268 87,8t2,682 Quantity. S 50 2,576 163,706 289 767 15,157,431 27,727 4,503 597 I,C05 559, 265 2,849 1. 021 73 3,349 221,433 50 14,682,651 7,285 3,000 179,068 190 18,143 109,917 181,794 202 504 13,195 219 14,195,143 6,9 3,972 3,567,503 294.919,113 1,738,293 90,577,826 177,273 4,892,504 50,576 41,851.765 242.462 6,705,127 29,851 10,196 91,685 - 124 452,296 1,888 231,262 1,666,584 134,193 473.952 2.781,197 2,537,249 22,325 937, 894 5,155,0-16 172,720 78,036 3t, 737, 428 - 171,923,342 1,197 150,813 75,932 14,730,963 7.742,651 11,666,371 1,899 457,925 3,152,124 1,912 25.221 1922. Value. S 575 - 321,037 + 5,552,723 + 9,537 + 11,503 65,518,497 + 248,402 - 102,138 - 31,353 - 43,742 - 2,160,898 + 76,294 - 24,107 - 2,044 + 152,263 + 14,220 2,500 + 5,846.501 + 110,608 14.500 + 611,176 I, 796 + 74,303 208,59'1 + 1,628,323 + 3,027 + 11.980 188,458 + 5,781 - 8 , 976, 79t 15,438,481 + 4,714,658 + 1,839,549 + 448,674 + 865.664 + 251.776 + 55.185 + 67,588 542,611 17.866 + 5,972 266,391 1,766,347 188.789 407.386 3,165.005 + 3,502.935 + 14,871 1,486,250 + 4, 175.P41 231. 894 + 80.908 - 39.53-1,741 - 181,297,2-12 Increa.se (+) or Decrease (-). Quantity. p.c. 20.7 + 33.7 + 11.8 + 34.8 + 1,997.5 + 48.9 + 248.7 + 35.9 - 72.7 + 76.4 + 7.0 - 72.6 - 0.6 - 7.2 + 18.5 - 36.3 - 21.6 - 44.6 + 23.7 - 49.7 - 7.3 - 377.0 + 32.6 66.6 + 4.2 + 19.5 + 80.0 + 4.6 533.3 + 43.7 - 9.5 - 10.4 - 2.5 - 19.2 - 30.3 + 35.8 - - + 865.3 + - + - + - + - 30.4 + 0.7 + - 4&.3 + 5.2 15.8 + 11.3 + - + - + Value. p.c. 41.1 37.3 13.1 0.4 79.4 9.6 7.6 25.1 52.4 31-8 21.0 6.2 39.0 39.9 117.3 34'6 66.6 27.2 18.1 117.5 4.8 249.1 36.2 33.4 2.8 79.6 36.5 30.3 48.7 5.1 8.7 32.1 5.8 15.3 1,611.6 3.8 84.8 26.3 19.9 846.3 15.2 5.9 40.6 14.1 13.8 38.0 33.4 58.4 19.2 34.3 3.6 13.8 7.1 364 PRODUCT/OX 3.- :\lineral Produ('tion of Canada, ('om pared as to Quantity and \-'alue, In calendar )cars 1921 and 1922. ("000" omitteù). Products. l\1t'tallir. Cobalt, metallic find contained in oxide. . Copper. . . . " .,. . . _ . . . . . , _ . . Gold. '..._ ......... _....... ....._ Iron, pig, from Canadian ore. ... ..... . . . . Iron ore, sold for export. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . I.ead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KickeI.. . . . .. . .. . . . . Palladium. . . . . . . . Platinum....... . ilver. Zinc. Other Total metallic......... $ NOI1-metallit'. Arsenic, VI hi te and in ore. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asbestos............. ..._. Chromite...... ...... Coal...... ....... ..... ..... .......... Feldspar. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fluor"par. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graphite...... ........ Grind".tones........ . ..... . Gypsum. ..... ?ragne ite. ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Magne.,ium sulphate. ..... Mica. . ... '.. . . . . . . Mincral pigmenh-Bar tes............. . . -Oxides...... . . . . . . . . . . Katural a ....... ...... Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrites........ ....... Quartz. . . . . . . alt. Talc.... Other :Jrticles... Total non.metalllc.... .. .. . Strurtural I\laterfals and Uay Pro- duds. Cement, Portland........ Brick, <,ammon. Brick, pressec!. ... . _ . . Brick, moulded and ornamental. . .. . . . . . Fireproofing......... ...... . f'ewerpipe......... .... Tile, drain... .. . . . . . . . .. . . Other clay products. .... . . . . . Lime.................. ..... and and 'tra\ cI. . . . Other :Jrticles... ... .. "" .\ctual value 1922. 1,852 5,738 26,116 179 5 5,818 6,159 47 40 12,577 3,218 31 61,1b6 321 5,553 12 65,518 248 102 31 44 2,161 76 24 152 10 111 5,847 611 74 209 1. 628 188 57 "'2,977 Yulue at price" of 1921. s $ 1,510 5,360 26,116 1,387 5 4.358 6,159 47 35 11,641 1,394 36 Actual value 1921. Increase (+> or decrease (-). s s + 1,096 - 216 + 6,967 - 1,695 + 2 + 1. 989 - 594 + 9 + 25 + 4,O!J2 + 747 + 21 Due to Due to hlO'her(+> larger (+> 0; lower or 7 )lle (- > quan- pnces. tities. + 342 + 378 - 1,208 + 1,460 + ]I + 936 + I, 824 - 5 49,3,13 +12,443 + 3,73'" 756 5,954 19,14!J 1,874 3 3,829 6,753 18 21 8,485 2,471 10 234 4 , 90G 56 72,452 231 136 66 ()4 1. 786 81 39 70 10 94 4,5!J4 642 116 313 1. 674 144 134 + 87 + t.>47 - H - 6,934 + I7 - 34 - 35 - 20 + I 375 - 5 - 15 + 82 - + 17 + 1,253 - 31 - 42 - 104 - 46 + 44 - 77 - 96 - 3,188 - 3 - 7,414 + 32 + + + + 38- + 1,055 + + 9- - 135 + - 218 + - + - 28- s s 15."38 17,082 14,1!J5 + 1.213 - 1,644 4,715 4,6!i1 3,568 + ],147 + 24 I, 840 I, 945 1,738 -t Ir2 - In5 866 1.267 51 + 815 - 401 543 346 452 + 91 + 1!J7 1,766 1,124 1,667 + !J!J + 642 407 255 471 - 67 -I- 1.52 784 499 908 - 124 + 285 3,165 3,097 2,781 + 384 + 68 3.50:1 2,556 2,537 + !Jtifi + 9H 6,508 4.14? 6,366 + 142 + 2,366 ---- Total trucfllral Jlaterlal!> and' <-'lay Products S I 39. 53.') 7,OO.l 3.1,731 + 1.1!1S + 2,531 Graml TobJo.. ... . ISI, 9S 11'-7,111 17t,92 -tl::,376 - 3,lld 58,lul" 417 8,741 15 72, 932 216 102 57 50 I. 403 59 19 334 to 73 4.ï92 611 65 344 1. 846 188 85 92.35\1 + 754 + 6, t 487 + 2 + 529 594 + + + + + 9 14 3,156 1,077 26 8,105 + 183 + 3,8.15 41 + 480 15 34 9 14 38:J 22 20 264 26 6 75P - 17 5 182 + 2] 19 31 51 31 172 44 49 87,M2 - 4,hba - 9.382 + ,1,51 + 2.887 + 1,123 + 207 + 1.216 106 543 219 409 316 19 - 2,224 + + + 2,2G7 + 1,'),j1S9 JHNERAL PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES 365 Provincial Distribution of Mineral P:oduction. The principal mineral producing province of Canada in 1922 was Ontario, with an 0 .lput vah-e l at 65,866,O:.m. British Columbia came second with a mineral production valued at $39,423,962. \.lberta was third with $27,872,136 and Nova Scotia ranked fourth with $25,923,499. Quebec was fifth with $17,646,529 and New Brunswick, Manitoba, Yukon Territory and Saskatchewan followed in the order named, with productions of between one and three million dollars each. 4.- :tlineral Production of Canada, by Prodnces, 1899 to 1922. Calendar Nova Years. Scotia. 1 S 1899.... 6,817.274 1900... 9,298,479 1901.. .. 7,770,159 1902.... 10,686,549 1903....11,431.914 1904....11,212.746 1905.... 11.507,047 1906....12,894.303 1907.... H,532,040 1908....14,487,108 1909....12.50-1,810 1910.... 14,195,730 1911. . .. 15,409,397 1912.... 18,922,236 1913.... 19.376.183 1914....17,584,639 1915....18,088.342 1916.... 20,042,262 1917....21.104,542 1918.... 22.317,108 1919.... 23,445,215 1920....34.130,017 1921.... 28.912,111 1922.... 25,923,499 New Bruns- wick. Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba. h: : Alberta. Yukon. British Colum- bia. S 4?0.227 439.060 467,985 607, 129 580,495 559,913 559.035 646.328 s S 2,585.635 9.819,557 3, 292, 383 11, 258. 099 3,759,98413,970.010 3,743,636 14,619,091 3,585,93814,160,033 3,688,48212.582,843 4,405,97518,833.292 5,242,05825.111. 682 $ s S 17,108,707 23,452,330 19,297,940 16.127,400 14,082,986 12,713,613 11,387.642 10,092,72 6 533,251 4,657,524 413,212 5,122,505 456,246 6,047,447 498.122 8,996,210 636,706 6.G62,673 1,165.642 12,073,589 881,14215,054,046 712,313 12,684,234 451,933 9,909,347 590,47313,297,543 860,65116,527,535 l,C19.781 23,109,987 1,521,96421,087,582 1,8.17,46833,586,456 I, I U, no 30,562,229 1,255.47027,872,136 664,467 6,205,553 30,381. 638 579,816 6,372,94930,623,812 657.035 7,086,265 37,374,577 581. 942 8,270, 136 43,538.078 612,830 '9,304,71712,796,162 771.00411,656,99851.985,876 1,102,61313,475,53459,167.749 1,014,570 11,8.16,929 53.034,677 903.46711,619,27561.071.287 1,118,18714,406,59880,461.323 1,435,024 17,400,C77 8",066,600 2,144,017 Hi, 605,34794,694.093 1,770,945 21,267.947 67,917,998 2,491,78728,886,21481. 715.808 1,901.505 15,157,09457,356,651 2,263,69217,646.52965,866,029 898,775 584,374 I. 193,377 1. 500, 359 1. 79 I. 772 2,463.074 2,214,496 2.413.489 1. 318. 387 1. 823,576 2,628,264 3.120,600 2. 868, 378 4,223,46] I. 934.117 2.258.942 1 $ 12,482,605 16,680,526 20,531,833 17 ,448,031 17,899,147 19,325,174 22,386,008 25,299,600 3.335,89825,656,056 3,669,29ü 23,704,035 4,032,67822,479,006 4,764,47424,478,572 4,707,43221,299.305 5,933,24230,076,635 6,276,73728.086,312 5,418,185 24,164,039 5,057,708 :?8,689,425 5,491,610 39,969,962 4,482,20236,141,926 2,355.63142,935,333 1,940,93434.865,427 1.576,72639,411,728 1,754,955 33,230,460 1,785,57339.423,962 Ilncludes a small production from Prince Edward Island. 5.-IUineral Production of Nova Scotia, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Products. Ietalllc. ï ;:::::.:::::::::::::: : fine" oz. Non-metallic. Barytes......... ........... tons Coal. .. .. . . . _ . . " Felc6par. _ .. __ ............. " r ::: ":':':':::::': : :':':':':': :: "it ::.'.:::::::::::::::: :: Structural Iaterlals and Clay Prod uets. Lime............ . . . . . . _ _ . . ., bush. Stone..... . . . _ . .. . . . . . . . . . .. tons. Other products.. .. .. . . .. . .. . 1 Total. .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . 1920. 1921. 1922. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 1 1 $ 690 14,263 440 9,075 1,042 21,540 - - 25 16 86 5 8 751 22,983 270 9,567 289 9,537 6,429,29132,238,129 5,734,92827,782,050 5,569,07224,629,921 - - 16 177 - - 211 8,440 183 6,990 102 3.69 2 260,661 573,752 206,831 511,883 332,404 580,14 8 62 4,140 68 3,400 73 2,04 4 3,023 32,000 2,638 23,269 5,053 54,666 260 8,600 341 11,268 219 5,781 201,500 40,300 25,914 6,085 - - - 420,175 58,923 116,602 87,955 119,492 - 226,121 - 431,789 1 - 496,620 - 34,130,017 - 2R,912,1l1 - 25,923,,19 9 The total production of blastfurnace pig-iron in Nova Scotia in 1920 was 332.493 ton , valued at 17,687,614; in 1921, it was 169,504 tons, valued at $3,633,516 and in 1922 the production was 135,261 tons. valued at $3,139,994. Jlncludes railway ballast from P.E.I., valued at 11,433, 366 PRODUCTION G.-l\lIneral P....ductlon of ew Brunswick, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. Products. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. QUßJ1tity. Value. $ $ $ Xon-metalllc. Coal. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. tons. 166,048 1,055,286 187,192 920,666 287,513 1,107,643 Grindstones.... . . . . . . . .. 2,233 79, 696 1,098 57,077 903 40,050 Gypsum....... ....... .. 49.405 428,183 54,030 360.220 82,462 517,668 Natural gas.......M. cu ft. 682,502 130,506 708,743 139,375 753, 898 148,040 Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . .. brl. 5,148 19,963 7,479 33,022 7,778 3 . 732 structural materials. Clay products. . .. .. . . . $ - 73,484 - 66, 600 - 75,425 Lime................. bush. 701,859 365,030 562,447 203,084 560,834 187,895 Stone..... . . . . .. . . . . .. tons. - 280,167 15,125 97, 290 12,027 104,730 Other products........ $ - 59,472 - 24,171 - 49,509 Total.. . .. . . . . . - 2,,191,787 - 1,901,505 - 2,253,69%" 7.- 1lin('ral Production of QUl'bec, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Products. l\letalllc. Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lb. Gold..................ozs. Iron ore sold Cor export. tons Lead.................. lb. Molybdenite........... .c Silver.................o zs . Zinc.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lb. Non-metallic. Ashest?s and asbestic. t :'8 Chromlte............. . FelrJspar.. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. Graphite............... .. :r:: . .::::::::::::: :: Mineral water......... gal. Iron oxides............ tons Pellt................... .. ho'ihate..... . . . . . ... :: ffi . .:::::::::::::: :: structural !\Iaterlals and Cia)' Products. Cement...... . . . . . . . . " brl. Clay products........ .. S Kaolin................. tons Lime... .... ......... . bush. Slate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eq uares Stone............ ... . tons Other products.. . . . . . . $ Total.. .. .. . . . . . Quantity. 880,638 955 960 905,472 61,003 1,120,200 199,573 11,016 649 233 18,378 24,219 19.128 14,817 1,986 150 3,013,463 683 2,108,203 1 . 1920. Value. S 153,724 19,742 3,000 80,949 61,552 85,931 14,792,201 251,379 10,052 31,913 512,756 281.460 10,109 157,909 44,451 5.558 1,050 6,545,054 2,361.007 15.022 826,044 14. 200 2,189.325 431,826 - 2S,a86,214 Quantity. 352,308 635 595,881 38,084 92,761 2,798 9,737 38 2,927 484 19,626 8,879 2,135,631 124 2,040,451 I 719,499 700,669 ' 1921. Value. $ 44,045 13,127 34,215 23,861 4,906,230 55,696 80.180 2,423 74,109 41,172 7.278 92,765 30 1,986 5,994 450 10,463 _ 29,824 Quantity. 163,706 767 12,472 24 2,849 1. 360 12,161 7,282 2,660,935 1,197 2,108,513 4 1. 899' 987,355 1922. Value. s 526 I,Uo- 5.410,275 1,742.872 1.888 790.503 22,325 1,662.641 no. 752 - 15,157,O!l4 5,652,723 11.503 127.826 1.500 76,294 97,748 3.692 110,488 131 1,320 63,023 4,950 10,994 150 5,907.300 2,476.370 17,866 634,157 14.871 2,342,316 212,582 17,147,tU Non.-In Quebec there is also an important production 01 aluminium Irom imported ores. 1 1,532 squares and 240 tons of crushed material. 1415 squares and 2,232 tOIL" 01 crushed material. I Sand and gravel only in 1921. 4 The production oC hydrated lime was 5,278 tons, valued at $55,642. I Tons. l1HNERAL PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES 367 8.-1Uineral Production of Ontario, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. Products. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Jletalllc. $ $ $ Cobalt, metallic and in oxide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.?' 546,023 1,365.058 251. 986 755,958 569,960 1,852,370 Copper......... . . . .. . . . 32,059,993 5,596,392 12,821,385 1.602,930 10,943,636 1.464.477 Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oos. 564.995 11,679,483 708,213 14,640,062 1,000,340 20,678,862 Iron ore. sold for export. tons 6,683 54,266 48 242 - - Iron, pig, from Canadian 8,095 ore l .................. .. 75,869 2,066,997 56,564 1. 873,682 178.980 Lead.................. lb. 2,255.520 201. 643 3.312.493 190.203 2,890,397 180.216 Nickel........... ...... .. 61,335,706 24,534.282 19,293,060 6,752.571 17,597,123 6.158.993 Platinum........ . crude ozs. 578 36,961 269 20.184 458 44,709 PaHadium...... ... .. 913 58,392 591 38,267 724 47,060 Rhodium. ruthenium, .. osmium......... . 513 31,815 57 9.690 391 31,280 Silver................ .0IS. 9,907,626 9,996.795 9,761.607 6,116,037 10,811,903 7,300,305 Zinc.................. . lb. 13,950 1,070 - - - - Non-metallic. Actinolite............ .. tons 100 1,160 78 975 50 575 Arsenious oxide...... .. .. 1,831 425,6]7 1,491 233,763 2.058 299,940 Corundum............ . .c 196 24.547 403 55,965 - - Feldspar. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. 37,224 270.843 20.115 150.457 10,842 120.576 Fluorspar............. . .. 3.758 68,475 116 1,744 284 3,905 Graphite.............. . .. 1,957 133.704 899 63,439 573 29,853 Gypsum............. .. .. 74.707 404,162 84.790 433.053 110,227 621. 668 Mica................... .. 1,466 94,562 218 28.891 1.989 54,5]5 :Mineral water.. . . . imp. gal. - U,473 308.647 14,438 209.072 10,528 Natural gas....... .M. cu Ct. 10,529,374 2,920,731 8,422,774 3,080.130 8,060,114 4,076,296 Peat........ .......... tons 4,550 18,650 1.666 6.664 3,000 14.500 Petroleum............. brl. 180.071 726.286 172,859 559.198 164.732 526.316 Phosphate............. tons - - - - 59 476 Pyrites............... . .. 148.652 618,283 27.785 101,306 11,233 39.763 Quartz................ . .. 90.433 321. 063 72,068 220. 806 81,528 118,054 Salt.... ........ ....... .. 206,832 1,512,724 161,987 1,649.626 176,741 1.573,657 Strontium. . . . . . . .. . . . . II 75 2,625 - - - - Talc..... . . . . . . ........ II 21,411 162,784 9.967 140,390 12.854 178,728 Structural Materials and Clay Products. Cement.. .. . . . .. .. .. ... brl. 2.035,594 4.377,814 2.723.071 6,424.356 3,104,386 6,393,566 Clay products......... . $ - 5,613,488 - 5,183.125 - 6,1144.218 Lime............ ..... .bush. 5,109.635 1,962,086 3,530,547 1,344,188 3,939,954 3 1,311.5633 Sand-lime brick....... no. 30,664,720 451,175 - - - - Stone...... . . . . . . . . . . .. tons - 4.035.478 2,716,080 4,167,582 2,317,265 2,969.926 Other products........ $ - 1.931,924 - 1.496.729 2 - 2.640. 154 Total......... . . - 81,715,808 - 57.356.651 - 15,866,02' I The total production of blast-furnace pig-iron in Ontario in 1920 was 749,068 tons, valued at $22,252,062; in 1921, 494,001 tons, valued at $11,856,352; and in 19 2 the production was 293,662 tons, valued at $6,493,513. 2 Sand and gravel only in 1921 (6,273,173 tons). 'The production of hydrated lime was 36,408 tons, valued at $455,980. ..368 PRODUCTION 9.-IUineral Production of 'Ianltoba, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. Products. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. !Ietalllc. . . S Copper........... . lb. 3,062,577 534,604 - - - - Gold... .... ...... ozs. 781 16,145 207 4,279 156 3,225 Silver................. . .. 15,510 15,649 33 20 20 14 Non-mrtalllt'. Gypsum, calcined...... tons 44,371 487, 894 40, 859 480,282 34,072 440,914 1'\atural gas. . . ....M cu. ft 200 60 200 60 200 60 structural :\latrrlals and Clay Products. Clay proùucts.. . . .. .. . . S - 206,764 - 208,982 - 210,740 Lime................. . bush. 605,399 210,984 413,283 136,375 382,184 163,799 Sand-lime brick 1 ....... No. 10,278,802 197,734 - - - - f'tone. . . . . . . .... ..... ton" - 374,286 16,868 56, 666 34,359 106,638 Other products..... S - 2,179,341 - 1,047,453 - 1, 333,552 Total. . . . .. . . . . . - 4,223,461 - 1,934,117 - 2,258,942 10.-:\linpral Production of Saskatche\\an, 1920,1921. and 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. Products. Quantity. Value. Quantity. ,r alue. Quantity. "alue. Xon-metalllt'. S S S Coal. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. tOI18 343,475 819,320 335,632 823,180 382,437 802,053 :Magnesium sulphate. ... .. 2 103 2 120 - - Salt. .. - - 33 790 - - SodiUl ; iph '.'.:: :: : .. 811 19,496 624 18,850 504 11,980 Strurtural 'Iatrrlals and {'lay Products. Clay product'!. ......... S - 471.448 - 166,244 - 134,704 Sand-lime brick 1... "" No 2,258,500 35,38.3 - - - - Other products. . . . . . . . . - 491,718 - 105.036 - 306,733 Total. ......... . - 1,831,46'" - 1,11-1.220 - 1,255, -170 11.- "inpral Production of Albrrta, 1920, 19'H and 1922. Products. 1920. 1921. 1922. Quantity. Value. Quantity. \' al ue. Quantity. Value. S . . - - 49 1,013 - - 6,833,500 29,849,608 5,909,217 27,246,514 5,990,911 24,351,913 5,633,442 1,181,345 4,945,884 1,374,599 5,867,459 1,622,105 11.032 75,986 7,203 49,313 5,608 52,128 - 786,430 - 710,477 - 700. C63 139,433 72,477 107,083 48,332 130,627 71,328 2,257,000 40,626 - - - - - 4,415 2,962 13,750 554 7,300 - 1,575,569 - 1,118,231 - 1,067,299 - 3.1,586,456 - 30,55%,%2' - 27,872,136 1letalllr. Gold, alluviaL.. _ __.... ozs. Non-metailir. Coal.......... ........ tons Katural gas..... .M cu. ft. Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . .. brl. structural 'Iah'rlals and Clay Produrts. Clay products........ .. . Lime. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . bush Sand-lime brick l ...... no Stone...... __ _ ........ ton:; Other proùucts........ S Total...... .. . . . ISand-lime brick not included under lIIincral Production in 1921 and 1922. MINERAL PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES 369 12.- )lineral Production of British Columbia, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Products. lUetalllc. Copper 1 ................ lbs. Gold.................. ozs. Iron ore sold for export. ton!:' Lead......... ., _... lbs. Platinum. ............. ozs. Silver.................. " Zinc..... . .. . . . . ,. . . . .. Ibs. Non-metallic. Ar>-enic... . . . . . . .... ... tons Coal. . ... .. ... .. Fluorspar. .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. Gypsum............... " Manganese. . ... . . . . . . " " :Magnesium sulphate... .. :Magnesite. ....... . . . . .. " Mineral water.......... gals. N atro-alunite ......... ton Oxides (iron}........... .. Pyrites........ ......" Quartz............ ..... .. Sodium carbonate..... " Talc. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. Structural )lIaterlals and Clay Prod uets. Clay products......... $ Lime......... ........bush. Stone......... ......... tons Other products........ $ Total.. . .. . . .. . Quantity. 45,319,7ïI 124,808 1,212 32,792,725 Ii 3,3Z7,W8 38,729,762 628 2,858,877 7,477 587 1,945 11,275 35,876 1920. Value. $ 7,911,019 2,580,010 7,272 2,931,670 719 3,356,971 2,970,960 22,231 16,726,950 171,971 6,889 39,783 110 56,376 141,200 3,100 - 596,172 561,305 341.632 - 276,505 - 1.270,298 Quantity. 34,447,127 150,792 1,010 60,298,603 23 3,350,357 53,089,356 2,890,291 5,403 40 30 169 3.597 22,288 197 167 199,341 142,O.n 1921. Value. 4,306,580 3,117.147 3,030 3,462,346 1,726 2,099,133 2,4ïl,310 15, 6i6, 774 134,523 100 2,027 803 39,386 7,211 Quantity. $ 31,936,182 207,3iO 1,255 87,093,266 12 7,150,937 56,290,000 518 2,927,033 4,219 100 50 3 6,908 17,425 202 191 1922. Value. s 4,273,700 4,286,718 3,528 5,430,265 1,154 4,828,384 3,217,536 21,097 14,622,317 98,233 500 1,021 24,017 - 39,411,728 1,500 845 4,557 62,317 14,775 4,175 415,869 252,630 229,165 925,361 - 33,230,460 2,500 120 34,540 37,521 3,027 4,780 - 447,452 433,716 2 254,320 197,670 324,591 - 1,507.662 1 Smelter recoveries of copper. 2 The production of hydrated lime in addition was 2,909 tons, ,alued at 130,321. 13.- lUineral Pro(luction of Yukon, 1920, 1921 and 1922. - 39,423,962 1920. 1921. 1922. Products. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. IUetalllc. $ S S Copper. ..-......... lbs. 277,712 48,478 - - - - Gold. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ozs. 72,778 1,504,455 65,994 1,364,217 54,456 1,125,705 Sil ver . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . " 19,190 19,363 393,092 246,288 663,493 447,997 Lead.................. lbs. - - 2,472,615 141,978 3,323,508 207,221 l\on-metalllc. Coal................... tons 763 4,430 233 2,472 465 4,650 Total. .. .. . . . . . . - 1,576,762 - 1,7M,955 - 1,785,573 623ï3-24 370 PRODUCT/OX 2.-l\fetallic l\finerals. I.-Gold. Canada has been a gold producing country for over 60 years. The discovery of gold in paying quantities was an epoch-making event in the history of British Columbia. In the late fifties, placer gold was discovered along the Thompson river, and in 1858 the famous Fraser river rush took place, attracting the attention of the mining world to British Columbia. The eJ\.""traordinarily rich deposits of 'Vil- Iiams and Lightning creeks in the Cariboo district were discovered in 1860, and three years later the area had a record production of placer gold valued at $4,000,000. In the northern part of the province, the Atlin division of the Cassiar district was discovered in 1892. The discovery of gold in the Yukon river was reported in 1869, find bar mining on the tributaries of the Yukon was conducted with increasing profit between 1881 and 1886. Ten years later rich discoveries were made in creeks of the Klondike river, a right bank tributary joining the Yukon at what is now Dawson City; and one of the greatest rushes in history was made to this locality. The richest strcams in the district were Bonanza creek and its principal tributary, the Eldorado. Gold was discovered in Nova Scotia in 1860. Two years after the discovery, gold valued at nearly $142,000 was recovered from the quartz veins; a steas about three- quarters of a mile to the south; and (3) a nortlwrly zone knbwn as the' Goodfish Lake gold area. British Columbia.-The production of gold in British Columbia has varied consider tbly at diffcrent periods. Rapid inrreases took place between 1 5S and 1863, when ]89,318 fine ounces were won by placer mining. Thereaftcr a decline occurred until IS93, when a low level of 18,; 60 fine ounces was r<'3ched. Then the introduction of lode mining resulted in a rapidly incrcasing production until ]fJ02, when previous records were surpassed by an output of marc than 28S,OOO fine ounces. '\ïth the exception of the maximum output of 297,459 fine ouncc:-, in 1913, the record of 1902 has not been equalled. RecC'llt developments including the increase of 17.8 p.c. in the production of 1922 over that of 1921 indicate more favourahle conditions in the gold mining industry of the province. Though the bulk of the gold obtained in the Cordilleran region has been dcrivcd from the placer deposits of the central portion of the region flOm the l4 3,988 13,342 8.421 100,000 63.117 82,410 15,946 10,065 3,986 93,044 9.964 10,000 55,059 1,365,565 7,'90.66% 5,0t3.466 Australasia- N ew Routh Wales....... 18,907 1,010,997 1,195,821 1,219,020 51,173 1,057,840 8,326,006 5,255,125 Northern Ten i- tory 751 15 5'>-5 - - 490 10,129 - - Queeñ l d.... ::: 115,230 2,382:0Ï6 274,935 279,555 {O,376 834,646 195.328 123,285 South Australia. 1.697 35.080 1,005 1.025 2.6'>8 54,326 1.449 1115 Victoria.......... 168,979 3,493,106 6.231 6.352 104,512 2,160.455 5.204 3.2Sì5 We8tAu.'!tralia... 617.84212,771.928 130,692 133,227 664.95013,7-15,736 116.151 73.311 New Zealand.... 1?4,375 2,571.055 45.'3,567 462,366 lZ4,375 2,571.055 453,567 286.278 Tasmarua....... 6,246 129,116 623,359 635,457 5.340 110,388 348,658 220,062 PapJa........... 11,751 242,915 - - 9,289 192.021 - - -------- Total.......... 1,195, 778 , n,5ãl. 738 , %,I8-&,t.. , %,738,'" 1,00.3,133 !O, 73G,5" ,."..313 ! PRODUCTIOX OF SILVER 375 16.-Quantity and Value of the World's Production of Gold and Silver for calendar years 1920 and 1921-concluded. (From the Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint.) 1920. 1921 Countries. Gold. Silver. Gold. Silver. fine oz. . fine oz. , fine oz. . fine oz. . Asia- British India... . 499.068 10.316.651 2.870.595 2.926,285 470, OOO 9.715.762 3.827.904 2 416,058 China... . . . _ . . . . 1 5, OOO 2,583.979 50.000 50.9iO loo.oo0 2.067.183 40.000 25.247 Chosen (Korea). 76.000 1.571.059 1. 2oo 1,223 75,000 1.550.388 1. OOO 631 Eal;'t Indies- British....... . 29.025 600. OOO 24.188 500.000 Dutch.. ....... 90.920 1.879.483 1.027,932 1.047,874 94.168 1.946.625 1,021.994 645.052 Federated Malay 13.386 276.719 States........ . 12,853 265.695 Indo-China..... . 160 3.307 160 3,307 Japan.. .......... 248.181 5.130,357 4.892.380 4.987.292 229.671 4.747.721 3.993.981 2,520.881 Sarawak........ . 16,353 338,047 5.179 5.279 17,091 353.30:i 3.437 2,169 Tai wan (For- mosa)........ . 13.500 n9.070 20,000 20.388 12.000 248.062 15,000 9.468 - - - - - - - - Total. .. .. .. .. . 1,111,OGO 22,967,1ì 8,867,286 9,039,311 1,0.35,664 I,409,069 8,90.3,316 5,619,506 - - - - - - - - Africa- All!;eria......... . 150, OOO 152.910 18.936 391.442 150,000 94.675 Belgian Congo.. . 96.804 2,ool.116 10.673 10.881 65.715 1.358.450 5.819 3,673 British West Africa- Gold Coast, Ashanti and Nigeria.... .. 230.948 4.774,119 203.599 4.208.765 Egypt and Abyssinia... . 14,23Z 294.202 304 310 1. 451 30.000 Eritrea.. ........ 579 11,969 484 10.000 French West Africa- Guinea, Sene- gal and Ivory Coast. ......... 4,838 loo. 000 4,838 100.000 Madap;8Scar. . . . . 16.686 344.930 13,824 14,093 14.660 303.049 12.860 8,117 Port\lJ!:uE'!'e East Africa.. . . 7.256 150. COO 700 713 6.015 12i.341 502 317 Rhod ia- Northrn..... . 569 11.762 5.883 5.997 1.383 28,589 8.867 5.597 Southern..... . 552.498 11.421.147 158.982 162,066 585.525 12.103.876 152,989 96,562 Transvaal. Cape Colony and NataL...... . 8.331.651 172,230,512 891.304 908.595 8.128.722 168.035.597 830,339 524.085 Total.......... 9,256,061191,339,757 1,231.6iO 1,255.565 9,031,328 186,69,1,109 1,161,3;6 733,026 Total for the 1\or.d........... 16,303,306337,019,255173,280,580 176,621,835 15.961,598329,955.515175.676,506110.819,035 2.-8ilver. The annual production of silver in Canada from 1887 to 1894 was less than one million ounces. As a result chiefly of the discovery of the silver-lead ores of British Columbia, . it ranged between three and four million ounces from 1895 to 1903. In the latter year silver mining commenced on a small scale in the Cobalt area of Ontario, the output of which rose rapidly to more than 31,500,000 ounces in 1911. In spite of the falling off in the output since that time, Canada still retains its place as the third largest producer of silver in the world. The silver production of Canada is chiefly credited to the rich silver-cobalt ores of northern Ontario and the silver-lead mines of British Columbia. The phen- omenal development of the silver district of Cobalt and Gowganda placed the 376 PRODUCTION region in the first position among the 8ilver camps of the world. An important addition to the output is contributed by the gold-copper ores of British Columbia. A certain amount was also produced until recently by the copper sulphur ores of Quebec. The Yukon has been a steady producer of silver since 1809; its total output until December, 1922, was reported as 3,822,187 ounces. Ontario.-Port Arthur.-The silver mines of the Lake Superior district, while no longer worked on a large scale, were at one time the centre of much activity. The most famous mine, known as the Silver Islet, was abandoned in 1884 after 3,250,000 of silver had been extracted. The district produced silver from 1868 until 1903, when t.he last mine closed down. Periodical attempts to find new ore- bodies have not met with much success, although some are was shipped from the district in 1922. Cobalt.-The silver- bearing veins of Cobalt, lying about 100 miles north of North Bay, were discovered in 1903. The maximum production of the camp was reached in 1911, when 31/>07,791 ounces were reported. The output dropped to 8,279,320 ounces in 1921, when the principal producers were as follows:-Kipissing (3,012,614 ounces), O'Brien (1,408,SDO ot;nres), Coniagas (1,301,860 ounces), Mining Corporation (896,637 ounces) and La Rose (658,423 ounces). Most of the ore in the Cobalt area has come from veins or parts of veins that originaJIy lay beneath the diabase sill or in the footwall. Merchantable are has not be('n found at as great a distance beneath the FilI as ahove it apd unfortunately, little of the hanging wall remains, erosive agencies having removed it together with much of the sill and the footwall. The exploration of the lower contact of the diabase sill, undertahen by the Colonial and Coniagas companies in 1923, may have import- ant results, since the sill extends over a large area. GoU'ganda.-Silver was discovered in 1908 near Miller, Calcite and Gowganda lakes in the vicinity of the village of Gowganda, 56 miles to the northwest of Cobalt. The greatest production was in 1917, when 1,064,635 ounces were reported, and the total quantities shipped from 1 to 1920 werc 5,877,592 ounces. The produc- tion of silver in the Gowganda area has been chiefly from veins in the diabase and, as far as can be judged at present, mostly from the upper part of the sill where it has becn exposed by erosion of the underlying rocb, and also where it dips gently under the underlying rocks as at the Miller Lake O'Brien mine. On the Castle property, worked by the Trethewey Mining Company, the Keewatin over-lies the diabase sill, which is exposed 100 feet west of the silvcr-bearing vein. South Lorrain.- The success of the Keeley mine, which is now being developed by an English company, has tcnded to renew general interest in South Lorrain. The area first attracted attention in 1907, when native silver was discovered on a claim since known as the Keeley mine, and the Wettlaufer in a few years produced more than 3,000,000 ounces of silver. British Columbia.-Until recently, about 75 p.c. of the metal produced in the province came from the silver-lead-zinc ores of the East and 'Vest. Kootenay districts. The remainder was chiefly derived from the copper-gold ores of the Ross- land, Boundary and Southern Coast districts as well as from the Premier gold mine, near Stewart and the Dolly Varden silvcr mine at Alice Arm. The Slocan division was by far the largest producer of silver in British Columbia from 1913 to 1920, accounting for f&early 47 p.c. of the total shipments. The total silver yield of the Premier mine in 1921 was 1,200,000 ounces, which was increased to more than 4,000,000 ounces in 1922, while the Dolly Varden mine produced 831,638 ounces in 1920 and 45,647 ounces in the following year. PRODUCTION OF SILVER BY PROVINCES 377 Yukon Territory.-Production in the Yukon has been obtained chiefly from the gold bullion won by the mining of alluvial deposits. Shipments of high grade silver-lead ores from the Silver King property in the Mayo district accounted for the increase of production from lode mines in 1915 to 1918. The output of the Keno Hill mine of the same district swelled the production in 1921. 'Vodd Production of Silver.-The world production of silver was estimated at about 175,6ï6,W6 fine ounces for 1921, which is a considerable decline from the pre-war average of 1913, given as 208,690,446 fine ounces. The silver production of Canada in 1922 was 18,581,439 fine ounces, as contrasted with 206,113,246 fine ounces, a preliminary estimate of the world's output for 1922. For the quantity and value of the world's production in 1921, see Table 16 of this section. Statistics of the quantity and value of silver produced in Canada are given for the years since 1887 in Table 1 ï, while statistics of the quantity and value produced in the various provinces are given for 1911 and subsequent years in Table 18. 11.-Quantity and Value of Silver Pro(luced in (.'anada during the cal('ndar y('ars 1887-1922. Years. 0.. I Value. Years. Oz. Value. Years. Oz. Value. -- S I S 1887..... . 355,083 347,271 1899..... 3.411,644 2,032,658 1911.... . 32.559,044 17 ,355, 72 1888....... 437. 232 410.998 1900... .. 4,468.225 2,740.362 19]2.... . 31.955.560 19.440,165 1889....... 383,318 358.785 1901.. . .. 5.539,192 3.265.354 1913. . .. . 31,845.803 19,040,924 1890...... . 400.687 419.118 1902.... . 4,291,317 2,238,351 1914.... . 28,449.821 15.593,631 1891.... .. . 414.523 409.549 1903. .... 3.198.581 1.709.642 1915.... . 26.625,960 13. ?28, 842 1892....... 310.651 272.130 1904.... . 3.577,526 2.047,095 1916.... . 25,459.74] 16.717,121 1893...... . - 330.128 1905.... . 6,OOO,O?3 3.621,133 19lï.... . 22,221.274 18,091.895 1894...... . 847,697 534.049 1906..... 8.4;3.379 5,659.455 1918.. . . . 21.383.979 20,693.704 1895...... . 1, 578. 75 1,030.299 1907.... . 12,779,799 8,348,659 1919....1 16.020.657 17,802.474 1896...... . 3. 05.343 2.149'''''1 ]908.... . 22, ]06,233 11.686.239 1920.... . 13,330,357 13.450.330 1897...... . 5,558,45G 3,323,395 1909..... ::7,529,173 14,178,504 1921.. . . . 13,543.198 8,485.355 1898.. ... . 4,452,333 2,693,929 1910.... . 32.869,264 17,580,504 1922. .. .. 18,581,439 12,576,758 IS.-Quantity and Value of Siher Produced In Canada, b) Provinces, during the cal('ndar years 1911-1922. Years. Ontario. Quebec. British Columbia. Yukon TeITitory. Oz. S Oz. S Oz. S Oz. S 1911.......... . 30.540,754 16.279.443 18,435 9,827 1.887,117 1,005,9 4 112.708 60,078 1912........... 29.214,025 17.772.352 9,465 5,758 2,651,OO? 1.612,737 81,068 49.318 1913.......... . 28.411,261 16.987,377 34,573 20.67:" 3,312,343 1.980,483 87.626 52.393 1914.......... . 25,139,214 13.779.055 57,737 31.646 3,159.897 1,731. 971 92,973 50.959 1915........... 22,718.609 11.302.419 63,450 31.524 3.565,85 1.771.658 248.049 123.241 1916.......... . 21,608.158 14. 188,133 98,610 64,748 3,392.872 2. 27. 794 360.101 236,446 1917........... 19,301.835 15,714.975 136,194 110,885 ::',655.994 2.162,430 119,605 97,379 1918...... . . .. . 17 .198.737 16.643.562 178,675 172,907 3,921. 336 3.794.755 71,915 69,594 1919. .......... 12.117.878 13.465.628 140, 9 6 156,600 3.713,537 4,126.556 27,556 30,621 1920........... 9,907,6::'6 9.996,795 61,003 61,552 3.327.028 3,356,971 19,190 19,363 1921.... .. . . . . . 9,761. 607 6.116.037 38,084 23,861 3.350.357 2,099.133 393.092 246,288 1922.......... . 10.811.903 7.300,305 - - 7,150,937 4,828,384 663,493 447,997 Years. Nova 8cotia. New Brunswick. :Manitoba. Oz. S Oz. S Oz. S 1917.............. _"".' _.. _........ _ _. - - 445 363 7,201 5,863 hU8.................................... - - - - 13.316 12,886 1919................................... . - - - - 20,760 23,069 1920........... ........ ................. - - - - 15.510 15.649 1921........... .............. ........... 25 16 - :.. 33 20 1922................................... . 86 68 - - 20 14 NOTE.-For the years 1887 to 1910, see Canada Year Book, 1916-1917, p. 271. 378 PRODUCTION 3.-Copper. The coppcr mining indm;;try has developed at a very rapid rate. The produc- tion was 3,505,000 lbs. in 1886 and had doubled six years later. In 1913, a pre-war year, the output had increased over twenty-one fold, amounting to over 76,976,000 lbs. The extraordinary demand for war requirements resulted in a maximum pro- duction from 1916 to 1918, when the average output was 115,048,931 lbs. The production during the calendar year 1922 was 42,879,818 lbs., of which 17,941,755 lbs. were produced during the first half of the year. The comparative figure for the first half of 1923 was 44,729,386 lbs., indicating a satisfactory recovery after the post-war depression. Ontario.-The Sudbury deposits wcre first noticed in 1856, but did not attract attention untÏl1883, during the per.od of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. A year later, a railway cutting was made through the mall hilI on which the Murray mine was afterwards located. During the first few years the dcposits were exploited for their copper contents alone and not until 1886 was the presence of nickel determined and the true value of the ores made known. The nickel-copper ores of the Sudbury area are the source of nearly all the copper produced in Ontario. The ores.contain from 1 to 2.5 p.c. of copper, the recovery averaging a little over 1.5 p.c. The British America Nickel Corporation erected a smelter at Nickelton and a refinery at Deschenes, Quebec, and has obtained 18 million tons of are, chiefly from the Murray mine. The International Kickel Company, Ltd., has a smelting plant at Copper Cliff and a refinery at Port Colborne. The mining properties include the Creighton, the Crean Hill and the No. 2 mine at Copper Cliff. The smelter of the Mond :t lckel Company is at Coniston, and the copper-nickel matte is exported to their refinery at S\\nnsea, Wales. British Columbia.-The production of copper in the province during 1922 amounted o 31,936,182 lbs., the Skeena, Trail creek and Vancouver (mainland) mining divicsions being the chief pr ducers. The Hidden creek or Anyox mine, south of the Portland canal, O"wned by the Granby Company, is probably the largest copper mine in the province. The claims are situated on a hilI some 920 fcet in height. There are two principal are bodies, one from 100 to 250 feet wide and traced for some 1,500 feet, the othcr being about 400 feet wide and about 700 feet long. The Anyox plant situated on Observatory inlet and blown in during March, 1914, is a large pyritic smelter. The Le Roi Centre Star group, forming part of the property of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co., is situated on the southern slope of Red Mountain at Rossland. In the Vancouver mining division the chief producer is the Britannia mine, situatcd on the east side of Howe sound on the Pacific coast. The ores occur in a mineralized zone that is at len.st four miles long and towards its centre has a variable width of from 300 to 600 feet. Manitoba.-l\Iuch development has been carried on in the Flin Flon district of Manitoba in the last eight years. The Mining Corporation of Canada, after securing a controlling interest in the Flin Flon group, has carried on extensive development work by sinking and cross-cutting, verifying the results of previous diamond drilling and proving large tonnages of are to be in place. A branch exten- sion of the Hud on Bay Railway and the construction of smelter works are required for the economic treatment of the copper ores of the district. ,,"'orld's Production of Copper.-The world's production of copper was estimated at 591,290 short tons in 1921 as compared with 1,078,235 tons in the previous year. Preliminary estimates indicate that a considerable recovery was PRODUCT/O.V OF COPPER 379 effected in 1922, the production being given as 987,540 tons. Canada had an output of 21,440 tons in 1922, producing nea.rly 2.2 p.c. of the world's estimated total. It.-Quantity and Value of Copper Produced in Canada, by Provinces, calendar years 1911-1922. Years. Ont!U'Ïo. Quebec. British Columbia. Total. Lb. . Lb. . Lb. . Lb. . 1911...... . 17.932,263 2,219.297 2,436.190 301.503 35.279.558 4.366,198 55.6-18,011 6.886.998 1912....... 2 9 . 250. 6()1 3,635.971 3. ::82,210 536.346 50.526.656 . 8, 56. 561 77,832,127 12,718.548 1913..... .. 25,885.929 3,952,522 3.455,887 527.679 45.791. 579 6.991,916 76.976,9:.>5 11,753,606 1914.... . . . 28,948.211 3,937,536 4,201.497 571.488 41.219.202 5.606.636 75.735.960 10.301.606 1915...... . 39,361,464 6.799.693 4.197.482 725,115 56.692.988 9.793,714 100.785,150 17,410.635 1916...... . 44,997.035 12.240.094 5.703.347 1. 551. 4::4 63,642.550 17.312,046 117.150,028 31. 867,150 11117...... . 42.867.774 11,651. 461 5.015.560 1.363.229 57.730,959 15,691. 275 109.227,332 1 29,687.989 1 1918.... .. . 47.074.475 11.5\13,502 5.869.649 1,445.577 62.865.681 15,482.560 118,769,434 :.9,250,536 1919...... . 24.346,623 4.550,627 2,691.695 503.105 44.502.079 8.317,884 75.053.581 14,028.265 1920.... .. . 32.059.993 5.596.392 880.638 153,724 45,319,771 7,911,019 81,600.691 14.244.217 1921.... .. . 12.821.385 1.602.930 352,308 44,045 34,4i7,127 4.306.580 47,620.820 5,953.555 1922. ... ... 10.943,636 1.464.477 - - 31.936,182 4,273,700 42.879,818 5.738.177 PRODUCTION OF COPPER IN MANITOBA AND YUKO:>J TERRITORY (INCLUDED IN TOTALS). Years. M:ani toba, Yukon Territory, (included in totals). (in('luded in totals). Lb. . Lb. . 1912....... . ., . .... . . . . .. . . .. .,. . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . - - 1.772.660 289.670 1913................................................. . - - 1,843.53C 281. 489 1914........ . . . .. .. .. . . . . ... . . . . . '. .... . . .. . . . . ., . . . . . - - 1.367.050 185.946 1915......... .. " . . . .. .. . . .... . . ... . .. . . . '. ... . . . .. . . . - - 533.216 92,113 1916.............................................. _ _.. - - 2.807,096 763,586 1917. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1.116.000 303,329 2.460,079 668.650 1918.......................... ........ ...... ........:: 2.339.751 576.234 619,878 152.663 1919. ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 3.348.000 625.775 165.184 30.874 1920. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3.062.577 534.604 277,712 48.475 1921. . . .......... . . . . . ... ... . . . .. .. . . " . . . ... . . . . .. . . . - - - - 1922......... . . . . .. . . ... . . . . '.' . . .. .. ... . . . .... . . . . . . . - - I - - NOTE.-For the years 1886 to 1910. see Canada Year Book, 1916-17. p. 272. 1lncludes 36.960 lb., valued at S10.045, from New Brun'lwick and Alberta, not given separately. 20.-Copper Production of Seven Countries and of the World, 1913-1922. 1 (In short tons of 2.000 pounds.) United Spain World's Years. States. Mexico. Canada. Chile. Peru. and J apaI). produc- Portugal. tion. - - - - - - 1913.............. . 614.255 58.185 38.460 46.574 30,609 39.683 73,283 1.072.674 1914........ __..... 579,133 40.043 37,498 49.221 29,853 29.652 77.650 1. 011. 939 1915.............. . 712.126 34.128 52.016 57,680 38,269 40, 895 83.108 1,188.172 1916. .............. 971,123 60,751 52,8RO 78,559 47.472 39.021 110.900 1.533,294 1917.............. . 961. 016 52,348 55, 790 11:0' ,985 49,784 45.084 119,058 1. 579. 675 11118.............. . 968.687 83,233 58.068 117,851 48.944 50,596 99. 583 1. 569, 528 1919......... . 604.642 66,661 39.789 87.721 43.243 38.581 86.468 1. 069. 437 1920..... ......:::: 635.248 49,8(\6 39.121 104.173 36,356 2.';.353 74.727 1. 078. 235 1921.............. . 238,420 13,576 23.810 61.421 37.258 36,596 59,676 591. 290 1922.............. . 511.970 29,842 21.440 141.433 39.200 40,234 . 60,365 987.540 10lõt heåuthonty of the Year Book of the American BureJ.U of :\Iehl Stati'ltic3, New York. 3S0 PRODUCTION 4.-Lead. Lead is obtained in Canada largely from the dcposits of British Columbia. From 88,6ü5Ibs. in 1891, the production advanced to over 39,000,000 lbs. in 1897, an average incrcase of about 6.5 million Ibs. per ycar. O\\ing to the low price of silver in 1898 and labour troubles in the Slocan in 1899, the output fell off to 21.9 million Ibs. in 1899, but rose to 63.2 million in 1900. This increase was due to the development of two or three mines in the Fort Steele mining division, although all the lead producing districts except Ainsworth showed a material increase in pro- duction. The output fell to 18.1 million lbs. in 1903, owing to the condition of the market affecting the production of the low grade silver-lead ores of the East Kootenay district. An Apt was passed in October, 1903, providing for thc payment of bountics on lead contained in lead-..JCaring ores mincd in Canada. As a dircct result of the bounty, the output increased to !)ü.9 million lbs. in lU03, but fen off gradually to 23.7 million lbs. in 1910. A :-;teady improvement Ita.,; :since been expcrienced and a total of 93.3 million Ibs. was reachcd in 1922. British Columbia.-In the East Kootenay district, the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company operates many important mines, the principal of which is the Sullivan lead-zinc mine near Kimberley. The are averages, on largc ship- ments, about 16.5 p.c. lead, 14 p.c. zinc and 7 ounces of silver to the ton. In the West Kootenay district the ores are chiefly argentiferous galena and zinc-blende, occurring as veins in granites and slates. The ores range from 7 p.c. to 75.p.c. of lead with considerable values of silver. Ontario.-Lead mining on an important scalc in Ontario is bound up with the successful operations of the Ga]etta mine and smelter. The deposit on the property occupies a well marked fault fissure cutting across the strike of the pre- Cambrian crystalline limestone, the are mineral being galena carrying very little silver, associated with minor quantitics of zinc blende and pyritcs. 21.-Quantit) and Value of Lead Produced from Canadian Ores, calendar years 1S87-1922. Years. 1887........... . 1888....... .. . . . 1889........... . 1890....... -.... 1891... ........ 1892.......... 1893........... . 1894............ 1895........... . 1896....... .. . . . 1897....... . . . . . 1898........... . 1899....... . . .. . 1900.... .-.. ... 1901.... .. 1902........... . 1903............ 1904....... . . . . . Pounds. 204,800 674,500 165,100 105,000 88,665 808,420 2,135,023 5,703,222 16.461.79t 24,199,977 39,018,219 31,915,319 21, R62, 436 63,169,821 51,900,958 22,956,381 18.139.283 37.531,244 Value. S 9,2]6 29,812 6,488 4.704 3.857 33,064 79,636 187,636 531, 716 721, 159 1,396,853 I, 2C6, 399 977,250 2,760,521 2,249,387 934,095 768,562 1.617,221 Cents Pel pound 1 . Years. Pounds. 56,864,915 54,608,217 47,738,703 43,195,733 45,857,424 32,987,508 23,784,969 35,763,476 37,662,703 36,337,765 46.3]6,450 41,497,6]5 32,576,281 51,398,002 43,827,669 35,953,717 66,679,592 93,307,171 Value. S 2.676,632 3,089,187 2,542,086 1,814,221 1, 6112. 139 1,2]6,249 827,717 1,597,55-1 1,754,705 1, 627,568 2,593,721 3,532,692 3.628,020 4.754,3]5 3,053,037 3,214,262 3,828,742 5,817,702 Cents per pound 1 . 4.707 5.657 5.325 4.200 3.690 3.687 3.480 4.467 4.659 4.479 5.600 8.513 11.137 9.250 6.966 8.940 5.742 6.21g 11n 1909 and 1910, average prices at Toronto 1\." Quoted by Hardware and Md4l: in previous years, average prices at New York, as Quoted by Engineering and Mining Journal. From 1911 to date, average once m Montreal. Quotations furnished from 1911 to 1919, by Messrs. Thos. Robertson & Co., Iontreal Que.; 1920 to 1922 by Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, Montreal, Que. 5.400 4.42( 3.93û 4.48( 4.350 4.09( 3.73( 3.290 i: I 3.78 4.470 g 1 :: II 4.309 1905......... . 1906......... . 1907......... . 1908......... . 1909.......... ]910......... . 1911. . .. _ _ .. 1912.. .. 1913......... . 1914......... . 1915......... . 1916......... . 1917. .. . . . .. . . 19]8.......... 1919......... . 1920......... . 1921.. __ . . 1922.... __.. PRODUCTION OF NICKEL 381 \Vorld's Production.- The world's production of lead in 1922 was about 1,149,268 short tons. The principal producers were the United States with 40.9 p.c., Mexico 11.6 p.c., Australia 10.3 p.c. and Spain with 9.3 p.c. Canada produced about 4.0 p.c. of the total. 5.-Nickel. 'Yith the exception of the nickel in the ores shipped from the Cobalt district and from the Alexa mine in the Porcupine area, the Canadian production of nickel is derived entirely from the well known nickel-copper depoRits of the Sudbury district, Ontario. From 830,477 Ibs. in 1889, the production increa ed continually in trend to 92.5 million lbs. in 1918, constituting a record. In 1921 nearly 19.2 million lbs. were produced as compared with Ii ,6 million lbs. in 1922 and 27.1 million lbs. during the first six months of 1923. Sudbury.- The nickel-bearing rocks of the Sudbury district, with a width of about two and one-half miles, form a wide ellipse thirty-six miles long and thirteen miles broad. The ores consist mainly of a mi"\.ture of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite intimately associated with more or less country rock. The nickel occurs in the pyrrhotite as pentlandite and varies somewhat in amount. The are deposits are of three main types-marginal deposits, offset deposits and vein-like deposits, of which the marginal have proved the most productive. The Creighton mine, which may be called the greatest nickel mine in the world, is an example of a marginal deposit. The Copper Cliff mine is an example of an offset deposit, while the Yermilion mine is probably the best example of a vein-like deposit, probably formed by hot circulating waters. The are mined in the district varies considerably in richness, the average metal content being about 2 to 3 p.c. of nickel, 1! to 2 p.c of copper and 45 p.c. of iron. Cobalt, gold, silver, platinum and palladium are nearly always prespnt in very small quantities. The matte produced by tbe Inter- national Kickel Company averages about 54 to 56 p.c. of nickel and about 24 p.c. of copper, while that of the l\Iond Kickel Company contains about 41 p.c. each of nickel and of copper. World's Production.-The world's productìon of nickel, exclusive of electrolytic nickel, in 1920 was about 30,018 long tons of which output 91 p.c. was of Canadian origin and about 7 p.c. was derived from the oxidized ores of New Caledonia. The proved deposits of nickel are in Canada are eRtimated to contain two million tons of nickel and there are at present large reserves undeveloped. 22.-Quantity and "alue of Xickel Produced in Canada during the calendar years 1889-1922. Quantity. Value. Years. Lb. . 7,080,227 3,327,707 1911 9,189,047 4,5;)4,523 1912 10,693,410 5,025,903 1913 12,505,510 5,002,204 1914 10,547,883 4,219,153 1915 18,876,315 7,550,526 1916 21,490,955 8.948,834 1917 21,189.793 9,535,407 1918 19,143,111 8,231,538 1919 26,282,991 9,461.877 1920 37,271,033 11,181,310 1921 19:?2 Years. Quantity. " alue. Y car>>. Lb. S 1889..... .. 830,477 498,286 1900 1890....... 1,435,742 933,232 1901 1891...... . 4,035,347 2,421,208 1902 1892...... . 2,413,717 1,399,956 1903 1893...... . 3,982,982 2.071,151 19C4 1894.. .. . .. 4,907,430 1. 870, 95 19C5 1895...... . 3,888,525 1,360,984 1906 1896..... . . 3,397.113 1, 188,990 1907 1897.... 3,997,647 1,399,176 1908 1898..... : : 5,517,690 I, 820, g.3 1 1909 1899...... . 5,744,000 2,067,84 1910 Quantity. Value. Lb. S 34,098,744 10,229,623 44,841,542 13,452.463 49,676,772 14,903,032 45,517,937 13,655,381 68,3C8,657 20,492,597 82,958,564 29,035,498 82,330,280 33,732,112 92,507,293 37,002,917 44.544,883 17.817,953 61,335,706 24,534,282 19,293,060 6,752,571 17,597,123 6,158.993 382 PRODUCT/OX 6.-Cobalt. The major portion of the world's supply of cobalt has for almost two decades been derived from the silver-cobalt-nickel arsenides of the Cobalt district, the silver refineries at Thorold and Delara in Ontario having practically controlled the world's production in recent years. The are bodies at Cobalt, discovered in 1902 , carry silver, cobalt, nickel and arsenic. About 80 p.c. of the productive veins occur in the Keewatin, which con- sists of basic igneous rocks underlying the Cobalt series, the remaining 20 p.c. being about equally diyided between the Keewatin and 1\ipissing diabase. During the first six months of 1923. the Coniagas and Delara smelters treated ores and residues from the district and marketed cobalt oxide, metallic cobalt and unseparated oxides of nickel and cobalt. The cobalt re idues from the cyanide process were for the most part treated in Canada, although some of these, as well as smelter re:sidues, amounting in all to 187 tons containing 62,880 Ihs. of cobalt, were shipped abroad for treatment. The cobalt production of Canada during the first half of 1923 was &38,018 Ibs., valued at $1,533,351. I,'or 19 2 production and values see Table 2 of this section. 7.-Zinc. The zinc mining industry of Canada has recently made rapid trides, largely on account of the application of the electrolytic mC'thod of treating the lead-zmc ores of British Columbia. The metallic recoveries from Canadian ores were about 56.3 million Ibs. in 1922 as compared with 7.0 million lbs. in 1913. From an in- significant position in 1913. the country advanced to the fifth rank among the world's producers in 1922, with an output of about 3.5 p.c. of the world total. Quebec.-Thc Notre Dame des Anges mines at Montauban, in the county of Portneuf, were until recently important shippers of lead-zinc concentrates. The chief are minerals were ferruginous zinc blende , intimately associated with galcna; the are carried gold and silver values. British Columbia.-The prmcipal zinc mining regions are situated in the Kootenay district of British Columbia, where thcre arc large dC'posits of silvcr-l('ad- zinc are. TIle chief producing mine is the Sullivan in the Fort Steele division, where the are worked io:; a replacement deposit of con:siderable size. Other activc mines arc located at Ainsworth and Slocan in the "?est Kootenay di-;trict and at Omineca in the Cariboo district. The industry before the war was greatly r<>tarded by unsatisfactory marketing conditions. The majority of the mines werc cssentially producers of silvcr and lead, and zinc blende occurred as an accessory arc. Until local smelting proved succesf;ful. practically aU the British Columbia arcs wcre treated at seven or more smeItf'rs in the United States, but the cost of freight to these, although covcred by a combined C freight and treatment rate" was necest-arily :m important charge against the are. The high tariff on zinc ores exported to the 'United States was also a con- sidcration. Thc smelter at Trail, originally intcnded on its ercction in 18!)5, for the treatment of gold and silver-bearing copper arcs, was made ready for the trcatment of silver-lead ores at a later date. The electrolytic zinc plant was added for r('gular commercial operations early in 19lüj its capacity is rated at a hundrcd tons per day. The higher prices paid for silver during the period of the war led the producers of silvcr-b<'aring ores to e",--vedite shipm<'llts, disrcgarding the increased quantity of zinc middling. 1\0 zinc is recovered in lead blast furnace smelting, and it is PRODUCTIOX OF IRON 383 detrimental to operation, causing losses, slow running and high cost. The treatment charges of the Trail smelter were altered in January, 1918, with the object of bring- ing about an increase of the ratio of slag-forming elements to zinc in all ores requiring it, through the elimination of some of the zinc. No lead are containing more than 20 p.c. of zinc was accepted and for lead ores containing 4 p.c. of zinc or over the shipper was penalized according to the amount of the zinc present. A new schedule was announced in April, 1922, providing for payment for zinc in ores on a sliding scale running from 30 to 35 p.c. zinc. 23.-Production of Zinc in Canada, ralendar ) ears 1911-1922. Production of Zinc. Production of Zinc. Years. Years. A v.cr e Average Quantityl. Value. price Quantityl. Value. price per pound. per pound. , lb. S cts. lb. S cts. 1911....._.. _. 1,877.479 108,105 5.758 1917....... . ?9, 668, 764 2,610.817 8.901 1912... . 4.283,760 297,421 6.943 1918... _. _.. 35.083,175 2,8ß2.436 8.159 1913.......... 5,640,195 318.558 5.618 1919. . .. . _ 32.194,707 2.362,448 7.338 1914......... . 7, 2t6, Of\3 377,737 5.213 19?0....... . 39.863,912 3,057,961 7.671 1915.......... 9,771. 651 1, 292, 7&.1 13.230 1921....... . 53.089,356 2,471.310 4.655 1916......... . 23,364,760 2,991,623 12.804 1922....... . 56,290,000 3,217,536 5.716 lEstimated smelter recoveries including, for year 1916 to 192?, the actual zinc recovered at Trail, B.C. 8.-Iron. The fact that iron are is widely distributed in Canada has long been known, and extensive deposits have been discovered from time to time. The development of the iron mining industry, however, has been retarded by the abundant supply of the higher grade ores of Wabana, Newfoundland, and of the Mesabi range of the state of Minnesota. Nova Scotia.-The 'Yabana section of Newfoundland contains the largest single deposit of iron are in the world, operated by the British Empire Steel Corpor- ation. The probable rcserves of Newfoundland were estimated by J. P. Howley as 3,63!> million tons and analysis has shown that the 'Wabana are consists of an exceptionally high grade hematite. Ore to the amount of 887,360 tons was shipped in 1922 to the blast furnaces of the comp:my at Sydney, where the proximity of the adjacent coalfield favours the economical production of pig iron and steel. Develop- ment work carried on at Torbrook in Annapolis county indicates that the deposits are vcry extensive. The are is red hematite containing a good percentage of iron rather high in phosphorus. The main iron are field in Antigonish county is the Arisaig district. New Brunswick.-The most important deposits so far discovered are those in the Austin Brook di.o:tlict of Bathurst county, whcre mining experts state that great masses of iron are have been proven. . Quebec.-It is estimated that there are many millions of tons of iron magnetite sands, containing a high percentage of iron, along the north shore of the St. Lawrence at Maisie, l\1ingan, Natashkwan and other placcs in the county of Saguenay. The sands contain a high percentage of titanium, rendering the briquetted iron sands unfavourable for blast furnace treatment. There are a numbf'r of deposits of bog iron are in the St. Lawrence valley, remarkably free from sulphur and phosphorus. The bog iron ores were successfully used in charcoal bIa t furnaces at Radnor Forges 384 PRODUCTION and Drummondville for many years. Iron are deposits also exist alóng the Gatineau river. in Hull township, within a few miles of the city of Ottawa. The Bristol mine, in Pontiac county, has been proved to contain large deposits of magnetite, but the are is high in sulphur and would rcquire roasting. Ontario.-The iron and steel industry in Ontario is chiefly dependent on imported ores, but several companies have continued to demonstrate what can be done by the beneficiation of low grade Canadian ores. The l\Ioose Mountain iron range is situated about 35 miles north of Sudbury and over 100 million tons of magnetite have been proved by the owners. The Atikokan district, w('st of Rabawa lake, contains approximately 15 million tons of magnetite, while the Atikokan mine, to the east of the lake, has:shown 10 million tons. The deposits of non-B('ssemer are in the l\Iichipicoten district are extensive and milliuns of tons of red hematite "ere taken from the Helcn mine. The l\Ia'Jrpie minc produc('s sid('rit(', which is roasted before being shipped to the blast furnaces at Sault te. Marie uwned by the Algoma Steel Co. British Columbia.-Owing to the lack of a local iron smelting industry the production of iron are in British Columbia has not reached important dimensions. On the northeast coast of Te"ada island there are extensive deposits ('stimated to contain five million tons of magnetite. The Glen iron mine on the south side of Kamloops lake, estimated to contain reserves of 8 million tons, has been worked intermittently for several years, the are being shipped to Tacoma and to the Revel- stoke Smelting 'Yorks. 21.- Iron Ore Shipments and Production of Pig Iron, calendar! ears 1909-1922. Ore "hip- Production of Pig Iron. m('ntl! Years. from Canadian mines N 0\ a ::Icotia. Quebec. Ontario. Totals. Short Short $ Short S Short $ Short S tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. 1909.... 268,043 354,380 3,453,800 4,770 125,673 407.012 6,002,441 757,162 9,581,864 1910... . 259,418 350,287 4,203,4 4 3,237 85,255 447,273 6,956,923 800,797 11,245,622 1911... . 210.344 390,242 4,682,904 658 17,282 526,635 7,606,939 917,535 12,307,125 1912... . 215,88.1 424.991 6,374,910 - - 5R9,593 8,176,08Q I,OH,587 14,550,999 1913... . 307, 634 480,068 7, 201. 020 - - 648.899 9,338,992 1,128,1167 16,540,012 1914... . 244,854 227.052 2,951,676 - - 556,112 7,051,180 783,164 10,002,856 1915... . 198,112 420.275 5,463,575 - - 493,500 5,911),624 913,775 11,374,199 1916... . 275,176 470.055 7.050.825 - - 699, 20? 9,700,073 1.169,25. 16.750,898 1917.... 215.302 472,147 10,387,234 - - 68 . 642 13, 902, 67 1, ]70.480 1 25,025,960 1 1918... . 211,608 415.870 10,451,400 7.449 419,52] 747.650 21,324,857 1.195,5511 33,495,171 1 1919... . 197,170 285,087 7,141,641 7,701 331. 797 624, 993 17.104,151 917,781 24,577.589 1920.... 129,072 332,493 7,687,614 8,835 379.348 749,068 22,252,062 1,090,396 30,319,024 1921.. . . 59,509 169,504 4,407,104 683 17.758 495.489 12,882,714 665,676 17.307,576 1922 2 .... 17.971 135,261 3. 139,99i - - 293,662 6.493,513 428,923 9.633,507 IIncluderl in the total'! is additional pig iron made Ifi electri{' furnace:! from SClap metal other than in the province of Quebec. The amount'! and values v.ere in 1917, 13,691 short tons with a value of $735,859 and in 1918, 24.582 tons with a value of 11.299,393. Subiect to rcvi. ion. 3.- on-:\Ietal1ic ::\linerals. I.-Coal. The fuel situation of Canada is somewhat anomalous, as in pite of the enormous resources of coal in the country, about fiO p.c. of the consumption is imported from the United States. The Canaùian coal areas are ituatcd in the C'a$tcrn and western PRODUCTION OF COAL 385 provinces, while Ontario and Quebec are more easily and economically supplied with coal from the nearer coal fields of Pennsylvania and Ohio. The anomaly of this situation is heightened if we consider that Canada's present coal consumption is about 30 million tons annually, as against reserves of 1,234,289 million metric tons, sufficient for an unthinkably long period at the present rate of consumption. Although distance has prevented the domestic deposits from supplying the needs of central Canada, this acute fuel area is but a few hundred miles distant from the great coal regions of the United States, and it is upon that country, therefore, that Ontario and the greater part of Quebec have become peculiarly dependent for their fuel. The accompanying diagram, by showing the areas supplied with coal from different sources, illustrates the difficulties of the fuel situations occasioned in part by the unavoidably high costs of transportation. The coa.l production in 1922 amounted to 15,157,431 tons, valued at $65,518,497 or an average of $4.32 per ton. This represented an increase of 100,000 tons or 0.6 p.c. in quantity as compared with the previous year. The production was obtained by 406 operators, employing on an average' 30,096 men at a wage cost of approxi- mately $36,000,000. Referring to production. during 1922, Alberta held the first place among the coal producing provinces with an output of 5,990,911 tons; Nova Scotia follow{.d closely with 5,569,072 tons; the output of coal from the mines of British Columbia and Yukon amounted to 2,927,498 tons, while Saskatchewan mined 3S2,437 tons. and New Brunswick 287,513 tons. The quantity of coal mined annually in five provinces and the Yukon Territory from 1909 to 1922 is shown comparatively in Table 25. 25.-Production of Coal in Canada, call'ndar y('ars 1909-1922. Years. Va]ue. Nova Scotia. Tons. 1909. .............. 5.65 .089 ]910............... 6,431.142 JlH1 .............. 7.004.4 0 ]912... .. 7.783,8S8 1913. ............ 7.!130.0n l!JI4............... 7.3ïO.924 1915............... 7,463.370 HII6............... 6. 12,UO 1917............... 6.3?7.091 HII8............... 5.818.562 ]!l19............... 5. 7 0.373 HI20.... .. . . ... ... 6,395,545 Hm. .. 5.734,928 1922. ........... 5,569.072 I New Bruns- wick. Tons. 49.029 55. 455 55.7SI 44 . 780 70,311 98.049 127.391 143.540 lR9.095 268.212 1;'9. J08 161.164 188.192 287,513 Saskat- che\\- an. A]berta. C b a. Yukon Tprri- Wry. Tota.l produc- tion. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. s 193.125 1.994.711 2,606,127 181.156 7.8(14,469 3.330.745 06. 7i9 1. 511. 03fj 2, 5.f2, 532 225.342 3.240,577 3,208,!!97 212.8!Ji 4,014.755 2,714,420 232.299 3.61j3.015 2,239.7!J9 240.107 3,360.818 2,065.613 2 1.300 4,.559,05f 2.584.061 355.445 4.736.368 2.433.888 3.Hì.8f7 5,972,816 :1.568.589 380.169 4.9f\4,535 2,435.933 349.860 6.859,346 2.856.920 335.632 5,909,217 2.890.291 382.437 5,990,911 2,99.7.033 7,364 10,501.17521, 781,236 16,185 12,909. 15::! 30,909.779 2,840 11.323.381' :.!6. 467,646 9.24514.512,829 :!Ii.Ol!J.044 19.72215.012.178 :37,334.940 13.44313.63..5:)933.471.801 9,72413.267.023 :33.111.182 3.300 14,483,39538.817,481 4.872 14.046, 75H 13.199,831 2,900 H. 977, 9;)655.192,896 1,10013,681.21Q.'i4.413.349 76: Hi. 623,598 .7.3 6.8.53 233 15.057.26 1 72.451.656 46515.157,43165.518.497 The total coal imports in the calendar year 1922 amounted to 14,257,424 tOns, as compared with 20,815,.506 tons in the previous year. The e"'"ports of coal of domestic production in 1022 amounted to 1,818,.582 tons, valued at $11,159,060, or an average of 56.14 per ton, as compared with 1,987,25ì tons, valued at $13,896,370, in 1921. The imports of anthracite and bituminous coal for fiscal years from 1901 to 1923 are given in Table 26 and the exports from 1903 to 1923 ill Table 27. 623ï3-25 1IBill . .. '" :: : .ro . 0 . : u . . . . ro . 0 . u : : v) : :::> . :ä:i :c ..::..0:. o Z 0 ......::;:; : :-5 :ro U) f.1 Z -5 . . CI.I : 0 j.W_ rol..:)O . ....J_ U (j 3 ro 0 .c ro ..J r- ::; ro c ro CI.I c. oCoo;;:o-o7' C >.. {/)W z> LJ. . : : -0 o It o \0 o Ll) 0. c.: : ::J ). <11 W I- It! :J o , I I I. t.- I -..-r'-.-'-'-'-'-".-'%. -: I o .t:" þ. 0 " .s,. oS' , J o ::> I>- ... ..1.. , ) ", CI o lor-, o V 387 IJIPORTS AND EXPORTS OF COAL The apparent consumption during 1922 amounted to 27,596,273 tons, as com- pared with 31,173,837 tons in the preceding calendar year. In 1922, when the output was 15.2 million tons, the quantity exported amounted to 1.8 million tons, and imports to 14.3 million tons, resulting in an apparent consumption of 27.6 million tons. The data given in Tables 28 and 29 show the amount of coal made available for consumption in the entire country for a pericd cf 22 years and in each of the provinces during 1922. The data of output and of interprovincial shipments were compiled from monthly statements furnished by the coal operators. 26.-Imports Into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for Home Consumption, fiscal years 1901-1923. Fiscal Years. 1901. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902................................................. . 1903....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 19M................................. ............ ..... 1905....... .... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 1 .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1908.................................................. 1909.................................................. 1910....... . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. ., ., . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 1911................................................. . 1912....... . . .. . . ., . . .. .. __ . . .. . . .. .... .' . .... . . . . . . . . 1913....... . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .... . . .. . ..... .... .. . 1914....... .. . . ... . . '.' . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .., . . . . .. . . .. . . . 1915....... . . . . .... . . .. .. . . ... . . . . . . ... .' . . . ... . . . . .. . 1916........... ........................ .... ........... 1917....... . . .. . . . . . . . " . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. '.' . . . . 1918......... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ., . . . . ., '. .. .. . . . . . 1919................................................. . 1920....... . . . . .. . . .. . . .... . . ... . . . .... . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . 1921....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922................................................. . 1923............... .............. .................. __. Anthracite, Bituminous Coal, Free of Duty. I Dutiable. Tons. S Tons. I 1,933,283 7,923.950 2,516.392 4,956,025 1,652,451 7,021,939 3,047,392 5.712,058 1.456,713 7,028,664 3,511,421 7,776,717 2,275,018 10,461,223 4,053,900 9.108,208 2,604,137 12,093,371 4,176,274 8,022,896 2,200,863 1O,304,3C3 4,495,550 8,360,349 2,014,846 9,487,574 3,807,604 7,491,045 3.091.159 14,199,609 7,640,121 14,843,789 3,059,663 14,034,020 6,763,352 13,151.449 3.152.851 14,456,315 7,017,271 13.070,343 3,465,774 15.750,340 7,745,571 14,597,268 4,118,379 19,306.639 10,500,662 20.333.268 4,237,310 20,399,279 11,060,910 20,447.587 4.385.799 20,734.126 13.754,244 26,140.676 4,383,497 20,927,539 9.124.499 16,135,920 4.429,143 20.460.571 9.631.101 10,219,206 4,572.440 22.806,156 12,931,075 19,270,270 5,256,294 28,047,226 16,100,000 46.277,715 4,752,788 26.191,798 16,569,025 44,411.201 5,090,;67 32.647.759 12,552,910 27,424.870 4,839.559 39.058.148 15,407.996 72,239.952 4,416,255 39.000.610 12.752.059 39,258.115 3,155.613 28,089,041 11.166,937 44,025.436 NOTE.-Anthracite coal dust is included under anthracite coal. For previous years, see YearBook, 1911. pnge 420. INine months. 27.-Elports of Coal, the Produce of Canada, fiscal years 1903-1923. Fiscal Years. Quantity. Value. Fiscal Years. Quantity. VaJue. Tons. I Tons. I 1903.... .... ........ ....... 1.797.951 5,542,434 1913.................... . 2,055,993 5,555,099 1904....... ..... ........... 1.646,505 4.346,660 1914.. . . . . . . . . ..., . .. . . . . 1,498,820 3,703,765 1905. ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1.615,322 3,930,802 1915. . " . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . 1,512,487 4,466,258 1906. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,820,411 4,643,198 1916.................... . 1,971,124 6,032,764 1907 (9 mos.).............. 1,285,346 3,346,402 1917.................... . 1,899,185 6,817,035 1908.... .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,877,258 4,810,284 1918.................... . 1,902,010 8.684,038 1909.... .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 1.613,892 4,505,221 1919...... _ aa....... ._a. 1,826,639 10,169,722 1910........ ...... .... ..... 1,826,339 6,013,221 1920.................... . 2,120,138 13, 183,6ð6 1911.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,315,171 6,014,095 1921.................... . 2,271,202 16,501,478 1912.... .... ., .. .. . ... .... . 1,494,756 4,338,128 1922.................... . 1,953,053 13,182,<<0 1923.. ........ .... ....... 2,089.438 12,956,615 62373-251 388 PRODUCTION 28.-Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, calendar ) ears 1901-1922. Calendar Years. 1901. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11102. ............ . . .... .. .. .. ..... . .. .. . 1903 _ _ . .. . . ... ......................... 11104............................ ....... 19r.5. ................................... 1906..... .......... .......... ........... 1907. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . lY08............. ........... ............ 1909....... .......... ........ ........... 11110. -.... _.:........................... 191 L _.. .. _ ......................... -. . 1912.......................... ........ 191:L " . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... .. . . . . .. .. . . . - . 1914................................... . 1 115 ................................... ]916 ................................... 1 117 . '. . ... . .. . .. .... . . ...... .. .,. . . . . . . ]918. _.................................. ]{l19. . -. ..... ... ., . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . ]g20............ .... .... . -...... Canadian. Imported. Short tons. p.c. Short tons. p.c. 4.9]2.664 5,376.413 6,005.735 6.697.183 7.032.661 7,9 9 7.560 8.617.352 9,156.478 8,913.376 10,532,]03 9.822.749 12,3&5.696 13.450,158 12.214.403 11.5OO,48C 1 .348.036 12.313.603 ]3,160.731 ] 1. 849. 046 14.388.5.H 50.5 51.0 51.2 49.2 48.9 51.7 45.0 47.3 47.9 50.2 40.5 46.0 42.6 45.5 48.1 41.3 37-2 37.8 4]. ] 40.9 4.810.213 5.165,938 5,491. 870 6,9C9,651 7,343.880 7,398. :106 10.549,503 10,195,424 9.711.826 10.438.123 14,424,949 14.549.104 18.132,387 14,637.920 12.406.212 17,517,820 20.810,132 21. 611,101 16.982.773 20.815,596 1921 . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . 13, OiO. 217 1922.................................... 13,338.849 41.9 ]8.103.620 48.3 ]4,257.424 Non.-For years ]886 to 1900. see 192] Year Book, p. 354. 49.5 49.0 47.8 50.8 5]. ] 48.3 55.0 5 .7 52.1 49.8 59.5 5-t.C 57.4 54.5 51.9 58.7 62.8 62.2 58.9 59.] 58.] 31.]73.837 57.7 27 .596. 73 Total, tons. Tons per capi ta. 9,722.877 10,542.351 11,507,605 13. 606. S.'H 14.316.541 15.326.466 19.166,855 19,351. 90? 18.625.202 20,970.226 24,247,698 26.934.800 3].582.545 26.852,323 23.906.1i92 ?Y. 865, 856 33,123.735 31, i71. 832 28.831,8111 35,204.137 1'8]0 1.927 2.055 2.346 2.362 2.425 2.947 2.820 2.682 2.960 3.365 3.657 4.196 3.4110 3.041 3.717 4.049 4.175 3.401 4.079 3.547 3.078 29.-Coall\lade Available for Consumption in Canada, by Provinces, calendar )'ear 1922. (Short Tons.) Canadian CC'al. Provincea. Received Shipped Imported from Output. from to Exported. U.S.A. ot her othE'r Provinces. Provinces. . Prlm'e F'dward Tons. '1ons. Tons. Tons. Tons. ."Iand- Anthra('i te. .. . . - - - - 4.589 Bituminous.... . - 70.995 - - 1. 355 Total... . - 70,995 - - 5,5U Nova Srotla- Anthra('lte.... . - - - - 2].419 BituminoU!i.... . 5.569.072 39 1. 882,787 64].304 . 6.233 Total. . . . 5,5G9.072 35 1.882.787 '.U,30j %7,652 New ßruns- Mlrk- Anthracite. . - - - - 40,252 Bituminous.... . 287.513 403,742 63.067 66.460 61. 222 Total... . 287,513 403,742 13,0i7 66. -150 101,474 Qurbec- Anthracite.... . - - - - 789.447 Bituminous.... . - 1.454,214 - 55.275 1.316.669 Lignite. _ _ _... - 102 - - - TotaL. - 1.-15-1,316 - 55.275 2,106,116 Central Onta- rlo- Anthracite.... . - - - - ] . 586. 036 Bituminous.... . - 16.864 I - 76 7,485.324 Total.. . . - 16,8" - 76 .,II7I,3GO Imported from Great Britain. Tons. Coal available for con- sumption. Tons. 4.589 72.350 76.935 27.064 3,054,520 3,OSl,,) 1 59.672 642,081 701.753 941. 964 3,325.199 102 4.2&7,%" 1,586.936 7,509.04] . 095 577 5,645 3.267 8,9]2 19.420 19, ]31 38,551 ]52,517 609.591 712,108 900 6.929 7.8%9 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF COAL 389 , , , ". ... "'r-.._ I ' r , ,.,."... .... ! . " " I I I _ J ---J ---l --j or ("'J ... ... ... ... I ... 1/1 r:. .... ,... N M Fi CJ Q b !!2 9 i c:5 L/? ! ; --rr-T --+ -r-J \ '\ - " . V-- / , / f :'-- -,-!-,: \ .\, I &I- I - I c- , . '..; ! -+_L-.J_--.. , I '1:', t \ I . f .. L h I , en -5 - (/') :;z o U ...J <( z: ;z: <( o r") !') ':i o :- l" !-\ Ñ o N en !:!? !:: " .'..... cD " <9<:.- .... '}"- ç.. "' .-' .ç- , U") - :2 I " en 0 ", t ;X) èi v '-J! -0- - .... ...... . 0 o. cD 0 t':::! .S: on ; 0 ! -erve. Probable Hescrve. Calculation based on actual Approximate Approximate thickness and extent. efttin.ate. estimate. Area, Class of Thousands Area, Tholli>ands Area, Thousands sq. miles. Coa1. 1 of tons. sq. miles. of tons. sq. miles. of tons. Nova Scotia........... 174 B 2.188,151 204 4,911.817 73 2,639,000 New Brunswick... . . . . . - B - 121 151.000 - - Ontario.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - L - 10 25,000 - - 1,[anitoba. . . .. . . . . . . . . . - L - 48 160,000 - - Saskatchewan......... . 306 L 2,412,000 13,100 57.400,000 - - L 382,500,000 ! 491.271.000 - - Alberta............... . '31 B 3,223. SGO 56.",! 182,183.600 203 12,7CO,OOO A&B 669.000 100.000 - - British Columbia. . . . . . 439 A&B 23,771,242 6,196 44,907,700 11 2,160,000 L 60.000 5,136.000 - - yukon................ . A&B - 2,840 250,000 - - L - 4,690,000 - - Northwe."t Tcrritorie!'.. - L - 300 4,800.000 - - Arctic Islands.......... - B - 6,000 6. coo. 000 - - - Totals. . _ _ _ _ .....- %6.219 - 4l1.80-l.t93"' 83.19-1 801.986.117 287 17,499,000 I ce "Coal, Coke and By-products," publi"hed by the Imperial Iineral Rel>ources Bureau. 2 The coal of all c1as"cs mincd in Alberta to 1911, amounting to 20,000,000 tons, has been deducted. I A=Anthracite. B=Bituminous, L=Lignite. \Vorld's Production.-The total known production of the world in 1921 amounted to about 1,138.3 million long tons, toward which Canada contributed 13.8 million tons or about 1.2 p.c. Table 31 shows the production of the British Empire and the ('hief foreign countries in units of 1,000 long tons during each of the years from 1913 to 1921 where the returns were available. 31.-Coal Produdion in the Principal Countries of the World, 1913-1921. (In thousands of long tons of 2,240 pounds.) BRITISH E)[PIRE. Unitl'd Briti"h New Union of Years. Canada. Australia. South Kingdom. India. Zealand. Africa. - - - - - 1913. .... .... . . . . . . .. ., . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . 287,431 16.208 13,404 12,118 1,8"8 9.583 1914. ... . . . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 2fì5,fìfì5 16,464 12,176 12,445 2.276 11,125 HH5........................ :'>53,208 17,1O 11,846 11.415 2.209 8.977 J916........................ . 256.37ð 17, 25-1 J2,932 9,812 2.257 10.966 1917....... .---- ..' 218,500 18.213 12.542 10,232 2.068 11,444 1918...... 227,749 :.>0.722 13.373 10.949 2,034 10,1)92 1919.......................... . 2:'>9.780 2:'>,628 12.131 10,525 1,848 9,162 1920... ...... .... ............... :::::::: 231.000 17,6-10 14,800 13,000 1,800 10,200 1921................................... . 169,720 18,964 J3.777 13,287 10,501 PRODUCTION OF ASBESTOS 395 31.-Coal Production in the Principal Countries of the World, 1913 to 1921-concluded. (In thousands of long tons of 2",240 pounds.) FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Years. I Czecho- Poland. N ether- Japan. United Germany. Belgium. France. Slovakia. lands. States. - - - - - - - 1913.. ............" 274,264 22,474 40,188 - - 1,843 20,973 508,893 1914. . '.' -.... 241.288 16,145 26,141 - - 1,898 21,935 458,505 1915. . .... .. . . . . . - . 230,889 13,950 19,219 - - 2.226 20,161 474,660 1916...... ......... H6,606 16,59:'> 20,968 - - 2,613 22,534 526,873 11117............... 258,639 14,691 28,427 - - 3,001 25,938 581,6G9 1918.............. . 256.979 13.668 25,899 - - 4,804 27,579 605.546 1919. . . . ..... . . . .. . 199,160 18,190 19,645 27,000 - 5,271 30,000 487,638 1920. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,000 21, 000 34,100 30,300 6,300 5, OO 28,800 576,500 1921.............. . 273,009 22,163 29, 450 33,233 7,971 4,360 24,900 455,927 2.-Asbestos. Canada produces more asbestos than any other country. The value of the annual output of asbestos has increased from less than $25,000 in 1880 to $5,552,723 in 1922, so that aside from coal, asbestos is now one of the most important non- metallic products. In 1921, the world's production of asbestos amounted to 140,000 tons; of this tonnage Canada produced 92,761 tons or ü6.2 p.c., Rhodesia, 19,529 tons or 14 p.c., South Africa, 5,387 tons or 3.8 p.c., RU'3sia, 17,138 tons and the United States, 831 tons. Quebec.-The Ea:"tern Townships of the province have for many years been the most productive asbestos mining area in the world. The workable deposits of chief importance are confined to a serpentine belt near Black lake and Thetford. The serpentine of this belt generally occurs as disconnected masses, but occasionally it forms mountain ridges of considerable altitude, notably in the vicinity of Black lake. The veins of asbestos traverse the serpentine in all directions, and as a rule the fibre lies at right angles to the walls of thc veins. The veins vary in width from inch to inch, and occasionally fibre has been obtained sevcral inchcs in length. The fibre is of good quality and well adapted for spinning. Included in the Thetford and Black lake area are the East Broughton deposits, where the scrpentine occurs enclosed in a highly quartzose slate. probably of pre-Cambrian age. In the DanviUe area, asbestos up to ! inch in lcngth occurs abundantly, and the whole of the serpen- tine is imprcgnated with fine short fibre, giving a first class milling material. Opcn-cut methods of mining are adopted almost invariably throughout the Canadian asbestos fields. Nearly all the mining companies have installed machinery for the crushing, fibrizing, screening 3nd grading of the mine product. 396 PRODUCTION 3 .-Produrtion of \.sbestos and Asbestic in Canada. caIemIar )ears 1909 to 19'!2. Years. A8be tos. Asbestic. Total. , Tons. I S Ton... S l'ons. S 1909........................ 63.349 2,284.587 23,951 17.188 87,300 2,301,775 1910....................... . 77,50R 2.555.974 24,707 17 . 6?9 102,215 2,573.603 1911.................... _ _ _. 101,393 2.922.062 26,021 21,046 127,414 2.943,108 1912. _ _ _ _ __ 111. 561 3.117,572 24,740 19.707 ]36,301 3,137,279 1913. _ ...... 136,951 3,830.909 24.135 19,016 161. 0 6 3,849.925 1914.... :::::- .... 96.512 2,892,266 21. 031 17,540 U7,573 2,909,806 1915........... . ...... 11 1. 142 3,553,166 25,700 21,819 136.842 3,574,985- 1916........... . ...... 133.439 5,199.797 20,710 29.072 154,149 5,228,869 1917. .. . .. . . . . ........ 135,502 7,183,099 ]8.279 47,284 153,71\1 7,230,383 ]918..... '" ......... 141.462 8.936,804 ]6,797 33.993 158,259 8,970,797 19J9....... . .............. 136, i65 10,909,452 22,471 65,9J7 159,236 10.975.369 1920...... . ... 167.731 13.677,841 20,956 57,601 188,687 13,735,442 1921.. _ 92,761 4. 9C6, 230 1 1 92.761 4,906,231t 1922..... _..............:::: 163,706 5,552.723 1 1 163,706 5,552.723 Ilncluded \\ith asbestos. 3.-0ther Non- \tetallic :Iinerals. Natural Gas.-The production of natural gas has increased in value from $1,300,000 in 1910 to $5,84ï,000 in 1922. The producing gas wells are situated in the counties of \Yelland, Haldimand, Korfolk, Kent, Essex and Bruce, in Ontario; at Moncton, New Bruns\\iek, and at Medicine Hat and vicinity, in Alberta. The quantity of gas sold or used in 1922 was over 14,682,000 million feet. Of the total value, Ontario was credited with about 55 p.c. Petroleurn.-The production of crude petroleum comes almost entirely from the province of Ontario. The production of Canada in 1922 was 17P,Oô8 barrels, of \\hich 164,732 barrels came from Ontario and 7,778 barrels from New Brunswick. The principal producing oil fidds are situated in the peninsula of southwe tcrn Ontario between lake Huron and lake Erie. The oil districts are all situated within an area underlain by Devonian strata, usually in an anticlinal aAis, and the petroleum is largely obtained from the horizons in the Onondaga at varying depths in the different lucalities. Gypsurn.-:\1any large deposits of gypsum occur throughout Canada, but the production is chiefly from Windsor, Nova Scutia, HilIsborough, New Brunswick, raris, Ontario, and Gypsumville, Manitoba. The Hillsborough deposit of gypsum in Ke\\ I3run wick is of very high grade. Th('re are also extensive depo its in llriti:sh Columbia which are being worked by one company only. Kearly 50 p.c. of Canada's production is exported in crude forms. I3eds of gypsum are associated with the lower Carboniferous lime tones in Kew Brun'iwick and Nova Scotia. The mineral occur:;; in Ontario in the salt-bearing Ralina furmation of upper Silurian age. . SaIt.-Practically the \\ hole of the' production comes from 'Vindsor, Ontario, but the Mala gash depof:,its in Koya ('otia are claiming much attention. The deposits of Ontario occur in the Salina formation of upper Silurian age, in which the b('ds of the mineral sometime, reach a thicknesR of 250 feet. The pruduction in 1922 was 181,794 tons, as comparcd with 164,ô.38 tons in 1921. 4.- Clay Projucts and Structural lateriaIs. Brick and THe.-The' wide!'pread days of glacial and post-glacial age that often completely hide the underlying roe],.s oyer con idcrable areas of the S1. Law- rence lowlands, have furni'31lCd the material for numerous brick and tile industries, both in Ontario and Quebec. The bri('k production in 1022 wa!' about 401.8 million, as comparcd with 306.8 million in 1921. INDUSTRl AL ORGAN1ZA TION 397 Cement.- The raw materials for the manufacture of Portland cement are abundantly displayed in the St. Lawrence lowlands, and support a number of large industries. Some of these utilize marl-deposits of calcium carbonate in lakes scattered over the uneven surface of the post-glacial deposits and the clay beds of these deposits, while others use Palæozoic limestone. The production of cement increased from 5,752,885 barrels in 1921 to 6,943,972 barrels in the following year. 33.-Produdion of Cement in Canada. calendar years 1902-1922. Years. Natural rock cempnt. Portland cement. Total cement. 1902....................... . 1903. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 1904....,............. ...... 1905....................... . 1906......... ............... 1907......... .._. _.......... 1908.........,....... ...___. 1909. .. _ _ .... . . . . .... . . . . . . . 1910. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .... . . . . . 1911....................... . 1912....................... . 1913....................... . 191-1....................... . 1915....................... . 1916........ _... _..... _..... 1917. _... . . . . . ... . _ .. . . _ _ . _ . 1918. ...................... 1919....................... . 1920.......... .............. 1921....................... . 1922. brl. 127,931 92.252 56.814 14 ,184 8.61C 5.775 1,044 S 98,932 74,655 50,247 10.274 6,052 4,043 815 brl. 594,594 627.741 910.358 1,346.548 2. 119.7lì4 2,436.093 2.6fi5.28!J 4.0';7.709 4.753.975 5.69 .915 7 13') 73') 8: lìsii:'805 7.172,480 5. 6 1. 032 5.3fi9.560 4,768.488 3.591. 481 4.995.25. 6.651. 980 5.751.885 fi.943.972 brl. 722,525 719,993 967, 172 1,360.732 2.128,374 2.441.868 2. 66/), 33:1 4.067. iO!J 4,753.9.5 5.692.915 7.132.732 8.658,8e5 7, ].2.480 5. G81. 032 5.36:).560 4. .68. 488 3.591.481 4.995,257 6.651. 980 5.752,885 6.943.972 S 1.127,550 1.225.247 1,338,239 1. 924.014 3,170.859 3,781.371 3. iO!I. 954 5,315.802 6.412.215 7.644.537 9.106.556 11,01\1,418 9.187,924 6.97..024 6.547.728 7,724.246 7.0i6.503 9.802.433 J.t. 798.070 14.195.143 15,438.481 S 1.028.618 1. 150.592 1,287.992 ].913,740 3. ]64. 807 3.777,328 3.709.139 5.345.RO 6.4]2.215 7.644,53. 9.106.556 11.019,4]8 9.187.924 6.977.024 6.5f7,728 7.724.246 7.076.503 9.802.433 14.798.070 14.195,143 ]5.438.481 3-t.-Imports into Canada of Portl:md Cement, fiscal )'ears 1898-1923. Fi cal Quantity Value Duty Fbcal Quantity. Value. Duty Years. paid. Year,s. paid. - - Cwt. S S Cwt. S S 1898.... . . .. . . . . . . . 1. 073 . 058 355. 264 121,96 0 l!Ht:.............. 1. 283. 721 494.081 138,969 1899.............. . 1. 300. t 4 467.994 147. HG 1912........... 2.592.025 936,425 2!12.9H 1900.............. . 1. 301. 361 498.607 147.06711913........ -...::' 4,958.814 1.955.177 597.727 1901... ............ 1. 612.432 654.5!15 179.550 1 l!1l.L .. 70!J.lOf 3:.!2.564 69.658 1902.............. . 1. 971. 616 833.657 233.75411915.. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 287.402 123.613 26.U:14 1903.............. . 2.316.853 868.I:H 271.004 l!Jl6............... 94.136 37.048 9.382 1904.... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.476.388 995.017 290.77. I!Jl7............... 63.074 29.719 6,307 1905.......... . 3.228,394 1,234.649 384.86(" l!H 8............... 26.243 17.417 2.624 1906.... 2.848.582 963. 839 ,,,. '''1/ 1>19......... .. . 2fi.687 26.437 2,667 1907 1 .............. . 1,551. 493 523.120 162.250. 1920............ .. 45.458 47.156 3.720 1908.... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4:.>7,381 852.041 259.5491 1921..... '" 132.187 153.513 10.502 1909.............. . 1. 4fiO. 850 475.676 159.077 1922.... .. 24.9.32 31. 304 1.920 1910.... . 490.8f9 1!i8.487 47.984 1923 .. .. .. .. 112.610 90.849 8,494 INine months. 5.-Number of Mines, C3pital, Labour, Wages, etc., by principal Gr()ups. A survey of the industrial organization, for the purpose of showing the magni- tude of the differcnt mineral industries and their growth or decline, was made a part of the annual census of mineral production in 1921. Aside from the canvass forming a section of the previous decennial censuses, the annual statistics in recent years were confim'd chiefly to a presentation of the quantity and value pruduction of each of the minerals. The additional data includc the geographic di trihution, the land tenure, character of organization, distribution of ownership, scale of operation, persons engaged and the power u ed in mining entcrprises. In the eleven year pcriod from 1910 to 1921, the number of mines or works increased by 120 p.c., the wages paid by 81 p.c. and the value of production by 39 p.c. 398 PRODUCTION The importance of the mineral production in Canada was indicatcd by a capital of $560 million, invested in lands and buildings, materials on hand, trading accounts, etc., an employment of 61,000 persons to whom were paid $79 million in salaries and wages, an expenditure of $14 million for fuel and of $47 million for miscellaneous expenses. Metallic Mineral Industries.- The analysis of the metallic group is divided into two sections treating with mining and milling and with elementary metallurgy respectively. The metal mining and milling section included 367 companies oper- ating 397 establishments, while nine metallurgical companies owned fourteen active plants. The metallic group employed 851 salaried pcrsons and 11,282 wage earners. The remuneration included nearly $2,000,000 in salaries and $14.3 million in wages The capital employed was $200,000,000, while the net value of bullion, ore, concentrates or residues shipped from the mines and products made by the smelters was about $48.1 million. Employment and Nllmb.r ofOpcrators.-Alluvial gold mining was actively rrose- cuted in the Yukon and British Columbia by 193 operators comprising 18 corpom- tions, 40 partnerships and 137 individuals. The numbcr of wage-earners engaged in placer mining was 428. The total production was $1 .58 million of which $1 .34 million was creditcd to the Yukon. In the 73 mines and mills of the auriferous quartz industry the average employment was 3,651 wage-earners of whom 2,104 were working underground. Eleven copper-gold-silver mines shipped ore in 1921, only one of which, the Weedon in Quebec, was located outside of British Columbia. The wage-earners in the industry, including five non-producing mines and two mills, numbered 1,141. The nickel-copper industry, including seven mines, three smelters and two refineries, engaged 195 salaried employees with a remuneration of $502,991. Referring to the wage earners, the total man-days work for the whole industry W88 448,841, for which $1,979,273 was paid in wages, making the average earnings about $4.41 per man-day. Eighteen companies were active and twenty-two mines were operated in the silver-cobalt industry. In addition, eight idle mines made small shipments of are from their dumps o.-.of crude bullion recovered in previous years. 'Wage earners to the number of 612 working underground performed 176,698 man- days work, while 234 men working at the surface in the mining section performed 69,101 man-days work. The employment in the mill section was 2ï5 men perform- ing 92,002 man-days work. 'Vith the exception of one shipping mine each in Quebec, Ontario and the Yukon, the silver-lead-zinc industry was dependent on the fifty- four shipping mines of British Columbia. Eight mills, six of which were in British Columbia, were also operated by the industry. The employment included 71 men receiving salaries of $123,546 and 715 men receiving $841,025 in wages. The metallurgical industry consisted of eleven companies, two of whom operated in British Columbia, one in New Brunswick and the remainder in Ontario. In view of the general depression in 1921, most of the companies curtailed their operations, which included in normal times fourteen smelting and refining plants. Salaried employees to the number of 315 received remuneration of 8737,657 and 3,367 wage- earners were paid 83,(69)300. The estimated cost of ores, etc. treated in the smelters was $8,400:000, while the products made by the metallurgical industry were valued at $23,732,277. Non-metallic Minerals.-The non-metallic minerals group consisted of fifteen industries, of which the coal and asbestos mining were of chief interest, while the natural gas, gypsum and salt producing industries were also of importance. The group consisted of 718 active concerns operating 5,399 wells and mines. The employ- INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION 399 ment was 2,057 persons on salaries receiving a remuneration of $4.!5 million and 35,656 wage-earners, who were paid $47.8 million. The capital employed was $265.7 million and the aggregate value of production was $87.8 million. Coal Mining.-Coal mining was carried on in Canada during 1921 in 396 mines which were operated by 168 corporations, 79 partnerships and 102 individuals. The incorporated companies operated 215 mines. The area of mining properties in Nova Scotia was 210,827 acres, Alberta 194,365 acres and British Columbia 284,578 acres. The total length of underground workings in Nova Scotia was 142,955 feet, in Alberta, 828,700 feet, and British Columbia, 399,388, the total for Canada being 1,433,331 feet. The industry gave employment to more than 30,000 men and the wage bill for the year amounted to $42,758,471. In addition, $3,718,238 was paid to salaried employees numbering 1,600 persons. Asbestos.-The capital employed in the asbestos mining industry of Quebec was $41.3 million. The par value of the paid-up securities in 1921 was $29.2 million of which $19.7 million was owned in Canada. The salaries and wages paid were $2.7 million and the total value of production was $4. 9 milJion. The average number of wage-earners in 1920 was 3,606 as compared with 2,570 in 1921. O:her Non-metallic Industries.-Other industries of importance from an employment standpoint were gypsum mining with 766 wage-earners, natural gas production with 760 wage-earners and salt mining with an average employment of 297 men on wages. Structural Materials and Clay Products.- The average number of wage- earners in the group was 10,038 and the salaried employees numbered 920, the salary and wage account being $10.6 million. The average number on the payrolls of the cement industry increased from 2,301 employees in 1920 to 2,751 in 1921. The chief division of the clay products industry consisted of 202 estab- lishments actively engaged in the manufacture of brick and tile. In the whole industry, the average daily wage for all workers was $4.06 per day, there having been a total of 784,279 days' work performed for which $3,187,493 was paid. 3ã.-Summary of Principal Statistics Relative to Mining. Metallurgical. Structural Materials and Clay Products Industries Operating Plants, 1921. Net value 0 bullion. ore Number Number Number concentrates of of Capital of Number or residues Groups. active operating actually salaried of wage- shipped frotT' operators. plants employed. em- earners. the mines an or mines. ployees. products mad by the smelters. Metalllrs. a a Auriferous quartz mining and nrilling........... ...... ..... . . 57 59 48,043,363 238 3.651 16.689.784 Silver-cobalt mining and mil- ling. .......................... 33 39 31,198,418 103 1,121 6,316,812 Silver-lead-zinc mining and mil- ling.......................... . 61 72 9,888.4211 71 718 2,177,053 Copper-gold-silver mining and milling......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 14 18 5,256.051 2 85 1.137 2,589,314 Placer mining and milling. . . . . . . 197 197 10.703,6507 - 428 ' 1,576.222 Nickel-copper mining and mil- ling.. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 3 8 8,107.245 39 816 1,575,558 Iron mining and briquetting..... 4 4 4.604.048 - 44 230.164 Iron blast furnaces..,........... - - - - - 1,646,790' Metallurgical works..... . . . . . . . . 9 14 ' 82,206.253 315 3.367 15,332,277 - Total for l\letalllcs... ... . .. . . 378 411 200,007,449 851 11,%82 48,133,'74 d e NOTE:-For notes fee foot of page 400. . 400 PRODUCTIO.V 3&.- Summary of Principal Statistics Uelatife to )Iining. iUl'tal'urgical. structural )fateria's and Cia) Products Industrit's Opt'ratlng Plant.s, 19!1 concluded. Groups. Number Number of of . Capital active operatmg' actually operators. oi . employed. N on-metallies. Asbestos....................... . Coal mining........... .. . . . . . . . . Feldspar. ....................... FluoThpar. '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grind"tones.................... . Gyp"um... ............. ]\[agne::.ite....... -- .. . . . .. . . ]\Iica.. .. ... . . .. __ . _ .. . Natural gas.............. -... -., Oxidp!,<, iron....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quartz......................... . ::;::alt. . . . ..... . . . . . . ..... . '. .. . . Talc. .............. .......... All other non-metllllics...... . . . . Total for Non-metaUfr.s ., .. . Shudural lUaterlals and Cia)" Prod uets. Clav products................... Cement........................ . Ijmc ......................... AI] others'.. ................... Total for structural 1'later- lals and Cia)" Products. Summar)" by {'lasses: )Iptallics .. ..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Non-metallics ............ _.... Structural materials and cia" products. .... . . ...... . . . . . . . . ... Grand total.... ............. Summary by Pro,iuc('s: Nova Scotia...........,........ New Brunswick. ................ Quebec ......................... Ontario.......... ............... ]\Ianitoha...................... . Sa .,katc hewan. . .. . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . Allwrta...... .., .... Britj"h Columbia.....__ yukon......................... . Total for Canada............. 15 349 23 3 3 11 4 20 104 4 120 11 12 4 35 718 216 7 59 375 657 378 718 657 1,753 71 35 164 741 27 65 302 177 159 18 396 23 3 3 12 4 20 2,022' 4 2,828' 11 13 4 38 1 41,357,161 176,991,4!15 484,633 163,257 286.993 3,849.776 2,108,227 576,237 3C,36.s,478 207,567 3,214,159 940.0!j7 2,267.708 487.073 2,398,742 5,399 265,7f11,59J 220 28,515.928 14 49,160,180 66 4. tl!IO, 9\ 9 375 10 11,138,035 675 93,805,112 411 200,007,449 5,399 265.701,593 675 93.805,112 1,4S5 559,5U, 15-1 Number of tlalaried em- ployee::!. Number of Wa.\!;e- earner". 124 1,626 12 4 5 36 10 5 125 3 19 8 53 5 22 2,570 30,223 131 77 50 766 71 99 760 29 171 86 277 34 312 I K ct value of bullion. ore concentrates or re!-idues shipped from the mine, and products made uy the smelters. 1 4.906.230 72,451.656 230.75-1 136.267 M.067 1,785.538 81.320 70,063 4,5!H.164 93,610 641. 533 312.947 1,673.61!5 144,565 656.283 87. "-t2. G"ì2 4.118 2,408 844 2,668 8,857,818 14.195. U3 2.781. IQ7 8,903,270 109 71 169 5,312 28 65 357 203 159 82,283.G-t-l 2.9115.382 81. 4!14. 918 188. 7b9, 764 5,343.706 4.761, 1;7 73.603.005 109.mO.712 11,241, 846 1,741 11 1.473 11 559.5l1,15-1 2,0;;7 35,6,j6 3-1."731, 4 8 48.133,974 87,842,682 34,737,428 110.11-1.0"-1 1 Excluding capital invested by COIl...olidated :!'Ilining and Smelting Company, Trail, and Killj!;don Smelter, Galetta. 2Excluding capital invested by Granby ConsolidatM Iini amI Rml'lting and Po\\er Companv. Anvox. 'Include!> 3 ,i1vl'r smelters f;outh Ontario: 5 plant.. nicl..el-copper smelter!i and refineries in Ontario and Quebp.c 6 plant.. copper, lead and zinc smelters, Ontario and British Columbia, and refmeries in Briti",b Columbia and Ontario. t Reprl"'pnt." value of pig iron made from Canadian ore, deductillj!; the net value or ore.. treated. 'Include.. production or Yukon Territory, 82,394 crude ounces valued at S16.30 per ounce and production for Briti,.h Columbia valued at 1233,200. 8Number or wells. 7lnrorporat.ed companies over Yukon Territory. 'Includps actinolite, barytes, rhromite, corundum, magnesium, sulphate, manganese, mineral waters. peat, pyrites, sodium sulphate, and tripoIite. 'Includes stone quarries and sand and &ravel. hNumber of artive ol,erators only lIDoes not include railway ballast operators. 288 343 87 202 920 10,038 851 2,057 920 11.282 35. 656 10,038 3, 21'! 56,9i6 625 66 507 1, 114 51 73 762 625 5 13,50-1 914 5.805 13.151 752 721 10,878 10,840 461 56,976 3,828 WATER POWERS OF CANADA 401 VII.-WATER POWERS. l.-\Vater Powers of Canada. 1 Prior to the world war, the price of fuels was so low that ample motive power could be secured through their agency at such reasonable cost that the development of water power only took place where the natural facilities greatly favoured it or where coal costs were relatively high. With the advent of war, coal costs soared and supplies became uncertain; at the same time, power requirements became vastly greater and stimulated the development of water power. The return of peace has not produced any marked amelioration in the coal situation, while the gradual revival of industrial activity is steadily increasing the demand for power which the end of the war had considerably reduced. At the present time, water po" er development is active wherever conditions are favourable, and there can be little doubt that this activity will be increased with the improvement of financial and industrial conditions. The United States Geological SurvPy, in 19 1, issued an atlas illustrating the water power resources of the world, which it places at 439,000,000 horsepower, 43.3 p.c. of which are in Africa and 14.1 p.c. in North America. In Table I, which is based upon the above mentioned atlas and revised in accordance with additions authpntically recorded I'ince its publication, are listed the more important water power countries, together with their population and developed water power. It is intcrpsting to note that, with the exception of Norway and Switzerland, Canada has the greatest per capita development, and next to the United States, the greatest actual development. t.-Developed Water Power of Leading Countries. 1922. Country. Population I Developed Water Power. thou:nds). H.P. (in Per 1,09 0 thousands). PopulatIon. Canada...................... .............. ...................... France................................................. _.......... Germany.......... ............................................... Italy............................................................ . lapan....................... _. _..... _............................ . Norway......................................... _.,. _. _. _. __ .. Sweden. . .. . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . _ _ . . . __ _ . _ _ . _ . . . . . _ . _ _. . Switzerland.................. .....0............................... United States.............................................. _... ,.. 8,788 39,300 59,860 38,840 55,960 2 650 5:900 3,880 105,700 2,974 2,100 1,000 1,650 . 1,500 1,65-1 1,560 1,531 9,540 338 54 17 43 27 624 264 395 90 With this brief reference to the water powers of the world, we may proceed to a more particular consideration and analysis of those of the Dominion. It has lready been shown that Canada is richly endowed with water power resources and is in the forefront as regards their utilization. In fact, practically every large industrial centre throughout the Dominion is now served with hydro-electric energy and has within easy transmission distance ample reserves for the future. Over 90 p.c. of the prime motive power of the central electric stations of Canada is hydro power. The main spring of industrial progress in the central provinces, which have no indigenous coal supplies, is water power. Table 2 shows the distribution of available and develope? power in Canada. IBy J. B. Challies, C.E., :M.E.I.C., Director, Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. 62373-26 402 PRODUCTIO:-l 2.-A\aUablc and Developed Water Power In Canada, Feb. 1, 1923. Available 24-hour Power at 80 p.c. efficiency. At e8timated Province8. flow for Turbine A t ordinary maximum installation. minimum development flow. (dependable for 6 month8). Bri ti8h Columbia...... . . . . __ . . . . . . . . __ __ . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . hot:. h.p. h.p. 1,93],142 5,103,460 328,977 Alberta. 0... 0 __............ 475,281 I, 137,505 33,067 Saskatchewan......... . .. ... . .: :: :::: . : : . :: :: :: :::::. :::::: : 513,481 1,087,756 - \lanitoba.................................................. . 3,270.491 5,769,444 134,025 Ontario.................................................... . 4,950,300 6,808. ]90 1,299,230 Quebec........... .......................................... 6,915;244 11,640,052 1,073,883 :Kew BruD8v.ick........................................... 50,406 120,807 42,039 Nova Scotia...............................................: 20,751 128.264 47, 100 Prince Ed ward Island 0 . . .. . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 3,000 5,270 2.239 Yukon and 1';"orthwest Territories.......................... 0 125,220 275, 250 13,199 Total..... _.. .. . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . ..--- "0 18,255,316 32.015.998 2,973.75' The figures in columns 2 and 3 in the above table represent 24-hr. power, and are based upon rapids, falls and power sites of which the actual existent drop or the head possible of concentration, is definitely known or at least well established. In- numerable rapids and falls of greatcr or lcsser powcr capacity, which are not as yet recorded, are scattered on rivers and streams from coast to coast and will only become available for tabulation as more detailed survey work is undertaken and completed. This is particularly true of the less explored northern di tricts. Nor is any consideration given to the power concentrations which are feasible on rivers and streams of gradual gradient, where economic heads may be created by the construction of power dams, excepting only at such points as definite studies have been carried out and the results made matters of record. The figures in column 4 represen the actual water wheels installed throughout the Dominion. These figures should not be placed in dirE'ct comparison with the available power figures in columns 2 and :3 for the purpose of deducing therefrom the percentage of the available water power resources developed to date. The actual water wheel installation throughout the Dominion averages 30 p.c. greater than corresponding maximum available power figures calculated as in column 3. The figures quoted above, therefore, indicate that the Hat present recorded water power resources" of the Dominion will permit of a turbine installation of 41,700,000 h.p. In other words, the present turbine installation represents only 7 p.c. of the present recorded water power resources. The above figures may be said to represent the minimum water power possi- bilities of the Dominion. As illustrative of this, the detailed analyses which have been made of the water power resources of the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have disclosed most advantageous reservoir facilities for regulating stream flow. It is estimated that the two provinces possess within their respective borders 200,000 and 300,000 commercial h.p. These figures provide for a diversity factor between installed power and consumers' demands. Table 3 analyses the developed water power, and is interesting in that it show8 the extent to which the great pulp and paper industry of the Dominion owes its development to water power. DEVELOPED WATER POWER IN CANADA 403 The statistics concerning the central station industry are further analysed in Table 4. The territory served by and the primary power installed in central sta- tions are graphically indicated on the map facing page 390 and the diagram facing page 392 of the 1921 Year Book, to which the reader is referred. The statistics concerning the pulp and paper industry are analysed in Table 5. Durmg 1922, installations have been made which amount to practically 240,000 h.p., this figure including both new construction and the erection of new turbines and generators in existing water power stations, but excluding 190,000 h.p. installed during 1921 but only brought into operation in 1922. At the present time there are new developments either in course of construction or actively projected, the ultimate capacity of which is approximately 1,000,000 h.p. There is every indica- tion that for a long time to come the development of water power in Canada will make great and continued progress. 3.- Developed Water Power In Canada, Feb. 1, 1923. Turbine Installation in H.P. Provinces. In In Pulp In Per 1,000 Central and Paper Other Totat 4 Popula- Stations.! Mills. 2 Industries. 3 tion.' British Columbia........................ 227.401 48,800 52,776 328,977 627 Alberta............. ... .................. 32,380 - 687 33,067 56 Saskatchewan.......................... . - - - - - Manitoba............................... . 117.625 - 16,400 134,025 220 Ontario................................. . 1,018,853 171,024 109,353 1,299,230 443 Quebec..... . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . ... " . . .. . 761:480 231,737 80,666 1,073,883 455 New Brunswick......................... 21,113 14,668 6,258 42,039 108 Nova Scotia. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 15,346 17 ,999 13,755 47,100 90 Prince Edward Island... ................ 288 - 1,951 2,239 25 yukon.................................. . 10,000 - 3,199 13, 199 3,175 Canada...................... .. 2,20&,486 48&,228 285.0-15 2,973,159 338 1 Includes only hydro-electric stations which develop power for sale. 2 Includes only water çower actually developed by pulp and paper companies. In addition to this total, pulp and paper comnanies purchase from the hydro power central stations totalled in column 1, 72,122 h.p. in Ontario and 88,455 h.p. in Quebec. The total hydro power utilized in the pulp and paper industry is therefore 644,805 h.p. a Includes only water power actually developed in connection with industries other than the central station and the pulp and paper industries. These industries also purchase blocks of power from the central stations- totalled in column 1. 4 Total of all turbines and water wheels installed in Canada. I Average or de- ve oped water power per 1,000 population. 4:.-Developed Water Power in Canada Utilized in the Central Electric Station Industry, Feb. 1. 1923. Commercial Stations. 1 Municipal Stat.ions.! Total. Installation. Installation. Installation. Provinces. H.P. No. GenCl- TurbinE" No. Gener- Tur- No. Gener- H.P. Total ator ator bine ator per turbine H.P. turbine per K.V.A. K.V.A. H.P. K.V.A. unit. station. H.P. - -- -- - - - - - - - - British Columbia 23 141,686 217,356 8 6,353 10,045 31 148,039 3,990 7,335 227,401 Albcrta......... . 3 22,250 32,380 - - - 3 22,250 2,491 10,793 32,380 SaRka.tchewan.. . - - - - - - - - - - - Manitoba....... . 3 37,350 50,400 2 57,312 67,225 5 94,662 5,881 23,525 117.625 Ontario........ . . 67 387,159 492,025 37 353,362 526,828 104 704,521 3,742 9,796 1,018,853 Quebec......... . 77 582,413 743,855 16 13,202 17,625 93 595,615 3,Ml 8,188 761,480 New Brunswick. 7 6,585 9,203 3 9,363 11,910 10 15,948 960 2, III 21, 113 Nova Scotia.... 8 1,479 1,449 11 11,239 13,897 19 12,718 667 808 15,:!46 Prince Edward I 7 331 288 - - - 7 331 32 41 288 yukon.......... . 1 6,000 10,000 - - - 1 6,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 --- - - - - - Canada.... . 196 1,185,253 1,556,956 17 450,831 6.17,530 2'73 1,636,08-1 &,483 8,075 2,%ot,f86 Jçommercia S ti.ons i clude all privately owned. 2Municipal Stations includo all publicly owned. NO.TE:- tatlstlC8 10 this table are based upon a cel1sus of the industry made by the Dominion Bureau d Statistlc81n co peration with the Dominion Water Power Branch. 62373-261 404 PRODUCTION i.-De\elopcd 1\ater PO\H'r In {'3nada (Ttillzt'd In the Pulp and Papt'r Industry, }'('b. 1. 1923. Installed Rnd Purchased Power-H.P. rrovinces. Ko. of }Iills. Turbine installation in the Industry. Direct drive 1 Hydro- Elpctric drive. 2 Tota!.1 Purchased Total Hydro- Hvdro- Electric È lec. Po\\er. 4 (C()1. 3+ Col. 5.)5 Total Utilized in the In- dustry (Co!. 4+ Cot. 5.)1 British Columbia...,............ 5 27,975 20,825 48,800 20,825 48,800 Ontario............ . 41 89,8:JO Rl,194 171,024 72, 122 153,316 243, 146 Quebec.. .............:::::::::::: 54 162,825 68,912 231,73i 88,455 157,367 320,192 K e\\ Bruns\\ ick. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . 3 2,:J68 12,300 14,668 12,300 14,668 1'\O\'a Scotia... .. ............. 10 17.919 80 17,999 80 17,999 --- ----- ('anada. __'.,. 113 300,911 1 3.311 4S1, 2' ð 160,577 343,8b:\, 6U,SO,'j 1 Includes all turbines Rctually installed in the industry and dil"l'Ctly driving mill equipment. 2 Includes all turbines actually installed in thc industry and transmitting power through electric drive. I Total of the turbine capacity achmll)- installed in the industry. .Inl'ludes only power purchaSC'd from hydro- electric central stations Icr the operation of pulp and paper mills. 5 Total of the hydro-elcctric power used in the industry. 1 Total of the water power used in the industry. 2.- Central Electric Stations. The development of the central electric power industry was greatly stimu- lated during the war by the urgent need of power for the manufacture of war munitions. In Table 6 will be found statistics of the number of central electric stations, capital invested, revenue from !'ale of power, total horse power, kilowatt hours generated and number of subscribers for the five-year period ended 1921, together with the number of persons employcd and thc amount c"..pended for salaries and wages. G.-Ntatistics of Ct'ntral Elt'rtric Stations, ca1t'ndar Yt'ars 191ì-19'!1. Number Capi tal l4I\ enue Total Kilowatt Sub. Persons Salaries Years. of from Bale horse hours em- and stations. invested. or power. power. generated. scribers. ployed. wages. - - - - I (thous- !>ands.) I 1917............ . 666 356,004,168 44.536,848 I,X.H,57t - 8,817 7,777,715 I!HR... ..... 795 401,942,402 53,549,1: 3 1,1\41,114 - - 9,696 10,354,242 1919. __.. .. " 805 416,512,010 57,853,;W I, 90ï, n:; 5,497,204 - 9,65b ll,48ï,132 1920..... . 819 448,273,642 65,705,050 1.8!17,m4 5,894,86ï 4, 158 10,693 14,626,709 1921............. 857 484,669,451 73,376,580 1,97i,b57 5,614,132 973,212 10,714 15,234,678 The primary power cquipment of all central electric stations aggregated 2,111,- 419 h.p. in 1921. This includcd watcr wheels and turbines, steam reciprocating engines and turbines and internal combustion engines. The hydraulic power machines greatly predominated over the othcr primc movers, being over 86 p.c. of the total capacity, with steam turbines coming second with 10 p.c., steam recipro- cating engincs third with 2.8 p.c. and internal combustion engincs fourth with 0.8 p.c. Included in the above were steam engines and internal combustion engines with a capacity of 105,002 h.p. or 4.5 p.c. of the total, installed in water power stations as auxiliary or standby equipment and in some stations supplementing the water power. A total of 28,500 h.p. is available in non-generating stations for .emergencies. Central electric stations that have no water power, but are operated by steam .and internal combustion engines, are on the \\ hole small stations. Of the 187 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER W5 steam reciprocating engines installed in central electric stations in 1921, only 22 in number or 12 p.c. were over 500 h.p., and the internal combustion engines averaged only 75 h.p. The steam turbines averaged over 2,100 h.p., with 4 units averaging 6,475 h.p., but there were only 43 steam turbines in the industry and these were confined to 22 stations, whereas the 604 water wheels and turbines averaged over 3,000 h.p. The majority of the fuel using stations are primarily for lighting purposes, using the cheapest fuel procurable, generally local coal. In the prairie provinces, lignite coal is used for the steam engines and gasoline, oil distillates and producer g;as for the internal combustion engines. Of the 203 internal combustion engines in central electric stations in 1921, 107 or over 50 p.c. were in askatchewan, 15 p.c. in Alberta and 7 p.c. in Manitoba. During 1921 the fuel stations produced an aggregate of 166,550,000 kilowatt hours at a cost for fuel of $2,550,437, or at an average of 1.53c. per kilowatt hour. This production was however, less than 3 p.c. of the total output, hydro-electric stations producing over 97 p.c. The auxiliary equipment in hydraulic stations consumed fuel valued at $-174,493, but no record is available of their output of current. The distribution by provinces of the electric cnergy generated in central electric stations throug;hout Canada is shown in Table 7 for the calendar years 1919, 1920 and 1921. In the latter year nearly R2 p.c. of the total generated electric energy was produced in the leading industrial provinces of Ontario and Quebec. From Table 9 it is seen that the total of electrie energy exported in the fiscal year ended 1922 was 861,574,793 kilowatt hours or about 15.3 p.c. of the amount produced in the calendar year 1921, the ne ir{'st corn' pOI:dil1g period. 1.-Electrical Energ)' Generated ill the ca!endar )'ear;; 1919, 1920 and 1921, b)' Pro\inces. Pro\'incc!-. -- Pr;>vinpp'S. 1919. 19' 0. 1921. 1919. 1920. 1921. -- - -- - Princp Edward I... 84'1 1,01;; 1,271 Haskatchcwan..... . 43,035 47,866 54,295 ova Scotia. 35.0!:;S :33,731 34, 330 Albl'rta.. . .. . . . . . . . SG,381 114,101 115,580 cw RrunH\Ïck.... 18,341 25, 632 30,351 British Columbia. 397,8S0 485,177 499,09 Q!lebpc. ..... I, 92.J. 5t:i0 1,914,698 1,790,805 Yukon .... 9,53S 8,332 8,927 ()ntario. . . . ...... 2.83!,8'!6 3.056,989 2,SOS,246 - -- - [anitoba. . . .. . 17.1.6.55 207,131 211,23:! Totals ... 5,-I9ì, O-f1 5,89-1,732 5,61-t.13? KibW:1tt hour,. ("OaO" omitted) I(jlowatt hours ("000" omitted) 5 Electric Light and Power.-Electric light and power companies are subject to reg;istration and in pection under the Electricity Inspection Act, 1007 (6-7 Edw. \'11, c. 14), and tl1(' production of electrical energy for export is regulated by the Electric'ity and Fluid Exportation .\et, 1007 (6-7 Edw. VII, c. 16). Roth Acts were administered by the Department of Inland Revenue until September 1, 1018, when, by Order in Council of June 3, 1ü18, their administration was transferred to..the Department of Trade and Commerce. The statistics published in connection with these Acts are given in Tables 8 and 9. The number of elf'ctric light companies registered under the ahove-mentioned Act ( ee Table 8) has increased from 398 in 1910 to 1,096 in 1023, and the export of electric energy fromß S, 31,42. kilowatt hours in 1911 to 1,0;)4-,872,585 kilovmtt hour in 1023. 406 PRODUCTION 8.- Number of Electric Light and Power Companies reglst('red under the Electricity Insp('ctlon Act In the fiscal )'ears 191-t-1923. Provinces. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. - - - - - - - - - No. I'To. No. No. 1\'0. No. 1\0. No. No. No. Prince Edward Island. 5 6 6 7 7 8 11 11 11 12 Sova Scotia...... ...... ............ 37 35 35 38 31} 37 37 45 55 59 New Bruns ick........ 24 24 24 23 25 25 27 21\ 30 38 Quebec. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . : :: :: :: : : : : : 70 53 61 79 94 133 140 1st 216 226 Ontario............................. . 262 282 287 30S 317 328 328 371 419 424 1anitoha. ........................... 16 16 16 18 20 23 23 25 46 59 Saskatche an....... . .... 52 54 54 58 59 65 86 93 101 118 Alberta... " _.' . 39 36 36 41 45 47 53 46 65 76 British Columbia::.:...:::..:::::::: 57 55 55 60 60 62 63 77 82 84 '\ ukon.......... . .................. 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 561 574 632 663 72 768 SBO 1.025 1,091 t.-t;I('ctrical Energy generated or produced for Export by Canada under authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the fiscal years 1918-1923. C Electric Ener y Generated or Produced for Export. Companies. 1918. 1919. 1!J20. 1!J21. 1922. 1923. k.w. hours. k. w. hours. k. w. hours. k. w. hours. ok. w. hours. k. w. hours. Ontario Po er Com- pany of Niagara Falls, Niagara Falls. Ontario.. . . . . . . . . . . . 321,768,400 316,921.400 319.362,000 328,256,600 304,224,400 295,849,500 Canadian Niagara Power Company, 1\ iagara Falls. Onto 256,005,960 254,633,727 203,601,550 172,251,210 82,264,000 244,948,750 Electrical Develop- ment Company (Toron to Power Co.), Niagala Falls. ()nt................ . 138,062,000 141,511,000 108,237,000 102,884,000 102,122,000 103,922,550 Ontario and 1innesota Power Company, Fort Franc('s. Ont... 14,225,610 18,060,373 12,043,120 1 ,803,451 12,729,010 8,606,760 Maine and r\ ew Bruns- wick Electric Power Company, Ltd., Aroostook l"alls, N.R................ 4,190,996 4,954,661 6,122,638 7,877,398 8,460,291 10,713,925 British Columbia Electric Ry. Co., Vancouver. B.C..... 327,832 290,530 354,780 385,678 410,692 467,353 Western Canada PO\\- er Co.. Vancouver, B.C.. 14,242,756 9,373,700 14,5.U, 734 21,626,236 24,825,300 32,457,700 Sherhrool.. .. ' iÍ\\a;' and Pm\ er Com- pany, herhrooke, Que........ .. 118,791 265,378 273,696 281,038 252,200 212,347 edars nari(ls I'M . and Po\\. er Co., Ced- ßrs Rapids, Que.... 380,635,000 395.966,000 282,225,000 364.432,000 324,193,000 356, 7!J5, 000 West. l 11 Yf'ar period covered, the number of municipalities seC'uring f'lectricity from the ('ollunission has increaf;ro from 28 to 214, the number of consumers from 34,9û7 to 303,0!)0, the mrnings from 51,617,674 to $12.7.5ü.104 and the opf'rating expf'n es from S1.3ï7,}(j to Sll,3-1:3,í()ü. 18.-Consoßdated Oprratln Rrport of tht' II dro-t:)rdråc Po" er 'ommissioll of Ontario. 1912-1922. I Xumbo, Xumber Hnr;l Expensps. cip;litips. Consumpr . u!3pd. I $ S 1912. 34,96i 1,617,674 1,377,168 1!Jl3.... ., 1:; 65,697 2,617,440 2,041,183 191-1.... .......... 61) 96,7H 70,698 3,433,656 2,678,328 1915. I 119 I:W,028 100,242 4,OiO,295 3,371,414 IIH6. .............. 121\ 148,732 120,768 4,91\3,601 4,110,066 I 1917.... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . I 14:\ 170,916 15ï, Q4S 6, OiO, 065 5,077,491 1918.. .. 166 lRa,987 159,990 7,082,039 5,736,335- 1919..... .. IIH 216,08G 185,3.')5 7,827,0.').') 6,531,482 1920... .... 1M 245,666 20S, 232 9, 707,901 8,094,056 1921. 205 268,743 242,349 10,981,942 9,317, i 1 1!12 . . . . . . . .. 214 303,090 294,061 12,756,104 11,3-13, 766 In Table 11 will be found the financial statbtics of the electrical in tallations of the municipalities served by the Hydro-Electric Commission for the four years 1919 to H)22. In this comparatively short period, earnings increased from $7,827,0.'),5- in 1919 to S12,7.;û,1O-t in 1922, :Iud operating exp('n e::' from f),.r}21,."tS2 to 11,3.12,- 7üG. OlvTARIO HYDRO-ELErTRIC CO.UJlISSION 409 H.-statement of Earnings and Operating E penses of Electric D('partments of Municipalities served by the Ontario H!'dro-Electric Commission for the calendar years 1919-1922. Items. Number of municipalities.... Earnings- Domestic T ight................ ........ ........... : Commercial Light.............. .................. . Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power, :\.[unicipal............ .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Street I ight................................ ....... Rural. . . .. .. ... ....... . . . . . Iiscellaneous................. _. _. Total Earnlnl!s... ........... Expenses- Power purchased.......... Hub- .tation Ope tion......... ;.;......... ..... .. [amtenance..... .... Dist. System, Operation and Maintenance...... Line Tr:msforml'rs :\laintenance... :\ieter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumers' Premises-Expl'nses... .... . ." '. .. .... . Htrel't I,i!!,ht Hystl'Jr., Operation and :\Iaintl'nancl' .. Promotion of Business...... ...... .. . _. . . . Rilling and ColleC'tillS!:. .. . . .. . . .. . . . _. . . .. ... General Office. Salaries and Exoensl's. . . . . . . . . . Pndistributed expense!'.... .. . . :. ..... . .. . Interest and Debenture Payments . . . . Tot"l Expenses. :::>urplus.. .... ............ Depreciation Charge... .. Surplus less Dl'preciation Charge........ ..... ......... 1919. 181 S 1,991,632 1,175,144 3,443,107 989,018 228,271 7 ,ð!7. 0.5;; 3,284,431 217,6:W S1,854 286,311 42"j09 78,727 84,301 215,964 74,789 236,5D5 452,131 190,610 l,2R5,571 fi.531,18 1,295,573 814,219 481,354 1920. 184 $ 2,546,345 1,512,855 3,752,188 532,279 1,005,535 168,920 189,779 1921. 205 S 3,149,080 1,851,502 3,895,437 645,531 1,060,358 145,566 225,468 9,707.901 10,981,9,12 4,216,668 285,407 102,051 344,552 46,323 123,701 116,284 36, 931 78,295 295,943 559,695 256, -100 1,431,807 8,09J,057 l,613,IH4 902,029 711, 815 4,876,650 314,838 104,798 479,406 65,088 116,723 134, 855 297 48'} 101:804 321,685 656, 26 317,387" 1,530,796 9,317,781 1,664,161 1,044,435 619,72f 1922. 214 $ 3,786,608- 2,158,306- 4,383,912 973,263 1, lIiO,44ï lOG. 877 187,69()- 12,756,10-1 6,636,853 315,444 100,764 519,252 52,932 107,807 143,389 2!17,364 129,933 338,153 605,852 385, 8!15- 1,710.12; l1,3J3,766 1,412,338- 715,814 696,524 Statistics of the assets and liabilitics of the electric departments of the munici- palities served by thc Hydro-Electric Commisl'ion are given in Table 12. These show total assets of $55,274,692 in 1922 as compared with liabilities of $35,196,388. Of the differcnce, $8,0,56,248 is as igned as reserves, leaving a surplu of $12,0:?2,Ob6. Thc ratio of net dcbt to total assets is 63.6 p.c. The above asscts are exclusive of the a ::;ets of the Hydro-Electric Commission, which on October 31, 1922, were estimated at $133,206,53: , aJ!;ainst which the balance due to the Provincial Treasurer was $118,024,532. 12.-Stat('ment of Assets ami Liabilities of Electric D('partments of )lunlcil)aIitles 8er\ed by the Ontario H)'dro-t;l('ctric Commission for the calendar ) ears 1919-1922. Items. 1!} 2. Numher of :\lunicipa!i ties.. . . . . . . Assets- Plant- T,amh; and Buildings......... ...................... . Sub-station Equipment........................ ... Dist ibution :::>yst:;ms, ( verhead.... . . . . . . t: nderground... ... . . . . . . . .. . Line Transforml'rs. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M.eters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stree .Light Equip ent, Regular....... . . . . . . . . . Ornamental. ... . . . . . . . . _ _ . }{isc. Construction Expenses.. .. . . . . . . _ _ . . Rteam and Hydraulic Plant. . . . . . . . . Old Plant................................ .. 1919. $ 1, 9!/5, 546 2,mS,125 7,445,820 1,206,297 2,073,113 2,587,566 1, 206, ß 9 546,4!IS 2,530,101 986,201 805,960 1920. 181 184 $ 2,175,568 3,231,051 8,579,882 1,313,369 2,560,582 3,053,135 1,269,007 557,678 2,697, (31) 757,195 864,298 1921. 205 S 3,230,986 5,403,689 8,397,361 1,401,136 3,077,650 3,552,077 1,3 5,997 610,587 3,030,l 4 704,848 912,389 214 $ 3,334,523 5,046,85& 11,165,330 1, 59S, 053- 3,618,685 4.033,69()- 1,419,016- 666,084 3,261,496 565,159 7,997,947 Tota! Plant........................... . .... 24 29B 866 27 059 401 31 656 854 42 706 H41 410 PRODUCTION 12.-Stat('ment of Ass('ts and Ilabiliti"s of t:lf'ctrir D('partments of :\lunlclpaliti('s serud by the Ontario H) dro-t:lt'ctric ('ommission for the call'ndar )"l'arS 1919-1922 -C'Onc\uded. Items. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. Number of Municipalities.................... 181 184 205 214 Other Assets- $ $ S S Ban].. and Cash Balance.. . .. . ................... 462,437 943, R!iR 900,842 l,lti4.336 Securities and Investments.. ..---. 627,076 341,1\56 477,679 443,938 Accounts Receivable. 1,921,167 2,022,!i: 9 2,1!i5,789 3,874,317 Inventories....... . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . : 1,032,570 1,400,672 1,504,596 1,738,796 Sinking Fund on Local Debentures....... . . " . . . . . . . 1,92.5,456 2,241,004 2,5.H,718 3,416,232 õili y :: . . t. ms...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369,Oi2 577, :is-! 795.570 1,543,434 86,2.l6 25,441 78,930 238,940 Total ARSCts..... . . . .................... 30, 722,'SßO 34,61!i,361 40, 111,979 5!i,126,834 Deficit....... . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ......... 186,836 182,946 258,436 147,868 - Totl'l Plant and Other .\ssets.... ..... 30,903.696 34,71b,307 10,370,-165 55,21-1,6n Liabilities- Debenture Balance.. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 18,133,462 19,268,072 21,619, 2 1 30,454,186 Accounts Payable.......... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,420,927 1,840,137 1,1'87,51\1\ 3,699,292 Bank Overdraft............ ..................... 403,236 514,672 98 1. 100 456,707 Other Liabilities... . .. . . . . . . ...................... 670,272 642,294 9&;,369 51,6,203 . Total Liabilities. . ..................... 2OJ27,8'7 2'?,265,175 2:i, 13-1,2,')8 35,196,388 Reserves- For Depreciation............ ...................... 3,750,162 4,788,645 5,4!H,859 6,512,814 For equity in H. E. P. C.l:;ystem.................. 373,872 577,584 800,249 1,543,434 Total Reser\'es............................ t,12t,0:U 5,366. 9 1,292,10S 8.0.)6,2-18 Surplus- f ínJi:kTn i d: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : J. 328, 658 1,440,157 1,860,080 3, ]04.591 l,ï54,020 2,246,474 2,541,718 3,416,231 Additional operating surplus...... .., ....... 3,075,087 3,480,272 4,242,302 5,501,244 Total Surplu!o>. .... ..... ................... 6,157.76;) ;' ,166,903 8,61-1,100 12,02%,066 Total Liabilities, Reserus and urplus. ............ 30,9119,696 :U,7911,307 to,3;O,t61 55,271,702 Per cent net debt to total assets. . . . . . . .. .. . .... 6ï.9 65.3 64.7 65.6 Hydro-Electric Power Commissions in other Provinces. Nova Scotia.-The Nova Scotia Power Commission operates two generating stations at St. Margaret's} ay, N.S., one on the North East river, about two miles up from the mouth of the stream, operating under a head of 156 ft. and dewloping 3,900 h.p., and the other at tidewater near the mouth of the Korth East river, operating under a head of 90 ft. and developing a total of 6,!)OO h.p. The hydro-electric station of the Luncnburg Gas Co. on the l\Iushamush river, a mile from l\Iahone, was also purcha ed and rebuilt. This plant operates under a head of 2 ft. and develops 700 h.p. The Commission is generating and, at present, sellin all its power from the St. Margarcì's bay plants to the 1\ova öcotia Tram- ways and Power Co., and is seIIinJ!: power from the Mahone plant to the Lunenburg Gas Co. for di:stribution in Lunenhurg and Riverport. l\ew Brunswick. -The Xew Bruns\\ick Electric Po\\er Commis ion has con- structed a power plant at the mouth of the :\lusquash river operating unùer a head of 93 ft. with turbines aggregating 11,100 h.p. The plant commenceù operations in May 19 3, and delivers po\\er to the municipalities of :-;t. Juhn, :Moncton, Fair- ville, 'Ye tfield, Fairvale, Hampton, Norton, Susf:ex, Apohaqui, Petitcoùiac and Salisbury. The Commis:-iun i'j also buying po\\er frum the Bathurst Co. and selling it to the town of Kewcastle. JIANUF ACTURES 411 Manitoba.-The Manitoba Power Commission entered into contract with the city of 'Yinnipeg for a supply of power, and built 164 miles of transmission lines from Winnipeg, connecting Oakville, Portage la Prairie, Carman, Morden and Roland. The Commission purchased the hydro plant of the Minnedosa Power Co. and also built a fuel plant at Yirden equipped with two oil engines aggregating 240 h.p. The Minnedosa plant is equipped with a 450 h.p. water turbine operating under a head of 19 ft. and two oil engines of 120 h.p. each. l\Iinnedosa and Virden are not connected with the system of transmission lines, but are separately operated units. VIII.-MANUF ACTURES. I.-Evolution of Canadian Manufactures. Manufacture is defined as the operation of making wares from raw materials, by the hands, by tools or by machiDf'ry, thus adding, in the phraseology of the economist, new utilities and therefore additional value, to the already existing utilities and values of the raw material. Manufacture, in primitive societies and in the pioneer stages of new communities, is normally carried on within the household for the needs of the household, as was the case among the early settlers of Canada in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when domestic manufactures were carried on in combination with the cultivation of the soil, mainly at the times of the year when agricultural operations were suspended. At a later period in the evolution of society, small manufactures are carried on in specialized workshops for the needs of the immediate locality or neighbourhood, as was generally the case in Eastern Canada in the first half of the nineteenth century. Later still, as a con- sequence of the introduction of machinery operated by stearn or electric power-the so-called "Industrial Revolution"-and of the cheapening of transportation, manu- facture has to an ever-increasing extent been concentrated in factories, often employing hundreds and even thousands of persons and producing for a national or even for an international market. So far as Canada is concerned, this "industrial revolution" may be said to have commenced shortly before Confederation and to be still in progress. The growth of manufacturing production since 1870 is outlined in this article and the accompanying Tahle 1, while the increaf;ing importance of manufacturing for the international market may be illustrated hy the statistics of Table 7 of the Trade and Commerce section of the 1920 Year Book, which f;hows that Canadian exports of manufactured produce increased from less than $3,000,000 per annum on the average of IS71-1R75 to $425,000,000 in the pOf;t-war fiscal year ended March 31, 1920. The kind of manufactures to be estahlished in a community will in the beginning be largely determined, more ef;pecially where tran portation charges are high, by the type of raw materials available in that community. For example, probably the first agricultural process to be carried on by Europeans in what is now the Dominion of Canada, was the miRing of a crop of grain at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 160.5; the first manufacturing process wa<; the grinding of the grain in the autumn of the year. Other earlier manufactures were also necessarily connected with the satif'faction of the primary needs of human beings .for food, clothing and shelter, and with the other primary need for protection. At a cenSH::> of occupations taken in 1681, we find a comparatively large number of tailors and ::;hocmakers, masuns and carpenters, gunsmiths and edge-tool makers, enumerated. Nearly two centuries later, the first census of manufactures taken after Con- federation for the year 1870 indicated that the majority of the industries were those 412 PRODr:CTIOY in whi('h abundant raw material was at hand or UIO e which supplied ne(,f'sRitif's for- which transportation difficult ips pnsllrpò a steady local market. rntil the later nineties the gro\\ t h of Canadian manufacturing industry was not particularly rapid, though the great fall in the prices of commodities during the period from 1873 to IS97 was largely respon ihle for the comparatively slow growth of the values of manufacturro com1ll0ditie<; from S221.ß million in 1870 to $-!ß9.8 million in 1891}. Afterwards there was a change; the prices of commodities com- mf'nced to rise, while the indu tries generally shared in the advantages of the great growing period from 1900 to 1912. The gross product of e"tabli hments with five- hands or over increa ed from :'-:3tiS.7 mìlIion in IS90 to I,16ß.O million in 1910, and to $I,3Sl. 5 million in 191.'). The fundamental advantage.., of the position of Can da, her abundant raw material, her inexhaustihle water power, her gro\\ing home market in the e"\.1>anding \\"('-;t, had contributed to produce this result. The Influence of the War.-The influence of the war upon the manufactures of Canada was profound and far-reaC'hing, tending to promote the diver ification of product and the production at home of many commoditip'5 whiC'h had prpviously been imported. On account of the practi('al suspension of the importation of manufactured goods of many kinds from Europf', enterprising Canadian manufac- turerI': were given opportunitips of entering upon new lines of manufa(.ture with practical control of the market. Then' was added to this the rf'flex effpct of the great prosperity of agriculture, produ('ed by the unprpcedpnted prices of war-time. The farmers of Canada bought as npver beforp. The general result wal': that industry worked at high prf'SS\1r(', not only to produee the munitions and military supplies for the armies of the> Alli(.s, hut also to make the manifold varieties of goods required for the stimulated civilian consumption. The world shortage of staple commodities- coupled with a strong domestic demand, gave to Canaòian inc1uRtries in general a pronounced stimulus toward greater production, and in a great number of cal':es the capacity of manufacturing plants was in('rea ed; this inerease creatf'd a demand for greater supplies of raw material. IpcidentaIly, fadory methods hp('ame more specialized' and a high degree of administrative and mechanical eHi('i('H('y was attained, while Canada, partly 0\\ ing to the t('mJ orary dedine of Europe, assulIwò a new position as one of the leading industrial count rip..; of tlw world. The great hoom in Canadian manufa('ture described abovp reached its height in the summer of 1920, the I':tatistics for t hat year showing grmte..;t gross and net value of products. The statisti('s for the year 1921, published at the end of Table t. show a great decline in values, whi('h does not mean a corre:-:ponding dc-dine in a('tual physical quantity of production, though here a certain decline undouhtedly took pla('e. On the whole 1922, the statisti('s for whi('h are not yet available, was a rather better year for employment in manufadure<-: th:m 1!}21, ancl 1923 has been a t)('ttcr year than 19:!2. It would, therefore, appear that the' ('ountry is re('o\.ering from the great df'pre"..;ion of ] !}21, and that thp rather low f:t:lti:s, IS;O to 1921 -concluded. ( All establishments irrf'8pt'ctit1e of tlte number of emploJ/ee8.) Estab- Em- Salaries Cost of Ket Gross Provinces. lish- Capital. ployees. and wages. materials. value of value of mcnts. products. products. No. S No. S S S $ 1916. Canada... . ... 21,306 1,99-1,183, 72 -197,170 2S;),889,291 802. 135,S62 5O:;,OOI, 78 1,107,137,t-IO P.K Island... . 291 1. 906, 564 2,334 554,467 1,520,327 1,126,142 2,646,469 Nova Scotia....... 968 126,539,183 33,581 16,316,712 37,738,161 33, 122,595 70,860,756 New Brunswick. . . . 714 46,290,01-1 17 ,423 8,765,433 21,495,324 16,336,710 37,832,034 Quebec. ............ 7,158 5-18,972,575 148,329 80,217,258 216,497,8t4 171. 402, 741 387,900,585 Ontario........... . 9,287 956.883,423 243,905 144,072,317 415,285,954 312,637,320 727,923,274 Manitoba.. ......... 840 95,845,845 19,668 13,614,857 J8,51!J,514 23,080,670 61,594,184 Saskatche\\an..... . 457 16,788,992 3,621 2,705,754 7,678,416 6,4R-I,158 14,162,574 Alberta.. . 584 42,239,693 7,255 5,074,742 21,121,439 9,471.39-1 30,592,833 British Col bi :: 1,007 158,636,933 21,054 U, 567, 751 42,28-1,883 31,339,548 73,624,431 1917. ('anada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3t,392 2, 7R6, 6-19, 727 674,910 550,192,069 1,605.730,6-10 I.t09.S-l7,300 3,015,577.940 P.E. bland........ 534 2,65l,374 1,923 837,230 3,402,485 2,115,425 5,517,910 Nova ::;cotia....... 2,147 136,521,655 31,398 23,553,090 109,736,731 66,632,294 176,369,025 New Bruns\\ick.... 1,423 65,539,370 21,363 13,822,446 33,333,090 29,084,376 62,417,466 Quebec. . ... .. . . . . . . 10,042 823,317,251 211,018 158, 134,925 403,422, 445 427,191,584 830,6l4,029 Ontario. . . . . . 14,381 l,335,96S,699 326,635 278,462,708 822.842,054 710,896,601 1,533,73S,655 Manitoba.. ...::::: 1. 329 101,145,033 22,670 19,599,051 73,131,719 49,673,162 122,804,881 Sa.'!katchev. an. . . . . . 1,436 33,114,630 8,210 7,007,073 23,449,495 17,208,251 40,657,746 Alberta.. . . . . . . . . . . 1,317 63,215,444 11,524 10,387,379 43,896,941 27,772,482 71,669,423 British Columbia. . 1,772 221,436,100 40,098 38,269,366 92,489,277 78,936,339 171,425,616 yukon..... ....... 11 3,739,171 71 118,801 26,403 336,786 363,189 1918. ('anada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,797 3,03-1,301,915 678,337 629,79D,6-1-1 1,9ßO. .,)2,314 1.557,7 -I,661'3,4;;H.036,!175 P.E. Island. ....... 48-1 2,886,662 1,467 777,067 3, 5-17, ROO 2,146,078 Ó, 693, 878 ova Scotia....... 2,125 133,262,649 29,569 25,563,978 93,5-10,657 66,869,233 160,409,890 K ew Brunswick. . . . 1,364 74,4 O,879 19,888 1-1,247,388 31,513,6-10 33,819,429 6S,333,069 CJuebec.. .... .. 10,540 860,468,768 207 .494 175,800,005 472,44-1,599 448,176.572 920,621,171 Untario. .. . . . . . .. . 15,J65 1,508.011,435 333,972 320,140,214 1,008,824,704 800,242,297 1,809,067,001 Manitoba......... . 1,444 105,983,159 23,887 23,389,683 92,600,183 52,431,327 145,031,510 Sa<;katchewan..... . 1,422 39,476,260 8,066 8,496,1i2 30,614,183 19,395,452 50,009,635 Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252 61,405,933 9,894 10,249,465 54,740,907 27,693,515 82,434,422 British Columbia.. 1,786 244,697,241 4-1,039 50,422,163 109,403,517 106,772,000 216,175,517 ). ukon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3,638,929 61 10-1,509 22, 124 238,758 260,882 1919. Canada.. ...... .... 38,341 3,230,6S6,36 682,":U 689,-135,709 1,875,615,877 1,6-15,115,712 3,.'i 0,731,51i9 P.E. Island. .. . 539 2,867,035 1,605 973,306 4,269,843 2,599,741 6,869.5R4 Nova Scotia....... 2,249 131,914,231 .l8,105 2-1,557,105 74,928,099 65,196,996 140,125,095 New Brunsv.ick.... 1,439 89,958,882 24,248 19,244,350 53,471.290 46,534,315 100,005,605 Quebec. . . .,. . . . . . . . 11,061 936,712,125 205,561 189,732,521 517,596,9S0 470,987,843 988,574,823 Ontario. . . . . . .. . . . . 16,438 1,583,161,271 323,372 336,579,559 !H3, 622, 018 793,921,978 1,737,543,996 Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . 1,622 111,535,665 27,354 30,695,829 90,539,234 62,480,875 153,020,109 Saskatchewan..... . 1,534 35,869,588 9,479 11,437,427 35,437,613 24,314,873 59,752,486 Alberta.. . . . . . . . . . . 1,379 66,673,667 12,997 15,186,068 55,796,219 39,059,540 94,855,7S9 British Columbia.. 2,064 268,419,281 49,671 60,964,272 99,944,539 139,850,449 239,794,988 yukon............ . 19 3,574,623 42 65,272 20,042 169,102 189,144 1920. Canada....... . 43, %011 3.U3,276,05.1 16S5,3t9 816,0;;5,139 2,190,891,2H 1,833,8-18,2-19 1,02-1.739,"63 P.K Island. . . : : : : : 538 3,190,812 1,643 1,133,241 4,412,512 2,615,179 7,027,691 Nova Scotia....... 2,477 148,270,147 28,399 31,083,770 90, 245,l69 72,963,570 163,208,839 New Brunswick.... 1,588 109,465,537 21, 130 21,294,425 62,702,705 51,052,424 113,755,129 Quebec. ............ 11,645 1,031,322,966 205,431 224,237,747 575,990,383 545,237,606 1,121,227,989 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . 17,886 1,705,496,450 333,992 -108,203,562 1,122,9-10,608 890,245,847 2,013,186.455 :Manitoba. . . .. . . .. . 1,908 118,620,805 28,76-1 39,069,278 99,756,492 76,024,415 175,780,907 Saskatchewan. . . . . . 2,350 40,22-1,939 10,476 14,420,242 40,071,236 32,633,767 72,705,003 Alberta........... . 2,043 60,619,340 14,424 18,991,514 60,654,356 37,954,200 98,608,556 British Columbia. . 2,750 224,597,477 41,030 57,516,415 134,044,855 124,913,470 258,958,325 Yukon... .......... 15 1,467,580 60 104,945 72,798 207, 771 280,569 1921. Canada............. . 41,323 3,210,709, 1\ 517,1-11 ;; I,402,3!Sã I,U6,30-l,12l 1,301,622,5;)3 2,7,17,926,175 P.E. Island........ 446 2,452,826 1,098 651.620 2,658,44M 1,575,6'14 4,234,132 Nova Scotia. . . . .. . 2,196 107,490,242 17,206 16,663,920 43,919,126 40,296,696 84,215,822 New Brunswick. .. . 1,326 103,367.891 13,741 11,815,664 33,3 5,429 26,lï9,312 59,514,741 Quebec....... . . . . . . 10,762 973,722,564 159,698 164,450,443 406,553,322 378,200,483 784,753,805 Ontario. . . .. . . .. .. . 18,09:1 I, fj20, 681,181 258,345 303,938,086 744,433,905 666,842,526 1,411,276,431 Manitoba...... - ... 1,965 100,441,542 20,732 26,992,333 68,216,070 55,254,32.1 123,470,39J Saskatchewan 2,027 34,794,506 7,235 8,842,286 29.538,969 20,723,666 50, 262, 635 Alberta.. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,024 55,538,526 10,324 12,160,529 36,978,788 29,724,150 66,702,938 British Columbia.. 2,470 210,798,811 28,700 35,775,528 80,607,323 82,604,700 163,212,023 Yukon.. .. . . . ..... . 14 1,421,199 62 111,976 62,742 221,013 283, 755 RECE^rT UANUFACTUR/NG PRODUCT/OX 417 2.-Recent Ianufacturing Production. [For the scheme of reports annually issued on the manufacturing industries by the Do:r;ninion Bureau of Statistics, the reader is referred to the section later on in . this volume, dealing with the organization of the Bureau and its public:ltions.] Since and including 1917, the census of manufactures has been taken on a comparable basis. According to the census of 1921 there were in Canada 41,323 manufacturing establishments, distributed throughout the nine provinces and Yukon Territory. The total number of employees was 517.141, the amount of capital invested $3,210,709,288 and the output Wfu) valued at $2,747,926,675. As compared with 1917 there was a decrease of 23.4 p.c. in the number of employees, an increase of over 15 p.c. in the amount of capital invested and a decrease of over 8 .8 p.c. in the value of products. Value of Products.-The gross value of manufactured products for 1921 was reported as $2,747,926,675; the cost of materials was $1,446,304,122, leaving $1,301,622,553 as the value added by manufacture. As the finished products of one branch of manufacture are constantly used as materials in other brancþes, in the ascending scale of modern industry, it follows that they are counted over and over again, swe]]ing in this manner the total gross value of products. The total value of manufactured products, strictly defined, would include (1) the value of a]] raw materials obtained from the extractive and primary production industries which have entered into the manufactured output, and (2) the entire value added to these raw materials by manufacturing processes from the time they first entered any factory up to the close of the census year. This value would be very much greater t.han the $1,302 million added by manufacture. Volume of Production.-The unsatisfactory nature of the monetary unit as a standard of measurement suggests the desirability of an expedient to place the production data of recent years on a more uniform basis. The value of the do]]ar has fluctuated greatly during the last ten years, the inflation culminating in l\Iay, 1920. In Table 2 are presented basic data used in determining the relative volume of products manufactured in Canada during the several years specified. The index numbers representing the volume of products as shown in the last column of the table will serve as a better measure than mere values of the annual output of manu- facturing establishments in Canada. The index number of value of products in 1921 was 195 and the index number representing wholesale prices was 153. If the fGrIDer number is divided by the latter the resultant quotient is 127, or, otherwise expressed, the volume of products in 1921 exceeded that of IJ)15 by 27 p.c. 2.-Volume of Products of Canadian :\Ianufactures, 1915-1921. - Index Nwnbers. Years. Gross Value of Products. Wholesale Volume 0 Gross Value Prices of Manu- of Products. Commo- factured dities. Products. S 1915....... . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . e...... 1.407,137,140 100 100 100 1917..................................... . ....... 3,015,577,940 214 151 142 1918...... . . . . ... .. . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,458,036, 975 246 180 137 1919................................... _... _..:::: 3,520,731.589 250 212 118 1920............................................. . 4,024,739,463 286 215 133 1921. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,747,926,675 195 153 127 62373-27 418 PRODUCTION Statistics for recent years.-In Table 3 are p;iven summary Rtatistics of the manufactures of Canada for tI?-e three years 1919 to 1921 inclusive. Similar statistics . for 1917 and 1918 were given in Table 110 on page 363 of the 1921 edition. 3.-Summary statistics of 31anufactures of Canada, 1919, 1920 and 1921. (All establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) Items. 1919. Decrease p. c. 1920-21. Establishments............... .No. CapitaL....................... . Average capital per establish- ment... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. S Employees on salaries......... . No. Salaries.. .. ................... S Averagesalary.........-...... S Employee!! on wages.... . . . . . . . No. Wages.......... ............... . Average wage................. S Cost of materials.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . Value added in manufacture.... S Value of products... .......... S A\erage value products per es- tabli!'hment................. S Piece Workers l . _.......... ... .No. Earning!> of piece workers. . . . .. , 38,344 3,230,686,368 84,255 88,316 130,855.002 1.482 594.118 558,580,707 940 1,875,615,877 1,645,115,712 3,520,731,589 91,820 15,374 3,401,663 1920. Increase p.c. 1919-20. 43,200 3,443,276,053 79,705 89.297 158,353,778 1,761 596,052 657,701,361 1,102 2,190,891,214 1,833,848,249 4,024,739,463 93,165 14,893 3,943,810 12.66 6.58 -5.40 1.82 21.01 18.82 0.33 17.75 17.23 Ib.81 11.4i 14.32 1.49 - 3.13 15.94 192Í. 41.323 3,210,709,288 77,698 76,777 140,110,891 1,825 440,364 441,291,494 1,002 1,446,304.122 1,301,622,553 2,747,926,675 66,499 4.34 6.75 2.52 14.62 11.52 + 3.63 27.79 32.90 9.07 33.98 29.02 31.47 28.62 NOTE.-Minus (-) denotes decrease. INot included in general statistics of nwnber of employees or earnings. A classification based on the component material of the chief product of value of each establishment was applied for the first time in the compilation of the returns for 1920. The number of groups was reduced from fifteen to nine to correspond with the external trade classification, and the classes of industry were somewhat altered to conform with recent industrial organiza, ion. In Table 6 are given statis- tics of production and employment for the years 1918 to 1920 under the old clas ifica- tion, while at the commencement of Table 7 similar statistics are given for 1920 and 1921, under the new classification of industries. The stati!'tics of the forty brgest manufacturing industries accotding to gross value of production, in 1920 and 1 21 arc I r('sented in tabl(s 4 and 5. 4.-Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 1920. Industries. Siaughtprinl!; and meßt-packing... .. . . . . . Flour and gri t mill products......... Pulp and papcr.. . . . . . . . Lumbpr, lath and shingle mills.. _ _ _.. .. Foundry and machine shop products. .. . . . . . . . RUJ!:ar refineriCR......... .......................... Buildin and C'onstruction.. Butter and cheese.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Rolli.lg mills and steel furnaces.... . . . . . . . . '" . . . . AutomobIles.. ......................... ........ Cottons. ....................................... Rubber I!:oods {including rubber footwear)........ Car repair shops. . .. .. _ . . . . . ... . . Boots ami shoes !leather)........ . . . . . .. . . .. ... . . . EII'CtrÍ<' liJ!:ht and powpr. . .. .. . . . . . Clothin , men's, factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bread and other bakery products. . . .,. .......... Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hosiery and knit goods........................... TobaC'co, cigar!! and cil!;arettes.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Electrical a,>paratus.. _.......:...... ShipbuilrlilJl!; anei repairs. ..: . ! Bh.cuits and confl'Ctionery... . . .. ... ... ., Printing and publishing .......................... I Capital Cost of Invei>ted. Material!!. S S 84,288,306 170,916.888 68,838,927 205,746,546 t7 ,553. 3.3 8-t, 208, 6SS 199,651,5i6 103,077,980 H9.323,908 53,976,167 46,499,8i6 113.967,945 47,694,5i4 40.424,914 25,;>Q6,106 106,211.588 90,632,751 46,371,695 53,906.506 67,157,Ot5 76,413,i03 53,402. i23 58,370,039 41. 8.18,200 - 26, 68:?, 339 34.347,026 40,807,366 448,273.642 - 37,920, C04 34.589,605 23,612.654 88,239,135 50,008.209 37, 847.01;1i 42113 393 34.238, !j!H 33 966 ]54 17,826,151 68 31 .262 26,812,829 62.f!82. t3! 20,952.21i 31 217.581 30 939,803 E!>tab- li!!h- ments. No. 86 1, 332 100 3,481 792 8 1,548 3,133 41 17 31 35 157 173 819 196 ,769 9 128 98 96 S2 400 1 007 I 40.-l4e,6,{1 15.597.082 Value of Products. S 2tO.544,618 239,255,461 236.420,176 207,16.3,577 140,4'>8,057 131. 77'2, 715 126,991,068 125.816,656 101,6111.104 101, 4115. 8-t6 92,490,002 80,717,308 70.5118.913 66,817,174 65,705,060 62,066,487 61,800,633 57,675.676 56,736.545 55,125,617 55.120.964 5 t, 825, 696 51, 6.'i8, 833 53,8-l1,603 PRINCIPAL STATISTICS OF LEADING INDUSTRIES 419 Industries. 4.-Principal Statistics of Forty Leading Industries, 192o-concluded. Value of Products. I.umber products. ..... . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . _ . . Cars and car works.......... _.... ..... _... _' Clothing, women's, factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural imolements.......... ... ............. I.ea ther, tanned, urried and finished... . . . . . . . . . . Printin and bookbinding......................... Plumbing. heating and tinsmithing. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Furniture and upholstered goods. ................ Fish. pre>:ervpd. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woolen goods. . . _.. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . Pig iron and ferro-alloys..... ....... __..... _... Paints and varnishes... _..... _................... Hats and caps. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boiler" and engines... . _ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . Clothing. men's, custom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furnishing goods, men's.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Totals for }'orty Leadlnlt Industries....... Totals for All Industrlrs................... Percenta!te of Forty Iudustrles to Total of All Industries......... . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . _ . . Estab- lish- ments. Capital Invested. No. 810 11 274 80 100 670 2,159 320 940 66 9 48 230 55 1,620 62 S 44,138,873 61.883.898 22,750,922 101.107,516 29.739,987 28,248,490 20,828,185 31,181,219 20,512,265 22, 7 3,128 29,128,967 20,320,851 16,594,962 32.662,552 11,516,424 14,405,583 Cost of :Materials. S 29,624,883 28,736,470 30,956.445 20,474.379 30,370,591 11,015.292 20,029,384 13,206,583 19,363,029 14,720,413 20,290,760 15,918,557 12,915,687 9,891,832 9,966,713 12,920,395 2 ,992 2.629,560,970 1.715. 3-1,3 9 43,200 3,4-13,276,053 2,190.891, 2U 53.22 76.37 78.29 S 53.365,656 53,313,260 52,874,568 44,073,847 41,140,602 38,826,979 38,508,784 33,606,637 30,900,147 28,018,565 26,946,433 26.939.476 22,688,674 22,614,951 20,826,426 20,555,619 3,095,125,413 -1,02-1,739, -163 76.90 Industries. 5.-Principal Statistics of Fort) Leading Industries, 1921. Cost of Materials. Flour and grist mill products. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . Slaughtering and meat-packing..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulp and paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saw, lath and shingle mills...... __ .............. Butter and cheese............ _ _ _... _........... Housebuilding and construction................... Electric light and power..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sugar, refined.......... . ......................... Automobiles and motor trucks.... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton yarn and cloth.. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Rolling mills and steel furnaces... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . Printing and publi."hing. _.. . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes.......... _. _....... Petroleum, refined.. .. ..... _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bread and other bakery products................. Biscuit and conCectionery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roots and shoes, leather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical apparatus and supplies...... . .. . . . . . . . . . Clothing, men's, factory...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foundries and machine shop products _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ . . . Steam rail\\ay cars............. _. _ _.......... _... Agricultural implements.... . _ . . . . .. . . . . . Hosiery and knit good"...... _.................... Clothing, women's, factory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodworking, sash and door factories......... . . . . Printing and bookbinding........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Breweries....................................... . Plum bing and tinsmithing.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . Sheet metal products...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . _ .. . . .. . Rubher goods........... _. _... _.... _ _ _....... :Furniture and upholstering... .................... Leather tannerips. . . . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial machinery. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shipbuilding and repairs.......................... FI"h curing and packing................. _........ Gas, lightinl!; and heating....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automobile rppairs.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . Paints and varni8hes. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . Furni"hing goods, men's.... . . _.. '" _ _ _ _........ Heating and ventilating appliances..... . . . . . . . . . . . Totals for Fort y I.eadlnlt Industries. . .. . . . Totals for All Industries. . . . .... . . . . .... . . . Percental!e of }'orty Industries to Total of All Industries........................... 62: ï3-2ïi Estab- lish- ments. Capital Invested. No. 582 84 100 3,126 3,087 1,501 857 7 14 31 39 836 94 11 1,658 372 177 96 162 325 11 75 127 176 758 625 55 2,137 129 23 345 119 112 38 842 50 2,716 49 82 54 S 59,231,847 58,459,555 379,812.751 186,019,994 27,535,1).'31 50,896,653 484,669,451 35.783,067 4C, 080, 269 65,947,429 121, 859, 860 38, i88, 973 35,757,047 55, 630, 86-1 23,551,215 30,655,589 31,644,855 62,725,361 30,241,384 62,152,439 52,873,569 94,129,064 37,906,361 13,694,846 41. 239, 799 28,2;5,937 37,645,447 12,219,038 27,681,041 38,420.786 28, 87 8, 955 32,137,488 40.000.370 38,005.783 19,411.990 37,097,280 7,773,825 20,330,951 11,800,238 24,159,408 I 153,445, 0 4 113,389,835 62,2;6,224 57.242,686 77,797,821 31,155,060 56,882.242 45,119,345 35,157,233 34,820,791 15,412,712 15,374,386 35,850,653 29,202,936 22,600,821 23,379,183 19,215,135 29,929,415 17,221,919 22,910,095 17,946,282 18,960,491 18,617,634 18,434.190 10,853,841 9,714,486 13,777,756 13,219,712 12,219,987 8,528,820 15,157,358 6,Oll,03R 5,986,029 11,708,47R 9,2;9.697 7,515,942 9,714,521 10,229,398 4,777,045 21, 6S 2,525.132.413 ':'.121,036.221 41.3 3 3,210,709,288 1,-1-16,30-1,122 5 .-I9 78.65 77.51 Value of Products. I 179,632,246 153,136,289 151. 003,165 116.891, 191 97,653,426 85,224,331 73,636,094 69,509,827 67,050,209 65,978,596 56,201,810 53,613,061 52,050,244 51.565,403 51,367,917 46,758,014 44,665,381 44,497,268 43,766,569 42, 205, 75 40,245,831 36,763,160 36,689,534 35,256,026 35,186,135 33,414,432 30,931. 853 28,260,326 26,774,936 25.618,042 23,975,369 22,905,528- 21,608,218 19,509,059 18,894,132 18.772,285 18,505,912 18.044,325 17,946,293 16.119,383 2. Oit, 27, OB5- 2, 7-17,9' 6.675- 75.43 420 PRODUCTION 6.- ummar'y Statistics of 3lanufactur('s, by Groups Establi<;hments. Capital. Groups of Industries. No. 1918. 1919. 1920. . S S S 340,499,122 359,366,536 368,199,680 237,724,097 265,819,050 322,969,862 339,483,020 349,929,834 383,849,892 334,104,182 395,808,490 411,355,727 76,652,767 88,272,360 86,190,939 2.12, 046, 328 288,974,274 349,ï35,550 47,973,751 45,236,675 61,272,930 134,377,823 138,133,759 179,054,280 73,528,361 86,081,326 21,268,20R 132,757,003 145,351,322 94,623,279 32,948,356 37,639,965 47,322,591 179,799,53;1 122,883,658 149,749,703 I 57,444,939 7l,II4,691 64,250,j56 742,635,175 753,834,956 810,935,820 62,327,452 81,239,472 92,497,036 I 3,031,301,915 3,230,686,368 3,4-13,271,053 1918. 1919. 1920. 1. Food products...... ............ 2. Textiles............. ............... 3. Iron and steel products. .... ..... . 4. Timber and lumber and re-manufac- tures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Leather and its finished products.. . . -6. Paper and printing.. ..... .. .. . . . . . . . . 7. Liquors and beverages.............. 8. Chemicals and allied products... . . . . 9. Clay, glass and stone products. . . . . . 10. Metals and metal products other than iron and steel....... .. . .. . 11. Tobacco and its manufactures.... ... 12. Vehicles for land and air trsanporta- tion.............................. . 13. Vehicles for water transportation.... 14. Miscellaneous industries............. 15. Hand trades. . . . . . . . . No. No. 7,968 8,031 4,191 4,366 1,064 1,135 4,591 4,966 l,fì72 2,057 1,762 1,803 391 405 337 312 793 558 8,210 4,66 R 1,175 5,159 2,941 2' 1 435 339 2,392 2,9-12 3,705 153 144 125 893 8>17 973 204 177 li!!I 2,595 2,610 2,731 6,788 7,941 1O,1:H ---I . . . . . . . . . . . . '13,'), 79ìI3 ,3UI ,t , 2011 Totals. I Employee::. on Salaries paid. Salaries. Groups of Industries. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1918. 1919 1920. No. No. No. S S S l. Food products... -..--.......... 12,036 13,864 14,279 14,420,250 17,681,234 20,91\8,728 2. Textile::!............................. 7,569 10,537 9,685 11,711,389 14,946,343 19,464,122 3. Iron and steel products.. . ... .. . .. . . . . 7,082 8,051 8,500 11,566,806 13,518,253 16,363,180 4. Timber and lumber and re-manufac- tures. ., " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,593 8,608 6,694 9,835,274 12,734,049 12,565,720 5. Leather and its finished products., . . 2,31 2,855 2,852 3,372,088 4,751,016 5,_4!!7,282 6. Paper and printing....... . . . .. .... . . . 7,797 9,547 11,609 11,041,001 14,844,110 20,898,948 7. Liquors and beverages......... .. . . .. 949 927 1,209 1,6111,113 1,484,443 2,094,232 8. Chemical and allied products..... _.. 2,850 2,815 3,976 4,524,669 4,803,OS7 7,734,100 9. Clay, glass and stone products.. .. 978 1,018 534 1,493,600 1,792,118 1,028,050 10. Metals and metal products other than steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,682 4.672 3.931 5,578,802 6,551.620 6,354,247 11. Tobacco and its manufactures........ 1,039 1,325 1,438 1,563,801 2,367,599 2,777 , 766 12. Vehicles for land and air transporta- tion.............. ........... ...... 3,573 4,088 4,540 5,247,893 6,679,565 9,815,3116 13. Vehicles for water transportation..... 1.403 1,4:J2 1,298 1,923,055 2,616,9:J3 2,540,721 14. Miscellaneous industries............. 14,836 15, 26 15,032 20,304,583 21,175,982 23.706,941 15. Hand trades. . . . . . . . ..... 2,515 3,309 3,720 3,300,750 4,908,650 6,554,375 - - Totab ... 75,2% l i 88 ,316 89,%97 107,503,07J 13 D, 8.),'), OO"!I 1,')8,35.1,778 STATISTICS OF GROUP PRODUCTION 421 of Industries (Old Classification), 1918, 1919 and 1920. Cost of l\Iaterials. Value of Products. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1918. 1919. 1920. S S S S S $ 1136,392,864 736,404,24'; 746,902,089 839,086,118 949,234, 158 977,149,828 196,080,057 227,841,353 273,678,278 342,385,878 400, 902,541 468,340,134 238,483,815 120,772,003 174,367,807 443,455,779 299,480,387 388,659,450 94,000,304 132,917,264 86,880,211 251,699,154 354,617,529 402,757,053 58,755,096 85,187,804 86,784,379 94,577,196 129,980,237 136,578,344 62,276,642 73,664,746 117,396,463 167,367,972 203,502,828 311,756,454 13,476,912 - 15,263, no 23,071,665 28,266,256 33,820,948 50,347,697 93,754,000 66,421,263 110,690,115 173,649,073 122,889,030 197,093,029 9,497,591 8,161,940 7,311,256 35,354,311 35,983,529 21,722,476 91,819,081 47,791,6S2 63,757,536 170,042,852 149,016,160 127,962,951 19,039,791 27,651,755 28,387,747 55,411,487 64,272,208 74,652,188 105,561,485 113,845,317 142,336, 127 205,213,617 215,530,983 265,368,833 30,296,947 34,374,524 21,567,418 76,630,411 88,454,139 56,793,336 223,533,091 142,169,549 153,588,503 485,082,107 337,909,365 367,823,873 27,284,638 43,148,702 54,171,620 89,814,764 135,137,547 177,733,817 1,900,252,314 1,87;),615,877 2,19D,S91,2U 1 3, !5S, 036, 975 3,520,731,589 4,02-&,739,,163 Employees on Wages. Wages Paid. 1918. 1919. I 1920. 1918. 1919. 1920. No. No. No. S S S 52,294 56,334 55,551 38,576,094 48,238,630 53,976,333 79,110 80,475 89,876 46,205,413' 58,451,594 75,360,088 69,466 56,442 61,96-1 79,076,215 63,439,558 81,512,595- 87,286 101,215 74,862 66,587,955 82,492,121 77,250,703 19,237 21,678 21,900 12,507,227 17,426,647 20,526,706 40,742 42,112 47,383 34,610,392 42,112,540 57,357.095 4,006 4,326 4,638 3,145,442 3,731,562 5,133,759 16,541 12,216 17 , 803 17,588,912 12,774,051 20,977,096 9,918 9,795 5,420 9,061,712 10,272,443 6,478,231 25,128 24,555 23,876 24,810,997 25,929,364 26,786,725 9,104 9.358 7,838 4,935,8211 5,372,536 5,841,303 39,035 45,953 56,292 42,06 ì, 775 60.009,352 79,367,662 21,041 23, 102 14,321 25,lb6,327 27,925,335 19,590,388 92,385 60,796 62,357 88,372,871 55,074,162 68,364,187 37,823 45,731 51,971 29,525,409 45,330,812 59,178,490 603,116 594,118 596,052 522,287,570 55S, 58J, 707 657,701,361 NOTE.-Tbese statistics and those of tbe foIJowing Table may be compared with the corresponding statistics for 1915, given on pages 285-293 of the 1916-17 edition of the Year Book, under the reservation that in 1915 stati8tics were secured only from establi8hments baving an output of $2,500 or over, except in the case of flour and grist mills, butter and cheese factories, fisb pre erving factories, saw-mills, brick and tile yards, lime kilns and electric ligbt plants, in wbicb cases all establishments were included. In the above Table, and in those that follow, all establishments in all industries are included. ,122 PRODUCTION 7.-Statlstlcs or the Numbers, Capital, Employees, 1\ages, Cost of 1\Iaterlals summary by ( !';ew No. Groups and Kinds of Industries. 1920. 1 Vegetable products........................ % Animal products........................... 3 Textiles and textile product8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Wood and paper..... .. ................ 6 Iron and steel products........ . . . . . .. . .... . 6 Non-ferrous metals and their products...... '1 Non-metallic mineral products. .. . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chemicals and allied products............. . Miscellaneous industries...... . . . . . . . . . '.' . . I' Construction, hand trades and repairs.. .... Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921. 1 Vegetable products........................ % Animal products. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :I Textiles and textile product!!.. . ... .. . . . . . . . 4 Wood and paper. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 6 Iron and its products....................... Ii N on-ferrou!'l metals and products.. ........ '1 Non-metallic mineral products.... ... '" . . . 8 Chemical and allied products. .... .. .. " . . . . :\Ii cellaneous industries.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 COIUltruction, hand trades and repairs.. . . . . Total........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Vt>gdable Produds.................... 1 Biscuits and confectionery. ...... . . . . . . . . . 2 Bread and other bakerý products. . . . . . . . I Breakfast foods, prepared..... . . .... .... . 4 Breweries. . . . " .. . . .. . .... . ........ . .. . . 6 Chewing ,;um................ ..... ....... 6 Cocoa and chocolate..................... '1 Coffee and spices........................ 8 Distilleries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . Flour and grist mill products....... . . . . 10 Chopping mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . 11 Fruit and vegetable canneries.. . . ... .... . 12 Fruit and vegetables evaporated.. . . . . . . . 13 Grain foods prepared.............. ....... I! Ice cream CODes......... . ..... . . .. ...... . Ii Jams and jellies. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lin eed oil and oil cake... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 17 Macaroni and vermicelli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.Ialt mills.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Maple syrup and sugar.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . %0 Nut preparing........................... %1 Pickles and relishes...................... %2 Rice mills_ _............... _. . . . .... . . . . %3 Rubber footwear.......... ....... ....... 24 Rubber goods........................... %5 Seed cleaning and preparing... . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Starch and glucose. ..................... %1 Stock and poultry foods.................. %8 Sugar refineries.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z9 Syrups................................. 10 Tobl\.CCO, chewing and smoking.......... 31 Tobl\.CCO, cigars and ci arettes. . . . . . .. . . . 32 Vinegar and cider. __ ... . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . 13 Wines and grape juice.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 All other industries. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z. Animal produds...................... 1 Animal hair goods...... . ................ % Belting and hose, leather................ I Boot and shoe findings. ..... 4 Boots and shoes, leather.... . .. . . . . .. . .. . I Butter and cheese........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Condensed milk.. ....................... '1 Fish curing and packing. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. . 8 Fur dressing............................. . Fur oods......... ...... ....... ......... Establish. ments. No. 4,233 4,823 4,528 7,867 1,690 324 866 464 2,052 16.353 Capital. S 396,305,898 221,792,457 321,750,003 772,086,812 642.904, 322 109,382,033 143,681.810 122,123,730 503.382, 290 209,866,698 43,200 3,U3,211i,05.1 3,958 5,051 4,046 7,152 1,138 334 764 468 1,995 16,407 362.665,357 200.697.527 264,118,883 775.207,859 575,630,424 104,079,490 126, 9S9, 134 l1S,382,642 532,671,415 150,216,557 41,323 3,210,109,2&'\ 3,95S 372 1,ß58 9 55 4 5 40 5 5 2 675 103 61 4 11 46 8 8 7 4 8 22 6 12 23 12 7 21 7 9 25 94 38 13 4 6,051 6 7 6 177 3,087 27 8f2 13 219 3 ,6G5,357 30,655,589 23,551.115 3,390,160 37,645,447 2,497,112 3,817,071 5.970,434 11,557,051 59,234.847 2,592,465 lO,6 3,851 576,668 112,852 375,945 6,551,207 2,509,124 1,105,095 2,246,223 172,992 359,500 2,885.501 1. 049, 418 15,816,832 38,420,786 1,720,163 5,887,210 956,400 35,783,067 210,051 11,993,028 35,757,047 2, 9 1,462 1,9611,659 1,752,885 200,691,521 662,876 1,429,936 229,224 31,614.855 27,535,6-14 7,722,197 19,411. 990 f52,803 11.598,311 Number. Salaried Employees. Salaries. 10,988 10,410 9,656 18,508 14,873 4,309 2,562 3,714 6,859 7,418 S 1 ,926,082 15,023,357 19,4fi:.J,114 33,813,563 29, 26l,083 7,227,211 4,136,749 7,241,630 10.305,771 12.954,218 89,291 15S, 353, 118 10,510 10,354 7,531 16.571 11.843 4,101 2,227 3,728 6.445 3,467 18.689,312 15,722,980 15,458,517 31.976,579 22,965,454 7.526,846 3,858,940 7,084,639 10,084,555 6,743,069 16.111 UD.ll0,891 10,510 1,710 1,261 53 571 76 86 30'1 1 6 1,434 10,35-1 19 67 6 1,646 3,690 1211 487 31 576 274 39 7 21 174 43 42 24 15 18 94 13 695 1152 97 6 90 333 16 320 1,351 91 61 52 IS,689,312 2,797,541 1, 79 , 705 117,729 1,2i6,635 203,713 175,412 662,303 362.196 2,824,061 410,128 31,564 14,418 33,022 311,063 74,321 50.190 57,947 27,793 21,443 172,052 51,900 1,006,215 1,805,205 180,264 113,610 129.714 765,456 21. 202 669,284 2,198,259 143,574 80,064 102,229 15,122.980 55.961 105,:101 9,995 3.497,087 3,356,009 212,227 551.330 61.457 889,683 STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 423 and "alue of Products of Canadian Jlanufacturing Industries, 1921 with groups for 1920. Classification.) Wage Earners. Total Employees. - Value of Products. Cost of No. Number. I Wages. Number. Salaries Materials. Net. Gross. ...- and Wages. S S S S S 61,872 57,306,640 72,860 76,232,722 539,318,609 235,709,433 775,028,042 1 38,277 39,268,249 48,687 54,291,606 400,496,354 152,995,130 553.491,484 2 89,066 74,494,289 99,6S8 93,957,403 272,695,211 192,984,741 465,679,952 3 125,223 137,796,897 143,731 171,610,460 308,282,232 415,784,276 724.066,508 4 131,331 176.152,516 146,204 205,414,599 349,642,666 365,473.097 715,115,763 i 18,853 20,668,132 23, 162 27,895,343 48,434,120 52,847,178 101,281.298 , 16,208 19,546,943 18, 770 23,683,692 74,200,407 54,405,062 128,605,469 '1 13,939 14,951,791 17 ,653 22,193,421 62, 6i4, 608 65,183,212 127,827,820 8 19,505 21,250,315 26,364 31,556,086 26,579,370 98,629,180 125,208,550 . 81,778 96,265,589 89,196 109,219,807 108,697,637 199,836,940 308,434,577 10 596.052 657.701.361 6S6.31,j 816.055.139 2,190.891,214 1,833,848.2!9 4.02:1,739,463 50,987 44,800,947 bl,497 63,490,259 367,759,058 206,141,228 573,900,286 1 35,372 32,401,687 45,726 48,124,667 267,878,165 111.534,101 379,412.266 % 71,346 57,046,408 78,877 72,504,925 174,174,208 142,676,574 316,850,782 3 94,751 99,113,282 111,322 131,089,861 203,856,170 283,260,565 487, 116,735 4 65,237 75,398,529 77,080 98,363,983 194,725,179 187,672,905 382.398,084 i 13,835 15,165,938 17,936 22,692,784 31,439,989 41,149,894 72,589.883 6 13,755 15,942,151 15,982 19,801,091 67,780,080 47,776,911 115,556,991 7 8,843 9,107,818 12,571 16,192,457 43,108,870 45,495,135 88,6J4,005 8 16,551 18,701,095 22,996 28,785,650 18,989,R18 101,562,721 120,552,5: 9 . 69,687 73,613,639 73,154 80,356,708 76,592,585 134,352,519 210,945,104 10 4!0.3U 4!1.291,49! i17,I!1 581,'&02.385 I,U6 30i.122 1,301,622,553 2,7!7,926,675 50,987 4-1,800,947 61,:197 fi3,490,259 367.759.058 206.141, 573,900,286 9,533 6,936,458 11,243 9,733,999 22,600,821 24,157,193 46,758.014 1 8,436 9,483,319 9,697 11,282,024 29,202,936 22,164,981 51,367,917 2 209 265,732 262 383,461 1,469.274 1,411,511 2,880,785 3 2,456 3,076,978 ,027 4,353,613 9,714,486 21,217,367 30,931.853 4 171 144,870 247 348,583 1,123,206 1,290,200 2,413,406 Ii 463 420,663 549 596,075 2,323,516 1,238,322 3,561,838 . 499 427,595 802 1,089,898 7,569,914 2,856.550 10,426,464 '1 331 396,922 457 759,118 2,161,525 5,299,320 7,460,845 8 4,724 5,124,771 6,158 7,948,832 153,445,024 26, 187,222 179,632,246 . 848 362,352 848 362,352 11,137,612 4,002,991 15,140,603 I' 1,330 975,241 1,604 1,385,369 5,6 8,504 4,020,709 9,709,213 11 292 149,174 331 180,738 353,726 498, 703 852,429 12 21 14,490 28 28,908 178,540 96,907 275,447 13 103 84,901 124 117,923 355,731 355.832 711,563 1:1 564 418,832 738 729,895 3,270,539 1,951,643 5,222,182 15 249 250,657 292 324,978 4,239,255 1,984,121 6,223,376 16 180 140,145 222 190,435 820,200 629,511 1,449,711 17 157 248,945 181 306,892 2,019,577 773.840 2,793,417 18 20 20,362 35 48, ]55 201,366 126,180 327,546 19 87 48,625 105 70,068 388,953 205,082 594,035 20 554 358,535 648 530,587 1,829,061 1,345,601 3,174,662 21 34 33,738 47 85,638 964,100 281. 665 1,245,765 22 4,360 2,941,654 5,055 3,947,869 4,637,137 9,214,607 13,851,744 23 3,791 4,006,292 4,743 5,811,497 12,219,987 13,398,055 25,618,042 24 239 179,102 336 359,366 3,635,663 692,902 4,328,565 25 629 667,498 697 781,108 2,7]6,292 1,720,036 4,436,328 2. 74 65,662 164 195,376 594,281 553,923 1,148,204 27 2,136 2,417,438 2,469 3,182,894 56,882,242 12,627,585 69,509,827 28 28 30,642 44 51,844 262,648 171,705 434,353 2t 2,268 1,084,502 2,588 1,753,786 8,064,946 6,845,060 14,910,006 30 5,867 3,647,144 7.218 5,845,403 15,374,386 36,675,858 52,050,244 31 164 180,401 255 323,975 862,116 1,146,874 2,008,990 32 67 76,345 128 156,409 350,098 356,191 706,289 33 103 120,962 155 223,191 1,101,396 642,981 1,744,377 34 35,372 32,401,687 45,726 48,124,667 %67,878,165 111,53,1, JOI 379,4J2.266 79 67,812 98 123,773 154,074 293,857 447,931 1 111 112,576 178 217,877 681,601 608, 277 1.289,878 2 68 H,242 74 84, 237 636,951 165,607 802,558 3 11.268 'i.U8.832 12,914 11,915,919 23,379,183 21,286,198 44,665,381 4 4,505 4,S48,457 8,195 8,204,466 77,797,821 19,855,605 97,65-3,426 5 758 79 t 400 886 1,006,627 10,424,576 3,846,015 14,270,591 , 3,440 2,023,040 3,927 2,574,370 11,7C8,478 7,185,654 18,894,132 'l 238 253,404 269 314,861 81,966 506,459 588,425 8 2.045 2,024,023 2,621 3.013,706 8,118,833 5,520,776 13,639,6W . 424 PRODUCTION 7.-Statlstlcs of the Numbers, Capital, Emplo)'ees, Wages, Cost of lUat('rIals (New No. Groups and Kind." of Industries. 10 11 12 13 1-1 15 16 Ii 18 2. AnImal products-concluded. Gloves and mittens, leather............. . Harness and saddlery. . . . . . Human hair goods. ...... ..... Leather goods, n.e.s. . . . . . . . . Leather tanneries.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rausage anù saUf, cotton and jute. . . . . . . . Batting.............. . Belting, cotton.... ..... .,. Carpets, custom and rag. . . . . . Carpets, rugs and mats.._ Clothing, men's custom.... Clothing, men's factory............. . Clothing, oiled and \\aterproof.... . . . . . . . Clothing, women's custom.... . . . . . . . . . . . Clothing. women's factory... . .. . . . . . . . . . Cordage, rope and twine... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . Corsets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton thread........................... Cotton yarn and cloth. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . Embroidery, lace\\ork and trimmings.... Fancy we r, ladies' and children's..... .. Felt goods....... . . .,. ................... Flax and hemp dressing . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . Furnishing goods, men's. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . Gaiters. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gloves, silk and other fabrics..... . . . . . Hats and caps.. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hats and shapes, straw.. .. . _.. _. _.... Horse clothing. ... ..... ..... Hosiery and h.nitting mills. ... _. ....... Lacings, tapes and bindings.. . . . . . . . . Linen to\\els and napery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Men's suspenders, garters, elastic woven goods. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?llillinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lillinerY.l!hops........... .............. Neckwear, rnen's... . . . . . . . . _ . . _ . . . . _ . . . . Keck\\ear and fancy goods, women's. .... Oilcloth and linoleum.. .. . . _ .. . .. _ . . .. .. . Quilted goods.. " . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shoddy .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silk and silk goods....._......... ....... Textiles, dyemg and finishing............ Waste, cotton and wool. . . . . . . . . . . . \\aterproof,. .................. .... Window blinds and shades.. . . Wool carding and fulling.... . - - . Wool pulling ........ Woollen cloth..... ll h ; ind t i'e:';. : : . . . . . 1 2 3 4 i . '1 8 >> 10 111 12, 4. \\ood and Paper............... ... Babh.ets and cratcs. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blueprints... ................. ...... Bobbinb and spools. _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boot and shoe findings..... - . - . . . Boxe and packing es. ..... _ _ BOJl:es, cigar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boxe'<. paper................. ..... Box shooks. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canoes, rowboats and launches........... Carriages, wagons and I'leighs.... . . . . . ., . Carriages and sleds (children's) '" ..... Carriage and \\agon materi.ll". ......... Establish. ments. No. Capital. 46 353 3 31 119 22 84 7 2 ,I,O-Iti 47 16 3 3 16 5 1. 501 162 9 270 li6 9 11 4 31 36 49 3 23 82 9 7 73 14 3 127 11 3 S 3,264,914 6,3 4,460 27, 762 932.98G 32.1:n.488 1 261,097 58.459,555 196,652 341, 787 1 26j,ll ,!Sð.'I 1,180,278 4,819,051 691,703 188,217 1O-I,O:!2 2,463,113 7,197,561 30,244,384 621, 160 I, ]ot, 3-14 13,694,846 7,861,066 5,705,509 3,292,363 65,9-17,4 !) 1,607, 21. 2,996.364 2,188,436 796,154 l1,80!J,238 415,394 l,i7-1,i68 4,153,550 1,222,513 6-16. 6 1 37,906,361 787,427 820,621 851,290 29:J,3i6 2,292,806 1,472,596 233,54 6,351,87] 447.372 545,659 4,559,909 371,820 911,2J9 2,068,2-12 2,459,672 68,525 548,890 22,8i8,830 5,495,582 33,881 12 i 1,126 II 5 3 9 11 5 5 8 13 4 29 7 69 16 3 7.1.'i 28 16 3 5 91 4 89 4 95 5ïO 7 13 775,207, 9 984,54-1 153,903 361.189 149.445 6,940,825 690,60-1 11,022,338 332,841 1,391.311 10,6.;3,760 489,120 2.005,563 Number. Salaried Employees. Salaries. 8 292 61 4 16,571 39 24 13 12 169 27 452 8 57 220 274 1 88 :J80 28 2,703 R 2 S 376,351 349,170 2,100 ]67,839 913,787 50,637 5,000,516 16,2-12 7,288 7,531 105 10-1 I:! 6 12 97 15,4:iS,517 146,655 242,132 32,533 10,400 15,863 212,831 1,658 21 3,286,267 37,417 1,127 83 309 64 403 153 292 -10 18 504 28 59 2-16 I I 9i6 38 15, 54 33 2,685,661 184,548 502,1158 139,457 921,691 321,277 608,477 103,664 32,954 1,0-10,144 37.423 II-I,652 465.002 H2,895 29,4-12 I. 8:!9, 381 83.072 40,855 68,803 60,345 150 33 86 27 18 61 '>80 i')'> -56: 784 251,208 54,868 38,353 136,071 20 76 146 37,577 108,615 244,952 13,808 6 9, 270 135,905 3,665 31,976,579 63,611 30,402 27,549 16,986 365,829 45,587 893,223 19,161 104,847 41 46 72,115 115,420 STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 425 and Value of Products of Canadian :Uanufacturing Industries, 1921-continued. Classification.) Wage Earners. Total Emplo ees. Value of Products. Cost of No. Number. Wages. Number. Salaries Materials. Net. Gross. and Wages. I S S S S 962 562,432 1,182 938,783 1,455,309 1.239,507 3,694,816 10 988 1,017,150 1,262 1,366,320 3,526,451 2,176,671 5,703,122 11 20 14,169 21 16,260 21,083 36,705 57,788 n 420 323,873 508 491,712 509,145 761,449 1,270,594 1 3,327 3,167,275 3,707 4,081,062 15,157,358 7,748,170 22,905,528 It 119 119,037 147 169,674 550,630 338, 704 889,304 I;") 6,988 8,547,262 9,691 13,547,77F1. 113,389,835 39,7-16,454 153,136,289 16 25 25,822 33 42,OM 175,429 129,030 304,459 17 11 7,893 13 15,1ìò 109,472 88,963 198,435 18 71,3-16 57,6-16,,198 7S,877 72,.')')j.925 17-1. 1ì-l, 20S 1-12,676,574 316,850,782 278 251,410 383 393, 065 679,238 619,507 1,298,745 1 744 562, 239 848 804.371 7,198,203 1,690,788 8,888,991 2 67 63,446 SO 95,979 212,536 240,276 452,812 3 16 13,9-13 22 24,343 61,522 41,421 102,943 4 62 41,845 74 57,708 6,971 120,365 127,336 I) 563 547, 187 660 760,018 1,322,099 1,852,486 3,174,585 6 5,302 4,769,606 5,302 4,769,606 6,985,352 8,535,757 15,521,109 '1 8,463 8,765,158 10,121 12,051.425 29,929,415 13,837,154 43,766,569 8 109 105,480 130 .142,897 150,432 446, 706 597, 138 9 1,165 974,026 1,16.') 974.026 1,366,347 1,745,027 3,111,374 10 7,357 7,526,444 8,484 10,212,105 18,617,634 16,638,392 35,256,026 11 741 870,914 824 1,055,462 4,620,408 3,342,142 7,962,550 12 1,141 590,285 1,450 1,093,143 2,805,837 2,657,888 5,463,725 13 420 269,707 484 409, 164 2,024,110 1,339,586 3,363,696 U 14,735 10,584,546 15, 1:38 11,506,2::17 35,157,233 30,821,363 65,978,596 15 819 576,602 972 897,879 743,943 1,656,107 2,400.050 16 1,392 851,059 1,6114 1,459,536 3,030.6-10 2,476,267 5,506,907 17 180 15-1,921 220 258,585 368,212 634,744 1,002,956 18 242 163,612 260 196.596 184,230 288,872 473,102 19 4,358 2,342,673 4,862 3,382,817 10,229,398 7,716,895 17,946,293 20 82 72, 131 110 109.55-1 246,923 272,563 519,486 21 735 464,672 794 579,324 581,454 988,489 1,569,943 22 1,233 1,240,026 1,479 1,70.5,028 3,130,028 3,078,280 6,208,308 23 572 545,621 646 688,516 1,353,225 1,409,091 2,762,316 24 119 70,507 136 99,949 454,447 131,663 . 586,110 25 9,470 6.559,892 10,446 8,399,273 18,960,491 17,729,043 36, 6 9, 534 26 156 137,867 194 220,939 529.936 428,956 958,892 27 187 137, 156 202 178,011 195,698 360,916 556,614 28 197 152,250 251 221,053 561,404 373,602 935,006 29 170 134,675 203 195,020 324,428 395,647 720.075 30 2,557 1,384,215 2,557 1,384,215 3.099,791 3,116,685 6,216,476 31 22ö 204,602 376 485,324 1,076,471 916,776 1,993,247 32 144 108,013 177 164,797 267,289 280,564 547,853 33 423 5-H, 460 509 792,668 2,966,826 2,687,686 5,654,512 3-1 105 76,371 132 131,239 465,287 243,569 708.856 3,) 69 69,761 87 108,114 191,656 173,433 368,089 36 871 583,774 932 719,815 1,890,171 1,646,342 3,536,513 37 6.5 97,038 - 97,038 195,402 269,616 465,018 38 101 89,437 121 127,014 1,060,937 344,135 1,405,072 39 166 185,139 242 293,774 660,466 656,417 1,316,883 40 230 196,890 376 441,842 1,701,932 1,237,677 2,939,609 41 21 9,897 21 9,897 179 29, 773 29,952 42 56 59,034 64 72,842 231,066 138,071 369,137 -13 4,353 3,268,873 4,645 3,958,143 6,329.679 7,366,621 13,696,300 ,It 869 625,777 930 761,682 1,957,193 1,680,668 3,637,861 45 15 6,197 19 9,862 45,069 18,548 63,617 16 9-1,751 99,113,2R 111,322 131,089,861 203,836,170 283,260,565 487,116.735 314 357,059 353 420,670 459,450 953,175 1,412,625 1 53 43,509 77 73,911 121,141 149,336 270,477 2 125 147,831 138 175,380 133,496 241,815 375,311 3 64 41,784 76 58, 770 89,0&5 102,999 192,034 4 1,770 1,693,514 1,939 2,059,343 3,611,012 3,467,545 7,078,557 5 179 193,953 206 239,540 431,551 384,045 815,596 6 2,873 2,002,154 3,325 2,895,377 4,445,732 5,687,445 10,133,177 7 5;) 63,496 61 82,657 285,236 142,697 427, 933 8 46-1 542,01& 521 6-16,860 370,570 1,003,675 1,374,245 9 2,298 2,373,358 2,298 2,373,358 3,408,123 4,286,215 7,694,338 10 172 145, 154 213 217,269 226,795 341,599 568,394 11 242 296,995 288 412,415 719,446 1,143,320 1,862,766 U 426 PRODUCTION 7.-Statistirs of the Xumbers, Capital, Emplo)"ees, Wages, Cost of :Uaterials (New No. Groups and Kinds of Industries. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 2! 25 26 27 %8 29 30 31 32 33 3-j 35 36 37 38 39 4.0 41 4.2 4.3 << 4. "ood and Paper-concluded. Coffin8 and (Jal;ket8. .. " . . . . " . . . . . . ". . . . . . Cooperage.. ................. .,. ....... Cork products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Founùry pütterns.. . . . _ .... __ _......... Furniture (other than wickerware).. . . . . . Furniture upholstering and repairing..... . Handles, wooùen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labtb. tree.. and pegs. . . . " . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Lithographing and engraving....... . ... . . Paper goodl'\, n.e.s.................. ...... Paper mills. .......... ........ ...... .... Paper patterns.... . . . . . . . . . ........ . Printing and bookbinding....... ......... Printing and publishing.. . . . . . . . . . " . . .. . Pulleys. .......... ..................... Pulp and paper mills... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulp n1ÍlIs.... _...........,.............. PUlIlPS. wooden....... . . . . . . .. . . " .... . . . Saw, lath and 8hingle mills.............. Show cases and store fixtures....... . . . . . . Spinning wheels.. .. . . . .... ..... . _ . Stationery and envelopes. _... _........... Stereotyping and electrotyping..... . . . . . . Wallboard, building paper, etc.."........ \Vall paper... ........................... Waxe,l and oiled paper................... \Vickerware............................. . Woodenware...... ........... ... ......... Wood pre,erving.. .................... Wood products. miscellaneous............ Woodworking, sash and door factories.... All other industries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. Iron and its products..:.............. Agricultural implement!'................. Automobiles and motor trucks.... . . . . . . . Automobile ac<'essories. . . . . ... . " .. .. .. . Bicycles and motorcycles................ ' a nsib i a:. . -:::. : : : : : : : : : : Calculating machines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Car wheels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cream æpm-ators..... . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . Elevators. .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Foundries and machine shops............ Hardwart' nnd tools...... ................ Industria! machinery.................... HPating and ventilating apparatus. . . . . . . Iron and steel fabrication....... ........ Pumps and wind mills................... Bla% furnaces and st.eel mills. . . . . . . . . . . . Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheet mt'tal products.................... Steam railway cars...................... Wa..hing machint''' and wringers.. ,...... Wire and wirt' goods...... . ... . . .. .. ... . . All other indu'itries... .................. 6. Non-ferrous metals and products..... Aluminium ware .. .............. .... .... Babbitt and 8older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BrasR and copper foundries. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . BrallS and copper products, n.e.s......... . Clocks, watcheb and movement8..... . . . . D('ntal gold and alloys...... .. .. .. ....... Elt'Ctrical upparatus and supplies. . . . . . . . . Electroplating ........ ................ Gold and silver goods. n.e.8............. . Jewelry manufacture.. .................. Lead piPE' and "hæt lead........ .. . .... .. LPa,I, tin and zinc goods, D.e.s.,....... . . . Lightnin& rods.................... .... ... 1 2 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1! 13 14 15 II 17 18 19 20 21 Z2 23 1 2 I 4. 5 6 7 8 . 10 11 12 13 EstablisL- ments. No. Capital. 28 98 6 34 153 192 18 9 85 4 33 6 625 836 3 27 40 35 3,126 1\1 4 12 10 14 4 7 8 12 3 6 758 12 1,131Ö1 75 14 64 5 39 3 8 7 6 5 325 114 III 5-1 52 9 39 II 129 11 10 44 4. UI 8 13 39 33 4 7 96 24 5 66 3 3 8 S 2,595,825 2,222.959 1,074.427 216."27 26,821,580 2,057,375 776,055 1,464.259 7,9t9,016 19-1,541 22,1122.212 810,014 28,275.937 38,788,973 37,123 223,636,392 133,554.147 1,6:?9, 603 186,019,994 1,242,568 11,700 2,851,801 437,249 6.368.840 2,506,9!H 1,185,359 209,261 735.190 1,469.781 524,719 41,239,7119 499,796 675, 680, 42! 94,129,064 40,080,269 15,700,288 2,273,307 9,783,160 211,080 5,651,718 4,652,039 5,238,460 2,097,071 62,152,439 30,573,705 40,000,370 24,159,408 10,288.526 918,164 121,859,860 l,9U,005 27,681,041 52,873,569 I. 874,SIl9 17.009.842 4,531,120 101,079,4.90 8,131,088 2,166.952 11,458,342 6,093,809 1,130,967 236,438 62,725,361 220.999 36t.285 4.,681.170 710,9:?6 302.2ïI 565,983 Number. Salaried Employees. Salariee. 262 48 213 162 100 8 38 7 21 1,076 26 11,8,13 1,34& 1,026 408 52 340 13 266 78 281 74 1,661 782 1,178 896 528 40 608 85 960 666 71 377 110 58 60 31 26 1,001 55 23 40 527 14 263 56 1,773 5,456 3 1,570 520 35 2,152 59 S 109,679 98,683 54,164 40.636 1, 79.556 100,016 36,454 86,073 1,161,258 24.036 750,170 74,634 3,743,220 8,483,467 5.800 4,409,064. 1,204,070 51. 225 3,940,940 152,1106 4.71,939 83,695 459,497 460,457 177,833 32,306 51,390 11,8111 50,333 1,1143,272 73,257 %2,965.4.54 2,444,921 1,402,536 1180,549 90,1411 688,219 25,224 454,242 166,074 358,889 116,3911 3,503,196 1,547,671 2,316.111 1. MS, 186 1,051,120 77,430 1,529,615 135,011 1,797,4111 1,565. n8 147,603 725,729 193,423 7,526,8-11 182,787 181.6911 650,717 494,752 61,486 41,872 4,598,642 44,264 42,624 443,242 62,202 12.903 00,203 ',111 110 132 333 281j 24 23 2,431 35 22 281 46 8 67 STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES and Value of Products of Canadian Ianufacturlng Industries, 1921-continued. Classification.) Wage Earners. Total Employees. Va.lue of Products. Cost of No. Number. Wages. Number. Salaries Materials. Net. Gross. and Wages. S S S S S 377 446,091 435 555,770 816,916 1,149,930 1,966,846 13 553 541,970 613 640,653 1,230,292 1,127,258 2,357,550 1 158 171,221 189 225,385 544,137 502,206 1,046,343 15 125 170,159 151 210,795 46, 129 305,560 351,689 1 5,712 5,812,229 6,713 7,691,785 7,924,244 14,153,541 22,077,785 17 525 560,431 580 660,447 604,576 1,293,008 1,897,584 1 141 163,617 164 200,071 214.366 510,593 724,959 1 227 224,728 267 310,801 145,741 497, 756 643,407 2 1,950 2,585,118 2,477 3,746,376 2,843,644 6.902,573 9,746,217 2 47 19,773 61 43,809 104,538 165,455 269,99:1 2 2,466 2,331,380 2,729 3,081,550 7,263,649 7,785,064 15,048,71.3 23 134 109,607 190 184,241 177,202 1,132,365 1,309,567 7,718 8,902,429 9,491 12,645,649 10,853,841 22,560,591 33,414,432 8,155 10,093,957 13,611 18,577,424 15,412,712 38,200,349 53,613,061 2 8 9.6Z5 11 15,425 11,958 27,240 39,198 27 13,977 18,905,719 15,547 23,314,783 40,780,039 62,343,072 103,123,111 2 5,815 6,598,687 6,335 7,802,757 14,232,536 18,598,805 32,831,341 2 98 108,446 133 159,671 88,908 317,402 406,310 3 28, 185 22,766,749 30,337 26,707,689 57,242,686 59,648,505 116,891,191 3 276 346,763 335 499,669 446,979 1,092,608 1,539,587 3 4 1,920 4 1,920 1,490 5,324 6,814 3 708 635,199 970 1,107,138 2,229,384 2,162,777 4,392, 161 3 112 192,348 160 276,043 83,334 537,154 620,488 3 548 659,707 761 1,119,204 3,974,893 3,490,589 7,465,482 3 400 346,853 562 807,310 1,130,648 1,852,658 2,983,306 3 171 212,237 271 390,070 1,041,561 569, 070 1,610,631 3 67 111.321 75 143,627 159,583 237,712 397, 295 3 156 192,981 194 244,371 198,340 451,326 649,666 4 42 53, 736 49 65,555 691,055 326,716 1,017,771 4 86 91,058 107 141,391 161.174 212,009 373,183 4 7,146 7,778,033 8,222 9,721,305 18,434,190 16,751,945 35, 186, 135 57 68,370 83 141,627 463,838 445,538 909,376 15,237 75,398,529 77,880 98,363,983 194,725,179 187,6n,905 382,398,084 7,154 8,534,403 8,497 10,979,324 17,946,282 18,816,878 36,763, 160 1 4,449 6,484,637 5,475 7,887,173 45,119,345 21,930,864 67,050,209 1,824 2,254,636 2,232 3,235. 185 8,229,855 6,553,162 14,783,017 200 219,981 252 310,130 329,692 379, 113 708,805 2,765 1,767,550 3,105 2,455.769 2,479,032 4,481,138 6,960,170 88 44.571 101 69,795 233,387 105,958 339,345 202 285,742 468 739,984 603,701 2,117,015 2,720.716 485 630,421 563 796,495 2,072,259 1,842,930 3,915,189 226 247,724 507 606,613 693,410 911,796 1,605,206 255 290,055 329 406,454 399,377 812,573 1,211,950 1 10,131 11,696,862 11,792 15,200,058 17,221,919 24,983,356 42,205,275 1 3,834 3,491,416 4,616 5,039,087 3,941,978 9,103,908 13,045,886 1 4,057 5,094,751 5,235 7,410,862 6,011,038 15.597,180 21,608,218 1 4,936 4,717,871 5,832 6,366,057 4,777,045 11,342,338 16,119,383 1 2,047 2,374,329 2,575 3,425,449 4,032,935 5,316,815 9,349.750 1 153 145,333 193 222,763 214,845 364,757 579,602 1 5,859 8,440,745 6,467 9,970,360 34,820,791 21,381,019 56,201,810 1 257 271,013 342 406,024 217,890 873,675 1,091.5b5 1 4,414 4,618,054 5,374 6,415,473 13,219,712 13,555,224 26,774,936 1 7,965 10,037,590 8,631 11,603,328 22,910,095 17,335,736 40,245,831 2 219 227, 227 290 374,830 444,894 875,634 1,320,528 2 "2,611 2,489,505 2,988 3,215,234 7,455,336 7,329,555 14.784,891 1,106 1,034,113 1,216 1,227,536 1,350,361 1,662,281 3,012,642 13,835 15,165.938 17 , 946 22,692,784 31,439,989 (1,149,89,1 72,589.883 371 426,383 481 609,170 1,704,432 1,929,184 3,633,616 212 304, 195 344 485,894 1,369.357 934.659 2,304,016 1,257 1,322,625 1,590 1,973,342 2,586,753 3,457,051 6,043,804 1,160 1,244,740 1,448 1,739,492 1,345,424 2,567,637 3,913,061 270 226.435 294 287,921 342,709 515,433 858,142 38 42,973 61 84,845 490,460 115,517 6\J5.977 8,120 8,858.410 10,551 13,457,052 19,215,137 25,282,131 44,497,268 115 1111,038 150 162,302 25,837 229,887 255, 724 36 37, 100 58 79.724 172,097 126, 779 298,876 1,075 1,263,264 1,356 1,706,506 2,091,096 2,604,248 4,695,344 1 73 89,211 119 151,413 236,014 212,721 448,735 1 40 32,352 48 45,255 49,271 84,393 133.664 1 28 39,418 95 129,621 250,329 265,533 515,862 1 427 4 . 8 9 o 1 2 24 25 . 8 9 8 1 1 3 4 5 . 7 8 9 8 1 2 43 << 2 3 4 Ii . 7 8 9 o 1 2 3 4 Ii . 7 8 9 8 1 22 Z3 1 2 3 4, Ii . 7 8 I . 1 2 3 428 PRODUCTION 7.-Statlstlcs of the Kumbers, Capital, Emplo)ees, "'ages, Cost of 1\Iateriais (New No. Groups and Kinds of Industries. I. Non-ferrous metals and products- concluded 14 Metallamp and lanterns. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . 15 :Metal "eather stripping.... . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 16 Silverware and silver plated ware........ 17 Vacuum cleaners............... ......... 18 All other industries. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 It 15 14; 7. Non-metallic minerai products ....... Abrasive products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aerated "aters.... . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .... . Asbestos packing........................ Asbestos products, n.e.s.................. Cement products......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COKe.................................... Gas, illuminating and fuel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glass plate, cut and ornamentaL... . . . . . . Glass.... _ . . . , . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lubricating oils... .... . . . .. .., . . . . . . ?lica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . . Petroleum refining. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plaster casting and models............... Sand-lime brick. ......... . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. t h : 'u e '-: : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 % 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 J.I I,") 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 2-1 25 26 27 28 8. Chemical products.............. ..... Abrasives, artificial..... ...... i .''''-,:::::::::::::::::::::::: : Baking powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boiler compounds. ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . CÆ>llulose products. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemicals, industrial. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical products, n.e.s.... . . . . . . .. . . .. . Coal tar mstillation. ...... . . ....... . . Disinfectants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyes and colours.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploi'ives. .... . . . . . . .. ................. Fertilizers.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fireworks.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . " .. . . . Flavouring extracts... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Gases compressed................ ... In ect powders. .. ............... . . Inks (printers and rollers). .. .. . . . Inks (writing).. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . Paints and varnishes. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patent medicines.. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . Polishes and dressings. . . . . . . . . . Roap.............. ..................... Toilet preparations........ .............. S\\eeping compounds.................... . Washing compounds...................... Wood di tillation.. ... All other industries. ........... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 1'1 11 15 16 9. l\n.,cellaneous Indu..trles.............. Advertising and other novelties.... ..... Artificial flowers nnd feathers. .... . . Artifiriallimbs and tru"!ses.... .... Billiard table"! and supplies. . . . . . Brooms and brushes. ........... Buttons. . . . . " ..................... Candles a!ld a)X'rs... Electric light and po\\er. .. Fountain penf'. ..................... Ice, artificial. .. ...................... . Jewelry caH'S and silverware cabinet'!. . lattressÐR and springs... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lops ....., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Iotion picture film....... . . Musical instruments ................. :\lusical in..trumem m.lterin:,. ......... Kumber of Establish- ments. No. Capital Employed. s 6 12 12 4 1 76-1 5 320 7 4 108 5 50 37 11 5 10 11 5 10 173 3 538.892 126,589 3,737,349 88-1,169 3,900 128, 9!i19, 13-1 873,117 8,236,946 471. 769 879,509 1,416,813 37,097,280 1,660,20-1 12.065.2i8 1,933,724 591,398 55,630,86-1 244,8i8 1,372,253 3,971,172 5-10,929 -I6 5 17 5 7 6 9 24 8 4 5 7 10 15 5 19 26 10 12 7 49 103 33 28 20 5 15 10 4 l1S,:J , fi-l'! 3,:?-I5,616 1,891j,848 4,503,012 1.461,-177 200, 702 1.670,561 29,9i5,1l0 178,326 1,411,618 91,052 468,358 6,265,010 3,209,240 173,508 1,473.632 4.218,484 142, 152 1,399,468 215.871 20,330,951 12,90J,071 1,399,4-15 14,499.010 1,359,5-14 67.304 256,111 2,693,92-1 2,701,227 632,671. -11;'; 57,058 328,-191 265,750 1,168,673 3, 43S, 812 1,212,229 1ûO,34:? 48-1,669,-151 I, -149. 16 1,775,266 li8,185 4,305,151 89.198 78,198 11,631,767 1,485,797 1,995 6 6 16 4 73 20 9 857 4 18 5 50 3 4 39 101 Number. Salaried Employees. Salaries. 8,4t.") 8 46 39 20 22-1 65 11 4,620 9R 74 19 211 5 9 206 30 s 33 9 244 23 2 65,422 15,497 504,513 32,421 1,600 2,227 23 349 18 25 54 95 751 142 149 45 14 334 16 21 177 14 3.7%'1 27 53 7-1 133 19 4-1 245 21 15 16 44 78 91 12 148 164 13 71 21 819 822 130 471 98 4 24 35 36 3,858,940 42,311 578,356 30,576 57,033 74,125 283,554 904,942 198,030 349.982 112,825 18,755 724,045 45,878 52,917 369,190 16,421 7,OSt,639 59,105 90.410 132,471 194,531 35,198 87,461 576. 609 30,11-1 33,433 19,782 66, 109 169,377 152,608 39,593 225,277 295,673 17,688 241,589 35,997 1,893,278 1,3-17.716 205,519 780,263 179,382 6,883 55 , 929 53,391 59,253 10, OS-I ,."),j.") 10,802 68.353 54,211 30,547 420,112 139,556 23,555 6,780.916 119,135 188,857 37,090 408,379 11,805 ]11,246 409,042 83,579 STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIES 429 and Value of Products of Canadian l\lanufacturing Industries, 1921-continued. Classification.) Wage Earners. Total Employees. Value of Products. Cost of No. Number. Wages. Number. Salaries Materials. Net. Gross. and Wages. S S $ S S 87 104,418 120 169,840 198,897 216,361 415,258 14 32 34,322 41 49,819 51,699 90,463 142,162 15 855 955,815 1,099 1,460,328 1,084,758 2,142,814 3,227,572 16 66 66,239 89 98,660 223,551 372,772 596,323 1'1 - - 2 1,600 2,168 2,311 4,479 18 13,755 15,9J ,I,'i1 15,982 19,811I,091 67,780,080 t7, iì6,911 115,556,991 56 63,262 79 105,573 69,901 W1,048 1 170,949 I 1,831 1,233,627 2,180 1,811,983 3,607,147 5,569,721 9,176,868 % 59 61,234 77 91,810 152,849 122,961 275,810 3 30 124,679 55 181,712 232,961 295,862 528,823 .. 611 332,620 661 406,745 555,915 877,338 1,433,253 5 552 939, 235 647 1,222,789 11,176,955 3,338,904 H,515,859 6 2,067 3,080,034 2,818 3,984,976 9,279,697 9,492,588 18,772,285 7 393 469,140 535 667,170 874,260 1,014,215 1,888,475 8 2,412 2,604,616 2,561 2,954,598 3,100,O9- 6,4.73,359 9,573,457 9 58 66, 130 103 178,953 778,923 588,089 1,367,012 10 239 76,487 253 95,242 136, 184 96,311 232,495 II -3,577 5,279,514 3,911 6,003,559 35,850,653 15,714,750 51,565,403 12 87 107,851 103 153,729 255,499 275,947 531,446 13 242 179, 996 263 232,913 139,008 523.736 662,744 14 1,507 1,283,647 1,684 1,652,837 r,478,097 3,061,931 4,540,028 15 34 40,079 48 56,500 91,933 230,151 322,084 16 8,813 9,107,818 1 ,571 16, 19 , J57 13,IOS,870 45,495,135 88,60J,OIl,; 144 190,312 171 249,417 422,986 544,231 967,217 1 169 161,592 222 252,002 485, 685 691,527 1,177,212 2 751 614,305 825 746,776 777, 160 1,508,213 2,285,373 3 242 214,930 375 409,461 1,079,505 1,402,060 2,481,565 4 10 12,354 29 47,552 77, 137 178,759 255,896 5 223 163,451 267 250,912 668,997 749,906 1,418,903 6 1,251 1,919,407 1,496 2,496,016 5.034,729 6,832,539 11,867,268 7 17 16,360 38 46,474 213,238 112,367 325,605 8 73 92,288 88 125,721 420,498 668,291 1,088,789 9 10 8,196 26 27,978 35,976 58,365 94,341 10 35 25,897 79 92,006 203,688 255,519 459, 207 11 355 444,625 433 614,002 4,294,1111 2,107,334 6,401,452 12 182 217,045 273 369,653 1,696,205 981,530 2,677,735 13 40 32,900 52 72,493 74,879 119,354 194,233 14 114 89,560 262 314,837 896,188 605,192 1,501,380 15 154 213,259 318 508,932 301,839 1,700,059 2,001,898 16 10 9.302 23 26,990 71,975 77,085 149,060 1'1 139 178,322 210 419,911 720,777 1,044,156 1,764,933 18 43 34,296 64 70, 293 129,730 179,610 309,340 19 1,412 1,406,311 2,231 3,299,589 9,714,521 8,329,804 18,044,325 %0 1,408 1,182,182 2,230 2,529,898 4,466,001 7,479,434 11,945,435 %1 136 123,897 266 329,416 741,607 703,619 1,445,226 2% 985 956,826 1,456 1,737,089 7,695,474 5,515,940 13,211,414 23 238 138,622 336 318,004 670,000 1,086,300 1,756,300 2J 6 7,932 10 14,815 56,660 62,031 118,691 25 5: 49,044 77 104,973 117,230 222,877 340,107 26 238 273,530 273 326,921 986,547 1,214,841 2,201,388 %7 405 331,073 441 390,326 1,055,520 1,064,192 2,119,712 2R 16,5';1 IS.701,095 22,996 28. 78.J. 6.iU IS,989,RlS 101,562.7'.1 I'?O. 552. ã39 40 2 , 616 48 39,418 53,519 64,287 117,806 1 157 104,344 203 172,697 160,4!i0 294,371 454,861 2 76 67,403 115 121,614 <;9,835 265,fì74 355,709 3 136 155,971 156 187,518 451,918 639, 930 1,091,848 4 870 6S2,797 1,094 1,072,909 1,827,944 1,960,505 3,788,449 ã 425 283, 732 490 423, 288 ; 59, 661 880,153 1,2:39,814 6 :37 28,626 48 52,181 77,496 109,698 IS7,191 7 6,094 8,453,762 10,714 15,234,678 - 73,636,094 73,636,094 8 261 217,595 359 336, 730 446,311 651,926 1,098,237 9 228 313,391 302 502,248 46,368 1,106,881 1,153.249 10 73 66, 183 92 103, 273 42,070 144,880 186,950 11 1,138 1,190,211 1,349 1,598,590 3,665,562 3,502,854 7,168.416 12 18 15,091 23 26,896 69, 262 45,535 114,797 13 32 54,026 41 70,272 67,913 111'1,011 183,924 U 1,646 1,702,271 1,852 2,111,313 2,889,344 3,126,428 6,015,772 15 ;J40 343,929 370 427,508 512,5 5 662,427 1,174,952 16 t30 PRODUCTIO.V 'i.-Statistics of the umbers, Capital, Emplo)ees, Wages, Cost of , late rials (New No Groups and IíindB of Industries. Number 01 Establish- ments No. 16,4111 2,716 170 4,(199 1,990 14 530 336 13 545 1,501 1,233 23 1,034 2,137 2 38 Capital. Employed 14 549 64 5 12 8 26 5 119 13 13 3 7 13 5 7 8 S 3,697,811 1,635,377 358.532 50,647 2,813,226 156,386 486,124 7,782.901 1,305,465 687,019 241,758 113,352 193,824 2,104,832 474,250 461,488 814,887 Salaried Employees. Number. 3.4.5i 75 7 2,434 Salaries. 113 S 223,280 17 IS 19 %0 21 %'! 2.1 2-1 %5 %6 %7 %R 29 30 31 32 33 1118cE'lIaneons Industrles-concluded. Phonographs... .... Photography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picture Iraming. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipes, tobacco. . . .. ..................... Refrigerator'!.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . H e alias and society em blems .......... Rubber stamps and steel stencils... . . . . . . Rcientific and prolessiomi equipment.... . ign".. ........ ....a.. .................... Rporting and athletic good'J.. . . . . Statuary and art goods. . . . .. .... ....... Rtore and dispby forms. ...... . .. . . .. . . . . Toys and games. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trunks and va1i!'t's. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Typewriters and supplies ................ Pm hrellas and pansols.... . . . .. .. . . . . . .. All other industries... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Construction, Hand Trades and Repair"... .. _ .... ... . . . . Automobile repairs. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . BicyC'le repairs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blaeksmit hing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boot and ..ho(' rep irs. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridges, iron and steel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyeing, cleaning and laundry work.. . . . . Electrical C'ontracts and repairs. . . . . . . . . . F.ll"vntor repairs. .. ..................... Harne s and aaddlery repairs. _ .. . . . . Hou:,e-builrling and construction.... Jewelr repairs.......................... l.ock and gunsmithing repairR............ Painting. glazing and pRpprhanp;ing.... . . . Plumbing and tIßsmlthing...... .... Roofing contracts. ................ .. Shiobllildinl!; and rep irs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,216,551 7,773,S25 210.017 6,521,657 1,361,769 16,550,077 7,498,834 1.871,112 1,138,700 1, 799, 295 50,896,653 1,067.544 82,599 2,807,311 12,219,038 412,343 38,005,783 3.- Capital Employed. 4 78 19 68 li6 6,728 134,566 25,480 99,154 225,376 1 2 3 4 it 6 7 8 " 10 11 12 13 H 15 16 41 28 10 23 85 22 40 53 50,030 42,653 19,244 20,896 189,406 56,717 91, 141 97,699 I. 7j3.06 456 1,020,564 142,311 4,189 4,334,658 10 12,892 :14 451 64,030 1,164,425 In a retrospective study of capital employed in Canadian manufar'tures since 1900, the remarkable increase denotes rapid growth in the indu trial operations. From 1900 to 1905, the capital increased from $446,900,000 to S833,900,000 and advanced to $1,958,700,000 in 1915. During this period returns were received from establishments with five hands and over, and" hile the rise of \\ holesale prices did not exceed 37 p.c. the capital employed in manufactures increm.ed nearly 340 p.c. The capital used during 1921 in all establisllIllents, irrespective of the number of employees, was S3,210,700,000, compareù with 1,99-1,100,000 in 1915, an increase of more than GO p.c. in seven years. "hile price levels were higher in 1921 than in 19V>, it should be remembered that a considcrablc part of the industrial capital of the r'ountry was inactive in 1921 and consequently not included in the statistics. The provincial distribution of the manufactures of Canada is illustrated by the capit'll invested in the operation of the plants. Capital employ<,d in Ontario during 1919 was 49.0 p.c. of the total, increasing to 49.5 p.c. in 1920 and 50.5 p.c. in 1921. The proportion of thc total capital employed in the plants of Quebec was 29.0 p.c. in 1919, 30.0 p.c. in 1920 and 30.3 p.c. in 1921. British Columbia held third place, with a capital of 6.6 p.c. of the total, in 19 1, while Xova Scotia, CAPITAL INVEST.1fENT OF INDUSTRIES 431 and Value of Products of Canadian lUanufacturing Industries, 1921-concluded. Classification) Wage Earners. Total Employees. Value of Products. Cost of No. Number. Wages. Number. Sahries Materials. Net. Gross. and Wages. S S S S S 399 437,567 512 660,847 1,323,902 1,934,444 3,258,346 17 1,075 887,229 1,075 887, 229 855,728 2,241,811 3,097,539 18 189 184,690 189 184.690 248,808 390,622 639,4ao 19 49 49,092 53 55,820 48,237 77,621) 125,866 20 4]9 463,402 497 597, 968 899,289 1,430,814 2,330,1O:J 21 63 50,330 82 75,810 121,252 142,411 263, 663 22 165 196,013 233 2\15,167 118,839 436, 662 555,501 23 735 716,579 911 941,955 1,801,614 2,37],715 4,173,329 %4 724 927,896 724 927 , 96 358,781 2,083, ]77 2,441,958 25 198 170,027 239 220,057 372,950 482, í4fì 855,696 26 129 147,506 15í 190, 159 97, 161 268,076 365,237 27 43 54,708 53 73,952 54,434 114,517 168.951 28 51 38,205 74 59,101 70,893 74,020 145,513 29 539 513,458 624 702,864 83S,OOO 1,388,474 2,226,474 30 44 46, 6 9 66 103.416 250.977 2111,369 469,346 31 64 54,979 104 146,120 358,305 307,543 665,848 32 94 83,767 147 181,466 410,430 391,237 801,667 33 69,687 73,613,6.39 73,154 80,356, 70S 76,592,585 - 13,1,352,519 210,9-15,104 7,188 5,9-10,102 7, ]88 5,9-10,102 7,515,942 10,989,970 18,50<>,912 1 235 Ib9,652 235 169,652 15ii,145 349, 259 504,404 2 4,936 3,966,287 4,936 3,966,287 2,026,908 6,606,707 8.633,615 3 2,575 1,964,583 2,575 1,964,583 1,525,072 3,352,326 4,877,398 4 1,576 2,279,097 2,032 3,299,661 5,9í1,417 6,077,357 12,048,774 5 6,807 6,]50,!i98 6,807 6,150,698 1,600,800 11,812,987 13,413,787 6 1,278 1,507,625 1,278 1,507,625 2,327,454 2,726,749 5,054,203 7 196 246,65] 271 388,962 1,28-1,840 629,113 1,9]3,953 8 565 341,504 572 345,693 334,40í 605,556 939,963 9 26,583 30,652,227 29,0]7 3,496,885 31, ]55,060 54,069,271 85,224,331 10 1,917 1,546,081 1,917 1,546,081 433,445 2,812,123 3,24ii,5û8 II 33 31,437 43 44,329 18, ,'i88 77,464 96,052 12 3,392 3,471,956 3,392 3,471,956 2,157,058 5,822,345 7,979,403 13 6,935 7,828,108 6,935 7,828,108 13,777,756 14,182,570 28,260,326 It 178 200,894 212 264,924 322,664 4]5.692 738,356 15 5,293 7,316,737 5,744 8,481,162 5,986,029 13,523;030 19,509,0,59 16 New Brunswick and Manitoba followed in the order named, with proportions of between 3 p.c. and 4 p.c. each. In a survey of the industrial groups in which the capital of the country is invested, it appears that the wood and paper group led in 1921, with an invest- ment of 24.1 p.c. of the total. The iron and steel group was second, with 17.9 p.c. In 1920, the wood and paper group employed 22.4 p.c. and the iron and steel group 18.7 p.c. of the total capital. Thus the expansion of the wood and paper group continued, in spite of the depression which affected a majority of the other groups. The proportion of the capital employed by the miscellaneous group, including the electric power industry, increased from 14.6 p.c. in 1920 to 16.6 p.c. in 1921. The statistics of capital employed in the manufacturing industries are of interest in deducing the proportions of fixed and liquid assets. In 1920 lands, buildings and machinery constituted 53.6 p.c. of the total capital, while in 1921 the proportion increased to 58. 9 p.c. Fixed I:t:s:sets increased from $1,844,000,000 to $1,892,000,000, while quick assets, including the materials on hand, stock in process, cash and sundries, declincd from $1,598,000,000 to $1,249,000,000. These results indicate that the value of real property utilized in manufactures continued to increase, while writing down of inventories and decline of working capital is chamcteri:stic of a period of depression. 432 PRODUCTION 8.-('apital Emplo) e-d in the )Ianufacturing Industri('s of ('anada in Percentag('s, b) Pro\inces 1915, 1917-1921. Provinces. 1915. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. ----- Prince Edward Island. .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 N ova cotia.. .. . . . . . ........... 6.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.3 New Brunswick........ 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.2 Quebec.. _ _ _ __ 27.5 29.6 28.3 29.0 30.0 30.3 Ontario.. . 48.0 47.9 49.7 49.0 49.5 50.5 Manitoba..:::.:::...... . 4'8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.2 Saskatche\\an. ,8 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 Alberta............ . 2. ] 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 British Columbia... 8.0 7.9 8.] 8.3 6.5 6.6 Yukon. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ] .2 . ] ------ Total!>. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 '.-('apital J:mplo)'('d in the 'Ianufacturim: Industrirs of ('anada, b) Industrial ( rOlJ ps. 19'!O-19 1. 1920. 1921. Industrial Groups. Amount. Per- Amount.. Ppr- centage. cents!!;e. - S I Vegetahle products. . . . . . . . . .. 396,3C5.898 11.5 362,665.357 11.3 Animal products... ...... 221. i!J2 .45i 6.4 200.697,527 6.3 Textiles. . . . . 32]. i.50. 003 9.3 264,118.883 8.2 Wood and pape.r....:............ 772.C1S6.8]2 2.4 775.207.859 24.1 Iron and steel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642. !J04, 322 18.7 575,680,424 17.9 Non-ferrou" metals........... 100.:H!:? .033 3.2 104.079,490 3.2 Non-metalhc minerals.......... 14:Ui81.!HO 4.2 ]26,989,134 4.0 ChemlC31s and allied products. ... . 122. 1:?: . 730 3.6 118,38:?,642 3.7 Miscellanrous indm.tries....................... 5m, 2,290 14.6 532,671,4]5 16.6 Construction, hand trades and repair. . . ... . . . 209,866.698 . 6.1 150,216,557 4.7 Total for Canada. _ . ..--- .- .-- 3,433,276,0,)3 100.0 3, IO, 70!J, 2S!iI 100.' 18.-('apital J;mplo)ed in th(' "anufacturin Industrie of ('anada b) '-rminc.." and b)' (;roups of Industri.'s, 1921. (A) By PRonxcEB. () Num- Iatcrials Cash, I ber of Land, IacÞinery on hand, trading and Distribution. estab- buildings and stocks opprating Total lish- and tools. in pr()('('!'S !Jc('ounts fixtures. and supplies and bills ments. on Þand. receivable. :Ko. $ $ S S S anada. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . -11 , 32 I, O.) , 213, ;73 810,111,6-16 690,900,521 558,6-10, III 3,2]0, ':'09, 2 K Prince J dwnrd Island...... . 446 625.315 8:15.646 457.344 334.612 2,452,826 Kova Scotia.... ... 2,196 47,025,027 27,396,702 16.518.566 14.280.950 107,490,242 New Brunswick. 1,326 37,528.838 26,053,093 26,5138.768 12,013,875 103,J67 ,891 uebec...........:::::..:: : 10,762 337.596.055 245. ]76,765 208.925.312 167.847,990 9i3,722.564 Ontario....... 18,093 485,910,115 423.228.124 371,870.822 :W3. 954. I13t 1,620.681, ]81 Manitoba.......::::::::::: : 1, 965 31. 1 i9, 665 28.754,301 18,361.358 18,361. 811 100,441, 541 Saskatchewan.............. . 2,027 10.141. 081 10,648.073 5.109.053 : g: I 34,794,506 Alherta.................... . 2,024 18.529,361 15.706,893 8.018.654 55.538.526 British Columbia........... 2,470 82.981.873 61,906,638 34,980, no 27 ' r: g:1 210.798,811 Yukon..:... . ........... 14 696.443 415.411 89.9B I. 421, 199 <; (B) By bWl"STRJAL GROUPR. V etable products. .... .... 3,958 122,357,241 78,639,192 91,733,054 67,343,405 362.665,357 Animal products. . . . . . . . . . . . 5,051 56,455.522 32,902,430 63,591, 106 47,748,469 200,697,527 Textile products...... ....... 4,046 55,964,050 57,926,952 73,772,840 65,488,510 2f.4,118,883 Wood and paper............. 7,1S2 269,693,940 202.893.]]7 ]88,346,020 103,621. 022 775,207,859 Irl)n and its products..... . . . 1, 138 154,414.781 154,590,441 1-16.873,123 119,802,079 575,680,424 Non-(errouR metals... ....... 344 23,884, ]9] 23.987,862 30,592,48.5 25.614,952 104,079,490 Non-metallic minerals.. " .. . 764 77, 876, 836 12,662,365 27,469,201 8.980,732 126,989,134 Chemicals and allied pro- t ducts..................... 468 47,661, 956 17,484.515 30,515,002 22,721, ]69 118,382,642 Miscellanrous industries..... 1,995 205,965,721 236,743,765 23,707,398 62,955,157 632,671,415 Construction, hand trades and repail'R............... 16,407 37,939.535 22, 281. 007 14,300.292 34,364,616 150,216,557 EJIPLOYJIE.\ T 433 4.-Employment. The total number of persons engaged in the manufacturing industries of Canada in 1921 was 517,141, as compared with 685,3--19 in 1920 and 682,434 in 1919. The employees consisted in 1021 of 76,777 pe sons on salaries and 440,364 wage earners. This latter figure, representing the average number of wage earners employed during the entire year, was ascertained by dividing twelve into the sum of the numbers on the payrolls on the 15th of each month. A comparison of the average number of wage earners is an excellent measure of industrial activity. In Table 11 index numbers, based on data for 1915 equalling 100, are given to show the variation in employment.. The index numbers of the volume of products are also inserted for comparative purposes. Aside from the considerable drop in 1921, the indices of employment indicate less violent change than those of production. For example, the index of employment increa ed from 150.2 in 1910 to 150.6 in 19:!0, whilE' the index of prcduction increased from 118 to 133. In 1921 the number of wage earners was 11.3 p.c. greater than in 1915 and production was 27 p.o. greater. 1l.-\Vage-('arners in }Ianufacturing Industries, 1915 to 19 1. Index N urn bers. Years A vcrage Number of Wage Earners.' Average Number of Wage Earners. Volume of Manufac- tured Products. 1915............................ . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : :: : : : . . . . . .., - 1919................................... . 1920..................................... . 1921.............................................. . 395,681 601,305 633,116 594, 118 596,052 440,364 100.0 152.0 152.4 150.2 150.6 111.3 100 142 137 118 133 127 'Exclusive of out,;ide piece workers. Employment by Provinces.- The concentration of manufacturing establi:,;h- ments in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec is shown by the fact that in 1921 the employees in the former province were 50 p.e. and in the latter 30.8 p.c. of the total. The proportions in the other provinces were 5.5 p.c. in British Columbia, 4 p.c. in Manitoba and 3.3 p.c. in Nova cotia, the employment in the remaining provinces ranging from .21 p.c. to slightly more than 3 p.c. The striking feature of the six year interval between 1915 and 1921 was the extraordinary industrial growth of the prairie provinces and the steady development in the industrialized area of Ontario and Quebec. Employees in the factories of Saskatchewan and Alberta increased 107.6 p.c. and 51.4 p.c. respectively. The ratio of increase in Quebcc was 19.2 p.c., and in Ontario 16.2 p.c. The average employment throughout Canada of workers of all ranks, exclusive of outside piece workers, was 448,:364 in 1915, (--!D7 ,170 on Dec. I':;, 1915), which increased by 15.3 p.c. to 517,141 in 1921. Sex Distribution of Employees.-In Ontario the ratio of the number of female wage earners employed in factories to the number of males during 1915 was 22.7 p.c., while in 1921 the ratio increased to 23.2 p.c. In Quebec the ratio was 27.1 p.c. in 1915 and 32.5 p.c. in 1921. The employment of women was, however, largely confined to a few trades, the expansion of the textile and clothing industries being a chief cause of the increase in female employment. In addition the prepara- tion of food, book-binding and other light factory work were specifically regarded as women's trades. From 1915 to 1921, the male wagc earner:,; of Canada increased 62373-28 43-1 II If( JDlH'T IOS S.9 p.c., whilc the femalc workf'rs increa"'f'd nearly 22 p.f'. The morf' rapid inf'rC'asc of femnle C'mplo:, ment \\ as largely duC' to thc spcf'ial ('ondit ions re...;ulting from the war. Age Distribution.-In the wage <1;ta collccted on the ('f'nSUS of indu....try s('hedule a divi ion was madf' hptwf'f'n the employees under IG ypars and those over that nge. In HHS, IS,ïl ï childrèn under 16 Wf're drawing wagf'S, of whom 7,2 6 were girls. \\-age earnprs under 16 years of agf' dedine I tll I."),lti.') in HH9 and to 12,011 in }!t?O. Thc pprcentag(' of children to the total number of W:lgf' e:ll"Ilf'rs classified in this f'ollIlf'f'tion, as of Dc('pmhcr I.') or nC'lTt'....t l"l'l JI'e"en tat ive date, was 2.1 in l!HS, advaneing to slightly OYer 3 p.('. in Hllï : I'd lú1S, nnd df'clining to 2.9 p.c. nnd 2. -1 p.f'. rf'speC'Ì iVf'ly in UH n :lIlcl 1!1 (). Fluctuation of Employment.-l'hf' numher of wagf' earncrs f'mployed in ('anadinn numufactllres in .January, 1920, was ;).')1 ,,')ïK Stencly increasf's \\ crf' n'gistf'red until July, when ü:38,133 weT(' emploYf'd.. During the remainder of the year declines "f're tllP ordf'r of the day, thf' rc'f'es ion in Decembf'r as comp:u'cd with thc pre\'ious month being from 5ïl,U-1ü to ;,)19,ïï7. The month of July wa.<; from thc viewpoint of C'mployment thc turning point of thc post-war boom. Earnings of Employees.-Thf' total amount paid to thc cmploy('ps in industrial plants during 1921 was ,jSl.4 million ns f'ompared \\ith R5.9 million in 1915. The wage payments in 1921 were -Hl.3 million, while the salaried employees receivf'd a rcmuncrat ion of Sl-10. 1 million. The average yearly wagc of t hc wage earner was $1,002.0Ü in 1921 as compared \\ith :)ïO.l1 in IPl;j, an inncasc of 7.;.R p.c. in avcrage carnings. \\'hcn the index nllIllhcr repre f'J1ting t I}f' av('rngc yearly wages with HH5 as a hase is divided hy tIw inde:-.. numh('r of the ('Ost of living with the Rame basf', it is SN'n t hat real wages aclvanof'd by ahout 10 p.c. in the six year interval. The dctails of the f'omputation arc J!:ivl'n in Tahlf' 12. 12.- -Au'rage Yearh Earnlnl1;s and neat \\'ag('S of "age Earners In 'Ianufacturln Industries. 1915-1921. 1915. 1917 1918. 1919 1920. 1921 ._ ..I Index "um Lers. -\mount .-\ \"erugc Aver:ll/;e of \\ ages Xurll her \ early .\ "erage Hrul value of \\age Uctail of .-\ verage paid. Farncrs. Earning,,-. Yearly Price". Yearly Earnings. Earnings. S S cts. 225,580, 998 395,681 570.11 100-0 100-0 100-0 455,1\1\1.823 601,305 757.20 132-8 132.9 99.9 522,2b7,570 603,116 865.96 151.9 151.6 100.2 558,580,707 59-1,118 1/41.83 165.2 IIH.2 101.2 657,701,361 596,052 1,103-43 193.5 UH.7 IOb.5 441,291,4\11 4tO,364 1.002-06 175.8 1.39.8 110.0 .. Year". " j .. Classification by \-\'ages.-IJlformation collf'cted at this cen us rf'garding "eekly wagcs of pmployces in manufacturing indu:--trics, is tabulated by groups of industric:s anù hy wage groups in the wnges sub ('etion of the Lahour, ',"ages and Prices sf'(.tion of the Year Book, to whif'h the student of industrial wagcR is refcrrcd. :--ummary ::;tati ti('s of thc number of I-alaried and wnge-earning cmplo) ccs of nmnufacturing industril's, "ith the amount of salaries and wages paid in 1 !J O and 1921, arc giYl'Il hy proviw'cs in Table 13. POWER A^ D FUEL 435 13.-l\lale and Female Employees 011 Salaries and Wages, by P.rminces, 1920 and 1921. Pro" inces. 1920. Prince Ed ward Island ova Scotia....... ew Bruns"'ick..... Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . Ontario........... . :\Ianitoba.......... . Raskatchewan. . . . . . Alberta. . .. . . . . . . . . British Columbia..... Yukon.. . Canada. . 1921. Prince Edward hland.. Nova Scotia........... New Brunswick. Quebec. ... Ontario. . .. . . . . . :\Ianitoba. . . . . . Saskatchewan.. . Alberta........... _... British Columbia.. Yukon. Canada..... . Employees on Employees on ::!alaries. Wages. Halaries. Wag9s. :\Ialcs. Female,;. ::\laJes. Females. 1- - - - Xo. No. S :'Ii'o. No. $ 187 26 166.897 1,103 0327 966,344 1,918 561 3,702,046 23,054 2.866 27,381,724 1.5:H :n8 3,012,436 16,075 : , 143 18,281,9SY 19, 965 4,360 41,582,393 138, 136 42.970 179,655,354 35,766 11, 629 83,544,934 230,662 55,935 324,658,628 3,472 784 7,662,168 21.394 3,114 31,407,110 1,276 220 2,435,758 8,440 540 11,9S4,484 1.977 :386 4,042,323 10,969 1,086 It,941,806 4,107 737 9,186,548 33,618 2,571 48,337,252 12 2 18,275 43 : 86,670 - ---'-- 70,2U 19.083 15S,353,778 ,1S3,-I9-1 112,558 1i;.7, 701,361 - - -- 155 11 127,461 719 213 52-1,159 1,420 : 6-1 2, 8-1: ,127 13,351 2,071 1; ,820, 793 1. 272 289 2,540,531 9,702 2,478 9,275,133 16,709 3.637 39,023,881 Ib5,201 34,181 125,426,562 33,123 \1.672 76,921,367 174,911 40,639 227,016,719 2,945 675 6, 6'!8, 005 14,609 2,503 20,361,328 969 151 1,865,979 5,750 365 6,976,307 1,489 290 3,16S,767 6,942 1,603 8,991,762 3,165 460 6,978,199 22,882 2,193 28,797,329 11 - 13,574 48 3 98,402 - - 61,2.i8 15.519 1-1'1,110,891 3,.-1,115 86,2,19 4,11,%91,49-1 8,-Power and Fuel. Power.-'The stati:,tics of the use of IllP hani('al powcr in manufacturing establishments bring into relicf another pha:;;e of industrial development in Canada. The total h.p. used has been computcd for th YC:In; HH7 to 1921. The power produced by fiteam and internal C'ombustion engines, by water wheels and motors and other unspe('ified units, as wcll as the electric po\\'cr purcha:;;ed from outside conC'erns, wcre include(l in the total. The aggrf'gatc u ('d in 1917 was 3,592,940 h.p. and in 1918 def'lim'ù to 3,518,004 h.p. During the two following years increases took place to 3,544,607 h.p. in Un9 and 3,()m<479 h.p. in 1920. On account of the rcccssion in manufacturing activity during 1921, the power w"ed ù{'dined to 3,492,646 h.p. The pówer dcvcloped by electric motor:; in IB21 wa:,; 7,).5,982 h.p., as compared with 813,273 h.p. in the previous year. The total h.p. used in the factories of Ontario in 1921 was 1,-177,776 and Qu{'bec followcd with 1,167,460 h.p. Third came British Columbia, with a horsepower of 376,196. Thc total clcctrical power used in Ontario was 67,113 h.p., and in Quebec 246,719 h.p. Aside from thc misC'dlaneous group, which inr'ludcs the central clectric stat.ions, the wood and papcr group used mm;t power in 1921. The utilization amounted to x r,,707 h.p., which may be compared with the 171,190 h.p. used by the v('getable products group, including the flour milling industry. The mills and factories cngaged in the manufacturp of iron and te('l product::; held fourt.h plaC'e, u::;ing 1:30,738 h.p. (j2373- 8 436 PRODUCT/OX H.-Po\\u uSt'd in th(' IUanllfadurin Industri('s of Canada by PrO\inf('s, and (;roups of Indu trie . 1921. Provinres and Group8. Steam Gas Oil G?-!>o- ;:ís Engines Engines Engines E llI e and ngmes Motors. j - Other Motors. Po\\er. Total. l PRCVlr<:CES. h.p. h.p. h.p. h.p. h.p. h.p. h.p. h.p. 1,367 12 1,032 637 1,832 157 44 5,029 45,048 1,130 2,051 900 24,663 15,333 1,207 85,221 45,202 482 1,305 1,309 19,394 31.860 291 89,223 141,993 1,126 1,425 2,927 851,100 246,719 4,410 1,167,460 213,711 12,939 1,293 3,518 983,181 367,113 18,392 1,477,776 20,801 92 1,334 418 82,747 18,506 457 118,186 .... 50,906 53 7,392 450 2 6,058 75 62,917 .. 56,838 1,137 1,819' 537 32,444 11,391 26 100,395 ........ 99,934 2ï2 2'505 1 1'359 229,935 58,840 2,964 376,196 .. 240 - - - 10,000 5 - 10,243 -------- .. 676.040 17,2,1: 20,1.')6 12,05.') 2,23.;,298 75S,9St %7,866 3,,192,6.Ui Prince Edward IbIand......... Nova f:cotia. .... .. .. . . . . . . New Bruns\\ic ............... Quebec..... Ontario......... . Manitoba...... . Sa!>katchewan.. . . .. Alberta....... . . . . . . British Columbia. . . yukon............ . Total GROL'PB. \" egetable products..... . . . . Animal products..... .. .. . . . . . . Textiles...................... . Wood and paper... ......... ... I ron and steel.. ............... Non-ferrous metals............ Non-metallic minerals.. ..... Chemicals.. ................... Miscellaneous......... . ........ Hand trades, construction and repairs. . ... '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,741 19.878 16,092 274,035 26,315 2,159 11,238 5.962 272,458 4,162 2,018 444 717 5,774 7,4ßl 8 814 25 3 828 142 36 1,568 238 24 1,389 6 15,925 3,046 3,234 139 4,058 426 39,18] 1,386 22,495 336,503 3,332 2,525 257 8 858 3,511 3 1 1 '826'357 34 - 119,034 39,007 67,285 294,910 135, 189 23,383 19,374 38, 299 10,298 9,203 3,020 793 936 17, 162 2,870 1,381 1,521 106 77 171,190 51,882 85,272 835,707 130,738 21,686 28, 143 36,000 2,121,688 10,340 I For the purpose of eliminatinl!: an obvious duplication where electric motors are run by power generated by the reporting e,:;tablb,hments, a deduction of one-third of the horsepower furnished by electric motors is made in computing the total. Fue1.-The fuel m:ed in industrial e:-:tabli::;hments in 1921 included 4,129,265 tons of bituminous coal, valued at S:35,OOl,34!}, constituting 67.3 p.c. of the total fuel COf't. The other chief fud::; in order of value were fuel oil, comprii'ing 10.5 p.c.; anthraeite coal 5.6 p.c. llld coke 4.8 p.c. In 1021 the foreign bituminous used Rlllounted to 2,867,355 ton , as compared with 1, 61,91O tons of domestic production. Out of a fuel account of nearly ,!j ,O()O,OOO. Ontario expended ::;:24-,100,000 or 46 p.c. of the total. The manufacturing Call( ern:,; of Quehec f' pended $15,500,000 and thoEe of Kava Scotia 83,;;00,000. Tne fuel account of Ontario included 1,%4,715 tonR of foreign bituminous coal, valued at $lG,!J90,64:t QUf'bcc u cd 835,305 tons of foreiv;n soft coal worth :-:8,748, 3. . The groups of industry in 'v, hich fucl was mo t eJ\.ten ively used in 1921 werp wood and paper, $14,F-ïO,.')15; iron and f:teel, 9.()21,G60j vPJ!:ctable produd , 7,4.5.'),321 and non-metalliC' minerals Sü,183,707. J.'uel is uf:cd quite generally throughout the induRtrial field for the gcneration of po" er by means of intcrnal C'ombustion and steam cngines. The princiapl industries when' fuel is u!"ed as a material that enters into the actual composition of the product, are the manufactures of coke and gas. The most important industries where beat is applied directly to materials to trnnf'form them or to facilitate their manipulation are foundries and machiLe shops, blast furnaces and steel mills, non-ferrous metal f:melting, brick and tile, lime and cement, petrolpum refining and the gIa s indu try. LVCA.LIZATION OF IXDC8TRIES 437 15.-Fuel used in the lUanufacturing Industries of Canada, by Provinces, 1921. ProvinC"'es and Groups. Bituminous Coal. An hra- Lignite ë i. Coal. Coke. Gaso- line. Oil. Other _ PROVIXCES. Tons $ Prince Edward Island... 5,061 52,667 9,831 Nova Scotia. 427,59-1 2,105,209 92,433 Xew Brunswick......... 237,163 1,957,814 53, 101 $ $ $ $ $ 2,566 510 180,998 912 15,83S 7,9S1 239,702 37,851 974,930 53,317 2,558 13,311 14,058 24,131 9-1,307 Quebec...... ..........1,033,73210,910,4301,340,006 84,593 537,991 60,615 1,458,876 1,019,493 Ontario............. .... 2,031,99617,403,2841,12-1,957 63,230,1,478,475 296,961 1,92-1,29-1 1,763,8511. ?llanitoba................ 6-1,726 587,-159 122,024 201,418 123,562 39,840 56,199 128,132 Saskatchewan.. . . . . . 49,866 418,155 75,189 579,738 13,029 649 69,611 466,715 Alberta........... 120,222 1 387,799 59,811 375,484 26,08941,90:::! 507 53,702 British Columbia. 158,6-10 1.174.651 53,005 10,103 82,846 59,035 956,736 415,903 yukon....... 265 3,881 '{,316 -------- '. '29"" 1 """" "" I '......., 1.'27. '" ' 3.....' " "9.'" '. .... ,.. '.018.581 Vegetable products..... . 53!!,27!! 4,6H,807 1 893,636 238,244 3-16,538 106,761 572,532 662,753 Animal products 302,163 2,35-1,006 260,330 1,57,636 36,105 156,892 71,635 724,386 I 282,265 2.765, 296 1 2:J5.097 46,021 51,i55 16,241 11,912 58,854 1,295,814 12,467,581 1 763,121 33,412 21,537 132,55-1 405,842 1,0-16,468 . 1 830 '016 5'835'331 1 338'3151 50,990,1,400,717 122,390 1,306,487 567,439 Non-ferrous metal" .. 73,913 6t2.713 91,556 5,516 82,678 44,049 139,962 106,496 Xon-metallic mineral..; I 255,894 2,307,018 41. :320 1 4, 612\ 437,72-1 49,527 2,699,194 644,312 I 139,563 1,6t2,952 98,304 1 27,584' 115,698 20,034 62,854 63,463 I 314,164 2,102,!!77 193,023 761,4'11 1 4,61S 81,.193 U7,382 126,711 Hand trades, con"truc- I tion and repair. 26,19-1 248,663 14,605 1,215' 18,115 9,387 48,396 17,699 Total ..... GROt7PS. Textiles.... .... Wood and paper. Iron anJ steel. . . . . . Chemicals ... . . . . }liscellaneou8. . . . 6 - Localization of Manufacturing Industries. Thp prof;p<>rity of most of the cities and laq?;P towns of Canada. is intimately con- nected wit h their manufaC't uring industrie . :-:tatisti(' of the manufacturing industries in all ('itie..;, town:-; and villa e,.; of over 1,000 {K)pulation throughout the country, as as('('rtained at the ('en:-;us of IB l, are givpn in Table 16. As a ('onsequence of the gathering momentum of the post-war boom, tlw figures for 192(1 are in many cases strikingly in('rea ed from tho e of 1919, as in the cases of \\ ind or and 'Yalkerville. Citip..: having a gro:-;s manufaeturing production of over lOO.OOO.O()O each in 1920, in the ordpr of the Y:tlue of t heir products, were ::\lontreal, Toronto, Hmnilton nnJ \\ïnnipeg. VancouYer unù Ottawa, the only cities in the $.')0,000,000 to $100,000,000 class in 19 0, produced manufacture:-; to the gross value of m ,ßS9,;):!0 and $,)7,708,- 929 r<'spectively. Other important manufacturing cities producing in 1920 good to a gross value ûf he tween 830,000,000 nnd $50,000,000 were in the order of value produced, London, Quebec, Kitchener, ßmlltford, Sault Ste. M:trie, Petf'rborough, Sydney, Calgary, Ü,hawa, Sarnia, Edmonton fmJ "-alkerville. For details the reader is referred to Table 16. 43S PRODCC1'!O Y 16.-StaUsti('s of lUanufa('turt's b ('jtit.s. To\ ns :md \ïllag('s of 1,000 population and O\l'r, 1920. E tab- Cm- ahrie!. Cost \ alue Cities and Towns. li!'h- Capitul. ployee . and of of ments. \\ages. materials. products. No. S No. S S S P. ..:. Island - Charlotteto\\ n.. 76 1,604,950 642 611,356 1.812,6.37 2,998,810 Houris. . . . . . . 15 66,828 51 19,601 : O, 799 75,555 :--iummerside...: . 33 350,052 177 121,547 1!JI<,218 5-17,825 SOfa ('otla.- Amherst .. 71 11,435,92.') 2,267 2,636,217 6,458,422 10,839,717 :\nti onish . 23 206,903 79 57,324 115,427 21:J,837 BridlZpto\\ n. . . . 22 359,757 J I 90, 003 I!JO, 244 400,247 Bridge\\ ater 45 2, i90, 221 226,887 455,931 871,544 Can"o.. 14 449,428 166 1 117,650 336,599 568,034 Dartmouth. . 42 9,008,043 1,581 2,015,674 3,012,630 6,074,577 Digby..... 24 278,431 12"1 118,942 26!J,215 420,894 Glace Bay... 37 3:m, 677 147 1: 8, 380 166,203 459,184 Halifax. . . . . 315 25,484, !I30 i,I71 1 8,548,917 8,!J1O,997 25,593,326 Inverness. . . . . . . . 5 3,010 21 2,937 11,271 18,059 Kentville. . 23 255, 8: 4 186 261,419 """'''1 486,934 Liverpool. . 31 3,598,718 400 1 3.'il,671 454,5i5 1,142,905 Loui"bourg. 9 31,8:H 18 10,108 21.3!J!J 48, 698 Lunenburg. ._ 40 13, U gl 291j 250,809 250, 738 667,908 ew GI gow. 79 2,610 1 :J. 020, 909 12,590,810 18,730,534 orth Sydney 25 105, 49i I 12!11 113,345 112, 551 1 316,042 Oxford. . . . 11 762,9i2 247 1 212,9!J4 581. : 88 1.0n,035 Parr"boro. .. 17 72,!I48 8:!1 67,294 I:H,927 288,910 Pictou... . 29 !J16.100! :;I 356, 135 641, 443 1,499,329 Shelburne....... . 20 40S.459 165,381 273,711 622,185 1;pringhill. . 10' 28,575 1 17 13, 623 29,734 53,385 Htellarton. . 12 463,192 1 217 318,710 322,994 758,305 Sydney. . . . . . 122 32,246,019 1 2,929' 5,0:!8,746 20,354,934 37.567,205 S}dney :\lines. 15 1,761,754 1 :n4 341,197 3,218,938 4,492,856 Trenton........ . 4 881,349 : 21' ; 66,516 670,12.') 1,344, 6.'): Troro..... . 64 3,249,871 1, 080 1 1,018,071 2,46'),759 5.027,798 \\ estville 7 1,9 : 1 39 32,516 24,870 93,248 Wiml!'or. 28 3 1 269,89:J 846, i:!1 I , ....8, 689 Wolfville. . 14 124,275 62.517 177.556 276,309 Yarmouth 68 3.885.034 979 1 801,563 3.286,805 5,392,646 'ew HrUIIsftl('k- Bathun..t. . . . 29 9,10 .582 896, !Jtï,925 1,992,467 4.9'30,!J!JU Camphellton. . 27 5, 2!Ja, 2:{4 IHfl l 96!I,003 I. 763,442 3,:H3.311 Chatham. .. .. . .. . . . 24 2,431,379 461 1 :!62.028 1.067,8i5 1,646,526 Dalhousie.. . 11 2,027,611 26!J 265,338 6()7,311 I, H9,536 Edrnun"ton. 14 2,35:J,448 56:J 875.492 1,766,02:! 5,207,702 Fredericton 65 3,149.344 89:J 1\55.751 2,129,703 3,801,68:! Grand Fall ... 18 449,OiO 155 137,6'!5 157.420 347.315 :\larYf'ville. 3 1,816,550 571 527 . 96 1,123,6:J3 2, IiI. 997 :\Iillto\\ n . 4 2,337,240 696 5 4'8151 !1I0, 231 2,203,995 :\Ioncton 90 9,589,975 3,061 3 7')7 ')-8 3,862.465 8.888,553 Xe\\ca tle....::: . 25 4,339.I:n 4:m '361:i96 1,I."iS.861 2,172.95n Hichibucto.... . 7 99,70n .J-! 7.0.10 31,216 48.579 :--iackville...... . 21 1,360,826 4nO 303.374 1 554,722 1. 066, 962 hediac. . . . ... . . . 13 "", '81 52 :J4. 145 1 113.5241 197,57n :--it. Andre\\B... 17 75,271 35 22.759' 71. 6491 119.014 :--;t. George. 10 558,933 4, . gl IH,26! 513,162 . 4.li!J3.1981 165.4051 :--;t. John. . :J02 15,814,2<;2 8.621. 966 1 17 .895,292 :--it. :--;tephen. .. . .0 1 4,341,459 \152 856.786 3.9n,066 6,250, !J-t7 Su" ex .. 40 1,801,764 34J 2!II. 714 837, 638 1. 6:J5, 754 \\'oOlJ:.,t k. 36 58', 7361 17\1 177.l4ï 331. il5 637.4H Quebec - I .-\ctOT1\ alt' .. 20' 131.40R 57 :H,268 ]6:).6J21 245,:iOO .\rthaha!'oka. 12/ 167, 594 1 78 67.079 I:H,O:!5 2.;9, 636 'bbcsto!;. . 111 6tÕ gl 21 16,143 24,066 S6,!n8 Aylmer.. _. 31 3 1.540 2.: iUO I 7.700 Bagoh ille.. . . 13 118.250 25 14,391 : t 1 65,731 Baie st. Paul. 21 164,512 26 18,052 100.710 Bt'auceville I l.l7, 130 28 26,872 3:J.234 110.215 H('ILuhamoilj . 2,577,897 489 600, 247 1. 506. 327 1 3, 2:J5. i88 Hedford. 20 1 3i4,222 721 53,104 b!J. (19t 2UO,895 Heloei/. . 20 1. 411.453 277' 426,6<;2 J71.!I31 1 2,470,6112 Berthier. . 10 24,552 I I 6,0411 48,928 65,889 Biem ille. . .. . .. . I I 13,6<;2 2,519 5, 326 1 16,6.';1 Hlaek lake.... 56.382 I.'') 10,255 35.460 61. 242 BromptoT1\ ille . J3. 666.226 306 ::25,7741 1. 121. 2.'j6 2,801,113 STATISTICS OF INDU;' TRI.1L CESl'RES 439 16.-Staiisti('s of IUanufactures b)T C'ities, To\\ ns and \ïllages of 1,000 population and over, 1920-continued. Cities and Towns. Estab- lish- Capital. ments. Queber-con. Buckingham Chambly. . .. Chicoutimi. .......... -. Coaticook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cookshire............... . Cowansville... ..... . . . . . . . Danville. . . . De chaillons . Di!'raeli... . Dorval. Drummondville... . Farnham.. . Fra erville.. . ... . Granby. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granùe Baie. ... . . . . . . Grand.Mère.............. . Hull. ............. Huntingdon.... ....... . Iberville. .. . . . . . .. ....... Joliette. ....... Jonquiere... . . . . .., . . . . Lachute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lachine....... ...... ...... Laprairie.. .............. . L.Assomption............ . La Tuque................. Laurentides. . . . . . . . . . .. .. Lauzon.... _. _............ Lennoxville . Levis. . . . . . . . . . . . Longueuil. . . . . . . Lorette.... . Loui eville. .. . !\Iagog. . Malbaie.... ....... l\Iancville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !\Iaifs b, ('Jtit>s. Towns and 'ïllag('s of 1,000 popul,ltion and m('r. 19:!D--continued. Cities and To\\ n,.,. Estab- lish- ments. Capital. $ Qurbrt-concluded. Terrebonne .............. Thetford Iines.... . . . . . . . fhree Rivers.. .. . . . . . .. . . Valley field. , .... . . . . . . . . . . \" erdun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Victoriaville..... . Waterloo......... . Wef'tmount... . \\ inùsor Ontario- - \('ton..... \Iexandria. Alliblon........... . Almonte. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Amherbtburg. . . . . . . . . . . A rnprior. . . . . . . . Arthur. __ __. Aurora. .\yhner...... . Barrie. . . . . Beams, ilIe Bea,-erton Belleville. . . . . Blenheim.. . Blind River.. Robca geon.. llo\\ nlanyille Braceuridge Hrampton. Brant ford Brockville Bridgehurg Bri hton . . . Burlington.. . Cal{'(-Jonia Campbellford Cardinal . ....... Carleton Place. Chatham ('he ley.... . Clinton.. . . Cobalt.. .. Cobourg. .. . f'ochrane ('olling\\ ood. . Copper Cliff..... Corn\\alJ. . . Deberonto ])re den.... . Dundas..... . Dunm ilIe. ..... . Durham. , I"a,..tview. I'gam ille nmira... Elom.... . . . rs,.,ex..... J:xeter..... . renelon Fall:. Fergus . Forebt. Fort J rie.... . J'ort J'rances. Fort \\ illiam.. .. . ... ..... nail. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... (;ananoque....... . (:eorgetown. ... ..... Goderich.. ....... GravenllUrbt...... . Grimsby......... . Guelph. .... lIag I' \ 'Ue.. . No. 18 40 98 46 6 38 22 J3 16 1,507,424 436,738 29,769,80-1 9,620,67I 79-1,0-13 2,907,089 385.965 1,480,716 3,638,969 18 :!2 31 2!J! 18 38 24 26 26 67 18 12 101 19 9 17 :J7 27' 45 21R !il 6 24 25 2: 3!J l:i JR 120 23 32 30 , 5 1 79 2:j 2<; : !II 48 2 5 HI : 5 l!ì 31 3u 22 2S 25 7 25 86 141 41 34 47 18 33 170 27 292,929 583 ')85 250:929 3,49: ,61O 6,5: 9,801 4, 6!H, 611 214,817 987,39S 1,244,742 795,552 227, ,159 70,44U 2,949,933 36.!,146 56,679 69,837 3,251,041 1 2'H -'n' 2:47I): ïï l 51.480,761 4,829,!J:'fì 2,566, 077 1 541,16. 580,471 1 315,S9!1 1,068,97X 3,011 -10 2,695, w:>/ 1O.8Ul,: !1" !120,91O 780, 7: 5 13,626,578 2,218,558 112,R43 6,105,61Z 2:JII,V16 11,2711,622 RH,714 57. ",)59 ';,917,8-151 2,883.334[ 6 : ! I 197,U". 1, ,')76, (',';ô 668, 62: 3tì1, 331j 275,5-13 143,8:!4 1,313,134 376,272 58,764 6,998,911 13,027,737 14,519,5"9 2,87J,662 2,980,953 1, 9R9. 246 571,230 9-18,824 15,078,034 134,171 Salarie& Cost and of wages. materials. $ S 336,498 572,866 154,4-10 246,811 6,266,320 12,9S0,697 1,909,141 5,979,079 201,702 775,191 415,239 8-10, : 52 lJ-1,6-1S 1 ;5, 63!ì, 467,345 938,0"5 766,137 1,058,585 91,578 233,003 -Iï:J,732 792,056 81,829 418,212 1. 128,636 2,222,781 1. U67, 197 5-15,6U 514,561 579, 20: ) 101,342 595,717 1 3U6, 2 5 659,987 212.661 1,283,348 220,921 914, 47S 1 ,I 93,610 2 : g , 1-1.722 5: , :105 1 6H,305 .161,567 .J6!J , 08-1 It:: ! 31. , 4 t9 I 57.92 487,17 1 1. 712, 2.!0 1'}!I,lt8, 458,161 í 94!J,:m7 2,067,21::i5 11.162, 863 1 22,077,879 1. : UU , n .. , 766, 83-1 !I6'!.057 1. 8 t: , 07: I 1I0,6'U : 25, 270 1M .45-1 5liJ, 262 I Em- yloyees No. ,')3 20_ sr 9,0113 1,263 57-1 123 16 7!J I 891 2,302 291 223 1 236 444 14. 8891 19 2,U8 260 191 885 734 197 10 40 547 2?'J 84 107 69 324 IG6 20 716 1,601 4,061 6-17 561 417 143 :J03 3,888 36 420 U9 6,099 2,338 154 450 130 : 59 554 110 477 IJ:J I,OSh lil9 543 l!1:. :H 2:>4 2.')1 lIt 24 8ß6 FI-1 ,), 70,JIi l : 88, nUl 515,733 875,-169, 2,621.11U , 2Xl,411 176,1761 2.'ì9,931 4:$1,159 1 24.'),075 976,1!J31 n,6'!7 2,032,05: 19 J, OU:! 1.')8,665 l,2UO,41j5 622,043 183,725 6,807 34, 204 519,303 23-1,427 76,801 7J,!191 52,9JU 310,U-IU 136,2!H 19,610 1,19-1,; 49 2,218,106 4,731,520 701,961 6-12,673 382,732 132,914 285,712 5,279,891 25,570 8. L41161 9:;,'),7!lt J 2,274,654 1 J : I 916. 796 1 617,281 177,765, 1,241,1)\61 161. 4511 1 1,427,255 21,261j 4' lf: g 1 7-12, 26; 1 1. 765, 9'i.; 1,428,311: 528,2-11 92,4!ì 3 1 251,8C,.J I,;}):!, 121 :!ï9.8-14 222,9Ui 406,h,,)4 lðl,46:1 j 1,172,713 452,6!1Q., 54,75'! 1 2,931,U47 9.1G6,:!2k 9,498,485 1,090,462 2,367,551 5, ;,,9,417 177,195 86D,672 10,175,6G6 177.2 1 Value of products. $ 1,152,-188 542,216 27,085,510 14,5. 6, 231 1,151,884 2,162,432 372,99Û' 1,811,898 2,911,617 427,466 1,,')74,748 594,542 4,905,119 2,074,627 1,476,132 s:n , 3: 8 1,:H2,1-17 2, W8, 281 I, .J92, 775 45J,894 117,062 3,4U4,154 614,320 787,487 84,:j36 2,870,156 9-16,U59 3, \105,278 41,317,82:J 7,522,113 3,187,579 531,409 1,001,6-16 1,1160,928 1,706,731 3,285,U12 3,496,029 17,260,430 1. 527,832 995,219 9"9,004 2,5U6,82b 477,096 3,193,06J 60, 96 10,173,519 1,723,256 1,175,5-18 3,74-1,:!91 2,539,715 774,959 119,798 324,740 2,:j94,636 i93,900 4I1R,2-16 588,164 2S-I , 30.') I, !HJ, 724 7-10,872 92,827 8,434,294 13,707,742 18,486,901 2,8!1!I,!J76 3,!HO,6H 7,26-1,367 49-1,202 1,439,584 19,800,432 275,202 SLl TIS TICS OF 1.\ DUSTRIAL ('EJI.;TRES 441 16.-Statistics of Jlanufactures b)" Cities, Towns and Yillages of 1.000 population and O\'(-'r, 192o-continued. Cities and Towns. Ontario-con. Haileybury. ............ Hamilton.............. .. Hanover. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harriston. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Havelock. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawkesbury............. . Hespeler................. . Huntsville............... . Ingersoll... .............. Iroquois. . Keewatin.... .." I\:cmptville.............. . Kenora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kincardine. .. .. ... . . . . . .'. . Kingston. ....... . . . . . . . . . . Kingsville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\:itchener............ .... Lakefield. Leamington.. . . . .. Lindf'ay. . . . Listowell.. . ..... London. . . L'Orignal. . . . . . larloc..... . . . larkham... . 1\latta\\a. . . . . . . leaford. . . l\lerriton. lidland. Milton..... ........ ... Mitchell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lount Forest... .. . . . . . . . . lorrisburg... .. . . . . . . Napanee. ..... .... ........ New Hamburg............ New LÜ,keard............ Newmarket.. ............. New Toronto............. Niagara...... . iagara Falls...... .. .. .. North Bay. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . orwich...... ........ Uakville. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orangeville. . . . Orillia Osha\\a.. ............. Ottawa. ..... Owen :-;.hmd. . Palmer,;ton Paris..... . ....... Parkhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parry Sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pem broke. . . . . . . . . . Penetangui!"hene......... . Perth... . Pcterboro. . .... Petrolia. . .. . Picton. . . Port Althur. . .. Port Colborne............ Port Dalhousie....... '" Port Dover............... Port Elgin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Port Hope.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Port Perry. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . Prescott.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preston. . . . . . . ., ......... Rainy River..... _....... RenÍ1ew. ...... .. Ridgeto\\ n. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . JJ.oc lanù.. . . . . . Sarnla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sand wich .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estab- lish - ments. Capital. No. S 115,904 144,763,907 2,165,596 202,420 62,125 5,770,168 5,214,570 738,815 4,932,636 378,944 4,2!!2.921 327,490 2,423,085 I,OOR,:m 13,267,416 603,651 27,452,571 1:!9,309 1. 6J5,1:H 4,331,4t.3 1,018,5-12 36,089,918 192,453 5:m, 66 64,!Jál 47,663 1,5:33,64:3 6,6,54,254 4,6JO,462 2,349,08:{ 823,869 76 ,OIO 150,487 888,960 847,417 4'>'{ 8'{'> 1,873:069 18,518,194 175,5.H 28,352,773 9,365,794 737,700 1,408,155 705, 264 6,577,817 2'1,197,710 49, 619, 6 0 5 16:1 84!! , 22:Ú6fj 4,620,006 169,547 1,310,585 1 4,6!J2,663 1,813,711 3,231,031 27,904,55J 670, 292 1 1,120,477 11,819,002 7,253,376 1,189,364 410,280 586,485 4,081,1641 238, ()' 1 783,8:n 5, '153, 1:{5 55,329 4'321' 565 1 367,332 714,748 25,500,269 198,445 19 795 35 22 15 32 28 23 52 20 4 34 26 37 174 27 216 17 39 83 40 464 7 30 12 11 34 16 44 31 24 32 29 48 31 25 27 11 7 135 58 27 35 28 62 78 552 101 21 43 19 30 61 ::11 46 172 35 54 59 22 5 15 17 52 23 29 61 12 59 35 13 89 14 Em- ployees No. 49 31,567 627 258 25 901 1,107 355 922 63 716 92 273 353 2,494 1:35 8 268 , 43 457 864 :3: 4 l1,2H ,12 75 28 13 476 1, 002 1 1.051 240 :333 127 70 259 263 196 582 3,361 53 3,409 1,408 195 282 1:.13 1,147 4,094 11,122 1,875 67 1, 27ti 46 2S1 1, 255 1 5:38 666 6,3U2 202 377 1,765 448 412 135 218 1,033 62 218 1,6g2 97 1,824 1.!5 558 3,239 193 Salaries and wages. s 50,945 40,904.240 558,476 95,340 10,010 1,286,017 1,141,095 419,317 1,088,704 42,835 1,139,931 92,876 370,336 328,676 2.555,403 138,77U 9,078,859 31,878 449,515 738,129 304,327 12,300,-156 36,652 6:3, 620 21,064 8,114 4 H, 227 1, 241,948 1. 2-11,588 327,824 260,351 119,608 54,9-1.8 239.080 225,236 227,177 657,837 4,066,541 40, 100 5,054,105 2,271,108 190,580 320,5!JS 10 1. 08 1,221,456 4,9H,4Ul 12,810,712 1,678,975 4 , 73U 1,056,636 39,,150 281,311 1,406,091 642,457 696,994 6,69-1,118 158,323 280,217 2,239,297 817,377 390,804 101.675 183,662 1,222,679 44,436 211,961 I, !!85, 627 16!J,091 1,038,836 103,4014 377,425 4,298,163 320,551 Cost of materials. s 75,022 85,500,298 737,036 195,736 60, 154 4,033,410 2,436,942 460,731 3,882,331 332, 653 18,123,988 260,679 2, 295, 76 826,4.57 4 '455'20i l 417,965 20,698,22J 90,478 t,318,359 1,598,621 1'308' 017 1 24,820,936 90, 782 290,6:38 166, 963 1 12,016 1,515,461 2,631, !!67 2,:373,959 345,817 521. 592 702,018 181,276 7U8,893 630, 7 9 303, 983 1 711.634 15,796,405 16:3,029 6,835,873 ., 0 8 '101 .;976:546 1,004,704 434,9-13 1,720,5U-I. 25,667,:>44 33,93 ,9:J6 2,816,446 481,765 3,850,839 148,337 354,755 3,420,622 1,903,708 1,703,425 25,148,511 558, 715 305,988 '> " S8 53 " 1 _,-,,-l. -' 12,251. 214 815,938 544,046 ' 444,028 I, ,136, 754 356,661 441, !J87 4,252,510 106, ,81j 3,004,066 3-13,787 1,128,575 18,620,147 434,768 Value of products. S 175,811 172,600,029 1,96.5,860 406,913 90,193 8,351,068 5,260,946 1,179,396 6.036,483 441,060 20,978,677. 409,787 3,014,253 1,536,971 8,949.226 731,277 43,095,584 151,176 2,674,494 3,217,098 2,000,775 48,888,185 186,117 487,557 228,314 31,526 2,638,218 7.210,083 4,5-12,973 1,101,971 1,151,642 1.020,654 275, 249 1,294,902 1,106,686 642,U35 2,396,957 23,128,912 282,4-12 23,230,696 5,448,704 2,536,760 1,797,896 677,2U3 3,965,240 36,061,962 57, 7U8, 929 6,149,898 664,323 6,705,409 248,239 1,002,269 6,261,481 3,050,713 3,115,110 38,013,283 934,388 1,841,654 7,457,816 15,623,557 1. 566,824 7!J,') , 311 695,366 3,759,068 488, 259 9U3,321 7,649,374 288,897 5,730,875 555,989 2,156,586 33,222,301 1,555,581 442 PRODUCT/ON 16.-!"tatistirs of "anufactures b) ('lUes. Towns and \ïUagt..s of I.OOU ))(J)mh&tion and O\'er, 19 O -continuc>d. Cities anù Towns. \Talue of products. Ontario -concluded. ault Ste. Marie. . . f-:eaforth..... . Hhelburne. . . . Simcoe. . . . . . . , mitJIS Falls. Houthampton. . tratford. . . _.. Ht rat hmy . . . . . . . . touff"ille.... . :-:turgeon Falls. . . . udbury..... . Ht. C'atharines.. St. Thomas... '" t. Marvs....... Tayi toèk. _'. Thessalon... . Thorold. Tilbury.. ....... Tilsonburg.. ... . . . Toronto. , Trenton.......... . T\\eed........ . Yankleek Hill. \ïctoria Harbour. Walkerton. Walkerville... . . WallaC'eburg... . Waterford. Waterloo. Watford. , Weiland. We! J:JR I. 074 114 3, 6:!:? 877 208 1 HJR 12-1 1 3' J I ' 2,1: 0 87!J 32 2-J6 64 26 69 330 3!J9 118 830 35 291 2,047 30 2:S, 729 115 119 25 140. 156 47 1 1 23i') 57 1,806 24 240 1 466 2, 450 1 1!J No. 6tH.5!J'5 , Ii. 872, 6)S 4.007,5% 761.084 H6,987 1 257,8:J7 3. 6%, 15 11:1, HI HI.415 J:J2,!J17,237 621.26!J !JO,266 40,791 22i'),929 :n5,: 80 5,ô!I,J, In 1,010.173 !Jl,636 I, 1{j:J. U:J 85,323 4, 611,: I!J 9!J6,053 187,7x:! 86,275 111) , 5:J8 5,853.858 335.2!1!J 2,004,192 I. 163. !J19 30,295 314,85 75,7!JS 18,2IJ9 91,921 390,135 512,055 161,328 l,o:m,761 21. 40!J 418,323 2, !J1)2, 5:J6 31,349 33. 573. 85R 182,561 l;ã: gil 1.'i8,074 227. 115 50,747 212,277 29,125 404,057 54,926 2,550,861 20,7!JD 310,331 575,009 3,848,881 18,415 919,717 1 9.552,572 7.072.!m.'i 1.424,6691 I, :J51. 212 1 6!Jl,OR3 9 172,724 400,267 2,827,6U 314,099,886 1 I. "0,615 479,861 174,311 708, 760 1 1.1 7,6:i2 18,86'5,993 1.14:J,425 1<;2,324 2,733,2tl:l l 395.303 15,O!16.865 1, 9!1S. 7: 91 224,0771 259,OR'ì1 302 , !J : I 15,O!JS.575, n:i. 726 1 6.846, fiIJI, 4. 35: , 236 47.5H 5t:J,252 61.0:J2 I: i'). 597 220,89:3 3, 337. 6M 6H,240 808,507 12,661,201') 18, 1IJ!J 6ll,I()I 2,422,654 5,'i,467 71.411,428 172, 49b I:H,821 56.074 2' 0, 04: 316,124 82, 156 116,361 I:J2,538 28R,4:i3 133,826 11, 850, ü96 5-1, !J7l1 ,')53,431 2,IS2,960i 10,522,40,,) 79,fi5'!, s 38,274,952 1,448,768 457,569 4,071,640 2,612,538 824,162 15,215,725 I, 435, O: O 128, 117 3,51fJ,4!J6 2, :J!17, 085 20. 778, 76: 12.8!JU,978 :J.7H!J,IJ:W 1,670,:Jï6 1,479,27!J 19,272,885 696,:H2 3,889,237 588,969,742 2,130,478 647,022 267, 187 1,103,631 1,917,846 31,808,30: 4,398,24IJ 840,24,,) 5,203,552 625,958 26, 285,060 4,021,010 631. 954 461,486 512,801 28,161,856 1. 583, 204 11,875,916 6.961,165 117,472 I. o:n, 026 lil,539 187,7:J4 369,016 4,IH,37:i 1.565,76!1 1,130,270 15,615,051 -I!I, !IS:! 1.1!I.'i,1J71 1,7!IS,405 11)8.558 1: 5. 721.fiS4 386,848 3,'i:J,717 1I:J,564 497.IH7 6[19.20!1 2U,J,185 39:J,968 184,491 7:;IS,4R6 267,866 18,79S,823 110,764 1,091,454 3,303,207 20,880,332 126.584 TYPICAL L\ DIVIDUAL JIASUFACTFHES 443 16.- t11tiStiCS of ìUanufactures b) Cities. Towns and \'illag:es of 1.000 population and our, 192o--concluded. E8tab- Cities and Towns. lish- Capital. ments. o. S :Saskatrhewan -conclu led askatoon. . 173 7,135,657 haunavon... . 17 99,933 wift Current 30 314,326 Watrous. .. 4 28, 183 Weyburn. 32 522,328 Yorkton..... . 32 395,064 Alberta- Blairmore. . . _ _ 9 276,419 Calgary. . 332 26,151,225 Camrose........ . 27 236,097 Canbton. ]5 147,438 Coleman.. . 4 59,425 Edmonton. . 306 17,753,6]9 High River. ]9 255,825 Lacombe. . .... ]3 ijI0,85] Lethbridge. ... . 85 4,203,76-1 Macleod. 18 267,63,1 Magra th 4 9,086 Medicine Hat 77 5,987,772 Raymond. . 6 179,490 Reddiffe.... " 12 2,138,286 Red Deer....... 27 332,289 Htettler. .. . . . . . 22 179,579 Taber... . 11 119,380 Vegreville. . 21 161,886 Wetaskiwin .... 28 27],8]7 British Columbla- - Cranhrook............... . 24 248,687 Chilliwack.. . 21 85,755 Cumberland. . 14 171,289 Fernie................... . 28 1,732,228 Grand Forks.... .. . . . . . . . . 8 170,447 I\:amloops. . . . . . . . 46 729, 35:J Kelo\\na.. . 40 1,109,855 LadY8mith. 14 73,860 :\Ianaimo. 6] 766, J89 Nelson................... . 53 1,271,643 New Westminster......... 11] 6,903,43] North Vancouver......... 27 1,780,56] Prince Rupert..... 45 5,645,396 Revelstoke. . . 2] 339,556 Hos8land . 13 5,122,963 Trail. . .. 14 80,391 Vancouver...... . 1,065 85,804,549 Vemon.. . 34 562,900 Victoria. 333 19,300,586 Yukon - Dawson.. . 11 1,435,574 No. Salaries Cost Value and of of wages. materials. products. S $ S 2,171,531 7,328,768 11,597,027 57,743 45,455 135,521 265,610 255,922 731,438 12,947 8,959 33,010 153,504 430,818 731,356 106.320 1 376,459 649, 986 140,658 142,664 39],5]3 7,828,482 22,384,770 37,214,562 : nl 347,655 561, 425 106,724 151,54.1 35,56lJ 17,357 67,300 5,981,330 ]9,6]1,249 31,939,693 39,636 71, 653 163,220 26,020 53,525 112,293 955.522 ],672,613 3,650,847 9t,718 293,839 455,567 7,040 862 13,036 1, 141,278 9.615,424 12,178,212 12,695 79,684 119,495 414,417 397,191 1,440,174 160,558 281,575 1 530,641 68,372 220, 202 396,482 35,949 26,223 80,342 40,035 95,56] 1 175,367 6:J,353 184,850 328,202 209,411 153,358 447,809 48,300 71,6]6 160,184 103,002 83,117 283,037 344,624 926,892 1,691,684 53,466 90,4]4 197,009 407,563 378,367 I,Ot3,635 301,260 708,912 1, 225, 557 48,6S1 68,990 237,342 375,034 535,865 1,258,793 5]8,763 520,303 1,:347,728 2,435,919 7, M8, 396 ]3,188,776 1,442,36] 1,361, 263 3,571,432 1,514,508 2,400,450 4,327,126 334,557 220, 708 639,426 ]28,784 73,768 912,922 61. 050 87,892 208,550 24.303,737 51,482,786 98,689,520 153,726 2]3,910 527,077 3,254,090 6,987,948 15,822,037 57,566 10,408 152,319 Em- ployees 1,642 41 198 8 112 87 82 5,670 78 22 26 -t,720 4] 23 673 78 7 R89 ]2 324 14] 62 24 39 60 154 46 88 242 46 292 2.19 40 405 380 1,792 958 1,063 224 74 45 24,674 136 2,719 34 3.- Typical Individual Manufactures. The forf'going discussion has furni llPd a general view of the r('('ent development of the group under which, to fac:litate the comparison of one broad type of manu- facturing wit h another, the numerous manufacturing indu tries of Canada have be-en classified. To supplement thi" treatment it is considered dp"irablc to desC'rihe tll(' evolution of individual industries, but considerations of paC'e make it impossible to deal with any but a fp,\" representative dpvelopments. The flour milling industry, the boot and shoe industry, the woollen industry, the iron and steel industry, and the chemiC'al and allied products industries, have bt'en :,;ekcted for treatment in this edition of the Year Book, to b(' fo!lm\ ed by similar studie-s of other industrie..: in subsequent issues. 44-t- PRODUCT/OX I.-The Flour Milling Industry. ince Canada is primarily an agricultural country and her cbief 1"a\\ material is wheat, it is natural enough that flour milling should occupy a leading po ition among our manufactures. It was t h(' first manufacturing industry in gross value of product in HH9 and the e('ond in In O, and its products enjo) a higb rf'putation in many ov('r C'as markets. The French Régime.-Flour milling dates back to the very earlie..;t days when the first permanent Canadian ettlement was made in lliO!) by the Frl'nch at Port Royal, (Annapolis), 1\ova :-'cotia. where in the s;lme y('ar the first wHÌf'r wheel to turn a millstone for the grip-ding of wheat on the orth American continent, north of Mexico, was ('rected. Other mills were construct('d with the growth of settlement in New FrancC', the number increasing from 9 in l{jß,j to 118 in 1734. 'Under eigneurial tenure the seigneur was given the right. to build a mill within his domain, to which hif' dependants were obliged to bring their grain to be ground into flour. For the u e of the mill the f'eigneur was entitled to a toll of one-fourteenth. This system has been regarded as a burden on th earl:,' agriculturi,ts, but, as a matter of fact the toll retained was in many cases insufficient to pay the wages of the miller, much less provide a profit for the seigneur, though the authorities continued to insist that seigneurs should build and operate mill:,. Upper Canada.-The coming of the Pnited Empire Loyalists to l'pper Canada led to the ('rection of mills for the grinding of grain produced in the n('w :-:ettIements. On of the earlip:,t miIl:-; was built at iagara. Fall..; in 1 ï ß. An Order in Couneil passed by the Imperial Gov('rnnwnt to ('Il('oura.ge the building of mills, provided that upon application the privilC'g(' of erC'cting mill:,; on goy('rnnwut water Po\\ er sites should be granted to re,..ponsihle parties for a specified time, after which t.he mill and water power were to revert to the governmelÜ; but a revision of the"e eonditions, which frequently re..;ulted in the miller lo<.:ing hi, propeny a, it was about to become profitable, was found nN'essary to put tlH' industry on a satisfactory footing. The Napoleonic war caused a rapid increas in the price of cereal:-; and an ('"\.port businc.s in wJ,eat and flour grew up, the e\:ports of flour inC')"('asing fronl 11,000 brIs. in 1 ï!)3 to 42,000 in 1 o . The Industry in 1830 and later.-The industry had now bf'come firmly eo.;tablished, as in 1831- 3D3 mills were operating in LO\VPr Canada and :H!) in L'"pper Canada. The exports of flour to (;reat Britain incl'f'a:-ed from !)n,O(){) ('wt. in 1 :n to 479,000 in 1810. To f'tem tll(' 4rong agitation which had ari:-('l\ in (;r(''1.t Britain for the r('peal of the Corn Lnw:--. :1 pecial preference wa, ('"tabli,hed in IX l: , whereby Canadian \\h('at ancl flour \\"('rf' 'ldmitted to Briti..;h marhets at tll<' nominal rate of one shillinJ!; per quarter of 4 0 pound". \\ hill' this prcferenee did not help Canadian agric'ulturl' as much :1f' Iwd b('f'n expected, the milling and c.lrryin trade..;, with ::\Iontreal a their centre, \\-"('1'(' J!;rcatly benefited. In \'if'w of the h("lvy in\'('..;t- ment in establi....hment.;; of a permanent character and the complf't ion of the t. La\\ rence canab for the purpm.e of diverting a profitable trade into Canadian channel", t]1(' repeal of the Corn Laws, in IS 16 and the final 10:--,.. of pr('ference in Brit ish marhets came as a severe blow to the Canadian milling and grain trade. With the Briti,h preference gone it s('emed advi ahle to Canadian milling and tran<.:portation inter('sts to link up "ith the main trade movement of the continent and to endeavour to mahe the Bt. Lawrence the joint exit for all North .\meriean grain. The revival of Canadian trade which Legan in 1849 wa,> the result of threc causes, the beginning of railway building on an exten i\'e :-(,:1le, the Reciprof'ity Tr(,:lty of }X.')4 :md the THE FLOUR JIILLING I VDUSTRY 445 Crimean and American Civil, wars, all of which led to high prices for Canadian farm products. The Modern Phase.-The next important .change in the milling industry was the intrcduction into Canada of the gradual reduction Hungarian process or roller milling. Large scale production in Canadian milling began with competition between the two processes, stones and rollers. Many of the small mills were unable to compete with the larger mills in the production of flour, and either disappeared or were transformed into chopping mills. By the eighties the roller process had secured a virtual monopoly of the flour milling industry in Canada. The farmers lost their market at the local mill, where previously the grain had been bought and milled to be shipped away as flour. Elevators sprang up at railway points and the grain was ground at the large milling centres. The opening of the West provided the vast supply of wheat. needed by the new milling industry. 'Yith the extension of tran:--:portation facilities more and more new land became available for agriculture. The high quality of Canadian wheat was now recognized throughout the world, and Canada1s large export trade in wheat and its products developed. 'Yith the increase in the availahle supply of wheat and the extension of the markets, the milling industry hafoi grown apace, so that to-day it has attained a capacity far beyonò the needs of domestic markets. The rapid increase in the e::\.])ort trade is shown by a reference to the number of barrels shipped to other countries, which stood at 1.1 million in the fiscal ye r ended 1901, -3 .0 million in 1911, 6.0 million in 1921, 7 . 4 million in 1922 and 10.2 million in 1923. Present Milling Capacity.-The total number of mills operating in Canada during 1923 was 1,333, with a total daily capacity of 128,225 barrels of flour. Over 110,000 barrels per day are represented by 163 large merchant mills. Easy acce s to the Atlantic seaboard has been a determining factor in deciding the locat.ion of the mills. In early times Montreal became the centre of the industry and has held its predominant position to the present time. The more important milling centres in Canada with their capacities include: ::\Iontreal, 19,400 brls. daily; Keewatin, Kenora, Ontario, 14,800 brls.; Port Colborne, Ontario, 14,000 brIs.; 'Yinnipeg- St. Boniface, Manitoba, 8,62.3 brls.; ß[edicine Hat, Alberta, 4,800 brls. and Peter- borough, Ontario, 4,500 brIs. Value of Materials and Products.-The total cost of grainiò used in the flour and grist mills of the Dominion in Iml was $146.1 million, and an additional $11.1 million represented the cost of the grain used in the chopping mills. The total cost of materials, including containers, was S164. ß million. The total value of products amounted to $194.8 million, of which $179.6 million represented the product of the flour and grist mills and V5.1 million the chopping mill . The value added by manufacture in the industry was $30.2 million. Out of a production of 15.3 million brIs. during 1921 about 7.3 million brIs. were exported, leaving 8.0 million brls. available for dome::,tic consumption, the imports being too small to affect the result materially. Based on a population of 8,800,000, the per capita consumption of wheat flour in Canada was. 92 brIs., valued at $8.ß9. The essential statistics of production and exportation of wheat flour by months, for the crop year ended August 31, 19:!3. are given in Table 17. The production was 18.8 million brls. and the eJo..port trade amounted to 11.1 million brIs., as com- pared with an output of 15.5 million brk and an export of 7.9 million brk during the crop year ended -\.ugust 31, 1922. -t-1G PRODUCT/UX l7.-Production alul E\.port of" heat Flour b)' :\lonths during the Crop Year ende(1 .\Ul!:ust 31st, 1923. 1922 I Wheat Wheat \\ heat Ground. Flour Flour Produced. Exported. Bu!-.helo;;. Barrels. IJarrels. 6,RRl,523 1. 552,566 697,379 9,452,479 2, 1.')6,257 855,232 9,758,599 2.2:?8,401 L2I-l,462 8,520,698 1,9-17,775 1.46':,651 7,218,825 1,643,794 1. 025, 357 6,432,297 1. 472, 95\1 779,418 7, 36:!, 245 1. 676, 668 1. 220, 942 6,0,17,907 I, :!83, 188 832,298 5,777"154 1,325,246 644,725 5,001,673 1,145,936 904,619 5.310,925 1,206,774 775,Ii6 4,656.665 1,058.014 656,795 82.432,290 18,797,578 11,069.054 - ., I 119.530,356 1 b.5.7,310, I 7, 878, õ!ì9 )Ionth. ('ptember. October... Xovember... Decem ber,. 1023 January., February. . )Iarch... . April... . 'lay.. June. July..... ...... .\.ugust... .... Total 1922-23. . . . . . . . .. . . . Tot all92I-22. . . . . . . . . . . . Other Statistics.-The total numher employed in 10 1 in the flour milling industry was 7,024, with a total annual payroll of .3 million. The mills had in 1021 a physical value of apprm..imatcly :-'37,000,000. and th(' working capital cmployed was another 822,000,000. The,.;c mill" are widely seattered, every province having a share, though th(' following lead with capital investment in millions of dollars as follows: Ontario, : 3.5j Qucbcf', ;jill.Oj ::\[anitoba, 6.4; askatchewan, $.3.0 and Alberta, $3,7. The total power equipment of the industry was 118,825 horse power, of which !):!,G3.3 was the rated mpaf'ity of the electric motors. "1'0 a very great extent future t'"\.pansion will be governed by the development of hydro-eledric power. The operation of flour mills i not a hu!"in8l's in which much labour is employed, hcnce the relatively high wagc standard in Canada is no great handicap in the competition for export bu iness. The :.;upprlativf' quality of the country's wheat, combined with its natural advantages for the location and operation of mills, supplies a ba.<.:is for a manufaf'turing industry of the grpatf':-t importance. 1 2.-The Boot and Shoe Industry. The boot and shoe manufacturing industry in Canada dates back to the earlie-;l days. It is first mentioned in C'ommunications forward('d to France by the Jesuits in 1ßG7, stating that it was impo:-::-ible for a country to exist entin.ly without manu- faf'ture!", and that there was already in op('ration in thc colony a hop for the manu- facture of shocs and hats. The first f'ensus of New France, taken in WG7, records a population of 3,:.n.1) pPI":-on", including :!O shoemaker . In Hi? 1 approximately one-third of all :-:hoe8 were manufactured from leather locally tanned. The tanning proce:-:ses until about this time w('re c"\.Clusively carried on by farmers. The first tran itional btage in the industry was taken when a tannery was established at Quchf'c in lfì70 and ox and moose skins were subjech.d to tlw tanning process. Progress of the Industry..-;\o public record is readily available on the developulf'nt of thc boot and h()c manufaeturing indu,.;try during the next hundred year:-:. LP to about lSGO the retailers had been purchaf.ing thrir :-tocks mostly from 1-\ pcciul hi!>torical un cy of the flour milling inllu...try \ a., i.. ue I by thf' Burt'au of Statistics in 1923 THE BOOT AND SHOE IXDUSTRY 447 the manufacturers of the rnited Rtates; only a small quantity of Canadian-made shoes werc marketed through the stores. The shoemakers at that time were engaged for the most part in supplying made-to-measure boots which they delivcred direct to tJlf'ir cu tomers. In 18!)9, however, the import duty was increased from 12! p.c. to 23 p.c. This additional protection provcd a stimulus to the growth of :,:ho(' manu- facturing in Canada, and available stati:-;ties record a continuous progre,.;s from that date to the prc:o:ent, the output inerca ing year by ycar, espccially in thc m('dium and eoari"e grades. hnp rts at the same time diminished and an export tradp was begun. '1'11(' fincr gnl0 p.c. of the total output of the industry. Not until the last decade of the 19th century was manufacturing on any large scale carried on outside of the horders of Quebec provinec, but in this period f'everal important factories with an increasing output were e..,tabli",hed in the provincc of Ontario. To-day the industry is practically limited to the two provinces, le:-;s than 10 p.c. of Canadian production coming from factories in other provinces. A statement rcgarding shoe manufacturing in :\Iontrcal in IS 2 wa" prepared for the :\Iontreal Board of Trade, in which it was claimcd that 30 hoot and shoc factories existed, employing 3,500 persons of bot h f'exes. The output was given at four and one-half million pairs valued at 3,400,OOO, whilc the total Canadian production of that year was placed at 6,750,000 pairR, giving :\Iontreal (it) p.c. of the total Canadian output. The machines in use in :\Iontreal faetories in 1 82 wcre reported as follows:-ü73 sewing machines; :34 pegging machines; 2R sale cwers; 23 sale cutters; 8 heeling machines; 4. eyelcUing machines; 2 punching machines; 23 sole leather skiving maehines; .')ü at h('r skiving machines; a4 rolling machincs; 2:J heel finishers; 23 edge finishers; 2R huffing machines and 17 beating out machincs. Modern Manufacturing :\Iethods.-In the decade 1 O to 18UO the art of shoemaking wa:--: rpvolutioniæd through the adoption of the Goodyear machincry, -t-lS PRODUCTION During this period the original models of the highly complicated machinery in use to-day were first introduced, permitting development by rapid strides and tendin to ('entralization of production in factOl'ie<; of large capacity. This development is best illu!.'trated by taking the first census after Confederation, i.e., 1870, which reported 4,HH leather hoe manufacturing factories, employing 18,719 per.;;;ons and producing boots and hoes to the value of 16,133,()3S. The very large number of establi"hments in that year shows very clearly the nature of the industry at that time. Individual e:;tablishment:; of small size predominated, employing but little help; the majority of uch plants could not be called factorips in the present meaning of that term, their average production bping under $4,000. In 1921, factories pro- -clucing less than 1O,000 worth of good number only 19 out of a total of 177, five factories reporting output of Sl,OOO,OOO and ovpr. Commodity Statistics.- The cost of materials used in the boot and shoe manufacture increased continuously between 1917 and 1920, the peah. in 1920 showing a total outlay of 40,300,OOO. The reports for 1921 show a total co t of 23,-l00,OOO, a decrease of M6,900,OOO or 42 p.c. The material used arc uhdivided into upper materials, bottom materials and finding::;. The upper materi:l] in 1921 cost $12,400.000 or 52.8 p.c. of the total, bottom materials (),900,000 or :W.4 p.c. and findings 84,100,000. Leather for uppers and linings shows a total of 29,400,000 square fept for tIlE' leathers purchased by mea<;ure and 1,200,000 lb . for purf'ha es by weight. f:ole leather in bulk i reported as 11,100,000 Ibs. in adrlition to the 4,000,000 pairs of cut soles. In the cbs ification of the boot and shoes manufactured in 19 1 boots and shoes, whethcr for men, ladies or childrpn, were counted as a pair uni t under the various processe!':. The large:,:t production is reported under IcJ{ay made ;;.:hoes, wit h a total of 5,600,000 pair in 19 1 as against ti,tîOO.OOO pairs in 1920, or a decrease of 14.7 p.c. In the second place are found welt shoes with a total of 3,700,000 pairs in 1921 comparcd with 4,600,000 pairs in 1920, a def'rease of 18.8 p.c. That there was a decrease in production during 1921 is best indicated by the statistics of quantities. The year U1l9 shows a total of 18,900,000 pairs, and in 1U 0 the quantity is given as 17,700,000 pairs, while in 1921 the total is down to 14,700,000 pairs, a drop of 2,900,000 pairs from 1920 and 4,100,000 pairs from 1919. The values on the othpr hand how an increase of $3,500,000 from ()3,300,OOO in 1919 to 566,800,000 in 1920, but a large decrpase of 22,200,OOO or nearly 33 p.c. to the $44,700,000 reported in 1921. Not only is the decreased value of output due to the smaller production, but also to a general falling off in average prices. Imports amounted to '3,500,000 in 1920 and fell to 1,700,000 in 1921, a drop of 51.7 p.c. Exports show a still greater decrease from more than 1,900,000 in 1920 to $1,100,000 in 1921, a difference of $3,800,000 or 77.2 p.c., the totals including rubber boots and shoes. As the values used in the compilation of the "tatement were factory values of domestic products or wholef'ale costs of exports and imports, the totals do not represent the cm,t to the Canadian puhlic for footwear, but instead represent the value of boots and shoes at the time they enter the commercial field for di"tribu- tion. A tendency on the part of wholesalers and retailers to lc.-: en their tocks developed in 1921, so that the actual factory value of boots and shoes pun'hased by the public would be higher than that indicated above. In a survey of employment &ince 1917 it is noted that the highe t paFoll was reported for the year HI O, "ith a total of $14,200,000 paid to 8,3G4 male and 4,8116 female employees. There was a decrea::,e during 19:!1 of $2,100,000 in thc pay roll, which was reported at 12,100,OOO, though there" as an incrpa!'e of 259 emplo) f'CS, THE WOOLLEN INDUSTRY 449 the totals being 8,496 males and 4,993 females. The highest employment was provided in 1919 with 9,775 males and 5,932 females, a total of 15,707 employees. The total of 13,489 in 1921 was a decrease of 2,218 employees or 14.1 p.c. from the peak of 1919. 3.-The Woollen Industry. The importance of the textile group may be judged by the capital invested at the close of 1921, $264,000,000. The cotton mills comprise the chief branch of the group, but the woollen section is now firmly established, the preference once shown by the consuming public for imported as opposed to Canadian woollens having largely disappeared. The range covered is quite extensive, embracing tweeds, home- spuns, serges, broadcloths and overcoatings. Flannels, blankets and mackinaws are of course characteristic Canadian products. Statistics show that at the end of 1921 some 88 woollen mills in operation in Canada, representing an investment of $30,562,848, gave employment to 5,815 people. Historical Note.-The manufacture of woollen cloth in Canada commenced soon after the arrival of the earliest colonists. Talon, then intendant of New France, reported in 1671 that the colonists were making practically all articles of clothing required, and from that beginning of handicraft industry there sprang up dozens of small custom carding plants, generally operated in connection with a grist mill or saw-mill. Many of the large woollen mills in operation today are the successors of these carding mills, developing with the country and as new machinery was'invented. Early Carding and Fulling Mills.-Early records of the woollen industry in Canada show that there were 91 carding mills and 79 fulling mills in Lower Canada in 1827, and 186 carding and 144 fulling mills in Upper Canada in 1842. In New Brunswick a census taken in 1851 indicated that 52 carding and weaving mills were located in the provìnce. In Upper and Lower Canada and the Maritime provinces there were at this time in all about 385 carding and fulling mills and about 250 establishments where weaving was carried on, apart from the handloom weaving done in the homes of the people. The extent of home industry is shown by the census of 1851, which shows that New Brunswick produced in that year 622,237 yards of home-made cloth; Nova Scotia 1,129,154 yards of home-made flannels and fulled and unfulled cloths; and that 4,765,000 yards of home-made flannels and cloth were produced in the two Canadas. Introduction of the Factory System.-The factory system in textile manu- facturing was now being introduced. Mter 1851 the prduction of home-made cloth did not increase to any extent, for the census of 1871 showed a total production for Eastern Canada of only 7,641,917 yards of home-made cloth; by 1891 it had dwindled till the total was only 4,320,838, over half of which was produced in Quebec. The manufacture of cloth in power looms in Canada dates back to about the time of the Rebellion of 1837, although operations in a small way were carried on in a mill established in 1827 at I' Acadie, Quebec, by Mahlon Willett, father of the late S. J. Willett of Chambly. This mill was equipped with a 24-inch carding machine, a "Billy" for making slubbing, a spinning "Jenny" of seventy-five spindles, and two hand looms. This mill was operated for three years, when it was moved to Chambly, where water power was available. It was conducted on this basis unti). the year of the Rebellion, when the new "Golden" process, cons.i::;ting of a first and seeond breaker and the condenser system of carding, was introduced, together with a spinning jack and four power looms. The first complete woollen mill in Ontario is supposed to have been founded in 1820 near Georgetown by the Hon. James Crooks. This mill was later taken over 12373-29 450 PRODUC7']().\' by Barber Bros. and in 1852 moved to Streetsville. About this time also a knitting mill was establi hed at Paris by John Penman and others. The industry was also introduced in the Ottawa Valley, a mill being established by James Rosamond and ,James Bell in 1845 at Carleton Place, and twelve years afterwards moved to Almonte. A large mill was established at Cobourg about this time, and in lRH6 the Paton \Yoollen MilL<:, which had been founded in Galt, Ontario twelve years before, were- moved to Sherbrooke, Quebec. Small custom carding and weaving mills sprang up everywhere, and in lR71 2;0 establishments were engaged in woollen manufacturing in the four provinces included in the census area. The annual wage bill was g0l7 ,8 7; the annual value of the products, $5,507,549; and the hands employed 4,453. There were in addition 6.")0 carding and fulling mills with a product valued at S2,253,794, employing 1,224 hands and paying in annual wages $146,370. There now occurred a steady tendency i:n favour of factory-made goods. These mills made cloth and their sale men went about the country, often from farm to farm, trading the cloth for wool, farm produce, grain or money; the latter quite rarely, as it was a scarce commodity in that period. This trade induced mill owners to install power looms, and many of the custom mills put in manufacturing cards, jackR and looms, and turned out coarse tweeds, étoffes, flannels, homespuns, etc., as well as doing t he custom work. The industry had grown to con iderable magnitude by 18S':;, when most of the woollen mill" of tre present time had been establi hed. The custom mills were beginning to disappear, as the larger mills were produc;ng goods of a better quality, with the result that the people began to gct away from the hand- loom product. The data foe 18R5 of the 240 mills doing their own carding, bpinning and weaving, with an equipment of 515 cards, 1,885 looms and 107,870 spindles, indicate the rapid growth of the industry. In a :--:light f'ketch such as this little comment can be added on the happenings in the industry up to 1!)00, except that a very Round and satisfactory development took place. During this period many of the cu:::.tom mills and small one- et mills, which had outlived their mefulnesg, gave way to the larger and morf' proJ!r(':-: ivf' mills which had kept their maehinerY'hp-to-date and "ere ahlf' to turn out a Letter cla:;s of product. Although the number of woollen mills had d('('r('ased to 2:J6, the number of looms and card:; had increaf-cd to 2,120 and 477 re pcetivcly. The loom..; were of the hroad and narrow t) pe, but in this computation two narrows are takcn as one hrond for purpol'es of cornpai'ison. Thp aggregate production of the mills in lR99 was 13,992,000 yard . There w('rp 333 carding and fulling mill<5 :-:till in operation, but the custom bu:--:ines;-; "as fast disappearing and during the BC}..t few years the majority of the e mill" p H.. ed out of e}..i:--tf'nf'e. Decline of the Industry.-The woollpn industry ill Canada declined tf'adily after 1x9ü, as during the ne:xt e'ight years Sx mill..; "ith an equipment of 12!J card,.. and .").59 looms wer(' forced to ('Io;-;e their doors. The indu trial f-toektaking in lüjO indicated that only 78 "oollen and \\or'ited mills were in operation in Canada, operating 224 cards :llld 1,1.")4 looms, and produeing appro}..imately 7,()lü,OOO yards of cloth. The value of the wovpn fabrics produced by the mills was $7,:339,541, or ahout one-third of the total of t he actual con:-tlluption of woonen woven goods. Expansion of Knittin "'\liUs.- \ny expansion taking place durin the period from 1900 to the outbreak of the war in 1914, was chiefly in the manufacture of knitted goods. .\ number of knitting mills "ere already in operation at the commencement of thi period, and many of the woollen mills had established knitting depr...rtments manufacturing hosiery and underwear. During thef-e years knitted I/;oods became increa:--:ingly popular, and a decided development took place in the' THE WUOLLEN INIJl T STRY 451 production of knitting machinery capable of manufacturing better goods and of much wider variety. A number of the woollen mills which had been closed following operation of the preferential tariff were re-equipped as knitting mills. The knitting industry durin this decade became much the most prosperous part of the woollen industry. Several very large successful mills were developed and numerous smaller mills were started. The invention and production of machines for specialty work and the growing demand for knitted oods encoura ed expansion. The initial cost of equipment was comparatively mall, facilitating the founding of small plants. The Industry during and since the War.-At the outbreak of the war the whole woollen industry was in a fairly flourishin condition, so that the enormous demand for both woven and knitted goods found the industry prepared to meet it. For the next five years production was preHsed to the limit. Established mills were re-equipped and enlarged and many new mills were begun. The knitting industry e,,--panded nearly 100 p.c., and the capacity of woollen weaving mills was increased_ Practically every mill in the country produced some sort of war material. Khaki frieze, serge, hosiery, underwear, puttees and blankets were in enormous demand for war purposes, and in addition the ordinary domestic demand was thrown back on the Canadian mills, owing to the inability of the British mills to handle export business. That the home manufacturers were able to meet this demand is greatly to their credit. :\Iilb operated to capacity night and day, and profits were to a large extent used for new equipment and enlargements, with the result that by 19 0 the industry was in a flourishing condition, well equipped, and in better shape than ever before to meet the changing conditions. The slump in trade that began in 19 0 and continued during the next year, with resultant losses in inventory and from cancellations, was a keen blow to the industry. Some of the newer mills failed, but the industry gpnerally met the 10s!"&1 successfully. l\Ierrhandi:as no market for pig iron. Some were exported to Buffalo, and a vessel load of stoves and castings was sent to Chicago. After the opening of the 'Yelland c311al two vessels were employed in the distribution of iron wares to the district within reach of lake Erie and lake Ontario. On account of the limited circulation of money in the country, business Was carried on largely by barter. Products which the customers had for sale were brought to the furnace and exchanged for the wares, or due bills were taken payable in iron ware. Among the articles manufactured were sugar kettles and kettles for making the potash which was the chief exportable article of the time. First Furnace in Nova Scotia.-Coal and iron ore were discovered in the Mari- time provinces as early as 1604, but it was not until the third decade of the nine- teenth century that a small quantity of bar iron was made in a Catalan forge from the ores at Nictaux. The Annapolis Mining Company erected a large smelting furnace, coal houses and stores at an expenditure of .-f:30,000. Smelting and casting went on favourably for a short time, as the iron produced was excellent both for foundry work and for refined bar iron. The works, on account of their small maximum capacity of not over 13 tons of cast iron per week, were unable to compete with British-made goods. Londonderry.-The plant at Londonderry, operated from 1850 to 1879, was the most pretentious endeavour that had been made up to that time in the iron and steel industry of Nova Scotia. The ironworks, consisting of Catalan forges, one puddling 154 PROD ur 1.'] OX furnace, one heating furnace. one furnace, one metal helve and onc blower, together with ore crushing roll . were built in lRf>O and later y<'ar!', with the purpose of devel- oping the iron depo it s of the Cobequid mount ains, which had been favourably reported upon by :-\ir William Daw on. The building of the Intercolonial railway near the plant \\ as a favourable factor, and a new company under the chairman!'hip ()f Dr. :-;iemens was formed in lR73 to take over the property. The manufacture -of teel by t he Siemens open-hearth proces!', steel rails. cast !'teel and spring steel, was proposed. The companye),.pended :-.2,.;00,000 in building a modern rotatory furnace, a melting furnace with regenerative gas furnaces and other purpo!':es. Like all pioneer enterpri!':es t he company had many difficuItip to contpot-ior to 1879 the Xova ('otia Vorge Co., with a plant at Trenton, was pngaged in manufacturing car a),.le-. and in gpnpral forge work. dppending upon \\ rought and s('rap iron as raw materials. It wa found desirahle to ohtain a supply of mild steel as a sub titute for the iron, and a plant was accordingly pJ"p(.ted for the manufacture of teel from imported pig iron and "crap by the ha ic open hearth process. .\nother step \\a tah.en by the cr{'ction in lR9 of a hla!'t furnaf'e at ]"errona or Korth Xe" Gla gow. The manganiferous ('haracter of the ores near Xe\\" Gla g()W caw-;ing f'ome diffi('ulty, the company acquired in 189--1: a large iron df'po:-it on Bell island in Concl'ption bay, '\I'ewfound- land, and !'hipments to the Xew (:Ia gow furnacl' hegan in the next year. A<::. the supply of coal from the ri(.tou field proved inadequate. the mining pi'opl'rtieH of the General ::\Iining ,\"' o('iation at ydm''y l\linl's \\ere pureha-:ed in lUOO, and in the following year the 1\ova :-:f'otia f'tecI and Coal Co. "a:-; formed to acquire the everal enterprises in question. Coh.p oven \\l're built at the new property, but in view of the deprp('iation of coke hy traJJ I'()rtation and nbo the horter distance from the \\ abana mine:'!, a ne\\ bla t furnace \\as con truetl'd at f-:ydney Mines in If104 and the old furnace at Xe\\" GIa:,.gow was eIo ed dO\\n. Additional equipment, consisting of 30 Bauer retort coke oven!', t hrel' bat t erief' of 40 Bernard retort ovens, three 40-ton open hearth stl'cI furn:u'ps and a rolling furnacc to be u ed as a mi"cr, were put in operation during the ne),.t ) ear. 1'\\0 npw rolling mills with the nece ",ary PO\\ P}' plant wpre in!'taIlf'rl at Xew Gla go,\ in In 10, and two years aftl'rwards the THE IRON AND STEEL I.VDUSTRY 455 Eastern Car Co. was organized to build steel railway cars at N'ew Glasgow, using steel made at the plant of the associated company. Dominion Iron and Steel Co.-The Dominion Coal Co. revolutionized the whole coal trade in 1893 by expanding the market to Kew England and St. Lawrence ports. The Canadian market was limited after the close of navigation on the St. Lawrence, and the New England market was interfered with by the Boston smoke nuisance law and increased import duties. The Dominion Iron and Steel Co was formed by allied interests to establish an iron and steel plant at Sydney as a regular purchaser of the coal. The extensive building operations carried on during 1900 included four blast furnaces with a capacity of 250 to 400 tons of pig iron daily, ten basic open hearth steel furnaces of 1,000 tons' daily capacity, a 35-inch blooming mill, 400 Hoffman coke ovens, a coal washing plant, a machine shop and foundry. The wire rod mill was in operation in 1904 and the rail mill commenced the execution of government orders in the following year. A further expansion was effected in 1912, when two open-hearth mixers with a capacity of 500 tons each were added to eliminate the necessity of purchasing expenf'ive ores. A third BeE'semer furnace was ready in the autumn of 1911 to assure a sufficient supply of iron and a larger output of steel per furnace, 120 coke ovens were put in full blast late in the season, and a new cold rolling mill am! e}"tensions to the old cold rolling mill, which was converted into a bar and rod mill, were al o added. A new merchant bar mill for rolling all sizes of merchant bar, rivet, steel bolt, and bar material, was also installed. The nail mill was operating by 191 , consuming a considerable portion of the product of the wire rod and wire mills. The Steel Co. of Canada.- The Hàmilton Blast Furnace Co., encouraged by the favourable terms offered by the city of Hamilton, erected a blast furnace with all modern improvements in 1895, and a steel plant, a spike factory and puddling furnaces, ",ere added two years later. To obtain the full benefit f the Dominion and Ontario bounties it was intf'llded to use excluf'ivcly eastern Ontario ores, but the content of sulphur was too large and it became necessary to import Lake Superior iron ore. Several 15 ton baf'ic open-hearth furnaces were built in 1900, and a 250- ton blast furnace was built seven years later to supply a large amount of iron to con- f'umers in Hamilton. Kew bolt and bar mill:,: were also added to the equipment. The Steel ('0. of Canada was formed in 1910 to amalgamate the Hamilton Iron and Steel Co. with the l\Iontreal Holling :\Iills Co. and other concerns. The additional equipment installed in 1911 included a blooming mill, a rod and bar mill at Hamilton, and two more 50-ton open hearth furnaces were put in operation in the following year. Algorna Steel Co.-The Algoma Steel Co. was formed in 1901, and a larf;!:e plant ('onsisting of two Bessemer converters, a blooming mill and a rail mill with a daily capacity of 600 tons of Bessemer steel ingots and 100 tons of rails, was constructed. As the Helen mine ore did not contain the proper percentaJ!;c of phosphorus, are was imported from Minnesota. Contracts were let in 190.3 for new open hearth furnaces of 200 tons' capacity suitable for the u e of Helen mine ore. During the next two years new coke ovens were built and plans laid for new coke blast furnaces and steel furnaces, to keep the fini,-,hing mills supplied with raw materials. Further e"pan ion in 1910 included the purcha:,:e of the stock of the ('annelton Coal and Coke Co., operating coal areas of 6,000 acres in \Yest Yirf;!:inia. One hundred and ten by-product Koppers coke ovens were built and in the next year an l -inch and a 12-inch merchant mill to produce track fat-:tenings \\ere iUi:>talled. I<'rom 1910 until the outbreak of war thf' expansion of th(' plant was almof't continuous. A 456 PIWDUCTIOS 35-inch blooming mill, a 28-inch rail mill, a 350-ton tilting melting furnaèe for the open-hearth department, three 40-ton open hearth furnaces and a 500-ton blast furnace were added to the cquipment in 1911 and 1912. Additional open hearth furnaces and a merchant mill for the production of heavy structural steel were completed in 1914. The War Period.-The iron and stcel industry passed through many vicissi- tudes during the war period. The development between 1900 and the outbrcak of the war had becn rapid and practically continuous, and the dislocation of the first two ycars of v.ar brought about a temporary setback. The receipt of munition order , as well as the restriction of the ovcrseas import trade, created a buoyant demand in 1916, which was immediately reflected in the activity of the primary iron and sted plants, encouragcd by the efficient policy of the Imperial Munitions Board. The monthly production of pig iron was maintained at an average of about 9S,20 short tons during the last three years of the war, while the average monthly production of steel was 140,214 tons. Post- 'Var Problems.- The problems of development and of intensive pro- duction to meet war demands were no more serious than were presented during the post-war period. Mtcr the war it was neces ary to convert the machinery of the finishing mills from war to peace-time prcduction, to find markets for the surplus production of plants that had beên greatly e>..-panded, and to endeavour to furnish employment to a force of employees far in excess of those employcd under normal conditions. Contrary to expectations, prices fluctuated only slightly at the begin- ning of 1919 and then followed an ascending curve until the autumn of 1920. The beginning of 1921 saw the ending of a period of unusual industrial e>..-pansion and the beginning of a pcriod of depression ushered in by falling pricps. Considerable recovery was effected during the latter part of 1922, and in the first nine months of 1923 the average monthly production of pig iron, 84,000 short tons, exceeded compar- ative post-war records with the exception of the year 1920, when the average was about 89,600 tons. The amalgamation of the Dominion Steel Corporation, the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. and :elated companies, to form the British Empire Steel Corporation, effected during the period under review, was of far-reaching lIDportance from the standpoint of organization. 5.-Chemical and Allied Industries. Early Conditions.-The first important dcmand for raw and manufacturcd chemica15, apart from their direct domcstic and medicinal uses, came with the development of the textile industry. As a result of the organization of home and domestic industries, the necesRity of dyeing and bleaching wool used in yarn and cloth became greatcr v. ith each generation. Eventually coal becarrÍe a sourcc of chemical supplies, the coal tar intermediates forming the foundation of dyestuffs. Before the war Germany controlled the world market for dyestuffs, owing to the favourable nature of Gcrman coal and the advance of chemical research in Germany. During the war inve.<,tigation into various dye processes was carried on in allied countries with a view to utilizing domestic supplics, and indcpendence of the fonner source of supply is now assured. At the emcrgence of the factory system it was found that the chemical industry lay at the foundation of many othcr industrics. l.'or example, as the sonp industry requires large supplics of soda, supplies of salt for the reccntly establi hcd Canadian soda industry are being produced in Ontario. Again, the farmer has recently begun the use of artificial fertilizers, more especially as during the war the demand for CHEJIICAL AND ALLIED LVDUSTRIES 4.37 increa..<;ed cultivation led to the breaking up of considerable new ground, which required fertilization; the chief materials in the manufacture of these products are sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and the potash salts. 'With the transition from an agricultural community to a more advanced industrial stage, centring in the main around the industrialized areas of Ontario and Quebec, various other industries developed, all of which needed chemicals in their processes. Hydro-Electric Power and the Chemical Industries.-Chemical industries associated in many phases with the use of hydro-electric power have recorded marked growth in Canada in recent years. Owing to Canada's great water power resources and in particular to the fact that many water powers are situated near tidal waters, there is an opportunity in this country for the expansion and establishment of new chemical industries. Electric refining, at first applied to copper only, is now being extended to all the metals, and the electric current is also employed in their extraction from the ores. The production of aluminium, of the abrasives, of new refractory material"! and of graphite, have already created large industries. The fixation of nitrogen, with its many subsidiary industries, such as the manufacture of nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, explosives, etc., the reduction of magnesium and the production of innumerable chemical compounds known at present only to the special ttades requiring them, are now under commercial development. Noteworthy progress has been made in the output of calcium carbide, which can be readily marketed in countries dependent for their domestic manufacture on electrical energy derived from coal. Exports of this chemical increased in value from $161,000 in 1914 to $2,261,000 in 19 2, mainly to the United States. The development of cheap elec- trical power has contributed to the advance of industries using electro-thermic reactions, the intense heat which it is possible to develop by electrical means being a specially advantageous factor. Coal Tar Distillation.-Coal tar, accumulated in large quantities in the early days of gas making, was a by-product which, after having been a source of trouble, became of immense value owing to later research. Its only use in the earlier period was in burning under the retorts in the gas plant, where one part could be utilized with about four parts of coke. But the condition was altered by the discovery in distillates from coal tar of a number of important substances used as intermediates for the preparation of explosives, aniline dyes, synthetic perfumes and essenccs, disinfectants and medicinal preparations. It is now the practice to distil off the lighter constituents, obtaining the valuable intermediates, and to leave the residual pitch or tar of sufficient consistency to be used for all ordinary purposes. Formerly coal tar was obtained chiefly from illuminating and fuel gas manufactures, but the advent and general use of by-product coke ovens has brought about an enormous increase in the output of coal tar, and by far the greater part of the Cana- dian production is derived from the latter source. In the industry consisting of the distillation of coal tar and the manufacture of commodities such as disinfectants from coal tar and its products, two firms operating in 1920 discontinued in the following year, but the remaining nine firms accounted for 8.5 p.c. increase in the capital investment, in spite of the fact that the total value of the production declined to 58 p.c. of the $2,000,000 output indicated for 1920. The cost of materials in 1921 was $456,000, leaving $727,000 as the value added by manufacturing. Heavy Chemicals.-The heavy chemicals occupy an important place in among the products of the nation, but it is not often that the utility of these com- . modities is appreciated by the general public. This indifference is due to the fact that acids, alkalies and salts, the principal products of the industry, are not readily 158 PRODUCT/OX identified in the fini:s}u'd commodities of commerce; in addition, the production of the neces:-;ary heavy chemicals for use in further manufacture is ofh'n carricd out in cluse proximity to the main plant, u\\ ing to the CO"it of transportation and the danger of handling large quantities of sueh products. The manufacture uf sulphuric acid is a factor determining the status of the chemical industry, and in a hroader sense is an index of f,!:eneral indu::;trial activity. Some 72,8ü3 short tons üü o Baumé were manufactured in 1920, the materials used being 38,61Ü tons of Canadian pyrites and 13,500 tons of brimstone imported from Louisiana and Texas. Mure recently, sulphuric acid has bccn made by a plant in Ontario con:-;i:,ting of two acid chamber-units with a daily capacity of 120 tons. \ The acid is largely used in making acid pho phate for domestic consumption. The apparent consumption of sulphuric acid for Canada during IH21 was 44,530 tons, the production being 47,195 tons, the imports 9-1 tons and the e}"ports 2,759 tons. A division of this industry which is dependent upon h)"dro-dectric power is the manufacture of calcium carbide, produced by fusing lime and carbon toget her at the temperature of the electric furnace. The proce:-:s is a Canadian inwntion, but there are now a number of plants in other countries. The chemical is u ed exteiu;ively for the production of acetylene gas and the manufacture of calcium eyanamide. The three plants manufacturing calcium carbide in Canada are located at Shawinigan Falls, at "relland and at :\[erriton, Ontario. For the fiscal year ended :\Iarch 31, 1923, the exports of calcium carbide were valued at $2,358,lüO. The manufactures in the calendar year 1921 were 70,794 tons, valued at c;:;,4,726,46!>. Calcium cyanamide is manufactured in America exclusively on the Canadian side of Xiagara Fall.;;; hy causing a current of atmospheric nitrogen to pass over calcium carbide made red hot in an electric furnace. About 30,000 electric hor epower are uscd in the fixation of about 15,000 tons of air nitrogen every year for the manu- facture of cyanamide and cyanide products. The former is marketed in the L'nited :-::ítates, and the latter. made by fusing crudf' cyanamide with common salt in the electric furnace, is shipped to the gold and silver mining di tricts of the continent for use in the reduction of ores. The i)roduction of calcium cyanamide in 1921 was 25,291 ton::;, valued at $1,486,733. Employing upward of 1,800 pen-ons and making produf'ts valued at almo:-;t 814,000,000 annually, the firms engagcd in the manufacturc of industrial chemicals other than coal tar products, including sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid:" caustic soda, salt eake, calcium carbide and comprcssed gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, ammonia and acetylene dis:-,olved in acetone, have made rapid strides in recent years, until at the end of 1921 there were .")0 plants in Canada engaged in the e industries. Paints. Pigments and Varnishes.- The increas('(l U:'f' of paint and varnish in Canada has been due in part to thc volume of nf'W construction. but perhap:-; more to the gro\\ing appreciation of the value of cOm'ervatiull. The industry ('orroùed pig lead in 1021 for tll(' prcduction of 7,íi: 7,OOO Ibs. of dry white lead and 11,03:3,000 lbs. of white l(>ad J!;round in oil, in addition to 1,724,000 Ibs. of litharJ!;e. The total quantity of ready mi"\.ed paint!' produced in In21 wa:-; 2,372,000 ga]]ons worth :'tß,909,000, and the varni hes w('re ne t in importance, \\ith a prudu('tion of 1,394,000 gallons, valued at ,5 ik.OOO. The imports of paint:-;, piJcrllents and var- nishes in the calendar year 1921 were valued at 2,.") I!I,OOO; the e purts wcre worth S48S":>03. The tutal value of Canadian produdion "af> Jð,OU,OOO. Present Position.-The output of chemicals and allied product during 1921 \\as q,200,OOO, a again...:t 121,700,OOO in the prf'('('ùiug year, a deelille of 4,!)00,- CONSTR'LTCTIOlv 459 000. Toward the end of 1920 consumers demanded lower prices, and in 1921 a nation-wide reduction of inventories and dt'flation in prices occurred. The cost of materials reflected the lower prices prevailing, and for the group amounted to $42,400,000 in 1921 as compared with nearly $60,100,000 in 1920, a drop of about $17,600,000. Thus the value added by manufacture during 1921 totalled $44,700,- 000, as against $61,600,000 in tht' preceding year. De!'-pite Canada's recent advances in the manufacture of chemicals her external trade in f'uch products still shows a strongly adverse balance. During the fiscal year ended 1\Iar. 31, 1923, the imports were $25,800,000, and the e l1orts of Canadian productf' WNe 14,000,000. IX.-CONSTRUCTION. Construction is the most con picuous example of a great indwstry carried on in almost complete dependence on a local demand. The building industry is not only the most widespread in its operations; it is one which e pands most rapidly in good times, when it attracts great numbers of general and casual workmen. This charac- teristic explains the high rate of unemployment. from which the industry pericdically suffers. Again, apart from the effect of cyclical fluctuation of general business conditions, the construction industry is highly seasonal. In the winter there is a serious contraction, especially in outside operations, while in the other seal'ons the contractors employ a much larger number of men, casually engaged, than can be maintained throughout the year. A considerable portion of the men are in no sense skilled artisans and the I-'upply of unskilled men is generally in excess of the demand. :Morcover, conditions in the industry are being transformed on account of the increasing subl-'titution of reinforced COlll'fete for wO(1d and brick cunstruction. Relation of Construction Industry to General Business Conditions.- I"tati:4ics showing activity in con tructioll are of particular interest both to those engaged in the industry itself. and to those concerned with the supplying of its raw materials, such as lumber, steel, cement, paint, glass and hardware. All of these latter industries are prosperous when the construction industry is active, and depressed when it is at a standstill; again, the effects of their activity and depre:,:sion are felt throughout the whole field of industry, so that the current conditions in the construction industry react powerfully upon the whole {'co nomic life of the nation. Thus, in the period between 1909 and HH3, construction, largely financed with borrow- ed money, contributed in large measure to produce the" boom " of thof'e years. The growing recognition of the importance of the construction industry in the husinef's cycle has led in recent years to the propoðal that, since construction is largely carried on by public authorities, it should be stimulated by thef-'e authorities in periods of depresl-ion and suspended in "boom" periods, so as to contribute toward that stabilization of indu trial conditions and of employment which is considered df'sirable. Thus, after the armistice, when a period of depression was tpprehended, the shipbuilding programme of the Dominion Government provided employment for many thrown out of work by the stoppage of the munitions industry. :-;imilarly, in the depression of 1921 and 1922, much employment was provided by the carrying into effect of the" good roads" programmes of the provincial Goyern- ments of Ontario and Quebec. Statistics of construction are issuf'd hy the Dominion Bureau of :::;tatistics under four headings: (1) a urvey of the Building and Construction industry, as carried on by contracting concerns; ( ) Bridgebuilding; (3) hipbuilding; and (4) Hailway Construction and Maintenance. 60 PRODUCTION In the general sur\ ey of production included in the present Year Baal (ße(. pp. 216-220), the value of production of the construction industry comprises the branches engaged in housebuilding and allied contracting, bridge building, electrical contracting and shipbuilding. The value of the contracts awarded in the four classes during 1921 was $121,836,367, while the cost of materials uf-:ed was $45,439;- 960, as compared with $206,168,135 and 870,294,091 respectively in 1920. (Table 1). The number of salaricd employees and wage earners, together with the amount of salaries and wages paid, is given for both 1920 and 1921 in Table 2. I.-Cost of IUatt'rials and Yalue of Products In tht' Construction Industrlt's, a reported to the Industrial {'ens us, 1920 and 1921. :-i urn ber of Yalue added by the establish- Cost of materials. Value of products. ments. industry. Industries. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. - - S . S S S S General construction 1,548 1,501 40,424,944 31,155,060 126,991,068 85,224,331 86,566,124 54,069.27r Electrical contracting 284 336 2,012,679 2,327,454 4,918,639 5,054,203 2,905,960 2, 726, 74 Bridge building. . . . _ _ 17 14 6,904,251 5,971,417 19,432,732 12,048,774 12,528,481 6,077,357 Shipbuilding. . . .. .. . . 82 3820,952,217 5,986,029 54,825,696 19,509,059 33,873,479 13,523,030 - - - Total........... . 1,931 1,889 1 70,29,1,0914:,t39,960 206, 16S, 135 121,836,357 135,874,0,14. 71,3",417 2.-Emplo)ees and alari('s and Wagt's disburst'd ill the ('onstructlon Industries, as rC'portC'd to the Industrial CC'nsus, 1920 and 1921. .r-;umber of Number salaried Salaries. of wage Wages. employees. earners. Industric!". 1920. I 1921. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. - - - - - - S S S S General construction. .. 2,435 2,434 4,703,015 4,334,658 32,565 26,583 40,163,504 30,652.227 Electrical contractinfl:. .... 229 - 338,312 - 1,146 1,278 1,354,604 1,507,625 Bridge building . ... 687 456 1,442,770 1 ,O.:?O, 564 2,349 1,576 3,526,988 2,279,097 Shipbuilding. ---- 1,234 451 2,434,9-17 1,164,425 13,613 5,293 18,776,607 7,316,73. - - - - --- - Total . ............... t,585 3,3U 8,919,0,1,1 _,519,6n 4.,673 1 3,1, 7.JO'I3,"'!I, 703 41,755,I8C I In the course of the census of induf-:try, returns were receivcd regarding the 1921 operations of 1,501 general contractors engaged in building and gcneral construction. The value of the contracts executed by these firms was $85,224,331. The value of the contracts completed by their sub-contractors was $20,809,040. The total value of the contracts completed by the 1,501 concerns and their sub-contractors was 1106,033,371. The gross and net values of the contracts completed in four branches of the construction industry are given in Table 1, while the nature and the value of the work performed by the general contractors and their sub-contractors on the structures find works in question is given in detail in Table 3. CONSTRUCTION. 461 3.-Value of General Construction completed, by Classes of Work, 1921. Classes of Works. Buildings- Private premises, residential. . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . .............. Private premises, trade, business, etc..... . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . Public premises, municipal and government. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Places of public worship and buildings connected.therewith...... (',onstruction, other than buildings- Highways and bridges, including roads, streets, walks and surface drains....................................................... . Sewers and sewage disposal works.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tunnels, subways, culverts.............. _. _................... Public conveniences, baths, play grounds, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harbours and Docks- Harbours, wharves, piers and jetties... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Docks, wet and dry. .. .. . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canals and waterways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dredging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . River and sea walls, embankments, etc......:. _...... _......... Miscellaneous- Waterworks, reservoirs (mains and service)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydraulic works (mains and' service). . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas works (mains and service).... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land drainage works. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irrigation works................................................ Mine shafts and adits.......,........................... _....... Electric lines and works, telephones, etc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Railway construction. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. ......................... All other works.... . .. .... .................................... Value of works carried out on New Alteration construc- maintenance Total. tion. and replÚrs. S S S 14,988,676 5,135,187 20,123,863 21,092,377 3,586,369 24,678,746 15,898,768 718,080 16,616,848 2,045,551 382,492 2,428,043 14,492,107 1,175,369 15,667,476 1,819,840 249,459 2,069,299 211,678 1,200 212,878 107,669 90 107, 759 3,488,643 182,410 3,611,053 1,933,392 36,467 1,969,859 3,372,819 16,896 3,389,715 1,564,199 249,121 1,813,320 304,182 3,393 307,575 2,186,006 662,780 9,300 683,610 217,203 3,700 459,145 3,715,768 3,106,275 9,657 1,000 6,776 17,995 5,900 2,000 68, 735 1,040,593 780,494 2,195,663 663, 780 16,076 701,605 223, 103 5,700 527,880 4,756,361 3,886,769 Total ,aloe of work done............................ 92,363,688 13,669,683 106,033,311 Construction in Transportation and Public Utility Industries.-The expenditure for construction by the transportation and public utility systems is incorporated in their general maintenance and structural accounts. The mainten- ance of way and structures account of the steam railways in 1922 totalled $79,887,- 565 as compared with $88,268,355 in 1921. There were 495 miles of new lines opened for operations during 1922, 267 miles completed but not opened for traffic, and 1,115 miles under construction. The total mileage, inclusive of all tracks, in 1922 was 52,273 as compared with 52,155 in 1921, a net increase of 118 miles. The expenditure of electric railways on maintenance of way and structures account increased from $3,721,603 in 1921 to $3,877,482 in 1922. The length of their main line increased from 2,186.95 miles to 2,237.82 or by 50.87 miles. As for the growth of the telephone systems of Canada, the pole line miieage increased from 178,093 in 1921 to 184;147 in 1922 and the wire mileage from 2,268,271 to 2,396,805 in the same period. The property and equipment account was $158,- 678,229 in 1921 and $167,332,932 in 1922. The pole line mileage of the telegraph systems increased from 52,784 in 1921 to 53,096 in 1922, and the wire mileage, which was 250,802 in 1921, increased by 11,541 in the following year. The line and equipment account was $1,409,728 in 1921 and $1,507,016 in 1922. Contracts awarded.-The total value of contracts for construction awarded in Canada during the calendar years 1918 to 1923 inclusive, according to the compil- ation of the MacLean Building Reports, Ltd., is given in Table 4. 462 PRODUC1'ION f.-\ alue of Construction ('on tracts a\\ardf'd in ('anada. t9t!'S-t9 3. accordlnJ1; to the compilation of 'lacI.l'an Building Reports, Ud. Distribution. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. Geographical Dh i ion. raritime.... . ........ 23,180,300 18,772,600 21,395,000 9,288,900 11,154,000 8,749,400 Ontario. . ...... 33,385,200 87,356,800 108,120,800 113,855,000 166,628,000 156,151,800 Quebec. . -. 23, 6.H, 700 55,277,800 54,904,600 61,3:n,500 103,291,800 102,569,800 We tern. 19,634,900 28,621,100 78,185,100 55,651,900 50,770,000 46,783,300 Type of Building. H('sidential. . . : .OO.- 14,661,800 47,015,100 54,891,100 76,655,400 104,201,500 97,645,200 Bu,..iness.. . ... 26,196,800 59,606,400 86, on, 200 84,721,700 81,385,700 80,436,800 Indu trial .... 38,975,200 57,091,300 64,625,900 16,503,700 25,755,800 27,022,000 Fngineerinl!: ... 20,008,300 26,315,500 50,015,300 62,252,500 120,500,tiOO 109,150,300 - 2-10.1 :J.3uu: 331. -I3.800.13U,254.,300 Total ...... 99,S-l , 11111' 190,02". 1I1I 2,'i.'I. 6115.500 ITotal rcvi::.ed to include final return as to CO'it of road construction during 1922. Building Permits.- Th(' antieipated value of con:-;truction in 3,3 Canadian citic:-;, a:-; indicated by their building permits, is :-;hO\\n in Table 5 for the years 191b to 192:3 inelu:-;ive. The e I'itie:-; had in 1921 a total population of 2,,)32,19:3, or about 28.R p.c. of the total population of Canada. In 1922 the building permits were $122,6,55,.381 as again:-:t a total 331,g-t:3,XOO for Canada as a whole, or approximately 3ï p.C'. of the total e...:timated building. á.-Yalul's of Building Pf'rmits ta"'en out in 35 ('ltl(' for th,' calendar) l'ars 1915-t923. City. m,a Scotia- Halifax. . . ::;ydney . . X c\\ Bruns\\ icl.. )Ioncton. t. John. ( uchec - \Iontr('al- \Iai"onn('u, e.. . Quebec. ::;hCI'brooke. Three Hi yen '\e tmount. . Untario-- Bruntford.... . Fort \\ illiam .. Guelph. . . HamIlton...... hing ton. h.itchener. . [ onùon. .. . . Utta\\a Peterborough Port Arthur... ::;tratford. . . . . f't. Catharine" :;t. Thomas I'oronto. Winrl,or. . )Ianitoha - Br.mdon . . \\ innipe :-;a"l..atch('\\an \Ioo"e Jaw. HegiIW...... . Sa.,katoon. . . . -\.lberta- ( 'ull1;ary . . . . . . . Edmonton Briti"h Columbia-- Xl'\\ \\e tmin"ter. , ancouver. , ictoria Total d ('Ult>.. . 1918. S 2,866,852 428,783 147,425 351,323 4,882,873 90-1,375 150,9,!(J 6: 8, 975 275,211 761.500 5: 5, 615 8: ,OH 2,472,25-1 :UH, 94: 1 ')0)6 Oti' R77:()tJ 2'63:>'()U I 211,251 GICI,527 9, 786 465,7.!7 53, 395 1 8,535,3:$1 570,30;) 90,022 2,050,650 566,575 1,006,000 604,715 1, 1:16,800 351,470 108,300 1,450,229 289,760 1919. . 5,194,805 703,5:U 2,132,176 512,540 10,033,901 2 :n 1,242,450 883,131 1,173,580 627,930 603,259 5,087,462 657,679 1. 176, 9lil 2,455,170 3,252,322 196,36S 1,708,845 278, SSS 861,6:16 285,525 19,617, 8: 8 2,601,370 9S,541 2,918,000 590,895 1,699,010 1,404,5!J0 2,212,000 9Jl,346 16tì,2M:! 2,271,411 466,591 1920. S 3,421,379 886,937 1,201,673 1,035,300 14,067,609 2,301,480 3, 265, 5: 8 845,975 1,179,89ú 798,073 1,0-15,160 4\14,158 4,3-10,220 494,7:36 1,277,595 2,146,305 3,305,172 9. 9, 700 216,350 440.782 R30,632 258,821 25,7:37,Oti3 4,850,310 412,82!J 8,370,150 1,5:>3,095 2,597,920 1,150,585 2,906,100 3,231,955 319,109 3,569,666 1,207,572 1921. S 2,199,398 556,813 699,520 574,500 21,291,273 3,695,397 75: , 900 1,286,740 1,576,29;) 40",445 8!J. , 050 4: 3, 257 4,6.;9,450 591,515 !J: 2,050 2,527,510 2,716,4(,!J 5-11,754 11:J,5U9 276,Ob9 776, ; 60 u. , 6ill 23,878,216 5,123,110 7-19,190 5,580,400 500,177 2,160,0:38 774,466 2,298,800 1, 56: , 696 264,870 3,045,1: 2 977, 167 1922. 1,752,632 604,847 1,037,942 707, 100 21,132,586 5,:\97,566 712,000 1, 19: , 650 1,770,032 465,420 1,4-16,685 96-1,811X 4,928,465 701.495 2,461,321 2,605,6:10 5,021,782 4:m, 154 1,1b7,429 700,527 1,290,576 221,96-1 35,237, \i.!5 4,143,495 225,029 6,875,750 379,180 1,784,124 l,8H!,90\i 3,102,700 2,338,109 332,050 8,661,695 1,033,004 1923. s S 378,699 319,162 385,461 358,500 27,12:>,863 4,78ti,933 732,100 7BO, 735 1,933,232 615,686 1,4:!5, 130 571,4b4 5,452,9JO 6-19,233 l,t'J3,:',!j2 3,261,065 3,521,h17 :'95,79B 2,tJ-tO,321 509,272 bO'i,31O 334, 239 30,bO!J,227 4,725,034 183,034 4,41'-1,100 289,39... 1,264.030 852,548 821,840 1,48 ,670 350,&48 ð,277.574 1,050,160 36,"3",270 77,1l3.-Il 100.6.9.1\:'11 1 '1,;;II ,lbl, It2.b.'i5,.'iðl 111,171,321 EXTERNAL TRADE 463 VII I.-TRADE AND COMMERCE. This section of the Canada Year Book is divided broadly into two sub-sections dealing with external and int rnal trade respectively. The first of thef'e commences with a short history of Canadian external trade. the Canadian tariff, and recent developments in external trade. This is followed by 9 tables showing the historical development of Canadian external trade, and these again by numerous tables con- stituting a study of current external trade for post-war fiscal years, analysing exports and imports by groups, by articlcs, by degrce of manufacture, by purpose for which commodities are used, and by countries of shipment or of destination. In view of the specially close trade relations between Canada and the 'Vest Indies, whose products are in so many cases complementary to our own, the sub-section continues with a historical and "current trend" study of our 'Vest Indian trade, and concludes with tables compiled from British and United States trade reports, showing for recent years the agricultural commodities supplied by various competing countries to the great world-market of the United Kingdom, and the agricultural commodities exported from the Fnited States. The sub-scction on Internal Trade commences with an analysis of grain trade statistics, folh;wed by a treatment of thc marhting of liye stock and animal products. Statisti(' of commodities in cold storage are given, together with figures of the coal trade, and the sub-Fection is brought to a condu::::ion by a statistical treatment of bounties, patents, copyrights and trade markf'. I.-EXTERNAL TRADE. I.-Historical Sketch of External Trade and Tariffs. In the early history of the American continent each of the different European nations establishing settlements in the New ',"arId endeavoured to monopolize the commerre of its colonies, prohibited the ships of other nations from resorting to them, and prohibited its colonials from importing European goods from other coun- tries, generally granting them, however, preferential treatment in its own market. "Gnder these circumstances the colonial wars in America were carried on, by govern- ments permeated by the mercantile spirit, for "ships, colonies and commerce." Owing to this fact, wars resultinp: in the transfer of colonies from one European power to another involved great economic as well as political changes in the com- munity so transferred. The traders who had previously controlled the t.rade between the colonial power and its colony found their occupations gone, while new traders from the conquerinp: state arrived to take over the import and export trade, which thereafter flowed in new channels, pcrhaps no II;ore artificial than tho e which had · previously existed. Throughout the earlier part of the French ré(JÙne in Canada the foreign trade of the colony was in the hands of the monopolistic chartered companies, of which the Company of One Hundred Associates was the most notable. When its monopoly was cancelled in lûß3, the foreign trade of Canada still remained a preSf'rve of the merchants 01 Old France. rpon the conquest of the country by the British, the French merchants who had their offices in Quebec and :Montreal for the most part returned to France, and the trade of the colony fell into th hands of the traders from :England, Scotland and New England, who had swarmed into the country at the heeb of the invading armies. Some of their descendants are still among the leaders in Canadian import and export trade. 464 TRADE AND COJLUERCE For the first half century of British rule, Canadian commerce was carried on almost exclusively with or through the United J{ingdom, the nierchants of New England complaining, after the American Revolution, of being shut out from the Canadian trade. The geographical juxtaposition of the United States to British North America was, however, a factor which could not permanently be ignored. Smuggling became more and more prevalent as the proce s of settlement extended westward along the international boundary_ In 1 22 Great Britain made consider- able trading concessions to United States traders. In 1846 she abolished the prefer- ential treatment which she had given to Canadian wheat, and by 1860 all vestige of preference to colonial products had disappeared from the Briti"h tariff. As a consequence the colonies, which, like Canada, were by this time enjoying responsible government, could not any longer be refused the ril?;ht to control their own com- mercial policy-a fact which was emphasized in an important report prepared in 1859 by the Minister of Finance, Sir A. T. Galt, and forwarded to the British Govern- ment. This report declared that the responsibility of the Canadian Government must be to the Canadian people, more especially in matters of taxation, (the greater part of the revenue being raised by customs duties), and that the Canadian Govern- ment must affirm the right of the Canadian Parliament to adjust the taxation of the people in the way it deemed best, even if this should happen to meet with the dis- approval of the British Ministry. This doctrine remained unchallenged by the British Govemment, and coming at a time when aU important parties in Great Britain had accepted free trade as a fait accompli, it facilitated the setting up of a protective tariff in Canada, designed to secure the establishment in Canada of manufacturing industries at a time when British opinion desired that the colonies should concentrate their attention on the production of food and raw materials, importing from Great Britain the manufactured commodities which they required. The immediate effect of Confederation was to abolish the tariff barriers which existed between the provinces entering the Dominion. .Ai3 the area of Canada increased until, except for Newfou land and Labrador, it became conterminous with Briti!'h North America, the area of internal free trade was thereby extended, while protection against outside competition was maintained. The tariff was the same against all countries, British or non-British, until April, 1897 when Canada adopted what was called a "reciprocal" tariff, one-eighth lower than the general. This "reciprocal" tariff was at once applied to the United Kingdom and afterwards to New South Wales and to British India, while Belgium and Germany, in virtue of their trade treaties with Great Britain, were also admitted to the benefits of the "reciprocal" tariff, together with Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Bolivia, Colombia, Denmark, Persia, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis and Venezuela, on account of most-favoured-nation treaties between these countries and Great Britain, and France and her colonies in consequence of the Franco-Canadian treaty of 1893. A little later the "reciprocal" tariff was extended to the Netherlands, Japan, Siberia, Morocco, Salvador, South African Republic, Tonga, and Spain, also undcr most- favoured-nation treaties between these countries and the United Kingdom. The numerous concessions mentioned above werp" however, of a merely tem- porary character, ceasing to exist in 1898 as a consequence of the denunciation by Great Britain of her most-favoured-nation treaties with Germany and Belgium. This left Canada free tp confine her lower tariff rates to the United Kingdom and to sister Dominions and colonies. A British preferential tariff, consisting at first of a remission of 25 p.c. of the duty ordinarily paid (Aug. 1, 1898), and later of a remission of 331 p.c. of the ordinary rate of duty (July 1, 1900) was established. This method THE COJ/IJIERCIAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 465 of preference was abandoned in 1904 for a specially low rate of duty on almost all imported dutiable commodities. Customs Tariff of 1907.-In 1907 a new customs tariff was introduced, estab- lishing three scales of duties, British preferential (the lowest), intermediate and general, the intermediate tariff being set up as a basis for negotiation with foreign countri<,s in the interest of Canadian trade. This tariff of 1907 is still in operation, with modifications. Under it, the British preferential tariff applies in 1923 to nearly the whole of the British Empire except Australia and Newfoundland, while to the British \Yest Indies, under an agreement of June, 1920, rates of duties are granted even lower than those of the ordinary preferential tariff-in nearly all cases a remis- sion of 50 p.c. of the duty ordinarily charged. The regular British preference was further increased in 1923 (13-14 Geo. V., c. 42) by a discount of 10 p.c. of the amount of duty computed under the British preference tariff, when goods paying 15 p.c. duty or over are conveyed without transhipment from a port of a country enjoying the British preferential tariff into a sea or river port of Canada. The intermediate tariff applied in 1923 to the products of the following countries: France, her colonies and protectorates, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands (all these under special Treaties); Argentine Republic, Colombia, Denmark, Japan, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Venezuela (under reciprocal most favoured nation clause treatment). The general tariff is in force with respect to the products of all other foreign countries. There is also in the Canadian customs tariff an anti-dumping clause, providing that in the case of imported articles of a kind made or produced in Canada, if the export or selling price to the Canadian importer is less than the fair market value in the country whence imported, there shall be levied, in addition to the duties otherwise payable, a special duty according to the difference between the selling price for export and the fair market value for home consumption, but such special duty shall not exceed 15 p.c. ad valorem, nor be levied on goods when the normal duties are 50 p.c. ad valorem, nor on goods subject to excise duties. Drawbacks of 99 p.c. of duties paid on imported materials are allowed by the customs laws and regulations in cases where articles manufactured from such materi- als are afterwards exported. New commercial treaties with France (including her colonies and protectorates) and Italy were approved at the 1923 session of Parliament (13-14 Geo. V., c. 14, c.17). Surtax.-In 1903, the Customs Tariff Act of 1897 was amended to provide for a surtax of one-third of the duty on goods the product of any foreign country which treats imports from Canada less favourably than those from other countries. This surtax was at once applied against German goods, but was removed on March 1,1910, when Canada obtained conventional rates of the German tariff on a specified list of goods. Under the Customs Tariff Act of 1914, the rate of surtax was left tobefixed in each case by the Governor in Council, but was not to eX:ceed 20 p.c. ad valorem, The surtax may also be applied to goods ordinarily on the free list, but i not to exceed 20 p.c. ad r;alorem. 2.- The Commercial Intelligence Service. The Commercial Intelligence Service, maintained by the Department of Trade and Commerce, is designed to further the interests of Canadian trade in other parts of the Empire and in foreign countries. To this end there are established throughout i2373-30 466 TRADE AXD COJIJ.lIERCE the world office administered by Trade ('ommis8ioners. The e Trade Commi8- sioners make periodical reports upon trade and financial conditions, variations in markct , and the current demand or opportunity for Canadian products. They also secure and forward to the D('partmcnt in Ottawa f:-pecific inquiries for Canadian good and in general exert their be:-t efforts for the development and e:x-pansion of oyer.-eas marh.ets. The (' rq)orts, inquiries, etc., are summ'1.rized weekly in the Commercial Intelligence .Journal. issuen. by the Commerr.ial Intelligence ervice at Ottawa, ",hic'h i:-: supplied at 1 per annum to Canadian manufacturers and others intere:-ted. Canadian Government Trade Conl111i ioners are stationed in the "['nited h.ingdom at London, lanchester, Liverpool, Bristol and Glasgow. They are abo located at Bridgeto\\n. Barbados; }{ing:-ton, Jamaica; Buenos Aires; Rio de .Janeiro; Shanghai; IIm"ana; Paris; Bru::>scls; Hamburg; Copenhagen; Rott('rdam; Milan: Kohe; I('lbourne; .\ud.land, Ke'w Zealand; Cape Town; Calcutta; f:inJ!;apor(' :md Xew Yorh.. Therc are, in aòdition, Canadian Commerrial Age'nts in Sydney, N.S."?, Christiania and Port of pain, Trinid::d. "Cnder an arrangement made by the Min- ister of Trad(' and Commen'(' of th(' Dominion of Canada \\ ith the Brit i:--:h Foreign Offic(', Canadian manufacturers, exporters and oth('rs inteJe:--:ted in trade matters may secure information and adyice from British ('omnH'rcial diplomatic officer:,: and Briti..;h Consul:-; in all countrie,; in which Canada is not repre ented by her own Commercial Intelligence Service. 3.-Statistics of External Trade. In the con<:ideration of the foreign trade statistic of Canada, ce tain facts fihould be borne in mind. First. stati:-tirs are given :-:ince 1907 for the fis('al years ended March 31. Secondly, imports means always "imports for consump- tion"; this term does not nece sarily imply that the goods have been actually consumed in Canada, but only that they have passed into the possession of tll(' importer; the value given for good..; imported is the fair market value thercof when sold for home consumption on the principal markets of the cOlmtry ",hence and at the time when the goods were exported to Canada. Thirdly, the te'rm "Canadian produce" includes all imported artic'les which have been changed in fonn or cnhanc'cù in value by further manufactur(' in Canada, such as sugar refined in Canada from imported raw sugar, flour ground from imported wheat, and articles construeted or manufactured from import('d material ; the value of "Canadian produce" i:- it value at the time of e"\.'Portation at the Canadian purts from which it is sl1ipped. Fourthly, tile term "foreign produce" applies to the e'xports of foreign good which have previously been import en. (re-(',-ports); the value of "foreign produce" is tile actual ('ost of the' goods. Historical Statistics.-A genpral view of the aggregate tmde of Canada for the years from l ljR to If):!: i furnishe'd in Tahlc 1, giving the imports of merchandi e for home con!->umption, dutinhle and free, and the e'-'Ports of Canadian and foreign produce, the total tradf' as here' gi\"Cn being the aggr('gatf' of the two. Kcce' -.:arily. OJl f' difficultie ha"\e bee'll met ill maintaining comparahle stati:--ties thrcugh u('h 11 lcngth of time, onf' of the nlost serious of the' e' arir--ing through ditrerellt methods adoph'd in dealing wit h e'-ports of fore'ign produce'. For e .mnple', the' shrink:1ge in the e:xports of fmeign produce hch\('('n Hun and 19:!2 has been due to change of tati::,.tical method rather than to actual diminutiun in value or yolumc of such goods "ported. For the pa t two years, re-e' port:- of foreiJ.,'TI produc,t from bondpd \\-are- ('[,RUEST TRL1DB STA.TISTIrS 4(-i7 houses have no longer been included in Canadian trade stati tics either as import/'> or as exports, while the exports of foreign produce have, during this period, been composed of oods which had previously been entered as in\ports for hume commmp- tion. Such goods, therefore, are shown as debited to Canada wlwn entering this country and should, therefore, be credited to Canada when re-expurted. Conse- quently, in determining our visible balance of trade in Table 2, it has been necessary to set off the total exports of the past two years against t he imports for home con- sumption. The same table gives the p?r r;api'(l imports for home consumption and e},:ports of Canadian produce since Confederation. From Table 2 it will be observed that the so-('alled "balance of trade" has been against Canada (i.e., the imports for home consumption have exceeded the e>"1>orts of Canadian produce) in 44 years out of the 56 years since Confederation, and that this adverse balance reached its highest point in 1913, just before the war. Aft r 1913. the unfavourable trade balance diminished, and in 1916, for the first time since 1898, it ave place to a favourable balance of trade, which continued down to 1920, but was repla('ed by a comparatively small adverse balancc of trade in 1921 and a small favourable balance in 1922. For 1916, the exports of Canadian produce were 146 O: p.c., for 1917,136.20 p.c., for 1918,159.99 p.c., for 1919,132.73 p.c. for 1920, 116.43 p.c., for 1921, 97.60 p.c., for 1922,100.82 p.c. and for 1923,117.80 p.c. of the imports for home consumption, exports of foreign Pl'oduce having been included with domestic exports for the last two years, for reasons stated above. The values of coin and bullion imported and exported, these movements from 1914 on representing fiduciary transactions rather than trading exchanges, me sho\\n in Table 3. Amounts collected in export duties from 1868 to 1892, and in import duties from 1868 to 1923. are stated by years in Table 4. Tables 5 and 6 give the statistics of our e:\.ports of Canadian produce and our imports for home consumption respectively, figures being furnished of our trade with the rnited Kin dom, 1!nited Statcs and other countries since 1868. These figures show the overwhelming prcdominance of the two great English-speaking countries in our foreign trade; in t he fi cal year ended :March 31, 1923, for example, 80.3 p.c. of our exports of domes- tic produce was shipped to these two countrics, which in the same year together provided 85.0 p.c. of our imports for home consumption. Tables 7 and 8 show respectively by years the percentage proportions of imports from the Pnited King- dom and the United States to totals of dutiable and free imports since 1901, and the ad valorem rates of duty collected on imports from these countries from 1868. Importations of important raw materials used in Canadian manufacturing industries are given in Table 9 for the years 1902 to 192 {. Current Trade Statistics.-In Tables 10 and 11 will be found a summar} analysis of thc trade of Canada for the fiscal years from 1920 to 1923. In the last of these years the total imports for home consumption and exports of merchandise amounted to $1,747,760,R80, including imports for home consumption, 802,465,043, exports of Canadian produce, 931,451,443 and exports of foreign produce, $13,844,- 394. Or, ex('luding exports of foreign produce, the imports for home consumptio and the exports of Canadian merchandise (sometimes called the "special" trade' amounted to $1,733,916,48û, as compared with special trade of $1,488,045,012 in 1922, an increase of $245,871,474, 16.5 p.c. The cxports of Canadian prcducf showed a much larger increase than the imports, :::;191,21O,7û3 as compared with $54,660,711, or 25.8 p.c. as compar('d with 7.3 p.c. As compared with the fiscal year 1921, the total ":-;pecial" trade shows a decrease of $693,40û,On7, $t:n ,r , 3H (j2373-30 ..HiS TRADb: A.o.\-D OJIJJERCE in imports and $257,712,258 in e:\.-ports, but since the fiscal year ended March, 19 1, was the year of upeak" prices, the decline was one of mere values rather than of quantities of commodities entering into the trade of the country. In fact, a list of commodities imported and e>"1>orted, published in the Report of the Department of Trade and Commerce for 1923, shows that the volume of various important commodities imported and e>"1>orted, was gr('atcr in 1923 than in H)21. Bala of Trade.-As will have been noted from the above, the visible balance of trade was considerably in favour of Canada during the fiscal year ended March 1923, $142,830,794 as compared with $6,122,677 in 192 , and with an unfavourable balance of $29,730,763 in 1921. "llile the favourahle balances of trade shown during the war yenrs went to maintain our soldiers in the field and were of little net advantage to the country, those of the post-war years indicate clearly an improve- ment in the commercial and financial position of the Dominion among the nations of the world. Comparative Growth of Canadian Trade. 1 -The great advance in Canada's trading position as compared with the pre-war period may be illustrated by a com- parison of the trade of the leading commercial countries of the world for the calendar years 1913 and 1922. As regards exports, in 1913, Canada occupied tenth place among the countries of the world; by 1922 she had climbed to fifth place, surpassed only by the four great industrial nations, the t:nited Kingdom, the United States, France and Germany. The figures follow:- Calendar Year 1913. Calendar Year 1922. Countries. s Countries. s United Kingdom................... United ðtates........... Germany. .. . . . . .. . France. ......... NetherlandR.. . . . . . . British India.... Belgium. . . . . Italy..... . Argentin3...... . Canada .. ....... ."1 2,556,234,000 2,448,284,000 2,402,967,000 1,327,882,000 1,239,368,000 i81, 947,100 701,475,000 484,746,000 465,582,000 i3&,218,000 United States...................... United Kingdom.................. .France. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ('anada........... . British India........ Japan... .. -\ut-tralia. ........ l';'etherlands........ . Belgium....... . 3,765,192,000 3,278,259,000 1,713,21'5,000 9-14,859,000 8S-l,363, 000 821,940,000 777,561,000 548,89-1,000 4i7, 623, 000 471,436,000 On the other hand, among the leading importing coun: ries of the world, Canada stood eighth in 1922, in the same relative position as in 1913. In the earlier year, uboom" conditions prevailed, and the country was importing capital on a great scale for its railway and general development. The latter year was, on the whole, a year of depression. Calendar Year 1913. s Countries. I Countries. Calendar Year 1922. United Kingdom............. Germany. o.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United tate8............... France...... . Netherlands. .. Belgium.. . . . . . .. .... . . . . Italy. . . ............... ...o..... Canada. .............. .....o.o... ... 3,207.951,000 2,563,331,000 1,756,863,000 1,625,317,000 1,575,036,000 894, "65, 000 703,608,000 6.)9, U&-I, 000 {jnited Kingdom.................. Pnited :;tates...................... :France................o............ . Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan.......... . l';'etherlands...... ...... Italy.... ................... ....... Canada. ......................... 4,095,638,000 3,045,809,000 1,983,750,000 1,475,695.000 897,316,000 792,593,000 765,893,000 76Z,33t,OH I :-:eC' neport or the Department or Trade nnd Commerce ror 1923, pp. 6-8. GROWTH OF CANADIAN TRADE 469 In e},:port trade per crrpita, Canada stood third in 1922 among the principal exporting countries, as compared with seventh in 1913. In the latter year the Dominion was surpassed only by New Zealand and Australia. The figures follow:- Calendar Year 1913. Calendar Year 1922. Countries. S cts. Countries. S ete. Netherlands. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 201 71 New Zealand..... ..... 153 10 New Zealand........... ....... 9701 Australia. . . . . .. 100 96 Belgium.. . .. . . . . . ....O'. 9255 Canada... ___ .... 100 63 Australia. . . _ _ . . -...- 74 78 Switzerland.. . ...... 8744 Switzerland. .. . . . . . .............. 70 25 Denmark. . ........... 7640 Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . ..... 61 55 Argentina. . . . ............ 7455 Canada. . . . .. . . . . 57 95 Netherlands... . ......... 69 82 United Kingdom.... -..... 5552 United Kingùom. . .-...-....-- 6936 Argentina. . .. . . .. ..... 53 61 Belgium..... . .......... 63 02 Sweden............... . ..... 39 05 Sweden. . . . . . . ........... 5231 Germany.... .... ..... ... ......... 36 22 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 70 France... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 3353 Union of South Africa..... .. . .. . . . . 38 13 United States............ -.-.. 25 23 United State: . . _ . . . . . . ......... 3439 Current Trend Tablrs.-Tables 12 and 13 are the great detailed tables of exports and imports, published, as in former years, for the last four fiscal years. In Tables 14, 15 and 16, the recent external trade of Canada is analyzed according to main classes, degree of manufacture and purpose for which commodities are used. Imports and customs duties collected are shown by provinces and ports of entry in Table 17, inlports under different tariffs in Table 18, and our external trade is analyzed by countries in Tables 19 to 21. Values of merchandise imported from and exported to other countries via the United States are given in Table 22. The historical and recent trend of Canadian trade with the British and foreign vYest Indies is covered in Tables 23 to 25. Tables 26 and 27 show respectively British imports and United States exports of food commodities, and are included for the purpose of giving our traders information concerning the imports of their great customer and the export8 of their great competitor. 470 TRA.DE AXD COJIJfERCE Total o[ IMPORTS OF l\IERCH-\XDlSE ENrEItED E'O'ORTS OF IERCH\NDI8E. Imports Fiscal FOR HOME CONSt:\1P1'IO,". [or Home Year. Consumption Canadian anf! Exports Dutiable. Free. Total. Foreign Total. ( Ierchan- Produce. l Produce. dise.) S S S S S S S 1868... .. 43,655,696 23,434,463 67,090,159 48,504,899 4,196,821 52,701,720 119,791,879 1869.... . 41,069,342 22,085,599 63,154,941 52,400,772 3,855,801 56,256,573 119,411,514 870..... 45,127,422 21,774,652 66,902,074 59,043,590 6,527,622 65,571,212 132,473,2R6 1871.. . . . 60,094,362 24,120,026 84,2H,388 57,630,024 9,853,244 67,483,2613 151,697,656 1872.... . 68, ?76,157 36,679,210 104,955,367 65,831,083 12,798,182 78, 6:?!1, 265 183,58-1,632 1'373.... . 71.198,176 53,310,953 124,509,1:?!1 76,5:38,025 9,405,910 85,943,935 210,453,06-1 1874.... . 76, 232,53U 46,948,357 123,180,887 76,741,997 10,614,096 87,356,093 210,536,980 S75. 78,138,511 : 9,270,057 117,408,568 69,709,823 7,137,319 76,847,142 194,255,710 876.... . 60,238,297 32,274,810 92,513,107 72,491,437 7,234,961 79,726.398 172,239,505 877..... 60,916,770 3:3,209,62-1 94,126,39-1 68, O:W, 546 7,111,108 75,141,654 169,26<;,048 878..... 59,773,039 30,622,812 90,395,R51 67,9"9,800 11, Hj4. 878 79,1á4,67R 169,.'>50,529 879.... . 55,426,836 23,275,68'3 78,702,519 62,4:n,025 8,355,6H 70, 7h6, 669 149,4H9,888 880... .. 54, 182,96.1 15,717,575 69,9JO,512 72,899,697 13,240,006 86,139,703 156,040,245 1881.. ... 71.620,725 18,867,6J-1 90,488,329 83,914,701 13,375,117 97,319,818 187,808,147 882.... . 85,757,433 25,387,751 111,145,184 94,137,657 7,628,453 101,766,110 212,911,294 1883.. 91,5RR,339 30,273,157 121,861,496 87,702,431 9,751,773 97,45-1,204 219,.315,7UO 884. ... 8U, 010, 4913 25,962,4130 105,972,978 79,833,09'3 9,389,106 89,2:!1,2,H 19.'>,1!J5, 182 ')85 .. . .. 73,269,618 26,486,157 99,755,775 79,131,735 8,079,646 87,211,381 IS6,967,156 886.. 70,658,819 25,333,318 95,992,137 77,756,704 7,438,079 85,194,783 181,186,920 887..... 78,120,679 26,986,531 105,107,210 80,960,909 8,549,333 89,510,242 19-1,617,452 888.... . 69,6-15,824 31.025,80-1 100,671,628 81,382,072 8,803,394 90,185,466 190,857,094 1889... . . 74,475,139 34,623,057 109.098,196 80,272,456 6,9.3S!,455 87,210.911 196.309,107 890 .... 77,106,286 34,576,287 111,6:;2,573 85,257,586 9,051,781 94,309,367 205,991,940 891. '" 74,536,036 36,997,918 111,533,954 88,671,738 8,798,631 97,470,369 209,004,3"3 892. .... 69,160, ï37 45,999,676 115,160,413 99,032,466 13,121,791 112,154,257 227,314,670 893... .. 69,873,571 45,:?!I7,259 115,170,830 105, 4R8, 798 8,9-11,856 114.4:30,654 229,601,484 89-1.. .. 62,779,182 46,291,729 109,070,911 103,851,764 11,8:33,805 115,685,569 224,756,480 895.... . 58,557,655 42,118,236 100,675,891 102,828,441 6,485,043 109,313,4R4 209,989,375 896... .. 67,239,759 38,121,402 105,361,161 109,707,805 6,606,738 116,314,543 221,675,704 897.... . 66,220,76;; 40,397,062 106, 617,81!7 123,632,540 10,825,1M ta4, 457,703 241,U75,530 898... .. 74,625,OS8 51.6:;2,074 L!6, 307,162 1-14,5-18,662 14,9'30,883 159,529,545 285,836,707 899.. - - 89,433,172 59,9:;9,244 149,422,416 137,36G,792 17, 520,08Sj 154,880,880 304,303,296 OO... .. 104,346,795 6:;,304,881 172,651,676 168,972,301 14,265,254 183,237,555 355,8S9, 231 gO 1.. 105,969,756 71,961,163 177,930,919 177.431,386 17,077,757 194,509,143 372,4-10,062 902... .. 118,657,496 78,0'10,308 196,737,804 196,019,763 13,951,101 209,970,86"1 4U6,708,668 933.. .. . 136,796,065 88,298,744 225,094,809 214,4Ul,674 10,828,087 225,229,761 450,:32-1,570 9lJL... U8,909,576 94,99:1,839 24.3,909,415 198,414,439 ll,6U,239 211,0.");;,678 45-1 , 965, U93 905.... . 150,928,787 101,035,427 251,96-1,214 19lJ, 85-1, 946 10,617,115 201,472,061 453,4:36,275 906.. 173,046,109 110,694,171 283, 740,280 235,483,956 11,173,846 246,657,802 530,398,082 9072.. .. 152,065,529 98,163,306 250,2')5,835 180,545.306 11.5U,927 192,087,233 442.313,068 9)8... . 218, 16lJ, 047 13-1,380,832 352,5-10,879 2-16,960,968 16,407,9'34 263,36'\,952 615,9U9,831 909... .. 175,OH,160 113,580,036 2')8,591,196 2-12,603,584 17,318,782 259,922,366 5413,516,562 910..... 227,264,346 143,0.)3,853 370,318, HI!! 279,247,551 111,516,442 298, 763, 993 669,082,192 911.... . 282,723,812 173,000,791 452,724,603 274,316,553 15,683,657 290,000,210 742,724,813 912... .. 335,304,060 1'37,100,615 522,404,675 290,223,857 17,492,29-1 307,716,151 8:W, 120,826 913. ... 441,606,885 229,600,349 671,207,234 355,754,600 21.313,755 377,068,355 1. 0-18, 275, ;;89 914. ... 410,258,744 208,935, 254 619,193,998 431,5"S,439 23,848,785 455,437,224 1,074,631,222 915.... . 279,792,195 176,163,713 455,955,908 409,418,836 52,023,673 461,442,509 917,398,417 916.... . 289,366,527 21 ,834,607 508,201,13-& 741.610,638 37,6S9,432 779,300,070 1,287,501,204 917..... 461.733,609 3'ì-1,717,269 846,450.878 1,151,375,768 27,835,33 1.179.211,100 2,025,661,978 918.... . 542,341,522 421,191. 056 961,532,57b 1.540,027,788 46,142,004 1.586,169, 79 2,549,702,370 919.... . 526,494,658 393,217,047 919,711,705 1,216,443,80fì 52,321,479 1.26",765,285 2,188,476,990 920.... . 693,655,165 370,871,958 1,06-1,528,12.3 1,239,492,09.') 47,166,611 1,286,658,709 2,351,186,1)32 921.... - 847,561,406 392,59i,476 1,2-&0,158,882 1,189,163,701 21,26-1,418 1,210,428,119 2,450,587,001 922.. .. 495,626,323 252,178,009 7.17,804,332 740,240,680 13,686,329 753,927,009 1,501,731,341 923 1 ... . 537,214,581 265, 250,462 802,465,043 931,451.443 13,844,394 945,295,837 1,747,760,880 1.-Ag egate Edernal Trade of Canada, t!o\6s-t923. llncludinp; expDrts to the United States e timated ""hort" in the years 186:;-19)0. 2 Kine months. "The figures o[ imports and export" [or the year 1923 are subject to re\"i ion. TRA.DE AIÇD COJIJfERCE AGGREGATE EXTERNAL TRADE OF CANADA 1901-1923 i 190/ II I 1910 19/5 1920 I 1923 HI.I.IOII! , I'IJW( I I :2500 CANADA YE:AIt 800.. I.U-.2J I I <>500 1\ I j2400 \ 11 ?oIOO I \ / I f \ I '.)qn(} I \ / 2200 AGGREGATE TRADE I / ?)nO r'oc IMPORTS........... . I I If T 9100 EXPORTS _. I '2000 I I I ?(}()() 1900 1900 :800 /600 1700 1700 I 1600 7 1600 I 1:\ I 1500 .500 I I \ 1 1 4<0 r \ /400 f \ 1 1300 I \ 1300 I --". 1200 I "- 1200 i / 1100 I / 7 1100 ---'" I 1000 1\/ I / 1000 1900 ) \.1 Î / I J """ 900 -I- ! I / \ / 800 j , / 800 '/ ,'/ 700 / I 700 ..... T 600 / / ......... I 1 600 /"\.I/ / 1\ I II 500 / \ I 500 V '\.1 / \ /' AOO V / 400 V , / 1 300 1'"""- / / 300 ------ ........../ / - --' < /' "" /' - 200 200 1::::-- 100 /00 n n NOTE.-Figures at the sides of the chart are in millions of dollars, Each vertical line e? e n_t_s on ... r^! o 1901 to 1923, and each horizontal line represents $50,000,000 RATIO OF EXPORTS TO IJIPORTS 471 2.-Ratlo of Exports to Imports and \'alue per capita of Etports, Imports and Total Trade, 1868-1923. Percent- Excess of Excess of age Rate Imports Exports of of Exports VALUE PER CAPITA OF- entered Canadian of Fiscal for Produce Canadian Estimated Year. Consump- over Produce PQpulation. tion over Imports to Exports of entered Imports Exports Total Canadian for Con- entered Canadian Imports. Trade. Produce. sumption. for Con- Produce. sumption. - $ S p.c. S cts. S cts. S cts. 1868...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,585,260 - 72.30 3,372,000 14.38 19.90 34.28 1869................... . 10,751,169 - 82.97 3,413,000 15.35 18.50 33.85 1870................... . 7,858,484 - 89.34 3,454,000 17.09 19.37 3:;.46 1871. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,584,364 - 68.43 3,518,000 16.38 23.94 40.32 1872................... . 39,124,284 - 62.72 3,611,000 18.23 29,06 47.29 1873...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,971,104 - 61.47 3,668,000 20.87 33,94 54.81 1874. ................... 46,439,890 - 62.30 3,825,000 20.06 32.20 52.26 1875. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .... . 47,698,745 - 59.37 3,887,000 17.93 30.21 48.14 1876__. . ..... 20,021,670 - 78.36 3,949,000 18.36 23.43 41.79 1877.. .. ..a 26,095,848 - 72.28 4,013,000 16.97 23.45 40.42 1878................... . 22,406,051 - 75.21 4,079,000 16.67 22.16 38.83 1879.. .................. 16,271,494 - 79.32 4,146,000 15.06 18.98 34.04 1880.. ............. - 2,999,155 104.29 4,215,000 17.29 16.58 33.87 1881. . ................. 6,543,628 - 92.77 4,337,000 19.36 20.86 40.22 1882-.. .............. 17,007,527 - 8-1.70 4,38-1,000 21.47 25.35 46.82 1883. . 34,159,065 - 71,97 4,433,000 19.78 27.49 47.27 1884.. .:" -............. 26,139,880 - 75.33 4,485,000 17.80 23.63 41.43 1885.....: ::: ::::::: :::: 20,624,0-10 - 79.33 4,539,000 17.-13 21.98 39.41 1886. ................... 18,235,433 - 81.00 4,589,000 16.9-1 20'92 37.86 1887...... . _ . . . . . .. .. . . . 24,146,301 - 77,03 4,638,000 17.46 22.66 40.12 1888.. ... ..... 19,289,556 - 80.84 4,688,000 17.36 21.47 38.83 1889... -............... 28,825,740 - 73.58 4,740,000 16.9-1 23.02 39,96 1890.. ............. 26,424,987 - 76.34 4,793,000 17.79 23.30 41.09 1891.. 22,862,216 - 79.50 4,8-14,000 18.31 23.02 41.33 18112 .. ......---......... 16,127,947 - 86.00 4,889,000 20.26 23.55 43.81 1893................... . 9,682,032 - 91.59 4,936,000 21.37 23.33 44.70 1891................... . 5,219.147 - 95.21 4,981,000 20.8-1 21.88 42.72 1895................... . - 2,152,550 102.1-1 5,03-1,000 20.43 20.00 40.43 1896. . - 4,3-16,6-14 101.13 5,086,000 21.57 20.72 42.29 1897...:::::::::::::::: : - 17,01-1,713 115.96 5,142,000 24.0-1 20.73 44.77 1898.. - 18,211,500 111.44 5,199,000 27.80 24.29 52.09 1899.........::: :.......::::: 12,061,624 - 91.97 5,259,000 26.12 28.41 \ 54.53 1900.. __. .., 3,679,375 - 97.95 5,322,080 31.75 32.44 64.19 1901. ................... 499,533 - 99.85 5,403,000 32.84 33.13 65.97 1902... _. . . . _ _ . . . . _ . . . . . 718,On - 99.77 5,532,000 35.13 35.56 70.99 1903.. __ 10,693,135 - 95,37 5,673.000 37.79 39.68 77.47 190-1.. _ _.. . .. . . . . . . : : :: : 45,491,976 - 81.45 5,825,000 34.06 41.87 75.93 1905................... . 61,109.268 - 75.85 5,992,OUJ 31.85 42.05 73.90 1906.......... .......... 48,256.324 - 83.13 6,171,000 38.16 45.118 84.14 1907 1 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 69,680,529 - 72.29 6,302,000 28.65 39.70 68.35 1908................... . 105,579,911 - 70.18 6,491,000 '38.05 5-1.31 92.36 1909. ... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 45,990,612 - 84.17 6,695,000 36.2-1 43.10 79,34 1910.. .............. 91,070,648 - 75.51 6,917,000 40.37 53.5-1 93.91 1911................... . 178,408,050 - 60.72 7,206,6-13 38.06 62.82 100.88 1912................... . 232,180,818 - 55.66 7,365,205 39.40 70.\)3 11 0.33 1913. ................ _.. 315,452,631 - 53.09 7,527,208 47.26 89.17 136.43 1914... ...... _.......... 187,605,559 - 69.78 7,692,832 56.10 80.49 136.59 1915. .' 46,537,072 - 89.89 7,862,078 52.07 57.99 110.06 1916..........::::::::: : - 233 ,409 ,50i lt6,03 8,035,584 92.29 63.24 155.53 1917................... . - 301,92-1,8\)0 136.20 8,180,160 140.75 103.48 244.23 1918...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . - 576,495,210 159.99 8,328,382 181,91 115.69 300.60 1919................... . - 296,732,101 132,73 8,478,546 143,47 108,48 251 95 1920. ........... - 174,963,975 116.43 8,631,475 143.60 123.33 266.93 1921................... . 29,730,763 2 - 97.60 3 8,788,483 135.31 141.11 276.42 1922...... . ., . . .. .. . . .. . - 6,122,677 2 100.82 3 8,966,831 !ì2.55 83.39 165.94 1923 4 .................. . - 142,830,794 2 117.80 3 9,146,456 101.84 87.73 I1m.57 INine months. 2Excess of imports for home consumption over total exports, or of total exports over imports for home consumption. These amounts represent the true balance of trade, since for thl' last two years goods shown as foreign exports have previously been entered as imported for hOllle consumption. IPercentage of total exports to imports for home consumption. 'The figures {or 1923 are subject to revi8ion. 472 TRADE AND COJ.U \tERCE 3.- 'UO\'t'ment of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1918. Fiscal Year. 1868.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . 1869......... ......... ...... ,.. 1870.......... ,........ ........ 1871. . __ ...................... 1872 ........... ..... 1873.... . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 1874... . .. . . . . .. . . .., . . . .... .. . 1875................ ........... 1876.... .............. ......... 1877. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1878... . . . .. ...... . . .. .. . . . . . . . 1879.......... ................. 1880. ........... ........ 1881.......................... . 1882.......... .... ............. 18R3............. .............. 1884. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1885... . .. . . . . .. . . .. ., . . . . . . .. . 1886.... . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 1887 ......-.... ............... 1888... . . . -- . . . . .. . . . 1889... . . . .. . . .. . . .. 1890.......................... . 1891.............. . 1892........... .. 1893.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1894...... ..................... 1895... . ... . . . . .. . . . .. .. . 1896. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1897. ............... '" 11'98.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1899... . .. . . .., . ... . . . . ... . . .. . 1900....... ..... ............... 1901... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1902.... --.. --................. 1903... . . . . .. . . .. . 1904............ . Þ" 1905.......................... . 1906... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . 1907 (9 mos.).................. 1908............... ... 1909... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 1910.............. ......... ]911.. ., .. -- . . .. -- . 1912.. . .. .. . . . . __ . _ . . . . . 1913...................... .... 1914... . .. .. .... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 1915.......................... . ]916.... . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 1917....... . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . 1918.......................... . Total Imports. S 4,895,147 4,247,229 4,335,529 2,733,094 2,753.749 3.005.465 4,223,282 2,210,089 2,220,111 2,174,089 803.726 1,639,089 1,881,807 1,123,275 1,503,743 1,275,523 2,207,666 2,954,244 3,610.557 532,218 2,175.472 575,251 1,083,011 1,811,170 I.S]8,530 6,53-1.200 4, 0:!3 ,072 4,576,6:!0 5,226,319 4,676,19-1 '4,390,844 4,629,177 8,152,640 3,307,069 6,053,791 8,695,707 7,554,917 9.961.340 6,670,527 7,029,047 5,887,737 9,611,761 5,514,817 9,226,715 25,077,515 4,3U9,811 14,498,451 131,483,396 33,876,227 26,986,548 11,290,341 Canadian. S 4,866,168 4,218,208 8,002,278 6,690,350 4,0I0.3!18 3,845.987 1,995,835 1,039,837 1,240,037 129,328 306,447 309,459 310.006 256,571 207,532 327,298 1,0-15,723 1,101,245 1,670,068 1,219 6b7 315 86,087 290,281 EXPORTS. Foreign. s 733,739 168,989 704.5Sj6 1,771,755 971,005 371,093 631,600 2,184,292 2,026,980 56,531 5,569 17,534 1,978,256 2,439,782 817 ,599 1,50:!,671 3,8!4,239 1,5:!9,3H 4,068,748 4,491. 777 3,165,25:! 3,577,415 2,914,780 6,987,100 1,978,4R9 1,669,4:.!2 619,963 2,465,557 1,844,811 9,928,828 13,1811,964 16,637,654 1,589,791 2,594,536 7,196,155 7,601.0119 16,163,702 23,5;)9,485 29,365.701 103,57:!,117 196,460,961 3,201,122 Total. S 4,866,168 4,218,208 8,002,278 6,690.350 4,010,3118 3,845,987 1.995,835 1,0311.837 1,240.037 733,739 168,989 704 ,586 1,771,755 971,005 371,093 631,600 2,181,292 2,026,980 56,531 5,569 17,534 1,978,256 2,439,782 946,927 1,809,118 4,133,698 1,839,380 4,235,319 4,699,309 3,492,550 4,623,138 4,016,025 8,657,168 1,978,489 1,6611,422 619,963 2,41>5,557 1,8H,811 9,928,828 13,189,964 16,637,654 1,589,793 2,591,536 7,196,155 7,6U1.099 16,163,702 23,560,704 29,366,368 103,572,432 196,547,048 3,491,403 Total Im- ports and Exports of Coin and Bullion. S 9,761,315 8,465,437 12 ,3J7 ,807 9,423,444 6.764.147 6,851,452 6,219,117 3,249,!I 6 3.460,148 2,907,8:!8 972,715 2,343,675 3,653,562 2,094,280 1,874.836 1,907.123 4,391,958 4,981,224 3,667,088 537,787 2,193,006 2,553,507 3,522,793 2,758,097 3,627,648 10,667,898 5.862,452 8,901,939 9,9:!5,628 8,168,714 9,0I3,98:! 8,645,2U:! 16,809,808 5,285,558 7,7:!3,213 9,315,670 10,O 0,H4 11,806,151 16,5411,3.')5 20, 21!I ,U11 22,5:!5,391 l1,201,!i!i4 8,109,353 16,422,R70 32,678,614 20,473,513 38,059,155 160,849,764 137,448,659 223,533,596 14,781,744 :r\OTB.-Information as to imports and exports of coin and bullion in the fiscal years 1919 to 1923 is not available for publication. Up to 1919 "Silver bullion in bars, blocks, ingots, drops, sheets and plates, unmanufactured," was included in "coin and bullion," but since that time it is regarded as "merchan. dise." The figures from 1899 of the above table h'lve been revised in accordance with the n('w arrangement. DUTIES COLLECTED OX EXPORTS AjYD IMPORTS 473 4.-Duties collected on E'\ports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for lIome Consumption, 1868-1923. Duties Duties Duties Duties Fiscal Year. collected coltected Fiscal Year. collected collected on on on on Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. S S S S 1868...................... . 17,986 8,801,446 1881.............. . ., 8,141 18,492,645 - 1869... .. ................. 14,403 8,284,507 1882.................... . 8,810 21,700,028 1870...................... . 37,912 9,425,028 1883.... . .... .... .....- 9,756 23,162,553 1871.. .. . .................. 36,066 11,807,590 1884.................... . 8,515 20,156,448 1872........... ............ 24,809 13,020,684 1885.................... . 12,305 19,121,254 1873... .................... 20, 152 12,997,578 1886.................... . 20,726 19,427,398 1874...................... . 14,565 14,407,318 1887.................... . 31,397 22,438,309 1875... _..... _..... _..... _. 7,243 15,354,139 1888. . . . .. . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . 21,772 22,187,869 1876... ., ................. 4,500 12,828,614 1889.......... . ........ 42,207 23,742,317 1877...................... . 4,103 12,544,348 1890... . ....... 93,674 23,921,234 1878. . . . . . .. .. .... 4,161 12,791,532 1891. ................... 64,803 23,416,266 187g........ .... 4,272 12,935,269 1892. . . .. . . .. ... 108 20,550,474 1880... ...... _.... _ _....... 8,896 14,129,953 Fiscal Year. Duties collected on Imports. Fiscal Year. Duties coltected on Imports. Fiscal Year. Duties coltected on Imports. s s S 1893.... ... . . . . . . . . 21,161,711 1903....... ....... 37,110,355 1913. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 115,063,688 1894... . . . . . .. . . . . . 19,379,822 1904.. ..... ....... 40,954,349 1914............. . 107,180,578 1895.............. . 17,887,269 1905. .... ..... .... 4 ,024,340 1915............. . 79,205,910 1 1896..... .......... 20,219,037 1906. ............. 46,671,101 1916............. . 103,940,1011 1897. . . .... . .. . . ... 19,891,997 1907 (9 months)... 40,290,172 1917. . . .......... . 147,631,455 1 1898. ......... .... 22,157,788 1908............. . 58,331,074 1918............. . 161,595,629 1 1899... ............ 25,734,229 1909. ............. 48,059,792 1919............. . 158,046,334 1 1900. .... ..... ..... 28,889,110 1910............. . 61,024,239 1920............. . 187,524,182 1 1901... ............ 29,106,980 1911. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,312,368 1921. . . . . . . . .. . . 179,667.6831 UI02............... 32,425,532 1912...... _'.....' 87,576,037 1922............. . 121,487,394 1 1923. ............. 133,791,370 1 1 Includes war tax. NOTl:.-Duties on exports were not collected after the year 1892. 474 TRADE A.\ D COJI \J ERCE ã.-Exporb to tht' '- nit('d Kin dom. to the {"nit('d Stat('s and to oth('r Countries of )I('rchamlise, the Prodm'e of ('anada. 1868-1923. Fiscal Year. 1868. .. 1869........... . 1870........ .. 1871........... . 1872. . .. . . .. .. 18.3.. ...... 1874........... . 1875.... ." _.. 1876. .. .. . . . . . 1877........ _... 1878.......,... . 1879........... _ 1&80. ........... 1881. . . IS'!:!... .. 1883... ... IS84... . 1 ,,5. . . .. . .. . .. . 1886.... ......_ 1887. _.......... 18S8... _...... _. 1889.......... _. IS90........... . 1891. . . . . . . . 1 9l... .. 11,93.... .. 11'94. _ . . . . . . .. _ . 1895.. _......... 1896. . .. . .. .. .. 1897.... _....... 1b98........... . 1899..... _...... 1900......... .. 1901.. .. . 1902. ...... . .... 11103........... . 1\104... .. 1905.... ....... 19J6........... . 11107 1 ...... . . . . . . 19J8. . . .. .. . . . _ . 1909........... . 1910. . . .. . 1911. . . .. . . .. . . . 1912.. _......... 1913........... . 191-1........... . 1915. . . . . .. . . . .. 1916........... . 1917. . .., . ... . . . 1918. . .. . .. .. . . . 11119. . 1920........ .. 1921. . . .. . .. . . . . IIj2 ........... . 11123 2 ....... . .. . . Exports to L"nited Kingdom. S 17,905,808 20,486,389 22,512,991 21,733,556 25,223,785 31,402,234 35,769,190 34, 199,1J4 34,379,005 35,491,671 35,861,110 29,393,424 35,208,031 42,637,219 311,816,813 39,538,067 37,410,870 36,479,051 36,694,263 38,71-1,331 33,618,284 33,504,281 41,4\19,1411 43,243,784 54,949,055 58,409,606 60,878,056 57,903,564 62,717,9-11 69,533,1)52 93,065,019 85, 113,6g1 96,562,875 92,857,525 100,3-17 ,345 125,199,980 110,120,892 97,114,867 127,456,465 9 ,691, IS6 126,194,124 126,384,724 139,482,945 132,1;)6,924 147.24U,413 170,161,903 215,253,969 186,66g,554 451,852,399 742,147,537 845,480,1169 540,750,977 489,152,637 312,844,871 299,361,675 379,067,445 Per cent Can. I.:xports to L'.K. to total Can. export:). (l\Iù::.c.) Export8 to united State:). p.c. s 36,9 39.1 38.1 37.7 38'3 41'0 46'6 49.1 47.4 52.2 52-7 47.1 48.3 50.8 42.3 45.1 46.9 46.1 47.2 47.8 41.3 41.7 48.7 48.8 55.5 55.4 58.6 56.3 57.2 56.2 64.4 62.0 57.1 52.3 55.8 58.4 55.5 50.9 54.1 54,7 51.1 52.1 50.0 48.2 50-7 47.8 49.9 45.6 60.9 64.5 54.9 44.5 39.5 26.3 40.4 40.7 25,349,568 26,717,656 30,361,328 : t í ' 36,714,1-14 33,195,805 27,902,748 30,080,738 24,326,332 24,3 1,009 25,491,356 29,566,211 34,038,431 45,782, '584 39,513,225 34,332,641 35,566,810 34,281,490 35,269,922 40,407,48.3 39,519,940 36,213,279 37,743,430 34,666,07U 37,296,110 32,562,509 35,633,861 37,789,481 43,661,187 38,939,525 39,326,485 57,996,488 67,983,673 66,567,784 67,766,367 66,856,8g5 70,426,765 83,546,306 62,180,439 90,81-1,871 85,334,8U6 104,199,675 104,115,823 102,041,222 139,725,953 163,372,825 173,320,216 2Ul, 106,488 280,616,330 417,2:33,287 454,873,170 464,028, IS3 542,322,967 292,588, 64:J 369,080,211) 1 Nine months. I Figul"'E'!' for 11123 are subject to revision. Per cent Can. Exports to U.S. to total CW!. exports. (l\lù:se.) Exports to Other Countries. p.c. S 5,249,523 5,196,727 6,169,271 6,732,110 7,735,802 8,421,647 7,777,002 7,607,941 8,O:n,694 8,212,543 7,747,681 7,546,245 8,125,455 7,269,051 8,5:J8,260 8,651, 139 8, US!), 587 7,Uh5,874 6,777,951 6,976,656 7,326,305 7,248.235 7,545,158 7,684,524 9,417,341 9,783,082 10,411,199 9,321,OU 9,200,383 10,434,501 12,494,118 12.920,626 1-1,412,938 16,590,188 20,104,634 21,435,327 21,436,662 23,313,314 24,481.185 19,673,681 29,951,973 30,884,054 &5,564,931 38,043,806 40,942,222 45,866,744 52,961.645 49,430,066 88,651,751 128,611,901 277,31-1,432 220,819,659 286,311,278 333,995,863 148,290,362 183,303,780 52.3 51.0 51.4 50.6 411.9 48.0 43.3 40-0 41.5 :15.8 3,'),9 40.8 40,6 40.5 48.6 45.1 43.0 44.9 44.1 43.6 411.6 49.2 42.5 42.6 35.0 35.4 31.4 34.6 34.4 35.3 27.0 29.0 34.2 38.3 34.0 31.6 33.7 36.9 35.5 34.4 36.8 J5.2 37.3 38.0 35.2 39.3 37.9 42.3 27.1 24.4 27.0 37.4 37.4 45.6 39.5 39.6 Total I Jtports of Canadian Produce. S 48,504,899 52,400,772 59,043,590 57,630,024 65,831,083 76,538,025 76,741,1197 69,709,823 72,4111,437 68, O:JO, 546 67,989,800 62,431,025 72,899,697 83,9-14,701 94,137,657 87,702,431 79,833,098 79,131,735 77,756,704 80, 96J, 909 81,382,072 80,272,456 85,257,586 88,671,738 99,032,466 105,488,798 103,1\51,764 102,828,441 109,7U7,805 123,632,540 144.5-18,662 137,360,792 168,972,301 177,431,386 196,0111,763 214,401,674 Wi, 414, 439 190,851,946 235,4bJ,956 180,545,3U6 246,96:1,968 242, 6J3, 5S4 279,247,551 274,316,553 2110,223,857 355,754,600 431,51'8,439 409,41S,836 741,610,638 1,151,3.5, .6S 1,540,027,788 1,216,443,806 1,239,4112,098 1,189,163,701 740,240,680 931,451,443 IJIPORTS FOR HOJIE CONSUMPTION 475 I.-Imports from the rnited Kingdom, from the rnited tates and from other Countries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1923. I[m rts [_ Per cent Per cent Total Imports from Imports horn Imports from Imports from Imports for Fiscal Year. United U.K. to Total United U.:::;. to Total Other Home Kingdom. Imports. States. Imports. Countries. consumption. I . (mdse.) (mdse.) S p.c. S p.c. S S Id68. . . .. . . . . . . . 37,617,325 56.1 22,660,132 33.8 6,812,702 67,090,159 1869...... ...... 35,496,764 56.2 21,497,380 34.0 6,160,797 63,154,941 1870..........- . 37,537,095 56.1 21,697,237 32.4 7,667,742 66,902,074 1871........... . 48,498,202 57.6 27,185,586 32.3 8,530,600 8-1,21-1,388 1872......... . .. . 62,209,25-1 59.7 33,741,995 32.1 9,004,118 104,955,367 1873........... . 67,996,945 54.6 45,189,110 36.3 11,323,074 124,509,129 1874........... . 61,424,407 49.9 51,706,906 42.0 10,049,574 123,180,887 1875........... . 60,009,08-1 51.1 48,930,358 41.7 8,469,126 117,408,568 1876........... . 40,479,253 43.8 44,099,880 47.7 7,933,974 92,513,107 1877........... . 39,331,621 41.8 49,376,008 52.5 5,418,765 94,126,394 1878.. _.. _ _. _... 37,252,769 41.2 48,002,875 53.1 5,140,207 90,395,851 1879.. . 30,967,778 39,3 42,170,306 53.6 5,56-1,435 78,702,519 1880....... _.... 33,764,439 48.3 28,193,783 40.3 7,9-12,320 69,900,542 1%1... . ....... 42,885,1-12 47.4 36,338,701 40.6 11,264,486 90,488,329 188:L... ...... 50,.356,268 45.3 47,052,\135 42.3 13,735,981 111,145,184 1583...... 51,679,762 42.4 55,147,243 45.3 15,034,491 121,861,496 1138-1........... . 41,925,121 39.6 49,785,888 47.0 14,261,969 105,972,978 1885........... . 40,031,448 40.1 45,576,510 45.7 14,147,817 99,755,775 IS86... _.... _ _.. 39,033,006 40.7 42,818,651 4-1.6 14,1-10,480 95,992,137 1 87.. . 44,741,350 42.6 44,795,908 42.6 15,569,952 105,107,210 1888..... _. _ _... 39,167,644 38,9 46,440,296 46.1 15,063,688 100,6ïl,628 1889.... ........ 42,251,189 38.7 50,029,419 45.9 16,817,588 109,098,196 1890.. ........ 43,277,009 38.8 51,365,661 46.0 17 ,039,903 111,682,573 1891.. . . . .. . .. . . 42,018,9-13 37.7 52,033,477 46.7 17,481,534 111,533,954 1899........... . 41,063,711 35.7 51,742,132 44.9 22,354,570 115,160,413 IS93.......... .. 42,529,3-10 36.9 52,339,796 45.4 20,301,694 115,170,830 lR9-1........... . 37,035,963 31.Q 50,746,091 46.5 21,288,857 109,070,911 1895... . .. 31,059,332 30.9 50,lï9,OOI 49.8 19,437,555 100,675,891 1896..... _. _.._. 32,824,505 31.2 53,529,390 50.8 19,007,266 105,361,161 1897........... . 29,401,188 27.6 57,O 3,3l2 53.5 20,193,297 106,617,827 1898........... . 32,0-13,461 25.4 74,821.923 59.2 19,438,778 126,307,162 1899.......... .. 36,966,552 24.7 88,506,881 59.2 23,948,983 119,422,416 1900........... . 44,280,041 25.7 102,224,917 59.2 26,146,718 Ü2,651,676 1901. . . . . . . . . . . . 42,820,334 24.1 107,377,906 60.3 27,732,679 177,930,919 1902...... ...... 49,012,726 25.0 115,001,533 58.4 32,713,545 196,737,80-1 1903. '. .. .__ ." 58,793,038 26.2 129,071,197 57.3 37,230,57-1 225,094,809 1904.. __.. 61,724,893 25.3 143,329,697 58.7 38,854,825 243,909,415 1905........... . 60,342,704 24.0 152,778,576 60.6 38,842,\13-1 251,964,214 1906........... . 69,183,915 24.4 169,256,452 59.6 45,299,913 283,740,280 1907 1 ........... . 64,415,756 25.8 149,085,577 59.5 36,724,502 250,225,835 1908... . . .. .. .. . 9-1,417,320 26.8 205,309,803 58.2 52,813,756 352,540,879 1909......... _.. 70,682,600 24.5 170,432,360 59.0 47,479,236 2R8,594,196 1910........... . 95,337,058 25.8 218,004,556 58.9 56,976,585 370,318,199 1911. . .. . .. . . .. . 109,934,753 24.3 275,824,265 60.8 66,965,585 452,72-1,603 1912.... . .... 116,906,360 22.4 331,38-1,657 63.4 74,113,658 522,404,675 1913. .. .. 138,742,464 20.7 436,887,315 65.0 95,577,275 671,207,23-1 1914........... . 132,070,406 21.4 396,302, 138 61.0 90,821,454 619,193,998 1915........... . 90,157,204 19.8 297,142,059 65.2 68,656,615 455,955,908 1916........... . 7i, 40-1 ,361 15.2 370,880.549 73.0 59,916,224 508,201,134 1917........... . 107,096,735 12.7 665,312,759 78.6 74,041,384 846,450,878 1918........... . 81,324,283 8.4 792,894,957 82.3 89,313,338 963 ,532,578 1919........... . 73,035,118 8,0 750,203,02-1 81.6 96,473,563 919,711,705 1920.......... .. 126,362,631 11.9 801,097,318 75.3 137,068,114 I,OIH,528,123 1921.. . . . _ 213,973,562 17.3 856,176,820 69.0 170,008,500 1,240,158,882 1922.. _ _. _...... 117,135,343 15.7 515,958,196 69.0 114,710,793 7-17,801,332 1923 2 ...... . " . . . 141,287,671 17.6 540,917,432 67.4 120,259,940 802,465,043 I ïne months. 2Figures for 1923 are subject to revision. 476 TRADE AND COJIJIERCE 7.-Perc('nta e Proportions of Imports from United Kin dom and United States, respecthel), to totals of dutiabl and free in the 23 fis('al years 1901-19 :1. UNITED IÜr-.GDO'li. U.sITED STATEI'. :Fiscal Year. Dutiable Free Dutiable Dutiable Free Dutiable to total to total and free to total to total and fme dutiable. free. to all dutiable. free. to all imports. imports. - - - - p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.C. p.c. 1901. . . . . .. ........... 29.92 15.50 2.HO 50.58 7-1.66 60.30 1902....... . 29.54 17.94 24.95 50.72 70.11 58.40 lI1U3..... . 30.85 18.84 26.15 50.10 b8.46 57.29 1904. 30.18 17.73 25.34 52.07 69.B 58.71 19U5.... . 29.88 15.B 23.98 52.21 73.13 60.58 1906.. ........ 30.40 15.03 2-t .42 51.74 71.90 59.59 1907 (9 months). ... . . 32.05 16.04 5.79 51.93 71.28 59.50 19m!. . . . .. . . . 32.64 17.3:> 26.83 50.59 70.51 58.16 1909... . 29.84. 16.31 24.!j2 51.76 m.20 59.00 191U.. . 3HiO 16.49 2.5.78 52.29 69.22 58.81 1911...... .. 29. D 2 15.05 24.34 M.B 72.05 60.81 1912.. .. . .. 26.b9 B.72 22.42 58.72 7l.H 63.37 1913. 24.47 13.43 20.71 62.57 69.78 65.03 191.L.. . 2.HJ5 14.26 21.35 60.81 70.16 63.96 1915. . .. . . . 24.31 12.61 19.79 60.27 72.85 1;5.13 191tJ........ . 17.97 11.63 15.24 68.93 78.29 72.95 1!I17. .. . 16.35 8.24 12.67 71.91 86.59 78.57 1918........ 10.70 5.,i4 8.45 79.16 86.29 82.27 1919....... .. 9.50 5.90 7.97 7!HO 84 . 7-1 81.50 19.W ..... 13.44 8.93 11.87 72.0-1 81.26 75.25 1921. .. .. . .. . .. 20.07 11.17 17.25 64.19 79.51 69.04 1922.... _. _. 19.20 8.72 15.66 62.97 80.88 69.02 11123... __ 21.61 9.49 17.61 bl.85 78,66 67.41 KOTE.-For the Years 1868 to 1900. see Canada Year Book, 1916-17. pages 403-4. 8.-A'era e ad valorem Rates of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom, l'nite(( :-ìtates, and all Countries in the 56 fiscal years IS6S-I9 3. L'niteù I United I All United I United I All Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. A verage ad valorem rate of duty on Average ad valorem rate of duty OD Year. Year. Duti- Total Duti- Total Duti- T:tal Duti- Total Duti- Total ;>bl - Total able Im- able JIll- able Im- able Im- able Im- Im- Im- Im- Im- Im- Im- Im- ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. ports. - - - - - - - -- p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. 1868. ...... . - - - - 20-.2 13.1 1896.... .. . 30.2 22.4 26.7 14.5 30.0 19.2 1869....... . 16.9 13.5 20.1 7.3 20.2 13.1 18\17.. . .. .. 30.7 21.1 26.7 14.3 30.0 18.7 1870........ 16.8 13.4 19.5 7.8 20.9 14.1 18118. . . . . .. 29.5 20.8 26.1 13.3 2\1.7 17.5 1871...... .. 16.4 13.5 16.3 8.4 19.6 14.0 1899...... . 26.6 19.8 26.3 13.2 28.8 17.2 1872.. __.... 16.4 12.7 18.0 7.1 19.1 12.4, 1900....... 25.6 18.2 25.0 13.2 27.7 16.7 1873.. ..... 15.6 10,9 17.7 6.5 18.3 1O.4! 1901...... . 24.7 18.3 24.8 12.4 27.5 16.4 18;4....... . 16.5 12.8 17.4 7.1 18.9 III 1902.. . 24.0 17.2 25.2 13.2 27.3 16.5 1875....... . 18.1 14.8 17.3 7.9 19.6 13.1 1903....... 23.3 16.7 24.9 13.3 27.1 16.5 1876........ 18.8 15.0 19.2 9.3 21.3 13.9 1904... .... 24.1 17.6 25.2 13.6 27.5 16,8 1877....... . 19.4 16.2 18.7 7.9 20.6 13.3 1905...... . 24.8 18.5 26.1 13.5 27.8 16.7 1878...... . . 20.1 17.3 20.4 9.4 21.4 14.2 1906.. ..... 24.6 18.7 24.8 13.1 27.0 16.4 1879....... . 20.5 18.0 23.2 13.1 23.3 16.4 1907 (9 m.) 24.3 18.4 24.2 12.8 26.5 16.1 1880........ 24.0 20.0 23.1 16.0 26.1 20.2 1908. . .. . . . 24.2- 18.3 24.6 13.2 26.7 16.5 1881 ....... 24.5 20.5 22.0 15.5 25.8 20.4 1909...... . 25.8 19.0 24.9 13.2 27.5 16.7 1882. __ '" 24.] 19.9 21.5 15.0 25.3 19.5 1910....... 25.1 18.9 24.8 13.5 26.8 16.5 lR83.. _ __.. 24.3 19.2 21.1 14.8 25.3 19.0 1911.. .. '" 24.6 18.9 24.7 13.7 25.9 16.2 11S84....... . 24.4 19.1 20.7 14.9 25.2 19.0 1912...... . 25.0 19.1 25.0 14.8 26.1 16.8 1"85........ 24.8 19.0 21.2 14.5 26.1 19.2 1913..... .. 25.1 19.6 24.9 15.8 26.1 17.1 11)86....... . 25.7 20.0 22.8 15.8 27.5 20.2 1914.. ... . . 25.2 19.5 24.8 15.6 26.1 17.3 1887...... .. 26.1 20.8 23.8 16.2 28.7 21.3 1915.. . . . . . 27.1 20.5 25.1 14.2 27'4 16.8 1888...... .. 29.1 22.9 26.2 15.3 31.8 22.0 1916.. . ... . 28.4 19.1 25.0 13.5 27.2 15.5 1889... .. .. . 29.3 22.4 25.4 14.7 31.9 21.8 11117. . . . . .. 24.11 17.6 22.7 11.4 23.8 13.0 1890....... . 28.8 22.1 26.6 15.8 31.0 21.4 1918...... . 24.3 17.3 20.5 11.1 21.5 12.1 1891...... . . 29.0 21.7 26.0 14.9 31.4 21.0 1919...... . 22.3 15.3 20.9 11.6 21.5 12.3 1892...... .. 29.4 22.1 26.5 15.1 29.7 17.81 1920...... . 22.1 16.2 22.5 14.0 22.5 14.7 1893. __... .. 29.8 22.3 26.7 14.6 30.3 18.41 1921...... . 20.11 16.6 20.3 12.9 20.6 14.1 1894....... . 30.0 22.3 27.0 13.7 30.9 17.8 11122...... . 24.8 20.1 23.0 13.9 24.5 16.2 1895....... . 30.1 22.6 26.7 13.7 30.5 17.8 1 1923. .. .. .. 24.5 20,1 22.5 13.8 24.9 16.7 IJIPORl'S FOR HOJIE COS::;UJIPl'IO.V 477 I.-Imports for lIome Consumption of c<,rtain Raw 1Iaterials used in Canadian 3Ianufactur<,s, 190'!-1923. Fiscal Year. Rags, Broom Hides, Sugar, Tobacco, all kinds. corn. 1 horns, pelts, raw. raw. etc. 1 Cwt. $ $ Ton. Lb. 1902.................................... . 367,373 202,487 5,086,052 159,348 11,329.674 1903............. _....................... 241,286 165,231 5,662,744 180,819 13,380.504 1904...... ............................... 254,48-1 197,982 4,916,222 183,405 14,248,303 1905................ ..................... 1,116,215 175,412 5,240,717 163,717 13,859,152 1906.. . .. . .............. 1,697.801 196,804 6,811,267 210,215 14,519,658 1907 (9 mo ih j:.- . . . . . . . . ____aO...... 156,102 167,654 5,843,511 142,334 14,347,476 1908........ ............ -. -.. .-- .-....... 323,453 238,512 4,908,871 217,281 15,690,076 1909.................................... . 256,617 246,701 5,218,108 226,712 15,994,878 1910... .................................. 496,057 432,146 8,237,014 231,152 13,753,141 1911.................................... . 536,60-1 389,173 8,105,330 271,532 17,204,271 1912.................................... . 564,296 437,001 8,903,727 281,402 17,203,513 1913.................................... . 750,003 377,462 13,486,459 310,101 22,153,588 1914... _ _. _ _'. _. _........... ............ 716,882 324,590 8,831,010 347,168 17,598,449 1915.... .. . .. . _ ............-............. 540,922 285,574 12,842,558 335,820 18,595,957 1916..._........................ -. -...... 510,472 337,688 12,441,731 298,433 20,834,672 1917.................................... . 780.062 449,137 12,863,893 365.772 17,702,637 1918.................................... . 505,643 851,933 8,794,289 382,807 17,824,9-l7 1919.................................... . 570,211 1,119,700 5,426,008 359,470 25,103,080 1920.................................... . 352,413 840,180 22,654,661 540,787 24,345,295 1921...... _.............................. 316,315 511,222 10,652,787 347,594 20.007,411 1922. .. ... ....................... 216,915 327,114 5,898,087 432,212 20,870,509 1923 3 . .o. . . . . - . - - __ . - . - . ................. 329,894 685,819 7,917,410 571,728 14,548,694 IValue only; the Trade and Navigation Returns do Dot give quantities. Fiscal Year. 1902................................................. . 1903................................................. . 1904....... .... ....._... .,. .... ._..... ....... ..... 1905......._. ._..' ......... ....... ... -.--..-.-.. 1906......... ....... ............. .......... .....-. .... 1907 (9 months)...................................... 1908....... .... .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ........... 1909........... ............ ....... ..... ....... ........ 1910................................................. . 1911..... . . . . . _ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912..... ..... - -.. -. -. _..... -. -.. -.... -. 1913...... _ .. _ . _ . . _ . . .. _..... _ _ . . . . . .. . .. ........ ,. . 1914....... . . . .. . . . .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . 1915...... . . . . . .. . . . . " . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 1916................................................. . 1917.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918...... . . . . . . '.' . . .. . ... .. . . . . .' . ., .., .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1919.. ............................................... 1920. ............. .. -..........-......... 1921.. _... . . _ . . . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . _ . . _ .. _ _ . . _ . . . . . . 1922................................................. . 1923 3 ............................................. .... Cotton wool or raw cot- ton and waste. Gutta per- un H dr c e m ss P e ' d. Wool, raw. cha,lndia- rubber,etc., crude. Cwt. 693,578 735,760 557,765 636,594 675,495 662 ;548 522,552 653,160 1 680,835 1 812,622 1 727,939 1 774,578 1 769,930 1 730,325 1 969,679 1 877,634 1 880,374 1 1,117.2351 964,715 1 986,315 1 953,860 1 1,252,615 1 Cwt. 160,794 129,856 123,885 102,529 123,857 75,1137 145,969 69,553 2 58,911 2 81,017 2 82 661 2 64:990 2 5:),572 2 55,370 2 50,914 2 15,846 2 45,177 2 72.887 2 46,553 2 47,090 2 77,833 2 203,844 2 C"t. 103 ,607 79 ,9-17 73,394 76,172 63.118 39,228 61,292 56,839 74,271 64,224 71,954 92.092 72,521 131,9-10 211,407 145,812 115,380 158,767 117,717 92,772 125.867 182,556 Cwt. 29,104 28,615 32,134 28,103 24,916 20,021 25,562 20,391 35,555 28,035 44,313 56,655 44,504 65,045 99,132 107,580 130,956 192,272 244,335 228,062 189,525 253,913 lCotton waste included with rags, all kinds. 21ncludes dressed hemp. 3Figumi lor 1923 are. sub- ject to revision. II cf "d ., = ., t.J .... o :;.I i .. .c ..... == == ... .. INoC ..-: .... o ,Ij rI1 .r C'S . '!) ... "Q è OOt:'l .9 .:= .. .. q:: = crj E= () _... ..:I -at > ..s .s -= "C cc:'; C'S C'S g -<;.= Z "C ... ,.., .c ..... .f !>L ::1 ;;. ..... - .. 8- IoO! . I 478 ?;Æ . d ] Æ I ]i -ëE p:r.; ] .ë :""'00 m -' <1j o U g o Õ M ;:e ..: M r- oo ø .... "t' 8 1 2-21 aÖ .ë · :=> M <:0 C> .. at:> M m :=-5 g o U 0> g . ti at:> ..: ... "'ÖÈ GJO . p.- ::=:: at:> 0> ø m _. <1j o U _8 C:.9 . r I:S .ñ - .- .... ::> oo g <1j M o U ..,. -05 GJO ;'::11 .5 m ., [5 TRADE AXD COJIJIERCE <:0 00 o ;:; it:) 1:'1 t"- O- M C'IO) 0 c5r: cñ aS c-:o or" ..... c-:o to o M = g aQ 00 > :; = M .,...; i a5 N_ O)O).... oJ u ; ", 5GJ M .. _ .""" ci. g g 5 ê 9 eo;. 00 at:> M :..5 00 Ð M M GJ .... 'T.'Z GJ .:;j"t' c: -::: ,g "'z 0= "ß c.. ._ iè at:> .... at:> -or" 0> g Mci 0) c=> ::) 00 M 00 fY'I r- C"1 ";cD r-: :g :i ,.,; g ..... c=> ;i :i r-- aö OM 00 ri g r; * r3 ..;:!: M c-:o c=> g C"IOO al';) :i ..,. .... .... . i 0> M ?2 ; 00- r- r-..... r- ....r- M ;;g g at:> at:> 0> M 00 00 .. g at:> o 00 Ë g; at:>.... <- :::g 0.0 0 r-: g 1 c=> or" or.> .. g : g; g g 0) 0) ..,. ..... 0> M o 0 i M ..,."" M -,,=,- C>"" .... ...; 10 ...; ;;00 :; .., CO 0 0 .... :i GO :g ; i g r-- S :;:: e; .., :2 _ o CO 0 g C> i r- ..,. 00 or" ..... 0 00 00 r- t3 ci. ::: g :? c) ci. c5 CO ci. 00 tC 0> al';) 00 al';) 0 .Q g :g ...:.. at:> COr- r-o> ..dt :,; = c ::: at:> C> o "" Ö 00 0 "'d'I en ......0 ...... al';) CO (Cleo OM CO Ö .Q at:> .... "? c5 at:> ci. CO "'d'I O) "? M C'1aQ M 0 .Q"':" "" c=> .... at:> <:0 r-at:> r! g = at:> <- 0> M M 0> 0 c-:o M ::: Ò c-:o = "? :> ! at:> "? M g rÑ _N MOO M r-CO r-O MM g - .; ::: " C'. ci. M C'1"'" C"I 0 -: --? 00 c-:o g rÑ = 00> 00 æ 00'" ::: 0> 0> 55 Ò "oM cD COr- ooM MM g c-:o = ::: C"':' I o>M ..,.- '? at:>.... g C'I :t ::: at:>.... I:- :::10 coo - M"':" 0> = o c-:o :0 "" = ;: Mor.> ........ ...dt : æ = ;:< or" r- or- ooM i c-:o ! ;b 6 .... ! ;. : b b : :,,; : :"0 ..!.. . Q) :-ó : GJ . .....S. ...... ã . í:", '.- . 0 . = :;g :. l! ; .g :. =ä ê - g ,e--; Q .,.-4 "IJ . ::,)0 _N r..C') ....-4 :I ., ::1m 8 -_ 0 ;; : s t . ;:"C 5 ;; ; ;; 1.1 ::s +-> ;-; gf - jìÞ .- r.; "0 ::I >.. 8 :",Q 8 Sé 3 - Q .J: :;.=. :5 "::s "m sg : .... .... 00 :g .... c-:o 00 1:"2. r- :g 0 0 S 00 r- '" .... ::I cD g c:> cD . 0 .... M .... Co) ..... 00 = r- oo r-or.> r- 0 r-IN .... '" 00 M M - ] '" M 0:> i "" '" o .... g .. g 0> ::i tl -ë.5 0 00 00"'"" <- '" w ..;..; ..; = M;:: M .... ." "OS M M .... 00 :g M .... ... .... M c:> _. a5 -:ô Ë i g .. 0>- < 0>'<:> .<:> M M 0= g g 0> or.> g ] .... 00 "" 0 .,. :n i g -40) ...; MO> c-:o M ." "OS or.> r- C'1M 00 R t- 0:> "" ",0 Ö ,..:ar; ...; ....""0 .... or.> 00 . 0 coo:> '" "" M Ô oo ci cD ..; ::i . '" S g "" ....M 0> M c:> "" rñ .... 000 .... t- -' M Mr- M ...,. 0 fl 00 C;; g 611> M g -.::t"'='l < ---:. .... .... ..; r...:t6 a5 cD r-: 0 '" >C r- '" >C .... 00 e M <- .... ...."" .... S C'1 IN ]! 0> 0 00<- 0 0 "" .... g g:g c;:; 00 g C> -c .5 .... c--i c-ÎØ' gi ó .... '" .. 00 "OS "" M ;;:; 00 M 00 00 .... <- 0 >co t- ",0 .... oo fi g +->""0 .. "'. :!: .- bD t- cD M eN s , ;; r- M <- '_ 00 M 00 <- 0 ] M 0 OeD "" .... ;i g 0> .,. -a .s "" 0 c--. <-C 00 s:: M c--. ot- r- 0 <-0 '" <- I. .; ;i :i * ...; 0 S::s:: 0 '" '" . "'..0-::1 ."d . t.1 '" . co"',, . S . 0>"" <- c-:o e 00 C'-. ....<- 0> 00 0> M e '? .... c--. 00 0:> 00 M .... e Ù M 0> '" 00 >C 00 e t.1 00 c-:o c:> oo c-:o 00 "" ..;. .; ci. .... ::: 0> ..... c-- 0>.... 0 0> e '? c-:o t:- t-t- --:' ""' e Ó M :!: <- C> >C --:' <- t- e Ó M i-. M .;, e:. '" c-:o 00 ci. c-- .... "" 00 ..,. 0> ;J '" C> .... 0 00 -'" M C::' 00 e Ó >C ::: ø '" M '" e ci. c-:o e S .... t-O ;:: ::0 ..; 00 "" e:. ;, .... "" e ci. ..... '" ::: c--. M 0'" .... 00 00 e ..; "" :>0 C--1 .... ::: "" .;" c:. è. "" ::: r;.. o Iio1 C Iio1 t.> P:: Iio1 Po< ..; ci. co 1 QC) => c:c (0 '? o 00 r- ø.ð i1 U") al';) 0 C"1 Ct '? '? M e M co g ó ci. 9 ? M 0> It:) a C') C') = c-I -? = It:) C .... C". C'\.I c,:) ...:. ] : : ", ] . : . c : +-> "' ", H . . . : .... :] bD t.1 . : ..o e- . . .3 . . _ , - : S a - _u _ :6 "0 ",..0 ::; : :.g is.gi"d : 8 tC g": :gã i"O : Eg" . :,,,: :3 d] :]-ã-;; g 8 1;= S en m 5: = -> B a. a. 2 go:; è. ] b : ] g] g ;--d :ä-*. .; .ê.g þ .E, l .É3 8 ã s S.z g :à E.. : < < z z Co) -tbO TRADE lXD (OJIJIERCE 12.-Exports of ('anada to rnit('d Kingdom, rnit('d Stah's and All C'ountries in 1 1920. Principal articles by classes. ... United United All United Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. I. A rlcultural and V etable Products. (Except chemicals, fibres and wood.) Beverages, Alcoholic- Brewed- Ale, beer and porter. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. gal. 146 2,475 209,113 102 S 199 798 145,077 8<<1 Dbtilled- Gin. .......... ....................... .gal. - - 2,422 - S - - 7,682 - Whiskey. . . ... -.-....... gal. 272,439 1,286 463.949 134,711 S 750,078 5,374 1,504,132 374,662 All other spirits, n.o.p................. gal. 787,983 334,832 1,374,282 14,843 S 2,103,945 664,021 2,964,959 19,267 Fermented- Cider. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. gal. . 10,482 24,672 40,256 - S 3,720 36,906 43,334 - Wines.. . ............. ................ gal. 420 - 6,914 386 S 738 - 18,087 812 Total beverages, alcohoUc. . . . . . . . . . .. gal. I,Oit,470 363,265 2,fl9G,936 150,042 S 2,858,680 707,099 4,6S3,271 394,827 Frui ts, fre!.'! h- Apples, green or ripe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . brl. 590,400 236,000 873,882 1,272,533 S 3,140,269 856,760 4,242,219 7,902,013 Berrie q , all kinds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S - 228,342 229,656 - All other fresh fruits, n.o.p............... S 4,405 134,186 142,719 7,464 Dried and preserved- Apples dried.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 1,100,500 1,273,939 3,977,306 1,112,885 S 76, 167 167,445 514,727 188,774 Canned or preserved fruits............... S 1,870,981 168,105 3,174,239 514,23 Fruits, dried, n.o.p... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 60 - 2,760 - S 21 - 655 - Total rrult . ..... . . . . . . . .. .' . .. . . . . . . . S 5,091,8-1.1 1,554,838 8,304,215 8,610,167 Grains, flours anù kindred products- Grain8- Barley.. ................ ... ........... ush. 12,686,866 1,050,031 14,395,031 7,940,979 S 18,138,354 1,153,933 20,206,972 10,561,195 Beans................................. bush. 1,074 101,485 105,959 20 S 4,680 347,069 367,955 120 Buckwheat....... ..................... bush. - 188,794 188,794 19,976 S - 249,337 249,337 22,024 Corn, Indian.. ............... bush. 131 34,170 37,101 2 S 259 62,049 68,176 10 Oats........ . . . . . . . . . . bush. 3,610,792 3,751, III 10,768,872 7,096,419 S 3,300,477 3,059,427 9,349,455 6,623,<<135 Peas, split.... . . . ................. bush. 2,193 22,377 59,389 613 S 8,160 76,494 222,707 2,415 Peas, whole. . . . . : . .......... bush. 60,730 135,0.51 228,546 31,775 S 210,678 540,481 920,440 181. 786 Rice. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. - 4,237,542 5,954,284 166,600 S - 496,416 668,077 11,895 Rye.. --......... bush. ''',480 1 I, OIl!, 327 2,113,302 1,108,789 S 1,644,138 1,560,499 3,475,834 2,331,294 Wheat.......... ..... bush. 51,426,131 6,661,588 77, !l78, 037 29,294,612 S 122,108,193 14,000,932 185,044,806 73,489,796 Total grains.... S 115,414,939 21,5t1i,637 220,573,759 '3, t'l-l,170 Flour nnd milled products- I Bran, shorts and middlings...... cwt. 540 1. 229, 398 1,314,911 4,670 S 1,170 2,779,255. 2, 9S3, 843 6,170 Cornmeal. . brl. 42,773 249 54,941 242 S 372,361 1.617 454,528 2,000 l\Ialt. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . bush. - - 613,5-10 39,747 S - - 1,320,773 39,747 Oatmeal and rolled oats. . .. cwt. 69-1,112 5,517 805, 203 357,241 . 3,717,224 22, 495 4, 2R: , 772 2,096,098 Rice meal nnd rice flour. . . . ......... .-. lb. 695,200 51, 660 746,860 I,OR3,730 42 13-1 2 415 44 549 68 328 No 2 3 4 5 6 8 , 10 11 12 13 14 15 II 17 18 19 90 21 22 23 2-1 25 6 27 s EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 481 quantities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 l"nited All United United All United United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 51 793,172 3,000 312,550 472,735 44 1,349,202 1,500,763 1 125 912,96-1 4,080 687,467 849,285 54 2,696,400 2,866,351 265 972 - - 4 1 277 3,211 % 1,392 3,459 - - 15 15 3,910 48, 160 1,616 370,918 84,155 20,228 193,773 44,598 28,568 407,718 3 17 ,025 1,697,158 193,270 235, 183 925,895 68,800 476,963 2,983,524 220,46-1 529,12-1 - 157 4,616 - 59 2,596 4 374,565 587,277 - 3,160 11,396 - 1,543 6,264 61,787 72,544 11,737 118,404 131,431 8,000 85,615 93,910 5 46,175 52,565 3,871 66,489 71, 194 1,300 30,248 31,779 4 2,441 - 87 2,100 212 31 870 6 51 6,774 - 177 3,658 443 92 2,027 28,1,18; 1.769, lit 9 ,8 451.-I 6 80,1,659 52,855 1, -163, 752 %,009,068 439,333 3, 60, 197 201,2 11 99 ,-I761 I,S6t,U3 70,612 3,209,156 5,938,105 48,107 1,358,499 1,315,938 486,445 1,845,955 1,325,658 71. 744 1,460,656 '1 171,226 8,299,O!J9 6,244,209 2,381,419 8,854,379 5,842,200 325,385 6,452,044 376,661 377,230 - 309,145 309,318 - 379,307 379,468 8 554,611 570,252 73,748 505,529 584,825 85,836 503,684 595,720 , 125,756 2,066,999 1.109,360 840,874 4,357,932 259,370 29,200 532,470 10 15,245 315,3ï2 116,907 91, 7n 535,995 31,015 2,920 60,514 74,565 751,520 946,276 322,708 1,295,725 648,526 l.'j9,267 850,385 11 24,178 31,629 - 14,880 20,435 - 5,975 30,032 12 5,810 7,405 - 797 1,587 - 1,737 5,835 1,200,4U 10,320,878 7,381,1,111 3.611 ,3;0 11,5S1,829 6,607,577 1,372,300 8,3,i3,966 304,878 8,563,553 9,481,888 5,167 12,580,979 11,854,372 949,408 14,584,005 13 472,033 11,469,050 7,582,764 3,018 9,821,087 7,441,853 507,656 9,164,756 12,282 14,376 200 4,390 11,634 5,437 74,877 80,813 1,1 53, 794 64,800 1,218 14,257 32,302 15,535 233,408 240,428 247,884 271,838 83,822 138,922 403,300 129,117 214,801 525,424 15 315,815 342,549 69,758 1.37,360 362,033 104,587 178,823 433,466 8,616 17,560 2,280 17,247 25,278 6,138 4,933 26,777 16 16,692 34,615 2,105 20,240 30,074 4,933 7,318 27,757 4,765,202 14,321,048 20,735,804 3,217,419 36,195,127 20,965,361 842,931 29,022,347 17 4,694,519 14,152,033 10,738,497 1,446,014 18,717,105 10,113,856 412,742 14,533,015 2,402 56, 263 - 20,885 84,258 - 3,163 55,484 18 9,395 241,092 - 69,941 265,281 - 9,958 174,402 47,696 113,262 15,976 154,290 177,715 36,147 159,772 210,869 19 263,812 606,342 68,448 473,921 569,653 117,100 419,711 582,444 278, 200 2,357,384 - 885 172,825 - - 5,751 20 22,523 223,732 - 66 6,761 - - , 258 717,086 3,201,430 1,110,899 105,631 3,180,502 7,200,399 4-H,229 10,129,350 21 1,344,976 6,231,170 1,096,888 97,597 3,526,639 5,66-1,209 338,183 8,152,876 42,324,894 129,215,157 92,498,351 16,592,797 136,489,238 166,846,960 16,213,629 215,074,566 22 91,442,298 310,952,138 119,976,127 23,335,277 179,990,730 192,002,549 18,828,694 252.145,805 '8,635,857 3,14,317,521 139,5.15,805 %5,597,691 213,321,665 215,46,1,622 20,936,45-1 285,465,207 719,948 819,781 4,791 854,829 954,616 7,394 1,725,023 1,924,522 23 1,236,851 1,481,097 3,957 939,910 1,103,899 7,160 1,917,732 2,194,326 840 24,588 395 - 19,348 - 32 29, 249 2,1 7,722 187,003 2,244 - 94,178 - 132 127,838 - 629,620 - 30,549 124,583 - - 128, 106 25 - 1,350,201 - 63,625 237,510 - - 176,564 3,544 397,266 571,347 12,710 651,135 328,333 15,510 379,237 %6 19,709 2,343,965 2,214,820 43,994 2,525,407 1,375,518 71,990 1,596,527 60,250 1,360,068 1,064,640 240 1,064,880 323,000 - 323,000 27 1,219 84,298 22,572 34 22,606 7,690 - 7,690 lUnrevised figure 62373-31 482 TR.llDE AND COAIJIERCE 12.-Exports of Canada to Pnlted h..lngdom, United Statf's and All Countries In quan- No.1 I Principal articles by classes. I. A rlcultural and Vegetable Products-con (Except chemical!:, fibres and wood.) Flour and milled products-concluded. Rye flour...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. brl. I Screenings. .. ........................... cwt. I Wheat flour... ...... .. brl. I All other meal. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. brl. I Total Dour and milled products..... . I Bakery products and prepared food- G Biscuits and bread........ .. .. . . . ... . . . .. cwt. I , Cereal foods, prepared, all kinds. . .. . .. I 7 Macaroni, spaghetti and vermicelli........ lb. I 8 Cornstarch.............................. lb. I , Potato starch........ . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. lb. I 1 Z 3 4 Total grains, Dours and kindred products...... . United Kingdom. 11,064 107, 565 5,824,811 61,494,045 1,835 15,479 &5,749,981 743 13,545 1,048,826 3,587,770 363,284 91,690 6,724 88,000 6,945 1920. United States. All Countries. 9,590 35,786 74,099 297,768 1,271,695 1,271,695 1,126,799 1,126,799 29,762 8,863,068 337,5H 94,262,928 257 2, 156 2,520 . 18,387 4,396,714 104,793,347 1,510 14,787 5,399 80,964 6,76.i 11,500 878 169.025 8,433 14.647 203,721 1,087,901 4,442,176 448,981 129,792 10,056 460,025 28,257 United Kingdom. 7,763 10,847 2,746,780 28,896,091 31, 119.2Rl 803,248 2,292,980 269,598 1,720 220 212,603,!I!l5 25,929,810 327,U6,m 195.416,517 Oil", vegetable, anù by-products- 10 Oilcake........ . .. . . .... . . . '.' . . .. . . . . . .. cwt. I 11 Oils, vegetable, n.o.p. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. gal. I Total oils, v(' etahl(', and by-products I Rubber anù its products- Raw and partly ruanufactured- 12 \Vaste.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. . . I 13 Belting................................ lb. S 1-1 Boot!'! and shoes. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . I 15 Clothing, including waterproofed.... . . . I 16 Hose..................... .. .. ...... I 17 Tire . for vehi?les, p.neumatic tire casings I lR Inner tubes...... I 19 .. .. solid rubber._....... I 20 Tires, pneumatic. _. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 21 All other mfs. of India rubber, n.o.p.... I Total rub her and Its produds........ I Seeds for sowing- 22 Clover......... _ _.. _.. _..... ... ......... bush. I 23 Flax. _. _ .......... _. _." _ .... ..... bush. I 24 Grass................................... bush. I 25 All other seeds, n.o.p. .. ...... .. . . . . . . . .. I Total seeds for sowing. ............... I %6 %7 28 Z, Sugar, molasses syrups, and confectionery- Confectionery. _..... _ . . . . _ _ .. _ . _ _ . _ . . . . . _ Maple !lugar.. _ _.. Iaple syrup.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . !.Iolasses......... . . ... . . .... . . ... . .. .. . .. Sugar hou!:e syrup. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 291. 219 946.083 11,981 32,587 978,6711 1,278 8,662 2,2ð5 . 1,295 829, 154 782 25,137 548 3,547,601 69,6,5 4,482.8.1l 27. 154 694,760 34,052 316,134 422 2,513 2,891 1,016,99'" S lb. I gal. I gal. I gal. I 5,002,0:31 33,3711 7,5 i') 1,664 2,941 34 ,532 16,540 399,644 172,097 20,725 61,14\1 918,673 757,99!J 819, H!- 64,423 433,477 285 269 3,20.3 6,055 102,230 1,695 251,554 62,6311 861.121 157,86S 3,583,510 7\1 926 57,196 146,424 46,827 3,777,IiI;; 132,728 3,971,4J5 1,114,304 6,790 15,702 1,753.225 163,004 50,044 22,770 437,925 1,465,366 975,766 878,346 2,343,712 65,701 442,139 29,902 24.455 1,750.967 56,640 169,822 103,395 7,291.777 230,768 10,069,91;.1 186,328 4,314,:Hl 35.0u9 327, 139 58, 5 5 15.!,4US 52,967 4, 46, ã 5,9S8,324 4,005,124 1,121, \159 9,270 20,669 1,7b7,757 179.544 4-111.7J4 194,891 89,799 296,044 32 125 296,169 457,561 411 8,19l 252 3,611.468 100,3\19 ..20s,2S3 43,420 723, U93 51. 304 357,974 1.388 6,848 432 I,U .3n 419.623 18,9l4 5,4!iQ 1, iS5 5,295 205 955 EXPORTS OF CAN AD/AN PRODUCE 483 titles and values by classes of home produce In the four fiscal years 19 D-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923.1 United All United United All United United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 450 10,833 357 - 1. 502 285 1 286 1 5,179 104,613 2,091 - 9,955 1,628 6 1,634 1,122,483 1,152,385 - 385,714 385,714 3,550 1,696,026 1,700,716 Z 651,370 702,144 - 53,661 53,661 2,773 337,474 340,894 1,187,750 6,017,032 4,737,020 570,567 7,414,282 4,723,527 612,56t 10,227,060 3 12,023,090 66,520,490 33,943,408 3,824,832 53,478,150 27,174,526 3,883,424 60,075,426 345 855 4,889 244 6,305 9,553 198 9,834 , 3,439 6,805 22,320 2,092 31,740 38,527 1,860 41,671 13,9,18,579 72,780, filfi 36,211,412 4,928,1,18 57,557,097 28,607,822 6,212,618 6,1,5 ,570 3,571 9,038 7 1,582 5,291 - 1,078 4,811 5 29,9H 139,532 158 16,596 84,346 - 11,001 69,196 20,248 85-1, 254 773,292 15,997 816,575 466,842 14,641 510,593 6 268 2,545,359 2,476,796 463 2,695,016 276,306 26,450 395,784 7 48 299,560 218,556 63 240, 6-12 20,985 2,763 32,343 6,410 34,009 - - 13,205 - - 9,890 8 434 3,137 - - 1,148 - - 904 - 570 - - 30 - - - 9 - 63 - - 6 - - - 112,635,1111 418,39,1,68,1 176,739,223 30,558,495 272,021,479 2,1,1,560,271 27,177,,177 350,6,10,813 13,850 195,247 59,180 15,640 413,916 84,181 16,115 447,202 10 38,453 663,834 143,517 32,189 1,010,152 200,500 40,058 1,084,954 251,982 275,459 102 375,840 397,923 - 123,504 178,095 11 146,261 197,482 235 73,992 91.192 - 53.765 87.902 184,71-1 861,311; Ita, 752 106,181 1,101,3,1,1 200,500 93,823 1,172,856 22, 696 22,716 - 17,192 17,192 - 34,543 34,543 12 133.316 133,516 - 62,623 62, 623 - 90,126 90,126 10,303 99,359 - 615 106,746 3,900 5,530 363,657 13 7,755 83,869 - 455 56, 197 1,372 1,583 177,304 2,634 1,524,96!J 212,491 8,217 709,299 305, 773 1,086 1,367,327 1,1 276 36,534 1,172 5,776 19.253 178 39 9,442 15 142,328 225,435 1,648 122,255 143,589 403 85,519 117,836 16 - - - - - 1,112,386 7,445 4,431,002 17 - - - - - 91,440 448 403,881 18 9,550 62,475 - 2,730 89,833 2,500 1,477 121,053 19 169,583 8,191,511 1,098,428 70,020 2,721.819 - - - 20 199,748 581.219 14,332 158.937 259,1\16 13,468 51,341 214,930 21 fi6.i,2U 10,839,528 1,328,171 431,013 4,061,8119 1,527,520 239,06-1 6,932,901 123,524 179,255 20,365 229,110 258,401 73,058 197,648 304,928 22 1,098,783 2,005,460 184,229 1,546,9:J3 1,809,281 M 7,807 1,230,107 2,017,239 9,224 60,528 16,392 1,266 17,678 1,31!J 6 1,325 23 16,518 374,492 46,462 4,191 50,699 5,276 30 5,306 81,130 93, 690 1,200 83,479 86,339 577 56,736 62,247 2,1 167,445 202,554 5,796 316,420 326,369 3,142 115,792 127,092 23, 142 28,562 17,393 20.950 43,337 18,014 10,815 44,859 25 1,305,888 2.611,068 253,885 1,888,49-1 2,229,686 574,239 1,3,)6,7.1,1 2,19,1,496 57,524 1,190,718 45,736 29, 124 440,174 40,774 3,679 433,492 26 7,979,970 7,999,233 28,511 2,052,774 2,092,715 40,745 2,695,561 2,738,227 27 1,956,637 1,962,258 4,409 158,799 164,389 8,049 336, 106 374,457 9,373 11,254 763 2,739 3,659 536 5,018 5,885 28 26,162 31,767 2,054 6,794 9,152 1,151 10,093 11 , 954 883, 6 5 887,667 3,381 1,277,6t6 1,290,425 - 801,166 801,968 29 95,879 102,398 470 60,104 66,007 - 21,292 . 21,889 - - - - - - - - 30 - - - - - - - - - I Unrevised figures. 6 373-311 4 4 TRADE Al\D COllfJIERCE n.-Exports of Canada to I."nlted Kin dom, United States and : II Countries in quan- 1920. No. Principal articles by classes. United l"nited All United Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. I. Agrlrultural and Yegetable Products- concluded. (Lxcept chemicals, fibres and wòod.) Sugar, molasses, etc.-{X)ncluded. 1 Sugar, all kinds, n.o.p.................... lb. 129,704,089 4,772,912 245,321,907 1,124,142 S 11,824,363 504,523 22,479,409 247,161 2 Syrups, n.o.p...... .. ........ S 599,807 3,561 710,209 5,481 Total su ar, molasses, syrup, and eonfectloner) ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 17,r..,j,3t4 1,956,59;; 30, 695,IMI5 18,1,014 Tea and coffee- 3 Coffee and imitations of................. lb. 30 68,189 85,907 - S 15 11,273 17 ,535 - Tobacco- 4 Tobacco, unmanulactured lb. 181,176 23,695 223, 595 160,112 S 94,430 21,080 130.264 90,389 S Cigars.................................. . lb. 2,209 15 7,394 995 S 7,361 50 14,679 2,820 1 Cigarettes. .......... ................... lb. 2,310,005 735 3,076,949 29,536 S 2,586,913 1,002 3,324,055 20, 134 7 Stems and cuttings. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. cwt. 8,09 4,768 12,861 70 S 2,947 4,406 7,353 2,638 8 All other tobacco........................ lb. 235,465 2,357 247,871 3,464 S 198,596 3,970 211,830 3,173 Total tobacco....................... S 2,890,2-17 3D,501S 3,6S:s.11S1 119,15,1 Vegetables, lresh- I Beets, sugar............................. ton - 7,723 7,723 - S - 70,235 70,235 - 10 Potatoes. . .... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. bush. - 5,480,754 6,327,343 - S - 6,819,405 8,039,107 - 11 Turnips. . ..............__... bush. - 2,097,284 2,128,882 - S - 939,630 957,042 - 12 All other vegetables, fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S - 140,583 187,871 363 '"egetables, prepared- 13 Canned vegetables.. .. ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 16,902,987 595,795 19,107,690 2,928,361 $ 1,360,419 41,274 1,527,202 274,040 J.I Dried vegetables.. . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . lb. 36 2,809,332 3,473,729 - S 8 679,872 875,0:.6 - Total Yeg('table . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 1,36ð,427 8,690,999 11,6.'i6,4S3 %7,i,403 Other vegetable products- 15 Flax, seed, n.o.p.......................... bush. 72,785 1,020,192 1,092,977 - S 354,543 4,713,993 5,068,536 - 16 Fodders, other, n.o.p. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . S - 1,111,926 1,144,414 1,158 17 Groceries, all kinds, n.o.p.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 1,312 7,124 80,655 1,894 18 GUln, chicle............................. lb. - 593,423 593,423 - S - 734,414 734,414 - II Hay. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton 4,878 201,5ð(j 218,561 374 S 95, 786 3,675,105 4,087,670 9,629 20 Hops... .0- lb. - - 6,69') 19,265 S - - 1,171 18,492 21 Nuts. ................. lb. - 122,012 123,993 17,880 S - 16,534 16,968 4,330 22 Plants, shrubs and trees. ....... . . . .. .. .. . S 213 93,726 98,320 412 Z3 Roots, herbs, bark, ftoVlers, etc., for medicinal use, n.o.p.. .... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . S 10,871 116,121 128,369 1,892 24 Rea grasses and plants.... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . S - 47, 134 57,039 - Z5 Senega root.............................. lb. 17,789 388,616 415, 22, 26,687 S 24,815 558,926 594,088 26,178 2' Straw....... . ........ ton 6 5,350 5,5039 - S 66 41,708 44,842 - 27 Vinegar........... . . .. .. . ... .. . . .. . . . .. .. gal. 5,352 17,301 33,485 - S 5,901 9,869 20,376 - %8 Other agricultural products. . . . '.' .... . . . S 7,534 270,034 292.028 11,367 Total Agricultural and Vegetable Products (except chemicals, fibres U9,4Dt,3t4 and wood)........................ S 55, 735, 6 415, 8 O, 135 141,111,556 EXPORT OF CA.NA.DIAN PRODUCE 485 titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923.1 No. United All United United All United United All States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 56,889,790 65,706,539 113,178,263 373,775 140,883,112 202, 955,300 600,525 292,441.281 1 9,999,566 11,837,930 9,050,710 34,963 10,922,436 13,641,327 39,198 19,755,985 - 11,454 19,257 - 19,299 11,516 - 11,539 12,135,768 15,136,5 5 9,122,636 289,78t 11,621,-157 13,702,817 4,10,368 20,609,316 4,118 13,473 - 1,135 10,884 - 3,312 19,427 1,539 5,351 - 374 3,456 - 1,058 5,751 26,831 200,153 340,487 12,847 471. 991 892,482 10,421 1,100,007 II 34,097 130,457 135,784 5,216 175,826 248,374 6,133 297, 923 1 5,745 277 7 539 90 - 987 i 8 13, 288 1,350 24 2,399 486 - 3,220 176 69,861 - 69 24, 205 30 50 44, 703 6 382 41,983 - 26! 24,743 80 124 25,798 5,559 5,653 88 4,985 7,410 8 4,753 5,358 7 3,640 7,400 1,325 4,526 37,975 133 3,998 12,902 5,597 13,514 1-l7 6,733 1:3, 158 - 12,760 18, 297 S 9,485 17.716 176 11,279 18,686 - 20,222 27,271 47,612 210,8.1-1 138.63'> 21''''1 259,629 2-19.073 30,477 367,114 11,502 11,502 - 13,481 10,481 - 11,430 11,430 9 103,175 103, li5 - 63, 151 63,151 - 56,730 56,730 4,204,6S4 5,036,769 1,822,004 3,755,529 - '171 , 638 2,798,842 10 8,328,862 9,657,612 - 1,204,6:W 2,936,676 - 456,588 1,887,075 1,756,538 1,786,755 - 1. 61S, 803 1. 664 , 223 - 2,010,918 2,023,648 11 444,830 4ÔU,506 - 456,014 461,633 - 309,906 313,167 105, 284 152,12:) 383 212,472 242,454 100 88,143 119,933 It 840,393 4,779,126 2,819,082 1.539,6U 4,745,397 5,-122,178 3,659,093 11,033,167 13 39,312 403, 203 232,192 58,:H!) 321, 635 538,304 165,685 841,401 209,541 219,005 1,500 21,960 25,595 7,2JO 116,000 132,875 U 56,964 59,747 396 4,590 5,419 36) 8,120 11,033 -- 9. 07S. 427 H.S-H,36t 232.971 1.99:1,2.')6 -I,039,96S 5:h,71i-1 1,085,173 3,229,339 1.343,591 1,343,591 - 3,615,835 3,615,835 - 2,49-1,062 2,494,062 15 :3,473,610 3,473,610 - 6,561,372 6,561,372 - 5,500,547 5,500,547 842,035 932,406 54,454 357,313 424,530 43,175 409,381 554, 726 16 2,558 113,023 48 2,688 125,8:38 - 1,358 98, Oil 17 131,152 131, 15 - 11, 122 11,122 - - - IS 197,416 H17,4l{j - :3,396 :J,396 - =- - 162,763 179, :39S 4.076 19,435 31,287 29,035 14,585 58,300 1 :\.712,979 4.210,591 !!6,91l :317,101 650,379 500,881 161,065 927,143 26,976 75.30S 769,283 - 780,515 621,299 130 636,719 20- 20,226 55, 433 377,123 - 379,668 216,653 20 217,807 15, 538 35,272 22,840 27,458 50,955 - 15.588\ 15,944 21 4,298 9,123 5,717 7,013 12,860 - 4,8111 4,896 88,971 97,074 497 83,666 87,025 862 211,621 215,944 22 67,532 71, 532 1,833 39,249 44,156 10,376 74,048 87,232 23 39, 72t 47,632 - 21,831 33,389 180 28,553 47,931 2-1 2::!6,8:H 26S,363 10,564 156,683 181,894 18,984 31B,21O 415,018 25 252,863 283,830 7,469 108,097 124,748 12,655 244,543 281,032 6,909 7,042 140 2,424 2,826 225 12,828 13,297 26 69,979 72,181 2,285 21,256 27,674 3,807 80,601 87,055 64,761 72,882 - 61,322 66,957 - 176,197 178,056 27 21,721 25,220 - 20,406 21,848 - 49,718 50,616 54,222 69,617 111,394 112,068 305,890 8,900 1I!!,871 249,405 28 U6,ã39.8S3 482,HO,.Ut 196,199,36,; 47,587,209, 317,5i8,96.'1 268,82S,8 4t,S91,873 ,107.760,092 J l' nrc\ ii'ed figures. 486 TR.1DE AND COMJfERCE t2.-F.,ports of ('an ad a to rnit('() hingdom. United States and All Countries in quan- 1920. No. Principal articles by classes. United United All -enited Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. II. .-in.mals and Anlm31 Produds (euept dumluls anlJ fibres). 1 Animal'!, Ii, ing, for improvement of stock- Cattle.......o.............. ........... No. - 2,272 2,827 - S - 1,025,624 1,078,874 - 2 Poultry. ... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... No. 53 8,907 8,986 28 S 590 52,155 53,245 450 3 heep_. . __a_____.................... No. - 2,155 2,159 - S - 109,403 109,463 - 4 Swine......... 0" ..0.............. No_ - 140 144 - S - 9,841 9.941 - Other animals, livinp;- 5 Cattle, one year old or less, n.o.p..... . . No - 84,260 84,397 - S - 1,769,518 1,771,072 - 6 Cattle, over one year old, n.o.p.. .... . . . No. 479 415,956 431,128 131 S 70,200 41,226,445 43,214,685 19,350 7 Horses............ 0................... :1\0. 173 2,725 3.889 50 S 36,045 493,638 708, 137 11, 100 S Poultry, n.o.p.....__... .. No. - 603,384 604,117 - S - 612,45!! 613,391 - 9 Sheep, n.o.p.. . 0 .. . . ., . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . 1\0. - 178 524 180,550 - S - 1,979,361 1,999,499 - 10 S\\ ine, n .O.p. " . . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1\0. - 4.294 4,949 - S - 162,298 170,298 - 11 All other animals, livin!!:, n.o.p.. . . . . . . . S 225 276,881 297,553 4.050 - Total animals. IIdng. .. . . . . . . . 0 S 107,160' 47,717.623 ,,)0,U 6.158 3t,950 -- - - 12 Rones, horns, hoofs and their products.... S -I 341,342 351,733 - Fishery products, n.o.p.- 13 Codfish, haddock, ling and pollock, fresh c\\ t. 2,682 6R,151 71,142 - S 26.470 327,1'.11 357,566 - It Codfish, dry salted...................... cwt. I. 509 250,834 752,340 1,678 S 19,273 2,509,1% 9,178,857 15, 122 15 Codfish, wet salted and pickled...... 0 . .. cwt. - 2.U,!i9!1 2.14,730 - S - 1,447,4!19 1,4j4,650 - 16 Codfish, smoh.eù. .. . .._.... cwt. 1,765 11, ,';75 14,296 - S 16,241 112,352 144,IMï - 17 Codfish, boneless, canned, etc............ cwt. 2,019 21,455 26,360 79 S 33. 182 289, 73 367,144 4,054 Total codfish..................... S '5,166 4.686.6 ð 11,502, tO-l 11,17' 1 }Iali hu t, fresh...... . . . 0 . . . . .. . . . 0 . . . . . .. cwt. - 32,504 32,590 - S - 474,456 476,140 - 19 Herring, fresh or frOl:en.. " cwt. - 336,076 336, 106 - S - 814,391 814,621 - 20 Herring, pickled..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. cwt. 391 83,35f l 192,325 - S 1,563 400,011 827, 482 - 21 Herring, canned. ..... ........ ........... cwt 1 1,32-1 35,646 - S 7 13,967 470,968 - Herring, smoked................o....... cwt. 1 62,894 73,747 17 S 20 426,570 521,038 83 %3 Herring, sea, dry salted............. . . . . .. cwt. - 40,834 448,251 - S - 59, 100 775,289 - -- Total herring............... 0 . . . . . S 1,590 1 ,71-1. OJ9 3,-109, ,198 83 - 2'{ J obsterf!, fresh .................. cwt. - 42, iOi 42,707 - S - 848,421 848,421 - 25 Lobster, canned..................... .... cwt. 26,887 17,716 59,246 23,446 S 1,988,364 1,073,454 4,083.678 2,006,994 - -- Total lobstfrs....... 0 0 . 0 . 0 .0. . . . . S 1.9&1,3 J,'12,M7ã 4.932,1199 2,001,'" 26 Mackerel. fresh............ . . 0.0' . . . . . . . .. cwt. - 52, 2% 52,295 - S - :!,955 483,955 - 27 Mackerel, pickled........................ cwt. - 74.703 91,661 - S - 800,297 948.634 - Total mackerel................... S - l,28,1.2f"2 I, -132, 589 - EXPORTS OF CA.NADIAN PRODUCE 487 titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 19 O-19 3-con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . United All United United All United United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 1,270 1,342 - 664 667 - 498 542 1 616,337 635,662 - 267,980 272,085 - 117,422 128,072 12,013 12,332 79 8,254 8,444 50 6,270 6,581 2 62,091 64.!!97 895 56,687 58,033 . 792 48,661 50,877 1,027 1,085 - 1,011 1,023 - 629 629 a 64,055 66,025 - 34,217 34,417 - 24,262 24,262 62 69 - 66 75 - 438 448 4 6,778 7,323 - 3,910 4,251 - 16,256 17,171 72,731 72,822 - 51,257 51, 334 - 29,125 29,355 5 1,473,222 1,474,521 - 413, 188 413,855 - 257,529 262,161 22],278 223,689 35,418 121,060 161,483 25,758 199,272 229,080 . 19,759,329 19,989,370 4,139,391 3,299,633 7,852,111 2,809,786 5,609.998 8,738,243 2.925 3,626 - 2,129 2,251 - 1,477 1,863 'i 651, 129 780,977 - 517,518 535,428 - 220,893 278,178 706, 806 707,303 - 839,753 840. 450 - 596,427 597,200 8 780,510 781,280 - 797,481 798,401 - 541,339 542,241 183,634 185,382 1,178 97,119 100,350 - 73,691 75, 154 I 1,700,992 1,717.734 13,230 535,612 562,452 - 463,988 473,798 329 1,179 - 2,449 3,109 - 1,184 1,857 10 5,333 14,202 - 60,059 67,548 - 21,896 28,038 326,457 351,672 315 484,286 486,906 4,782 771,1282 777,9258 11 -- ZS,447,233 25, MS3, 663 4,1.')3,831 6,470,571 It,OS5,487 2,815,37 8,093,372 It,320.IG6 ---- 319,668 320,505 - 82,582 84,357 560 126,977 134,431 12 46,261 46. 270 234 41 ,302 41,566 - 12,739 13,268 13 203,119 203,245 1,110 154,001 155,557 - 53, 169 56,729 96.2Jï 553,918 761 148,335 780,063 437 132,533 679,869 14 9&7,074 6,049,377 4,259 1,002,734 6, 113,206 3,381 974,629 5,283,636 145,931 14E,312 - 154,900 156,949 - 138,262 140,716 15 830, 'i08 834,11ì7 - 658,004 669,87.1 - 562,507 575,018 13,960 14,444 124 13,850 14,348 9 13,499 13,967 16 147,526 154,807 1,282 139,750 146,541 90 121,667 127,451 16,345 18,090 - 13.889 14,02:! - 14,585 14,731 17 231,478 262,735 16 160,034 162,028 - 151,953 153,556 - 2,369.705 'i ,50!,35t G,I'7 2,114,523 7,2!7,:!O7 3,471 1,863,925 6,196,390 - 55,636 55,695 941 65,165 66,339 - 56,354 56,559 18 912,046 DI3,085 - 16,690 825,166 854,992 - 75J . 482 753,667 - 377,679 377,089 - 213,267 213,312 - 274,738 274,818 11 1,058,039 1,058,124 - 396,607 396,860 - 483,372 48:J. 779 40,015 124,873 - 51,475 108.182 - 35,855 89,894 20 177,055 496,232 - 212,152 398,689 - 116,201 263,908 1 , 545 20,588 6 457 11,740 76 563 16.757 21 18,710 274,3.')4 79 3,880 93,339 404 4,566 144,5PO 54,963 65,074 - 2f,219 47,085 62 52,955 66,851 22 313,364 389,791 - 109,153 201,064 443 192,177 254,056 7.812 561,675 - 40 643.574 8 17 642.229 23 16,282 991,309 - 453 1, oop, 427 47 127 1,031,601 - 1, 583, 4áO 3,209,810 79 722,2-15 2,090,379 89! 796,4-13 2, 177,93! - 52, 643 52,643 - 72,926 72, 926 - 42,252 42,252 24 1,033,738 1,033,738 - 1,403,257 1,403,257 - 1,041,713 1,041,713 31,462 66,585 33,249 15,691 72,440 33,358 20,205 7e,:m 2.í 2,230,293 5,179,569 1,797,467 7i.?6,521 3,756,443 2,143,779 1,215,854 4,807,714 3,26:1,131 6,213, 307 1,797,467 2,139,778 5,159,700 2,143,779 2,257,567 6,8:19,!2. 48,141 48, 141 - 58,915 58,915 16 10-1, 868 104,884 2C 573,712 573,712 - 560,074 5eo, 074 96 858,143 858,239 28,410 61,298 - 29,651 44,066 - 44,906 70.385 27 293,454 564,228 - 268,061 383,617 - 397,483 529,819 - 867,166 1,13) ,940 - 828,13:i 1:13,691 16 1,25.),fi 6 1,388,058 1 Unrevised figures. S Includes animals tor exhibition purposes valued at 1316 358. a Includes animals for exhibition purposes valued at 5317;258. 4SS TRADE .L\D COJIMERCE 12.-Expor(s of Canada to United h.ingdom. Cnited states and \11 Countries in (IUan- Ko. i 1920. Principal articles by classes. (" nited United All United Kin!!;dom. States. Countries. Kinjrdom. III.-Animais and AnlmalProdurts (eu('pt I rht'mlrab and fibres)-con. 1 Fishery products, n.o.p.-concluded. Uysters.. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. S 79 12,236 12,548 - % Salmon, fre"h and frozen .. cwt. 4,6-1S 307,555 312,419 2,004 S 94,438 1,321,679 1,420,171 60,460 3 f;almon, smoked. . . . .. cwt. - 97 143 40 S - 1,626 2,710 640 .j ::;almon, canned...... cwt. 310,451 62,248 615,288 168,657 I 7,582,373 tiS I, 5-t7 12,067,319 5,584,566 5 f;almon, dry salh-'II (chum). cwt. - 7,n3 27, 277 - S - 26,4]9 71,05] - , Salmon, pickled. . cwt. 467 8,976 12,457 173 I 5,120 170,000 208,293 -1,904 7 Salmon or lab.e trout .... cw1. - 28, 729 28, 739 - S - 2!J8,596 298, 696 - tí Sea fish, other, fresh . cwt. 4,850 4,886 S - 35,370 35.535 - 1 ca fish, other, pil'I..led. c\\ 1. - 53 3H 50 S - 462 1,789 600 10 Sea fish, other, pn' erved c\\ 1. 4.';3 819 1,632 S 7,253 18,238 33,570 11 Smelts. . . . .. c\\ 1. - 6],995 6],995 S 763, !J42 763,942 12 Fish, bait S - 23,650 24,59! 13 Fish, all oth .'.'. . S ]8,31\1 3,032, ]70 3,050,489 - U Tulli bl'{'. cw1. - 49.875 49,875 - S - 3]2,723 312,723 - Total fish ... I 9.S1:).919 12. 11\.1.25 IfI.6In.H2 1 7.61 1.1S 15 Other fishery product,., ....... . -Z0-:22!11--:?: 7.6 'Ï11 " 9,5ï5 1 -r,o"5 Total 'hht'r) IJrodurts. 1I.0.p. I - =* o,;; ).2IJ SI- H. .flì ..'Qj 1 0.916.11ì 61f..:t23 16 Fun-, hides, It"lther and their products- Furs, dre" cd .. S 35,532 33, ]80 91.r. 8 20,7Ot Furs. undre,, ed- 17 Bt'a"er skim.. o 42, ]03 S 1,002,3-13 IS Fox sI..ins, black and silver No. 546 S 143,334 19 Fox ,.,I..in,." other .. No. 8,937 20 -Jo 341,539 'Iarten "I..ins. 14,361 S 3,93\1,539 16,540:822 211.628, ]09 446,18] 21 Mink skins .. Xo. 25,406 S 281,976 %2 ?\Iu!:>krat skins o. 0390,748 S 737,715 23 Seal skins. No. 875 S 20,962 2-1 Fur :.kins, n.o.p. . S 535,634 ,,- .Furs, manufacturPII S 83,846 20,532 ]99,174 146,078 " Total fur.!... S -1 O5",917 16. -I9-1.5:U 20.t ].971 3 ,67S.4 9. -1-- 2' Hides and sI..ins, n.o.p.... ... . . . . . . . S 6,176 19,738,006 ]9,762,616 17,1S7-1 Leather, unmanufactured- 21 Hames!.. It-ather.... _ . . . . S 2,046 816,957 834,9:19 3,655 2S Hole le..1ther lb. 3,979,583 92-1,379 5,524,409 237,369 29 S 1,613,3911 129, 103 2,773,612 184,151 l"pperleather......... . . .. . . ... I ',52'. '''I 2.182,'" 7,421.017 2. "','" 30 ( It her unmanufactured le:J.thel. I 1-1-1,403 515,553 712,670' 63,178 Leather, manufactured- :11 Boots and shoes. . . . . . . . I 2,75<.076 350.874 5, 679. 7 '1 "',078 3 lIarness and saddlery................ I 574 98,946 109,101 3,56-1 33 Other manufactures of leather. .. . . . I --2 8,6 911--.! 61,6:! : _ -.E 63 Totallt'atht'r. . I I. 2.i3.1ã2 ...s. '. 72J 1 .Oã7, 1:)% 3,312,11-1 3t Hair........... .. I - 332'lJ21 85 -195 'Ieats, fresh- 3ã Beef, fresh................ . cwt. 287,305 3-1",180 ],038,995 88,838 3' I 4,873,257 5,892,484 1 18,868,069 ],262,349 }futton and lamb, fresh........ .., cwt. 3,208 46,586, 6],40] - . 51,887 ],027,172/ ],314,573 - 37 Pork, fre"h.. . cwt. - 12,844 15,250 2,948 . I - 26 ,827 322,384 75,738 38 Poultry and game, dressed or UDdre,, cd. S 236,643 129, 61 430,728 12,763 'fCdts cured, CdnDed or otherwise prepared- 974,2211 Bacon and hams, !lhoulders and sides.... cwt. 2,209,456 1-1,798 2,236,426 2 42-1 6.19 70 123 580 31 201 31!1) S 69, 93,178 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 489 1921. tities and values by classes uf home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923-con. United All United States. Countries. Kingdom. - 5,961 6,369 36 75,635 87,168 8,875 656,380 743,812 244,436 87 135 - 1,517 2,344 - 12,285 308,578 159,004 237,018 7,580,977 3,473,776 226 56,873 - 2,295 131,160 - 8,979 10,978 5 183,561ì 207,367 50 29,842 29,842 - 36.3,758 363,758 - 12,008 12,008 - Jl,080 31,080 - 159 209 18 1,3:32 1,932 90 475 489 2 9,692 9,9]4 150 59,921 59,921 - 774,359 774.359 - 50,874 51. 28 1 - 3,330,229 3,330,229 1,457 63, 293 63,293 - 324,858 324,858 - 15,286,.:4; 3 3,130,0113 5,5j'),89 197, 123 200,361 100 15,4&1,170 33,330,36-1 5,5H,99S 39,309 168,215 13,119 106,684 150,190 51,257 2,136,864 3,185,934 1,001,800 3,6JO 4,471 863 648,548 888,104 172,70t 20,106 30,621 15,492 434,183 845,290 475,862 28,403 42,987 19,658 838,824 1,296,110 551,844 71,673 97,125 43,133 759,814 1,042,341 506,478 863,442 1,253,553 629,420 1. 630,874 2,379,855 9-t3,702 2,351 3,613 2,458 10,9l-t 33,736 52,098 1,472,232 2,059,691 548,081 35,9:J8 331,168 62,773 8,007,5 "1 12, 230. -IU -I, 32!t, -161 4,708,612 4,732,207 47,686 416,559 435,076 25,031 828,85!J 1,391,510 1,738,903 429,569 870,18:3 516,140 797,28-t 3,3!J7,075 1,149,4-t6 337,678 436,09-t 7,530 276,015 1.441,338 82,764 119,423 lU,786 155 276,196 356,817 5,247 2,fiãt, 7 1 7, 01\1,369 t,786,313 226, lU5 226,365 1, 453 358,:J83 519,994 57,973 5,829,181 8,331,298 662,313 62,421 61,055 7,730 1,595,111 1,626,792 122,177 9,338 16,014 759 .316,151 493,220 14,000 523,128 585,859 127,575 5,997 982,338 986,623 203,960 31,492,407 22,873,449 nre\'i!'eù figures. 1922. United All United States. .Countries. Kingdom. 3,799 4,396 96,830 106,702 735,064 993,373 115 647 1,951 7,306 5,449 436,239 18,457 6,433,252 5,082 84,234 8,768 221,588 9,521 14,570 181,278 231,:355 31,141 31,141 346,569 346,569 4,156 4,193 29,575 29,953 375 470 1,649 2,105 108 112 1,856 2,030 82,655 82,655 1,064,388 1,064,388 65,405 65,405 - 3,336,308 3,523,044 1 4,792 33,979 33.979 - 118,8H 118,844 - 12,572,061 ')9 339 :\"'7 367i Mj 34, 1:33 12,606,19J 13,955 144,636 2,680,015 4,918 865,763 26,907 476,193 34, 102 878,060 127,561 1,270,564 1,705,787 2,403,952 1,798 4,400 1,882,0-t4 51,301 10,526.2J7 3,936,788 330,513 3,715,63-t 1,126,450 1,125,634 304,831 162,859 31,191 8-t,0I0 3, 16.'i,J61 135,522 216,478 2,550,093 69, 988 1,198,78:3 7,146 175,478 7.30,490 7,150 H9,018 5 62, 284 1,358,405 , , , 41,070 3,348 29,3S3,957 3,675,2U2 41,013 24,548 195,943 59,104 3,682,815 1,000,798 5,902 1,557 1,053,933 202,567 42,728 14,493 959,402 447,623 53,825 14,056 1,431,071 307,886 171, 3-t0 47,362 1,785,761 455,374 2,347,389 934,226 3,365,286 1,630,387 4,256 723 56,498 10,571 2,460,568 618,780 141, 849 17, 225 --- lJ.97 .199 4,027,427 361,2-t8 5,614,385 1,710,518 2,344,024 350,410 272.:346 34,359 99,88 11 5,"1,71'\.) 136,975 283,566 3,J2-t,037 78,970 1,342,146 10, 49:! 229,442 916,347 1,40-t 992,080 47,991 23,012,480 -1.785.75 9 62,173 1,146 542,831 176,098 772,792 4,251 1923 1 United All No. States. Countries. 10 294 1,189 89,142 778,152 2,049 47,710 5,920 178,967 143 1,132 16,857 347,007 31.071 304,194 31,860 32,871 136 6t3 267 4,073 56,446 803,009 41,000 3,429,920 24,868 119,354 13,OH,2M 42,743 13,057,031 238 11,100 -t8,194 154,304 3,045,632 3,261 332,476 49,184 861,165 26,226 587,433 137,980 1,094,782 2,362,006 3,527,784 2,741 13,883 1,824,359 36,482 11,375,190 7,226,747 662,290 3,138,187 1,014,446 1,692,469 124,092 16,7-tO 65,453 116 21,231 2-t,286 111,432 99;;,-129 1,-I13 2,127 249,645 79,878 182,640 530,031 2,156,747 35,022 827,426 1,034 5,486 17,576 145,021 122,254 629,183 1, 008, 183 1,680 29,364,762 44,257 1,504 1 96, 773 2 934,172 2, III 3 48,588 321,969 l 4,489,509 133,348 ã 376,776 22,276 399, 46 31,071 304,194 32,108 8 34,557 193 & 1. 438 1,252 10 22,311 56,446 11 803,009 41,000 12 3,561,120 13 2-t,868 1-1 119,35-t 27,;;'J2, J6h l 55,249 15 27,557,71; 86,053 16 213,806 17 4,152,173 5,051 18- 557,834 6-t,598 19 1,327,782 40,420 20 898,454 187,355 21 1,574,532 3,348,397 22- 5,198,682 3,-t6-t 24, 454 2, H2, 314 24 92,466 2'> 16,38-1, ìU 7,399,951 26 668,072 27 4,051,657 28 1,343,830 2,581,129 29 1:31,360 3D 130,034 31 27,475 32 150,686 33 5,1132,;) ti 255,241 :u 290, 285 3& 2,932,573 36,101 36- 847,233 7,586 37 179,731 815,317 38- 1,015,901 31- 22,536,397 490 TRADE AND CO}.:[MERCE 12.- t;xports of l'anada to rnlted hingdom, United statt's and .\11 ('ountrlt's In quan- 1'\0. Principal articles by classes. I 2 3 4. 5 6 ß. Animals and Animal Products-concluded. æxcept chemicab and fibres.) Meats CUrt Ò, canned or otherwise prepared-con. Beef, pickled, in barrels....... . cwt. S Canned meats, n.o.p......... ......... ... lb. S Extracts of fluid beef. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. lb. S Pork, dry saIted....... . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. cwt. . Pork, pickled, in barrels... ...... ... .. ... cwt. S A II other meats, n.o.p...... .... ... . . .. . .. lb. . Total meats...................... $ Iilk and its products- Cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. gal. S Milk, fresh..... ........................ gal. S Butter........ .. . ..... ...... ... . h.. .. . .. lb. . Cheese... . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .... . . . .. . . .... lb. . Milk, condensed, canned or preserved, etc. lb. . Total milk and Its products..... . . 7 8 1 10 11 12 13 1-1 Oils, fata, greases and \\axes- Animal oils, neat's foot, etc............. Cod liver oil. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seal oil........ . . . ... . . . . . . . . 1;; " hale oiL..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other fish oil.. .......................... 16 Other fats, greases and waxes- Grease and grease scraps...... . . .. . . . . . .. cwt. . Lard... . . . . . . .... ... .. . .. . . .. ... . . . . . . .. c\\ t. S Lard compounds and substitutes......... cwt. . Tallow. .. ...... ..................... cwt. . Wax..... . . . . . . . . . .. ...... .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. lb. . Total oils, fats, greases and wales . Other animal products- 2% Eggs......... .... ....................... doz. . 2."1 Glue and glue stock....... __., ...... .. __ . . 24 Honey. ........ . .. .. .. ... .............. lb. . 25 Sausage casings...... .. . .. .. . . ...... .... . . 21 Tails.................................... S 27 Tankage........ .......... ...... ......... cwt. . %8 Othpr animal products, n.o.p... . . . '. . . . . . . 17 18 19 20 Z1 Total ..\nlmal.. and Animal Product" (enept rhemlrals and fibres)...... . .United Kingdom. 1,077 23,825 2,347.122 993,858 180 190 14,7461 453,578 657 18,282 8,626,310 1,119,799 1920. United States. All United Countries. Kingdom. 2,001 30,354 112,879 27,845 15,666 9,960 8,859 226,757 3,188 69,4\10 2,897,004 371,889 77,OU, 497 8,t79,OGii 3,932,674 2,323.479 89,977,759 25.720.370 30,941.398 5,031,162 795. 780 1,122,424 1,9R5.113 \ 576,666 10,693,311 5,712,727 6,031,404 1,575,264 15,466.673 2,214,166 61,483 769,587 2,812,706 1,102,842 17,078 12,105 39,497 1,069,&\2 12.076 249,304 15,644,056 1,898,180 96,161,23c1 795,780 1,122,424 1,9R5,I13 576,666 17,612,605 9,844,359 126,395,777 36,336.86.1 54, 24i ,498 8,517,7il 33,075,011 l1,20I,2c17 ã6,398,08.1 gal. S gal . gal. g\.. S gal. . 38,743 119,515 to,306 11 .457 21,602 34, 866 2,839 4,924 730 650 10,231 137,289 45,57!J 1,522,018 13,099 195,912 20,203 8,984 2,0;15,115 5,679,510 3,309,364 1,783 3,615 !l7!:! 118,477 31,596 79,577 365,982 366,397 14,068 14,621 509,783 638,007 155,623 123,337 65,431 506,143 11,379 321,248 1,330 21,023 43.039 653,O 5 117,412 57,954 94,376 24 , 893 379,972 384,097 35,670 49,487 557,299 682.365 157,153 124,482 80,436 732,187 76,218 2,428.138 1,584 28. 503 64.831 999, 585 155,601 73,904 6,7M,392 l,iclS,ti"l 38,756 131,990 - 1,908 68,679 - 333 48,895 2,568,483 11,060.647 3, 136,585 I, ]80,55] 5, 8:J6, 288 3,23],479 1,425.7]3 7,194,298 6 439,605 1,255,09] 304,239 ]63,930 555,150 222,42] 224,177 5f10, 267 -- -- -- ---- - - 8,998.102 4,1,501,520 24,3-15,322 4,899,-182 29,826,5-17 23,533,221 4,037,013 28,2<<,661 -- 1,279. ]95 1,279, ]95 - 1,671,678 1.671,678 - 1,7]2.24] 1,7]2,24] '; 1,987,46] 1,987,46] - 2.47:1,080 2,479.080 - 2,793,937 2,793,937 1,508,6]8 1,508,6]8 - 1,3\;1],299 1,39],299 - 856,039 856,029 8 4]2,916 412,9]6 - 311,922 311,922 - 189,30] 189.301 5,993,786 9,739.4]4 3,713.709 3,032,939 8,430,591 17,527,607 2,423,086 21,994,578 I 3,156.951 5,128,831 1,444,657 1,080,357 3,224,390 6,429,378 979,888 8,243,138 64],950 ]33,620,340 ]25,912, NO 2,969,750 ]::13.849,760 106,550,400 5, 90 , 300 114,548.900 10 ]84,88.3 37,]46,722 24,007,726 464,189 25,440.322 19,428,127 084,084 20,828,234 14,9]9,288 49, ]47,45] 16, ]RO,302 4,894,690 34,042,679 11,176,488 7,298.4]6 30,309,152 It 2,352,319 8, 187,937 2,276,575 844,888 5.085, 110 1,006,168 895,305 3,244,9]3 - ---- 8,094.530 5 ,8[3, Ciì 27.728,958 5,1-tl,84!2 36, 5U, 237 2 26,863,673 5,8-13,796" 35,300,60,12 - --- 50 ]6,440 8,1]2 6,255 136, 132 1,267 1,23] 62, 193 12 ],071 45,947 ]4,987 2,992 ]46,355 4,593 3S5 69,680 90,23] 98,303 :.":11 ]99,213 203,823 - 217,31:2 221 , tì40 13 82,073 87,427 105 77, 950 79,942 - 101, 228 102,859 2,298 2,298 - 8.609 18,393 - 9,414 9,434 14 2.349 2,349 - 4,808 12, 116 - 4,114 4,134 78,542 78. 54 - 65,357 65,357 145,096 108.290 253.386 15 95,4.)4 95,454 - 27.108 27, 108 71, 669 31,77] 103,440 96,462 96,462 - 101,235 101,825 - 74,337 74,359 l' 65,789 65,789 - 21,372 21. 77] - 21,315 24,328 2], 170 21,672 1,246 38,349 40,760 301 23,148 26,836 17 104,579 108,9]7 7,830 152,954 169, ]26 2, ]04 93,909 123,898 ] 30,96] 32,530 19 47,959 30,667 134 42,63.3 18 15 617,334 471,266 241 686,394 442, 988 1,64] 595, 115 22 2,334 - - 11,850 1,746 - 29,071 19 511 57,095 - - 156,373 21,300 - 37e, 070 18,512 18.964 44 15,653 16,426 - 14,092 14,639 211 165,396 172, ]46 35] 77,525 82,806 - 108,0]6 111,9]5 76,471 102, ]73 10.288 34,320 45,643 - 16,276 16,523 21 37,270 44,267 2,160 7,766 10,276 - 3,682 3,736 -- -- 5;:,1.507 1,2!16,725 496,699 312,716 1,392.267 5,12,65,1 3Ci9,06j 1,515,178 - 19],258 6,579,853 3,917,870 311,271 4,399,534 3,158,070 290,489 3,6]3,53] 22 118,513 4,425,856 1,839,880 126,85] 2,039,352 1,251,010 98, 19] 1,410,444 14],728 145,599 1,086 123,536 125, 100 ]26 59,990 61,225 23 36, ]64 36,929 1,245 70,590 74,107 7, ]30 54,8]9 116,353 U 8,996 9,195 ]62 12,268 12,840 1,09] 8,554 ]3,520 296,069 579,674 93,755 305,595 536,803 94,393 322,593 53],651 25 18,329 ]8, '>29 - 9,4]3 9,4]3 - 22,398 22,488 6 232,64] 232,615] - 256,877 260,377 - 291,764 29],986 27 554,506 554,706 - 08,060 3]4,396 - 49],894 492,655 120,755 159,549 3,359 128,220 134,578 5,473 151,308 163,377 28 75.751.046 188.359.957 70,368,96-1 48,391,3ã5 13ã, 718, 720 14,628,291 55,225,1&6 135,8tt,M2 1 Unrevised figures. 2 Includes casein valued at $1,413 in 1922 and $1,281 in 1923 493 TRADE A.ND CVJI.\IERCE 12.-t:Iports of Canada tc rnited h.lnJ!;rlom, (Wnited States and..\11 Countrit's In quan- xc.! I Principal art ides by classe". In. Fibres, Teltilfs and Tutlle Products. Cotton and its products- 1 Cotton waste... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Cotton clothing.. ... ... . __ __ 3 Cotton fabrics and cotton duck. . . . . . 4 Manufactures of cotton, n.o.p. Total cotton and Its products .. I Flax, hemp, jute and their products- Flax fibre and flax tow. 6 Other articles..._ I TotalOa:l, hemp, etc.. 7 Silk and its product!!.......... Wool and its products- 8 Wool.......... 9 Clothing, wool, knitted. _.. 10 Clothing, wool, n.o.p.. 11 Woollens, n.o.p. Total \\ooland It products .. 12 V i:i td ; i . th i . products- C\\t. t I I \lixed textile products.- 13 Rag". _ __ . . . . __ _ _ , U Cordage, rope!' and t\\ine.......... I Felt, manufactures of......... ........... , Oilcloths, all kinds........... . .sq. yd. I I . I I , I S I 17 Sail!', awnings, tents and tarpaulins..... Wearing apparel, n.o.p.- 18 Braces or su!.penders.... .. . . 19 Corsets and parts of ....... 20 Gloves and mitts. . 21 Hats and caps.. . ... .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .... 22 Clothing and wearing apparel, n.o.p....... 23 Other articles. .... . . . . . . Total fibrfs, textiles and tutlle products.. ............... ... I I I n'. "ood, \\ood Produet.. and Paper. 21 Books and printed matter ...... I Paper- 2;) Bags, boxes and cartons. 25 Bond and \\riting paper 27 2M 29 30 31 32 , ....... cwt. I ('wt. I roll I .......... cwt. , I I . cwt. , , Total papfr .... . . .. ... ... ... I Book paper.. Hangings or \\ all p'lper. Printing paper. Paper board................... Roofing paper, all kinds........ Wrapping paper....... 3.1 I I Other paper and mf!'. of. . . . .. . . . rnited Kingdom. cwt. S , vd ., . I 5,230 109,245 666,654 469,698 409,242 59,193 1,2-1t,33c1 I , , I 345,465 393 3c15,8,'i S I 49,128 195,081 149,237 129,34:-1 299,247 426,626 lb. , , S , S I, OOcl, cI,j3 8.005 I'!R.Ol:-1 611.1. 657 48,254 2,191 113,890 29,047 1,515 147,77'2, 85,246 20,252 10,455 2,544 47,638 I 3,S.;I.3.;7 122,555 5,083 899 8,319 3,911 29,697 631,431 70,059 467,372 1,700,965 1,661,218 51. 453 154,06."3 I, 200'525 1 86,258 cI, SI:I, 577 j 19'20. Lnited States. -\11 United Countries. Kingdom. 3,695 63,919 7,806 718,746 141,927 170,439 3Scl,091 932, 422 1 83,1 6 I,065,6u!S 41,245 8,859,682 5,293,522 561,537 110,948 272,879 6. 23S, 142,690 3,037,525 934,213 35,772 33,308 3111 lRO 1,825 25 202 622,043 2,251 3,1O:! 72,180 ".m.",! 353,344 25,011 2,S9i. 12,553,:H!J 46,809,178 2,559,2!Jl 230,313 44,897 354,306 406,273 9,858 188,679 2,885,887 9,949,981 2,683,273 390,838 6, U8,697 1. 439,898 117,025 1,556,923 176, 61 9,OR4,727 5,472,236 1,932,954 4,Oi3,:J33 5,481,202 iii, 959, nã 280,915 5,530,90 1,633,179 179,534 52,947 299, 200 112,14U 9,216 230, 285 430, R:-IO 658,4!i0 64,831 36,n2 247,456 3c1.U' ",3H 6 3:31ð 3,532 145 1,545 69,407 27,15i 315,4 1 47,5.;! 436,5:10 3,159,118 324,149 14,272,51:1 53,203,792 4,568,066 592,875 362,6-;2 2,917,197 8:!6, 122 50,3&7,3:19, 6.1,2.;:J,JI9 343,799 209,27& 274,093 71, 62& 18',518 580,863 6,841 587,70t 158,710 130,619 54,85& 82,819 86,74& 59,198 2M3, SIt 17,831 227, 939 276,406 9,858 8,142 1,380 199,308 lR2,051 2,014 2,353 1 , -t45 12,755 2. Gcl3. 2112 lR7,603 4,288 5,!J13 72,261 6,8bU 81,011 5U9,16U 134,323 88,849 444, 130 2,065,845 12,860 90,365 966,616 64,094 3, .....;. ,12-. EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 493 tities and ralues by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923.l United All United United All United United All o. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 887 1,014 - 1,065 1,195 134 5,935 6,156 1 17,302 18,890 - 8,884 10,250 3,076 69,395 73,112 29,697 1,728,166 99,498 1,486 217,902 85, 235 1,493 366,262 2 20,029 1,734,619 46,870 77,341 583,976 78,829 62,797 900,806 3 22,210 783,072 24, 735 126,000 289,245 28,165 35,759 339,315 112,606 313,289 30,739 230,032 382,872 18, 222 63,048 115,021 4 181,815 2, 8-13, U; 151,'72 367 , 002 900,269 13j,698 169,693 893,710 404,059 1,298,329 100,643 62,702 167,865 62,539 260,020 331,488 5 25,045 57,692 4,503 7,372 14,174 8,472 2,316 17, 176 6 429,10l 1,356,021 105, UG 70,07-1 IS2,039 71,Ul1 262,336 3-18,66-1 23,543 343,077 128,707 13,308 209,715 135,823 35,750 391,015 7 7,128,065 7,288,373 16,033 1,011,270 1,034,433 32,747 8,614,609 8,667,400 8 2,094,691 2,168,256 2,396 235,563 242,045 16,448 2,341,330 2,363,931 119,273 56-1,425 23,576 43,886 186,515 2,326 20,480 171,630 9 154,830 1,212,246 4,474 98,774 139, 994 1,082 41,058 58,688 10 389,258 3,905,576 12,081 525,469 601,107 2,629 137,638 161,185 11 2,738,052 7,SãO,503 42,527 903,692 1,169,661 22,485 2,5jO, 506 2.755.43-1 165,184 186,124 14,767 6,811 33,693 8,371 48,062 75,199 12 2,924, 198 3,192,174 194,178 107,021 431,128 73,997 533,372 777,354 669,859 951,135 85,957 487,364 608,119 189,842 824,399 1,054,042 13 26, 022 185,924 11,135 13,420 79,164 14,996 19,879 83,655 Ii 19,743 101,401 6,830 8,333 87,726 32,009 15,151 224,058 15 59 83,-942 - 440 58, 203 6,365 20 103,141 16 28 47,169 - 335 24,934 1,168 15 36,807 5,169 11,711 - 1,470 3,271 - 382 6,211 17 91 287,071 32,223 1,690 47,266 24,597 5 60,997 18 22,991 1,250,567 233,598 159 709,722 272,249 323 816,911 19 513 26,833 252 93 29,712 17,270 60 138,297 20 7,774 130,438 6,988 1,759 22,234 3,386 996 29,049 21 550 27,144 - 2,653 5,854 - 69 577 22 53,430 179,299 18,099 18,261 75,173 84,445 29,829 234,062 23 7,122.882 18,783,884 1. 02D, 612 1,196.63-1 4,585,987 1,077 ,976 4,!32,761 7,SãO,8-13 557,317 941,209 Q3,672 351,069 622,501 135,658 375,830 656,499 2j 7,646 123,{j52 7,042 12,316 71,487 4,728 2,813 63,561 25 10 60,558 - 307 6,497 1,857 480 18,439 26 134 989,068 - 3,286 84,125 22,604 5,193 194,280 1,438 65, 194 280 42 17 ,362 1,137 65 43,6_6 27 11,514 779,763 4,681 689 201,764 10,362 480 298,596 70,861 5,108,287 314,106 49,601 2,359,284 548,231 64,017 2,284,781 28 17,078 831,772 68,055 10,664 445,536 72,419 12,297 329,308 13,376,836 15,112,586 54,028 14, 106,128 15,138,327 222,963 18,836,245 20,130,455 29 68,792,519 78,922,137 222,355 59,891,120 64,635,627 762,245 67,742,776 72,667,826 2,423,495 5,267,842 694,642 1,217,403 2,306,525 666,202 1,534,250 2,411,233 30 106,740 354,690 29,759 65,709 168,155 3,982 101,139 194,210 31 18,929 340.946 46,572 2,017 162,625 149,503 53,245 391,100 32 165,291 3,672,780 388,504 16,540 1,26-1,654 1,214,237 255, 248 2,887,376 645,712 1,161,303 9,888 263,067 355,545 47,892 400,060 521,551 33 72,170,129 92,103,307 1,421,926 61,t80,794; 69,533,418 2,80-1,&71 70,05j, 6i 79,567,941 - lUnrevised fia:ures. 494 TRADE AND CO 1IJIER(,E 12.-E'ports of Canada to United Kingdom. United States and All Countrle In quan- Ko. Principal articles by classes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IV. Wood, Wood Products and paper--concluded. Logs and round timber- Fence posts.............................. . Logs, cedar. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. M ft. S Logs, hardwood.. ..................... S I OI1:S, spruce...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S logs, all other, n .o.p.... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . I Masts and spars......... . . ... . . . .. . . . _ .. . . Piling.. _ .. __ __ .. . __ . Lin. ft. . Poles, hop, hoop, telegraph and other.. . . S Railroad ties............................ No. S Saw-mill and planing mill products- Planks and boards.......................l\I ft. . S Timber, square, Douglas fir............. 1.1 ft. . Timber, square, white pine. ., . . .... . . M ft. . Timber, square, other, n.o.p............. . Other lumber, n.o.p...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11 12 13 Ii 15 16 1i 18 19 Other saw-mill and planing mill products- KneE's and futtocks...................... . Laths.......... ........... ,... .......... M . S 1.1 . S Pickets.. ____.. Shingles..... . Shooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other unmanufacturE'd wood- Fire\\ood....... .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . " " .. ... cord . Pulp\\ood...................... ......... cord . poolwood . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .... ... _ _ . S Other artic.les of forest produce..... . . . . . . S Total \\ood and wood produtts, unmanufactur('d................. S Wood and wood products, manufactured- 2-1 Cooperage, barrels. empty. . .. . . . . . . . 2.i Pails, tuhs, churns and other hollow wood- en\\are.. ..... . 2' Staves and headings. .. _ ..... ... _ .... S 20 21 2 23 Wood pulp- %'; Sulphate (kraft)...... ... .. .... . .. ... . ... c\\ t. . Sulphite, bleached....................... cwt. . Sulphite, unblcached........ . . . . ... . . . . .. cwt. S .., c\\ t. S S . . S . . Total wood manufactured........ . 28 29 30 Mechanically ground pulp... 31 32 3:1 3-1 35 31 Other manufactures of wood- Doors, sashcs and blinds....... .. . .. . . ... Furniture...... . . ........................ Handles, all kinds.. . . . . . . " . . .. . . . . " . . , Ma trhcs. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moulrlin , trimminltS, etc.. ............. All other manufactures of wood... . . .... . Total \\ ood, "ood Products and Paper........ '" ................. . United Kingdom. 60,529 300 208,838 910,467 B14,8!J3 703,765 26,996,484 10,4\18 330,695 9.557 865,566 275,913 303,800 14,779 419 2,722 233,292 796, 655 1920. United States. 163.926 22,477 526,377 166,669 179,728 650,205 1,069 1,145,135 112, 8 4 204,066 325,512 289,909 1,301,565 44,874,541 693 18, 19,t 114 2,338 83,263 47,481 42,634 820,971 3.633,363 312,303 2,086,773 10,775,018 180,219 15,348 61. 74: 838,73:? 8,454,803 57.18fj 18,550 All United Countries. Kingdom. 163,926 22,861 547,815 228,598 181,263 861,407 26,404 1,18S,995 118,656 209,28b 1,235,979 1,104,802 2,085,262 75,216,193 26,078 777,177 9,671 867, 904 503,081 360,487 42, 760 827,341 3,668,511 343,492 2,106,373 10,848,602 511,411 15,85!) 65,454 838, 73:? 8,454,8'13 853, S44 18,55J 95,504 284 305,004 912,136 1,303,196 428,059 20,449,773 3,391 169,459 1,961 215,631 246, 291 114,035 7 65 11,315 32 199 203,012 764,203 30,90-I,46ti 70,8.i6.4.i2 105,980.-132 23,818.037 1,086 4,890 151,949 610,189 693,136 2.5!J7,040 1,93R,225 1,802,281 26,331 263,151 61,271 WI 131. 734 599,239 ... 85.C!'H 300 8,960 BO,095 2,437,996 7,991,011: 816. 959 4,683,160 3,511).181 12,870,706 4,045,3R.j 5,1t>5,871 5,102 2-1.(ütJ 44,174 8 2,855 648,490 3'Z,I09.00j 4,631 2,!l6!} 58,761 22,851 43,81}4 156,311 200 9,920 29,945 27. 906 264.581 835,891 4,160.567 1,391,183 3,412,454 79,550 211.129 22,095 1.8!}6 42,741 494,618 8,850,31' (2,02', 82 153, 6I:SI. 1-10, 213,113,9U 31,7'1,38-1 2,518,022 8,327,04.) 1,220,164 6,2\11,451 4,R63, 156 18,381.566 6,181,64.) 8,383,419 81,654 563,37!1 133.5R.') 74,96.; 145. 178 1,471,4R6 41.07'.775 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODCCE 495 tltif'S and \allies by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923-C'on. 1!J21. 1922. 1923 1 . United All United United All United United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 158,915 158,915 - 38,020 38,020 - 66,934 66,934 1 19,326 19,561 - 56,440 77,932 14 57,377 86,947 2 476,643 484,097 - 1,004,228 1,469,695 717 1,205,405 1,931,452 219,791 320,775 40,200 l11,899 152,099 47,954 145,161 196,663 3 187,924 192,545 - 411,534 415,354 - 179,198 180,261 4 346,785 652,514 5,936 706.080 729,413 2,245 1,307,871 1,357,294 5 140 23,426 25 36 5,272 - 42 5,611 G 1,964,795 2,022,764 - 1,068,281 1,102,430 - 1,237,315 1,459,930 7 251,950 275,434 - 116,884 122,699 - 107,535 130,019 487,424 490,359 - 743,999 751,679 - 1,282,996 1,300,582 8 1,401,269 2,545,251 - 511,040 1,214,411 3,229 485,970 924,907 9 1,396,580 3,273,714 - 510,157 1,071,892 9,091 376,902 699,378 1,061,977 1,604,463 113,223 933,862 1,158.630 315,699 1,748,478 2,189,133 10 45,107,422 71,079,295 5,346,363 30,637,830 39,012,295 10,398,367 49,717,219 64,010,422 3,723 34,892 1,851 3,171 46,934 2,019 7,641 51,811 11 105,824 1,293,524 42,038 55,125 1,147,410 64,840 154,641 1,173,988 77 2,042 1,339 - 1,797 2,026 53 2,079 12 3,585 219,653 177,814 - 203,247 191,599 1,351 192,950 53,757 319,559 75,103 45,490 300,518 154,743 48,632 292,501 13 136,241 291,683 159,984 355,667 585,027 173,614 281,960 522,547 14 8,180 8,706 - 4,986 4,986 - 5,882 6,051 15 414,067 428,644 12 961,170 971,070 844 1,379,711 1,401,297 16 3,636,924 3,767,830 90 6,038,779 6,092,657 5,905 8,167,961 8,313,267 539,512 576,483 2,760 243,799 263,114 19,375 484,813 524,910 17 1,796,865 1,831,659 241 2,217,474 2,231,904 64 2.599,691 2,622,035 18 9,058,127 9,230.581 1,054 7,592,181 7,632,418 318 10,463,921 10,528,319 90,262 1,068,390 52,857 53,974 602,740 40,941 14,207 543,309 19 29,025 29,368 - 12,097 12,257 - 11,723 11,912 20 116,471 118,973 - 82,742 83,712 - 69,183 70,333 1,615,467 1,615,467 - 825,967 825,967 - 1,096,462 1,096,462 2t 21,513,594 21,513,594 - 9,879,150 9,879,150 - 10,755,655 10,755, f55 99, 328 863,531 804,401 32,900 840,529 387,629 41, 105 428,73-1 22 37,010 37,010 2,003 54,135 95,159 20,030 101,880 266,990 23 8,1.032,389 115,260,581 6,710,628 58,719,8-15 71,505,085 U,5lì,368 8-1,981,45" 103,498,179 - --- 45,661 52,934 3,896 28,296 48,549 - 6,643 29,138 2,1 15,531 49,701 3,377 17,297 22,824 5,137 - 6,171 25 105,699 198,356 470 19,742 26,687 450 12,426 35,419 26 2,328,839 2,354,002 - 2,373,760 2,377,556 - 2,961,275 2,961,275 27 12,046,063 12,160,735 - 7,880,357 7,906,872 - 9,262,393 9,262,393 1,606,834 1,941,922 1,697 1,703,400 1,859,501 1,051 2,968,032 3,182,625 28 12,820,526 15,195.065 13,740 7,440,411 8,325,617 4,477 12,311,574 13,073,289 3,531. 11M 4,785,040 346,179 2,140,573 2,861.470 854.517 2,996,755 4,459,028 29 21. 58 ,349 27,704,419 1, 291, 656 6.561,128 9,236.296 1,888.864 7, 6J;4, 263 11,098.374 3,' 68.653 5,2.,2.04 ' 1,787.778 3,297,127 5,336,710 1.8j7,ál8 3,927,527 6,385,895 30 11,552,473 16,491,818 5,218,426 4,713,491 10,456,092 2,771.164 5,977,306 9,552,892 8,103 212,087 39,224 2,140 119,346 15.468 512 130, 195 31 57,939 804,964 9,122 89, f57 230,124 25,101 75,353 228,140 32 86.076 137,988 22,347 205, 233 239.555 15,029 132,119 160.529 33 9 121, \57 - - 88, 9 9 102.517 153 157, 423 34 16,174 75,328 1,290 1,388 7,094 1,003 4,515 7,639 35 914,118 2.051,819 831,521 554,824 1,556,838 547.461 484,264 1,291,984 36 - 59,251,721 75,256,371 7,:135,069 27,513,96-1 38,261,883 5,376,671 35,951,521 45,033,586 -- -- --- 216,011.556 28-i.561,478 15,664,295 148,015,67% 179,925,887 19,83-1,368 191,363,011 2' 8. 756, 205 i Unrevised figures. 496 TRADE AND COMJIERCE 12.-E1ports of ('anada to 1..'nited Iilngdom, {)nited States and .\11 {'ountrlí's in quan- No. Principal articleEi by clW!ses. V. Iron and Its Products.- 1 '.Z Chromite (chromic iron). ................ Iron ore...................... . . . . . . . . . . . Farm Implements and Machinery- 3 Cream separators and parts of. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Harvesters and binders.... . . . . . 5 , 7 8 , 10 11 12 13 1-1 15 Hay rakes............................... Mowing machines.. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reapers... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cultivators. . Drills. . . . . . . . . Harrows... ................... 16 17 Ploughs and parts of. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seeders....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garden and farm tools..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ;-;pades and shovels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Threshing machines, separators and parts of. . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. S Other farm implements and machines... S J>arts of farm implements and machines . n.o.p.................................. S Total farm Implements and ma- thlnery.... . . .. . .. ......... ... S Engines and boílcrs- 18 Internal combustion engines and parts of No. S 19 Locomotives and parts of................ S 20 Steam engines and parts of...... . . . . . . S Hardware and cutlery- 21 Bolts and nuts..... .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. cwt. S 22 Cutlery.. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 23 Hardware, n.o.p.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . S 24 Nails, brads, spikes and tacks, all kinds.. cwt. S 25 Nails, wire.............................. cwt. S 26 Needles and pins, all kinds. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 27 Screws, all kinds.. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Total hardware and cutlery....... . S Machinery (except agricultural)- 28 Adding and calculating machines........ . S 2t Lawn mo\\ers........................... No. S 30 Linotype machines and parts of. . . . . . . . . . S 31 Sewing machines and parts of. . . . . . . . . . . . S 32 Typewriters......................... .... No. S 33 Washing machines, domestic,and wringers S :u Other machinery and parts of, n.o.p.. . .,. S Total machinery (except agricul- tural). .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. ton S ton S S No. S No. S No. S No. S No. S No. S No. S S S S S 80 700 132,301 111 3,876 442 29,869 10 1,090 202 10,419 495 57,856 2,197 62,060 657,421 5,430 91,536 38 3,135 43,785 94,745 1920. United All United States. Countries. Kingdom. 6,845 127,396 7,485 32,421 125,875 2,071 437, 222 17 M6 16 1, 110 900 78.714 125 19,675 1, 2t3 48,618 670,69'; 8,892 66,309 1,597,498 35,142 191,572 6,845 127,396 7,485 32,421 259,519 14,674 2,898,000 1,813 62,630 13, 176 854,831 1,691 169,353 7,326 442,214 2,880 328,941 9,124 325,211 2,493,714 38,972 325,281 268,118 1,975,549 244,038 928,029 2,635 1,486 300,889 240 8,358 1,102 78,367 25 2,996 102 6,476 80 10,117 1,059 19, 208 441,786 82,735 562 4,038 . 91,903 133,006 1,193,641 3,281,9S8 11,61-1,400 1,183,071 341 811,877 7,786 64,446 2,011,989 578,620 67,420 388,145 173,682 919,226 12,386 36,228 4,011,Oto 7,437 42, 189 71,796 2,318 184,046 36,306 497,174 937 12,033 651 53,087 14,247 95,168 204,041 1,098,339 65,841 565 1,325,684 25,794 93,403 52 7,158 12,003 3,974,727 42 9,263 97,175 3,168 1,201,847 6,606, 233 109 120,434 15,858 174,555 1, 435, 093 133,944 17,587 137,479 303,762 1,907,864 1,774 76,452 3,IS67,161 71,907 20,838 110,599 5,000 117,358 2,406 203,080 182,278 734,474 831,511 4,113,085 6,41I,G91 1,4 .j,6t& 11,839 110,554 2,720,920 885,410 145,349 883,781 550,014 2,1145,137 124,422 60,602 7,730,S26 8,005 46,451 27,476 725,853 3,245 260,627 56,569 5,299,615 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 497 titi('s and values b)' classes of home produce in the four fiscal year3 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 Cnited AU United United All United United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countrie:s. Kingdom. States. Countries. 8.246 8,246 - 1,750 1,750 - 1,302 1,302 1 151,769 151,769 - 21,201 21,201 - 16,431 16,431 17,972 17 ,972 20 4,765 4,785 - 2,207 2,207 2 93,197 93,197 100 16,058 16,158 - 12,510 12,51 78,675 157,208 618 41,175 192,432 2,802 90,008 176,190 3 1,835 13,413 342 6 2,161 326 3 5,925 4 189,928 2,826,657 70, 708 2,549 449,013 54,064 608 1,091,206 283 3,815 192 1 1,229 91 3 913 5 22.712 168,453 7,771 25 49,239 3,047 147 37,826 2,580 13,766 443 39 4,943 400 2 8,091 6 209,472 1,005,453 35, g32 2,277 369,762 24,611 93 525,889 - 1,761 - - 115 - - 933 7 - 204,381 - - 12,901 - - 99,434 892 7,160 18 316 3,005 15 980 1,800 8 94, 273 488,133 965 28,324 180,158 1,185 88,760 125, 685 30 2,974 - 25 3,168 202 41 3,653 9 4,237 421,847 - 3,443 499,700 18,343 5,001 603,316 726 11,809 448 245 3,742 1 1,848 2,540 10 43,878 355,339 10,757 19,015 134,063 40 72,934 95,966 1,199,839 3,628,386 73,956 253,720 1,465,919 9,873 609,476 1,086,411 11 1,267 27,291 - 313 5,141 226 309 6,327 12 706 289,679 44,653 550 95,504 53,339 32 168,489 13 116,909 255,001 33 35,253 195,555 10 27, 183 177,301 1-1 S04,648 818,052 - 131,741 688,609 - 279,548 694,128 15 76,441 514,313 34,145 19,386 221,843 9,308 18,374 261,217 16 396,16-1 1,367,180 92.204 45,234 785,469 114,133 154,367 917,508 17 3,!39,U9 12,527 ,373 371,6-12 583,00;; 5,3-15,308 290,981 1,3-1&,8411 6,066,893 81 718 38 326 6-19 22 187 283 I!! 48,490 262,775 118,169 40,789 220,555 3,017 39,400 56,823 27,960 3,472,594 - 3,487 1,207,411 - 1,584,875 1,699,590 19 - - - 3,811 52,190 - 21,014 - 22,000 20 4,012 32,197 2,974 847 9,127 3,755 483 8,936 21 29,302 344,877 17,638 5,751 69,414 27, 192 4,376 61,971 9,342 1,535,106 560,956 1,465 804,709 106,285 1,141 208,470 22 145,733 697,983 4,350 32,600 89,5'54 38,011 61,550 148.197 23 10,182 87, 633 400 2,258 14,152 325 1,699 24,708 2-1 75,745 677,172 5,128 19,567 105,708 4,215 11,105 151,184 144,574 6a4,713 2,122 5,039 23,267 27,876 8,237 137,507 25 938,777 3,871,470 14,61ì0 36,655 123,696 108,815 36,401 535,310 55,047 85,335 286 39,049 46,594 12,886 8,319 26,005 26 664 120,098 30 163 13,449 - 104 4,921 27 1.25-1.610 7.332,OU 603,068 13;;,2511 1,253,121 297,-ID-i 122,996 1,139.0581 I I I 5,208 396,507 45,038 3,877 126,199 35,104 4,625 119,151 28 1 21,952 3,423 1 4,012 2,127 31 3,777 .t9 5 120,229 20,222 6 26,819 16,131 238 31,206 3,998 20,210 - 17,051 19,126 - 4,516 4,516 311 99,670 896,988 76, 176 112,485 715,569 192,166 71,333 876,571 31 49 3,978 1,480 38 2,631 1,625 25 1,698 32 5,571 332,720 119,684 3,010 201,920 134,119 1,742 138,934 3,843 195,079 17,560 1,536 22,635 41,929 318 42,876 33 1,935,735 3,807,755 406,812 557,2:J3 1,468,700 311,789 540,274 1,246,953 34 2,05-1,030 5,769,-IM, 685,-1921 695,198 2,5S1,01R 731,238 623,0-16 2,-160,201 I Unrevised figures. 623Ï3-32 . 498 TRADE AND COJIMERCE 1%.-Exporfs of Canada to United I{ln dom, United States and All Countries In quan- No. Principal articles by classes. v. Iron and Its Products---concluded. Rolling mill products, n.o.p.- t Bars and rods........................... 2 Rails..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Plates and sheets... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Structural steel. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ton S ton S S ton S Total roiling mOl products, n.o.p. . S Ii Tubing and pipe. ." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . S Pig!', ingots, blooms and billets- . Billet , ingots and blooms............... ton S 7 Ferro-silicon, etc...... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ton S 8 Pig iron.................................. ton S Total pigs, In ots, etc.............. S Vehicles- . Automobiles, freight..................... No. S to Automobiles, passenger.................. No. S 11 Automobile , parts of...... .. .. . . . . .. . . .. S 12 Bicycles and parts of. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . S 13 Cars and coaches, railway, and parts of.. S 14 Other vehicles, n.o.p..... . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . S Total nhldes....................... S Wire- 15 Wire, barbed............................ cwt. S 16 Wire, woven fencing......... ............ S 17 Other ",ire, n.o.p........................ S Total "ire.......................... S Other iron and its products- 18 Castings, n.o.p.......................... S 19 Forgings. ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. S 20 Furniture...... . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . _ . .. _ S Z1 GUßl:J,rifles, and firearms, all kinds..... S 22 I amp and lanterns...... . . . . . .... .. . .. . . . S Z3 Scales and weighing beams......... . .. . . . S 24 Scrap iron and steel.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . : . . . . S %5 Stoves, all kinds......................... S 26 Tinware and enamelerlware............... S 27 Tools, hand or machine, n.o.p... . . . . . . . . . S 28 Other manufactures of iron and steel, n.o.p. S Total Iron and Its Products. . . . . . . S \ I. Non-ferrous 'Ietals and thelrProducts. ZI Aluminium in bars, blocks, etc.... .. .. .. ... cwt. S 30 Aluminium, manufactures of............... S Brass and its products- 31 Bmf's, old and scrap..................... cwt. S 32 BI'8.88 in bars, rods, sheets, tubing, etc.... .cwt. S 33 BI'8.88 valves... _ . . _ _... _.. . .. . . .. . ... .. . S 34 Brass, mfrs. of., n.o.p.................... S Total brass and Its products. . .. . . . S United I{ingdom. 24,483 1,375,212 1,375,212 439,882 26,415 1. 213, 061 2,255 147,317 1,360,37M 425 426,849 807 967,465 1,933,265 20,176 3,350,550 5,603 30,958 50,410 857,604 138,972 4,648 2,372 16,141 2,283 83,237 22,271 778, 132 24,163 12,714 136,522 478,611 15,8;1,15. 54,669 1,609,310 1,372 75 2,680 86,349 89, 029 1 1920. United States. All United' Countries. I{ingdom. 10,911 582,213 12,245 484,869 5,000 377,492 1,4U,574 241,799 21,408 1,409,614 18,438 863,240 88,625 2,495,853 4,768,707 2,795 13 32,510 83 62,463 352,471 4,688 18,218 113,673 52,503 3,012,635 34,945 1,482,643 6,716 575,943 5,071,221 2,325,369 49,606 2,717,220 25.776 1,223,635 93,541 2,654,833 ',595,1188 4,133 2,211,342 20,373 12,672,265 3,097,466 139,084 1,702,052 173,505 39,885 2,597,318 2,597,318 3-15,553 49. 137 2,809,015 1,344 82,364 18,902 779,413 3,670,792 619 643,344 1. 358 1,422,548 86. 137 26,300 584,023 19,995,7t! 2,215,000 36,671 189 639 9,712 277,873 2S8, 2" -I 382,877 1,867,176 1,086 1,865,590 7,637 32,534 3,489,794 42,886 2,453 81,228 1,629,521 25,717,121 120,073 3,562,112 53,778 91,451 1,216,263 3,982 101,467 88,585 1,406,3la 13,946 77,649 95,241 1,625,334 1,79:),224 401,455 1,871. ï99 50,475 1,868,477 103,401 106,801 4,300,663 152,1i17 42,961 661,651 2,710,0211 81,7S5,S29 192,069 6,680,871 64,36-1 91,512 1,217,9-10 5,013 133,829 292,388 1,"U,157 105,793 629,062 734.8.>> 19,813 17.306 41,078 26,674 26,014 14,413 150,677 12,186 4,556 143,139 1,039,085 17 , 6.)3, s 6 36,288 1,154,260 2,0037 107 1,1i6 30 1,200 146,490 US, 8" EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 499 tities and values by ('lasses of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923-con. 1921. I 1922. 1923. 1 I United All 'Cnited 'Cnited All United rnited All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. State3. Countries. 4,178 69,340 94 324 5,432 2 557 10,134 1 293,715 4,872,203 20,095 19,231 277,096 127 24,934 404,539 40, 267 55,852 - 16,742 16,833 - 10,751 14,461 2 1,595,714 2,447,854 - 685,442 689,103 - 290,325 417,613 - - - 4,555 5,231 - 2,829 3,598 3 1,600 3,585 - 229 1,235 - 220 466 4 172,015 424,165 - 17,892 152,770 - 12,705 43,071 Z,061,4U 7,74-1,222 20,095 727,12a 1,12-1,200 127 330,793 868,821 137,224 3,106,170 354,639 16,939 1,232,039 104,000 28,101 1,266,306 5 1,787 50,925 - 16 16 93 - 148 I 103,425 2,912,471 - 912 912 2,032 - 3,754 16,748 21,045 421 10,187 11.083 133 23,380 23,646 7 833,748 1,059,576 27,097 506,407 568,583 9,321 943,006 962,528 51,221 70,160 224 2,287 2,511 - 40,813 40,813 8 1,852,581 2,634,153 4,205 49,219 53,424 - 833,221 833,221 !, 789, 75-1 6,606,200 31,302 556,538 622,919 11,353 1,776,227 1,799,503 4 4,290 97 8 1,296 67 5 3,720 ø 3,750 2,602,853 45,496 8,450 611,185 50,612 1,689 1,444,549 796 15,620 2,804 100 13,428 12,845 143 45,108 10 1.037,386 11,376,268 1,810,384 57,902 7,421,619 9,110,752 73,402 25,606,350 1,870,093 4,2ò2,325 363, 160 116, 129 1,151,453 425,597 134,957 2,355,066 11 2,559 229,428 492 9ao 9,704 125 1,998 24,126 12 18,487 953,339 - 300,625 2,777,735 - 217,167 234,267 13 277, 112 395,902 3,299 126,493 142,151 25 43,394 60,983 U 3,209,387 19,820,115 2,222,831 610,499 12,113. 'm 9,587,111 472,607 29,725,341 2 19,513 -I - 11,458 560 2 123,890 15 12 134,187 - - 42,832 1,631 6 456,837 8,742 144,167 2P, '127 222 41,852 82,683 370 105,720 II 487,576 1,992,797 í7,389 3,627 242,887 164,084 24,156 1,438,814 17 496.330 2.271.151 105,916 3.849 327,571 218,398 21,532 2,001,371 806,976 845,736 2,718 171,055 197,647 145 256,176 266,901 18 846,239 863,545 1,924 50, 32 52,856 1,211 399,070 402,366 19 2,567 114,247 32,346 3,029 57,488 17,089 273 28,818 20 3,869 31,207 1,101 1,569 11,405 772 204 1,022 21 7,252 67,907 44,472 1,507 58, 031 100,368 482 113,410 22 21,915 113,116 5,791 14,306 84,442 400 10,629 52,181 23 1,251, 787 1,442,747 7.093 658,868 706,510 - 2,065,797 2,142,627 21 34,793 141,161 8,197 24,212 62, 108 11,860 23,766 74,212 25 55,9B 73,445 1,582 7,164 59, 383 496 2,744 49,925 26 75,863 538,967 93,584 112,811 336,004 60,754 66,603 268,9=J6 27 759,864 3,111,563 43,018 211,324 521,857 89,903 184,149 602,660 28 19,63a.4t3 76,500,741 4,758,888 4,693,020 28,312,272 11,556,627 9,409,255 51,137,912 98,678 140,051 323 30,365 60,306 7,475 121,391 145,155 29 3,138,471 4,417,999 6,767 577.153 1,188,808 136.929 2,077,072 2,506,182 29,119 228,820 290 14.293 322,799 1,025 27,398 361.669 30 - 21,335 21,442 - 33,853 33,930 - 73,733 73,736 31 270, 43:J 271,609 - 199,752 200,214 - 551,614 551,643 30 82 63 30 93 - 3 3 32 1,681 3,428 1,972 398 2,370 - 55 55 2,675 324,001 89,314 1,601 133,871 111,983 502 167,897 33 - - 5,198 7,652 19,329 15,647 15, 293 42,072 3,1 274.789 599,038 96,48:11 209,403 355,781 127,630 567,461 761,667 I Unrevised figures. 62373-32! 500 TRADE AKD CO.l.U.\IER('E 1%.-EIports of Canada to (-nited Kin dom. (;nití'd Statí's and All Countri('s in quan- 1920. No. Principal articlE's b clas>>es. l:nited ('nitI'd All enited }Üngdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. VI. l\on-ferrous Jletals and their Products- concluded. _ Copper and its products- 1. Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, regulus, etc.. . . . ... C\\t. 25, 634 39-1,399 420,033 87,0-12 S 192,244 5,060,974 5,253,218 653,780 :z Copper, blister. cwt. - 333, :H8 333,488 - S - 6,617,821 6,617,821 - 3 Copper, pig, old and scrap............... cwt. 20, 705 11,336 32,554 - S 386,786 165,571 561,087 - 4, Copper in bars, sheets, plates, \\ ire, etc. .. S 287,607 109,386 1.447,206 635,512 Total eopper and its produets. S 866,631 11,953,152 13,819,332 1,289,292 Lead and its productb- 5 Lead, metallic, contained in ore, etc.. .. .. c\\ t. - 107,894 107,894 S - 506,789 506,789 . Lead in pigs, etc.. cwt. 71,416 16,679 102,013 S 537,551 72,240 686,355 - Total lead and its prodm.t.. C\\t. '41,-111; 1 -I,5i3 209.90i S 531,551 5i9,029 1 1.193.1-1-1 - Nickel. cobalt and their products- 7 Cobalt, metallic. . . . . . . . . . lb. 176,4!JS 82,728 260, 343 22,459 S 193,252 193,844 389. SlIb 62,889 8 Cobalt, alloys.... _._ lb. 4,858 267 5,441 9,929 S 17, 240 1,156 19,663 49,160 9 Nickel, fine, contained in ore, matte or C\\ 1. 60, 203 256,616 316,849 111, 188 bpei!"s.. . . .. . . . . . . S 1. 226, 883 3,918,315 5,145,198 1,899,696 10 Nickel. fine.... cwt. 2,240 117,172 124,558 1,209 S 78,400 3,615,122 3,894,023 42,784 i Total niekel, cobalt and their pro- duets....................... . S 1,515, n'i 7,.28,-I3i 9.44'!, il!l, 2,05-1,529 Precious metals and their products- 11 Gold bearing quartz, nugget!", etc.... S - 5,376,289 5,974,334 195 12 Silver contained in ore, concentrates, etc. oz. 125,220 2,437,266 2,562,584 - i 152,154 2,629,453 2,781,705 - 13 Silver bullion. . oz. 3,232,951 2,487,873 9,817,058 5,386,46-1 S 3,653,042 2,779,067 11,473,896 4,401,852 14 Other articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 36,350 272,720 3011,070 1,000 Total preelous metals Bod their prod ucb.. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . S 3,8-Il,5Jb U,().i1,.i29 20,539,00,. 4,-103,0-11 15 Zinc and its products...................... S 403,483 2: 8, 841 950.082 292,146 16 Electric apparatus......................... S 110,881 222,115 424,476 341,003 17 \liEcE'lIaneou6 non-ferrous metal products... S 284,985 744,035 1,15.!,202 188,336 Total Non-ferrous Jletals and their Produrts......................... . S 9,260,569 31. 5J. , 9-13 .iJ,9iG,U3 9.lIi3,516 '-II. Non-T.1etallle IUinerals and thelrProduet I 18 Clay and clay product.". . . . . .............. S 220,744 4,678 Coal and its products- l' Coal.. __ . . ton 2, l u,13R 81,477 S 13,183,666 941,299 :zo Coke... .... ton 17.H7.!1 - S l".m l 21 Tar and pitch...... . . . gal. 2,644,417 S 94,202 2% Cinders.. .. .... . . . . . S 375 Total eoal and its produrt, ........ 1: .U".n-J 911.299 - - - 23 Graphite and it!i product!:!... S 11.J,103 1,892 24 !\I ica and itl:! products. . . . . . . . . S 774,369 45,050 Petroleum and its products- Oil, coal and kcroEcnc, refined...... . . . gal. 2,757,581 - S ; 51,8!JO - 26 Oil, coal and kero ene, crude.... . . . . . ., .. gal. 1, WI, 2,')\} 292,936 S 4, 37' 1 32,135 21 Oil, mincral, n.o.p.... ... . _0.. .. gal. 165.033 140 S 53,593 95 11, 150 180,6115 1,651,1!i8 l,ti.il,I.... 196, 195 1,071,772 5,700,441 17,773 161. :186 9115,9.')1j 46,41)2 375 5,9o ,601 113,867 566,463 212 53,411 503,287 40,677 510,158 32,712 1,175, Hì\J 170,761 607,8!I.i 40,666 109,965 25,714 EXPORTS OF CAN AD/AN PRODUCE 501 tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1920-19".!3-con. 1921. 1922. 1923.1 United All United lTnited All United United All No. Statee. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. :;tates. Countries. 2it,637 361,679 50,870 52,469 103,339 146,790 67, 723 214,513 1 3,683,192 4,336,972 382,451 646,966 1,029,417 1,203,191 832,320 2,035,511 346,903 346,903 - 292,727 292,727 - 378,492 378,492 2 7,589,849 7,589,849 - 4,241,4613 4,241,468 - 4,946,976 4,916,976 5,289 5,289 - 23,876 50,857 - 30,738 30, 758 3 76,814 76,814 - 221,66] 579,531 - 343,742 343,892 74,542 1,310,454 35,040 111,222 478,689 15,665 70,201 374,649 4 11,424,391 13,3U,089 Hi ,491 5,221,318 6,329,105 1,21S,85fi 6,193,239 7,701,02" 74,603 74,603 - 44,867 44,867 - 104,258 104,258 & 358,978 358,978 - 175,781 175,781 - 531,96::1 531,963 1 36,505 78,912 37 364,312 17,961 9 380,324 6 17 166,678 369,083 157 1,543,186 81,063 68 1,834,507 1",604 111,108 18,912 .U,9:14 .U9,1ì9 lì, 961 10-1,267 -18-1,582 358,995 525,656 369, OI : 1ì5,93" 1,718,96i 81,06.1 532,028 2,366,161 118,853 142,432 - 32,818 59, 410 1,401 172,502 173,903 7 276,372 342,061 - 98,22] Hl,134 3,203 441,601 444,804 1,120 11,049 5,754 - 7,078 2,025 - 2,769 8 5,374 54,534 31,511 - 38,369 10,382 - 14,392 293, 785 408,337 55,366 6,505 62,9-13 163,683 50,321 221,389 9 5,259,977 7,233,925 930,677 120,930 1,976, 192 2,497,413 630,938 3,289,693 43,437 61,846 5 22,407 4G,104 7,071 166,281 204,896 16 1,522,994 2,171,366 153 780,345 1,613,510 169,326 4,538,467 5,590,948 1,061,717 9,8111,8ð6 962,3H 999,-167 2,869,2115 2, 680,3U 5,611,006 9,339,837 3,036,084 3,038,779 326 2,531,724 2,532,050 - 5,449,469 5,449,469 11 2,441,270 2,441,270 - - 3,211,653 3,211,653 - 6,009,828 6,012,624 12' 1,870,244 1,870,244 - 2,031,383 2,031,383 - 3,965,195 3,967,030 2,254,931 10,889,780 5,61:>,024 3,558,371 10,839,767 4.1115,212 4,230,399 11,098,792 n 1,726,6D2 9,257,188 3,634,297 2,241,301 6.679,921 2, 72!J, 068 2,805,669 7,491,962 381,355 382,355 200 28:J,039 284,209 I,ODO 202,528 203,528 Ii 7,014,285 U,5-1S,5GG 3,6.1-1,823 7,087,4.1i 11,,)26,593 2,733,068 12,422,787 17,111,989 86,129 963,962 189,499 2,477 2,448,741 461,261 - 2,136,885 15. 139,237 651,461 152,731 97,897 485,321 464,958 75,225 1,199,427 16 499,660 887,900 168,097 301,867 610,673 204,915 383,480 872,886 17 30,029,799 45,939,377 5,997,576 U,687,2G0 27,885,996 8, 107 ,03 27,889,699 44,358,031 240,128 323,989 1,894 g1,746 257,624 4,973 130,579 364, 785 1 1,031,870 2,277,202 350,014 1,188,326 1,953,053 39,259 1,672,411 2,089,438 19 6,287,861 16,501,478 2,720,872 7,095,769 13,182,440 320,559 9,929,931 12,956,615 37,793 38,031 - 26,647 26,671 - 15,329 15,341 20 399,6.W 402,435 - 300,003 300,457 - 156,209 156,295 738,035 8,622,210 34 965,921 2,307,528 - 477,239 2,396,099 21 50,400 571,773 10 61, 137 248,155 - 47,005 280,448 105 105 - 316 316 - 1,916 1,916 2% 6,137, 9 6 17,-175,791 2,120,882 7,457, 2 d 13,731,368 350,559' 10, 13d,061 13,395,274 118,501 120,473 85 41,057 41,149 83 19,012 19,167 23 611,023 660,218 21,826 205,444 230,429 19,426 566, 118 589,424 24 215,214 553,566 - 2,407 1,482,560 - 4,000 1,558,550 25 27,219 79,625 - 656 209,930 - 1,190 147,116 I, 154, 6 7 2,424,142 1,493,682 2,462,005 7,435,539 348,095 2,854,960 5,737,5-12 26 144,164 295.784 98,503 139. 201 424,533 17,740 132,318 253,439 91,476 190,036 77 421,995 473,963 150 834,837 909,709 21 19.929 87,326 73 70,090 93, 2 5 281 130,188 166,823 1 Cnrevised figures. 502 TRADE AND COJIJIERCE 12.-Exports of Canada to rnití'd Kingdom, Unití'd states and <\11 ('ountrlí's In quan- o. Principal articles by classes. "D. Non-mdalllc 'IIn('raIs and th('lr Produd!.-eoncluded. Petroleum and it products-con. I Oil. gasoline and naphtha.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. gal. . Wax, mineral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. cwt. . . 2 Total pdrol('um and Its produrts.. Stone and E'tone products- :I AbrasÌ\es.. .................. . 1 Building and PU\ ing stonc...... __. _...... . .'i Cem('nt. cwt. . G)psum or plaster. crude......... ....... ton . Lime..... . . .. ......................... c\\ t. . . ton . . . , 8 9 Pb,.ter of Pari>" ground, etc......... öand and gra\t l .................... 10 Other stone products..... 11 I 13 Total stone and stone produrt.. ..bbe to!;, products- A"bestos.......................... _ _... Asbestos E'and and waste...... . . .. . . . . .. . Asbestos. manufactures of.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Total asb('sto... produd.... 'Iif'cellaneous non-metallic minerals- Feldspar............ .............. J5 Glass and glass\\are, n.o.p.. _............ Ui )Iagnesite. crude, refined, etc. ..... . -.. Ii Pyrites and sulphur contained in pyrites.. . JS Talc, crude and refined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J9 Other non-metallic minerals and products Total l\on-m('tallir 'lineral!. and tb('lr Produrts.. ..... . .. .. ...... . :'.111. Chemicals and Allied Products. 20 \clds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Alcohol. wood...... ........ ..... n Other non-potable spirits, n.o.p.. .. . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Extract of hemlock bark. .. . . . . 2-1 'ledicinaI and proprietary preparations. . . . . 25 Explobi\es......... ... Fertilizers- Ammonia sulphate..... -. - -.......... 26 cv.t. . . cwt. a Other fertilizers. manufactured, n.o.p.. . . . a a a . ') . Cyaruunid...... . . ... . . . .. . _ . _ _... 2b Total fertUizers............. Paints. pigments and varnishe"............. 30 ::;oap. .. -... - -. -.......................... Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p.- Acetate of lime...... . ... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. a Calcium carbide..... _ .................. cwt. . lb. . Soda and sodium compounds l .... . . ... ... cwt. . 31 32 33 Cobalt oxide and cobalt salts........ 31 cluded in othcr chemicals, n.o.p., 19 o-21 tTnited Kingdom. ton a ton a a a 681 ',126 7,594 768,456 773,6.'); ton . a a ton . a a 160 544 459.082 55,679 1,570 31,866 3.121,U7 370.308 167,380 298,796 a gal. . gal. a a . . 48,900 252.101 385,281 16.853 73,383 73,383 748,092 219.165 77.292 208,418 151. 6'ì9 617,721 163,236 263,200 1920. l'nited States. 86 30 29 253 629,193 154,796 45,276 351,283 7-12,9"3 73, 672 8,288 1. 41i8, 076 38,446 20 25 132 23,686 164,714 229,521 194,414 147,661 131,55 i 1,075,283 133,675 19,971 2,182.592 5,201 84,224 6,506,62f1 23.508 235,829 10,119 6,752.577 24,198 121,785 38,018 228.971 83,140 375,174 232,886 28.151 17,-188,266 260,452 558 91.525 4.070,595 32,042 156.322 1,277,319 4.422.797 200,637 4,779,156 126,901 3,886 30.069 59,636 6.12, J99 2,564,627 201,449 298,7(11j = I All LTnited Countries. Kingdom. 1,311,996 356,376 49,840 384,005 1,2.'10,237 1,474,177 46,206 660.884 16 '. 714 229,521 201 , 923 155,212 14 ,.,;0 1.075.323 133,920 20,652 2,8 ,U? lOS, 694 8,532,027 23,508 235,829 232,316 9,000 , 172 24,358 122.329 914.447 295,395 83,640 375,174 235.457 757,331 30,an,926 901,397 168,849 302.636 58.240 623.900 4,6;5.047 431.362 2.065.106 1,277.319 4,422,797 206, 134 6.69-1,037 1,625,418 1,000,722 133,9-18 319,182 882,510 3,5119.8119 507 . 69: 797,489 8,963 83,917 116,1-17 16,424 5,265 300 197 21,881 12,467 1,337,357 155 3,025 16,669 J,357,O.'il 409,314 221,395 8,626 3,127,338 419,630 113.205 173,868 31,300 555,804 7,082 40,726 40,721 934,409 24,260 53,141 178,529 27.088 110,390 171,599 399,420 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE 503 tities and values by classes of horn.. produce in the four fiscal years 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 United All United Cnited All Unit-ed United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 204,044 349,883 - 16,895 569,436 900 709,459 1,996,719 1 51,290 100,547 - 5,337 160,850 207 211,046 514,435 9,210 22,281 - 6 48 29 34,410 43, 396 2 75,717 194,642 - 123 343 299 105,986 132,166 318,319 766,921 98,576 215,107 888,881 18,527 5S0,728 1,213,979 1,901,681 1,946,601 1,289 477,496 487,755 3,193 2,038,007 2,057,423 3 37,939 48,712 50 22,589 46,383 - 49, 993 53,377 .. 1,869,609 2,811,127 - 23,391 81O,4!8 4 578,495 1. 544, 254 5 1,148,476 2, 107, 180 - 24,481 578,474 3 322, 233 719,882 253,098 253,098 - 222,671 222,671 - 343,098 343,098 6 427,053 427,053 - 404,987 404,987 - 523,296 523,296 475,801 477,537 - 227,607 2:H, 493 - 322,179 329,125 7 409,253 411,683 - 217,991 222,E05 - 304,616 313,666 163,664 222,015 - 40, 625 67, 166 - 47,758 66,754 8 1,503,575 1,503,607 - 1,386,004 1,386,034 - 683,976 683,996 9 193,113 193,163 - 200,994 201,094 - 118,654 118,679 54, 111 54, 111 - 5,357 5,357 - 78,783 78,783 10 4,335,290 5,410,518 1,339 1.39-1. 5' 3 2.0U.021 3.196 3,"8.'1,358 3,931.860 113,985 154, 152 2,288 47,178 63,287 2,827 87,652 110,336 11 8,036,276 12,255,793 311,357 2,397,6)9 4,397,332 261,725 4,578,470 6,486,340 36,827 37,147 21 24,376 24,446 270 60, 235 6 I. 250 12 370,721 377,596 189 2:{5, 151 235,868 3,064 607, 727 621. 086 72,856 321,694 2,722 93,823 153,830 9,793 61,097 81.507 13 8,479.853 12,955,083 31,1,268 2.726,583 4,787, fl3'1 274,582 5,247,2!1-t 7,188.933 41,272 41,312 1 22,553 22,584 5 24,674 24,679 14 248,051 249,854 30 146,756 147,866 120 161,531 16 I, 6.51 230,239 935,575 86,417 96,603 266,054 78,865 255,407 484,204 15 127,330 355,747 5,051 17,210 23,066 2,717 21,286 24,003 16 119,106 119,106 - 7,875 7,875 - - - 17 458,340 458,340 - 31,500 31,500 - - - 201,286 202,923 - 138,672 138,949 1,970 134,414 137, 759 18 16!,098 206,457 3,059 42,309 58,747 3,656 79,848 132,615 19 22,270,4-17 40,121,892 3,253,427 12, 605, (l32! 22,616,681 728,674 2ß,817.6SS 27,6-16,704 310,015 1,069,667 20,939 66,558 90,116 470,595 110,082 600,937 20 198,022 411,296 95,717 10 213,653 69,774 14, 273 99,312 21 541,229 784,228 105,544 16 210,734 51,349 12,195 78,219 - - 13, 4.39 6 19,420 21,616 3,928 26,567 22 - - 17,684 6 24,409 15,607 6,110 22,893 20 33,957 28,868 15,109 46,944 19,623 4,578 26,172 23 25,215 968,968 214,169 14,173 497,595 215,337 25,379 420, 36'! 21 627,401 1,271,702 - 199,831 249,789 32 53, 209 247,476 25 20,752 300,013 2,801 93,258 338,066 - 24,518 211,066 26 96,144 1,519, 26 7,809 204,543 785, 187 - 66,583 654,889 88:!,5 4 883,127 - 357,695 357, 695 - I, 106,462 1,109.661 27 3,015,615 3,018,057 - 903, 2:33 903, 233 - 2,895,775 2,903,659 451,253 455,857 - 522,004 524,931 - 335,737 341,348 2M 3,,')63,012 ,1,993,176 7,809 1,629.780 2,213.3.>>1 - 3,298.09,') 3. S99. 896 154,055 1,756,045 1112,903 89,908 423,604 177,651 70,36:1 469,742 29 2,474 143,627 138,882 3,517 227, 788 227,965 1,251 300,890 30 10,755 80,922 - 13,130 22,109 12,981 4,211 22,416 31 30,087 261,578 - 15,561 28,373 40,618 8,96] 66,167 973,177 1,086,138 1 478,8 s 5 51:3,650 1,303 457,7JO 590,5!5 32 4,159,844 4,618,335 4 2,122, O!i: 2,261,054 7, 800 1,83-1,1t0 2,358,16) 140,115 415,764 11,212 16!,7I7 302,386 101,946 265,034 453,203 33 306,352 891,045 23,549 339,717 53 , 083 172,546 527,446 874,429 - - 112 113, 252 196,776 11,213 189,3E7 441,856 3 - - 365 840,443 1,491,018 89,472 1,296,368 3,244,359 revised figures. 504 TRADE ASD COMUERCE 12.-Exporb of Canada to L"nited Kin dom, Unitf'd statí's and \11 Countrie"ii in q uan- No Principal article!! by classe!!. , III. Cht'mlral!o and Allied Produets-concluded I Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p.--{:oncluded. 1 Other inorganic chemicals... . $ Total In ol'J;!an ir rht'mlrals, n.o.p.. I 2 Other drugs, dyes and chemicals, n.o.p. I Total Cbt'ml('als and \Uled Produ('fo, I IX. l\lbct'lIaneous {'ommodlHes - 3 AmuEement and sporting goods. . . . . . . . . . . I " Containers-Packages, all kinds, empty... . $ Household and personal equipment- 5 Rroomsand\\hi!!ks.. .......... ...... $ 6 Je\\elry, all kinds, n.o.p. I 7 Stationery.. ... .... I 8 Other articles.. S Total household and personal equipment....................... I ø :\Iineral \\aters............................ $ 10 11 12 :\Iusical instruments- Organs. . . . . . . . _ _ . . Pianos...... . Other and parts of.. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . Total musl('al Instrument!>.. ðcientific and educational equipment- 13 Cameras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 14 Films for photographers' use and for moving picture"'....................... $ 15 Philosophical and scientific apparatus and instruments....... . . . . . .. ............. Total srIt'ntific t'qulpmt'nt, de..... I :-:hips and vessels- 16 Boats, canoes and parts of. . ... . . S 17 Gasoline launches. _ . . . . _. _ No I 18 Ships sold to other countries.. . . . . . . . . . . ton $ . Total ships and "ess('I... S \"ehicles, n.o.p.- 19 Aeroplane:; and parts of. . . . . . . . . 20 Buggies, carriag('!' and part"" cart,. and wagons....... '0 _.._ Total vebldes, ('hleO) of "oud. 21 \\ ark A of art (paintings)...... .. .. . . . . .. .. .. S Other miscclhneous commodities, n.o.p.- 22 Brushes, all kinds............. ........ ...$ 2.1 Cartridge'!, gun, rifle and pistol. . . . . . . . .. $ 24. Contractors' outfits..... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 0 . . I 25 Junk, except metallic and rubber... ..... C\\t. $ 26 .;ettlcr",' effects.... 0 0 . $ 2ì Other miscellaneous..... $ Total :UI<;('eIlaneous Commodities. S Tot-al f:lports.. ('ana1l1311 hl"e.. ........ $ United Kingdom. I, 110, .)2 388,178 3, b9-1, ì32 122,859 6,24: 73,244 206,046 140,899 50,662 I;-O,I\.'i1 No.. I No. $ $ $ 261 19,7-17 188 55,7241 ' I 1,.1, ,,).1 1920. United States. II,18!1 420,33-1 -\.11 Pnited Countric!!. I(inJl;dom. 501,761 3.:U:1'3 d l d,210,331 1,1'.:'6,08\1 1,783,957 1:1,1\03,06;- 2"!,1o'\:1. GIS.'iI 16,800 70.;,139 514,679 3.399.815 32,569 22,829 140,393 105,135 22,476 290,S33 210 24,875 583 191,073 II8,527 33-1, -li5 215,5.58 5-1,871 105,55:? 37,;,9"ì1 20,818 12,723 4,8-10,000 4,1\60, "ìl" 1,735 15U 1. 17,541 37,122 11,949 3,695 007, ïl9 50,336 22.Joo-2 .99.) 16.51012,4"1, 71, 722.90 I 1,1!4.,93.1 189,152,6.11 -I(jj,O!"ì, 1 ,I,239,49 .09ð, 312, '> 1,358,714 433,612 71,217 28,051 I, -129. 931 161,663 599,257 12,058.587 3,886,382 36,508 29,208 57,436 48,289 11,3116 ',557 ,072 95, O,39jl 111,74;;.913 8,835,4%0 IMPORTS FOR COXSUJIPTION 511 All Countrirs in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, years t920-1923--con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . United All United United All United United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 13,582 141,789 4,588 39,614 184,993 6,923 11,496 202,366 1 1,207 13,226 757 4,000 13,552 1,350 961 15,337 7,229,715 7,231,695 2,640 9,653,719 9,656,359 - 13,023,137 13,023.137 2 319,088 319,314 224 275,541 275,765 - 320,473 320,473 441,998 2,704,340 21,170 226,235 3.882,799 250,473 58,846 3,428,940 3 17,658 139,015 963 10, 669 128,985 12,638 3.663 129,438 285,357 314,156 8,697 151,361 1í6,529 6,808 152,914 174,769 4 17,842,257 21,013.086 223,973 12,506,252 14,374,715 390,208 11,099,119,1 13,423,433 803, 145 1,273,489 31,326 433,314 763,744 27,070 350,834 710,335 5 1,283,907 2,483,597 1,497,753 1,080,747 3,131,802 1,572,051 1,399,993 3,407,270 6 396.796 802,230 409,161 197,281 725,523 376,652 204.783 650,304 611,452 6,991,666 52,146 404,755 2,090.692 60,387 385,730 2,773,837 7 167,844,267 706,825,703 3,120 166.444,888 883,283,112 21,366 120,024,763 1,146,543,348 8 20.471,605 78,276,334 283 9,058.292 41,624,696 1,777 3.432,022 36,187,815 21,479,853 86,070,2311 ,161,593 9,660,328 4-1,440,911 438,716 4,022,535 39,611,856 61,117 116,269 29,301 71,541 163,978 24,751 47,131 160,856 9 858,586 1,717,316 286,839 687,282 1,557,382 223,340 521,536 1,617,986 705,908 1,863,549 443,134 640,118 1,149,967 51,2H 1,018,895 1,159,448 10 126,510 554,031 96,064 91,992 205.301 13,735 88,444 116,481 2,688,156 3,257,725 869, III 3,6h8,213 5,124,467 188,30b 2,562,567 4,438,882 11 876,043 1,105,314 268,304 999,839 1,430,214 52,406 755,340 1,254,585 1,861,139 3,376,661 651,207 1,779,113 3,192,897 289,t81 1,365,320 2,989,002 - 16,293.945 971,438 - 20,049,318 540,949 - 20.457,493 12 - 3,814,097 185,848 - 3,020,763 109,019 - 3,2ll,067 1,120,465 1,497,430 24,985 1,612,420 1,696,237 46.904 1,091,418 1,175,677 13 390,718 470,403 11,489 452,659 471,048 19,027 349,879 372,942 l,no,465 17,791,375 996,4 3 1,612,,12 21,7t5,555 587,853 1,091,418 21,633,170 390,71M 4,28-1,5UII 197,337 45 ,659 3,-191,811 128,0,16 349,8.9 3,5S,I,Otl9 431,443 1,275,076 520,088 433,125 1,219,832 517,658 407,537 1,180,265 1-1 326,589 33,422,902 12,390,354 275,189 38,844,703 9,440,856 450,706 40,274,205 15 85,6M4 9,668,785 3,632,505 55,727 9,132,01):3 2,833,134 78,170 10,356,757 68, :121 113,280 34,515 55,080 98,276 52,802 63,013 133,472 16 16,082 50,030 28,255 10,048 43,189 37,556 13,458 55,032 1,577,500 1,577,')64 - 1,764,055 1,764,1OIi - 1,894,530 1,895,707 17 465,421 465,453 - 578,397 578,540 - 568,374 568,429 1,498.185 1,681,822 45,951 2,055,543 2,141. 702 66,145 3,121,909 3,380,265 18 843,507 1,000,711 39,940 688.153 778,958 47,542 605,406 697,814 176,310 189,511 19,133 258,351 397,128 22,786 388,264 482,386 19 7t,792,671 171,9U,8,17 6,75,1,612 58,477,911 117,3,16,030 5,902,179 48,128,973 108,701,762 1 Unrevised figures. 512 TRA.DE ASD COllfMERCB 13.-Imports of Canada from the United kingdom, the rnited States and in the four fiscal 1\0 PrinC'ipal articles by cla!>ses. I. A rlrultural and "el!('tabl(' Products (exrept dlemit-als. fibres and woo.d -con. B-OTHER THo\." FooD. Beverages, alcoholic- Hre\\ efl. 1 Ale, porter, etc. l>i!>tilled. 2 I Brandy, etc. :I Cordials and liqueurs, all kind1' 4 Gin, all kinùs, n.o.p .'j Rum.... 6 Yermouth 7 Whiskey. . . . All spirituous or alcoholic liquors, n.o.p. Total distilled beverages .. 9 10 Fermented. "lnes. Wines, non-sparkling. .. . . . . . gal S Champagne, and nIl other sparkling ",ines in bottles.. ... . . . . .. doz. S Total "lues Total be,er.tge!>, alcoholic 11 12 13 It 15 16 Gums and resins- Arabic, amber, etc. Australian, copal, damar, etc...... Resin or rosin in packages. . . . . Other gums and resins..... Total gums and resln 17 Oil cake anci meaL.............. Oil,>, vegetable, not food- 18 Ca tor oil... .......... 19 Chinawood and rosin oil. . . . . . . . . . 20 Cocoanut, palm and palm kernel oil.. . . 21 Cotton seed oil, crude... 22 Essential oils, n.o.p.. . . . . . . . . . 23 Flax>>ccd or lim.ced oil raw or hoiled %4 Other vegetable oils. Total 00!>. ve etable. rnited Kingdom. gal. S 28,19S 46,161 4.106 29,132 1,6Ul 1O,lül 61, ,.U 01. 74 23,5RO 6'L!I.'i1 616 t,;;;;"? 803,076 5,:H1.1-U 2 9 gaL S gaL S gaL $ (taL S gaL S gal. S gaL 5 gaL S 911.ì9' 5.721.991 S $ lO,1i j1 J5,7öO 18S 7,413 n,193 1 ã,IiU,:U.i 35,322 1:3,144 110,729 19,5-15 cwt. S gal. S S gaL S gaL S lb. S lb. S S S 111,610 206,335 32,321 9:.1,266 4,532,607 1,0:18,697 11, 275 1,:ISI,33,j 1920. United States. All United Countries. Kingdom. Ii";; . ;;t.i L__ _9=-52:1 913.9 3' 9.131.,i36 3G6,9aO 467,9,21 125,438 151.856 1, ï:!5. 809 1, 855, 81 335,35' 357, 69!! 8!Jl, 117 2,0,-1,392 614,5S8 1.542,165 652,5G- 1, :J:J9, !JS4 653,827 1.19-1,5(11 2.18,169 2:38,169 1,459,395 1,459,39.") 259, 180 282, 100 3, U7 ,5i:iu 4. !J l, 716 27,866 33,OU9 3.9)4 11.1:1:1 2 "4" 13: ï3ii 2,470 9,2U4 10,307 5, 709 5. ,61 1!J,9J8 5:J,00:1 110,6'19 2,-167 2,638 lO.I.it 19.i,36!1 427,872 661,056 2,193 24,4811 18,593 24,770 23,094 Mil, 5,,;1 17,977 34,762 97,106 333,671 31,082 70,355 610,655 807,006 I, 175,29. 5,789,85\1 9,518,484 311,8û8 739,891 288,651 63, G86 552, 149 lb. 5 lb. S Chicle or sappato gum, crude.. ...... . . . .. lb. S lac, cruùe, seed, button, stick and hell.. lb. S . cwt. S $ S n,720,5111- 56,064 79,170 149.157 9 b.49-1 1 10,419 53,07:3 183. 11:1 6!19.-17:1 214,416 315,886 19,877 70,09-1 861. 222 5,423,636 6,397 17,188 1,444.6111 7,56.'1,8.14 693,5!:3 1,223,421 13,395 267,101 9S,IUti 336,310 111,71, 27!I,2:U 617,550 10,61. 4'i! I, 255, 6ti4 5, 7"9, 59 9,518,41i4 J88,:J95 971,5!JS 4,836,108 1,106,531 583,256 H,:I:r ,3U 62,669 127,387 9,012 96,491 4,:i51 62, 55'i 19ì, G67 2.026.542 5: , 6:JO 288,9-12 3,9<;9 19,92R 1,627,3:H 20,353,005 1,031 9,505 1,897,017 22,8;J6,91i9 23,723 129,265 2,898 9-1,970 %I, 2.1.i 23,20S,,j9.1 270,59-1 52,303 76,1!J7 25, 223 77, 52!) 70,4!J8 ;l: ü 2,2Ul 3S,IO!I "'''1,331 l,57R 10,757 95,875 201,6!14 1,958 142,866 221,923 i:),80ti 162,269 5,375,276 1,31O,41J 24,340 I, 92' ,597 IMPORTS FOR eo.vSUJIPTION 513 All Countries in (IUantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, years 1920-1923--con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . United All United United All United United All No States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 11, 162 74,105 42,306 6,065 49,160 51,653 1,635 54,241 1 15,919 143,737 103,051 10,683 111,810 116,808 2,425 120,362 1,965 355,557 1,669 21 113,386 2,778 366 68,010 2 20,815 3,379,275 31,832 275 1,715,929 37,526 2,422 675,647 56 45,165 3,095 70 17,833 800 62 15,506 3 4,806 312,521 71,373 164 209,317 12, 172 925 103,990 360 816,105 82,449 34 193,942 78,031 127 158, 982 .1 4,025 4,174,925 1,549,972 621 2,350,116 1,437,856 2,488 2,085,865 5,935 329, 271 15,872 3,992 111,009 32,355 4,877 119,826 5 13,274 1,033,794 250,466 17,583 662,379 487,577 23,511 922,594 493 43,640 1,471 23 19,694 503 45 17,290 6 2,882 134,738 8,103 113 60,229 2,414 193 38,755 178,094 1,891,056 836,711 61, 435 908,221 787.857 22,559 825,361 7 1,553,404 22,947,000 16,950,638 1,109.546 18,194,027 15,357,411 409,322 15,888,832 20,791 73,420 152 162 7,212 256 9 5,438 8 63,990 242,454 3,206 309 32,717 980 53 27, 765 2118,201 3,55-1,21-1 9-11,-119 65,737 1,368,297 902,580 28,0!5 1,210,413 1,663,196 32,2'U,707 18,865,590 1,129,611 23,221,714 17,335,936 138,9U 19,7-t3,U8 50,216 625,682 26,588 10,359 317,284 23,562 7,114 278,471 9 79,996 1,652,568 102,555 16,001 799,591 84,584 10,355 635,290 90 30,390 958 347 21,023 283 67 27,378 10 1,207 625,195 32,554 4,690 385,087 9,817 9!J4 436,198 81,023 2,277 ,763 135,109 20,691 1,181,678 91,401 11,319 1,071,488 1.760,138 3-1,616,207 19,103,750 1,160,985 21 521,202 17,517,145 452,688 20,935,298 185,308 506,749 91,411 289,435 459,229 231,814 277,1.14 613,729 11 80.466 146,086 14,644 62,922 87,265 31,594 69,781 118,237 1. 848, 760 2,1-19,778 28,962 999,317 1,127,143 120,254 1,329,986 1,573,750 12 3!J2,798 452,557 6,293 158,856 185,029 22,759 221,931 263,769 293,243 514,910 - 343,713 492,086 - 527,669 668, 153 13 131,676 265,902 - 171,511 238,483 - 260,757 3:J2,183 836,488 I,O:!2,175 1,792 1,073,431 1,224,632 2 1,278,052 1,412,711 14 790,069 9.í8, 671 466 662,948 769,213 2 851,746 946.049 267,879 268, :i33 1 237,304 241,651 - 270,625 271 , 489 l.j 1.461,322 1,464,778 6 479,480 49'3,048 - 556,478 558,907 323,996 372,739 25,082 155, 122 185,327 20,836 203,283 229,247 16 3,1811,321 3,660,733 46,491 1,690,839 1,958,395 75,191 . 2,163,916 2,U!!,392 186,236 187,862 500 104, 609 106,113 545 38.955 47,222 17 490,278 501,165 1,650 225,369 229,095 1,063 88,991 103,231 10, 645 106,691 91,651 11,471 103,380 107,252 7,193 115,467 18 23,601 225.623 80,878 15,068 96,438 108,548 9,869 119,717 552,874 609,077 10,948 273,101 284.049 854 408,216 409,159 19 9!14,517 1,1o:J,672 45. 772 1,285,171 1,342, :390 62,235 1,819,474 1,928,336 20 1,157,454 1. 477.0!J0 41,996 954,222 1,008,897 52,352 1,215,860 1,:JOO, 405 4,173,007 4,173,OQ7 - 4,886,834 4,886,834 - 2,583,807 2,583,807 21 3.944,645 3, 9U, 645 - 3,283,915 3,283,915 - 2,239,174 2,239,174 212,447 285, 400 30, 723 274,868 346,047 47,490 318,691 413,665 22 552,349 874,628 70,042 395,128 5.'}6,703 79,196 435,780 620,223 492,521 5,95.5,926 23!J,887 103,372 416,231 930, 294 158,401 1,173,454 23 97,400 1,425,452 16,779 10,241 34,543 76,570 19,404 103,595 462,170 498,585 18,204 257,230 289, 635 22, 922 335,855 557,277 2-1 6,790,493 9,115.),100 23H,817 5,188,905 5,5.i-l, ISO 340, H2 4,66-1,151' 5,349,550 I U nrevised figures. fì2373--33 514 TRA.DE .A..VD CO n [ERCE 13.-Import.. of {'anada from the l."nited Kingdom, the l."nitf'd Matf's and in the four ftsral 9 1920. PIinclpal articles by classes. (-nitI'd "Lnited .\11 rnited Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. I'. Agricultural and' ej!etahle Products (except I ('hemlcals, fihres and "ood '--concluded. H-OTHER TH\S FOOD. Plantf>, trL'C", !>hruh,., and vine". S 20.8i2 477"Iö8 i09,50i 32,721 Hubber and its product.. Hubber and gutta-pC'r('ha, crude caout- chouc.... . lb. 6,761,2ï;) 6, 83,410 24.433,49S i, 734, 734 S :i,626,381 2,904,!J7:J 12,OlO,7:J2 2,483,804 Tire" for vehicles, all "-ine"" .. . S 22,973 1, !JS7, 259 2,014,RR2 31,007 Uthcr manufactures of rubber, etc $ 613,6JO 3,352.582 4,033,821 1,053,770 Total rubber and Us I)rodurt'l S 4.21\ .95-1 !oj. -I4. "1-1 1'i.u,)9.-I3:J 3.:J6I!,581 -- - - eeds- Clm, er seed -0 lb. 128,252 2,534,024 2,662,276 70 S Ht,6li9 I. 217, 6:?b 1. :iO:?, 2Y7 29 rIa); ,.('ed hu-.h (1% 49,R'J0 107.522 397 S 13,165 250,221 4:H, 455 4,475 Garden, field and other eed" S 100.672 MO,315 721,549 62, 703 Timothy,.eed. lL. - 11. 41'0. ïfi 11,498,560 - S - I, t!i6, 5!H 1. 488,800 - Total s('l'cI... S 3:i:J. " 9 3.GlI.4;b 4.210. ;""! :U , -I - IIo1.a("(.o- Tobac('.o, unmanufactured lb. 26,128 23,3!11!,746 24,345,295 47,401 S :14,873 12,87R, 1603 l.i,604,757 38,543 Tobacco, manufacturcd- Cigars lb. 21 1.7il 26, 698 149 S Iii 10. 905 175,1:iO 1,4403 CigareU(',.. lb. 14. i32 :i,5ï.'i 19 923 13,541 S li6.51. 10,879 !s4, ;164 72,139 Tooa('co, cut. . lb. 118,512 3;)0, 4:$7 504, 720 160,Q13 S 287,339 372,OlS ö74,893 489,514 Total tobarco Ih. :m.0:i9 23. ;;;).9,)-1 ' ,),9', . 143 2G6.119 ! S 506.69U 13, 19j,99U U.G.:J,jj3 G9il, 90 [Other vegetable product>, - I Uroom corn .... . o. S - 840,180 1140,180 - Drug!', crude. barks, flo\\ers, ctc S 14,l O 2:iO,937 92,141 7,981 Ilay ton - 20,212 :W,212 - S - 5 8,155 5: 8, 155 - Stalch. farina, corn tareh, etc._ lb. 30,41!n 1,507,849 1,585,167 42,1:n S 4,H!1 100,985 109,060 6,141 Turpentine, !-'pirits of .. Il;al 21 1,025,723 1,025, HI 3 S 56 I, : 72, i08 1,372,764 48 All other vegetable product:" S 10,4118 1 4i5,695 502. iM 8,167 Total other vegetahle IJroduftS. S .!'\, 3 3. ....S, G6U 3, tiaJ,UM 22,331 12,4-1;, .J 11.001,:;331 , 41i, t;3, !t94 10.100,2:14 I2t, 29-1'3 ,..I' H.S'G'IJ 2!t. s,"., 662 Xo. 2 3 4 5 to 11 I"! t:J It to) Hi Ii 11\ Total -\I!rlcultural and "fgftabI4 Procltll'b, other than .'ood .... S Total \I!rlfultur.d and \'egetable Produl'ts ....... S 3". . '.flS IJ/IPORTS FOR COXSUJIPTIO.v 515 All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, years 1920-1923 -con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . No. United All rnited United All rnited United All States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countri('s. 450,380 7,544,661 1,977,845 2,193,992 3,083,341 993,045 22,806,180 8,887.196 2.31O.9.H 4,282,823 79255.178 15,4.1'\J,960 2,596,382 559,276 315,352 1,221,155 601,055 9,281. 201 814,023 3,UO.ulI) 2,5\1S,380 56'),217 536,679 2,O-lS.154 7')1 46:\ 9,281:201 814,023 t, 73 .51)1 820,963 133,461 16 , 2M 678,340 23,621 313,845 931,242 18,952,465 3,4:37,716 1,188,9<;1 2,515,561 4,107,U6 873,654 21, 493 787,513 24,162 411,451 1,064,311 I 13,26-l,93-l 2,261,452 1,157,261 1,808,037 14,5!6,757 :3,391,920 1,296,592 2,150,016 25, :m1. 333 5,620,621 1. 322,050 2,974,166 2 3 t 1'\211.055 5,226,7á 7,1-12,25 l,6 2,66D 6,838,52 9,916,83) 4S1,6-l0 100,620 140 876 55,950 1. O!JJ 5-l7 ---- - : 26.'j,019' 1\1,032,367 2:>,007,-l1l 12,108,281 13,08:3,291 1,150 7,693 10,801 27,582 279,865 346,224 23,666 205,:!22 25,611 105,309 47!,O[j0 852,746 19,3-1' ,-II!-I 21.6 '-1.16; 1 ,5U,U51i 1 1-l..3,j;, 29-1 -- -- --- .')1 1, 222 249,005 50, 789 1, :!OO, 892 -l.4')J,281 228, 159 7:)1,32:3 1. l:n, 170 524,957 511 ?')-J 315: Í87 50, 78!! I, :300, 8\12 4,766.832 251. 003 791, :331 1, I:H,32-l 553, 730 3,945,-10,,) 4, u6.1,35/S 39'822'26' 1 87,-IS9,26.1 119,61-1,933 2.'j9.l11.110 17,762 7,640 167 1,315 20,247 8ti,395 154,6::i6 4-15,443 3,063,040 613,458 1,696 8,237 476, 96 12.851, :3m 9 !5, 803 '..n '''''1 19.848,4:39 . 8,108,639 1,001 7.9:>1 5,ß!J-t 17,432 182,864 243,822 3,517,080 715,209 2'34,476 445, 605 592,773 1' . 852, 483 926,350 2,9:$li, 335 20,870,509 8,867,469 15,031 125,266 27, 1:36 110,261 : á9, 721 699, 262 2;)1.069 2:1,06-1,3'>3 21,3:iO,669 fHa,Hi7 H,3!1!1,!ìì3 9,947,90:1 8,663 :ili,114 128,309 28,99R 464,458 2,866,910 105,379 977,867 757,9B 232,363 327,114 155,579 28, !J99 464,490 3,256,616 130,260 977,871 757,953 257,487 24,19:1 2,01,'),,')6-1 2,092,883 67.503 8,6i4 4 12 6,8-14 21,195,813 26,32,.,29:1 55,:U9,-I93 1 Gnrev:sed figure:". (j2:J73-33 27,9;)0,-I2.'i, Sj,803,20-l 172,66.),523 335,563 87,260 1<0;2,658 14,857 4,914 361 2,71B 1!J,59\1 78,707 211.346 6.')6,793 53, 833 75 23 1,912,102 372, 139 7,323 15,006 623, 635 13,469,151 975,857 2.017,061 2,248,010 459,639 58,949 115,773 746,215 13,469,226 975,880 5 G 7 8 13,063,379 4,686,6-12 1,001 6,401 15,205 38, 109 145,501 163,388 2,,)28,111 14,5-l8,69-l 5,854,405 18,915 10 133.715 36,127 11 120,492 393,6:H 12 841,407 9 3116,2211 13,2.17,322 15,'".8,1'17 866,28-1 -1,91-1,135 7,089.461 126,496 1O,6i5 3 4 31,407 2,293 61j5,819 135,795 : 6, 994 614, í61 3,032,625 1:!1,713 975,807 1,210,109 600,888 6%.819 n 16<;,6-t:3 It 37,0-l0 1,) 616,118 4,322,479 16 170,982 975,810 17 1,210,114 681,125 IS 211, )6.1,9S1 -1-1,379' 3, 3!ì9, OS') 3,532,S31 26,666,163 24,9 11,.)73 52, 9G8, 022 73,OJ9,.'it6 161, 669,7S-I 516 TRA.nE A..YD ('UJUJERCE 13.-Imports of Canada from the {"nited h.ill dom, the {'nlted States and in the four ftsnl Ko Principal articles by cla""es. II. Animals and ,\nlmal Product!> (elCept chemicals and fibres). I Animals, living. .. . . . . . . . . Bone, ivory and I'!hell productf>. 3 Feathers and quills. Fisht'ry products- Cod, haddock and pollock, fresh 5 Halibut, fresh.... 6 Oysters, shelled, in bulk. Salmon, fresh. 8 Sardines and anchovies. , Cod, haddock, pollock, dried 10 Herrings, pickled or salted.. 11 12 13 Total fisher)' product Furs, hides, leather and their products- Fur skins, all kinds, not dresFed... Fur skins, wholly or partly dres!:ed. - Hatters' furs, not on the skin. Total furs and skin!>. 1-1 Total hides and skinI'!. 15 Hi 17 18 11 Leather and manufactures of- Belting leather. _ . . .. . .. .. . . .. I Calf, kid or goat, lamb and sheep skins, dreb ed, waxed, or glazed........... I Clove leathers, tanned or dressed.... .... I rpper leather, including dongola, etc..... I Boots and shoes, slippers and insoles.. . I Total leather and manufacture'! of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 20 Hair and bristles. Meats- 21 Heef, fresh, chilled or frozen. lb. I 22 Mutton and lamb, fre"h, chilled or frozen. lb. I 23 Pork, frebh, chilled or frozen. lb. I %4 Bacon and hams, bhoulders and side.., cured. lb. I Canned meats, poultry and game lb. I I>ork, dry salted and in brine .. lb. I fo:oups and extracts. . I Total meat.. I 25 26 27 United Kingdom. I S I 196,178 156,551 67,185 lb. I lb. I gal. I lb. I box S Ib I Ib I $ :!12,391 :1:L961 620,557 46,435 1:16,999 1,687,581 3,678,019 I I I I 318.383 104,769 49,923 G97,911'1 1920. United States. All United Countries. Kingdom. 2.372,530 478,425 435,222 2,658,136 100,405 1,094,387 119,356 174,414 406,051 200,913 25,870 226,266 41,441 153,029 9,255 339,662 29,842 9,419,845 6'36,554 542,378 10,9S9,UI 2,570,377 675,572 585,094 2.836,678 108,914 2,045,270 205,789 174,414 406,05-1 900,521 76,960 3,461,948 526,1!J4 3,06'3,584 328,492 11,28!J,472 555,520 10,295,065 1,329,607 592,30l I, ' Sii, 520 I 659,217 12,627,989 22,654,661 127,761 91,061 18, 122 321,887 94,009 123,283 5,848,659 2.067,797 1. 489, 515 2,611,964 251,044 5,956,753 2,099,797 1,811,402 2, 711, 622 397,720 267,021 91,920 376,608 54,005 112 4 I, OIl, 438 83,426 201,3 319,:n8 82,775 49,817 Sot, 911 492,734 395,59,') 152,188 94,845 356,4!)4 358.451 I ):12,220 I. 12. 'i. 501 lã.1t .091 ti,102,81n ,07.'i.6"Z1 Ill, 256 20 12 240,81!J 91,824 n 1,555 473.420 23,252 I. 811, 60!! 2.m, 240 2,365.105 490,182 46,293,256 14,405,277 4,973,539 1,:184,409 585,280 162,972 13,303,215 3,150,515 697,284 2t.371,66'Z 40, \104 1' M: 1 4.842, !)04 1 803,774 46,305,353 14,407,467 4,977,954 I, :185, 965 1,017,871 :131,727 13,311,133 3,153,659 755, :152 .!.!, J(HJ, 3:1:1 303 III 1, 130,1l 304,180 10,242 :16..;,"9.i IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 517 AU Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, years 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1. No United All United United All United Pnited All States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 2,672,951 3,071,991 113,124 2,375,813 2,504,015 69,065 2,292,022 2,366,865 t 601, 718 1,012,695 62,693 186,981 305,963 116.090 220,633 431,613 2 340,317 533,552 45,524 19,190 307,511 24,202 181,707 242,305 3 897, 263 1,111.052 - 535,784 721,763 - 625,314 l,W1,5.H 4 36,007 45,222 - 20,989 28,660 - 24,276 44, 4:34 498,550 2,617,947 - 465,735 2,550.791 - 956,821 2,644,343 5 60,315 247.764 - 48.712 195,416 71,331 225, R54 143,576 143,576 132,106 132,106 - 140,371 140,371 6 356,038 356,038 - 298,653 9S, 653 - 300,918 300,918 738,861 1,572,832 - 845,080 2,074,790 - 2,056,500 2,787,999 7 91,989 165,717 - 46,843 165,106 - 110,943 174,017 400,261 3,945,698 289,654 334,637 4,492,554 140,584 133,396 4,509,579 S 39,977 709,164 35,513 38,973 471.448 15,100 17.759 427,542 18,728 9,186,954 - 37,944 8,111,818 150 41,045 6,482,282 9 2,730 874,001 - 5,583 470,713 23 5,789 382,976 310,650 9,934,208 1,205,909 25 , 144 lO,O 4,124 1,037,393 663,760 10,120,388 10> 25,126 427,935 76,499 18,753 330,774 62,510 52,947 298,501 1,141,5.'i1 3,947,608 1,")6,689 1,210,471 3,011,03:1 133, 79-1 1.085.611 2.813.107 3,606,108 4,624,227 63,597 6,218,494 6,498,585 231,926 5,089,114 5,757,234 11 457,046 1,123,599 36,869 538,035 1,240,645 48,518 418,766 1,064,968 12 513,205 603,810 32,792 153,188 245,909 14,445 208,633 302,568 13. 4.,689,101 6,,')86,525 169.29,") 7.025,,155 ",I,")t",)17 322,965 5,806,,195 7.24,'),92,1 4,436,390 10,652,787 75,402 3,405,013 5,898,087 lt9,770 3,747,703 7,947,410 1-1 73,736 469,331 150,048 35,588 185,631', 138,332 49,978 188,110 15 1,643,495 1,799,308 58, 406 1,618,433 1,731,605 82,275 1,035,072 1,120,850 16 1,855,409 2,068,913 10,817 686,378 711,872 35.211 883,072 926,470 17 508,271 868,298 155,170 429,408 603,138 364,072 385,287 759,319 IS 1,803,442 2,175,209 335,761 977, 788 1,327,561 409,913 785,912 1,204,904 19, , 7.8,12.171 10,5t5,OO,l 1,139.069 5,318.G08 6.8;5,582 1,438,6,16 4.,785,6111 6.467,517 601,676 959,921 65,971 339,841 532,228 132,289 431,908 607,236 20 1,541,431 1,632,862 - 72,808 73.512 - 115,064 115,064 21 290,125 299,542 - 20,051 20,035 - 33,943 33,943 2,910,737 7,847,701 - 2,630,357 3,416,332 - 1,147,018 1,460,130 22 562,806 1,272,165 - 420,794 533,005 226,384 261,382 22,402,444 22,402,444 3,585 28,595,181 28,600,126 33,098,670 33,098,701 23 3,862,311 3,862,311 611 4,443,123 4,443,933 5,134,045 5,134,061 6,817,359 6,823,423 1,200 6,901,466 6,902,688 2,803 4,661,262 4,664,217 24 1,545,380 1,548,084 496 1,242,414 1,242,918 1,242 671,754 673,035 450,719 2,026,085 817,478 475,227 2,251,556 635,318 292,868 1,644,993 25 1:34,857 557,811 193,090 117,953 492,218 117,453 62,033 262,861 12,9U8,149 12,911,817 400 9,422,215 9,424,560 - 14,605,259 14,606,506 2' 2, 172,715 2,173,799 75 978,033 978,46S - 1,637,729 1,637,993 795,300 818,409 1,630 772,914 775,636 7,107 923,973 923,015 27 10,128,79,1 11.428,4MI 303,322 '8,39,"),,')29 9,002,611 210,959 8,985,801 9,3t7,701 I Unrevised figures. 318 TRADE AND COJfJIERCE 13.-Imports of Canada from the rnitt'(1 :Kingdom. tilt' rnitt'd 1"tatt's and in tilt' four fiscal 2 3 I 1920. Principal articlc:! by cIill, c enited rnitl'd All r ni ted Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. II. Animal!> and Animal Products (except cbemlrals and fibres)-concluded. }Iilk products- Butter.... . lb. - 18R,271 397,955 112 I - 96,098 176,994 49 Cm,ein.. lb. 48,160 1,142,383 1,234,635 224 I 7,646 145,79\) 159,177 125 Chee e. lb. 2,014 349,488 362,693 7,491 I 1,014 194,791 206,500 4,582 Total milk and milk products.. I 8.I'M:I 46.;,!ì1'j ,')12,053 6,3,')2 Oils, fats. grea es and \\axe,,- Animal oils.. gal. - 279,059 279,059 9,086 I - 609,917 60\),917 11,935 Fish, \\ hale and sea] oils. .. . . .......... ga]. 53 46,805 162,040 655 I 126 62,238 262,078 2,133 Lard.. ........................ lb. - 7,293,358 7,293,438 - S - 1,120,076 1,120,088 - Lard compound, ete ......... lb. 55,103 2,374,186 2,467,511 264,412 S 14,635 4'ìO,575 500,325 70,271 Grease, rough. ........... lb. 173,185 7,511,137 9,657,763 637,220 S 18,996 1,141,225 1,379,829 57,013 Grea e and degras. lb. 91,097 1,094,914 1,186,011 169,554 S 10,640 124,912 135,552 14,916 Oleomargarine. . . ........... lb. - 6,497,031 6,497,031 - S - 1. 872, 104 1,872,104 - Total oils, rats. I!reases and waxes. I 69,7-t,; C, 231, 61ts 6, 2t9, t85 IM5.461 Ii ccllaneou nnimal products- Eggs. .... doz. 3 5,900,279 5,977,480 1 S 30 2,814,484 2,8:i7,442 15 Gelatine and isinglass..... . . . . lb. 265,381 550,066 983,988 402,119 S 181,595 377,232 663,228 273,945 Glue, powdered or sheet and liquid...... S 93,676 369,255 471,509 150,064 Honey and imitations thereof........... . lb. 102,740 126,625 281,8:38 39,144 S 18,503 35,106 63,272 5,939 Sausage casings, n.o.p. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 7,726 223,418 364, 489 2,133 Total Animals and Animal Product.. (elCept chcmicals and fibres). . o. S 3,7S9,311 71,010,313 9.;, 09S, 'it3 5, l-tS, 7R.'J III. Fibres, Tcltiles and Tntlle Product ". Cotton and its products- Cotton, wool or r3\\ cotton, not dyed.. lb. - \)6,471,550 \)6,471,550 312 S - 33,854,457 33,854,457 156 Crochet and knitting cotton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. :123, 786 142,634 467,915 268.985 S 639,680 144,111 787,980 783,885 Se\\ing cotton thread in hanks.... .. . lb. 194,160 207,501 Wl,661 3'35,102 S 275,582 303,729 579,311 731,229 Sewing thread on spools.................. S 95,162 332,231 429,26:3 179,970 Yarn, cotton, No. 40 and finer............ lb. 868,490 1,080.144 1,948,634 1,786,252 S 1,413,941 1,538,809 2,952,750 4,098,071 Yam, cotton, poli hed or glazf'd. . . . . .. . . . lb. 17,563 236,032 253,595 78,405 S 28,567 198,838 227, 405 159,467 No 5 C 8 9 10 11 J2 J3 U 1,,) 16 17 18 19 2U 21 IJ[PORTS FOR COXSUllPTION 519 All Counuit's in quantities and values, by classes entered for cOnSUml)tlon, years 1920-1923--con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . No. United All t:'nited United All United United All States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 2,207,077 3,7.U,628 2,149,704 1,363,021 6,078,882 280,982 I, 5 3, :381 3,767,573 1 886,555 1,805,709 621,779 458,306 1,883,013 109,613 578,775 1. 349, 819 170,954 1,043,713 - 105,062 217,613 22,091 379.056 643,347 2 23,571 129,017 - 11,697 19,689 3,899 50,012 92,710 453,882 551,040 26,546 724,981 877,357 22,519 6l-t,872 916,517 3 206,585 253,647 11,801 226,390 325,297 10,109 170,543 327,022 1,18 , 180 2,255,561 6j6,7it 1j , 767 ,21SS,273 15,1,9,18 1';;0,096 1,!iU,212 175,734 184,720 199 66,457 66,709 5,871 97,255 104,890 ,I 267,830 279,765 235 59.831 60,192 5,766 80,149 87,624 50,844 201,568 524 34,606 128,490 1,4b3 58,592 171,670 5 55,845 278,340 632 21,022 71,844 1, 353 36,921 108,682 11,493,226 11,493,226 56 9,mn,109 9,091,245 - 10,551,570 10,5;H,616 6 1,902,768 1,902,768 11 \)48,068 948,087 - 1,144,120 1,144,141 2,980,996 3,245,408 310,416 2,778.063 3,088,479 198,811 2,316,924 2,516,071 7 397, 121 467,392 39,570 253,410 292, !J80 22,134 221,582 243,748 13,574,343 14,310,759 18,086 16,H2,61f 16.524,853 26,486 13,345,853 13,435,359 8 1,459,783 1,532,550 1,332 1,044,309 1,049,222 1,092 934, 799 938,123 718,712 906,395 185, 188 809,99 I 1,004,616 248,157 1,136.585 1,397,969 9 73,048 91,265 7,337 57.8:36 65,531 7,778 56,584 65,038 4,630,747 4,630,747 6,000 1,339,784 1,345,784 - 1,165,440 1,165,440 10 1,206,351 1,206,351 1,399 255,994 257,393 - 190,782 190,782 5,536,3 -f 5,986,296 59,715 2,ðOã,119 2,927.3611 50,709 2, M3, 8 9 2,975,925 5,201,417 5,341,936 6 9,377,769 !J,637,303 80 8,256,168 8,319,622 11 2,292,912 2,344,297 39 3,162.143 3,239,480 137 2,494,650 2,508,504 422,030 1, 103,800 267,679 230,224 749,007 365,708 207,526 787,649 1 302,313 756,568 119,922 222,013 461,693 108,404 160,492 348,391 531,917 701,877 102,247 158,189 294, 792 196,044 126,700 363,054 1. 203,936 683,149 10,947 407,306 555,989 1,644 303,944 431,293 1 42, 640 128,751 1,845 75,099 92,534 226 40,544 52,406 234,912 395,401 - 236,946 313,844 - 275,540 413,010 1- 43,911.179 61,722,390 3,092,89,,) 36,110,305 ,16,645,789 3, H3, 223 3-1,R12,367 -16,736,11,1 97,903,804 98,631,504 276,971 94,961,143 95,385,978 40, 708 125,159,943 125,261,470 1 28,164,088 28,541,989 69,145 16,207,537 16,321,317 2,183 28,:318,681 28,324,704 77,713 352,259 17,892 57,746 93,603 51,924 173,976 263,221 1 108,251 906,157 47, 152 71,031 145,397 101,083 188,587 383,321 201,585 526,687 393,905 210,170 604,146 633,607 265,162 898,769 I. 396,759 1,127,988 422,906 238,249 661,294 606,746 255,847 862,593 377,137 571,634 70,729 215,348 315,395 30,211 156,305 188,310 1 948,071 2,739,433 1,125,451 1,240,100 2,371,419 1,311,865 1,655,601 2,967,806 1,949,410 6,054,981 1,115,769 1,266,305 2,395,075 l,l]J,889 1,577,215 2,690,034 189,695 268, 100 3,873 254,869 258,742 29,559 189, 329 218,888 2 198,702 358,169 4,692 129,727 134,419 17,912 98,325 116,237 2 3 ,I it I 9 20 1 Uncevised figure!. f>20 TRADE AND COM}.fERCE 13.- Imports of ('anada from the United }(ingdom. the 1 nlted Stah'''ò allf. in the four fis('al No. Princip 1 articles by classes. III. FihNS, Tutlle" and Textile Product" -con. Cotton and its products- concluded. 1 ): am, knitting, ho"iery yarn, etc .... lb. $ 2 Other cotton thrcad, n.o.p. . . . lb. S 3 Fabric!', printed, d;yed or C'oloured yd. S 4 Grey unbleached cotton fabric . yd. S 5 Plain shirtings, cambrics, ,oiles, EcrimE, victoria lawns, etc... yd. , Ii Whit.. or bleached cotton faurics yd. . "1 To\\elling and towels.. ....... . . . . S 8 Velvets, ,elveteens and plush fabrics. yd. S II I aces and embroidery......... S 10 '\-earing apparel............. .., S Total cotton and Its products. S Flax, hemp and jute-- 11 Jute or hemp yarn, dyed or coloured... lb. S 1 Jute cloth or Jute canvas, uncoloured. yd. S 13 Other manufactures of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Total flax, hemp and Jute.. S Silk and its products- 14 Silk, raw, spun or thrown, etc........ lb. S 15 Silk'fabrics of \\ hich silk is the chief com- ponent part..... .. . S 16 Silk fahric:<, n.o.p.. . .. . 17 Clothing, silk, n.o.p.. 11" Hibbons, all kinds and materials ... S Total "II'" and It:. products \\ 001 and its products- 19 ...Wool, raw, etc......... o 21 lb. S Noils and waste and worsted tops.. . . . . .. S Yarn!> composed wholly or in part of \\001, \\ orbted, the hair of the goat, etc....... lb. S lb. S S S yd. S yd. S yd. S Women's and children's dress goods, etc. sq. yd. S Worsted and !'erges, including coating$. yd. . 2 23 t 5 Yarns, \\oollen or wor"ted, n.o.p.... Carpets and rugs . . . Clot/l:< and dres:< goodM- Cas"imere", cloths and doe kint' 0, ercoating!, 6 21 28 29 Fabric:" of wool, or cotton and "001. fweeds..... 30 31 3 W(' Iring apparel- Clothing, women's and chihlren's. . . Hocks and stockings, "001... ... Clot hing, ready-made . . . . . . . . I I Total \\1101 and It.. pr...duch S S . . ... S United I{ingdom. 96,315 U8,2!JC 36, 1 6:J,!llJ5 17, : 56, 04; 7,261. 336 1,6!15,!lh!1 34J,12:. 2,195,42& 655,911. 3,0\18,274 86!J, 886 1,3U4,228 I, :!4: , 258 965,479 1,774,322 5:.!3,792 19,:13:J,2.)'1 2, 84", 642 1 617,593 18,!J62,4tH 3,574,7/11 1 j,02:J,O 81 8,21';.16; 27,118 149,7S-! 19,412 1,637,21ú 16Q, l-lU 3!19,4!J6 S 11120. United States. 1.063,738 75:!,10 205,614 .._ .1.1,9L ",),/.3:3,790 HI,7!11,967 1O,!J12.823 1.845,554 2,886,810 6U,I07 11,184,369 2,565,657 462.354 441,898 582,078 1,248,327 4,514,052 68,219,312 3,668,6!)0 740,6!18 9, 408, 6 0 I, : :!5, 655 1,656,569 3,132.9J2 313,614 3,228,511 I, 491, 6 íì 5, 779,; 5j 1,716,357 1,596,053 All Countries. 1. 164,6:1!1 S!J'Ì,:!55 U8,424 : 81, 572 5: , -Hti, 'H 1 18,2:!8,17!J 12,608,792 2,188,676 5.120 917 1,:!x8,244 14.4..,764 3, 5U8, 548 I. 78:.!, 82!1 1,860,5U 1, 6 3, 40k 3,9!J8,543 5,305,748 89,:S6ì,9M 6,707,002 1,445,775 63, 56: , 9' R 8,632,787 5,845,274 15.923."' " 343, 668 3,404,500 1,755,772 20,S,\8,357 2,18U,907 2,841,386 Pnited KingdOlD. 245,U.:4 345,764 53,386 IH,H2 2-1.!J76,558 12,104,130 4,882,882 1,445,736 4.8 6,568 1,613,687 4,710,555 1,6S2,057 2.403,398 1,338,958 1,2U6,731 3,117,261 1,3U,196 37.10a,Slti 2,988,571 776,8UO 9,229,825 2,500,568 5,271,986 ",5t9.35-1 13,628 101,898 95.498 1. 866, 75.} 321,231 . 635,428 3.272,34" 1".866,29; 3t.t:12. ;'j:J t.212.850 3,374,511 2,510,145 4,148,050 1,738,834 3,332,307 240,560 571,283 980,464 2,979,764 I 58,717 163,382 2,515,403 2,02-1,231 2,030,392 4,033,443 3,890,395 4,696,0-l9 4,003, IOU 10,061,336 100,718 97:J,mn 619,608 3.., ,;:i:i, 6,....., 5,110,606 3,464,216 I, 6'i5, 830 174,007 402,557 79,776 71,335 382,751 2,557,951 76,642 126,550 80,016 71,886 2,222,791 3,089,ll!j 56,22:1 43,138 3,665,821 6,201,9!IJ 2,225,566 172,943 859,671 22, 399, 9,i" 11,777,890 7,672,211 6,176,3!J4 1,9:32,760 3,742.0b7 321.896 653,970 1,437,9J!J 5,5!J3,264 1: 5, 359 2B!J, !J: 2 2,5!l5,419 2,O!16,117 4,:!65,:J99 7,1.iS,551 4,UH,fI:;:! 4,951,614 7,685,015 16,303,136 2,430,866 1,146,065 1,479,768 53,493,5.15 2,110,7:38 1,677,482 5.159,112 2,755,525 6,25.3,721 30:3,587 837,610 2,102,583 3,128,107 64,\125 1!J9,5Ul 1,789,598 I, h64, 341 2,1: Q,6H8 4,51:3,330 4, 757,5 9 5,418,919 5,2;!8,820 14,566,067 268, 642 2, .83,319 l,21\6,7!J4 52, 7lii, 'Hi IMPORTS FOR CONSU UPTION An Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, years 1920-1923 on. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . United All r ni too U ni ted All U ni ted United All No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries 861.028 1,115,352 e6,827 5:H,818 650,333 209,234 448,811 666,749 684,863 1,078,963 75,770 204, 688 286,005 99.136 224,349 335,572 120,397 181,288 25,9:-10 236,416 265,321 61,75::; 2 9,092 30 ,429 209,962 371,749 47.809 333,958 386,76:? 81,901 278,724 362,467 ::!6,806,O:-l6 52,530,22r 18,421,924 31,881.666 52,509,492 29,288,845 27, t5S,6II 58,495,746 3 8,255,367 21,052,64(,1 4.988,618 6,462,26 12. 096, 74 7,271, 227 5,600,134 13,511,96" 6,5t7,795 II,500,19! 2.065.217 1.842,70; 6,\105,551 4.524, lOt 8,952.413 13,487,895 ,I 1,486,882 2, '.18. ""I 537,51S 572.222 1,109,992 475.864 I,Oll,971 1,493,445 2,143,764 7,191,343 2,125,524 2,O"H,30r 4.25".362 3, 7::!2,05 2,204,332 6,126,912 5 505,553 2,177,49:J 429,571 :29:1. 5:J 9 757,042 653,794 317,269 1,022,151 9,405.616 14,355,543 2,778,483 6,455,917 9,583.472 3,390,570 7,352,507 11,143,215 6 2.382,419 4.167,055 612,301 954, 40(, 1,673,863 6S9,68t) 1,1l3,354 1,922,705 32 , 263 2,733,9t)1 2,317,814 374,454 1.06'\.445 888, 102 393,141 1,285,69\) 7 287,898 1,654,960 525,6:n 412,393 9';4,051 712,909 418,601 1, 377,875 8 320,246 1.559,783 377,218 419,054 85:?, 100 462,700 356,470 1,012,980 1,017,542 6,185.966 1,639,586 864,261 4.071,676 1. 850, 656 793,666 3.963,788 9 3,241,628 4,909,839 557,48ì 2,753,194 3,550,770 569,731 2,895,059 3,703,052 10 58, 38-1.,I6ã 99.816,59! 1-I.OIG,75. 3';.251,-152 52, -177,828 17,877,173 47,710,511 68,720.272 1,751,420 4,950,637 1,512,288 I,O O,876 2,638,368 3,559,150 767,823 4,497,210 11 444,987 1.331,563 145,607 142,924 326,407 364,206 114,656 513,550 3,922,959 61,242.124 5,622,86:) 21,5::!8,599 6S.302,717 10,2:-14.049 9,118,079 80,470,356 12 2\)9,054 6,574,298 6\)9,"32 1, 128, 5:J5 3,87\),462 1,206,234 654,890 5,644,617 1,285,630 7,020,258 2,617,323 1,004,9;9 3,855,498 3,554,558 1,915,892 5,784,801 13 2,029,671 1-1,926,119 3,-162,762 2.276, -13-, 1,.061,367 5,12-1,998 2,685,-138 11,9,12,968 291,398 318,279 7,950 364,941 39-1,029 14,357 386,455 404,634 U 2,409,120 2,615,422 34,754 2,501,39-1 2,655,756 59,200 2,841,208 2,917,034 591,513 1,428,1n 49,758 288,189 75'3,562 28,043 282,071 636,094 15 2,370,214 16,832,\)3S S87,163 2,847,2.39 1:-1,270,916 966, 726 2,774,789 11,807,716 16 98-1,976 1,611,595 163,606 1. 077,018 1,563,553 161, 534 1,099,019 1,578.442 17 86S, 70 3,882,:360 168,534 692,359 1,881,919 177,502 512,204 1,575,726 18 8,6911,263 29,720,792 1.823,796 8,275,,112 21,9-12,33S 2,230,392 8,595,122 21,155,876 6,670,530 9,285,663 5,373,720 2,578,414 12,661.812 8,913,109 3,225,871 18,273,344 19 3,O71,1l7 5,088,665 1,591,771 606,960 3, Iï9,076 2,733,725 773,653 5,078,929 1,0-16,932 6,673,288 2,715,052 210,857 3,357,699 3,638,230 222,684 4,525,784 20 110,615 2,882,166 1, 765,52 15,727 1,798,759 2,741,731 123,724 2,939,855 21 158,3-10 6,454,633 1,982,356 22,726 2,031,893 3,404,195 83,585 3,604,841 43,713 349,125 241,983 27, 15-1 270,377 323,299 31,842 368,860 22 64,235 919,535 362,745 44,588 418,106 463,894 46,350 535,001 270,205 2,597,408 1,106,830 259,147 1,559,610 1,080,404 191,188 1,525,623 23 1,322,393 4,67-1,100 1,705,781 653,527 2,729,954 2,238,244 585,941 3,430,076 2,1 3,403 69,031 46, 341 2,142 49,049 170,753 1,078 17-1,060 25 10,576 211,820 77, 601 5,367 84,003 277,171 1,347 287,061 10,826 1,800,424 1,936,077 11,668 1,949,745 2,630,955 6,358 2,640,376 26 16,854 1,681,195 1,191,Oï2 15,136 1,208,155 1,447,793 6,279 1,456,062 420,268 2,585,883 1. 706, 666 191,246 1,925,303 3,479,248 73,536 3,568,098 27 794, 727 5,378,147 2,072,431 329,751 2,448,274 3,414,791 115,443 3,551,511 6.')8 4,921,659 3,783.880 1,600 3,917,642 4,839,382 315 5,132,410 28 1,584 5,808,510 1,719,411 819 1,834,304 1,938,349 303 2,157,075 1,103,932 6,453,434 5,2\)7,056 566,657 6,053,591 7,344,721 205,117 7,763,661 29 2,252,381 17,097,360 9,001,126 1,032,920 10,329,758 11,007,787 356,959 11,630,159 1,293,434 1,5S6,551 234,284 1,310,254 1,569,205 235,087 888,754 1,145,193 30 80,892 2,86-1,9:J8 1,329,983 40, 436 1,371,731 2,737,42-1 46,114 2,786,031 31 600,261 1,889,869 894,196 364,161 1,267,454 1,200,218 381,300 1,585,609 32 12,092.431 67,017,6-10 27, . 32, 9-1.. ã,3S3,267 35, 2'n, 691 37,762,883 ,I,o.'J8,1i2 45,734,3St 1 Vnrevi!'ed figure!'. 521 2 !j' )0) TRADE AND COftIJfERCE 13. Imports of ('anada from the {'nitt'd Kingdom, the rnltt'd States and in the four fiscal No I 1920. Principal articles by classe8. United United All United Kingdom. I:;tate". Countries. Kingdom. III. }'Ibrl's, Tedill's and Tl'Xtile produets --con- cludcd. "cgetable fibres and their products- Binder twine..... ............... lb. 100 16,304,178 16,304,479 - $ 29 3,490,468 3,490,524 - Manila grabS. . .. cwt. 109 148,4bO 152,619 - $ 3,803 1,945,353 1,982,324 - Sisal grass. .... .................... cwt. 28,872 272,077 301,234 21.1;84 $ 416,891 2,792,820 3,213,488 276,562 :\Iixed textile products- Hags and \\-aste....... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . $ 343,648 2,140,604 2,484,410 589,426 \arn...... lb. 278,886 7.J,092 360,297 301,348 Oil cloth, all kinds........ 1,037,540 365,235 1,436,738 1,179,213 469, 632 2,053,906 2,523,870 1,132,786 Cordage and twines.................... 1,120,119 1,826,093 2,988,800 1,892,994 Curtains and shams.. .. _.. . . . . 216,219 241,9lìl 474,779 384,622 \\ebbing, elastic and non-elastic.. .. 13,911 5:J3,572 547,552 50,1145 Braids or plaits of chips, palm leaf, etc... 146,626 615,842 1,070,521 147,598 Hatters' bands (not cords), bindings and hat sweats, etc........................ 33,027 522,298 580,556 61,393 Hats, caps and bonnets, strR\\-, grass or chip.... ......... .................... 301,226 I,OS3,426 1,433,924 425,397 lIats, caps and bonnets, beayer, silk 01' felt!..... . 204, 354 1,142,538 1, 500, 250 463.906 Hats, caps an"ci 'b n t : '. :p:::... 151,250 I, 108,969 1,282,159 318,610 Corsets, all kinds. . _ _ . 14,385 3:J4, 65b 350,769 16,587 Gloves and mitts.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,910 104,068 337,287 596,904 l\:nitted gooùs of every dcscription.. 198,491 385,252 607, 603 :J86 , 438 Dressing, antibcptic surgical, etc........ . . 35,842 276,537 312,940 120,715 Total }'Ibres, Textiles and Textile ProdUl.h........ . ............. $ n,fi53,0-t2 132, 292,0 3' 231,559,877 111,3IS.0.;1 1\. "ood, Wood Prodm.to; and Paper. Rooks and printed matter- Books, printed, periodicab and pamphlets $ 311,181 2,317,324 2,725,589 695,612 Ne\\-spapers and quarterly, monthly and semi-monthly magazines...... . . . . . . . . . . 40,529 2,378,283 2,420,576 43, 705 Photographs, chromos, etc. ..... . . . . . . . .. 94,446 801,094 907,986 154,837 Advertising pamphlets, etc......... ...... $ 33,434 1,375,364 1,411,925 68,968 Bank notes, bonds, bills of exchange. . . . .. $ 19,631 442,512 468, 438 22,031 Labels for cil!;ar boxes, fruits, etc. .. . . . . . . $ 55,519 508, 777 568,712 72,872 Bibles, prayer books, etc...... . . . . . . . . . . . $ 205,089 176,704 481,962 234,786 Total bool.s and prlntl'd matter. . . $ 1,039,609 9,i'\ð6,351 11,2"Z8,Olb 1,79,1,31" Paper and manufactures of- Cardboard, millboard, strs\\- board, ney,s- board, etc............................. $ 2,382 929,980 932,362 39,687 Book and printing paper, not coated. . . . . . lb. 48,270 5,385,458 5,434,828 366,504 $ 15,000 600,825 615,999 75,770 Wrapping paper. all kinds............... lb. 196 5,231.697 5,259, 482 1 208,975 $ 118 502,1;87 511,136 31, 115 Hangings or wall paper....... . . .. .. .. . roll 26,229 2,073,058 2.,00.67'1 72,573 $ 12,852 340,525 355,272 45,350 Boxe8 or containers, printed or not. .. .. . .. $ 14,901 1,003,130 1,039,259 32,871 Total paper and manufadures (e1- cept books and printed matter).. . 317,7tU 9,311i,7.;2 9,9-19,,'))t I,50S - Wood, unmanufactured or partially manu- factured- Fence posts and railroad ties. . . . . . . . . . . . . $ - 1,105,348 1,105, 48 - Cherry, chestnut and hickory..... . . . . ". ft. - 14.929 14,929 $ - 932,018 932,018 - ::\Iahogany..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft. - 1,757,619 1,757,619 1,2:J0 $ - 320,492 320,492 638 Oak...... . }lft 1 46,84:J 46, R44 - $ 51 3,319,218 3,31\1,269 - Pitch pine. .. . . . ...................... I ft. - 29,541 29. 5-H - . - 1.034,05: 1,034,053 - 2 3 4 oJ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1,1 l.'i 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 2t 25 %1 21 28 29 30 31 12 33 3,1 35 IFeit only in 19:!2, 192:J. IMPORTS FOR CONSUJIPTION All ( ountrit's in quantities and values, by classes entt'red for consumption, years 1920-1923--con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . United All t.:"nited United All United United All States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 34,641,459 34,755,071 106, 660 46,651,936 46,758,792 3,062,720 46,927,667 49,990,387 5,466,395 5,480,897 17,842 7,351,011 7,368,892 379,453 4,820,569 5,200,022 78,039 87,838 - 21,010 42,249 - 37,598 52,089 1,405,797 1,515,962 - 185,094 329. 545 - 281,496 372,644 342,612 365,916 18,032 126,934 145,272 29,949 134,780 164,729 2,770,810 3,060,571 182,503 854,743 1,038,494 226,975 897,529 1,124,504 1,674,206 2,273,720 85,177 624,136 724,702 212,928 810,206 1,047,283 112,492 512,109 285,778 186,122 570,450 469, 201 178,446 933,791 403,782 2,037,142 695,173 435,251 1,347,871 1,159,837 427,595 2,248,997 1,305,136 2,438,543 490, 143 764,999 1,258,679 558,563 878,902 1,439,699 I,M9,749 3,517,835 961,049 856,917 1,872,032 1,223,150 1,212,607 2,476,661 156,456 636,957 225,833 120,465 406,233 247,671 100..861 406,389 531,216 589,280 19,940 361,524 381,491 17,228 337,862 355, 109 401,831 1,258,935 45,545 283,288 560,070 46,192 229, 189 479,607 411,594 719,666 33,1 0 356,139 537,585 28,071 396,760 497, 765 693,119 1,171. 407 261,651 626,749 !J48, 729 335,032 519,510 883, 733 698,851 1,642,720 383,943 563,618 1,054,584 377,362 614,143 1,231,864 860,159 1,242,302 160,742 767,249 969,587 204,137 763, 264 1,000,630 286,045 303,232 2,994 272,742 276,412 5,612 228,825 235,252 103,360 789,380 193,827 113,983 437,280 534,731 180,360 990, 780 429,848 861,671 189,782 782,974 993,050 343,642 680,803 1,076,135 339,024 461,181 85,844 246,881 336,761 109,292 228, 353 341,690 101,738,04ã 2J3,608,342 50,892,567 67,619,469 139,997,137 69,339,82,1 77,285,99ð 170.1,16,958 2,315,693 3,205,995 582,674 1,964,810 2,692,731 522,056 1,841,154 2,503,514 2,625,625 2,672,585 47,911 2,557,432 2,607,312 25,767 1,950,556 1,978,620 1,081,202 1,257,569 124,1144 868,821 1,022,184 115,137 685,375 818,326 1,735,818 1,807,330 64,548 1,731,942 1,814,055 84,318 1,476,8l-t 1,581,990 646,302 674,950 23,816 471,616 501,769 24,331 458,771 487, 294 621, 108 702,029 41,571 463,795 508, 788 41,787 415,430 461,898 189,690 656,074 252,933 183,767 660,184 200,183 169,745 454,239 11,104,8-16 13,,')66,535 1,727,336 9,872,506 12.161,352 1, ,')Oi!, 489 8,576.737 10.,')01.,')11 1,655,821 1,697,548 15,445 825,883 842,193 16,583 762,488 780,183 6,953,832 7,321,606 172,979 4,924,509 5,145,500 I, 288, 386 5,220,958 6,548,503 870,344 946,488 34,234 416,342 455,530 97,086 401,017 500,622 6,501,440 6,784,724 149,460 3,902,140 4,063,613 369,359 8,Oll,233 9,005,749 717,550 759,320 17,712 246,189 266,063 36,543 477,281 549,239 1,783,040 1,869,849 81,335 1,096,429 1,193,260 66,687 1,834,402 1,934,760 458,010 512,071 36,678 243,806 289,234 34,257 315,961 357,881 1,405,262 1,473,436 19,507 744,121 804,464 17,040 622,892 647,706 12,248,746 13,6,15,321 599,0i!9 6.i!23,8ì6 7,9,19,428 "56,896 7,171,981 8,481,6i6 1,749,192 1,749,192 - 1,835,196 1,835,196 - 625, 145 627, 292 10,024 10,024 - 6,095 6,095 - 10,777 10, 777 1,136,901 1,136,901 - 481,568 481,568 - 922,176 922,176 2,146,500 2,258,002 31,399 675,989 707, 988 10,860 831,455 860,381 548,325 561,371 '6,743 128,975 135,718 2,192 120,254 124,255 37,327 37,418 - 20,552 20,5!)9 - 3i,406 34,441 4,506,207 4,517,795 - 1,541,668 1,548,494 7 2,286,744 2,288,968 37,468 37,468 - 27,895 27,895 - 26,788 26,788 1,773,164 1,773,164 - 724,657 724,657 - 1,048,129 1,048,129 IUnrevised figures. 523 No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ii! 19 20 21 22 23 2-1 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 3,1 35 . .H TRADE AND COM\IERCE 13.-1mports of Canada from the rnlted Kln dom, the t.:'nltt'd States and In the four fiscal No Principal article!; by classes. n'. flood, \\nod Product.. and Pap('r oncIuded. \\ ood, unmanufactured or partially manu- factured-concluded. 1 LUIII ber, rough sawn or dre!' ed on one side only . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . M ft $ 2 \' ('neers of oak, rosewood, mahogany, etc... ....... .... ..... .0.... ........... S Total "ood. unmanufartured or partially manufartured........ Wood, manufactured- 3 Barrels, empty. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 4. Staves of oak, sawn, split or cut..... . . . .. á Corks.. . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood pulp- 6 Soda pulp. Unbleached sulphite pulp.. 0 _. o. 8 Bleached sulphite pulp. .. . . . . . . . 0 0 9 Wood pulp, mechanically or chemically prepared... ........... 10 Fibre, kartavert, indurated fibre, etc.. ., 11 Furniture, house, office, cabinet, etc.... . . . Total "ood, Wood Products and Paper.... ".0 .... .0..0", \'. Iron and Its Products. 12 Iron ore. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton I 13 Pigs, ingots, blooms and billets. . . . . I 1-1 l-:ìcrap iron or steel.. ....... I 15 Casting!; and forgings, n.o.p. I Rolling mill pruùucts- 16 Rolled iron or steel and cast steel in bar , bands, hoops, etc. .. . cwt. I 11 Rolled iron or steel hoop, bcroll or strip, No. 14 gauge and thinner. . cwt. I 18 Rolled iron or steel hoop, band. scroll or strip, 14 gauge and thinner, galvanized. cv.t. I 19 Steel, rolled, for saws and straw cutters, not tempered or ground. .. . . . . .. ...... cwt. I 20 Bar iron or steel, rolled. _ . cwt I 21 Iron and steel raih\ay bar!; or rails.. ton I 22 Shafting, round, steel, in bars, etc .. . cwt. I Plates and sheets- 23 Boiler plate of iron or steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. I 2-1 Canada plat s, Russia iron, teme plate. .. cwt. I 2,) Iron sheets and plates, tin. . . cwt. I 26 Rolled iron or steel plates not le s than 30 inche in v.idth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . c\\ t. I United Kingdom. 1920. r nited :O;tates. All United Countries. Kingùom. 1 76,702 76,76. 113 3,016,974 3,021,015 201 549,767 ')49,968 I :No. I :\1 I lb. I lb. I lb. I lb. I lb. I I I I 1,515,780 266,944 105 109,530 38,318 670,446 606 J,241 1,717 12,781 1 11 473 1,411 1, 9; 4 15,485 11,476 11 , 661 10,3;5 1-1,0.38,026 786 997 276,077 352,127 6,6tO 383,928 112,456 117,469 1. 654, 209 77,056 23,44S,342 477,070 195,388 10,479 1,152,9.')6 51,445 442,5.')8 I, 34:i. 984 21,044 20,358 7,164 1,870 96 59,955 '&0, 719,02t 1,144,430 4,093,839 1,487,683 446,840 6,409,540 789,130 4,563,307 122,512 501,636 124,705 608,04l 25,273 323,559 688,221 1,854,011 7.206 370,824 31,268 144,807 148,805 526,133 174,087 901,722 928,771 6,556,216 419,843 ], 16S, 601 1-1,112,39] 277,985 354,215 6,640 383, 928 338, 229 1115,942 1. 654, 209 77,056 23,448,342 477,070 19.'),388 10,479 1,160,120 53,315 442,656 1,461,411 t3,1S.I,26'ì 1,632.011 4,601,716 1,754,627 449,083 6,519,188 834,437 5,394,374 123, 118 504,877 126,641 630,995 25,274 32J,570 6R8,221 1,854,011 7,206 370,824 31,268 144,807 149,278 527,544 176,021 917,207 938,247 6,674,877 419,843 1,16'Ì,601 I 114 17 69,129 1,425 1,871 43,062 45,877 2,145 652 2,29 112,064 3,tU,51t 755,689 2,000 640,288 151. 758 2,223,571 S,372 75,401 6,773 74,496 269 24,475 690 8,041 5 2,170- D,289 8D,449 21,5R4 297,317 IJIPORTS FOR CONSUMPTIO V All Countries in quantities and values, by classes entel ed for consumption, years 1920-1923--con. 1921. 1922. 1923 1 . United All United United All United '{; nited All States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 49,320 49,510 - 48,569 48,787 - 56,825 57. 125 3,107,519 3,119,994 152 1,631,840 1,640,604 57 2.027,931 2,038,880 649,845 M9,862 - 264,834 2M,834 - 225,427 225,427 18,560.838 13.707.781 2-1.669 8.827.011 8.931.103 1-1.369 9.695,127 9.758.613 202,496 205,077 H7 126,223 127,016 790 92,883 94, 989 . 23, 370 326,970 257 153,302 155, 150 1.002 148,919 152, 488 6,639 6,369 - 2,814 2,814 - 3,714 3,714 459, 106 459, 106 - 184,283 184,283 - 207,101 207, 101 97,39-1 526.018 33,884 -15,445 251,914 8,662 115,394 262,673 79,138 330,719 33,581 43,730 185,270 6,481 85,455 156,340 1,415,5(j} 1, 415, 561 - 813,791 813,791 - 3,333,780 3,333,780 94,898 94,898 - 35,156 35,156 - 123,770 123,770 28,986,667 28,986,667 - 27,034,427 27,034,427 - 31,007,353 31,007,353 1, 30 1,266 1, 301, 266 - 1,009,905 1, 009,905 - 830,092 830,092 - - - 149.866 149,866 - 356,259 356,259 - - - 6,018 6,018 - 14,495 14,495 19,76-1,137 19,766,282 2,800 466, 135 468,935 5,964 240,210 246,394 1,270,841 1, 271,493 842 19,437 20,279 978 11,984 12,987 478,073 480,389 1,063 299,169 300,450 2,011 355,317 357,521 1,433,518 I, 6 6, 159 101,537 947,872 1,219,689 144,297 1,039,634 1,326,114 52.359.8-11 57.U9,3S-I 2.657..H2 31,423,889 35.791.487 2,708.338 31.841,957 35.845,5.... 1,305.512 1,950,291 - 509,18.,> 656,902 88 701,493 1,04-1,999 5,038,900 5,595,038 - 1,721,438 1,936,247 2,889 2,059,109 2,588,536 3,804,1M 4,618,987 76,585 819,981 932,370 949,467 1,28-1,720 2,277,435 2,405,913 2,419.194 193 338,042 343,380 - 236,517 242,632 6,149,501 6,790,520 661,214 3,124,351 3,787,460 258,102 3,046,274 3,304,595 1,977,212 2,138,578 46,371 355,164 405,251 65, 179 373,813 445,723 11,587,594 13,876,312 '153, 182 2,028,209 2,523,985 546,603 2,134,392 2,832,298 212,718 221,090 - 85,824 85,824 1,185 246,120 247,305 1,158,614 1,23-1,015 - 289,992 289,992 2,963 821,472 824,435 216,998 223,948 1,999 62,814 63,814 23,921 197,592 222,588 1,124,797 1,206,659 7,350 286,445 286,445 80,316 749,631 864,550 30,8i4 31,143 23 5,428 5,451 20 18,137 18,157 483,477 507,952 844 78,963 79,807 1,203 22í, 660 228,863 1,669,828 1.670,518 5,510 647,161 667,100 89,566 1,541.982 l,M8,OSO 4.690,905 4, 6!J8, 946 14,760 1,483,834 1,531.563 207, 789 3,462,780 3,704,864 20,224 20,224 13 16,828 16,851 540 :30,910 31,674 980,191 980,191 560 858,608 859,613 15, 658 1,1-t9,411 1,172,171 79,367 79,420 - 17,144 17,144 304 56,899 57,203 405,575 407,745 , - 69,744 69,744 9-19 173,916 174,865 260,900 260,900 - 60,433 60,433 5,665 138,834 144,499 1,040,554 1,040,554 - 154,114 154,114 1:3,263 :346,145 359,408 188,167 197, 456 18,982 1:35,194 154,176 119,884 187,531 307,415 1,153,659 1,243,108 84,476 577,644 662,120 470,486 765,887 1.236,373 1,164,192 1,185,776 267,837 474,:376 742,213 750,586 367,751 1,068,337 8,605,139 8,902,463 1,288,213 2,727,087 4,015,300 3,051,884 I, 7-l8, 242 4,800,126 877,637 877,478 188 249,802 249,990 6,561 588,174 595,824 2,603,4:'1 2,603,921 :!82 532,150 532, 532 12,512 1,14S,905 1,163.292 - lUnre..i ell figurc'!. . 525 No. 2 :I .) 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 '?-I 25 26 ."):!ü TRA.DE A..\"J) ('01fJIER('E 13.- Imports of (.'anada from tht' rllitt'd Kill dom. tht' rnih'd tat('s ami in the four fiscal J Principal article,.. by cla:;ses" --I I V. Iron and Its Produrts -con. Plate:! and sheets oncluded. Rolled iron or steel plate or "heets, sheared or unsheared, ete... . cv.t. $ 2 Rolled iron or steel sheets, poli"hed or not...... " cv.t. S :I Sheets, flat, o( gal vanized iron or stepl. .. cv. t. $ Skelp iron or st('('l, !!heared or rolled in grooves cv. t. S ;j Rolled round v. Ire rod,.. o( iron or steel cwt. S , Rolled iron or steel angles, teeH, beams, etc.. .. .. . cv.t. S Roll('d iron or steel angle!", beams, chan- neb and other rolle.l "hapes, etc... cv.t. 8 j Stpel plate . c t. S Total rollinl! mill pfddllrt S 9 Tubes, pipe and fittings Wire- 10 Barbed fence v. ire o( iron or "ted . cv. t. S 11 12 1 1 1:1 1 Wire, cun'ed or not, galvanizl.'d ilOn or steel, Nos. 9, 12, 13 gauge.".". . cit. Wire rope, stranded or tv.isted v.ire . S Wire, steel, \alued at not less than 2 e. per lb. for the manufacture of rope.. cv. t. S Total "Ire .. 1.1 I(,hains, all kinds.. . . . ... .. . I Engines and boilers, n.o.p.- I.. Boiler,.., steam, and parts of. IK Boilers, n.o.p., .md parts of 11 l:ngine", automobile..... lb Engines, internal combu"tion 19 Engine,.., ,..tearn o Engine parts and acce,..,..orie", n.n.p.. 21 Locomotives for railv.aJ. s 22 I I ocomoti\"es for railv.ay!!, clectric I Total enl!lne'i and b:}iler,.., n.o.p.... Farm implements and machincry- 23 ('realll sep,if.Uors and steel bov.J.. for 2t Han'c,..ters, ::,clf-binding 2.:i Iov. ing machine::! 26 Potato diggers.... . 21 Cultivator::, and v.eedprs and parts 0(. 21'\ J )rill,.., ,..('cd ........... ..... ... I S o. S Xo. S Ko. S ... S :--;0 S l7nited Kingdom. 15,120 116,256 21,82i 163,369 S 1.:lti9,iij' --I 152.970 S S S Xo. S Xo. Xo S S Xo. S Xo. S S 618'HI1S 1 28,642 300,611 9..S, ;61' 29 . 792 6-t,15.3 7,83!1 1,575 120,-111 I .3001 1920. l"nited tates. All Cnited Countries. Kingdom 271 1,693 246,971 858,5118 582,2(H 2,9i9,161 161,090 912,819 I, i06, 789 4, 3: O,586 6!5, 126 1,515, I tJ!) 416,782 1,135,348 1,069,037 2,82j,277 272,222 729,927 .18,-11-1,96; 4,007,408 157 40,9i9 11 5,929 482,89 2,056,092 321,220 1,086,257 ::127,822 21. 4:i9 , 195,084 -I. SSG, illiG i09,278 164,259 209,924 42,434 8,402,351 29, H4 2,96 , i!8 H 454.40:J 55 523,7::12 9 45.452 12. "74,iil.")1 -I 7:lt I :U6,65i 841< 54.4 63 1 69k 5:J,015 78,432 4,08:J :!:n.45!1 50,O 1 4115,ti1l5 , 5,"-I3,ti2: 2.1121.I-SG I 1. 008,890 '>-18 414 1 2Ïi:iti3 1 4:!, .t:!-t 1 8, t 2, ! I _9,aH., 3,0:14,442 1 255 460,:J3:! -I 55, 5?1 71" -', '9 47.02i,_ 12,99;,;5'1 ..H.3 1 I 796,O!16 1,6611 316,657 1;48 54,463 698 S3,015 78,4::12 4,083 1 :i:J, 459. 246,971 858,511& 597, 607 1 3,116,007 18 , 979 1,076,188 1,706,789 4, 3:iO, 586 625,126 1,515,169 417,053 1,1:n,041 1,069,037 2,824,27i : 19,9".., ì-Ib 4,160,37b l 482,89:! 2.056,092 321,220 1,086.25i 946,O:!0 143 1,452 60,634 628,478 89,060 982,085 1,308 11,846 1,721 4,411 -1,-11-1.964 291,770 245 2,921 1,000,585 54,3Sò 757,257 308,571 346.824 .:!I,250 1. 028 2!17 1'-.6.3- I: 61,214 101,557 2 150 1 U PORTS FOR CONSUJIPTION AU Countrit's in quantitit's and vahus, by classes entered for consumption, years 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 United All r ni ted l."nited All Lniteù lTnited All No States. Countrie!O. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 383,500 383, 643 1,307 118,408 119.715 17 .895 389,205 407.819 1.178,474 1,179,926 5,895 288.304 294,199 40,326 949,904 991,434 986,338 1,047,069 13,599 447,301 462,868 138,28b 926,078 1.064,416 5,866,282 6,497,410 65,379 2,008,662 2,081,857 504,805 3,752,046 4.256.952 419,673 508,733 19.113 254, 25:3 273.366 296,089 422.539 718,670 2,584,206 3,566,291 106,809 1,289,743 1,396,552 1,214.135 1,848,082 3,062,444 2.058,050 2,058,050 - 1,011.685 1.011.685 2,150 1. 839, 061 1.841,211 6,052,793 6.052,793 - 1.99 ,51l 1,990,511 3,011 3,4:;9.559 3.442,570 562,009 5ß2,009 1,154 326.56:> :346.886 5,621 345,9H 405,716 1,630,836 1,630,836 2,231 681. 914 726.56:3 9,542 724, 866 828,899 998,022 999,330 506 13, 857 2It.450 9.580 591,351 602,659 2,871,516 2,883,362 2.122 487,914 49:1,199 18,802 1,242,904 1,265,709 2,038,791 2,040,512 - 637,877 6:n,877 2.142 1,721.16':; 1,727,91:> 5,962,361 5,966,772 1,389.573 1,389,573 4,716 3,5l!J,3!11 3, 5:H, 078 525,810 525,810 89, 527 89,527 - 261. 425 261,425 1,532,521 1,532,521 - 189,212 189,212 - 508,561 508,561 -- 85.5:!5,1011 111,056,6dO 2.034,-190 11,959,001 20,120,566 6,271,886 29,965.515 36.573,581 5,928,346 6,226,128 105.474 2,028,147 2,166,020 182,898 2,450,622 2,656,931 418,554 418.554 - 166,033 166,133 112 105,319 105. .1:36 1 1,934,159 1,934,159 - 699,744 700,094 506 376,355 376,885 366,162 366,407 1 1\15,152 195.153 - 200,053 210,053 1 1.424.500 1,427,421 13 654, 483 6.'>4,496 - 599,135 599,135 332,996 1,333,712 362,760 75,527 140,004 493,047 116,797 609, 960 1 52,337 106,723 19,082 6,230 25,312 36,345 12,392 49, 111 I 502,413 1,259,670 182,204 60,132 242,336 257,707 95,252 355, 185 5.9S1.fo!23 8.111 , 285 661'>,122 2,202,577 ,Sð9,;19 907,592 2,071,.iS5 3,078.9:1? 994.189 1,304,654 99,307 361,648 464, 288 143,211 398,200 541,539 I 2'32,461 579,285 59,262 65,383 124,645 72,354 194,757 267,111 1 2tiO,!J71 282, 223 6,560 152,262 158,822 1,397 126,756 128,151 1 20,U!ì7 20,087 1 12,176 12, 177 15 26,210 26.225 I 5.387.4\6 5,388,444 2,087 3,117,839 3,119,926 12,370 4, 141,55ti 4,153,926 14.330 14,627 162 4,722 4,885 161 6,425 6,587 I 2, 17.'),077 2,257,870 70,161 899,338 970,402 33,089 834,536 871,371 IH 157 5 68 73 10 116 126 1 443,968 505,182 28,695 183,043 211,738 65,472 252,865 318,337 - - - - - ti8,728 960,148 1,028,886 21 52 52 1 21 22 - 14 Ii .e 512,M:\ 542,ü43 4,816 110,320 115,136 - 99,627 99,627 11 11 - 13 13 - 8 8 2 53,177 53, 177 - 53, 654 53,654 - 50,924 50,924 - - 9.2112,9261 9.717,-127 17:I,3S,) -1,653,0-19 -1.837,3:17 2,')3,-1.10 6, 13 , -1-17 6, 91i9, 613 ---- 72\,652 992,404 25,ü99 201,032 325,755 110 208, 620 237,949 2, 5,485 5,485 - 1,316 1,316 - 1,606 1,Ii06 2 1,001,575 1,001,575 - 319,807 319,807 - 256,916 256,916 1,271 1,271 - 522 522 - 410 410 2 79,275 79,275 - 36, 1-13 36,143 - 23,123 23,123 1,298 1,298 - 259 259 1 862 863 2 101, 267 101,267 23,618 23,618 !15 64,66:3 64,758 177,170 177,170 112 62,,')83 62,695 16 62,790 62,80ü 2 3,102 3,106 - 790 792 10 1,046 I, OM 2 211,345 211,580 - 38,041 38,079 4ü 3!J,233 :39.279 lUnrevi:s and Its products....... I 40,10' 4,272, 8 4,531,1115 '19.457 IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION 531 AM Countries in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption, Tears 1920-1923--con. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 United All United United All United United All No fl!tates. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. COlmtries. 178,290 178,442 66 192,051 192,117 37 256,120 256,157 1 151,098 151,098 - 42,548 42,909 HI 60,845 60, 986 542,246 565,337 10,577 1I6,091 130,182 5,488 152,005 157,634 3 744,169 932,084 26,552 206,758 233,39.') 21,414 242,789 21H, 303 4 - - 27,416 885, 135 920,334 50,219 1,181,335 1,280,670 5 6,134 6,280 61 4,090 4,154 163 5,039 5,203 fI 1,201,506 1,255,244 73,415 683,209 702,847 15,216 641,801 657,085 1,711,795 2,487,993 360,190 1,756,634 2,130,341 230,448 937,507 1,231,113 7 1146,087 646, 635 - 235, 134 235, 134 720 238,318 239,038 8 320,543 321,969 115,233 117,958 254 65,1-18 65,402 . 9 4,932,506 6,199,562 675,923 1,853,129 2,636,903 363,716 2,688,637 3,122,014 10 19,704,650 20,977,346 630,329 8,521,363 9,274,698 402,647 7,517,515 7,960,172 11 41,'52,851 !ã, 881, 205 2,UII,0'&G 21,6-15,893 2'&,0611,973 1,325,589 22,553,2'&6 2'&,068,579 557,121 559,454 3,210 177,932 181,173 2,508 222,778 225,525 12 1,715,964 1,909,107 77,705 1,420,591 1,511,308 77,378 1,253,914 1, 350,685 13 2,315,480 2,562,029 93,270 1,059,952 1,181,696 134,282 1,374,119 1,5-10,909 14 1,683 1,706 11 790 806 23 1,059 1,082 15 3,476,163 3,578,938 37,411 1. 492, 290 1,537,765 77,169 1,811,936 1,889,105 5,891 5,907 74 7,092 7,181 34 11,362 11,402 l' 8,339,704 8,399,537 392,578 9,062,184 9,501,362 135,27j 11,710,972 11,857,165 11,729,731 11,760,367 20,694 10,189,926 10,211,791 59,521 14,065,719 14,134,874 17 26,393,390 26,129,69:- 538,908 21,994,154 22, 5S8, 897 3U,8OO 2 , 758,858 29, 12t, 90t 1,105,208 1,116,915 630 436,693 439,067 26 254, 480 26-1,709 18 1,438,62ï 1,537,362 16,431 465,061 527,718 9,074 563,950 661,191 l' 681,796 698,198 3,182 331,762 335,442 6,775 316,725 324,420 20 22,956 :23,854 443 15,060 15,558 305 26,880 28,226 21 293,451 298,901 2,369 254,631 257,334 1,971 338,366 343,505 424,867 437,528 1,836 267,836 272,866 2,669 303,565 310,824 22 880,863 916,285 55,486 435,658 493,075 4,325 394,268 298,618 23 834,408 1,185,022 273,683 142,886 428,547 85,162 292,780 378,492 2,& 12,555,512 13,293,383 553,71I 7,092,294 7,706,497 502,553 7,318,024 7,871,453 25 226,855,725 2-1,), 6 5, 703 8, 9R,), 9113 9!t, 938,235 110,210,53' 12,671,433 12-1,371,885 138,72-1,455 1,181,313 1,181,313 - 164,561 161,561 986 777,380 778,366 26 1,675,020 1,675,020 - 520. 455 520,455 749 1,460,156 1,460,905 1,409,799 1,650,087 94,499 597,572 692,342 516,144 503, 697 1,031,041 27 468,052 566,944 31,897 133,966 165,923 109,403 109,41I 221,089 305,179 324,992 3,857 287,996 334,136 9,203 580,764 636,441 28 330,462 361,227 9,594 246,010 279,243 16,928 299,416 331,737 29 3,013,971 3,252,236 88,086 1,32D,3R9 '.,475,670 176,399 2,693,229 2, 9t6, 7(1 , 17,341 21,573 1,583 6,477 8,060 4,663 12,662 17,325 30 386, 788 478,634 23,364 116,270 139,634 61,080 197,100 258,180 19,869 41,005 2,905 23,655 26,614 7,609 17, 722 25,452 31 270,496 663,468 32,681 111,016 144,142 75,769 179,599 256,206 11,291 13,334 218 13,126 13,344 296 16,720 17 ,025 32 309,486 376,350 4,846 258,736 263,582 5,582 314,948 320,530 748,154 1,030,676 32,210 776,545 808,755 71,477 1,476,117 1,547,594 33 26.3,237 366,884 8,411 182,587 190,998 18,093 358,311 376,404 381,615 489,788 98,204 181,576 289,821 145,004 151,408 316,885 3f 2,473,200 2,735,360 180,654 1,680,100 1,904,052 172,675 1,438,040 1,651,451 35 2,82,1,078 3,23-1,269 ---- 5,OI8 3 11 6,061,562 352,827 483,452 3,427,293 3,97i,SIt lUnrevised figures. 62373-341 532 TRA.DE .-1SD CO M1UERCE 13.-Imports of Canada from the {juited Kingdom, the {Tnlt('(1 States ami in tile four fiscal Ko. Principal articles by classes. VI. Non-ferrous l'letals and their Products- concluded. CopJ>E'r and its products- 1 Copper. in bars or rods.... __ _ .. . __ . . .. C\\ t. S 2 Copper. in blocks. pigs or ingots..... . . . .. lb. S 3 Copper. in strips. sheets or plates. not polished.... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. cwt. S -I Copper tubing, in lengths of not less than 6 feet...... . . _ .. .. . . _ . . _ . _ _ . _ . . . . . . . . .' lb. S 5 Copper.allother................ ..... S Total copper and It!!> products...... S Lead and its products- 6 Lead. old. scrap. pig and blocks...... . . . . 1 Manufactures of iead. n.o.p....... . . . . .. . . . " Lead. all othcr. . . . . . .. -............. Total lead and Its products... -.' , 10 Nickel and its products- German, Nevada and nickel silver. mfrs. of............ _........ S Nickel plated ",are. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . S S S S S S Total nickel and Its products. 11 Precious metals and their products. . . . . . . . . 12 Tin and its products. . . . . . .. . .. __ . . . . . .. . 13 7.inc and its products............... 1-1 Clocks and watches....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. Electric apparatus- Electric batteries. storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lã 16 11 18 19 Electric dynamos and generators......... Electric light fixtures and parts of........ Flectric meters.. ..... ................. Lamps. electric incandescent.. .,. - . . . . . . Iotors. electric. generators and dynamos Telegraph instruments and wireless appar- atus................ ... ..... ...... ..... Telephone instruments. ................. Electric apparatus. n.o.p. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Total electric apparatu!!> ....... 20 21 t2 J 24 Printing materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 2ã Lamps. side lights. head lights. etc........ S %1 Ores of metals. n.o.p.. . . - . . . . . ., . . . . - - . . . .. ci-t. Total Non-ferrous !\Ietals and their Products................. S VII. Non-metallic 'lineral., and their ProducU (elfept chemicals). Clay and clay products- 27 Bricks. fire. etc.. . . . . . . . . .. ............. S Tableware of china, porcelain. etc.. . . . . . . S Total day and da) products. - S Coal- 21 Anthracite coal. grate, egg. stove. etc. . .. tr It Anthracite coal. D.O.p... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. tsn United Kingdom. 155 5.421 36,779 10,396 38.038 53,855 lb. S S S S 1.076,067 88, 290 23,556 28.9-15 1-10,791 6.428 46,126 No. S S S S No. S S S S S S 226,869 2.116,79:! 1.579 27.043 181 4,245 4,972 3.846 37.222 175,066 3,339,207 87.476 1,885.363 2,500,680 1920. United States. 296.783 6,037.473 4,866,769 1.021,208 '15,425 445,921 449,561 156,940 785.411 8,416,953 6.356,075 372,621 114.374 55,362 512,357 52,55-1 409,407 1,573,248 2, 213, 2 1I 5,192.785 \131.422 833,965 2,134,414 97,742 1,470.479 1,039,067 698,879 243,252 1,479 18,342 9.849 3.523 88,981 1,153,407 1.956,639 104,185 649,991 7.311.499 15.13-1. 199 11,665 23,112 1,008 37.767 277,323 791.145 535,506 599.130 46,9-10,714 1.572,863 113,834 3,307, 3 4,890.793 31.942,384 199.974 705, :H5 All Countries. 296,783 6,037,473 4,866,769 1.021,208 15,580 451.342 486,340 167.336 890,676 8,56:S,03,; 12.036,032 680,779 172, 226 84,307 937,312 416,203 1,630,047 2, 216, 15 5.435,704 3.284,669 835,596 3.126,267 97,923 1,474,724 1.044.039 732,020 280.868 1,325,297 1.976.703 114.034 653,517 7.435.239 15,5';0,3';-1 291, 676 823,390 537,518 663.186 li2,116,43-1 1,660,339 2.528.500 1,311,56;- 4,890,793 31, \1-12,384 1\1\1,974 705, :175 United Kingdom. 183 7.127 129 4,589 158.791 66,264 319,660 397. ..-10 16.112,823 1.396.777 37 . 7 1 58,731 1,493,232 38.581 103 , 000 Hl,908 665.280 1.703,894 72.978 59.713 18 470 93,766 6,377 24,620 52.045 8,952 41,021 40.672 32,804 313.344 56-t.6;-3 20,859 56.967 '.6!l2,7t8 297,602 3.531.267 5, 04i7,4t% IMPORTS FOR COiVSUJIPTIO.V 53 All Countries in quantities and values, b;r classes entered for consumption, years 1920-19 3 -con. 1921. 1922. 1923.1 United All United United All United "l' niteel .\11 No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 331,707 331,890 30 113,419 113,4-19 24 274,938 274,962 1 5,716,9::\7 5,724,064 736 1,6.IJ,111 1,641,847 540 4,039,846 4,040,386 7,448,447 7,448,447 - 401, 119 401,119 - 2,984,363 2,!JS-1,363 2 1,396,327 1,396,327 - 54,138 54,138 - 452, 748 152,748 19,958 20,094 515 16,687 17 , 202 2,196 22,163 24,359 3 577,535 582,328 11,858 377,893 389,751 50,718 475,684 526,402 765,517 924,308 22,858 6i6,331 699,189 73,829 875,625 !H!J,854 4 257,343 323,607 5,762 155,273 161,035 19,471 214,814 234, 285 1,180,722 1,586,200 33,279 479,368 541,288 47,605 995,368 l,04i,607 5 9,128,864 9,612,526 51,635 2,107,7S3 2,188,O;i9 118,334 6,178,460 6,361,428 2,329,589 24,125,900 868,522 w 387,972 1,491,662 1,561,181 928,752 2,713,870 6 191,472 1,971,392 38,682 24,275 71,392 69,571 60,559 139,800 135,656 244,005 32,773 67,680 139,552 67,156 81,376 200,311 1 50,120 108,851 17 ,555 9,161 28,362 37,820 34,349 72,610 8 377,248 2,324,248 89,010 101,116 239,306 111,547 116,284 412,121 484,618 526,741 12,530 213,035 232,976 9,499 188,037 199,376 9 1,713,927 1,845,622 96, 285 1,150,967 1,280,286 98,287 1,216,008 1,349,159 10 2,455,3;;1 2,629,406 109,964 1,453,188 1,604,197 12-1,389 t, 705, 130 1,866,828 2,036,554 2,753,571 442,215 1,051,458 1,548,876 501,398 1,071,046 1,596,898 11 1,106,391 2,962,644 482,132 720,159 1,324,590 704,046 949,010 1,80-t,814 12 457,693 58-t,474 33,267 285,719 403,646 25,890 381,376 493,733 13 2,104,553 3,923,523 30,917 1,215,891 2,129,811 52, 780 897,397 1,680,481 U 89,323 89,341 30 24,797 2-t,827 62 14,957 15,019 15 1,363,986 1,364,456 374 802,359 802,733 133,617 553,473 687,105 1,227,398 1,323,664 37,713 1,313,419 1,356,725 21,055 1,271,810 1,316,732 16 650,548 668,475 8,401 385,972 109,347 8, 78' 415,344 448,124 17 :i52,348 376,968 65,649 171,Si9 238, 954 52,976 174,247 227,223 Iii 3,372,6U8 5,047,469 235,301 801,375 3,196,717 254,047 689,783 5,558,042 19 9iO, 163 l,184,50-t 30, 235 173,353 576,319 40,842 131,488 757,952 2,578,807 2,628,734 219,422 1,530,030 1,753,161 93, 796 1,480,135 1,581,547 20 76,581 121,298 78,520 58,726 137,246 90,193 785,165 978,669 21 889,553 922,35i 3,145 579,028 585,561 346, i63 449,744 796,507 22 7,296,5-t0 7,633,425 1ll,331 4,310,487 4,437,823 14:i, 109 2,846,645 2,997,085 23 16,918,;;68 17,182.859 5GG,95-1 10,0111,201 11,033,165 967, 96.1 to, 37 .i, -15-1 12,10',115 301,316 325,934 28,688 269,028 299,226 17,967 275,334 298,125 2-1 803,333 870,360 25,521 466,433 508,275 34,100 653,255 704,434 25 42,960 43,105 - 139,982 139,982 209 118,999 119,208 26 176,967 176,989 - 1,313,045 1,313,045 2,584 1,113,399 1,115,983 45,959,91-1 5;;,001,319 2,523,868 25,3-13,095 29,173,413 3,595,638 31,191,237 37,492,604 2,715,216 3,021,600 152,260 931,282 1,083,544 219,146 1,185,954 1,405,100 27 149,974 4,499,183 2,571,626 178,853 3,469,022 2,201,765 111,587 2,946,768 28 -1,805,451 10,181,592 3,517 ,852 2,-17-1,815 6,178,365 3,313,115 2,841,785 6,873,622 4,360,569 4,360,569 110 4,219,235 4,219,569 227,474 2,635,842 2,864,5-t2 37,576,001 37,576,001 1,355 38,509,678 38,512,833 2,222,671 24,924,110 27,159,924 478,990 478,990 - 196,686 196,686 20,35Q 270,712 ' 01li 1,482,1 47 1,482,147 - 487,777 487,777 127,621 801,496 1 rnrevised figures. .")34 TRADE AKD COllJl.JERC'E 13.-Imports of ('anada from the L"nited kingdom, the rnited States and in the four fiscal No Principal articles by classes. \ II. Non-metallic Jlint'rals and their Pro- duds (elfept chemlrals)-('oncluded. Coal-concluded. .Bituminom; coal, slach, etc.. . 0.00 ton I ton I ton I ton S Total coal and coal products..... I Glass and glassware- Glal's balls, and cut, pressed or moulded crYf'tal glass table\\ are.. ........ I Gla...", carboys or demijohns, bottles... 0.0 I Plate glass........ _ .. . . _. __ 0 S Glaf'f', window, common and colourless... S Total glass and glass ware.... .. 0 . . . . I Petroleum, asphalt and their products- Ij Af'phalt nnd its products. . . . . . . . . . I I Crude petroleum in its natural state. . . . .. gal. S Petroleum imported to be refined. . . . . . .. gal. I Coal Oil and kerosene, distilled or refined gal. I Lubric'\ting oils..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. gal. I Gasoline under .725 specific gravity...... gal. I Petroleum, products of. n.o.p.... __ 0'" 0'0 gal. I I I 'Z Bituminous coal, round.. 0............... Total coal. I Coke................... 0 . 0..... __ . 0 . . ( 5 6 7 111 11 1 13 1:1 Total petroleum, a!>phalt and their products..... . .. .. .. . . . 15 Stone and its products. . .., Other non-metallic mineral products- 16 DiamondR, unsct ......................... I 11 Halt for the Ube of the sea or gulf fisheries. c\\ t. I ............ C\\t. I Salt, n.o.p., in bags, barrels, etc.......... cwt. I lb. S Tutal Non-metaJUc ftllnerals and their Products................... I 18 Halt in bulk, n.o.p.. .. ., 19 20 Sulphur and brimstone, crude. ..0. . . \"111. Chemicals and AUied Products. 21 \cidb.. .... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S %% I'otal ùrugs, medicine and pharmaceutical preparations.. . . . . . . . .. ................ I %.1 Total dyeing and tanning materials.... I 4 Total explo",ive ....... I ZJ Total cellulo",e proùucts.. I Fertilizer'i- :Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitre.. Ib I lb. S I I I I S !6 21 Potm,h, muriate and sulphate of, ::rude. Other fertilizers compounded or manufac- tured, n.o.p.. " Total fertilizers.... 0 . . . .. ... 29 Total paints, pigments and varnishes. .... . . fl Total soaps ............. ................. 31 Perfumery, cosmetics and toilet preparations Inorganic chemi('al.., noo.p.- 3:? :Sulphate of alumina or alum cake........ lb. I Ammonia, nitrate of..................... lb. I !S 33 United I\:ingdom. 16,1103 23,324 56,725 59,893 J63,5tiS 11.85& 318,670 3,012,444 271,930 250,504 7,360 3,670 441,4:14 320,5S5 1,120 177 1920. L"nited tates. 344 2.57b 3.1! 2.5;-8 2,372.9114 5,174,211 9.179,.582 22.24X,081 16,ti!3,333 60.01U.1I51 381,606 2,476,450 62,193,913 All United Countries. Kingdom. 2.:J72,984 5,174,211 9,17!),9:?6 22. 250, 6i9 16, (j 13, 6i;- 60,012.629 381,606 2,476,450 62,8112.365 673.004 !l16.40:? 1,150,627 1.891.512 6, 9:!íi. ..59 466,799 298, MO, 725 15,571,813 100, 75U, 725 4, 7U8, 921 7,6-18,322 1,05-1,487 5,068,2I:3 1,796,800 4,982,755 1,288,566 32,746.659 6,204,840 32,095,2S1:1 3,687,7U2 4,470,846 1,325,7U9 586,118 1. 005,056 275,306 671,82U 474,552 158,351. 717 1,296,458 6,9"5.,,6& 1:l:í,52.J,3U 121,956,1;-6 474,767 1,113,429 510,119 157,879 19,211 11,200 669 1,374,468 41,438 11,990 6t, S6 2.! ,210 92,321 132,543 51,20U 80-1 1,102,352 66,406 8,(52 649,129 855,916 751,436 1. 621.982 5,914,363 829 465,970 186,483,433 12,753.761 99,462,361 4.557,231 6,880,311 979,312 4,83:I, 131 1.760,911 4,979,247 1.287,016 27.701.555 5,731,766 2S.5'!ã,9U 3,2.!7,728 55,490 312,981 192,98U 991,696 270,632 230,386 15:J,967 158,350,597 1,296,281 17,619 10,129 80 98 533, 132 1.805,801 4,664,391 375,91\5 1,101,1!!1 11,219,279 432,666 2,855,156 170,815 734,6-11 1,"7,211- 3,541.145 1,424,181 528,854 20,742,765 325,846 I, 41!1, 025 !-2,215 1,053,360 3,402,932 5,6.!3,720 556,836 1,122,057 11,231,079 4J3,354 6,897,319 285,131 748,382 1,190,152 3,821,!HìO 1,53-1,082 1,096,104 20,793,965 326,650 3,066,879 181,396 399 2,000 1,082 6,492 -----W;1 8,49 II.UIi 42,753 32,482 396.638 19-1,374 1,030,401 275 16.476 9.214 86 64 2.').ã62 660,059 1,385,61-1 245,718 2U3, 370 50,610 36,U-I5 451,723 353,981 1,041 133 9,118,403 404,358 1,307,077 818,241 296,040 41,7.!5 33,892 2,510 589,6i8 35,970 2,770 lì2,u.t1 5011, 128 lU3,883 11",487 455,530 9,604 2,7U7 404 IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION . u Countri('s in quantities and values, b3' classes entered for consumption, years 1920-1923-con. 1921. 1922. 1923.1 United All United United All United United All States. Countries. Kingdom. States Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 2,359,758 2,360,157 - 2,748,258 2,748,258 233,573 1,941,371 2,174,944 11,393,600 11,395,600 - 7,033,899 7,033,899 1,112,227 7,046,127 8,158,354 13,0-16,030 13,047,839 5,083 9,998,718 10,003,801 416,758 8,574,331 8,991,993 60,831. 440 60,844,352 30,620 32,193,596 32,224,216 2,268,306 33,593,823 35,867,082 20,2-1,;,:Ul 20,2-17,5';,) 5.193 17,162.897 17,168,314 M9S,16-1 13,-122,256 1-t,32 ,550 111.2b3,188 111,298,100 31,975 78,22-1,951) 78,258,725 5,730,825 66,36.'i.556 72,114.477 548,582 5-18,582 - 232,174 232,174 2,907 440,976 443,883 6,247,931 6,247,931 - 1,673,171 1,673,171 23,371 4,267,600 4,290.974 11M.'il.412 117,868,288 100,860 8/1,273,866 8.1,376,526 6,273,270 71,015,239 77,636,0-15 919,585 1,019,744 47,478 431,266 552,859 38,696 516,371 672,363 1,495,384 1,584,207 19,424 673,975 738,523 30,007 819,711 895,487 .. 499.298 2,144,513 310,742 182,255 1,265,506 558,006 173,930 2,070,568 1,390,708 2,872,151 40,249 28,917 624,386 373,150 48,196 1. 205,1\19 7,14 I,!"3e1 11,083, 1128 685,806 2,96-1,336 5,392,534 1, 31e1, 929 3,133,528 7,OU.759 694,898 695,854 185 539,501 586,837 6,969 559,724 566,741 206,367,754 311,719,057 - 254,948,364 391,292,960 - 261,750,905 397,603,716 20,067,907 22,652,012 - 12,960.563 19,610,945 - 13,001,891 20,051,248 119,054,080 119,054,080 - 51,947,659 51,947,659 - 80,214,293 80,303,615 8,257,107 8,257,107 - 2,743,337 2,743,337 - 3,165,388 3,167,330 16,719,782 16,720,030 700 8,261,791 8,262,611 - 3,426.575 3,431.332 2,578,711 2,578,802 157 451,264 451,473 - 296, 168 297,595 5,110,415 5,126,992 14,117 4,925,550 4,940,282 14, 159 7,308,740 7,322,916 2,510,277 2,519,610 10,439 1,667,740 1,678,915 14,392 2,136,641 2,151,072 9,400,589 9,400,824 - 19,358,013 22,192,721 - 26,575,137 28,028,341 2,615,773 2,615,887 - 4,008,254 4,801,664 - 5,614,671 5,932,923 41,432,890 51,251,309 2,450 1,230,044 1,232,494 - 1,618,439 1,618,439 10,073,839 11,016,740 4,424 259,714 264,138 - 308,113 308, 113 47,878,962 51,4.18,351 32,22" 25,988,191 3-1,2-12,063 32,-15-1 . 29,310.-t78 36,715,069 ",67-1,911 5,481,072 299,190 2,620,977 3,135,916 376,220 3,489,510 4,060,806 146,109 2,384,150 1,137,654 54,012 '3,146,466 604,158 48,960 1,955,495 :JOl,133 1,289,617 48,123 423,832 1,037,143 37,662 411,614 1,601,005 152,922 508,841 32,513 164,598 291,036 19,725 153,9.36 325,579 1,016, 187 1,084,595 11,058 876,134 941,968 874 1,296,035 1,311,980 324,940 362,756 7,236 274,784 296,65!ì 550 327,185 329,530 193,293 645,016 509, 389 212,872 722,485 675,941 323,874 1,046,092 146,621 500, 602 335,164 150,135 486,032 392,368 205,952 612,613 237,787,380 237,809,435 8,290 157,168,316 157,198,236 1,232 245,867,692 246,020,164 1,729,093 1,729,808 211 1,271,397 1,272,170 67 1,670,736 1,673,662 188,"59,0-15 206, 09á, 113 6, 3U, 790 118,216,653 137, 6Ot, HO 12,508,635 lU,641,8611 139,919,012 457,489 889,996 96,697 298,921 493,101 87,367 340, 622 538,009 1,679,047 3,457,913 751,285 1,312,828 2,44(323 897,925 1,095,881 2,35-1,606 4,447,80b 6,031,566 253,526 2,898,562 4,093,510 211,090 2,815,218 4,05-1,130 430,178 750,385 26,880 147,142 201,184 45,874 293,953 601,744 1,370,429 1,420,374 55,832 994,246 1,076,384 57,637 7iO,637 892,868 49,212,429 52,579,803 5,877 22,832,331 22,838,208 24,140 28,034,588 31,702,506 1,634,822 1,737,622 288 581,619 581,907 916 720,549 809,538 4,210,616 18,314,748 544,110 3,640,223 8,652,794 2,304 4,714,703 24,965,729 166,756 840,323 16,423 125,459 236,100 86 83,975 473,017 1,181,898 1,187,481 18,484 539,664 569,129 4,025 297,881 331,518 3,5113.3113 ","27,564 35.385 1,6.il.3111 1. MMl, 811;; 5,070 1,5J7,733 2,1151.9;5 3,513,5/S1 4,251,620 440,894 1,926,621 2,838,466 620,60J 2,527,0\10 3,55U,455 1,244,677 1,424,446 73, 704 1,044,852 1,211,553 91,926 1,09J,664 1,280,654 470,763 1,202,585 63,577 441,363 955,259 75,668 507,021 871,563 20,923,453 21,378,983 385,544 16,047,073 16,432,750 206,926 23,884,973 24,547,299 353,842 363,346 6,217 275,352 281,574 2,535 326,379 329,810 661,757 1,981,806 - 808,090 2,017,078 2,976 506,922 3,819,694 34,390 142,999 - 45,375 127,484 222 29,717 262,743 revised figures. 535 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2.1 2-1 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 53b 7'Il 1DB A}I/D CO},IJIERCE 13.-Imp()rts of ('anada from the L'nitt'd Kingdom, the rnited Stat('s and in the four fls('al 1\0 Principal articles by classes. United Kingdom. ïï-l, 28 85,19\1 518,616 49,-I3ti 191,45U 5,5U9 18..!,50a ï:? , 4l-t 6,89U 5ð9 1,030,102 19,2ï4 3,371,055 67,542 2, G8, ï50 40,tiU9 54: , !J O U,ï6; 24, 2: 9 2.5\13 bJ.9 10,475 25,0384 634,082 15/,7\14 15, ïJ-I 97,633 1920. Unitcd I:;tatc8. 455,484 48,511 1,872,562 147,730 20,248,575 363,228 289,498 1, S,307 3,618,Oï4 2ï8,29..! 50,!J%,211 1,055,810 4,10..!,O\l3 \lti,656 6,O\lï,654 2:!4,8!)8 10,619,\162 15S,05\1 51,4-11,315 36\1,O: 3 21,206,340 23-1,2\14 3,lì6,843 3:H. 6GO 4,98",,9S9 4\1,514 138,8\14 "ü!I 5"4 -65: 55\1 1S1,913 2ï3, 056 All Countries. 1,229,791 1; : , 720 2,391,178 197, 166 20,44; ,025 368, i37 7\16,79!J 370,3ï5 3,62-1,!J6-1 "78 881 52,Õ16:313 I,Oï5,Oð4 7,473,14b 164,1\18 6,0\17,654 U4,888 10, 6HI, \162 158,059 53, \l2U,065 40!J,642 21,750,3.!0 2-1\1,05ï 3,201, 082 3.H,253 5,ìtil,21.:i 67,130 18-1, 2l: 903, 606 22; ,: 5:! 19ï,752 371,165 United Kingdom. 1,127,095 137,901 573,638 4\1,492 720,461 47,:174 123, 6: 2 65, 044 65,314 6,256 67,9"2 1,7bü 4,218,50-1 92,64\1 11,016 4-t: 11, 200 170 6JO,I\18 7, ï,!Q 987, 983 29,035 5t, 93!)- 4,909 b l,961 1,59-1 4,757 977, 208 240,575 20,163 HI,706 ,1,J.;)1,315 %3,997,657 30,0-12,823 6.0-111,972 55,441 1,311,691 1,367,132 76,686 1,038,844 1,296,454 18S,351i 2.639,5-1" 3,107,997 61. 544 9')1,272 57,907 71. 470 22,501 50,030 4ti,026 15 489,3-11 53.102 97ì,:U9 52,436 15a, 50: 69-1,123 I, 339 265,1:H 1: , 8:tl 2,057,867 474,528 800,757 247,833 328,9-11 1,099, 98: 1,120,530 652,991 170,410 486,651 410,745 5, 91i, 81 4,122,624 3,029,921 5,495,478 7;H,260 314,813 559,804 8,016,964 \TIII. Chenucals and -\lIIed Produrts - concluded. Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p.-concluded. ::;al ammoniac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 lb. I lb. I lb. I Cream ohartar in cr3 and "esscls.......... 32 \. ehicles, chiefly of "ood. 3: \\ orks of art.. .. . .. . 3t Pencils, lead. .. . . . 35 SettIerb' effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Miscellaneous articles imported under special conditions. .... ...... ... . . . . Total "brellaneon'i Commodities Total Imports, 'Ierrhandise '" 767,183 2, 1 4,532 370,665 43-1,262 1,329,092 1,242,010 746,245 170,712 1,20-1,889 515,7H8 7,tNi,7 2 4,329,093 3,282,803 6,191,t:J6 732,682 621,520 582,498 10,181,O:H 2{I, 581 367,494 532, G.:il 171,ufi9 1,76:':,7ïJ 98,318 201>,406- û ,839 U3, 39.l li9,766- 420 977,221 121,"06 2, 21: ,99U 131, .Hi5 2!J!J,25!J 59!),7:l9 3,5!!!! 337,JOfi 68,:!56 1,700,6\12 X6 2,038 4 66,9 !!.4 12,864,713 7,506,7.')6- 1ì,;1 I, 180 ã 1,ti.iai,2.19 62,3-H";1iU 1l,IItil,môl n ti.3ti .6;f"'S IJI.U9ì,31 1,lItiJ ,J->".I23 213,973,26.:i IJ/PORTS FOR CO.vSUJI PTIO.V 537 All Countries in quantities and valu('s. b) classes entered for con"umption. ) ears 1920-1923-concluded. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 United All United Cnited All Pnited United AU No. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. Kingdom. States. Countries. 299,942 1,438,231 458,331 434,112 899,492 664,069 823,218 1,516,282 1 34,496 173,105 38,698 35,041 75,895 46,878 58, 153 110,142 1,780,16-1 2,353,802 678,996 833,740 1,512,738 2,123,306 987,506 3,110,935 2 124,307 173,799 39, 427 56,651 96,07\1 105,087 58,763 163,874 38,729,921 39,450,426 456,022 17,625,186 18,090,172 479,858 37,019,204 37,499,062 3 1,176,515 1,223,901 14,976 384,621 399,860 14,460 578,856 593,316 236,337 525,583 189,611 163,287 858,104 216,584 154,187 962,008 4 116,403 293,120 52,479 46,287 216,945 36,603 31,725 180,247 2,604,536 2,669,855 82,751 2,142,430 2,225,181 30,114 2,832,708 2,862,972 5 212,544 218,801 5,739 126,570 132,309 1,712 143,422 145,152 12,145,267 12,213,249 689,740 6,032,891 6,811,850 343,525 8,167,413 8,510,938 6 314,247 316,013 16,120 110,679 130,972 5,920 127,116 133,036 3,9\19,229 8,217,733 261,921 6,007,&67 6,269,788 482,020 8,843,852 9,326,072 7 107,655 200,304 9,630 137,811 147,441 15,814 162,579 178,407 8,155,0:35 8,313,151 982,778 12,952,191 13,937,519 248,402 11,247,705 11,500,207 S 337,060 344,0-15 40,853 501,653 542,845 9,331 370,425 380,419 9,223,189 9,238,263 171,695 9,639,666 9,811,361 26,200 8,879,053 8,905,435 9 185,610 186,098 4,939 196,605 201,544 354 140,449 140,811 84,302,106 86,052,304 10,056 58,8:37,9ïl 58,848,027 11,475,712 56, :36-1, 393 68,009,505 10 1,019,445 1,043,175 134 707,065 707,199 109,231 578,048 688, 149 .. 27,539, 839 28,797,822 577,216 21,374,106 22,064,162 584,654 25,106,986 25,691,640 11 314,587 346,758 16,610 220,345 238,503 13,571 201,249 214,820 . 2,931,19-1 2,98tJ,133 83,867 3,395,316 3,479,183 41,596 3,434,152 3, 475,ï-t8 1 313,280 318,189 8,262 253.923 262,185 3,367 211,620 214,987 6,019,59'; 1, U9, 1U 50-1,89,1 4,';96.1'12 5.356,610 6,11,303 5, O.It, 653 6,107,231 57,128 60,984 2,627 50,404 61,667 8,917 58,:375 77,880 13 \1:3,329 101,668 2,481 44,962 54,216 7,6:35 52,204 68,746 237,881 1,215,089 1,590,759 67,877 1,725,964 1,131,044 55:!, 606 1,754,157 It 59,565 :300, 140 349,583 16,918 380,607 217,863 104,808 336,467 196,111 217,546 18,871 144,497 168,337 15,770 189,5-14 206,372 15 282,986 425,098 77,501 146,261 225,040 110,630 183,667 294,888 16 28,128,10,1 31,881,-U9 3,231,117 18,u:I,:U.; 2-1,630,333 3,636,013 18, 3!'1, 5,15 2,'),793,101 1. 629,424 1. 660,892 29, 640 1,716.161 1,754,285 21,463 1,524,069 1. 549, 892 17 1,177,606 1, \135, 202 161, 124 906,045 1,376,084 185,943 915,550 1,445,596 18 3,101,831 4,2,15,1\,1-1 302,900 2,1'98, ;05 3,6-U,6101 309,616 2,693,989 3,-I8S,993 504,221 1,077,718 104,505 316,319 607,000 114,395 306,797 601,593 19 966,683 -3,432,883 1,005,143 630,3:10 2,050,153 1,149,864 635,996 2,179,599 20 188, 246 355,629 19,405 84,704 122,916 20,799 110,527 152,774 21 285,877 524,555 46,035 171,632 2-13,922 69,297 322,927 428, 183 22 832,545 1,213,064 40,057 524,140 690,382 80,668 406,743 683,460 23 811,858 1,174,102 91,057 663,877 880, 205 108, 155 723,028 986,321 2-1 509, 784 754,326 134,397 450,185 652, 796 172,609 468, 790 722,127 2.) 211,102 211,553 113 114,876 115,011 389 185,241 186,151) 26 350, 946 1,661,023 823,039 1:33, 180 1,322,322 681,98-1 83,108 1,067,527 21 455,171 792,688 63,591 554,465 819,971 68,601 458, 792 830.661 28 4,999,17'; 8,5,12,038 1,499,001 3, '121, 2;9 6,2,')9,11,1 1,501,098 3,7ai,339 6,45.;,862 3,096,608 3,486,744 74,883 2,040,439 2,353,531 80,117 2,297,117 2,521,457 29- 3,211,916 3,765,608 262,074 2,721, US 3,405,251 266,333 2,401,716 2,905,080 :10 2,411,450 3,034,247 236,836 598,331 849,958 45,146 1,859,064 2,183,759 31 961,256 964,880 2,918 518,324 521,283 89,508 511,782 602,387 3 435,903 875,350 231,681 186,436 540,280 275,997 172,831 604, 643 33 793, 686 873,967 48,922 661,400 721,846 47,142 546,455 620,991 3-i 8,872,413 10,749,819 1,409,020 6,044,233 7,625,5:34 1,041,121 4,985,266 6,205,085 35 11,532,981 19,518,882 5,195,859 7,565,362 13,511,218 1,181,305 7,807,803 9,500,890 36 50, 1511,1I2S 12,6SI'!,0ì2 11,410,236 3-1,360,tl31 50, 4!ì5, 9ì1 1,01S,38-1 3-1.715,tl31 46. 136,Sll ð56,176,82t1 1,24U,158,8S2 111,135,343 515,9.;S,196 '141, S04, 332 141,281,671 540,917,432 802,465,043 I U nrevised figures. 538 TRADE AXD COJfMERCE H.-Imports (Dutiablp and f'r('e), and t:tports of Canadian and f'orelJ1;n Product', by l\lain Classes, during the fiscal) ears pndpd 11arch 31, 19H and 1919-22. Classes. 1914. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. I\lPORTS. S S S S S Agricwtural and Vegetable Pro- ducts (except chemicals, fibres and wood). Dutiable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,335,155 84,613,246 156,595,248 183,169,503 123,822,535 Free. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,282,487 72,881,819 85,250,899 76,261,607 48,842,988 Total.. ........... 97, 617 , 6-l 1.'i7,495,065 2-U,8:16, H7 259,431,110 172,665,523 .\nimab and Animal Products (except chemicals and fibres). Dutiable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,249,117 24,5.')4,327 52,933,661 36,407,665 28,670,084 Free...................... . 14,,843,79S 16,950,767 42,165,082 25,314,725 17.975,705 Tot:.1 . ....... U,09 ,915 41,505,094 95,098,7-13 61,722,390 46, 645,7S!t ribre::., Textiles' and Textile Product",. . Dutiable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,723,548 105,186,945 156,536,643 171,058,642 96,223,007 Free................ __..... 27,430,313 73,003,296 75,023,234 72, M9, 700 43,774,130 Total. ............. 109,1.)3,861 lil.i,190,2-11 231,559,877 243,608,342 139,997,137 Wood, Wood Products and Paper. Dutiable................. . 18,349,506 18,610,573 24,837,227 33,969,792 22,:W8, 0411 Free. ... 19,047,888 16,789,279 18,346,040 23,479,592 13,483,441 Total.. . .. 37,397,39-1 35,399,852 43,183,267 57,449,38-1 35,791, (87 Iron and its Products. Dutiable. . . . . ...... 120,377,501 136,580,414 155,2t4,390 202,323,458 98,075,016 Free............ 23,487,234 55,946,963 31,075,486 43,302,245 12,135,523 Total. . ...... 143,864,73.; 19 ,5 7 ,377 186,319,8i6 245,6 5, 703 110,210,53' X on-ferrous Ietals] and thcir Proùucts Dutiable. 20,246,345 22,580,060 32,781,310 39,923,514 22,608,912 Free........... ......... 15,328,059 18,964,348 19,395,124 15,727,805 7,164,501 Total.. .... 35,574,404 4l,.')U,4Ub 52,li6,434 55,&51,319 21,173,413 on-metalIjc Minerals and their Products (except chemicals). Dutiable. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 44,081,914 89,401,495. 61,395,487 122,636,171 63,710,543 Free.. . ., ... 41,207,043 46,048,167 60,560,689 83,458,942 73,893,597 Total.. . .. Sã,28S,957 135,449,662 121,956,176 206,095,113 137,604,lt1 Chemicals and Allied Products. Dutiable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,180,745 17,853,351 18,120,605 21,636,986 14,861,012 rree . .,. ..... 7,892,179 16,346,663 11,922,218 lG,250,46J 9,769,321 Total. . ... ... . . . . . . li,0i2,9U 34,200,014 30,0-12,823 37,!\1\7,U9 24,G.iO,333 filicellaneous Commoditie . Dutiable. . ---. 31,714,913 27,114,247 35,210,59i 36,435,675 25,341,589 Free... ... .... 20,416,253 76,285,745 27,134,11;6 36,252,39i 25,144,382 Total. . . ....... .')2,131,166 1U;i,399, 99 6 ,3t1, i80 72,&'''''!,On iO,48d,'71 Total Imports. 495.620,744 Dutiable ... 410, 25S. 7H. 526,494,658 693,655,165 847,561,406 l'ree..... ....... 208,935,254 393,217,047 370,872,958 392,597,4ï6 252, 183.51S8 - Total Imports . . . . ....193. "1 919, ill, 705 I,06I,5 "!,123 1, tO,I.) ,f!"! 'i47,804,33% Duty coUprted !Includes \\ar m.m.ml,,,...,..,, 121.4 7,3N Tax)... ... 10i , 180,5i8 1';8,0-16,33,1, JIAIK CLASSES OF IJIPOR1'S A..ND EXPORTS 539 H.-Imports (Dutiable and Free), and Exports f)f Canadian and Forei n Produce. by Main Classes, during the fiscal )'cars ended l\larch 31. 191J and 1919-22-concluded. Classes. 1914. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. EXPORTS. S . $ $ S S _ gricuJtural and Vegetable Pro- ducts (except chemicals, fi bres and wood). Canadian Produce. _ .. . . . . . 201, 189,775 288,286,668 415,820,135 482, !-to, 4.14 317,578,963 Foreign Produce. . . ..... 13,075,791 25,722,684 6,421,943 1.818,545 2,231.217 Total .... _ .a_. UI, 6ã,566 3lt.009,3;;2 422, -I2,078 183.958,989 319,810,180 Animals and Animal Products (except chemicals and fibres). 76,591,015 Canadian Produce. . . . . . . . . 244,990,826 314,017,944 188,359,937 135,798, 720 ForeIgn Produce. '" . . . . . . . 1,560,400 9,364.079 6,565,660 1,433,501 1,434.161 Total. . . .. .. . . . . . . . 78,151,41;; 25-1,3.i1,905 320,5 3,60,I 189,793,,138 137, 23 , 881 Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products. Canadian Produce.. . . . . . . . 1, 933, 513 28,030,381 34,028,314 18,783,884 4,585,987 Foreign Produce. .. . . . . . . . . 426,609 1,834,594 3,923,765 2,626,801 1. 105, 798 Total. .. . . .. . . . . . . . 2,360,12 29,86-1,975 37,952,079 21.,110,68.; 5,691,78.) Wood, Wood Products=and Paper. Canadian Produce. . . . . . . . . 63,201,624 154,569,154 213.913,944 284,561,478 179,925,887 Foreign Produce. . 926,844 308,949 5;35,319 551,189 378.344 Total.. ......... 61, 1 8,468 15-1,878,103 2U,-t-l9,263 285,112,667 180,30-1,231 Iron and its Products. Canadian Produce......... 15,483,491 81,910,926 81,785,829 76.500,741 28,312,272 Foreign Produce. . . . . . . . . . . 2,923,929 6,179,760 18,05'j,937 8,582,412 3,400.751 Total. ....... . . . . . . 18,,107,420 88,090,686 99,8-1-1,766 85,083,153 31,713,023 on-rerrous letals and their ProductR. Canadian Produce.. . . . . .. . 53,304,267 79,260,732 54.976,413 45,939,377 27,885,996 Foreign Produce. . . . . . . . . . . 500,292 967,146 2,597,839 846,500 822,034 Total............. . 53,80,1,559 80,227,878 57,57-1,2';2 46,785,877 28,70S,030 on-metallic }1inerals and their Products (except chemicals). Canadian Produce.. . . . . . . . 9,263,6-13 26,662,304 30,342,926 40,121,892 22,616,684 Foreign Produce.......... . 249,485 3,207,941 842,930 888,775 772,058 Total. .. . . . .. . . . . . . 9.513,128 29,870,2-15 31.18:>>,856 41,010,667 23,388.7-12 Chemicals and \Ilied Products. Canadian Produce........ 4,889,913 57,406,349 22,883,685 20,366,279 9,506,170 Foreign .Produce........... 234,848 1,331,193 3,556,274 1, 111,680 427, 338 Total.. .......... ;;,12-1,761 58,737,5-12 26,,139,959 21,,177,9.j9 9,9:13,508 Miscellaneous Commodities. Canadian Produce.. . 5,731,198 255,326.466 71,722,908 32,389,669 14,030,001 Foreign Produce.... . . . . . . . 3,950,587 3,405,133 4,663,944 3,405,015 3,114.628 Total.. ........... 9,681,78:i 258,731,599 76,:1'!6,8.'i2 35,79-1,684 17 ,1-1-1,629 fotal Export . Canadian Produce........ 431, 588,439 1,216,443,806 1,239,-192.098 1,189,163,701 740,240,680 Foreign Produce. . . ..... 23.848,785 52,321,479 47,1fi6,611 21,264,418 13,686,329 Total Exports ... -I;;;;, -137,221 1,268,765,"8;; 1,286,658,709 1,210,428,119 753.927,009 Total Trade. Imports merchanùi8e.... 619,193,9118 919.711,705 I,O!ì4,528,123 1, 40,158, 882 747,804,332 Exports merchandise. . . . . . 455,437,224 1,268,765,285 1,286,658,709 1,210,428,119 7';3,927,009 Total Trade...... 1,0;4,631,222 ,18S, ,176,990 2,351, 1 6.S32 2,,150,587,001 1,5111,731,341 5-10 7ïl.4DE A.YD COJfMERrE lã.-External Tradp of Canada. b) :\lain GroUI)s and Ðplcr"('ps of :\Ianufacture, arrordin to Origin, Year endt'd 'Iarrh 31. 19 . A Imports for Consumption. E'(ports, Domestic. Origins. From From -Total. To To United United United United Total. Kingdom. States. Kingdom. States. S $ S S S S Artldes of .\J!rlrllltliral or 'eJ!etable OriJ!ln- Raw materials........ . . . . 1,621, fl81 66,861,697 78,46-1,013 146,901,497 40,320,999 237,857,046 Partly manufactured arti- cles 89,518 13, 9-t7, 594 46,5i6,4 6 101,968 205, 756 519,619 Fully r' hie'fÍÿ manufa tured articles .. 46,169,239 53,761,728 124,080,737 49,671,129 7,601,725 80,816,061 Total. . ...... 47 ,tsðU, 'ì3ti 1:U,ã71.019 2i9,091.1'ì6 196.67 i, .i9-1 48,12ð.ttiO 319,192.726 Articl('.. of Animal Orlgin- Raw materials............ 1,890,159 23,555,812 29.447,960 11,574,237 29,532,103 42,199,323 Partly manufactured arti- cles . 3,375,318 6,257,35S 11,097,744 1,719,096 3,4i7,997 5,40:>,365 Fully or chi fÌÿ manufac tured articles....... ... . 27,127,896 19,671,176 61,649,045 51,653,663 3,570,842 60,000,435 Total. . ..... 32,39.3,373 49,tM,:U(, IO .19-1. 'ì-l9 14,916.996 36..')71.912 107,605,123 Artldes of }Iarlne OriJ!in Raw materials............ 11,929 701,403 1,067,375 3lt,470 9.004,790 9,359,143 Partly manufactured arti- cles............. . - - - - - - Fully or chiefly manufac- tured articles... . . . . . . . . 146,006 557,270 2,109,252 5,278,731 3,758,873 20,252,638 Total. .. ........... 157,93,'} 1.2.;I',6'ì3 3,176,627 5,593,2Ul U. 76.3, 663 29,611.781 . Artldes of }'orest Orlgln- - Ra\\ materials.. 16,677 746,765 811,880 46,161 13,085,271 13,637,792 Partly manufactured arti- cles.................. ... 8,834 7,416,002 7,454,815 13,845,387 57,837,267 79,465,820 Fully or chiefly manufac- tured articles..... . . . . . . 2,646,268 21,469,788 28,975,612 1,912,036 77,241,401 87,168,178 Total. . . .. 2.671.779 32, 6.12. 5.;,'} 37.2,12.307 l.i.tiß3,ãSJ l-IM.llìJ,939 11SU,271.79U : rtldes of 'lineral Origin Raw materials. 198,511 99,353,347 106,657,525 4,452,637 16,479,921 26,317,638 Partly manufactur d ;Ù cles. .................... 687,098 5,128,9-11 6,020,164 4,372,753 10,696,163 21,228,641 Fully or chiefly manufac- tured artides. ......... 18,532,346 148,516,350 177,674,468 5,286,129 9,602,289 37.744,279 Total.. . .. 19.-It7,9.j,'} .t.;2,9!1S,C;: '" 90,3.)2, 157 14,111,519 36,778,3'ì3 85,290,558 rtlde.. of 'lixed Origin - Raw materials... ........ - - - - - - Partl manufactured arti- cles.................... . 85,177 624,136 724,702 85,957 487,364 608,119 Fu]Jy or chiefly manufac- 9,694,882 17,660,583 tured articles.... . . . . . . . 14,528,386 44,388,829 65,022,614 2,145,824 Total.. .. . . . . .. . . . . . t-I,li13,51Þ3 f.i,012.9w 65, 7!7 ,311i 2,231,7bl 10,llf ,d" Ib,268,702 A EXTERNAL TRA.DE BY GROUPS AND ORIGIN 541 15.-External Trade of Canada, by Iain Hroup., and De ees of Ian ufacture, accordin to Origin. Year ended Jlarch 31, 1922-concluded. . Imports for Consumption. Exports, Domestic. Origins. .. From From To To United United Total. l:nited l'nited Total. Kingdom. States. KIngdom. States. S S S S S $ Recapltulation- Raw materials............ 3,739,257 191,219,024 216,448,753 163,289,002 108,414,084 329,370,942 Partly manufactured arti- cles.... . . . . . _ . 4,245,945 33,374,031 71,843,851 20,125,161 72,704,547 107.227,564 Fully or chiefly manufac- tured articles........... 109,150,141 291,365,141 459,511,728 115,947,512 111,470,012 303,642,174 Grand TotaL.... . 117,135,3,13 515, 9.'i8, 196 7n,80!,332 299,361,675 29'!,588,643 no, 2,10,680 NOTE I. .\pproximate value of com- modities imported and c"\- ported, such as are pro- duced on Canadian farms, or manufactured directly from such farm products, included in Table No. 15. Articles of A ri('ultural or Vegetable Orl ln- Raw materials......... 590,745 28,641,310 31,068,162 146,874,351 40,077,312 237,563,427 Partly manufactured arti- cles.................... . 311 818,491 857,281 100,643 126,327 405,375 Fully or chiefly manufac- 454,325 3,390,503 4,483,708 tured articles.. . . . . . . . . . 37,638,697 5,647,743 60,771,608 Total. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . l,0!5,381 32,850,30,1 36,409,151 184,613,691 45,851,382 298,7tO.UO Articles of Animal Origin- Raw materials.. -......... 1,781,112 13,149,713 18,563,540 7,364,959 18,960,106 27,344,9-12 Partly manufactured arti- cles.................... . 364,025 3,991,571 4,516,577 1,705,977 3,464,042 5,364,352 Fully or chiefly manufac- tured articles........... 998,842 5,745,102 7,827,664 51,317,813 2,542,311 58,152,013 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,143,979 22,886,386 30,907,7 1 60,3M8,7-I9 24,966,459 90,861,301 NOTE II. Approximate value of princi- pal Canadian Exports pro- duced wholly or chiefly from imported materials, included in Table No. 15. Articles of Agricultural or \Tegetable Ori ill- - Raw materials............ - - - - 66 6,761 Partly manufactured arti- cles..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 74,903 76,269 Fully or chiefly manufac- tured articles.. . . . . . . . . . - - - 10,763,558 944, 180 16,444,505 Total. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . - - - 10,163,558 1,019,U9 16,527,535 Articles or Animal Orlgin- :Fully or chiefly. manufac- tured articles.. . . . . . . . . . - - - 128,707 13,308 209,7lã 542 TRADE AND CO.J.\fJfERCE 16.-Summary of the Trad(' of ('anada. b)' Ialo Group!\. Complied on a UassiOcatl8a Accordln to Purpos('. Fiscal Year ('oded :\Iarch :U, 1922. Classes. FOODS. m:V}:RAG}:S A D S}IOK}.RS' SLPPLU,S. Foods............. . Animals for food.......... Breadstuffs. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . Grains................. . Flour and other milled products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour and meal.. ...... Other milled products. Bakery products and prepared foods.... . . . . Other farinaceous foods. . . Cocoa and chocolate. . . . . . Fish..... ... ..... ...... Fresh or frozen.......... Drier:!, salted, smoked or pickled. . . . . . . . .. . Canned or otherwise pre- served.... .. . Fruits........... . Fre<;h...... ..... Dried.. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ('anned or other" ise pre- served........ .,. 11('ats.. ..... ..... .... Fresh, chilled or frozen. Cured, pickled. pre- erved or prepared. . I ard, lard compounds and sub!>titute!'...... .... )1 ill. and its products. . . . . 'I ill. and CICam, fresh. )hlk preparations and products. . . . . . . . . . uh, .............. Cocoanut!> and their pro- ducts. . . - . . . . . . . . Other nuts, not shelled. . Other nuts, bhelled.. Oils......... .... ..... Rail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spices.... ................ Su ar and sugar products.. Confectionery. . . . Molasses and s 'rups.. .. . Sugar.. .. . . . . 1iscellaneous. . - . . . . . . Vegetables.... . :Fresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dried or canned. .. . . . .. . Pickles and sauces...... Vinegar............... ... yeast............... .. Other articles for food. Beverages and infusions.... . Beverages, alcoholic. . . . . . Rrewcd.. .... Di!>tilled. . . . - . Fermented........ . . . ... Wines, non-E.parkling. . Wines, sparkling. . . . . . Beverages, non-alcoholic.. LilT'e and other fruit juices... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 ineral and aerated waters. ... . . . .. ...... Infusions.. . . . . Cocoa....... . Coffee and chicory..... . Tea............... Rlack................. Green. . .. ............ From United I\:ingdom. 4,461,330 6,650 167,918 32,763 43, 109 9,722 33,387 92,046 55,793 556,637 148,428 3,054 80,627 64,7-17 399,:m 125,030 143,533 130,714 303,322 2,666 300,656 39,581 646,774 646,774 136,288 29,057 25,363 81,868 31,326 374,915 520,088 461,590 409,161 48,179 283 3,967 396,019 142,64-t 986 252,389 28,255 191,4611 23,067,966 19,103,750 103,051 18,865,590 135,109 102,555 32,554 39,804 17,677 22,127 3,924,412 94,570 197,337 3,632,505 3,582,790 49,715 Imports for Consumption. From United States. s Total. s 73,623,614 12;;,031,880 257,605 264, 55 11,369,589 13,037,024 10,479,712 11,955,378 491,044 477,987 13,057 398,833 77'\,207 1,737,429 1,078,834 542,586 67,084 4G9, 164 25,956,4 4 18,122,082 6,961,394 872,948 8,395,529 4,981,793 3,413,736 1,201,478 731,070 33,055 691ì,015 1,89,2,386 40,895 827,179 1,028,312 433,344 589,517 433,125 9,660,328 197,281 219,270 9, 05S, 292 185,485 3,638,124 3,162,206 377,212 98,706 10,048 578,487 4,878,090 I, 90S, 763 1,160,985 10,683 1,129,611 20,691 16,001 4,690 197, 708 131,300 66,318 550,070 41,6 4 452,659 55, 727 45,213 10,514 554,906 508,462 46,444 526,740 978,761 3,039,914 2,864,165 826,757 1,009,160 1,028,248 29,337,673 18,873,673 9,151,256 1,312,741 9,002,611 5,102,605 3,900,006 Exports of Canadian Produce. To United Kingdom. s 258,127,342 4,152,621 176,735,266 139,535,805 36,207,455 36,207,455 1192,006 5,540,898 262,272 5,681 5,272,945 7,381,140 6,317,!m 116,907 946,276 24,345,322 926,005 23,419,317 1,241,067 471,266 2,268,584 27,728,958 33,055 - 2,235,529 4,534,284 422,513 } 1,304,739 2,807,032 763,744 1,073,724 1,219,832 44,440,911 725,523 1,899,673 41,624,696 191,019 4,889,851 3,531,548 897,856 460,447 43,189 578,540 5,453,751 37,638,030 2,1,524,202 114,810 23,224,714 1,184,678 799,591 } 385,087 336,941 170,404 166,537 12,776,887 152,983 3,491,811 9,132,093 8,018,304 1,113,789 27,728,958 5,717 9,122,636 45,736 470 9,050,710 25,720 232,971 383 232,588 2,410,547 201,221 197,350 4,080 193,270 To United f-:tates. s 63.697,753 5,105,973 29,501,299 25,597,691 3,870,952 3,870,952 12,506,656 8,879,021 2,626,298 1,001,337 3,611,370 3,196,093 92,569 322, 70 4,899,4S2 4,674,844 224,638 241 5,180,436 2,791,002 2,389,434 7,013 5,717 3,871 3,871 1,823 289,784 29,124 60, 104 34,963 165,593 1,999,256 1,936,287 62,969 20,406 510,389 1,051,754 1125,987 687,467 238,343 177 177 125,393 66,489 58,004 374 TotaL s s 407,712,17i 9,694,3117 270,625. 264 213,321,1165 56,162,03 56,162,036 32,656 6'3,625 1,141,563 237,510 29,274,472 9,162,771 9,441,296 10,670,405 11,581.829 9,748,522 537,582 1,295,725 29,826,547 5,811,972 24,014,575 842,767 36,5tO,824 2,791,002 33,749,822 12,860 7,013 12,860 7,831 11,621,457 440,174 66,007 10,922,436 192,840 4,030,968 3,703,914 327,OM 21,848' 3,393.631 1,928,318 1,790,249 S49,285 1137,306 3,658 3,1158 134,523 71,194 G3,3211 3,546 374 3,546 EXTERNAL TRADE BY GROUPS AND PURPOSE 543 tl.-Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, COml)lIt'd cn a Classification According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended Jlarch 31, 1922-continued. Imports for Consumption. I Exports of Canadian P Classes. From From To To United U ni.ted Total. United Fnited Kingdom. States. Kingdom. States. FOODS, BEV. R.-\GES S S S S S AND S110KlmS' SUPPLIES-concluded. Smokers' supplies.... . . .. . . . 1,484,811 539,063 2,596,722 1,526 11,565 Tobacco... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656,547 291,234 1,080,434 1,526 11,565 Other smokers' supplies.. . 828,264 247,829 1,516,288 - - PERSONAL AND DOrSEHOLD UTILITIES. Books, printed matter, sta- tionery and educational 1-1,447,348 supplies. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,180,514 11,430,614 195,480 456,336 Books, pamphlets, printed matter and maps... . . . 1,528,174 8,407,149 10,452,130 90,883 343,775 Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,30:3,306 2,914,970 4,702,345 38,014 121,408 Charts and maps... . . . . . 32,560 44,707 78,104 } NewspaperR. . 47,911 2,557,838 2,607,718 52,869 222,367 l>rinted matter, n.o.p. .. 144,397 2,889,63-1 3,063,96: Rtationery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,765 1,305,766 1,552,991 53,710 19,456 Educational equipment (except text books)..... 8-1,652 660,332 868,182 33,619 28,632 Wor....s of art.. .......... 356, 9 3 1,057,367 1,574,045 17,268 64,473 (')othing. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,651,325 11,060,794 19,503,165 758,617 282,311 Bloubes and shirtwaists... 9,315 238, 65 267,107 - - Boots and shoes. . . . . . . . . . . 386,105 1,25-1,047 1,680,858 295,255 171,076 Gloves and mitts. -....... 328, 475 150,714 9J6,134 3,434 2,525 Handkerchiefs. . 889,251 55,805 1,272,137 - - Hats and caps. . . .. . ., . . .. . 806,493 1,958,707 2,974,148 6,988 1,759 Hosiery. .......... 1,t 54 ,412 925,26-1 2,-104,389 - - Shawls. . . . . . ............ 12,730 2,200 116,082 - - Shirts..... ............... 119,665 251,262 405,244 - - Underwear............... . 217,606 435,969 670,447 97,331 12,080 Mi"cellaneous clothing..... 2,327,273 5,788,174 8,776,619 355,609 94,871 Household utilities...... . . . . 9,138,470 8,863,514 19,850,489 431,793 297,896 Bedding................. . 664,633 410,831 1,096,745 - - Cutlery. . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 313,082 237,551 586,805 - - Floor coverings. . . . . . . . . . . 1,510,766 337,366 2,103,915 - 335 Wool carpets............ 1,106,830 259,147 1,559,610 - - Other floor coverings.. . . 403,936 78,219 544,305 - 335 Furniture.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 104,719 1,279,634 1,555,131 41,468 92,686 Glassware, china ware and pottery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,887,760 819,164 4,550,452 690 5,663 Glass\\are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,478 431,266 552,859 - - Chinaware and pottery. 2,840,282 387,898 3,997,593 690 5,663 Household linen. . . . . . . . . . 2,339,645 572,657 3,113,244 - - Household machinery..... 126,026 1,209,001 1,335,027 93,736 114,021 Kitchen equipment....... 71,525 1,210,575 1,339,740 12,702 46,754 Soap.......,............. . 72,553 1,042,094 1,207,644 138, 882 3,517 Window curtains and fix- tures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311,346 167,327 538,789 - - Miscellaneous household utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736,415 1,577,314 2,422,997 144,315 34,920 Je\\elry, personal orna- 2,153,934 6,790,465 ments and timepieces.. . . . 1,426,231 23,901 8,174 Jewelry and personal orna- ments.......... . 1,395,314 938,043 4,660,654 23,901 8,174 Timepiece's..... __..... __' 30,917 1,215,891 2,129,811 - - Personal utilities......... . . . 841,960 1,585,959 3,271,838 - - Toilet articles. . . . . . . . . . . . 269,754 955,719 1,935,088 - - Other personal utilities.... 572,206 630,240 1,336,750 - - Recreation equipment and 5,332,505 supplies................ . 444,573 6,448,578 54,496 2,437,656 Musical instruments and accessories............. . 111,407 2,309,174 2,640,747 30,795 164,011 Picture machines and ac- cestlories............. _.. 36,536 1,795,472 1,845,392 15,632 2,245,754 Equipment for indoor 24,653 67,111 games..... . ;Ù i . r 98,095 - - Miscellaneous amusement. . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,977 1,160,748 1,864,344 8,069 27,891 roduce. Total. s 45,828 45,828 1,058,155 611,597 189,244 422,353 247,870 115,221 83,467 ^,371,900 981,645 39,660 22,234 202,683 1,125,6i8 2,263,461 -J 24,934 24,934 287, 612 121,488 121,488 738, 254 113,115 227,788 750,270 80,021 80,021 2,759,486 354,339 2,352.235 52,912 j.B TR.1DE A.XD ('UJIJfERC_' 16.-Summar) ofthe Trade of ('anada. by :\Ialn (.roups. Compiled on a Classifiration Arrording to I>>urpose, .'isral Year ended ;Uarrh .H, 1922-con. Clusses. H,t:{'TRI(' \I. Et)np- 1n!'<.T. Batteries.. . ..... ........ Dynamos and motors...... . Lightinll; equipment. . . . Transmibbion equipment.... Other electric apparatus.... PROJ)r{'t:RS' t:QUIP- 'n: T. -\brasives .... ............ Containers, wrapping and packing matprials...... . Bags and sacks... ....... BarTels. . . . . . . . . - . . . Cordage (except binder twine}... .. . . . .......... Wrapping paper........... libcenaneou8 containers, etc.. } arm eq uiplllcnt. . . . . . . . . . . . .\gricultural implements and machinery. ..... Dair}ing equipment. ... Engines for farm pur- POSe;l.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Planting and tillage im- plements...... . .... . .. Harvebting equipment. . eed separation machin- ery.. .. ........... Other agricultural im- plement8 and machin- ery. .. . ...... Parts of agripultural im- plements and machin- ery.................. . -\nimals (except animals for food)........ .. . . . . Animals for improve- ment of stock......... Other animals.. . . . . . . . . Fencing...... . Harness and horse equip- ment ........ ... ...- Plants, trees and "hruba.. liscenaneouR farm equip- ment................... Industrial equipment. ...... Fisherie q equipment.... . . . Industrial and trade ma- chinery(except mining, electrical and printing machine , boilers and engines).. ., -.... . Office or blliliness ma- chinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :\Ietal-working machin- ery.................. . Pulp and paper-making machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . Textile Bnd cordage ma- chinery. . . . . . . . . . . Other industria] machin- ery........ ... .... }Iininll; and metallurgical equipment. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Printing equipment.... '" Photographic equipment.. Tools, n.o.p.......... ..... Transmission equipment. . (except electrical) From rnited hingdom. 504 257, 135 40, 2 6 21,355 270,454 106,664 1,552,136 105,391 562 244,086 20,217 1,182,180 219,495 68,832 25,699 8,848 4,806 7,219 124 103,345 90,462 12,883 1,564 22,1 9 23,615 3,600,642 780,312 1,868,203 1,624 64,545 360,190 675, 92 765,921 67,022 106,539 56,286 93,270 158, 126 I Imports for Conbumption. From enited :;tates. s S -t5, 898 2,843,449 848, 81 333,707 6,398,663 432 967,211 4,588,425 592,438 166,012 147,519 267,329 3,415,127 9, 182,527 7,546,609 201,032 2,654,492 793,906 424,042 2, 75t, 324 21,704 396,108 322,705 550,944 349,424 201,520 732,119 134,447 217,653 755 25,194,425 762,777 16,696,346 1,205,270 1,443,118 1,756,634 1,853,129 10,438,195 1,298,225 2,430,446 31 ,895 1,059,952 420,612 Total. S 846,452 3,109,886 1,286,143 358,730 6,689,940 1,083,045 6,971,506 739,723 168,670 404,650 322,867 5, 3 5, 596 10,090,192 7,718,169 325,755 2,663,340 798, 850 433,823 2,754,756 418,816 322,829 669,367 452,255 217,112 734,049 156,768 811,084 755 29,233,038 1,639,129 18,831,312 1,208,633 1,519,045 2,130,341 2,636,903 11,336,390 1,365,427 2,545,776 386,675 1,181,696 579,380 To United I\:in/l;dom. Exports of Canadian Produce Total. S 4,444 1,314 5,360 146,973 1,289 429,655 16,840 3,896 11,135 388,504 9,280 40t,791 371,642 618 85,678 114,311 78,831 92,204 1,210 895 315 31,287 155. 497 926,488 571,534 164,722 9,792 397,020 8,558 141,497 93,584 To United States. S 13,697 17 , 227 844,956 67,810 474,810 149,029 16,096 28,296 13,420 16,540 i4, 677 2,344,504 583,005 41,175 304,815 4,851 131,741 55,189 45,234 1,364,598 362,794 1,001,804 282,041 31,194 83,666 957,364 65,405 564,120 6,887 45,574 511,659 28,672 260 112,811 455 S 39,194 55,824 1,186,878 391,140 485,069 1,597,772 97,834 48,549 79,164 1,264,654 107,571 7,243,630 5, 45, 308 192,432 2,284,981 880,915 u,d,609 512,902 785,469 1,391,120 368,786 1,022,334 385,818 14,359 87,025 2,8ì8,7U 65,405 1,796,819 328, 119 100.443 1, 68,257 41,681 153,212 336,004 57,545 EXTERNAL TRADE BY GROUPS AND PURPOSE 545 ll.-Summar)" of the Trade of Canada, by lUain Groups, Compiled on a ClassificatIon According to Purpose, fiscal year ended l\larch 31, 1922 con. ClasEes. PRODUCERS' EQUIP- IENT-concluded. Industrial equipment-con- cluded. Miscellaneous industrial equipment. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Light, heat and power equip- ment and supplies (ex- cept electrical and trans- portation).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boilers and engines (except for Carms) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .Fuel. .. . . . . Coal................... . Fuel oils..... . . . .. . . . . . . Other Cuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . IlIuminants.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other light, heat and power equipment..... . . Lubricating oils and greases. PROD{;C" RS' l\fA- T....RlALS. .Building and construction materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asphalt and its products. . Brick and tile... .., .. .. .. Cement, lime and plaster. G lass for buildings...... . . Structural iron..... ....... ilti. ing. ::.:.:::".::::: Lumber and timber........ Paints and painters' mat- erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paints and varnishes... . Painters' materials...... Stone, marl Ie and slate.. . Rail v. ay materials........ f i,cpllaneous construction materials... ....... Farm malRrials..... . ... . . . . . Fertilizers..... '" ........ Fodders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :-;eeds.................... . \Iiscellaneous farm mat- erials. ................. 'lanuCacturers' materials... . For explosives and am- munition...... ........ For te"\tiles, cordage and clothing. . . ... . . . . . . . . . FihreR Cor spinning or cordage manufacture.. Yarn Cor weaving or knit- ting.................. . Piece goods for clothing. Thread Cor sl'wing... ". Buttons anù materiah Cor.. _ _'. ........... ("orRet mate-rials... . . . . . Hat materials........... Other textile, clothing and cordage material l'or dyeing and tanning. . . For Cur and leather goods. Furs.. ........... Hides. .. _ .. . . TRather . ..... Other materiab. . . . _. . . t\2373-35 From United Kingdom. 470,884 255,114 164,678 32,217 31,975 1,660,992 185 327,529 2,331 466,231 3,116 83,482 407 2,103 440,894 173,854 267,040 52,674 2,643 279,397 363,198 53,502 2,424 265,019 Imports 'for Consumption. From United States. $ 2,212,172 242 5,036 53,183 18,330 92,377,349 1,300,026 89,471,213 78,224,950 9,384,623 1,861,640 677,054 929,056 1,955,511 Total. $ 2,703,643 94,212,594 1,465,607 91,027,939 78,258,725 10,906,918 1,862,296 683,917 1,035,131 1,974,585 21,500,138 586,837 1,746,284 98,791 2,103,647 2,142,017 1,406,097 190,158 5,218,512 2,838,466 627,367 2,211.099 919,485 3,149,137 1,100,707 13,438,221 2,225,085 814,934 2,932,629 42,253 7,422,197 7,465,573 46,230,266 148,369,286 229,298,307 17,696,647 539,501 1,402,639 96,359 273,636 2,138,738 1,292,289 188,701 5,194,582 1,926,621 436,102 1,490,519 766,002 3,146,049 731,530 12,279,704 1,972,083 812,098 2,073,326 379,815 385,334 38,392,742 46,466,761 104,455,154 4,,')88,245 4,6;}O,04R 24,906,2üO 8,')9,435 39,479 25,074 184,000 3,140,201 254,394 690,433 100,41\6 7!i,3m 505,232 9,433 21,372,194 2,788,479 14,242,567 540, SOl 433,129 274,156 1,728,850 5,086,585 2,91fi.297 14,384,906 6,77H,38\1 3,404,338 3,615,452 586,727 27,739,481 7,837,647 51,566,542 1,461,553 614,553 299,230 2,534,217 12,401,931 4,112,125 18,454,885 7,772,331 5,897,312 4,188,038 597,204 Exports of Canadian Produce To United Kingdom. $ 111,315 2,911,451 121,980 2,720,872 2,720,872 7,105,970 354,639 19,808 5,842,960 162,903 93,002 69,901 50 724,406 756,996 7,809 301,124 253,885 To United States $ 185,641 4 68,595 73 9,679,111 67,099 7,485.698 7,095,769 5,337 384,592 2,122,739 3,575 70,090 Total. $ $ 1,204 47,965,847 85,853 283,097 428,048 16,583,583 272,745 13,729,306 13,182,440 160,850 386,016 2,472,890 108,642 93,225 62,630,042 135,906 868,445 152,770 1,232,039 229,404 55,047,157 423,604 271,165 152,439 51,740 1,760,995 2,727,982 8,151,368 2,220,268 3,270,286 2,229,686 194,178 107,021 431,128 21,239,290 146,789,891 187,365,310 272,308 103,039 133,181 36,068 28,868 6,012,521 4,266,688 47,686 1,698,147 17,892 16,939 56,222 44,708,120 89,908 26,722 63,186 27,946 1,195,599 1,484,271 5,383,365 1,636,417 1. 751,433 1.888,494 553,856 301 ; 684 112,082 20 138,886 43,8211 17,308.54.5 10,474,946 3,Q46,201 2,887,398 1,155,650 413,329 349,709 1,204 4,886 387,726 75,663 23,638,390 14,836,350 4,036,840 4,765,200 546 TRADE AND COM]lERCE l'.- ummar)' of the Trade of ('anada. h) :\Ialn (;roup"I. ('ompil('d on a ('Ia.. iticatioll Accordin to Purpose, J<'is{'al Y('ar ended 11arch 31, 1922-concludcd. CiaI" PROUt CI';RS' JI.\Tf R- JALS-concluded. :\[anufacturers' materials-- concluded. For smeltcns and metal refinl'ric . . . . . I"or foundries 1. or lI1achinl'r , imple- ments, tool and cutlery For electric'll good".... .. I'or furniture and "oad \\arC8. ... .., ('abinet "oodi'... .. . Other material... . . . . . For mu, crude....... . . . . . ... . \fediC'inal and pharmaceu- tical preparations. . . . . . . . . Oils and gums, chil'fly for mediC'inal u"e.. .... .. . . . . . [(-diC",!. surgical and dental equipment and JwlÌerials.. ."-R'US. F. PU'SIYF.S .-\ n "AR STORI';S. .\rm8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Military pquipment ........ -\mmunition and explo Ï\.es. ( OOJ)S .'UR J:; III- BITIOX. Animals. . . . _ _ _ 0ther goods... J rom rnitcd Kingdom. 349,583 139,501 2,682 8,765 26,309 7,553 18,756 65,854 64,335 131,6ðU 147,524 622,731 50i ,518 5i6,063 3,liO,587 1,().j9,565 566,787 452,770 17,307 45,542 31,996 6,620 3,845 21,531 2,918 16,254 65 , 89!ì 12,596 53,303 124,777 23,629 8,721 657,332 83,784 161,207 Imports for Consumption. J rom rnited States. $ 3,600,496 1,019,677 1,0 8,219 630,242 2,207,Ofì7 1,304,12:' 902,945 21O,66H 1,595,793 1,6::!2,44(i 2,846,467 2,347,035 451,ll\b 4,864,417 21,6ðB,656 450,077 39,399,059 27,009,583 23,862,239 25',388 168,039 1,147,332 222,OO!i bl ,875 863,452 518,324 1,157,261 388,000 358,748 29,25 99.095 285,184 160,6&1 1.405,280 100,010 1. 848,950 99,824 61,n4 69,729 220,91>1< 159 4,'J8,25!ì Total. $ $ Exports of Canadian Produce. To I.:'nited Kingdom. $ 1,313,754 596,974 22,347 859,731 2,003 85i ,7:?8 6,609,779 227,036 25 172,9!i8 3,766,438 706,668 649,883 3,322,150 2,219.040 3,210 49 980 1,098,428 4,888 4,8S8 9,302 214,169 105 To rnited States. s 10,159,022 1,637,066 205,233 H6,43Ç 25.fQr. 120,823 27,282,300 59,891,809 62,623 5,022 1,501,9:?!J 3,973,031 12,246,5\18 11,772,5\1U 725,74fì 182,481 1,730 900 304,112 3,487 300,625 163,773 72,750 96,253 96,253 147,346 1,101 2,223 201.102 Total 11.604,531 6,098,713- 239,55;; 1,550,76h 66,340 1,484,426 36,736,579 64,837,391 62,62.! 10,25' 2,633,723 10,293,629 13,537,959 14,869, bSO 16,IS8,1!!!1 9,184,257 7,200 9,704 3,985,14li 1,207,411 2,777,735 100,240 2,811,6fi2 3,242,2Otj 3,242,2')1; 19,242 77,950 lti8,904 .')02,664 2,925 187,210 1,51>2,939 1,121\,914 4,205,469 1,227,977 1. 101,806 717 , 800 2,262,960 1 .320, :J!J.'i 942 , 5fj.'i 329,4(i4 1,669,335 1,765,893 4,036,977 2,9119,766 981,754 5,858,023 25,417,287 479,280 48,867,018 27,647,712 24,370,844 273,695 113,581 1,179,328 228,625 65,720 \ S4,!J831 521,283 1,188,981 4tii,!JII 3R4,819 83,092 266,751 371,136 200, 196 2,520,095 235,443 2,238,072 32.'),014 92,173 550,315 1,51>5,864 1,32B,04h 79,942 1,569 11,41>> 2fi.1, 'J(ì EXPORTS AXD IJIPORTS BY PROrIXCES 5-17 li.-\-alue of Total Exports and Imports entered for Consumption. and the Duty collected thereon at certain Ports, during the fiscal years ended 11arch 31, 192 and 1923. Ports. P. E. Island. All Ports.... .............. ova Scotia. Halifax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :::iydney. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other ports. .. . . . . . . . .. . . Total.. .. _ . . . New Brunsv.ick. McAdam Jct......... :-'t. John. ................... Other ports. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total................ _.. Quebec. Abercorn......... .......... Athelstan.................. . Beebe Jct. .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Coaticook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montreal. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Armand... . ... .... _ . . St. Hyacinthe......... ..... Ht. Johns................... I'Iherbrooke.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three Rivers.. ............. Other ports......... .... Total Exports. 24,893,710 4,3ï7,258 10,581,837 1922. Imports for Consump- tion. s 282,.i26 1,001,069 13,476,ïti9 1,356,609 4,066,164 39,852,805 18,899,5-12 Duty Collected. 5 312,165 2,199,804 164,517 400,502 Total Exports. s 29,584,386 6,630,90"2 10,530,099 1923. Import!; for Consump- tion. 5 -116,2-18 16,9.;6,623 1,697,905 6, 24,08ï 2,76-1,823 46, 'ì!5, 38. 23,878.615 14,242 5,602,565 1,782,246 6,399,053 2, 977 116,556 95,272 11,865 30,378, ORO 2,267,085 15,477 210,003 476,597 497,834 659,938 387,270 13,185,27; 55,127,568 8,203,334 76,516,179 9,390,389 18,338,834 9,905,026 36,112,729 173,758,813 15,382,000 4,793,705 46,103,919 1,102,412 887, 104 3,199,487 63,934 20,6 7 ,800 6,822,934 27,57-1,668 164,625 1,777,562 1,765,702 338,095 173,938,311 14,332,753 171,640 3,750,020 6,917,2ï3 5,319,639 5,157,371 8,845,431 Duty Collected. $ s 12,307,451 49, .49,273 4,799,628 66,856,352 8,393,241 12,642,742 7,870,132 31,886,542 159,039,300 12,984,029 3,597,515 31,301,241 636,840 48,515 1,731,622 84,905 21,369,385 5,753,670 27,207,960 157,564 2,156,687 1,703,873 290,978 167,812,273 16,629,548 274,507 2,428,333 6,937,458 5,570,378 4,679,402 5,720,157 9.'i-l,.i-l9 2311,0-13 3,725,929 109,283 438,446 -1,2.3,658 8,850 6,500,288 1,109,231 7,618,369 28, .49 190,416 106,892 21,927 32,307,801 1,793,571 15,380 262,769 428,280 467,027 410,417 438,491 Total.................. 270,131,728 2U,361,158 35,138,954 318,971,418 222,4.8,-122 36,-171,720 Ontario. Brantford.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rridgelmrg................ . Chatham..... .. Cobourg............ ........ Cornwall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fort I ranees................ Fort William......... . _ _ . _ _ . Galt.. .... .. _ . . . . Guelph.. .. _ ............. Hamilton.... . Kitchener.......... ......... London.................... . Niagara Falls............... North Bay.......... ....... Oshawa. ...... ... Ottawa. . . . . . . . _ ., _. Parry Sound... ..... Peterborough. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . l'ort Arthur.. . . .. ., . . . . . . . . . Prescott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Catharines.. . .. . . . . . . . . . St. Thomas......... ........ Sarma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hault Ste. Marie............ Htratford. . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . Toronto... __... . . . _ . Weiland... __ _.. ........ \Vindsor. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... Other ports... . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,427,629 17,991 1,197,605 9,171 ,454 9,714,220 64,718,311 481,757 45,996,100 49,880,392 7,479,2SI I, 989 980 22,495,405 10,738,728 513, 12.i 708,736 29,547,461 994 ,707 25,993 4,403,112 4,186,267 5,054,235 2,118,912 2,075,460 1,338,157 12,748,012 4,360,004 3,227,281 26,972,604 6,471,961 9,423,634 6,161,394 3,143.677 7,790,506 10,111, 158 2,150,916 4,038,059 6,525,564 1,981,491 4,021,360 2,497,070 12,973,903 5,565,106 2.269,296 162,017,454 7,252,616 26.490,447 20,464,672 463,218 660,679 1,488.266 28:3,59 118,857 269,005 783,909 327,073 297,716 3,513,420 714,665 1,292,780 950,777 445,414 2,077,217 1,4 6,482 288,020 473,976 447,267 368,141 551,858 348,107 619,009 561,990 260,738 26,615,286 325,580 5,696,498 2,215,942 41,m6,ï82 3,751 1,489,160 8,164,274 12,547,756 96,848,878 61,255,202 65,719,438 9,360,60;J 80,778 14,500 28,585,923 11,862,891 .'i15,155 167,004 37.178,681 2,402,890 673,586 4,830,290 5,222,382 5,041,518 2,152,255 2,794,542 1,316, i41 9,354,345 5,431,561 3, 99 ,882 32,4i9,160 7,853,094 10,4,')3,714 5,897,753 3,388,986 13,335,992 10,550,131 1,329,079 4,4 7 ,663 3,983,883 2,817,961 4,612,959 2,490,04R 13,281,262 4,697,952 2,413.292 173,509,098 10,342,628 34,023,989 24,990,940 490,485 i73,180 1.053,634 281<,583 128, ï28 230,951 811,264 314,274 350,8.39 3.666,542 .35,30ï 1,390,633 .80.767 464,617 3,589,298 1,453,742 173,197 547,542 337,297 240,369 516,734 319,898 704,891 442,738 280,798 28,842,401 605, 75.'!. 7,479,3h7 3,129,521 623i3-35} Total... .......... 288,132,061 367,R31,328 53,Ss'ï,662 378,R21,-I311 -107,016,109 6O,1.f.1,3;: 34,176 54ð TRA.DE Al'fYD COM]lERCE 11.-\'alue of Total . \I)Orts and Imports entered for Consumption, and the Duty coUe('tt'd tht'rffin at ('ertaln POI ts, during the fllò('al )'ears ended l\larch 31, 1122 and 1923-concluded. 19 2. 1923. Portf;. Total Imports for Duty Total Imports for Duty Exports . Consump- Collected. E"\:ports. Con!'ump- Collected. tion. tion. I I I S I I Manitoba. Brandon. . 75,103 1,278,625 177,154 21,67(j 1,058,620 117,531 Emerson. . 7,960,774 545,536 32,665 12,502,679 533,050 32,340 \\ innippg....... . 53,311 33,819,932 6,301,829 31,316 36,415,244 6,758,816 Other ports.. 310,181 954,737 203,732 366,732 871,4:!b 209,806 -- -- TGtal 8,399,369 36,59S,H30 6,71ã,380 12.922.397 3S. 7S,3-1'. 7,711'1,493 - - :-:askatche\\ an. North Portal. 7,458,4U4 284,411 37,119 12,351,524 409,082 33,492 Regina. . . . 48,156 5,777,877 950,744 240,715 6,156.887 717,981 Saskatoon. . 2,438,9b4 3.')2,282 2,528,943 364,183 Other ports..... . . 250,075 1 ,ti9;"} ,883 253,623 S44,928 1.620,824 245,714 -- Total 7,71;6,6-1.. 10,197,15,) l,ã93,76M 12,937,167 10,71.),736 1,;11,3711 -- -\.lberta. Calgary. . . . 4,993,575 983,861 4.675,301 945,6.34 Edmonton. . 4,5i4,112 931,38b 3,986,966 x22 ,6 9 Lethbridge 601,915 2,097,136 343,170 6.37,097 1,417,754 162,774 ()ther port!'....... 259,352 37,708 315 ,'itì,) 42,754 -- --- Total 611I,91;; It. 92-1, 175 2,296,127 "'7.09; 10. 39.j. ,,"6 1.973. i91 --- British Coh.mlna. Abbotsford. . 2,703,457 285,969 40,862 1,!l48,57b 242,h37 35,954 Cranbrook. l,8b8,544 246,909 44,262 l,8ti3,995 402,063 122,238 Fernie. 3,663,278 525,æl 176,367 2,636.97'i 961,410 439,414 Nanailllo. . 5, 6.'i6 ,154 438,386 5!1 , 995 6,!li;"},6S:i 621,795 10:4,66.') New Wt.'stminstc 4,4;"}1,716 1,272.45,1 l!H ,5111 '1,i43,64 1,:i39,165 185.456 Prince Rupprt. 7,042,112 1,372,8S1 1%,415 9,8!18.703 1.:J90,818 2.')7,934 V ancou Vf>r . 42,777,949 4>:; ,235, 84;"} 9,992,7:iO 62,230, 6ft:; 46,9ft5.214 11,267,930 Victoria. . . . 2,692,271 5,7b4,64!1 l,3ib,4:.J 4,24.'),t65 6.6SU,OOO 1. 797 ,662 Other port .. 10,547,009 1,29fi,982 218, 69 l,119.6i4 1,653,7bO 323,348 ------ - - --- - Total ii, -IO . -190 59. -t3s. 16; I . 299.32' 96. 66-1. 5S; 1i0. 2,j7 . "",'! U,5U,&01 - - -- -- - - y ukoJ1 DÜ,trict. All ports 511,12,) , OO. GOU 1U,31111 bli1.9 ; 3S-i. !).H &j,9 Prepaid postal parcels duty recl:'ived through 1'.0 Department....... .... 41,34R 11 , R: 9 ..,'OIl 12,.14 -- Grand Total 753,9 7,Ø09 7-17, 1'Iu-l. 332 121, IS7,391 9-1,'j. :,, 17 02.ã79,2-t-1 133. 3,37' I KorE.-ThE' values gÏ\'en in thi table of imports and exporttt at the leading ports of entry indicate that mC'rchanriise of the value f;tatcd \\-a" entered inwards or passed out\\-ard'l at the ports in Quel>tion, but do not illlply that the import" were for con umption at thl' port" or that the exports originated thpre. I1VIPORTS BY COUNTRIES AND TARIFF RATES 549 18.-Imports of Canada by ,'alues entered for consumption from British Empire and Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Rate Tariffs In the two fiscal years 1921-1922. 1921. 1922. Countries. General. PreCeren- Treaty General. PreCeren- Treaty tial. rates. tial. rates. S S S S S S British Empire. United Kingùom. ...... 33,856,392 134,281,317 1,998,197 24,.556,468 69,111,080 1,471,426 Africa-British I.:ast. . . . . . . . 5ï 11,208 - 1,042 6,024 - British :':outh... 2,933 i,508 368 1O,13i 15.349 - British \\ e;:t.. . .. : : : - - - - 218 - Australia............ . ..... 333,015 - 3,199 207,446 - ,425 British East Indies- British India. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ï32,184 5,290,958 15 95,580 4, i84, 531 - Ceylon. . '" ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,Oi6 '2,129,254 - 42,881 1,865,244 - :;traits Settlements. . . . . . . 13,094 683,01b - 46,426 220,110 - Other.... . .. 3,254 671 - 373 - - British Guiana. .... .. 592,910 8,086,061 - 36,774 6,113,425 - British West Inùies- Barbados. . ... Si,9ïl 2, 98,j, 733 - 28,464 1,488,738 12 Jamaica. .. .. . 388,Oli 3,858,616 24 1O:!,R:!S 1,972,145 411 Trinidad. . . ..... 147,4ïO 44,450 - 101,806 1,279,244 - Other...... . .,. 29,065 360,050 - 17 ,388 884,506 6 Fiji. . . . . 880 1,509,506 - 312 1,965,843 - Hong hong. . . _ ..-. 1,958,36R - 52,598 1,261,699 - 2,531 Ne",Coundland. i4,240 - - 53,373 - - New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388,265 1,676,;29 - 2::!3,571 800,448 - Other British Countries. .., . 45,846 16,055 24 58,6í5 8,522 5O.'í Total!', British Empir(' :1"\, ì09,0:n 160, 9-11, 1:1 2,0,)4, -I'!ã 26. "\-1>, t3 90,515,32ì 1,-171,"1 ForelJ(n Countri('s. >\u..<.:tria: and Hungary. .. 94,92i - 24,720 - - Belgium...... . .... 2,745,858 - 601 ,821 1,995,616 - 418,468 France..... . .... 13,168,820 .- 2,730,521 í,601,916 - 4,445,246- Germany. 533,08(1 - - ð89,039 - - Italy. . ... 1.164,Oí9 - 68,963 842,465 - 90,489 Japan. . -.-.- 4,564,441 - 6,270,662 2,487,595 - 5,072,067 Netherlands.... . .... 3,091,05í - 110,207 2,201,309 - 125,494 Norway... . ....... 127,059 - 339,016 59,í71 - 267,65S- Spain. .. . . . . . . . . ..... l,íï9,015 - 483,668 1,421,649 - 305,364: Sweden. . . ...... 350,634 - 36,362 103,921 - 23,5M Switzerland.. _. _ 3 , 6ot! . 665 - 9,925,538 2,010,249 - 6,224,086 United States... ...... 544,010,980 - - 312,093,534 - - Alaska. .. . .. . . . .. . . .,. 208,924 - - 209,143 - - Other Foreign Countries.... 49,732,905 - 108,610 27,762,947 - 106,913 Total..., For('lgn Coun- tries. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3,181.U4 - 0.675,36S 359,703,874 - 17.07t.34' Total Dutiable Imports entered (or Consumption 663,890,,181 160,9-11,132 22,729,793 386,5-19,117 98,515,3%7 18,551,30' 350 TRADE AVD COMMERCE 19.-A!: ('gate Trade of Canada by Countries, for the flsral year ended :\Iarch 31, 1923. 1 Countries. Total Trade. British Empire- United I\:ingdom... .\den.. __........ Africa- British East. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . '.' . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . British South. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British West- Gambia..... ...... ...... ....... .,. ...... ....... .... Gold Coast........................................... il!;eria.. . .. ... ............. ðlerra Leone. . . . . . . .. ....... ., . . . . . . . . . Other British West Africa..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bermuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Last Indies- British India........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceylon....................................... ........... t rait!' Settlements. _ . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Uther British East Indies... . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . Briti h Guiana. . . ... . . . . . . . . . BI itish Honduras.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British \\ est Indies- Barbados........................................... .... Jamaica.................... ............................ Trinidad and Tobago.................. ................. üther British West Indies........ ..................... Egypt........................................ . Gibraltar. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong............................................... 'Ialta. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newfoundland........ . Oceania- iji l : : : : :: : : :::: : : :: :: : : :::: : : : : : : : : : : :: :: : :: : :::: : New Zealand........................................... Other Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total British t;mplre...... . .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Forel!!" Countrles- Abys!,inia........ ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . ... . ... . Argentina........ .......................................... AU!,tria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1 ' Q;.;g : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Bolivia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . if: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : China.................................................... . Colombia..................................... . Co!,tB, Rica........................ ........ ............... Cuba..................................................... ('zecho-Slovakia. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . Denmark...................... ........................... Greenland, Iceland. etc................. ................. Ecuador........ .......... ............................... Esthonia....... . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. ... .. ..... IUnrevised figures. Imports for Consumption. Exports of Canadian Produce. lU,287,671 379,067,445 520,355,116 11,861 17,876 29,737 s s s 4,900 185,642 190,542 185,107 5,583,390 5,768,497 - 1,289 1,289 188,601 52,347 240,948 - 22,924 22,924 942 6,390 7,332 30,271 31,880 62,151 94,799 1,078,149 1,172.948 8,140,221 2,027,317 10,167,538 2,981,239 246,752 3,227,991 1,252,lOi 5i4,273 1,826,380 9,094 15,816 24,910 5,669,471 2,01)2,684 7,752,155 67,213 254,623 321,836 4,117,016 1,272,li3 5,389,189 4,233,195 2,805,012 7,038,207 2,111.302 3,439,091 5,550,393 1,962,783 2,016,792 3,979,575 16,095 756,934 773,029 - 46,853 46,853 1,878,869 1,943,808 3,822,677 1,235 270,676 271,911 1,400,896 8,523,264 9,924,160 1,457,921 18,783,766 20,241,687 492,235 214,471 706,7011 1,962,541 8,286,262 10,248,803 - 17,993 17,993 179,55; ,585 ,139,525,892 619,183,417 930 - 930 3,075,934 4,445,041 7,520,975 167,820 7,478 175,298 4,995,093 12,527,524 17,522,617 - 1,005 1,005 - 12,329 12,329 1,391,136 1,929.067 3,320,203 - 213 213 230,066 313,850 543,916 1,460,696 5,125,967 6,586,663 364,852 1.')1 , 044 515,896 44,104 B9,288 133,392 11,209,920 5,069,166 16,279,0811 694,447 79,018 773,465 113, 133 2,498.342 2,611,475 2,275 10,618 12,893 - 33, 639 33,639 2,132 433,614 435,746 AGGREGATE TRADE BY COUNTRIES 551 It.-Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1923L-concluded. Countnes Foreign Countries--concluded. Finland. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France................................................... . French Africa. . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French Guiana..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French \Yest Indies.......... ..... .................... St. Pierre and :Miquelon..... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece............................................... ..... Guatemala............................................... . Hayti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Honduras................................................. Hungary................................................. . Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tripoli. . .. .. .. ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan.................................................... . Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jugo-Slavia.............................................. . Lett.onÏa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithuania... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Mexico. . " ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forocco.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . etherlands............. ............ ................... Dutch East Indies... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Dutch Guiana. ......................................... Dutch West Indies.... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . Niraragua................................ ...... .......... Norway................................................. . Panama................................................. . Paraguay................................................ . Persia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peru...................................................... Poland and Danzig. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portugal. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Azores and l\Iadeira.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portuguese Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumania................................................ . Russia. . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03alvador......... . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . San Domingo..... ........................................ Siam..................................................'" S'ê ÿÏ i d :: ....:.::: : : :::: : : : ::: :: :: ::: : :: : : :::: : : :: : Sweden.................................................. . : .r.l .:..::: ::::: ::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: Turkey.......... ......................................... Ukraine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States............................................. Alaska. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : r . . . l. : .....:::: : . . . . : . . : : . . . . . . . : : . : : . : : Philippine Islands..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porto Rico. .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uruguay. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela.......................................... ...... Total Foreign Countries........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Imports and Exports....................... ('ontinents- Europe. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North America... ......... ............................... South America. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia...................................................... Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIrica................................................... . Imports Exports of for Canadian Total Trade. Consumption. Produce. $ $ $ 11, 161 1,675,025 1,686, 187 12,250,376 14,118,577 26,3118,953 137,110 95,529 232,639 - 910 910 - 6,597 6,597 - 118,124 118,124 21,050 599,270 620,320 2,567,017 9,1)50,877 12,517,894 467,765 6,595,589 7,063,354 184,257 86,808 271,065 234,551 214,267 448,818 - 143,904 143,904 18,273 1,297 19,570 1,598,477 12,073,332 13,1171,809 2,274 1,954 4,228 7,211,015 14,510,133 21,721,148 50 16,791 111,841 i,380 137,286 141,666 8,810 174,867 183,677 - 400 400 5,873 2,484 8,357 3,850,721 3.291,096 7,141.817 1,804 32,212 3i,016 4,958.091 10,540,085 15,498,176 1,734,990 654,859 2,389.849 493 137,342 137,835 1,552 60,898 62,450 14 041 31,043 45.084 560,042 2,216,756 2,7711,798 7,945 224,501 232,446 - 27 27 46,300 250 46.550 4,711,644 415,917 5,127.561 14,980 1,039,834 1,054.814 124.028 384,848 508.876 66,148 37,515 103,663 18,830 383,562 402,392 27,526 16,161 43,687 850 1,256,640 1,257,490 150,410 47,554 197,964 Ii, 956, 643 168,222 6,124,865 1,312 60, 234 61,546 1,696,292 977,061 2,673,353 6,526 65,017 71,543 485,522 2,574,262 3,059.784 7,735,538 519,196 8,254,734 31,075 66,779 97,854 178,286 1,446,184 1,624,470 - 151 150 540,917,432 369,080,218 909,997,650 197,834 332,756 530,590 106 2,773 2,879 143,524 51,549 195,073 128,183 346,156 474,339 758 1,078,982 1,079,740 310,160 286,616 596.776 352,895 747,071 1,099,966 622,907,458 491,825,551 1,114,733,009 802,t.65,043 931,451, (43 1,733,916,486 180,043,241 460,679,808 640,723,049 576,770,583 399.803,473 976.574.056 16,114,596 10,780,038 26,894,634 24.758,829 25,260,855 50,019,684 4,184,404 27,706,79-1 31,891,198 593,390 7,220,475 7,813,865 IUnrevised figures. 552 TRADE AND COJIJIERCE 20.-'"alu('s of " \.ports of lIome ProdU('(' from Canada to th(' British Empire and to Forei n Countries in the five fiscal years 1919-19 3. Countries. 1919. 1920. s 1921. s 1922. s 1923.' s , 1Jrltisb Empire-totaL................ 605,159,789 561, 788,003 t03,ß ,21' 3U,835,UO (39,I%5,Sn United Kingdom................. ..... Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Zealand...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bermuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Africa......................... British Guiana. ...... ............... British Honduras. .. . . . . British India.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egypt and Sudan............... ....... Straits Settlements.... . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . I"abt Indies, all other......... .. .. .... . British West Indies. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiji Islands..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gibraltar. ............ ................ Hong Kong. ...................... ... e\\foundland........ .... All other.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540,750,977 14,019,629 6.227,892 1,179,025 12,242,408 2,646,169 51,808 2,905,426 924,932 844.244 82,071 10,200,582 117,96 607,637 995,116 11,325,235 38,676 489,152,637 11.415,623 6,987,008 1,249,020 9,825,526 3,109,381 29,350 4,818,053 227,652 1,742,554 201,652 10,869,276 124,005 4,380,054 1,:H: ,867 16,lï5,443 136,902 312,844,871 18,112,861 11,873,000 1,523,992 15,556,593 3,594,118 38,783 4,196,350 914,718 1,843,744 348,804 13,030,225 170,879 509,814 2,000,825 16,676,728 215,914 299,361, 675 10,678,600 4,128,531 989, 113 4,203,371 2,298.105 150,964 1,637,145 494,575 608.294 95, 736 9,970,481 124,390 195,757 1,411,699 9,317,639 169,335 379,067,445 18, 783, 76ð 8,286,262 1,078,149 5,883,862 2,082,684 254,623 2,027,317 756,934 574,273 262,568 9,533,068 214,471 46,85J 1,943,808 8,523,:?64 306,545 Foreign rountrles-total............... 611,2 I,017 617,70,1,095 785,711,482 394,405, 70 191,825,551 Alaska. . . . . .. . . .. ., . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina............................. . .Austria and Hungary ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium... .................... Brazil.. . . . . . . . . . . - . .. .. . Central Am. States l ....... ... Chile...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China.............. ................. Denmark............................. . Dutch East Indies..... . . . . . . France....... ...... French Africa.. . . . . . . Germany... ..... Greece. . . . . . . . . . . Hav.aii......... .. Holland. . Italy......... ..... . Japan........ ..... Iexioo.... ... ....... Norway...... ...... Peru.. . . . . .. .. .. . . . Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portugal _.. . . . . . . - . . . . . . .. ........ Rumania..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rus!'lia. . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . t. ierre and Miquelon. ......... .... f'patn........ ... S\\edcn...... ..... :;\\itzerland..... ....... ...... it:IH i ::::::... .:::::: l"ruguay. ...... "ene1uela.. .......... \\ est Indies-Cuba. . ... -.......... American Virgin Islands'.. ... . . . Porto Hioo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santo Domingo. ............ Other \\ est Indies.. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. All other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,112 4,603,130 950,318 4,OS8.534 175,699 2,321,329 2,856,933 42,039 996,575 96,103,142 72,815 16.902 709,24G 198,985 13,181,514 12,245,439 568, !H3 1,149,123 283,O:?2 68,5!H 367,446 6,16-1,658 523,488 231,095 19,220 7,665 621,023 454,8n,170 332, 95 40,441 5,035,975 '324 1,071,805 39,61ì3 162,946 859,795 432,744 6,126,457 33,168 2 ,463,855 2,703.488 181,351 890,960 6,665,805 2,938,02G 1,492,775 61,108,693 362,637 GIO,5 8 29,588,984 161,970 5,653,218 16,959,557 7,732,514 410,825 4,798,299 2n,967 292,547 197,385 12,953,605 1,492,041 748,573 1,096,053 4,449,105 1,484,416 2,33G,717 4G4,028,18:i 689,538 404,007 6,329,783 2,256 1,489,667 169,186 513,503 1,435,709 IGuatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 2Formerly Danish West Indie!'. 'Unreyised figures. 482,312 8,171,980 129,536 40,25l,4!ì7 2,835,191 473,936 8G4,309 4,906,570 523,485 2, 426, 0 7 27,428,30!i 1,312,8,'j!J 8,215,237 20,834,577 132,798 20,208,41R 57, 758,34: 6,414,920 1,086,197 5,119,365 6l-t,47:! 511,741 1,476,894 3,801,584 246,71!1 590,055 5,110, iZ5 5,528,361 1,410,777 2,791,53R 542,322,967 816,50:1 278,5H 6,573,768 1,131 1,315,716 247,4J6 185,097 2,310,442 293,184 3,233,423 12,359,300 2,002,449 335,517 290,678 1,900,627 2,243,181 951,5G9 8,208,228 535,69G 4,50!l,547 5,247,035 60,560 9,582,924 15,335,818 14,831,520 1,197,597 3,913,372 71,683 170,821 87,66-1 15,3"3 2,617,739 429,190 816,977 1,220,196 345,626 641,422 292,588,643 151,291 512,499 3,97-1,432 2,275 1,301,979 6-1,497 111,515 2,249,413 332,7Sð 4,445,0-11 12,527,524 1,929,067 398,597 313,850 5,125,967 2,498,:i42 654,859 14,118,577 !l5,5.!9 9,!I.'JO,!ì77 6,595,. !ì9 51,549 1O,510,OR5 12,073,332 14,510, 13: 3,291,096 2,216,7M 415,917 346,156 384,848 16,161 1,256,640 599,270 977,061 2,574,262 519,196 I,H6,184 369, O fI, 218 286,616 747, Oil 5,069,166 2,;73 1,078,982 168,222 179,022 5,008,260 V.I'iLUES OF I fPORTS BY COUNTRIES 553 21.-Values of Imports into Canada of ;Uerchalldise entered for ('onsumption from the British Empire and from t'oreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1919-1923. Countries. 1923. 3 1919. 1920. s 1921. $ 1922. $ s s British Emplre-total.................. 123,671,5,10 17-1,351,659 266,002,688 1-19,109,253 179,557,585 United Kingdom...................... Australia............................. . New Zealand.......................... Bermuda............................. . British Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Guiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Briti...h Honduras..... ........ ....... British India... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straits Settlements.................... East Indies, all other................ . B .i.tish West Indies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIJl................................... . Hong Kong......... ................... Newfoundland. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... ln 1: _.... . . . . . . . . . . . : : : : : : : Foreign Countries total.. AI"1. ka........... ................. Argentina.... .............. ........ Au.,tria and Hungary. . . . nplgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hr .lzil. . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . Central Am. Htates l .. . . . . . . . Chile... ........... ..... China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denmark........... ...... Dutch East Indies. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dutch Guiana.... .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French Africa......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Germany....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . g ': ri."". :: : . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . : : : : : : : }[ollanù.............................. . Italy....... ... .... ........ .... .... .... Japan................................. . J\lexico.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . Portugal. . . . . .... _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . Ru-;sia........ . . . . . . . . . . .. _........... t. rierre and Miq uelon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain.................................. Sweden. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey. . ..... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United :-;tates......................... Uruguay. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela. ............ _... ...... _.. West Indies-Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Virgin Islands 2 . . . . ... . . . . . . Porto Rico...... ... .......... ....... Santo Domingo..................... . Other West Indies... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . All other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,035,118 4,963,446 7.855.436 39,056 1,308,016 6,747,072 298,906 8,395, 290 5,081,663 1,746,481 8,437,825 525,804 2,121,909 3,098,834 16,073 611 126,362,631 1,371,775 3.49-1.600 55,60-1 919.078 7,412,931 302,0-13 7,785,254 5,269,180 3,181,978 12,114,790 714,306 3,208,836 2,14.6,4U 10, 271 1,968 213,973,562 791,980 4,219,965 76,959 262,782 9,085,108 134,739 6,766,751 5,185,611 2,355,042 14,8-33,746 1,510,599 3,516,76C 2,886,203 391,326 11,555 117,135,343 1,079,324 1.783,500 99, 886 154.,050 6,166,664 79,756 5,279,857 1,454,742 2,202,789 8,113,773 1,966,180 2,109,737 1,392,026 68,563 23,063 141,287,671 1,457,921 1,962,541 94,799 409,821 5,669,471 67,213 8,140,221 1,252,107 2,990,333 12,424,296 492, 235 1,878,869 1,400,896 16,095 13,096 52,787 1, 139,267 796,O-lO,IG.i 890,176,-16-1 97-1, lã6, 19-1 598,695,079 622,907,458 6,270 1 156,33:? 393,477 1,05!J,557 1, 954.466 41, 252 3,334.,746 117,732 3,632,900 75 33 3,467,856 495,409 555,112 13,618,122 584,047 25,785 2,580,813 169,896 111,689 83,888 7,092 697,613 178,855 1,780,812 750,203,024 328,687 149,155 3,040,953 2,488 4,728,732 341,213 415.5R5 3,402.551 49.7:!;{ 911,407 1. 973,768 343, 200 210 1,205.22!J 105,310 3,709,400 87,943 10,630,865 44,255 729, 830 403, 687 2,266,169 999,040 13,6.37,287 2,648,!Jl5 461,848 5,072,408 47,014 312,912 14,496 10,297 1,528,298 360,353 7,758,051 233,478 801,097,318 322,086 299, 240 17,585,528 1,910 10,675,287 801,533 309,463 2,552,831 9G,I6t 4,693,368 2,151,066 376,301 97. 579 1, 897,346 119,994 993,764 19,138,062 2,240 1,547,685 817,157 225.755 4,237,791 1,745,330 11,360,821 2,185,399 616,978 4,171,912 229,907 517,222 17 ,390 56,257 2,317,179 555,927 14,143,448 683, 656 856,176,820 4.').'),105 451,357 30,743.239 296 552 7,578,794 5,176 886, 863 276,807 2,355,100 34,637 4 3,845,718 1,495,245 519,142 20,471 1,413,527 119,315 833,101 13,482,005 11,573 2,041,016 1,033,981 114,900 4,002.147 1,387,370 8,194,681 3,798,202 426,928 6,983,403 189,264 222,506 1,683 19.026 1,779,408 245, 295 8,671. 608 852,507 515,958,196 47,847 294,305 13,042,568 105 4,065,910 1, 505 914,077 197,834 3,075,93-1 167 ,8 (}4 4,995,093 1,391,136 392,812 230,066 1,460,69G 113,133 1,734.990 493 12,250,376 137,110 2,567,017 467,765 143,524 4,958,091 1,598,477 7,211,015 3,850,721 560,042 4,711,644 128,183 124,028 850 21,050 1,696,292 485,522 7,735,538 178,286 540,917,432 310, 160 352,895 11,209,920 106 758 5,956,643 1,552 1,572,454 I Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. I Formerly Danish West Indies. a "Cnrevi.,ed figures. Austria only. ,=j;,)4 TRADE AIÇD rOJBfERCE 22.-\ alue of :U('rchandis(' imported into and exported from Canada through the {Tnited States during the fiscal )'ears ended \Iarch 31, 19'!1-1922. Countrie" \\ hence imported and to which exported. United Kingdom.......... ......... Australia. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . r t "h ..\fr ca... ... . . ntI"h Inùla...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r t "h l' a. t Indies (Ceylon)............... . . . ntI h GUIana............................... Hritbh Honduras............................. BritÜ,h West Indies-.. . . " .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Lgypt and Huùan............................. Gibraltar..........,........................ . Hong hong. ........... ...... New Zealand.. .. ........ ................ Rtrait<< ettlements..... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Brith,h Posses"ions........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total, British } mplre.............. Argentina........... ......... Belgium. . .. . . . ............ Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Central American States......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chile. . . . .. ................................. China. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuha..... ............ Dennlark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dutch Ea.<it Indie!' .. . 44.S01> - 45,433 49 60,S!!8 22 Duteh Guiana. . . 135,427 460 127,509 38 137,342 280 j' r('nc h G ui.1na. 1,474 - 841 - 910 - lIayti . .. 9.'),l35 - 71,967 - 214,2ti7 - Porto Hieo.. ... 1,315,716 3,7.'>0 1,301,979 - 1,0;S, 982 375 anto Domingo... ..... 247.43ti 141 64,49ì - 168,222 - rotal, Foreign Wc"t Inclie!" 8,ä5S,1M 10,084 5.6S5,0I5 13,791 6,850,684 26,458 - - - - Total Exports to th.. British and "'Clrel n \\c!.t Indle!. ... .. ......1 26, .n,JOl 16,"),263 19,063,67!i 23,"),918 19,799,2(1) 2%1,tti3 I Lnrevio.;ed figures. 2 'ormerly Dani<;h WI,,,t Indies. 2ã.-\'alue" of Imports entered for home consumption (dutiable and free) from the British and t'oreign West Indies, by Conntrles, during the fiscal )'ears 1921-1923. i . 1921. 1922. 1923. 1 Countrie!<. Imports, I Imports, Imports, Imports. Imports, Imports, dutiable. free. dutiable. free. dutiable. free. i S S S S S Bermuda.......... . .... 46,449 30,510 39,796 60,090 19,587 75,212 British Guiana...... 8,678,971 406,137 6,150,199 16,465 5,661,090 8,381 British Honduras.. . . . . . : : : : 5 134,734 171 79,685 404 66,809 British West Indies- Barbados.. .. ........... 3,073,704 :\,241,292 1,517,214 1,477,345 2,004,626 2,112,390 Jamaica....... . 4,246,657 171.405 2,075,019 140,512 4,086,509 146,686 Trinidad and Tobago. : : : : 191,920 436,976 1,381,050 297,608 1,832,920 278,382 Other B.W. Indies........ 389,116 1,082,677 901,900 323,125 1,492,236 470,547 Total, British Wi.>st India Colonie . . . . . . 16,626,821 7,503,731 12,065,349 2,394,730 15,097,372 3,158,407 Cuba..... aa.._ 29,9i 1.455 771,784 12,323,872 718,696 "10,427,455 782 ,465 Dutch Guia . . .._.aa - - - - 411 82 Uayti...... " 156,O!í6 - 42,050 - 234,551 - Porto Rico.. . ..... . .. . _ . . _ 52 500 5 100 106 652 t;anto Domingo. . . . . . oaa_. 7,578, i38 56 4,065,870 40 5,955,814 829 1otal, Foreign \\ est Indies............ . 37,706,301 772,340 16,431,797 718,836 16,618,337 784,028 Total Imports from the Urltlsh and "'ontin "I' t Indies . . . _ _ . . . _ . . . . ..1 5,1,333, In 8,216,011 28,491.116 3,113.566 31,115,701 3,t4'!,4:N 1(7 nreviBed figures. UNITED KINGDOJf AND UNITED STATES TRADE 537 5.-Statistics of United Kingdom Import and United States Export Trade in Food Commodities. About five-sixths of the total value of Canadian trade is transacted with the United Kingdom and the United States. The former country is our greatest customer for our surplus animal and agricultural products, though in the British market Canadian food products meet on equal terms the competition of the world. In Table 26 are given statistics for the five calendar years 1917 to 1921 inclusive, of British imports of animal and agricultural food products by the countries whence they are imported. The figures given in the table make it possible for the enquirer to investigate the rise or decline of the Canadian exports of each of the commodities under consideration in comparison with those of other countries and with the total. In spite of its enormous domestic demand, the Unit.ed States is still a large exporter of animal and agricultural food products, and in the markets of the world its products come into competition with our own. In Table 27 statistics of the United States exports of such commodities are furnished for the year ended June 30, 1917, and for the four calendar years 1918 to 1921. 26.-Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Product s Imported into the rnited Kingdom, b)' Countries whence imported, during the five {'alendar years, 1917-1921. (From the British Annual Statement of Trade, 1921.] (Values converted at par or exchange. !:1=$4.861.) Imports by COUlltries. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Live Cattle l - United States................... No. - - - - 34,878 S - - - - 7,395.752 Canada........ _.... ............ No. - - - - 31 , 792 S - - - - 6,017,663 Other countries.................. No. - - - - 4 S - - - - 58 Total. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. - - - - 66,67-& $ - - - - 13,-&13,-&13 Live Sheepl- Vnited States........... .... No. - - - - 8,648 S - - - - 188,457 Canada........ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . No. - - - - 2,056 S - - - - 45,751 - Total...... ....... ...... No. - - - - 10,70'& S - - - - 23-1,208 Butter- Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... cwt. - - 6,954 19,308 65,211 Sweden.. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. c t. - - 426,359 1,365,849 3,458.521 - - - 4 808 $ - - - 214 40,014 Denmark......... .... ........ .., cwt. 622,160 40,327 290,291 817,268 1,250,176 Netherlands......... _ $ 34,225,320 3,753,617 19,212,797 57,245,846 73,411,744 cwt. 75,880 9,885 1, 641 102,567 63,065 France. . . S 3,713,062 799,676 101,285 7,706,279 3,621,992 .. ............... cwt. 45,707 4,770 2 8.734 542 United States... . .. . .. . . .. .. . ... c .t. 2,434,029 360.080 78 586.136 30,095 10.534 196,593 216,495 37.261 1,888 S 516,275 11,856,490 13,368.285 2,711.473 54,312 Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. 142,300 313,143 265,675 138,862 401.354 Australia.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. c t. 6,851.517 18,478,977 16,275,170 9,921,157 24,416,232 529,809 540,072 417,371 227,542 964, 226 )l ew Zealand.. . .. .. . .. _ . .. S 25,371,866 32,716,756 25,555,723 15,974,230 55,867,513 . cwt. 310,925 372,572 318,872 275,406 709,381 Canada.... . S 15,551.958 22,382,608 19,030,7litl 18.630.963 41,337,773 -.......... . cwt. 33,057 61, 971 33,337 32,140 43,138 Other Countries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... c t. 1,669.685 3,767,530 2.032,261 2,322,617 2,578,633 36.H4 39,325 9.566 43,111 24,187 S 1,625,385 2,096,990 622,150 2,859,809 1,237,580 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. I,R06,516 1, 518, 5ãS 1,560,20-1 1,702,203 3,523,975 - - - S 91,9,')9,101 96,212,12-& 96, 62-1, S'ì'ì 119,32-1,573 206,05-1,40' 1 For food. NOTJ:.-Throughout this table the cwt. is the long cwt. or 112Ih., anù ror eggs the great hundred = 120. 558 TRA.DE L1SD CO;.UJIERCE 26.-Quantities and "alues of S('Il'('h'd Animal and Agri('ultural Food Product iml)ortell into tilt' L"nitNI Kin dom, b)' Countries \\hcm'e imported, during t he the ('al('ndar ) ('ars, 191i-1921-con. (Value3 convertel at par of exchange. !:1=$L86j.1 Imports by Countries. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. li12!. (' hC'e-.('- Netherlands..... . ('" t. 244.865 87.896 .9.217 112.196 128.032 S 7.543.304 3.024,614 3.252,340 3,524,411 3.742,253 France. _ _ _ .. . . . . . . . c" t. 1. 595 69 1,279 1),324 4,406 $ 52,638 4,915 45,455 373,303 156,473 Switzerland. . _.._ cwt. 569 - 190 It,907 10,209 S 26.309 - 22,319 526,384 514,05& Italy.... . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. 371 - 180 951 7,226 S 22.543 - 17.174 93.547 301, 334 United States...... .... cwt. 267.138 472.328 16.169 73.344 49.063 S 9.225.954 16, 100, 1 4 608.952 2,525.692 1,49;.906 New Zealand....... . cwt. 609,700 610,655 1,239.553 1.260.642 1,302.490 8 19,469.903 18. i35,18 41, H8,635 45,162,185 42.472,612 AustralIa..... .. cwt. 63.349 47.258 112,736 63, 279 83,622 S 2,347 .325 1.389.555 4.043.8S4 2.505.958 2,442.639 Canada................ . cwt. 1. 757,949 1.125.668 647.212 1.129,758 1,195.661 S 56.010,564 37,451.000 23.821.058 42,897,379 32,445,307 Other countries. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. c" t. 530 13.229 21. 7H 85.859 36,756 S 18.425 703,058 870,534 2.809.678 1,333,822 Total............... . cwt. 2,9-16,066 ,3.)7,10: ,118.250 2.750,260 Z,Rn. ,16.) $ 91,716,96;; 77, -IO , 50!ol 73,830,351 10J.tlS,537 8j,9116,jO Eggs- Latvia.......... . .... .. .gt. huncls. - - - - 432,491 S - - - - 1.894,155 Sweden........ . . .. ..... ..gt. hunds. - - - 45,461 190.78', S - - - 401.592 821.58" Denmark. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . gt. hunds. 1.654,900 1.170,535 1,638,067 3.939,437 4, ï35.275 $ 10,951,066 12.614,560 13,510.431 34,224.139 26.549,482 Netherland, . . . . . . . gt. hunds. 202.17; - 620 48,474 505,493 $ 1,050,675 - 5,743 358.906 2,792,513 France. - - - . gt. hunds. - - 6.584 15,160 53,546 S - - 34.383 120.869 276,392 China..... . ...... ..gt. hunds. 320,539 - 272,585 731,334 468, 233 S 1. 2,279 - 1,682.344 4,013,053 2.250,308 Egypt.. .. . . . . .. .. gt. hund'!. 1. 602.671 729,807 758, ;28 556,740 642.000 S 4,941.321 3.480.491 4.529.280 2.858,923 2.473.513 Scrb-Croat-Slovcne State... .gt. hunds. - - - - 648.342 S - - - - 2,916,74!J Canada. .. . .. . .. .......... .gt. hunùs. 672.761 388.985 1,476,962 807, 281 684.480 S 4.007,130 3,245.405 10,854.720 7.197.474 3,835.26B United States... . . .gt. hunch. 349.339 337.345 1. 408. 606 J31.185 221,889 S 1. 1)64, 639 3,O03,88'l 10,731,448 2,692,2B4 1.232,619 Other countries............. .gt. hunds. 120.015 29,743 82.243 576,253 1.974.969 S 603,272 147,684 569.838 4,366,684 10.417,110 Total ..... ... .gt. hunds. -I, 9 , -102 .6.)6.41.) 5,611.395 7,060,50,", 10,;),.7,50. $ Z-I,660,3!'ó2 2 ,-I92,0 5 -II, tl'i, lS7 56,30-1,111 5,),-1;)9,&96 Bacon- China. . .. cwt. 63,037 75.818 258. 271 28.265 14,535 3 1,844.389 2,948.942 11,037.327 1.191. 477 349.329 Sweden........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. - - - 4.515 154.5\15 S - - - 184.n4 6.535,422 Denmark........ ............. cwt. 1,123,155 21.491 6,614 704,075 1.849,885 S 37.803.282 923.951 320.241 35,606,334 82,392.686 Netherlands......... . cwt. 144.116 - - 4,152 258.741 $ 4.302.2J6 - - 185.060 11,796.532 United States................... cwt. 3.467,085 8.64.'>.318 5,893,514 3.362.204 2.509.379 S 102.500,147 362.745.600 253,625.769 143.343.284 79,165,420 Canada.. . .. . cwt. 1.767.085 1.719.736 2,094.248 1,493,008 844.024 S 5t, 956. 901 72.797,298 91.886.244 63.893.182 30.256.456 Other countries..... . . . . .. . . ... .. cwt. 3,096 11,099 28,521 15.351 46.429 S 118,600 441,305 1.277,758 718,611 1.341,424 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. ',567,57-1 10, 473,51'l 8, 2 1, 19' 6,611,G30 5,577,5" S 201,5 -I,535 439,857,095 3;) , 1-17,339 215,121,6'ìZ 11 , 8.'17 , 6' /JIPORTS OF UX/TED K/NGDOJJf .559 26.-Qualltiti('s and Valut's of Selt'cted Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported into the L'"nitt'd KinJ!;dom, b)' Countries whence imported, during the five ('alendar )'ears, 1911-1921 -con. (Value3 converted at par of exchange. !:1=$4.861.) Imports by Countries. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Hams- United States...... ............. cwt. 1,126,736 1,419,008 1,718,363 283,591 1,020,718 S 34,120,127 57,928.814 74,286,630 12,646,652 36,365,996 Canada......... ...... ........... cwt. 50,070 110,683 74,7G2 25,776 93,906 5 1,593,731 4,508, 232 3,179,997 1,153,760 3,194,884 Other countries. . . . _ . . cwt. 3,360 25,252 20,029 14,984 12,663 S 106,767 968,934 836,565 662,256 428, 242 Total.................... . cwt. 1,180,166 1,55-1.9-13 1,813,15-1 3U,351 1,127. 87 S 35,821,625 63,405,980 78, 303,19 U,46 ,668 39,989,122 Lard- United States................... cwt. 1.379,498 2,586,187 1. 833, 685 1.149,600 1,990,380 Canada........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. c t. 40,278,222 96,396,364 77,517,561 50,512,890 44,558,894 23,784 89,493 79,292 125,260 100,48U $ 654,878 3,355,411 3,355,046 5,354,628 1,852,891 Brazil.. . . . . . . .. _...... cwt. 10,016 25,288 38,416 1,840 53,120 China . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 334, 180 881. 869 1,456,652 53,144 1,544,325 ... cwt. 63,961 30,946 158.354 143,500 82,200 Other countries. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... c t. 1. 661. 850 977,343 5,887,085 5,368,430 1,781.351 22,935 28,490 68,58.3 26,300 49,740 S 590,331 898, 186 2,659,531 970,802 1,18-1.614 Total. ................... cwt. 1,50D,19-1 2,760,40-1 2,178,330 1,4-16,500 2,275,920 Wheat- S n,519,-I61 102,509,173 90,875,875 62,259,891 50,92 ,O.5 United States..... ___a ........ cwt. 54,208,300 24,757,610 31,769,300 45,422,300 36,065.002 Japan...... .. S 242,417,300 110,348,133 150,386,881 339,878,783 153,412,206 ................... cwt. - - - 2,420,500 1,299,600 China... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ., c t. - - - 17,531,485 6,]01,014 - - - 330.000 :\38,400 $ - - - 2,535,742 2,583,7\16 Argentina. . . . . . . . ....... cwt. 6.700,600 14,389,400 6,819,100 30,830,800 4,186,460 British India.............. S 30.020,296 64,501. 816 30,921,175 186,708,148 17,726,629 ... cwt. 2,744,700 621,400 100 20,000 2,660,200 Egypt....... S 12,361.499 2,882,132 180 170,333 13,465,453 ............... cwt. - - - - 617.800 S - - - - 2,643,379 Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . .............. cwt. - - - - 323,000 Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., c t. - - - - 1,340,095 9,243,700 2.013,700 14,952,700 19,966,100 20,108,715 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. c t. 43,414,244 9,222,610 6,301,968 9U,695 ,044 86,54-1,532 18,408,300 15.968,700 17,864,900 10,189,400 14,589,320 Other countries. ... . _ . . S 82,488,735 70,56S,5ì7 85,212,043 75,8:n ,651 .39,453,988 . C\\t. 129,406 196,800 36,900 149,22(; 90,297 S 563,369 889,767 167,297 848,451 345,105 Total. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 91, -13.'). 006 57.9-17,610 71.4-13.0011 1119. :128. :126 SO,-I78.79-1 Barley- S Ul, 265, .U3 2;,)8,410,03,i 33 , 989,511 71-1,199,63. 31:1,616,19; Australia. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., cwt. - - 7,200 230,000 486,292 $ - - 37,858 1.454,681 2,107,272 Tunis. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. - - 290,500 - 581,200 S - - 1,638,169 - 1,477,866 United States........ ... C\\t. 5,643,900 4,070,300 10,793,200 6,227,400 8,587,000 Chile. . .. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. e t. 27,974,292 21,354,461 57,764,476 36,765,166 29,949,3S0 75,200 - 351,300 867,700 769,9BO S 357,685 - I, !lO4, 93.') 5,435,444 2,471,474 .\.rgentina...... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. C\\ t. 397,000 - 221,500 419,000 S7,600 S ],724.401 - 1,090,971 2,054,112 137,610 British India.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cwt. 1,390,700 - S,I00 - - Canada....... ................... c vt. 6,149,622 - 24,625 - - 1,482,700 952,000 4,830,200 2,691,200 3,119,200 S 6,818,463 5,036,786 23,S25,150 14,067,990 9,101,046 Rumania.. ... __ . . . . ........... cwt. - - - 1, 442 , 800 982, SOO Morocco......................... c t. - - - 6,570,078 2,730,171 - - - 260,800 446,600 Other countries.................. c t. - - - 1, 349,892 1,130,678 149,000 2,900 144,900 528,800 882,300 S 619,098 15,344 818,880 2,665,702 2,137,521 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 9.138.500 5.0 5. 200 16.6-13.900 12,667,700 15,!j12,6;) S 43,6-13.561 26.,100,591 86,80,').06,1 70,363,065 51.2-12,988 360 TRADE A.VD COJIJIERCE 26.-Quantiti(''ò and "alue.. of ('It'ctrd .\nim,,' and .\ rl('ultura' .'ood I'roducts import d into the t:"nited kingdom, by Countri('s wh('nr(' Imported. durin the the calrndar )'('ars, 1917-19 1 -con. (Values converted at par or exchange. El=$4.861.) Imports by CountriC'!-o. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. HJ21. , Oats- L"nit.cd tates......... CYot. 8,114,700 6,009,400 2,956,421 194,600 434,800 S 36,200,948 30,434,610 14,516,099 941,792 1,220,745 Chile CYot. 1,206,800 39,200 52/i,OOO 27,900 484,200 S 5,60!,638 154,517 2,793,102 117,422 1,268,778 \rgentina. ...... . . . . . . . . . cVot. 924,600 1,514,270 1,069,700 4,676,200 3,231,540 S 3,094,I7b 8,018,607 9,939,407 20,995,131 7,856,260 Canada. " cYot. 2,219,500 3,409,700 940,500 697,500 3,591,800 S 10,760,433 17,500,295 4,397.715 3,227,884 9,254.186 Uther countries cyo t. 1.16,100 - 216,800 533,200 614.4!16 S 5S9,500 - 1,076,935 2,247,281 1,827,088 Total cYot. 1 ,621",00 10, 9N , 570 6,.11,421 6,10l,MO 8,3.)6, ð.16 S 56,2-17.697 56,1118,029 32. 7')3,2 27,412,57G 21,427,057 Ppas, whole- Canada........ cwt. 11,700 50,430 37,756 12,620 10,948 S 92,540 803,978 429.172 202,935 ]50,613 Sethcrlands. .... . . . cYot. 950 240 6.445 41,306 337,937 $ 7,373 5,bOI 82,169 362,650 2,395,587 Japan. CYot. 507,850 687,544 54I,I4ú 191,380 296,160 S 6,177,976 10,829,078 6,825,690 1,543,161 2,042,443 British India...... cwt. 448,070 8\13,380 12,960 100 - S 2,643,681 7,3:iS,846 170,528 1,587 - X cyo Zcal..Uld .... cYot. 44,340 48,940 171,580 86,630 94,877 S 348,4ã3 493,8.';9 1.645,386 858,621 692,736 l. nited States. . . . . . . . cwt. 101,870 409,820 83,280 36,384 62,414 S 1,249,482 5,S80,350 1,253,639 751,618 518,193 \ustralia...... . cVot. 47,560 41,526 81,350 38,180 103, !176 S 521,634 506,868 772,472 315,228 564,IRS China. . cwt. 57,360 15,220 155,900 114,420 280,2!10 S 315,151 86,242 940.673 689,782 988.901 I Hher countrif's. ... . C\\t. 56,050 2R,137 42,980 50,íOO 84,714 S 601.287 310.459 431,m,S 339,353 397,39&. Total. ... .' CYot. 1 75, 7.')11 2,17.).23; 1.133.391 ..71.720 1.271.318 S 1J.. ,)7,51ì 26, 2,')6, 79.) n,ã,')O,817 5,116-1,935 7,750,059 Corn- Brazil.. .. CYot. 29';.618 163,500 89,800 64 . 000 175,400 S 1,301i,121 980,731 427,605 242,842 426,763 l.'"nited States..... cwt. 10.670.300 7, !121,277 871.700 1,632,000 6,733.600 S 40,683,255 35.!IO\l.260 3,318,081- 7,10!I,776 16,81il,316 \rgentina. cVot. 9,578.200 3.5M,OOO 13,914.1<00 29,237.100 15.827,600 S 38,696,4:i!l. 16,!105,632 54.251,804 114,401,015 38,431.458 Canada. cyo t. I ,63ã , 700 129,200 188, fìOO 343.500 5,789.200 S 6,1.';6..'j72 563,R23 1. 062 . 33S 1,604,421- 13,251,890 ;-{. Africa (Uriti!;h).... " c\\ t. 2,679,000 2.442.600 1,400,700 430.700 4,253.5R3 S 11,760.042 II,0:iR.6fìS 6,191,836 1,757,b65 10,201,448 Indi:1 (Briti:-h}...... .. C\\t. 5110 )!IS, 400 - 2,400 51.900 S 1,8M R72,647 12.1fi7 122,557 Other Dr. possc.:;;:-ions....... . ('Vo t. 19.100 -IS. 700 44..100 2';,3IiO 122.ROO S 86 ,22: 26.';,62a 227.716 1O.';,6xO 3IM.7fil Humania. . (,Yot. - - - 1.1i!-H ,100 3,17:i,700 '3 - - - 6,253,4fi2 8, 72fi, 780 Other countrip'l .. ('\\ t. 130,500 2,500 3.'iO, 1-00 412.!IOO ti29 , 500 $ 520, tl(!! 12,483 1.301.176 I,719.6:17 1.443.54b - -- - -- -- - -- 'fotal . r'\\ t. 2.).IHIN. 9I . II. -1911. H7 16. 1\l>u. 11110 3-1. '''0. OG(I 3G.7.,)7.2 1 S 99.211.-1.)3 CiCi. .)6g.IiG7 6Ci. ;1)0.ã60 U:I. ' fl6. 672 "'9.770.519 ---- - - -- -- I lour. wheat- {"nited Statp8.. . C\\ t. R.-401.782 17,!Ifi:l,100 10,274.070 5,!'m,tllo 7.900,742 S 4!I,:IS4.12.'i 116. (142,701 72.1\29,247 52,911,fìh5 45. 7!10 . OR2 \ustmlia ('Yo t. 1,1'\.'>1. (100 1,li79.IOO 1.577,000 1,4H1,200 1,3M,700 $ 11.!141,ljfit ll,51:'i,9fi4 11.144.13fi ll,:U8.514 7.920,140 Canada ....... cyo t. 3.""..5001 5.5M'''1 5.5fi6,100 2,31X.fi01 5.Xfili.019 , 25..';48.915 37,336.410 39.530.93h 21,47R,717 34.fìR3.492 <,hina. . . . . . . . . . . . - _....- ('Yo t. Wi, ãOO 929, 200 WO.700 2,067.600 407.210 71J.i.21!J 6,413.075 1.302,729 15 Xã6,29f\ 3,04-1.635 EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 561 "26.-Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the five calendar years, 1917-1921-concluded. (Values converted at par of exchange. !:1=$4.861.) Imports by Countries. 19tï. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Flour. wheat-concluded. 356,400 31,200 Japan............................ cwt. 136,900 1, 100 2,000 S 2,198,944 920,627 214,323 7,446 9,534 Spain...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. - - - - 81,200 S - - - - 491,407 Other countries. . .. . . ., . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 17,000 86,600 72,000 263,839 203,184 S 106,040 517,015 394,283 1,824,470 838,965 Total... ............. .. cwt. U,339,182 26,359,600 17,111,010 11,969,1-10 15,841,055 S 89,881,909 173, 65ã, 192 125,21.),65-1 103,391,108 92,718,2;)5 Oatmeal- United States................... cwt. 489,971 633,646 332,763 66,023 135,050 S 4,174,052 5,059,406 2,553,769 514,275 848,586 Canada. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 176.961 242,924 219,6111 86,368 193,950 S 1,262,296 1,820,401 1,652,861 685,416 1,013,449 Other countries. _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 3.')9 8,704 4,376 2,421 1,074 S 2,166 60,920 35,064 17,807 6,892 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 667,291 S;),274 556,757 15-t,812 330,014 S 5,438,51-1 6,9-tO,721 4, 2-11, 69-t 1,217,498 1,868,921 Rolled OatsL- United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 1,468,658 1,826,569 653,383 258.947 205,142 HI S 12,189,180 15,052,562 5,653,612 2,435,314 1,495,317 Canada... . ... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cwt. 107,563 47,344 161,444 253,845 304,181 S 762,815 369,711 1,367,937 2,693,062 2,468,763 Other countries.... _ . . . . .. . . . . . .. c\\ t. 2,723 5,479 1,067 10,380 8,550 S 26,548 42,427 8,088 80,928 45,216 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. c\\ t. l,5ìM,9.U 1,819,392 815,894 523,172 517,873 S 12,918,5-13 15,464,100 7,029,631 5,209,304 4,009,216 lIncluding other oat products in 1920 and 1921. '21.-Quantities andàValues of Animal and A icultural Products Exported from the United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1917. and the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. (From the U.S. Reports on Foreign Commerce and Navigation.) June 30. December 31. Exports by Countries. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Live Cattle- Belgium.......... ... ...... ....... N . - - 9,067 20,300 2,013 - - 1,759,021 5,734,656 263,075 Cuba. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NO. 1,476 1,333 13,943 20,766 15,182 S 88,456 122,623 627,649 2,043,021 74:\,715 France........................... NO. - - 11,314 184 84 S - - 2,179,406 43,144 16,800 United Kingdom......... _....... N . - - - 100 31,324 - - - 20,000 4,399,949 Bermuda.. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... NO. 842 318 10 31 20 S 99,405 41,006 2,150 8,336 5,304 Canada........ .... ........... .... NO. 6,382 7,314 11,192 4,624 7,823 S 462,728 567,415 858,621 575,194 728,399 Mexico... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. NO. 4,324 7,885 23,923 27,758 138,239 S 231,893 256,116 823,250 1,478,779 5,139,263 Other countries................... NO. 506 430 410 11,539 1.848 S 32.854 95,598 189,424 849,395 442,065 Total......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NO. 13,381 17,280 69,859 85,302 1'6,533 S 949,503 1,082,758 6,439,521 10,752,525 11,7-1",571 62373-36 .362 TRA.DE AND COMMERCE 27.-()uantitil's and "alm's of .\nimal and A icultural Produds t: I)Ortl'd from the t::nitt'd Stah's to Principal ('ountril's for the )'ear I'ndNI .hlnl' :10, 191ì, and tltt' ('all'ndar ) ears 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. I \ ; June 30. 1917 -- I:xport:-. b) Countries. Un' Hog- l.'nited hin!!:.lolll.. 'Il'xico.. . ('uha. ()thl'r cnuntri Total Live IIor:scs- France Italy. rnited Kingdom.. C.mada.. .... Iexico. . . . . Cuba.......... . Other countrie... . Total _.... Live )Iules- France. . . . . . . . . . Unitcd Kingdom.... Canada. . . .. . Mexico. Cuba..... .. I'gypt......... Ot her countries. . ... . . Total Jive ,.het'p--- Canada... . Fnitl'd hingdom...... I cxico. Japan. Other countries. Total. J10thcr animal!', including fo\\ l,. Cuba..... . ('an'lda. . Iexico.. . . l't hl'r countri('1'l Total .. ::\0. 1. 90\1 24.9.6 10. 40:> 1114.33; 9.2S'- 1-16.92: : fl 11.61 1915. l:t' 4.lJti !,.51j:' 2.1\.4.'; 59: .j3.1!1 leI. 30 :l:l3. i2!- Rll lï4. ;4r 3:j.54. . .134.298 I:J.032 1. !I!!? 305 749 -J2.475 2.!l30 4S0.652 101 34,005 J)('('cm hl'r 31. 1919. 1!J20. 1921. 1.8 1\.23C :1.!18. 'i.?37 24.217 S5. :]!I:?, 1:15.00!. 40!l.52H 1!1.!14;1 4!1.021 98.015 .j21.0:::i 1.4!14.ï:J9 1.13R.169 SIll 8H >;35 j"j".IS4 Si,80û 55.8H 1.i.i51 ã.".2 it; 2;ÚG; GS.1,911 1.723.i1'-I t.b03.5H SIi2 2Sï.516 8 43,000 98 100.600 9.848 1. 358.404 5.438 2; 1. 642 ï3i 133.575 2,700 661. 659 266 136.100 12 6,000 356 30ï. 600 7.062 1. 2S0. 872 3,2S5 230.4S:1 2.200 4:n.I\Ri 1.15; 347.658 "9 .1-t.0 Õ 6 3,000 346 ISI. 5?5 3.7H5 5ï4.962 10. 330 ,'iS1. S25 939 148.423 1.843 537,103 ::\0. 27S,6i-t ..1. tifr 19.6!!1 1-1.:1:11' 17.321 S .j9.5 .j.329 9. s..". 329 2. S.j6. 39& 2. i16.-tII' 2.0G2."'3 ::\0. S NO. S :110. S . Jl.o. S .... ,"0. S ..1000. S 1\0. S 'fJ $ '0 S ,p '0. i 21.924 :U7.I'I.""' '0. S '1;"0. i '0. S Jl.0. S 1000. S o. S '0. S 117.84: 26.946.641 ' 21.4i:; 5,274.570 tOO. 110 ?0.594,1ili 28.541' -1,76.1. !III! 2.65!J 106.950 I. 000 155.910 7.044 I. b82. 660 '0. S 12.376 2.683.428 51.3m 10.H3.687 .435 402. 829 2.807 262.28.1 2.124 350,151 :J2. i9. 6.941. 460 3') 84" 6.717:016 136.6"'9 1 2i. sOli. R5-1 5ß,6-tfl 341 RI\3 '0 $ '0. ::\u S so. 'U. S so. S :,-I, 11. 367'93.) 1 49.792 160.098 123. 830 1 :\7.660 39I,. ,",fI s s s s s I 12,267 2.474. 050 1 2.49; 46:J.282 1.244 1:JO,2i8 435 90.6.0 P,7C 202.373 17.319 3.360.6,,)=' 7,512 104.580 760 9 9'-'" . 32 1. 400 I. 371 14,750 7,962 nO,S,",2 76.i52 163.472 32.834 15,58i 2SS,6-1." 342 38.518 3.6911 503,230 2.039 440.688 1,O-t5 206.771 7 r'" 1. tS9: I Õ 29. 620 2ï:J.924 115 1.810 93 5.800 242 8.692 4,421 74.746 176 12.242 312 9,050 :u..j:n 369,9iJ 154.223 207.321 57.373 45.785 -16-1, i021 33!1 135.1100 15h 2h. 4541 1 5.214 S:!4.15!1. 2.03. 5.11.284 1. 343 293.850 !!.1"9, I. "'''6. 3-13 1 6.724 .'jS.'i8 2 12 39.630 416.337 729 69.450 I. 795 27.321 -I". "'i"l ;jit,690 214,OSI 248.701 142,908 96,528 702,21", 1 250 1111 16.085 6,919 3!19, 697 612 129.80!1 982 169.61!! "'.63:1 i15.4611 26.402 lQ4.!Jf\!1 !J.195 8.'i.035 i8.291 285.467 65 3.900 3.443 35.362 117.396 601,733 278.458 228.743 351.945 liO.76S !I: t.!l1I EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 563 21.-Qllantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products E\:ported from the United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30,1911, and the calendar )'ears 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. June 30. Dccember 31. Exports by Countrie:<. 1918. 191\1. 1920. 1\117. 1921. - -- - - Barley- .I,u"h. 1. 783, 54.5 Belgium. . .... OO. 679 3,330,88:< I, 41i!1..!9!J . !}8.1, 960 2:H,073 2,668,357 3,314,34:3 2, : 84. 63!1 2.473,942 Denmark. . ..hush. 722,284 - 1,419.723 - 7:37,420 S- 710.28:: 1,897, 25 - 558,066 France .hu:-;h. 2n.\l49 2, 86t>. 026 16.626 800 167,135 :3 22:1. :100 5,188.815 22.438 2.2411 113,16,) Canada............. . .. .hush. :;08. 1O:i 4\18,714 746,921 206.415 52,362 " :316,698 743,237 967.663 267.07\1 32,911 Greece... . . .. . . . . bu:sh 91,000 - 465,683 246,022 - $ 72. BOr - í26,325 ;390,538 Italy. . . . . . .. ..hu:sh. 201. 59: 3,190,683 41O.41h - - $ : 02, : 90 5,570,839 410,418 - - N I'therlaml:s. . .Lush. 2,840,16;'- - 6,302.411 557,791 I , 1\07, 267 $ 2,924,706 - 8.023,947 673,330 1.4ï2,101 Norway. . .. . .. . . . . . .hush. 1. 217, 79 218,442 115,035 68,001 4,591 $ I, : ü6. :?75 :334, 883 Ii9, 888 114,876 'jl13,979 Rweden........... . .hush. 459. 696 - 368,743 - 406,555 $ 7m.660 - 492, 248 - 373,618 United Kingdom... ...hu:sh. 9.112. 27 9,775.514 24,783.469 14.262,383 18,073,433 $ 10, 8.5(). 329 15,241. 94:: 36,761,108 21. 641,125 14,322,509 Mexico..... . . . . . . . hush. 42.981 36,955 80,793 105,991 308, 864 S 41i.298 51,814 115,081 164,335 278,254 Panama......... . ...bush. 1!i4 24 424 926,752 438 :!66 44 1,058 1,443,977 1,069 Otlll'r countries..... . ..bush. 91U.: 65 435.316 570.712 10,573 424,975 $ l. 276. 205 765,446 920,577 83,055 397,442 Total. _ bu:sh. 16.:tS1.077 l!o1.S05.219 37,611,R40 17,854,227 2.j. 834, 000 S 19, 027. OS", 311, 56,j, 3ìì 53,832,319 27,165,189 O, 687,056 Bran and middlings, total. ton l J 7,372 t,517 3,091 11,5-19 7,-12, I S 279,650 1 337,285 233,lU 1 , 95" 2,j6,9.)9 Buckwheat, total. . .. .bush. 260, 102 1 1.420 186,07-1 299,693 428,981 8 350,60" 3.021 307, -151 5t3,46b 544,172 - - Corn- Belgium . .bu;;h. 581.371 3,467.151 1,009,969 71,787 1,559,756 S 590,771 6.371. :J,W 1. 607,493 89,485 1,240,955 Denmark. .hush. 7.07S,254 - : 3 . 711 173,357 5,965,298 $ 9. 205. 07:? 602,472 196,407 4,969,064 Francc. . . .hush. 1. 53:3,18 1. 36!J, 91t: 6 190,536 547,937 S 1. 758,03? 2.462,494 27 404,114 428,023 Italy.. .. . .. . .. .hursh. I. 156,664 2.196,321 - - 248,497 $ I. 51!J,301' 3,951,495 - - 191,421 etherlands....... . .bush. 7,923,706 46,004 100,168 423,604 17,843,464 $ 8,237.912 !J2 , OO!I 167,192 519,717 13,750,06\1 Sweden...... __ ., .. .....bush. 399.574 - - - 791,573 S 462,.5ïi - - 618,625 Germany.. .._ .... .bush. - - 1,323,77G 12,729,289 S - 1,633,161 10,258,795 Cnitcd Kingdom. ... . .bush. 24,493,81. 1.3. 1;';1-1 ,4!J3 !148 ,4\13 2,706,805 15,811,050 S 27,860,53b 29.041.:':45 1,.;!-i5,886 4,222,501 12,145,122 Canada. . a..... .... ........ . bush. 15,724,83b 13,228.954 6,542,025 10,064,668 58,582,806 S 16,158,66!; 19. .')30, Oil 10, 6!J0 ,55:: 14,630,123 36,433,56.') :\ll'xico. ... ..............bul'h. 2, S30, 69! 2,736,7:3\ 1:J3,887 770,814 II ,871,546 S 3,133.89t' 5.739,81ú 246,741; 928,957 10,130,049 Cuba. -.-.... .bush. 2,819,271< 1,074,099 1.!l64,540 1,8!13,793 2,308,746 S 2,948,100 1,841,44.') 3,441,163 3,530,258 1,971,857 Other countrics...... " .. .bush. 482,458 121,368 1.')8,734 142,285 714,543 S 622,335 239,404 2"2,855 298,958 62!J,443 Total. .bush. 6-1,720.841 3!J. 899, 091 11, 19 ,5:13 17,761,420 128,974,505 $ 12,497,20-1 69,269, 3 9 18,624,381. 26. t53, 681 92,766,9SS - Cornrneal- 1 . ni tl'd Kingdom.. brl 178,211 480,717 172 ,223 II7,61O 190,062 $ 1.025,579 5.161,275 1,449,38\1 975,17. 784,846 Canalla... . .. hrl. ól,472 128,751- 20,812 44,667 46,665 $ 288,91.') 1,173,572 187,805 341.842 192,969 British We'it lndic".. .. ........ .. hrl. 154,867 70,634 65,228 141i.330 127,340 - .... . . , \140 696,00,<; 537,OIli 1,24.;,3!ifi 51iO,869 lTon=2,240 lh. fJ2 73-36! 564 TRADE AND COMMERCE 27.-Quantitit's and Values of .-inimal and Agricultural Products EIported from tile (;nltt'd states to Principal Countrlt's for the fear ended Sune 30,1917, and the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. June 30. December 31. Exports by Countries. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Cornmeal-concluded. Dutch West Indies,............... brl. 25,fi5i 3,700 10,786 33,034 41,283 S 13.5.472 36,79b 91,405 288,084 185,417 Italy.................... ......... brl. 1 :!20, 661 283,228 1 2,235 S 4 2,423,8!J6 2,923,511 5 10,910 France. . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. ..... .. brl. 1,563 220,803 1,161 - 36,469 S 8,233 2,443,522 9,180 - 141,108 Belgium..... . .. . . , , . . . . .. . . . . . . .. brl. - 241,443 90,285 1,406 13,627 S - 2.378,235 758,883 13,449 56,800 etherlands. , -.---. ,,- '. brl. 330 54,120 239,096 25,614 37,365 S 1,139 526,232 1,936,473 186,612 107,473 Switserland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brl. - 31,868 145,664 - - S - 332,671 1,426,922 - - Egypt.. ... . . . . ....... brl. - - - 414,004 125,032 S - - - 3.678,963 958,647 Other countries. . brl. 86.112 337,312 173,951 84,499 182,716 S 439.042 3,588,894 1,599,003 748,910 695,023 Total. , ........ ... brl. 508,113 1,790,016 1.2m,.j3.j ð67,165 802,794 S 2,757,32j 18,761,103 10.920,.j87 7.j78,398 3,69j,352 Dried grain and malt sprouts, total.. ton l 1,505 217 1,960 401 108 S 47,809 13,394 125,8ði 23,9.j9 5,708 Oatmeal and rolled oats- Netherlands..... . ... .. ' . .. . . .. . . . lb. 3,623,851 - 49,080,564 12,000,633 22,810,316 S 116,049 - 2,382,325 594,490 701,151 Norway...... __..... -...- ... lb. 18,265,844 6,051,981 8,700,665 519,350 1,344,425 S 700,98b 395,386 410,467 25,568 45,799 United Kingdom................. lb. 69,086,773 255,585,340 73,954.909 30,670,797 39,450,035 S 2,711,188 14,639,040 4,117,928 1,616,672 1,496,531 Other countries. .. . . . . ... lb. 19,926,876 37,560,694 89,230,499 22,729,735 35,233,885 S 962,931 2,318,654 5.088,662 1,654,616 1,501,756 Total. .,. lb. 110,903,34.j 299, U8, 015 220.966,1. 7 65,920,515 '8,838,661 S 4,191,1.'i-t 11,353,080 11,999,382 3,891,3.j6 3,745,237 Oats- . Belgium. ........ . bush. 86,851 - 8,120,038 2,600,526 - S 68,000 - 6,678,566 2,556,026 - rance.:.... ..................bush. S3,561,600 18,861,125 14, 18b,235 6,274,945 17 , 600 i 32,258,4!J5 16,977,337 11,626,830 6,187,025 10,836 .;witzerland. .. . . . . . . bush. - 356,803 2,598,113 - - S - 331,835 2,042.303 - - Italy. .. .".".',... .bush. 11,761,339 7,831,938 1,849,270 - - S 7,108,222 6,831,538 1,643,220 - - etherlands. ...............,.... .bush. 4,550,437 - 2,tH!I,985 499,114 67,252 S 2,699,830 - 2,318,083 460.626 46,447 Sweden... . ...................bush. - - 156.240 30,000 44,667 S - - 124,000 22,500 23,360 United Kingdom.. .........bush. 14.889,314 54,541,721 20,.'iï!J,701 134.624 1,104 S 10,417,59\1 48,06:!,/)tJ6 17,!J82.03i 109,087 670 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....bùsh. 856,85\1 30,696,141 2,433,463 1,245,766 1,706,008 S 439.323 23,916,05tJ 1,765,055 916,229 679,015 Cuba...... . .. bush. 1,378,842 1, 690,3:$2 2,126,272 1,606,224 918,046 885,728 1.631,5!J8 1,844,482 1,608,685 493,32S Other countries. . .... . . .bu...h 1,859,15!! 484,812 425,162 486,675 469.468 S 1,157,7tH 464,407 410,718 477 ,\126 356,061 Total. . .uush. 8S, 9.j.j, 401 lU,.162,932 ã...Z9t.419 1 ,S17 ,87-& I,m, U,j s 55,o. j.9tSl 98, 2:!1, &37 46.135,29.j 12,338,104 1.6Ot,7U liIl feed, total -- . ton l 46,112 '.GJ2 12.124 10,481 15,600 S 1,&93,752 466,212 78.j,296 579,9If 575,519 Rye- ..........bush. - 304 ,206 2,736,984 11,924,341 311,904 Belgium. . S - 683,766 6,056,864 25,403,356 416,520 Denmark......... . .. ......... . . bush. 1,168,437 - 739,993 214.285 333,241 S 1,718,728 - 1,388.919 535,712 339,361 ITon-2,240 lb. EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 56.3- 2'ì.-QuantiUes and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the L'nited states to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1911, and the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. June 30. December 31. Exports by Countries. 1917. 1918. 1919: 1920. 1921. Rye-concluded. ..............bush. 46,540 467,000 1,276,566 54,722 Switzerland. .. . . . . - $ 97,736 1,060,300 2,300,128 105,870 - etherlands............ .......... bush. 772,569 - 1,810,605 7,012,562 3,1132,266-- S 1,156,940 - 3,266,237 15,691,100 6,033,950- Norway......................... .bush. 7,452,594 690,424 5,054,730 4,666,629 3,006,422 S 12,444,294 1,385,964 8,944,487 10,272,619 4,012,910 Sweden. _ _.... ..bush. 379,101 - - - 446,860 S 604 . 25:) - - - 640,054- United Kingdom............ . .bush. 1,293,060 3,702,426 18,068,982 718,781 1,078,153. S 2,271,565 7,462,648 35,254,238 1,410,880 1,576,603. Canada. . bush. 1,129,469 120,615 1,385,498 6,501,468 7,142,595 S 1,605,223 202,176 2,063,613 13,413,809 8,193,893 Italy...... . .....bush. 1,017.8&;) 1,756,764 661,231 2,415,084 1,131,693. S l,ion.Hl 3,574,613 1,183,615 4,612,682 2,040,097 France. . . . bush. - 336,650 838,063 12,973,968 351,462 S - fì!J3,952 1. 658,68(, 27,471,994 619,700' Finland. . hush. - - 6,000 1,801,275 1,104,693 S - - 10,080 4,194,708 1,543,054- Germany...... . . bush. - - - 7,139,942 9,442,785 S - - 15,741,694 16,034,292 Gibraltar....... . hush. - - 1,233,189 357,oo:! S - - - 2,398,082 649,051 Poland and Danzig.. . . . . . . bush. - - 274,292 1,209,828 S - - - 670,83.') 2,010,646 Other countrie". . bush. ;{62 252,554 319,514 139,952 62,758 S 461 552,199 659,362 316,190 104,289 - Total ., hwo;h.1 t:J. 260. 015 7.631.639 32.898.166 57.070.490 29.811.721 i 21.599.631 1.}. 615. 618 61.786.232 122.239.537 4,1.21-1.420 - - - - Rye Flour- Belgium hrl - 4:3S,233 86,946 14,845 - $ 4,462,893 X57,679 151,614 l'ran(',' hrl. '!III 96 , 8 . - - $ !I.lil4 1,021,74. - - - :'Ih lIonrlura... ( 'anada. (\'ntra.l Am. :-:tate'" \[I'xif>o !;R;YPt.. '\u tria nnl . June 30. Dl'cember 31. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 6.0t.'i,79!1 1,499,548 6,134,334 367,363 40.36-1 12,028,332 3.671,704 15,531,481 1,074,673 64, 178 67.976,120 43,146.55\1 44,818,552 77, ::!6 . 545 63,672,052 139,429,196 100,848,344 107,503,619 215.241,377 94,133,442 4,714.836 26,493,421 1,421,613 14.811,672 25,990,974 !I, 856, 529 61,464,108 3,314,818 41. 280,8:33 34,528,566 16b 16,500 130 2,829,192 1,655,906 :H9 :m.176 281 8,201.002 2,357,022 246,034: 1 - 561,880 964,194 '333 "0- 1 .J - 1.2:U,\l84 1,155,016 . .. ,- =' I - 1.107,080 37,333 - 3,438,796 43,306 5,05!- 28 539,887 18,70U ....887 60 1,660,203 23, 74!1 - - 2,891,387 l,906,U6b - 7,713,338 4,119,841 - 7!1!J.819 126,0911 - 2,225.456 24: , 900 !lIi.607 4.; : 4 71: .044 :m,008 201,904 1,'iO 224 1,755. \120 490,01:.1 - 10. 141 8.224,764 - - 24.326 9.1;9:.1.170 - 1.5tH l:l4.003 2!J9,211 2.661.1O!1 :(,755 32\1.187 814,702 :1,842.886 - - - 1,807.3H1 - - - - 2.044,5H1 1,6:;5.721 2,1411 ;;48,809 804.169 2,841,727 2,901,143 5,661 1.312,077 2,200.745 3,838,1)4:; 1-19.s;n.-I2ìl 111.177.103 1-1". O!l6, fill 21".2S7.3U 21"".1157.601 29",179. 70';' 2.) 1. 61'!.97!ì 356. S9'i. 296 596.97;;.396 -133.11,;:1.:!36 - - - - -- - 1.233,526 867,434 884,876 195.551 - 13,9-13.165 9,39\1,\123 9,677,967 I , 327, 2:l9 16'!.40.'i 43,0-14 140,854 37,715 :U8.742 1, ü,41Ij 170,75:1 I. 584,563 134.929 2,::!50,8Hi - - 41. 729 31i9,165 444.730 - 4!1 .124 t,251i.109 3,3119,357 2Ii. .4\17 1,155.61j01 - 2.9;;5,IiS3 12,4.'i7,354 1 - 1.4 !I.128 5.UI.5, 150 -1,718,188 273.8In 15,113 11,958,809 55,447,319 50.374.6: 6 2,492. :U.') 109.94-1 -12,:324 I. 077,675 1,725,877 - - -167,957 II, 856. 37: 1I.85\1,44U 7,359 224, 604 I.:H2.677 .51.823 25.77(' :m.45.'i 2, -128.851 14. 105. 75: 619,372 212,8!1-1 388,708 1 48,7:15 1:16.023 .'i2, 026 : 31, 970 3.000,211I1 704,238 I. ti7!1. 564 2,94:3,838 2.1ì09.87: \l87.Ii"fì 2.!lll1.0n.í 3.n06,1ì25 I. 410. 24: .')6. 1'22 7,8:38.lIil< 34.071ì :.!II5 32.716.7Iti 15.115,918 382. : ti. 591,18:? 105.0\ln 1.0R2.207 730.94:1 1.20-1. 1: 7 4,087,784 1. 284. 629 12,795, 766 1 R.Ii16,8-1f R. 3t:I, 495 715.077 1!1.!.n% 45.71.') 160.!J35' 4H.0:1!1 5,626,941 2,: _ .: 6. 4 : :nl I. 797, :1UI/ 2.802. Ii!i 21,8R: 41', 140. 911/ 1 242. 94 187,278 .'iSIi 322,115 1 I.4 Y: I 1. 112.5. 61il .')5 577.!\51 2n4.270! - 372 6,349,1i:U lÕ: : 1 1: Iì. \I: 4 - 3.015.525 IO,0l3,!): ::! 3.t: 5.2:W : .!J!17.ti!J1 1.!147. 731 1I:!,037.706 115, 699. 4:3U J7,203,I26 27,tìOl,:H:i 24.082 20.1123 24,111 :\0.091 21. 926 19.5,:HO 234,755 287,61i1 376,874 188,42.'i 77,115 61,045 7,:H6 25, 250 72,521 580, :126 621,523 80, 15t 277, 585 11)8.302 511,H84 39,41H 123,16.'i -118,101 4.50.158 4. 154,ti49 4-tï. \163 4,78:1,264 5,0:H,678 3,391. 781 910..564 65,8:H .'i01,477 243,H9 35:1,155 7, 5t: , 254 72 , 274 .5. 61!!. 847 2,1ì1i2.188 2,841,:m3 1,072 81,:15.'i 1. 094 1, otli, 978 UI,861 .'i.oon' Mì!J,tì3li 13.8:14 11.HIì.206 1. IO.'i. 271( .buf'h. , bu!-h. $ hush. S .. .bu h 5 .bush. bush. " .hu h. S .bu:-h. S .bu h. ....bu:-h. S .bu!>h. S hUf'h. 't hu...h. 51 hu h. hush. 5 hrl. $ brl. $ hrl. S brl. $ brl. S . brl. S . brl. S brl. $ hrl. brl. S hrl. S hrl. S hrl $ hrl $ hrl. S hrl. $ hd S hrl $ hrl " EXPORTS OF THE US1TED STATES 56; 27.-Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the "nited States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30,1917, and for the ealendar years 1918. 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. H '" June 30. December 31. Exports by Countries. 1921. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. teat Hour-concluded. riti h \\. Indies... . .. . . . . . . .. . ., brl. 372.242 111,582 221,346 354,953 275, 728 S 3,003,576 1,245,682 2,332,141 3,888,746 2,019,:!: 4 .uba.................... brl. 1,016,675 541. 564 1,408,698 1,389,990 1,065,581 S 8,661. 925 5.89-1,603 15.648,989 17,044,543 8,969,019 'reneh W. lndie;;.... brl. 129, \122 :33,425 80,712 131, 669 9: , 298 S 1.082,102 :193.531 913.801 1,607,460 7:m,196 ayti.. .. brl. 127, -158 :H8 26'i, 24: :361,321 1: 9, 290 $ 1,012,033 4.:344 3.240.491 4,838,964 1,1\11,400 Itla>r West lndie;;............... brl. 143,858 10.771 108.247 155,54-1 10:3. 26 $ 1,2-16,1:37 tH,080 1. 304,426 2,014,166 911.6'i0 razil. . ........... brl. 301,6H 596 279,564 623,198 200, 718 $ 2,743,818 4,86-1 3,:384,773 8,396,972 2,098.770 'hitp .. ..... ., brl. 79,997 20 200 2,527 515 $ 482,944 238 2,600 28.628 3,479 i'nezuela. . . . brl. 146,812 530 124,893 165,895 116,411 $ 1,185,658 6.26:3 1,454.532 2,105,734 990,98] 'oland and_Danzig. .., brl. - - - 2,249,558 988,596 S - - 24,505,724 6,202. ]78 long Kong............. . . . brl. 61,800 - 10,597 192,936 7:37,727 S 306,756 - 110,902 1, 992, 470 4,103,:350 '\pan............................. brl. 4,08::1 - 2,528 107,024 :382.440 S 35,fi52 - 27,850 1,201,949 1,986.659 hilippine Islands...... . brl. 76,089 22 54.904 ]43,469 254,755 $ 420,480 3:37 6 0. 288 1.617,888 1,726,646 ther countrie;;................ brl. 612,503 :;57,420 697,678 2,219,315 2,431.16-1 S 4,485,591 3,995,793 8,181,339 26,425,969 15,645,73\1 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . br1. 11.9-12.778 21.706,70(1 26.-I-I9,8SI 19, R53, 992 16, SilO, SO'; $ 93,198.47,1 2"",6';3,,122 293,452,748 224,,172,-1-18 117,698.225 s- 'nitell hingcloll1................. doz 4,359,192 5.493,717 15.626,519 4,311,216 3,981,419 S 1,461,494 2,652,037 8,254,167 2,427,267 1,414,325 'ana> 1-11,4,'j7.163 53,867,327 23. 766. flOII 6,077,2,18 16 9-16 030 51 498 010 2062964 5 789 711 1 276 1t7 s , 7 , .')70 TRADE AND COMMERCE 21.- (Juantiti('s and "alues of .\nimal and A lcultural Produ('ts Etported from tilt' rnited States to I-"in('ipal Countrh's for the ) ear ended June :10,1911, and for the ('ah.'udar ) ears 1918, 1919, 19'?0 and 1921-con. Exports hy C'ountril' . Beef, lresh- Franee Italy.. . . . . . . . l"nitC'd Kingdom. BCllIluda... . ('unada Panama ... ßelgium.. German . . .. jI; et herlands. . . . . . I"\\eden. <<)thpr countries. Total. ..... Becl, pickled and other, cured- Belgium. . Denmark. Germany. . . Norway....... ... Ketherland"....... . l'nited Kingdom..... Canada . Italy. Xewloundland and Labrador. British W. Indies British Guiana.... J >utch Guiana Othpr cOllntrie, Total.. Beel products- << )100 oil- Canada. . . Belgium. . . . FranC'e... . ( :rtece. ;,\\itzerland ... I )enmark (;erntan Ih I June 30. December 31. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 8.0"2,2i6 47,1ìO,9S0 - 730,21 ì 4. 88 , 9511 9,410,074 - 141,28S - 1 .1166,2ì7 8,8ì7,471 21,375,4ì5 211,147 - 1,569,:H8 1. 715. : .'i3 4,621,058 40, 682 - 125,6 7.523 H6.USO,.85 73,on, 602 S,6!1!I,488 2.129,11!i 17, : 8, OilS !16. :lti4. !I-t 17, :!OtUSO 1.0111,012 281,:Hï 1. 326, 1111 !1.!\1.8: ï 82:1. 4"6, 1. 18S, 24: 1. 165, i8!' 161. 111: 1 8,84ti lìl, ï32, 2:a, 2.7 189.61'\:; 17. ïïl,lS\I 1O.:Wn.5!16 2.621. 0111 2 . : : O, 1163 22".62" 2.lìl.!l51 I. ï28. 22!1 t'lI,2!1H 3113,2: fi : ì.5U 2: 5.0:!41 gI: 1 : I 86.5:n :H7,522 4S.4:18 23,Hfi 61. 724 : tiU, 2721 1U5.0;)01 2: ,4till,ti03 3S,20,5,492 4,897. 4ï: 45.b.'i(1 18.: 8ï S.UU,ti64 7, OilS, :W-i 979,4\10 -I :H.08::1.S72 :!6,159,680 4:n,6tiS ì,"!I!I.508 S,I67,412 .'i-t,42!-i 1::1.703.452 15,1122,196 14,615 3. : 64, 776 3,098,622 1, 004 "" '1; 91 429. "'I 5.!H2,6.'i7 - - 1,469,841 - - 2,2.7,1112 2,117,885 1,156,200 112,66ì 74,724 405,215 351.897 193,178 -- - --- -I 19; .177 .llIt ,)1-1.3-11.;'29 1ì-I.1 6.999 "9.6-19.1tS 10.3.11.0tI'7 6. 2ìì. 271 109.611,').36:1 -IJ. 2"". ì-li Ii .;'G-I. "7 1. i9S.39') 19. ,, 8O 1 -- -- 2ti, ï58,655 9, ti8ì, 576 RIY,4ì5 525,896 2,022,25\1 4.S0 . 276 1. Y:!6, 658 147,6::12 Y9,743 30,000 - 1,9"5,1:?0 500,9t9 242,300 .3'6 01 - 418,15ï "3,664 20,084 - 2,567,542 1,604,050 !l04, 562 483,191 :!,')6,865 101,070 :!, l10t 3)65 4,:n2,960 "76.S05 :J,293,lï:! : 26, 26i 7119,256 IUU, !1\6, 2i 4,164 4.!}ljti.9:?O - 2,::I25,.4!-i 1. 700, 7H4 223,75:: 45: . ill.'i - 52:!,:!1I2 195, : : 5 2: , 507 7,489,665 3,228,816 5,569.74::1 1 4.2\O.6 iI 3, S\lU, Y:!IJ I, 06: , 334 ïS5,Oti!J 1.317,1471 ""'''"'1 .'i84,6ïl 9,39",712 2,OH,9iY 1, : n. 55: 2.016.022 1. .ISì, 97S 1,177,::174 358,092 176,805 2H.227 U. . o:m 4,800 1,052.4:!6 3,O::l: ,1 72 4: 0. 4: ï li5, 1I-t8 684 158,514 7119,4\1:1 1ì6,4117 4,6Yb 6.802,524 5,418,221 5, fi76, 761 5, 5Y6, 2!I8 6, 4IJ7, !-i60 8::14, 354 9"4,444 1.019,972 70 ,152 549,922 1,652,::I4,'j !l.t4 , 8: 0 n2,J86 2,407.272 2.701,2!-i. 210,114 161. 648 HI,465 2!-i5,!IS5 2ti6.48ì 1. 146,700 ,'jß.t, fiSS 792,7,'j0 824,H(i\ III!-i, ìfi:; 150.227 1U0, ,'i04 162,661 106, 959 1ì8,2flS i4!1,490 672,20IJ 404.200 1,227.584 1.1: S,tM 96,124 1::I3,2i9 8: , 20; 16fi,765 115,6fi7 3, 20S. 6-t: 3, S21. 20i! 4,.18:1,21:i 3,5511,308 3,223,9!'" 39J.80i 801,394 877,571 5.t1. 451 312,38U - - ".05:I.GG7 1-1. 206. O OI -I2.SIl-l.72-1 2;'. ììl.1ì6 2-1..)911.;)1\2 6. 72'. :1.'i I 7 . !I I. 2211 s. i39.1t I 3.6.'i9.KI,) 2.ãS:I.716 - -- - 2.04R.:!8fJ 475, fl52 5,"09.619 l,: ìi, i9" 5fiS.0:!1i 8S,137 I, 30ì, om 3ìS, 6::18 41ì1. 71161 1i",liS2 - - 8,461,473 l,o:m,ti28 I.S1:!,H,; - - 2,252,853 . 206,6:?8 181,fl51ì 2,199,170 20S,4"S 4,589,290 437,1118 5,345,IH5 391, HI 4,'i, fit8 I, ::143, S54 93,878 599,692 532,21\1 !l.tti,517 3,.t79,8711 2,706,173 2,3"Y,27:\ 68,"59 :!28,80f l 974, O: 4 670,232 316,407 95,881 182,6B 3,454,606 Y3,597 2IJ2,2:!S 20,::I7ì 4S,I:I. 89,'j,911!1 16,13: 23, (Jns 2. ì64.01l,'j 30,000 8,025,918 1,531,2117 3,I72,451ì 1.:11. il6 6,:!25 2,42i,Ol1 321, .66 366,65!1 - I - 2. 1 6, 041 3. !2 , 9,'j8 2 , 00,512 - lb. C) lb. $ lb. $ lb. lb. S lb. lb. CS 111 , Ih. Ih. S lb. lb. . lb. . lb. S lb. . lb. i lb. lb. , lb. S lb. lb. lb. $ lb. $ Ih. . lb. S lb. S lb. S lb. $ Ib S .. lb. $ lb. , Ib ú ", _O!l ,1"..t79 _, 96,516 EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 371 7.-Quantiti('s and '"ahles of l\.nimal and Agricultural Products E,ported from the L'nited states to Principal ( ountril's for the )'ear ended June 30,1917, and for the calendar years 1918. 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. Exports by Countripf.. Reef products-C.Dcluded. Oleo oil-concluded. etherland!' orway. :'wpden,..... .... {"nitI'd Kingdom. XC'\doundland and Labrador. Turkp in EuropC' rurkey in \sia.. Ut her countriC'i' Total . OIC'olllarga!'ine, imitation butter, fotal. _ _ lb. S Ueef tallow- Bl"'lgium. . lb. $ France. . . . . lb. S X etherlands. . . . . . lb. $ Italy.. . . .. _ ......... lb. $ l"nited Kingdom. lb. Cuba. lb. !I. "':weden.. . Ii>. $ I It!apr countl'ie>:.., lb. Total. lb. S Bacon- \ustria-Hungary. .. " lb. $ Rplgium. lb. $ f)C'nmark lb. $ Irancc. lb. S (:ermany. . . lb. $ (;ibraltar. . lb. $ 1tal ' .. . . .. . . lb. $ cthprlaß(\,.; lb. $ '\orway lb. $ Finland.. ....... Ih. ..;weden... . lb. S rnitC'(1 1\ ingf\olJl lb. ''\0.230 2,512,966 3,Il2,929 5,033,220 2,436,288 Austria-Hungary lb. - - 1,935,863 794,376 1 - $ - - 6,')0,879 170.390 1 - Denmark. . ...-. lb. - 5,282,356 37,822 92,123 S - I, iI8,850 9,669 18,927 Germany. . .. .. Ih. - - i, 626,584 2,14.') ,I2!1 161,016 S - - 2,420,95/-$ 625,331 25,5Of} Gibraltar. .... lb. 1,:J54 - 6,010,496 12,52::1 5,702 S :!9i - 2,028,599 4,7!, 793 3,236,2:!5 26,563 S 84,479 2,078,892 20,080,68::1 801,49 3,304- Norway....... . ........ lb. 1.359,8,')4 48 4,358,920 24ï,50:! I, ï64, 723 S 254."10 Ii 1,382,235 55, i 11 251, 173 Sweden........ . ........... lb. - 603 2,820,714 117,642 fì, 721 S - 5ï 940,297 24,03i 3,894 Other countries . lh. 5,494,441 3,575,351 6,069,271 5,ï21,80i 5,2I2,::I8U S 1 , 172,901 1,146,128 2,058,890 2,123,571 l,ii02,OOi - - --- Total .. lb. 266.855.581 5:17 .213, OU 596. 19.i. 663 l!ì5. 2-16. 7,,):; 232. 23. 797 49,57,1,11-11 1-1.;,674,888 Ib9,,l?8,!S37 50. '7..;1j1,; Ii. 7,')0. 420 Lard- Belgium.. '. lb. 96, ï6I,I8.') 116,784,152 155,802,228 5.'),02I,4IS 51,iiti4,n.".') S 13,815,450 31,757,65h 46,338,651 12,9Iï,OIí 6, i30.41\11 Denmark... ........ lb. MI,1l0 ï5,OOO 33,50,'),3:{3 6,329.2ï5 9,liOü,Uü., S 156,441 20,000 11,051,1bO 1,429,0110 1. 06, 2.') 1 France....... lb. 54,867,8J2 35,841,6ï6 96,296,935 48, ï55, ï9I 4U,102,() 5 10,712,463 9,J49,535 27,958,40.J 1::1,335.794 4, !IH2, 41j:J Austria-Hungary. .. ... lb. - - 15,184,232 2,!H9,49Jl 4b7,26i\ S - - 5,206,52. tiï4,W2 1 .'jl,5.W Finland. lb. - - 2,771,503 462,524 2,7ï:J,aùh S - - 938,594 125,8!1') 3ï2.5;JU Gihraltar.. . lb. 1l5,9ï5 - 3,/-$67,419 197,122 :!.72,IiIi:J S 21,545 - I.Ii9,864 .,)O,6I 37,R'J4 S" itzerland. . . . . lb. - 12,609,::144 32,24ï,743 1,912,574 4,614,::146 S - 3,898,7bO 10, 4.,), 2:J.,) 4ii4,567 554,9i4 Germany. .. lb. - - 3!1.49:>,01i 127, 836,OOFo 278,044,966 S - - 13, !I!IO. 079 28,785,385 3S,4S6,404 Italy... lb. 4,981,846 1.14'),112 2,463,197 23,153,676 11 ,i44, 562 S I,OS8,998 273,258 806,057 5,334,92::1 1,512,208 Xetherlands. .............. ..- .. lb. 20,446,110 - 68,S96,924 91,297,86ï i6,964.941 S 2,8::18,460 - 22,377,490 21,212,24ii 10,917,382 'iorv.ay.. . ........ lb. 1,888,539 1,020 1,257,190 l,OI8,1Ob 1,578,772 S 327,776 275 393,627 2fì2,125 207,478 S" eden.. __.... .... . . . . . - . . . . lb. :!C,O, 170 560,295 24, 48.J, 937 5,000,274 5,1>>91,622 S ::IS, 42!} 174,O!t" 8,6l5,Ii'I4 1.177,04!I 740, SIì!' I-\u<òtria only. EXPORTS OF THE UNI1'ED STATES 573 27.-Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30, 1911, and for the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. June 30. December 31. Exports by Countries. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Lard-concluded. lb. 178,110,633 309,987,044 219,306,M2 128, 7il, 843 232,204,210 United I\:ingdom................. S 32,616,184 78,985,740 68,323,623 29,002,972 29,562,370 Canada. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 5,375,768 2,478,926 5,090,459 12,730,298 12,706,087 S 984,930 669,571 1,454,658 2,630,226 1,368,352 Central American States..... . . .. . lb. 2,658,120 334,889 227,169 861,422 1,303,733 S 4113,596 95,559 72,605 209,192 181,802 l\Iexico. _ _ _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . lb. 13,261,559 1.1,452,095 7,134,448 17,302,006 43,457,727 S 2,270,025 4,451,219 2,127,709 4,000,496 5,652,767 Cuba............................. lb. 48,732,924 46,008,414 44,766,460 65,720,975 72,310,640 S 8,819,512 13,044,755 14,111,770 15,907,936 9,650,327 Ecuador. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 3,842,692 1,339,1)46 2,467,180 2,897,992 2,951,759 S 686,141 418,727 824,444 680,464 382,854 Other countries.... . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . lb. 12,525,077 6,200,988 5,997,695 20,061,293 20,782,165 S 2,208,963 793,996 1,93/,259 5,180,824 2,864,125 Total. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. _ . . lb. 4,1.1,769,5,10 548, 8lì ,901 760,901,611 612,2,19,951 868,941,56' S 77,008,913 1,1.1,933,151 237,983, ,149 1-13,371,4,11 112,532,841 Lard, neutral- Denmark..................... . lb. 1,022,499 - 5,445,681 497,480 1,268,352 S 171,136 - 1,781,589 119,197 178,263 Germany.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. - - 950,837 118,584 2,461,822 S - - 367,789 37,610 333,191 Netherlands..................... . lb. 2,657,914 - 9,313,883 2,998,410 8,1124,085 S 432,566 - 3,169,227 755,581 1,167,362 Norway......................... . lb. 3,234,094 - 1,653,325 1,885,917 3,891,235 S 594,283 - 541,719 504,596 553,285 Sweden..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . lb. 275,423 - 1,472,806 1,064,260 981,255 S 40,935 - 470,401 297,730 147,151 United Kingdom............. .... lb. 8,627,547 5,433,851 2,000,074 14,255,712 4,808,132 S 1,615,051 1,364,634 715,891 3,486,755 773,264 Other countries..... . . .. .. . . . .. . .. lb. 1,758,763 873,313 2,120,531 2,417,708 2,015,908 S 314,118 248,146 678,767 604,573 285,543 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 17,576,2-10 6,307,164 22,957,137 23,238,071 23,950,789 S 3,168,089 1,612,780 7,725,983 5,806,042 3,438,059 Pork, canned- 2,312,844 France... . ................... lb. 1,103,011 1,011,205 98,649 - S 304,305 632,565 372,424 25,617 - United Kingdom................. lb. 3,354,628 1,994,851 3,068,054 1,209,065 !166,141 S 1,003,834 787,892 1,461,563 580,953 292,366 Other countries.... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . lb. 1,438,487 959,647 1,712,447 494,527 183,941 S 337,466 355,935 588,377 145,550 52,429 Total........ . .. . .. . . ---.-. lb. 5,836,126 5.267,342 5,791,706 1.802,241 1,150,082 S 1,645,695 1,776,392 2,422,364 752,120 3,14,795 Pork, fresh- France............. . .......... lb. 919,724 433,301 2,019,460 1,280,610. 5,625 S 120,397 120,541 749,455 322,204 394 United Kingdom................. lb. 23,787,556 9,500,417 1,197,244 19,404,504 Ii ,039,598 S 3,649,48:? 2,412,536 267,000 4,627,126 3,191,168 Canada.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 24,832,531 1,084,932 21,905,57ï 12,717,549 23,915,301 S 4,944,891 222,969 6,897,596 2,797,146 3,651,455 Germany............. ..... . . _ . . . . lb. - - - 3,069,949 12,462,623' S - - - 896,511 2,001,953 Other countries... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 895,804 613,985 1,654,697 1,832,624 2,660,116 S 161,119 151,848 433,506 447,476 491,557 Total. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 50,435,615 11.632,635 26,776,978 38,305,236 56,083,263 S 8,875,889 2,907,89J 8,347,557 9,090,463 9,336,527 Pork, pickled- lb. 829,354 France.......... . . ... .. .. . . ..... . . 302 , 254 6U5,398 660,187 144,572 S 126,465 76,012 140,585 134,555 23,489 United Kingdom... _ _.., ......... Jb. 6,058,672 2,102,744 3,378,871 1,902,869 4,031,010 S 929,8111 616,636 963,487 410,054 663,611 Ca.nada. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 16,929,411 14,708,735 8,372,796 15,480,971 11,753,367 S 2,501,890 3,355,902 2,179,707 3,032,780 1,508,392 Newfoundland and Labrador. .. . .. lb. 6,262,085 6,303,799 4,833,214 4,848,954 4,577,400 S 907,594 1,284,733 1. 089,045 1)52,980 510,314 574 TRADE AI\ D COMlofERCE 27.-Quantities and '-alues of Animal and .\ icultural Produrts }.\ported from the rnited !i'tates to l-rinclpal Countries for the )eaf ended June 30, 1917, and fOf t he calendar )'ears 1918. 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. E :port:) L)' CountricF Pork, pickled-concluded. Briti"h \\est Indies Cuba... . llriti:"h Guiana Belgium XOr\HIY Xetherlands..... . I)ther countrit. Total. . J ani compound!!, etc.- or\\ ay..... .' . . . . . . . Coited Kingdom. Cuba. "'_ Panama. . . . . . . . . IIayti... . Philippine Islands... '[exico. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . llelgiu m . .... _ -.- Gihraltar. Britj,.h \\e:o.t Indies.. (";ermany. . . . . .. . Poland 'lOll Danzig. I Jt her countrie'" rotal ll\tton- {'nitcd I..:.ingdolll...... Canada Other countries. Total...... Poultry and game- "[Tnih.d Kingdom ('anada. .. .. ..... Other countri.... Total ... '.I.U iI!e,.. eanned- I'ranee : T.d lb. $ lb. I lb. St lb. S lb. S lb. S lb. S I June 30. DcC'cmber 31. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 3,542,166 1,lIb7,31:J 1,026,405 2,251.061 2,295,5:m 513,2il 438,hl!l 21H,Oi4 433.95.) 27.'i,4t1(J 7, iOO.421 7,659,43\1 6,5tiO,9X4 4. ii:>,3&'1 1,37,),78i 1,145, !J5 1,893.101 1, 702 ,24.) I,U82.4ï4 213,241 I,O 3,3()(J ],040,4311 205,700 !lOt, lb.) 614,9i,'> 164,99i 2,H ,410 46,324 I O, 715 72 , 79:1 ]63, ]21 2,'>.295 ],4!J6,05G til6,i60 65],921 23 ,IIiI- .>,439 337,ib6 114,991 S6, 111; 324,55"1 200 3,193,9.'>5 616,062 I.U8ï,782 49,4&5 5U XI6,4.j 1:$8,8i5 164,82'> - 1,345,353 1.224,444 2]4,96!ì ..099''''1 - 27I,O.'> 169,5!i:! 22,9U7 2.li41.451 3,095,149 5,430,960 6,095,29.'> 5i7,88i li26.915 824, i6] I,U19,093 674,629 -- - -- -16. 99 . 72J 36.611.66( 3-1.113. R15 38. ;.,....1\-11 32.8n.G07 6.911.30l, s.;;:I."i.Oli R.fi32.51 R 1,670.02.1 ",21;;,79b -- l,:J6U,285 - 2, i03,928 1,4b4,59b ],6il,3i6 244.0ti! - 728,050 300,93:! 181,47:! 13, 50i, 936 ".345, {ji Ii:?, i39,201 4,008,562 7,375,760 1,9.Ji. 9S 1 9!15,934 15,795,U65 i90.li5ï 737,208 14,1fi4,6itJ ð,60S,42:> 8,611,13i 6,918,U4G 8,115,534 2,203,47i 2.U.H,41i 2,333,358 1,601.336 98],b67 100,320 3.')3,08i 414.19i 450 , 30!! 731.178 304,051 84.090 1I2,fì30 10.'>, 25 1 4 . 520 1,498,965 223, i80 I. 603, 60ð 2,126,47] 2,412.364 246,101 59.773 432,763 .'>64,451 3:J.'),459 37.'j,925 257,UII9 24i ,033 341, J33 307, 939 1;0,326 tiX,975 69,3RU 97,325 53,066 6,8li3,4Hi 6,SIiIi.8I1b 4,620,050 6,217,166 10,212,860 ],011,210 1.654,381 1,230,234 1,32R,533 1,183,870 5,809,610 14,379.]64 22,644,89] 451,510 38,331 723,877 3,347,502 5,300,526 149,21b 4,810 2.1ì1O - 9,319,9]5 8,400 - 40R - 2,318,5fi4 2,31(ì 3,Xli. ,594 2, ]1;7,574 2.727.296 2, !1:J2, 641 3,3 IO,54.> .').'>S.13f. 536,632 ï08,58 6ð:J,6&5 385,&H - - 1. 228, 942 1,746,99 ;;.02!J,116 - - 368.330 338,699 5.')2,430 - - - 180,2!iR 3,816,530 - - - 43,131 401 ,978 6,i21.i>R.') 6,i3,'>,52b 8,]02.751 5, ]85,3i8 5,105,05U 9iO,2U7 1. 456, 71ID 2,208,403 1,2]3,330 646,447 - - ..6.3..9. -193 -I3.9ìi.41U n... 962, 9.")0 32,0,)1,4.)8 -IX. 206,;;8:1 8.269.8.... lU. 2,.S. 53. 31,6U5, 7,218.!i-l5 ..,;;-IS,931 -- - 17i , 443 87,744 24,122 ]i6,326 3,609,156 2,'> , 739 22,96i 8,69i 40.179 1ì3S,i07 2,449,4!J7 1,368,49i 2,,')94,40:: 1,818,988 3,215,426 :J.'>I,293 31!J,5tib .')211,0.')0 :J95,593 ;;08, 72:J .')68,636 J74,5i4 390, 640 1,580,005 690 , 851i 104,4!J4 44 ,59i 94,920 322,754 ] 10,551 - :J.19.i.576 l,C.10,!H.i 3,009.16-1 3..i7.i...n9 7,515.4:11\ "-'..;;21' 381.132 6.12.66, 1..1"..')26 I, 2.it. 9lil 1.134,206 i90.ool 4,32S, !J6 444,299 i14,244 i3.097 III,5R9 4i.914 11,]6-1 44,147 120.045 12.'),31>8 I .J,4IiS 301 ,28!i 298,908 - 1.32i.:US 93.'i.11-I ....')bO.21 1i 7,')11,7"8 1,0..1.%99 - - -- - - - -- Ii:?.?, i25 8fì,272 1,400,.'),,>3 71i9 , 544 392,420 I.j.;. 143 26,044 64h.912 :1:?7,19i 144,536 - 44,213 200 49.533 770 - 14. ]31 110 2 1 ),44;'; ].'>;) lh. S lb. S lb. S lb. S lb. I lb. S lb. S lb. S lb. S lh. i lb. I lh. , Ih. S lh. I lb. t lh. J lb. S lb. S lb. s S I S lh. I lb. EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 575 27.-Quantities and Values of ."-nimal and Agricultural Products } t:ported from the United states to Principal Countries for the )'ear ended June 30 t 1911tand for the calendar years 1918t 1919t 19 O and 19 1-con. June 30. December 31. Export by Countrieb. 1919. 1920. 1917. 1918. 1921. Sausages, canned-concIudC'd lb. 2,666,041: 2,267,50ü 120,061 4:U !;(j lTnited h.ingdom... 1,.516,OO $ a5S,9ìl 719,574 740,076 39,134 12,iï3 Cuba. lb. 3,0.'>2,051 2.419,94i 2,437,961 4,200,420 1.061,475 $ .ï49,80ð 686,926 662,910 1,295,69t, 406,565 Ot her countries lb. 1,104,161 1,1:33,124 2.0h: ,llt 2,018,733 1,057,540 251 ,603 370,.'i24 711, !J36 656,20!J 3.10,473 G; 9 -1, 9.)' - 6,3-19,60,1 S,19 S.: :Uì - Total lb. 7 ,1,'}8, 291 2, ,'i5G,1J91 :õ; 1.:n6.:W I,SIì,19 2,;61,9-11 2,:U-I,68-1 S7-1,.)02 - - --- - - - ..,a usage, all fit hpr- - 1,784.024 Belgium. ......... II,. -- - 611,910 923,Jh2 .... - - 737,628 214,55L 250,67S France.. _ Ih. 5,78.ï,9(). :J.ôI9,171 7,744,982 4,743,643 2 ,.'i43 ,603 " 1, 6 ,'> ..1 4 1,:324,06t. 3,468,765 1,969,40;; 1I17,074 Canada. . lb. 5h9.115 240,86í 3:J2 , 856 272, 634 35:3,097 ;:, 145.1': 5 87,70i 133,052 97,86i 109,840 Cuba....... lb. \J}'4.7 4 1,46&,584 1,21!J,I54 2,959,714 1,371,66b $ 210 .4:W 491,04 475,983 1,178,823 501,478 Other countrieR. Ih. 1. ìï4, 72i 702 , 73 2,808,219 1,!J21,194 1,160,581 399,821 222 ,555 1,096,422 726,92f. 2,116,242 - --- ---- 'rota!. .. .. Ih. 9.13-1,471 6,029,3,'}-I 13,11/\9,285 10, ,)09, 695 6,3.)2,131 g 2,-Ul,ãl() 2,125.3;3 ã,911,856 4,187,ã'H 2,116,242 -- - - - :-;ausage casingR- lb. 1,177,li4 Belgium.. . - 921,597 1,410,020 - - 213,800 132,68h 232,581 Canaùa. Ih. :HO.06i .'\47,n4 1,262,494 300,528 264,015 " 1\10 .:!l i .372,21'4 450,205 223,271 155,664 :-;witzerland. Ih. - 85,704 630,394 141,833 123,716 $ - 79,023 203,894 42,293 22,184 Denmark. Ih. 14,960 - 2,195,758 972 , 360 293,308 $ 2,992 - 257,983 154,108 74,155 France.. . Ih. UJ93,491 2h8,503 1,503,512 1,172,235 1,568,441 $ .3.'íï.465 121,226 505,763 238,688 221,283 Uermany. Ih. - - 4,484,lí3 8,462,441 16,011,279 S - - 506,125 953,852 1,999,444 "ct her land" Ih. 2,695 - 5,641,052 4,566,985 2,547,333 $ 1.29] - 6.'í9,067 423,80:: 301,453 pain. lb. 1 ,605,-l: 5 ï04,830 2,410,091 2,325,917 2,:386,917 .;: 249,S18 284,929 452,898 479,28ï 387,464 Swedl'n lb. 27,,'í()(J - 912,238 603,118 605,507 S 4,74': - 93,059 81,055 79,645 l"nited Kingdom.. Ih. ,')\10,871 l,040,29G 3,396,378 2,489,453 3,293,468 $ 194,768 943,714 2,821,196 1,669,582 1,793,119 Au...tralia .. lb. R12,09f. 605,.'i93 314,820 1,026,690 1,114,147 S :31 1, 170 :Jï3,4.'í6 267,091 697,801 570,970 Xew Zealand................ lb. 279.388 186,783 141,889 569,813 234,732 S 119,898 124,092 135,481 363,661 137,291 Other countries........ . . . . . . " . Ih. 451,555 277, 894 407, 055 1,685,217 1,668,304 $ 109,495 110,946 243,273 400,847 268,805 Total. . .. . .. . " . . . . . " . . . . . . Ih. 6,118,060 4,037,391 25,477,028 25,2.18,187 31,521,187 S 1, 7-tl, 959 2,611,6!'J0 6,809,834 5,860,935 6,243,992 Stea.rine from animal fats- Belgium.. . . . ................ Ih. - - 2.111,081 509,623 680,174 S - - 278,537 83,159 51,800 Denmark........ . .,. Ih. 568.202 - 1,413,474 155,412 1,:-169,176 $ 8\1,614 - 287,634 30,410 127,932 France... . .. lb. 1,549,911 63,791 3,007,986 320,600 4,677,018 S 215.817 13,893 54.0,50i 52, 720 518,562 etherlands... . ......... Ih. 77,571 - 3,197,373 2,366,512 7,375,330 S 9,622 - 612,331 546, 692 704,770 1 nited Kingdom... lb. 1. 755. 909 866,448 3,907,895 1, -110, 672 3,718.774 $ 242,192 173,048 810,694 257,103 340,952 f'anaùa. ........ lb. 2,349,021 2,917,406 1,020,773 3,500,969 2,729,800 S 31i .582 ,'í42,470 209,825 573,288 224,225 Cubn. .... .., ....-........... -" lb. 1. G39, 684 1. 766,199 1,213,865 2,131,584 876,419 S 241,lI0 :380.00.'i 254,002 420,90j' 102, 707 576 TRADE AND COAfMERCE 27.-Quantities and Values of AnImal and Agricultural Products Exported from the rnlted states to Principal Countries for the year ended .Iune 30, 1917, and for the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. Exports by Countries. June 30. 1917. 1918. December 31. 1919. 1920. 1921. 8tearine from animal lata-concluded. Otbercountries................... lb. 4.996.059 4.936,397 4.982,277 6.117.576 11.269.733 S 682.380 1.181.744 1,177,621 1,523,299 1.193,332 Total....................... lb. 1%,936,357 10,550,%-11 %0,85-1,72-1 17,512,978 32,696,424 S 1,79 ,317 ,29I,I'0 4,171,151 3,487,578 3,%5-1,%80 All other meat products. canned- Belgium...................... S France. .............. ............ S Italy............................. S United Kingdom................. S Canada................... ........ S Other countries..... . . . .. .. . . ., . . . S S Total ... . All other meat product.,,- France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Italy............................. S United Kingdom................. S Canada. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . S Panama. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . S Relgium. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . S Denmark.......--.... ......... S Germany.. . .. . . .. ....., _ . . . . . . . S Gibraltar........ . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . S Netherlands...................... S Sweden. .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . S Other countries..... . . . . . . .. . .... . S Total......... . . . . S Butter- United Kingdom.. ...... lb. S Bermuda......... ...... ......... lb. S Canada........................... lb. S Panama... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lb. S Hayti.................. ......... lb. S lb. S Netherlands...................... lb. S Belgium........ . . . . .. . .... ... . . . lb. S Denmark.............. ........... 10. S France.................. _........ lb. $ Norway....................... .. lb. S Italy........... ....... ...... ..... lb. S Othcr countries................... lb. S Total.......... ............ lb. S Menco.. . . . . . . . . . . . Cheese- UlUted Kingdom............. ... lb. S Canada............ . ... .. . . . ... ... lb. S Panama.......... .... ....... ..... lb. S Cuba. . .., . . . . . . . .. ........... .. lb. S 691,438 58,370 2.531,862 399,203 639.779 4,3 0,6å% 197,287 35.C81 2.124.183 702,151 74,188 762, 852 3,960,572 20.839,583 6.075,608 325. 829 M2,602 1.323,653 425,314 573,580 21-1,683 443,430 105,660 558,369 208,254 88, 802 39.129 21,000 5,000 2.606 1.202 2.658,240 931.718 ZC,833,092 8,7-19,170 55,399,101 12.820.197 6.247,702 1.309.194 350.837 79, 822 1.406.606 357.204 17.265 1,531,396 2,943.356 3,557,096 112,137 658,746 8,819,994; 1,432.273 313,274 3.455,205 388,410 60.707 10,166 7,365 51. 306 6.159 1,283.657 578.720 1.944.271 1,118,294 7.729,010 187.920 1.392.454 12,950,669 1. 598. 498 1.410,235 4.104.343 526,8lí 126.500 385.749 221.668 218,764 399.903 424.472 981,1U 1,244,522 1,913,692 ll,6U,612 22.250.115 9,105,373 144.626 60,259 12,518 5.110 422.334 216.156 423,530 140.308 313,615 166.501 79.948 41.070 4.824 2.787 57. í77 28.481 2,445,128 1.075.108 40.000 27.800 21,8lí.613 10,682.229 52,693 27,543 274,893 16C, 802 471.812 284.589 364,410 153.737 429.608 273.205 481,538 250.492 2.856,293 1. 481. 416 1.033.096 505.546 778, 154 437,940 1.367.9S2 629.119 1.075,128 569.918 3,553.265 2.047.910 %6.19-1,415 3-1,556, iS5 10,8i8,W 17,504,<<6 38,967.953 8.815.236 247.127 71.310 289.682 96.679 3,121.445 964,198 585.823 163.578 282,958 125,154 173,309 59.843 2,348.575 814,423 16.684 24,002 1.616 4.628.383 135.089 1.674.502 1,480.%71 241.126 49,917 1, 999, 281 517.448 112.165 40,701 408,814 1.211.024 42,702 1,152.364 35,967 1.358,080 7,169.589 3.898,845 2.175,922 48, 137 28,357 855.150 505,443 565.274 355.919 552.700 216,427 798.596 555.124 319,666 179.878 6.214.778 3.030,979 2.558 835 701.042 413.223 450 225 220,650 152.252 4.309.889 2.527.819 17,4R7,735 10,1-12,403 5.233,407 1.138,132 841.647 296,448 316.405 102,096 2.875.070 1.006,199 18.464 27.427 353 3,683.944 119.397 1. 158, 715 5.008,300 32.248 26.813 2,297.173 196.171 120,600 59,574 108,310 855.850 12.702 506.431 37.999 797.203 5,081,1174 65,168 24,757 75.411 35, 825 1. 907 .184 679.675 713,978 315,598 429,005 135,179 1.121.874 572,469 (31) 215 514 306 3,701,164 1.505.585 8.61-1,737 3.%69,609 3,492.751 629.392 1.866.413 3M,291 399.023 100.936 1. 562.264 489.831 EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 577 27.-Quantitles and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Et:ported from the United States to Principal Countries for the year ended June 30,1917, and for the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-con. Exports by Countries. Cheese-conduded. BelgIum.......................... lb. $ Denmark..... .................... lb. S France...... .................... _ lb. I orway........ .. ............ lb. S Sweden........................... lb. $ .!\Iexico.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lb. S Other countries................... lb. S Total. .. .. . .., . . .. " ....... lb. S Milk, condensed and evaporated 1 - Canada........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Austria-Hungary... ............... Germany....... .. . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . Gibraltar........ . . .. . . .... . . .. . . . Italy.... .. . . .... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . Norway.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weden....................... ..... Switzprland..................... . British India..................... Straits Settlements........ .... . . . Belgium. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China........................... . France. . .. . . . . . . . . . . " . . .. .. ... .. Netherlands.................. .. Cnited Kingdom................. Panama......................... . )[exico. . . . Cuba..... . Hong Kong. Japan. Philippine Islands........ . . . . . . . . . Poland and Danzig.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ot hpr countries. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . " _. Milk, all other, including cream, total.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Includes "powdered" prior to 1920. fì2373-37 June 30. December 31. 1917. 1918. 1919. 203,426 64..133 1.197,176 446,562 1,206,852 415,318 639,407 306, t52 3,291,055 1. 24 J. 56í 1,406,371 586,525 !H 8,521 44,351 2,109,Oí4 846,104 U,459,721 5,349,517 4,136 1,018 45,821 9,513 15,484 3,953 802,876 217,070 1,777,450 442,062 66,050,013 15,210,033 1. 847,880 494,307 15,195 4,131 539 191 858,444 293,712 2,852,981 931,369 48,404,672 11,735,266 1920. 571.287 197,606 149,658 43,798 18,862 6,173 535, 645 201.005 1,427.874 451.305 1,181.528 401,126 3,140,146 1,201,365 1921. 118,601 35,957 119,344 21,922 87, 366 23,293 51,950 13,081 558.508 109,170 1, 567,852 386,689 1,947,899 552,696 16,291,529 11,771,971 5,05,1,%53 2,716,2.'iS lb. 1,318,033 11,34.0,919 4,578,983 2,213,827 110,610 $ 128,942 1,567,823 661,453 375,158 14,259 lb. - - 10,444,819 1,023,700 2 35,009 2 S - - 1,416,445 189,106 2 6,500 lb. - - 13,068,494 28,582,257 56,420,778 S - - 1, 953,491 4,376,538 5,790,318 lb. 929,583 9,552,897 39,467,731 2,113,256 878.594 S 112,895 1,144,234 5,130,223 324,708 155,068 lb. 390,788 26,557,402 10,475,590 4,130,643 264,439 S 39,647 4,038,680 1,526,549 503,350 30,331 lb. 108 530 8,625,216 1,126,561 117,000 S 12 66 1,068,596 126,375 9,740 lb. - 1,654 10.233,562 312,442 92,600 S - 249 1,667,264 51. 086 8,725 lb. 92,000 91,945 18,746,372 1,459,444 - S 10,950 13,253 2,408,537 224,084 - lb. 7,049,194 34,371,600 10,130,675 12,491,128 2,871,798 S 587,150 4,808,363 1,212,213 1,749,532 406,843 lb. 5,425,284 5,863,190 6,444,295 8,723,888 4,002,848 S 631.972 947,741 908,881 1,325,129 490,543 lb. 25,153,971 45,504,596 61,596,636 17,943,347 8,548,819 S 1,847,909 6,353,820 9,329,764 2,801,296 908,029 lb. 4,495,800 2,369,049 5,555,679 4,481,405 4,697,148 S 497,663 393,485 800,455 721,887 703,908 lb. 30,263,356 40,942,488 114,818,165 58,833,303 19,028,047 S 3,580,696 5,075,594 16,903,612 8,048,370 1,956,564 lb. 12,850,724 - 11,821,267 5.623,693 4,411,426 S 1,258,169 - 1,853,052 872,145 535,710 lb. 91,330,504 268,879,340 420,928,450 123,528,070 72,108,109 S 8,096,387 33,338,459 59,849,249 20,414,760 8,641,425 lb. 6,497,772 2,443,751 3,599,564 4,488,260 5,052,983 , 698,625 328,054 511,248 663,866 638,535 lb. 4,526,742 4,142,818 2,916,455 7,982,170 6,322,028 S 531,981 606,804 436,636 1,202,959 891,391 lb. 30,723,758 31,759,473 33,461,993 50,430,447 33,260,051 , 3,164,657 4,893,689 4,899,391 8,146,3:33 5,886,684 lb. 5,801,270 4,937,745 2,269,288 3,304,846 3,459,849 S 576,708 866,856 333,906 528,108 593,876 lb. 4,221,372 3,735,838 4,123,127 5,048,340 5,06::!,!H6 $ 472,271 634,137 647,936 837,604 969,691 lb. 7,729.034 8,039,055 14,085,937 12,463,085 11,586,318 S 692,169 1.102,047 1,892,725 1,773,712 1,802,547 lb. - - - 17,604.055 27,538,768 S - - - 2,863,203 2,735,774 lb. 20,341,938 50,605,464 45,443,116 37,139,815 23,853,682 S 2,207,838 6,711,543 6,481,721 5,756,957 3,064,940 lb. 259,141,231 551,139,751 852,865,414 411,077,982 289,72-1,828 S 25,136,6n 12,82-1,897 121,893,331 64,239,266 36,2-11,36-1 S 253,629 ;;28.607 I. 729,RR4 1,3S1,3RO 1,91S,5Ioii 2 Au...tria only. .j,b fR.1DE .is/) COJIMEllCE 2ì.-Quantiti('s and \ aim's of .\nimal and "- ric.'ulturall.rodu('ts t:'I)orh'd from th(' "nUed statf'S to Priru'il)al ('ountri('s for the )ear ended June 30, 191i, and for thp ('alendar )"ears 1915, 1919, 19 O and 1921-con. ! ; port:. h ('ountri{' . (111 cake and oil-cake mt'al, lin::-l'ed and flax"E'ed 1_ ( 'an'1da Xor\\ay . (;erJllany. S\\ edt'n Belgium. . D("nmark Franet'. X ethelland rnitcd T"in dolll " Otht'r countlic... Tlltal :-,,'t'd..., t!;ra..,. do\ CI"- I" nit{'(1 !"inj!:.lolll... Ib $ J )l'ßlllark II. Canadn lb. i Other counlne"! I . I Tlltal Ih'l !' ;-;...{'.I... gra..,-til1loth IL.I ])l'nlll.lrk $ :\"or\\ay Ih l nitcd Kinj!:Jolll Ih $ ("an:lIla. lb. S ( It IIPI" countrief' lb. 'It Tilt al .. Ih. S ( It hl'r gJ a..!- "l'Cd...- rnited I\:ing(lolll lb. i ( 'anada. lb. S 01 ht'1" ('ountries lb. S rllt al lb. S June 30. 1917. Ih. $ lb. S Ih. S Ih $ lb. $ Ih. I lb. , lb. S lb. $ Ib $ I .I 6,.UH,:!6!J 125,74!1 8,8 . 4 1,., a.3 In, 500 I. 01 1 1:30. -t:II. (Iii) 2.:352, 95 4. 40 . 251 2g . !, 1:: ' 5,5!I6.874' Rfi,-t00, 787 1 1,737,283 7.477,4331 167,676 1 .):31i. .: 9.1 10. t......I. -I 1918 29, .í!!7. 7:16 ';(F!. H!I 30,797,281 7li9,258 DccPIII bpr 31 1919. 1920 1!12] 2, Hi", !12 I .3!I:I.77:3 1 5:i4, !I]:3 101,855 1, 918. 005 :i6i1. 772 1 1. 2b5,054 2:3".115 1 .>>.""6.N93 1.!19 .:'1')1 -t,!i!l7,3-t4 3.372, ]25 7, 2411.'H6 U5, 992 100,953 140, 99!1 1,000 45 16 -6" ')'3(; :t!,H7",887 'S16:50U 861,205 20. 24!1. 2:3() 55!1,!!I:! RO.6 2.811 25,\l0-t,744 120.571,354 2,876.241i 865.223 2,532,949 46.0 :3,67 42,1:35,:3:J7 1. 589, 583 1, 6:!6. t55 26:3,503 4,9-t5,!i/N I 5,951 111,08-t lO-t,(iU, 21\8 !IS,ls ,:316 336,577,625 :J,8:J.!.858 3,26û.190 7. 7.'J1 , 701; I:U22.:;81 R4.6ì8.811 'Ùi:ï46 360.27:3 :I1,81!1 .?, 712, 7:35 I!lO, 255 13,721.84:\ !l15,OJ:! 1.66-1,362 126,380 'aR.!lOU I 2!I,54!1 3!H,760 -t:3, 240 U:f. : 1. g : 11 HIIi.II!'1 6,280,498 6'iû, .J2 ü:J8, 271 4:IO,ln l 421,265 J-t, 189 53, :iß2 --- 1,..1:19,913 1ì.:'Iô-l.3NI I:S.:Slb.3:'x 13.:'22.13-1 19.9111.9-1:. - - ..,. "" r-----...... ",I I. 133. m --':-.... '.':r "" I, 159,9 '" R!lr),771 1,856,22R 1,178,2-t6 1 1,lOt,:!55 12R,079 225,:301 299,7.')0 24:3,251 2-t8,251 2,2"2,433 1,-I I!,335 1,.i67,318 l':J22'426 1 2,626,4:32 1!14,148 18.'i,385 207,2-t2 209,-I!l4 270,2011 2, 2.!.3, 6:!tJ .')73,087 1,016,!JU 1,751.480 1.-140,872 378,874 132,018 210,110 360,056 325,790 5.6fi6.0i 1 2.9,,) .19: - -I.-I-III.-I !, 1 t .2;):=.1:' 1 ;;.171.;)63 701.101 'i1 .7011 ;17.111 , "12. UI. slI.2.)1I EXPURTS OF THE US/TED 51' ATES 57g 27.- Quantitit's and \-Talut's of Animal and Agricultural Products E\.ported from the l'nited States to Principal Countries for the )'ear ended June 30,1917, and for the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921-concludeù. E'\;por(..,; b ' C'ountrit's. I)otatoe:-;- Canada. ...... Panama...... Iex.ico.... . ('uba. . . .. . . . . Argentina. Brazil. ()ther ,'ountJ'ie:, Total \ egetaLle", canned- France ...... L'nitcd Kingdom Canada . Panama ('uba. .\ustralia .. . . . . . . . Philippine J"lands Otlll''' ('ountrie., Total \ l.g..tab!l''' - Bean" ami d..ied pea" Bl')gium. Fran('e (]iumltar Italy j\; o..way. "..t h('rland" l ni't'tl Kingtlolll Cam.\lla. Cuba ( :"rlllan ' Poland and Danzig I 't hm' count ..il...., Total li2373-371 .bu,,\r bush $ bu:-;\r " .bu:,h. $ bush. $ huo;h. " .bush. :Ii . bush. $ . .uush. $ .hush. \; hush. i hush. I .bUSh. \ $ June 30. . bush. " uu::.h. S ..bush. S . bush. $ bush. $ hush. $ hush. S D('('en.uer 31. . IQI8. 1919. 1920. 1921. i81,574 610,622 856,430 453,614- 'iß6.915 885,550 1,708,439 469,:391 76,287 60,647 77, 247 154,704 122,819 IlH,099 2:35,498 222, 656 352,274 315,523 287,191 294,811 453,441 -170,143 551,4:36 347,934 2,:396,550 2,325,097 2,679,684 2,391,5i6 4,113,877 4,394,344 i,I51,772 3,396,559, 2,970 2,200 1.108 12 5. i4n 5.000 2,:165 21 10,991 2:38, 72;3 7,Oil 1,0:34 21, S6S 53,409 19,577 1,25:1- 2:!2,5:38 ;304,510 244.834 154,087 349,689 547 , 658 530,841 282, 549- -- -- --- 3,1I,)'1.18ì :1. 6-1 ,3% -I,U:J,51i5 :1, 199, s.'I 191'i, :i74,190 tiln.648 I.'i4, 268 2!).1.946 179.7:31 :1:!5, 423 1,278,148 1. H15, 70S 6,750 I:!. 475 W.789 125. :32!1 t ; . -189, 001 :1.51-1,:179 5.S34.3-19 hush. 51,523 (j '3"4 .H " 1. 6ti 7 . 265 3: 46'Ú95 1.211,766 8!16.2Il 228,8-15 5:3, 821 1 -I24,B3 217,511 106. 5: ::!S4,693 1O).9H / 1'i-l,4U! ìJ,!1I7 1.0:34, 588 1 I. "'. "'1 "'" "'''1 : 4ti. ïli6 I. .i.!l. 854 I ' 1,418.:!7-I \I. 01:3, 2 )J 1:3,750 280, !l4 71. ]61 l.Ii:36.781 -II. 20.í H2,6ì6 -I!JI,195 .3,369 :12,643 :,. $ :5 i\ li6,7S; 2!H, 2-11 2-16.9211 1 1,I78,65ï :3:Jl,8SfJ 1,509,394 :i31,972 'J !J'}6 035 -, 4.50: 603 2.186,218 Ij .27ï 421,:317 57,859 :U9,910 534.S21 3, 0: 5, ;{(j5 176,295 169,316 839, 662 934,027 ,164,91:1 ,i2I,:Jflfi 10..t!7,7U 15.915.73-1 6,,1ì5,20:1' 10,199,9 S .t. 7 O,3G:t 8:18.600 .'i.-I-I 1,395 l, 713,022 111,829 1,024,80-1 107, 7:36 217,6::!4 1,892,381 15,579 680,585 1,566,330 139,394 1,385,549 247,494 :320,063 1,985,365 11,3.,}5,391 6,3-111,359 242,7!lti 1,:309. ï781 1.055,506 5. 97:J,:H(j 199,801 1. 126. 4S'i ]66,3113 1,714 !J57,li9:3 9,67:J 86,086 17,263 425,280 91,916 8,008 57, II6 25,244 202,836 I, :i7:l, 241 40,80:3 / 8,-I5-l,5::!9 319,7:l3 6 . il11 99.438 3:36.762 -109,7S5 .Hl,758 915,919 2, -11-1, 582 -1,398,648 23,305 298,010 8R,2 fi l'ig : 1 1.:318.476 :\11.'1,913 19],122 1,518.2:;1 905,274 -- -- -I.,m.5 (i .060..u41 2!.1i3f1,2-1H, 9,OH;,7 9j :31,0-15- 546,342 I, 098, 80: 125,4360 36:J,774 108, 69 96, 96 1.060,139 3,42S.193 20,528 8:!,672 17,844 H6,092 58:J 1,400 2.0:H 10,917 650 2, 04-1 II,339 -10,839 17 50 R, 7ìU 170,752 58,948 105, 69 } 13-1,51S 3,li48,937 Wi,I72 226, i65 1911,935 418,01:3 1110,39: 656,591 1,53-1,36/'0 5,3S .OO. 5 O TRADE AND COJIJIERCE II.-e TERNAL TRADE. I.-Interprovincial Trade. .-\. monthly traffic report of the railways of Canada is published try the Trans- portation Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, showing for each province and for the Dominion as a whole, the total revenue freight traffic of all railways, divided into 70 classes of commodities. The data also show the quantity of each class that originated and terminated in each province. The reports are of use in computing the imports and exports of each province for each of the 70 classes of commodities. For example, if the total wheat unloaded in Alberta during 1922, as shown in Table 28, is deducted from the loaded wheat the remainder of 1,620,013 tons represents the net exports of wheat from Alberta for the year 1922. The comparative figure for 1921 was 1,258,568 tons. Similarly, the net exports of wheat from Saskat-che\\an in 1922 were 5,441,942 tons as compared with 3,759,257 tons in 1921. These statistics show rail traffic only, a limitation which should be borne in mind in connection with the trade of province!' favoured with facilities for water transportation. Statements.similar to that of wheat (Table 28) may thus be compiled for any of the 70 commodities for which statistics are called ed, !'howing the interprovincial trade by rail in such commodities. 28.-Rallway Traffic l\lowrnent of ""('at in ('anada and its Prminces, III tons. for the calendar ).cars 1921 and 1922. Originating in Canada or specified pro\ ince. Received for foreign connections. Total freight carried. Provinces. 1921. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1921. 19 2. Prince Edward Island.._ ova Scotia.. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . :'oi'ew Brunswick............. Quebec. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manitoba... .'. Saskatche\\an. __........ . Alberta... . . _ . .. ........... British Columbia. _. . .. .. 239 198 181 52,887 2,636,044 1,297,584 4,248,659 1,539,449 13,078 132 85 37b 19,541 2,951,098 1,900,618 5,676,441 2,032,329 6,889 2,050 287,180 358 1.875 231,016 404 121 2,670 2,154 2.18,2.0 239 198 181 54,937 2,923,224 1,297,942 4,248,659 1,539,479 15,599 132 85 376 21,416 3,182,114 1,901,022 5,676,562 2,034,999 9,043 30 2,521 Canada. . . . . . . .. . . . 9, ;::1::1,319 12,587,50' !92.1:19 I 10,OðO,GS 12,823,; .It Terminating in Canada Th.liwrl'd to fùn'ign Total fr('iJ/:t.t or specifiNI provincl'. connection.... terminating Provinces. 1921. 1922. J\l21. 1922. 1921. 1922. -- Prince Edward Island.. . 502 683 502 6"3 !'\ova Scotia... . . .. ......... 1, 02:1 1,443 709 1. 732 l,4.r Xew BruJ1b\\ick.... 497 470 232,016 216,401 232,513 216,1\71 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . 394,418 538,127 1,067,6!18 1,108,779 1,4ti2,116 1,646,90fi Ontario ... 6,557,530 8,572,870 416,956 378,O : 6,P74,4h6 H. 950, 903 Manitoha.. . 5 :!,519 548,055 103,610 52,064 1\1\6,129 601, 1l!J Saskatchewan. . . _. 345,244 233,637 144,158 983 4"\1,402 234,620 Alberta. . ... . . . . 244.500 414.953 36,402 33 2S0,911 414,986 British Columbia. 67,-194 187,717 33,174 258,253 100,668 445,970 Canada. ð, J9:1. ;36 10, .97,95;) 2,03.,72.3 2,015,541 10,22 ,.59 n.513, :;11 GRA.IN TRADE STATISTICS 581 2.-Grain Trade Statistics. Tables 29 to 33 give the principal statistics relating to the storage, inspection, grading and shipment of Canadian grain, the trade in which is regulated by the Dominion Government under The Canada Grain Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 27)1. Prob- ably no country in the world possesses a system for the sale and shipment of its grain products so complete and elaborate as is that of Canada. In this system the grain elevator plays an important part. Few grain growers, especially in the prairie provinces, havc anything like adequate storage facilities, and the grain, as produced, is moved through a series of public elevators and warehouses, as well as over loading platforms, until finally placed in the holds of ocean-going vessels. For the calendar year ended December, 1923, the total storage capacity of the 4,020 grain elevators and warehouses in Canada was 238,107,420 bushels, these figures being comparable with a total of 523 elevators and warehouses having a capacity of 18,329,352 bushels in 1901. Shipment of Canadian Crain.-For the purposes of grain shipmcnt the country is divided into the eastern and western inspection divisions, the western division including Fort 'Villiam and Port Arthur and all territory west thereof. Elevators were introduced shortly after the year 1880. They were designed to take advantage of the flowing property of grain in bulk, and their equipment enabled the grain to be handled much more easily than was possible with the primitive ware- house. They have grown rapidly in number, whilst the old flat warehouse has- practically disappeared. Dissatisfaction with the elevators on the part of farmers- resulted in the introduction of what are called "loading platforms." The loading' platform is a wooden structure on a siding on to which a farmer can drive his team and from which he can shovel the grain into the car. There are now in existence- some 1,934 loading platforms, distributed al:; follows: Manitoba, 580; Saskatchewan, 881; Alberta, 466; and British Columbia, 7. They have a loading capacity of 4,539 cars simultaneously, and during the crop year ended August 31, 1922,20,554,-- 247 bushels of grain were handled over these platforms. Grain Elevators.-As a general rule the elevators are owned and operated by commercial companies or farmers' co-operative companies. 'When the farmer takes his grain to an elevator he can either sell the grain to the operator, in which case it is called U street grain," or he can hire a bin in the elevator to keep his grain distinct from all other grain, in which case it is called" special binned grain," or he can store it with other grain of the same grade. If he stores the grain either in a special or general bin, he arranges with the railway company for a car, and the elevator loads the grain into the car to his order. 'Vhen the grain is loaded he can either sell it on the spot as track grain, or send it forward consigned on commission. The farmer hauls the grain unsacked, and bulk handling is universal. Under the Canada Grain Act, the Dominion Government has power itself to erect and operate terminal grain elevators. One such elevator is in operation at Port Arthur, and four other government elevators are in operation at Moose Jaw, Saskatoon, Calgary and Vancouver. There are six different kinds of elevators defined in the Grain Act, viz., (1)> U country elevators," situated at railway stations and receiving grain for storage before inspection; (2) "public elevators," which receive grain for storage from the western inspection division after inspection; (3)" eastern elevators," for the storage after inspection of eastern grown grain; (4) U terminal elevators," which receive 1 See Canada Year Book, 1912 J: .450. !is:! THADE .LVD COUUERCE or ship grain at points declared to be terminal; (5) U private terminal or hospital -elevators," used for cleaning or other E'pe('ial treatment of rejected or damaged 'grain; under regulations governing :,.amplc marketR all grain received into such clevatorR must bc their own property, though the o"ner or owners of grain may -contract for the handling or mixing of grain in sUf'h elevators; and (6) It manu- la('turing elevators," uRed or operated as part of any plant engaged in the manu- facturc of grain products in the "e:,;tern in: or wild oats, or that from any other cause ic; unfit to be classed under any of the recognized gradcf'. II COlli mercia I grade" means grain which, becau e of climatic or other (.ouditions, cannot be included in the grades provided for in the Act. More particularly it means that the grain of one year may vary from that of the preceding year, find that a proportion of it can- not be dealt \\ ith under the grades laid down in the Act, and mur:.t be providcd for by grades defined by the Standards Board, appointed under sef'tions 48 to 51 of the Act. U Statutory grades" means grain of the highest grades fiS defined hy Parliament, in t he Grain \ct. Th('re are four of thesc grade for :\1anitoba GRAIN I.VSPECTIOlv ASD GRADIXG 583 spring wheat, three each for Alberta red and white winter wheat and two for Alberta mixed winter wheat. There are also statutory definitions of the highest grades of oats, barley, rye and flaxr"eed. Thus the statutory definitions can only be changed by Parliament; they do not vary with the crop, but are constant. The Commercial grades, on the other hand, are fixed by the Standards Board, and may vary from year to year. The Act defines four grades of western spring wheat, viz., Ko. 1 Hard, No.1 Korthern, No.2 Korthern and Xo. 3 Xorthern, whilst the Stand- ards Board has defined three additional grades, viz., 1\0.4 Xorthern, 1\0.5 Northern and No.6 Xorthern. But wheat of any of the six grades of Northern may fall under the general categories of "no grade," "condemned," or "rejected." Grain, as inspected and graded at Winnipeg, is received into the terminal elevators, but is again finally inspected and graded in bulk as it is loaded into the lake steamers. For this final gmding the grain is sampled at three place!', viz., in the tunnels as the grain flows from the storage bins to th(' working house, on the floor of the working house and on the steamer as it pours from t he shipping bin to the hold. Recent Developments.-The eOJl:-truction of the Panama Canal has neces- sitated the provision of elevator and in:-.pection facilities for grain to be sbipped by this route. To meet the new requirementf' it has been decided to erect at the Pacific coaf't transfer elevator il11ilar to t ho e at l\Iontrenl, Halifax find St. John, and at strategic points in tbe intPrior. te1minal elevators :-imilar to the elevators at Fort \Yilliam and Port Arthur. Elevators have }JPen erected at Moose Jaw, askatoon, Calgary and Yaueouver. The first two have been in operation since October, HH4, while the Calgary plevator commenced operations in September, 1915, and the Yancouver elevator in .\"ovcmber, 19113, These have a total storage capacity of 11,750,000 bushelf'. TIlf' l' ('levators bring the work of inspection some- what nearer to the grain-grO\\ing arca. In addition, they provide, for the first time in "Testern Canada, hospital apparatu:::i upon the grain field to treat damaged grain. Besides, they place in the hands of the producer a commercial document in the shape of a warehouse receipt to enable him to realize money on his product at the current rate of interest and di po:-e of it a:::i he sees fit. It was not intended that these elevators should take the plaee of the lake terminal elevators for grain shipped east, or that they could be very much utilized for east-going J!:rain during the period of navigation on the Great Lakes. They were built partly because of the necessity of providing for the Panama Canal route in a way that \\ould give a fair trial to the route \\ hich during the past year has become a large factor in carrying grain to Europe. The enormous quantity of grain gro\\ n in ". estel n Canada and the difficulty of shipping it all by the ea:-:tem route-a difficulty en- hanced by the shortness of the period of navigation and the long rail haul from the grain fields to the .Atlantic-constitute' conditions which haw' led to the hope that the Panama Canal will be an immense gain to the grain gro\\ ers of Alberta. Movement of Canadian Wheat, Crop Year, 1921-1922.-A 1'ésumé of the Canadian wheat movement naturally begins with a description of the pool fed chiefly by the crop of the western inspection divif:ion. The wheat crop of 19:!1, marketed in the western division during the crop year from September 1, 1921, to Aug. 31, 1922, amounted to 281.3 million bushels. Other acquisitions, including a carry-over from the previous crop year of 5.3 million bushels, brought the stock of the western pool to a total for the year of 286.8 million busheb. .As for distribu- tion, out of the 217.4 million bushels which \\ere commcrcially disposed of, the shipments to the eastern division of 86.7 million bushels and the direct eÅport to Great Britain of 75 million bushels were the chief items. The diref't eÅ-ports to the 584 TRADE AND CO-'fJfERCE United States were 15.8 million bushels and to other countries 18.7 million bushels. The total shipments from the 'Vestern pool were thus 19ß.2 million bushels. The all rail movement eastward from the \Vestern division, including shipments to the Ogilvie Flour Mills Co. at Fort 'Villi am for grindings, were 12.9 million bushels. Lake shipments from Fort 'Yilliam and Port Arthur were 175.6 million busnels, 73.6 million bushels going to Canadian ports and 102.0 million to United States ports. The shipments to Canadian ports represent an increase of 33 p.c. and to American ports an increa<:e of 50 p.c. over H)20-21. The principal Canadian Lake ports were Port l\IeNicol. with r('cpipts of Ii million hushd..;; hy watcr, Goderich, with receipts of 10 million bushels by water, and Port Colborne, with total receipts of 29.,5 million bushel , an inf'rpase of 11..) million bu:;heJs oyer the receipts during the previous crop year. Buffalo \\:1::; of chief importance among the United States Lake ports in the handling of Canadian wheat with receipts by water from Port Arthur and Fort ""illiam of 97 million bushels. The export of wheat through Vancouver, including a mall shipment to the United States, was 7.8 million bushels as compared with 0.5; million in the previous crop year. The wheat used by the milling companies of the 'Vestern division for the manu- facture of flour amounted to about 21.2 million bushels, of which 18.3 million bushels were ground into flour for domestic consumption. The seed requirements were estimated at 37.2 million bushels and the stocks at the end of the- crop year were more than double the carry-over at its commencement. The eastern pool received during the crop year not only the Eastern crop estimated at 19.6 million bushels, but also shipments from the ',"est aggregating 86.7 million bushels. The quantity on hand at the beginning of the crop year was 2.6 million bushels, making with a comparatively small importation from the United States, a total stock entering the eastern pool of 108.9 million bushels. The distribution included nearly 4 million bushels carried over in store into the following year, 28.1 million bushels exported from the St. Lawrence ports and 6.6 million bushels shipped through the winter port of St. John. In addition 14.1 million bushels were cleared for export to other countries via the United States Atlantic ports. The chief of these ports concerned with the movement of Canadian grain from both divisions were New York, with shipments of 39.7 million bushels, Philadelphia, with 28.1 million, and Portland, with 10.4 million. 1 Total cxports from Canada to the United States for consumption amounted to 15.9 million bushels, to the United Kingdom 112.3 million bushels, to other countries 30.3 million bushels: 42.6 million bushels wcre shipped via Canadian ports anù 100 million bu"hels were shipped by Uniteù States ports. Total exports of wheat from Canada during the crop year amounted to 158.5 million bushehs. Table 29 shows for the license years 1913 to 1923 the number of railway stations at which elevators are placed, the number of elevators and warehouses and their total storage capacity, the figures being given by provinces for the country elevators of the west, and by description of elevators for the rest of the country. Tables 30 and 31 give statistics of the inspection of grain for the fiscal years 1921, 1922 and 1923 and for 1914-23, and Tables 32 and 33 of the shipment of grain by vessel and rail for 1921 and 1922. Tables 34 and 35 deal \\ ith the Canadian grain handled in recent years at public elevators in the East. IFor further information see the Report on the Grain Trade of Canada issued by the Internal Trade Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. .38ü 'j'llA.DE _lSD COJIJIEUCE '!9. - 'Ilmher and Stora e ('al)adt) of ('anadian ( rain };It'\ators in tilt' Ji('('nse )t'ars 1913-19 3. (lIl'TRY ELE' \TOR8 I'" MA ITOBA. Years. Sta- Ele- Ware- tions. valor:;. houses. --- 1\"0. Xo. o. 1913.... ... 338 698 10 1914 . .. 346 689 6 1915.. .. 348 678 8 1910.... .., 348 6R2 6 1917..... ., 35:! 672 1918..... .. 366 690 Capacity. Year. t . v ; . :. Capacity. Bushel!'. No. No. Bushels. 22,926,300 23,024,500 22,073.600 22,159,100 21. 970,100 22.:'53,150 1911:1.. ... 2I.m/O,OO(l 1920.. "2,045,500, 1921.... . 22,113,0001' 1922...... 21. 250,000, 1923...... 21,825,00(11 371 379 380 386 385 1'0. 702 695 G92 701 G96 (,Ul1 T1n EIE\^TOI!R I" S\SK'l.TCHE\\ \N. 19 19 19 19 19 19 I 13...... . 513 1,246 6 36,503,000: 1919. . . .. . 753 2,160 - 67,331. G(i 11....... 647 1,465 5 42,9\15,0001 1920..... . 7,j3 2,165 - 68.058,4i 15...... . 653 1,619 5 48,071,500 1921..... . 767 2,184 - 68.867,02 lü.... 710 1,782 1 52,943,0011 1922.. . . . . 782 2,224 - iO.181.32 17 ..... 732 1,945 - 58,625,000: 1923. 797 2,304 - 72,542,32 18 .. 752 2.117 - 64,384,2011 I, 4 o o o o (OLXTRl EI.E\ \TOI(8 1:00 \LBERT.\. 913... . .. 168 321 19 U: :t I 1919..... . 314 8.30 - 32,148,000 914. .... 195 397 11 1!J20..... . 3:U 85:1 - 33,462,000 915. . 219 44!J 14 16,089,oon' 19:'1..... . 350 897 - 35,716,000 916. . 249 525 11 18,807,000 1922..... . 357 jJ5 - 36.0112,000 917. .. .,. 285 670 - 23,106.000 1923. 3iO !J36 - 36.854,000 918 . 304 808 - 28. 8,J:J, 000 /I lOLlo.TH\ ELE\ATOl< IJI, BRlTlbH COLl \lBlA. I 913. ... 6 7 2 562,000 1919... . 8 13 - 613,00 914..... .. 6 7 2 562,0011 1920. . 7 13 - 561,00 915. . . . ... 5 7 1 440.0110 1921. . 7 12 - 517,00 1116..... .. 5 6 1 459,00 1922..... 7 12 - .'HI,OO 917..... .. 6 9 - 527,00 1923.. . . .. 5 12 - 511,01 918..... .. 6 10 - 548' 1 o o o o )() "IOT-\L"ì UF COUNTRY ELE\ATons. 1913..... .. 1,025 2,272 37 70,883,650 1919...... 1,446 3,705 - 123,018,96 1914..... .. 1. 194 2,558 24 "'.010.1 1920 .... 1,473 3,726 - 125.105,97 1915... . . . 1,225 2,753 28 86,G 9,OOO 1921...... 1. 504 3,785 - 127,173,62 1916.... . 1,312 2,995 19 94,322,000 1922...... 1. 532 3,852 - 128,973,4:' 1917....... 1,375 3,296 - 103.508,OQí 1923...... 1,559 3, U48 - 131,907,42 1918..... .. 1. 428 3,625 - 115,600,2OC 4 o o o o I'TEIUOR TBRMIXAL ELEVATOJt8. 1913-14. . . . 1 1 - I' ' 1918-19.. . 5 5 - 11.500, 1914--15... . 3 3 - 8.000,00 1919-20.. . 5 5 - 11,500. 1915-16... . (I) 4 - 10,500,00 192(}--21. .. 5 5 - 11,500.00 1916-17... . 11) 4 - 10,500,OO( 1921-22.. . 5 5 - 11.500, 11117-18. . . . (5) 5 - 11,500,00 11/22-23. . . 3 4 - 10.500,00 000 000 o 000 o OTE.-.-Tl" -I .Ii-lic..,!)f C.m...-1ian ele\dtorc; for 1!J01 to 1912 are gÏ\en in the' 1!JlI \ par Hook, pp .'i07-,50!\. CANADIAN GR..UN ELEVA.TOR8 587 29.- 'umb('r and Storage Capacity of ('alladiall (;rain };)('\ators in th(' )if'('DS(' )-('ars 1913-1923 -concluded. INTFIUOR HOSPITAL ELE\ ATOl!S. Years. tn- EJe- Ware- Capacity. I Ypar. Stn- Ele- Ware- Capacity. tions.. vaton'. houses. tions. vators. houses. -- - - No. No. No. Bushels. No. No. Ko Bushels. 1913-H... . (3) 5 - 680.000 1918-19.. . 5 5 - 460.00 1914-15... . (3) 6 - 805.000 1919-20.. . 5 5 - 485.00 1915-16.. _. (3) 7 - 825.000 1920--21. . . 5 6 - 585, 1916-17... . (3) 6 - 805.000 1921-22.. . 4 6 - 605,00 1917-18... . (-I) 5 - 505, 000 1922-23. . 5 7 - 1. 620.00 o o 000 o o BRITISH COLUMBIA TERMIXAL A D PLBLIC ELEVATOR!>. 1915-16... . (I) 2 - 1.266.000 l!1l9-20. . . 1 2 - 1.266,00 1916-17.., . (1) 2 - 1,266.000 11120--21. . . 1 1 - 1,250.00 1917-18... . (1) 2 - 1,266,000 1921-22. . . (n 1 - 1.250.00 1918-19... . (I) 2 - 1. 266, 000 1922-23.. . (I) 1 - 1,250,00 o o o o XOTE.-Figure in parenthef'N; are excluded from the grand total. . O TAl!IO TER:I.1I'AL ELEVATO}(S. 1913 1 ....... 4 20 - 28.380.0001119191...... 4 31 - 51,405.00 1914 1 ....... 4 23 - 41.455,000, 1920 1 ...... 4 30 - 52.255,00 1915 1 . . .. .. . 4 25 - 42.180,000" 192J1...... 4 30 - 54,685.00 1916 1 ...... . 4 25 - ".085, oo 1922'.... . 2 32 - 53,285.00 1917 1 ....... 4 26 - 45.325.000 1923 1 ...... 2 32 - 56,810. 1918 1 ...... . 4 29 - 49.370,00 o o o o 000 ONTARIO MILUXG ELE\ ATORS. 1913..... .. 3 3 - 1,700.000 1 lQll1..... . 2 3 - 1,800.00 1914...... . 2 3 - I, 700,001 1920... . 2 4 - 1.840,00 1915...... . 2 3 - 1.700.000 1921. ..... '> 4 - 1.840,00 1916...... . 2 3 - 1.700.000 1922..... . 2 4 - 1,840,00 1917....... 2 3 - 1, 700, 000, 1923.... .. 2 4 - 1.840, 1918. .. .. . . 2 3 - 1.700,000 o o o o 000 PUIUC ELE\.-\TORS. 1913...... . 17 23 - 25."..",,] 1919...... Ii 25 - 31.i90.00 1914...... . 16 22 - 29.850.000 1920...... 17 25 - 33,805.00 1915....... 15 22 - 29.250.000 1921. . 17 24 - 34.180.00 1916.. . .. .. 15 22 - 29,250,000 1922...... 14 24 - :14.180.00 1917...... . 16 22 - 30,700.000" 1923...... 14 24 - 34.180,00 1918. . .. . .. 17 24 - 31. 610. 00011 o o o o o GRA'D TOTAL OF C.,\SADB.N ELEVATORS. 1901..... .. 219 426 97 18. 329.352 11 1!J13 2 ...... 1.049 2.31!i 37 127.224.55 1902. .... 243 544 87 22.549.000 19B2...... 1.220 2.613 24 154.765.000 1903..... .. 285 740 82 29.806,400 1915 2 ..... . 1.252 2.813 28 168.624.000; 1904..... .. 323 919 64 40,636.000 1916.... .. 1.338 3,059 19 180.988.000 1905...... . 359 977 46 46,403.630 1917.... .. 1.402 3.360 - 193.844.000 1906...... . 415 1.059 50 50.453.200 1918. ... 1.4fìl 3,694 - 211.591.200 1907..... .. 491 1.221 52 55.222.200 1919.. . 1. 480 3.777 - 221. 279. 964 1908. .. ... . 526 1. 318 36 58.535.700 1920. 1.507 3,797 - 226,256.97 1909 2 ...... . 647 1,446 41 78,016,100 1921..... . 1.538 3.855 - 231.213.62 191()2..... .. 788 1.802 38 94.21i6,100 1922..... . 1,559 3,924 - 231. 63J. 42 I91J2...... . 863 1.909 32 105,462. 700 1923 .. 1,578 4,020 238.107.420 1912 2 ...... . 937 2,037 31 108,64!1, 900'11 3 ! 3 3 3 3 o o o 1lncluding Hospital Elevators. 2lncluding Public Elevators in the Eastern In;,pcction Dh ision. 3Tho totals for the years 1911 to 11119 induclp I Ontario countr elevator, \\ith a capacity of 40,000 bushph, NOTE.-Tho average capacity of raihH\Y car!' for the carriage of rain is for \\ heat 1.300, Oats 2.000, Barley 1,475. llaxseed 1,125. and Rye 1,350 hu<;heb for the crop of I!!:!:!. Dphilt'd !'tati!'tirs of clt'\ator,., for thp years 1001 to 1!H2 arü l1;iwn in thp IP:!I Year Hook, PI'. . Oì-.jml. 588 TRADE AND C01'JJfERCE 30.- Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal )ears 1921-192:1. 1923. Grades of Grain. \\ heat, pring- Man. No.1 Hard... N or ern o. 1.... . o.2..... u No.3..... " K o. 4... . . ., No.5..... eI No.6... . Feed......... . . . . . Rejected Smutty- No. I............. No grade..... ...... Condemned........ . No established grade............ . Commercial grades- No. I............. No.2...... ....... No.1 Spring...... No.2" ....... No.3" ....... Rejected........... . No grade..... ...... Goose No. I........ " No.2........ &, No.3........ Rejected........... . Rejected........... . No.1 Durum....... No.2" ..... . . No.3" __..... No.4 " ....... No.5" ....... Rejected.... ........ Durum and Spring.. Red Durum........ U.S. Durum- Amber No.2..... Amber No.3..... Mixed o. 2...... Durum No.2..... No.2 :Mixed D Wheat...... ...... Dark No.2 Nor.... No.4 Special....... No.5" ....... No.6" ....... No grade Durum... Smutty-Whæt and Rag weed....... . . Spring and Durum.. Wheat and Rye... . . Rejected and Sprouted......... . Durllm and Barley. Smutty-Durum.... . Wheat and Oats..... Wheat and Barley. . Durum and Oats.... Wheat and wild oats Wheat, barley and oats.............. Wheat and Gravel. . Durum Spring and Rye.............. Durum, Spring and Oats............. . Eastern Division. Bush. 446,306 75,786 14,121 136,221 37,214 6,302 3,000 3, gOO 4,200 1,000 2,798,583 3,963,062 160,647 1921. Western Division. Bush. 160,000 71,487,500 42,891,250 42.192,500 8,907,500 1,927,500 535,000 ]47.500 538,750 ]1,401,250 53,750 10,000 33,750 3,830.000 52,500 90,000 118.750 3,750 686,250 127.500 30,000 Eastern Division. Bush. 209,588 45,816 1,100 31,480 6,950 3,000 1,000 - . 1,891,248 581,484 2,715,349 1,024.191 70.718 1922. Western Division. Bush. 2,757,825 66,725,850 46,909,800 53.806,275 18,465,825 4,944.450 1,204.875 295.800 716.550 11.965,875 24.225 16,575 1,000 2,000 3.000 2.768,025 67.575 276.675 322.575 24,225 Eastern Western Division. Division. Bush. 215,968 11,680 5,898.710 6,7g8,461 2,264,899 Total Spring \\ heat. 7 ,fl5ð,34. 11;5, 5,1OO ',587,n4. %%1,07',075 15,201,4.88 6,375 53,550 28,050 12.750 105.825 30,600 g,544,6S0 1,275 Bush. 1,031,125 180. \160, 225 48,569,175 30,674,425 4,512,525 1.302,125 655,350 188,425 915,500 10,269.150 54,550 16,825 5,200 1,300 5.063 3,574 1,000 1.133 6,363,700 166.225 977.850 1,113,625 28,500 5,200 383,475 168,600 163,675 296.400 180,050 110,4.50 1,086,700 13,000 2, 600 8,g7S 3,900 5,200 g,l00 1,300 1,300 7,800 1,300 ZM,%55,4.Zi QUANTITIES OF GRAIN INSPECTED 589 30.-Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal ).ears 1921-1923 -con. Grades of Grain. Wheat, Winter- U.S. Hard Winter- No.I............ . No.2............. No.3............. No.2 Red Hard Winter... _.. .... White Winter- Ko. 1............. Xo.2............. No.3. . . . .. . . . . . . . No.1 Winter...... No.2" ...... H ejected. . . .. . . . . . No grade..... _ _.. )Iixed Winter- No. 1............. o. 2...... . . . . .. . o. 3............. No.4............. ograde.. ..... Rejected..... ..... r.s. No.1....... Alberta Red Winter- No.1.. .. . .. __ .. No.2...... . No.3. . .... ...... No.4............. Rejected... ....... Nograde......... LB. No.1 Red Winter. .. .. . . . . . U.S. No.2 Red Winter. . . . . . . . . . Rpjected. ......... mutty.. ......... Nograde......... Alberta Wbite Winter- No.2............. No.3............. No.4......__..... Rejected. ......... ograde........ . Commerdal grades- No. I W.W........ Xo. 2 W.W........ o. 1 M.W........ o. 2 M.W........ No.1 R.W........ o. 2 R.W........ No grade, tough.. Eastern Division. BUf'h. 794,614 749,760 79,306 34,501 452,636 38,975 14,258 9,461 7,497 439,624 135,006 4,635 48,641 45,142 8,115 4,560 184,098 77,186 2,200 249,804 1,104,864 38, 794 4,138 14,061 2,200 Total Winter ftheat.. f,558,630 14,554 1921. Western Division. Bush. Eastern Division. Bush. 4,061,611 8,828,266 159,424 530,067 3,455 18,236 4,000 12,500 103,330 56,303 6,245 120,883 83,750 23,750 2,500 16,918 27,600 1,250 2,500 5,012,449 36,040 1922. Western Division. Bush. Eastern Division. Bush. 1,954,773 13,243,535 67.626 8,510 15,300 3,825 4,550 1,300 348,621 181,784 31,949 71,977 22,950 10,200 2,550 1.275 272,443 177,964 56, 862 1,780 47,340 113,750 19,10,1,599 1,200 90 47,173 4,788 2,503,759 56,100 18.920.752 Total Sprlnj( and \\Inter\\heat...... 12,208,972 185.338,750 25,69 ,523 221.132.175 3",121, 40 Indian Corn- No. I American.... . No.2 American..... No.3 AmeriC'an..._. No.4 American..... No.6............... Rejected........... . No grade... . . . . . . . . American, other..... Argentine corn...... No.2 Can. Yellow.. No.3 Can. Yellow.. No.3 Mixed... __... Rejected......... .. Total Corn....... 1,500 16,222 184,445 14,410 56,188 42,055 3H.820 - 1,246,709 - 50,437, 158 - 137.778 - 49,190 - 5,200 - 11,152 - 4,284 2,000 51,891,471 - I. Oil - 33,405,523 - 1I8,403 - 29,531 - 1,400 - 15,597 - 4,600 - 3,400 - 6.482 - 4,308 - 2,140 5,000 33,59 ,455 1923. Western Division. Bush. 3,900 5.200 38.900 18,100 1,300 67. foe 290,322,825 Iii, lOt ,juo rR.1DE A.VD COJIJIERCE :lO. Quantiti('s of ( rain Inslwe(('d during the fis('al ) ('ars, 1921-19 : --con. Grades of Grain. I lab- '\0.1. So.2....... So.3............ So.4............... Feed extra o.l.... Feed No. 1...... .. Feed No.2.. .. Rejected. ........... Xo grade....... ... Condemned....... . Oats and W. Oab.. . Oats and rye. .... . . . \\'. Oats............. B. Oats........ . .. Oats and \\ heat. lixcd . . . . . . . . . :O;peltz...... .. 1'.::-;. o. 2....... .. l .::-;. Xo.3..... . 1 .:-:. No.3 clipped.. Total Oat!> ... Buck" heat- So. 2.. '\'u.3.. '\ 0 rade I {ejected. Tutal ßuck\\ht'at I Harle"\" - So: 1. . . . .. "\0.2....... .. '0.3, extra......... So.3. '\0.4... . Feed........ ..... Hejected. ;";0 rade. Condemned. :-;mutty. Barley and r} c . Barley and W. oats Barley and Durum.. BarIl') and wheat. .ïIll't. . . . . . I .::;. o. 1.......... li.:::-. Xo. 3..... Tutal IJ,trb') lh e- - :\0.1('.\\ '\0.2 C.\\ So. 3..... I{pjected. . S 0 rad('. . Feed ..... .. HejeetCf! "hc3t and barlev . . . Rye an<1 "heat.. .. l{ej('cted oats and wheat. . . . .. ... . . . I{ye and oats....... Rye and harley... . . Hye and \\. 03t .. . . Hye, all grade 1 ...: H e. '\(1 ::.,ra,lf' !!Î\ ('n. Ea,.;tern Di \- is ion Bu h 375,315 1.411,206 211-1,0611 215,071 1 0. 79 2. -126, .;)3 141.014 7,450 19.1n 5,631 173, b:j 1921. \\ estern Di\-Ü,ion. HII"h. 2.000 92,000 1 ,liO,O()O 13,818,000 -1,558,000 Ii. 40. 000 Ii. 2611. 000 1,::04,000 18,!m,OOO 22,000 1 171i,OOO 2,000 6.';, ..ti , (11111 Ea.,>tern Di \- i"ion. BII"h. 6,980 52,193 30,350 182. fj.;O 212,373 1922. 1923. Western Division. Ea. t('rn Vi\ i:Slon. Western Di vi."ion. Bu..h. Bush. Rush. 90,000 15,3:H,OOO 14,934,000 86,000 9,9JO, 0011 15,464.0110 29R,982 728,255 424,612 5,508.0011 6,290,OUO 4,268.000 592,000 22,,'íR2,OOO 44. UUO 1,520,000 7,256,000 5,732,000 618,000 10,332,000 8,000 22,000 to,OOn 16,000 12. CliO 8,000 1.146,0 0 0 J,ooO 216,088 168,539 SÜ,OOO 951,266 1,500 70,52","00 ,ì'S!l, ;2 5 ,J6.1,OOð 2S!I. X7b - 451,7S5 - 17.7:!7 - 5,1I8!1 - 9.170 - 13,632 - 15.i50 - 5,329 - - -- 33 ,525 - .t;!t, ;:I.i ",000 - J, 250 - - ]45,531 99,4110 4.370 .158,309 5,026.000 151,509 110,380 3.0114,0110 96,365 - J, 3]3. 200 - SÜ,557 1,029,000 255,527 - 3,085.liOO - - 9,800 - - 'ì,4110 - - - - - - - - - - - - Yl,430 - 49, g99 - 51,701 - ..1:1.1;;(, 1::, 66.'i, -1110 .i.i9. -172 - - -- - - 1,546 - 11. 690 .'í .8110 ] Iti. 042 20,2i5 7,051.600 14:J.4/ì2 R, 838. 150 3,101.000 it. :H 8 3,159,400 624,400 - 915,250 786,800 .0,976 1,0\19,550 3,252.200 1. 250 4,055.450 2.800 - I WO - - J, 400 - 2,lj75 - - n,::i.') - - 1. 4i 5 - 2.!I5(1 - I li.'í - - - - - - 1-I, ,tiOIl :lh".:1"4 1...lìO.l ;; -- - - - - 2. 60S, U.')(I - - - ü.711.0i5 - - - - .')4.U7.'í - - - - 71ì2.!J00 - - - - 1. U07. 325 - - - - 4.050 - - - - 2,700 - - - - 165,750 - - - - 1. 350 - - - - - 20,175 - - - - - 4,050 - - - - - 1,350 1,38i,4\)3 2.%7 5110 221. 401 3,966,525 97,740 11. " ,;?, 150 4,5..! 1 - lì,b45,1l7 - U,Ij:?R,486 - QUAXTITIES OF GRAIN I"A-SPECTED 591 30.- Quantities of Grain InSI)ected during the fiscal )'ears, 192t-1923-conduded. 1921. 1922. 1923. Graùes of Grain. Eastern Western Eastern Western Eastern Western Division. Di vision. Division. Division. Division. Division. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bu h. Flaxseed- No.1 N.W.C....... 3.146,525 2, !193.100 3,056,850 No.2C.W.......... 712,725 566, 500 518,550 No.3 C.W.......... 522,450 78,100 .19,100 Ko grade........... 232,200 l(i2,6CO 115,325 Hejected........... . 422,475 28.600 29 , 8511 ("ondl'mned.... _.... 1, 100 2,225 Fake Fbxseed...... 2,:200 Flaxseed and buck- "'heat........... . 1, 100 13."J --- Tutal Flaxseed ;),0:16,375 :1.832,200 :\. .8:\, 006 Pea>" all gral\l'" 3,000 1O.7RI ;-O;(,fl'C'ning" _ _ . . . 455.01111 484,000 215,000 :u.- Quantities of ( raill Insl)ected durinl!; the fis('al )l'arS endl'd 'tanh :n. 19U-1923. Eastpm Vi vi:o0 4.108 139, 609 139,609 1915 23, 760 284,324 28.008 336,092 336,092 19]6 339,747 127,508 467,255 467,255 ]91ï 17,802 37,737 115,539 115,53!) 1!J18 i 1. f)S2 S4,386 126.038 126,038 1!1l9 29:UH4 62,050 355. !ì64 :J55,964 1920 82.863 38,532 121, 395 2,000 123,395 192] 145, 506 27,762 173,2G8 173,2fi8 1\122 62, 262 70,2fi3 332,525/ ;J32,525 1!1:?3 333.5i5 146,160 4;9,735 11 . 000 490. ;35 592 TRADE AND COMJIERCE 31.-Quantiti('s of Grain Inspected during the fisral years ended 'larch 31, 19lt-1923-concluded. E8ßtern Division. Western Grand Grain Kingston. Peterboro. Toronto. Montreal. Total. Division. Total. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Barley.. . .1914 - - 125,812 g,297 135,109 15,944,500 16,07g,609 1915 - 1,100 230,122 24,146 255,368 4,953,000 5,208.368 1916 - - 322.367 30,220 352,587 9,574,100 9,926,687 1917 - - 134,691 10,927 145,618 10,627,500 10,773,118 1918 - - 319.592 165,927 485,519 10,743,200 11,228,719 1919 - - 727,047 773,420 1,500,467 9,596,600 11,097,067 1920 - - 5.'>7, 842 1 851,943 1,409,785 15.643,800 17,053.585 1921 - - 237.8681 605,588 843.456 ]3.655,400 14,508.856 1922 - - 189.040 370.432 559,472 14.880.600 15,440.072 1923 - - 127,337 259.047 386,384 ]8,170. ]25 18,556,5og Rye....... .1914 - 11,857 4.980 162.900 179,737 72,000 251. 737 1915 - 4.BS4 144. 765 97. 17R 246.797 123,000 369,797 1916 - - 371. 78 179.157 553,939 116,000 669.939 1917 - - 251.592 691.448 943.040 190,000 1.133,040 1918 - - 218.9Y4 J89.13 60R. 127 478.000 1. 086.127 1919 - - 162.461 3J,2R!J 195.750 1,020.000 1. 215. 750 1920 - - 163.395 929.00; 1. 092 , 40:? 2,172,350 3,264.752 1921 - - 333,318 5,627.016 5.Y60.334 2,967,500 8,927, 834 1922 - - 97.431 6, 9fi9. 087 7,066,518 3,966.525 11.033.043 Ig23 - - 87.01)0 H,83!i.136 14.926.226 11,832,150 26,758,376 Flaxseed.. .1914 - - - - - 18,432.750 18,432,750 1915 - - - - - 4,001. 600 4,001.600 1916 - - - - - 3,303.600 3.303.600 1917 - - - - - 7,086, 00 7,086,200 1918 - - - - - 6.862,900 6,862,900 1919 - - - H,351 14.351 3.075.900 3,090,251 1920 - - - - - 2,335.000 2.335.000 1921 - - - - - 5.036.375 5,036,375 1922 - - - - - 3,832,400 3,8.12.400 Ig23 - - - - - 3.783,000 3,783.000 Peas...... .1914 - - 1.667 2,900 4,567 - 4,567 1915 - - 12,300 - 12.300 - 12,300 1916 - - 14,944 400 15.344 - 15.344 1917 - - 10.619 3.025 13,644 - 13.644. 1918 - - r. 000 3,100 4,100 - 4,100 1919 - - .871 2,858 11.729 - 11, 729 1920 - - 19.072 10,816 29.888 - 29. R8S 1921 - - 2,000 1.000 3,000 - 3,000 1922 - - 10,781 - 10,781 - 10,781 1923 - - 13.164 - 13,164 - 13,164 Screen- ings..... .1916 - - - - - 281.000 281.000 1917 - - - - - 452,000 452.000 1918 - - - - - - - 1919 - - - - - - - 1920 - - - - - 669,000 669.000 ]921 - - - - - 455,000 155.000 1922 - - - - - 184,000 484.000 1923 - - - - - 215,000 215,000 Total.. .. .1514 1.000 177,756 8i-l.566 -t53.777 1,507,139 26 .667 .300' 26 t." U35 1 .. U15 - 177,50. I, 761.29 1 4,67.(,160 6.612.562" 1.)3,03",1;;0,155.651,11% " 1116 - - 2. S2.1, -tl5 3.58;;,811; 6,40!t,23.1 ......... ''''1........ ... .. UI7 - - 1,3-13.606- %, fj,352 -t. 030, !!;;S 305.5"6.150 309,117.108 ,. U18 - - i,3.'it, -1 20 1 2,232,205 3.51\6.629 291.032,050 29-1.6IS.679 " 1919 - - 3,111,970 3,750,006 6, S66, 976 17..,696,02. ISl.ã6.1.001 " 1520 - - 1.5iO,556 2,869,741 f,-t-lO,OC7 200,595,72;)1 20;), 43!t, 752 " un - 3, -1-15.513 18. 480, HO 21,530,303 ""..".lml ""'.0.;'.'" ,. Ut2 - - 1, i08, 78.'J 8-1,-I16,R 01 85,1!2ã,5C3 31-1, 2S, 700 -I00.5.'i-l,36.' .. 1923 - - 2,-I69,OJO R3. 839, -166 81,308, .(76 376,512,100 " , O,5i6 I lIncludes 186,000 bushels of screenings and 1.000 bu hel of !opeltz. 'Includes 78,308 bushels of Argentine corn 'Include" 206,000 bushels of scr('('nin/!:". CANADIAN GRAIN SHIPMENTS 593 32.-Shipments of Grain by Vessels from Fort Wiiiiam and Port Arthur for the navi- gation seasons 1921 and 1922. 1921. 1922. Kind of Grain. To To Total To To Total Canadian American shipments. Canadian American shipments. ports. ports. ports. ports. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Wheat.... . . . . . . . . . . 69,454,217 84,474,599 153.928,816 96,729,810 128, 651. 648 225,381.458 Oats............... . 39,335,427 5,835,494 45,170.921 18,039,045 7,709,3n 25,748.418 Barley............. . 9,398,118 2,503,745 11,901. S6:! 7,256,764 5,611.304 12,868.068 Flaxseed........... . 952,110 3,476,189 4,428.299 920,855 I. 915, 951 2.836.806 Rye................ 839,197 1.611,089 2,450.286 924.080 6,337,769 7, 261. 849 -- Total...... . . . . . 119.979,069 97,901,116 217 ,880, 185 123,870.554 UO, 226, fl45 74.096,;j99 Mixed grains.. . . .lb. 59.192.484 21,884,466 81.076,950 28.896.900 241.727,419 270,624.319 Screenings. . . . .. . ton. 9,379 20,501 29,880 16,673 74.840 91. 513 33.-Shipments of Grain by vessels and aU rail route from Fort William and Port Arthur for the crop years ended August 31, 1921 and 1922. l!J20-21. 1921-22. Kind of Grain. Vessels. Rail. Total. Vessels. Rail. Total. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Wheat- No.1 Hard............... 57 ,40 - 57,402 920,55\ 82,103 1. 002 , 654 No.1 Northern........... 50,631,759 4,968,566 55,600,325 63,581,548 835,806 64.417,354 No.2 Northern..... ...... 33,920,643 3.856,891i 37.777,539 38,228.756 2,810,086 41.038,842 No.3 Northern... . _ 31,542,214 6,517,685 37.969,899 51,390,491 5,015,088 56,405,579 Sundry grades. . . . . . . . : : : : 7.059,236 2.554,850 9.614,0 6 22,000,650 3,687.700 25.688,350 Total" heat.. .. . . . . 123, nl, 2á4 17 ,S97, 99i 141,019,251 1;6, 1 1, 996 12,4.10,783 188,552, i79 Oats. '" . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,300,488 5,999,121 ,45,299,609 32,852,849 8,204,508 41.057,357 Barley. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 10,116,010 1,569,889 11 ,685,900 10,930,468 1,139,635 12,070,103 t laxseed............. _.... _. 3,494,641 255,050 3,749,691 3.296,542 316.560 3,613,102 Rye..-. ................ 2,081.628 420,468 2,502,097 4,839,260 31.516 4,870.776 Total Grain........ 178,114,021 26,142,52,,) 20-1,256,548 228,0-11,11;) 22,123,002 250,164,117 lh. lb. lb. Mixed grains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 8,961,608 4,320,494 13,282,102 3t.-Canadian Grain Handled at Public Elevators in the East, by crop years ended Aug. 31, 1915 to 1922. Flax- Mixed Total Mixed Y cars. Wheat. Oats. Corn. Barley. seed. Rye. or other Grain. Grains. Grains. - - -- - RECEIPTS. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. Bush. 1917-1918.. . 1l0,454,320 40,624,672 94,592 9,969,828 70;;,910 - 111.111 161,960,433 - 1918-1919.. . 133,693,991 10,180,477 27,909 16,552,857 807,145 391,273 - 161,653,652 - 1919-19 0.. . 141,641,69:J 17,091,582 - 12,315,737 225, 15 1.170,346 - 172,444,510 - 1920-1921. . 99,222,288 56,920,47ti - 15,122,141 933,160 1,322,315 - 173,520,380 445,796 1921-1922. . 120,870,258 50,187,467 - 16,365,929 1,170,635 2,270,964 - 190,865,253 - SHIPJlIEN'T8. 1917-1918.. . 107,981,532 37,729,008 66,682 9,530,9:J0 685 ,372 - 88,277 156,081.801 - 1918-19\9.. . 131.576,569 9,142,955 27,909 15.169,320 807, 14:i 391,272 - 157,II5,li0 - 1919-1920.. . 137,325,174 16,851,45!J - lI,9ì8,427 203,521 1,170,340 - 167,528,921 - 1920-1!J21. 98,073.24" 52 ,45.'i , 177 - 14,707,981 870,279 1. 298.940 - 167,405,619 - 1921-1922. .. 119.186,498 49,098,234 - 16,273,586 1,156,145 2,262,807 - 187,977,270 - 62373-38 594 TR,iDE .fiND COMMERCE 35.-Canadian Grain lIandled in Public t:le\ators in tht' East, b) dasst's of ()orts. durinJ!; the crop )l'ar ended \uc:. :U. 1922. Port8. Gl'orgian Ray Ports- On Hand. . Hcccipt. - \\ atl'r. Total Shipments- Rail. - \\ater. . In Store. ., ... .... ] 0\\ er Take Ports- On Hand. ... Heceipts- Hail. .. \\atcr. Total. ... '" ..... Shipments- H:lÌI Water. In Store.. _..... St. La\\ rence P"rt' - On Hand. ............... Hcecipt:, nail. . . \\ ater. . . . . . . . Total. . . . . "'. . :-;hipmcnts- l{:lil. .. . . . . Water ....... In Store. . . . . . N>aboard Ports- On Hand.. . . . . . Rec_'ipts- Råil. . TotaL. . . . .. ...... Shipments- Water. HaiL. In Store.... \\ heat. Bush. 367,!S:\!J : : : M 44,576,009 43, 9 0 460.01\3 !J,1!)l 12,67ti 29.551.3S0 29,65: ,247 8,667, tlti9 20.RI4,O: fi 171,225 6R6.612 17,9l19.NI 20.911,530 39,597,330 6.3.'iO.4!J7 32.195,529 1,0.;1.291 5.373 6.534.20'; 6.539,578 6,538,478 1,101 Oat",. B.lrley. Flax- Rye. Total. seed. nu h. ßu...h. Bush. Bush. Bush. 2,662,429 121,771 53,049 3,20.'>,088 18,!.Iiï,746 4.73I,7l.j 51\2,1::lli 632,4H5 6!I,636.40ß 2I.fi40,17.; 4,8.'>3.496 635,235 632,4b5 72,841,494 21,524.341 4,853.492 635,230 632,485 72,221.557 4: , 980 115,814 575,8\17 53,764 9.690 152,645 4!.1,04!' 61,725 7,7,;R.316 3,02!J.542 18R,502 40,527,740 H,'-61,129 3,039,232 1&,502 40.742.110 1.H74,137 133,760 1O,6i5,Rti6 5,600,601 2,905,472 188,5ol 29,508.611 386,383 557,608 1.74!J,086 2R2,6!16 !I,R21-> 23,379 2,751,601 !.I. 580 , 8!'3 3,!.I7t of the Great Lahcs. In IR23 a herd THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 395 of 300 cattle was driven from the south and disposed of to the Red River colonists In the five eastern colonies, which afterward constituted Canada, the number of cattle, durin the period from 1784 to 1861, increased from 98,591 to 2,316,022, the sheep from 84,696 to 2,507,0-14 and the swine from 70,465 to 1,228,166. The Inr[ustry in 1870-1900.-During the decade following Confederation, a distinctive feature was the expansion of the live stock and kindred industries. The exhaustion of the Ea'ìtern lands and the competition of the prairie gave warning against reliance on wheat. The soil and climate of Ontario and the Eastern Town- ships proved admirably adapted for the live stock and dairying indu::;:tries. Factory methods for the manufacture of cheese were intrcduced, and st{'am hip facilities for the shipment of cattle developed, whilst a demand in Great Britain for cattle and other anim3ls had resulted from plague and bad weather. 'CntiI1871 no ship- mentR of live stock had been made from Canada to Great Britain, but ten years later 49,409 cattle and 80,222 sheep were exported to that market. During the next decade, the live stock and dairyin industries continued to expand. In IS01 exports of cattle to Great Britain amounted to 107,689, while the total exports of live animals were 117,761 cattle and 299,347 sheep. In 1892, however, the shipment of live cattle and shcep to Great Britain, where a few weeks' grazing gave a market finish, was seriously threatened by the embargo requiring slaughter at the port of entry. Canadian cattle had previously been exempted from this regulation, though it was applied to other cattle. The pork packing industry had remained stationary throughout the. 'eighties, the number of hogs slaughtered in 1876-7 not bein reached again until 1890-1. The imposition of higher duties on meats in 1800, and the growing use of dairy by- products for feeding, helped both farmer and packer, and by 1895-6 the annual pack was six hundred thousand hogs. The transformation of flour milling by the introduction of the rollcr process, with the accompanying tendency to large scale production, had driven many Rmall mills from the flour trade. Thefe were glad to turn to the chopping of grain for feed purposes, and gave the farmer a second source of supply of feed for his animals. The ]iodern Phasc.-During the present century the separation between the farm and the manufacture and marketing of animal products ha-; become more and more pronounced. Slaughtering at the factory instead of at the farm }las become generaì and resulted in the development of a great industry. Similarly the manu- facture of butter and cheese has become a factory rather than a farm operation, although the eoncentmtion of the dairying industry is not so marked as that of meat-packing. The growth of population, particularly in urban centres, provides a greatly increased market for commodities of all kinds, and is an important factor in the development of these industries. Animals on Farms and their Disposal.-An examination of the data regard- ing the live stock on farms, collected in connection with the six decennial censm:es, gives an idea of the growth of the live Rtock industry of Canada. The number of cattle on farms increased from 2,4 -!,655 in 1871 to 8,301,424 in 1921. The growth was well maintained during the laRt decade, with an abKolute increase of 1,741,442 cattle of all grades. The sheep industry, which had been steadily declining for five decades, effeC'ted a splendid recovery between 1011 and 1921. Thc number of sheep on Canadian fam1K during the last censal year was 3,196,078, which was Rlightly in excess of the previous high record of 3,I,I).J,509, attained in 1871. This recovery is also shown by the wool clip, whieh was 1l,338,2(j8 pounds in 1021, exceeding all previous recordR of t hc dcC'cnnial census. If the survey is re:-:tricted to the six 62373-38 596 TRADE AND COMMERCE censal years. the greatest activity in the hog industry occurrcd in 1911. 'When the records of 1911 and 1921 are compared, it is found that the number of swine on farms decreased by 366,944, the sales by 992,416 and the slaughterings by about 317,794. The record collected through the censuses of animals on farms and animals killed or sold and wool old, relate to the year preceding the census year. Up to 1901 the information collected showed the total number of animals killed or sold for slaughter or export, whereas in the censuses of 1911 and 1921 animals slaughtered on the farm were not included. A summary of the record taken in the censuses from 1871 to 1921 is given in Table 36. SG.-Animals on I.'arms and h.illed or ohl by Farmers in Canada, by censal years, lSll-1921. Animals on Farms. Animals killed or BOld and wool BOld. Years. Cattle. Sheep Swine. Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Wool. No. No. No. No. No. No. lb. 1871... .. 2,484,655 3,155,509 1,366,083 507,725 1,557,430 1,216,097 l1,1Q.' ,480 1881...... . . .. . . 3,382,396 3,048,678 1,207,619 657,681 1,496,465 1 , 302 ,.503 11.300,736 1891. .......... 3.997,023 2,563,781 1,733,850 957.737 1,464,172 1,791,104 10.031,970 1901.. ... __ .. .. 5.446,944 2,510,568 2,331,902 1, 086,353 1,329,141 2,497,636 10,550,769 19111.. ........ 6,649,982 2,227,916 3,691.235 1,752,792 2 949,0392 2,771,7f1á 2 6,933,9:;5 1921 1 ... . .. . . . . . 8,391,424 3,196.078 3,324,291 1,616,626 2 1,027,975 2 1,779.3392 11.338,268 ICensus taken as of June I, while previous censuses were taken earlier in the year, BO that a greater Dumber of youn animals Ilre included in 19I1 and 1921. IAnimals slaughtereù on farms were not included. Following figures are comparative \\itb data given (or previous years (the 1911 amounts are partly estimated). Cattle. Sheep. S\\ ine. 1911.. __ ...... ..................... 1,915,059 1,097,015 4,282,624 1921.......... _.. _ _ _. ................... 2,095.959 1,217,993 2,972,413 In Table 37 are given statistics showing the index numbers of animals on farms for the years 1918 to 1922, e"-1Jressed as a percentage of the average numbers for the quinquennium 1911-1915. . 37.-Index umbers of Animals on Farms in Canada from 1918 to 1922. (Average 1\ umber for 1911 to 1915 = 100). Animals on Farms. Years. Horses. Milch Cows. Other Cattle. Sbeep. Swine. 1918................ __ _ ....... ................. 1919..... ............ -...... ....... - -. 11120................................... - -......... 1921.............................................. . 1\i12... . .. . .. ........................... ......... 128.0 130.1 120.6 135.2 129.4 133.2 133.6 132.0 140.7 141.0 176.4 177.2 164.5 175.4 164.7 145.6 163.2 17i.5 175.3 155.7 125.8 118.5 103.1 114.5 114.8 Marketing developments, 1921-1922.-The marketings in Ontario and Quebec during 1921 were in total much the same as those of the previous year. The western provinces, however, marketed in 1921 a number of cattle equal to only 50 p.c. of the liquidation of the previous three years. This was not the result of a shortage in farm holdings, as the census of cattle in the western provinces in 1921 showed that there were 4,235,293 head as compared with 3,437,977 head in 1920. The cattle in 1922 were estimated at 3,996,568 head. The restricted liquidation in 1921 was due to effort on the part of the western stock-grower to carry his stock over the period of extremely low prices in the autumn THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 597 and winter, in the hope of a better outlet later on. This policy was a reasonabJe one, but unfortunately its ultimate value, like all production policies in agriculture, was governed by climatic and crop conditions fully as much as by the nature of the market outlet. Early in 1922 climatic conditions in the west resulted in bare pastures and lack of water, and left the cattle grower no choice but to liquidate early. From July onward, the usual supplies were augmented by the entire holdover from the previous year, coupled with additional forced sales from the dried-up districts in the northern parts of Alberta and in some sections of Saskatchewan. Notwithstanding the tremendous liquidation, however, the volume of supplies for 1923 was not estimated to be short of demand, excepting that the numbers of weighty finished cattle from the western provinces were smaller than formerly, as eastern feed lots contained a heavy number of prairie-grown cattle two years and up in process of finishing, which, under better western feed conditions, would have been retained in the hands of western feeders. It is quite true, however, that the districts in the prairie provinces which were fortunate in securing a good crop of coarse grains and roughage have continued to turn out a considerable quantity of stock well suited to the needs of the British feeder market and the United States butchcr cattle trade, as well as the domestic demand. As regards the province of Ontario, the live stock market in 1922 was much more satisfactory during the first half of the year than early indications had pro- mised, but during the latter half trading was in a very depressed condition as a result of heavy supplies of stock from the prairies. Had the run of cattle from the West been nearer normal, prices in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec would have been unusually strong. Aß it was, the local supplies were forced to compete against heavy direct shipments from the West to packing plants and country points. How- ever, the farmers of Ontario were afforded an excellent opportunity to purchase steers for winter feeding at very cheap rates, and western shippers have probably established a firmer market in the East than ever before for their unfinished cattle. The sale of cattle at stock yards during 1922 was over 20 p.c. greater than during the previous year. The revenue from stock yards sales, in spite of lower prices, increased about $90,000 on cattle, $500,000 on calves, $3,000,000 on hogs and $500,000 on sheep. The number of live stock marketed in different ways, through the st()ckyards, through the packers, or by direct shipment for export, is given for the calendar year 1922 in Table 38. In Table 39 are given the statistics of the number of flnimals marketed through the stockyards in 1922, by grades. The diEp()siti(Jn of the live- stock so marketed is given in Table 40. 38.-Llve Stock l\larketed through Stockyards, Packers, etc., in several Provinces of {'anada, 1922. Live Stock. Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba. h: :: Alberta.. Canada. Total. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . No. 21,431 3,239 946 25,616 284,188 11,800 11,512 307,500 No. No. 88,171 4,574 513 83,258 No. 172,369 2,250 8.075 182,694 14,037 212 47 No. 252,173 35,6112 38,191 326,056 35,842 6,896 2,850 No. 818,332 57,555 59,237 935,124 255,148 70,635 12,362 Cattle- Total to stockyards................. Direct to packers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct to export....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calves- Total to stockyards...... . . . . ... . . . . Direct to packers. . .. .............. Direct to export....... .. .. . .. . . . . . . . 62,751 12,857 4.386 127,616 49,895 4,916 14,902 775 163 Total. . .. . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,894 182,427 15,840 ",2'6 45,588. 338,146 59S TRADE AND CO.\/MERCE 3 .-I,he tock l\larkcted tI"'ou h Sbck\ards, Packers, etc., in seu ral PrO\inces of ('an-:da. 19"!2 -conf'luc..lcd. Lhe Stock. Quebec. Ontario. anitoba. Sa kat- Alberta. Canada. chewan. - - - - - No. Ko. No. No. No. No. 68,832 384,276 87.400 104,697 171,001 816,206 17.977 695,629 16.125 17,907 22:i,016 970, 65-1 13 J65 2 881 1,261 I1og!\- Total to stockyards. . ... . . . . . . Direct to packers. . . . . . . . Direct to export. . . . . . . . Total b6,8%% 1.080.2;0 103.521 122,6Uf 39j, :1 t, 7"' ,lu ::;h('('p- Total to stockyards. .. . . . . . . Direct to packer8. . . . . . . Direct to export. . . . 178,648 26,533 15.011 218,649 37,796 9.781 29,586 4,818 75 32,269 996 2,254 89,186 19,860 7,198 5-18,338 90,003 34,319 Total.......... ......... O.192 266,226 3,1,,1" 35,519 116,2U 6;2,660 StorcCattlcpurcha ed.........._....... I 10,6ï6 1 167.360 39.- Grading of Lh'e Stork l\larkl'tcd at thl' to('k)ards of ('anada, b) PrO\inces, calendar )ear 1922. Grading of Live Stock. Quebec. Ontario ranitoba. f'a!'kat- Alb('rta. Canada. chcwan. --- - No No. Xo 1\0. No. :-lo. Cattle- Steers, 1,200 Ibs. and up. ... ... -.... 38 22,386 2,220 8,872 17"1"<8 51,004 Steers, 1,000-2,000 Ibs.. ... . Good..... 250 35,020 5,286 10,485 22,068 73,109 Common. 71 3,704 1,748 6,057 10,509 22,089 Steers, 700-1,000 Ibs......... Good..... 339 36,467 3,309 3,319 5,087 48,521 Common. 1,612 15,268 1,489 2,559 3,708 24.6:i6 Heifers. . . . . .Good..... 89 36,738 4,613 7,J85 13,127 61. 953 Fair...... 235 8.002 4,029 8,280 6.904 27,449 Common. 1,046 12,196 3,076 5,439 4,768 26,525 Cows..... .Good_ 204 26, 799 6.566 9,650 16,R49 60,068 Common. 1,671 26,906 7,477 12,461 17,646 66,161 Bulls......... .Good..... 70 4,189 934 8!Jl 1,405 7,489 Common. 1,848 6.051 1,219 1,389 1,393 11,900 Canners and cutters. . . . . . . 1,762 9,112 6,439 9,085 12,339 38,737 Oxen........ . ... . . .. ........... S.. 68 530 4f113 146 1,316 ::;tockers, 450-800 Ibs. .Good..... 3ïl 6,993 5,615 9,575 27, 720 50,274 Fair.... . 112 6.515 7,572 11.454 21. 629 47 ,282 reeders, SOo-l,lOG Ibs.... ... Good..... 7,267 ]1,185 29.068 J8,818 86.338 Fair..... . 3 2,453 13,854 28,506 17,623 62,439 L"nclassified cattle. 11 , 628 18,054 1,010 7,406 12,\146 51,042 - ---- -- Total. . . 21, ,131 2"j.18S b'í.171 172.369 252.1;3 ðl"'.33 - ---- - Cnlves- Beef................ .............. 4 33, III 14,264 12.519 33,556 9::\,454 Dairy. . . .. .. 20,666 64,612 2 150 170 85, 600 Urass.............. ..... 9,848 5.429 604 1,208 1,633 18,722 Uncla8sified............... . 32,233 24,464 32 160 483 57,372 - ---- - Total.. 62, ;51 n7.116 U,'02 U,03ì 35, -I2 .;5, 1-1 - ----- 1I0g8- 69,053 635,632 &>lects....... .. . . . ................ 25,443 327,311 ï9,046 134, 779 Heavies.. . 3,683 8,406 5,127 7,737 6,::\60 31,:H3 Lights. 7,196 16.119 9,965 11,671 18.778 63,729 So\\s..... 1,843 7,423 2,670 4.118 7,517 23, R71 tags....... . 149 380 427 501 345 1, '3112 lj nclas!>ificd . . . 30,518 24,637 158 1,324 3 0)0)') 59,859 .""-- - ----- Total.. 6 ,1j,12 :IS-I, ì6 S1, -100 lO-l,fi9; 111,Imi l'i16, O8 ------ :-;heep and Lambs- Lambs............. ...... .Good....... 51,810 157,333 14,538 9. 44 42,984 276,509 Common. . . 39,348 17,464 3,700 4,539 2,OR4 67, U5 Sheep. ..... . . . . . . . . . Heavy. . . . . 46 2,236 - 246 110 2.638 Light..... 4,783 29, 260 8,316 11,181 26,300 79.840 Common. . 6,477 6,098 2,70:i 4,099 4,OO:i 23,380 "() nclaslii fied 76, 184 6,2.')8 329 2,360 13,705 98. &36 -------- Total. . . .. . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . 1ì8,&lS 218,5-191 %1,586 32,269 116,U-I ;'-I ,33'" THE LIVE STOCK /l'{DUSTRY 599 CATTLE: RECEIPTS AND PRICES AT TORON'T'O. MONTRtAL AND W'NNIPe:G. 19 O-Z 1- Z2 .7'Ió.OlAnimals RECEI PTS l:&...o .f- A 1f.tnw2s 'I 14000 4.0 00 ' ODD . ., i.,OOO !I ,. 66poo ,I 66,otJO !I I,TOR0N70 ' I , i MONTREAL----------I 60. 000 W'NNIPEQ ----- 60,000 ! 54f>'JD ! 5"4foo ï I . i \ , ! , ; " 4ßpDO , I iTT '\ 48,000 'I I I ' i 4ílpOO : 4 OOO I I T \ 36,OO() i i A 1 i .. ",Of)() - I A\ J I II \\ 3D,COO , . Ii opOð 1 f\ fA I ! ^ ^ v / ^/ I \i ./\ I ' \ 24.0 0 .0 V \]1 V IV \ \ ! v "- II V 'J 1!. 4 .oop I \ I '8,000 i i 18pOO : i \ i l pOO :' \ \ ! \. i 11. 000 I ,l/ I II \ -,T J \ I 1- 1 I ^ ' , ). , r\\ r " ' . . /" -'. '/ '. ..' " \ l , 6(JtJo ' '--- I,' I " , I 6poo 1 '\:_-- _/--- , '" f--__J '---... '. ,' "/' ...... -... n ^ J J .Iklltl.7"s 16 15 steel"s 1000lb6 - '200Itu;. Good .1Jollq,rs " 16 IS 12. !) 9 6 6 ..3 .3 JAN. APRIL JULY OCT. JAN. Af"UL JULY OCT- JAN. APR.IL JULY 1920 I t921 I 1922 NOTE.- Receipts and prices are indicated by months 600 TRADE AND COlt/MERCE 4O.-Recelpts and Disposition of the tock at PrlncipallUarkds in Canada, calendar ) ears 1921 and 1922. Markets and Classification. Toronto- Recf'ipts (Total)................. Shipments (Total)...... . . . . . . . . . 1. Can. Pßckin Houses....... .. . 2. Local Butchers................ 3. Countrv Points............... 4. U. S. Èxports.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Overseas Exports............. Montreal (Pt. St. Charles)- Receipts (Total). . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Shipment8 (Total)..... . . . . . . . . . . 1. Cnn. Packing Houses....... .. . 2. Local Butchers. ............... 3. Countrv Points. . . . ... . . .... . . 4. U. S. Èxportt>. ................ 6. Overseas Exports............. MontTPflI (Ea"t End)- Re<'f'ipts (Total) ......... Shipm('nts (Totnl). .............. 1 Cnn Packinl!; Houses......... . 2 Local Butchers................ Z. Country Points............... 4. U. S. Exports................. Winnipeg- Recei pts (Total)....... . . .. . . . . . . Shipmentt> (Total)............ . . . 1. Can. Packinl!; Houses........ 2. Local ßutcl)('rH................ 3. Country Points............... 4. U. S. Exports................. 5. Overseas Exports...... ....... Cslp:ary- Re<:eipts (Totnl). ................ Shipments (Total). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Can Packing Houses.......... 2. Local Butchers. .............. 3. Country Points.. . ....... . . . . . 4. U. S. Exports................. 5. Overseas Exports..... ........ Edmonton- Receipts (Total)....... . . . . . . . . . . Shipments (Total) .............. 1. Can. Packing Houses.......... 2. Local Butchers................ 3. Country Points............... 4. U. S. Èxports. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . ó.OversessExports............. Prince Albert- Receipts (Total).. ............... Shipments (Total)............... 1. Can. Packing Houses....... . . . 2. Local Butchers................ 3. Country Points. . ............ . 4. U. S. Exports.... . . . . . . . .. ... Moose Jaw- R8C('ipts (Total). ..... . . . . . . . . . . . Shipments (Total)............... 1. Can. Packing Houses........ . . 2. Local Butchers................ . Country Points.............. . . U. S. Exports.... .. . .. . . . . ... . Included with Cattle. 1921. 1922. Cattle S an hee d P Cattle Sheep (T tal) Calves. Hogs. Lambs. (Total). Calves. Hogs. and Lambs. No. 320,229 324,551 233, 285 32,414 38,358 11,575 8,919 158,613 158,808 73,524 10,270 29,562 40,978 4,474 39.742 41.565 15, 6 8 4,036 17,883 3,385 673 36,399 37,240 26,786 9,065 979 410 38,972 39,168 5,060 32,002 1,886 220 80,027 93,010 48,457 2,037 29, 606 12,565 345 3,006 3,056 1,842 214 1,000 7,434 7,524 2,970 1,266 3,288 No. 66,937 67,5liO 40,9:!6 22,006 2,958 1,690 56,164 52,395 34,747 13,432 818 3,398 46,725 46. 9 9 4,411 38,068 477 3,973 21,490 21,500 11, 270 6.478 2,594 1,158 120,957 120,422 103,029 5,031 12,282 80 . 13,215 5,298 4,614 2,4 5 1,093 982 104 382 384 292 27 65 533 484 256 182 46 No. 289,013 306,422 250,344 49, 111 6,765 202 10l 303 102,548 80,652 21,409 487 61,386 61,Z94 16.942 43,032 1,420 48,535 68,807 48,018 68,959 44,948 41,019 235 1,326 2,835 26,614 35,341, 10,399 35,562 11,331 27,696 3,588 1,805 3,800 6,061 3,1143 7,317 7,488 7,044 22 422 5,822 5,822 4,296 629 897 No. 267,614 270, 6 6 197,696 64.069 7,536 995 330 303,882 336, 935 205.741 26,676 60,239 4,905 9,374 117,469 114,481 82,112 19,344 5,794 7,231 62,946 62,635 18.174 37,907 3,757 2,797 49,210 49,045 33.750 6,652 8,643 294,008 293,711 119,666 9.669 74.967 88,348 1,061 89,610 105,907 51,873 1.513 32,9:U 19,465 125 459 455 26-1 141 50 5,876 5,869 3,553 867 1,449 10.308 9,975 3,597 1. 629 3,751 998 No. 33,Oi8 34,626 27, 116 6,121 1,373 16 34,021 33,150 6,438 23,696 2,936 80 88,432 90.198 35,273 3,451 23,312 17,422 733 4,856 4,841 1,468 202 3,144 27 No. 84,263 87, 968 53, 954 30,762 2,869 383 53,040 51, 9 9 43.346 7,975 341 261 57,336 55,677 9,714 43,674 1,449 840 34,158 34,340 17.407 1/.184 3,331 4,408 176.777 177, 284 150,503 ó,720 21,061 16,313 I 12,827 11.880 6,376 1.148 1. 524 2,775 490 490 275 33 182 714 . 686 5 474 181 20 No. 308,908 315,431 253,599 57,142 4,690 No. 217,368 216,981 152,648 63,514 8,166 2,653 106.341 105,056 94,51\0 9,361 1,135 112,614 116,700 84,842 17. 137 1,277 13.444 58,450 58,150 6.321 50,811 1,018 83,094 83.283 27,820 40,041 4,861 10,561 52,461 51,270 39.662 4,49ð 7,112 82,583 81. 600 73,942 424 7,203 31 61.141 60.555 41.7111 643 13,146 4,985 71,047 71, 125 57,012 1. 382 12,666 65 15,206 14.200 6,928 3,446 3,826 7,562 7,446 6,722 30 694 750 750 460 14 27ð 14,399 14,693 13,359 288 1,046 7,550 6.853 3,810 813 983 247 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING 601 Slau hterin and Meat Packin .- The tendency to large scale production in the industry is shown in the summary of census records below. The number of establishments has rapidly dropped off while the industry has grown by leaps and bounds. The concentration of the industry into a comparatively small number of larp;e establishments has resulted in the utilization of by-products and in a marked increase in economy and efficiency of operation. In addition to the principal statistics reported in the decennial censuses from 1871 to 1911, annual figures collerted through the Census of Industry for the years 1917 to 1921 are included in Table 41, whilst live stock slaughtered at Canadian.inspected establishments in 1921 and 1922 are given in Table 42 and the per capita consumption of meat in Canada in Table 43. 41.-Principal statistics of the Siau hterin and Meat Packing Industry of Canada by censal years 18H to 1921. v Description. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901.1 1911. 1 Establishments............... .No. 193 203 527 57 80 Capital Invested............... $ 419,325 1,4-19.679 2,173,077 5,395,]62 15,321,088 EmployPes...... ..............No. 841 852 1,690 2,416 4,214 Salaries and Wages............ S 145,376 209,483 503,053 1,020,164 2,685,518 Cost or :\Iaterials... . . . . . . . . . . . S 2,942,786 3,163,576 5,554,246 19,520,058 40.951,761 alue or Products. .. ., .. . . .. . . . S 3,799,552 4,084,133 7,125,831 22,217,984 48,527,076 Description. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. stablishments. .......... _..' .No. 79 78 82 86 84 apital Invested... ............ $ 85,189,611 86,969,756 93,363,791 84,288,:i06 58,459,555 mployees................... .No. 10,312 11,917 13,222 I I ,978 9,711 alaries and Wages............ S 9.440.402 12,173,389 15,302.388 16,691.4;"1 13,547.778 ost of Materials.............. S 1,35,866,32(' 171,023,104 175.133,821 170.911\,888 1I3,3!ì9,R35 alue or Products.............. S 206,720,718 229,231,666 233,936,913 240,544,618 153,136,289 E C E S C v Ilncludes only establishments employing five hands and over. 42.-Live Stock slaughtered at Canadian inspected Establishments, by months, 1921 and 192"l. 1921. 1922. Months. Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Cattle. Sheep. Swine. No. No. No. No. No. No. January.................... . 51,769 24,623 151,397 44,845 20,259 168,988 February. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 31,272 15,450 128,337 39,568 14.180 144,398 .!\Iarch... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.496 9.850 120,367 64,149 11,366 159,142 April. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,438 4,645 115,479 78,841 7,150 154,691 May........................ 61,250 10,693 145,036 81,633 16,088 160,920 June........................ 60.821 28.634 122,022 64,680 32,184 152.146 July. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 46,959 42,263 94.695 57.665 44,913 120,779 August....... .... . . .. ... . .. . 65,708 78.541 107,980 72.466 86,488 125.815 September... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,946 123.924 100.&67 80.544 112.243 1311.943 October.................... . 76,944 151. 941 155,897 96,239 131,537 176,5117 November................. . 90,498 113,486 204,683 90,095 81.164 230,455 December................. . 62,212 42.900 189,829 60,976 38.831 202,338 Total......... . 71.5,313 1i6,850 I 1,631,388 831,701 181,403 1,827,2U 602 TRADE AXD COJ/JIERCE !3.-Total and per Capita consumption of 'Ieats In ('anada, per Annum. calelUlar ) ears 1919-1922. nEl' -. Items. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. :,laulI;htered in Canada- Cattle. . Ko. 1,437,539 1.329,]0.') 1.512,87X 1,3!12,564 Calv3s... __...... .. 453,640 4-16, ï37 503,646 506,638 Total.. . . . . . . . .. .. 1,891.179 1. 7i5,842 2,016,524 1,89!1,202 -- -- r timated Dres ed Wcight- Cattle..... . lb. 560,640,210 598,097,250 605,151.200 626,653,800 Calves. ...... 45,817,640 44,673,700 50,364,600 50,663,800 Tot'11.. . . .. . __ -- . .................. .. 606,457,850 642,770,950 655,515,800 677,317,600 Net Exports of Beef.... .. . .. 111,479,699 63,364,.5.')6 31,576,671 2.'),371,434 Total Consumption. ...... .. 494,978,151 579,406,394 623,939,12!1 651,941\,166 Po)ulation. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ko. 8,478,546 8,631,475 8,788.48.1 8,966,83i Con."umption per Capita. ...................... lb. 58.38 67.lJ 70'99 72.71 PORK. Slaughtered in Canada.... No. 5,525,71b 4,&34,150 5,366,211 5,382,196 J:.,timated Dn,çsed Weight. . lb. 1ì90 , 71-1,7.'>0 638,107,800 708,3:19,8.')2 701,4-19,872 Xet Exports of Por),.. .. 197,417,471 76,100,050 53,000,245 48,472,546 Total Con.,>umption.. . .. 493,297,279 562,007,750 655,333,607 661, 977 ,326 Population. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 8,47H,546 8,631,475 8,788,48.1 8,966,834 Consumption per Capita....................... lb. 58.18 65.11 74.57 72.83 I ()TTON A D L\ 'In. Slaughtered in CllIlada- .\Iature -'\nimal.'!........ ....... Ko. 1,020,141 1,119,854 1,176,686 1,038,997 Lamus.. " 340,047 373,285 392,228 3-16,332 Total. . . . . .. . . " 1,360,188 1,493,139 1,568,91-1 1,:iH5,329 Estimated Dres d Wcight- .\Iature Animals. . . . . . lb. 76,510,575 83,9R9,050 81\,251,450 77,924,775 Jambs..... 11,901,645 13,OÓ4.975 13,727,980 12,121,620 Total. . " bH,412,220 97,O!i-l,025 ]01,979,430 90,046,395 Ket Exports or Imports.... " + 1,064,18.'> -1,256,137 -2,161,987 -2,(j27,375 Total Consumption.. . . . " X9,476,405 95,797,Rbb 99,817,44:\ 87,419,010 Population....... . . . . . .. ...... Xo. 8,478,546 8,631,47.') 8,7xX.4R:J 8,!J(j6.1\34 Consumption per Capita.............. ....--.- lb. 10.55 II. HI II .:J6 9.7.') SU\I\I.\RY Beef.. . .. lb. 5S.3b 67.13 70.99 72.71 Pork............... 58.18 65.11 74.57 73.8: .\Iutton and Lamh. .. 10.55 11.10 1I.31ì 9,75 Total.. " 127.11 143.34 156.92 156.2 9 Export Trade.-\Yith the developmcnt of faC'tory methods and largc !'!cale production in thc manufacture of animal and dairy products, a very considcrable export trade in thcf::(' commoditics has becn developed, in addition to the trarlc in live animals. Canadian exports of animals and animal products, compiled on a cla!"sification according to origin, reached a total value of 1G2,97R, 102 during the fiscal ycar cnded March 31, 1921, and of $1O'i',GO."),123 during the following year. The exports of bacon and ham during thc fi!"('al ycar ended March 31, If)23, were 101,390,100 lbs., valucd at :-'22,536,397, repre:o:enting an increasc in quantity of 2.4 p.r.. over the previous year. Cheesc, to the amount of 114,!)4S,900 lh!"., valued fit THE LIVE STOCK IXDUSTRY 603 $20,828,234, was exported in the fiscal year 1922-23, as compared with 133,849,800 lbs. valued at $25,440,322 in the previous year. ,ll.-Summary of Interprovincial and Export Shipments of )Ieats for fiscal fear, 1921-19 2. Fiscal Year, 1921-22. Beef. Veal. Mutton and Lamb. Pork fresh. Pork Iiseel- Cured. laneous. Total. PRIKCE EDWARD ISL\ND- Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. IbB. lbs. Rhipments to other prov- inces. ............... 80 205,783 91,503221,873 7,600 5 6,839 Exports........... ........ 11,854 351,091 34,071 69,630 15,44;) 482,091 Total shipments out of-------___ province......... .. ...... . 11,934 556,874 125,574 291,503 23,045 1,008,930 XOVA SCOTIA- Shipments to other prov- inces. .. . . . . . . Exports.. . . . . . 80,213 4,392 29,258 70,341 34,640 218,844 Total shipments out of Province. . . _ 80,213 4,392 2!i,258 70,341 34,640 218,844 34,797 29,775 33,004 63,126 160,702 2,230 273,865 276,095 -- - - - - - - 37,027 29,775 33,004 273,865 63,126 436,797 XEW BRUNSWICK- Shipments to other prov- inces........ ., ........ .. . Exports................... . Total shipments out of province........... .. ..... QUEBEC- Shipments to other prov- inces..................... 795,526 47,769 163,510 Exports......... 2,228,224 2,266,400 1,7Ci,61O 405,695 1,103,02311,239,04313,754,566 125,06 9,170,395 337,65315,889,345 Total shipments out of province.................. 3,023,750 2,314,169 1,925,120 530,75710,273,41911,576,69629,643,911 ------- Ü__TARIo- Shipments to other prov- im'es.... ...........36,040,529 257,512 345,436 2,927,442 9,876,15429,209,97878,657,051 Exports........ .........14,871,917 2,232,009 4,872,974 708,68887,588,08211,936,411122,210,081 Total shipments out of province.................. 50,912,446 2,489,521 5,218,410 3,636,13097,464,236 41,146,389 200,867,132 --------- )hNITOBA- Hhipments to other prov- inces.......... ..........5,406,435 230,031 Exports.. -. -. 9,075,546 130,082 153,685 324,727 3,037,337 9,757,19S 18,909,413 23,047 125,563 624,.597 363,728 5,442,563 Total shipments out of province. ................. 14,481,981 -------- 360,113 176,732 450,290 3,661,93410,120,92624,351,976 :' \SKATCHEW AN- Shipments to other prov- ine-es....... 46,310 Exports.. . . . . . 1,525 70,342 404,598 522,775 Total shipments out of prov- ince. .... .. .... ... . . . . . -------- 46,310 1,525 70,342 404,598 522,875 .\LBERTA- Shipments to other prov- inces..................... 1,186,714 118,263 Exports...... 1,097,700 181,066 136,767 433,355 6,861,799 8,917,964 131,648 503,756 158,847 1,891,951 Total shipments out of province............. 2,284,414 BRITISH COLl.MBIA- Shipments to other prov- inces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exports..... . -------- 118,263 1 1,066 268,4]5 937,111 7,020,64610,809,915 39,960 52,188 ]86,100 6,000 45,960 238,288 Total shipments out of province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------- 92,148 186,100 6,000 284,248 604 TRADE AND COMMERCE Conc1usion.-In whatever market Canadian surplus live stock is sold in future, early maturity, good type and grain feeding will be the greatest selling fac- tors. While the world's needs for grain are already being met, it is not likely that there will be for many years to come any danger of over-production of choice sorts of beef. The world's live stock industry is now suffering from an over-supply of poorly fed ànd to some extent poorly bred cattle. Canada is both capable of pro- ducing a heavy beef surplus and in a position to grain-finish her export supplies. Live stock is the medium through which fodder and coarse grain crops are marketed, yet the live stock districts in Canada are marketing only small amounts of good quality beef, pork and mutton. Lack of proper feeding appears to be more general than lack of good breeding. 4.- Cold Storage. Cold Storag,e 'Yarehouses.-Under the Cold Storage Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. VII, c. 6), subsidies have been granted by the Dominion Government towards the construction and equipment of cold storage warehouses open to the public, the Act and regulations made thereunder being administered by the Department of Agriculture. Table 45 shows for 1923 the number .of cold storage warehouses in Canada, with the refrigerated space. This amounts to 36,532,492 cubic feet, of which 5,244,358 cubic feet apply to warehouses subsidized under the Act and 31,288,134 cubic feet apply to non-subsidized warehouses. 45.-Cold Storage Warehouses In Canada, 1923. SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC W AREHOU8ES. Provinces. Number. Refriger- Total ated Cost. subsidy. space. Cubic feet. S S 200,000 50.000 15.000 571,440 287,237 7R.I71 781,161 192.577 57.773 248.394 245,287 7J.586 1.739,944 632.547 183. 7-&0 27.500 32,000 9.600 437,596 268.707 80.612 351. 159 242,000 72 . 600 887.16-1 458,000 137, 400 5,UI,3áS 2,408,355 .88.m PrincéEdward Island......... ......... ..............._ 1 Nova Scotia........................................... 3 New Brunswick.................................. . . . . . . 2 Quebec. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2 Ontario................................................ 16 ?Innitvba.............................................. 1 Sa"katchewan..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Alberta. . . . . . . . . _... . . . . ... . .. . . . ....... .. .... . ..... . 2 British Columbia.. ..... ........ .. 3 Total subsidized. . . . . . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . . ... . 3t SUBSIDIZED AND NON-8UBSIDIZED WAREHOUSES. Provinces. No. Refriger- ated space. Articles Stored. Prince Edward Island....... . . . . 4 Cubic feet.. 241,700 1 Bait and Fish. 1 Eggs, 1 FOJ: Meat and Meat, 1 Meat and General. 1,110,554 4 Bait and Fish, 1 Butter, 3 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Dairy Produce. Fish and Meat. 1 Eggs. 4 Fish, 3 Fish and Meat, 1 General, 1 Meat and Produce. 975,391 18 Bait and Fish, 1 Butter, Eggs and Ice Cream, 1 Cured Meat, 1 Eggs, 2 General 1 Meat &11<1 Poultry. Nova Scotia. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 New Brunswick. '" ........... 24 . COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES 605 45.-Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1923-concluded. SUBSIDIZED AND NON-SUBSIDIZED WAREHOusEs-concluded. Provinces. No. Refriger- ated apace. Cubic feet. Articles Stored. Quebec................ ........_ 61 7,693,354 Ontario.. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 139 11, 649, 024 1 Butter, 1 Butter and Eggs, 1 Butter, Eggs and !\Ieat. 4 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and Meat, 2 Cured Meat, 2 Fresh and Cured Meat, 5 Dairy Produce, 1 Dairy Produce, Eggs and Meat. 4 Dairy Produce and l\[eat, 2 Packing House and Dairy Productf', 3 Fish, 1 Fish, Meat and Poultry, 10 General, 4 General Produce, 9 'Ieat, 1 Ieat, and General, 3 ;\[eat and General Proùuce, 2 Meat Products, 3 l\feat and Poultry, 1 !\Ieat, Poultry and General Produce. 22 Butter, 1 Butter and Cheese, 2 Butter and Dairy Produce, 3 Butter and Eggs, 1 Butter, Eggs and General, 1 Butter, Eggs and Meat, 2 Butter, Eggs and Poultry, 1 Butter and Farm Produce, 1 Butter and General. 16 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and Meat, 1 Butter and Milk, 1 Chee!'e and Meat, 4 Cured Meat 1 Cured Meat and Fish, 1 Dairy Produce and Eggs, 4 Dairy Produce. Eggs and Meat, 1 Dairy and Farm Produce, 1 Dairy Pro- duce and l\leat, 1 Dairy Produce, Meat and Poultry, ] Eggs, 6 Eggs !l.nd General, 12 Fish, 1 Fish and Fruit, 1 Fish and General, 2 Fif'h find Meat, 2 Fish, Meat and General, 4 Fruit, 4 Fruit and Jam, 1 Fruit and Meat, 1 Fruit and Meat Pro- ducts, 1 Fruit and Yegetables, 16 General, 3 General Produce, 1 Hog Productf"'. 2 Ice Cream. 5 Meat, 4 Meat and General. 2 ;\filk, Ice ('ream and Butter, 4 Packing House and Dairy Products. 2 Butter, 5 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and Meat, 1 Dairy Produce and Vegetables, 2 Dairy Products and Meat, 15 Fish, 1 Fish and Poultry, 5 General, 1 General Produce, 6 Meat. 1 Meat and General. 1 :\Ieat and General Prodllce, 1 Packing House Products. 7 Butter, 1 Butter, Eggs and Meat, 8 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Eggs and General, 3 Fish, Meat and General Produce, 6 General, 3 General Produce, 1 Meat, 1 Ieat and General, 2 Meat and General Produce, 1 Milk, Ice Cream and Butter, 1 Packing House Products. 3,809,835 2 Butter, 5 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Eggs and Fruit, 1 Fish, Meat and General Produce, 1 Fish. Meat and Poultry, 3 General, 4 :\Ieat, 4 Packing House Products. 4,006,147 Manitoba.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Saskatchewan.................. . 35 1,851,512 Alberta..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 B,:itish Columbia... . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5,150,075 6 Butter, 2 Butter and General, 1 Butter and General Produce, 3 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Rutter and Meat, 9 Fish, 1 Fish and General. 2 Fish and Meat, 4 Fish, Meat and General Pro- duce, 2 Fruit, 1 Fruit and Jam, ï General, 4 Meat, 2 Meat and General, 2 Packing House Products, 1 Packing House Products and Eggs, 1 Packing House Products and General. yukon......................... . Totals............. . 1 44,900 1 Fish. 395 36,532,492 Cold Storage Stocks.-Statistics of the stocks of food in the cold storage warehouses of Canada are collected and published monthly by the Internal Trade Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. A summary of the cold storage data is included in the report on U Live Stock and Animal Products Statistics," published annually. Judging by the average of the stocks on hand on the first of each month, (jOü TRADE A.lvD rOlIJIERCE the cold f':torage holdings of eggs during 1922 recorded the marked incrcase of 35 p.c. oycr the pre,.iou<.; ycar. The cold tornge :-;tocks of butter and chec e innefi:"C'd 4 p.c. and 5 p.c. re pectively during the same period. In Table 46 are included statistics by months for 1922 of the f':tocks of food in cold storage and in proce!':s of cure, for various important commodities. 46.- to('ks of "'ood on lIand In ('old Stora?;4.' and In IÞro('4.'ss of ('lIr4.'. b)' ;Uonths and ('(}mmodith-'s, 1922. 1 ! Beef. Months. I:glZ:", Butter. (' hee"e. In pro- Fresh. Cured. ee,.,s of eure. Dozen. lb . lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs. 1922. January 1,988,88-1 11,629,530 15,540,495 25, 6S2. 928 245.369 ltì2,36ô l'ebruary 1,152,357 9,352,465 10,5:34,795 22,6-10.709 2!)8,202 158,646 )Iareh . ... 810,967 6,124,6\M 6,761,6:36 19,542,66!J 275,717 ltì8,:!O-l .\pril 1,-160,963 2,421,1!J6 4,36l,842 17,817,092 246,736 165,!J7!.1 'lay. 5,29:3,870 1, HS,456 3,876.236 12,119.923 2:36,502 201. 624 June. 12,2-11,551 2,955,217 5,917,657 13,206,940 1!IS,565 207,677 July 16,772.355 10,669,213 9,:396,300 9,824.i41 193,394 192,183 August.... . 18,O!l5, 2:31 19,0:38,027 16,78:3,349 8,606,593 96,845 183,854 Heptember. . ...... 17,674,376 24,565,660 21,176,909 10 ,1!J8, 710 1:38,524 268,542 Oetober. . ...... 16.254,931 24,6:35,3!J0 18,524.404 15,150,520 222,733 128, !l89 November.... 11,0:34,395 25.049,425 9,728,665 22,052,122 1-14,557 1:33,212 Decem ber. . 6,533,199 19,897,626 8,337,763 27,922,352 160,4:W 210,872 1!J23. January. .. ...... 3,351,243 14,645,5U9 5,lï8,881 25,255,609 1,354.67l1 232,84 Pork. }I utton. Oleo-mar- )Ionths. In pro- Lard. and garine. Poultry. Fre"h. Cured. ces" or Lamb. cure. - - - - - lhs. Ib;;. Ibs. lbs. Ibs. Ib". Ib . 1922. January.. 7,659.931 6,502,16 10,625,201 1,8S0,618 6,596.869 216,555 5,393,66& February ..... 10,526,290 6.345,701 10, 62:3,56:! 1,845,722 5,022,557 211,415 5,282,226 }I arch . 1O,26:3,05\J l1,I!J2,07& 7.027,997 1,780,337 4,071,456 345,6% 4,816,76b April. . . 11,207,913 8,192,622 10,772,445 2,427,680 2,725,11 t 164,665 3,-l87,14:3 May . 12.403,:UI 7,I\!H,16'! 10,-134.378 2.787,202 1. 444,055 112,36:3 2,1\99.155 June. .., 10,612,601\ 7,963.82:3 10,235,881 2,607,518 852,720 122, 115 2,0:31,167 July 9. 140,4 1 8.3n.5\16 1O,421,2:m 2,718.200 603,763 238,080 1,420,857 Augu"t 1I.5fi!I,OI8 7,41-1,9:34 11,800,842 2,976,801 591. 428 122,595 1,069,2;).') :-;eptem ber 6,705,912 8,157,212 10,091,124 1,695,048 820. !l50 113.977 73:3, 6:36 ()ptober. 4,250, 0!I6 8,200,746 7.512,505 1,610,!J59 1.277,160 1:34.655 785,432 Xovember 4,554.205 4,788,151 9.8-12,9.13 1.690,05 4.508,045 252,782 1,2.!7,911 Decem ber ....... . 8,238,00219,141'62:!17, 70'1,025 2,043,269 6,264,431 205,270 2,795,674 1923. January. ..... ............... 10,550,966 10.461,605 7,663,737, 2,439,533 6,461,717 195,53ã 5,9S4,932 I]. igures in thi" table are or 'Stocks on hand on the first of each month. 5 - Coal. In addition to thp stat istics of t hp f'upply and di t rihution of coal whi{'h are sunnnariz('ù in the :\Iiues anù :\linemb f'('ction of thp Year Book, the Internal Trade Branch of Uw Dominion Bureau of tatistic rpceives a monthly return from who]p- sale and retail dealcrs throughout Canada, ho\\ inJ! receipts and stOCh.S on hand. togC'thpr \\ ith a tatpmcnt of ('O t at the mine. with tram.portation find incidental charge , as \\('ll as prices. .\ 1Il0nt}tly compilation of the return is made, stoCh.S in store> being compiled monthly for seahqarù pointR and quarterly for the whole country. The distribution of coal hy the )"(.tail dealerI' in Canada declincd from 5.7 million tons in 1!1:!1 to 4.7 million tons in t 11(' following year. The provincial distri- bution through retail dealers for the Í\\O ypur::, iR given in Table 47. and the average yearly retail price!" from l!I:!O to 19:22 for the priIH'ipal citit - arc prC'!'('ntcù in Tablp 48. DISTR1BUTION OF COAL IN CANADA 607 J1.-Distribution of Coal through Retail Healers, b) PrO\inces, 1921 and 1922. (Short tons). Anthracite Coal Bituminous Coal Canadian From From Bituminous, Provinces. Years. Total. Cnited Great United Great Lignite States. Britain. States. Britain. and others. - --- Nova Scotia........ 1921 43,931 162,426 206.351 1922 19,807 3,964 2,701 171,407 197,879 New Bruns\\ick 1921 64,957 15,280 95,466 115,103 1922 21,411 2,373 5,873 283 97,111 127,051 Prince Ed ward lHlanrl. . 1921 4,356 26,454 30,810 1922 8,007 39,480 47,4 7 Quebec. 1921 856.46 176,539 56,001 1,089,002 1922 538,146 8,314 370,467 11, 802 113,779 1,0-12,508 Ontario. . . . . . . 1921 2,101,410 448,794 15,036 2,565,210 1922 995,398 22, 297 519,705 . 302 28,348 1,566,050 :Manitoba. 1921 61,774 33,127 230,165 325,056 1922 45,436 65, 37 273,264 383,937 Saskatche\\ an 1921 20,411 2,544 575,855 598,810 1922 12,985 2,280 616,378 631.6,13 Alberta....... .. 1921 4,219 252 372,000 316,,111 1922 1,281 27 343,389 3U,697 British Columbia.... 1921 3,601 1,128 289,527 29,1,256 1922 3,994 10,716 356,256 37U,966 -- --- Canada.... 1921 3.161,121 67'1, 66-1 1,822,930 5,661,715 1922 1,6,16, -165 36,9! 977,006 12,38. 2,1139,412 4, .12.218 I 48.- Y earl ' Average Retail Pr 'es of ('oal in Canada, by Principal Municipalities, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Anthracite Bituminous. Province and 1\1 unicipality. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1920. 1921. 1922. -- S cts. $ cts. S cts. S cts. S cts. $ cts. N ov A I5COTIA- Syùney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 7 15 720 - Xew Glasgow............. 11 55 - - 789 7 75 - Amherst. ... .. '" 24 25 20 75 1900 11 89 11 75 882 Halifax. . . . . . . ..0_- 20 14 18 75 17 14 1232 10 59 959 Truro. . . . . . _ ..... 14 25 18 50 - 11 00 11 93 10 55 PRIN"CE EDWARD ISLAN"D- Charlotteto\\n............ . 2004 21 70 1800 1171 997 826 KEW Bm'xswIcK- :\Ioncton. ..... 2200 18 75 1> ],199 2,021 It will be seen from the table that the more populous provinces of OntariO-and Quebec obtained the large!':t absolute numhcr of patents, but a calculation of the number of patentees in relation to the census population shows that. for the fiscal year 1923 the greatest rclatiye inventiveness was di!'played in British Columbia. Thus in this province, in 1923, one patent was granted to every 2,740 per ons, the other provinces, as regards the number of persons to each patent grant('d, being placed in order as follows: Ontario, 3,585; Manitoba, 4,069; Alberta, 4,092; Sas- katchewan, 4,905; Quebec, 5,683; P.E. I:--:land, 9,7ï8; Kava Scotia, 15,216 and New BrunFwick, 18,900. The CommisFioner of Patents reportF that during the fiscal year ended March 31, 192 , thc land vehicle cla s was still the largest single class of invention, "hilc internal combustion motors was the next largcst, though there was a decreaH' of nearly 20 p.c. in the lattcr compared with 1922. Inventions pertaining to tillage, grain 8eparation and animal husbandry Fhowed increases of nearly 30 p.c. Appli- cations for wireless communication showed a slight increase and inventions for telephony and telegraphy were the same as in 1922. The coal shortage in the winter of 1922- 3 provided a stimulus to inventions connected with the use of fuel oil fur- naces. Inventions in typewriters increased considerably; many of the applications were directed to the elimination of noise and to folding portable typewriters. COPYRIGHTS 611 lil.-Statistics of Patents applied for, granted, etc., fiscal years, 1919-1923. Classification. Fiscal Year ended March 31. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. - - - - 9,025 11,198 13,446 12,274 10,806 6,052 9,527 11,152 7,393 12,542 2,022 2,036 2"j49 2,620 2,127 349 408 410 420 452 3,690 4,479 5,525 5,481 5,143 339,345 294,046 344.712 380,207 413,238 Applications for patents. .. . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . .. .. r-: . Patents granted........... ..... .... " ......... Certificates for renewal fees.... .- x:;i: : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: Fees received, net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. s Copyrights.-The first Canadian COP:\Tight Art" a'ì pJ.Esed by the Legisla- ture of Lower Cana-Ia on Feb. 25, 1832 (2 William IV, c. 53). This Act was repealed awl replnced by an Act of the Province of Canada relating to copyright pasl'ed in 1841 (4-5 Vict., c. 61), allowing copyright to any resident of the Province on depositing with the Provincial Registrar a ropy of the work and printing in the work a notice of the entry. In 1842 an Imperial Act (5-6 Vict., c. 45), gave to a work first published in the United Kingdom protection throughout the Empire. As at that time the United States had no agreement with the United Kingdom as to copyrights, United States publishers reprinted in cheap editions books copyrighted in the United Kingdom, and many such books naturally found their way into Canada. By the Foreign Reprints Act of 1847 (10-11 Vict., c. 95), the Imperial Government made it possible for Canadians to secure these cheap editions on making provisions safeguarding the rights of the British authors. This was d:>ne by Canada in 1850 by an .c Act to impose a Dut.y on Foreign Reprints of British Copyright 'Yorks " (13-14 Vict., c. 6), and the dut.y so imposed was conti- nued by the first Dominion Act of 1868 (31 Vict., chaps. 54 and 56), the latter Act authorizing the Governor in Council to impose a duty not exceeding 20 p.c. ad valorem on such leprints and to distribute the proceeds among the owners of the copyrights. By the B.N.A. Act, exclusive legislative authority in matters of copyright was assigned to the Dominion Parliament.. In 1875 an Act was passed (38 Vict., c. 88), allowing a copyright for 28 years to persons domiciled in Canada or in any British Possession, or who, being citizens of any country having an international copyright agreement with the United Kingdom, hau registered their claim and complied with the usual conditions. In 1886 an lnternational Copyright Act (49-50 Vict., c. 33), was passed by the Imperial Parliament, giving to Queen Victoria the right to accede to the Berne Convention. As Canada thus became a member of the Berne Convention with the privilege of withdrawal, books published in Canada by Canadians secured the same privileges as books published first in the United Kingdom, an author of any country subscribing to the Convention obtaining in any other country in the union the same rights as an author of that country. An Imperial Act of 1911 set forth general copyright regulations for the Empire. The Copyright Act of 1921 (as amended by the Act of 1923), which became effective on Jan. 1, 1924, sets down in section 4 the qualifications for a copyright and in section 5, its duration. II Copyright shall subsist in Canada . in every original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work, if the author was at the date of the making of the work a British subject, a citizen or subject of a foreign country which has adhered to the (Berne) Convention and the Additional Protocol. . . or a resident within His Majesty's 62373-391 612 TRADE AND COMMERCE Dominions. The term for which the copyri ht shall subsist shall, except as other- wise expressly provided by this Act, be t.he life of the author and a period of fifty years after his death." Section 13 provides that if at any time the owner of the copyright fails to print the book in Canada and satisfy the reasonable Canadian demand therefor, anyone may apply for a license to the Minister administering the Act, who may, if the owner fails to print an edition, grant a license to the applicant on the latter paying a royalty to the owner. Copyright protection is extended to records, perforatpd rolls, cinematographic films or other contrivances by means of which a work may be mechanically perform- ed. The intention of the Act is to enable Canadian authors to obtain full copy- right protection throughout all parts of His Ma_esty's Dominions, foreign countriæ of the Copyright Union and the United States of America, as well as in Canada. This Act, as amended by c. 10 of 1923, restricting the "licensing sections" to citizens of Canada and subjects or citizcns of countries which do not belong to the International Copyright Union, c .me into force on January 1, 1924, and repealed all In'perial COPYrIght Acts as far as operative in Canada and all existinR: Canadian COP) right statutes. 52.-Statlstlc8 of Cop)Tights, Trade :Uarks, Etc., fiscal )'ears, 1919-1923. Fiscal Year ended March 31. Cl8BBificatioD. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. - - - - Copyrights registered...... . .. . .. . . . .... . - . . -. . No. 1,436 2,028 1,729 1,465 1.591 Certificates o[ copyright... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 142 201 174 244 217 Trade marks registered. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 919 1, 735 :Z,128 2,609 1.621 Industrial designs registered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 169 186 316 384 130 Tim ber marks registered. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 00 22 58 20 17 A8Signments registered......................... II 255 320 624 570 413 Fee received, net...... .. .. .. .... .. . . ... . .... ., S 40,179 60,451 63,175 74,679 71.2(1 . TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 613 IX.-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS. Canada is a country of magnificent distances, nearly 4,000 m;les in length from east to west, with its relatively small population of 8:788,4831 in the main thinly distributed along the southern borders of its vast area. Different pam of the country are shut off from each other by areas which are almost wildernesses, such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec. and the vast areas north of lakes Huron and Superior. the latter dividing the chief industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the great agricultural areas of the prairieft. To such a country with such a population, produ('ing, like our western agriculturalists. mainly for export, or, like our manufacturers, largely for consumption in distant portions of the country itself, cheap transportation is a necessity of life. Before 1850, when the water routes were the chief avenueB of transportation and these were- cløsed by ice for several months. the business of the central portions of the country was during the winter in a state of stagnat.ion or hibernation. The steam railway was therefore required for the adequate economic development of Canada, more- particularly for linking up with the economic and industrial world the vast pro-- ductive areas of the Canadian west, and thus promoting their development The- construction of the Canadian Padfic railway gave to Canada, as an economic unit, lenJ?;th, but it was "length without hreadth." The building of the newer tram - continental railways ha.. for the first time given the country breadth-a fact whiC'h in another ten years, as settlement fills the extensive areas thus opened up, will be more evident than it is to-day. Railway transportation, though in many parts of the country essential, is nevertheless expensÏ\ e particularly in thcse last few years, and for bulky and weighty commodities. Hcnce new enterprises haye either been undertaken or are under consideration for improving water communication, such as the new and deeper WeIland canal, the deepening of the S1. Lawrence canals and of the channel between Montreal and Quebec, and the utilization of the Hudson bay route for the transportation of western grain to the British and continental European markets. Problems of transportation are, therefore, of vital importance in the economic life of Canada, occupying a large part of the time and thought of our PariiamentB and publi(' men. Scarcely less important, from the social and from the economic point of view, is the development of mf>thods of communication, in a country so vast and so thinly peopkd. The post office has been a great, though little rf>coJ;!nized factor, in promoting solidarity among the peopl{' of different parts of the Dominion, while telegraphs and telephones have gone far to annihilate distanC'e, the rural telephone, in particular, having been of gTE'at soci:tl and economic benefit in country districtH. That the use of the automobile has also beeL of great benefit in promoting social intercourse among the dwelJers in rural districts is evidenced by the fact that in Ontario alone, 70,453 passenger cars were owned by farmers in 1922. The preSft, again, a.."sisted by cheap teleJ?;raph and cable rates, and reaching through the mails all over the country, ha....pense to those giving it. The Chief or Assistant Chief Commissioner, depending upon which one is presiding, gives final judgment on points of law when, in the opinion of the Com- missioners, t],e question is one of law. On ouest ions of fact the findinJrB of the Board are final and are not qualified by previous judgments of any other rourt. QUf'Stions of law and jurisdiction are differentiated. In the first case, the Board may, if it wishes, allow an appeal to the Supreme Court; in the second, the applicant needs no permis!"ion to present his appeal. The Railway Committ ee of the Privy Council, b{'ing a committee of the Cabinet, was r ponsible to Parliament. Whcn the powers of the Committee were made over to the Railway Commission the responsibiJiI.y was retained, but neccssarily by a different means. There is now provision for an appeal from any decision to the Governor in Council, who may also of his own motion interfere to rescind or vary the action of the Board, but the power to rescind or vary usually consists in referring a matter to the Board for reconsideration. From its incept ion until Dec. 31, 1922, the Board gave formal hearing to 7,518 cases. Its decision was appealed in 80 ca..<;es, 46 of these being to the Supreme Court of Canada and 34 to the Governor-General in Council. Of the appeals (with 2 still pending), 10 of t bOf';e carried to the Supreme Court were allowed and one of those to the Governor- General in Council. II.-STEAM RAILWAYS. I.-Historical Sketch. The first Canadian railway was con tructed in the year 1836, between St. Johns, Quebec, and La Prairie, with the ohject of shortening the journey between Montreal and New York. It was only 16 miles long and was operated by horses, for which 10comotiveA" were substituted in ]837. A second railway from Montreal to Lachine was opened in 1847, and a third line to S1. Hyacinthe in 1848. In 1850, however, there were only 66 miles of railway in all Canada. Commencement of the Railway Era-The Grand Trunk.-The railway era in Canada ma)' be said to have begun in 185], when an Act was passed, providing for the construction of a main line of railway between the two Canada."3. The rpsult was the completion of the Grand Trunk railway between Montreal and Toronto in 1856, itA extension westward to Sarnin in 1859, and eastward to Rivière du Loup in 1860. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence railway from Portland. Maine, to the Canadian boundary, was leased for 999 years, and in 1859, on the completion of the Victoria bridge across the St. Lawrenre at Montreal, the Grand Trunk had a through route 800 miles long from Portland to Sarnin.. A line from Detroi to Port HUTOn W leased in 1859, the Champlain roads in 1863, tbe Buffalo and Lake Huron in ]867, while the Chicago and Grand Trunk was completed from Port Huron to Chicago in 1880. In 1881 the Georgian Bay and Lake Erie system, CANADIAN STEAM RAILWAYS 617 with 171 miles, was incorporated, and in the following year the amalgamation with the Great Western (904 miles) too.... place, whi e the Midland system (473 miles) was also incorporated into the Grand Trunk. In 1888 the Northern railway, which had been opened from Toronto to Barrie in 1853. and the Hamilton and N orth- western railway, were taken over by the Grand Trunk. In 1891 the completion of the St. Clair tunnel gave direct communication with the railways of the United States. In the seventies the gauge had been changed from the original 5' 6" to the standard gauge of 4' 8!". Construction of the Intercolonial.-The Intercolonial railway between the Maritime Provinces and Canada had been proposed as early as the thirties. In 1844 the Imperial Government made a survey for a military road, and in 1851 aJ!,reed to recommend to Parliament either a guarantee of interest or an advance of the sum required to build a railroad. Differences of opinion as to the route resulted in the project falling through, but in 1853 Nova Scotia undertook to construct by 1862 a trunk line from Halifax to the New Brunswick frontier, with branch lines to Pictou and Victoria Beach. In both Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick, however, the scheme of an Intercolonial railway broke down for lack of funds, and in 1867 there were only 341 miles of railway in the Maritimes-196 miles in New Brunswick, including lines from St. John to Shediac and from St. Andrews to Richmond; 145 miles in Nova Scotia, including lines from Halifax to Truro and Windsor, and from Truro to Pictou. These, under the B.N.A. Act. passed to the Dominion Government. The latter on its part undertook the completion of the railway, and in 1876 the line was opened. In 1879 the Rivière du Loup branch of the Grand Trunk was acquired, and in 1898 the Drummond Counties Railway from Chaudière Junction to Ste. Rosalie Jun('tion was leased, and running rights obtained from the latter point over the Grand Trunk tracks into Montreal, the Intercolonial thus becoming a competitor for the business of the commercial metropolis of Canada. The first Transcontinental Railway-the C.P.R.-As early as 1849 a pamphlet published by Major Carmichael-Smyth advocated the construction of a Canadian Pacific railway nearly along the pre ent route. In 1851 a Parliamentary Committee reported against the undertaking of the enterprise at that time. In 1871 the terms under which British Columbia entered Confederation pledged the Dominion to commence the Pacific railway within two years, and complete it within ten years. The work of construction of the railway as a public work actually commenced in 1874, but was not very rapidly pushed forward. In 1880 the Gov- ernment entered into a contract with the Canadian Pacific Railway syndi('ate, granting to the syndicate all portions of the line completed or under construction, a cash subsidy of $2fí,000,000 and a land grant of 25,000,000 acres, free admission of materials for construction, and protection for 20 .ears against competing lines. The company on its side agreed to complete the railway to a fixed standard by May 1. 1891, and thereafter to maintain it efficiently. As a matter of fact the last spike on the main line was driven on N ov. 7, 1885. Like the Grand Trunk, the Canadian Pacific railway now beJ1;an to acquire small branch lines as feerlers; among them being the North Shore, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Ontario in 1881, the Winnipeg to Manitou line in 18 2, the Ontario and Quebec, the Credit Valley and the Toronto, Grey and Bruce in 1883, the St. Lawrence and Ottawa and Manitoba Southwestern, in 1884, the North Shore, Nova Scotia, in 1885, the Atlantic and Northwest, in 1886, the West Ontario Pacific, in 1887, the Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie, in 1888, the New lrunswick railway, the Columbia and Kootenay in 1890, the Montreal and Ottawa and Montreal and Lake Maskinonge in 1892. 618 TRASSPORTATION A.YD COJ[lr[UNICATIOI'..YS The second Transcontinental-the Canadian Northem railway.-The second transcontinental railway, the Canadian Northern, was begun in 1896 with the completion by Mackenzie and l\Iann of the 125 mile line of the Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company, chartered in 1889. Next were acquired the charters of the "înnipeg and Hunson Bay, the :\Ianitoba and Southe Istern, the Ontario and Rainy River, and the Port Arthur, Duluth and \Vestern. Assisted by the Manitoba Government, which desired to establish competition with the Canadian Pacific railway, the Canadian Korthern next secured the Manitoba lines of the Northern Pacific, and in 1902 completed its line from \Yinnipeg to Port Arthur. By securing guarantees of bonds from the Dominion and Provincial Governments it was enabled to complete the great scheme of a t.ranscontinental road, opening up in Ontario and in the \Yest large undeveloped areas which are now in process of settlement. The third Transcontinental-the Grand Trunk Pacific.-Before the continental ambitions of the Canadian Korthern were generally understood, the q' e.;:tion C3me up of b ildi1 g an additiom.l tr. n contil ental line. About the end of the century, the Grand Trunk be an to look with envy at the large and increasing revenues drawn by the Canadian Pacific iailway from the great Northwest. In 1902, the Grand Trunk submitted to the Dominion Government a proposition to construct a line from Korth Bay to the Pacific coast, provided that a grant of $6,400 and 5,000 acres of land per mile should be made. The Government, in 1903, submitted a counter-proposition that the line, instead of terminating at North Bay, should be continueù east to Moncton, New Brunswick, the easterly section from :\Ioncton to Winnipeg to be constructed by the Government and leased to the Grand Trunk for a fifty-year period, the railway pa ing no rent for the first seven years and 3 p.c. on the cost of the railway for the remaining 43 years. The western half of the railway from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert was to be built by the Grand Trunk, the Government guaranteeing interest on bonds to 75 p.c. of the cost of construction, not exceeding $13,000 per mile on the prairie section and $30,000 per mile on the mountain sectitm. This proposition was accepted and construction commenced on the K ational Transcontinental and the Grand Trunk Pacific. Effect of the \Var on the Railways. The Drayton-Acworth Report.- \Yith two new transcontinental main lines besiùes branches under construction, Canadian railway mileage was doubled between 1900 anù 1915, increasing from 17,637 miles in the former :rear to 35,3:'\2 miles in the latter. The builders of the new lines, as well as the Canadian Government and people, had e"-"'"Pected that immigration of capital and labour from Europe would rapidly settle the areas tributary to the npw railroads and give them abundant and lucrative traffic, as had been the case with the C.P.R. Instead the war came, and European labour and capital were conscripted for the struggle; immigration fell off, while cost of operation increased, 0"\\ ing to the scarcity of labour and material in Canada. The interest on the bonds had to be met, and in 1915 the Government felt it necessary to give assistance to the railways. In 1916, after having again made a loan to the Grand Trunk Pacific railway and the Canadian .Northern Railway Company, a Royal Commission was appointed by Order in Council of July 13, 1916, to inve ti- gate: (1) the general problem of transportation, (2) the status of each of the thrpe transcontinental systems, (3) the reorgani'mtion of any of the said systems, or their acquisition by the State, and (4) others matters considered by the Commission to be relevant to the general scope of the inquiry. Alfred Holland Smith of New York, Sir Henry Drayton of Ottawa and Sir Gcorge Paish of London, England CANADIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS 619 were originally appointed to the Commission. On the resignation of the latter \Villiam M. Acworth was appointed to take his place. The majority report of the Commission, which was signed by Sir Henry Drayton and :Mr. Acworth, has formed the basis of the subsequent railway policy of Canada. Their recommenda- tion was that the public should take control of the Canadian Northern, of the Grand Trunk Pacific and of the Grand Trunk proper; and that they should be administered on purely business principles by a Board of Trustees, such compen- sation as seemed proper to be decided by arbitration and given to the shareholders of the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trun . Origin and Growth of Government-owned Railways. ('anadian Government Railu'ays.-The Intercolonial railway, built as a condition of Confederation and completed in 1876, and the Prince Edward Island railway, opened in April, ]875, have since their construction been owned and operated by the Dominion Government. In 1903 the Dominion Government undertook the construction of the eastern division of the ational Transcontinental railway from Moncton, K .B., to 'Vinnipeg, to be leased to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company for a period of 50 years. On the failure of the latter company to take over the oppration of the road when completed in 1915, thp Government itsp!f undertook its operation-capital expenditure up to Dec. 31, 1922, $169,OgO,122. Thus on March 31, 1918, the Canadian Government railways had a total mileage of 5,150.08, comprising the Intprcolonial railway, 2,305.23 miles; St. John and Quebec railway, leased under authority of Chapter 49 of the Statutes of 1912, 127.72 mjles; Prince Edward Island railway, 313.82 miles; and Kational Trans- continental railway, 2,403.3] miles. Under Orders in Council of May 22, 1918, and August 30, 1918, the l\loncton and Buctouche, the Elgin and Havelock, St. lartin's railway, the York and Carleton railway and the Salisbury and Albert railway were taken over. Also, under Order in Council of December 1, 1919, the Lotbinière and Megantic railway; under Order in Council of June 10, 1920, the Caraquet and Gut' Shore railway and under Order in Council of June 12, 1920, the Cape Breton milway, were incorporated in the Government railway system. The Hudson Bay railway, with 332.5 miles of steel rail at the end of 1920, and 214 miles operated, out of its total length of 424 miles, has been declared to be comprised in the Canadian Government railways, and is being operated to a limited extent by the board of directors of the Canadian National Railways. Its cost to Dec. 31, 1922, was $20,569,266, of which $14,354,162 was chargeable to the railway and $6,215,104 to the terminals at Port Xelson. During the calendar year 1922 its gross earnings were $32,626, its working expenses $57,577-a deficiency of $24,931. Canadian Northern Railway.-In pursuance of an Act passed in 1917 (7-8 George V, c. 24), intituled an Act providing for the acquisition by His Majesty -of the capital stock of the Canadian Northern Railway Company, and an agree- ment entered into under the Act, the Government acquired the entire capital stock -of the Canadian Northern Railway Company, except five shares issued in exchange for Canadian orihern Railway income charge convertible debenture stock. Having thus acquired control, the Government, in September, 1918, appointed a new board of directors of the Canadian Northern Railway Company. This board, under Order in Council of November 20, 1918, became also a board of management of the Canadian Government railways, with all the powers theretofore vested in the general manager of the Canadian Government railways. The use of the general term "Canadian National Railways" to describe both systems was authorized ð20 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS by Order in Council of December 20, 1918, the corporate entity of each system being, ho"\\ever, pre erved. The Canadian Northern system, at the time of its acquisition by the Government, had a total mileage of 9,566.5 miles. The Grand Trunk Pacific.-During 1916, 1917 and 1918, the Grand Trunk Pacific received advances from the Government, totalling $19,639,837, to enable it to "carry on" during difficult times. Toward the close of the fiscal year 1918-19, approximatRly $950,000 of the $7,500,000 authorized in the estimates of that year remained unexpended. The company desired to use this to pay interest on Grand Trunk Pacific Debcnture Stock, but the Government insisted that deficits in operation Ahould have priority over all other charges, and made the remittance conditional upon that understanding. As a result, th(' company notified the Govern- ment that it would be unable to meet the interest due on its securities on March 1, 1919. This was followed on March 4, by a notification from the company that it would be unable to continue operation of the railway after March 10. As it was neressary. in the interests of the immense territories served by the railway, to maintain the operation of the railroad, the Minister of Railways was appointed receiver from midnight of March 9, and for a time the road was operated apart from the Canadian National Railways. In October, 1920, the management was tran!-:ferred to the Canadian National Railways, and 1921 was the first complete year of the operation of this road as an integral part of the Canadian National system. The Grand Trunk.-The desire of the parent organization, the Grand Trunk, to he relieved of its obligations in respect of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and Grand Trunk financial difficulties, led to negotiations early in 1918 for the taking over and inclusion of the Grand Trunk in the Gov('rnment system of railways. These continued until October, 1919, and resulted in Chapter 13 of the 2nd Session of that year, an Act to acquire the Grand Trunk Railway system. This legi lation provided for the sale and purchase of the preference and common stock, the value of which was to be determined by arbitration. On certain other stocks, namely, the 4 p.c. guaranteed stock and the debenture stocks, the Government agreed to guarantee the payment of dividends and interest, provided the voting powers exerci ed by the shareholders should cease on the provision of the guarantees. The guarantees were to take effect on the appointment of a committee of manage- ment representative of both the company and the Government. The committee of management, which consisted of C. A. Hayes and S. J. Hungerford, representing the Canadian National Railways, W. D. Robb and Frank Scott, representing the Grand Trunk, "ith Prcsident Ho\\ ard G. Kelley, of the Grand Trunk, a..q chairman, held its first meeting on :\lay 31, 1920, from which date the Government assumed its liability under the Act already referred to. The arbitrators appointed were Sir Walter Cassels, Chairman; Sir Thomas White, for the Government; and Hon. W. H. Taft, for the Grand Trunk. The arbitration proceedings commenced on February 1, 1921. The agreement under the Grand Trunk Acquisition Act limited the time for the completion of the arbitration proceedings to nine months from the date of the appointment of th(' arbitrators. The arbitrators had been appointed on July 9, 1920. and the arbitration proceedings had not been completed when the prorecdings lapsed on April 9, 1921. This difficulty led to further delay, and to rE'instate the arbitration proceedings nece.. itated more legislation. With this in view, an Act respecting the Grand Trunk arbitration was put through and became law on May 3, lU21. Thi" l('gis- lation provided for the reviving of the arbitration proceedings, conditional upon THE CANADIAN NATIONAL RAILWAYS 621 the re ignation of the Grand Trunk En lish directorate, the substitution of a Cana- dian Board, and the estaulishment of the head office in Canada. The English directors resi ned on May 26, and the Canadian Board was appointed, as folIows:- Sir Joseph Flavelle, Bart., Toronto; Howard G. Kelley, Montreal; A. J. Mitchell, Toronto; E. L. Newcombe, K.C.. Ottawa; and J. N. Dupuis, Montreal. The arbitration pro('eeding!'; were revived on June 1, and the hearing finally concluded on July 8. The award was made on Sept. 7, the chairman, Sir Walter Cassels, and Rir Thomas White holding that the preference and common stocks of the Grand Trunk Company had no value in view of the financial condition of the Grand Trunk, con equent upon its Grand Trunk Pacific entanglements. Hon. W. H. Taft dis- sented from this finding, holding that the securities in qupstion should be valued at not less than $48,000,000, his contention being that the preference and common stock."! would be earning dividcnds in five year's time. The acqui ition agreement providpd for an appeal on a point of law, and as the majority of the arbitrators had declined to hear evidence as to replacemcnt value of the physical property of the system, an appeal was made to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This appeal was dismissed on July 28, 1922. Consnlidation and Reorganization of the Canadian National System.-The Grand Trunk arbitration finally disposed of. steps were taken for the consolidation of the various railways undpr Government operation and control. By Order in Council dated August 14, 1922, the resignation of Howard G. Kell<,y, as Dircr.tor and Presi- dent of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada, w accepted and Graham A. Bell appointed to the vacancy on the Board of Dire('tors, while W. D. Raub, ranking Vice-President, was appointcd Vice-President and GenC'ral Managcr pending reorganization. On October 4, 1922, the reHignations of the Grand Trunk Board were formally ac('epted, and on the samc date a new Board was appointed by Order in Council, to act as Directors both of the Canadian National and the Grand Trunk Railways. On October 10, the new Board met in Toronto, when the members were formally elected to the Canadian National directorate, replacing the Canarlian Northern Board, whose resignations had been tendcred and accepted uy the MiJÚster of Railways. On January 19, 1923, the whole of the preference and common stock of the Grand Trunk Rail" ay Company was, by Order in Council, vested in the Minister of Finance in trust for His Majesty. On January 20, 1923, an Order in Council was passed handing over to the new Can:ldmn National Railway Board the management and operation of the Canadian Government railways, designated specifically as: The Intercolonial railway, The National Transcontinental railway, The Lake Supcrior branch, lea.. ed from the Grand Trunk Pac'ific Railway Company, The Prince Edward bland railway. The Hudson Bay railway, and all other railways and hranch lines ve ted in His Majesty, and comprising what has Leen known as the Canadian Government railways. This Order in COlIDCil superseded and cancelled the Order in Council of November 20, 1918, which had appointed the Canadian Northern Board to operate and mana e these railways. The unification of the Grand Trunk and Canadian National Railways was provided for by Ordcr in Council of January 30, lY23. which a1:--o brought into effect th.. Act to incorporate the Canadian National Railway Company and respcc.ting Canadian National Railways (Chap 13, 1919). This was followed on Feuruury 5, 1923, by an Order in Council establishing the head office of the Canadian National railways at Montreal, Que. 622 TRANSPORTATION AND CO;.UMUNICATIO..VS After due consideration tbe new management divided the combined and reorganized National railway sYEtcm into three regions for operating purposes:- Atlantic Region: All lincs in the :\Iaritimc Provinces and as far we!"t as, and including, H.ivière du Loup, on tlw Intercolonial, and as far as, but not including, Monk on the Transcontinental; headquarters, :\Ionrton. Central Reg'ion: All lines from Rivièrc du Loup and Monk, Que., to Current Junction, on the Canadian Northern, 2 miles east of Port Arthur, and to Huperior Junction, on the Kational Transcontinental, and including the Portland line and the line west of the Detroit River; headQuarter , Toronto. Ires/ern Rcgion: All lines from Current Junction and Superior Junction, Ont., to the Pacific Coast, including Vancouver h:land; hcadqua.rtcr , \Vinnipeg. The Central Yermont, for the pre ent, is being operated as a separate entity, with headquarters at Fit. Albans, Vt. As to reorganization, Sir Henry Thornton, Chairman of the Board and President of the Canadian National raih\ ays, stated, in a communication" hich the Minister of Railways made to Parliament on l\Iarch 27, 1923, that, "hen the new manage- ment took charge, about December 1, 1922, there had been three primary problems "hich demanded immediate attention: 1. The determination of the kind of an organization "hich "as to be employed in the administration of the property; 2. The determination of the regions into \\ hich the property was to be divided for operating purposes and the location of regional and general headquarters; 3. The selection of officers for the various posts involved in the organization. The organization" hich had been decided upon was what might be called a strengthened divisional organization as distinguished from a departmental organi- zation. The executive officers consist of a chairman and president, assisted by five vice-presidents, as follows:- 1. Vice-President in charge of operation, maintcnance and construction. 2. Vice-President in charge of financial affairs. 3. Vice-President in charge of insurance, immigration, development, lands, express and tclegraphs. 4. Vice-President in charge of legal affairs. 5. Vice-President in charge of traffic. The above executive officcrs represent the minimum with which, in Sir Henry Thornton's judgment, it would be possible to operate such a property as the Cana- dian National raih\ ays; indeed, as time goes on and traffic increases, it would, he stated, probably be necessary to add another vice-president. In dividing the railway into three regions for operating purposes, the principle folIo\\ ed had been to give to each operating region as much autonomy and local control in the actual operation of the property as was consistent with efficient principles of administration. Every effort would be made to confine the functions of the vice-presidents and the exect'tive officers to policies, leaving to general managers. general supcr;ntendents and superintendents the responsibility of carrying out details. He felt that in the administIation of such a large property as is repre- sented by the Canadian National railways no other theory of organization could be successful, and, in conclusion, the new President made the following suggestion:- "In the organization of such a property, where we employ about one hucdred thousand people, scattered over nearly 23,000 miles of line, the process of con- solidating and harmonizing the various forces is one "hich will necessarily take BOrne time. It is, therefore, earnestly hoped that those who administer the affairs of the nation \\ ill be sufficiently patient to give those who are sincerely, honestly STATISTICS OF STEAJJf RAILWAYS 623 and conscientiously working out this problem an opportunity to show what can be accomplished before criticisms are made." Quebec Bridge.-The Quebec Bridge was built by the Dominion Government to replace the structure which fell during the erection in 1907. The contract for the substructure was let in 1909, and for the superstructure in 1911. The bridge was opened for traffic in October, 1917, although not entirely completed until August, 1918. It was officially opened by H.R.H. the Prince of \Vales, on August 22, 1919. The main span is the longest in the world, being 1,800 feet centre to centre of piers, or 100 feet longer than that of the Forth Bridge in Scotland. The total expenditure on this structure to March 31, 1923, was $22,640,22 . The bridge is of the cantilever type and carries a double track railway and accommodation for foot traffic, but no highway. The bridge forms a connecting link in the Canadian National Railway system, and is operated as a part of such systems. Statistics of the operation of the Canadian National Railways for the years 1920, 1921 and 1922 are given in Table 20, page 636. 2.-Statistics of Steam Railways. Statistical tables illustrating the construction and operation of steam railways in Canada up to and including the year 1922 are appended. 1. Jte('ord of team Raihva)'l\liIeage, June 30, t 35-1919. and Dec. 31,1919-1922. N urn ber N urn ber N urn ber Number Years. of miles Years. of miles Years. of miles Years. of miles in in in in operation. operation. operation. operation. 1835........... . - 1857.......... . 1. 444 1879. . . . .. . . . 6,858 1901.. . .. .. . . 18.140 1836........... . 16 1858........... 1. 863 1880. ........ 7,194 1902........ . 18,714 1837........... . 16 1859...... ..... 1, 994 1881. .. . .. . . . 7.331 19J3......... 18.988 1838........... . 16 1860......... .. 2,065 1882. . . . . . .. . 8.697 1904........ . 19.431 1839....... h... 16 1861.......... . 2.146 1883.. . . .. . . . 9,577 1905. .. .. . .. . 20,487 1840. . ... . . . .. .. 16 1862.. . . . . . . . . . 2,189 1884........ . 10,273 19C6........ . 21.353 1841........... . 16 1863. . . . .. . . . . . 2,189 1885........ . 10,773 1907........ . 22,452 1842. ... .. .. .. . . 16 1864.......... . 2,189 1886........ . 11, 793 1908.. . .. . .. . 22.966 1843.......... .. 16 1865...... .. .. . 2,240 1887........ . 12.184 19C9........ . 24.104 1844........... . 16 1866........... 2.278 1888........ . 12,163 1910......... 24.731 1845.......... .. 16 1867.... ..' 2,278 188S. ... 12,6:?S 1911........ . 25,400 1846........... 16 1868.......... . 2,270 1890........ . 13,151 1912........ . 26,727 1847........... . 54 1869.......... . 2,524 1891.. ....... 13,838 1913........ . 29,304 1848........... . 54 1870.... ....... 2,617 1892........ . 14,564 1914........ . 30,795 1849.. .. . .. . . . . . 54 1871.......... . 2,695 1893........ . 15,005 1915........ . 35.582 1850. ..... -..." 66 1872......... .. 2,899 1894........ . 15,627 1916........ . 37,434 1851........... . 159 1873...... _.... 3,832 1895........ . 15,977 1917......... 38,604 1852........... . 205 1874.......... . 4,331 1896......... 16,270 1918........ . 38,879 1853........... . 5C6 1875. . . .. .. .. . . 4,084 1897.. . . .. .. . 16,550 1919......... 38,896 1854........... . 764 1876........... , 5,218 1898........ . 16.870 1919........ . 39, C58 1855........... . 877 I8n. .. . .. .. "I 5,782 1899......... 17,25C 1920........ . 39,384 1856....... . . . .. 1,414 1878.... ....... 6,226 19CO. .. _.... 17,657 1921........ . 39.771 1922........ . 39, 773 During the year 1922, 495 miles of new line were opened for operations; 267 miles were completed but not opened for traffic, and 1,115 miles were under con- struction. These are not net figures, however, as there was considerable mileage shortened and lifted where conditions warranted the change. G24 TRANSPORTATION AND COJIMUNICATIONS 2.-Steam Railway }l1Iea e by Provlnce . .June 30. 1916-1919 and Dec. 31. 1919-1922. June 30. Dec. 31. Provinces. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1921- 1922. - - - - - - Prince Edward Island............. 275 278 279 279 276 279 279 278 Nova Scotia............ ........... 1.436 1. 422 1,428 I. 432 1. 435 1,438 1.45'3 1. 451 New Brunswick..... ...........,.. 1.957 1,959 1. 95 1. 948 1. 993 1,816 UI-I8 1.947 Quehec. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,733 4,734 4.791 4.R6C 4,877 4, !IiI 4,1171 4.977 Ontario........ . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. 320 11.049 n.057 n,ooo 1O,9R8 11. 001 10.976 10.8'11 l\fanitoba....... _ . _. . _ .. . _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ . 4.309 4.19-1 4,168 4,190 4,193 4.403 4.417 4,585 SMkatr-hewan. . .......... .. 5.378 6.124 6,162 6, U8 6.1-11 6,220 6.296 1\,267 Alherta. 3,894 4,444 4,273 4,285 4,354 4,474 4,557 4,680 British C i bi ::::.::::::::::::: 3,604 3,885 4,247 4,2 8 4,287 4,325 4,376 4,374 Yukon.. . ... ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 102 102 102 100 69 58 58 In United States................... 426 413 413 414 414 418 441 273 - - - - - - - - Canada.. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . 37.43-1 3S.60-l 38,87' 38,896 39.058 39,38-1 39,771 39,773 3.-Capltal Liability of Steam Rallways. June 30. 1876-1919, and Dec. :U, 1919-1922. Years. Stocks. Funded Total. Years. Stocks. Funded Total. Debt. Debt. S S S S S S 1876.......... ISC. 955. 657 76.079.531 257 ,035.1 1900..._ . 410.326,095 373,716.704 784,042,799 1877.......... 1'12.578,994 79.676.382 262.255,37 1901.. .. . 424. H4,314 391.696,523 816.110.837 1878.......... 1\11. 331. 767 83.710.938 275.042.705 1902... .. 460,4ü1.!ìß.1 40-1,806,8-17 865.208.710 1879.......... IG2. 67-1, 553 81.151. 628 273. R26. ISI 1903.... . 483,770.312 424, 100, 76 907.871.074 1880.......... 189.956.177 80,661.316 270, 617,41ì3 1904..... 492,752,530 449.114.035 9-11. 866,565 1881......... . 199.527.981 84.891.313 28-1.419.291 1905... .. 526.353.951 465,543.967 991.897,918 1882......... . 214,468.465 92.487,932 306.956.397 1906.... . 561. 655.395 5C4. 226, 231 1,065.1!81,629 lR83......_. .. 2611.092.615 102.13-1.295 371. 226. 91C 1907..... 588.568,591 5R3,369.217 J.171.1117.808 1884.......... 285.077.822 109.3IC.963 394.388.785 1908.... . 6C7.891.3-1.9 631.869.661 1,239,761.013 1885........ _. 312.182.162 141,37C.963 453,553,125 1909..... 647.53-1.647 660.946,769 1,308,481,416 1886......... . 317,1-11. 9-18 169.359.306 486.501.251 1910.... . 687.557,387 722.740,300 1,410.297,687 18R7.......... 324.128. 73 1\11. ROI. 553 518.1130.291 1911..... 749.207.687 779.481.51 t 1.5::8.6GG.201 1888......... . 327.493.882 228.617.738 556.111.611 1912..... 770,459.351 818.478.175 1.588.!I:n .5"6 1889......... . 33'3. 55!1. 672 251.675,226 51j..1. ?3viI,Is 1!l13..... 918.573,74C 1 613.2!í6.95 1.5:11.8:1C,692 1 18\10........ . . 338.177.386 266.885,707 6(;5,063,C93 19B.... . 1,026,-118,123 1 782.402.638 1.808,820,761 1 18!11......... _ 339.769.786 29?291. 651 6.32, 061. 44{ 1915.... . 1.024,08.'),983 1 851. 724. 9C5 1.875.810,888 1 1892.......__. 344.400.282 305.120.200 619.520.4S:'- 1916... .. 1.02-1.26-1.3251 868.861.449 1,893.1 5,7741 1893......... . 371. 877. 287 307 ,2 5. 88 679.103.11.') 1!l17.. . . . 1,0'19,11 1,875 1 896.005.110 1.98.').119,991 1 189-1....... .. . 361. 760.508 327.003. 803 688. 76 .311 1918.... . 1.093,885,-1951 DC5. 994, 999 1.99!I,8RO.-I91 1 1895.......... 361.449.5113 330,785.5-16 6112.235, 136 19111.... . 1,100,301,1\15 1 1114.823,515 2,015,124,7101 1896......... . 3111 .075.3-10 336. 137.601 697.212.911 1919.... . 1,IOt,4OQ,122 1 931.756,481 2,036.165,6061 1897. _...... . . 367.611 0-18 318.83-1.0R6 716,445.131 19 .... . 1.323.705,962 1 816,32-1.166 2.170,C:IC,128 1 1898......... . :m . Vi I 7% :1.H. !1t6. 86.'i 713. fYlS. 655\ 1921 .... 1.372.515.165 1 792.1-12.471 2,1 1}-!,6R7 ,6: 61 1899....... _. 391.300,360 362.053,495 753.3 3.85í 1922.... . 1,415.623,3221 743.653,809 2,159,277,131 1 llnc1urling t'on"olidated del-enture I'tock of the Canadian Padfic R'J.i1w:lY, $16.1.257,224 in 1913, 1173,- 307.470 in 1914, 1176.284.882 in 1915 and 1911!, $216,284.882 in 1917, 1918. 1919, and $435,294,722 in 1920, $4112,095.525 in 1921, and $530, 7Ð3.106 in 1922 for all companies. Financial Rtati tics of Canadian railways illustrate numerous difficulties attenùinJ!. their operation during the past three years. The high rate. which pre- vailed durinJ!. 1920 and part of 1921 offset matf>rially the universally hi h costs of operation rlurinJ! these years. In 1922, however, with rates from 6 to 25 p.c. lower than during the previous year, reductions in wagE' bills were essential. and, with decr('aset! cost of materials, havE> enahled the earning of substantial net revenues. These reduë'tions. combined with increased traffit' density. have enabled the railways to keep expenses on the whole below those of 1921 and well below those of 1920, and to show, generally, surpluses from operation. STATISTICS OF STEAM RAILWAYS 625 f.-Mlleage, Capital LlabUlty, EarnlnJ;s and. Operating Expenses of Steam Railways for the c:dendar year 1921. Name of Railway. SingleTrack Capital Gross Operating Mileage. Liability. Earnings. Expenses. Miles $ $ $ Algoma Eastern......................... ........... 89.45 5, 722, 00 555,056 497. 828 Algoma Central and Hudson Bay................... 3t6.20 20,406,800 2.019,058 1,971,234 At!antic, Quebec and Wß!'tern....................... 104.50 6,598,675 200,499 296,210 Alherta and Great Waterways....... ............... 113.20 7,450, COO 176,515 43C.274 British yukon................ ..................... 90.32 4,978,879 185,845 1 7 .134 Brandon, Saskatchewan and Hudson Bay. .... . . . . . . 69.45 2,15C,COO 83,710 173,782 Canada and Gulf Terminal.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.10 1,740,OGO 138.417 111.737 Canada Southern.. .... . ... . .. . . . .... . . .... .' . . . . . . . 380.55 37,630,000 20,310,515 14,170,368 Canadian N ational'- : ':':':'::::: :::::: ::::::::::::::: 4,531.42 - 40,964,304 46,551,603 158.11 - 311.011 438,445 9.717.33 466,892,195 67,403.439 71,075.272 Canadian Pacific, including leased lines..... . . . . . . . . 13,350'40 650.455,298 193,178.868 155,855.419 Central Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 48.50 3,083,871 58,240 183,691 Central Vermont.............................. -.... 137.19 2,161,915 50 .352 443, 854 Crows Nef't Southern.............................. 74.18 4,295,000 33 . 202 356,799 Cum her land Railway and Coal Co.................. 32.00 - 249,765 225,457 Detroit River TunneL............................. . 2.72 21,000,000 - - Dominion Atlantic................................. 288.36 8,43t..')00 2,163.5 1 1,674,3 6 EastC'rn Briti h Columhia.......................... 14.00 420,000 29,795 58,617 Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia.. . .. . . . 407.08 11,797,940 1,115,782 1, 90R. 746 ESf'ex Terminal. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.00 720,000 219,690 187,919 Esquimalt and Nanaimo.. ......................... 199.20 7,33",000 1. 367.482 96 . 256 Frederil'ton and Grand Lake..................... -. 31.10 605.000 175.355 113.549 Grand Trunk Pacific (including branch lines)....... . 2,743.09 217.005,420 16, 6 8. 678 20.668,370 Grand Trunk....................................... 3,589.62 485, 837.384 76,858,032 71, 179.293 Herpford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 53.06 1. 600,000 99,748 263,721 International BridJ!:e Co............................ . 1.02 2,012,260 - - Invernpi's Railway and Coal Co......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.91 - - - Kent Northprn.................................... 29.00 76,000 36,886 46.594 I{ettle Vallpv... . .... ........................ ., . 357.38 15,960,000 1,087,893 1,275,670 Lake Frie arid Detroit Ri ver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4,400.000 - - Lake Huron and Northern Ontario............. .... - 1,19C,COO - - ?'Iaine Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 - 25.789 32,232 Midland Railway of lIIanitoba...................... 6.40 4,80C,COO 548,671 551.849 Maritime Coal and Ry. Co......................... 16.40 3.66C.IOG 14 , 109 10.L 197 Ma'lsawippi ValIey.. ............................... 35.46 800.000 290,3.B 72.046 Montreal anrl AtlantiC'.. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . 184.40 4,265.000 1,611.221 1,81H.077 Morri f'ey, Fernie and Michel..... . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 10.85 1. 263.000 133,391 l?O,145 Manitoha Great Northern.......................... 91.92 2,C6fi,eOO 67,560 14 .9U NapicrvilIe Junl'tion..... .... 28.46 6CO,OOC 552.281 490,840 Nelson and Fort Rheppard. . . .'. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 54.84 2,846.800 8 . 714 l1ì9.927 New Brun"wil'k Coal and Ry. Co............. ...... 59.02 1 75,143 110.961 New Wp"tmin"ter Southern......................... 3.72 600.00C 1,621 2,C33 North Shore, N.B.2.................... ............ - IS3,OOO - - N ort hern New Brunswick and Seaboard. ...... .. .. .. - 595.5CO - - OUa wa and New York. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.90 2,100.0CO 362,412 465.513 Pêrp l\larquette in Canada....... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . 199.04 5.870.0CO 5,321.034 3,214.835 Pal'ific Great Eastern.. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . 360.80 69,226,4C3 383,390 751,932 Phillipshurg Ry. and Quarry Co.................... - 16t,5CO - - Quebec Cpntral. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.53 9,615,OC9 2,798,840 2.247.346 Quebec Oriental. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lCO.CO 2,214,574 324,660 316,105 Quebec Ry., Light and Power Co................... 28.60 - 158,011 177.914 Quebec, Montreal and Southern...... .. ., . . .. . . . . . . . 190.78 7,000,000 594,912 974.517 Roherval and Saguenay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0C 2,630,000 533,405 326,717 Red J\lountain..................................... . 9.47 412.600 4,431 20,554 î t T :eï :::: : : ::: : : :: :: :: :: : : : : :: : : : : : : : 3.39 200,OCG 7,654 7,505 2.24 3,200,000 - - St. Lawrence and Adirondack...................... 46.14 2,155,567 1,243,898 1,003,544 Sydney and Louisburg.................... .......... 77.49 3 2,21V!79 2,145,410 Temi>:couata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.18 4,099,669 429.301 363,683 Timiskaminl/; and Northern Ontario................ 328.50 - 4,359.480 4,041.550 Thousand Islands.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 6.08 110.000 58.925 51. 443 Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo..................... 99.95 10,017,500 2,677,985 2,185,658 Van Baren Bridl/;e Co............................... 1.07 500,000 - - Vanl'ouver, Vil'toria and Eastern.................... 230.75 23,500,000 893,045 1.045.766 Wabash Ry. Co. in Canada......................... - - 5,647,986 5,017.789 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 39,771 2,16-1,687,636 158,008,891 -122,581.205 1 Owned and operated by New Brunswick Govprnment. t Not operating. I General capital of Dom inion Coal Co. · Constructeù and operated by Ontatio Government Commissioa. 62373-40 626 TRA.NSPORTATION AND COMJIUNICATIONS '.-Milea e, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operatin } 'penses of Sf('am Uail\\37a for the calendar year 1922. Kame of Railway. Al oma Fastern. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Algoma Central and Hudson Bay....... . . . . .. .. .. . . Atlantil', QueLec and Western....................... Alberta and Great Waterways...................... Briti:"h yukon......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brandon, Sa katehewan and Hudson Bav........... Canada ..md Gulf Terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . Canada Southern.... .............................. Canadian K ationdl'- g= : ;:h!; .s.......-. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Canadian Pacific, including leased lines.. . . . . . . . . . . . Central Canada.................................... Central Vermont................................... Crows Ne:"t Routhern............ ................... Cumberland Railway and Coal Co. ................. Detroit River Tunnel. __. __... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dominion Atlantic. ............ ............... Eastern Briti,h Columbia.... . .............. ...... Edmonton, Dunvegan and Britbh Columbia..... . . . E ex Terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E quimalt and Nanaimo........................... Fredericton and Grand Lake.......... . ............ Grand Trunk Pacific (including branch lines)....... . Crand Trunk Sybtem......... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . Greater Winnipeg Water District................... Hereford...... .................................... International Bridge Co. ............. .. .... ... . Inverne:"s Ruil\\ay and Coal Co................... . International Bridge and Terminal Co.. . .. ., .. . . . . . Kent Northern..................................... I{ettle Valley. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Lake I rie and Detroit River.... . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . Lake Huron and NLrthern Ontario.................. Lotbinière and l\Iégantic....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . l\laine Central.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . Midland nail\\:ty of Manitoba........ - -- --.... }Iaritime Coal and Ry. Co..... __.. ....... . ..... Ma."- a \\ ippi Valley. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . Montreal and Atlantic ............................ t l\Iorris'-ey, .Fernie and Michel....... . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . Manitoba Grmt Northern.......................... N apien iIIe Junction. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xeh,on and Fort heppard.......................... Xew Brulb\\i('k ('oal and Ry. Co................... "'\"ew We,tmm...ter Southern. ..... ...... ........... Korth Shore, N.B!........... .............. ..'- ]Ii or th ern New Brunswick and Seaboard.... . . .. ... Ottawa and Kew "ork............................. Père l\Iarq uette in Canada. .. .... .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Pacific Creat Ea....tern.............................. Phillip"burg ny. and Quarry Co...... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec ('pntral. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec Oripntal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . Quebec Ry., I.ight and Po\\er Co................... Quebec. Montreal and Southern..................... RobervaJ and Sagucnay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . Red l\lountain............. ......................... Rutland and Noyan........................... ..... St. Clair Tunnel. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. La\\TenGe and Adirondack...................... S1. John and Quebec................................ Sydney and Louisburg............... ...... ......... Temi<;couata... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . Timiskaming and Northern Ontario................ Thousand Islands.. . . . . . . . . . ., ........ ........... Toronto. Hamilton and Buffalo...... . ... .. .... .. . Van Burt'n Rridge Co............................... Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern.................... Wabash Ry. Co. in Canada......................... i leTrack Mileage. Miles. 85.41 346.20 104.50 113.20 90.32 69.45 38.10 380.55 4,686.39 9,598.37 13,442.30 72.12 124.68 74.18 32.()() 3.26 288.36 14.00 407.08 21.00 199.20 31.10 2,681.21 3,589.58 92.00 53.06 1.02 60.91 2.58 29.00 357.38 Capital Liability. S 5,708,900 20.398.800 6.598.675 7.450.000 4. 97S. 879 2,150.000 1. 740,000 37,630.000 453.256,248 663.5 8, 7:32 3.536.722 2.161.915 4,295,000 21. OCO. 000 8.431. 500 420.000 11,916, !l25 1. 120,COO 7.332,OCO 605. COO 221.5C4,523 484,260,237 1. 779.030 1,600,000 2.012.260 2.]76.546 300,000 53.986 15,960.000 4 . 4()() 000 1.190.000 5.10 6.40 16.47 35.48 184.60 10.85 91.92 28.46 54.84 59.2C 3.72 4,8QC,OOO 3,788,600 800,000 5,243.COO 1.263.000 2, C66. 000 600,000 2.846.800 1 600,000 133.000 595.500 2,100.000 3,000,000 58.414.216 164.500 10,345.010 2.224.314 Gross Earnings. S 526,092 1,668,7C6 242.40 142.6.32 197.950 78,251 132,596 21,465.990 4C,939.946 57.155.145 185,188.951 75,353 509,676 218.386 190,778 2.056,220 21, 152 1,070.463 265. 656 1,453,549 221. 372 18.516,978 77.700,019 81. 474 86,6-14 21O.I)C8 37,252 1.225.066 23.273 455,848 136,739 325,485 1.639.105 99.406 69,643 546.092 92,493 67.179 385 335,436 4,773.091 432,071 2,725.582 283.794 184.274 602.405 341.617 24 5,115 1)72,209 1,560,901 402.851 4,547.601 75,031 2,444,381 795,3'!1 5,070,109 OperatiI13 Expenses. S 410,221 1.656.468 243,593 187.259 121.968 159,9211 85.1011 14,298.472 43.436.6118 60.513.044 147,255,1\41 167.673 412,3811 260,452 178.630 1.626.573 46,165 1,008,745 203. C93 934.235 120,698 22,809.844 70.317,813 106,6611 225.292 224.065 39.8111 1.417,045 39,423 509.220 1)4, 885 395.963 1,679.263 99,336 128,167 38-1,851 186.819 1)1.015 2,305 4C2.161 3.409.9111 821,105 2,165,462 25-1, C84 178.376 I.C02.081 241. 133 9311 7,293 762,85-4 1,396.557 339.341) 3.536.883 55.856 1.917,637 909. 689 4.447.230 Total................... ..._................ 39,713'26 %.159, 11.131 4-10.687,1%8 393,9 1.401 10\\ ned and operated by New Rrun Wlck GQvernmcnt. I Not operating. I General capiial 01 Dominion Coal Co. . Constructed and operated by Ontario Governmpnt Commv.sion. 56.81 199.04 361.20 295.53 lCO.OO 28.60 190.78 37.()() 7,000,(00 2,6:J0.OCO 412,600 200.000 3,200,000 2,155.567 7,111. 1)77 I 4,099.661) 110.000 1).867.500 500.000 23,500,000 3.36 2.24 46.14 77.49 123.17 328.50 6.08 1)9.95 1.07 230'75 STATISTICS OF STEAJI RAILWAYS 621 The railways as a whole reduced the operating ratio Cram 92.26 p.c. in 1921 to 89.39 p.c. in 1922 and increased net operating revenues by $11,332,035, by a reduction of operating expenses. Although over five million more tons of freight were carried, and the t.on miles increased by 14 p.c. through reductions in freight rates, freight revenues showed a decline of $4,020,214 or 2.5 p.c., while with reduced rates and a decline of 5 p.c. in the number of passengers carried, passenger revenues fell off by $10,731,022 or 12 p.c. and total revenues by $17,321,764 or 3.8 p.c. Operating expenses were reduced by $28,653,799 or 6.5 p.c., maintenance of way and structures by $8,380,790 and maintenance of equipment by $3,632,815, a total of $12,013,605, while transportation expenses were reduced by $18,574,625 in spite of the heavier fl'eight traffic of 14 p.c. and an increase of 3 p.c. in train mileage. G.-Steam Railway Statistics, )'ears ended June 30, 1901-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. Years. 1901....... ... . . . . . . . 1902........ . . . . . . . . 1903............... . 1904............... . 1905....... . . . . . . . . . 19C6............... . lß07............... . 11108.......... ...... 1909............... . 1910. ... ............ 1911.... ............ 1912............... . 1913. ............... 1914............... . 1915............... . 1916............... . 1917............... . 1918............... . 1919................ 1919 (Dec. 31)..... . 1920 ( " )...... 1921 ( ). ..... 1922 ( ). .. .. . Miles in opera- tion. No. 18,140 18,714 18.988 19,431 20,487 21.353 22.452 22,966 24.104 24,731 25,400 26.727 29, 30 30. 795 35,582 37.434 38.60.1 38,879 38.896 39,058 39,38-1 39,771 39, 773 Total Train miles. Passpngel's carried. Freight. Tons. 36,1;99.371 42,376,527 47,373,417 48,097,519 50,893, !l57 57,966.713 63,866.135 63,071,16;' 66.842,258 74.482,866 79,884,28'> 89,444.331 106,992,71C 101.393,989 87,204,838 100,659,088 121. 916, 272 127.543.687 116,699,572 111,487,780 127.429.15t 103,131. 13:- lCI!. 530. 518 Gross Earnings. S 72,898.749 83.666.503 96.064.527 100,219,436 lC6, 467.198 125,322,865 146,738,2H 146,918,314 H5,056.336 173,956,217 188,733.494 219,403,753 256,702.703 243, C83. 539 1!J!I.843,072 261,888,654 310.771.479 33C,220.15C 382.976.9Cl 4'08.598.361 492,ICl.1G4 458,008,891 440.687,128 Ratio of Operating expenses Expenses. to receipts. 5 50.368,726 57,3t3.592 67.481,524 74.563,162 79,977,573 87,1 9,434 103.748,672 107.304.143 104, 6CO, 084 120,405,440 131,034,785 150.726,540 182, OIl. 690 178,975. 259 147,731,099 180,542.259 22 , 890.637 273,955, 436 3.U. 866.509 376.789, C93 478,248,15t 422,581,20.1 393. 9n. 406 p.c. 69.06 68.54 70.25 74.40 75.12 69.52 70.70 73.04 72.11 69.22 69.43 68.70 7V.90 73.63 73.92 68.94 71.72 82.96 89.27 92.22 97.18 92.26 89.39 7.-Earnin s and OI)eratin EXI)('nses of Steam Raih\aYs per mil(' of line and per train mile, for the years ended June 30. 1909-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1922. Years. No. No. 53.3'19,394 18,385.722 55,729.856 20.679,97t 60.382,920 22,148,742 61.312,002 23.640,765 65,934,11-1 25,288.723 72,723.482 27,989.782 75,115.765 32,137,319 78.637,526 34,044.992 79,662.216 32,683,309 85,409.241 35,89-1,575 89,716.533 37.097,718 100.930,271 41,124,181 113,437,208 46.185,968 1(7,895,272 46,702,28(' 93.218,479 46,322,035 11I.C75, 890 43,503,459 115,797.100 48,IC6.530 109, 857,56C 44.948,638 103.832,835 43.754,191 107,053,735 47,940,456 117,384.819 51.318,422 104.652,167 46,793,251 107.625.144 44,283,620 Gross I Operating I N et Earnings. Expenses. Earnings. Per mile of line. 1909........... .......................... 1910.................... ......... ........ 1911.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912.................................... . 1913.................................... . 1914.......... ...... 1915. ......... . ........................ 1916.................................... . 1917.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 11;18........ ........... ........... ....... 1919.................................... . 1919 (Dee: 31).. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .... ....... 1920 ( " ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 ( ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 ( ).. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. ð2373-40! $ 6,C17'89 7,('33.93 7,430.45 8,209.07 8,760.50 7.893.60 5,616.41 6,943.00 8,051.00 8,493.54 9,846.18 10.461.32 12,495.00 11,516.00 11.080.00 $ 4,339.53 4,868,60 5,158.85 5.639.48 6.211.38 5,811,83 4.151.57 4,823.00 5,774.00 7,046,00 8.789.00 9,645,00 12,143.00 JO.625'00 9,904,00 $ 1,678.36 2,165.33 2,271'60 2,569.59 2,549.12 2,081'77 1,464.84 2,120'00 2,277.00 1,447.54 1,057.18 816.32 352.00 891.00 1,176.00 GlOSS I Operating Earnings. Expenses. Per train mile. S 1.816 2.036 2.lC3 2.173 2.263 2.253 2.U4 2.358 2.683 3.006 3.683 3.817 4.192 4.376 4.095 S 1.309 1.409 1.460 1.493 1.604 1.659 1.585 1.623 1.925 2.494 3.292 3.520 4.074 4.038 3.660 628 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS S.-Distributlon of Operating Expenses of Steam RaUways for the calendar )'ears 1919-1922. Items of Expenditure. 1919. 1920. 1921. 11)22. S p.c. S p.c. S p.c. S p.c. Ways and structures.. .... . S2,343,S3C 21.85 100.186.413 20.1)5 88,268,355 20.89 71),887.565 20.28 Equipment.... '.' ......... 85.577.378 22'71 115,613,430 24.17 1)7.447. HI 23.06 1)3.814,326 23.82 Traffic expenses....... .... . 7.242,438 1,92 1),648,506 2.02 11,302.676 '67 12.1)25,589 3.28 Transportation......... . .. . 184,214.,447 48.90 233,473,46 48'8 209.583,746 49.60 191,009,121 48.(1) General expenses........... 17,411,300 4.62 19.326,343 4.04 15,979,287 3.78 16,290.805 4.13 Total. . . .. . . . . . . . . . 316,189,093 100.00 nS.2-18,151 100.00 -122,581,205 100.00 393,921,406 100.01 '.-Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Senices and Receipts, 1910-1922. Years ended June 30. 1910........ . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 11)11....... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 1912....... __....................... 1913. ..... 191.1....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915. .............................. 1916....... .. .. . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . 1918............................... . 1919.......... ...................... 19111 (Dec. 31). ..................."1.. 1920 ( .. )...... . . . __ .. . . . . . . . . . 1921 ( " )...... ........ 1922 ( CI )........................ PAR"IEVGERR. Number of Number or Average Number of Pa."-,,engers Pas"engeI"8 Pa. engers carried one milE' Receipts carried per pa."SE'nger carried. one mill'. per mile per mile. of line. No. No. No. cents. 35.894.575 2.466,729.664 99.742 1.866 37.097.718 2.605.9611.924 102.597 1.944 41.124,181 2.910.251.636 108.888 1.943 46. 185,968 3.265,656.0RO 111. 353 1.9;3 46.702.280 3,089.031.194 100.309 2.007 46,322,035 2.483.7011,745 69,802 2.021 43.503.459 2,727.122.618 72,611 1.954 48, lC6. 530 3,1.'iO, 1::7, 4 8 79. 829 1.946 44, !I-I8, 638 3. ]61.082.402 81. 306 2.122 43,754.194 3,074,664.369 79.048 2.557 47,940.456 3',658.492,716 1)3,668 2.631 51.318.422 3,522.49-1.856 89.440 2.916 46.793.251 2,960.853.955 74.418 3.0311 44,421.859 2.814.351,501 70,760 2.820 Average Average A vl'rage Pa.'lSenger number of Years ended June 30. Receipts p enger p8.'ll-engers revenue per per Journey per train. passenger passenger. in miles. train mile. S :Miles. No. S 1910. ...... . . . . . 1.282 69 59 1.313 1911..............::::::::::::::::: : 1.360 70 60 1.348 1912....... ... . .. . . .. . . ., .' . .. . . . ., . 1.375 71 62 1.390 1913....... . . .... . . .. .... . . . . .. . . . . . 1.394 71 62 1.223 1914....... . " . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .., . . . 1.328 66 59 1.185 1915...... . 1.083 54 50 1.016 1916....... . : : : : : :.: : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1.083 55 53 1.042 1917............................... . 1.140 59 59 1.160 1918....... . ... .... .. .. ... . .. . ..... . 1.492 70 64 1.709 IIH9 1.796 70 63 2.012 1919 ëij ë: 'iÙ'..::: :::::::::: :::::: : 2.C08 76 70 2.259 1920 ( .. )..................... . 2.002 68 64 2.360 1921 ( II )............... ....... 1.921 63 57 . 2.300 1922 ( II )..... . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . 1.780 63 55 2.100 FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC 629 '.-Summary Analysis of Statist Irs of Pasfo laUl'r to (.ros Euning and Operating E'penses for years ended JIIDt' 30, 1901-1919, and for calt'ndar years 1919-1922. 216 217 202 257 256 243 238 242 250 258 280 Salaries Ratio to Ratio to Years ended June 30. Employees. and gross opera ting wages. earnings. expenses. No. S p.c. p.c. 1907....... . .... . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... .. . .. . . . 124,012 58,719.493 40.01 56.60 1908. ...... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 106.404 60.376.607 41.(9 56.26 1909.......... .............. .......... ........ 125.105 63.216.662 43.58 60.43 1910....... .. .... .. . .... . .. . . .. . _ . _ . . . .. .. . . . . 123,768 67.167.793 38.61 55.7S 1911....... . ..... . . .. .. . . . ... . . .. . . .. .. ... . . . . 141. 224 74,613.738 39.53 56'94 1912....... . ... ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.901 94,237.623 39.79 57.\12 1913......................................... . 1 i8, 652 115,74"9.825 45.09 63.59 1914.......... ......... .............. ......... 159,142 111. 762,972 45.97 62.43 1\115....... . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . '. .. . . .. .. . . ... . . . . 124.142 90.215,727 45.15 61.09 1916........................... ..... _.. ........ 144.770 104, SOO, 647 39.82 57-95 1917....... . . .. . . . . .. . ... . . .. . . . .. ... .. ... . . . . 146, 175 129,6 6.187 41.85 58.34 1\118....... . .... . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. . 143,493 152,274,953 46.14 55.59' 1919....... . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 158. Tj7 208,939.9115 54.56 61.12 1919 (Dec. 31)..... . . . ... . . .... . '.. . . . . .. . . .. . I;"S.728 2S3.323.C74 57.10 61.92 1920 ( .. )..... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 185.177 290.510.518 59.04 60 74 1921 ( .. )..... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.6 9 7 247.756.138 54.09 58.63 1922 ( .. )............................... . 165.635 233.294.040 52.94 59,20, 631> TRANSPORTATION AND COJfJfUNICATIONS Numerous wage adjustments during the year 1922 resulted in 8 net reduction in the average hourly rate of pay of employees on all railways of 7 p.c. The cuts extended throughout practically all classes of employees, the largest being that of 15 p.c. in the wages of section men; five classes show slight increases. There wa an average of 1,992 fewer employees or 1.2 p.c., but the saving in wages was $14,462,098 or 5.8 p. c. compared with the previous year. 11.-'lileage and Rollin !i\tock of Steam Itailwa)'s for )'('ars ended June 38, 1918 and 1919, and fOJ" ealendar )'ears 1919-19'?2. 1918. 11)22. Year ended June 30. Mileage and Equipment. Mileage and Engines. Miles in operation (single track).. . . . . . . . Miles of sirlings. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miles of double track.................... Engines in use....... .. .... ... P8bSenger Cars. Fi.r--t class.............................. Second class.. . . . .. . . . . . . . '" . . . . . . . . . . . Com bination. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ßi: '::::::::::::::.............. . Parlour. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI(!(>ping. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... Bagg3ge, express and postal. . . . . . . . . . Other. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Freight Cars. Box.... .......... Flat... . . .. . . . . . . . . . Stock....... ........... COlli.................... ............... Tank.................................. . Refrigcrator. .. . . Other.. .. .. . . . . . .. ..... _. .........._ :> No. 38. 879 9,238 2.523 5,756 150,074 23.414 8,556 16,9"9 485 5.893 3,664 1919. No. 38.896 9,176 2.5.J3 5.879 2,172 595 406 568 196 166 555 1.514 204 153,520 24,761j 9.1S!J 18,375 419 6,C22 4,965 1919. 19m. Year ended Decem bcr 31. No. 39.058 9.481 2.5H 5,947 No. 39,384 9.608 2.590 6,030 1921. No. 39,771 9.755 2,6:?9 6.0:?7 2.218 552 350 677 223 173 M5 1.807 122 161,259 24.3!JI 1.!.585 20,079 413 7.012 5,824 No. 39.773 9,892 2.608 5,1155 2.057 514 348 697 209 194 610 1.8C3 310 158.622 24.1 11.542 20,557 405 6,463 6,800 2,172 618 396 701 2C3 16.. 550 1.513 1!J5 2,212 582 362 673 196 187 584 1.47!J 282 12.-('ommodities bauled as Freight on Steam Rail"a) s durin;?, the calendar years 19!O. 1921 and 1922. 2.209 592 382 671 204 162 5..8 1,5H4 1!S6 154.044 25.657 11,O:?3 17.9C8 414 5.S91 5.158 155,964 21. 939 11. 16t 20,249 414 6.201 5,555 Products. Agricultural and Vegetable Products- Wht'at.. rorn........ .. .... .. . . . . . . . .... . . {)at- Harley........ ............... Hye.. FIsxs(ed....... ..... Ot hc>r grain.................................... Flour........................ .......................... Other mill products...... ..................... Hay and lòtraw........ . . . . .. . . Cotton.. ...................... ....... AppleI'! (rr(';.h). ................ ...... Oth{'r r rui t (fre,..h)............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Potatoes. ......... .............................. Other Frp"h vpgr>t3hles.. ...................... Other agricultural and vegetable products.. . . . . . ... . Total.......................................... . Animals and Animal Products- Hor.-l'->. .. ............................................ Cattle and calves.. .. .. ., .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . ShC{'p_....... . . .. . . ... . . . . .., . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . ... . . ed m i (r hj::::.::::: :::::::::: :::: :::: ::::::: Dret!::;oo meats (cured or salted). . . . " .................. 1920. 19 1. 19 2. Tons. Tons. Tons. 7.3:?3,428 10.401.244 13, H2,064 73b. jS"9 1.5 5. 774 1. 732.221 2,IR1.5til 2,937,774 3.1 5.602 415.4' 8 7:?5.619 800.911 4:iU.1 ,, 2811. :?9:? 52:.!. 403 127,9.5 2U2.9[2 143. ;'17 3. 2U7 . 843 2:?5.!l25 170.218 2,853.357 3.401.8"8 3.66-t.264 1. 563.1\16 1. 5:n. 638 1,751. 054 1,664,054 944.435 1,028. Soi5 237.9'" 181. 545 2.\3. 8G!) 324.4û5 360,788 358.043 376.515 388.6)0 4:.'5.8 !I 788.::17 568.2'12 548. lð7 21:!.!/61 l1ì9.180 231. 493 860, .!I. 779.161 661,571 23,301,919 24,724,495 28,5;;0,401 120.911 102,999 87,7S13 LOG!. H3 692.447 907. 110 70.1:'5 98.305 89,7711 243.311 2.6.230 31!J.8:?tj 695.743 59:.!. 4511 6R1. 4!J3 120,083 203.8 262.565 FREIGHT AND TRAFFIC STATISTICS ð31 U.-Cornrnoditles hauled a Freight on steam Railways during the calendar years 1920, 1121 and 1922-concluded. Products. ÄDimals and Animal Products-concluded Other packing house products........................... Poultry. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Eggs................................................... . Butter and cheese...... . .. . .. .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WooL... ............... ................................. Hides and leath('r....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other animals and animal products... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Total. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }line Products- Ant hracite coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . Bituminous coaL.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lignite coaL..... . ... . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coke> . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron ore................................................. Other ore!' and concentrates............ . . . . ... . . . . . '" . . . Base bullion and matte......... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . Clay, gravel, sand, stone (crushed),................. _.,. f:;]ate-dimen..ion or block stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,Crude petroleum..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A"phaltum........ . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . Salt............. ...... .... .................. ...... ..... Other mine products.................................... Total. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forest Products- Logs, posts, poles, cordwood....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ties.................:................................ _.. Pulp wood............. ......... ....... ...__ ..... Lumber, timber, box shooks, heading................... Other fon'..t products.................................... Total...... . ..... . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufactures and J\fi!'cellancous- efined petrole.um and its products............... .. . . . .. . !5ugar. " . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Iron-pig and bloom.................................... Rails and fastpnings.............. . . . . . . . . ... ........... Bar and sheet iron-structural iron and iron pipe....... . . Castings, machinery and boilers.......... . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Cenwnt... ........................................... Brick an,1 arti ficial stone... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :ra t ír i 'iÙe'.'.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : Agricultural implements and vehicles other than auto's.. Automobiles and auto trucks............... ..... ..... Hou'e>h()/d goods......... ............................ Furfliturl' .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . Liquor :Ind be\.erages................................... F p rti1izpr.., all kinds. ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Paper. printed matter, books................. ........... ',"ood pull> ............................................. Fi"h (frebh, frozen, cured, etc.).... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . Canned meats.............................. ............. Canned good.. (all canned food prorlucts other than meat) Other manufactures and mibcellaneous................... J.lerchandi"e.... ....................................... Total... '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grand Total. ............................ 1920. 1921. 1922. Tons. Tons. Tons. 489.734 296.688 212.573 78. 828 73,788 72,437 90.461 148.744 156.611 196.957 262.070 280,247 101.533 70.479 75.881 260.301 180.374 223.965 272. 000 133.812 121. 219 3,801,130 3,131,278 3, ,191, -198 9.513.891 7,888,165 4.571.101 22.933.445 18,834.216 17,867.111 240,249 434,226 61. 732 1,109,449 436.911 743.767 809.546 218,315 355.728 2,127,184 966.454 I,C!!9.7113 173.851 87.850 7í , 227 4,473.155 4,165,439 4,755,767 1, 216.140 607.460 747,738 1,051.066 283.5H 282,148 248.672 141. 864 16-1.894 3C7. 135 352. C8C 436.753 782.245 422,465 595. 629 45,075,968 3t, 838, 995 31,959,388 ,517.580 2,801.149 3,187,239 405. 211 558,243 269, 530 3,932,206 6,053,903 4,914,220 10.572,971 6.704.523 8, 729.649 4.S50.912 7 9.175 7::'1 .437 22,271'1,880 16,90li,993 17,822,075 1. 263, 856 1.682,411 1. 696.095 1.166. 039 762.789 9.n.n3 1.352,9H 347.7C9 5-14, 269 751.077 325.706 347,9!J7 2,231.908 1,106,3!)3 1,323,942 1. 325.906 607,4R4 632.728 1.176.451 I,OS!UH5 1. 21i . C80 1,91 ,li2 7i5.::?2-1 1,1;"3.727 276.039 373 . 8 5 499 8 9 77,112 118,381 140,936 756,124 333,5i5 252. 867 563,301 5H,702 932.457 W7. 727 lr.7.920 110 . 3 9 107. 3: 1) 94.3: !J 105.537 ?79.063 161. 381 165.759 2 :!.552 313,276 3:!7. 532 1. 6:!4, 809 1. 662.588 2.331.194 1,877.805 1, 493. 2 -t 2,170.698 182,943 160,057 165.471 lC.9!12 15. 514 11,283 305.662 330.315 381. -t37 10. 01i1. 340 6,223,5: 2 6.5C3.678 5.111.959 4,812.177 4.610.009 32,925.39,1 23,502,220 26,665,661 127, -129.15,1 1 103.131,1322 lOS, 530. 5181 142 803 ton'" not cla. ..ifìed 227. \5\ ton... Thousanrls Islands Rly., not distributed. · 41,489 tons Thousand Islands Rly., not dbtributed. 6 2 TRANSPORTATION AND CO.UMUNICATIONS Government Aid to Private Railways.-In order that the private railways of Canada might be constructed in advance of settlement as colonization roads, or through thinly-settled districts where littlp traffic was available, it was necessary for Dominion, Provincial and even 1\1 unicipal Governments to extend some form of assistance. In our earlier history, when our Governments had plenty of Crown land and little cash, the subsidies granted to railways frequently took the form of land grants, which had the advantage of giving the railway a direct interest in opening up the country, though it sometimes led to the railways holding lar e tract of land idle for speculative purposes when intermixed Crown lands had been homesteaded, thus retarding the settlement of agricultural land. Table 13 shows the areas of the land granted as subsidies to steam railway companies by the Dom- inion and Provincial Governments, with the names of the companies in the case of the Dominion Government. The total arca so granted up to Dec. 31, 1922J extended to 46,735,987 acres. As the country grew wealthier, the objections to the land grant method became more apparent, and aid was more frequently given in the form of a cash subsidy per mile of line, a loan, or a subscription to the shares of the railway. From 1851 up to Dec. 31, 1922, as shown analytically in Table 15, the total value of such aid granted to steam railways in Canada, exclusive of the capital of two Government railways (I.C.R. and P.E.I.R.), amounted to $722,648,946. Of this sum $662,813,886 represents aid granted by the Domir.ion Government, S-l3,414,386 that granted by the Provincial Governments, and $16,390,674, that granted by municipalitics. Table 14 records the details of the most recent type of assistance given to private nuJways, viz., by the guaranteeing of their bonds or of the interest thereupon. These guarantees enabled the railways receiving them to borrow money, generally tram British investors, at rates of interest considerably lower than would otherwise have had to be paid. Up to Dec 31, 1922, guarantees amounting to $447,490,378 had been authorized by the Dominion and Provincial Governments J of which the total amount outstanding amounted to $404,601,953. 13.-Arl'as of Land Subsidit's rantl'd tr. steam Uailwa!'s b!' the Uominion and PrO\indal (;ournments up to nee. 31, 19'!2. By th(' Dominion Government. Alherta Rail\\ay and Cool Co..... .......... -............................................. Alberta and Cleat Water\\ays Railway Co... ... - -..-.. -.. - ...... ....... ................ Canauian Pacific Rail\\ay Co. (main line). _ _ _.... _ _'.' ............ - - - -........... Calgary and Edmonton Hailway Co................... -..... - - ...... ..... .... . -... Cre.it North \\'e..t Central Hail\\ay Co................................ -.... - -.- - - ...... l\[anitoba l'\orthwebtern Rail\\ay Co.................................................... :\[anitoba Southwe--tem Co\. Rail\\ay Co.................. ........ ...... ....... ... ..... S katche\\an and \\'e....tern Railway Co.. ............................................... C.P.H.-Souri" Branch.. .................. ...................... ................... C.P.R.-Pipe"tone Exten.'-ion, Souris Braneh......... ............... ............... ..... C 1 it ds : re ofuiiw ÿ ë : : :: :: : : : :: : : :::: : : : ::: : : :::: :: ::::: : :: : : : :::: : : Qu'App('I1e, Long Lake and Il,!,katehewan Railroad and Steamboat Co.................. Edmonton. Dunvl'gan and Briti'-h Colwnbia Rail\\ay Co............ -. ................ -... Grand Trunk Pacific Hail\\IIY Co.. ........... ..................... ................ - ........ Grand Trunk Pacific Branch Line... Co............................ ..... ..................... Total b)' Dominion Government................... . - .... .............. .. -. . By Provincial Governments. Nova Rcotia...... ...... ................................ ... .......................... ...... Npw Rruru!\\ick............................................ -..... -.......... ....... - -..... Quehl'C l . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario.. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .... .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . . . . .. .. . ..... ........ . . ... . ... . -. . Hriti"h Columbia............... ..................... .......... .......... .......... ....... Total b)' Provlndal Governmfl) ts....... .. . .. . . . . ............................ . Tlltal b)' ))omlnlon and Prmlndal Gowernmfßts .. ., -... -................. . I Xut including conveltiLle land grants by the government of this province. Acree. 1.101. 712 1.198 18,203.748 1. 818,017 320.000 1. 5eO. 992 1,3116,473 98, 880 1,406,932 200,094 3.167,550 679,898 1 6')') 9 9 2 , -3: 821 10.002 1.789 :U.531.028 16C,OOO 1. 788. 392 1.778.950 3,241.207 R. 23 .410 I... 2111. !I. 9 46. .:15. 9!11 GOVERNMENT AID TO STEAM RAILWAYS 633 H.-Railway Bonds Guaranteed by Dominion and Prmincial Governments. Amount Amount Governments. Authorized. Outstanding Dec. 31, 1922. S S New Brunswick...... ...... ............. ..................... ............. 8,028,977 8,028,977 Quebec.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 126,000 126,rOO Ontario. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,860.000 7,86C.000 Manitoba... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,663,553 25.662,546 Saskatchewan............ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 47,725.000 28. 58 , 012 Alberta................................................................... . 41.724,410 35,488.128 British Columbia....... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ., . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 135, COO 60,317,524 Total by Provincial Governments........ .. .. . .. . .. -- . .. . . .. . . . 199,261.940 166.065,187 Dominion Government..... .............................. ... .............. 248.227,438 2311,536.766 Grand Total. ...... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4,11,490,378 40-1, 60J, 953 15.-Anal)'sis of the Total Finandal Aid giun to Stf'am Railways up to Df'c. 31, 1922. By the Dominion Government. By Provincial Governments S $ Cash subsidies.......................... 121,308,478 Cash subsidies..... . . .. . . . " . . . . . .. . . 33.537,914 Loans........ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . 9, 5i6, 472 Ll... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Non-trc>g. Relkirk Rnd Lake Winnipeg Winnipeg Street. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodstock, Thames Valley and Ingersoll......................... . Yarmouth Light and Power Co. . . . . Totals. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Salaries and Wages. S 6,291,128 578,114 4,260 129,730 79,187 1,877,865 11,718 20,112 2t,9 ,l1' Mileage Capital E . " Operating Number Operated. . Liability. armng . Expenses. of Em- ployees. Miles. S S S No. 93.48 26,334,180 11,580,071 8,375,733 4,140 66.22 2,37G,OOO 1,130,661 977,064 412 3.45 79,200 10,423 9,870 4 37.35 1,750,000 312,093 6-1, 504 81 38.48 I, 222,200 213,741 169, 193 45 63.57 23,380,000 2 3,588,980 2,615,488 1,435 10.20 340,000 22,532 19,456 13 3.00 640,000 2 64,357 25,797 20 1,'72HiO ISS, 8,97:1 -19,660, fSS 135,9S6, 872 1 , 099 . Municipally owned. 2 Repre"enting all divi3ions of the company. 21.-N'umbl'r of Pass('ne;ers, Emplo)'ees and otht'rs Killt'd and Injured on } Iectril" Railwa)s, )ears end I'd June 3i), 1891-1919, anti for cal:>ndar )"ears 1919-19! . Years. PA8SEKGER8. EMPlOYEES. OrHERIc'. Tar"I". Killed. Injured. Killed Injured. Killed. Injured. Killed. Injured. 1894--1899... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1900............,........... 1901...... ............ .. .... .. ... . . 1902....... .... ........ ..... ....... 1903............................... 1904.............................. . 1905.... ........ .... ............... 1906... . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . 1907. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908.... ............. . .. ........ .. . 1909... . . . .. . ." . ... . . . . .... . . .... . 1910.............................. . 1911... . . . . . .. . . .. ... . ... . .. .. . . .. . 1912.............................. . 1913.............................. . 1914... . . . . . ... ..... . . .. . .' . .. . . ... 1915.............................. . 1916.... .... . . . ..... . . .. . ... .. ... . . 1917... . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . ... . . .. . . . . . 1918................... .. ........ 1919.............................. . 3 9 10 10 30 II 27 18 11 14 II 16 17 9 14 Iii 11 9 10 23 6 158 410 504 508 862 I,Oðá 988 1,156 1.303 1,595 1,7S4 1,950 1,662 1,757 1,554 I, 905 1,541 1,451 I, 600 2 9 2 11 22 22 40 23 34 37 43 50 68 83 86 44 42 44 28 42 56 47 12 7 118 120 212 272 347 441 532 539 618 716 586 736 490 581 638 819 792 762 1,290 12 2 15 32 39 53 56 47 71 67 68 115 102 110 73 e4 64 50 ð3 77 114 44 13 314 563 778 844 1,296 1,653 1,736 1,883 2,139 2,538 2,670 3,128 2,5U 2,807 2,605 3,029 2,728 2,596 3,511 9 1 1 7 3 3 2 7 6 7 13 8 8 12 13 6 4 10 12 37 58 33 62 64 87 127 216 188 .218 227 300 442 392 469 413 305 3115 383 621 -------- Totals to June 30, 1919... . Years ended Dec. 31. 1919.............................. . 1920..... ......................... 1921.... . .. ....................... 1922... . .. . . . . .. . . ... ........... 259 23,80% 16'3 5,009 833 10,&08 1,25t S9,Ut 4 1.717 9 1,968 5 1,110 6 2,260 29 7 8 10 951 658 609 873 58 1,505 75 1,434 35 666 31 700 IV.-EXPRESS COl\fPANIES. 91 91 48 47 4,173 4,060 2,385 3,833 "Express seryice is an e eùited frcight service on passenger trains." But express companies do not own the means of performing their services; they use railway facilities by virtue of contracts with the railway companies. E>..-press companies in Canada have had clo c relation., with the railways practically from the- beginning. EXPRESS COJIPAl(Y OPERATIONS 643 The Vickers E},."j)ress Company, at first, did business as a stage company in south-western Ontario. Later it conducted an e},."j)ress business on the Toronto, Grey and Bruce and on the Northern railways. When the Canadian Pacific railway acquired the Toronto, Grey and Bruce, the Vickers E},."j)ress Company did business for a time in the same car with the Dominion E},."j)ress Company, but soon went out of existence. The Dominion E},."j)ress Company had b('en incorporated in 1882, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. Between 1882 and 1904 the original shareholders assigned their stock to trustees, who thenceforth held it for the C.P.R. The transfer of the stock became evident in 1904, when at a special meeting the shareholders of the company increased its capital to 52,000,000, In 1865 the Canadian E},."j)ress Company was incorporated with a nominal capital of $500,000, of which :::;275,200 was subscribed. In 1891 the Grand Trunk Railway Company purchased the capital stock for $660,000, and thenceforth the stock of the company was held for the Grand Trunk by trustees, all of whom were directors of the railway. The Canadian orthern Express Company was incorporatcd in 1902 with a nominal capital of $1,000,000, of which $300,000 was issued. Five thousand dollars was paid in cash and the remainder was issued as paid up stock. Mackenzie, Mann and Company, Limited, received all but five $100 shares, which went to qualify directors. The connection between the railway and the e},."j)ress company consisted in the two companies having practically the same directors. Since the taking over of the C.N.R. and the G.T.R. by the Government, the e},."j)ress businesses of the two have been amalgamated to simplify matters. Begin- ning September 1, 1921, the operations of the Canadian E},."j)ress Company and the Canadian National Express Company were consolidated under the name of the second, and the staffs of the two companies were rearranged, where nccessary, to constitute the staff of the new company. . Before 1915. an express company in Canada was not liable for delay or damage caused by anything quite bcyond its control, thus maintaining itself as an entity separate from the railway company. But in 1915 this liability was qualified, and thenceforth an e},."j)re::ìS company became liable for delay or illjUJ y of goods if either were caused by the railway company in whose cars the goods were being carried. Goods are sent by express for quick transit, so that e},."j)re!':s companies do not have to compete with freight rates by rail or water. Thus in its first tariff, the Dominion Express Company, in pursuance of its contract with the C.P.R., gave a rate of 2! times the maximum first-class railway freight rate for the same goods carried the same distance. An e},."j)ress company usually pays the railway company a percentage of its gross earnings; for example, the Canadian Express Company paid the Grand Trunk 50 p.c. But the railway, by controlling the stock, has an additional revenue; and since express companies have little equipment but offices, and, therefore, have slight expenses for upkeep, the railway receives in the end practically all the profits of the e},."j)ress company above bare operating expenses. E},."j)ress rates, lih.e freight rates, are subject to the approval of the Board of Railway Commissioners. Express Company Operations.-There were operating in Canada in 1922, the last year for which the statistics of the Transportation Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics are available, four distinctly Canadian express companies, viz., the Canadian National E},."j)ress Co., the Central Canada Express Co., the Dominion Express Co., and the British America Express Co. They are organized 62373-411 644 TRANSPORTATION AND COJI.l.UUNICATIONS under powers conferred by Acts of the Dominion Parliament, and their business consists in the forwarding of parcels through the railway companies, in the transfer of luggage and in the issue of money orders, travellers' cheques, letters of credit and other forms of financial paper. Three other express companies situated in the United States, but consolidated during the war period, like the United States rail- ways, under the operation of a single management appointed by the United States Government, and referred to here as "American Railway," also do business in Canada. The total capital liability of the four Canadian companies on December 31, 1922, stood at $6,150,000. A considerable volume of the business of express companies has, during recent years, been drawn off by the numerous motor bus and motor truck systems now in operation. Transport facilities offered by motor vehicles have proved to be of much value; with the building of improved road systems throughout the country, further decreases in the amount of express traffic now carricd by the railways over short distances may be e},.-pected. Table 27, following, shows the operating mileage of Canadian e},.-press companies for the years 1919-1922, illustrating chiefly the division of business between the various concerns and the provinces in which their systems are most highly developed. The first section of the table illustrates clearly the preponderance of mileage oper- ated over steam railway lines. 27.-0peratlng l\liIeal!:e of Express ('ompanies in ('anada, b) Routes, by Prminces and by Companies, for the calendar )'ears 1919-1922. Routes, Provinces and Companies. By routes over- Steam roads........ ............................. Electric lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steamboat lines (Inland}......................... Stage lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . Steamship lines (Ocean)...... . .... ... . . . .... .... . Miscellaneous 1........ . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . Totals.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . By Provinces- Prince Edward Island...... ... ............. ...... N ova Scotia........... .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . New Brunswick.... .... ............. ..... ........ Quebec....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario......................................... . Manitoba. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . Saskatchewan. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . British Columbia. ...... .' .. .. .. . . . . . . . ......... . yukon.......................................... . Other........................................... . Totals.. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . By companies-- American Railway ExpressCo.......... ..... ..... British America Express Co...................... Canadian Express Co.t....... ..... ............... Canadian Northern Expres8Co.t..... .. ......... Central Canada Expres8Co....................... Dominion Expreøs Co. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cønadian National Express Co. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . Totals. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 1919. Miles. 40,450 3P.9 2,1112 57 16,813 10,131 500 1,569 2,519 5,424 11,908 4,402 6,148 4,601 5,756 669 17,135 10,131 2.822 414 14,963 8,810 729 32,893 10,131 1920. Mile8. 40,852 301 2.862 84 16,813 10,912 500 1,947 2,549 5,426 11,701 4,296 6,168 4,774 5,778 637 17 ,137 10,112 2,657 414 15,308 8,921 729 32,884 &0,112 1921. Miles. 40,851 304 2,862 81 16,811 2 IO,IU 500 1,946 2,549 5.398 11,701 4,298 6,219 4,754 5,738 669 17,137 IO,IU 2,611 414 15,308 1 729 32,806 9,043 1 IO,IU 11122. Miles. 42,176 250 3.037 81 16.811 2 12,157 490 1,1146 2,810 5.514 11, 701 4,298 6,269 5,626 5,723 844 17 , 137 1%,157 2.786 414 76.1 33,660 24,728 12.157 1 Miscellaneous milÐ8&Ð is almost entirely OD ocean steamship lines. 1 Now included in the Canadian National Expreøs Co. 18 monthø. 1 4 monthø. STATISTICS OF EXPRESS CO..'J;!PANIES 645 In Tables 28 and 29 are given statistics of the receipts and expenses of express companies for the year ended Dec. 31, 1922, with totals shown for preceding years back to 1915. Only the most important items are given. Table 30 illustrates tbe amount of business transacted by the e companies in the ale of money orders, travellers' cheques, etc.-ODe of their most valuable services to the public. A decrease in reveDue of $3,807,561 will be noted in Table 28 when gross receipts from operation for 1922 are compared ",ith those of the previous year. Payments for express privileges decreased with the revenues, and consequently net operating revenues showed an increase of $165,233. 28.-EarnIngs of E1:press Companies for the )"ears ended June 30, 1915-1919, and for the calendar years 1919-1922. Revenue Ioney Ioney Travel- Travel- from lfrs' lers' Companies. transport- Orders, Orders, Cheques, Cheques. ation. domestic. foreign. domestic. foreign. $ $ $ $ S American Railway Express.............. 2,2 2,589 - - - - British America Express. ................ 30,913 - - - - Canadüm National Express.............. 12,370,277 85,510 - 1,572 - Central Canada Exprel!s.................. 107,420 - - - - Dominion Express.. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,240,818 119,151 28,118 9,487 5.158 Total, 1922, Dec. 31.... ... . . . . . .. 28,022,017 204,161 8,118 11,059 1,158 Total, 1921. Dec. 31.............. 31, 71ì7, 788 2"'.346 11,914 llì,639 1,207 Total, 1920, Dec. 31... . .... .. .... 29,806,284 311,031 33,093 12,991 I,W Total. 1919, Dec. 31... . . .. . . . . . . . 24.361,tiSl 233,502 1,089 1,162 1,071 Total, 1919, June 30.... . . . ...... 2O.tiãl,772 215.427 1,237 1,617 3.023 Total, 1918, June 30............. 18.116,383 267,154 19,790 1,698 ,1,311 Total, 1917, JUDe 30............. 11,353,461 239,754 20,727 4.171 Z,20 Total, 1916, June 30.... .. ....... 12,428,645 202,458 23.670 4.115 42' Total, 1915, June 30............. 10,917 ,119 186,580 15,239 3,42' 1,704 Gross Net Gross Companies. "C.O.D." Receipts Operatinp: Corporate Net Cheques. from Revenue. Income. earnings. Operation. 1 $ $ $ $ S American Railway Express. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2,364,796 63.652 43,494 63,652 British America Express. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 30,913 4,058 3,906 4,058 Canadian National Express.............. 147,613 12,618,671 470,540 388,253 470,540 Central Canada Express.................. - 107,420 18.965 15,791 18,965 Dominion Express.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . 131,220 13,575,533 -38,190 7,123 -2,034 Total, 1922, Dec. 31..... . .. . . ... . 278,833 28,697,333 619,025 J58,568 555,181 Total, 1921, Dec. 31.............. 286,015 32,504,894 353,792 3,12,652 414,471 Tota', 19211, Dec. 31... . . . . . . . . . . . 22' ,521 30,512,50,1 -1,117,836 -I,f57,806 -1,794,911 Total, 1919, Dec. 31... . . . . . . . . . . . 182,473 24,933,219 -1,123,048 - -974,281 Total, 1919, June 30... ... . . .. . . . 163,837 21.157,930 -1,982,337 -1,777,354 -1,752,441 Total, 1918, June 30............. lã7,933 18,6S0,092 4ãO,2U - 303,731 Total, 1917, June 30............. 133,813 16,836,374 1,096,111 - 825,725 Total, 1916, June30............. 116,780 12,860,629 919,713 I,007,93d 787,192 Total, 191ã, June 30.... .... . ... . 110,829 11,311,797 tiS,619 77,232 -27,40;; Nan:.-"American Railway Express" includes the American Express Co., Great Northern Express Co.. Wells, Fargo & Co., consolidated during the war under the operation of the United States Govern- ment. Ilncludes miscellaneous receipts. 646 1'RAi.YSPOllTATIOX AX]) CUJIJIUNICATIOSS 29.-0perating E penses of E press ('ompani..s for th.. ) ('ars ('nd('d JUtl(' 30,191'>-1'1', and for tht' call'lular ) ears 1919-1922. Comr:;anies. 18inten. Traffic T i r- Ceneral O :i g .T?t.al Taxes. ance. expense!!. expenses. ex):en"e!!. expenses. prIvIleges. $ S 24,59 201 109.411 3,227 103,668 2-11.101 2111 .55 Hi .125 166.535 1.)ã.251 1-16.505 210.3Sì 146.2!M 123,0%1 American Railway Express. . . Briti!>h America Express... . . . . . Canadian National Expre"s.... . Cent a! Ca da Express. . . . . . . . DomrnlOn Expre"f';. . . .. ........ Total. 1922. Dl.'e. 31. . Total. 1921, nee. 31. . . . Total. 19' U. nee. 31. .. . Total. 1919, Dec. 31. .. . Total, 1919, .June 3D... Total. 191." June 3D... Total, 191ì. June 3D... Total. 1916. JUIII.' 3D... Tlltal, 191';. JUII(' 3D. 30,745 261,329 76 236.656 52S.8U5 1 59J,9"\,"í ;)12. iOO 5112.-1';2 393,Sil 3-11. -I5 269.516 19-1,126 107,611'1 I $ $ $ $ $ 1. 966 505,047 81.420 619.178 1,681,966 1,079 6,557 3,763 11,399 15,456 43,091i 5,535.889 332.803-11 6.1703,14 5,974,982 8:?1 31,130 2,57(;, 34,603 53,832 107,76') 5.899,513 51-1,251; 6,n8.19!1 6,855,533 1,j1,7:U 1 ll.97S.1:16 1 93I,S-I" 13,.;96.51S 11.';"'1.71'9 163. 2S9, 1:3, 191.6Mi I,II.Ñ,229 1;).601.1/'11 '16,5-19. 91;; 1!:!,S3 ll-I. 3, 56 95J,-I"I1116, !: .ð 1I 1 1 ,lItI9.-I611 1,) ,OIl;311l, .a"'. 113 8U,99-1 j I3. 2 . .1ìã2 1 ,936.615 92.97' l l0'566.6113 739,05:1,11,192.499 U,3lì. 761 91.lItJ 8,261.13U 6-12.lIh3 1 9.3d-l,666 S, 15,181 1s.219 6,;)1'1, 190 8 .011 i ,6S1 .6.iti 8.1152,606 73,962 5,O-ll,I;;,'i <<"'1,61-1 5.79-1.51i 6,1-16.399 !::t,693 -I,9S1.!'-I6 t-52,7lì 5.632.911-1 5,610.22-1 I 30.-lhl il1e!ols tral1!'act('d b)' t;xpr('"s ('ompanil's in financial pal)er for the calendar )ears 1919-192 . De<:cription 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. $ S $ S Money Orders. domEbtic.. _... _ . _. _ _ 52,460,478 65,289,817 47,288,611 50,217,071 Money Order!!, foreign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. : : 2,222.908 2,315,114 1,49-1,844 1,467.030 Travellers' cheques. domestic.. . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . 837,093 513,242 M9,846 1):16.928 Travellers' cheques, foreign............ ....... 267,320 2:?6,9!0 224,160 311,110 "C.O.D." cheque!!.......................... ........ 18,062,985 22,413,731 'W,6()(),O 3 18,308,877 Telegraphic transfers.. . . . . . . . . ........ 208,333 162,193 226,622 110.620 Other fcrms... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2,639,576 1.668,138 619,288 486,547 Total. . aa..... 1&,698,693 92.5S9,lì.; il.1H13,4,jj 71,808, In v.- ROADS A... D HIGHWAYS. Historical.-The early roads "",ere uxili3ry to water routes 3 3n'uup of transport3Tion. TI)(.ir use became common during the summer f"P3 On when por- t8ges were neces:-;ary to avoid obstacle!' to riycr md lahC' trayP}, and during thC' win- ters. when ice rn'venh'd navigation 3nd snow coverC'd the inequalitiC's of the J!;round. Even tl'f' extl'n...;Ïve ystem of waterway!' of ea:-tf'rn Canada wa an inadrquate means of communieat ion ret.ween points of settlf'DlCnt in a rapidly growinJ!; colony, and the need for o\'erland rlmtes manifC'sted ibelf in tl c intlOduction of the !'y!'tem of common roaùs which prevailed under tlJe feudal régimc; and not only did the clUde early loads elVe the nccds of the ettlers but a1<;0 tho e of tI'e British, French and AmeJ iCfLn aJ mies dm ing their numerous campaigns. Regiment s werf' fre- ouentl employed, during timfs of peacc, in road construetion in different part of Upper and Lower Canada. Tbe firft important bigbway in Canada eJo,.tC'udC'd along tI,e north shore ùf the St. Lawrenc'e from Quebec to Montreal, being gradually completed wit}. the gro"",th of the :French settlement. In L"pper Can3da, one of the earlie:-;t l"03ds was tbat from .Toronto to lake Simcoe (Yonge St.), completed in lïÐ4 under the direction of Gov. Simcoe, tbe work being done by the Qucen's R3nJ!;ers. This road not only gave acces!' to the area north of Toronto, but abo provided a more convenient route than that of the Ottawa rin'r from the trading po!"t!'; on the rrp pr I,akp:-, ROADS AND HIGHWAYS 647 to tbe centres of popul3tion along the St. Lawrence. Montre31 waS' joined to Kingston by road in 1816 and in tbe following year to Toronto. Thereafter other highways from points served ty water routes to inland settlements began to increase in number, as it became apparent that they were essential to the commercial life of tbe country as a means of transporting supplies to the settlers, and of bringing their products to the centIal markets of the colon '. Tl>e system of posts which had been established about the beginning of the nineteenth century necessitated passable routes between the various offif'es, 3nd by 1827 a though road was available between Halifax and Amher tburJ!, comprising for the most part, the old Kempt Road, the York Road, Dundas Btrc{'t and the Baldoon Road. }'rom this trunk line of communicDtÏon branch roads extended north and south to the more important <.'entre<; of population in the two Canadas. The cost of construction of the:,;e roads was high, and travel by stage coach was tedious and costly. As late as 1850, S01Ile points in central Ontario were still inaccessible to any vehicle. Later years, however, have brought with them improved methods of construction and a resulting reduction in expenses, together with an improvement in the wearing qualities of the more important higlJways. The growth of motor traffic has played a conspicuous part in the movement towards increased and improved road construction. In tbe older provinces of the east it has been a que5tion of improving the existing roads and of building highways for the use of through traffic between the larger cities, while in the western provinces it has been more a matter of replacing the prairie and mountain trails with roads fit for modern tourist and freight traffic. A table of road mileage in Canada is included. 'Yhen it is considered that throughout the Dominion tÞere are but 20 pen-ons to every mile of road and tbat on an average there is one mile of road for every 5 square miles of land, the magnitude of tpe problem faced in the construction of tbese traffic routes is illustrated. A ;:;mall population scattered over a large area has made this, like other transportation problems, particularly difficult of solution. 31.- <-'Iassification of Canadian lIi hway ami Road 'liIea!!;es. as at October 31, 1922. Un- Water- Bitum- Bitum- Provinces. improved Improved Gravel. bound inous inous Cement Totals. Earth. Earth. Mac- Mac- Concrete. Concrete. adam. aelam. - - - - - - - Miles. Miles. 'Iiles. Miles. ?Ifill's. Miles. 'Iiles. Miles. Prince Edward Island. . _ _ . . . . 3,468 170 2 7 3,M7 );ova Scotia....... 11,580 2,453 1,096 53 15,190 )jew Brunswick... 8,900 1,655 3,558 11 14,124 Quebec. .. . . . . . . . . . 29,676 11,324 2,344 1,838 97 11 64 45,354 Ontario... . . . . . . . . . 18,700 11,800 22,127 11,055 405 43 118 M,248 )lanitoba 1 ... ..... 44,375 24,000 1,600 25 70,000 a!èkatchewan2.... . 125,000 10,000 10 135,010 Alberta........... . 15,193 44,207 59,400 British Columbia.. 1,055 10.691 4,101 45 27 29 21 15.969 - - - - - - - - Total......... . 251,941 116,300 34,838 12,998 MS 108 203 m.tU IApproximatdy 15 p.c. of surveyed road allo\\ances giving some service. rfhere are 210,000 miles of road allowances in the province. 648 TRAKSPORTAl'ION AND CO lfJ[UNICATIONS Good Roads Movements.-The building of new roads and the improve- ment of those already in use, is a matter of such general interest that various organ- izations have been developed throughout the country for the purpose of advising and assisting the various governments in the work. Good roads associations, for the distribution of propaganda and the education of the public in the needs of improved highway routes, are to be found in most of the provinces, assisted by the various automobile and motor clubs. A branch of the Department of Railways and Canals directs its efforts solely to the E'tudy of highway developmcnt and con- struction, of the relations between the Dominion Government and the provincial Highway Departments, and of the financial assistance given to the provinces for road building. The Canada Highways Act.-By c. 54 of the Statutes of 1919, the Dominion Parliament authorized the expenditure of $20,000,000 for the purpose of constructing and improving the highways of Canada during the five years suc- ceeding the passage of the Act. In it::; apportionment, grants of $80,000 are made to every province during e3cb of the five ycars, tbe remainder being allottcd in proportion to their respective populations. Detaiæ as to cost, time, method of construction, etc., of all roadE' built under the schcme are to be arranged between the Minister of Railways and Canals and the various provincial Government Depart- ments. It need scarcely be added that the co-operation and encouragement of the Dominion Government has done much to assist the building of good roads throughout the country. Table 32 illustrates tbe working of the Act, showing the number and extent of projected roads and 80me of the more important items in the expenditure entailed. D.-Statement of Progress of the Prminces under the Canada IIlghways Act, 1'19, to 11arch 31, 1922. Projects under Agreement. Federal Aid. Provincef'. Number Number Estimated Estimated Provincial of of Projected 8ub- Federal Allocation Total Projects. Agree- Mileage. sidizable Aid under the Payments. ments. Cost. (40%). Act. - Ko. :Ko. )Iileø $ $ $ I Prince Edward Island 20 20 181 324,565 129,826 603,455 143, ï59 Nova Scotia......... 24 24 207 2,251.259 900,504 1,468,720 486,412 New Brunewick...... 19 19 1,237 2,950,600 1,180,240 1,163,845 438,304 Quebec.... . . . . . . . . . . . 14 35 238 2,638,642 1,055,457 4,748,420 540,218 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 24 607 11,292,799 4,517,119 5,877,275 1,326.329 Manitoba........... . 9 9 765 3,478,902 1,391,561 1,602,265 351,741 Sapkatchewan....... _ 24 27 1,230 1,667,090 666,836 1,806,255 193,773 Alberta. _ . . . . . .. ..... - - - - - 1,477,810 - British Columbia.... 13 20 355 2,938,599 1,175,439 1,251,955 453,473 - - Totat.......... . U7 li8 4.820 27 ,5t2, 456 11,011.9112 20,000,000 1,134,OOt VI.- 'IOTOR VEHICLES. The earliest motor vehicles were propelled by steam, the history of the ga olene motor car commencing with the construction of a successful ga olene engine by Daimler in 1884. Until 1900 France remaincd the headquarters of the industry. possessing in the latter year more than half of the 10,000 cars in operation in Europe, while in the United States the number of cars was only about 700. Shortly after- wards, the invention of the Ford car resulted in a keen competition to bring motor cars within the rcach of the average man, profits being sccured from large production :MOTOR VEHICLES 649 . rather than high prices. Detroit became the centre of the automobile industry of the United States and the Canadian side of the Detroit river became the head- quarters of the Canadian industry. As a consequence the population of such border towns as Windsor, Walkerville, and Sandwich has greatly increased in the past decade, while Ford City, which had no existence in 1911, had 5,870 inhabitants in 1921. Problems of regional location have resulted during more recent years in a gradual shifting of the centre of gravity of the indm try, and the Toronto district now rivals in importance the longer established centre on the Detroit river. Like many other inventions, the motor car commenced as a toy, then as the luxury of the rich, while now it ranks as a comfort of those in moderate circumstances and it may even become a necessity of life to the masses. Of 13te years it has been increasingly used for economic purposes; to-day the great majority of cars effect substantial economies in time or in money for their owners, partly or wholly offset- ting their cost of. upkeep. In the past few years, the motor truck-the freight automobile-has assumed considerable economic importance, and this year it is separately classified in Table 34 of this section. There secms to be but little doubt that in Canada, as was the case in England and the New England states, only the lack of adequate road systems is postponing a great increase in motor bus traffic for both passenger and fast freight service. In a recent government report the statement is made that "the automotive transport industry is just beginning to be a factor in the transportation of passengers and freight in this country. Railways have found that the handling of less than car-load lots of freight is often unprofitable business; it follows that commercial trucks are being used in greater numbers to carry lighter shipments of property between some of the larger centres served by adequately surfaced highways." While the increased passenger and freight rates are probably the main cause of the comparatively slow increase in recent years in railway traffic (see Table 6 of this section), there can be no doubt that motor vehicles are now serving much of the short haul traffic formerly served by steam and electric railways. In addition, a certain amount of traffic formerly carried over water routes has been diverted to these more modern carriers. Registration.-The increase of the use of motor vehicles in Canada has been very rapid. In 1904 the number of motor vehicles registered in Ontario was only 535. In 1907, 2,130 motor vehicles were registered in six provinces, and in 1908, 3,033 in eight provinces, the motor car being at that time prohibited in Prince Edward Island. From these small beginnings Table 33 shows an increase to 513,821 motor vehicles in 1922, an increase over 1921 of 4b,443, or almost the tot,al number of motor vehicles registered in 1913. In Table 34 are given the numbers registered by provinces in 1921, classified as passenger cars, commercial cars or trucks, and motor cycles. By far the greatest increase during the past year has been in Ontario, where the number of cars registered in 1922 is shown as 240,933 in comparison with 206,521 in the previous year. The percentage increafe in this province is thus 14.3 as compared with a figure of 9.4 for the whole of Canada, the actual number, 34,412, constituting the greater part of the total increase for the DominioD, which amounted to 48,443. According to statistics collected for 1922 by the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Canada in that year ranked next to the United States among the countries of the world in the number of its registered motor vehicles. The total shown (513,821) is some 15,500 greater than that of the United Kingdom, 650 TRAXSPORTATION AND COJlJ[UXICATIONS where total registration for 1922 is set at 498,271. Registrations in United States during the past year were 12,239,114; in France, the fourth largest user of motor vehicles, 295,876; in Germany, 128,092; in Australia, 82,417; in Argentina, 78,413; and in Italy, 53,600. In 1922, there was, in Canada, one motor vehicle for every 17.45 of its popula- tion, or one for every 3.876 families. In respect to motor vehicles per population, when compared with the more important foreign countrie1', Canada ranks second to the United States where, in 1922, there was a motor vehicle rl'gistered for eVf'ry 9 of the population of the country. _\ compari..;:on of the various provinces in the same re:-:pect shows one motor vehicle to every 40.8 per:-,ons in Prince Edward Island in 1922, to e'wry 32.7 in Xova Scoti'}" 2fo:..) in Kew Brunswick, 38.7 in Quebec, 12.4 in Ontario, 14.8 in Ianitoha, U. 8 in a::,katchewan, 15.0 in Alherta, 15.6 in British Columbia and 43.4 in the Yukon Territory. Table 33 f-:how:3 the regi-;tration of motor vehicles in Canada by provinces for the years 190i to 1922. . 33.-l\"umht'r of 'Iotor '"('hid('s rl'!!"istt'red ill ('3113da, b) PrO\ÏlU'('". 1907-1922. P.E. I [\ova :'i!ew )Iani- a kat- Bliti!ol> Year,.. Island. Rcotia. Bruns- Quebec. Untario. toba. che\\an. Alberta. Colum- Canada. wick. bia. - - - -- - - - -- - No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1907. ..... . . . . . . . . - 62 - 254 1,530 - 54 55 175 2,nO UI08...... . . ... .. . - b5 104 296 1,754 412 74 65 263 3.033 1 09.... - 69 167 485 2,452 662 149 275 504 4,763 1910. .... ........ - U8 299 7R6 4,230 1,524 5:U 423 1,026 8,967 1911............. . - 228 483 1,8i8 11,339 2,436 1,304 1,631 2,220 21,519 1912............. . - 456 700 3,535 16,266 4,099 2,286 2,505 4,289 34.1311 1913.. .... . . . . . . . . 26 11 824 5,452 23,700 5,475 4,659 3,773 6.138 50,558 1914............. . 31 1,324 1,3'>8 7,413 :U,724 7,3i9 ,020 4,728 7,628 69,598 1915... ........... 34 1,841 1,900 10,112 42,346 9,225 10,225 5,832 8,360 89,944 1916...... . . . . . .. . 50 3,012 2,965 15,335 54,3i5 12,765 15,!l00 9,516 9,457 123,464 1917. ..... _ . . . . __ . 303 5,350 5,251 21,213 83,308 17 ,507 32,505 20,624 11,645 197,799 1918.... 639 8,100 6,434 26.897 114,376 24,012 50,531 29,300 15,370 275,746 1919... .....::::.: 967 10,210 8,306 33,547 144,804 30,118 56,855 34,000 22,420 341. 316 U120. ... ......... 1,419 12,450 11,196 t 177,561 36,455 60,325 38,015 28,000 407,064 1921. ............. 1,751 14,205 13,615 206,521 40,215 61,184 40,235 32,900 465,378 1922............. . 2,167 16, 159 13, i46 61,995 240, 933 42,200 61,367 40,642 34,526 513,821 NOTE.-The number of motor vehicles in the Yukon (never mou; than 100) is included in the totsls for Canada, 191-1-22. In Table 34 the registration of motor vehides in 1922 is given according to the general type or rurposc of the cars in u e in each of the provinces. 3-1.- T) l)eS of :Uotor Cars r(' istl'r('d in ('anada. h) l>>rO\Ïlu'cs. 1922. Pro\ inees. Passenger Commercial Motor Dealer's Cars or 'I otal CarE. Trucks. Cycles. Cars. No. No. No. No. No. 2,059 87 8 13 2,167 14,177 1,707 145 1 0 16,159 12,609 904 98 135 13,746 :):?,05 6,877 1,886 1,180 61,995 210,333 24,164 4,799 1,637 240,933 38,913 2,102 855 330 42,200 60,352 I 296 719 61,367 38,214 1,749 403 276 40,642 33,505 I 880 141 34,526 61 20 5 - 86 452,2;5 37.6102 1,375 4,;}ll 511,821 Prince Edward Island......... Nova Scotia. . . . . New Brum'\\iek....... Quebec.. ....................... Ontario.......... . lanitoba. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan. . . . . . . . . Alberta............. __ British Columbia.. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . YukoD.............. ........... ........ Total. ....... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . I Included with pas!'enger cars. 2 Exclusive of British Columbia and Saskatchewan. JIOTOR VEHICLE ACTS 651 Government Revenue.-The taxation of motor vehicles, garages, chauffeurs, etc., is becoming a lucrative source of government income. In every province the operation of automobiles and motor cycles is dependent on their carrying a license duly i::sued by the various authorities, while similar licenses permit the main- tenance of garages and the driving of cars or trucks by hired chauffeurs. The accompanying table (35) shows the government revenue by provinces for the calendar year 1922, illu-;trating, at the same time, the more important sources from which it is derived. 35.-Rewnues from the TaAation of the Sale, Distribution and Ol)eratioll of }Ioior \ ehides, by Prminces, for the calendar !'ear 1922. A Operators Provinces. Passenger Trucks. Motor Dealers' Gnr- and FineE. Miscel- Total. Cnrs. Cycles. Cnrs. ag6 . Chauf- laneous. feurs. - - -- - -- - - - S $ S .$ $ $ $ $ I Prince Edward Island..... . ..... 43,366 1,670 77 480 - 785 - 2f4 46,801 Nova Scotia... .. . . . 364,993 44,363 1,294 7,571 - 7,827 577 - 426.625 New Bruns" ick. . . . . 268,982 24,152 564 3,236 346 2,804 2,239 - 302,323 uebec. . .. . . . . . . .. . 1,168,806 271,675 9,785 20,715 8,388 333,708 91,280 75,113 1,979,470 ntario............ . 2,888,123 468,800 14,033 33,719 18,687 30, 129 - 23,939 3,477,430 )Ianitoba. . . .. 484,370 2 2,464 12,403 - 26,564 - 2,392 528,193 . . 8nskntchewan.. ... . . 811,321 2 1,368 15, 1I8 333 3,490 - 14,696 846,356 lberts............ . 695,632 - 1,902 8,041 - 5,735 334 716,873 BIitish Columbia... - - - - - - - - 897,075' yukon............. . - - - - - - - - 911' -- - - - - - - - - Total ......... 6,725,593 810,660 31,487 101,313 27,754 411,042 94,096 116,7J8 1 9,222,0')7 1 Q o I Total includes $159 and 5,229 collecte l for tran fers of cars in P. E. Iell\nd and Alberta resPEctively. 2 Included in revenue from pass nj!.er cnrs. ;; Details not available. lotor Vehicle Acts and Regulations in Force. The following is a brief synopsÏ:;; of the laws and regulations in force in each provlw'c. Prince Edward Island.-"Cnder the Iotor Vehicles Ad. 1922, anù regu- lations, all cars must be registered in the office of the Provincial Secretary. In addition to a registration fee of five dollars, and a marke-. fee of one dollar, an annual tax of 80 cents per 100 pounds weight i payable on the 1st of May, but this is not required of non-residents unless the car is u ed in the province during more than eight weeks in one year. Chauffeurs must be 18 years of age, all other drivers of car!'1, owners included, must be 17 years old and must be licensed. Every'car must have a lock, or other device, to prevent it from being operated when left unattended. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages 12 miles an hour, on approaches to steep descents, bridges, or highway crossings, 10 miles an hour, on road outsiùe cities or incoI]1orated town,,; on which the driyer has not a clear 652 TRA.VSPORTATION AND COJIJIUNICATIONS view for at least one hundred yards free from turns and inter ections, 15 miles an hour, and in all other places 25 miles an hour. The number of cars registered in 1922 (up to December 31), not including dealers' registration, was 2,154. Prince Edward Island is now the only province where vehicles keep to the left side of the road. Nova Scotia.-The Motor Vehicle Act, 1918, requires cars to be registered by the Provincial Secretary, who issues permits renewable annually on January 1. Cars belonging to persons residing out (If Xova Scotia need not be registered if cars are registered in the place where owners reside: and are used as passenger cars. This privilege is given for a period of not more than three months in each year. If owners come into the province to reside permanently or to carry on business they must register. No person under 16 years may operate a motor vehicle, and paid chauffeurs must be at least 18 and must take out licenses. Cars must have devices which will prevent their operation when left unattended and must also have mufflers. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages and in places where there is no clear view of the road for at least 50 yards, 15 miles an hour, at cross- roads and bridges, 15 miles, and in other'places 25 miles an hour. During 1922 the total number of permits issued for cars was 16,159, including 145 motor cycles. The rule of the road in Kova Scotia was on .April 15, 1923, changed from "keep to the left" to "keep to the right." New Brunswick.-Under the Iotor Vehicle Law, 1915, as amended May, 1917, the registering and licensing authority is the Department of Public 'Yorks. Cars must be registered when new and bcsides the registration fee, an annual fee is payable on January 1. Non-residents may operate cars registered in another province or state during not more than 30 days in any year without registration in New Brunswick. The driver of a car must be 18 years old, and must bc the owner or a member of his household, a licensed chauffeur or a person accompanied by a chauffeur; all chauffeurs must take out licenses and must pass a qualifying examina- tion before issue of the license. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages 12 miles an hour, in places which are closely built up, 15 miles an hour, and in other placcs where the road cannot be secn clearly for 200 yards, 20 miles an hour. All vehicles keep to the right since Nov. 30, HI:!:? Quebec.-Thf' law as to motor vehicles is contained in the Rcvised Statutes, 1909, chapter 4, s. 21, and amending Act . Cars must be registercd in the office of the Provincial Treasurer and re-registered annually on March 1. Save in the cases of taxi-cabs and auto-busses or similar vehicles which run daily or periodically between the province and neighbouring provinces or states, no registration in the province is required of cars registered out ide the province, provided that similar exemption is granted by law of the state or province in which the tourist resides. All drivers of cars must be licensed, and must not be less than 18 years old. Cars, when left unattended, must be locked in ::ouch a way as to prevent their use, and all cars must have mufflers. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages, 20 milcs an hour, on highways where the land is closely built up, 20 miles an hour, at bridges and cross-roads and within a distance of five hundred feet before reaching a railroad crossing, 8 miles an hour, and in open c01Jntry 30 miles an bour. Motors must stop for street cars which are standing to take on or discharge pa!':!':engers, and must reduce the speed to 16 miles an hour when meeting anothcr vehicle. These rates have reference to rlcasure cars only. In the case of a commcrcial vehicle having non-pneumatic tires, a speed of 8 miles an hour when loaded and 10 MOTOR VEHICLE ACTS 653 miles an hour when unloaded is allowed. When equipped with pneumatic tires the corresponding rates are 12 and 15 miles an hour. Ontario.-The Acts concerning motor vehicles are the Motor Vehicles Act, R.S.O., 1914, c. 207, the Highway Travel Act, R.S.D., 1914, c. 206, the Load of Vehicles Act, 6 Geo. V, c. 49, the Public Vehicles Act, 10 Geo. V, c. 76 and amending Acts. These Acts were revised and compiled in 1923 as The High ay Traffic Act (13 Geo. V, c. 48), the provisions of which have effect from Jan. 1, 1924. The registering authority is the Department of Public Highways, which issues permits that remain in force for the calendar year. Cars may be used without regis- tration for not more than three months in one year if registered in some other pro- vince, and for 30 days in one year if registered in certain of the United States which have entered into agreement with the province of Ontario. No person under 16 years may drive a car, and those between the ages of 16 and 18, as well as all paid chauffeurs, must be licensed. Cars must be equipped with muffiers. The speed limit in cities, towns, and villages is 20 miles an hour, in other places, 25 miles an hour, at road intersections, where vision is obscured, one-half of these rates of speed. A motor may not pass a street car which has stopped for passengers to get on or off. At street intersections a vehicle approaching from the right has the right-of-way. All cars are required to be equipped with non-glaring headlights. Manitoba.-Under the Motor Vehicle Act, cars must be registered in the office of the Municipal Commissioner, and the registration is renewable annually on January 1. Chauffeurs must not be under 18 years old, and must have licenses; other drivers must not be under 16 years of age. Cars must have mufflers and devices to prevent their use when left unattended. Motors must stop when behind standing street cars. The provisions of the Act relative to registration and display of registration numbers do not apply to a motor vehicle owned by a non-resident of the province, other than a foreign person, firm or corporation doing business in the province, provided that the owner thereof shall have complied with the provisions of the law of the province, foreign country, state or territory of his resi- dence relative to registration of motor vehicles and the display of his registration number thereon, and shall con picuously display his registration numbers as re- quired thereby. These provisions, however, shall be operative as to a motor vehicle owned by a non-resident of Manitoba only to the extent that under the laws of the province, foreign country, state or territory of his residence like exemptions and privileges are granted to motor vehicles duly registered under the laws of and owned by residents of Manitoba. No person shall operate a vehicle at a rate which is unreasonable, having regard to the traffic on the highway, and in case of prosecution for such an offence the onus of proving his innocence shall be upon the person accused. Saskatchewan.-The licensing authority under the Vehicles Act is the Pro- vincial Secretary. Licenses expire annually on December 31. Every motor vehicle, except motor cycles, must expose two number plates: one on the front and one on the rear. Motor vehicles must carry lights at night, and the front lights must be dimmed to prevent glare. Motor liverymen must be licensed. Non-residents may use cars for 30 days under permit from the Provincial Secretary without regis- tration in the province. No person under the ag of 16 may drive a car, and paid chauffeurs must take out licenses. A chauffeur's license may be granted to appli- cants over 16 and under 18 on passing special examination test. Cars must have mufflers. Cities, towns and villages have authority to regulate the speed limit within their respective boundaries. There are no speed limits in rural districts, 654 TRANSPORT AT/O.Y A.l.,aJ COJfJIUXIC.41'/ONS but special precautions are pre crihcd against accidents. Motor vehiclps must stop for street cars which are taking on or di<;charging pa!':sengers. Alberta.-The law relating to motor vehicles is contained in the Motor Vehiclc Act, 1911, and amending Acts, and thc Highways Act, 1911. Cars must be regis- tered, with descriptions, in the office of the Provincial Secretary, who issues -certifi- cates, which are renewable annually on January 1. Paid chauffeurs must be licensees, and all drivers must not be under 16 years old, if male, or 18 years if female. Cars must be equipped with mufflers. The speed limits are 20 miles an hour in cities, towns and villages, and 10 milps an hour at street crossings and bridges, while thcre is special provi:.:ion for peed of fire vehicles going to fire!':. A motor car may not pass a street car which has stopped for passengers to get on or ofT. Regulation.;; may be made by the Licutenant-Govcrnor in Council providing for pcnnits to a rp:;;ident of the United Statps or of any province in Canada, who has complied with thp provision of the la.w r<'garding rcgi:,;tration of his motor vehicle in the state or province in which he reside:", to operatc an unrcgistered car in Alberta. Such e"\.cmption or privilege arplies to such pcrsons only to thc extent to which, undcr the laws of t hp said statc or province, similar expmptions or privileges are granted with respect to motor vehicles registered undcr thc laws of and owned by residents of Albcrta. The samc applies to driver's licenses. Thc Provincial Secre- tary may revoke or suspend the liccnse of any chauffeur convicted under the pro- visions of the Liquor Act of selling or having for sale intoxicating liquor. Provision is made for the impounding of cars by the authorities where the owncrs or drivers are convicted of driving cars while intoxicatcd, or convictcd under other E:ections of the Act relating to speeding and juvenile driving. There is provision against the carrying of loaded weapons in an automobile--a .preventive measure against accidents during hunting trips. British Columbia.-Under the Motor Vehicle Act, and amending Acts, cars are required to be registered with the Superintendent of Provincial Police. Licenses expire on December 31. Foreign registered cars may be used for touring in the province under a touring license issued 1>y the Superintendent of Provincial Police. Cars registererl outside the province may be used for 90 days free. K a person under the age of 17 may drive a car, and paid chauffeurs must take out licenses. The speed limits are: in cities, towns and villages, 15 miles an hour, in wooded country 15 miles, and in open country 30 miles an hour. A motor may not pass a standing street car at more than 5 miles an hour and must stop if it overtakes the car while taking on or discharging passengel'E. Yukon Territory.-The [otor Vehicle Ordinance, Ko. 14, 1914, requires all cars to be registered in the office of the Territorial Secretary, who issues certificates, renewable annually on July 15. A non-resident may operate an unregistered motor for not more than 90 days. K a male under 16, and no female under 18 years of age may drive a motor. In cities, towns and villages the speed limit is 15 miles an hour, or 10 miles an hour at street intersections. Imports and Exports of Motor Vehicles. Table 36 is added to show the growth of import and export trade in motor vehicles, as affecting their use as carriers throughout the Dominion. "nile for the first ten years for which figures are shown, passenger and freight automobiles are classed together, it is only during recent years that trucks have been used to a large extent. A remarkable growth is shown both in the number of cars imported and of those exported from the country. AIR NA VIGATION 655 3'.-Canadian Imports and Exports of l\lotor Vehicles, fiscal years ended l\lar. 31, lJ01-1923. Total Imports. Total Exports Fiscal Years. (including re-exports). Passenger. Freight. 2 Passenger. Freight. 3 No. S No S No. S No. =1 S 1907 1 ............. . 350 531,028 - - 126 168.142 - 1908.... ........... 674 912,371 - 205 320.708 - 1909.......... ..... 533 585,097 - - 279 450,127 - 1910... . . . ... . . . . . . 1,424 1.732.215 - - 448 627,4t.9 - - 1911. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,488 4,235,196 - - 787 892,212 - - 1912.... .. . . . . .. .. . 6,022 6,511,115 - - 2,156 2,039.993 - - 1913.............. . 8,377 9,738,839 - - 4,091 2,952,988 - - 1914....... -....... 6,288 7,213,375 - - 6,691 4,321,369 - - 1915.... . . .. . 5,476 4,888,704 - - . 5,579 3,290,234 - - 1916.............. . 8,055 5,089,329 - - 17,493 9,223,813 - - 1917.............. . 12,037 7,981,177 327 423,824 10,331 5,637,465 - - 1918.............. . 16,118 11,317,245 964 1,275,179 8,829 4,471,521 - - 1919.............. . 6,473 5,326,510 1,744 2,274,748 11,867 6,328,447 2,584 1,317,521 1920... . .. . . . . .. . . . 10,805 11,204,461 2,274 3,831,084 20,883 13,589,423 4,166 2,319,629 1921.... . . . . . . . . . . . 5,907 8,399,537 1,706 3,578,938 15,870 11,867,425 4,341 2,733,775 1922. .............. 7,181 9,501.362 806 1,537,765 13,676 7,879,845 1,314 673.038 1923...... . . .. .. . . . 11,402 11,857,165 1,082 1,889,105 45,372 25,987,515 3,726 1,456,795 1 Nine months. 2 Fr!'ight automobiles were classified with passenger automobiles in figures of imports until 1917. . Freight automobiles werE' clas:::ified with passenger automooiles in figures of exPOlts until 1919. VII.- AIR NAVIGATION. . It was only in 1909 that Blériot made the first flight across the English channel, his venture marking the successful culmination of the many previous years of experiment with aircraft. In the five years that intervened before the war, progress was slow, increasing greatly, however, with the exigencies of the belligerents in the European conflict. Post-war ypars are witnessing, in Canada, serious and suc- cessful attempts to adapt the experience of war years to commercial purposes. A result' of the impetus given to air navigation by military operations has been, in Canada as in other countries, that the control of its development has rested largely in the hands of military authorities, and at the present time all aerial traffic, if not directly under the supervision of the Department of National Defence, is at least carried on with its sanction. This latter takes the form of licenses and permits granted to duly tested machines and qualified personnel. Aeronautics in the Dominion has now three distinct phases,-(I) commercial flying, (2) flying for the civil service of the government, (3) military operations; while the two latter are nquestionably of great importance in the development of the technique of flying, still the former seems the direction in which the most notable advances will be made. The report of the Air Board for the calendar year 1922 shows a total of 24 companies operating aircraft or m;Ïng them as auxiliaries in the conduct of their business. The greatest use made of machines as commercial carriers has been in co-operation with the Forestry Departments of the Provincial Governments for patrol and survey purposes. Their value also as mail carriers on the Pacific coast and as a means of transport to pulp and paper companies in their forest operations has become established. Brief tables compiled from the reports of the Air Board for the years 1921 and 1922 are appended. "nile statistics are not given in them under provincial classi- fications, it may suffice to state th:.Lt the greatest amount of flying is done in Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, these three provinces providing the most extensive fields for forest survey and fire patrol work. A smaller mount has been done in 656 TRANSPORTATION AND CO..UJfUNICATIONS the three prairie provinces. No flights were recorded during the year 1922 in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. Statistics of operations of the Canadian Air Force are not available. Expenditure by the Dominion govern- ment on aviation for the fiscal year 1922-23 was set by the estimates at $1,000,000. This includes amounts apportioned to the three branches set out above. Additional sums totalling $64,467 were voted by the provincial governments of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, to defray expenses of air operations undertaken. 31.-Summar)" Statistics of Chit Adatlon in Canada. calendar )ears 1921 and 1922. 1921. 1922. Items. Commer- Civil Commer- Civil ciw. govern- Total. cial. govern- Total. mente ment. - Firms sellinsr aircraft.................... 1 - 1 1 - 1 Firms oJerating aircraft. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . 29 - 29 24 - 24 License airplanes....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. '. . 58 11 69 46 8 52 Licensed seaplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 25 40 13 23 36 Total licensed aircraft......" . " .. . . . . . . . 73 36 109 60 1 29 89 1 Machine flights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 10.386 1.209 11.595 4.415 1.437 5.852 Total machine mileßP..e..... . . . .. . .. .. . . . 294.449 185,480 479,929 185,211 181,509 366. 720 Number of passengers carried.........._ 9,153 1,329 10,482 4,282 856 5,138 Total number of persoDl' carried.... ..... 19,539 3,474 23,013 8,e97 3,465 12,162 Freight or ezpress carried (lbs.)......... . 7Ð,850 Not 79,850 14'681{ Not 14,681 available. available Mail carried Obs.)......"".........".... - - - 82,025 \2,025 Totallioenl!ed air harbours........... ... 35 6 41 30 8 36 Total licensed personnel. _ . " " . _ " . . . " " " _ . . 223 64 287 164 46 210 Unlicensed mechanic!! employed. . . . . . . . . 26 46 72 20 66 86 Ilncludes one amphibian type in commercial use. The figures shown in the table above indicate decreases in the number of machine flights, passengers carried and other aspects of the general use of air-craft in the Dominion. 'While decreases are undoubtedly to be recognized, at the same time the point may be made that the amount of useful work carried on by means of aviation has increased substantially. In illustration of this fact, the increase in hours flown on work of a useful nature amounted to 1,781 in 1922 over that of the previous year, despite the decrease in total hours flown of 1,806. The typical post-war air operations of Ujoy-riding" and exhibition flying are becoming less common, giving way to those of a permanent and productive nature. A table of civil aviation accidents in 1921 and 1922 follows: 38.-Chit Adation \ccidents in Canada for the calendar years 19U and 1922. Items. 1921. 1922. Com mer- Civil Com mer- Civil cw. lovt'rn- Total. cial. govel'D- Total. ment. ment. Accidents- ResultinR in death to occupants........ Resultini! in injury.......... .. . ........ Not involving in:ury.................. Total accidentl. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ... ... " Fatalities- Pilou killed. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . Crew killt'ð.. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . Pasf!t'nyers killed. . .. .... .. . . .. .. .. .. . . Total personnel killed................. lnjuriee- Pilots injured......................... Crew injured.......................... Passengers injured .................... Total penonnel injured................ 3 2 10 15 1 1 1 3 1 4 3 11 18 2 3 6 4 1 3 8 3 8 II 3 4 7 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 3 5 10 2 2 f 3 1 ð 10 3 4 3 3 8 2 CANALS 657 VIII.-CANALS. Historical.-Before the period of extensive railway construction which com- menced for Canada in the 1850's, the water routes, more especially the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Ottawa: were the chief avenues of transportation. These routes were interrupted at certain points, necessitating portage8. The canals of Canada were, in the main, constructed to eliminate the toil of unloading, transporting and reloading at the portages. The earliest mention of canals in Canada is in connection with the Lachine canal, begun by early French settlers in 1700, but only after the conquest of Canada by the British were improvements of the main water routes made, and in the early part of the 19th century, increased internal and foreign trade and the introduction of steam navigation resulted in more attention being given to this work. Although for a time the canals were constructed primarily for military purposes, they soon became essential to the commercial life of the country. Canal Systems.-There are six canal systems under the control of the Dom- inion Government in connection with navigable lakes and rivers. They consist of the canals (1) between Port Arthur or Fort .William and Montreal; (2) from Montreal to the international boundary near lake Champlain; (3) from Montreal to Ottawa; (4) from Ottawa to Kingston and Perth; (5) from Trenton, lake Ontario, to lake Huron (not completed); and (6) from the Atlantic ocean to Bras d'Or lakes, Cape Breton. The total length of the waterways comprised within these systems is about 1,594 statute miles, the actual mileage of canals constructed being 117.2. The St. Lawrence group, part of the Montreal to Port Arthur system, com- prises seven separate canals at different points between Montreal and Prescott, not including the so-called "submerged" canal or channel dredged through shallow parts of the river between Montreal and Quebec. Chief of these is the Lachine canal, originally designed to be a mile in length, with a width of 12 feet and a depth -of 18 inches. First opened in 1824 and finally completed in 1901, it is now navigable by vessels drawing 14 feet of water. The Weiland canal, connecting lake Ontario and lake Erie, overcomes their difference in level of 325! feet. Commenced in 1824, it was opened in 1829, and has since been remodelled on several occasions. At present the channel from Port Colborne to Thorold is being altered to admit the passage of large lake boats, and a new channel from Thorolò t.o a point 3 miles east of Port Dalhousie is in course of construction. The total distance traversed by the New 'Welland from lake to lake will be 25 miles. The difference of level between the two lakes will be overcome by seven lift locks, each having a lift of 46! feet. The locks are to be 800 feet long and 80 feet wide in the clear, and will provide a depth of 30 feet of water over the mitre sills. The width of the canal prism is to be 200 feet. A new breakwater is being built at Port Colborne, extending 2,000 feet farther into the lake than the present one. Extensive harbour works are contemplated for the lake Ontario entrance at Port Weller. It is expected that upon the completion of the New 'Welland there will be a reduction of about 2 cents a bushel in the freight rate on east-bound grain shipments, and that a large proportion of Canadian grain now being shipped by Buffalo and New York will be diverted to the St. Lawrence route. The Sault Ste. Marie canal, next in importance to the WeIland in respect -of tonnage carried, was opened for navigation in 1895, and has been of vital import- ance to the traffic in grain and iron ore on the Great Lakes. Although a marked decrease in tonnage is shown during the last ten years, much of this is due to the 12373---42 658 7'RAIYSPORTATION AND COJlJl.UNICL1TIOKS depression in the iron industry and to improved facilities offered by the AUlI'rican Sault Ste. Marie canal. The Rideau canal route [systems (3) and (4) above], comprising the canal", on the Ottawa river, besides those between Ottawa and Kingston, "as placed in operation to provide a safer route, for both military and civil purposes, than the St. Lawrence offered. Betwcen the completion of the Rideau canal in 183-1: 8.nd the completion of the Grand Trunk railway between :\Iontreal and Toronto, it was regularly used by tens of thousands of immigrantB en route to Upper Canada. The Trent canal, a partially completed route bctween Trenton, on lake Ontario, and Georgian bay, by way of Rice lake, the city of Peterborough and town of Lindsay and lake Simcoe, is as yet of little importance as a traffic route: The abundant power available at many points is, however, of great value to the Ontario Hydro- Electric Power Commission. At Peterborough the canal is equipped with the largest lift-lock in the world. The St. Peter's canal, constructe(} bd ween the) earR H)1 and 1917, connect:-- the Bras d'Or lakes with S1. Peter's bay on the southeast coast of Cape Breton island. It consists of a tidal lock 300 feet in lenJrth and -is feet in breadth. Rnd provides for a minimum depth of 18 feet of water on the lock sills. Projected Canals.-0f the proposed canal schemes, the Georgian Ba) route and the deepening of the St. Lawrence waterways are the most prominent. The former, first travelled by Champlain in 1615. from Montreal along the Ottawa and French rivers to Georgian bay, has becn strongly advocated on numerous occasions. Its great cost, however, and the loss of time in locking, present serious drawbacks to the undertaking. The construction of the proposed deep water", ay along the St. Lawrence from lake Ontario to the sea, for purposes of navigation and power development, has been deferred for the pre!'ent, after consideration by the Govern- ments of Canada and the 'Cnited States. . 39.-{'anal., of ('anada, J,('nJ?;th an<Ì Loek Uim('nsions, 1922. ? LOCK8. ame. Location. Length in Miles. Minimum dimensioDs. No. Length. \\ idth. Depth. St. Lawrence and Great Ft. rt. Ft. Lakes- Lachine... . . . . . . . . . . . . Montreal to Lachine................. 8.50 5 270 45 14 Sou1ange8. . .. . . . . - . . . . Cascades Point to Cotrou Landin&... 14.00 5 280 45 15 Cornwall........... '" Cornwall to Dickinson's Landing.... 11'00 6 270 45 14 Farran's Point.. . . . . . . Farran's Point rapid................ 1.25 800 50 14 Rapide Plat.......... Rapide Plat to Morrisburg. . . . . . . . . . 3.67 2 270 45 14 GalOp8... . . . . . . . . . . .. . Iroquois to Cardinal................ 7.33 3 270 45 14 Hurray... . . . . . . . .... Bay of Quinte to l ke Ontario. . . . . . . 5.17 0 12 Welland.............. . Port Dalhousie, lake Ontario to Port Colborne, lake Erie. _ . . . . . . . . 26.75 26 270 U 14 Sault Rte. MariL. . . . . . St. larY'8 rapids, 47 miles west of lake lluron....................... 1.41 gOO 60 19.5 CANAL TRAFFIC 659 31.-Canals of Canada, Length and Lock Dimensions. 1922 -concluded. Locks )"ame. Location. Length in liIe". Iinimum dimensions l'>6,055 619,031 - U.-Trafflc through the Canadian ;mlt Ste. }larie Canal during the Navigation Seasons, 1900- 2, h)" Xationality of "..'sspl and OriJ;in of "'rei ht. I I Cønadian. United States. Total Tota ì ears. Ve!'5e Yessel Vessel No. Tonna No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. - 1900... . 1,790 577,310 1,291 1,617,438 3,081 2,194, 1901... . 2.798 775,151 1,4U8 1,674,597 4,204 2,449, 1902. ... 3,080 1,366,930 1,964 3,237,372 5,044 4,604, 1903... . 2,711 1,615,939 1,640 3,146,807 4,351 4,762, 1904. .. 2,637 1,555,042 1,325 2,675,663 3,962 4,230, 1905.... 3,970 1,803,288 1,f:92 3,734,349 5,662 5,537, 1906.... 3,922 1,959,252 1,758 4,399,872 5.680 6.359. 1907.... 3,217 2,154,688 3,132 9,961,281 6,349 12,115, 1908.. .. 3,289 2,603,232 2,004 7,035,655 5,293 9,638, 1909... . 2,597 2,988,936 3,734 14,850,738 6,331 17.839, 1910.. .. 2,744 3,173,494 5,228 20,187,704 7,972 23,361, 1911.... 2,713 3,108,880 4,068 16,252,340 6,781 19,361, 1912.. . 2,643 3,296,229 5,213 22,536,015 7,856 25,832, 1913.. .. 3,279 3,793,434 5,006 22,181,007 8,285 25,974, 1914... . 3,011 3,473,292 2,966 13,827,870 5,977 17,301, 1915... . 3,000 3,041,003 1,331 5,443,812 4,331 8,484, 1916... . 4,595 4,089,937 2,094 8,703,187 6,689 12,793, 1917.... 3.199 3,182,96U 2,138 8,712,604 5,337 11,895, 1918... . 3,067 2,436,500 1,992 7,594,042 5,059 10,030, 1919.... 3,140 2,817,096 929 3,671,634 4,069 6,488, 1920... . 3,239 2,415,775 771 2,725,431 4,010 5,141, 1921... . 3,464 2,676,320 399 1,115,072 3,863 3,791, 1922... . 3.021 3,010,713 481 1.733,761 3,502 4,474, Tonnage of Freight. I I gee United States. Canadmn. Total. 748 255,2[4 1,780.413 2,035,677 748 494,613 2,325,781 2,820,394 302 1,140,623 3,588,&45 4,729.268 746 1,362,820 4,149.048 5.511,868 705 1,212,145 3,818,560 5,030,705 637 1,304,355 4,169,051 5,473,406 124 1,632,683 4,941,363 6,574,046 969 1.957,334 13,630,831 15,588,165 887 2,09J,231 10,666.985 12,759,216 674 3,366,495 24,494,750 27,861,245 198 3,378,268 33,107,419 36,395,687 220 3,177,581 27,774,128 30,951,709 244 4,090,36:? 35,579,293 39,669,655 441 4,9;)4,734 37,744,590 42,699,324 162 3,609,747 23,989,437 27,599,184 815 2,561,734 5,189,223 7,750,957 114 4,155,911 12,657,738 16,813.649 564 2,875,590 12,571,502 15,447,092 542 1,336,861 11,576,850 12,913,711 730 1,606,311 2,531,774 4,138,085 206 1,286,251 1,191.567 2,477,818 392 1,483,444 514,148 1,997,5112 474 1.258,860 450,200 1,709,060 . CANAL TRAFFIC ð63 45.- Traffic through all Canadian Canal durin the Na,i ation Seasons, 1900-1922, b)' Nationality of "essel and Origin of J<'rl'ight. ... .... a:> .... Freight Carried. Canadian Vessels. United States Vesl3ell3. Originating in Originatinl! in Total. Canada. United States. No. Regiftered No. Registered Tons. Per cent Tons. Per cent Tons. Tonnage. Tonnage. of Total of Total - 21,755 4,129,250 5,502 2,408,985 - - - - 5,013,693 20,860 3,980,264 5,634 2,482,274 - - - - 5,665,259 22,198 4,485,695 6,433 4,086,439 - - - - 7,513,197 23,767 5,212,832 6,695 4,236,475 - - - - 9,203,817 21,851 4,772,100 6,253 3,655,905 - - - - 8,256,236 23,726 5,191,191 7,085 5,096,241 - - - - 9,371,744 25.498 5,526,321 7,319 5,685.315 - - - - 10,523,185 28,833 6,328,911 9,328 11,604,834 - - - - 20,543,639 29,040 6,780,789 7,489 8,521,139 5,012,147 28.6 12,490,673 71.3 17,502,820 22,507 7,811,578 9,996 16,459,322 7,378,057 21.8 26,342,691 78.2 33,720,748 25,337 8,931,790 11,462 21,7ï7,297 7,883,6!4 18.3 35,106.994 81.7 42,990,608 25,585 9,172,192 10,370 18,231,622 7,792,907 20.5 30,237,446 79.5 38,030,353 27,371 10,237,335 11,785 24,1:36,1\;0 9,376,529 19.7 38,210,716 80.3 47,587,245 28,654 12,078,041 10,739 24,238,788 11,130,875 21.3 40,923.038 78.7 52,053,913 :!6,125 12,050,856 7,742 15,636,414 9,382,206 25.3 27,641,031 74.7 37,023,237 21,575 9,398,207 6,415 7,385,101 6,789.423 44.7 8,409,380 55.3 15,198,803 23,002 9,839,029 6,800 10,660,839 7,486,962 31.7 16,096,529 68.3 23,583,491 21,588 9,831,694 6,594 10,259,772 5,964,369 26.8 16,274,566 73.2 22,238,935 11!,909 7,800,972 6,791 9,616,200 3,369,477 17.8 15,514,142 82.2 18,883,619 20,682 8,735,973 4,092 5,259,173 4,865,831 48.7 5,129,435 51.3 9,995,266 23,038 8,521,643 3,826 3,838,890 4,094,044 46,9 4,641.339 53.1 8,735,383 25,720 10,079,388 2,91\9 2,330,178 4,562,028 48.5 4,844,993 51.5 9,407,021 26,217 11,059,261 3,735 3,165,054 6,273,227 62.1 3,752.828 37.9 10,026,055 1900. . 1901.. 1902. . 1903. . 1904. . 1905. . 1906. . 1907. . 1908. . 1909.. 1910.. 1911. . 1912. . 1913. . 1914. . 1915. . 1916. . 1917. . 1918. . 1919. . 1920. . 1921. _ 1922. . NOrl:.-For Canadian Canal Traffic from 1886 to 1899. see 1902 Year Book,p. 398. 41. Traffic through indhi(lual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 1918-1922. SAULT ST"E. MARIE CANAL. :! Canadian Vassels. United States Vesf"els. III P8esen- Frei ht 38 153,787 151,851 üO,17' 289,724 300,119 298,675 888,118 CLEARANCES AT CA1VADIAN PORTS 669 12.-Sea-going Vessels } ntered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, fiscal year 1922. British. Foreign. Total. Port!!. l'.o. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. Alert Bay, B.C................. ........ 19 4,493 139 4,478 158 8,971 Anyox, B.C...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 42,623 7 18,108 53 60,731 Baddeck, N.S.......................... 86 5,817 39 52,853 125 58,670 Bathurst, N.B.....,....... .......... ... 40 8.038 8 9.992 48 18,030 Bonne Esperance, Que................... 59 10, 113 2 1,268 61 11,381 Bridgewater, N.S......... ....... ....... 30 7,810 - - 30 7,810 Britannia Beach, B.C... ......... ....... 32 10,488 2 786 34 11,274 Campbell ton, N.B............. ......... 13 4,490 17 26,328 30 30,818 Campobello, N.B...... ...... ....... .... 330 50,214 425 8,908 755 59,122 Canso, N .S............................. 116 16,630 314 18,163 430 34.793 Charlottetown, P.E.I....... ... ......... 72 72,706 1 654 62 73,360 Chatham, N .B.. .. .. ........ ... .. . .. ... 9 11,145 14 15,584 23 26,729 Chemainu!!. B.C........... ......... .... 58 70,447 55 49,492 113 111.\139 Di&by, N.S... ............. ............. 117 13,135 44 780 161 13, U5 Gaspp, Que.. ....................... .... 21 7,671 11 12,846 32 20,517 Halifax, N .S............................ 1,399 2,602,495 482 865,078 1,881 3,467,573 Hantsport, N.S......................... 20 15, 135 10 17,179 30 32,314 Hillsboro, N.B.... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 27,636 19 11,467 47 39,103 Ladysmith, B.C...... .................. 1,020 172,985 366 119,863 1,386 292,848 La Have, N.S......... ................. 168 23,973 7 490 175 24,463 Levis, Que.............................. 10 25,239 2 6,758 12 31. 997 Liverr.ool, N .S.......................... 155 17,080 322 19,398 477 36.478 LocKport, N.S....... .... ........... ... 96. 3.907 66 2.580 162 6,487 Loid's Cove, N.B....................... 385 3,055 301 3,954 686 7,009 Louisbufl!:, N.S......................... 159 80,419 401 23,533 560 103,952 Lower East Pubnico, N .S.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 50 2,575 139 4.886 189 7.461 Lunenburg, N .S... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 256 58,981 23 2,346 589 61. 327 l\:loncton, N.B.,................... . . . . . 9 3,265 10 2.596 19 5,861 Montreal, Que........................... 1,104 3,895,945 451 1,250,050 1,555 5,145,995 Nanaimo, B.C.................... ...... 343 91,496 1,911 301,374 2,254 392,870 Newcastle, N.B.................... ..... 15 6,767 5 5,981 20 12,748 New Westminster, B.C......... ......... 30 63,464 34 38,543 64 102,047 North Head, N.B...................... 319 56, 765 27 429 406 57, 194 North Sydney, N .S.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,276 387,327 428 173,493 1,704 560,820 ()cean Falls, N .S... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 56,862 20 25,956 52 82,818 Parrsboro, N.S......................... 113 24,612 56 15,157 169 39,769 Port Alberni, B.C... . .. . . .. . . . ... . . . . .. . 20 28,171 40 44,838 60 73,00" Powell River, B.C........ .............. 114 107,587 121 63, 134 235 170,721 Port Alfred, Que. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1;9,851 6 12,362 57 112,213 Port Hawkesbury, N.S................. 91 12,672 43 11,418 134 24,090 Port Hastings, N .S.. . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . 6 4,628 7 7,744 13 12,372 Prince Rupert, B.C..................... 2,325 145,829 2,944 110,096 6,269 255,925 Quatsino, B.C... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 982 10 35,481 13 36, 463 Quebec, Que.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 1,120,282 39 100,556 246 1,220,838 Rimouski, QUE'... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 6 7,034 4 5,028 10 12,062 St. Andrew's, N.B............. . . . . . . . . . 498 42,618 1,239 24,919 1,737 67,537 St. George, N.B........................ 32 5,910 169 3,659 201 9,569 St. John, N.B............ ......... ...... 6'18 1,307,692 565 523,722 1,253 1,831,414 St. Martin's, N.B....................... 35 18,699 59 8,308 94 27,007 St. Stephens, N.B....................... 78 4,621 151 6,753 229 11,374 Sandy Point, N .S. h . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 20 3,062 354 24,802 374 27,864 Shelburne, N .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5,5!4 130 9,436 157 14,980 Sidney, B.C............................ 47 11,595 75 41,373 122 52,968 Stewart, B.C........................... 38 21,901 21 5,911 59 27,812 Sydney, N.S..... .... .... ............... 554 669,959 317 453,544 871 1,123,503 Three Rivers, Que. ..................... 10 24,256 13 29,030 23 53,286 Union Bay, B.C........................ 115 235,559 146 350,335 261 585,894 Vancouver, B.C......................... 1,965 2,860,333 1,403 2,578,431 3,368 5,438,764 Victoria, B.C...... ..................... 1,742 2,183,548 1,798 2,476,387 3,540 4,659.935 White RocK, B.C....................... 177 10,627 28 356 205 10,983 Windsor, N .S.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 55,853 107 130,538 182 186,391 Yarmouth, N.S.......... ............... 502 322,110 329 43, 182 831 365.292 670 TRANSPORTATIOX AND COMj\lUNICATIOSS 53.- Sea-going' ess('ls t:nter('d In\\ards and Outwards. b) ('ountries. 19 . VESSELS E:-rn:RED INWARDS. British. Canadian. Foreigl'. Countries whence o. o. No. arrived. of Tons Crew of Tons Crew of Tons ('rew VES- Register. No. Yes- Register. .No. Ves- RegistEr. No. eels. sels. sels. - - - - - - - - Great Britain. .. 739 3,143,509 90,171 168 268,105 4,496 136 362,937 4,85-1 Australia.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 32 175,827 5,357 11 37, 107 481 1 1,012 l-t Gibraltar.. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . 7 21,129 232 2 6,683 88 6 15,750 265 British W. Indies. ..... '. . 67 158,764 5,836 180 117,076 2,794 19 17,688 427 Newfoundland........... . 673 235,816 11,015 36J 131,086 4,973 54 112,342 1.421 Other British possessions. 14 50,648 815 10 34,337 446 3 11, g3ß 148 Belgium................. . 52 303,780 10,931 2 9,407 105 16 70,879 1,348 China.... ..... ... _ ........ 16 101,525 1,739 46 282,520 17,633 34 219,068 5,422 Denmark .. ......... - - - - - - 21 67,455 2,036 France........ . 10 24,519 :m 5 13,838 383 28 63,255 1,486 Germany. .. .....:::::::: 15 50,7-13. g:j5 2 7,079 76 21 56,91-1 805 Holland... . 41 118,268 1.614 3 10,745 139 47 118,068 1,643 Italy. . . . . . . .. .. . . : :.: :: :: : 9 33,148 81'3 5 15,955 197 35 119,141 2,010 Japan.................... . 9 55,519 952 12 47,544 2,141 115 5!J4 ,859 12,396 Mexico... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 10,219 114 15 94,121 606 28 130,588 1194 Norway................. . 2 2,718 40 1 2,155 39 21 48,282 655 Peru...................... 7 20,636 310 4 9,682 116 16 48.933 556 St. PieTTe... .. 16 1,604 99 9 657 50 98 22,387 3,076 Pl>ilippin8S... . . . .. .. .... 7 45,066 825 1 2,823 50 e 21,636 270 San Domingo.... . . . . .. . . . - - - - - 26 31,891 743 SJ:ain. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 17,413 379 10 10,084 174 5 4,991 103 United States.... . . . . . . .. . 283 770,377 19,216 4,273 2,145,564 96,451 5,178 2,538,6&0 78,740 Sea FillheIies............. 104 7,418 1,533 2,113 60,503 13,\;94 2,711 87,9-10 25,254 Otht'r countries. . . . . . .. . . . 22 42,802 713 31 33,442 628 40 74,095 1,435 From Sea. ................ 18 16,607 1,190 64 8,317 272 10 15,588 723 - - - - - - - - - Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 5.4OS 055 155 1 "i6 7 ,3.'10 3.3t8 830 U6.332 8.675 4.8&3.218 146.82t VESSELS ENTERED OUTW AHD8. Brith,h. Canadian. Foreign. Countrifs to which departed. No. of Tons Crew Ves- REgister. Nc. sels. No. of Tons Crew Ves- Registu. o. eels. No. of Tons Crew "ee- REgit!ter. No eels. GreatBritain............. 613 2,4-13,541 60,427 134 291,165 4,766 144 381,59-1 Austraha................. 49235,2216,341 20 68,860 869 5 15,214 BritishOce3.nia........... 3 8,949 132 5 16,620 222 3 8,4-10 British Routh Africa. . . . . . 5 14, 712 4-t 1 3,384 44 1 2,119 British West Indies....... 4 577 51' 33 63,534 1,367 19 17,031 ew(oundland............ C81 239,56610,598 392 145,128 6,903 41 77,158 British Guiana........... 27 76,934 2,907 13 15,995 308 - - Gibraltar.................. 4 8,522 110 - - 15 46,414 Other British possessions.. 5 13,195 233 15 38,126 719 - Argentina................. 4 8,965 15ti 3 5,7JO 105 1 1,3{;9 Belgium.................. 32 155,652 4,7!ì{j 3 6,525 130 27 79,961 China..................... 9 56,144 1,017 49 248,198 12,870 8 31,305 Cuba..................... 6 15,306 281 19 20,067 407 27 28,321 Denmark................. 2 4,347 66 - - 41 85,715 BraziL.................. 1 2,391 47 9 10,393 163 - France...... ...... 13 68,817 2,07ti 13 22,518 399 30 38,519 Germany.. .............. 49 151,489 2,038 4 12,211 168 59 183,744 Greece.................... 6 12,882 180 - - - 2 5,249 Holland.................. 44 139,004 1,854 1 3 11,375 139 57 155,190 Italy..................... 10 39,5441,100 - - - 37 120,1 0 Japan..................... 23 133,172 2,136 39 179,538 8,148 144763,959 \Iexico.................... 4 10,327 134 15 67,293 451 27 94,(177 Norway.................. 1 2,261 25 - - - 35 76,766 Peru. .................... 8 23,584 358 2 10,676 86 2 5,9-11 St. Pierre..... .... 19 2,024 138 18 1,707 121 52 13,4H6 Unih'd States.. .. 309 1 1,102,633 32,:i24 4,294 2,IJ8,106 97,299 4,210 2,99b,671 Sea fisheries............... 121 13,122 2,217 2,360 81,955 16,9813,477 109,100 Othercountnßs........... 13 60,g96 1.0-11 69 52,&16 944 22 49,849 For Sea................... 22 19,471 1,421 66 722 178 9 9,163 -------- 'I'utal............. 2,081 5,116.'1,3411 l:U.53.S 7,lt99 3,512,372 153, .Ii. 8,t!!') 3,398.567 5,204 222 138 20 428 1, 035 677 17 1,019 604 641 1,260 1,231 2,401 73 2,043 1,851 15,488 751 1,051 70 1,155 79,889 33, 18li 712 685 Ul,851 CLEARANCES AT CANADIAN PORTS 671 M.-Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast, 1901-1922. British. Canadian. Foreign. Fiscal Years. Total Tonnage. No. Tons No. Tons No. Tons Register. Register. Register. )901... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,319 6,694,133 9,910 1,677,138 12,476 6,171,71:1 14,543,062 1902...... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,363 6,865,924 11,413 1, !:37, 227 14,530 5,928,337 14,731,488 1903... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,647 7,753,788 11,282 2,085.568 12,403 6,001,819 15,841,175 1904... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . 4,997 8,045,817 11,045 1,979,803 14,002 5,801,085 15,826,705 1905.............. .......... 4,b14 8,034,652 11,279 2,269,834 11,904 5,283,969 15,588,455 1906....................... . 5,104 9,059,453 12,201 2,304,942 12,511 5,479,034 16,843,429 1907 (9 mos.)..... . . . . . . . . . . 4,488 7,576,721 7,880 1,8!:!:, HI 8,107 4,429,012 13,904,874 1908....................... . 6,356 10,329.515 10,562 2,606,660 12,88e 6,555,091: 19,491,271 1909....................... . 5,795 10,405,370 lO,Me 2,806,278 13,441 6,554,228 19,765,876 1910... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,780 11,038,709 10,875 3,498,361 13,147 6,267,243 20,804,313 1\)11....................... . 6,870 12,712,337 10,607 3,341,998 12,467 6,242,E'51 22,297,186 1912....................... . 6,766 13,342,921: lO,96e 4,618,163 15,134 0,628,513 24,58[',605 1913... . . . . " . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . 7,307 13,896,353 11,810 4,530,835 16,549 7.803.910 26,231,098 1914....................... . 7,418 15,711,849 12,786 5,160,799 15,811 8,695,838 29,568,486 1915... . . . . ................ 6,949 13,931,091 11,903 4,005.011 15,060 7,466,484 25,402,586 1916... . .' . . . . . .......... 6,817 12,417,944 12,386 3,894,731 18,559 8,514,975 24,827,650 1917............ ........... 7,387 16,144,873 12,2.11 4,343,448 18,500 8,778,753 29,267,074 1918............ . 7,337 16, !:59, 790 10,998 4,343,853 16,597 11,483,484 32,787.127 1919....................... . 6,099 14,054,166 11,115 3,758,528 15, 132 7,448,699 25,261,393 1920....................... . 5,511 12,320,994 11,994 4,434,634 17,353 8,489,126 25,244,754 1921... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,526 10,545,619 12,490 5,510,484 17,624 8,860,626 24,916,729 1922... .. ........ .... . '" .. . 4,239 10,471,403 14,929 6,861,202 17,170 10,261,865 27,594,470 NOTB.-Fcr 1868-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 379. õ5.-Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of ('oasting Ve sels) arrived at and departed from Canadian Ports, 1981-1922. British. Canadian. Foreill.n. Fiscal Years. Total No. Tons No. Tons No. I Tons TOl1nage. Register. Register. Register. 1901. ............ ........... 4,319 6,694,133 30,211 8,540,089 33,302 10,795,586 26,029,808 1902...... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . 4,3ö.3 6,865.924 33,202 9,654,528 40,148 13,504,952 30,025,404 1903....................... . 4,647 7,753,788 31,534 10,482,940 53,545 15,418,315 33,655,043 1904....... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 4,997 8,045,817 30,!:34 9,955,290 35,739 13,201,098 31,202,205 1905....... . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . 4,614 8,034,652 29,729 11,047,447 35,647 13,195,721 32,277,820 1906....... . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . .. . 5,104 9,059,453 32,239 11,241,915 37,644 14 430,804 34,732,172 1907 (9 mOI!.).... ... . __ __ .. . 4,488 7,576,721 30,654 11,582,400 25,263 11,436,761 30,595,891 1908. .. .... .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . 6,356 10,329,515 28,795 11,717,846 40,461 17,527,670 39,575,031 1909. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,795 10,405,370 29,247 13,805,790 38,677 16,490,443 40,701,603 1910....................... . 5,780 11,038,709 28,635 15,680,534 41,650 17,848,748 44,567,991 1911....................... . 6,870 12,712,337 29,670 16,380,146 40,892 18, 337, Ob2 47,429,545 1912....................... . 6,766 13,342,929 27,949 18,069,983 45,399. 21,560,215 52,973,127 1913....................... . 7,307 13,896,353 42,624 20,677,938 47,303 23,275,492 57,849,783 1914. ..... . . . . . . : . . _ . . . . . . . . 7,418 15,711,849 30,234 17,02b,121 55,835 29,181,513 61,919,483 1915....... . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . 6, \149 13,931,091 29,359 17,504,751 48, 635 22,lb8,311 53,604,153 1916....................... . 6,817 12,417,944 37,900 17,372,836 75,411 27,930,318 57,721,098 1917....................... . 7,3M7 16,144,873 39,978 20,290,252 74,850 2g,27i,419 65,712,544 1918. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 7,337 16,959,790 34,786 19,890,461 70,781 2Q, 952, 237 66,802,488 191\1....... .. ..... . . . .. .. . . . 6,099 14,054,166 37,013 17,567,061 52,273 21,607,821 53,229,048 1920......... .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . 5,511 12,320,994 37,388 16,869,619 52,827 20.302,920 49,493,533 1921. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,526 10,545,619 39,877 22,236,962 50,370 21,8b6,019 54,648,630 1922....... .. .. .. .... . . . . . . . 4,239 10,471,403 36, 679 20,029,572 61.114 26,164,278 56,665,253 NOTM.-For 1868-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 380. 672 TRAl\-SPORTATION AND COAIJIUNICATIONS õ6.-ßritish and Foreign \ ess('ls em plo)'ed in the Coasting Trade of Canada , 1918-11%%. 1918. VE88EI ABBlVED- Britil!h- Steam...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . No. Tons regif!ter... .... ....... ... ... Number of crew... .............. Sail.. . . . . . . . . .... .... .. . . . . .. ... No. Toos register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of crew................. Foreign- Rteam. ................... . ...No. Toos tegister. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . Numùer of crew................. Fa:l............................. No. To If! rf'gif!ter.................. Number of crew................. Description of vesEels- Steam, screw.... ............... .No. Steam, paddle..... .. .. __ __ . __ " St m, temwheel.... .. Sall, ships.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sail, barlts. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . .. .. l. ba!kent.ioes......... ... .. " all. hngaotmes.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sail, !'chooners........ .. . . . . .. . .. .. &iI, sloops. barges, canal boats. etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . " VE88EUI DEPARTED- British- Steam........................ _. .No. 'Ioos register. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . Number of crew.......... . Sail............................. No. Tons rcgistf'r.................... Numoer of crew........ ......... Foreigo- Steam. ......... ............... .No. Toos register.. .. . .. . . .. . Number of crew. ............... SaiL............................ No. Tool' register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of crew................. Descriptioo of Vassels- Steam, screw. .................. .No. Steam, padllle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " Steam, stemwheel........... Sail, ships... . a!l, barks. .; .. . .. ;o;all. barkcotmes................. Sail, briganrines..... . Sail, I'chooners....... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. Sail, sloof.s,barges,canal boats.etc. .. 2 12,050 3.475 1919. 1920. 59,076 61,859 24,666.439 27,711.784 1,129,514 1,209,243 13.552 13,143 2,868,481 2,785,198 49,230 48,798 701 39-1 756,161 521,771 16,310 12,381 343 204 116,790 50.099 2.027 1,227 54,465 56,922 3,841 3,737 1,471 1,794 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 - 10,031 9,625 3,858 3,714 56,407 59,004 22,652,010 26,414.821 1,083.012 1,153.433 15,221 12,859 2.781,176 2,660.725 47,844 46, 155 558 454 543,600 350,310 10,813 8,624 266 262 118,668 57,950 2,442 1,400 51,994 54,334 3,486 3,323 1,485 1,801 1 1 2 6 1 2 1 - 11.787 9,465 3,6\15 3,647 1921. 1922. 61.187 82,646 25,294.751 27.513,247 1,207,878 1.219,902 12.505 12,492 2,790,484 3,165,990 51,958 49,517 680 4 5 428,017 382,632 11.092 9,184 160 147 54,293 38,287 1,054 1,025 56,095 57,753 4,043 3,809 1,729 1,569 7 2 3 4 1 3 3 8,810 8,329 3,839 4,303 59,794 59,002 24,793,946 27,418,694 1,191,554 1,227,953 11,944 12,152 2,578,804 3,029,708 49,892 49,683 566 443 351,522 240,034 8,697 7,158 152 128 49,396 38,497 731 728 54,481 54,096 4,251 3,778 1,628 1,571 2 5 2 1 3 5 3 8,638 8,207 3,445 4,OM 63,586 28,208,601 1,210,763 14,945 3,082,450 54,663 479 681,72-1 11,515 296 43,914 1,871 58,745 4,088 1,232 1 1 11,733 3,506 60,750 2u,033,657 1,160,9S1 15,217 2,910,028 56,502 354 457,605 7,846 311 44,621 1,613 55,928 3,948 I, 28 Inland Shipping.-Inland shipping is associated in its beginnings with the birch-bark canoe of the American Indian. The advantages of this light and easily navigable buat were realized by explorers and fur traders, and for many years it was in general use, giving way to more substantial craft only with the demands of heavier traffic. The bateau and Durham boat came into common use after the migration of the D.E. Loyalists, and, on the St. Lawrence and the other main highways of the time, they too soon gave place to larger vesscls. Original plans of the Lachine Canal, by which it was to be 12 feet in width and 18 inches deep, afford an illustra- tion of the size of these primitive craft. In the absence of any roads making land travel possible, the St. Lawrence river and the Great Lakes formed the main highway to the interior. The route from l\Iontreal to the 'Cpper Lakes was broken at thrce places- from Montreal to Kingston transportation was by bateau or Durham boat, from IGng<>ton to Queenston schooners were useel, then there was the portage road from Queenston to Chippawa and finally schooner again to the destination. The charge for transporting a barrel of rum from l\Iontreal to Kingston was from $3.00 to $3.50, and freight charges on othcr goods were proportions of the rate on this standard article. INLAND SHIPPING 673 In 1809, the "Accommodation," the first Canadian steamship, was built for the Hon. John Molson .to run between Montreal and Quebec. By 1818 Molson formed a company, the St. Lawrence Steamship Company or the Molson Line. On lake Ontario, the "Frontenac," beginning with 1817, was used on a weekly service between York and Prescott, and following this beginning came a period of great activity in lake and river shipping. In 1845, the "Gore" reached lake Huron by way of the '\Velland canal to carry on transport trade in the Upper Lakes, where previously there had not been enough traffic to support a large ship. Shipping on the Upper Lakes became brisker now, for there were settlers to be carried from Buffalo to the western United States and grain to be brought' back. In this period Canadian shipping made its profit by carrying American goods, for there was little traffic originating in the Canadian near-West. The period from 1850 to the present has witnessed a general decline in inland shipping owing to the competition of railways. Considerable traffic is still carried over water routes, however, and the transport of grain, coal and iron are now forms the basis of considerable fleets of cargo boats on the Great Lakes. 57.-Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivl'rs and Lakes bdween Canada and United States, exelusive of ferriage, 1918-1922. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. -- VESSELS ARRIVED- Canadian- Steam........... .t....... ...... .No. 10,292 11,774 11,587 12,420 10,110 Tons register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,326,058 6,664,144 5,883,911 7,884,184 6,283,053 Number of crew................. 275,804 207,523 235,405 288,117 276,557 Sail. _ . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . . . .. . No. 1,518 1.087 967 1,298 712 Tens registt-r. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 418,482 416,124 269,908 404, 180 181,534 Number of crew................. 5,415 5,132 3,653 4,917 3,086 American- Steam........ .... ... ..... ...... .No. 24,594 16,325 16,499 14,089 20,792 Tons register. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 8,643,144 6,708,059 5,611,030 6,059,357 7,546,477 Number of crew................. 264,221 180,420 191,569 169,904 198,725 Sail............................ .No. 2,196 2,034 1,147 1,550 1,025 Toos register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661.297 521,317 319,415 480, 733 348,158 Number of crew................. 7,348 6,589 3,912 6,366 3,878 Description of Vessels- Steam, sCrew...... ..... ........ .No. 32,923 26,992 26,664 25, 118 29,741 Steam, paddle.......... ...... ... " 1,911 1,031 1,384 1,359 1,140 Steam, sternwheel............... .. 52 76 38 32 21 Sait, schooners. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1,063 729 642 809 251 Sait, sloops...................... .. 21 17 11 13 33 Sait, barges...................... .. 1,970 2,375 1,461 2,026 1,453 Sail, barks...................... .. 660 - - - - VESSELS DEPARTED- Canadian- Steam....... ........... ........ .No. 10,454 11,896 11,847 12,384 10,292 Tons register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 7,351,6!J2 6,320,430 5,976,120 8,046,127 6,533,006 Number of crew................. 223,094 217,673 236,263 261,338 240,272 SaiL........................... .No. 1,524 1,151 993 1,285 636 Tons register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450,376 407,835 305,046 391,987 170,777 Number of crew..... ........ .... 5,574 5,009 3,963 5,186 3,065 American- Steam.......... .......... ...... .No. 24,419 16,160 16,249 15,140 20,819 Tons register. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 8,417,326 6,385,048 5,532,881 5,947,482 7,653,349 Number cf crew................. 270,472 178,345 184,109 169,675 199,306 Sail. .......................... .No. 2,975 2,622 1,579 1,967 1,308 Tons register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746,986 544,698 350,468 517,851 354,429 Number of crew...... ........... 8,426 7.610 5,150 6,398 4,320 Description of Vessels- Steam, screw................... .No. 32,901 26,983 26,672 26,384 29,914 Steam, paddle................... .. 1,697 1,027 1,386 1,097 1,180 Steam, sternwheel. .............. .. 275 46 38 43 17 Sail, schooners....... . . . .. . .. . .. . .. 869 716 677 536 264 Sail, sloops... ................ ... .. 22 22 10 16 37 Sail, barges...................... II 3,608 3,035 1,885 2,700 1,643 62373--43 ü74 TR.1SSPORTA.TIO.V AX]) COJ[J[UNICATIOXS 5S.- tAtement sho\\inc: b) .-rO\in('('s tht' total number and tonnage of all \ essel" ent-ered and cleared at ('anadi:m Ports during the fis('al )t'ar ('ndt'd :\Iart'h 31. 1922. Provinces. Xova cotia.... ...... Prince Ed \\ artl Island. . .. - . X ew Bruns\\ ick . Quebt'C . Ontario..... . \Ianitoba. .. .... British Columbia. Yukon Grand Total Pro, inees. f-'m-goin . Coast\\ il:ie. Arriyed. Deparh"l. Arriyed. DE'parted. , e::.- Ton::. Ve8- Ton8 Y c>;- Tons. \ eS- Tons sels. regi8ter. sels. register. sels. register. se!,.. register. ... 4,Rio-t\ 2,945,193 5,252 3,339,23720,505 3,321,24u20,415 2,902,593 6,,) 35,975 69 4:L 109 1.614 219,567 1,606 211,7a4 3,176 I, 192.440 2,68 1,025,510 3,693 506,654 3,901 66S.517 ... 1,041 3,596,436 g70 3,022,:JU!1 7,279 5,369,!17:' 7.371 5,\11\5,213 _ - - - 13,96110,1,37,50411,73210,284,73$ 2 I. 570 1 I 498 - - - - .. 8,9b7 5,84S,569 9,201 6,542:534 28,466 10, 7:U.969 26,4,'ì4 1O,.'163,!I.,)7 ... _ _ - - 252 113,244 216 110,184 ...... IS ,I,i7 1 13 fì20 ,lS:1 , lS u lIla !J7I, S7 1 75 77 :n ,100,15671,7 9 ,) 1 30 ,7 9 6,9 33 Ri\ ers and I,akes. Total. Arrived. Departed. Arrived. Departed. - - Ves- Tons "E'S- Tons Yes- Tuns \' es- Tons sels. register. sela. register. !leis. register. ::;els. register. ------- Nova cotia... .......... .. - - - - 25,391 6,266,43325,667 6,241,830 Prince Ed\'oard I"land............. - - - - 1,67!1 2.').'),542 1,675 254, S43 :Ke\'o Bruns,", ick.... . . .. . . .... . . . . .. - - - - 6,81i9 I, 6!19, 0!14 6,589 I, tj94 , 027 Quehec..... ...............1,692 785,0452,1591,004,75710,0129,751,45910,501110,012,369 On o. . ..... ... .........30,882 13,553,6i>ð 30,83813,690,83744,843 24'39I.'I!)2 1 42 '570 2:J,975,572 laDltoba.... .. .. . - - - - 2 1.570 I 1.498 British Columbia. . . 22 240 20 214 37,475 16, 5S0, 778 35,705 17,106,705 ). ukon. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. _ .. .. 43 20,249 31, 15,753 295 133,493 254 125, g37 - -------- Grand Total ........ 3 6.3911-1,359 2'.!2 33 0.),) 1-1 ill .)61If26..')61; ' 079 ã61.J .!.961o,)9 ,-n is! 69.- \"esst'ls built and registered in ('anada and \"es'iel", sold to othl'r ('ountrit.s. fis('al fears 19ÐI-1922. Fiscal Years. 1901......... 1902... ... . 1903 .. 1904. . 1905.. 1906.. ................. ..... It07 (9 months). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908.. ... . -..... ........... 1909......... ............. 1910.............. ............. 1911......................... . .. 1912.......... ............. 1913. . 1914. . 1915.......... . lU6.. .. . 1917...... .... 1918. . 1919...... . . . . . 1920. ..... . . . 1921...... '.' . . . 1922........... No. Built. Registered. Sold to other Countries. Tonna e. No Tonnage. No. Tonnage. \ alue. S 21, g56 327 35,156 5 4,490 B6,468 28, 288 316 34, 236 27 11,360 235,865 30,856 312 41,405 21 11,172 220,602 28,397 243 33,192 11 7,208 e7, 115 21,865 335 27,583 21 3,696 100,363 lR,72-1 420 37,639 45 9,487 187,725 33,205 257 31,635 17 3,855 68,190 49,928 357 78,144 28 4,515 132,\;00 29,023 277 32,899 16 3,6H 98, b43 24,05g 220 33,383 14 5,017 133,800 22,812 234 50,006 17 5,ð85 201,526 31,065 302 30,021 18 4,265 140,350 24,325 328 30,225 20 7,976 610,650 46,887 230 46,909 27 8,258 169,618 45,721 237 55,384 21 17,044 1,150,950 13,4g7 325 102,239 21 4,529 192,575 28,638 334 105,826 47 24,954 4,398,570 53,912 336 70,350 63 25, 252 5,3:m, 850 104,444 327 102,883 85 48,965 14,612,338 164,074 459 237,022 6S 5:i,407 17,819,477 g5,838 323 188,915 69 :H,623 8,456,5ï:J 78,40g 228 131,732 35 25,462 3,399,450 240 260 295 214 248 323 229 361 303 26-1 247 326 324 289 224 167 184 216 277 352 220 143 Ntn'E.-For 1814'-1900; !!elJCanada Year Book, HIli, p. 383: DEPARTJIENT OF J/IARINE ASD FISHERIES 675 6O.- umb('r and net Tonna e of Vessels on the R1' istry of Shippin,g of Canada, b)- Pro\in('1's, calel!dar )' ars 191 -1921. Provinces. 1912. 1913. 11114.' 1915. 1916. No. Tonnage. Tonnage. TO ge. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. P. E. Island...... 148 Nova Scotia..... 2,158 New Brunswick. 1,001 Quebec........... 1,566 Ontario.......... 2,017 :Manitoba... _ _ _ _. 95 Saskatchewan.... 5 British Colwnbia 1,376 Yukon Territory. 14 9,577 149 143,295 2.106 57,369 1,031 227,048 1,628 253,376 2.012 6,096 93 356 5 136,618 1,506 2,543 15 10,071 149 138,107 2,098 60,020 1,052 247,225 1,663 279,642 2,100 5,545 103 356 5 153,059 1,591 2,940 11 10,029 158 135,053 2.087 55,522 1,068 259,143 1,590 314,660 2,111 7,999 84 529 5 147,192 1,643 2,295 11 11,518 155 125,567 2,064 56,219 1,074 267,897 1,452 312,971 2,116 7,480 95 530 5 144,835 1,687 2,295 11 10,652 123,058 49,811 273, 770 328,531 8,953 530 145,525 2,295 Provinces. TotaL...... 8,3801 836,278 8,5-15 896,965 8,772 932,422 8,757 929,312 8,659 9,13,131 1921. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. P. E. Island..... . 157 Nova Scotia..... 2,010 New Brunswick. 1,074 Quebec........... 1,391 Ontario.......... 2,079 Manitoba........ 99 Saskatchewan.. . . 5 British Columbia 1,734 Yukon Territory. 10 10,955 119,805 49,883 283,942 311,283 9.834 530 183,002 1,1128 2,204 8 158 1,948 1,043 1,318 2,064 96 5 10,805 124,517 49,483 275,235 312,865 9,791 529 158 1,965 1,018 1. 340 1,986 89 5 10,726 143 158,100 1,709 42,050 917 342,424 1,321 320,065 1,793 9,160 83 529 4 207,708 1,930 1,133 4 9,993 137 152,130 1,550 38,634 859 409,442 1,252 313,875 1,681 9,119 86 393 5 217,481 1,908 813 4 9,560 153,461 40,456 449,817 306,944 9,599 447 252,876 813 ---------- TotaL...... 8,..59 971,438 8,568 1,016,778 8,573 1,091,89ã i,901 1.151,880 7,j 2 1,223,973 231,513 2,006 2,040 6 The Department of Marine and Fisheries.-Administration of the eneral shipping interests of Canada is in the hands of the Department of l\Iarine and Fisheries. Its more important functions include (1) administration of the Canada Hhipping Act and other Acts of the Dominion Government relatin to marine transportation; (2) pilota e; (3) the construction and maintenance of lighthouses lightships, fog alarms, buoys and beacom;; (4) ports, harbours, piers, wharves and breakwaters; (5) the l\Ieteorological Service of Canada; (6) sick and distre:-;sed seamen, an89 1,860,309 1,911,2-17 2,120,005 2,253,118 2,280,1" 1,084,770 656,422 425,333 484,186 507,212 567,371 261,221 94,537 70,913 65,964 - 33,014,390 19,994,514 5,592,703 3.228 1,000 46,528 972 457,657 100,U4 47,248 - - - - - - Total........................... 1.341.991 150,959 5!2,774 13,511,718 20,103,112 ',11-1.,979 Scientific Institutions- Meteorological Serviee- Total........................... 193,884i 1 Now under Lighthou..< always been n the hands of the British Columbia Telephone Co., Ltd. With rapi(I growth of private companies in the :\Iaritime provinces, the lines of the Bell Co. \Vf'l"(, disposed of in l SS to the l\IaJ itime Telegraph and Telephone Co. in Xova Beotia, and to the Xew Brunswiek Tclf'phone Co. in Xew Brunswick, an intere t in these corporations being retained under the terms of ale. .Å develop- ment of a different kind i" f'en in the three prairie provine'es, wh('re \\ell organized systems \\ere sold to thf' governments of :\Ianitoha anel Alberta in IHOS and to askatchewan in If10g. The lines in Ontario and Quebec are stilllarJ!:ely owned by the Bell Tdephone Co. Telephone Systems.-In all the provinces, be ides the large telephone com- panies, are many smaller sy::;tcms, both urban and rural, usually owned privately or co-operatively. The numher of indepen(lent lines is particularly large in Sas- kat ('hewan. The st cady gro\\ thin t he use of telephone is shown in Table 7S particularly by the increa,, of .4)),824 telephones in 1921 as ('ompared with 1920. For each 100 of population, there were 10.26 telephones in use during If121, over 42 p.c, of the total being in Ontario. In this respect Canada ranks :second among the countries for which such data are available. Government ow:ner hip of telephone lines has now had a 1;) years' trial in Alberta, Saskatchewan and ::\Ianitoba. Figures for the year endf'd Dec. 31, If122, show credit balan('('s to profit and loss ot I,347,g))0, $1,003,26S and $1,322,631 from the operation of government-owned lincs in Alberta, :-;askatc1l1'w[ nand .Manitoba rC8pectively. Telephone Statistics.-The folluwinJ!: t.ables give figur('s illustrative of the u e of telephones and of the operation of telephone companies for Ifl21, the latc:st year available; and previous years, 7....-Pro ess of Telephones in ('anada for the )I'ars ("(Ided Junr 30, 19n-1919, and for tht' ("all'ndar )4.'ars 1919-19 1. June 30. Decem ber 31. Items. . 11121. S s 1919. S 1920. 1917. S 1918. S 1919. Capitalization............... 79,121,702 85,27-1,691 91,004,925 100,587,833 116,689,705 132,537,771 Cost of property, etc........ 94,469,534 104,368,628 113,296,1110 125,017,222 144,560,969 158,678,229 Hevenue.......... 20,122,282 22,75:J, 280 24,600,536 29,401,006 33,473,712 36,9 6,913 ()peratingexpenses. ...... 12,095,426 13,644,518 16,167,992 20,081,436 28,04-1,401 30,080,O:J5 :-;alariesand"a&es... ..... 8,882,593 10,410,807 13,048,055 15,774,586 17,294,405 19,000,422 Telephone Companie:J. " . . . . Wire mileage. . ... . . . . . . . Telephones....... . . . . . Employees................. . PerEom per telephone. . . . . . . Persons I:er mile of "ire. . . . . No. 1,695 1. 708, 202 604,lJ6 16,490 13.4 4.7 No. 2,007 1. 736,062 662,330 17,336 12.2 5.0 r\o. 2,047 1.822,372 724.500 19,057 12.2 4.5 - I No. 2,219 1,956,8:JO 778,758 20,491 11.3 4.5 No. 2,327 2,105,101 856,266 21,187 10.2 4.2 No. 2,365 2,268,271 902,090 19,94:J 9.7 3.9 . TELEPHONE STATISTICS 687 tati tics of the number of telephone companies reporting to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics are given in Tables 75 and 76. Special attention may be drawn to the growth of co-operative companies. 75. - Xumber of Telephone Companies in Canada, b)' Prminces, Dccember :n, 1921. Provinces. Govern- 1\luni- :::!tock. Co-op- Part- Pri- Total. ment. c ipal. erative. nership. vate. ------ No. Ko. No. No No. No. No. 1 43 44 29 174 8 211 16 11 6 33 73 65 22 160 2 90 202 254 53 608 1 8 2 25 2 38 1 4 283 927 1,215 1 1 6 34 43 1 11 12 1 1 ------- 5 103 6U l,5U '2 2.365 Prince Edward hland.... ova Scotia. . .. Xew Brummick. __ _... Quebec........ . Ontario. . . . . Manitoba. . . .. SasKatchev. an. Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia. yukon...... . Total 76.-Sumb{'r of Tc1eldlone Companies in Canada, 1911-1921. 1 Years. Govern- Municipal. Stock. Co- ment operative. 1911 3 25 308 101 1912.........._ . 3 25 368 133 1913... _ .... 4 52 5-13 262 1914. .._........ 4 58 611 297 1915. ........... 4 62 584 601 1916. . . .... . . 4 67 622 765 1917. 5 73 645 841 1918........... . 5 74 7:35 1,085 19U;. .. ... . . . . . . 5 89 666 1,346 1920........... . 5 88 6H 1,495 1921...... __ .. . . 5 103 614 1,544 Partner- PrivatI.'. Total. ship. 18 82 537 31 113 683 63 151 1,075 48 118 1,136 28 117 1,396 23 111 1,592 17 114 1,695 12 96 2,007 18 95 2,219 9 83 2,327 7 92 2,365 1 The years 1911-1918 are from July 1 to June 30. Figures for 1919, 1920 and 1921 are for the calendar years. In the two tahles'following, figures are shown giving the number of telephones in use, the mileage of wire, and the number of employees of telephone companies, by provinces, for the year 1921, and for the Dominion, from 1911 to 1921. 71.-Telephones in use, mileage of \\ire and numb{'r of Emplo)ees, b) PrO\inccs, Decem ber :n, 1921. Telephones in use. Provinces. I\I iIeage I"umhEr of Central Magneto. Total. of v. ire. employees. Enerpy. No. No. No. Miles. Ko. Prince Edwa.rd IAla.nd. . .. . -........... 1,656 3,302 4,958 5,026 86 K ova Scotia.. 22,003 13,415 35,418 62,383 935 Xew Bruns\\ick::::::::::..::::::::::::: 16,218 10,104 26,322 39,814 689 Quebec....... . ........ 107,832 39,024 146,856 386,498 4,290 Ontario. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 229,415 150,796 380,211 816,057 8,720 Manitoba........ .......... ........ 46,540 21,923 68,463 240,186 1,498 askatchewan.. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 43,027 53,212 96,239 296,274 1,082 Alberta. ... .............. .. 32,266 32,117 64,383 238, 733 908 British Columbia....... _._ .... 68,874 10,195 79,069 182,700 1,729 Yukon. . . . . . .. . . . . _ . _ . . . . .......... - 171 171 600 6 Total.... ...................... 567,831 33-1,259 902,090 2,268,271 19,9:13 688 TRANSPORTATION AKD COJIJIUNICATIONS "S.-Telepbones in use, mileaJ!;c of "ire and number of Employees, 1911-1921. Years. 1911...... .... ... . .. . ... ........ .... .... . 1912 .................................... 1913... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914.................................... . 1913............. ..... ................... 1916......... ........ ......... 1917... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ................. 1918...... .. . . . . . ...... . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . 1919.... .... .. . . . . . ..... . ... . . . . . . .. . ... . 1920..... . .. . ,.. . ... . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . 1921.... . . .... . . . ..... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Central Energy. No. 174,994 212,732 269,843 310,166 313,225 323,109 352,770 384,687 474,541 524,593 567,831 Telephones in UBe. :Magneto. No. 127,765 158,152 193,828 210,978 219,865 225,312 251,366 277,643 304,217 331,673 334,259 Total. Mileage Number of of wire. employees. No. Miles. No. 10,425 12,783 12,867 16,799 15,072 15,247 16,490 17,236 20,491 21,187 19,943 302,759 370,884 463,671 521,144 533,090 548,421 604,136 662,330 778, 758 856.266 902,090 687, 782 889.572 1,092.587 1,343,090 1.452,360 1.600.564 1, 708.203 1,848,466 2,105,240 2,105,101 2,268.271 Financial statistics of Canadian telephone companies are gi\"en in Tables 79 and 80 below. 19.-}1nancial Statistics of T('I('phone Companies, by Prminces, for the calendar year 19' 1. Provinces. Capital stock. ------.--...- s s Fund.ed debt. s s Cost of property and equir.- mente s Salaries and v. ages. Gross revenue. o . Net peratmg operat.ing expenses. revenue. s s Prince Edv.ard Island........ 341,870 100,000 599.220 39.785 131.399 98.159 33,240 Nova Scotia................. 3.485,8812.501,009 6.371,040 509,174 1,530,040 1,308.5t3 221.497 New BrunEwick.............. 2.624,353 41,000 2,914,054 486,183 1,093,284 917,828 175,456 Quebec 1....... . ... 28,317,78117,470,418 66,6R9,329 4,111,730 19,413,860 14,492,189 4,921,671 Ontario............... ... 2,750,417 1,818,529 7,480,225 7.801.819 1,752,551 1,539,122 213,429 Manitoba.................... 33,11817.470,26917,520,122 2,270.603 3,053,196 3,536,799 -4803,603 SasKatchewan................ 786,67024.723,(19925,476,719 688'525 1 3'977'995 2,799,339 1,178,656 Alberta...................... 51,63623,685, SS 20,026,415 1,266,656 2,823,793 2,586,174 237,619 BritishColumbia............ 3,737,700 2.533,33311.407,239 1,815.828 3.191.2'74 2.785.267 4U6,007 yukon....................... 65,000 - 193.866 10.119 19,521 16.615 2.906 --------- TotaL.................. 4.. ,19-t,t.!6190,3-13,3-t.)lli)8,6;8.%29119,OOO,4221;JG.98G.913 30,080,035 6,906,878 8O.-Finanf'ial Statistics of Canadian Telephone Companies for the )"e3rS 1912-1921. 2 Cost of Salaries Net Years. Capital Funded property and Gross Operating operating stock. debt. and equip- revenue. expenses. ment. wages. revenue. S . S S S S S 1912...... . . . . . . 21,533,605 24.743,247 56.887.799 2,659,642 12,273,627 9,094,689 3,178.938 1913........ . ... 26,590,501 33.256,503 69.214,971 6.839,309 14.897,278 11.175,689 3,721,589 1914............ 28.6i4.340 41.647,554 80.258,356 8,250.253 17.297,269 12,882.402 4,414,867 1915......... .. . 28.947,122 45,337,869 83.792,583 8,357.029 17.601,673 12,836.715 4,7&4,958 1916........... . 29,416,956 47.503.358 88.520,021 7.852.719 18,594.268 11.147.201 7,447.067 1917............ 29,476,367 49,645.335 94,469,534 8.882.593 20. 122,2!ì2 12,095.426 8.026.856 1918. ...... . . . . . 29,803,090 55.471,601 104,368.627 10.41O,8U7 22,753,280 13.&44,524 9,108,756 1919....... . ... . 35,227,233 65.360,600 125.017,222 15.774,586 29,401, 006 20.081.436 9.319,570 1920...... . .. .. . 36,149.838 80.539.367 144,560.969 17.294,405 33.473. 712 1 28,044,401 5,429,311 1921....... . . .. . 42.194.426 90.343.345 158.678.229 19,000,422 36,986.913 30,080,035 6.906,878 1 As the head office of the Bell Telephone Company is situated in Montreal. its very large businese is necessarily cledited to Quebec, though largely transacted outside of that province. I F resfor the year 1912-1918 are from July 1 to June 30: thoBe for 1919---1921 for the years Jan. 1 to Dec. 31. THE POST OFFICE 689 XI I.-THE POST OFFICE. Historical.-A postal service was established between Montreal and Quebec as early as 1721, official messengers and other travellers making a practice of carrying letters for private persons. Wnen Canada came under British rule, the Post Office was placed on a settled footing by Benjamin Franklin, then deputy postmaster- general for the American colonies, who visited CaIJada in 1763, opened post offices at Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers, and also establisbed courier communication between Montreal and New York. Sivce 1755 Halifax had had a post office and direct postal communication with Great Britain. .AB a consequence of the American Revolution and the resulting isolation of Canada (rom Nova Scotia, the first exdusively Canadian postal service, a monthly courier route from Halifax to Quebec, was established in 1788, involving a seven weeks' trip and expenses of about .f:200, of which only one-third was met by postal charges. Up to 1804 the postal facilities of Upper Canada consisted of one regular trip by courier each winter with whatever mail might reach Montreal during the season of navigation. Charges were necessarily high, $1.12 being paid on ordinary letters from London to Toronto via Halifax. The first post office in Toronto was opened about 1800. By 1816 there were 19 offices in the two Can ad as: and in 1827 this number had increased to 114. At this time the system consisted primarily of a trunk line of communication between Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Amherstburg, over which couriers travelled at varying intervals. Branching off this line were routes to Sorel, Sherbrooke, St. Johns, Hull, Hawkesbury, Perth and Richmond, with most deliveries made once or twice a week. Hitherto the Post Office had been under the control of tl>e Imperial Depart- ment, but considerable agitation. resulted in the service being transferred on April 6, 1851, to the several provinces. Only enough mutual control was maintained to ensure the continuance of Imperial and intercolonial relations. The provinces had complete jurisdiction over the establishment and maintenance of systems and rates. At Confederation the provincial sy&tems were transferred to the Dominion. rfhe Post Office Act of 1867 established a service throughout Canada. The domestic rate on letters was reduced from 5 to 3 cents per half-ounce, and in 1870 the rates to the United States and Great Britain were reduced from ]0 to 6 cents and from 12! to 6 cents respectively per half-ounce. In 1875 a convention between Canada and the United States reduced postal rates bet\veen the countries to the domestic level. In 1878, on the admission of Canada to the Postal Union, letter postage to the countries of the Postal Union was reduced to 5 cents per half-ounce. After a con- ference in 1897, Imperial penny postage (2 cents per half-ounce) was established on Dec. 25, 1898, while t.he domestic rate was rerluced from 3 to 2 cents per ounce. These rates were maintained until 1915, when a 1 cent war tax, still in force, was imposed.on aU 2 cent letters, on post cards and postal notes. Rc('ently the rate to Great Britain has been increased to 4 cents per ounce and that to the Postal Union has heen raised to 10 cents per ounce. The Post Office Department is administered by the Postmaster-General. Besides the several administrative branc'hes "\\ ittlin the Department, the Dominion is divided into 15 districts, each in charge of a Post Office Inspector. The Canadian system embraces a territory more extensive than that serv{'d by any other systems except those of the United States and Russia, the sparsity of population and the comparative lack of development making inevitable a peculiarly difficult and expensive service. 6 373-44 ü90 TR L\SPORT_1 T/O.Y AX!) rO.U.\lCS/CAT/OXS International Postal Conference.-Àn important {,poc'h in the> hi:-:tory of the Canadian Po::>t Office be>gan with the holding at Ottawa in December, 19 , of the fir-.:t International Po:-;tal C(}nferencf' heÌ\\('cn }"e>pre:--:entative>s of the Cnitc,l tate8 and Can ula. The development of po:--:tal rf'c'iprocity lWÌ\\ccn the two countries dates from I79 , when the first po:--:tal arrangf'ment heÌ\\e>en thplll wa C'oneluded. The years Ih-lS, 187. , ISSl and l S mark th(' dates of later agref'ments regarding postal matters. The cunference of 19 2 dealt in detail "ith all important points in international postal relations and provided fur increa:-:pd facilities in the interchange of mail matter bf'twcf'n the two countries. Rural Mail DeIivery.-A :--:Yi'tem of rural mail deliv('ry was inauguràted in CalUHla on Octoher 10, InOs. limited at that time tu p....i:--:ting stage routf'S. J)f'r:--:on rf'i'iding on such route:--: being entitled to have mail boxcsputupinwhic.hthf.mail c'arrier was to cle>po:--:it mail matter and from which he was to C'ollcct mail mattC'r and ('any it to the post office. As a consequf'nC'e of t he publiC' approval of this .;('heme, new rev;ulations, talking effpc.t on April 1, 1912: made> all per:--:ons rf'siding in rural di"triC'ts along and contiguous to we>lI-de>fined main thoroughfares of one milf' and upwards f'ligihlf' to rec'f'ive their mail in this manner, while courie>rs of rural mail routes were also requirf'd to sell postage stamps and take applieatÎons for and accept money, money orclers and postal notes. Thp result has been an inc'rease in the number of rural routes from approximatdy 900 in HH2 to :3,777 in 19 , having 202,fif)S mail boxes as against apprnximatf'ly 2';,000 in H112. The establishuwnt of these rouh>s has be>en an important factor in the rf'('ent amelioration of the condit ions of Canadian rural life. Statistics.-Tablf's 81 to 83 show thf' number of post offi('('s ih oppration in Canada in 1922, gross revenue in all otfÏc'cs collec.ting $10,000 amI upwards, anù the rpvenue finel pJl.penditure of t he department f:in('(' lR90. .. 81. - :\"umh('r of ."ost Oflk(' in Operation in the se\eral l"rO\inct:'s of f'anada. l\lar('h :U. 1922. Pro\ inces. In Operation Mar. 31, 1921. Post Offices Ef:otab- liehed during Year. Cloeed during Year. Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia. 136 1.844 1,134 2,293 2,582 798 1.416 1,187 834 23 5 New Bruns\\icK....................... Quebec....... . Ontario...... . Manitoba Saskatchewan. _ _.. Alberta. . . . . . . British Columbia. Yukon Territory...... North\\est Territories...... _. 3 8 18 5 31 23 35 40 13 24 31 25 24 28 16 Total _ .. . . .. . .. . . 12,25 170 In Operation Mar. 31. 1922. 175 133 1,834 1,133 2,301 2,577 80Z 1,406 1,188 8" 21 6 12.2,17 STA TISTICS OF POSTAL RErE}..TuE 691 82.- Stathtic.; of Gross Postal Rt'\cnup of Offirl's collt'cting $10,000 and upwards. for the fiscal )"ears 1921 and 19 2. Name-of Post Office. P.E. Island. Charlottetov. n ::-;ummerside... . . _ . . . Total for Province........ Nova Scotia. .\mher"t .-\nt.igonish.. . . . . . . ., ... Bridgewater.. Dartmouth. . . . . Glace Bay...... Halifax... I entville. . . . Lunenburg. ev. Gla gow North Sydney. . _ _ Pictou. .. . . . . . .. ::-;ydney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sydney Mines. . . . . . _ Truro...... . Windsor... . . . Wolfville. . .. . . . . . yarmouth..... . Total for Province.. _ . _ ., New Brunswick. Bat hurst.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campbell ton. .. . . . . . . . Chatham............... . Edmundston..... ... Fredericton. . . . . . . . . . :\Ioncton. . N ev. castle.. . . . . t. John.... . ...... .. .. St. Stephen. . . . . . . . . Sackville... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Sussex.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodstock........ ....... Total for Provln('e.... ... . 9,!ebec. ChlCoutllnI... . . . . .. ..... Coaticook... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granby.... ..... ... .... Hull.......... .... . ... Joliette.... .. .. . .. . . . La Tuque... . . . . . :\Iagog... .... Montreal. . . . . _ _ . . Quebec.. .. _ _ . . . .. . . Richmond. ... Himouski... . ... . . . . . .... te. Agathe des Monts.... ::-;t. Hyacinthe... _ . . . . . . . . St. Johns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shav.inigan Falls......... Sherbrooke. ............. Sorel.. . . . . . . . " . . Thetford .Mines.._. . . . .... Timiskaming tation... . . Three Rivers............. Yalleyfield..... .... Yictoriaville. Total for Provln('c. .. . . . . . Ontario. Amherstburg... _ .... Arnprior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aurora.................. . Aylmer West.... ......... Barrie... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belleville. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . 62373----44 ]9:!1. S 55,511 .. . ?O, 655 152,403 42,377 14,166 15,1M 14,263 17,491 396,208 18, 159 11,519 36,H1 17 , 993 14,271 67,623 10.344 51,074 18, 145 12,456 26.321 1,303,b66 13,505 19,080 13,586 11,390 61,663 324,358 13,776 267,516 18,043 14,893' 14,845 18,647 1,123,007 21,288 10,892 15,093 26,221 19,910 13, 702 9,727 3,182,947 424,261 10,417 11,926 9,182 31,885 18,370 22,960 !)6,955 11, 309 13,588 10,074 51,255 11, 602 14,263 ã,408,2'U 1922.' S 60,133 . 20,511 1..0. S' O 41,550 13,:373 1-1, 520 13,570 17,759 394, 438 19,801 11,495 34,444 18,146 13,990 {;4,304 9,643 51,041 19,151 14,125 26,141 1,277,076 11, 759 19,009 12,667 ]2,320 61,e92 325,835 13,098 271,149 19,2R2 15,108 15,057 18,935 1,110,38,") 24,070 11,336 15, 625 28, 952 ]9,958 12 138 10: 190 3,278.467 465, 553 10,625 12,694 10,102 32,673 20,361 20,469 103,592 10,327 12,652 4,450 53,757 12, GOO 14,536 5,530,513 10,4]7 14,496 11,369 13,812 25,112 I 51,839 Name of Post Office. 9,68-1 14,925 11,840 13,915 25,562 52, 397 Ontario-con. Bowmanville............ . Bracebridge... . . . . . . . . . Brampton.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . Brantford... .... ..... Bridgeburg...... .' Broch.ville.......... .... CampheIIford. ..... Carleton Place. . ... , Chatham. . . . . . . .. . . , Cobalt. ... . . . . . . .. Cobourg....... ..... Cochrane.......... ....... Collingwood..., ..... Cornv.all...... .,...... Dunda!'. . . . . . . Dunnville. . - . . . - . Fergus. . . . . . . . . FOld.................... . Fort William....... Fort Fiances.. . . . . .. . . . . . Galt............... ..... Gananoque.......... .. Georgetown. . . . . . . . Goderich........ _ _....... Grimsby.._ _... .. Guelph.... .... ... Haileybury............. . Hamilton............... . Hanover. . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . Harriston. Hespeler. . . . . . . . .. ...... Huntsville.. . .. ...... . Ingersoll.. . _ _ _. Iroquois Falls. .. Ii' enora.... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Kincardine.............. . Kingston. . .. . . . ,. . . . . . . . . Kitchener..... . . . . . . . . . .. Leamington. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Lindsay.......... ........ Listowel. _ _ _ . . . London.. _. __ Meaford................. . :\Iidland....... ........... a anee............. ... New LÜ,keard............ Newmarket... ,..... Niagara Falls.. . . . . . . . . . . North Bay........ ...... Oak ville.. .. - .. . Orangevillc... _.. _. OriIlia. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Oshawa... .... Ottawa.. .. .. .... Owen Sound....... .... Paris... . . . . . . Parry Hound. . . . . . . . . . . .. Pem broke... . _ . . . . . . . .. _ . Pert h ........ _ .. . Peterborough......... _.. Petrolia. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . Picton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Port Arthur.. ... . . . .. .. . . Port Colborne............ Port Hope..... ... ..... PrE cott........ ....... Pre ton. . _'., Renfrew.. _ ... St. Catharines... . . . . . . . t:t. :\Iarys.. . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Thomas....... .... Sarnia...... ............. Rault Ste. Marie.......... aforth......... . ::;UTIcoe..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921. S 12,632 12,557 22,221 134,049 16,235 48.306 10,542 H,243 67,552 25,133 22,0]9 1&,405 24,052 30,710 17,512 18,620 H,494 15,435 68,916 12,646 59,440 17, 237 10,168 17,426 12,373 98,523 16,148 544,834 12,612 10,210 10,781 12,312 24,681 12,246 20,223 11, 165 108,255 29,082 15,685 30,545 13,096 388,716 11,237 21,101 20,028 12,106 16,472 87,289 42,717 13,867 11,625 42,107 53,998 510,842 45,230 Ii, 157 14,444 29,642 25,701 95,833 13,820 15,867 51,ï!i9 14.617 20.362 12,730 20,405 27,249 85,243 ]6,804 58,142 61,495 77,894 10,547 19,819 1922. $ 13,273 13,008 23,008 140,608 . 20,685 49,589 10,732 16,6-17 67,662 22,561 22,950 13,537 22,962 31,373 15,103 19,2\;3 12,720 l:i,755 70,862 13,007 61,341 16,808 11,108 17,716 15,501 100,210 16,386 551,209 13,727 10,142 11, 720 11,818 22,702 10,228 17,831 12,675 107,360 95,282 15, 759 32,663 13,362 443,079 10,672 20,221 19,815 12,946 17,147 92, 940 45,774 14,757 10,711 40,588 54,555 560,596 47,782 18,468 15,036 29,470 21:,218 101,245 14,272 16,411 53,040 13,381 20,843 13,143 21,920 25,059 85,720 18, 227 61, ]96 62,814 70,955 10,344 21,111 692 TRANSPORTA1'ION A.VD rOJIJfUNI('ATIOVS 8%.-Statistifs of Gross Postal Rcvenut' of Offir('s fctll,'(,(in $10,000 and up\\ards. for fiscal ) ears 19' 1 and 19 '?-cuncludcd. Name of Post Office. Ontario-roncJuded. Smiths Falls..... _. _..... Stratford... . . . . . . . .. . . . Stratford Station. . _.' . . . . Strathroy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sturgeon Falls... . . . . . . . . . Sudbury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thorold................. . i nus :: :: : :: : : : : : :: : Toronto...... _... Trenton... ....... _. __' Walkerton............... . Walkerville............. . Wallaceburg... .. . . . . . . . . . Waterloo. . . . . . . . . . 'Velland................. . 'Veston... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Whitby..... ..._.__... Windsor...... _ _.. __ _ .... Wingham. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodstock... ........... Total for Prodnce.. _ _... . 'lanltoba. Brandon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dauphin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neepawa.. ....... ....... Portage la Prairie. . . . . . . . Virden. . \\'innipeg.... . . . . .. .. . . .. . Total for Produce..... . . . 8a..katchewan. Battleford............... . I' stevan... . _ _. . . _ . . . ... . . Humboldt. ............. Lloydmin ter. . . . . . . . . . . . )Iaple Creek. . . . . . . . . . . . . :\leUort... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Melville................. . Moo eJaw .............. !'.orth ßattleford......... Prince Albert............ Regina.. _" . . Saskatoon..... .. _ ... ., Rhaunavon.. . . . . .. .. . . . . . Hwift Current............ t nn....:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : Total for Province. ... . . . . 1921. S 26,251 54, 734 11,969 11, 609 10.529 50,529 18,4eD 14,414 17,2114 4,947,777 18,590 11,217 56,732 13,425 26,978 46,202 14,800 11,267 208,673 11,853 47,926 11.U6.fïS5- 102,461 24,539 12,228 39,472 10,078 2,838,805 3,577 ,83 2 9,723 19,717 12,936 10,107 12,553 14,074 12,533 138,049" 25,965 47,882 588,582 248,511 12,360 38,074 32,494 37, 282 2,452,215 1922. S 26,395 59,281 11,702 11, 834 10,517 47,110 16,347 14,361 21,088 5,223,979 18,900 11,629 52,215 12,910 28,806 42, 799 17,617 11,798 193,050 11, 802 51,103 11,8,17 "J96 106,905 24,396 12,210 40,645 9,555 2.860, R9S 3,59-1.511 10,057 18,825 12,617 10,2'04 10,465 13,595 12,850 132,998 25,937 47,559 629,304 250,698 13,485 33,678 30,6-18 35,659 2. 468, ti-lS Name of Post Office. Mberta. Banff. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . Calgary. . .. . _ . . _ _ . _ .. ... Camrose. . ........ _ _' Drumheller............. . Edmonton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hanna...... ........ ..... Lacombe................ . Lethbridge.............. . Macleod................. . Medicine Hat...... _. _... Red Deer....... ..... Stettler..... _ _ _. _ _....... Vermilion............... . Vegreville... . . . . . . . . . . . . . WetaEkiwin............. . Total for Prodm'e.. . " . . . ßrltlsh Columbia. Chilliwack.... . . . . ... . . . . Cranbrook........,..... . Duncan Station...... . .. . . Fernie.... _.. _ _ _.......... Kamloo)::s.... . _..... _. I\:elowna. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . Nanaimo................ . Nelson. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Westminster........ North Vancouver......... Penticton... ............. Prince Rupert.... _ _ . . . . _ _ Revelstoke.._. .. . _ . . . . . Trail._.. _. _. _. _ _ _........ Vancouver...... ......... i ri '.::::: :::::::::::: Total for Proviuce. ... . . . . Yukou. Total for yukon......... 1921. S 1922. S 14,634 14,547 558,569 532,233 15,248 14,771 15,713 18,609 420,466 413,880 10,744 10,232 11,931 12,547 6-1, 661 68, 227 11,028 10,191 52,954 48,585 18,022 19,975 11,150 10,861 11,213 10,694 10,100 10,066 15,721 15,586 u 2!. 739 1,99 IiJ63- SUMMARY. P .E. Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nova Scotia.. ........... New Brunsv.ick.......... Quebec.................. . Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manitoba......... _...... Saskatchev.an... _. Alberta......... . .... ... British Columbia. . . . . . . . Yukon. ........... Total. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,831 17,742 14,!?41 17 ,948 32,192 19,960 26,672 40,548 58, 108 15,595 19,270 36,120 12,816 11,424 919,848 30,260 251,864 2,073.1G3 152,403 1,303,666 1,123,007 5,408,224 11,416,t85 3,577,832 2,452,275 2,O 2, 739 2,Oï3, 163 11, ï02 29,ðtl,691 15,276 18,034 15, 168 17 , 658 31, 2i6 21,634 27,071 41,165 62,010 15,353 19,966 34,515 12,245 11,288 960,131 32,372 252,980 2,1 00,6,')7 11,702 11,99 150,820 1,277,076 1,110,385 5,530,513 11,847,296 3,594,511 2,468,648 1,996,163 2,100,657 11,995 31),11"''1 ,0';,1 83.- Ih'\('nue and EXI)('nditure of the Post Office Department for the quioclueoliial )'ears IS90-1910. and for the fiscal) ears 1911 19 2. Fiscal Yeare. Net Expendi- Deficit. Rurplus. revenue. ture. S S S . lR90...... _ . . . _ . .................................... 2.357.389 3,0;1,470 717,081 - 1895.... ............... 2,792,790 3, 59 , 647 8UO, 8.')7 - 1900.... ... 3,183,9E4 3,645,646 461,662 - 1905.. ..... . . .. .................. 5,125,373 4,t14,528 - 490,845 1910...................... . ........... 7,958,547 7,215,337 - 743,210 1911.. .. ........... 9,146,952 7,954,223 - 1,19 , 729 1912...... . .. . . " . . ... . . . 10,482,255 9,172,035 - 1,310,220 1913...... . . .. . .... ... . .. .. " . . . . . . .. ... .. . . . . ::: : ::: : 12,060,476 10,882,805 - 1,177,671 1914.. 12,956,216 12,822,058 - 134.158 1915...:::: : ::::: : : : ::: :: :: :: : :: : : : : : ::: : : : : :: : :::::: : 13,046, 650 15,961,191 2,914,541 MONEY ORDERS 693 83.-Bevenue Bnd Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial years 1890-1910, and for the fiscal years 1911-1922-concluded. Fiscal Years. Ket Expendi- Deficit. Surplus. revenue. ture. S S S 1916...... . . .. . .. . .. . .... . . .... . . . . . . . ........a..... 18,858,410 16,009,139 - 2,E49,271 1917....... . .. . . . . . .... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 20,90J,384 16,300,579 - 4,\JOl,805 1918................................................. . 21,345,394 18,046,558 - 3,298,836 1919...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,602,713 19,273,584 - 2,329,129 1920................................................. . 24,449,917 20,774,385 - 3,675,532 1921.. ............................... ................ 26,331,119 24,661,262 - 1,669,857 1922.............................. . ............ 26,554,538 28,121,425 1,566,887 - !'\oTE.-For all other years sÏPce 1868, fee Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 288. Auxiliary Services.-The auxiliary postal seryices-the issuing of money orders (including postal notes) and the facilities offered by the Post Office savings banks-have expanded enormously since Confederation. In 1868, for example, there were 515 money order offices in operation, issuing orders to an amount of $3,342,574. In 1922 the number of offices had increased to 5:266, while the value of orders issued was almost 42 times as large as in the earlier year. In the following tables, illustrating the use of money orders and postal notes, it will also be noticed that the large number of 10,031,198 money orders, representing a value of $139,- 914,186, were issued during the year. The number of postal notes received was 5,679,374, while the value of those issued amounted to $11,598:881. It may be added that postal notes are issued payable to bearer, and are in general use for the transfer of small sums, while money orders, on the other hand, are payable to order at a designated post office. Statistical tables showing the operation of the Post Office savings banks and the Dominion Government savings banks are included in the section on Finance on page 833. 8t.-Operation of the Money Order S)'stem in Canada, fiscal years 1981-1922. Value Value Payable in of orders Orders of orders issued Fifcal Years. issued in issued in in other Canada. Canada. Other countries Canada. countries. payable in Canada. No. S S S $ 1901................................ . 1,151,024 17,956,258 14,324,289 3,631,969 2,592,845 1902......... . ...........-........... 1,446,12\1 23,549,402 18,423,035 5,126,367 3,575,803 1903.......... __.............. . . 1,668,705 26,868,202 20,761,078 6,107, 124 4,604,528 1904................................ . 1,869,233 29,652,811 21,706,474 7,946,337 5,197,122 1905................................ . 1,924,130 32,349,476 23,410,4% 8,9038,991 5,602,257 1906............... .................. 2,178,549 37,355,673 26,133,565 11,222,108 6,533,201 1907 (9 mos.)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,845,278 32,160,098 21,958,855 10,201,243 5,393,042 1908................ .......... ....... 2,990,691 49,974,007 31,836,629 18,137,378 7,933,361 1909. ., . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,596,299 52,627,770 36,577,552 16,050,218 7,794,751 1910.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... 4,178,752 60,967,162 41,595,205 19,371,957 8,048,467 1911................................ . 4,840,896 70,614,862 45,451,425 25,163,437 8,664,557 1912................................ . 5,777,757 84,065,891 52,568,433 31,497,458 8,712,667 1913...... . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,866,563 101,153,272 61,324,030 39,829,242 9,081,627 1914... ... . . .. . . .. . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 7,227,964 109,500,670 66,113,221 43,387,449 9,807,313 1915... . .. . . " . . . . .. . . " .. . . .. . . . . . . . 6,990,813 89,957,906 64,723,941 25,233,965 9,707,383 1916.... . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,171,375 94,469,871 75,781,582 18,688,289 9,868,137 1917................................ . 8,698,502 119,695,535 97,263,961 22,431,574 9,704,610 1918................................ . 9,919,665 142,959,167 116,764,491 26,194,676 9,385,627 1919.... . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . 9,100,707 142,375,809 116,646,096 25,729,713 10,351,021 1920............... .................. 9,947,018 159,224,937 135,201,816 24,023,121 10,050,361 1921......................... . 11,013,167 173,523,322 155,916,232 17,607,090 6,680,971 1922...... ..... .... ........... .::: ::: 10,031,198 139,914,186 124,316,726 15,597,460 5,515,069 NOTE.-For 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 289. (j9--1: TRASSPORT AT/OS ASD COJlJf["XIG.t TIOXS Attentiun may be dm\\n to thc di:.;('repanc betwe('n the Yalue of order:- i:- ued in Canada and payable in at hcr ('aunt ries, and tllO e issued elsewhere l>a ahle In Canaùa. The difference (over 810,OOO,O()() In 1U:!:! and almost $:3--1:,000,000 In 191--1:), represcnts to a large extent remittance:-, made hy immigrants and to trayellers in foreign cuuntries. It is an indication, at lcast, of the large amounts sent out from Canada, and is an cssential figure in the computation of our balanee of trade. Provinces. 85.- "OIll'Y Or(lers, h, Prminces, fisral }f'ars 19t"-1922. 1921. Money order offices in- Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prince Ed v. ßrd hland... .. .. Nova :--;cotia:........ "'ew Brunsv.ick........ Quebec..... . ()ntario. . 'Ianitoba. . Sa!'b.atchcv.an. Alberta.... . " British Columbia....... ). ukon Territory:....... . :\Ioney orders bsued in- <-'anada. . . . . .. ........... Prince r.d v. ard Island......... . . r-;'o"a :--;cotia. ew Brunsv.ick. Quebec.. '... Untario .... \Ianitoba. . . . .. . . . . :--;askatchewan. . . \lherta. . ..... . . . British Columbia ). ub.on Territory. Heceipts for money orders ibbueð in- C'anada . .. _ . _ . Prince Edv.ard Island. . . f'ova Rcotia.............. New Brunsv.ick..... Quebec.... . Ontario. .. Manitoba. . .L "atchev.an. . \lberta. Britibh Columbia.. ). ukon Territory. ... ............... Number of money orders paid in- <-'anada........ .... .................. .. Prince Edv.ard hland.......... ..... ova cotia........ .. Kev. Brum,v.ick. .................. Quebec.. . . . ( )ntario :\fanitoba. __...... .. :--;a8katchev.an. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. Alberta ............. . . . . . . . British Columbia. ..... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . Yukon Territory....................... Amount of money orders paid in- Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . .... . . Princc I;dward Island. _..... ., "ova Rcotia .., .. !\ew Brl,1nl:lv.ick........... .......... ( uebec............................... . Ontario. .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . I'Ifanitooo. . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t').Lskatcbewan.. . . . . ., .. .. . . . Alberta.... . .. . . ,.. .. . .. ßritil:lh Columbia. ................. Yukon Territory....... .... 1918. ),0. ,1,930 48 331 217 1,065 1,497 327 59-1 440 406 5 Xo. 9, 919. 66.'i 43,8(16 539,6il 26-1.547 1,110,542 3, U6, 558 1/67,!ì6S U,:38,4 1 1,259.922 748,746 9.474 _ _ 1-12.9..9,16" 684,849 7,8U.907 3, 99 ,863 .. 15,669, 2!J8 .. 40,5i6,601 .. 11,869,796 31.964,231 .. 18,399,046 11,671,635 2-18 , 942 Xo 7, 9 3, 732 31. 999 235,606 138.946 1, 232, 4 2 2,595,537 1,9:36.761 1,025, 124 355,988 3iO,261 1,028 . 1 ,j.267,"'jl 617,456 4,432,9 9 2,576,597 16,761,173 40,013,727 31,430,519 15,399,242 7.420.5U6 6,587,920 27, 782 1919. No '&,9.')3 50 333 216 1,069 1,483 331 615 443 408 5 No. ',100,707 44,406 590,313 279.021 1,114,461 2,757,205 7U,702 1,692,030 1,088,261 ',84,115 6,193 . 1-I2,3;5. 1I9 711,259 9,376,9112 4,49V 1O 16,750,5e8 40,482,359 12,036,194 27,982,176 16,338.633 14,045,759 157,089 No. 8,03:1, (1)5 35, 22S 247,1-19 142,906 875,33-1 3,238,259 1. 786,195 977,016 364,033 365,824 1,121 S 127.U9.233 'iI3,725 5,027,434 2,937,008 14,647,863 44,029.412 29,017,441 15,228.040 7,6ï5,350 7,914,636 28,324 1920. No. ã.I06 53 342 232 1,093 1. 50; 340 6:36 4ï6 422 5 o 9,9-17.UI 52,195 652,649 342,!l68 1,247,392 3,OS6, 5:35 779,379 1,762,49-1 l,lï6.!J!J9 840,1-;4 5,633 . l:i9.22-1,937 8: 7 , 3 4 10,326.440 5,679.866 19,135,849 47,1 7,150 13,151,959 28,592,3il. 18,532,956 15,696, !J"S 143,9i-1 o. 9.10,1.136 3: .; 7 288,529 207.579 956.990 3,7;5,383 I, \:92,408 1. 062,526 391,786 394,094 1,054 S 1-I6.-III,j.7 f il: , 292 5,616,O:m 3,955.777 17,206,557 53,2S0, 399 032,092,104 16, 66 , 206 8,328,840 8,548,570 26,000 No. :;\10. 11.UI3.16. 59,098 756,168 428,618 1,3i4,724 3,658,178 815.550 1,804. S6:J 1,245.8i2 865,054 5,3L! S I 73.5'!3.322 B!J0.038 11,241,9-16 6,725,201 20.982,916 54,::148,199 13,727,900 29.1-14,606 20,173.523 16,1-16,385 142,5;8 No 9,SGI,l",I 036,599 419,59-1 704, on 1,057,289 3,5.')1,679 1. í90, 933 929,641 971,594 401,910 873 I 162.992,196 800,594 6,764,328 10,415,372 22, 99 , 684 52, 5b2, 211 31,633,328 18,303,341 10,368,069 9,128,855 17,411 5.197 62 3-14 238 1,111 1,520 3-14 650 490 433 5 1922. No. 5,266 63 360 247 1,126 1,513 353 656 508 436 4 No. 10,0:U.19S 56,780 706,161 390,186 1,193,4\10 3,073,19: 763,6-10 l. O-l, 767 1,210,397 826,819 5,í65 S 139 914,1 '!6 no, 9:36 8,996,905 5, 3!15, 4-12 16,1(16,847 42,125,653 10,495,309 25,9!Il,I64 17.416.3P5 12, 489, 8: 4 135,701 t\o. 9,080..U;.'I 32,566 391,0347 645,812 918,911 3,209,381 2,055,452 1,013,055 405,821 407,2;6 812 S 130...93.935 661.5:31 5,64i.5:34 8,268,419 15,29:3,200 42,H5,28R 27,765,545 14,457.674 8,143,535 7,894,752 16,457 POSTAGE STAJIP ISSUES ü95 86.- umbcr and Total Vatu('s of Poshl Xotes, fiscal )ears 1917-1922. Values. 1917 . 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. - - - - - $ No. No. No. No. No. No. 0.20.... ..... ...... ..... ....... ..... .., 286,587 235,579 191,362 166,078 144,084 158,108 0.25....... ...... ................ ...... 328,095 327, 138 306,642 275,214 227,789 281,679 0.30........ . ................. 245, 720 229,152 222,590 204,429 175,564 190,364 0.40....... . ...................... 251,056 244,294 228,783 229,954 240,085 225,044 0.50. ............................ 444,677 433,142 417,145 409,967 389,935 425,943 0.60................................... 234,783 233,977 220,299 220,006 226,510 213,320 0.70.. ..._.............. ............... 127,929 133,578 124,850 131,031 14b,247 124,558 o . 75. .. __ . 248,858 234,081 225,925 188,561 173,389 190,413 0.80...... .............-. 196,446 198,657 188,117 189,654 196,695 175,443 0.90.... . ............. 201,414 202,228 185,790 191,881 208,922 186,400 1. 00 .. 958,563 923,8\;1 891,539 851,118 864,275 837,437 1.50...... . ........... 417,791 426,230 420,503 433,896 467,034 393, 725 2.00.... . 599,418 643,685 725,992 603,156 619,726 578,353 2.50....... . ........... 263,419 276,419 266,918 277,871 277, 7 6 240,269 3.00. . ............ 404,652 424,815 423,243 421,983 452,632 419,969 4.00.. . 257,961 284,362 276,919 278,762 317,232 293,936 5.00. . 435,429 453,310 472,832 479,251 499,089 477,460 10.00. . ........... 276,709 303,245 277, 764 277,306 300,787 266,953 Total nates received. . . ......No. 6,179,507 6,207,793 6,067,213 5,830,118 5,927,791 5,679,374 Total value, including poi'tage stamps affixed..... .. ...... .......... ...... I 11,943,859 12,535,579 12,368,069 12,122,720 12,792,855 11,827,896 Commission received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 131,757 134,516 131,913 127,964 132,393 124,957 Postal notes issued to postmasters. ..No. 6,386,535 6,339,230 6,094,255 5,901,171 5,902,035 5,580,475 Value of notes issued.................. $ 12,430,270 12,948,457 12,548,384 12,304,949 13,026,166 11,598,881 Denominations. 81.- Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., fiscal years 1921-19' 2. 1.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. 2.. ....... ........................... 3........ ......................... 5.. ................. ...... ................ 7.... . ...... .............. ]0........... '"'-0''' 20......... ...... ............ ....... 50........................................... . 10 Special Delivery... ..... .......... ........ 1 cent P. Due.....................,......... 2 " ............. .................. 5 " .............................. 1 cent stamp bOOKS, 25c. each..... . . . . . . . . . ..' 2 cent stamp books, 25c. wch..... . . . . . . . . . . . 3 cent stamp books, 25c. each... . . . . . . . . . 1cent rolls (side\\ise) :5.06 each.. . . . . . 2" "$10.06 em.h.............. 3" "$15.06 each.............. 1eent rolls (end\\ise) $5.06 each.............. 2" " $10.06 each... . . .. . . . . . . . 1" " 5.10 each............... 2" " $10.10 each........... ... 3" << $15.lOeach.............. 1 cent post bands at $1.20 per 100.......... .. 1 ccnt post c3rds... . ... 2 cent post cards... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 1 cent advertisil\!! cards, 16 on sheet.......... 2 " " " " 1 cent advertising cards, 8 on sheet... : : : : : : : : 2 "" " .. .... .... 1 cent advertising cards, single... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 "" "...... .... .... 6 Cl'nt post cards for Postal Union countries.. 2 cent reply post cards..... . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 1 cent special wrappers.. .. ..... . . . . 6 cent reply coupons. . ........ ... . . .. . ....... ] cent stamped envelopes, $1.20 per 100.. . . . . . 1 cent stamped envelopes, $1.30 per 100... . . . . 2 cent stamped envelop(s, $2.20 per 100.... . . . 2 cent stamped envelopes, $2.30 per 100....... 3 cent.stamped envelopes, $3.30 per 100... . . . . Number. No. 272,271,500 288,531,300 40::1,395,000 23,930,850 12,45-1,100 25,735,700 4,168,300 667,325 396,065 714,000 1,594,350 400,100 372,521 274,690 51,518 33,889 48,351 762,800 9,850,700 12,361,000 250,000 470,000 876,000 3,116,000 1,645,500 77,000 204,400 857,100 29,010 770,075 844,250 1,406,475 1,437,450 Issue 1921. Value. $ 2,722,715 5,770,626 12,101,850 1,196,543 871,787 2,573,570 833,660 333,663 39,607 7,140 31,887 20,005 93,130 68,672 260,681 340,923 728,166 1,405 9,154 98,5U7 247,220 2,5UO 9,400 8,760 62,320 16,455 1,540 4,088 8,571 1,741 9,241 10,975 30,942 33,061 Number. 14,134 No. 250,871,900 28U,351,9UO 394,869,4UO 29,423,8UO 10,829,300 30,957,050 4,8W,500 673,790 410,975 1,132,900 2,530,750 683, 700 443,663 32:3,574 218,159 33,187 29,470 45,461 60 32 501 455 333 1,149,400 13,542,600 12,004,400 598,OUO 452,OUO 782,000 2,219,000 1,102,500 102,400 59,150 230, 100 873,400 17,490 l,692,OUO Totals.... .... .... ............. ...... 1,069,99S,72-t 28,56:1,234 1,0-17,838,550 1,631,550 2,689,700 hSUE 1922. Value. $ 2,508,719 5,607,038 l1,846,U82 1,471,190 758,051 3,095,705 972,500 336,895 41,097 11, 329 50,615 34,185 110,916 8U,894 54,540 167,926 296,468 684,6-13 J04 322 2,555 4,595 5,U28 13, 793 135,426 240,088 5,980 9,04U' 7,820 44,380 11,025 2,048 3,549 4,602 8,734 1,049 21,996 37,526 88,760 %8,777 ,tl3 li90 TRANSPORTATIO.v A.YD COJIJIUSICATIONS Subsidies, etc.-The conveyance of mail by land and water entailed a total expenditure during 1922 of $14,534,038. Land transportation (largely that bj rural delivery), cost $0, lû2, 712; railway carriage cost $7,780,549; while that by steam- ship amounted to $584,777. The::;e amounts were paid solely for services rendered as ca:-riers. In addition, however, considerable mail is can ied on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, by steamships and steamship lines, which are ('specially subsidized by the government. Table 88, showing amounts so paid in 1920,1921 and 1922, is appended. 88.- '\I.til Subsidies ami 1'oItl'amship ub\pntions, fiscal !"l'ars 19'!O-1922. on..ice . Canada and the West Indies or South Amelicu, or both............ CWJada and Great Britain......................................... Canada and South Aflica...................... ................. ... Canada and Austrvlia or ew Zealand or both on Pacific Ocean.... Canada (-\tl.,ntic) and Australia and ew Zealand................. Canada, China and Japan.......... ........................... .... Canada and!'; e\\ foundland.... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . Ferry service bet\\een Campment, l'Ours island and mainland of Georgian bay... __ . . . . . __ . .. __ .. . __ __. __ . .. St. John and Digby..... . . . . . . . .. ................................ St. John, DiJ!.by, AnDapolis and Granville.......................... St. John, X.B., and Minas Basin WId Margaretsville, N .S.......... Ht. John, We!>tport and yarmouth....... ....... ..... ....... .... '" St. Johl', Halifax, West Indies or South America.................. St. John and Bridgeto\\n.......................................... Halifax, La Have, and La Have river ports........................ Halifax and F:herbrooke ........................ ................. Halifax, Mahone, Tancook Isle, etc.... . .. .... Halifax and !';e\\foundland....... ................................ Halifax, Cam:o and Guysboro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. " . ... .. . . . .. . .. . Halifax and Spry bay ..md ports in C. Breton.... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . Halifax and \\ e t Coa t of C.B.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halifax, south Capt: Breton and Bras d'Or lake ports............... Pictou, Souris ard the Magdalen islands.. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . Grand [anan and mainland. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec, Montreal and Paspebiac..... . . .. . . . __ __ . . .. . ... . . . . . ..... . Quebec, atashquan and Harrington............. . ..... _ _ _ .. _.. Quebec and ports on the shores of the Gulf of 81. Lawrence and bet\\een ports in P.E. Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and )[agdalen h>lands... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pictou and Montague, Murray Harbour, etc., and Georgetown..... Picwu and New Gla gow and Antigonish County ports and Mulgrave Pt. l\Iulgrave and Guysboro................... ................... Pt.l\[ulgrave, :;t. Peter's, etc................................ ..... Pt. Mulgrave and Canso........................................... Pictou, l\Iulgrave and Cheticamp. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petit de Grat and l\Iulgrave I.C.R. terminus. .. . . .. .............. Baddeck anù Iona. . . . . . . . . . .. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Sydney and Whycocomagh........................... ............. Sydney to Bras d'Or lake ports and ports on east and weet coasts ofC.B........................................................ Sydney and bay St. La\\rence ports............................... Cl>arlottetown, Pictou and New Glasgow... . .. ... . ... . . . . . .. ... . . . Victoria, Vancouver and Skagway................................. Charlottetown, Victoria and Holiday's Wharf. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . Victoria and Vancouverisland (west coast)..... ....... .. Victoria and Ran Francisco... .......... __ . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . Newcastle, egooc and Escwninac, Miramichi river and bay.. . . . . Pelee island .d mainland......................................... Froude's point and Lockport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. . . .. . ..... . Prince Rupert, B.C., and Queen Charlotte islands....... . . .. .. " .. . Vancouver and ports on Howe BOund............................... St. John and St. Andrews, N.B........... ..... ................. ... VMcouver and northern ports of B.C.............................. Expenses in connection with the supervision of subsidized steamshiJ; services...................................... .. _............ Total subsidies and 8ubvenUons.................. ...... 1920. 1921. 1922. S S S - 327,564 340,667 229,345 - - 133,833 146,000 133,833 124,968 124,6-12 127,162 70,000 140,000 - 367, 187 - 88,229 57,587 20,295 30,51& 167 3,000 2,000 19,391 9,5M 9,6-18 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,500 3,750 5,724 10,000 10,000 10,000 340,667 - - 2,500 2,000 1,500 - 3,731 4,961 2,000 - - 3,000 - - 10,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,596 6,791\ 4,000 3,846 5,8/;.; 4,000 4,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 - - 24,000 12,500 15,000 15,000 - - 29,000 - - 50,000 63,380 68,906 - 6,000 6,000 6,000 1,500 1,500 1,397 5,204 6,560 6.918 5,980 6,208 6,500 9,287 11,500 13,370 7,500 7,500 7,500 6,900 8,062 9,916 6,825 6,825 8,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 8,421 14,000 14,000 6,000 9,000 9,000 - - 2,000 23,229 23,594 24,219 2,031 2,500 3,500 4.375 15,000 15,000 2,077 2,7-10 2,135 3,000 3,000 3,93!J 8,000 8.000 8.000 1,000 - - 21,000 21,000 21,000 2,240 3,20:! 3,066 4,000 4,000 4,000 16,800 24,800 24,800 3,512 3,604 3,716 1,532, tU6 1,(l9-1,5U9 1,IO.;,!!9' NOTE.-The figures in the above table are taken from the "Public Accounts," as issued by the Finsnce Department; they res;resent the amounts paid in connection v.ith contractb made under I'tatutory authority by the DepartmEnt c..f Trade QIld Commerc-6 for trade eervicee. including tht' conveyance of mails. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 697 .. X.-LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES. I.-LABOUR. 1.-0ccupations of the People. The occupations of the people of a country at any given time are mainly deter- mined by its natural resources and the stage which has bpen reached in their develop- ment. The outstanding characteristics of Canada are its enormous extent, its im- mense natural resources and the comparatively slight development of these, only the southern portions of the country being as yet at all developed. The developed areas fall into four economic units. with quite distinct physical characteristics: first the Maritime Provinces, where lands, forests, mines and fisheries are the chief natural resources; secondly, Ontario and Quehec, with lands, forests, mines and abundant water power for manufacturing purposes; thirdly, the Prairie Provinces, where the l:Jnd is the chief natural resource except in Alberta, which contains im- mense coal deposits; lastly, British Columbia with fisheries, forests, and mines, where agriculture ph1.ys a comparatively minor part. Though, when the country as a whole is considered, the immense fertile areas of arable land must be considered as its chief natural resource, in different parts of its vast expanse other resources predominate, and give the key to the chief occupations of the people. In Canada, as in other new countries, the labouring population (using the term in its widest sense), bears a larger proportion to the total than is the case in older civilizations where there exists more realized wealth. In addition to our native-born workers, great numbers of YOl:ng males and smaller numbers of females, who have nothing to sell but their personal services, immigrate from older countries to Canada to find here a better market for their labour. Thus both the sex distribution and the age distribution of the population of Canada is rendered somewhat abnormal, an unusually large percentage of that population being of working age and of the male sex-that is, of the sex which is most generally gainfully employed. These statements may be illustrated from the Canadian census of 1911. (See Table 1). In that year out of a total population 10 years old and over of 5,514,388 in the nine provinces, 2,723,634 were returned as gainfully employed, being 49.39 p.c. of such population, or 37.93 p.c. of 7,179,650, the total ascertained population of the nine provinc s. Thus, three out of every eight persons in the Dominion were gainfully employed, or four out of every eight persons 10 years old and upwards. Male Labour.-Considering the male population of 10 years old and upwards, it was found at the census of 1911 that no less than 79. 54 p.c., or nearly four-fifths, were gainfully employed. Further, if we take out those under 15 as being more properly at school training for the future than gainfully employed in the present, and those over 65 as having earned the right to rest, we find that of the total male population between 15 and 65 no less than 92.73 p.c. was gainfully employed, a percentage which is increased to 96.28 p.c. if we consider only those in the main productive 40 year period between 25 and 64 years old inclusive. . Thus Canr.da is shown by its statistics to be emphatically, in so far as the males are concerned, a workers' country. öÐg LABOUR, JL4GES AND PRICES 1.-P('rsons t:ng:a"ed in {;ainrul O("("upations in ('anada, hr \g('S, 1911. .\ge periods. 10 to 14 years 15 to 24 years. 25 to 64 )cars.. li5 )l'ars and o,"er. lall's 10 )cano; of age :LßI! o\er. FelUall's 10 ) cars of age and o,"cr. Total number. EngalZed in gainful occupations. Total number. 'lJumbcr. Per cpnt of total. Enga 1;d in gainful occUP,tt ions. umber. è' o tï 3,'j3 , 876 17,376 4.91 344. .'íOO 7,777 2.26 7:J5,071 620,972 .41\ fi4i . bit 179,992 27.78 1,682,522 1,619,S"5 9fi.2S 1,:JS4.22S 16S,034 12.14 194,176 100,500 51.80 li2,141 {1.Ul!:ì 5.24 - - - --- - -- TotaI1U)l'arsalldoU'r.. ..... .tG.;.6...; 2.3.;S. U 19.,;j 2,.Hs.1j:1 I ;ua. S 21 1 1-1.31 Female Labour.-The growth of th(' ('mploym('nt of females in gainful occu- pations hetween ]S 1l and HIll is f'hown in Table 2. The figuref' found th('re may be supplemented hy the information that in 1t-ì!H, 1l.Oï p.C., in I!1Ol, 12.01 p.f'., in HH1, ]4.31 p.c. of the female population 10 y('ars old and OVl'r were gainfully employed-an increase from on('-ninth to one-:-;('venth of the female population of the!':e a l'S during the 20 year period-a rate of inf'rea:,:e which, in view of the labour conditions of the war and reconstruction p('riod, will probahly be found to have heen maintained in the prf'!-'f'nt df'f'ad<,. It i::; E'ignificant that among f('males the age pl'riod during \\ hich there is the maximum of gainful employment is f'hown hy th(' ('pnsus to be that from 15 to 24 years inclusive. Of the female population of th('se 3gl'S, 2ï. iR p.c. were in 1Ðll gainfully l'mployed, a percf'ntage whic'h fell to 12.1..J: p.c. for the period 2;; to fi4 years inclusiye. As every employer of fl'male labour 1.nowR, t he decline is due to the ahsorption of female labour hy marriage and home dutif's. 2.-Xumhl'r of Jldles and F('malt's 10 ) ('ars of .\ge and mer t:n a ed in (.i.tÏnrlll O('('u- pations, h)' IÞrMim'l's, ISSI to 191 t. }'covinceB. 34,004 31,673 4,030 0.113 3.49-1 27,95G 3,950 141,526 1 4,H.j9 22,595 I:Ji,5fili 18'44 ! HS,!!!II 24,370 105,2 !1 !J4.2til n,45fi 98,O;; I:J,1>IIi 1O:J,2i5 16,4!J1 4.!5,!J47 39:-,43k 53,Olih 434.i:W 77.:!45 552.140 101.101 t\:!5.5!11 535,765 94.460 645.3:!:? 1II....t\.!5 S:Jli.135 l!i4,b78 2:J.162 50,6fi!J 4,315 7i ,41 ,575 )''í.'í,!I'1O 22,206 } -- -.., { 1!15,24i 13,275 : 3.993 20,/a9 fI!J4 4a,14;} _,993 H!I.68i 11,923 .98:J 4-1,9, 5 _4, 7fi 189.4 16,62i l,3ìì,51j,}ll.jl0.31!1 19.;,!l9U 1 1..;U. S ð3 237.919 1 2.3.;S,1'j13 .stij.lj t l\Vorkers were not clao;;sitied by sex in 1&\1. Prince Ed\\ ard Island ova HcotÏa.... {'\\ Bruns\\ ick. Quebec.... .. Ont.ario )Ianitoba. . :--:ao;;katche\\ an .\Hwrta.. .. Hritit;h Columbia ('anada. 1 !';l.I IH!Jl. l!JOI. HIll. )1:.1c- I I 'and \Iale l employ('d in Tahlf' 3. The mo t notable featuref; of t hie illustrated by reference to Table 4, which shows that in 1911, out of every 1,000 gainfully employed males, the number employed in agriculture varied from 127 in British Columbia to 673 in Saskatchewan and 684 in Prince Edwal"d Island. Only lout of every 1,000 gainfully employed males was employed in mining in Prince Edward Island and 3 in Saskatchewan, as compared with 82 in British Columbia and 115 in Nova Scotia. - In forestry only 2 out of every 1,000 were employed in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island, as compared with 52 in British Columbia. In fishing and hunting, the variation was' from 3 per 1,000 in Manitoba to 08 per 1,000 700 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES in Kava Scotia. The males gainfully employed in manufacturing industries varied from 35 per 1000 of the occupied population in Saskatchewan to 220 per 1,000 in Ontario. From this widely differing occupational distribution of the popu- lation in different parts of the country arise many of the divergencies of interest v hich are reflected in Canadian social and political life. The industrial di::,:tribution of female labour is considerably more uniform than is the case with male labour, though even here there are great variations. In the largest class, those employed in domestic and personal service vary from 338 per 1,000 in Ontario to 536 in Saskatchewan, while in manufactures th('y vary from 57 in askatchewan to 333 in Quebec. Comparing the sexes, we find an enormously larger percentage of the gainfully employ('d women than of the gainfully employed men occupied in profe!'sional pursuits. Out of the 5ï,835 omen returned as em- ployed in professional pursuits in 1911, no fe"er than 34,003 were teachers. 4.- P('rcenta e Distribution hJ- Seu's of the P('rsons ('nJ?;at?:t'd in (;alofuJ Occupations, h) Industries and Pru\inces. 1911. Occupations. lí :d Noya hland. Scotm. All Industries. 100.0 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 68.4 Building trades........... 6.2 Dome8tic and personal service. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Civil and municipal gov- ernment.... ....__..... 0.9 Fishing and hunting....... 4,8 Fore,;try.................. 0.2 Manufactures...... ........ 6.5 lining.................... 0.1 ProCessionaL.............. 2.2 Trade and merchandismg. 5.6 Tran:,portation............ 4.0 :\IALE. ri - Quebec Ontario. Mani- Saskat- AI- . wick. toba. chewan. berts. 100.0 31.7 8.4 2.0 3.0 9.8 2.1 14.5 11.5 2.0 7.5 7.5 100.0 43.4 11.4 2.3 1.9 2.8 4.3 15.7 0.8 2.1 , 7.5 100.0 36.5 12.3 3.1 3.1 0.8 2.0 19.6 1.0 2.9 11.2 7.5 100.0 100.0 36.0 44.3 10.0 11.9 3.1 3,6 3.0 3.1 0.4 0.3 1.3 0-2 22.0 9.5 2.0 0.6 2.7 3.1 10.8 13.0 8.7 10.4 100.0 67.3 7.3 2.4 2-0 0.9 0.2 3.5 0.3 1.9 7.0 7.2 British Col- umbia. 100.0 53.0 8.1 3.5 2.8 0.6 0.5 5.7 3.5 2.4 8-5 11.4 100.0 12.7 12.7 5.8 5.6 2.4 6.2 16.7 8.2 3.4 10.9 15.4 FEMALE. Occupations. Prince ova New Mani- Sß. kat- AI- British Ed1-\ard Scotia Bl"UJIS- Quebec Ontario. toba. chewan. berta. Col- Island. WIck. umbia. - - - - - - - All Industries. 100.0 100.0 100.0 1110.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 J\.griculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 6.3 5.5 3.0 3.7 4.1 12.1 10.4 2.4 Buildin trades.......... . 0-1 - 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Domestic and personal service. 39.5 46.0 40.3 37.1 33.8 44.9 53.6 46-0 42.0 Civil and muci ipai .gÖ 0.9 1-8 1.9 1.1 ment.................... 0.7 0.9 1.0 0-6 1.4 F6hing and hunting...... . 0.4 0.1 - - 0.1 - 0.2 - 0.4 Forestry.................. . - - - - - - - - - Manufactures......... . . . . . 18.9 18.6 23.8 33.5 30.7 12.7 5.7 8.7 19.6 Mining. . _ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0.1 - - - - - - 0.1 ProCessional. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 16.6 16.6 18.1 15.2 14.5 19.4 18.0 20.7 19.5 Trade and marchandising. 8.6 10.0 10.0 9.0 13.8 14.0 7.4 10.4 12.2 Transportation. " .. 0.5 1.4 1-2 1.6 1.9 3-9 1.2 1.8 2. 6 Distribution of Labour Force by Kativity.-\Vhile at the census of HH1, those born outside of Canada constituted approximately only 22 p.c. of the total population, these 22 p.c., because they contained a large proportion of young, strong males, contributed no less than 31.91 p.c. of those engaged in gainful occu- DOlJfINION DEP ART'MENT OF LABOUR 701 pations. As is shown in Table 5, they constituted even a larger proportion of those engaged in domestic and personal service, in civil and municipal government, in mining and transportation, while they fell short of reaching their general proportion to the occupied population in agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting-that is, in all the primary industries except mining. 5.-Numbers and Percenta e J)istribution by Nathity. Sex and Industries, of Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1911. NUMBERS. Total Workers. Male Workers. Female Workers. Occupations. Born in Born Born in Born }Iale. Female. Canada. outside oC Canada. out8ide oC Canada. Canada. - - - - - Agriculture. . ...................... .. .. . 917,848 15,887 667,207 250,641 11.954 3.933 Building trades......... ........ 245,990 211 157.274 88,716 176 35 Domestic and personal service. . . . . . . . . . . 75,133 138,879 J8,597 36,536 90,904 47.975 Civil and municipal government......... 72.531 4,073 40,356 32,175 3.522 551 Fishing and hunting.... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,547 265 31.601 2.946 258 7 Forestry. . . '" _ . . . _ _ . . _ _ . _ _ . _ _ . _ _ . . . . . . . 42,901 13 31. 403 11.498 8 5 lanuCactureS"hh'__ _ _..... _ .. 392,781 98.56J 253.882 138,899 81. 240 17.321 l\lining................................ .. 62,706 61 29, 890 32,816 51 10 ProCessional... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,781 57,835 43,811 18,970 49,862 7.973 Trade and merchandising.......... _... . 240,903 42,184 167,289 73,614 34,471 7,7J3 Transportation......................... . 210,692 6,852 115.143 95,549 5,539 1.313 - - - - - --- Ail Occupations................... 2,358,813 364,821 1,576.453 78 ,360 277,98;t 6. 836 Occupations. PERCE:IITAGES. Total Workers. Male Workers. Female Workers. Born in Born Born in Born Male. Female. outside oC outsidp oC Canada. Canada. Canada. Canada. ---- 98.30 1.70 72.69 27.31 75.24 24.76 99.91 0.09 63.94 36.06 83.41 16.59 35.10 64.89 51.37 48.63 65.45 34..55 94.68 5.32 55.64 44.36 86.47 13.53 99.24 0.76 91.47 8.53 97.35 2.65 99.97 0.03 73.20 26.80 61.54 38.46 79.94 20.06 64.64 35.36 82.43 17.57 99.90 0.09 47.67 52.33 83.60 16.40 52.05 47.95 69.78 30.22 86.21 13.79 85.09 14.91 69.44 30.56 81.72 18.28 96.85 3.15 54.65 45.35 80,84 19.16 ----- - titi.61 13.39 66.83 33.17 76.20 23.80 Agriculture..........................., . Building trades..... _... _...... _" _..... Domestic and pprRonal service. . . . ... . . . . Civil and muniripal government......... Fishing and hunting. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forestry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ManuCactures......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\tining................................. . ProCessional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade and merchandising.. . . . . . . .. .. . . . Tran portation__.. __.......... _........ All Occupatiuns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.-Dominion Department of Labour. The Department of Labour of the Dominion Government was established in 1900 under the authority of the Conciliation Act, 1900 (63-64 Vict., c. 24). Its chief duties originally compriEed the administration of certain provisions of this statute designed to aid in the prevention and settlement of labour disputes, the administration of the Government's fair wage policy for thc protection of workmen employed on the Dominion Governmcnt contracts and works aided by grant of public funds, the collection and clas ification of statistical and other information relative to conditions of labour, and the publication of a monthly pericdical known as the" Labour Gazette." From 1900 to 1909, the Department was adminiHtered by the Postmaster General, who was also Minister of Labour. It was constituted a separate Department under the Labour Dcpartment Act, 1909 (8-9 Edw. VII, c.22). 70:? L1BnCR. WAGES AXD PHU'F:-\ The \\ orh. of the Department "",as J.!:reatly in('rea!-(.d in 1 !-)07 by tIt(' pa!- :lJ.!:e. of the Industrial Dio.;put('s Investigation A('t, 1007 (G-7 Ed\\. VII, c. 20). The D('partment is alo.;o ('hargcd \\ ith the admini:--tration of an .\ct }Jas ed in Hn knO\\n as the Em.ployment Officcs Co-onlination .\ct (8-9 G('o. V, c. 21)1 find of tlw T('('h- nical Edu('ation .-\.ct, enacted in 1919 (9-10 Geo. V, c. 73). The scope of the D('part- ment has incr('a ('d in other diredions, espeeially in the investiJ.!:ation of que tions rC'latinp: to t he co t of living. Industrial Disputes Investi ation Act.-The Industrial Di putes Invest- igation Act, 1907, (6-7 Edw. YlI. c. O), hits attraded considerahlc' favouTabl(> attm- tion from legislators and puhlicists throughout the world. It distinctly forbids strikes or lockouts in industri 1l dispute::; affecting mines and publie utilities, until the matt('rs in dispute have been d('alt with by a Board of Conciliation and Invcst- iJ.!:ation, con<;isting of three member . two appointed by the l\Iini er of Lalmuî on the recommendation of the respe(,tive partie::; to the di pute, the' third on the recom- mendation of the first two, or if they fail to agree, by the )Iinister himself. After their r('port haf> been made, either of the parties to the dispute may reject it and declare a strike or lockout, a cour e adopted, however, only in a small pNcentage of cases. The machin('ry of the Act may be ext('Ild('d to other industries \\ ith the consent of the parties concerned. .\ review of thc proce('ding under the Industrial Di putes Investigation AC't from its enactment in )larch, H107, to )larch 31, 10 3, shows that, in the ]() years, 5 ri applications were received for the establishment of hoards of coneiliation and investigation, as a result of which 4 8 board:, \\ NC established. In all but 37 c::u"es strikes (or 10ch.ouÜ-:) were averted or end('d. In the fiscal year ended l\Iarch 31, 1923, 39 applications for the estabJi;hment of boards of conciliation and investi- gation were received, and 27 boards w('re established. Strikes (or lockouts) were averted in all but three ca,<;es. Fair 'Va es Branch.-The Fair "-ap:es Branch of the DC'partment of Labour is charged with the prC'paration of schedules of minimum wage rates, whieh are insert('d in Dominion Government cont ads, and must be adhered to by contra('- tors in the exe('ution of the respective works. The numbcr of fair wages schedules prepared !?ince the adoption of the Fair WageR Resolution in 1900 up to the end of the calendar year 1U22 is 3,U04. The number of fair wages f;chedules and clauses furnished during the year 1922 is 64. Fair wage condition::; are also inserted in contracts for the manufacture of certain classes of government supplies, and in contracts for all railway cOllfootruction to which the Dominion Government hms grante(l finan('ial aid, either by way of subsidy or guarantee. The Department of Labour is a60 frequently consult('d by other departments of the Government regarding the wage rate:--: to bc observed in connection with \\ork undertaken on the day labour plan. .\n order-in-council of June 7, 192 , provided more effective mea.'iurcs to secure the obærvance of the fair wages policy of the Government of Canada. Labour Gazette.-.\ monthly publication, known as the Labour Gazette, has been issued by the Department of Labour f>ince the e:--:tabli hment of the Depart- ment in 1900. It contain::; a monthly review of the indu::;trial ::;ituation in Canada and of the ::;tate of employment, indurling rC'ports of the operations of the Employ- ment ('rvice of Canada in tllf-' various provinces, also information relative to labour legislation, wages, rates and hours of labour, whole'sale and retail prices of staple commodities in Canada and oth('r conntri('s, labour di...pute::; (including the pro- LABOUR LEGISLATIO.V 703 ceedings und('r the Industrial Di!'putes Investigation Act), industrial accidents, legal decisions affecting labour, industrial training and technical education, and other matters of general or curr(':nt indu!'trial inteJ"e!'t. The Labour Gazette is widely dist.ributed throughout Canada and the statistical and other information contained th('rein is constantly used in connection with wages and other relations between employers and workers. A subscription charge of 20c. per annum is made for this publication. Labour Le islation.-:\Iuch attention is devoted to labour legislation. Inform- ation 3S to new laws enacted by the Dominion and the Provinces is kept up to date, while notes or articles regarding their provision are published in the "Labour Gazette." Since HH7, the Department has publi:-:hed annual report!' containing the text of Canadian labour laws enacted during the year, together with an intro- duction summarizing this legi:-:lation undpr subjpct headings. The e reports are based on a consolidation of Dominion and Provincial labour legislation as existing at the end of 1m3, which was made from the most recent Revi:-:ed Statutes and the subsequent annual volumes of statutes up to 1915, and which formed the Department's report on labour legislation for 1915. Reports on the labour laws enacted in the four subsequent years were publishcd in regular order. The report for IH20 is similar to that for HH5, being a consolidation of Canadian labour legi::;lation as existing at the end of 1920. Reports supplementary to the 1920 volume were publi!'hed for the calendar years In21 and 1922. The advantage of uniformity in the law!' relating to the welfare of pe113on::; engaged in industrial work in the several provinces was pointed out in 1919 by the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations. This view was supported by a resolution of the Kational Industrial Conference held in 8eptember, 1919. A com- mission was established in 1920, composed of representatives of the Dominion and Provincial Governments and of employers and workers re!'pectively, to consider the foregoing subject. This commission met in Ottawa between April 26 and May 1, 1920, and formulated recommendations looking to greater uniformity in the pro- vinciallaws relative to workmen's compensation, factory control, mining, and mini- mum wages for women and girls. Joint Industrial Councils.-One section of the report of the Royal Commis- sion of 19H) on Industrial Relations, related to shop committees and industrial councils.. The Commissioners strongly urged the adoption in Canada of the prin- ciples und('rlying the Whitley Councils and other kindred systems. The subject was discussed also at the National Industrial Conference, held at Ottawa in September, 1919. The committee to which the matter was referred reported unanimously in the following terms:- " Your committee is of the opinion that there is urgent nece:ssity for greater co-operation between employer and employee. 'Ye helieve that this co-opera- tion can be furthered bv the establishment of Joint Industrial Councils. Your Committee do('s not beÌieve it is wise or expedient to recommend any set plan for such Councils. " We therefore recommeJld that a Bureau should be established by the D('partment of Labour of the Federal Government to gather data and furnish information whenever requested by employers and employees or organizations of employprs or employees that wh('n('ver it is desired to voluntarily establi::;h such councils the fullest assistance should be given by the Bureau." \\Thile it has not been deemed necessary nor desirable at the present time to establish a bureau for the purposes out lined in the resolution of the National Con- ference, the department has entered heartily into the ::;pirit of the resolution, and has continued and extended its study of joint industrial councils and kindred systems. 704 LABOUR, lVA.GES AND PRICES Employers throughout Canada, at the request of the department, have furnished information regarding joint councils or committees in their establishments, :md the information thus received, together with information regarding similar sY8tems in other countries, has been assembled and published in the form of a 8pecial bulletin. A small appropriation is provided in the estimates of the Dcpartment of Labour to permit of assistance in the formation of joint industrial councils. 3.-Canada and the International Labour Organization. 1 The International Labour Organization was set up in accordance with Part XIII of the Treaty of Yersailles. The general object of the Organization is given in the preamble to that document:- " Whereas the League of Xations has for its object the establishment of universal peace, and such a peaC'e can be estahlished only if it is bas('d upon social justice; " And" herem; conditions of labour exist involving such injustiC'e, hardship and privation to large numhers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled; and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required; as for example, by the regulation of the hours of \\ ark, including the establishment of a maximum" orl\.ing day and" eek, the regulation of the lahour supply, the prevention of unemploYBH'nt, the pro- vi ion of an adequate living" age, the protection of the worker ngaim.;t sicknC'ss, disease and injury arising out of his employment, the protection of children, young persons and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the interests of \\orkers "hen employed in countriC's other than their o\\n, recog- nition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization of vocational and t('chnical education and other measures; " WllPreas also the failure of an ' nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the \\ ay of other nations which desire to improvc the conditions in their 0\\ n countries; "The High Contracting Parties, moved by s('ntiments of ju<;tice and humanity as weU as by the desire to secure thr permanent peace of the \\ arId, agree to the folIo" ing." The schcme of organization proviPes for an International Labour Conference to be held at least once a year and a permanent International Labour Office. The International Labour Conference is composed of four delegates from each Member of the Organization, two representatives of the government, one of the employers and one of the workpeople. Its task is to consider proposals dealing with questions similar to those laid down in the preamble, and to embody its findings in draft conventions or recommendations. Each :\Iember binds it8elf to bring such of these conventions and recommendations as are adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Conference before the compctent authority or authoritie . The authority has complete liberty to decide whether or not it will ratify any or all of thet-e conven- tions, and \\ hat action, if any, it will take on the recomm('Jl(btions. It is of special interest to Canada that the Treaty recognizes the limited power of a federal government, and provides that in the case of a federal stat(', the authority of which to entcr into conventions on labour matters is limited, the federal gov('rn- ment may trcat a draft convention as a recommendation only. Article 39(} of the Treaty states that" the functions of the International J.abour Office shall include the collection and distribution of information on aU subjects relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial lifc and labour, and particularly the examination of subjects whi('h it is proposed to bring before the Conference, with a view to the conclusion of international conventions and the conduct of such special investigations as may be ordercd by the Confermce." I Contributed by the Department or Labour, Ottawa. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION 705 The International Labour Office is required to collect all available information in regard to the problems to be dealt with, and to prepare draft conventions or recom- mendations for submission to the Conference. The work of the Office has been divided, for the proper performance of its duties, into two divisions, namely: the Diplomatic Division, which conducts the correspondence with Governments and is called upon to deal U with the questions connected with the obligations entailed by the labour provisions of the Treaty and in particular with those relating to the work of the International Labour Conference," and the Scientific DivisÍ!m, which is ., responsible for the collection, compilation and dissemination of information of international interest and importance about industry and labour conditions in all countries." Technical services have been" created to supply the necessary inform- ation on technical questions such as maritime problems, industrial hygiene, employ- ment and unemployment, hours of labour, agriculture, alien labour, employment of women, home work, wages, social insurance, education and co-operation. The International Labour Office is under the direction of a governing body composed of twenty-four persons elected by the International Labour Conference. Of these, twelve are persons representing governments, six representing employers and six representing workers. Under the terms of Article 393, eight of the govern- ment seats on the governing body are held by the countries of " chief industrial importance." Canada was designated by the Council of the League of Nations as one of the eight countries of "chief industrial importance," and Hon. James Murdock, Minister of Labour, was designated in January, 1922, by the Govern- ment of Canada as its representative on the governing body. Mr. P. M. Draper, secretary of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, was chosen at the first session of the International Labour Conference (1919) as one of the six workers' representatives on the governing body. At the election held in 1922, Mr. Tom Moore, president of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, was elected to the seat previously held by Mr. Draper. The proceedings of the first three sessions of the International Labour Confe- rence have been described in the 1921 Year Book (see pp. 608-609). The fourth session of the International Labour Conference was held at Geneva from Oct. 18 to Nov. 3, 1922, the Canadian Government being represented by the Minister of Labour and the Minister of Marine and Fisheries. The employers' delegate, appointed on the nomination of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, was Mr. W. C. Coulter of the Booth-Coulter Copper and Brass Company, Ltd., Toronto. The workers' delegate was Mr. Tom .Moore, Ottawa, president of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada. Consideration, first by the various committees that had been formed and sub- :sequently by the general conference, re::,ulted in the adoption of various resolutions, among which was an amendment increasing the number of members of the govern- ing body from twenty-four to thirty-two persons. A recommendation calling for the furnishing to the International Labour Office of statistical and other information respecting emigration, immigration and the transit of emigrants and immigrants, was adopted; the use of uniform methods of recording statistical data on emigration and immigration was also recommended. It was decided to extend the work of improving national and co-ordinating international statistics of unemployment, to consider the periodical publication of these investigations, and' to investigate especially the causes and remedies of seasonal unemployment. It was further resolved that the International Labour Office, in collaboration with the Economic and Financial Section of the League of Nations, should make a special study of the 62373-45 706 LABUUR, IV AGES ASD PRICES crises of unemploymcnt, their recurrences and the fluctuations of economic activity. Several other resolutions dcaling with the constitution and working of the Inter- national Labour Conference were also passed. On receipt from the Secretary-General of the League of N'ations of thc draft conventions and recommendations of these four International Labour Conferences, they were referred to the Department of Justice for examination aR to the legislative authority of the Dominion and the provinces to deal "ith thc Rubject. matters in quef:tion. Certain of the draft conventions and recommendations werc found to be within provincial authority and were accordingly referrcd to the Provincial Governments, whilst those within fedcral jurif:diction are engaging the attention of the Dominion Governmcnt and havp abo becn brought beforc Parliament. To date (Junc 13, 19 3) the result:,: attaincd in thc xecution of thc draft con- ventions and recommendations adopted hy thc Intcrnational Labour Confcrcnce are as follows: 73 ratifications registered by thp Sccrctary-General; 12 ccuntrics have notificd their adherenec to the Bemc Convention on white phoRphorus Rince the 'Yaf:hington Confcren('e; 16 ratifirations authorized by the eompetent authority but not yet communic:tted; Ð4.ratification:'t rccommended to t.he competent autho- rity by the Goycrnment, hut approval not yet ignifiC'd; 98 mcasures finally adoptcd by legi<;lative authorities, and measures of an adminiRtrativc character, giving effcC't partially or wholly to the provisions of the draft convC'lltions or recommendations; and 6S legislative measures of all descriptions propo ('d but not yet wholly adopted. which are intendcd to give effect partially or wholly to the provisions of the draft conventions and recommendations. Dominion-Provincial Conference Relative to Obli ations of Canada under Labour Sections of Peace Treaties. A conferencc of representativcs of the Dominion and Provincial Goyernments was held in the Parliamcnt Buildings, Ottawa, on September 24-26, 1923, for the conf:ideration of the obligations of Canada arising out of the labour sections of the treaties of peace. Thc mceting was ;alled by the Prinle Minister of Canada in conformity with the wishes of the Provincial Governments, with the object of an exchange of views and for consultation rc various propoRals of kgislative action which had been adopted by the International Labour Conference (League of Nations)" in the form of draft conventions and reeommendations and had bccn deemed by the law officers of the Cro" n in Canada to deal "ith subjects within provincial legislative control. The meeting was purely consultative in character. The Hon. James Murdock, Dominion Minister of Labour, acted as Chairman, and representatives of all the Provinces but Princc Edward Island and BritÜ,h Columbia were in attendance. Information on the existing legislation of various provinces on the subject matters of the agenda was submitted to the Conference. These agenda comprised twenty-one items in all, on most of which unanimous resolutions were adopted and transmitted to the respcctive Provincial Governments for their attention. The agenda included proposals emanating from the first, second and third International Labour Confercnce, concerning hours of labour, unemployment, employment of women and children, lead poisoning, minimum wage laws and the weekly rest in commerce and industry. The draft convention respecting hours of work 'called for the adoption of an eight hour day and a forty-eight hour week. It was agreed that the Dominion Department of Labour should makc a survey of the position of the eight hour day ORGANIZED LABOUR IN CANADA 707 movement in Canada and the information obtained should be submitted to the Provincial Governments for consideration. The recommendation concerning un- employment contained four articles rc prohibiting the operation of private employ- ment offices, permitting the recruiting of workers in foreign countries by mutual agreement, providing for the introduction of a system of unemployment insurance and for the co-ordination of public works with a view to the avoidance of unemploy- ment. The Conference concurred in Article 1 of this recommendation; all prov- inces except New Brunswick have eliminated private employment offices by law and in New Brunswick similar legislation is to be considered at the next session of the Legislature. It was resolved by the Conference that consistent recognition should be given to the intent of the recommendation in Article 2. No action was taken on Article 3, while the Conference concurred in the recommendation in Article 4. With respect to the recommendation concerning the employment of women before and after childbirth, it was resolved that the matter is not a live question in Canada, being sati:-factorily taken care of by local reguhÜions. It was resolved that the provisions of the draft convention forbidding the employment of women during the night be accepted as a basis for securing uniform legislation within each province, the term" night" in this case signifying a period of at least eleven conse- cutive hours, including the interval between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. The draft con- vention forbidding the employment of children under fourteen in industrial under- takings was concurred in by the Conference. It was resolved that a general survey be made by the provinces, in co-operation with the Dominion Department of Labour, respecting the employment of young persons in industry at night, the result of this survey to be submitted to a further conference and to the various provinces. The proposals emanating from the second International Labour Conference dealt with the lin1iting of the hours of work in the fishing industry; consideration of this matter was deferred, pending action that may be taken in rcgard to the eight hour day in commerce and industry. The proposals emanating from the third International Labour Conference dealt with unemployment and employment conditions in agriculture. It was decided that these draft C'onventions had on the whole but slight application to Canada. A resolution was pa:cr cnpila tax from 57 international bodies and three national organizations which had their entire membership in the Dominion, numbering 122,72.3. in 1,715 local branches. With other affiliations and unions directly under charter, the congress had in all at thc close of 1922 a membership of 132,071, in 1, 7n branches. Membership of International Or anizations in Canada.- -At the close of 19 2 there werc 92 international organizatiuns having one or more local branch unions in Canada, six fewer than in 1921. These bodies betwccn them had ,lOS local branches in the Dominion with 200,130 members, a decline of 115 branches and 16,746 members as compared with the previous year. The international organ- izations repre ent 74 per cent of the total of all classes of workers in the Dominion urganized under trade union auspices. Canadian Federation of Labour.-The Canadian Federation of Labour was organized in 1902 undcr the name of Xational Trades and Labour Congress, as the result of the e>..pulsion from the Trades and Labour COlIgre!Os of Canada of the Knights of Labour as:-emblies a!1d all other unions which "ere composed of members of crafts over which e>..isting international organizations claimed juris- diction. The delegates of the e>..-pelled unions forthwith fanned a ncw rentral hody of a distinctively national character, which in 190ð adopted its present name. For a number of years labour bodies in the province of Quebec were the main support of the new organization. Gradually the Quebec affiliations dropped off and the centre of activity was a few years ago shifted to Toronto. The membership of the Federation at the close of 1922 stood at 3,930, comprised in 19 directly chartered local branches. Three central bodies are aka affiliated with the Federation, the memher hip of which, as well as that of the directly chartered loeals here enumer- ated, is included in the standing of the non-international trade union nwmbershìp. 1'\on-international Trade Union \lembership.-There are in Canada. eighteen organizations of wagc earners ternlCd non-international unions, eleven of which are in direct opposition to the international organizations. In some in- stance:-5 these non-international bodies have been formed by secessionists from inter- natiunal unions. The combined meIllber hip of the non-international organizations is 22,973, comprised in 73 local branches. Membership of Independent Ç'nits.-There are 25 independent local labour hod if's in the Dominion, 19 of \\ hich have a member hip of 9,Otì:3. The rcmaining ix have not reported R<;; to their btanding. MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS 711 Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada.-During the period that the Knights of Labour operated in Quebec there existed a1<;0 four independcnt unions, one of labourers and three of leather and shoe workers. Pp to 1H02 these several bodies were represented at the annual conventions of the Trades and Labour Con- gress of Canada. In that year, in an effort to eliminate a duplication of unions, and to bring the independent bodies under the banner of the international organ- izations, the Trades Congress denied them further repre entation. The Knights of Labour assemblies gradually disappeared, but the independent unions continued to exist. 'With the advent of the Mutual Labour Federation of the Xorth in 1912, the first organization to confine membership to adherents of the Roman Catholic church, a stimulus was given to this movement, and scveral of the existing inde- pendent unions, the number of which had increased during the decade from 1902 to 1912, became identified with what are termed National and Catholic unions. In 1918 a conference of th se bodies was held in Quebec city, followed by other meetings in Three Rivers in 1919 and Chicoutimi in 1920, the delegates at thc latter confer- .ence, numbering 225 from 120 unions, deciding to establish a pcrmanent central body to co-ordinate the work of the scattered units. Accordingly at the 1921 conference held in Hull, at which approximately 200 delegates were present, repre- senting 89 unions, a constitution to govern the new body wa::; approvf'd. Thc name selected was Federation of Catholic \Yorkers of Canada, and permanent officers were elected, the constitution and bylaws to become effective on January 1, 1922. From information at hand, there are 106 :Kational and Catholic unions with a com- bincd membership of 38,335. One Bi Union.-Owing to dissatisfaction with the alleged reactionary policy {)f the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, a number of delegates from \Vestern Canada to the Quebec convention in 1918 held a caucus for the purpose of having the delegates from the western unions concentrate their energies towards. having the Trades Congress legislate in accordance with the views of thesc bodies. Some months later a meeting of delegates was called by the British Columbia Fedf'ration of Labour, to assemble immediately following the annual convention of that body, which for the first time in its history met outside of the provinc>(' under its jurisdic- tion, in the city of Calgary. The conff'rence asscmbled on March 13, 1919, with 239 delegates present; the outcome of the meeting was the formation of an indus- trial organization, the" One Big l7nion." On June 11, UH9, a conference of the advocates of the new body was held in Calgary to further the plans of organization. The next meeting, termed the first semi-annual convention, was held in \Yinnipeg in January, 1920. The O.B.U. had made much progress during its short existence, with a membership of 41,150 at the close of 1919. From the outset, the O.B.U. met with much opposition from the old-established labour unions rcprei'ented by the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, which are oppoi'ed to the substi- tution of industrial unionism for the existing system of craft unions. From 1920 onwards, the O.B.U. has bccn on the decline, many of the original members having deserted the organization and re-affiliated with their respective parent bodies. Out of 34 units recorded in 1921, only one reported in 1922, the mcmbership of which was given as 100. Total Reported Membership of Or anized Labour in Canada.--At the close of 1922 the numerical strength of organized labour in Canada is given by thè Dcpartment of Labour as follows: International organizations, 2,108 local branches with an aggregate membenship of 206,150; non-intcrnational organizations, 272 branches and 22,973 members; independent units, 25 with 9,063 members; National 712 LABOUR, WAGES A}.;D PRICES MEMBERS. 380000 360000 340000 320000 300000 280000 I 1-2600000 - Z4 0000 I I 1Z2oo00 2 a 0000 '80000 TWELVE YEARS Of TRADE UNIONISM I N CANADA. nl III II I I II 1- IIII III I 111.1 1111 19111912 191311914,'915119161917119181919\19201192111922 I I IIII )IEMBERS OF TRADE U'\"IOX8 l::\l CAXADA, 1911-1922 160000 1 40000 , 20000 '00000 80000 6 0000 40000 20000 MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS 713 and Catholic unions, 106 with 38,335 members; and One Big Union, 1 unit, with 100 members. Grand total, 2,512 local branches and 276,621 members, decreases as compared with 1921 of 156 branches and 36,699 members. Table 6 shows by years the membership of trade unions in Canada since 1911. 6.-1Uembershlp of Trade rllions In Canada, 1911-1922. Years. Members. Years. Members. 1911. .. ..-....--........--..... 133,132 1917................................. . 204,630 1912................................. . 160,120 1918................................. . 248,887 1913................................. . 175,799 1919... .................. ............. 378,047 1914. .................. 166,163 1920................................. . 373,842 1915..... ........ .......-............ 143,343 1921...... . --.--...------- 313,320 1916....... . ....-. .................. 160,407 1922. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,621 .. International Trade Unions Operating in Canada.-Table 7 gives the names of the 92 international labour organizations which have extended their operations into Canada, and contains (1) the number of branches which were in existence in the Dominion at the close of 1922 and (2) the reported membership. 'i.-International Trade Unions Operating in Canada. NUMBER OF BRANCHES AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN CANADA. DECEMBER, 1922. International Organizations. Number of Reported Branches Member- in ship in Canada. Canada. 16 1,084 3 111 8 285 35 1,300 2 150 23 2,700 38 2,910 12 482 17 1,641 16 535 51 3,771 14 2,215 2 36 11 825 119 8,326 1 20 12 600 3 555 14 9,750 8 1,800 1 14 1 20 3!) 4,115 1 30 1 163 14 2,000 6 380 11 700 7 1,105 4 248 3 177 4 150 American Federation of Labour............ .............. ............. ......... Asbestos Workers, International Association of Heat find Frost Insulators, and.. Bakery and Confectionery Workers' International Vnion of Ameriea............_ Barbers' International Union of America, Journeymen....... ....... .. . _...... BIll Posters and Billers of America, International Alliance of. .................. Blacksmiths, Drop 1- orgers and Helpers. International Brotherhood of. . . . . . . . . . Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders and Helpers, International Brotherhood of... .. Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of..... . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Boot and Shoe Workers' Union...................................... ........... Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers, International Union of the United.. ..................... ................ ............................. Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers' International Union of America... . .... . . . . . Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workprs, International Association of... Broom and Whisk Makers' Union, InternationaL.......... _' ............... _. Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated f-;ociety of....... ............... ........ . Carpenters and Join2rs of America, l: nitpd Brotherhood of.... ................. Carvprs' Association of America, International Wood.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cigarmakers' International Union of America.................................. ('loth Hat and Cap .Makers of America, l:nited................................ Clothing Workers of America, Amalgamated.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Telegraphers' union of America.... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conductors, Order of Hleeping Car. . . . . . . . _. ................. _ . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . Coopers' International Union of North America...... Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elevator Construeton" International Union of..... .............. Federal Employees, Nationall'ederation of......... ................. Fire I'ighters, International As!.1J deaths recorded, 43 of which occurred in saw and planing mills, 39 in the i-ran and stccl industries and 10 in the ngctable, food, drink and tobacco group. In the saw and planing mills, 20 dcaths wcre due to machinery and" prime movers" used in the working of machinery, find 9 \\ere due to "flying objects," including wood rebounding from saws, etc. In the lumbering industry 151 deaths were reported, of which 36 were due to falling trees, branches, etc., and 37 were due to drowning. In the construction group there were un deaths, 40 of which were caused by falls and 32 by falling objects. The record of all industries I5hows 69 deaths due to machinery and "prime movers," 39 due to hoisting apparatus and 118 to dangerous substances, among which are included 8te3 escapes and boiler explosions, 6, e:xplosive sub::;t3nces, 58, and electric currents, 41. There were l24 deaths due to drowning, 2G to infection and 17 to asphyxiation. The distribution according to province showed Ontario with the highest record, 469, while in British Columbia and Quebec there were 190 and 155 death resppctively. An analysis by months shows that the largest number of deaths occurred Î11 December, in which there were 130 fatal industrial accidents, 3nd in August, when 117 fatalities were recorded. January and February, with 54 and 5R deaths- respectively, had the smallest totals for 1922. 9.-Fatal Indu trial Acddents In Canada, 1922-23. Twelve Months, 1922. Nine Months, 1923 Industries. Number of Percentage Number of Percentage Accidents. of Total. AccidC'nts. of Total. Agriculture. . ...................... .... 65 5.8 86 8.5 Logging. . .. ..... 151 13.4 130 12.8 Fishing and Trapping. .............. 20 1.8 18 1.8 }Iining, :-Jon-Ferrous Smelting and Quarr ing. ...... 170 15.1 143 14.1 lfanufacturing. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 14.6 127 12.6 COlbtruction... _.............. ......... 146 12.9 120 11.9 Transportation and Public Utilitie .. ......... 322 28.5 278 27.6 Trade....... . ... .. . 17 1.5 20 2.0 Service. . . . .. .. 41 3.6 49 4.8 \fi-.ccllaneous...... . ................ 32 2.8 39 3.9 \11 Industrlt'!'>.... ... 1,129 1UU.1 1,010 101.' 6. - Employers' Liability and 'Vorkmen's Compensation in' Canada. Throughout the greater part of the 19th century it was gencrally held, in Canada as in England, that workers in hazardous tradcs received higher wages thnn the average, out of which they could insure themf'elves against the ordinary ri'4ks incidental to their occupation. They wcre, therefore, considered to have urned EMPWYERS' LIABILITY IN CANADA 717 these ordinary risks, while it was also held that the injured workman or the depen- dants of the dead could not recover damages if the worker had been injured or killed through the negligence of a fellow-servant or if his own negligence had been a contrib- utory cause. Under the British Employers' Liability Act of 1880 and the Ontario Act of 1886, fellow-servants in the position of foremen or superintendents were for the first time regarded as standing to the ordinary worker in the place of the em- ployer, who was held liable for injuries due to their negligence. British Columbia passed an :ßrnployers' Liability Act in 1891, which was amended in 1892 and re- modelled ten years later. The Manitoba Act of 1893 was amended in 1895 and 1898 and consolidated in 1902, while a new Act was passed in 1910. Similarly, the Nova Scotia Act of 1900 was replaced by a new measure in 1909. New Brunswick passed an Employers' Liability Act in 1903 and amended it in 1907 and 1908. Alberta passed an Act in 1908, Quebec in 1909 and Saskatchewan in 1911. Most of these Acts followed generally along the lines of British legislation, while the 1909 Act of .Quebec is an outgrowth of the Civil Code of that province. All these Acts involved ,resort to the courts. An epoch-making departure in legislation of this kind was inaugurated by the -Ontario Act of 1914, based upon the report of a Royal Commission, and introducing the new principle of making compensation for accidents a charge upon the industry concerned instead of a liability of the individual employer. The working out of this principle involved the creation of a state board administering an accident fund made up exclusively of compulsory contributions from employers grouped in classes and assessed according to the hazard of the industry. The example of Ontario in passing an Act of this kind was followed by Nova Scotia in 1915; British Columbia in 1916, Alberta and New Brunswick in 1918 and Manitoba in 1920. Quebec and Saskatchewan retain systems instituted in 1909 and 1911 respectively, which enable workmen to obtain compensation from their employers individually through private insurance companies or by means of action in the courts. The Quebec Legislature .in 1922 authorized the appointment of a special commission to consider and report upon the subject of workmen's compensation. Workmen's Compen ation Acts in Canada coyer practically the whole industrial field, including manufact uring, construction, lumberinp;, mining, quarrying, trans- portation and Pl.blic utilities. In Ontario certain indl:stries (including municipal undel takings, railways, car shops, telegraphs, telephones, etcJ are made individually liable to pay compensation, and are, therefore, not called upon to contribute to the general compensation o . accident funds. Othcr oc.'upations, ",ith the exception of tho e which are specifically excluded, may be brought undcr the terms of the Act on .application from the employer with the Board's aprroval. In Alberta the consent of the employees is ab:o required. In mo t plOvinces the excluded classes include travellers, casual labourers, out-workers, domestic servants and farm labourers. In Nova Srotia, ho\\-ever, an amendment \\-as passed in If22 providing for the admission of farm labourers and domestics on application of their employers. British Columbia in the same year admitted farm labourers and repealed a former rule excluding office workers. . The Dominion Parliament in 1918 passed an Act (8 Geo. V, c. 15), providing that the compensation to be paid where employee::; of the Dominion Government were killed or injured in the course of their employment should be the same as they or their dependants would receive in private employment in the province where the accident occurred, the amount to be determined by the Provincial Board or other constituted authority and paid by the Dominion Government. The principal features of the Workmen's Compensation and Employers' Liabil- ity Acts in force in the various provinces at the commencement of 1923 are given in Table 10. 718 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES lO.-Prodslons of Employers" IJabUity and Workmen"s ('ompensation Items. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. Qllebec. Ontario. 1. Death- Funeral........ !75................. $100........... _. _.. 550 (including med- $125. ..... _ _ _... _. ical expense). Dependants- Widow..... .. $30 per month....... $30 per month....... .................... $40 per month plus lump sum of $100. Child... . .' _. $7.50 per month e3ch 57.50 per month each \Hnimum total com- $10 per month each up to 16 years. up to 16 years pensation $1,500. up to 16 years. Where sole depen- Where children dants are children only. $15 to each. to each child $15 a month until 16 (if boy) or until 18 (if girl). $60 per month.. ... 55 p.c. of earninl!;s of Total compensation, 66} p.c. 01 monthly deceaaed. $3,000. wages. )wximum benefits to dependants. 2 Permancnt total 55 p.c. of wages. . . .. 55 p.c. of wages. . ... 50 p.c. of wages up to 661 p.c. of wap;es for disability. I,OOO per year and fife. 25 p.C. after up to 11,5110 per year. I in i mum $5 per \1 in i m urn $6 per Iaximum amount 01 \linimum $12.50 per week. week. lump swn, 13,000. week. \laximum 55 p.c. of laximwn 55 p.c. of .................... \Iaximum earning. $1.200 per year. $125 per month. reckoned $2,000 a year. 3. Permanent partial 35 p.c. of difference Amount determined 50 p.c. of difference 66! p.c. of difference disability. 01 earnings before by Board. in earninl!,s before in earnings b..lore- and after ac,cidcnt. and after accident. and after accident. :\[ i n i m urn $5 p er linimum $1,500 in ........ week. case of major in- juriE's. Iaximum 55 p.C. of raximum $2,500. $1.200 annual in- come. 4 Temporary total 55 p.c. of "ages. .... 55 p.c. of wages. disability. . 50 p.c. of wages. . . .. 66 p.c. of wages. payable only 80 long as dil'Ubility lasts. Iinimum $5 per \Iinimum 16 per \finimum S4 per \linimum $12.50 per week. week. week. week. \raximum 55 p.C. of Iaximum 55 p.c. of \Iaximum 50 p.c. of 11,200 annual in- 1125 per month. $1,500. come. 5. Temporarvpartial 55 p.c. of difference 55 p.c. of difference 50 p.r. of wages..... 66! p.c. of difference disabili'ty. in earning power in earning power in earning power before and after before and after before and alter accident. aCf'ident. accident. Minimum 14 per .................... week. \Iaximum 50 p.c. of $1.500. II. Medical aid. .... Full expenses for 30 Full expenses taken None............... Full expenses taken days taken from from accident from accident accident fund. fund. fund. 7. Special medical ull exppnses taken Full expenses taken None.......... ., .. ' Full expenseø taken aid. fromaccidentfund. from accident from accident f.md. fund. EMPWYERS' LIABILITY IN CANADA 719 La\\S in the \arious pro\inces in 1923. Manitoba. Saskatchewan. Alberta. British Columbia. $150.................... Total benefits not to ex- $100............. __ __ __.. 1100. ceed $2,500 per year. $30 per month....... . ... ...... _ . . . . .... . .. $35 per month. . . . .. S35 per month. 17 50 per month each up to 16 years. $7.50 per month up to 16 U.50 per month up to 16 years. Where children years only $12.50 to each, up to 40; up to 130, if a parent, but altogether not exceeding $65. . .. ::>65 per month . .. 365 per mont h. 66} p.c. 01 wages........ Maximum S2,500 per 'ear. 55 p.c. of wages "ith mini- 62l p.c. of wages. mum of $10 per week. Minimum S6 per week... .......................... la"timum earnings reck- laximum earnings reck- oned C2,OOO a year. oned $2,000 a year. Maxim um earnings reckoned $2,000 a year. 66} p.c. 01 difference in \Iaximum 12,500 per year. 55 p.c. of difference before 62! p.c. of difference in earnings before and and alter accident. earnings before and after after accident. accident. . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .......................... \Iinimum 510 per week. 66 p.c. of wages........ laximum 82,500 per year. 55 p.c. of wages.. . 621 p.c. of wages. Minimum $15 pcr week.. .......................... Maximwn earnings i2,OOO. linimum $5 per week. 661 p.c. of difference in Notspecified. _ .. .. __ . ..... 55 p.c. of difference in earn 62l p.c. of difference in earnings before and ing power where present earning power before and after accident. wage is less than 90 p.c. after accident. IJinimum $6 per week. of former wage. Full expenses taken from Not specified... ... .. . . ... Full expenses taken from Full expenses taken from accident fund. accident fund. medical aid and accident fund. Full expenses taken from Not specified. . . . . . . . . . . .. Full expenses taken from Full expenses taken from accident fund. accident fund. medical aid and accident fund. - 720 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES lO.-PrO\islons of t:mplo)ers' Liability and Workmen's Compensation Items. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. Quebec. Ontario. 8. Contribution to Employer........... Employer........... None............... Employer.. accident fund. 9. Contribution to Employcr........... Employer........... None.. .0.......... Employer. medical aid fund. 10. Administration... Board of three... . .. Board of three... . .. Circuit and Supreme Board of three... . . . Court. 11. Waiting period... 7 days-if longpr pay 7 days-if longer pay 7 days. ............ ; days-if longer pay from date of dis- from Employer's Family; may be admitted Police and Firemen. on application of employers. Farm Labourers. Out-workerø, Employees on sail- Dom<>stic Serva:tta, ing ves...els, Farm Labourers. All employees earn- Executive Officers. ing more than 11,500 per year. 20. Reports.......... Employer. Doctor. Employee. Employer, Employer to Fac- Employer, tory Inspector. Doctor, Doctor, Employee. Employee. WORKJfEN'S COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS 721 Laws In the ,arlous prO\lnces In 1923-concluded. Manitoba. Saskatchewan. Alberta. British Columbia. Employer........... .... None..................... Employer................. Employer. Employer - (rom acci- None.......... .. . .. .. . ... Employee................. Employee and employer. dent fund. Board of three. . . . . . _ . .. District Court. . _ . . . . . . . .. Board of three. .' . . . . _ . . _. Board of three. 3 days... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 days... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 days; if longer than 10 3 days. days. pay from date of accident. Compulsory state....... Employer individually Compulsory state......... Compulsory state. responsible. Any industry not "ithin None..................... Any industry not within \ny iqdustry not within scope of Act. scope of Act. With ap- scopé of Act, unless spe- proval of 50 p.c of em- cifically excluded. ployees, unless speci- fically excluded. Not allowed.... ........ Allowed............. _.. _. Not anowed.... _ _ _ _...... !'-lot allowed. Which arise out of and in Which arise out of and in Which arise out of and ir Which arise out o and in course of employment. course of employment. course of employment. course of employment, and in fortuitous events. None.............. ..... None...... ........ ....... By Board..... ............ By Board. As soon as practical.. ... 6 months. .. ... . . . . . _ . . . .. At oncp. 3 months or mnre, 12 months. . at di3cretion of board. By Board... ....._..... By employer. by order of By Board...... _ _ _ _._. By Board. Court. Casual Labourers, Out-workers, Farmers, Domestic Servants, Executive Officers. Farm Labollrers, Casual Labourers, Travellers, Employees other than Out-workers, Casual Labo.uers, those engaged in manual Farm Labourers, Domestic Serva!1 ts , labour, earning over Domestic Servants, Employer s famdy. $1,800. Workers in an industry OffiCH workers may be out!Oide the scope of the included. Act may be brought in on applying; this does not apply to c8!'ual workers on farms, or in running trades nor rail- ways. Employer, Doctor, Employer to Government. Employer. Doctor, Employer. Doctor, Employee. 62373-46 722 LABOUR, WAGES Al\ D PRICES 7.-Trade Disputes - Strikes and Lockouts. statistics of strike,> and loc\..outs in Canada have been collected and published by the Department of Labour since its inception in 1900. Table 11 shows the num- ber of di put('s, the number of employers and employees involved and' the time lost in working days for each year from 1001 to 19 2, and the totals for the period. The items in the column headed " time lo s in working d:1YS" in the tables following. are mlrulated by multiplying the number of persons directly affected through strike'S or lockouts by the number of working days they are so affected during the time the di<;putes are in existence. Statistics for the first ten months of 19 :J show that there were 72 di putes afferting 357 employers and 30,484 employees. The time lost during the ten monthl-' was 656, 1b working days. This was about 3.5 p.c. of th(' time loss fraIl} January 1 to October 31, 1922, when 1,871, 67 working day had been lost in indul'- trial di putes. The greate t time loss in anyone of the ten months for which figures are available orcurreù in July, when :J1O,ß08 working days were lost. This was chiefly due to relateù strikes of coal miners find iron and steel workers, which togeth(,1 caused a loss of 282,8-t.-1 working days. I,'or the year 1022, the number of disputes, the number of employers and em- ployees involved were greater than in the previous year, and the time 1m.::,; in working days during the year greatly exceeded that for 1921, 0\\ ing to two strikes of ('oal miners, one lasting from :\Iay to August in south-eastern British Colunlbia and Alberta, and the three weeks' strike in Kava Scotia during .\ugust, as well as to a number of prolonged di-:putes, su ch :. t he printers' strIke for a 44-hollr we('k b('gill- ning about June hot, 1921, and to a con iderable extent um:cttled at the end of theycar. Tahle 11 is a rerord of industrial ùisputes by years from 1901 to 1922. It is intere-.:ting to note that 1922 ra ks second in the number of working days lost during the 22 years of the record, 1919 taking first place. Of the total time lost bince 1900, 9. () p.c. was due to indul'trial disputes in 1922 and lY. 2 p.c. in 19HJ. There was an increa e in the number of employees i volved and in the time lost during 1922 a" compared with 1921, although the number of di:--putes and the number of employ- ers concerned were both smaller than in the latter year. 11.- Record of Trade Disputes b)" ) ears, 1901-1922. \ par,.. umhpr of Di"'putp". In Beginning exbtence in tbe in the yc>ar. yeftr. 104 104 121 121 146 146 99 99 89 88 HI HI 119 144 68 65 69 69 84 82 99 96 150 148 113 106 44 40 43 3R 75 7-l U8 141 196 191 298 2!10 285 272 145 138 85 70 2,7,')1" 2.b63 Di pute... in Exi...tpnce in thp Year. Timc Jo,. F; % r rr II d. in working days. 273 28,086 632,311 420 12.264 120,940 927 50,041 1,226,500 575 16.482 265.001 437 16,223 217,214 1.015 26.050 359,797 R2ã 36.224 621. 962 175 25.293 708. 9 85 397 17,332 871,815 1,335 21,280 718.635 475 30.094 2,016,6511 98!J 40.511 1. O!lIJ, 208 1,015 39,53b 1,287,678 205. 8,1\78 430,0:}4 !l6 9,140 106. 14!' :m 21,157 208,27; 714 48.329 1.131.970 71ì6 1ì8.489 71;3,341 1. 913 1: 8. !'R 3,942.189 1,273 52,150 8Cj6,754 907 22,930 956,461 569 41.0.'i0 1.!.j5. 9 7G - l ;;,;;n 1- 770,327 1 2u.d79, -:iõi 190L. 1902. _. 1903.... 1904.. 1905. 19U6. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910... . 1911.. 1912.. . 1913. 1914 1915. l!1l6. 1917. 191R. 1919...... 1920.. . 1921.. 1922. " . Total. . IIn these totals, fìgure. for di.,pute" extc>ndin over the end of a year are counted more than oncp. MYS 4- 000 000 J 800 000 3 600 000 3 400.000 J 200 000 J 000 000 2800 000 2 6000000 2 400 000 2 OO 000 2 000 000 I aoo 000 I 600 000 I 400 000 1200000 , 000 000 aoo 000 600 000 400 000 200 000 o ESTIMATED TIME LOSS IN WORK\NG DAYS BY G"ROUPS OF INDUSTR\ES tACH vtAR 1901-1922 OTHE INDUSTRIE.S METALS MACHINERY [TC MINES SMELTERS ETC. CLOTHING TRANSPORTATION BUILDING AND CON5TROGTION - rrrrm CJ n lj , 1,,1 ' /. - , , . "II _.: 111111I1 ," I. : I . .":. 1111 ..! -- '.- Õ N .., In .... CD 0' - !:! '" .... CD 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - .... N N !!: !!: 0' 2:' 62373--46 n n / . I. " i d , I IW ìi1i " " "';-- -, .' ", .:, I 11I1 .' . " .:-: --- 1.... 1 I . 1111.... .a;o...I.._ -ili . II, / , ïU LA.BoeR, IV AGES .LVD PRICES An analysis of industrial disputes during 1922 by industries is given in Table 12. The strik of mine workers in Nova Scotia, Alberta and British Columbia. involving over 25,000 workers and a time loss of 1,219,064 working days, accounted for 61.7 p.c. of the total number of days lost. A long continued strike in the print- ing trades, which commenced in the summer of 1921, caused during 1922 a time loss of 534,871 days or 27.1 p.c. of the total, although only 1,824 employees, or 4.4 p.c. of the aggregate of workers on strike during the year, were involved in this dispute. 12.-Trade Disputt's, by Industrit's, 19 2. Indw,jtries. Number Number Time Loss. of of Dii'putes. Employees Wor kinI;t Per cent Involved. days. of total. ."a_______... - - - - ... 1 150 1. 350 0.1 ............. 2 985 16,290 0,8 g........... . 14 25.179 1. 219, 06-1 61.7 ............. 1 20 200 0.0 .............. 1 42 924 0.0 ......... .... 10 5,626 38. 844 2.0 _... 1 140 1,260 0.1 .. ... 13 1,824 534,874 27.1 ....... 2 183 3,087 0.2 ...... 6 271 19,341 1.0 .......... 17 1,396 28.247 1.4 ............. 1 40 240 0.0 ............ 2 1,370 8,690 0.4 3 99 873 0.0 ........ 1 150 42.150 2.1 ...... 2 160 5,162 0.3 ............. 2 3.119 49,523 2.6 ...... ..... 1 ]55 1.085 0.1 .... 1 25 75 0.0 ............. 2 23 1,389 0.1 .............. 2 93 2,608 0.1 ............ 85 41,050 1,975,276 100.1 -\gricuIture. . . Logging........................... . rï"hing and trapping......... . .... . . . . .. . Mining, non-ferrous smeltmg and quarryin Manufacturing:- Vegetable foods, drink and tobacco.... Textiles..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............ Clothing, knitted goods, garments, etc Leather, fur and products... . Printing and publishing. ..... . . . . Wood products............... Iron and steel products. . C"onstruction:- Buildings and stru('tures. Railway construction.................. Shipbuilding.. .... .............. Miscellaneous... ... . . ...... Transportation and public utilities:- Steam railways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Street and electric railways. ......0. . . . Water transportation. ................. Storage and local transportation. Trade:- Animal products. =-,ervice:- Recreational. . . PersonaL........ . Total... 0 0...... 0........... 0 The causes and results of the industrial disputes recorded during 1922 are given in Table 13. It is interesting to note that by far the greatest number of working days were lost in strikes against reduction in wages; about 53 0 2 p.c. of the total number of days lost wac;; attributed to this cause. Strikes for increa.sed wages and shorter hours took second place, with 23.5 p.c. of the total 108s in working days. The printers' strike, which continued for so many months, falls within this classi- fication. The number of employees affected (41.1 p.co of the total) was greatest in strikes which aimed to secure increased wages, although the amount of time lost in such disputes ranked only third in the total time loss, with a percentage of 14.7. Of the S5 strikes recorded during 1922, 35, involving 7,947 employees and a time loss of 119,296 working days, terminated in favour of the employers. Those settled in favour of the employees, 15 in number, affected 14,462 workers and involved a time loss of 971,510 working days, or 49 p.Co of the total number of days lost. TRADE DISPUTES 725 l3.-Trade Disputes, by Causes and Results, 1922. In Favour of Employees. In Favour of Employers. Cause or Object. d o:! ""0 ""0 -ö bÐ -ö bÐ '" s::: OJ $ -ö 11 tJ 0 OJ 0 OJ II:: OJ II:: > o:! .5 > o:! .5 Õ '" Õ '" Æ > OJ '" cD > OJ '" .S OJ en .S OJ en :>. .9 $ :>. .9 ::I 0 OJ ::I 0 OJ 'i5. 'i5. S S s:; S f::;:I For increased wages....................... For increased wages and shorter houros. . . .. . For increased wages and other changes.. . . . For shorter hours......... __. ..... .. . Against longer hours.................. .... - - - - 3 4 113 8,930 Against discharge of employees... . ....... . 1 1 168 336 1 1 40 240 Against employment of particular persons. . - - - - 1 1 50 1,200 Against reduction in wages.... . .. . . .... .. . . 9 68 8,238 956,996 20 148 4,373 79.836 Forrecognitionofunion.................... 1 45 5.000 10,000 2 2 21 639 Against employment of non-unionists... .... - - - - 1 1 200 600 Sympathetic. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. __ .. . - - - - 1 5 648 1. 296 UnclassIfied...... .. 1 1 6701.340 2 2 7051.510 TotaL........................ -u 122 U,462 971,510 -as-us 7,947 1 119,296 __------4--____ 2 6 236 1,488 4 4 1,797 25,015 1 1 150 1,350 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Compromise. Indefinite or Total. unterminated. '" cñ iJ :>. ;>, ;>, d 0\ 0\ ""0 ""0 ""0 bÐ bÐ -ö '" '" '" B Cause or Object. .-ë .; tJ OJ 0 OJ 0 0 OJ II:: OJ II:: OJ > o:! .S > o:! .S > -;; .S Õ en Õ '" Õ JJ :- OJ Ti cD > c., Ti cD > tJ , .9 .2$ ;>, ..8 $ ;>, .9 ::I . C tJ ::I '" 0 OJ ::I ê 0 Q) . 'i5. í5. S s a fÈ' s S ;... f; ::.:. f; ---------- For increased wages... 2 12 14,853 263,354 - - - - 8 22 16.886 289.85ï For increaeed wages and shorter hours. . . 2 5 250 43,750 4 108 1.401 419,190 7 114 1.801 464.290 For increased wll,ll;es and other changes.. . 2 8 48 384 - - - - 2 8 48 384- For shorter hours. . . . . - - - - 4 42 145 45.534 4 42 145 45,534'. Against longer hours.. - - - - 1 17 131 59.545 4 21 244 68,475 Again t discharge of employees.. . . . . . .. . - - - - - - - - 2 2 208 576 Against employment of particular persons - - - - - - - - 1 1 50 1,200 Against reduction in wages. .... . . . . . . . . . . 12 67 614 13,909 - - - - 41 283 13,225 1,050,74] For . recognition of unIon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 4 16 820 25,013 7 63 5,841 35,652 Against employment of Don-unionists... . .. 1 1 ]5 1,245 - - - - 2 2 215 1.845 Sympathetic....... . . . 1 1 16 4,496 1 1 25 7,08] 3 7 689 12.873 Unclassified......... . - - - - 1 ] 323 969 4 4 1,698 3.849 ------------ Total.. .. . . . . . 20 9-1 15,796 327,138 15 185 2,8-15 557,332 85 569 41,050 1,975,276 726 LABOUR, TVAGES Al{Ð PRICES The greatest number of persons affected and of working time lost in anyone- month of 1922 occurred in August, when 25,364 persons or 61.8 p.c. of the total number of workers on strike, and a time loss of 4.'50,6!)2 working days or 22. R p.c. of the total, were involved. It was in this month that a strike of coal miners in Nova Scotia affected a large number of cmployees and caused a severe time loss. .-\. dispute was also in existence in August in the coal mines of District Ko. 18 in Alberta and British Columbia. During 1921 and 1920 the greatcst loss in working days and the largest number of persons affected in industrial disputes took place in June. A record of di:sputes by months is giv9n in Table 14. lI.-Trade Disputes, b)' months, 1920, 1921 and 1922. Di"putes in Exi"tence. umber of Employees Time Lo s in \!onths Affected. Working Days. . 1920.\ 1921. '9"'.\'9"0 1922. ] 920. ]921. 1922. --- ---- .J anuary . . ........ 35 23 22 2.800 1.765 3.435 35,535 30,646 68,474 February. . .. 25 31 24 2.345 2.906 3,200 30.920 36.36] 62.935 Iar('h.... 28 32 20 4.116 1 3,468 2,.')69 39.027 55,502 62,737 -\pril.. .. .. . .... 48 211 26 6.8!J!) 4.453 ]3,086 75,445 fi3.480 272.946 Iay... 79 56 3] ]3.856 9.323 n. 433 159.072 175.889 279.857 June.... ._ ........ 66 50 25 15.793 10,239 11. 093 185,732 188,020 263.402 July.. . 59 41 21 10.016 9.413 15.553 n7.81l 92,89] 255,734 _\ugust. .' ., 30 31 25 4,840 ,H2 25,3M 74.366 73. 273 450,6!J2 Septemùer . .... 29 26 23 2,806 3,9t8 17.736 28,330 59, 849 99.732 October. . . . 21 17 18 6,168 I. 897 3,240 72,893 46.036 54.758 "'I"ovemher. ...:::::: 21 18 I4 2,295 3.3.'>4 2.036 27.26!J 73.149 48,023 Decem her . 14 18 15 1.822 3.759 2.950 20.324 61,365 55.986 - - - - - - - - - Ycar_ 2S:;', 1-I;}'1 RiP 5 ,1;}01 22,930. -11,050 1 ..6, 7ãj 9:>>6, -161 1,975,216 IThese figure<< relate only to the actual number of dh,putc to maintain a provin- cial clearance "ystem in co-operation with the interprovincial clearance system establi hed by the Dominion Government; to organize in connection with the Employment ervice of the province provincial advisory council, and in every city of the province "ith a population of 5,000 or more in which an employment office i<:: estahli<;hed, a local advisory council, representing equally employers and employees, to assist in the administration of the employment offices. Regulations bsued under authority of the Act in December, 1918, in addition to authorizing Provincial and Local Advisory Councils, provided for the ef:tablish- ment of the Employment ervice Council of Canada, to advi:se the Minister of Labour in the administration of the Act and to recommend ways of preventing unemplo)ment. This body is composed of representatives of the Duminion and Provincial Governments, the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, the Association of Canadian Building and Construction Industries, the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, the Railway Association of Canada, the Canadian Railway Brother- hoods, the Canadian Lumbermen's Association, the Canadian Council of Agriculture and returned soldiers. It has held four meetings, the first in :May, 1919, the second in September, 1920, the third from Aug. 31 to Sept. 2, 1921, and the fourth in June, 1922, at which plans for developing the work of the Employment Service and for preventing unemployment were discussed and recommendations presenting the views of the Council were adopted. From January 1 to October 31, 1923, the applications for employment registered at the local offices of the Employment Service of Canada numbered 509,257, of which 410,815 were from men and 8,442 from women. The number of vacancies EAfPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYJfENT 729 listed by employers during the same period numbered 484,271, of which 389,302 were positions for men and 94,969 for women. A total of 308,836 placements in regular employment were made, 277,593 of these being of men and 31,243 of women. In addition, 101,256 placements in casual work were effected; 59,097 of these placements were of men and 42,159 were of women. During the year 1922, the applications for employment received at the various local offices of the Employment Service of Canada totalled 548,282, of which 443,875 were from men and 104,407 from women. The number of vacancies notified by employers to the Service during the same period was 469,888, of which 365,529 were for men and 104,359 for women. During the year a total of 393,522 place- ments were made, of which 297,827 were in regular employment and 95,695 in casual work. Of the placements in regular employment, 264,820 were of men and 33,007 were of women. A special transportation rate for persons sent by the Service to employment at a distance is in effect. This rate, applying only in cases of bona fide placements through the Employment Service, was granted during the year 1922 to 36,231 persons, of whom 21,787 were going to points in the same province as the dispatch- ing offices and 14,444 to points in other provinces. During the fiscal year 1919-20 an arrangement was put into effect with regard to the admission of workers from Great Britain to fill vacancies which cannot be. filled in Canada. This plan, which involves clo e co-operation between the Immi- gration Department and the Employment Service and between the Employment Service of Canada and the British Employment Exchanges, proved on the whole very satisfactory and continued in force during 1921 and 1922. A procedure has been adopted which as far as possible obviates delay and at the same time insures that workers shall not be brought into the country before every effort has been made to secure the required help in Canada and the authorities have had an opportunity of deciding whether prevailing conditions warrant the importation of the required labour . Data covering the field of employment are collected and compiled by the Employment Service of Canada and by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, three principal sources of information being used during 1922. Employment office and trade union statistics are tabulated by the Employment Service, while the Bureau of Statistics collects payroll data from employers of labour. Monthly returns furnished by some 6,000 firms with over 800,000 employees show that marked recovery from the depression of 1921 was indicated during 1922 and 1923. Employ- ment increased &lmost uninterruptedly from the spring of H22 until the winter contraction of industry caused the usual slackening of activity in December. The situation continued to show seasonable dullness until April 1, 1923, from which month marked improvement was indicated until the autumn. The manufacturing and construction industries shared more particularly in the expansion, while transport- ation, logging, mining, trade and other industries also showed considerably greater activity during 1922 and 1923 than in 1921. Index numbers of employment by industries are given in Table 16. Trade union reports compiled by the Employ- ment Service confirmed the favourable movement indicated in the employers' index numbers. Statements from some 1,500 local organizations, representing over 150,000 members, showed that during 1922 unemployment from January to the end of October declined each month with only one exception. Conditions were slightly less favourable in January, 1923, than in the month before, but from the early spring employment among local trade unionists increased st adily until the autumn. 730 LABOUR, W AGES A VD PRICES It is interesting to note the similarity of movement that exists between the index numbers of employment as reported by employers and by trade unionists. The latter index since 1920 has almost invariably been on a higher level than the employers' index; this is explained by the fact that in a period of depression, such as that which began during 1920 and from which recovery is not yet complete, many trade unionists take out withdrawal cards from their locals when they are unemployed for any length of time, in order to seek \York in other centres. Such former members are, then'fore, not included in .the statistics furnished by labour officials. :Furthermore, since a large proportion of trade unionists are skilled workers, they are usually last to be affected by unemployment. The reports from employers cover many workers whose employment is necessarily of a seasonal and more or le s casual character, as well as many unskilled. labourers engaged on con- truction and other work. The curves of employment ba:;ed upon the index numbers of employment reported by employers and trade unionists, as f'hown in the chart on page 731, followed very much the same gcneral course since 1U20; the latter curve, however, does not show a:5 wide a range as the employers', since it failed to attain as high a level in 1920 and did not decline as low during 1921 or 1922. . 16.-1udl'X Xumbt'rs of. mplo) mel1t as reported b)" I';mplo)'ers. b) Industries, as at the end of eat'h month, January, 1921, to Octobl'r. 19 : . f'onRtruc- Years l\Ianu- Commu- Transpor- tion All and Logging. )lining. ami Sen ice",. Trade. Indus- Ionths. facturing. nication. tation. 'Iain- tries. tenance. - - - - - - - -- - - 1921. Jan.... . 84.8 94.3 95.8 104.6 101.3 100.1 94.2 92.5 90.1 Feb..... 84.6 81.8 92.8 104.1 95.8 89.2 96.3 92.0 88.0 Jar __ . . 80.7 44.5 .88.0 101.8 95.5 86.7 978 92.5 84.1 \pr.... . 80.2 49,9 86.9 103.1 94.0 92.7 98.3 94.2 84.1 )Jay... . 81.1 47.3 88,7 106.1 98.1 111.9 103.8 92.5 86.6 June... . 80.9 35.4 92.2 107' 99.6 126.7 108.0 92.7 87.5 July... . 81.3 32.3 91.0 107. 102.7 144.6 107.7 91.4 88.9 Aug.... . 79.3 41.9 96,0 106.8 106.6 141.6 107.3 92.1 88.7 I:;ept... . 81.3 48.1 96.4 105.1 109.6 142.5 104.5 92.4 90.2 Oct..... 81.1 59.7 98.1 104.5 110.5 139.3 96.0 93.0 90.2 Nov... . 79.3 61.2 98.0 103.8 106.9 113.2 93.4 96.3 87.2 Dec.... 68.7 59.5 93.0 101.1 99.2 92.4 92.9 96'9 77.9 1922. Jan.. 73.0 61.5 89.7 95.7 97.0 79.8 91.7 90.3 78.9 Feb.... . 78.1 54.8 90.3 97.5 97.1 83.7 9J.O 88.2 81.9 'Jar... . 78.0 27.2 88.9 98.2 96.8 81.4 94.6 88.6 80.6 Apr..... 79.0 37.0 90.2 100.4 98,7 101.1 95.6 !1O.1 83.3 .'lay.... 84.2 37.5 92.6 100.6 106.2 129.5 100.3 90.0 89.2 June... . 84.2 31.4 94.4 100.6 109.2 157.4 104.4 90.7 91-1 July... . 85.8 27.9 96.2 103.1 111.6 169.4 104.7 90.1 93.1 Aug.... . 86.5 36.5 97.1 103.4 111.9 164.3 105.0 90.8 93.7 Sept... . 86.7 42.1 101.1 102.8 114.0 166.2 102.0 91.9 94.6 Oct. . 87.7 66.0 104.5 102.2 114.7 153.2 96,6 93.8 95.8 Nov.... 87.7 84.7 102.8 101.5 115.3 122.6 95.8 97.0 95.1 Dec.... 78.1 87.0 100.8 97.4 104.8 96,0 92.8 98.2 86.3 1923. Jan.. .. . 85.0 95.1 101.3 96.5 101.5 86.0 92.4 93.7 89.5 Feb.... . 87.5 88.8 98.6 97.4 99.8 83.8 93.4 88'9 89.9 Mar.... 85.6 57.8 97.0 98.0 100.2 85.2 94,9 90.2 87.6 Apr.... . 90.5 48.0 96.7 99.7 101.7 101'6 97.1 91.7 91.4 May.... 93.5 52.5 101.6 102.2 109.0 140.2 108.8 91'9 97.3 June... . 93.6 48,4 101.6 103.4 112.2 169.1 115.1 92.3 99.5 July.. 93.5 42.2 101.0 105.2 113.4 183.7 118.7 91.7 100.2 Aug.... . 93.0 43.1 104.0 106.4 113.4 180.9 120.3 92.0 100.0 Sept.... 91.8 51.7 104,9 106.6 116.2 171.8 113.7 93.2 99.5 Oct..... 91.2 62.6 105.4 105.3 116.8 159.3 108.5 93.1 98.8 NOTE.-Number of employees of the reporting firms in January, 1920, is taken as 100 in every case. - E æ :ß 81 .:8 2 ;e - : W'I 1\ , \ \ :) (t) (\I "\ , m I -- --- x -- .........., , - -, a:: -- oc( 7 , , :E ,. "'" . z: , oC( / , , , , I ø-- -- --- - ..--- / " 'Z I / , ... , n. \ .... W) \ '" " :J N "'3 , C\l , ......... - - -, ...--- - - - ... D:: -c: / :E: \. / ......... ............. . .... -,'-- , z - I " '" --- - -c I --- --- , - I - I . ---- V .. I - I i - I ---- , I , ,.' - I cD O')z I ë - 0: 2 \ ..... . , III - . 0.... . \ I . ; .....e . - D..oc( u --- ...........' , :::t :Ell: , "") Ñ _ L.I I- \ \ \ :E \ DC:: c: J,.,. ,." E /í , I ,......I , -- -- --- -;;;- /-, -- -- I -- -- --- ,. ------ t: , , : , ..... 0') I \ ;:) 0 ..., (\J , I 1:ë , , , I I :E , ............ \ \\ '. CD 2 0 cD \0 & 8 co 8! 0 2 0 Q 0) CO co "') cò C\J I Q m en z 2 z ::> I.LJ c - o ...J D... Lù >- (I) o Lù t- ex: o 0... LLI a:: (f) -< Z Lù >- o ...J Q.. Lù o to a:: LLJ r:c ::> z >< Lù C ci '" oS <:I Q;I '" c> Ii '? . g <:0> elI- ...: "'"'>' . å -::J . <: co O:: ::J.... <:0 .5"d t 9 :.: <;\0 t ""O.>. "ó""Ó t: 00 CoCo oo.r; cSd "'"'"'"' <:<: ell ell EE >.>. 00 c. EE ell ell 00 Q;IQ;I tt ::J::J t)t) cPa> .z'5 .... co t";;.. 732 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES Table 17 is a monthly record of unemployment in trade unions by provinces. The general improvement in employment in 1923, as compared with 1922, and in 1922 as compared with 1921, is clearly seen. The lowest percentage of unemploy- ment during 1923 was reported in September, as was also the lowest percentage during 1922. January had the greatest proportion of unemployed trade unionists in any month of the 1923 record to date; the same month in 1922 also showed the most unfavourable situation. l7.-Percentages b)' Pro\inces of .:n('mplo)m('nt in Trade I:nlons, 191ã-1923. Kova New Sas- British Scotia On- Man- }Ionths Years. and Bruns- Quebec. tario. itoba. kat- Alberta. Col- Canada... P.E.I. wick. chewan. umbia. - - - - - - - - - December....... . 1915 .2 .7 9.5 8.1 3.2 7.0 4.3 14.8 7. June............. . 1916 .5 ,9 1.8 1.7 1.2 2.6 3.0 5.8 2.1 December....... . 1916 .3 .2 3.7 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.7 2.4 2.0 June.... 1917 .3 .2 2.5 .9 .6 .3 .8 1.8 1.2 Decem ber. 1917 2.6 4.1 3.2 2.5 1.1 2.4 1.6 3.2 2.5 June.... . 1918 1.2 .3 .5 .4 .3 .2 .4 .9 .4 Decembe :'-.:::' . 1918 2.0 .4 2.2 2.9 1.3 2.2 2.1 4.0 2.5 June. ...... "'_.' 1919 2.7 2.4 4.0 1.8 1.2 2.5 1.7 3.4 2.6 December....... . 1919 1.5 2.0 3.2 1.9 .').0 6.0 2.8 18.6 4.3 June......... ..... 1920 ,6 .4 3.1 1.6 1.4 2.2 1.2 5.8 2.1 December....... . 1920 6.9 11.0 19.6 12.3 7.8 10.1 9.2 11.6 13.1 January. . 19 1 5.9 8.1 13.3 14.2 8.8 10.1 {I.7 21.6 13.1 February.... .. 1921 14.4 7.3 10.7 14.8 9.9 !l.1 10.3 42.1 16'1 March. _ _ __ 1921 17.9 11.7 16.9 1:3.0 10.5 12.1 9.8 34.6 16.5 \pril.. 1921 21.6 12.4 20.7 11.9 10.1 12.8 12.7 25.j 16.3 }lay.. .. . . 1921 12.9 6.2 26.5 9-1 10.4 9.4 12.0 21.7 15.5 June... 1921 14.3 11.7 20.7 6.7 8.0 6.8 9.4 24.4 13.2 July..........._. . 1921 . 12.2 10.9 8.7 7.8 6.6 4'9 6.3 16.7 9.1 o\ugust... . . . . .. . . 1(' 1 7.4 8.3 11.5 8.0 3.5 3.1 4.8 12.7 8.7 "ptember...... . 1!J 1 8.7 7.0 13.8 6.2 3.9 2.5 3.0 12.5 8.5 October. .. . . . . . . . 19 1 2.8 5.6 10.7 5.7 4.2 3.3 4.0 14.8 7.4 November...... . 1921 6.9 5.7 20.8 6.1 8.5 5.5 5.9 18.0 11.1 Decem ber. . . . . . . . 19 1 5.9 6.9 26.8 9.7 15.5 10.4 6.8 24.7 15.1 January .. 1922 18.4 8.6 14.7 11.1 19.8 13.3 {I.5 22.7 13.9 February .. .. 1922 11.0 7.4 7.5 10.1 17.0 9.9 8.5 10.1 10.6 Iarch. . . . . . . .. 1922 9.5 7.1 7.7 8.3 14.1 11.0 10.1 17.7 9.6 April.. . . 1922 20.0 3.5 1O.f! 5,9 ]4,9 8-7 12.3 19.5 10.4 !\lay............. 1923 12.1 3.1 11.4 3.9 j.l 6.4 5.9 10.9 8.7 June............. . 1922 7.2 3.5 5.4 3.9 6.7 5.0 7. I 7.1 5.3 July.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 2.0 3.3 5.5 2.8 5.5 3.1 5.0 5.9 4.1 Augu"t.......... . 1922 2.4 2.8 5.4 2.5 1.6 2.8 3.6 6.1 3.f\ September...... . 1922 1.5 2.1 5.1 1.9 .7 .5 1.4 4.8 2.8 October. . e..___ 1922 1.3 2.4 5.9 1.9 5.2 1.4 2.5 10.6 3.9 N ovem ber .. 1922 3.0 3.4 11.9 2.2 5.7 2.5 2.9 11.4 6.2 Decem ber. 1922 3.2 6.1 7.8 4.7 7.8 1.1 5.1 13.3 6.4 Jnnm r:r. . . . . . . . . . 1923 3.4 5,0 6.0 6.7 12.8 5.7 8.5 16.6 7.8 February.... ..... 1923 5.7 1.7 6.4 7.0 9.5 5.2 4.8 6.4 6.4 Mar('h.... . ..... 1923 3.0 1.4 7.3 5.5 8.5 5.0 7.6 14.0 6.8 April..... . 192J 2.2 .5 4.9 2.8 8.3 3.7 11.9 5.4 4,6 1\1 ay. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923 1.3 1.0 9.1 1.5 5.4 2.0 7.6 2.4 4.5 June............. . 1923 2.2 1.0 5.7 1.6 5.6 1.3 4.5 4.0 3.4 July... ......... 1923 2.5 1.0 4.4 1.7 3.1 1.3 5.8 2.3 2.9 August. 1923 .5 .4 2.2 2.2 3.4 1.0 3.6 2.0 2.2 :O:cptember. ... 1923 1.5 1.7 2.3 2'1 1 .8 1.1 1.9 2.4 2.0 II.-\VAGES. Statistics of rates of wages and hours of labour have been collected and publi<;hed for recent years by the Department of Lab('ur in a series of bulletins supplemen- tary to the Labour Gazette. Report No.1 of his series was issued in March, 1921. The records upon which the statistics are based bf'gin in most cases with the year 1901. Index numbers have been calculated to ,,'how the general movement of wage rates, 21 classes of labour being covend back to 1001, 4 classes of coal miners bark to 1900, and common factory labour, miscelIanëous factory tmdes and lumbering back to 1911. These index numbers are based upon wage rates in 1913 as 100. RATES OF WAGES 733 The accompanying table of index numbers (Tab1e 18) shows the relative changes from year to year. A do" ll\yard movement appeared in most of the groups in 1921 and 1922 since the peak was reached in 1920. The index numbers for 1923 show on the \\ ho 'e a slightly up" ard trend. In the building trades there were many instances of decreases of ten cents per hour in 1921 and five cents per hour in 1922, but during 1923 there were some advances. In the metal trades there had been considerable reductions during 1921 and further decreases were made in 1922, while the 1923 wages in these trades showed little change on the whole. For electric railways the index number averaged lower in both 1921 and 1922, but the wage rates were almost stationary in 1923. On steam railways a general cut in wage rates in 1921 was followed in 1922 by decreases for shop employees, maintenance of way workers, freight handlers, clerks and miscellaneous classes, but there were no changes for train crews and few changes for telegraphers. At the end of 1922 and early in 1923 there were partial restor- ations in some cases in the rates for maintenance of way employees, freight hand- lers and clerical employees. In coal mining there were decreases in the Vancouver Island mines each year, although there were slight increases in the summer of 1922 over the preceding hree-month period, in accordance with the agreement by which quarterly adjustments are made corresponding to changes in the cost of living In southeastern British Columbia and southern Alberta there were no changes in wage rates down to 1923, although the average earnings of contract miners declined in 1922, to recover partly in 1923. In Nova Scotia rates were reduced substantially -early in 1922, but were increased later in the year. In factory labour and in lumber- ing there were considerable decreases in wages in 1921 and again in 1922, while no general change occurred in 1923. IS.-Index umbers of Rates of Wages for '"arious Classes of Labour In Canada, 1901-1923. 1913 = 100. Build- Print- Electric Steam Com- Miscel- Years. ing Metal mg Rail- Rail- Coal Aver- mon laneous Lum- Trades. Mining. a e.l Factory Factory bering. Trades. Trades. ways. ways. Labour. Trades. - - - -- - ---- 1901....... . . . . .. . 60.3 68,6 60.0 64.0 70.8 82.8 61.8 1902............. . 64.2 70.2 61.6 68.0 73.6 83.8 10.2 1903...... . . . . . . . . 67.4 73.3 62.6 71.1 76.7 85.3 12.1 1904...... . .. 69.7 75.9 66.1 73.1 78.6 85.1 1-i.8 1905...... . ...... 73.0 78.6 68.5 73.5 78.9 86.3 16.5 1906......... ..... 76.9 79.8 72.2 75.7 80.2 87.4 18.7 1907...... . . . . . . . . 80.2 82.4 78.4 81.4 85.5 93.6 83.6 1908............. . 81.5 84.7 80.5 81.8 86.7 94'8 85.0 1909............. . 83.1 86.2 83.4 81.1 86.7 95.1 85.9 1910............. . 86.9 88.8 87.8 85.7 91.2 94.2 89.1 1911............. . 90.2 91.0 91.6 88.1 96.4 97.5 92.5 94.9 95.4 93.3 1912...... . .. 96.0 95.3 96.0 92.3 98.3 98.3 96.0 98.1 97.1 98.8 1913...... . 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1914....... ....... 100.8 100.5 102.4 101.0 101.7 101.9 1111,,1 101.0 103.2 94.7 1915............. . 101.5 101.5 103.6 97.8 101.7 102.3 1111.4 101.0 106.2 89.1 1916............. . 102.4 106'9 105.8 102.2 104.9 111.7 105.1 110.4 115.1 IOg.5 1917.... .. . . . . . . . . 109.9 128.0 111.3 114.6 110.1 130.8 111.5 129.2 128.0 130.2 1918............. . 125.9 155.2 123.7 142.9 133.2 157.8 139.8 152.3 146.8 150.5 1919............. . 148.2 180.1 145.9 163.3 154.2 170.5 160.,1 180.2 180.2 169.8 1920........ ...... 180.9 209.4 184.0 194.2 186.6 197.7 192.1 215.3 216.8 202.7 1921. 170.5 186.8 193.3 192.1 165.3 208.3 186.1 190.6 202.0 152.6 1922. 162.5 173.7 192.3 184.4 155.1 197.8 146.8 183.0 189.1 158.7 1923..::::...::.: : 166.4 174.0 188.9 1862 157.4 197.8 178.4 181.7 196.1 170.4 IRimple average of 6 preceding columns. 734 LABOUR, JVAGES 1ND PRICES 1'.- R ,h's of Wages and Hours of I. l bour of Fmplo)"('('s of t('am Rail" a)"s In ('anada. 19')1, 19 and 1923. C'ptember, 1921. Heptember, 19..!2. eptember, 1923. Uccupation!". I rnit. Hours Hourf' Hours Wages. per Wages. per Wages. Jl{'r '\\cck. '\\eek. '\\ee"- S S S Conductors, pa 'enger. 100 mile 4.27 2 4.27 2 4.27 I Conductors, freight (Irreg.). . 100 mile" 5.80 I 5.80 3 5.80 . Bra"-emen. pa!>"enger......... 100 mile 2'!J: 2 2.93 2 .9: 2 Brakemen. freight (Irreg.).. 100 mile, 4.48 I 4.48 3 4.48 I Ba/tgagemen, p.l"ò!"enger. . .. 100 mile" 3.04 2 3.04 2 3.04 :z Engineers, pa" enger. . . 1U0 nlile 6.00 2 6.00 2 6"UU % Engineer!>, freight (Irreg.) . . . 100 mile, 6.64 I 6.64 3 6.61 s Firemen, pa""enger .... 100 II1ile 4.48 2 4.48 2 4.48 % l'iremen, freight (Irreg.). ... 100 mile 4.88 I 4.88 3 4.H'S I De"patchers l . . \Ionth 230.00-2:38.00 48 230.00-238.ÛO 48 230.00-238.00 4" Telegraphers l . . . . ..... lonth 117.76-128.76 48 117.00-128.00 48 117.00-128.00 4' IRintenanC'e of Way- Foremen (on lin"). .... .. Day 4.50 48 4.26 48 4.40 4 He<'tionmen (on line).. .... Day 3.20 48 2.8U 48 3.04 4 Car anò :--:hop Trades- Black' Day ])riH'r, .. Day Bratticemen. . " " ". J >ay Pumpmen......... Day Lahourer". under- ground. ........ Day Labourers, surface Day [achini t". . . .. . .. 1 >ay C'1rpenterf'.. .. .. .. Day Bhchmith"ò. .. Day ALBERT\ '- ('ontraC't miner!>.. Day l\l.lChine miner l. . Da ' ] [and miner,. 2. . . . Day HOl..ting engineers Dav rn\ers.... ...... Dav HratticC'men. . . Day Pumpmen........ Day Labourer", under- ground. ." ..... Day 1 ahourers, t;urface Day bchinists........ Day Carpenter!! ....... Day Rhe"-"mith" Day WAGES IN FACTORY TRADES 73.5 2t.-Wages and Hours of Labour of Emplo)-ees in and about ('oal 1lines in <:;anada, 1921, 1922 and 1923-concluded. Occupa tions. September, 1921. Unit. Hours "\\ages. (4) per day. . S 8.10 5.77 5.42 6.29 5.07 5.07-5.42 5.07 5.07 4.59 6.66 5.94 6.41 V ANCOUYER I'D'- Contract miners. . Iachine mi,u>1"::j 2.. Hand miners 2. .. Hoisting engineers Drivers.. ......... Rratticemen. . . . . . Pumpmen........ . Labourers, under- gr und.. . .. .... Labourers, surface Machini" ts. . . . . . . . Carpenter",.. . . Blacksmiths. . . . . . Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day DIlY Day 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 April, 1922. September, 192 Hours Hou Wages. (4) per "ages. (4) p day. da - --- -- S S 7.20 8 7.23 8 5.41 8 5.48 8 5.06 8 5.13 8 5.93 8 6.00 8 4.71 8 4.78 8 4.H-5.06 8 4.78-5.13 8 4.71 8 4.78 8 4.71 8 4.78 8 4.23 8 4.30 8 6.30 8 6.37 8 5.58 8 5.f\5 8 6.05 8 6.12 8 S 7.14 8 5.42 8 5.07 8 5,94 8 4.72 8 4.77-5.07 8 4.72 8 4.72 8 4.24 8 6.31 8 5.59 8 6.06 8 2. September, 1922. rs er "ages. y. Hours (4) per day. 1 Average e1rning p r d:1Y w.)rkaJ 0'1 c'J"ltnct 2 Minimum rate per day when not workinV' on contra('t. per ton, yard, etc. .. No figure for Chinese employees included. 4 Sonle engineers, pumpm('n, firenwn, etc , work seven days per week. 5 Includin the ('ro\, 's Nest Pa;:s field in eastern Briti"h Columbia. 8 Strike. 21.- Samples of \\ages and lIours of Labour for Yarious }"actor)' Trades in ('anada. 1921, 1922 and 1923. 1!J21. 1922. 1923. Industries and Occupations. Unit. Hours H urs Hours \\ ages. per " ages. per WageE. per \\ eek. v,eek. week. COTTO"" M \ 'liUFACTc-RING. S S $ Carders- Ramnle No 1. ..... Hour .42 50 .34--.40 50 .34-.40 50 Sample No 2...... .... Week Ii .30 36 19.00 50 19.00 50 Sample No 3.... ...- Week 14.20 50 13.15 50 13.60 50 Hample No 4. ...... Week 14.15 50 13.50 ;;0 12.8.5 .50 Hample No 5....... ....... Week 16.65 55 14.15 5.5 14.15 55 Sample No 6..... .. ..... Week 13.19 50 13.84 50 13.88 50 )[ule Spinners- ple No 1..__ . Hour .42 50 .44 50 A3 50 Hample :\To 2. __ .. .. . ....... Week 20.20 45 22.30 .55 22.30 55 Sample No.3. . . . . . ....... Hour .45 50 .43 50 .41 50 Hample No.4. . '\eek 19.22 50 20.00 50 20.40 50 Sample No.5. .... Week 14.00 50 14.0.5 50 15.50 50 " arpers- Sample No.1.. . ... .... Hour .28 50 .37 50 .39 50 Sample I\io. 2....... ..... Week 13.50 .50 12.70 50 13.50 50 :-:ample No.3.... .... Week 9.65 45 12.65 60 12.65 65 Sample No.4...._ ..... Week 15.60 36 11 15 50 14.15 50 Sample No.5. .....- Wcek 12.75 50 11.15 50 11.30 50 Weavers- Sample No. 1.... .... ..... Hour .334 45 .30 45 .28 50 Sample :\To. 2......... ..... Week 15.88 50 16.00 50 16.45 50 Sample No.3....... .... Week 12.90 45 15.50 55 15.5C 55 :-:ample No.4..... .... ...- Week 12.75 50 14.20 50 15.05 50 ample No.5... ...... Week 19.21 50 19.10 50 19.81 50 WOOLLE:II MA,,-c-F'l.CTURIXG AND Kl\"ITTII\ O. C'arders- ample No. 1. _ . . . . . .... Hour .30 55 .22! 55 .22 2 58! Sample r-;o. 2........ ... Hour .32 -3n 50 .29 50 .:W 50 Sample No.3...... ....... Week Ib.50 55 13.00 55 \3.00 55 Sample No.4....... .... Day 3.50 51 3.50 54 2.75 54 Sample No.5... ..... ..... Hour .331 50 .25 -.35 50 .25 -.30 50 f.:pmners- ample No.1.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Hour .30 55 .22! 55 .221 58 ðample No.2... ........ Hour .18 50 .18 50 .18 50 Sample o. 3. ---. Hour .37 50 .33! 50 .33 55 Sample No.4... _ _. Day , 2.25 -2.50 51 2.211 -2.75 5.. 2.50 54 Hample No.5... . . . . ... . . .... Hour .31 50 .20 - .40 50 . O - .32 50 ï: 1i LABOCR, TrAGES A.YD PRICES 21.-SaJllples of Wages and lIonrs of Labour for \arious }'artory Trades in Canada. 1921. 1922 and 1923.---concluded. Industries and Occupations. Unit. WOOLLEN MANUPACTURI!l.G A!':D KNITTING.-COD. Weavcrs- Sample No. 1................. Week Sample No.2. ................ Week Sample No.3. ................ \\eek ample No.4................ Week ample No.5. ..... .... . . . . . .. Day BOOTS AXD SHOI'.8. C'utters- Rample No.1................ Hour ample No.2................ Week :--;ample o. 3. .. ............ Week :--;ample No.4....... ......... Day J asters- ample No. 1... ........ ..... Week Sample No.2................ Day ample No.3... .... .... ..... \\'eek Stitchers- f:..lmple No.1.. ....... ..... Week Sample o. 2..... ........... Week Sample No.3... ............. Day )Iachine Operators- ample o. 1.. .............. Week :--;ample No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Week !;ample No.3................ Wpek ample No.4................ Day HAR!l.ES8 AND SADDLERY. Harness Makers- Sample No.1................ Hour Sample No.2. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. Day Sample No.3................ \\eek I::iample No.4................ Week ðaddle Makers- Sample No.1.. . . . . . . . . . .. ... Day Sample No.2................ Day SampleNo_3.... ....._ Week RUBBER. Compounders- Sample No.1.. .. . . . . . . . . . ... Hour Sampler 0.2................ Week Sample No.3. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. Hour Tire Builders- Sample No.I................ Hour Sample No.2................ Hour Sample No.3.... .. Hour Tube Makers- ample No.I....... ......... Hour Sample No.2................ Hour Sample No.3................ Hour :ME'T PACKTNG. Slaughterers- Sample o. 1................ Hour Sample No. 2................ Hour Sample No.3.... ....... Hour Sample ::\0. 4... .......... .. Hour Curers- Sample No.1. ............... Hour Sample 1';0. 2................ Hour Sample No.3..... ...... ..... \\eek Lard Makers- ample No.1................ Hour Sample No.2................ Hour :-,pmple No.3................ \\eek ample No.4. ... ....... Hour Hours Wages. per week. 15.00 15.40 13.50 1500 1. i5 .40 30.00 2000 4.50 26.00 5.00 21. 50 14.00 13.25 3.00 32.00 20.50 15.40 5.00 .51! 4.50 22.00 22.50 00 3.34 22.50 .30 20.05 .45 .461 .50 .70 .70 .27 .45 .49 .50 .55 .50 .42 .52 25.00 .45-.50 .50 17.60 50 1921. Hours \\ ages. per week. s 55 15.00 50 12.00-19.00 55 13.00 55 12.00-U.00 54 1.50 54 .40 48 30.00 48 22.00 50 4.50 48 23.00 50 5.CO 54 21.50 48 10.50 48 13.65 50 3.00 48 20.00 48 22.20 55 12.50 50 5.00 44 .461 54 4.05 52 20.00-25.00 50 22.50 54 4.50 48 2.50 50 20.50 50 .281 45 23.65 50 .40 491 .48 491 .50t 44 .65 44 .65 491 .25 liO .40 45 .41 55 .45 55 .55 50 .50 48 .4:? 55 .45-.48 60 25.00 48 . 37!-.40 55 .45 50 20.40 55 .50 1922. Wages. s 55 15.00 50 12.00-20.00 55 13.00 55 10.00-15.00 54 1. 50 54 .40 45 30.00 48 17.00 50 4.50 48 18.CO 50 5.00 54 21.00 48 10.00 45 13.95 50 3.00 48 18.00 45 22,70 55 10.00 50 5.00 54 .49 54 . 4.05 52 18.00-25.00 50 23.00 54 4.50 48 2.50 50 23.00 54 .25-.36 50 20.40 50 .45 491 .49 491 .56 44 .85 44 .50 491 .381 50 .40 50 .43 55 .45 50 .55 50 .50 54 .42 55 .45-.50 60 30.00 54 .371-.40 55 .45 51 16.50 50 .50 1923. Hours per week. s . 581 50 55 55 54 54 48 48 50 48 50 154 48 48 50 48 48 55 50 54 54 52 50 54 48 50 54 50 50 491 491 44 44 491 47 50 55 50 50 48 55 60 48 55 48 50 WAGES IN CA.NA.DJAtv- CITIES 737 22.-Samples of Wages and Hours of Labour for unskilled Factor) Labour in Canada, 1921, 1922 and 192;1. 1921. 1922. 1923. Industries and Occupations. (; nit. Hours Hours Hours Wages. per '\-ages. per Wages. per week. week. week. S S S Nova Scotia- Halifax, No. 1....... .. . .. . ... Hour .3n 50 .27' 50 .2n 48 Pictou, No.I................ Week 15.00 59 15.00 59 13 50-15.00 59 Sydney, No. 1................ Hour .29 60 28 59 .33 60 Halifax, No.2....... .. .. .. .., Hour .35 55 .32 50 .30 50 New BrWlSwick- St. John, No. 1....... .. .. . . ., Day 3.10 5-1 2.25 5-1 2.50 54 St. John, No.2................ Hour 25 60 .25 60 .28 60 - Calgary, No.1............... \hek 24 00 48 24.48 48 21. 60 48 Calgary, No.2............... Hour .45 48 .40 48 .40 48 British Columbia- Vancouver, No. 1............. Day 4.20 44 3.78 44 3.78 44 Vancouver, No.2............. Hour _52! 44 .4i! 44 .45 44 Vancouver, No.3........... . Hour .35 55 .30-.35 55 .30-.40 55 3.- Wages per lIour and Hours worked pcr Week in Icadin Tra(les in Canadian ('ities, 1921, 1922 and 1923. Ha1ilax. Montreal. Toronto. Winnipeg. Vancouver. Trades. Unit. Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Wages. per Wages. per Wages. per Wages. per Wages. per week. week. week. week. week. - - - - - - - - - S I S S S . Building Tmdes- Bricklayers and masons..... .1921 Hour. .7.5 44 .90-1,00 44-50 1.00 44 1.1.5 44 1'06 44 1922 Hour. .70-.75 44 .90 14-50 1.00 44 1.1.5 44 I.06l 44 1923 Hour. .90 44 1.00 44-.50 1.00 44 1.10 44 1.061 44 Carpenters.... .1921 Hour. .66 44-54 .60-.70 44-5.5 .90 44 .90 44 .81l 44 1922 Hour. .55-.57 44-54 .50--.65 44-60 .80-.90 44 .85-.90 44 .811 44 1923 Hour. .57 44 .60-.72! 50-60 .85-.90 44 .85 44 .841 44-48 Plumbers..... .1921 Hour. .70 44 .62!-.75 44 -60 .90 44-48 1.00 44 .90 44 1922 Hour. .60 44 .60-.70 a-50 .90 44 .90 44 .90-1.00 44 1923 Hour. .60 44 .70-.85 44-50 .90 44 .90-1.00 44 1.00 44 Builders' labour- ers. . . . . . . . . .1921 Hour. .40- .4.5 54 .30-.40 44-60 .50-.60 44 .50- .55 41-60 .50-.62\ 44 1922 Hour. .40 44-54 .30-.35 50-60 .45-.60 44 .40-.45 4-1-60 .50-..561 44 1923 Hour. .30-.40 44-60 .30-.50.50-:-60 .40-.6.5 44 .3.5-.50 44-60 .50 44 &2373-47 738 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 23.-\\a cs per lIour and 1Iours worked per Week In lead In!!; Trad('s In ('anadlan ntil's, 1921. 1922 and 1923-concluùeù. Ha1il.lx. :\Iontreal. Toronto. WinnÌ;:Jeg. Vancouver. Trades. Unit. Hour.. Hour.. Hour!> Hour,. Hour,.. Wages. per Wages. per Wages. per Wages. per Wages per week. week. week. v.eek. Yo eek. - - - - - - - - - S S S S S 2. !\Ietal Trades- Blacksmith::!. .1921 Hour. 62 -.82! 18-51 .55-.70 H -60 .60-.70 44-50 .65-.80 44-50 .80- 92 44 -48 Hj 2 Hour. .50--.75 48-50 52)-.65 5()-----(j0 .60-.65 -14-50 .67-.70 44-50 . 7D-83 . 44-4 1923 Hour .65 44 .57-.65 -14-55 .60-.75 44-50 .72 50 .671 44 :\[achinists.. . .1921 Hour. 62 -.82 48-50 .55-.70 ;)0-.---60 .53-.70 44-50 65-.75 44-50 .75-.91 14-4" 19 2 Hour. .50-.75 48-50 .50-.7050 60 .50-.70 -14-50 .55- 70 44-50 67l-.83 4-J--4k 1923 Hour. .50-.65 H -50 50- . 66 44-50 .52l---.68 48-54 .61-.77 -1-1-50 .59-.72 44 Iron moulder .1921 Hour. .62-.70 4R .65- 75 50 .65-.75 48-50 .61-.75 44-50 .75- 80 44 1922 Hour. .62-.70 48 .60-.70 48-50 .50-.70 44-50 .54-.72 44-50 60-.75 H 1923 Hour :62-.70 4S .70-.75 48 .67 50 .67! 50 67}-.70 U Sheet Metal workers.... .1921 Hour .62'-.70 48-50 .60- 7044 55 75- 90 44-50 65- 82 44 .90. 4-t 19 :? II our .60 44 .60-.6f -14-55 .60-.75 -I4-49 .65 .75 44-48 8n t4 1\123 Hour. .60 44 .60- 65 50-54 .60-.80 44 .75-.85 44-50 .90 41 3. Printing Trade:: - C'ompobitiors Oland, Nc\\s) 1921 Week. 3200 48 3600 48 3800 48 4800 46 40.50 45 192::: Week. 3200 18 :16.00 48 :18.00 48 47.50 1 46 4050 45 1923 Week. 3200 48 38 00 48 41.00 Ir, 42.3 46 40.50 4;; Pre"smen (Web) 19 1 " ('C k. 28 .00 2 48 3600 48 3700 48 44 00 48 4050 48 I to 19221" eel... 40 70 28 .00- 48 3600 48 37.00 48 4-t 00 48 40.50 48 to 40 70 1923 \\" cPk. 28 00 2 48 3600 48 4000 48 4200 48 40.50 45-4b to 40.70 llookbinder'i. .1921 \\ eek. 33.00 48 3400 48 3600 48 3600 48 39.60 44 to 35.00 1\122 \\ I'ek. 3000 18 3400 48 3600 48 3600 48 39.6U H to 37.50 1923 \\eck. 3000 48 3400 48 3600 48 3600 48 4050 48 to 37.50 Bindery girls. 1921 \\eek. 10 00 48 14.50 48 16.50 48 1550 48 14.00 44-4" to to to 15.00 19.00 18.50 1922 \\ eek. 10.00 48 14.50 48 16.50 48 1200 48 14.00 ....- II'> to to to to 15.00 1900 1500 18.50 1923 Week. 10 00 48 14 50 48 1680 48 1200 44----48 16.20 48 to to t.o 1500 16.00 20.25 4. Electric raih\ays- Conductors and !\Iotormen.. .. 1921 Hour. .52 63 .48 60 60 48 .60 50 .65 4" 192 Hour. .47 63 .48 60 .60 48 .56 50 .58! 48 1923 Hour. .45 63 .48 60 .60 48 .56 50 .62 i 48 IFrom August 1, 1922, 143.70. 2Halifax rates are for cylinder pre smen. IEffective eptember I, 1923. 'Va es in Canadian l\fanufacturin Industries in 1920 and 1921.-.-\t the census of manufactures taken for 1915, an attcmpt was made for the first time to secure detailed !:>tati!:>tics of the wagcs paid in manufacturing establishment8 throughout Canada. Statistic!:> of wagcs have becn obtained on somewhat similar Bchedulc!'! for thc intervening years. For 1920, data were furnished covering 490,290 WAGES IN llANUFAC1'URING INDUSl'RJ.E':::J 739 wage-earners out of a total of 596,052 wage-earners enumerated in the census of manufactures; for 1921 those statistics covered 319,845 wage-earners out of an ascertained total of 440,364. The statistics for 1920 and 1921 are given for compar- ative purposes in Table 25. The changes in wages in recent years may best be measUlcd by taking the median wage, that is, the wage of the middle individual in each group, who has as many persons receiving more wages than he does as receive less. On the assump- tion that the earning'> of the members of the wage group containing these indivi- duals were evenly distributed between the uppcr and lower limits, the median wages for 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 are shown in Table 24. The per- centages of increase in these years over 1913 are also shown. The median "'age declined during 1921 as compared with the high level of 1920, by 7.2 p.c. for persons under 16, by 12.8 p.c. for males over 16 and by 2.3 p.c. for females oyer 16. The changes in the cost of living in the six years for which these wage statistic!' arc avail- able, are shown by the inde:x numbers (compiled by the Denartmf'nt of Labour), also given in the table. 2-I.-IUedian \Va es in )(anufacturing Industries, l!n5-H..I. Lnder 16 years Over 16 years of agt:. Index Years. of age. numbe - of retai 'Iales and Females. Iale8. Females. prices. Increase Increase Increase $ over 1915 S over 1915 I o"er 1915 p.c. p.c. p.c. 1915.. . .......... 4.48 - 12.6-1 - 6-87 - 1 1917. ........... .......... 5.86 30.8 17.53 38.7 8.58 24-9 ] 19]8............ . .......... 6.90 5-1.0 20.28 00.4 9.75 41-9 1 1919... .. .... 8.06 79,9 22.78 80.2 11.59 68.7 1 1920.. ........... 9.06 102.2 25.97 105-5 12.80 86.3 ] 1921........... _....... _...... 8.41 87.7 22.6-1 79.1 t2.50 82.0 ] . r I 0-1 43 6l 79 92 56 NOTE.-For explanation of term "median", see preceding paragraph. 25. Weekly "ages of . mplo)'ees in 'anadian )(anufacturinJl; lndus rles, 1920 and 1921. (Weekly pay for "eek ending Dec. 15 in each .ear.) 1920. \\eekly Wage Group::.. Under 15 per week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 55 but under $10.. SID but under $]5........... _.. _ .... ......... $15 but under $20. .... . . . . . _ . . S20 but under $24. $24 but under $28.. .. .. . __ S28 but under $30.. $30 and over. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . SUMMARY. Under SIO per week.. ......... _ . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . '. _... Per cent.... . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . _ .. ...... Over SIO per week. . . . . . . . . _ _ .. _ _. _.. .... _ . . . . . . Per cent. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62373-471 Under 16 years O,-er 16 year::! of age. of age. Total. Iales and }Iale . Females. Female . - 1.399 2.316 3,115 6, 83() 5.6;0 13,705 23,327 42, 702 3,555 28,490 42,627 74,672: 731 50,36-1 21,241 72,33Öo 225 00,042 6,104 66,371- 159 68,686 2,867 71,712: 60 2ß.042 504 26, 606 212 128,006 843 129,061 12,011 377.6ál l00,4r 8 490,2 0 7,069 16,021 26,442 49,532 58.85 4.24 26.28 10,10 4,942 361,630 74,168 440.758 41.15 95.76 7:).72 89.90 740 LABOUR, WAGES A VD PRICES 25.-\\el'kl)' \\age& of t'mp]o)'ee In C:m:ldian )Ianufacturin Industries, 1928 and 1921-cuncludeå. 1921. Under 16 years O\'('r 16 year" of age. W('ek1y Wage Group". of age. --- Total. Males and '\(alrs. I'ema1t's. Fema1t':s. Lnder $5 per week.......... ... 1,207 2,06 3,051 6, 21 15 but under $10..-- .. 4,369 10,406 19,tl85 34.760 $10 but under $15.. ..... I, 6-18 27,327 34,234 fl3,209 15 but under $20. . 576 50, 83 16,521 67,480 $20 but und('r $25. . . 280 57,711 4,841 62,832 25 but under $:iO.. 138 :J5,6n l,l:i7 36,948 $:30 but under $ 5. . 85 :?:J,582 349 24,016 .5 but. under 140.. 28 12. 25 i 1-16 12,431 40 but undt'r $-15....... ... 30 5,\1;2 48 6,050 $45 but under S5Q.. ..... 7 2,85b 30 2,893 O and o\'er. .. 6 2,8i1 28 2,905 - Total. . .. 1S,311 %o'U,tot 83.370 :n,. !<-15 - L :\nI'\R'I. t:'nder $10 per week. 5,576 1l.469 23,036 41,081 Per cent..... -- 66.59 5.40 :?8.66 12.84 ),.('1' $10 per week. . 2,798 218.632 57,334 278,.764 Per cent. . . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.41 94.60 71.34 87.111 $ $ $3 6.- Wage } arners. classifi d b) Groups of Industries and of \\a es. 1920 and 1'21. 1920. Groups of In(lu..t ie". I' nder $5 per \\eek. ------ Total Wage Earners. Vegetable product.. ...".. Animal products.. . . . ... . . . . . . Textile" and textile products. Wood and paper...... ........ Iron and its products. ....... on-ferrous met.al!:! and pro- ducts ...... -' . .. .. .. Non-metallic mineral pro- ducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical and allied products. \liscellaneous products.. .. ... Hand trades, con"truction and repnirs.............. . $5 to 1O per \\ eek. 796 689 1. 598 1,358 -II::? 7,745 2,990 13,81-1 6,780 2,738 847 773 1,160 1,347 4,508 110 to $15 per Week. 13, 153 4,196 23,556 10,964 6,050 3,038 1,260 1,950 2,737 7,768 $15 to 20 per \\ eek. 10,572 4,351 18,164 12,113 11,938 2,853 1,546 1,794 2,674 6,331 $20 to :JO per \\eek. 19,286 10,921 16,802 29,948 47,94:? 6,885 6,616 4,228 6,901 15,160 $30 and 0' I'r per \\ eek. 7,87ß 3,901 9,278 22,977 54,418 5,164 6,281 2,520 4,605 12,041 59,4211. 27,048 83,212 84,140 123,498 18,818 17,:U8 11, 708 18,457 46,633 Total 19:!0 . . . ------- 31 872 56 193 825 ... I n,70% 74.672 7 ,336 1 164,6:0.9 1 t:!9.061 49U, 1I ...... 7,';;, 59,053 89,%!Jb 100,541 ti .G:I l - 52.".;>>05 Total 19t9. . lOver 120 per eek. 1921. r nder $5 to 110 to 115 to $:!O to $.10 t.o $40 and Total Groups of Industries. $5 per 110 per 115 per $20 per $30 per $40 per over per Wage Week. Week. Week. Wcek. \\ eek. \\ eek. \\eek. Earners. -- - - - - - \. egetable product!!. . . . . . 1,287 7,000 11,822 11,324 17,247 3,937 69:! 53,370 Animal products... -- - .. . . .. . . . . . 90::? 3,317 5,127 6,6'J7 9,856 2,657 914 29,410 Textiles and textile products. . . . . . . 1,923 12,587 22,388 a,482 11,404 3,8:J2 1,8;10 68,436 Wood and paper............... . . 1,327 5,801 10,902 14,482 21,872 8,736 4,537 67,657 Iron and its products .............. 350 2,523 5,849 11,941 21,393 9,897 1,788 53,741 Non-ferrous meW" and products.. . 76 919 2,081 2,869 4,435 2,272 1,000 13,652 Non-metallic.mineml products... . . 249 381 9ii 1,611 6,062 2,685 692 12,657 Chemical and allied products. . . . . . 26 990 1,681 1,929 2,75ß 803 171 8,356 Miscellaneou8 products...., . . . . . . . . 99 95' 1,800 1,383 3,22:J 992 150 8,599 Hand .trades. construction and re- 82 230 582 822 1,532 636 83 3,967 palrs........ ........... ....... - --- - - - - Total.... . 6,321 3,1,760, 53,209 I;.tðO 99,780 31i..U; t1. x 41\ 31'.Mi JfINIJIUJI TV AGE LA TVS 741 Minimum Wages of Female Employees. Minimum 'Vage Acts are on the st.atute books of Manitoba, British Columbia, Quebec, Saskatchew:m, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Alberta, but the Quebec Act, passed in 1919, and the Nova Scotia Act, passed in 1920, have not yet taken effect. Table 27 shows the comparative weekly rates for e"-1>erienced adults fixed by the Boards of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan. In Manitoba orders were issued separately for each type of factory; these are grouped in the table under the heading II Manufacturing." Minimum wage orders in all provinces fix special rates for learners, apprentices or minor , that is, workers under 18 years of age, and some make provision for the physically defective. The learning period ranges from three to eighteen months, according to the nature of the occupation affected by the order, and the rates of wages advance by stages of proficiency until the full minimum wage fOf experienced adults is reached. The Boards have power to limit the number of learner::! and minors employed at a plant. The proportion of these classes to experienceà workers varies widely. In British Columbia the proportion for factory workers is 14.3 p.c. and in Manitoba 5 p.c. In Ontario the proportion allowed is 50 p.c. of adult learners and minors combined; neither of these classes, however, can exceed 33 p.c. of the experienced adults employed. The orders so far issued by the Alberta Board have laid down no limits in this respect. . The Boards of all provinces, except Quebec, have power to fix not only the mini- mum wages, but also the minimum number of hours for which such wages shall be paid. Thcre is, however, a wide divergence in the standards of working hours which have been fu.ed by the various orders. l\1any of these orders provide for a working week of 48 hours, but allow latitude in regard to' the distribution of these hours throughout the \\eek, to permit of a Saturday half holiday, with consequent length- ening of working hours beyond 8 hours on the other days of the weèk. The Alberta Board has issued orders stating that the working eek is 48 hours, ('xcept in the case of stores. . In British Columbia a week of 48 hours is prescribed for workers in offices, in public housekeeping, in personal service, in theatres, and in telephone and tele- graph services; special rules to govern overtime work are laid dotvn in that pro- vince for the fruit and vegetable industry. Working hours for wom.en and girls in factories are subject to the provisions of the Provincial Factories Act, while no pro- vi-;ion is made in regard to the hours of mercantile, laundry or fi:;hery workers. In Manitoba the regulations of the Board governing most type::; of factories provide for a nine hour day and a 48 hour week, but longer hours are permitted in some employments. Thus, bag makers and jewelry workers have a 9 hour day and a 49 hour week; auto top, bedding, glove, dyeing and cleaning workers have a 9 hour day and a 50 hour week, and millinery, knitting, tailoring and dress- making employees have an 8! hour day and a 50 hour week. L undry workers may be employed for 52 hours in the week, but not for more than 9 hours in any day. The Saturday working hours in shops and stores are 1l!, with a weekly maximuin of 49 hours, or 53 per week in 5 c., 10 c" and 15 c. stores. Office workers in the same province have a maximum week of 44 hours with a maximum day of S hours. The Ontario Board has as yet fixed no definite limits for the working day or 1\íeek, but the recent orders governing office workers provide that the minimum rates for part time workers shall he ha:"-f'd on a rf'gu1ar working wr.ck of .tF: hours. 742 LABOUR, WAGES A!>;D P1UrES In a katchcwftn no time limit is fb..ed for milliners and dressmakers, but a 18-hour week i::> fi,ed as the maximum normal pericd of employment in laundries and factories, shops, btores and mail order houses, and hotels and restaurants. Trades Conferences.-The Boards of Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario, hefore fb..ing minimum wage rates for any occupation, summon conferences consi t- iug of rC'pre cntativcs of the workers, their employers, and of the gencral puhlic, and the order which follows generally repref'ents a compromi:'e between the vicws of the interested parties, though the Board is not bound by the recommendations of such conferences. The Manitoha Board has judicial powers in regmd to the t Ù\:ing of evidence before deciding on minimum wage rates. :\linimum \Vage Boards.-The Minimum 'Vage Board of Alberta, e tabli:,hed in 19 2, con:::,i.sts of three members appointed by the l..ieutenant-Governor in Council, and reprcsenting re pectively the employers, the employed, and the Prov- ince at la.rge, one of the memhers being named chairman of the Board. In British Columbia al'3o, the Board consists of three members; onc of these, the Provincial Deputy Minister of Labour, acts as chairman. Similar rules ftre laid do\\n for the ftppointment of the Minimum 'Yage Commi:.;sion in Quebec, with the further provi- t'ion that one of the three members be a woman. The Acts of Xova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatche\\an place administration in the hands of Board!': of five members, including two women, all the mC'mhers being appointed by the J>rovincial Government. Boa.rd member::> arc allowed no remuneration in British Columbia or Quebec; in Ontario they receivp a per diem allowance for tram,action of official business, while t he Acts of Kava Scotia, Manitoba and Sa:.-;katchewan allow the members regular remuneration for their services and expenf'es. Ûccupati01l5. :1-1 Rnufacturinl/:. fo., hops and stOi ell. . . l..sundri{';I. d){'ing and ell'aning, ('tc. ( Ilfice 27.-JtImIDlUm "e('kl)" \\"a cs for Experienced .'('malc Adult!'.. ^ I.btteta. British Colum8ia. :Manitoba. Ont.ario. Saskatche\\ an. III 50 $14 00 $11 00 to '12 00 According to 515.00 population (Millinery and $12.50 dre,, making) 11.50 11.00 10.00 '1250 $12 75 $12 00 According to $15 00 (26' /l. cent:! pee population hour) $12.50 1200 11.00 10.00 900 800 112 50 $13.50 $11 00 to $12 00 According to $14 00 (281 cents per population hour) $12.00 1100 w 114 /)0 $15 00 $12 50 According to - ('65 per mont h) populat ion $12.50 12.00 11 00 10.00 900 800 - - PRICES 743 27.-:mnimum \Vet'kiy \\ages for Fxpt'riencf'd .'emde Adults -concluded. Occupations. Alberta. Britisb Columbia. :Manitoba. Ontario. Saskatchewan. Hotels, restaur- $14.00 $14.00 $12.50 - $14.00 ants, boarding for 6-day week (Includes waii- for 6-day week houses, etc. $16.50 resses, cham- of 48 hours. }\:it- for 7-day week bermaids, ele- chen emplo 'ees vator operators $12. etc.) !15.00 for 7-day v.eek. Kitchen em- ployees $13. Personal service. . . 14 00 14.25 $12 00 - - (includes ushers, barbers, cloak- room attenuants, etc.) relephone and - $15 00 - According t.o - telegraph em- population ployees. $12.50 12.00 11.00 10.00 900 8.00 7.00 Fisbing...... . . . . . . - $15.50 - - - Fruit and vegetable - $14.00 - - - industry. for v.eek of 48 hours piece work rates on this basis. IlL-PRICES. Price statistics naturally fall into two main divisions-:;;tatistics of wholesale and statistics of retail prices. Representative whole!':ale prices are much more asily collected than are retail prices, since the number of wholesale traders is com- paratively small, the grades of commodities more carefully defined, and the price range at a given moment much narrower. 'Yholesale transactions are generally transactions between exp rt sellers and expert buyers, dealing with each other on purely business principles. Accordingly, wholesale prices approximately conform to the operation of the law of supply and dcmand, and are thus more valuable as an index to the current state of business. Retail prices, on the other hand, are largely governed by custom, and do not respond to every upward or downward fluctuation in wholesale prices. Further, small fluctuations in wholesale prices cannot be fairly repre:sented in retail prices, because of the limitations of the currency in dealinl!; with very small quantities of commodities. Again, retail prices vary considerably for the same commodity in different parts of the same city, this difference being to some extent due to the difference in the service rendered to the purchascr in a " groceteria," u a cash and carry" store or one where credit is given and goods delivered. In the collection of retail price statistics, which in !Spite of the inherent difficulties must be collected to determine the cost of living, it is necessary to take quotations from the most representative class of retailers, serving the masses of the people. 744 L1BOUR, WAGES AXD PRICES Furthcr, sincf' "wholesale prices" are determined by the businc:-::- :-:ituation of the moment, while retail prices arc largely determined by custom and change comparatively slowly, there exi!':ts what is technically callcd a " lag" betw('('n the two, retail prices not showing changes in fundamental business condition:.; until <,ome time after wholesale priccs. TllU!':, while wholesale prices in Canada reached the peak in May, 1920, and commenced to decline in June, retail prices reachf'rl the peak in July, 1920, and began to declinc in August. 1.- Wholesale Prices. The Dominion Bureau of Stati tics now issues monthly a new official index number which is computcd from 238 commoditie , based on the ycar 1913, 8 100, and wcighted according to the nggregative method known as La!':peyre's. Thi:- index, while constructed with a view to giving continuity with that i sucd I'inc(' UHO by the Department of Labour, has been improved by the adoption of scvcral idcas developed in the science of index number makinp: siuc'c thc old indð wa!': firFt computed, and by the substitution of new commodities or price serie."5 for t ho:--.e "hich have ceased to be repre:-:entative 0\\ iug to changes due to the þa :-age of time. The changes in question may be nOt:ed undpr the folIo" ing headings: (1) Commo- dities included; (2) Method of grouping commodities; (3) Base pcriod. flucl (4) \Veighting. Commodities Included in the Index Number.-The original indcx number of the Department of Labour "as constructed from 230 price s ries. Although a ntlmber of changes were introduced from time to time, some commodities having been dropped and others added (the net result of which was to increase the serie,., to 272), the index has bcen substantially the amc a when first published. It ha:-: for some time becn recognized that a revision of the list was required. S('vNal of the items have ceased to reprcsent adcquately the field from \' 'hich tJ1CY \\ en' dra"n, and the Fources from which others were obtained are no longer reliabl('. The new list contains 238 price series, a. many as po!':sible h('ing ohtain('d direct l from reputabl(' bu:-:iness concerns as the most dependable sources of information. This has involved thc addition of 51 new price scries and the dropping of 85 othf'r:-, "hilst substitutions of various kinds have been madc in 130 cases. The numbcr and kind of commodities to be included was detcrmincd on tllP basis of the relative importance of the various groups in e}.changc, that is, in the gcneral trade of the country. The group of Grains, Fruits and other Y('getable Products was found to have a relative importance in trade of 28.1 p.c.; AnimaL., and their Products, of 21.1 p.c.; Textiles, of 11.8 p,c.; \Yood and its Product:--" of 8.8 p.c.; Iron and Steel, etc., of 10.9 p.c.; Non-Ferrous Metals, of (}.3 p.c.; Kon- Metallic Minerals, of 7.1 p.c.; and Chemicals, of 5.9 p.c. On this basis the number of price series allotted to each group was as under:- 1. Vpgetable Products (grains, fruits, etc., except ,"oods, fibrl's and chemicals). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. Animals and Animal Products (excf'pt chemicals and fibres).... . . 50 3. Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 -1. Wood, ',"ooù Products and Paper...................... 21 5. Iron and its Products....... ......... ......... ......... 26 6. I"on-Ferrous :\Jptals and thcir Products....... ......... .... ...... 15 7. Non-:\Ietallic Minerals and their Products (except chcmil'nl:-)..... 17 8. ChemiC'a}!' and Allied Products..... .. . ..... .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 14 23i) WHOLESALE PRICES 745 Many satisfactory index numbers are, of course, constructed from a much smaller list of price series. The Bureau decided on the larger number in order to establish continuity with the old index number, and also because it is believed that the larger list, drawn from all classes of commodities and containing several repre- sentative items from each class, will increase the general usefulness of the report for purposes of reference and will better reveal the changes in the general level of prices. Methods of Gr.ouping Commodities.-The method of grouping the itemf': for preFentation and for calculating group indexes is new, being in conformity with the general plan adopted throughout the Bureau in preFenting statistics relatin to commodities, so that co-ordination may be possible between t.he statistics of prices and those of imports and export , production, tran:5portation, etc. Briefly, tIll' items are grouped on three distinct principles which are each applied :;;.eparately. In the detailed tables of prices and in one of the series of group indexes the principle of grouping according to "chief component material" (vegetable, animal, wood, iron, etc.) is adopted. At the same time independent clas ifieations are constructed according to U use or purpose" (food, clothing, producers' gocds, etc.), and accord- ing to " origin" (farm, forest, mineral, marine, etc.). By the u e of this ll'ethcd each group has a degree of comprehensiveness and accuracy that is difficult to secure in a classification scheme which adopts more than cne of the e principles within the same category. In the case of the purpose classification a few very important commodities have been included twice, so as to appear in both consumers' and producers' goods. In the origin classification, in the sub-division into raw materials and finished pro- ducts, it is of course the case that certain commodities cannot be classified definitely as raw or finished products, what is raw material from one point of view being finished product from another; e.g., copper ingots may be fini:,;hed prcducts from the point of view of the smelter, but are the raw materials for several other industries, such as tþat for producing copper wire. The Bureau, however, has divided all its cömmodities into two groups (1) raw or partly manufactured prcducts; (2) fully or chiefly manufactured products. It was found impossible to define these two groups f;0 precisely as to make them mutually exclusive, but the r'ommodities were classified with the best judgment that could be brought to bear upon the matter. The results are thought to be better than if a few commodities had been elected as representative. Base Period.- The original index number of the Department of Labour wal' ba:-ed on the period 1800-1899. In view of the upheaval in prices occasioned by the war, comparisons arc now called for with the period immediately preceding it. In any event, comparisons with a period so remote as 1890-1899 arc not prac- tical, and it is a fact that the more remote the baf'e the wider is the margin of error in the index. In the revision carried out by the Bureau, the year 1913 was adopted as the ba.se period, in conformity with the practice in most other countries. Prices in the year 1913 will in the present and in future reports be represented by the figure 100, and prices in prior and subsequent years will be mi. pressed as perccntages of those prevailing in 1913. Weighting.-The Labour Department's index number was unu'cighfed, but the number published in future will be weighted, i.e., in calculating the general trend of prices each commodity will be assigned its relative importance in the trade of the country. That a weighted index number is more accurate and uFeful than an 746 LABOUR, TV AGES AND PRICES unweighted one is now generally conceded. rnless the list of commodities is very e-xtensive a random selection does not always reprcc:;ent actual conditions; classes of commodities will accordingly be di proportionately rC'pre!"ented and within each particular class the relative importance of individual item!': concealed. 1 Statistical Tables.-In Table 28 are shown unweighted index numbers by groups of commodities, (hs!"ified according to chief component materials, for years fr{)m 1800 to 1921. .A weighted index number going back to 1913 is nearly ready for publication, Unweightcd index numbers according to the above clas:-;ification are also 'Shown by months from 1919 to 1921 in Table 29. Weighted general index numbers by months from 1919 to 1922 are presented in Table 30 while Table 31 contains weighted index number!" by groups of commodities for 1922. The variation between the weighted and the unweighted index numbers may be studied in the diagram on page 751. Index numbers of 'Yholesale Prices for 1919, 1920 and 1921 on a classification by origins and degree of manufacture, are included by months in Table 32. (See the variation between index numbers of raw or partly manufactured goods and those fully or chiefly manufactured goods, as hown in the diagram on page 7.:;1.) Table 28 and the accompanying diagram show the movement of prices from 1800 to 1921. The index numbers have been calculated on the basis of the year 1913, The e-xtraordinary rise ince 1913 is very obvious. The year 1920 stands out as the U peak"; all groups, with the exception of non-ferrous metals, will be !"een to have attained t.heir highe t yearly index in HJ20. 2S.- Ind('x Xumb('rs of" lIol('sal(' Prices in {'anada, 189U-19l1. (CHIEF COMPOl'oENT )IATJ:RB.L CLASSmCATIO ). . 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 189-1. 1895. 1896. 1897. ------ 99.8 101.5 89.6 86.3 80.2 8 .5 74.6 74. 4 62.5 61.3 60.7 64.4 59.0 57.6 5-1.6 56. 5 93.1 87.0 84.9 83.8 78.6 76.8 77.6 77. 4 70.8 70.8 71.5 71.3 í1.4 70.1 67.9 67.5 124.9 118.5 11-1.0 112.3 106.6 100.0 95.0 91.2 112.0 102.0 92.1 85.8 ;4.5 72,0 72.5 72.3 106,0 103.5 102.6 101.4 98.1 96.2 95.6 94.3 99.4 100.5 95.8 94.7 9-1.6 9J.O 93.1 90.7 ------- 83.0 81.4 81.2 Sã.2 bO.1 79.1 71.0 .75. 1 I 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1003. 1904. 1905. Groups. Yegetabll' products (grains. fruits. etc.). ... . . . Animals and their products. .. _ _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . Fibres. textiles and textil products. "ood, wood products and paper. . . . Iron and its products....... . . . . .. . .. . . . Non-ferrous metals and their products...... Xon-metallic minerals and their product!! Chemicals and allied products. . . . . . . Total........... . Groups. Vegetableprodu('ts(grains.fruits.etc.)............. 79.7 81.7 84.9 86.1 90.1 89.4 91.2 7 90 1 : Animalsandtheirlroducts................ ....... 59.3 62.0 65.1 66.1 68.4 69,0 68.0 88.9 t !:d ' =Jl d ci: : :::.... ..::: : : : : : : : tl 84.2 Ironanditsproducts......_............. ......... Hl.3 1O:J.7 115.9 105.8 103.1 103.1 99.5 99.0 Non-ferrous metals and their products. .. ... 76.0 9 \.1 9H.6 9-1.3 82.1 82.8 81.3 91.0 Non-metallic minerals and their products........... 95.2 97.4 91.5 91.8 96.8 100.3 9-1.6 92.1 Chemicals and allied products. . _...... 10.4 IS!!, 2 95.5 9J'3 \ 95.9 96.4 97.8 96.4 TotaL....... 77.8 81.jl h,"}.8 bi.ã 81.2 &li.8 87.0 87.8 1 For a fuller deilcription of methods. Bee "Report on Prices .md Price Indexed. 191 1922," j,.sucd by tbe Dominion Bureau of Statistics. more e pccially :\ppendice.:! A nnd B, pp. 127-133. WHOLESALE PRICES SIKCE 1890 747 THE COURSE Of WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA, 1890 -19ZI AVERAGE PRICES '9'-3= 100 I ZSD 250 í? O J :J&.() 23() I 230 220 II ZZo 210 I í!.IO oo I ZOO 190 II /90 180 /80 I 170 160 /60 150 /-50 140 /40 130 I 13ð 120 i/ 120 110 / I/() / '00 / I()O '/ \ - / 90 :--..... - V 90 \ I-- _/ r- r\ / r- .....- 80 80 " - V/ "10 '10 <:) 9' 9293 S\4. 9596 9'l9B 99 0 0' 03 04 05 oE, C7 08 09 I) '1 ,iI? 13 J4 15 16 17 '8 /9 21 o 7-! LAHUUR, WAGES A YD PRICE::) 8.- Irult'\. "umb('rs of ,,"holt'sale I>>rlees In Canada, 1890-19:!I-conclud('d. (CBlE COMPO'i'EKT l\fATBRIAL CLAS8IJ'IcATloN)-concluded. Group!!. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Vegetable products (grains, fruitE>, etc.). _....... . . Animals and their products. . " .. _ . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . Fibres, textiles and textile products.. ..... Wood, wood products and paper.............. . Iron and its products..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . Non-ferrous metals and their products.............. Non-metallic minerals and their products.... . . . . . . . Chemicals and allied product!'...... .............. 97.3 75.3 93.5 87.6 101.6 111.8 93.2 96.6 136.2 78.0 96.2 91'0 105.9 115.1 92.8 97.7 101.1 82.6 85.0 89.0 97.3 82.9 87.1 91.3 108.6 84.8 88.8 91.0 96.9 86.5 86.1 9;;.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totat . . . . . . . . . . . Greup!'. 97.2 76.9 86.7 90.9 101.8 85.4 90.2 95.1 105.7 87.3 87.8 89.5 96-9 83.5 88.7 93.7 111.9 95.4 90.0 92.4 97.3 9q.6 91.2 97.1 '2.6 96-2 '0.' 91-4 ',1.3 '.').0 9'. 100.. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 19:?0. 1921. , egetable products (grains, fruits, etc.)...... . \mmals and their products. . . . . . . . . . . lïbres, textiles and textill' products..... \\ ood, \\ ood product!- and papl'r. - . . . Iron and its products. ............ .. - - . . . - . . on-ferrous metals and their products....... - - . Non-metallic minerals and their products........... Chemicals and allied products..................... 109.3 12.1-1 121.8 158.6 198'0 224.2 267.7 162.7 103.0 102.9 123.5 1:>6,6 1i9.7 191.9 19-1.2 143'0 101.2 110.7 142-9 1!J6.2 266.2 :?78.7 311.1 192.3 100.2 98.5 10-1.9 126.6 172.1 HIS.5 286.7 217.2 98.5 102.0 1H.1 211-2 234.9 2U6.5 2t2.t 206.7 96.2 1-18.2 199.0 201.2 197.9 1-17.0 160.3 ll-H> 99.5 103.2 121.1 172.5 2UO.1 195.7 243.3 2:30.9 106.1 1-13.9 202.5 221.7 252.4 222.7 289.7 229.5 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 103.5 115.6 137.3 1n-6 207.8 213.2 2,18.2 U7.3 9.-Ind('x umbers of Wholesa'e PriCt,!,!. by (;rOIlI)S of Commoditi('s and by IUonths 1919-1921. (CHIEF COMPONENT f O\TEIUAL CLASSIFlCAno ). Groups and Yl'a.rs. Jan. Feb. )far April. l\f ay . June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D - - - - - - - .1 205.6 216.6 221.5 228.0 2-11.1 239.6 237.6 2-10.2 24 .2 299.0 312.3 306.1 295-7 258.2 249.0 233.8 216.8 20 .2 161.7 162.3 158.3 158.9 163.6 160.0 151-5 150.9 15 . .5 188.4 193.5 196.7 201.3 207.5 202.9 199.5 198.7 20 .9 206.5 20:1.7 192.4 193.1 189.1 1!J0.4 183.3 175.4 17 ,7 15-1.0 141.3 132.9 133.8 136.9 137.0 133.7 133.4 13 .3 261.1 261.0 258.1 275.3 276.5 2R3.9 279-6 294.8 30 .2 337.5 3:!8.7 330.8 328-1 323.0 313.6 298.2 277.4 24 .2 200.2 188.9 li9.1 li6.8 177.8 187.4 186.3 18-1.4 18" .0 171.5 184.4 187.1 19-1.0 210.5 218.7 224.0 223.0 22 .0 301.8 305.1 292.0 30:!.9 2\18.3 297.7 298.5 289.3 26' .2 238.8 222.3 206.8 203.4 205.5 199.6 19l.5 19-1.5 19 .3 20-1.5 20-1.0 200.5 200.7 201.8 200.8 200.2 203.5 21 -8 229.2 237.7 2-11.3 246-5 251.0 259.2 261.8 261.4 25 .2 217-6 213.8 210.4 206.3 195.5 190.3 189.7 183.5 18 .4 128.6 132.4 137.4 149.2 15-1.2 155.7 156.8 156.7 15 .2 171.4 165.6 161'0 162. 2' 163.9 159.4 150.8 139.0 13 .1 115.0 120.5 115-1 113.2 108.5 108.9 107,9 109.9 11 .5 1!Jl.4 195.8 195.6 191.-1 191.8 1!J8'9 197.6 201.2 20 .7 225.6 232.5 242.2 2-17.6 257.2 26-1-1 267-0 26-1-7 26 -7 237.3 233.7 232.6 230.0 22-1.3 222.8 220.1 216.0 21 .1 219.4 223.3 221.6 214.5 22:!.4 222.0 221.6 227.8 23 .0 279-0 2R:\.2 292.0 317.1 318-7 321.9 316.2 2!J3.1 27 .0 233.6 22i.5 226.0 219.2 222.2 217.0 217.3 212.7 2 ce. Vegetable products, grains, fruits, etc.- 1919.. . 1!J211.. .......... 1!J21 _. . . .......... \nimals and their pro- duct:,,- 1919........ . 1920................ . 1921...... ............ Fibres, t.extiles and pro- ducts- 1919............ ...... 19:?0................. . 1921................. . Wood, wood products and paper- 1919............ .. 1920............. _. - _' 1921................. . Iron and its products- 1919................. . 1!J20................. . 1921................. . on-ferrous mctals and products- 1919......... --..... 1920 . . . . .. . .. . . . 19l1...... _....... -... .r-.on-metallic minerals and products- 1919................. . 1920.......... ....... 1921....... ......... Chemicals and allied products- 1919. 1920.. . 1921.. . . 205.1 198.7 19S 269.7 2i7-0 287 184.6 173.0 167 183.7 181.7 183 207.8 209.5 207 164.8 159-1 15-1 278.8 275-2 273 313.7 323.0 325 226.1 213.3 21:3 176.3 176.0 176 252.1 262.8 27a 250.3 247.9 2-18 223.8 218.2 210 214.1 219.6 2:!0 238.7 232.4 223 157.5 14:?1 133 169.9 172.-1 175 126.7 120.6 116 1!J8.0 19i.l 194 20:?7 203.7 206 257.5 241.7 240 226.6 223.2 226 245.9 260.0 276 268.9 252.5 215 9.8 o.t} 1.j 3-6 1.0 5.8 5.3 tH 3.6 9-1 3.8 1.5 0.8 9.8 0-0 9.3 1.9 2-1 3,6 1.8 -1.6 -I. t> 8.6 09.5 WHOLESALE PRICES BY JIO VTIlS 749 30.-Wei hted General Index Xu.mbers, 1919-1922. :\Iontbs. 1919. 1920. 1921. lÐ22. 205.3 232.8 201.7 151.7 200.5 238.3 191,1 153.5 200,2 241.1 186.4 153.3 198.2 251.3 180.8 153.4 201.2 256.9 171.4 153.6 201.3 255.1 164.0 152.4 202.3. 256.1 163.4 153.8 206.5 250.3 165.6 151.4 213-3 245.3 161.8 147.2 213.8 236.3 155.5 H7.8 217.4 224.4 153.6 151.5 223-4 212.1 154.3 152.8 209.2 2-13.5 171.8 152.3 January................... .......... -....... Februarv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )Iarch. .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mav. ... June. ....... ............ July................. . Augu>:-, 260 / " - 1\ , :!.50 250 40 \ , Z O 30 I' '\. \ ?30 220 -' r-- -V '\. " 2?O /,10 - '/ I-- \ , 210 ' _/ '. 200 Zoo , 190 i'... // '\. '. /90 '80 \ - -- - 180 /10_ \ ....., " /'10 160_ Full 01" Chi'fl MQ""fp'tund !; ------- I - 160 /50_ Rl w or PattI ,! MClt:u facTvr.d G.oods -! i'... /50 140 -- /40 130 /30 I;!O 12.0 ',0 I/O 100 11M J. f U. A.M.J. J. A. 5. 0 N. D. J. F. M. A. M.J. J.A.5.0 N. D. J. f. M.A. M.J. J.A 5.0, N. D. 19/9 I /920 I /S21 WEIGHTED AND UNWEIGHTED INDEX Average Prices 1913 100 2"10 2'10 260 ,/ '-L-- 60 .50 / " - 1-' . 250 2,(,0 ./ , ' ::-.... 240 230 iJ: .' ' í!30 220 .......-:: 'ì:\. 220 ;no )..... -- .- \ /() 200 1/ .....- , 20 '90 - I O 180_ ' /80 ''10_ U"w ;9 hted l"de')C (lkwttal ) - " :'-- 1"/0 160_ W" gMed l}1ef 1I: (Gen "IiII ) ----- ',-- -- ... - - - 160 150 " -. -' /50 140 140 1.30 '30 120 '2G I/O 110 IDD Inn J. F: M. A.M. J. J. A. S. O. N. D. J. F. Me A. M. J. J.A. S. 0. N. LJ. J. F: M. A. M. J. J. A,S. O. tJ, D. 1919 I 1920 I 192.1 752 LA.BUUR, JrA.GES AXV PRICES 2.- Retail Prices. Statistics as to retail prices in Canada have been publi:;hed by the Department of Labour since uno, the retail prices of the principal staple foods, of coal, wood and coal oil and also the prevailing rates for the rent of six-roomed houses being published in the Labour Gazette each month for the cities having a population of 10,000 or more, some sixty in number. Figures for December, 1900, and December, 1905, were also secured in a sp{'cial investigation in 1914. In addition to the stati:;;tics as to retail prices of food and fuel and as to rates for rent, the Department in 1920 and subsequent years has secured figures n.s to retail prices of staple lines of clothing, including footwear, from retail dealers through- out Canada, for each year back to 1913. From these quotations the percentages of changes in the cost of clothing have been calculated. Information was alf:o secured as to the prices of household supplies, furniture, furnishings, etc., and an estimate has been made as to the percentage changes in the cost of miscellaneou!'t items, the effect of the information gathered showing that such ('hanges are approx- imately equal to the average changes in other items. The percentage changes in food, fuel and rent have been calculated from the weekly budgets published in the Labour Gazette from month to month, and Table 33 summarizes the yearly and quarterly changes by groups, the figures for each group and for all items being weight- ed according to the family budget method. From July, 1920, to June, 1921, food and clothing prices fell steeply, and fuel slightly, while rent advanced. Food recovered in August and September, 1921, but by December was back to June levels. The decline continued until June, 1922, since when the changes have been mostly seasonal, being highest in March, 1923, and low in July. Fuel declined slowly from the middle of 1921 to July, 1922, when it began to advance, reaching a peak in February, 1923. Since then the decline has been light. Clothing and rent have shown little change in cost since 1921. 33.- Ind('x urn bers of ('hant:es in thf' ('ost of I.hint: in Canada, blsed upon \\eighted Retail Prices, 1910-1923 Average Prices, 1913 = 100. Dates. Food. Fuel. Rent. Clothing. Sundric!'. Tot..ll". -- - --- ---- -- December, 1910........ 96 96 ï2 92 M 00 December, 11111. ....-............. 101 92 70 93 95 91 December, 1912...... 105 102 8' 97 97 97 December, 1913........... 106 98 101 100 100 102 larch.1914........ 105 100 100 105 100 102 June, 191.L... . . . 102 !J!J 102 105 100 102 September, 1914..... 107 99 97 110 100 103 December, 1914........... 108 98 !J2 110 100 102 March, 1915. 107 98 89 117 103 103 June, 1915....... 106 93 87 117 103 101 .eptember 1915......,. 105 97 85 125 105 103 December, 11115........... 111 97 84 125 105 104 March, 1916...... .. . . . 114 97 83 134 108 107 June, 1!J16............................... 116 98 85 13-1 108 108 September, 1916.. ....... l:.!2 101 86 143 110 113 December, 1916" .............. ........ 138 110 86 143 110 119 ?'Iarch, 1917.... - - -...................... 146 119 88 155 128 121\ June, 1917. ............ 162 125 92 155 12S 135 Sept.ember, 1917....... - ... 159 128 93 167 145 140 December, 1917........... -... 167 133 9-1 167 145 143 ISDEX J.VUJIBERS OF CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING 753 33.- Indl'\: Xumbers of {'han es in the ('o t of I.hing in {'anada. based upon weig:hted Retail Prices, 1910-1923 -concluded. Average Prices, 1913 = 100. Dates. Iarcb, 1918...... . . . .. . . _ ... . June, 1918..... . . . . ... . - - eptember,1918...... ..... .. December, 1918............. . .......... . 'larch. 1919................ .. June, lin9...... ............... .. .. September, 1919................. December, 1919................. \Iarch, 1920... __. . . . . . . . _ .. . .'. . . . . . June, 1920................... September, 1920...... ........... . -.. December, 1920.......... ........ ...... \Iarch, 1921....... ........... JUDe, 1921...... . .............. .... :-;eptem ber, 1921........ . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Decl:'mber, 1921................ .... " . Iarch, 1922... ..' - __.... -- June, 1922............. _ _.. _. ... September, 1922......................... December 1922 ......................... Iarch. 1923...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June, 1923.......... ............ .. September, 1923... .... October, 1923............ .......... .. Food. Fuel. Rent. Clothing. Sundries. Totals. 172 174 181 186 178 187 195 201 218 2Jl 217 202 180 152 161 150 144 139 140 142 147 139 142 145 143 144 153 163 159 155 162 166 173 186 285 218 208 197 18!! 186 181 179 190 187 190 182 18 183 I 96 100 101 102 103 110 114 117 120 133 136 139 139 141 145 145 145 146 147 146 147 147 147 147 182 182 198 198 216 216 234 234 260 260 260 235 195 173 167 158 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 153 153 160 160 170 170 180 180 185 190 190 190 188 181 170 166 164 164 164 164 164 164 1 164 164 150 152 159 162 163 168 176 179 191 201 199 192 177 163 162 156 153 151 153 153 155 152 153 154 The Dominion Bureau of Statistics, in addition to collecting and compiling wholesale prices, also collects the retail prices of over 80 commodities in some sixty ('ities in Canada. These are averaged by the Bureau with certain prices received through correspondents of the Labour Department, and are then handed over to the latter for insertion in the" Labour Gazette." The Labour Department also f'ompiles a family budget from this material, together with data on fuel, lighting and rents collected by its own correspondents. The Bureau has made use of this material to obtain the tables which follow; the index numbers which they contain are t he result of a special compilation made by the Bureau. Table 34 f;hows the prices from 1913 to 1922 of the items which were included in the family budget and the index numbers of groups. The index numbers are weighted with the quantities used by the Department of Labour in computing their monthly family budget. Table 35 gives the group indexes by provinces. An examination of the tables reveals the course of the budget, consisting of food, fuel, lighting and rents, over the period shown. The Dominion index for 1915 inùicates a slight fall from 1914. From that year unfil1920 the upward movement proceeds with only an occasional check. Early in 1919 there was a slight fall, but it was quickly succeeded by a stcady rise to July, 1920, whi('h was the peak month in retail prices (May, 1920, being the peak month in wholesale prices). The index then stood at 190.8 as compared with 100 in 1913. It fell to 152.8 in July, 1921, 1 hen rose slightly for a couple of months but afterwards began to decline again, beinJ! 152.4 in December, 1921. In 1922 the cost of living declined still further, reaching 146.7 in May, but after that month rose again until an index of 149.6 was attained in December. The lYerage for the year was 148.9. 623;3-48 754 LABOUR, WAGES A1YD PRICES 3-1. Pric:es and Indc Xumbers of a t'amii) Uudget of staple Foods, Fuel and DO"UI'."ION AVERAGE 0 Commodities. Quan- ßa"e 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. Z tity. 1913. ---- - - -- - 1 Beef, sirloin steak.. . .., . 1 lb. .222 .Ut .238 .252 .301 .364 .374 .389 .332 2 Beef, chuck, roast...... 1 " .1-18 .lü8 .164 .170 .207 .260 .257 .251 .197 3 Veal, roa..-.t. . . . ... 1 " .157 .In .175 .187 .227 .272 .270 .274 .221} 4 Iutton, roast. ...-- 1 " .191 .208 .209 .233 .281 .347 .348 .354 .292 5 Pork, frc"h, roast....... 1 " .195 .202 .19 .220 ,296 .364 .381 .397 .328 6 Pork, BaIt me.'!s. _ ... . . . . 1 " .176 .186 .1i7 .194 .268 .340 .359 .362 ,309 7 Bacon, bre.J.kfu.st........ 1 .. .247 .259 .256 .288 .385 .494 .579 .559 .497 " Lard, purc leaf. .. . ... . . . 1 .. .192 .186 .178 .202 ,297 .359 .392 ,380 .239 9 Eggs, fre"h. . . " 1 doz. .337 .344 .327 .380 .489 .565 .621 .709 .529 10 Egg", storage. . . .. . . . . . . 1 .. .281 .320 .286 .327 .424 .489 .544 .608 .479 11 Iilk. . . . . ..... 1 qt. .086 .090 .088 .088 .104 .123 .138 .151 .139 12 Butter, dairy........... 1 lb. .292 .286 .310 .344 .432 .485 ,564 .631 .447 13 Butter, creamery. . ., . . . 1 .. .339 .337 .354 .385 .480 .538 .630 ,696 .519 1-1 Cheese, old... ......... 1 .. .20S .21-1 .237 .260 .330 .333 .383 .406 .369 15 C'h e, neWh.. ....... 1 .. .191 .198 .2lü .242 .304 .310 .361 .383 .335 16 Bread, plain, white.... . I " .041 .043 .047 .05C .070 .078 .079 .093 .081 17 I'lour, family...... _.... 1 .. '032 '035 .040 .042 .064 .068 '067 .079 .062 18 Rolled oats............. 1 .. .044 .045 .051 .049 .061 .079 .07i .084 .063 I' Rice, good, medium.... 1 " .057 .061 .056 '066 .081 .114 .130 .164 .108 %0 Beans, handpicked. . . . . . 1 .. .062 .062 .075 .098 .149 .168 .122 .117 .091 %1 -\pples, evaporated. . .. 1 .. .120 -128 ,119 .134 .156 .223 .242 .286 .221 22 Prunes, medium. ... . . . . 1 .. .119 .126 .125 .131 .154 .180 .219 .270 .198 23 Sugar, granulated. . . .., . 1 " .059 .064 .080 .090 . 100 .113 .123 .197 .114 24 ugar . yellow. . . . . . . . . . . 1 .. .055 .059 .072 .083 .093 .105 .115 .185 .109 25 Tea, black.......... 1 .. .356 .376 .376 .396 .460 .572 .628 .644 .556 26 Tea, green.. . . . . . . _ _ . . . . 1 " .372 .384 .360 .408 .452 .548 .624 .672 .608 %7 Coffee... .......... '" 1 " .376 .432 .360 .396 .404 .436 .524 .608 .560 28 Potatoes............... . 1 pk. .15 .205 .169 .294 .446 .346 .359 .658 .283 29 \ inegar, white "inc..... 1 pt. .064 .064 .064 .064 .064 ,072 .072 .080 .080 ---- - - -- - 30 All Foods......... .. S 7.337 7.731 7.866 8.793 11.42 13.01 13.88 15..9 12.1. 31 Index Number....... . 100.0 105,4 107.2 119'8 155.6 177.3 189.2 217.9 164.9 ---- - - -- - 32 Starch, laundry. .. ..... . 1 lb. .006 .006 .006 .009 .120 .141 .144 .144 .138 ---- - - -- - 33 Coal, anthracite........ 1 ton 8.80 8.64 8.43 7.36 10.72 11.98 12.86 17.04 18.18 34 Coal, bituminous....... 1 .. 6.19 6.10 5.89 6.30 8.43 9.54 10.00 12.38 12.70 35 \V ood, hard, best..... . . 1 cord 6.80 6,80 5.89 6.86 8.46 11.30 12.34 13.09 13.79 36 Wood. 80ft.............. 1 .. '4'90 5.OJ 4.93 4,93 6.22 8.35 9.12 10.14 10.26 37 Coal oiL.......... ..... 1 gal. .237 .236 .233 .230 .250 .273 .287 .365 .3M ---- - - -- - 38 Fuel and lighting.. . . . . . 100 .0 99.4 95.7 100.9 124.1 149.6 160.6 192.1 199.0 ---- - - -- - 39 Rent. 1 month......... 19.32 19.00 16.411 16.14 17.28 18.88 20,80 24.80 27'O o Index Number.......... 100.0 98.3 85.3 83.5 89.4 117.7 107.7 128.4 140-2 ---- - - -- - U Grand TotaL....... U.I04 H.t08 13.8.U 1-1. 784 18.U5 20.637 %%.1fi9 25.!lOS 2%.7060 2 Index Number....... 100.0 102.2 98.4 IOi.8 128.7 146.3 157.3 183.7 161.0 -- IlVDEX KUJIBERS OF PRICES IN CA_VADA. 75;'; Lighting and Rent, in Silty Cities in Canada, 19U-1921. and by months for 1922. FOR 1913=100. 1922 X" Jan. Feb. lIIar_ April. l\Iay. June. July. A . Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. "lear. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .273 .277 .283 .288 .298 .316 .321 .317 .302 .291 .277 .2M 292 1 .152 .157 .161 .162 .167 .175 .178 .1ï3 .162 -159 .150 .143 .162 :! .189 .188 .197 .190 .190 .191 .191 .187 .184 .187 .184 .180 .188 3 .256 .262 .266 .274 .28; .293 .280 .281 .273 .272 .269 .265 .273 .. .267 .275 .295 .300 .300 .313 .318 .320 .311 .300 .279 .264 .295 5 .260 .258 .262 .266 .261 .268 .271 .272 .269 .269 .259 .261 .265 6 .398 .393 .405 .413 .408 .413 .425 .427 .4 5 .416 '409 .410 .412 7 .217 .208 .215 .225 .220 .220 .218 .222 .225 .'}27 .229 .230 .221 8 .712 .562 .507 .335 .327 .335 .339 .350 .358 .417 .516 .603 .447 9 .587 ,477 .456 .306 .305 .317 .314 .328 .324 .374 .437 .461 .390 10 .133 .130 .127 .124 .121 .115 .11.3 .115 .115 .116 .117 .119 .121 11 .417 .389 .375 .382 .387 .357 .351 .357 .367 .384 .388 .382 .378 12 .486 ,447 .435 .449 .454 .420 .420 .433 .428 .430 .437 -444 ,440 13 .326 .319 .311 .305 .307 .298 .300 .301 .307 .276 .285 .306 .303 If .293 .287 .284 .285 .279 .261 .262 .267 .266 .276 .285 .306 .279 15 'OíO .070 .070 .070 .070 .069 .070 .070 .069 .068 .067 .067 .069 16 ,048 .047 .048 .048 .049 .050 .049 .049 .048 .045 .044 .044 .047 17 .056 .055 .055 .056 .055 .056 .056 .056 .056 -056 ,055 .055 .056 11' .098 .096 .096 .093 .095 .098 .099 .094 ,093 .106 .106 .104 -098 19 .087 .085 .086 .089 .088 .089 .088 .089 .089 .087 .085 .084 .087 20 .220 .217 .226 .230 .235 .241 .249 .246 .250 .239 .226 .225 .234 21 .084 .185 .184 .189 .192 .197 .198 .199 .201 .1!!6 .198 .191 .193 22 .092 .088 .086 .084 .080 .078 .084 .089 .090 .087 .090 .093 .087 23 ,087 .083 .082 .080 .076 .073 .079 .083 .085 .082 .085 ,088 .082 24 .540 .544 .544 .544 .544 .548 .556 .564 .568 .584 .592 .592 .560 25 -604 '600 .588 .600 .608 .600 -608 .620 .624 .584 .592 .592 .602 26 .544 .540 .532 .536 .516 .5-t0 .536 .536 .532 .536 .532 .540 .535 27 .263 .266 .260 .246 .229 .228 .219 .291 .211 .202 .191 .189 .235 2'ì -080 .080 .080 .080 '08C .072 .080 .080 .080 .072 .072 .080 .780 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11.03.. 10.609 10-513 10.258 10.216 10.176 10.266 10.W 10.279 10-226 10.286 10.393 10-391 30 150.4 141.6 143-7 139.8 139.3 138.7 14C.0 142.3 140.1 139.4 140.2 Bl.6 lU.7 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - .126 .126 .123 .123 .120 .123 .120 .120 .120 .120 .120 .120 .122 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 .536 17 .440 H.3!!2 17.39:? 17.200 17 .184 16.928 1í .264 18.832 18-608 18.496 18.288 17.713 33 11.472 11.280 10.992 10.928 10.848 10.928 11.008 11.104 12.016 12.3::0 12.288 12.018 11.436 3-1 12.832 12.736 12.592 12.496 12.432 12.304 12.320 12.368 12.576 12.848 12.656 12.608 12.564 35 9.568 9.104 9.3<;f, 9.:?9fì 9.280 9.184 9.360 9.472 9.536 9.504 9.472 9.424 9.380 36 .317 .317 .317 .316 .316 .312 .313 .311 .310 .310 .31C .311 .313 3.. - - - - - - - - - - -- - 184.8 182.7 181.2 180.6 lÏ9.6 178.5 178.5 180.1 189.5 190.6 189.5 187.4 183.6 as - - - - - - - - - - - -- - 27.68 27.72 27.64 27.64 27.56 27'80 27.80 27.84 27.8,1 27.84 27.76 27.80 27.14 39 143.3 143.5 143.1 143.1 142.7 143.9 143.9 144.1 1-1-1.1 144-1 143.7 143.9 143.6 40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21.523 21.072 20.961 20.6.>6 20. ,')69 20.578 20-670 20-88-1 20'89j.,12O-86.') 20.885 20.971 20.877 41 153.5 150.3 149.5 147.4 J4fì.7 WI.'! 147.4 14!1.o 140-t 1411- t4R.Q t4!H\ IJQ \) '2 62373-48! 7.:)t.i LABUUR, W AGES A \ D PRICE::) 35. -Index l\u.mbers of a Family ßud et of staple "'oods. Fuel and Li htin and Rent, In Canada, by l'ro,inces and :\1onths. 19 ' . (DOMI:SION AVERAGE FOR 1913=1(0) STAPLE FOODS. 1922. Provinces. Ian. Feb. Mar. April May Iune Iuly Aug. S{'pt. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. - - - - - - - - - - --L- - P. E. hland...... 133.3 133.2 133.6 131.9 127.7 129.5 126,6 127.0 131.7 124.2 126.3 129.2 129.5 Nova Scotia..... 152.4 147.9 147.6 142.7 141.3 140.4 140.5 141.9 Hl.1 142.0 141.7 143.2 143.6 K ew BrunsWick.. 151.4 148.3 146.9 143.7 139.2 140.2 136.2 140.8 141.2 138.2 140.2 143.2 142.5 Quebec...... ., . . . 144.9 139.4 137.7 133.8 131.1 130.0 132.5 136.3 133.3 132.9 134.1 136.3 135.2 Ontario......... . 148.3 142.6 141.6 139.0 138.1 137.4 140.1 141.9 138.7 138.2 138.9 140.5 140.4 Manitoba. . . . . . . . 148.2 142.4 141.9 135.2 136.4 134.8 136.6 140.0 132.9 132.5 132.8 134.5 137.3 Saskatche an... . 150.7 144.6 144.2 133.8 138.3 136.7 133.8 135.8 135.2 135.6 135.1 139.7 138.6 Alberta......... . 149.1 139.2 138.6 134.0 134.3 136.6 134.4 139.8 136.3 133.2 136.2 137.5 137.4 British Columbia 164.6 158.0 156.3 155.8 156.3 156.5 154.0 158.5 158.0 158.2 158.8 156.1 157.6 FUEL AXD LIGHTlKG. P N N Q o M S A f\ . E. Island..... . 168.0 169.0 170.6 168.5 169.0 166.9 175.9 175.9 177.4 182.2 185.8 185.8 174.6 ova Scotia.. . . . . 166.9 164.8 161.2 161.2 156.4 160.1 154.3 154.3 158.5 171.1 165.9 165.9 161.7 ew Brunswick.. 181.1 177.4 173.8 173.2 173.2 171.1 169.0 169.0 171.1 169.6 173.8 175.3 173.1 uebec. h 1.85.3 .183.7 183.7 182.2 176.9 176.4 175.9 174.3 194.8 189.0 188.5 187.4 183.1 ntario......... . 189.0 186.9 186.4 184.3 183.7 182.7 184.3 186.9 198.4 203.7 199.0 Ig7.4 190.2 anitoba....... . 195.3 187.9 189.0 191.6 188.5 189.5 189.5 191.6 201.0 202.6 204.7 202.6 194.5 askatchewan... . 212.1 210.0 20i.9 207.9 210.5 210.5 207.{; 207.9 195.3 197...9 202.1 199.5 205.8 Iberta......... . 130.7 130.7 124.4 123.4 122.3 121.3 120.7 142.3 134.9 125.5 139.1 140.7 129.7 ritish Columbia 178.0 175.3 174.3 177.4 177.4 177.4 153.3 155.4 157.5 154.3 156.4 155.9 166.0 . RE:ST. P. E. Island...... 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 116.6 121.7 121.7 117. Nova Scotia..... 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2 122.8 122.8 122.8 122.8 122.8 122.8 122.8 122.8 123. K ew Brunswick.. 126.9 126.9 126.9 126.9 126.9 133.3 133.3 133.3 136.4 136.4 136.4 136.4 131./ Quebec. .. . . .. . . . . 109.5 111.8 111.8 112.2 113.3 115.3 115.3 115.3 113.7 113.7 113.7 115.3 113. Ontario. . . 152.4 152.4 151.3 151.8 152.6 153.2 153.2 153.2 153.2 153.2 152.2 152.2 152. Manitoba..::::: : 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181. Sa.o;latche an.. .. 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 184.5 184.5 184.5 184.5 184.5 182. Alberta.. . 161.7 161.7 161.7 155.3 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161. British Col bi 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132. -I 3 4 6 2 5 2 1 GRAXD TOTAL. 1'. E. Island...... 132.3 132.4 132.8 131.7 129.5 130.2 129.9 130.1 132.7 129.5 132.9 13 .4 131. :'\ova Scotia..... 144.7 142.1 141.4 138.9 137.1 137.1 136.3 137.1 137.2 139.4 138.5 139.3 139. 'I; e\\ Bruru. \\ ick. . 147.1 144.9 143.7 141.9 139.6 142.1 139.7 142.1 143.6 141.9 143.5 145.3 143. QuchE"C. " .. . . . . . . 138.3 136.0 135.1 133.0 131.2 131.3 132.5 134.3 134.9 133.9 134.5 136.1 134. Ontario. _. .... 155.2 151.9 151.0 149.5 149.2 149.0 150.6 151.9 151.8 152.2 151.6 152.2 151. Ianitoba. . 165.8 161.9 161.7 158.6 158.8 158.1 159.0 161.1 158.7 158.7 159.1 159.7 160.1 Saskatche\\ an:..: 169.5 166.0 165.5 160.1 162.8 161.9 160.1 162.2 160.2 160.8 161.1 163.1 162. .\lherta..... ..... 151.0 145.8 144.6 139.9 142.1 143.2 141.9 147.7 144.9 141.9 145.3 146.3 144. Hriti"h Columbia 155.3 151.4 150.5 150.6 150.9 151.0 146.4 149.0 149.0 148.8 149.3 147.5 150. ;; 1 o 3 4 8 5 o FI.YA.YCE 757 XI.-FINANCE. The Finance section of the present edition of the Year Book is divided into four main parts. The first of these, Public Finance, includes an account of Domin- ion, provincial and municipal finance, with the latest available statistics. The second part deals with Currency and Banking and Loan and Trust Companies. This is followed by a historical and statistical treatment of Insurance, including Government Annuitie , while the section concludes with a treatment of Commercial Failure . I.-PUBLIC FINANCE. The following treatment of public finance includes a discusf,ion of Dominion, provincial and municipal finance in Canada, with numerous tables, and closes with a brief discussion of the national wealth and national income of the Dominion as the basis of all public finance. In recent years the subject of public finance has been more elaborately treated than formerly, in response to an increasing public demand, resulting from the grow- ing pressure of taxation to meet the augmented expenditures of the national, provincial and local administrations. In the consideration of these growing expend- itures two facts must be kept in mind:-(l) that our country is showing a relatively rapid growth of population-22 p.c. in the 10 years from 1911-1921, and (2) that $1.50 in 1923 has approximately the same purchasing powel" as $1 in 1913. Further, the effect of this latter fact in swelling the aggregated total income of the citizen of Canada so as to increase their tax-paying power should not be forgotten. The great increase in Dominion expenditure since 1913' has, of course, been mainly due to the war and the burden of interest, pension charges, soldiers' civil re-establishment, etc., resulting from the war, as well as to the necessity of making good the deficits arising from the operation of the Canadian National Railways and the Canadian Government Merchant Marine. Similar mcreases have also taken place during the same period in provincial and municipal expenditure. In 1922 the total ordinary expenditure of provincial governments was in the neighbor- hood of $113,000,000 as compared with $53,826,219 in 1916, only six years before. (The aggregate interest payments of provincial governments increased from $7,817,844 in 1916 to $19,818,266 in 1921.) Again, between 1913 and 1921, the aggregate taxes imposed by the municipalities of Ontario increased from $34,231,214 to $83,017,612-an increase of 142.5 p.c. Similarly, in Quebec the aggregate expenditures of the municipalities increased from $19,139,46.3 in 1914 to $48,763,253 in 1921, an increase of 154.7 p.c. In Manitoba the increase in municipal taxation has been from $9,922,537 in 1912 to $19,;'}02,894 in 1922, an increase of 94.5 p.c. These statistics, covering nearly two-thirds of the population of the Dominion, are from provincial government reports, and the growth which they show has doubtless also occurred in most of the other provinces. I.-Dominion Public Finance. Historical Sketch.-Both under the French régime and in the earlier þart of the British, the territorial or casual revenues of Canada, consisting of certain seigneurial dues and the proceeds of the sale of government timher and land, were reserved to the Crown, while the right of levying taxes and of regulating the trade and commerce of the colony was after 171ì:1 deemed to be ve:::ted in the Briti"h Parliament. 7.3g FINA.NCE By the Quebec Act of 1774, certain dutics on spirits and molasses were imposed, to be e:x-pended by the Crown in order to provide a revenue "towards defraying the expenses of the administration of justice and the support of the civil government of the province." A little later, in 1778, the Briti h Government, by the Declaratory Act (18 Geo. III, c. 12), renounced forever the right of taxing the colonies to provide [mperial revenue, but maintained its claim to impose duties considered necessary for the regulation of trade, the proceeds to go towards defraying the expenditures of the colonial administration. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the customs duties remained under the control of the Imperial Government, their revenue, as well as the territorial revenue above mentioned, coming in to the executive adminis- tration independently of the Legi:-;lative Assembly and thus making the executive power largely independent of the legislature. In case these revenues provcd in- sufficiem, recourse could generally be had to the grant made by the Imperial Govern- nlent for the support of the army. .Aß time went on, however, the Crown revenues became more and marc inadequate to meet the increasing e:xpenditure, while the wave of economy after 1813 in Great Britain made it impossible any longer to ,;upplcment thesc revenucs from military I'ources. On the other hand, the purcly provincial revenues collected under the authorization of the provincial legi lature :,;howed an increasing surplu!--. The powcr of the purf'e thus began to pass into the hand of the legislatures; in Ib31 the British Parliament passpd an Act placing the t'ustoms dutics at the disposal of the legii'latures. Under the Act of Union a consolidated revenue fund was establi hed. All appropriation bills were required to originate in the Legi lative Assembly, which was forbidden to pass any vote, resolution or bill involving the expenditure of public money unless the same had been first remmmendcd by a written message of the Governor-General. The Brit ish Government surrcndcred all control of the hereditary or casual revenues, which were thenceforth paid into the treasury of the province to be disposed of as its legi"lature should direct. At the interprovincial confcrences w ich took place prior to Confederation it was decided that the new Dominion Government, which was to take over per- manently as its chief source of revenue thp customs and excise duties that had yielded the greater part of the revenues of the separate provinces (direct taxation being as unpopular in Briti...h :Korth America as in othcr new countries), was also to as ume the provincial debts and to provide out of Dominion revenues definite cash sub idies for the support of the Provincial Governments. (Sce Tables 16 and 17.) Until thc Great \Yar, which made other taxes necessary, the customs and exci::-e revenue constituted the chief reo..;ource of the Dominion Govcrnment for -general purpo:-oes-thc po t office revenue and rail" ay receipts which, properly ,;peaking, are not taxe at all, being mainly or entirely absorbed by the expense of .'I.dmini:"tering these services. Indeed, for many year preceding the war, customs and exci::.e duties, together with the revenue secured by the head tax on Chinec;e immigrants, were the only items of receipts which were classified by the Depart- ment of Finance as taxes. In the last fiscal year of peace, the::.e two items aggregated $126,143,275 out of total reccipts on consolidated fund account amounting to $163,174,395, the post office and government railways furnishing between them $26,348,847 of the remainder, offset, however, by expenditure on thcse two services amounting to $27,757,196. Miscellaneous revenue, largely fees, amounted in that year to $10,682,273-a comparatively small fraction of the total. Aß both customs and excise taxes were indirect, the average Canadian felt but little the pressure of taxation for Dominipn purposes. WAR TAXATION IN CANADA 759 The war enormously increased the expenditure, and this increase had in the main to be met by loans. It is, however, a cardinal maxim of public finance that where loans are contracted, sufficient new taxation should be imposed to meet the interest charge upon the loans and to provide a sinking fund for their ultimate extinction. This war taxation was begun in Canada within the first weeks of the war, when in the short war session of August, 1914, increases were made in the customs and excise duties on various commodities, including coffee, sugar, spirituous liquors and tobacco. In 1915 special additional duties of 5 p.c. ad valorem were imposed on commodities imported under the British Preferential Tariff and 7! p.c. ad valorem on commodities imported under the Intermediate and General Tariff, certain commodities being exempted. New internal taxes were also imposed on bank circulation, on the income of trust and loan companies, on insurance other than life and marine companies, on telegrams and cablégrams, railway tickets, sleeping car berths, etc., also on cheques, postal notes, money orders, letters and post cards. In the following year the Business Profits War Tax (dropped in 1921) was introduced, and in 1917 an Income Tax was in1posed. In 1918 both of these taxes were increased and their application widened, and in 1919 the income tax was again increased, and still further augmented in 1920, by a surtax of 5 p.c. of the tax on incomes of $5,000 and over; the sales tax was also introduced in that year. This sales tax was increased in 19 1 and again in 1922, while another increase becomes effective Jan. 1, 1924. The cumulative re 'ult of these war taxes was that in the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1921, customs duties were for the first time dis- placed from their position as the chief factor in Canadian revenue, the war taxes yielding $168,385,327 as against the customs yield of $163,266,804. In 1922 war taxes yielded $177,484,161, while the yield of the customs fell to $105,686,645. Again, in 1923 the war taxes yielded $181,634,875 and customs duties 5118,056,469. Amongst the war taxes, income tax yielded $78,684,355 in 1922 and $59,711,538 in 1923. A more detailed sketch of the new taxation imposed during and following the war is appended for reference:- War Taxation in Canada.-War taxation began in Canada ahnost simul- taneom-;ly with the outbreak of the war. In the s} ort war se:-sion of August, 1914, the Customs Tariff Amendment, Act (chap. 5), and an Act to amcnd the Inland Revenue Act (chap. 6), provided for increases in the customs and excise duties on various commodities, including coffce, sugar, spirituous liquors and tobacco. In the 1915 seRsion the Customs Tariff \Yar Revenue Act, 1915, impoæd duties -or additional duties of 5 p.c. ad valorem under the British Preferential Tariff, and of 7! p.c. ad valorem under the Intcrmcdiate and General Tariffs on all goods in Schedule A of the Customs Tariff, whether dutiable or free of duty, subject to exemptions of which the chief were, fish caught by Canadian and Newfoundland fishermen, goods used in the manufacture of agricultural machinery and of binder twine, certain goods used for medical and surgical purpOEes, anthracite coal, steel for the manufacture of rifles, silk, chemical fertilizers, cotton seed cal\.e and cotton seed cake meal. By the Special "-ar Revenue Act (chap. 8), new taxeg were imposed as follows: on every bank, t of 1 p.c. on thc averagc amount of its notes in circulation during each three months period; on evcry trust and loan company, 1 p.c. on its Canadian incomc; on every insurance company other than life and marine insurance companies, 1 p.c. of its net premiums received in Canada. Further, taxes were imposed of 1 cent on every c lblegram or tclegram for which a charge of 15 cents or more was made; 5 cents on the fir:,;t 5 aDd 5 cents on evcry additional $1) on railway and I-'teamboat tickets to places in North America and thc British 'Yebt Indies, and on tickets to places outside of these, $1 if the price exceeùed $10, $3 if it exceeded $40, and $5 if it exceeded $ö5; 10 cents on every slecping car berth and 5 cents on every parlour car seat; all the foregoing taxes to be collccted by the companies concerned and transmitted to the Goyernment. The same Act 7üO FISA..\TE imposed the follo\\ing stamp duties: 2 cents on eyery bank cheque and on every e:x]>resl' and post office money order and 1 cent on evcry po tal note, 2 cents on every bill of lading, 1 cent extra on every letter and post card, 1 cent for every 2.=) cents of the retail price of proprietary medicines and perfumery, 3 cents for a pint or less find 5 cents for every quart of non-sparkling wille, and 13 centc:: for ! pint or less and 23 cents for every pint of sparkling wine. By 1916 it was seen that still further taxation was required to maintain the finances of the Dominion in a satisfactory condition. As a result, the Bu:-;iness Profits 'War Tax of that year (chap. 11), was paf: ed, imposing a tax of 25 p.c. of the amount by whi8h the profits earned in bu iness owned by an incorporated comp my exceeded 7 p.c. per annum, or, in a business owned by any ot her pcrHon or a:-;sociation, exceeded 10 p.c. per annum upon the capital employed in the bu:-:incH:-:. Bu!'in('s es employing lc:-: than !)O,OOO capital, life insurance comp:mics, bu:-:inc:-; c:- engaged in farming and live :. of 4 p.c. on incomes exceeding 82,000 in the case of unmarried men and widow:-; and widower:,; without children, ànd on incomes exceeding 83,000 in the case of other persons. A super-tax was also imposed, progref-'sing from 2 p.c. on the amount h which an income exceeded $6,000 but did not exceed $10,000, up to 23 p.c. on the amount by which an income exceeded $100,000. In the se sion of 1918 the Business Profits "-ar Tax Act was amended h) chapter 10, extending the operation of the .\C{ to busine:, es having a capitalization of from 825,000 to $50,000. The Income ',"ar Tax Act, as amended b:v chapt('r 2.-;, lowered the limit of exemption to $1,000 for unmarried persons and childlc:-.:-: \\idows and widowers and to 82,000 for other persons, the former paying 2 p.e. on incomes between $1,000 and 81,500, the latter 2 p.c. on incomes betwecn 2,OOO and $3,000. The normal tax remained at 4 p.c., but the superta:x was increa::,ed on incomes exceeding :ï'200,000, being graduated up to 50 p.c. on incomes exceeding $1,000,000. .A surtax was also introduced, ranging from an [ldditional 5 p.c. of the combined normal tax and super-ta)(,. on ineomes between ù,ooO and $10,000, to an additional 25 p.c. of the normal and super-tax on incomes e:xce( ding 8200,000. corporations to pay a tax of 6 p.c. on incomes e"\.ce(ding 3,000, but no super-ta:x or surtax. By the Customs Tariff Amendment Act (chap. 17) increa ed duties were imposed on tea, coffee and tobacco, and by the .Act to amend the Special War Revenue .Act, 1915 (ch&p. 46), increased or new taxes were imposed as follows- for each seat or berth in a parlour or sleeping car 10 cents and 10 p.c. of the price of the seat or berth; 1 cent on every hundred matches and 8 cents on every package of 54 or fewer playing cards with cu t(JJlJS duties of the same amount on th&,e articles" hen imported; 10 p.c. of the felling price on pm; enger automobiles, grmno- phones, etc., and records therefor, mechanieal piano players and records therefor and jewelry. In the 1919 sesf:>ion, the Business Profits "r ar Tax was renewcd (chap. 9) for the calendar year 1919: in the case of businesses having a capital beÌ\H'cn $25,000 and 50,OOO, profits in excess of 10 p.c. were now to be taxed 2.3 p.e., bu:-inesses having a capital of 50,000 or more to be ta:xcd at the same rate as in previow.. years. Thc Income ""ar Tax .\ct was amended by chapter 53, which increa ed the general rate of ta:xation. All corpOlations paid 10 p.c. of their net income in excess of 82,000, as against 6 p.c. under the former Act. In rc pect of individuals, the normal rate of 4 p.c. was to be levied on all incomes e)"cecding $1,000, but not exceeding $ß,OOO, in the case of unmarried pcr ons and widov. s or widowcrs without dependent children, and upon all incomes e:xceeding 2,000 but not execeding $6,000 in the case of all other persons, the respective minima of 1,000 and $2,000 being exempt from taxation. A normal tax of 8 p.c. was levied on the exce s of all incomes over Ô,OOU. The surtax was imposed on a progressive cale on all incomes of over 6,OOO, applying first at the rate of 1 p.c. on the amount by which the income exceeded $5,000 and did not exceed 86,000; then at the rate of 2 p.c. on the amount hy which the income exeeeded 86,000 and did not excccd s:. .OOO; W..-1R TAXATION IX CA.NADA 7tH then at a rate increasing by 1 p.c. for each $2,000 increase of income up to $100,000, so that 48 p.c. was levied on the amount by which the income exceeded $98,000 and did not exceed $100,000; then at 52 p.c. on the amount by which the income exceeded $100,000 and did not exceed $150,000; 56 p.c. on the excess between 5150,000 and ::'200,000; 60 p.c. on the eXCeRS between $200,000 and $300,000; 63 p.c. on the excess between $300,000 and $500,090; 64 p.c. on the excess between $.300,000 and $1,000,000; 65 p.c. on the excess mcome over $1,000,000. Chapter 47 provided for the entire repeal of the extra duty of 5 p.c. ad valorem added to the British Preferential Tariff under the Customs Tariff 'War Revenue Act, 1915, and for the partial repeal in re pect of the intermediate and general tariff rates of the excess of 7! p.c. imposed under the same Act; also for the free importation into Canada of wheat, wheat flour and potatoes from countries not imposing a customs duty on such articles when grown or produced in Canada. Five cents per lb. was deducted from the duty on roasted or ground coffee under the preferential, intermediate and general tariff schedules and 3 cents per lb. was deducted from the duty on British grown teas under the preferential tariff. 'Cnder the general tariff the Act provided faT a total reduction (including the 7! p.c. war duty) from 27! p.c. to 15 p.c. on cultivators, harrows, horserakes, seed-drills, manure spreader and weeders and complete parts thereof; from 27! p.C. to 17! p.c. on ploughs and complete parts thereof, windmills and complete parts thereof, portable engines and trartion engines for farm purposes, horse-powers and threshing machinc separators and appliances therefor. On hay-loaders, potato diggers, foddcr or feed cutters, grain crushers, fanning mills, hay tedders, farm, road or field rollers, post-hole diggers, and other agricultural implements, provision was made for a reduction of duty to 20 p.c. with a similar reduction on farm wagons. Respecting cement, t he war customs duty was repealed and the general tariff rate reduced to 8 cents per 100 lbs. Specific instead of ad valorem rates of duty were enacted for pig- lead, zinc spelter, and copper ingots. In thc session of 1920 chapter 36 amended the Business Profits 'Var Tax Act by exempting from tax profits which during the year 1920 did not exceed 10 p.c. of the capital employed; upon profits exceeding 10 p.c. up to 14 p.c. there was a tax of 20 p.c. of the profit ; from 15 to 20 p.c., a tax of 30 p.c.; from 20 to 30, a tax of 50 p.c.; exceeding 30, a tax of 60 p.c. In any business with a capital of :ß2' JOOO to 850,000, 20 p.c. tax was charged on the amount by which profits exceeded 10 p.c. of capital; this was also to apply in respect of the profits earned in 1917, 1918 and 1919 on businesses having capital less than $50,000 if 20 p.c. or more of !-'u('h profits had been derived from business carried on for war purposes. Chapter -lH amended the Income 'Var Tax Act of 1917 in the following particulars: (1) empowering the Minister to determine deficits and losses; (2) taxing dividends or shareholders' bonuses; (3) taxing income from an estate or accumulating on trust; (4) increasing by 5 p.c. tax and surtax on incomes of $5,000 or more; (5) requiring t hat one-quarter tax be forwarded with return, the balance being payable, if desired, by 3 bimonthly instalments .with interest at 6 p.c.; (6) imposing severe penalties for default. Chapter 71 amended the Special War Revenue Act of 1915 by imposing a stamp tax on bills and notes, bank statements, overdrafts, bank cheques, sale or transfer of stock, etc.; also by imposing new excise taxes on certain classes of goods, ranging from 3 p.c. to 50 p.c. áccording to use or value of the goods, and specific duties on certain fluids. In addition, a tax of 1 p.c. was imposed upon wholcsale and manufacturers' sales. In the session of 1921, the excise duties on spirits were increased from a b ic rate of $2.40 per proof gallon to a basic rate of $9.00 per proof gallon, the old rates being continued, however, where the spirits were used by licensed manufac- turers of patent and proprietary medicines, extracts, essences and pharmaceutical preparations. Under chapter 50 the tax on sales and deliveries by manufacturers and wholesalers and jobbers was raised from 1 p.c. to I! p.c. and in the case of sales by manufacturers directly to retailers and customers from 2 p.c. to 3 p.c. 'Vhere goods were imported, the rates under similar circumstances were raised from 2 p.c. to 2! and 4 p.c. re pectively. The details of the new taxes imposed in 1922 and 1923 will be found under the heading "Dominion Legislation." Summary statistics of the war tax revenue from 1915 to 1923 are given in Table 8 and detailed :statistics of the war tax revenue collected by the Inland Revenue Department in 1923 in Table 9. In Table 10 are furnished statistics of the yield of the income tax by provinces for the years 1922 and 1923. . ï62 FINAXCE Balance Sheet.-A summary review of the financial situation of the Dominion as on l\Iar. 31, 1923, is given in the balance sheet shown on this page. This shows the gross debt on the above date to have been $2,888,827,237, partly offset by available assets aggregating $435,050,368, leaving a net debt of 2,453,776,869.1 Non-available assets, including such public works as canals and railways, also loans to railways, amount in the aggregate to $1,433,433,008, leaving a debit balance on Consolidated Fund Account on Mar. 31, 1923, of $1,020,343,861. The details of the various assets and liabilities are contained in the schedules accom- panying the balance sheet and printed in the Public Accounts. t.-Balance Iu'et of the Dominion of ( anada. as at l\larch 31. 1923. \SSETq- (From the Pubhc Account.,). ( a...,h on hand and in Banks........ . . .. . . . ... S Specie Reserve..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advanc"s to Provinces, Bankf', etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "-dvanee<; to Imperial and Foreign Governments..... . . f)ldicr Land ::;;ettlement Loan ....... . . . . . Mi<;cellaneous Current Accounts.... ................... Balance being Net Debt, :\Iarch 31, 1923 (exclusive of interest accrucd and outstanding), carried forward.. Public Works, Canals....... Public Works. R.ulways.... Public Works, l\IisceIlanl'Ous....... Military Property aad Stores...... Territorllli Account................. Railway Accounts (old)................ .... R:1Ílway <\ccounts {Loans non-activp)..... ... . . . . . .. C'anadi:m Government Ierehant Marine. LImited.... Ii...cellaneous Investments (non-active)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance Con.<;olidated Fund as at, Iarch 31, 1922 $1.082.636,649 Exce<;R of Rpvenue over Expenditure, Year ended {arch 31. 1923... 4,256,042 130,150,335 75,433.038 106,540,470 83.325,152 35.345,331 2,453,776,869 2. 8S8, 827, 237 !-t4.447,672 4:?3,314.378 179.609.356 11,749.164 9,895,948 88.397.418 558.371. 773 5.979,856 11,667,443 62,292,788 S 1,020,343.861 2,453,776,869 T .JABILITIES- Dominion Notes in Circulation........... ..... Bank Circulation Redemption Fund... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Post Office Account, Money Orders, Postal Notes, etc., out- standillJ!:. . .. . ...... ................................ avinj1;s Bank Deposits...... .. . In.'!urance and Superannuation Funds...... Tru!'t FundR.......... Conti ent Funds....... Province Accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?lU..('pllanffius Current Accounts. .... Tempor'lry Loans..................... Funded Debt...... .... ........ Interest Due and Unpaid... . . 242,657,766 6,454,150 3,128.772 31. 791.107 20.711.440 19,621. 838 2,408,868 9,624.153 421. 385 95,432.000 2.452,735,750 3,840,008 2,888,827,237 Balance Net Debt. March 31,1923, broughtrorward.... ........ 2,453,776.869 'JoTIt.-The Dominion of Canada is also re..,pon<;ible for prin('ipal and intprl'f't on loans np otiated by Railway.. undpr various Acts of Parliament amounting to $296.036.;14. Of this amount $58,167,952 was held by the Mini:.ter of Finance in 1923. 2.453.776,869 Receipts and Disbursements.-The total receipts on Consolidated Fund Account for the fiscal year endcd Mar. 31, 1923, were S394,ü14,900, an increase of $12,662,513 over the preceding year; besides this, I'pecial receipts amounted to S8,479,31o-a total of $4(\3,094,210. The regular expenditure on consolidatcd fund IThe net debt on Ma;ch 31,1922, was S2,4 2,135. 801. ('e Table 18. page 77'!. DOMIXION RECEIPTS AND DISBURSElvIENTS 763 account was $332,293,732, but special expenditure amounting to $8,507,691 was also charged to this account. There was also an expenditure on capital account of $9,807,124, while advances to railways were made aggregating $77,86is,938-as well as advances to the Canadian Government Merchant Marine aggregating 5,979,856. Thus the total disbursements, inclusive of these advances, amounted to $434,452,341, resulting in an addition of $31,641,067 to the net debt (gross debt less available assets). (See Table 22.) Detailed statistics of receipts and expenditures on consolidated fund account are contained in Tables 3 and 4. Tables 5 and 6 are historical tables giving the figures of the main items of Dominion receipts and expenditure since Confederation, while Table 7 shows the per capita receipts and expenditure for these years accord- ing to census and estimated populations. 2.-Receipts and Disbursements, fiscal years ended l\larch 31, 1919-1923. RECEIPTS. Items. 1920. 1921. 1919. Consolidated Fund Recelpts- Customs.. .......... . . . . . Excë,e.......... . War tax. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Post Office...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Railways........ ............ Dominion Lands........ . . . . . Interest on investments. ... . . Other items.. . . . . . Total Consolidated I<'uud Receipts. .............. Srecial Receipts- Miscellaneous Revenup. . . . . . . 163 266,804 37,118,367 168,385,327 26,706,198 1 3,955,326 24.815,246 10,139,269 $ 147,169,188 30.342,034 56,177.508 21.603,542 37.967,551 3.539,927 7,421,002 8.725,995 $ 168,7116,823 42, 698', 083 82,079.802 24,471.709 1 4. 62 , 592 17,086,981 9.990,345 31 ,9t6, 717 3-19,7t6,33:i 43-1,386,53':' 1,905,648 Total Receipts....... .... 3t9, 7t6, 335 43G.292.185 312,9-16,7-17 1922. S 105,686,645 36,755,206 177,484,161 26,402,2911 1 2,799.450 21. 961. 513 10,863.113 381,952,387 319,184 382,271,511 1923. $ 118,056,469 35,761,997 181.634,875 29,016,771 1 2,347,715 16,465,303 11,331,770 39-1,614,900 8,479,310 1 403,094,211 lRadway Revenue for the fiscal year 1920-23 was tran"ferred and apphed against railway working expenses. tOf this amount $8,199,333 was received from the BriLish Government to cover exchange on re-pay- ments made to the Dominion Government in London, July 1920 to August 1921. DISBURSEMEXTS. Items. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. Consolidated Fund EJrl'udl- S S S S S ture- Charges on debt 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.185.604 108,989,7-17 2 l-tO, 653, 607 2 139,357,449 2 138,895,803 2 8u hsidies to Provinces. . . . . . . 11. 32i ,236 11.490,860 11, 4!J0, 860 12,211,924 12,207,313 CoUection of revenue3.. ..... 73.682,985 41, 219, 680 43,740,010 49,21i,080 47.919.565 Militia and Defence..... . 3,253,876 1.616.782 9.893.863 11,017.533 9,88.3,986 Pen.-;ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.282,440 26,004,461 37,420.751 36, 153,O:n 32.985.998 Civil government. . . . . . . . . . . . 7.231,897 7,782,330 8,784,178 9.968,932 10.114, 860 Public Works (Income)...... 6,295,060 9,016,246 10,846,875 10,574,364 9,978,440 Soldiers' CivIl Re-establish- ment...................... 45,869,061 35,174,788 17,U7,351 12,974.858 Other items........... ...... 32,469.185 48,854,760 6.3. 11J.183 61,913,027 57,332.909 Total ordinary.. . .. ...... 232,731,283 303,8-1:1,930 361, lIS. U5 3-17,560.691 332.293.7.12 I [ncludes charges of management, interest. !Oinking funds and premium, discount and exchange. 1 Sinking funds now included in special account. I [ncludes adulteration of food, calhng timber, customs and e"tci"e, insppction of staples, ",eights and measures, gas and electric light, post office, Dominion lands, public works (collection of revenue). railways and canals (coUection of revenue). . [ncludes air board, administration of justice, arts and agriculture, bounties, department of mines, fisheries, government of north west territories, health, immigration, Indians, labour, legi lation, lil/;ht- house and coast service, mail subsidies and steamship subvpntions, marine hospitals, miscellaneous, naval service, ocean a.1d river senice, ppnitentIarips. quarantine, Royal Canadian mounted polirc, railways and canals (income), scientific institution.-;, soldiers' land settlement, "teamhoat inspection, superannuation, trade and commerce. Yukon provi;,ional district. 7ü4 Fl.YA.SCE 2.- Re('eil)ts and UisbtusemNlts, fis('al ) ears ended 11arch 31, 1919-1923 -f'0I11'Iudl'rl. DISB UR.SEMENTs-concluded. I terns. 1919. 1920. Hm. 1922. 19:!:t ConsoUdated Fund EIpendl- S S S S $ ture-concluded. Special Di"bursemf'nts- Rail way Subsidies. . . . . . . . . . . 43, 805 334. 845 - - - War and Demobilization..... 446.519.410 346.612,955 16,997.544 1,544.250 4. 4G.... ì60 Other ('harge'>............... - 7.283.582 19,995.313 492,048 301. 518 4.042,931 -- Total special.. .. . . . . . . . . . . 439,279,66.1 366,943,113 17,-1"9,592 1, "'-15, 7 M.ã07,691 - - - Total charges COll!>olldated "'uud.. .. . .. . .... ..... 172,010,9-16 670, 'ìR7, 043 378,607,737 3-19,406,459 3,10,1\111 , 423 ('apital expenditure. . .. . . . . . . . . 25.031,266 69.301,878 iO,012.807 16.295,332 9,80ì,124 \dvances to Railways (non- active).......... ..... ...... . - 45.780.690 109,662.655 97,950,645 77,863,938' .-\dvancc,", to Canadian Govern- ment Merchant Marine, Ltd - - - - 5,979.85G Grand Tota] Disbursements 697.0-12,212 iS5. 869, 611 528,2S3,19' 463,652,4:16 434,4,>>2,3-11 'Of this amount S3,OG5,095 represents di"counts and expenses in connection v.ith loan f1otation . 3.-Detailed Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-1923. S Canada Gazette................... 29,414 Canals......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387,655 Casual............... ............. 2,910,190 Chine e Revenue.................. 2,026.669 Civil Sen""ÏceExamination Fees.... 11.568 Cullers' Fees...................... 1,229 Customs. .......................... 147.169.188 Dominion Lands. .................. 3.539.927 Dominion Steamers... ............. 13.621 Electric Light IIl5pection........... 88.071 Excise............................. 30.342,034 Fines and Forfeitures... . . . . . .. . .. . 228,815 FiI!heries... .. .. .. . __ _ ...... .. .. -- . 1 3. 114 Gas Inspection... . ..... .. __ __ . . .. 55.701 Inspection of Staples............... 1,082.070 Insurance Inspection.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 64.684 Interest on Investments............ 7,421.002 Law Stamps....................... 8.628 Lighthou"e and Coast Service.. ... . 335 Mariners' Fund..... . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . 69,244 Militia. . .. .. . . . ..... ............. 35.955 Iilitary College.... ............. 54,428 }Iilitia Pension Revenue... _....... 23.841 Ortlnance Lands.. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . 4.819 Patent Fees....................... 275,709 Penitentiaries...................... 132.958 Po"t Office........................ 21,603,512 Premium, Discount and Exchange. 532.849 Public Works........ . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 396,664 Railways.......................... 37,967,551 H.oyal N. W.M. Police Officers' Pen- sions............ ................ Steam boat Inspection....... . ... .. f'uperannuation Fund.......... .... . \Var Tax........................... Weights and Measures............. Items. 1919. 1920. S 50.325 441,926 3,731,725 132,133 6.3\14 1, 273 1 8,796.823 4.622,592 13.181 115,859 -12,698.083 628,793 336.591 61.694 1,092,606 62.384 17.086,981 7,490 621 78,227 53.599 47,979 9,835 35-1.497 130,843 4,471,709 1,974.072 479,088 1 4,030 5,586 2.775 4,594 26.069 21,986 56,177.508 82,079.801 134.890 147.0i5 Total.................. 312,11"',747 3,111,74&,335 1921. S 61,468 365.941 4,005,183 240,107 4,877 2,070 163,266.804 3,955,326 4.051 140,474 37,118.367 501. 448 97. 797 70,987 1,483, 78 89,505 24,815.246 9,423 612 87,601 70,107 139,385 8.878 407, 887 162,710 26.706.198 1,1l6,581 503,053 1 6.469 72,704 22.086 168,385,327 264,587 43,1,381,537 1922. S 77.830 804,516 4,212,862 394,932 2.641 105.686.645 2,799,450 269 139,831 36,755. 07 265.153 224.157 81,720 1,937.323 95,735 21.961,513 6,199 131,727 67,315 132. 188 8,438 45-1 . 886 143,070 26,402.299 781, 224 490,056 1 6.li5 117.548 18.511 177.484,161 269,806 SSI,1I5 ,3Si 1923. I 82,847 74 .404 3.393.429 201.458 3,514 118.056.469 2.31i,715 854 13-1,770 35,;61,997 152.085 :!90, 623 69,578 2.364,037 112,833 16,465,303 13,893 161,010 61,999 I:?!, 244 5.922 48-1.479 134,515 29,Olß.771 I, 8!J9, 234 -IRG.454 1 5,926 126.004 4,572 181,634.875 278.086 3!1 I, 61-1,'00 I Rail", ay revenue collected in fiscal years 1920-23 was transfcrred and applied again...t worJ..inj!; expen.'!t'!!. EXPESDITCRE ON CONSOLIDATED FUND ACCOUNT 765 f.-Detailed Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1919-19 3. Items. Air Board........................... Administration of Justice. .. . .. . . . . . . Adulteration of Food, etc... . . . . . . . . . Arts and Agriculture...... . . . . . . .. . . . Bounties........ .. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . Charges of Ianagement........ . . . . . . Civil Government.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Culling Timber.... ..... ........... Customs and Excise. ................. Department of 1ines.....:.......... Dominion Lands.......... . . . . . . . . . . . Dominion Police..................... Fisheries........................... . Government of N. W. Territories.... . Health............................. . Immigration......... . . . . . . . ., .... .. . Indians....................... _. _. _ _. I nspection of Staples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest on Public Debt. ............. Labour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legislation......................... . Lighthouse and Coast Service.. ... . . . Iail Subsidies and Steamboat Sub- ventions..... . . . .. . . ., . . . . . . . . _ . . . . 'brine Hospitals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . 1ilitia. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naval Service........ ............... Ocean and River Service.. ..... . . . . . . Penitentiaries....................... . Pensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Post Office.. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . Premium, Discount and Exchange. . . Public Works, Collection of Revenue. Public Works, Income............... Quarantine......................... . Railways and Canals, Collection of Revenue. ... . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Railways and Canals, Income....... . Royal C. M. Police.................. cientific Ill8titutions..... . . . . . . . . . . . Sinking Funds....................... Soldiers' Civil Re-estab1ishment..... Soldiers' Land Settlement.. . . . . . . . . . Steamboat Inspection................ Subsidies to Provinces............... Superannuation... _.................. Superannuation No.3.. . . . . . . . . : . . . . . Superannuation No.4... . . . . . . . .. ... . Trarle and Commerce. _ .., .. . . . . . . . . . Weights, Measures, Gas and Electric Light............................. . Yukon Territory......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919. 1920. 1921. $ $ 1,351,212 2,009,240 59, 860 5,489,384 149,202 992.374 8,784,178 3,078 6.615,202 595,261 3,956.027 1 1,385,102 29,146 238,774 I, 688, 961 2,410,073 2.598 139,551.520 1,421,969 2,343,201 2,263,118 1,094.509 77.546 9,893,863 19.938,768 3.284,911 2,021.930 1,296.352 37,420,751 22,696.561 109,713 1,113,876 10,846.875 262,498 8.886,458 2,934. 424 3,927,799 587.892 2 35.174.788 3,454.210 97, 704 11,490.860 554,510 80.520 54,541 1,880,943 406,380 189,483 1922. $ 1,624,843 2,151,956 79,999 5,805,900 100,140 806,926 9,968,932 517 6,657,572 608,028 4,226,070 1 1,343,,136 156.195 255.450 1,636,597 2,944,037 2,345 135,247,849 ],645,54.0 3,870,450 2,280,766 1,105,896 91,177 1l,017,533 13,577,625 3,183,753 1,684,389 1,527,451 36,153,031 28,12],425 3,302,674 1. 073,304 10.574.364 261,355 8.624.094 5,3]1.715 2,962,442 624,380 2 17,147,351 2,125,874 103,670 12,2]],924 603,116 69.246 435, 838 3,679,146 431,754 142,916 TotaL................. . 232,731,283 303,843,930 361,118,U5 3J7,560,691 $ 1.495,688 1,641,122 44,62] 44,987 3,884,929 4,783,083 270,802 352,558 723,336 875,645 7,234,897 7,782,330 4,625 4,338 5,426,282 5,955,374 392,018 566,175 2,247,997 4,751,780 118,489 ]51,588 1,027,150 1,2]5,082 4,963 3,979 1,112,079 ],388,185 1.971,172 2,351,969 2,353 2,320 77,431,432 107,527,089 166,260 648,713 1. 766,401 2,617,581 1,911,247 2,120,005 1,391,850 1,632,906 74,291 90,112 3,253,876 4,616,782 9,515.936 15,090,383 792,182 1,]68,438 1,365,199 1,558,502 1,007,586 1,022,330 18,282,440 26,004,461 19,273,758 20,774,312 582,340 587,013 877,472 921,619 6,295,060 9,016,246 227,389 222,506 45,494,584 8,418,624 559,695 1,184,832 719,143 3,386,389 375,575 464,450 1,448,495 2 - 45,869,064 207,559 2,886,156 72,874 82,634 11,327,236 11,490,860 495,017 517.245 1,330,449 1.502,712 311,293 346,327 183.243 205,124 ]923. $ 1,004,983 2,173.404 111,565 6,271,816 95,750 880,672 10,114,860 400 6,535,822 614,087 4,278,836 1 1.215.793 221,329 244,104 1,987,745 3,075,064 2,286 137,892,735 1,969,877 2,600,958 2,306,485 1,070,684 114,727 9,883,986 10,561,669 2,286,85; ].627.607 1,598,831 32,985.998 27,794,502 122,396 1,068,336 9,978,440 225,002 7,691,261 7,179,430 2,443,286 664,326 2 12,974,859 1. 726,413 110,458 12,207,313 884,405 58.457 329,602 2,471,831 436,557 197,930 332,293,732 I Now included with Royal C. M. Police. 2 Now included in special account. NOTE.-Adulteration of Food, Marine Hospitals and Quarantine. have been classified in the puhlic accounts of 1921,1922 and 1923 under the heading "Health," but are here deducted, so as not to break the continuity of the table. 766 FIAVA)rTCE 5.-Principal Items of nf'ceipts of ('anada on Consolidat('d .'lIml Account, 186S-192:1. I Total Intere!;,t Po,>t Fiscal C'm,tom'! Exci'ie Other ordinary on office Puhlie Total years. taxes. taxes. taxes. im. e"t- and money workb. l Receipt . taxeb. ments. orders. $ $ 1 1 S 1 $ 1 1868.. . 8,578,3RO 3,00 ,588 119,713 11,700,681 17-1,073 525,692 901,466 13,687,9i8 1869.. . 8, 72,1;'30 2,710,028 129,665 11,112,573 82.1, 424 , 535,315 918.933 H,379,175 18iO.. . 9,334,213 3,619,6:.3 13-1,047 13,087,88:? 383,956 573,566 1.006,845 15,512,22() 1871.. . 11,&H.105 4,2\15.945 183.319 16,320,369 554,384 612,631 I. 1-16, 24U 11ì,335,561 187:? .. 12,787,982 4.,735,652 191. 918 17,ïI5,552 488,042 692,375 1,211,729 20,714,814. 1873. .. 12,954,164 4,460,682 O1, 709 17,616,555 396,404 833,657 1,316,636 20.813,469 1874. .. 14,325,193 5.594.90-1 209, 088 20,129,185 610,863 1.139,973 1.509,915 24,205,093 1875. .. 15,351,012 5,01ì9.687 2M,180 20,66-1.879 84.G,887 1,155,332 1.432,360 4,618,ïI5 1876... 12,823.8.18 5,563,487 2 7,090 18,614,415 798,906 1.102,540 1.4.9,232 :Z2,587,587 1877 . .. 12,546,988 4.,941,898 209,039 17.697,9::5 717 , 684 1,114,916 1,917,455 22,059.274 1878.. . 12,782,824 4,858,672 00,442 17,841.938 791,758 1,207,790 2,034,484 22,375,011 1879.. . 12,900,659 5,390,763 185.191 18,476,613 592,500 1,172.418 1,863,149 22,517,382 1880.. 14.0ï1,343 4.232,428 175,806 18,479,577 834,793 1.252,4!J8 2,167,401 23,307,407 1881.. . 18,406,092 5.343,022 193,025 23,942,139 751. 513 1.352,110 2,759,591 29,635,29 1881... 21. 581,570 5,884,860 82,617 27,549,047 914,009 1.587,888 2,ill,134 33,383,456 1883.. . 23, COO, 582 6,260,117 - 29,269,699 1,001,193 1,800,391 3,101.138 35,794,65 188-1... 20,023,890 5,459,309 - 25,483,199 986,698 1,755,674 3,055,792 31,861,962 1885. .. 18.935,428 6,449,101 - 5,384,529 1,997,035 1,841.372 3,065,503 32,797,001 1886. .. 19,362,308 5,852,905 11,2,13 25,226,456 2,299,079 1,901,690 3,082,411 33,177,04 1887. .. 22,373,951 6,308,201 4,850 28,687,002 990,887 2,020,62-1 3,270,782 35,754,993 1888... 22,091,682 6.071.487 14,214 28,177,413 932,025 2,379,242 3,556,101 35,908,464 1889.. . 23.699,413 6,886,739 27,371 30,613,523 1,305,392 2,220,504 3,642.557 38,782,87 1890. .. 23,913,546 7,618,118 55,408 31. 587,072 1. 082, 271 2,357,389 3,800,110 39,879,92 1891.. _ 23,305,218 6,914,850 94,083 30,314,151 1,077.228 2,515,823 3,6S5,530 38,579,311 1892. .. 20,361.382 7,945,098 139,677 28,146,157 1,086,420 2.652,746 3,575,168 36.921,87 1893.. . 20,910,662 8,367,364 4.3.3-t1 29,321,367 1,150,167 2,773,508 3,761,474 38,168,6 1894. .. 19,119,030 8,381. Os!) 79,084 27,579,203 1.217,8C9 2,809,341 3,702,746 36,374,69 1895.. . 17,585,7-11 7, 8G5, 733 5-1,725 25,4-16,199 1,336,047 2,792,790 3,591. 689 33,978,1 18116.. . 19,766,7-11 7,926,006 66,538 27,759,285 1,370,001 2.964.014 3,594,264 36,618,591 1897. .. 19,386,278 9,170,379 91,969 28,6-18.626 1, i43,004 3,202.938 3,587,166 37,829,77 1898... 21,622.789 7,8ïI,563 82.104 29,576,456 1.513,455 3,527.810 3.873.464 40,555,23 1899. .. 5,150, 745 9,641,227 166,097 : g ã 1,590,448 3.193,778 4,433,934 46,741,24 1900. .. 28, 19,458 9,868,075 15-1, e90 1,683,051 3,205,535 5,232,459 51.029,99 1901.. . 28.293,930 10,318,266 131,35-1 38,743,55{; 1,784,834 3.441,505 5,770,071 52,514,70 1902. .. 21,916,394 11,197,134 275,584 4.3,389,112 I. 892,224 3,918.416 6,447,982 58,050.79 1903.. . 36,738, ('33 12.CI3,779 263.694 49,015,506 2,020,953 4,297,833 7,088,50:: 66,037,06 190-1... 40,461,591 12.958,7C8 241.020 53,661.319 2,236,256 4,652,325 6,912,219 70,669,81 1905.. . 41. 437,569 12,586,475 -3.920 54,0::0,124 2,105,031 5,1::5,373 7,395,377 71.182,77 1906.. . 46,053,377 14.01&;-220 11,221 60.074,818 2, HO,312 5,933,343 8,310.267 80,139,36 1907 2 . . 39, 717,Oi9 11,805,413 43,094 51,565,586 1,235,746 5,061.728 6,839,586 67,969,32 1908... 57,200,276 15,782,152 343,535 73,325,963 I. 925.569 7, 107, 887 9,973,5 3 96.054,5 1!J09. .. 47,088,44-1 1-1,937.768 326.881 62,353,093 2,256,643 7,-101.62-1 9,362,272 85.093,404 1!J1O... 59,767,681 15,253,353 388,453 75,4e9.487 2,807,-165 7,958.5-18 10,114.990 lG1,503,71 1911... 71.838.089 16, 86!J. 837 1,127.306 89,8.15, 232 1. 668, 773 9.116,952 10,818.83-1 117, i80, 1912.. . 85.051. 872 19,261,662 1,534,:aO 105,847,804 1,281.317 10.-192,394 11,651.947 136, 108, 1 1913. 111. 764,699 21. 447,445 1,790,214 135.002,358 1,430,511 12,051,729 13. 158,OiS 168,689,90 1914. .. 104,691,238 21, 45 , 037 1.334,792 127,478.067 1.961,511 12.954,530 1-1.197,053 163,174,39, 1915.. . i5, 941. 220 21,479,731 294,490 97,715.441 2.980,247 1 ,046.665 12,953.487 133.073,48 1916.. . 913,6-19.409 '.:2,428.492 -31.71-1 121.046.18i 3,358,210 Iii. 858, 690 19,286,41" 172.147,83 1917.. . 131,013,8!.! 24,412,348 86,925 158.543,115 3,094,012 20,902,384 21,440,840 232,70l, '9 1918. . 144,172.630 27,168,4.15 208,966 171.5,')0,041 4,466,724 21,315.394 27,971,098 260,778,95. 1919.. . 117,11>9,188 30,3-12.03-1 2,026,669 179.537,891 7.4:.1.002 21.603,512 38.751. 870 312, 9!6, 74/ 1920.. . tr.8, 796, 8 3 -12,698.082 132.133 211,627,039 I7,OI;Iì,981 24. 47 1. 709 921. 015 3 349.7-16,33 1921.. . 1fì: . 266, 801 : 7,1I8,367 240. 107 200,625.278 24,815,246 26,706,198 868. Q91 13-1, 86,537 192 _ .. 105,686,6-1.'; 36.755,207 394 , 932 1-12.8.16,784 21,961.513 26,402.299 1. 2!J4. 572 3 381,952,387 19::3.. 118.056,469 35,761, 997 201.458 15-1.0I9,9?-I 16,465,303 29,016,771 1.228.858 3 391.614,900 s o o o 5 2 09 3 29 8 9 4 1 o 9 7 3 o 8 06 1 400 7 3 5- 2 8 4 I) 4 4 . :-;OTE.-fif'CPlptb from W.ir T.lxe 1915-23, are as follo"",'-1915, 198.057: 1916, $3.620,782: 1917, 3 .it 31.9ik'25,379, 90I: 1919,156,177,508: 1920, $82,079,801: 1921, '168,385.327: 1922, $177,484.161: lI,nelurl!ng railwar!'l and ,?anal... 2='1inp month... IExdu,Ï\'e of rail,,'ay... . 41' xclu'lve of <:pecJ:lI rr'Cpmt." ,)f 11,905,648 in 1921. $.119.181 in 1922 :lnd 58,479,310 m 1923. Uf this lattA r amount, $8.1 99,333 was rec..ivpd from the Britibh Govprnm('nt on ex('hange account. :-:.... note 2,4 0 table 2 of thi" scction. ITEMS OF DOMll,;JO.''''; EXPENDITURE 767 6.-Principal Items of Dominion E pemliture, 1868-1923. Fiscal years. Con<:olidated Fund. Chargcsof Total manage- Expenditur Interest nlent, Railways Subsidies chargeable on premium, Pensions. Public and to Post Officc. to dcbt. dÜ,count works. canals 2 . provinces. Con- and Bolidated exchange. Fund. S S S S S 5 S S 4,501,568 359,190 56,432 126,270 581, 5C3 2,753,966 616,802 13,486,093 4,907,014 465,657 50,564 65.015 6.J 1, 814 2,604.050 787,886 14,038,084 5,G4.7,054 339,999 53,586 120,031 U3,070 2, 588, 605 808.623 }4,345,510 5,165,30-1 126,655 52,611 597,275 752,772 2,624,940 815,471 15.623,082 5,257,231 346,413 62,251 839,786 913,236 , 930, 113 929,609 ]7,589,469 5,209,2C6 178,644 49,204 1,297.999 1,378,161 2,921,400 1,067,866 19.174.648 5,724,436 264,685 56,454 1,778,916 2,260,820 3,752,757 1,387,270 3,316,317 6,590,790 227,201 63,657 1, 756,010 1,981,893 3,750.962 1,520,861 23,713,071 6,400,902 08, 149 110,201 1,948,242 1,897,283 3,690,355 1,622.827 24,488,3iZ 6,797,2')7 207,875 112.531 1,262,823 2,239.346 3,655.851 1. 705,312 23.519,302 7,048,88-1 192.087 105. R42 997,470 2,374,314 3,472,808 1,724,939 23,503,158 7,194,734 277 ,923 107,795 1,013.023 2,570,361 3.442,764 1,784,124 24,455,382 7,773,869 289,085 102,889 1,046,342 2,226,456 3,430,846 1,818,271 24,850,634 7,594,145 225,444 96,389 1,108.815 2,603,717 3,455.518 1,876,658 25,502,554 7,740,804 195,C44 101,197 1,342.000 2,755,833 3,530.999 1,980.567 27,067,104 7,668,552 234,170 98.446 1,765,256 3,117,465 3,606,673 2,176.089 28,730,157 7,700,181 229.906 95,543 2,908,852 3,122,103 3,603,714 2,312,965 31,107,706 9, U9.482 387,495 89,879 2,302,363 3,268,22 3,959,327 2,488,315 35,037,060 10,137,009 346,921 88,319 2,016,552 3,339,670 4,182,526 2.763,186 39,011,612 9.682.929 287.742 102, 109 2,133.316 3.673,894 4.169,341 2. 818.!J07 35,657,680 9,823,313 343,592 120,334 2,162,116 4,160,332 4,188,5U 2,889.729 36,718,495 10,148,932 273, 590 116,030 2,299,231 4,095,301 4,051,428 ,982,321 36, U17,8M 9,656,841 230,409 107,391 1,972,501 4,362,200 3,901,922 3,074,470 35,994,031 9,584.137 262,068 103,850 1,937.546 4,505,516 3,903.757 3,161,676 36,343.568 9.763,978 183,938 92,457 1,627,851 4,337,877 3,935,914 3,316,120 36.765,894 9,806,888 213,794 90.309 1,927,832 3,848,4C4 3,935,765 3,421,203 36,811,053 10,212,596 180,975 86,927 2,033,955 3,760,550 4,206,655 3,517,261 37,585,025 10.466,294 278,950 84,349 1,742,317 3,704,126 4,250,675 3,593,617 38,132,00& JO, 502. 430 248,575 86,080 1.299,769 3,826,226 4.235.664 3,665,011 36,949,112 10,645,663 315,314 90,882 1,463,719 3,725,690 4, 38.059 3,789,478 38,349.760 10,516,758 199,887 96,187 1,'i0l,313 4,C49,275 4, 37,372 3.575,412 38,832,526 10,855,112 173.257 96.129 1. 902, 66-1 4,246,404 4.250,636 3,603,799 41,903,500 10,699.615 227, 194 93,453 2,289,889 5,2H,301 4,250,608 3,758,015 42,975.279 10,807,955 201,861 93,551 3,386,632 6,377,1)61 4,250,607 3,931,146 46.866,368 10,975,935 263,250 83,305 4,221. 294 6.508,477 4,402,098 4,023.637 50.759,392 11,068.139 94, 968 87,925 4,065,553 7,221. 705 4,402,503 4,105,178 51,691.903 11, 128,637 ::88,984 113,495 4,607,330 8.397,434 4,402.292 4,347,541 55,612.833 10,630,115 276,072 140,424 6,765,446 9,803,912 1,516,038 4,634,528 63,319,683 10,814,697 346,902 179,023 7,48.1,716 8,779.678 '6,726,3ï3 4.921,577 67. 40,6-11 6,712,771 244,548 125,832 5,5 O,571 7,Ol1,8SS 6,745,134 3,979,557 51,5-12.161 10,973.597 383, 820 187.55ï 8,721.327 10,586,114 9,032,775 6,005,930 76,641,45 11,604,581 35fì,707 191,533 12,300,184 10.780.126 9,117,143 6.592,386 84,064,232 13,098, 160 358,9í3 216,697 7,261,218 10,215.038 9,361,388 7,215,338 79,411,747 12,535.851 376,777 2-10.586 8,621,431 11,123.251 9,09 ,472 7,954,223 87,7;-1..198 12,259,397 455,011 2.J.j,O-l5 10.344,48; 12.330,4fì3 10,281, 0-1-5 9,172.036 98.161,441 12,605,882 502,988 283.188 13,468,505 13.76fì,180 13.211.800 10,882.804 112,059.537 12,893,505 187,184 311,90n 19.007,513 14,935.138 11,280,469 1 .822,058 127.384,473 15.736.743 5M.729 358.558 19,343,532 13,876,060 11,451,6í3 15.961,191 135,523,207 21,121, 585 731. 836 671. 133 12,039.252 20,777.8-10 11,451,673 16.009.1 9 130.350,727 35,802,567 496.387 2,8H,516 8,633,096 27,124,004 11. 469,1-t8 16.300,579 148.599,343- 47,815,585 488.71 ? 8,155.691 7,432.901 34,849.608 11.369,148 18.046.558 178,281.31::1 77,431.432 1,305,676 18. 282. 4-t0 6.295,060 45.491.584 11,3 7.236 19,273.758 232,731. 283 107,527,089 1,462,658 26,001,461 9.016,246 8,418,624 11,490,860 20.774.312 303,843,930 139.551,520 1,102.088 37,420,751 10,846,8;5 8,886.458 11.490.8ßO 22,696.561 361.118,145 135,247,8-m 4.109,601 36,153,031 10.574,361 8, 62 ,O9.1 12,211.924 28.121.425 347.560,691 137, 892.735 1,003.068 32,985.998 9.978.410 7,691. 261 12,207,J13 27.794.502 332,293.732 1868. . 1869. . 1870.. 1871.. 1872. . 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877. . 1878.. 1879. . 1880.. 1881.. 1882. . 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1li89.. 1890.. 1891. . 1892. . 1893. . 1894.. 1895. . 1896. . 1897.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906.. 1907 1 . 1908.. 1909.. 1910. . 1911. . 1912. . 1913. . 1914. . 1915. . 1916.. 1917.. 1918. . 1919. . 1920.. 1921.. 1922.. 19 3. . 1Nine months. 2Expenditurp (Collection of Revcnue). OTE.-From 18fì t'} 1006, inclu:;ive, the fi cal ye,trs ended on June 30, and from that datc to 1923. on M.lrch 31. 768 FJ.'ASCF G.-Principal Items of Uominlon Capital Expenditure. Inter- ational .639,565 236 199.470 3.255.3i8 1.089.827 53,546 1901 2.360,570 8.979 269,061 3,633.837 1.006,983 280.174 1902 2,114.690 4.49 370,838 4,626,841 2,190.125 475,998 1903 1, 8 3.274 449,542 2,254,267 1. 268. 004 829.414 1904 1. 880.787 33,076 748.855 1.8i9,566 1.334.397 6,249 698,878 1905 2,071.594 794,410 4.755.578 2 1,642.042 778,491 591,413 1906 1.552.121 599.780 3,765,171 2.359,528 - 1,841,270 496.125 1907 · 887, 839 526.583 1,512.491 a 1. 797 , 871 537.867 91. 210 1\108 1,723,156 600 768.241 4,369,738 2.969.049 - 18.910.253 390.962 1909 1.873,868 938 79i .747 3,874,480 2.832.295 92,42831.317,132 561.207 1910 1,650.707 785.157 1,278.409 4,514,606 53,04319.868.064 206,397 1911 2,349.475 2,918 - 5.508 763.833 3.742.717 184,15023.715.549 94.321 1912 2,560.938 1. 710. 449 4.116,385 159.63222,264.130 128,042 1913 2,259,642 2.406.988 c 6,057,515 1.099,06315,279.837 103,001 1914 2.829,661 4,348,000 10.100,017 4,498.71715.274.206 129,575 1915 5,490.796 6,914.977 11,049,030 4,773,744 12,648,242 570,531 1916 6,170.953 7,861.899 8,471,229 4,887.131 9.8 5.265 1,350.4n 1917 4.304 589 4,873,032 7.838, 116 2.604,280 6,650.263 609,75:! 1918 1. 781. 957 6.347.201 1.879,699 103.167 1919 2.211.964 5.705,348 562,558 1.723,638 1920 4,550.761 3.285,736 38, 869,683 235,608 527,480 3,540 5 1921 5,450.006 731.018 27.559.809 30.036 20.164 1922 4,482,610 9.649 10.431. 699 34.i70 97.000 1923 4,995,184 59,950 3.411,510 27.803 Ilnclurlinst $2.725,504 for the improvement of the St. Lawrence. spent du..ing thE' pre\"iou \ ('ari! hy 'Iontreal Harbour Commission. 2lncludi&1g $17.956 cost of new car for the Governor General. 'Including $38.583 cost of new car for the Governor General. clncluding $15.000 cost of ncw car for tbe Governor General. 'Indudes New Brunswick Railway. ØXine montbs. D011IINION GOVERNJIENT EXPENDITURE Expenditure, 1868-1923-concluded. Other Disbursements. Total Canadian War Disburse- North- Total ments. west Govern- Capital Rail- and Other f rerri- Militia. ment Expen- way Demob- (, harges. c: Rail- Subsidies iliza- c.. tories. ways. diture. tion. :;... 1 1 1 1 1 $ 1 S - - - 548,438 - - 37,158 14,071,689 186 19,113 - - 440,418 - - 429,663 14,908,166 186 1,821, 887 - - 3,515,116 - - 155,988 18,016.614 187 773,872 - - 3,670,396 - - - 19,293,478 1871 241,889 - - 7,853,050 - - 223,456 25.665.975 187 63,239 - - 19,859,441 - - 5,719 39,039,808 187 - - - 10,177,740 - - 4,019 33,498,076 187 - - - 6,922,743 - - 2,253,097 32,888,911 187 - - - 7,154,008 - - 315,764 31,958,144 187 - - - 7,599,710 - - 1,388,984 32,507,99fJ 187 - - - 6,657,200 - - , 385,413 30,5-15,772 187 - - - 5,648,332 - - 676,225 30,779.9:<9 187 - - - 8,211.174 - - 949,948 3-1,041,756 18 - - - 8,176.317 - - 117,772 33,796,643 188 - - - 7.405,637 - - 201, 885 34.674,625 188 - - - 1-1,117,360 - - 21,369 42,898,886 188. - - - 23,977,702 208,000 - 2,567,453 57,813(;,862 188 - - - 13,220,185 403, 245 - 502,587 49,163.078 188 - - - 9,589,734 2,701,249 10,534,973 61,837,569 188 293,918 - - 4,439,939 I, 40fJ, 533 - - 41. 50.1" 152 188 539.930 - - 4,437,460 1,027,Ot2 - 155,623 45,06-1,124 IR8 31. 448 - - 4,420,313 846, 72 - 1,333,328 43,518,198 188 4,773 - 6,778,663 I 1,678,196 - 44,947 41,770,333 189 :l,90! - - 3,115,860 1,265,706 - 68,074 40,793.208 189 -1,243 - - 2,164,457 1,248,216 - 2,093,569 42,272,136 189 8,911 - - 3,088,318 811,394 - 139,963 40,853,728 189 -l,l ð 9 - - 3.862,970 1,229,885 - 330,354 43,008,234 189 -833 - - 3,030,490 1,310,549 - 399,294 42,872,338 189 -513 1,000,000 - 3,781,311 3,228,746 - 137,185 44,096,384 189 3,284 745.965 - 3,523,160 416,955 - 682,881 42,972,756 189 -1,272 173,740 - 1,14,2,231 1,414,935 - 944,589 45,334,281 189 -1,853 387,810 - 6,201,516 3,201,220 - 236,399 51,542,635 189 -1,473 230,851 - 7,467,370 725,720 - 1,549,098 52,717,467 190 -1,632 135,885 - 7,693,857 2,512,329 - 900,312 57,982.866 190 -1,543 299,697 - 10,077.095 2,093,939 - 1,040,374 63.970,800 190 -3,1>>0 428,223 - 7,049,684 1,163,222 - 1,541,763 61,746,572 190 -2,616 1,299,910 - 7,879,102 2,OlfJ.878 - 6,716,235 72,255.018 190 -2,478 1,299,964 - 11,931. 014 1,275,630 - 2,277,812 78,804,139 190 -1,767 1,299,876 - 11,912,101 1,637,574 - 2,487,323 83,277,642 190 -1,352 975.283 - 11,327,792 1,324,889 - 1,58-1,297 65,778,139 190 -911 1,297,905 - 30,428,996 2,03ï,629 - 3,470,603 112,578,680 190 -1, 045 1,243,072 - 42,592,122 1,785,887 - 4,999,283 133,4-11,524 190 -650 1,299,970 - 29,655,703 2,048,097 - 4.280,227 115,395,774 191 -33,688 - - 30.813,767 1,284,892 - 2,988.393 122,8fìl.250 191 - - - 30,939,576 859. 100 - 7,181,665 137, U2.082 191 - - - 27,206,046 4,935,507 - 255,787 1-1-1,456,878 191 - - - 37,180,176 19,036,237 - 2,610,162 186, 2-t 1. 0-1,8 191 - - - 41,447,320 5,191,507 60,750,476 5,186,016 248,098,526 191 - - - 38,566.950 1,400,171 166,19ï,755 3,186,898 339, 702,502 191 - - - 26,880,032 959,584 306,488,815 15,275,315 498,203,118 191 - - 32,999,880 43,111,904 720,405 343,836,802 10,706,787 576.660,210 191 - - 1-1,827,758 25,031,266 43, 805 44fì,519,UO -7,283,58'? 697,OJ2, 12 191 - - 22,307,366 69,301,878 334,845 346,612,955 19,995,313 785, Q69. 61 J7 192 - - 6,221,774 40,012,807 - 16.997,544 492,048 528,283.199 7 192 - - 1. 239. 605 16,295.333 - 1,51-1,250 301,518 463,652,436 7 192 - - 1,313,022 9,807,124 - 4,464,760 4,0-12,931 434,452,341 7 192 'Includes Advances to Railways (non-active) amounting to $45,780,690 in 1920, $109,662,655 in 1921, $97,950.645 in 1922 and 177.863,938 in 19l3. togeth r with advances of $5,979,856 to the Canadian Govern- ment .Merchant Marine. Ltd., in 1923. f\2373-!9 769 8 9 o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 80 1 2 > -I 5 6 7 8 9 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o ] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o 1 2 3 770 FINA.NCE 7.--Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, IS68-1923. Revenue Expendi- Revenue Expendi- Years. Population. per ture per Years. Fopulation. per ture per head. head. head. head. No. Sets. S cts No. lets. I cts. ]868.............. 3,372.000 4.05 4.00 1895............ . 5,034,000 6.75 7.58 1869.... . .. .. . . . . . 3.413,000 4.21 4.11 1896............ . 5,086,000 7.20 7.26 1870..... ......... 3,454,000 4.29 4 15 1897.... . . . . . . . . . 5.142.000 7.36 7.46 1871..... .... . . . . . 3,485,761 5.55 4.48 1898. .-- ........ 5.199.000 7.80 7.4í 1871........... .. 3,518,000 5.50 4.44 1899... .. 5, 59,OOO 8.89 7.97 18í2........... 3,611,000 5.74 4.87 1900. . 5,322,000 9.59 8.07 1873............. . 3.668,000 5.67 5.23 1901.. ... : : : . . . . . 5,371, 315 9.78 8.72 1874............. . 3.825,000 6.33 6.10 1901..........:: : 5.403,000 9.72 8.67 18i5............. . 3,887,000 6.34. 6.10 1902.... ... 5,532.000 10 .49 9.18 1876............. . 3.949.000 5.70 6.20 1903...........: : 5,673.000 11.64 9.11 1877.. . 4.013,000 5.50 5.86 1904............ . 5.825,000 12.13 \1.55 1878... __ 4,079,000 5.49 5.76 1905..... . 5,992.000 11.88 ]0.57 ]879.. 4,146,000 543 5.90 1906............ . 6.171.000 12.99 10.90 1880.... .. 4, 15.000 5.53 5.90 1907. 6,30 ,OOO 10.71 8.18 1881..... 4.324,810 6.85 5.90 11108....:::::::: : 6,491,000 H.80 11.81 1881... . . . . . .. . . . . 4,337,000 6.83 5.88 1909............ . 6.695,000 12.71 12.56 1882.... .......... 4.384,000 7.62 6.18 1910....... ...... 6,917.000 14.67 11.48 1883.... . . . . . . . . . . 4.433,000 8.08 6.48 1911...... . ..... 7.206.643 16.34 12.18 1884... .. 4.485,000 7.11 6.94 1912.. . .. . 7.365,205 18.48 13.33 1885...... .. 4,539.000 7.23 7.12 HIl3.. . . : : : . . . 7.527,208 22.41 14.89 1886............. . 4.589,000 7.23 8.50 1914..... . . . .. . : : 7,692,832 21. 21 16.56 ]887.... . ........ 4,638,000 'i .71 7.69 1915.... .. . .. . . . . 7,862,078 16.93 17.24 1888... .. 4,688,000 7.66 7.84 1916............ . 8,035,584 21.42 16.22 1889.... . . . . . . . . .. 4,740,000 8.19 7.79 1917............ . 8.180,160 28.45 18.17 1890............. . 4.793,0('0 8.33 7.52 1918............ . 8,328,382 31.31 21.41 1891..... . ....... 4.833.239 7.98 7.52 1919............ . 8,478,546 36.91 27 .45 1891.... .. ... 4,844,000 7.96 7.50 1920 8,631,475 40.52 35.20 1892......... . ... 4.889,000 7.55 7.52 1921. . .. . . .. .. .. . 8.788,483 49.43 41.0 1893............. . 4.936.000 7.73 7.46 1922............ . 8,966.834 42.60 38.76 1894.............. 4,891.000 7.29 7 54 19?3............ . 9,116,457 43.15 36.33 NOTE.-The years marked \\ ith an a'iterish. (.) are those of the Censu!', April 2. 1871, Anril 4. 1881, April 6. 1891. April I, 19m, June 1. 1911 and 1921. In all other C38es down w 1910 the populatIon i!' estimated at the close of each fiscal year; June 30 [rom 1868 to 1906. and March 31 from 1907 to 1910. For the inter-censal years 1912 to 1920. and also for 1921trnd 1923. the population is.estimated as at June 1. The fiscal period of ]907 i'l for the nine months ended arch 31. War Tax Revenue. In Tables 8, 9, and 10 are given statistics of revenue collected by war taxes for the fiscal year 1923 and previous years; in Table 8 by sources for the years 1915 to 1923, in Table 9 by collections of the Ct:stoms and ExcÍ!"e Depart- ment for the last two fiscal years, and in Table 10 by Income and Business Profits War Taxes for the fiscal years 1922 and 1923. 8.-1\ar Tax Rennue during the fiscal) ears ended 'larch 31, 1915-1923. I s I 459,247 419,699 496.540 546,114 638,731 807.667 749,959 852,328 Customs Total Rusiness Income and Excise War Profits. Tax. Depart- Tax ment. 1 Revenue. S S I I - - 98,057 98,057 - - 1.536.838 3,620,782 12,50G.51i - 2.059,584 16.30?238 21, 71. 084 - 2, ?2i, 390 25.379.901 32,9iO.062 9.349.720 11. 888,li08 56,177.508 44.145,184 20,263.740 15.587,707 82.079,801 40,841,401 46,381.824 78,803,099 168.385.327 22.815,667 78.684.355 73.656.489 177,484.161 13,031.462 59.711.538 106.482.718 181,634.875 1 7.ã l,377 .UI.3'l,177 %92,340,390 711,ln,1St Yeara-. B:u1ks. TrU8t IIL<\urance anfl Loan Com- Com- . panies. parnes. 1915....... . . . . . . . . . . . 1916....... ......... 1.300.447 1917........ ......... 1.114,023 1918............. .... 1.115,758 1919................ . 1.099,764 1920.................. ].170.223 1921....... . . . . . . . .. . . 1. 257,534 1922. ..... .... . .. . . . . 1. 293, 697 Ig23....... . . . .. . . . . . . 1,244.437 324.250 202. U5 269,1211 323,340 274.216 293,802 283,994 312,392 TotaL...... 9.595,883 %,283,53b 4,970,285 I Amounts paid in to Receiver-General. I WAR TAX REVENUE 771 9.-\\ar Tax Revenue collected by the {'us toms and E-uise Department, by Prminces, during the fiscal years ended i\larch 31, 1922 and 1923. (Accrued Revenue). 19n Provinces. Prince Edward I:>land........ Xova Scotia...... ........... :'Ii;ew Bruns\\ick.............. Quebec.......... .......... Ontario.. .. .. .. .. .. . }Ianitoba.. .. .. . .. .. . .. . :5askatchewan........ .... -\lberta. . . . . British Columbia. Yukon... Totals .. Pro\ inces. Auto- Musical Stamps. I.icenses. mobiles. Instru- Jewelry. Wines. Whiskey ments. ----- - $ $ $ $ $ S $ 7,572 1,172 - 9 - - - 65,994 7,383 - 2,082 706 - 2,84 7 56,052 3,770 - - 589 - 2,69 7 5!j7,191 31, 434 - 49 11,434 7,832 286,69 7 870,313 55,141 57,847 10. fi91 80,124 113.174 398,441 204.37:': 5,586 - 7 3,837 1.811 10,92/ 118,654 2,203 2.117 - 2,819 - - 128.826 3,219 - - 996 1571 2,51 8 133, ï36 9.088 - 137 7,642 4,41 7 395 122 - - - - 2,143,105 I 119,llS 59.96-1; 12.97.') tOS. H7 SaIl'S. Ale and Matches. Playing ConIec- Beer. Cards. tionery. Prince Edward Island................. 61,480 N ova Scotia... .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. 877,206 ew Brunswick....................... 759,304 Quebec.. ... ................. .. .... 14,101,680 Untario.......... ...... 23,016,539 Manitoba............................. 2,292,067 Saskatchewan................. _. _'. 687,lH Alherta....... .. .. .. . . . . .. . 967,912 British Columbia.............. ....... 2,055,981 yukon...... . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . 849 s $ S S - - - 1,652 - - 3,750 - - 855,511 1.821,629 50.483 192,674 869,166 180,545 15.336 - - 187 - - 21,268 - 43 156, U5 3,288 - - 31 - Totals........................ 44,820,162 1,246,523 2,694,114 231,071 n' .97-11 70S. 5-1 Totals. $ S 99 70,332 36.620 99-1.489 19.567 845.730 49,399 17,773.339 193.637 26,038.290 20, 1:>3 2,554.067 2,685 815,810 10,926 1,135,708 17 ,466 2,388,057 2 1.399 350,52" 52,617,221 , Sales. $ 71,5-13 1,102,233 1,027,659 19,404,620 32,646,710 3,244,963 873,966 1,377,557 2,933,911 2,358 62,685,520 Licenses. 404 2.803 2,102 17,675 32. 866 3,680 1,473 2,575 4,794 48 68,420 Stamps. $ $ 15,019 137,489 109,559 1,352,717 2.094,875 515,826 218,455 256,164 316,732 1,613 5.018,U9 Importations- : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::$ I :g g: Transportation.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . _ _ 2,534, 170 Em bossed cheques. .. . ... . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. __ . 840,279 Grand Total Excise Revenue 1 .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . 73,902,614 Provinces. Prince Edward Island... . .. . ova I:;cotia................ New Brunswick............. Quebec...._... _ ......... Ontario.. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .Manitoba.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan.. . .. . . .. .. . . . . Alberta. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia.... . . . . . . . yukon....... .... . . .. .. . ... . T9tals, 1923............ I Includes $1,932 from British Post Office parcels 623ï3-49! 1923. Matches. Auto- mobiles. s $ 1,169 6,632 35.816 68,617 1,089,936 36,686 5-1,401 29,189 40,104 48 1,362,597 1,914,077 762,770 2,676,8,17 Con- fectionery. $ ïO 53,214 36,344 66,800 222,650 32,700 1,241 11 , 835 17,417 442,271 -....) " _ FLVA.YCE 9.-"ar Ta Re\('nlU' collecf('d by the ('.."toms amI ";J(ri e D('partment, by Pro\Ïo(,(,s, during the fiscal) ears eoded Jlarch 31, 1922 and 1923-concluded. (Accrued Revenue). Playing Ale and Be\"erage8. Provinces. Cigars. \\ ines. Cards. Beer. Schedule I, Schedule II. 5 per cent. 5c. per gal. $ S $ $ $ $ Prince Ed\\ard Island. ..... - 151 - 5,180 1,695 5,09-1 Nova Scotia.... ..... - 331 - 24,507 1,040 7,912 New Brun!'v.;ck. .. - - - - 211 1,001 Quehec...... .. ... 47,385 179,18-1 1,5-19 2,060,913 3,934 22,510 Ontario. . ... 159,242 99,285 156,896 197,640 U,928 184,712 1anitoha.:.. . .. - 217 438 I:JO,360 2,762 78,62" Sa"katche\\ an - - - 14,213 1,349 7.791) -\Iherta...... . . . ........ -.. . - 1,161 - 64,324 982 29,817 British Columbia. _......... - 9,195 487 115,326 ] .398 6.451 ). ukon. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - -I 7 Totals, 1923. ..... 206.627 2!i9.52-1 159.370 2.612,,163 28,30-1 3-13,931 Pro\ ince::.. I Em bo,."cd Domc...tic Importations. Cheques. Total. Total. Sales. ExC'Ï,.,e. $ $ $ $ $ I'rince Ed\\ard I...hm.t.. ...... 138 1,314,629 liI7.207 li,013 1,!J.I8,84 '\ ova Scotia. ., 1,712 1,246,982 690,380 9,070 1, 946,432 X e" Hrun'- \\ icb. . ... - 89,417 37,103 419 126,939 Quebec......... _ --.- 8] , 506 25, 221.-I'ì7 8,038,513 137,618 33,397,618 Untario......... . 57,139 37,71Y,6-t9 14,121,106 508,111 52,348,866 Manitoba.......... . ... 15,9-15 4,062,204 1, nO,589 33, 899 5.806,6Y'! askatchewan. . . . . . .. 1, 830 I, ]7-1,727 423,863 5.486 I, f.04,076 Alberta......... .... ... 1, :m 1,774,995 437,OY7 12,113 2,224,205 Briti,.h Columbia.... o. ], Y-tO 3,447,757 2,476,121 43,9]2 5,967,790 ). ukon....... .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . - 4,078 21, 836 359 26,273 HTiti h PO"t Oflicc Parcels. ..... - - 2,918 3 2,921 Tot als, 1923.... ..............1 161,601 76,055,82-1 28.576.735 768,002 105,-1"."1 I.:mbosscd Cheques (Departmental).. .... Traruoportation, etc....... 355,141 2,234,091 Grand Total........................................ _ 10i,9S9,893 10.-Statement sho\\ing Amounts collected uod('r the Income "ar Ta .\ct and th ßusilll'ss Profits "ar Tax Act, by .-rO\inces, for the fiscal) ears ended Jlarch 31, 19 2 and 1923. 1922. 1923. Provinces. Income War Tax. Business Profits War Tax. Total. Income '" ar Tax. Business Profits "ar Tax. Total. Prince Ed\\ ard bland....... X ova Scotia.. . . . .. .. .. .. K ew llrUIl!'\\ ick. .. . .. .. .. .. . Quebec....... ...... -.... Ontario. .... . . . . . . - - . . . . - . Manitoba............. . :;askatchewan.............. . Alberta........ ............. Britkh Columbia.... .. . . .. . yukon..................... . Interest....... .. . .. . . " . $ 78,929 2,240,826 1. 456, 273 24,613,759 35,065,911 6,116,457 2,446,219 2,454,499 5,168,570 37,367 $ s $ $ S 88,90; I, 7JY, 76(1 1,150,611 24,6R6,631 31,O!SO,l-I3 5,165,180 1,740,366 2,141,077 4,763,425 39,878 147,044 292,654 371. 604 6,65-1,695 12. ]31.057 1,373,081 218,16S 316,551 1,261,362 78,929 2,533,480 1,827,877 31,268,454 47, 196,Y68 7,4811,5J8 2,66-1,387 2,771,054 6,429,932 37,367 196,491 x , 907 1. 5s5, 659 1,023,467 21,107,600 24,935,219 4.251.583 l,520,80J 1.546,320 3,612,128 39,878 15-1,101 127,1H 3,579,OJ-i 6,1-14,924 913,597 219,563 594,757 1,151,297 H7,044 196,491 Total... __............. 79,678,810 22,815,567 102,-19-1,477 59,7U,5&! 13,031,461 n, n3,' ;j Refunds... . _.......... 994,459 - 994,459 - - - TotaL........ .. ..... 78,68j,351 22,815,"7 101.500,018 5',711,56-1 13,031,461 7 , 743,''9i I.\-LA^-D REVENUE 773 Inland Revenue. Under the Inland Revenue Act (R.S. 1906, c. 5), the Department of Inland Revenue until 1918 had the control and management of standard weights and measures and of the collection of excise duties, of stamp duties, internal taxes, bridge and ferry tolls and rents. 1 t administered the statutes which dealt with the adulteration of food and other articles, electricity and gas inspection, patent medicines, petroleum, naphtha and the analysis of fertilizers and feeding stuffs. The Department also established the food standards, which were put into force from time to time by Orders in Council under the authority of SecTion 26 of the Adulteration Act. For the year ended March 31, 1923, the total inland revenue of the Dominion amounted to $144,249,547, as compared with $110,812,503 in 1922. By Order in Council, dated May 18, 1918, the Department of Custom):; and the Department of Inland Revenue werf' amalgamated anù combined undf'r the name of the Dcpartment of Customs and Inland Revenue under one l\IinistC'r of the Crown. By Order in Council dated June 3, 1918, the administration of the Gas, Electric Light and "r eights and Measures Inspection Acts, the Adulteration of Food, Commercial Feeding Stuffs, Fertilizers, Proprietary and Patent :\ledicine and Inspection of Water :Metcrs Acts was transferred to the Department of Trade and Commerce as from September 1, 1918. On June 4, 1921, the Department of Customs and Inland Revenue was con olidated, under one :\Iini::;ter, as the Department of Customs and E,,-cise (11-12 George V, chap. 26). Canadian Excise Tariff.-The following is a statement of the Canadian excise tariff, as existing on July 1, 1923:- :--:nirits- \\ hen made from raw g;rain, pcr proof gal.. $9.00 When made from malted barley........... 9.02 When made from imported molasses or other sweetened matter free of Customs duty, per proof gal...................... 9.m :\Ialt. perlb. ....... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .... 0.03 \Ialt, imported, cru"hed or ground, per lb... 0.05 [alt lif}uOT, when made in whole or part from any other i'ubstancc than malt, pcr I!;fil. . .... Tobal'co, pcr lb. . . . . . .. . ........ . _ .. .... SO 20 C'igarettes, weighing not more than 3 lb. per thousand.............................. 6.00 C'lgarettes, weighing more than 3 lb. per thousand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.00 Foreign raw leaf tobacco, unstemmed, per standard lb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign ra" leaf tobacco, i'temmed, per stan- dard Ib " _ .. .. _ . . . 0 60 Canada t"i"t tobacco, per Ih. 0 20 015 i'; ::::::::::. ..... ........ .... g ('i!!;ars, when put up in pack es of 1c"" than 10 each, per:\l. -I co 'Vhen, howeyer, any per:-:on is licensed by the l\linister of Customs and Excise to manufacturp patent and proprietary mpdicines, extract..., ('s:-,C'nces and pharmaceutical preparation::; by the use of spirits in bond, subject to the Inland Revenue Act and rcgulations thereunder, the following duties of excise shall be coJIected; when made from raw grain, $2.40 per proof gallon; "hen made from malted ba.rley, 82.42 per proof gallon; when made from imported moIn ses or other sweetened matter free of customs duty, 2.43 per proof gallon. Druggists licensed by the 1\Iinister of Customs and Excise to prepare prescriptions. for medicines and pharmaceuÛcal preparations, are also allowed to use limited quan- tities of spirits testing not less than 50 p.c. over proof on payment of the above lower manufacturers' rates of duty. A drawb:.ck of 99 p.c. of the duty may be granted when spirits testing not less than 50 p.c. over proof are delivered in limited quantitie):; to universities, scientific or research laboratories or hospitals for medici- nal purposes only. . In Table 11 are set out the various sources of inland levenue for the yearl> 1918 to 1923, the last fiscal year showing an increase over the previous year of $33,437,044, due to the increased amount collected m HI23 as war taxes. The increase in this item over 1922 was $34,08ï,279. Tablei 12 and 13 show tatistict:l 040 774 FINA_\CE of excise licenses issued in the fiscal years 191ð to Ifl:!3 and of distillation during: (he last five fiscal years. :-;ources of Revenue. 11.- Excise and other Inland Rl'\enUes for the fiscal ) ears 1918-1923. \cetic acid. . . . . . . . . Cigars.... ....... ..... Electric light. . . _ ... lalt........ .. . . . 'Ialt liquor... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . Ianufactures in hond...... . . 'Iethylatcci spirits......... . Ferry Jicen..es. ..... . eizure... . . . . :'pirit8........ .. I'ohacco. War tax, revenup "t!lmp , etc. Weights nnd nwa...urt' , g:u> and Inw ...tnlIlp" . ... .,. . , 't h('r rp\ enue... 1918. S 7,330 7ï6,086 79,520 1,791,482 80.486 123.183 398,968 2,013 6,933 11,486,5 7 12,616,879 2.253,422 04, 955 134,582 29.962.366 Totals 1919. S 6,;95 1. 261, 915 1 1,47i,792 19,082 118,856 322,583 42,021 6,964,415 70,248.335 11. 964. 740 8,628 2 70.827 42. ãO.'i. 9ð9 1920. S 6,007 1,629.254 1 2,101,939 76,502 124,171 508,406 213,16i 8. !i50, 241 29,455,255 15,744,040 i , 190 2 112,064 58. 92S.536 1921. S 1.955 1,293,655 1 2,468,476 84,301 76,508 405.457 174.523 5.757.463 27,132,933 79,346,815 9.423 2 165,482 1922. S 100 1.095.líO 1 2,628.995 61,531 16,525 6,224,061 26.876.807 73,902,614 116.916.991 110.8&2.';03 I -\dmini...tration now under Department of Trade and Commerce. 2 Law tamps only. 1923. S 100 &22.035 1 2,549,601 60,331 18.225 7. !)85, 808 25.013,128 107,989,89:J 6,700 10,426 lU.2J9,547 Description. 12.- umber of } xdse I.ic-('nses Issued during the fisc-al )ears 191M-1923. 1922. 1923. Distiller::;.. .......................... Brewers and Maltsters........ Tobacco manufacturers....... Cigar manufacturers........ Petroleum refineries. . . . . Manufacturer!' in Bond- Vinegar di"tillcrs.......... ............. ... Perfumes, pharmaceutical preparations, etc... Chemical stills. .. ............... Wood alcohol manufacturers......... Ialt vinegar brewers...... -- 1 \Ialt products....... . . ., . .. - .. - -- Still manufacturers and importers. . . . . . . \retic acid manufacturer........... Bonded \\ arehou P8. . I:xplosiveø... ... .... Hectifiers... .. :'unclries.... . 1918. 12 98 71 195 12 21 38 123 12 2 3 3 180 5 2 '3 1919. 1920. 19:21. 12 75 87 155 13 19 88 129 12 3 1 6 2 85 2 3 90 12 73 85 147 12 18 114 140 12 3 1 4 2 49 1 119 14 81 72 165 11 19 32 122 12 2 3 2 135 5 5 50 :-Ichedule. 13.-Statistics of Distillation for the tis('al ! ears 1919-1923. 10 79 81 152 14 11 i4 76 140 16 149 12 3 14 2 45 1 334 163 g 3 10 2 49 1 354 Licen;,e.. is:;ued . No Licellhe fCC8 ..... .. ............ S Grain, etc., for di,.tillation- Ialt....... lb. Indian corn. Hye Oat,..... .. \\ heat 1'0tall1;rnin di.,tillation. . . ... 'Iolas;,es.......... _. . . _' .. Proof pirit,. manufactured.... gal. Duty collected ex-manufactory on deficiencies and a&beDSments- Gallon'!....... . t ìd :ÿ' Í1 't d pi 'Ú e'iees'. : Vinegar .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . gal. Acetic Acid............... .. 1919. 18 4,3;;) 996.093 15,310.21::: 1,775,935 41. 900 1. 237, 140 19,361,2RO 58,598,9511 4,187,109 1,860 4,464 8.839 2,9::2.8'<6 167,383 14 3,500 5::4, 832 7,044.316 1,170.162 28,700 482,5!)6 9, :!50, 606 34,072,251 2,356.329 388 931 4,431 2,693,779 147,669 1920. 1921. It 3,250 1. 671. 298 18,111, iOO 4,254.150 133.980 69,740 24,240.8fi8 54.818,6;5 t,l!i4,691 3,551 8,536 15,681 8!jO, 9821 46,375 10 2,5GO 4,084,925 33,210.842 9,lfì8.125 IS5,260 220,755 46,869,907 41. 996, 266 5,050,188 1922. 1923. 12 2.750 4,222,O 1 12,596, gn3 9,93b,928 88,310 26,844,102 45.009, I 3.828.870 6.747 16,192 18,692 204 1. 8Jð 4,5118 1 For -\pril, ".I :mrl Junp only. H.egulation- chnn1!;pd Jul) 20, fin' I dut:r t Iken off from that date. PROVINCIAL SUBSIDIES 775 Consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco.-In Tables 14 and 15 are shown the quantities of spirits, malt liauor and tobacco taken out of bond for con- sumption in the fiscal years 1918 to 1923 and the annual consumption per head of population of spirits, wine, beer and tobacco, together with the duties per head paid on these goods. Until recent years, spirits and tobacco were the most important sources of inland revenue. 0" ing to the imposition of war taxes, revenues derived from them have fallen from 65 p.c. of the total of in]and revenue in 1920 to 23 p.c. of the total in 1923. This is accounted for mainly by the increase in the volume of war taxes collected, but to some extent also by the decrease in the consumption of wine and spirits. The consumption of cigars also fell from 270,089,761 in 1920 to 183,965,151 in 1923, a decline of more than 32 p.c. H.-Quantities of Spirits, lUalt Liquor, 'fait and Tobac('o taken out of Bond for Consumption in the }'iscal Years 1918-192:j. Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. Spirit.9................. . gal. 4,591,972 2,9-U,108 3,816,121 2.816,071 730, 474 729,678 }IaIt liquor... .. . -." 28,442,427 26,024,117 36,863,867 35,509,751 38,401,3 6 36,789,195 'bit. . . .. ....... . __ . _. lb. 59,6 6,049 49,184,747 69,975,631 82,210,351 87,561,176 84.922,024. Tobacco, t!nulf and cigar- " ettes 1 ................ . 26,774,298 24,6-10,853 30,371.961 26,708,764 27,879,4.19 27,826,031 Cigars................. .1'\0. 254,445,945 221,087, 110 270,089,761 2U,262,197 181,255,533 183,965.151 I Tobacco, H,313,311lbs.: snuff. 759.398 lbs.: cigarettes, 1.917,773,908 in 1923. IS.-Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco, and amount of Excise and Customs Duties per head, in the fiscal years 1918-1923. (From the Report of the Department of Customs aod Excise). Items. 1918. 1919. 19::0. 1921. 1922 1923. - - - - - Consumption of- Rpirits...... _.._ .g l. 0.699 0.391 0.624 0.857 0.360 0.219 Wine..... -. 0,061 0.025 0.078 0.077 0.037 0.037 Beer. .... . . . . . . " .--.....-....-..... 3.411 2.948 4..100 3.954 4.375 4..028 Tobacco................ . . lb. 3.612 3.109 3.745 3.272 3.434 3.24.3 Duty paid on- Spirit<:!..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.810 0.942 1.586 2.256 1.859 2.006 \Vine. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 0.036 0.015 0.056 0.074 0.049 0.057 Beer.............................. S 0.228 0.170 o . ?-t3 0.292 0.308 0.287 Tobacco........... . ..............-........ S 1.698 2.520 3.541 3.245 3.254 2.883 Provincial Subsidies. Tables 16 and 17 show the aggregate amounts of the subsidies and other payments made by the Dominion to the Provincial Governments for each of the years 1919 to 1923 (Table 16), and the totals paid from Confederation to date (Table 17). The Provincial subsidies payable by the Dominion Government were originally settled by the British North America Act, 1867 (30 and 31 Vict., c. 3, s. 118), but were revised by the British North America Act, 1907 (7 Edw. VII, c. 11). Under the revised settlement each Provincial Government receives (a) a fixed grant according to population and (b) a grant at the rate of 80 cents per head of the population up to 2,500,000, and at the rate of 60 cents per head of so much of the population as exceeds that number. The Province of British Columbia received an additional grmit of $100,000 per annum for a period of 10 years from 1907. 1 An additional grant of $100,000 per annum is payable to Prince Edward Island under an Act of 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 42), and the payments to MaI1itoba were revised 1 See Canada Y car Book, 1007, pp. xxxiü-iv. ï7t) FIXAxrE by the Extension of Boundaries (Manitoba) Act (2 Geo. V, c. 32). Other payments to the Provincial Governments by the Dominion Government consist of special grants, as compensation for lands and allowances for buildings, allowances in lieu of debt, etc. tG.-Subsldles and other P3)-ments of Dominion to PrO\incial Gon>rnments, 1919-1923. PrO\ inces. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. S S S S I Prince Edward Island....... .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . 381,932 381,932 381.932 381,932 :181,932 Kova Scotia........ ..... 6.36,667 636,667 636,667 fì61. 866 661.866 Kew Brunswick...... ......... 637.976 6.37.976 637,976 666,766 666,766 Quebec...... . ........ ......... 1, !l69, 630 1,969,630 I, !l69, 630 2,256,420 2,256,420 Ontario. ....... ......... 2.396,379 2,396,379 2.396,379 2,642,612 2,642.612 \I anitoba.... ....... 1.447,335 1,470.!l91 1.470,991 1,470,9!H 1.41)6,380- :'a8hatC'hewun ..... 1.680,077 1,753.075 1,753.075 1. 763, 883 1. 763, 88-3 .-\lhprta....... . 1.55-l,105 1,621,075 1. 621. 075 1. G28, 638 1,628,63!ì Briti..,h Columbï' ...''-............... 623, 135 623.135 623,135 738,816 738,816 Tutal ........................... 11, 3 7 , 2.36 11, 490, !s60 11.490,860 12,211,921 12,207,313 17.-Tot:tI of Subsid)' Allo\\ances from Jul! 1, IS67. to :\Iarch 31.1923. Allowance AlIo\\. ance Intprest for per head Special on Debt Total. Provinces. Govern- of Grants. 1 Allowance. 2 ment. Population S S S S S Prince Ed" ard Island. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . 2,620,000 4.265,555 2,949,626 2,137,370 11,972,551 Nova coti8............. 5,.140,000 18,728,622 826,980 2,602,186 27,597.788 New Brun""ick................::::::::: 4,il80,OOO 14,315,944 8,130.000 1,106,521 28,432,465 Quebec. ......... 6,640,000 60,646,200 - 3,794,725 71,080.925 Ontario.. '" ... . . ........ 7,040.000 76,320,381 - 3,319,545 86.679,926- \lanitoha. . ................ 4,645,000 10,912,548 9.964.647 9.153,174 34.675,369 :-;a8katche" ...... . 3,091,666 7,752,240 9,468,750 7,296,750 27, 60!!, 406 Alberta. . ................... 3,066,667 6,152,283 9,000,000 7.296,750 25,515,700 Briti,;h ("'oluDlhi .'''. --.... 4,040,000 7.153,811 6,200,000 1. 5::!5, 639 18.919.450 Total.. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,463,333 206, 47 . 5S4 46,5tO,OO:1 38, 23 , 660 :132,4113,5110 I('ompen ation for land.. and allowances for building,>. 2Allo"ance in lieu of debt. . National Debt. The gross national debt of Canada on Mar. 31, 1914, was $544,391,369, a'j again t al'!"ets of $208,394,519, leaving a net debt of 5335,996,850. Comparatively small as "as this debt, it was a debt incurred ahnost altogether either for public works of general utility which, like the Intercolonial and Transcontinental railways and the canal system, remained assets, though perhapl5 not realizable a ets of the nation, or was expended as subsidies to enterprises, "hich, like the Canadian Pacific railway, though not government owned, assisted greatly in e" ending the area of settlement as well 'as the productive and therefore the taxable capacity of the country. Broadly speaking, it was a debt incurred for productive purposes. Also, it was mainly held outside the country, the principal of the Dominion funded debt payable on Mar. 31, 1914, in London bêing 5302,842,485, as against only $717,453 payable in Canada. The great changes brought about during the nine years from 1914 to 1923 in our national debt have been (1) the enormous increase in net debt from $33.5,996,850 to 82,453,776,869; (2) as having been largely incurred for war purposes, the gross debt is not represented by corrcsponding assets; (3) the debt is IJ.OW mainly held in Canada; (4) the average rate of interest paid on interest-bearing debt has been considerably increased, the interest-bearing debt on l\Iar. 31, 1914, being $416, !)2,57(), with an annual interest charge of $14,687,797, the average interest rate being thus only 3.52 p.c., while on Mar. 31, 1923, the interest-bearing debt was 82,653,869,212, with an interest charge of $136,007,667, the average rate of interest paid thus NA'1'IOIÇAL DEBT 777 being 5.125 p.c. Had it been possible to keep down the rate of interest to its pre- war level, the debt charge would be nearly $-14,000,000 less than it is. Post-war conversions of debt to lower rates of intercst are likely to reduce substantially our annual interest payments within the next few years. A summary account of the loans effected sincc 1914 is appended. War Loans.-The first Dominion domcstic war loan was raised in Kovember, 1915, under authority of chapter 23 of the Statutes of that year (5 Geo. V, c. 23). It originally consi:4ed of $50,000,000 5 p.c. tax-exempt 10 year gold bonds, issued at 97! and maturing December 1, 1925. As the issue was heavily over-subscribed (public subscriptionl' by 2-1,862 subscribers 578,729,500, ba:nk subscriptions $2.5,000,000) and t he extra money was needed, the Govcrnment increased the amount of the loan to $100,000,000. In July, 1915, 25,000,000 of 1 year and $20,000,000 of 2 year 5 p.c. notes had been floated in the United States, with the object of stabilizing exchange and of relieving the pressure on London. In September, 1916, the second Canadian domestic Wàr loan of sI00,000,000 5 p.c. tax-exempt Ii) year gold bondl' was i sued and again over-subscribed (public i'ubHcriptions by 3-!,5 6 subscribers $151,444,ROO, hank I'ub criptions $.')0,000,000). In :March of that year, a loan of $75,000,000 in 5, 10 and 1;) year 3 p.c. bonds had been floated in New York. The third Canadian dome!-'tic war loan, compo ed of $130,000,000 5 p.c. tax- exempt 20 year gold bonds issued at 96, was issued in March, 1917, and was again over-subscribed, 40,800 public subscribers applying for $200,768,000, while the banks subscribed $60,000,000. In August, 1917, $100,000,000 of 5 p.c. 2 year notes were issued in New York at 9R. . Hitherto the process of raising money had been comparatively easy. The buoyancy of Canadian finance was illustrated by the increasing subscriptions to each successive loan, while the Government could, when needed, obtain additional funds in New York. In April, 1917, however, the United States entered the war. Its gigantic preparations drained enormous sums of money from the New York money market, and made it difficult for other countries to raise money there. Hence- forth Canada had in the main to depend ,on her own people to supply the funds necessary for keeping her steadily increasing forces in the field. Subsequent appeals for war loan subscriptions had to be made to the masses of the people rather than to the comparatively few wealthy or comfortably-off inveðtors. The fourth domestic war loan (First Victory Loan) issued in November, 1917, illustrates the foregoing remarks. For t he first time subscriptions as low as 50 were received towards an issue of $V50,OOO,OOO 5 p.c. 5, 10 and 20 year gold bonds, the Minister of Finance reserving the right to allot the whole or any part of the amount subscribed in excess of $1;'50,000,000. The subscribers numbered 820,035 and the subscriptions totalled 3f)S,000,OOO, or about $."50 per head of the population of Canada. TheJìfth domestic war loan (Second Yictory Loan) of $:300,000,000 5! p.c. 5 and 15 year tax-exempt gold bonds was issued at 100 and intere t as of date November 1, 1918, and the end of the war, then clearly in sight, stimulated public subscriptions. The applications numbered 1,067.X79 and totalled Ü60,000,OOO. The sixt.h domestic war loan (Third Victory Loan) was raised at 100 and interest in November, 1919. It consisted of $300,000,000 taxable 5 year and 15 year 5! p.c. gold bonds. The subscriptions amounted to 678,000,OOO. A 5! p.c. renewal loan, aggregating $114,4ü4:,150 and due in 1927 and 1932, wai' floated in Canada in the autumn of 1922 to payoff the maturing 5 year Victory oan b?nds of 1917. Largely for the same purpose a $100,000,000 5 p.c. loan was Issued III New York. The general result of these loans has been that in 1923 the great bulk of the Canadian national debt is owing to the Canadian people. At the end of the fiscal year 1922-23, the net funded debt of Canada payable in London was officially stated as $304,770,796, in New York as $210,933,000, while the net fundt'd debt payable in Canada amounted to no less than $1,937,031,954. The largest creditors of the Dominion Government are within the Dominion itself, and as a consequence the interest payments made on national debt account outside the country are a relatively small item. Detailed statistics of the national debt as on Mar. 31, 192: , are given in Table 21. 778 FI.V.tXCE In the autumn of 1923 a second;) p.c. rcnewalloan of $:!OO,OOO,OOO was iRsued in Canada to payoff the maturing 5 year Yictory Loan bonds of 1 n8. IS.-Summar)' of the Public nebt of Canada, :\Iarch 31, 191ì-1923 De"cription. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. I S !5 $ S S Total deLt. ... . 1,382,003,268 1.863,335,899 2,676,6 5,725 3,041,529,587 2.902.482,117 2,902,347,137 2,888,827,237 Total assets.... 502,816,970 671,451,836 1,102,104,692 792,660,963 1 561,603,133 1 480,211,335 1 435,050,368 1 Xet debt.. '79.''''.''' '.'91_"" ',m,53I.033 ,.U,..."'.... .....,878,"1""""3,;,,,,, ','''''''...... Interest on debt 35,802,567 47,845,585 77,431,432 107,527,089 139,551,520 135,247,849 137,892,735 Intere!.t on in- \ estment... 3,094,012 4,466,724 7,421.002 17,086,981 24.815.246 21,961.513 16,465,303 1.\.ctive a..."et.. only. 19.- J)('tails of tilt. .\sset.. of th(' Public Dcbt of Canada, )Iarch 31, 1920-192: . Items. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. Cash on h.md and in hanhs...... .... 15r..652.5-HI 50,177,300 23.899.777 S 4,256,042 Speciere"ervep.. . ... 105.067,644 83.959.873 85,710,325 I:JO,150,335 Advance"tohank:-.,pro\incf's,etc........... ....... 157,124,864 138,705,097 103.591,6!14 75,433.038 Advance!' to Imperial and Foreign Governments...... 211,173,198 187,408,::105 162,766, li'JIJ IOti,510,470 Advance"to::;oldiers' ::;ettlementBoard.. 41,735.5:m 69.366,2lï 78,293,234 83,325,152 :-:inkingFunds.............................. ..22,338,941 1 1 1 1 Miscellaneous current accounts....................... . 98.568,237 31,986,341 25,949,616 35,345,331 TotaL...................................... ,92,66U,963 561.603,133 tbu,Ul,335 4b,tl511,35/i l;::;inking funds are no longer included in the assets, as they are sho\\ n as deductions from the funded debt. 20.-Detalls of the Gross Liabilities of Canada, :\Iar('h :n, 19'!O-1923. Items. 1920. S 336,001,470 2,066,856,12ü 135,873.000 311,932,792 i2, 334,813 ,S62,OOO 5,958,5-13 13,550, !Jti7 9,624,153 30,535,723 1921. 1922. 1923. S 30-l,7iO,796 1 1,937,031,954 1 210,933,000 242,657,765 31,791, 101i 95,432,000 6,451,150 19,621,238 9,624,153 30,511.075 Funded debt payable in London................................... . Canada................................... . Ne\\ york......... _........ -...,.......... Dominion notes... -............. f'a vings banks.... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. Temporary loans. . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . Bank circulation redemption fund...... - -. Trust funds............ ... Province account" . . .M iscellaneou" . . S 310 ,334,996 1 1,988,494,357 1 135,874,000 277, 882. 885 39,100,808 90,8:15,000 6.311.-193 17,642,6-12 9,624,153 26,321, 783 S 307,641,659 1 2,002,215,bOl I 110,93-1.000 241,461,426 31,666,834 114,535,000 6,533,999 18,6-17,974 9,624,153 26,086,491 Total.. ... 3.0U.529.5ISì 2,902,.J :!,117 2,902.3n,137 2, ",S%7, 7 lLess Sinking Funds. 21.-Funded Debt Pa>able In London, XC" \ ork and ('anada, togethn ",ith Tem- porar)" Loans, as at :\Iarch 31, 1923. lntere"t De"cription. Amount. payable thereon. PAYABLE IN LONDON. S S 4t per cent loan of 1920-25.............. 24,333,333 1,095,000 . .. " 19-10-60. . .. ........ 93, 926, 66ï 3,757,067 3t " .. 1884................ . 23,467,206 821, 352 3t " " C.P. H '.land grant 15,056,007 526.9üO 3t " " 1930-50. ....-_.... 13ì ,058,841 .,7117.05!! 3 .. .. 1888. .... . .. . . . . . - . . . 8,071,230 242,137 3 .. .. 1892..... . . . . ... . ., . . 18,250,000 547,500 3 .. .. 1894................ . 10,950,000 3::8,500 21 " .. 1897................ . 4,888,186 122, 05 Gross Total.... . . . . .. .. . .. . : :Ui,OOl,4.Q 12, 2J7, õþu J, -, inking }"unds................... 31,230,674 - et Total............. .. .. . 304,770,7961 - Date o{ Maturity. May I, 1925 (on or after May I, 1920, on giving 3 months' notice). Octouer I, 1960 (on or after Oct. 1 19-10, on giving 3 months' notice.) On I!;iving 6 month8' notice or June 1 1934. July I, 1938. July I, 1950 (on or after July 1, 1 '. on giving 6 month,,' notice). July I, UM8. July 1, 11138. July I, IIJ38. Of'tober I, 1947. FUNDED DEBT OF CA VADA. 779 21.-Funded Debt Pa)'able In London, Xew York and Canada, together with Tem- porar) Loans, as at :.\Iarch 31, 1923-concluded. DescriptIOn. Date of [aturity. PAYABLE IK NEW YORK. 5 per cent Bond Loan, 1915-1935....... 5 " Public Sen ice Loan, 1916... 5" " "" . 5" " "" 5 " Bond Loan, 1922-52. _....... 5j" " 1919-1929... no.. Total.. . .. . . .. PAYABLE I CAX\.lH.. Provincial Notes, Nova cotia rnpaid Warrants, Prince Edward Island. . . . ., _...................... Compensation to seigneurs... ... . Compensation to To"\\n!'hips. Province of New Bruns"\\ick, 6 per cent Loan Debenture!'........ . . ., . . . ..... Province of Canada, 5 per cent Loan Debentures. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Dominion Stock, i",;ue A, 6 per cent... " "-\., 3l " - . . " "B, 3! " . . . .. .. C, 3! " . . . " "F, 3! " Debenture"Stock, 5 per cent 1919..... 5 per cent 1922 chool Lands. . . .. 5! per cent 1919... \\'ar Savings Certificates....... . ...... Dominion of Canada Ravings Certifi- cates....... ...................... War Savings and Thrift Stamps.. . . . . . Dominion of Canada \\ar Loan, 1915- 1925, 5 per cent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1916- 1931,5 per cent...................... Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1917- 1937,5 per cent............. .. .. .. .. . Victory I.oan 1917, 5 per cent, due HI22 Victory Loan 1917, 5 per cent, due 192í Victory Loan 1917, 5 per cent, due 1937 Amount. S 874,000 59,000 25,000,000 25,000,000 100,000,000 60,000,000 210,933,000 39,199 549 12,140 153 600 400 8,000 12,537 45,500 48,667 60,800 1,000 24,133,000 700 59, 842 4,077,113 1,748,853 42,014,500 52,931,600 90,166,900 3,117,650 63,437,250 236,298,850 Interest payable thereon. S 43,700 August I, 1935. April I, 1921 (overdue) April 1, 1926. April 1, 1931. May 1, 1952. August I, 1929. 1,250,000 1,250,000 5,000,000 3,300,000 10,8,13, 700 1 Overdue. l. f I various dates. 1,703 2,128 July I, 1925. - Oct. I, 1919 (overdue). 1,206,650 June I, 1919 (overdue). Overdue. 224,241 Various dates. 87,443 January I, 1924. 2,100,725 Dec. I, 1925. 2,646,580 Oct. I, 1931. 4,508,345 )Iarch I, 1937. - Dec. I, 1922 (overdue). 3,489,048 Dec. I, 1927. 12,996,43; Dec. I, 1937. \"ictory Loan 1918, 5i percent, due 1923 172,459,650 9.485,281 ov. 1,1923. Victory Loan 1918, 5} percent, due 1933 446,663,800 24,566.509 Xov. I, 1933. VictoryLoanl919,5!percent,duel924 107,955,650 5,937,561 :\0\".1,1924. Victory Loan 1919, 51 per cent, due 1934 511,910,650 28,155,086 Sov. 1,1934. Henev.al I.oan 1922, 51 per cent, due 1927..... ............. _'.. .. Renewal Loan 1922, 51 per cent, due 1932..... .. ...... 29,068,400 1,598,762 Nov. I, 192;. 85,395,750 4,696,766 Nov. I, 1932. 2,000,000 70,000 March 1, 1928. 65,:W7,351 2,934,330 Dec. I, 1945. Bond Loan, 3! per cent, 1925-1928...... Bond Loan, 4! per cent, 1925-1945...... Gross Total.... . . . . . .. . .. 1,938,877,05,1 101,710,107 Le!'s Sinking Funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I, 815, 100 _ Net Total........... _...... t,937,031,9ãJ TE\lPORARY LOANS loan of 1917-19, New York, 5 per cent. . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury Bills, Canada, 5! per cent freasury Bills, Canada, 5! per cent Treasury Bills. Canada, 5 per cent Treasury Bills, Canada, 5! per cent 12,000 4,680,000 41,060,000 19,325,000 29,655,000 Total...... . Total........ ............... 9J, 73 ,OOO Debenture Stock, 5 per cent.... . . .. _ . . 700,000 95,432,000 - - Augu"t I, 1919. - April 1, 1923. - April 15, 1923. - May 2, 1923. - .May 15, 1923. - - - Payable on demand - - ï80 FIXASrE 22.-I>>uhli(' D('bt of <-'anada. Jul) I, 1867, to :\Iarch 31, 1923. lOW I I ncrcase or Interest re- Fiscal Total Total Xet ùecrease of Int('rC!,t on ceived from year:!. debt. asset:;. debt. debt. debt. . invested asset!!. S $ $ $ $ l1i6.. 93,046,052 17,317,410 'i.'). . 8,li-t2 1868... .. 96,896,666 21, 139,531 75,757,135 28.493 4,501,568 126,420 1869. . . . . .. . . . . . 112,361,998 36,502,679 75,859,319 102,184 4,907,014 313,021 1870. . . . . . . - 115,993,706 37,783,9b4 78,209,742 2,350,423 5,047,054 383,956 1871. 115,492,68-1 37,786,16.') 77,706,518 -503,225 5,165,304 55-1,384 1872...:::::::: : 1 2,400, 1ï9 40,213.107 82,187,072 4,480,554 .';,257,2:n 488,0'12 1873........... . 129,743,432 29,894,970 99,848,462 17,661.390 5,209,2116 396,404 1874........... . 141,163,551 32. 83R. 587 108,324,964 8,476,502 5,724,436 tHO, 86.3 1875. 151,663,402 35,655.024 116,008,378 7,683,414 6,590.790 840,887 1876.... _ llil,204,688 36.65:Ll'i4 124,551. 514 8,543,136 6,400,902 798,90t). 1877..........: : 174,67.'),8-15 41. 440,52fì 1 :J:j, 235. 309 8, 68:J, 795 6,797,227 717,684 1878. .......... 174,957,2li9 :14.595.199 140,362.070 7,126,761 7,048,884 605,774 18.9. 179,483,871 :36, 49:i, G84 142, 9!JO, 187 2,628.117 7.194,734 592,50Qo 1880..... 194,634,441 42,182,852 152,451,589 9,461,41/2 7,773,869 834,793 1881........ . 199,861,537 44,465, .57 155,395,780 2,944,191 7..')9-1.145 751,513 1882..........: : 205,365,252 51,703.601 153,661,651 -1,734,129 7,740,801 914,009- 1883.......... .. 202,159.10-1 43. 6\!2, :190 158,466,7H 4,805,Oli3 7, 6G8, 552 1. 001, 193 1884. ... 242,482,411i 60,320.566 182,161,850 23,695,136 7,700,181 986,6\!8 18!S5. .. :: .. 264,703,607 68,295,915 196,407,692 14,245,842 9,419,482 1,997,036 1886........... . '273,16-1,341 50,005,234 223,159,107 26,751. 415 1 10,137,009 2,299,07\1 1887........... . 273,18.,626 45,872,851 227,314,7.5 4,15;',668 9,682,929 990, 887 1888........... . 284,513,842 49,982,484 234,531,358 7. :H6, 583 9,823,313 932,025- 1889........... . 287,722,063 50,192,021 237,530,042 2,998,684 10,148,932 1,305,392 1890........... . 286,112,295 48.579,083 237,533,212 3,170 Ii, 656, 8-11 1,082,271 1891........... . 289,899,230 .')2,090,199 237,809,O:U 275,819 9.584,137 1, 077,228- 1892. .. 295,333,27-1 ,')4,201,8-10 241,131,434 3,322,403 9, 76:J, 9.8 1,086,420- 1893.. . 300,05-1,525 51', :J.3, 485 241,681,O-W 549,li06 9,806,888 1,150,167 1894.. . 308,3-18,023 62,164,994 246,18-1,029 4,501,989 10,212,596 1,217,80! 1895. 318,048,755 6-1,973,828 253,074,927 6,891,898 10,466,294 1,336,047 1896.. .. 325,717,537 67,220,104 258,497,433 5,422,506 10,502,430 1,370,001 1897... .. 332,530,131 70,991. 535 261, 5:i8, 59G :3,041,lfì3 10,6-15,G63 1, 443,004 189R... .. 338, 375, 98-! 74,419,585 3,956,399 2,417,8113 10,516,7.')8 1,513,455- lR9!1. . . . . 345,160,903 78, 8R7, 456 266,273,447 2,317,0-18 lIJ,8,55.112 1,590,44 1900. 346,206,980 80,713,173 265,493,807 -779,640 10,699,6-15 1.683,051 1901.. 354 , 732, 43:J 86,252,429 268,480,004 2,986,197 1-0, 807 , 955 1,784,834 1902. .. 366, :J58, 477 94,529,3R7 271. 829,01/0 3,:H9,081i 10,975,935 1,892,22-1 1903. 3fìl,344,098 99, ï:J7.109 2ti1. liOti. 989 -10,222,101 ' 11, OG8, 1:19 2,020,953 1904. .. 364,962,512 104,094,793 21iO, 807,719 -739,270 11,128,637 2,236,256 1905.. . .. : : : : : : : 377,678.580 111,454,413 2bG. 224 ,16. 5,356,448 10,630,115 2,1O!i,031 1906.. .. .. . 392, 269,680 125,226,703 267,042,977 818.810 1O,8ti,Ü!J7 2,140,312 1907 (9 mos)...: :!79, 966, 826 116,294,966 26:J,671,860 -3,371,117 Ii, 712, 771 1,235,74 1 ; 1908........... . 408, 207, 158 130,246,298 277,960,860 14,289,000 10, 97:i , 59. 1,925,569 1909. .. 478,53,5,427 154,605,148 323,930,279 45,969,419 lI,li04,5'ì4 2, 256,6-t:J 1910..... _ 470,663,046 134,394,500 336,268,546 12,338,267 13,098,161 2,807,465 1911.......... .. 474. 941,4 7 134,899,435 340,042,052 3,773,506 12,535,851 I,Gli8,77J 1912.. . . .. ... . . . 508,338,592 168,41!I,131 339,919,4131 -122,591 12,259,397 1,281,31. 1913........... . 483,232,555 168. !J30, 930 314,301, 625 -25,617,I):J6 1 ,605,882 1,430,511 1914........... . 5H,3!JI,369 208,394,519 335,996, 850 21. 695, 225 12,893,505 I. 964,541 1915....,....,. . 700,473,814 251,O!i7,731 449,376,083 113,379,233 15.736,743 2,9 ,24. 1916. 936,987,802 321. 831, 631 615,156,171 165,780,088 21,421. 585 3.358,210 1917. . . __ .. .... 1,382,003,268 502,816,970 879,186,298 264,030,127 35,802,567 3,094,OI:! 1918.. . . I, 86.!,335, 899 671,451,816 1.19I,884,06.J 312,697,765 47,815,585 4,466,72-1 HH9............ 2,676.635,725 1,102,104,6!12 1.574,5:n,033 382,646,9.0 77,431,432 7,421,OO:? 1920........ . . 3,041,529,587 792,660, 9ö.1 4 2, :?48, 868, 624 674,337,591 107,527,089 17,086,981 1921............ 2, P02,482,117 561,603,1:>3 4 2,340,878,984 92,010,360 139,5.51.520 24,815,241> 1922............ 2,902,347,137 480,211,335 1 2,422,135,802 81,256,817 13.5,247,849 21. 961.513 19 3....... . ... 2,888, 8ol7, 237 435,050,368 4 2,453,776,869 31,641,067 137, 892,735 16,465,303 OTE.-The minus sign (-) denotes a dccr('ase. 1This amount includes $10,199,520, for which land was taken from the Canadian Pacific Ry. Co. 2This amount included $3,305,450 causeù by the settlement of account:! \\ith Ontario and Queb,'" . Thi'i amount takes into a('count $5.397, 50:! all 0\\ ('(\ to Ontario .md QU(.twc, under 4. Y, c. 6. · \('tive f . l't only. PRDVINCIA.L PUBLIC FINANCE 781 2.-Provincial Public Finance. Provincial Governments in Canada are in the position, under section 118 of the British North America Act, 1867 (30 and 31 Vict., c. 3), and the British North America Act, 1907 (7 Edw. VII, c. 11), of having a considerable assured income in subsidies from the Dominion Treasury. Details of these payments are given for recent years in Tables 16 and 17 of this section. In addition, through their reten- tion of ownership of their lands, minerals and other natural resources, the provinces, which, by the voluntary action of their previously existing governments, entered Confederation, raise considerable revenues through land sales, sales of timber, mining royalties, leases of water-powers, etc., while the prairie provinces receive from the Dominion special grants in lieu of land reVPllues. Further, under section 92 of the British North America Act, Provincial Legislatures are given authority to impose direct taxation within the province for provincial purposes and to borrow money on the sale credit of the province. 'While the laisser faire school of political thought was predominant throughout the country, provincial receipts and expenditures were generally very moderate, as may be seen both for individual provinces and for the provinces collectively, from Table 23. From the commencement of the twentieth century, however, the Canadian public, more especially in Ontario and the \Vest, began to demand increased f'ervices from the government, particularly along the lines of education, sanitation and public ownership and operation of public utilities. The performance of these functions necessitated increased revenues, which had in the main to be raised by taxation. Among the chief methods of taxation to be employed has been the taxation of corporations and estates, succession duties showing a con- siderably increased yield even within the comparatively short period of five years from 1917 to 1921 covered by the statement compiled by the Finance Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics,1 and published as Table 25. Prominent among the objects of increased expenditure in this same period are education, public buildings, public works and enterprises and charities, hospitals and corrections. The fact that provincial government is cheaper per head in the laisser faire eastern provinces is evident from Table 24, which gives the total and per capita ordinary revenue and expenditure for each of the three provincial fiscal years ended in 1921. This, however, is not to be taken as evidence that the larger services rendered to the public in the western provinces are not worth what is being paid for them. For the half century subsequent to Confederation, the provincial accounts, published by each Government according to its own system of accounting, were quite incomparable as between the provinces, a fact much regretted by students of provincial public finance. Upon the creation of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in 1918, its Finance Branch undertook the work of placing the various provincial public accounts on a comparable basis, correlating, for example, the revenues derived from succession duties, taxation of corporations, sales of public lands, royalties on forest, mineral and fisheries products, as well as the expenditures on such services as agriculture, civil governmcnt, education and public works. As the result of the Bureau's exhaustive analysis of the provincial public accounts, a summary statement of the ordinary receipts and expenditure of the Provincial Governments appeared for the first time in the 1919 Year Book. In the present issue an analysis is given of the provincial public accounts for the five fiscal years IThe succession duties collected by the provinces in 1921 amounted in the aggregate to $8,546,923, as compared with $1,020,972 as recently as 1904, or an eight-fold increase in 17 years. The aggregate revenue raised by taxation of corporations, etc., increased from $7,217,548 in 1916 to $18,360,120 in 1921. 7S FI1YAz.. T CE from 1917 to 1921. In it the various items of receipts and expenditures have been classified under appropriate headings, and a uniform terminology has been adopted. The result is given in Tables 25 and 26, which present summary statements of the ordinary receipts and expenditures of aU the Provincial Governments for each of the five provincial fiscal years from 1917 to 1921. From these statements it is possible to ascertain the amounts received and expended in each year under tIlP respective headings for each province, while Table 27 supplies the same information for the provinces collectively.1 In the use of these tables it should be borne in mind that the fiscal years in the different provinces do not coincide. In Prince Edward Island, :Manitoba and Alberta tJle fiscal year ends December 31, in Nova Scotia, September 30, in New Bruns:wick and Ontario, October 31, in Quebec, June 30, in Saskatchewan, April 30, and in British Columbia, :March 31. The total ordinary revenue of the nine provinces. for their latest fiscal year for which final data are available, ende(l 1921, was $102,030,458, as compared with $9:!,653,023 in 1920, 576,844,307 in 1919, 869,345,:30:; in 1918. :o,37,ù 9,984 in 1917 and 850,01.3,795 in 1916. The total ordinary expenditure in 1921 was $102,569,515 as against $88,250,675 in 1920, $76,403,973 in 1919, $ß6,052,909 in 1918, 60,122,4H5 in 1917 and S53,826,219 in 1916. Thus the total ordinary revenue of the provinces shows an increase of 104 p.c. in the short pace of five years, while the total ordinary expenditure "haws an increaf'e of 90.6 p.c. The main cause of the increasing expenditure has been, of course, the rapid ri!':e during the period in the prices of the commodities and labour required for the public service, while the extension of the functions of government has also been a considerable factor. The available figures for 1922 indicate continued increases. (Table 23.) Considering the individual provinces: the large t revenue for 1921 is that of Ontario, $30,411,396, Quebec being next with $15,914,521 and British Columbia third with $15,219,264. As regards total expenditure for the same year, that of Ontario was highest, $28,579,688, Brit h Columbia second with '15,236,931 and Quebec third v.ith $14,ü2-1-,08S. In 1921 British Columbia raised the largest revenue per head of population, $29.01, while Quebec had the lowest, $6.19. Provincial Assets and Liabilities-The asset and liability statements of the provinces vary so greatly in their content that heretofore no attempt has been made to publish any co lective statement. In some instances natuml resources, such as timber, mining, agricultural and school lands unsold, are shown as assets while in others no account is taken of these. In other cases provincial government buildings with lands connected therewith, also roads, bridges and public improve- ments are considered as assets, while other provinces do not include them in their published statements. "ïth a view to pre enting the principal items which make up provincial assets and liabilities, the following co-ordinated table (Table 28) has been compiled, in consultation with the various provincial audit departments. Other miscellaneous assets of the provinces are briefly enumerated. Indirect liabilities, which are separately given, consist mainly, as shown by the foot-notes, of guarantees of bonds and debentures. Generally speaking, both the 3.3sets and the liabilities of the provinces in which public ownership of public utilities exists, are proportionately larger than is the case in the other provinces. IA report giving details of the finanoos oC Provincial Governments Cor 1921. with ..ummary statisticø for the years (rom 1916 to 1920, ha.s recently been published. Copies may be obtained on a.pplicatioD to the Dominion Bureau oC Statistics, Ottawa. PROVLVCIAL REVENUES A YD EXPENDITURES 783 23.-Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Etpenditures of the Prodncial Governments for their respecthe fiscal ) ears ended 1869-1922. , Prince Ed ward Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. Quebec. Island. Years. Receipts . Expendi- Receipts. Expendi- Receipts. Expendi- ReceiPts.1 Expendi- ture. 2 ture. ture. ture. - - - - - - - $ $ $ $ I $ $ S 1869-72 (total 4 3-"1'.) 1,372,064 1,569,447 2,360,891 2,295,30-1 1.939,397 1,978,949 6,638,866 6,072,289 1873.............. . 484,979 1 401,662 1 600,196 608,919 568,550 540,486 1,795.749 1,707,356 1874.............. . 403,013 442,767 686,826 676,111 591,465 589,794 1,983.603 1,908,283 1875.............. . 306,597 395,277 616,350 7H,803 608,099 679,814 2,036,869 2,060.779 1876.... .. . . " . . . . . 524.144 353.226 589,637 653,874 634, 850 587,330 2,329,868 2.283,025 1877.............. . 326,274 331.632 562,800 588,942 618,113 650, 233 2,397,383 2,471,553 1878.............. . 312,684 334,133 645,294 688,003 584,977 640,815 2,018,482 2,577,171 1879.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . 288,062 313,845 394.205 503,051 526,685 616,132 2,201,215 2,715,549 1880.... .. . . .. . . . . . 269, 603 257,309 541,318 506,253 675,285 609,671 2,342,412 2,830,023 1881.... . . . ... .. .. . 275,380 261,276 476,445 494,582 607,445 598,844 3,191,779 3,566,612 1882.... ., .. . . . . . . . 233,465 257,2:?8 537,667 569.119 643,710 614,236 3,419,371 3,628,229 1883.............. . 228,169 270,477 563,864 541,099 822,889 3 943,824 3 2,755,707 3,096.943 1884........ ....... 280.271 279,545 586,561 572,768 650,466 f 633,658 2,823,565 3,124,62 1885.... . . .. . . . . . . . 248,222 266,318 613,026 620,700 617,570 584,473 2,926,148 2,936,734 1886.............. . 233,978 304,467 633,145 656,348 634,574 623,593 2,949,562 3,032,607 1887.... . . .. ... . . . . 241,736 288,052 656,639 664,103 665,819 667,6i7 2,965,567 3,288,798 1888.............. . 254,209 279, 939 712,951 668,400 664,880 640.806 2,738,768 3,365,032 1889.... . . . . . . .. . . . 234,635 263,605 668,774 713,941 651,031 637,051 3.628,544 3,543,619 1890.... .. 224,882 305,799 664,938 710,497 646,079 651,735 3,537.407 3,894,413 1891. ......... _. 274,047 304,486 661,541 692,538 612,762 680,813 3,457.144 4,095,52 1892.............. . 245,652 259,012 769,976 822,462 652,669 676,483 3,458,404 4,446,640 1893.... . . . . . . . . . . . 217.473 294,201 682,567 642,385 5 730, 877 711,673 4,373,363 3,907,445 1894.............. . 282,468 280,596 888,213 862,842 619,298 8 661,521 8 4,258,728 4.267.946 1895.... .. .. . . .. .. . 277,314 31 .177 835,455 831,230 687,437 684,635 4,221,687 4.189,985 1896.............. . 273,496 28/,631 841, 160 853.893 698.437 701,452 4,327.910 4,099.707 1897.............. . 272,550 310.752 8.32,240 853.699 745,203 727.187 3,877,466 4.,892.282 1898.... . . .. . . '. . . . 276,183 301,700 855.960 84Iì,330 708,809 727,050 4,176,140 4,415,370 1899.... . . . . .. . . . . . 282,678 276,789 876.828 852,379 764,439 749,644 4,223,579 4,201,023 1900.... ........ .., 282,056 308,494 1,014,123 937,261 758,989 794,477 4,451,578 4,433.386 1901..... . .., . " . . . 309,445 815,326 1,090,230 1,088,927 1.031,267 910,346 4,563,432 4,516,554 1902. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 324,670 324.185 1,140,217 1.087,403 826.066 845,637 4,515,170 4.490,677 1903.............. . 318,766 327,662 1,243,581 1,177,331 801.410 816,295 4,699,773 4,596,061 1904.... .... '.' . . . . 307,730 356,120 1,11ì4,756 1,161,456 890.653 885,457 4,880,687 4.795,469 1905.... . . . . . . . . . . . 313,445 334,734 1,324,531 1,303.708 865,637 874,420 5,039,001 4,989.906 1906.... .. . . . . . . . . . 258,235 7 264.135 7 1,391,629 1,375,588 887, 202 879,066 5,340,167 5,179,817 1907.... ...... . '" . 350,479 346.081 1,438,167 1,539,169 969.939 960,093 5,270,595 4,767,070 1908.... . . . . . . . . . . . 366,601 377,603 1.783,467 1,624,760 1,086,738 1.042,196 6,016.616 4,980,919 1901ì............. .. 375,374 366,938 1,632.979 1,653,508 1.259,827 1,255,382 6,082.187 5,539,880 1910.............. . 375,151 382,891 1,592,363 1,725,914 1,324,440 1,317,876 6,571,944 5,627,i55 1911.... . .. . .. . . .. . 374,798 398,490 1.625,653 1,790.778 1.347.077 1,403,547 7,032,745 6.424.900 1912.............. . 485,565 8 527,220 8 1,870,056 1, 832,075 1,417,722 1,409,049 8,070,109 7,386,680 1913.............. . 506,553 450.112 1,920,565 1,949,784 1,459,000 1,446,963 8,382,737 7,953,985 1914............ ... 525,555 445,396 1,885,458 2,098,893 1,505,229 1,493,774 9.000,377 8,62i,368 1915.... .. . . . . ... . . 470,730 510,345 1,953,302 2,073,672 1,634,079 1,626,634 9,597,926 8,710,516 1916.............. . 508.455 453,151 2,165,338 2,152,773 1,580,419 1,568,3iO 9,647,984 9.436,687 1917.............. . 496,053 487, 113 2,118,620 2,344,009 1,572,814 2,166,904 10,441.114 9,907,672 1918.............. . 514,475 484,416 2,332,6.34 2,573.797 2,357,909 2,399,062 13,806,392 11,671.830 1919.............. . 501,915 655,409 3,280,313 3,280.282 2,182,420 2,595,937 12,666,352 12,371,131 lIì20.............. . 740,973 660,774 3,801,016 3,916,848 3.100.892 2,lì69,323 14,472,651 13.520.740 1921.......... 769,719 694,042 4,586,840 4,678,146 2.892,905 3.432,512 15,914,521 14,624,088 lIì22...... .... .: :: : 748, 888 687.241 4,791,208 4.791,998 3,226,728 2.985.877 21. 609.396 16,575,977 o o 111 months only. 'Includes expenditure on capital account, except for 1900-1904. '14 months. tContains $250,000. proceeds of bonds for funding floating debt. For Iì months ended September 30. 810 months. 'Nine months only, "win", to change of fbcal year. IFifteen months, owing to change of fiscal year. 784 FINANCE 23.-Statement !'hO"fting the Ordinary Revenues and EXI)('ndltures of the Provincial GOH'rnments for their respectivc fiscal lears ended lS69-1922-con. Ontario. :\Ianitoba. Saskatchewan. Years. Receipts. Expenditure. Receipts. Expenditure. Receipts. Expenditure. 1869-72 (total 4 S S S S S S ) rs.)....... . . . 11,532,880 8,277,724 - - - - 1873........... . 3,141,298 3,099,634 - 138,658 - - 1874........... . 3,446,348 3,883,702 2-1,6117 61, 1717 - - 1875........... . 3,156,ü06 3,617,522 74,534 133,390 - - 1876........... . 2,589,085 3,152,365 150,OI()8 145,2-188 - - 1877........... . 2,502,449 3,131,998 99,608 92,958 - - 1878........... . 2,284,656 2,914.864 {lR,864 107,926 - - 1879........... . 2,287,951 2,95-1,712 135,311 151,086 - - 18')0........... . 2,584,152 2,531, 166 118,867 IR5, 109 - 1881.......... .. 2,788,7-17 2,592,800 121,867 226,808 - 1882........... . 2,8RO,150 2,931,825 255,208 232,189 - 1883. ........ ... 2,439,9U 2.900,035 376,863 386,071 - - 1884.......... .. 2,820,555 3,207,890 302,962 501,710 - - 1885........... . 3,005,921 3,040,139 150,728 7 229,278 7 - - 1886........... . 3,H8.b6U 2,181,450 485,326 48-1,002 - - 1887. 3,527,57R 3,45!,372 506, 890 520,190 - - 1 Sì8............ 3,602,8fi2 3,544.835 8-11,89-1 8 758,139 8 - - 18!:;!}........... . 4,464,o:n 4,578,982 583,79.') 588,467 - - 1890.......... .. 3,434,259 3,907,428 585,709 70R,302 - - 1891........... . 4,138,589 4,158,460 590,4R4 fì64,432 - - 1892........... . 4,662.922 4,068,257 605,288 832, 890 - - 1893........... . 4,091,914 3,907,145 633,116 798,188 - - 1894........... . 3,453,163 3,839,339 613,094 699,319 - - 1895........... . 3,585,300 3,758,595 7U3,172 704,946 - - 1896. . ......... 3,490,671 3,703,380 665.353 763,158 - - 1897. _ 4,139.848 3,767,676 683, 706 780,109 - - 1898.. .. .. 3,710,928 3.864,971 936,604 8. 7 , R88 - - 1899..... ....... 4,1O: ,478 3,717,404 776.234 !J72, 462 - - 1900........... . 4,192,9-10 4.00: , 729 905.331 1,085,-105 - - 1901........... . 4,466,044 4.m8.S3-1 1,008,6.')3 988.251 - - 1902.. .. . . .. . . .. 4,291,083 4,3-15.00-1 l. 443, 56 1,2-18,128 - - 1903........... . 5,4fi6,653 4, 888. 98: 1, 352.218 I, 262, 292 - - 190-1........... . 6, 128,358 5,267,453 1,41<6, (i67 I , 271, 7i!: - - 1905... ......... 6,016,176 5,3!J6,017 I, 8(iO, 900 1,398,431 618,432 1 118,602 1 1906. _.......... 7,149,478 6,720,179 2.089,652 1,572,601 1,4-11,258 2 1, 364.352 2 1907. 8,320,419 7,714,246 2,118,784 1,824,381 - - 1908......... -.' 8.602,903 8,557,065 2,891,582 2,534,794 1,84-1,371 4 2,091.6134 1909.......... .. 7,477,921 7,545.0-10 3,376,893 2,752,1.7-1 2, 199,9R4 4 2,65-1,690 4 1910........... . 8,891,005 8,887,52U 3,8-17,322 3,234,9n 2,514.698 4 2,220,866 4 1911........... . 9,370,834 9,916,934 4,45-1,190 4,002,826 2,6(19,603 4 2,575,145 4 1912........... . 10,0-12,001 10,287,992 7 0-16,675 4,339,540 4,385,831 4 4 , 255, 85()4 1913........... . 11,183,302 10,868.026 5.788,070 5.31-1,849 4,fi68,754 4 4,656,800 4 1914........... . 11,121,382 11,819,311 5,512,163 5,638,659 6,372,540. 5,823,980. 1915........... . 12,975,732 12,70-1,362 5,472,955 6,026,596 5,024,936 8 5,368.649 8 1916........... . 13,841,339 12,706,333 5,897,807 6,147,780 4,801,064 8 5,258,756 8 1917........... . 18,269,5!J7 16,518,223 6,292,986 6,860,355 5,631,910 8 5,553,965 8 1918........... . 19,270,122 17,460,40-1 6,723,013 7,307,727 7,797.153 8 6,828,596 8 1919........... . 20,692,lfì6 3 21,46-1,575 8,613,364 8,497,942 8,333,759 8 8,125,203 8 1920........... . 25,981,517 3 25,880,843 9,870,710 10,602,955 9,903,885 8 8,707, 833 8 1921........... . 30,411,396 3 28,579,688 9.358,956 10,063,139 11,789,920 12,151,665 1922........... . 39,725,370 3 37,442,986 7,940,457 8,381,667 11,801,89-1 13,322,119 Alberta. British Columhia. Tota! for all Province . Years. Receipts. Expenditure. Receipts. Expenditure. Receipts. Expenditure. 1869-72 (total 4 S S S S S S yrs.)....... . . . - - 519,036' 529,775' 24,363,134 20,723,488 1873........... . - - 370,150 372,169 6,960,922 6,8ti8.Rvinces. Years. Expenditure. Receipts. Expenditure. Receipt . Expenditure. Receipts. S S S S S S 1887........... . - - 537.335 731.307 9,101.564 9.614.469 1888........... . - - 598.252 788,955 9.413,816 10,0-16,106 1889............ - - 698,055 857,545 10.928.865 11.183,210 1890... ......... - - 835.463 954.021 9,928,737 11.132,195 1891........... . - - 959,2-18 1,032,10-1 10,693,815 11.628,353 1892........... . - - 1,020.002 1.430,920 11.414,913 12,536.66-1 1893. d - - 1,019,206 1. 431. 438 11.748,516 11,692.475 1894......... -.' - - 821. 660 1,514.405 10.936.624 12.125.968 1895........... . - - 896,025 1.906.924 11.206.390 12,386.492 1896........... . - - 989,765 1.614,723 11,286.792 12,023.944 1897........... . - - 1.383.048 1.569.071 11.934,061 12.900,776 1898........... . - - 1,439,623 2.001.032 12.104.247 12.997.341 1899. . . .. . . . .. . . - - 1.531. 639 2,156.174 12,558,875 12.926.175 1900........ .... - - 1.544.108 1.831,205 13.1-19.125 13.393.957 1901........... . - - 1.605.920 2.287.821 U,OH,991 14.146.059 1902.......... .. - - 1. 807,925 2,537,373 1-1.318.387 14.878,407 1903. . - - 2.044.630 3.393,182 15.927.031 16.461.806 1904.. .. .. .. . .. . - - 2,638,260 2.862.794 17.527.111 16.600,482 1905..... ....... 635, 9761 2 162.7231 2 2,920,462 2.302.418 19.594,560 16,880.959 1906........... . 1,425,059 2 1,485.9]42 3,044,442 2.328.126 23,027,122 21.169.868 1907........... . 2,081,8 !8 2 2,450.375 2 4.444,594 2.849.480 2-1,99-1,805 22.450,895 1908........... . 2.849.650 2 2.823.831 2 5.979.055 3,686,350 31.420.983 27.719.131 1909........... . 3.135,727 2 2,650.441 4,664,50P 3,749,171 3 30,205,393 28.167,824 1910........... . 2.488.406 2 4,002.394 8,874.742 6,382,993 36.480,071 33.783.150 1911. ........... 3,309.1562 3.437,088 10,492.892 8,194,803 40,706.948 33.144.511 1912. .. _ .. . .. . .. 4,100,113 2 3,956.562 10.745.709 11,189,024 48,163,781 45.183,992 1913........... . 5,399,905 5.225.584 12.510,215 15.412.322 51,819.101 53.278,425 1914............ 5.255.276 5,401.595 10,479.259 15,762,912 51.657.239 57. 108, 888 1915. ........... 5.143,590 5,714,032 7.974,496 11.942.667 50.247.746 5-1,677.473 1916........... . 5,281. 695 6.018.894 6.291.694 10.083.505 50.015.795 53.826.219 1917........... . 6.260.106 6,752.504 6.906.784 9.531. 740 57.989.984 60.1'?2.485 1918.... ........ 7.660.762 8.303.808 8.882.845 9,023.269 69,345,305 66.052.909 1919........... . 9,642,739 9.525,719 10.931,279 9.887,745 76,844.307 76,403,973 1920........... . 10.919.776 10.423.356 13.861. 603 11,568.003 92,653.023 88,250,675 1921. . . . . .. . .. . . 11,086.937 13.109.304 15,219.264 15,236.931 102.030,458 102,569,515 1922........... . 9.324,889 4 11,235.192 4 16.987.869 17.436.487 112,859.5444 116.156,699 4 IFour months only. Province created Sept. I, 1905. 2lncludes small sums of capital revenue and expenditure which cannot be separated. 3Nine months only, owing to change in fiscal year. 4Subject to revision. 2-1.-Annual Ordinary Receipts and Etpenditures of the Prmincial Gonrnments per head of population, 1919-1921. Revenue. Expenditure. Provinces. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1919. 1920. 1921. S S S S S S Prince Edward Island....... 501.915 740.973 769,719 655.409 660.774 694.042 Per head.. . . .. .. .. . 5.61 8.32 8.69 7.33 7.42 7.83 Nova Scotia................ 3,280.313 3.801.016 4.586.840 3,280.28.! 3,916.8-18 4.678,146 Per head........... 6.35 7.31 8.76 6.35 7.53 8,93 New Brunswick............. 2.182,420 3.100,892 2.892,905 2,595.937 2,969.323 3,432.512 Per head.. . . . .. . . .. 5.74 8.08 7.46 6.83 7.73 8.85 Quebec.. .... .... ........... 12,666.352 14.472,651 15.914.521 12,371.131 13.520.740 14,62-1.088 Per head.... . .. .. . . 5.54 6.23 6.74 5.41 5,82 6.19 Ontario. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 20.692,166 25,981,517 30,411.396 21.464,575 25.880, 8-13 28,579.688 Per head...... . . 7.27 8.99 10.37 7.54 8.96 9.74 :Manitoba.... _ _ _ . ........... 8,613.364 9,87\J.710 9,358.956 8.497.9-12 10.602,955 10.063.139 Per head........... 14.67 16.49 15.34 14.48 17.72 16.49 Saskatehe\\an.............. . 8,333.75\1 9,903.885 11,789.920 8.125.203 8.707.833 12,151.665 Per head........... 11.69 13.47 15.56 11.39 11.85 16.04 Alberta. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 64 . 739 10,919.776 11.086.937 9.525.74\1 10,423.356 13,109.304 Per head.. . . . . . . .. . 17.50 19.17 18.84 17.28 18.30 22.28 llritibh Colum bia. . .. . . . . . . . 10.931.27\1 13,861,603 15.219,264 9,887.745 11.568.003 15,236.931 Per head........... 21.99 27.}.I 29.01 19.89 22.65 29.05 Totals..................... . 76,8-1-1,307 9 ,G53,023 to ,03 i 3! iG, -103,973 88, 2,')0, G75 IO ,5G9,515 Per head...... .... 9'0 1 10.75 9'0 2 1 10.2! 1l.G9 NOT.E.-In making the calculations for this table the Bureau of Statistics' e"timates of the populations of the provinces, ba.,;ed upon the results of the celliU:; of 1\121. have been used. 623ï3-50 7Sß FIN ANCK 25.-{'las ifled Summary Statement of Ordinary Reeeipts of PrminrÎal Sources of Receipts. Sub!,idie!' and other Receipts from Dominion Gov- ernment. . .. .. . .. ... . . . .. . . Agriculture..... . J ands. . ......................................... Mine!' and Mining................................. \\ood,.,. Fore t and Timber......................... Game and Jï-herieg .............................. rïne , Penalti and Forfcitures................... . Fee,. (other than ,.,ucccs,.,ion duties)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . !:-iuC'C'e ,.,ion Dutil'''!. ........................... . Taxation of Corporations, etc.................. .. . . . J i('en- and Permits .. F.duention _....................... _ . . .. ... . Chari'ic..-, H08pitals and Corrections.... . . .. . . .. .. . IntC're t .... ... .. ., .. .......................... . Refund... and Repayments..................... . . . . . JUbce!laneous...... . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . Total Urdinary Recrlpts......................... Prince Ed\\ard Island. ]9]7. 19]5. ]9]9. 1!1 O. 19 1. - - - - $ $ $ $ $ 372,18? 372. IS? 372.18':' 372,18':' 372.182 28g 5.908 1,811 663 1. 943 61\1 785 802 1,0U 190 Ii 898 302 35 95 23 9,4i4 9,150 10, 923 13,103 13,847 4.lg9 3.-l?2 3,OS8 7.936 10.568 97.4\18 108.5"3 87,83\1 245.5i3 285.825 1,442 11,580 27,378 86,02-1 74,290 6,557 8,007 7,130 10,178 7,717 1.7-l7 41 42 28 2,5-14 I.U8 7. ]89 2,07\1 4,177 590 - - - - - 496,053 ';1-1,4.;)1 501,915 1 710,973 .69,719 Sources of Receipts. 1918. 1917. $ Quebec. HI1I1. ]9':'1. HJ:?O. $ $ $ $ Subl'idies and other Receipts from Dominion Gov- C'rnment.. _ _ .. _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agriculture...... ....... Llinùs.... ............................... ........, Mine:' and :MinÎng. ................................ \\nod,., Fore tHnd Timber......................... Game nnrl Fi.heric,.,............................... Fine", Penaltie and Forfeitures.................... Fees (oth(>r than ,.,ucce",.,ion duties)...... ., . . . . . . ., . Succe -ion Duties. ., ....................... Ta"ation of Corporations, etc....................... Licen-e- and Pcrn1Îts... __ .' -0 0................ Educat ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . C'haritie.,. Ho,.,pitals and Corrections............... Jntere t. . . . . . .. .. ... . .. .......................... . Uefunù.. and Repayments.......................... Al kcellancous.. ................................... Total Ordinary R('('clpts......................... 10,-J.Il,lU 13.!'itl6,39212.1i6'i,3521-1,j72,Ci5115,9U,521 2.027.991 2,028.028 2.028.069 2,028. Hi 2.028.241 35.5 :! n.880 3-1.6-1i 24.8i5 28. 160 li8. 8 ]91. 8811 485.571 4 5.468 ]83.5,;5 30.7-10 128.81i4 278.30\1 378.480 64 .285 1. 5i4. 35:; 1. 4]8,l!l1 2.0 II,36] 2,610.324 3.03\1. i64 151.405 209.31: 231.\lb] 2111. iHJ 211\1.3\17 U.032 31. 045 30.404 57.151 1:?2.861 938.23\1 743.810 8\18.534 I. Oli:? 50 1.170.764, 1. 741.263 4. 73fj. 518 1.459.015 1.786, \131 2.100,456 I. 236.470 1.-1n5.215 I. ill. \104 1. 851, 5-'8 I. 818. 369 I. 815. 301 2,025.554 2.236.444 2.69-1,242 2,590.695 188,94':' 273.77':' 664,891 450,0-17 509,506 118.7;1 1i9,276 141. 2411 146.2-1\1 221. -170 9-1.154 92,6il 1O!1.!i:37 172,5U 222. 766 297.051 318.336 3 6. Oa6 489.454 936,202 - - - - - SourceR of Reccipts. 11118. Sul>tiidies nnd other Receipts from Dominion Gov- ernn.ent.... .................................... Agriculture. .. ................. Lund:! . ................ ....... ...-.. M ine2' and :Mining...... .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . \\oods. l-ore lltnd Timber......................... Game nnd I- bhl'rie:!.. . . .. '. ....................... Fine:!. Pcnnltie,., and Forfl'itures.................... Fee:! (other than succe:!"ion duties)...... . . .. . . .. . . . SuC'ce!' ion Duties.................................. Taxation of Corporations, etc.......... . . .. . . .. . . .. . Licclbf':- and Pto'rwit.d............................. Education.... . ....... ..................... Chariti .", HQI;pitals and Corrections.... ...... . Intere-t.. .................................. ..... Re/und,., and Repayments..........:............... Mkcellanoous...... . . . .. .. " . . .. .... . . .. .. . . .... .. . Sa".,katchewan. 1917. $ 11119. 1920. 1921. $ $ $ $ 1,983.721 2. 207. 69.i 2.307.148 2,654.840 3,088.646 18,1711 15,5-18 23,378 37.203 29.029 40 24,148 19,777 23.60-1 28.984 32,417 54.234 67.:-143 \l8.18:! 8-1.0;11 125,224 I. 132, 8:!8 I. 033. 1!,3 962.113: 1.0i I. 411 1.17ì .5111 69.\1116 IIi .335 15-1.6!!U 2: R. 9ill 3:n . 270 348,563 I. 30 I. Ii".. 2.4\11.110\1 3.43\1.915 3,660.171 53l.0:!b J. 3:.5. 1IJ(j 801.171 746.0 1I I. 027. 235 37, 238 '7.U58 43.1167 28.!I!IO 30.584 51. 286 9..!J8!i 112.5-.9 8-1.362 483.08:! 69\1.06_ 5311.878 67j, 6\11 956.51\9 36Y,596 367 .8(j: 18,315 1I0.23ö 33-1,659 5:?5,O13 500.5111 776,IJ05 68-1,151 9\16.405 - - - - - Total Ortllnar)' R('('('lpts......................... 5,S31,910 1.7",1 8.333,759 9,903,bð5ll,789.9%1 IThCd for highway improvement. 'The. e t )tals include capital revenue to the amount of $787.3\14 in 1\119 and $903.422 in 1920. and $1.h9,9HIID 1921 received from the Department of Lands and Fore:;tø. anù not tieparable into i iteID8. RECEIPTS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNllJENTS 787 Governm nts for their resppctive fiscal )'ears 1917-1921. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. ]1)]7 HU8. 19]9. 1920. 1921. 1917. 1918. 19]9. 1920. 1921. - - - - - - - - - - S S S S S S S S $ S 636.667 636.61\7 636. R67 636.667 636.667 637.976 637. 976 637.976 637.976 637,976 11. 78H 14.509 19.5l6 21 .907 18.255 21.095 179.743 17 ,071 2,399 2,401 20.331 24.010 42.002 52,818 42,958 336 323 51 561 3,886 740,687 656,989 622,420 690,518 635,577 27. 944 46.767 36.809 34,062 3-1,932 442.892 591. 8i2 685. 276 1.385.420 973,067 3,307 2.291 1.-120 4.&13 8,466 69.5-17 53.027 76.162 8 . ]35 93,154 470 1. 104 23.828 6.729 3.081 8.;69 29 489 48.0-W 75.753 89,787 38.604 61. 2 2 82.3H 199.783 ]6 , ]82 47.430 48.361 59,898 78,4-96 8-1.219 130.8;0 ]]7.393 180.96:.' 195,600 158.972 30.-136 90.tI8 79.325 90.610 151. 326 96.085 149.8!H 308.2:'5 349.210 572.818 ]] 1. 83:? 3]0.86!! 187,75-1 266.536 28!,334 71. 8M 193.116 292.333 44!J. 076 627, 2M 78.884- 1:?6.5!J3 19],695 290,517 363.275 51.626 59.701 79.658 105.75-1 159.424- 25. 674 23.302 21. 753 25.891 57.374 153.89 242.846 406.552 505. ]2-1 447.85-1 52,733 62.359 72. ]94 81. 656 82,825 158.010 166,369 158.333 209. 866 160.522 lun 8.064 6,621 23,564 10,077 675 312 1. 100 27-l 8:t! 594 7-12 723 770 735 3.757 5,90] 424,926 372.787 951. 978 9.961 148.004- 61. 072 24.5-16 25,537 2,118,620 2,33?,G3-1 3,280,313 3,801,016 -1,586,8-101,572.81-12.357,909 2,18'?,-I20 3,109,892 2,892,9Oã Ontario. Manitoba I s s s s S. S S S S S 2,469.931 2.469.977 2,470.064 2,470.160 2,470.274 ].643,M21.73UW] 1.859,034 2.002,169 1,821.379 25.79:3 ]19.449 8R.I:I!1 65.771 87.934 2,4-33 5.8.?1 7,630 6.234 8.798 134.613 95.366 127,31;:1' H8,76i 2 198,409 2 162.330 166,858 106,8:38 125.305 91,615 1. 6111 . 41:5 1. 054 . 066 762.493 1. 113, 5-l5 49!!. 069 1,703.425 1.776.377 1,837,272 2 2,nl,5-19 2 3,7S4,203 2 2]5.'HO 480.009 680.1179 791.537 836.]56 27,154 25,151 55. 54!! 100.110 111.253 99.748 125.054 77.814 87,147 514.3711 631.380 686.365 1.042,908 934.851 338.292 320.116 3.228.226 3.1.57.5(:7 3.5 6.5!I 4.014.468 4.82].811 306,453 197.503 3.8:?9.5!15 3.!J!l0.637 3.919.91ß 2.666.1!J8 2,63.U80 5\11.961 626.7ï7 1,8!1:3.8Ii7 2.n70. HI4 2.851.5S7 5,304.830 6.318.105 223.25:1 4020:?8 1411.568 1.l!),176 192.510 495,425 652.683 148.-108 139.037 536.408 8'i3.270 876,5\17 1.348.456 1,210.656 152.l4ti 1511.\124 1: G.1II8 109.774 289.470 258.62-1 827.510 700.11I2 783.312 ]111. 710 6.3.411 5:?,20!.2 2U,03,2 91,9311 2 3.528 629 1.577.2tll 2.079,359 2,221.357 3.215,497 4.920.2351.915.4702.077,409 36,933 109,971 433.441 193,488 897,797 6n,070 22!!.211 185.262 822.163 7.7(j3 3.110.763 53.377 139.fi58 58-1, 685 319,556 991. 258 770.410 260.95:3 1!J7.7;3 762.681 3.8G6 3,6.'í2,785 80,814 142.508 471.974 457.563 1.315,J90 868.160 286.317 223. 735 1. ]53.580 16. ;'85 2, 420, : 38 1 ,269,59; 19,2711,12 20 G9'? 1611' 25 981 517 30 411 39S. 6,292,98G 6.723,013 8,613,364 9,870,710 9,358,9.i& Albprta. British Columhia. 1917 1918 1919. 1920 1921. l!m. 1918 1919. 1920. 1921. ----- - - - - - S S S S S S S S S S 1,915.527 1.999,772 2.20ï,64-6 2,313.104 2,261. 601 723,135 648.135 623,135 623,135 623.135 103, 108 157, 140 141,63!! 112,660 109. 723 30.041 50,!!:!9 51. 060 44,1l6 45.970 308.47:3 481.3:i8 227.6.-1 436.821 587. 835 8,963 13ï,527 213,082 286,4!)9 281.158 631. \127 &l3.622 620,522 550.261 55:3.373 - - 1. 968.787 2.079,611 2. 58l, 54!! 2,455.0UO 3,28U.U35 25. 06 28,757 35. 803 35,462 68.957 10-1.1177 106, 55 119,59U 156.!Hti 172.712 110.877 116.458 ]30. lib:? 179,342 242,3\111 21. 968 28.\166 39,5\10 41,870 75,181 677,O(j4 7\12.(jI-i 1,005.640 1.0!1-1.027 1,037,17:3 450,281; 3!J8.17-i 4n,1I6!! 700.1I.!2 ;52.1131 H2.601ì 200.07:! 167.246 267,336 172.5!J8 277 , 703 2i 1. 363 'i.71. 777 374,321 342.259 1,077. !!:'4 1. 511. 1)55 2.0-t3.027 2,!!H,98:. 2,3117,461 1,718.2:.'b 3,323,170 4 , 556 . \J:37 6,47\1. 94 5.3\15,272 383.21l 663.11\11 1,0\16.808 1,404.037 1.203,4..6 220,178 356.780 504.245 7:!1.5Y-1 1,1ml. 023 33.00:! 35.(j87 57.60:! 41. 578 1311,625 1. 725 3.105 4.0-14 4.9113 35.561 35. 124 6.6:38 6,728 10,255 60.!!47 42,70!! 60.4111 74,614 94.350 lOu.302 180.006 166.878 118,1137 181. 218 244.1-13 201. 70\J 26\1.4!J3 484,870 73!!.8'J6 61\1.555 341.617 425,322 673,633 92.218 184,Ii:I-1 35.!!08 II . U 5 25.:!1I 1!!.76!! 3U,4!!2 1,220.769 1,4]8.051 1,743.!!86 1. 987 . 058 2,683.072 169,030 177.03!! 321. 4!!2 4111.24D 1,405.628 ----- - - - - - 1,260.106 7,660,762 9,6-1 . 73910,919.77611,036,9376,906, ;R" 1Ì,882.8-1ä 10,931, ;9 13,861,60:J 15,219,26J NOTII:.-For combined receipts of aU provinces 6ee Table 27. 62313-501 788 FIl\-..LYf'E 26.-Classlfted Summar) Statement of Ordinary Expenditures of Objects. Civil Government.... . . .. .. .... .. .. . . -- . . .. . . .. ., . Legisla tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .................. Agriculture.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . ., . .. . . . . . . . Lands.... .. . . ... .................................. l\lines and Mining.................................. Forest, Timler and Woods......................... Game and Fbheries........ ...................... Administration of Justice, Special Lpgal Adminis- tration and Inquiry..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . Con"ervation of Health and Sanitation............. Public Buildings, Public Works and Eaterprises.... Fùucation................................. -....... Ho."pitals......................................... . Correctional Institutions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charities..... ............ .. . . ..................... Ppn-ions. Gratuities and Reliefs.................... Recrl'ation and Amusement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colonization, Immigration and Publicity.......... . Rdunds...... ... .......... .......... . ........ Interest Payments. ............... ..... f'inh.ing Funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... - . . Miscellaneous Payments.. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Ordlnar)' t:xpendlture..................... 1917. 1918. Prince Edward Island. 1919. 1920. 1921. ---- S S S S S 24, 814 25,362 29,988 42,677 37. 102 18,822 17,999 2-1,460 31,729 32.546 12,660 16,928 26.066 17,621 26,659 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30.262 26,799 29,015 34.010 33,662 1,610 2,382 4,304 956 786 69,007 66,612 159,561 130,078 119.834 176,952 170,913 183,344 209,478 246,401 90.038 91,361 121,385 121,866 120,559 - - - - - 5,730 5,669 5,385 4,961 5,349 700 700 700 992 1,408 - - - - - - - - - - 4 70 400 - - 46,799 49,680 50,801 56,498 58,687 - - - - - 9,715 9,941 20,000 9,908 11.049 ----- ,1S7,113 48-1, UG 6.')5,409 6GO, 77-1 69-1,0-12 Quebec. Objects. 1921. 1917. Civil Government.............. ................... Legislation....................................... . Agriculture.... ................................... lands. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . Iine" and l\fining.................................. Forest, Timber and Woods......................... Game and Fisheries............ .... ............... Admini::.tration of Justice, Special Legal Administra- tion and Inquiry............... ................. ConH'rvation of HC:1.lth and Sanitation............. Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises. . . . Education........................................ . Ho pitals......................................... . Correctional lastitutions.... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Charities..... ... . ................................. Pen::.iol18, Gratuities and Relicfs................... . Recreations and Amw,ements....... .. ... ........ Colonization, Immigration and Publicity.. .. .. . . . . . Hefunds. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intere::,t Payments................................. Sinking Funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Payments........... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 650.230 495,843 451,744 220,776 16,500 154.395 59,305 1.451.439 34.954 1.524.898 1,637.317 666.2118 184,936 72,385 106,527 8,1:?O 55.5-W 7,888 1.630,926 157,711 319.940 1918. s S 693.377 482,469 645.274 260,526 16,500 171. 909 65.235 1,578,850 69,313 2,127.506 1,668,425 1. o 23,55ti 185,000 72,445 184.318 221. 190 52,850 10,064 1.656,539 167,057 319.427 1919. S 719,677 666,795 602,800 266.756 16,500 181.761 86,255 1,577.815 53,386 2,303.9116 1,666,470 1,020,78-1 243.665 72,945 83.680 264.256 74.586 10,Oti3 1,668.563 178,211 612.167 1920. S 807.733 585,600 824,200 326.707 16,500 272.114 92.500 1,775,321 87,185 3,032,754 1. 760.262 1,022,4-16 226,500 76,025 95,08-1 12.181 71.017 7.220 1,802,760 186,03ti 440.5115 S 878.775 591.107 971. 000 373.090 16,500 359,900 120.000 2,068,457 117,-148 3.0-17.031 1. 802, 619 1.0-14, U5 258, 271 77. 245 86.9-16 14.364 71,300 16,010 2,170,330 198,156 341.39-1 Tfltal Ordinary }'xpendlture..................... 9,907,G7 lll,G;l,b30ln,371,131113,5 U, 7-10 U,62-1,088 EXPEND1TURES OF PROYIXCIAL GOVERl\TJIENTS 789 PrO\int'Ïal Governments for their respecth'e fiscal )'ears 1917-1921. Xova Scotia, l\" ew Brunswick. 1917. 1921 126,796 97,082 36,96C 115 40,47 2,550 1,500 25,670 403,665 . 27 , 27'2 352,288 1918. 14:?,OU' 88,618 42,641 64 21.27] 2.600 ],500 28,333 460,772 522,941 501,962 19]9. s ]920. S 168,773 104,900 58,46] 94 2: ,418 2.600 1,500 215,455 142,865 46, 116 146 33,44: 3,050 1,500 1921. 1917. 32,410 s s 1918. 1919, 1920. 145, 720 117,936 92,912 10,295 998 ]23,233 49,654 46,407 908,962 362,067 213,717 s s S 262,195 1;;5,15E 72,733 7] 42,129 3,050 79,400 68,236 76,209 3,568 717 27,6"8 36,427 36,095 58,243 44,059 40,2]6 3,618 3,058 412 5,73] 871,717 1,134,696 1,123,933 527,225 544,871 531,104 610,870 776,044 319,906 329,564 668,257 751,215 847,56ð Iï6,978 208,444 s S 123,173 59,536 84 , 41ì2 6,205 3.759 84,432 47,669 59,531 821,741 326,275 186,059 146,270 96,292 66,639 ] 7 , 107 4,524 215,941 31,250 53,443 15,085 942,644 465,522 210,305 30,583 11,343 15,466 7,695 16,477 17,755 21,434 29,601 30,813 2,572 5,700 8,619 29,09E 9,076 7,974 8,350 9,578 10,659 5,883 17,56] 10,110 17,873 3,921 4,963 6,280 1O,32L 11,914 ],300 4,626 10,346 9,287 10,339 10,778 12,587 16,43C 19,651 13,496 8,356 8,613 8,507 13,151 15,05C 12,224 15,894 13,645 1,592 905 2,607 1,060 540, ]3!! 560,987 599,211 616,643 861,564 686,714 644,438 628,892 679,264 814,019 77,85': 77,448 76,826 103,490 267,358 33,23] 3],336 3],335 31'080 1 78,441 58,684 66,115 80,]36 135,822 118,363 61,33] 66,647 92,553 ]21,255 209,943 2,3U,009 2,573,797 3,280,282 3,916,8,18 t,6ì8,U( ,166,90,1 !,399,062 2,595,937 2,969,323 3,432,512 Ontario 99,450 59,650 25],089 6,068 920 35,068 38,422 Ianitoha ]917' _ 1 694,784 IJ2,57\. ] ,213, 76 2,8f;6,40t 2,0]5,610 379,8]5 212,9IJf 16.400 21,2.5: 46,4.55 74,018 S 939,259 336,435 487,330 70, ] 5f b6,11f fi68,W 128,19\1 1,066,950 359,885 611,52f fi9,593 13" 23f ïI6,375 3\19.307 746.6 4 83,70 1,040.0'( 3.170,62. 2,0'ì. .!J!IC 538.461 218,804 6,175 50,56f 41,74f 55,878 s S 1,261.382 412,I3(j 687,IJ83 72 ,397 ]23,269 867 ,19 477,004 741,81 105,543 1,416,9H 3.7-16,868 2,559,I3t 1i91,77!! 225,54 12,475 79,77 67,661 58,331 1,550,665 412,7% 741,115 80,830 129,01\1 g72,978 429,593 s s S 1,858,17] 455,34E 709,361: 86,8-14 79,35f 633,475 3ïI ,34f 28,68f 274,778 251,412 72,880 908,664 1,415,02f 499,915 465,176 269,641 199,23 35,000 1,406,257 1,9.!5. 3 ),13I,745 ,35I,93 5,469,67\ 7,568, 81E 1,213,128 1,301,124 3,216,00\ 3,563,57( 265,205 305,3:i8 604,671 852,30 0 47,82\ 56,876 323,660 224,17(; 247,33! 243.49f- 48,635 96,957 73,05: 112.715 178,47C 59,74F ]3,015 21,I2f 100,0]9 337,625 68,408 51,4-13 187,52E 203,08? 1,99:- 2,7H) - 6,838,334 1,453,8K 1,686,32.': s $ 396,343 148,031 134, ]66 12,092 479,272 306,360 281,402 19,623 18,312 800,091:' 30,ODO 3,031,7b 1,744,713 5:?I,731- 101,714 293,4C4 399,214 25,75f 69,5f) 5,623 2,338,94! $ s 32ð,119 160,02b 87,924 10 , 835 25.6R4 24.039 612,786 10,000 2,761,473 I, ... 9, 710 377,479 70,831 258,94 2')6 3c 20:9.5f 37,101 10.89] 1,77] ,457 529,115 212,646 206,017 8,821 793,876 35,000 1,2"6,323 2,131,678 553,424 108,330 342,679 505,846 35,398 76,875 29,91/\ 3;022,14-1 6,178,547 6,063,913 7,857,664 8,850,615 1,101,674 182,120 96,843 164,913 135,34f 225,051 16,518,223 17,!60,,10cl !1,!6,1,5i5 5,880,8!3 8,5ì9,688 1,860,35;'; 7,307.727 8.,197,9t 10,60 .9jS 10,063.13' 790 Fr ;A^-CE 26.-Classifled Summar) statement of Ordinary } xpt;nditures of Objects. SnskatcheVl an. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921- - - - - S S i S S 444.004 534, 14:; 711 ,678 789,171 981.581 149,001 344.443 20:J,975 214.131 218,697 150,64 131,87' 119,878 208,OOli 576,101 42,877 1, 903 31,56.": 51,094 40,951\ 9,501 10, 58 11 ,304 19,482 19,89; I,019,8Ot 988,64t 91ß.I83 1,107,201-> 1,326,496 - 24.41tJ 13,66t 27.1M 140,190 855,304 1,157. lIh!, 1,147,221 1.321. 73b 1.8.!I,OI4 91ì6,7!11-- I,O.,}2,!IH 1,192,69. 1,434,9 3 2,443.002 34,'},771 526,794 538 , 07 723 ,4;,b 771,577 10.571 12,561 14,90.) 24,831 42,011 26,!J80 76,3!1I 96,30 65,4S4 85,G68 7,400 30,353 74,25b 52,3114 111.378 3,620 6,627 6,04; 11,497 13,617 12.29 1. 52!: 3,02: 132,Hlt 159,307 1,067,78Cì 1,096,461 1 ,222, 17; 1.337,754 1,620,454 74.361 75,07' 102,071 187,6liO 186,960 337,357 755,853 1,630,lí:; 9!19,71 1,592,756 Ch il Go, ernment. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legi!'lation. _ _. .... _ _ _ _................ Agriculture........ .. Lands............................. _ _.... _ _ _..... . Mines and \\lining..... .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. } ore!--t, Timll'r Rnd \\oods............ ...... .... Game and I bheries.. ....... _.......... .... .. ... Administration of Justice, Special Legal Admini - tration and Inquiry............... . ............ Con"l'n'ation of Health and anitation...... ..... Public Buildings, Public Work:> and Enterprires.. _. Bducation............ . Ho!--pitals.............................. _.... Correctional Institutions... . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . Charities..... ............................ ........ Pcnsions, Gratuities and Reliefs....... . . . . . Recreation and Amu!;pment.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Colonization, Immigration and Publicity..... . . . . . . Refunds...... ....... _............................ Interc t Payments.... _ _ . . _ . . _ _ _ . . . _ . . . . . Sinkinl1; I unds.... ......... Mi:;.cellaneous Payments. . .. . . . . .. Total Ordinary Expenditure............. ...... 5,553,9G.'i 6,8 8,591 8,125,20:; 8.;07,83 1 .151.61ì5 21.-Combìned Itemized Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts and E penditures RECEIPTII. Sources of Receipts. S h idic and other Receipts from Dom- Inion Government..... _. _ _.. Agriculture... . . . . . . ..... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . Lands... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minc!; and Mining..................... .. \\oods, 1 ore"ts and Timber....... .. .. . . . Game and i!--hcries..................... } ine!--, Pen1.ltics and Forfeitures... .. . . . . . J ees (other than succession duties)....... . Succe"Fion Dutics. . ......... -'. -.. -.... Taxation of Corporations, etc.. .,. J ,iccn"C!' and Permits..... . . . . . . . . . . . . l:ducation..... . .. ............... ... ..... Charities, Hospitals and Corrf>ctions.. . . . lntere:-t. . . .. . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . .. . . . . ., ...... Refund!' and Repaympnts. ... .. . . . . . . . Mi"'celI neous..... .. . . .. . .. .. . I Total Ordinary Receipt!; _ 1917. S 12,410,77'2 248,:::4 805,5h_ 3,134,72b 5,689.457 621,654 342,611 4,146,5!JE 5,931.754 9,108,1.5t 5,22ì ,OO! 447,241 1,219,803 1,984.4D!: 952,5'2!J 5,719,43! 57,9 9,9SI Totals. 1918. I 1919 S 12,731. 734 63'2,9'27 963,61!1 2,667,8:1,- 5,&66,O.'}1 9.!4,h!ltJ 4fi2,2h4 4.038,03û 8,h61.6:?1 12,728,624 7,174. !)4 457.06f 1,772, 2!Jf 2,382,2'21-- 9ß2,OI" 6,731,80; 13,141,921 38'2,921 !J!IO,301 2 2,533.67.5 7,134,458 2 1,206,47 592,'265 4,564,044 6,036,1-3 16,20.).30F 8,6H,7.U 628,74'; 2,386,51; 2,5fil.5 '1 888,93:1 2 8,987,711 1920. s $ 13,738,396 315,82 1,1\10,814 2 3,0.')3,365 9, HsZ ,2!13 1,444,873 61-4.4'21' 5,847.b3h 7,335.728 19,,,07,69 12,466,77! 9(;3.5b4 2.78'2,201 2,995. i91 593,il1 2 10, 84!J, 61!: 1921. $ 13,!140, 101 332,213 1,108,478 1 2.646.394 1,1077,069 1 1,592,073 9 6.118 5,805,538 8,.')46.9.!3 18.360.1'20 14,271.483 1,361..,}68 2,G41.542 4,193 476 88.'i,:!77 1 14,339,985 10!.030,-I.i8- I The8e total!' are exclu.o::ive of the lotor "ehicle Tax in Prince FdVlfird I land, which amounted in 1918 to $12,65] and in 19]9 to $11 ,344 net, and was transferred to the Public \\orks Department and ear- markpd for highway improvpment. 2 The"e totals include cnpital revenue in Ontario to the amount of $787,394 in ]919, $903,422 in ]920 and $1,149, !)]9 in 1!J21, rcccived from the D:Jpartment of Lands and }. orests, and not l'parable into its items. fj9,1U.30,i\ ]fj. "H.301 \ J 9!,G53,023 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF PROVINCES 791 PrO\inrial Governments for their respective fiscal) (Oars 1917-1921-concludpd. Alberta. British Columbia. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. - - - - - - - - - - S S S S S S S S S S 589,724 611,423 722,933 822,6fiO 932,831 1. 027,577 932,418 1,497.939 1,980,580 2,302,857 341,071 171 ,41JO 175.494 202,993 464,022 277,528 179 , 95 181,31 i 163.53:.' 432,526 628.404 798,825 1,096,427 460.767 598,43!' 132.36b 138,620 99,851 103,,574 144.983 5,916 40,859 71,500 57,271 43,903 84,18-) 6ô,55" lôO.158 224.855 416,273 33,804 49,009 41,781 51,258 62.491 143.491 136,755 175,65!i 217,071 102,464 188.620 143,791 149.723 218.737 29,707 24,745 26, 785 30,530 37,995 81. 616 64,771 26,994 21.611 38,371 880,9!!) 879, o. o 1,010.693 1,152 ,55 1,265,295 667,237 519,081i 579,912 728.0R(j 876, tOO 14,866 63,848 125,760 110,538 167.115 21,87. 20,808 82,666 46,84! 56,361 1,673.410 1,51:i ,2,5(; 2,037,32l 2,463, 9. ! 2,999,55t:: ,667 ,080 1. 562, 58 1,835,320 2,247.S0! 3,161.538 1,191,979 1,209,62! 1,439.847 1,768.834 2,2119,9111 1,640,881 1.716.8.l( 1,99!i,30! 2.541,341' 2,740.41\6 IbO.930 308.181 360,333 515,975 628,703 744,559 7011,471 1,019, Wi 1,013,004 1,125.011 49,992 59.30\' 67.0no 92,171 94, 788 8l;,!i9' 81. 12: 99.972 132,9ß4 14ô.862 18.687 32,063 35,00'.' 37,947 57,364 78.448 78,7!i8 80,80' 100.962 114.038 5,000 2,150 39,87 163,284 208,114 53,186 94.ï1:.' 65.800 54.30f 344,748 - 7,975 12,004 18,753 20,263 50.485 16,3!Jr. 16,288 5.660 2,69.' 7,958 40,462 68,770 76,580 75,84. 79,011 8,365 7,531 202.411 11.6-12 20,253 7,292 29,731 5.93!i 12,627 13.176 913.401 1.417 ,29!) 1,516,842 1,771,84 2,306,24'ì 8.10.4'?2 94fi,728 1,175,50':' 1,437,62!' 2,126,488 97,500 152.971< 157.501 162,501 212.501 4.52,423 780.14!, - 72,433 94:>.907 392,49:' 543 ,938 764,230 455.07. 691,07" 605,271 336,681' 631,809 - - - - - - - - - -- 6,752,504 8,303,808 9,ã2d,749 10,423,35, 13,109,304 9,531,74C 9,023,2fi9 9,887,745 11,568,003 15,236,931 {)f all Provincial Governments for their respective fiscal ) ears 1917-1921. EXPE/lÕDlTr RES. Objects. Civil Government.... . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . _ . Agriculture... ..... Lands... . ............................... Mines and Mining..... .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . }- ore8t, Timber and Woods......... . .. . . . Came and fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Administration of Justice, Special Legal Arlminbtration and Inljuiry. ...... . . Con:-en'ation of Health and Ranitation.. Puhlic Buildings, Public WorkBand Enter- pri<;es. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . Education. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ho"pitals............................... . Correctional Institutions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charities. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Pension!', Gratuities and Reliefs... . . . . . . Recreation and Amusement. .... . . . . . . . . . Colonization, Immigration and Publicity. Refunds... .............................. Interest Payments... ... . . _ . . :-:inkine; T' unds. .. .. ..................... Miscellaneous Payments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917. S 4,156,58 2,036,33C 2, 0. 8,19. 427,591\ 240,10(1 9,'i5,171 374,944 5,314,091 171,29:' lI,076,1O 10,580,C4: 4,837,67'; 759.73. 681 ,58i 277,224 59,203 251.09f. 126,5 9 7,1 ;0,024 893,0.8 7,675,204 1918. 4,433,263 1,864,50f 2,724,70_ 456,400 365 ,4 . I,II4,.57' 630,241 5,272,81 270,20(, 10,825,544 II , 14:! , OOf 5,758,1Ii 933,32f 751,08i- 45fi. 65 321,099 250,230 123.483 8,0.')8,411:' 1. 284 , 04, 9,015,71B Total. 1919. s S 5,631,886 1,976,1\44 2,909,8It 620,7fi. 345,48:.' 1,279,77fi 701,550 5,560,15. 395,32,1 13,355,274 12,541,624 6,850,623 1,I88,24 P 804,988 521,977 406,41C 282,78fo, 305,8f'4 8,633,44.' 63.5,944 II,455,371 1920. 6,833,933 2,177,044 2,775.713 7.0.8"1 406,87 1,5 1.09F 663,181> 6,588,441 575,971 1.5,678,01( 15,902,17: 8,099,51 I, 182,8.51 961,200 841. 270 267,77! 344,IIf 373,7ii 10,041,343 670,767 II,573,88 r 1921. s S 7,928,897 2,658,339 3,371,937 978,247 359 , 580 1,431,103 627,680 7,890.601 734,281 16,387,111 20,4.4,528 8,864,862 1,502,564 967. !J09 1,377,429 200.992 600,115 455.389 19,818,266 943.416 4,996,269 Total Ordinary Expenditure........... 60,122,jS. 66,Oã2,91l9 76,403.9;3 88,250,675 102,569.515 792 FLVA.YCE 28.-.\ssets and Liabilities of the PrO\indal Governments Af;f;ETS. Items. Prince Edward Nova Scotia Island. 1921. 1921. S S 893,390 1.781.789- 307. 844 - - 1.246.836 - - - 506.11Z - - - 6.0-l4.638 - 539.028 1,201,23t 10,l1S,403 - - - - Principal A!;set :- (1) Dominion Government... (2) Investments..... (3) Deposits...... ....... .......... (4) Cash Balances or in Banks......... (5) lJtilitie!'. Provincial Ov.ner!'hip. (6) Lands....... ..... (7) Loan and .-\dvanees.......... (8) Mi:;eellaneous....... Total Principal .tsspts........... (9) Other M i!'eellaneous Assets.. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . (10) Katural Uesourees................................... _. . _ _ __ UABILITIES. Direct Liabilities:- (1) Dominion Government......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . (2) Debentures........................................................ (3) Bond!'................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) Stocks................................ (5) Trea"ury Bills..... (6) Loans. _ ... . .. _.... _ .. ... ............................... (7) Bank Overdraft and Debit Balance!!................................ (8) Sinking Funds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9) :Mi"eellaneous....................... ........... .............. . Total Direct Uabllitips....................................... (10) Indirect Liabilities................. - 531.060 858,000 20.678,267 - - - - - - 657,184 1,000.000 - 277, 898 - - - 15.611 1,515,lS-f 2' ,502,"31 - 113.204 ILe"" Rinking Fund of $1.546,581 and 10 year 1912 Debentures of $251.256. KOTE.-The bllo....ing list oC items shows the classification of accounts which are included in the above btatement-- A:O;SETS. (1) DOMI/lõION Go\- ER!lõMEr-.T, includinp; (a) Pro,'incial Debt Account. (b) I and Account. (c) Housing Act. (d) Coolmon School Fund. (e) School I and Tru"t Fund. (0 Annual ub"idy. (g) Grant per Capita. (h) Pro\-ÍneÌ.ll Aid to lfigh....ays, (i) Provincial Aid Technicàl Educ.ltion Iaintenance. (2) IX\-E8T\lEI\TF!. including (a) Sinkinl!; Fund". (b) Inscribed Stock. (c) Victory Bonds. (d) Railway. (e) Debenture . (f) Hegi-tered Stock, (g) \\ar Loan-Dominion. (h) Court lfou....c Uond.,. (i) Farm Loans As!'of'Ìatlon. (j) Land Titles .\:""urance Fund. (k) l\Ii"cellaneoua. (3) DEPOSITS, including (a) Sinking .Funds. (b) Bank Balances, (c) Special Dcpo"its. Trust Accounts, (d) Special Depo. its, Bank Liquidation. (4) C.\BlI BAL\xCEB or in Bank.... (5) l.'TILJTIES. PRO\- If\'CIAL O'HiER8HIP, including (a) Telephones, (b) Grain Elevators, (c) Hydro- Electric Power, (d) Rail....ays. (6) LA'DB. including (a) Cro....n Lands, amounts out.,tanding and Interest. (b) I.'ormer Indian Re.,erva- tions, (c) Other Land", including Soldiert,' I and Act, Hail....ay ::;ub..idy LS'1d repurchu",ed and Fainiew \\orks. }.airvie..... B.C.. (d) Timuer Due . Bonus, etc.. amount!! out"tanding. (e) }"arm Settlement Board Lund. (7) LOA'is A"ID AD\'Al\cER, including '(a) Co-operative Creameries, (b) Co-operative Elevator Com- panie.... (c) Hail....ay Loaru! and Intere t receivahle. (d) Railway!', (e) Advances, Trust Account!!, etc.. (f) Advance". (g) City of Hegina, (h) Education County Loan, (i) Public "Ltilities. (j) Due Crom Capital to Current being amount ad\-anced. (k) Other Loans. (I) Po....er Commi"sion Temporary Loan. (8) }hSl"FLI AI\EOUB, including (a) Deferred Revenue, (h) DeCerred Charges. (c) Hoyalties (Mining), (d) Hail....ay earning,,-accounts receivable, (e) Tru"t Fund:s-ca:;h Cor rail.....ay bondholder:s. If) Drainage and Judicial Di"tricts. 19) Dyking A e 8ment8 Adiu!'tment Act, (h) Hecurpd Account.., (i) Education School Book Inventory, (j) Taxe:s uncollected, (k) Accounts receivahle and Inventories. (I) 1I0:Sllitals, account!> recei, able. etc., (m) Amount,. a,ailable for :O;p('Cific Capital Outlay, (n) Out"tanding He,enue. (0) Patriotic l'urp05es, (p) l\1i,.cellaneoua. (9) OTHER }hBCELLA EOt;"B ASfooETB, including (a) Provincial Government Buildings and :--:ites, (b) Roads and Bridge.o;, (c) Demon..,tration J'arms, (d) HurvC'ys, (e) Appropriation oC H.e,enue, Cw"h for extinp;ui,h- ment of Government :-:tocks and Bon do;. If) Public Improvement::!. (g) Itoyal Cornmi "ioll::l. (h) Patriotic }'urpn,p!,. Ii) Other J:xp 'nditur(".., (j) )Jj"cellúnoou,;. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE PROVINCES 793 at the close of their respecthe fiscal years ended in 1921. ASSETS. New Quebec. Ontario. Ianitoba. Saskatch- Alberta. British Bruns....ick. ewan. Columbia. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. S $ S S S S S 2,054,299 2,473,506 8,ï24 , 884 16,722,096 35,142. 21 46,116.963 12,462,702 8,895,700 2,090,299 27,309,122 9,938,793 9,997,400 1.803,944 6.981,433 - 284,220 18,78-1,466 - 1. 485, 137 - 2,167,330 - 1.739.321 - 28.439 - 1.473,294 1,718,518 1,642,868 3,362.902 102,945,988 18,439,929 11,151,976 19.525,411 - 150,000 - 2,900,000 - - - 4,614,228 774,631 564,912 - 3,192,595 3,646,466 30,749,562 26,408,155 1,085,982 5,000 1,423,661 14.027.249 322,527 15.118.955 6.016,276 U,603,,I80 10,520,160 162,088,121 62,3-19,101 61,7-15,727 11-1,788,129 CiO,428,64 1-1,452,352 4,418.323 51,513,358 26,206,287 21.607,412 2 . 759,751 23,545,331 - - 503,000,000 13,622.014 40,000,000 81. 186,758 - LIABILITIES. 1,705,636 2,799,110 10,750,000 - - - 1,509,996 14,718,852 - - - 36,219,999 55.022,67}! 19,125.000 7.111,977 71,000 165.525,000 61.929,870 - - - 1,742,602 - 8.418,420 - 7,015,436 3,987,586 1 17,196,936 - - 16,000,000 2,238,188 1,791,753 - - - 53,652,113 - 73,151 - 5,686,553 16,618,445 1.599.930 - - - 272,013 - - 832,212 - "- 4.656,258 - 1,419.957 - 2,423,364 1. 814, 213 4,266.270 4.157,040 629,061 4,119,936 6,149,821 30,13-&,573 58,336,436 20,1,959,690 73, Oã-l, 507 45, 92S, 262 68,438,866 60,600,198 1,117.000 4,130,500 36.882,469 31,573,102 - - 65,407,227 (10) NATUR\L RESOURCES, including (a) Pine Timber, (b) Pulpwood, Timber, Ties. Poles, Hardwood. etc., (c) lining Lands and Profits, (d) Agricultural Lands, (e) Water Powers, (f) Sand, gravel, etc., (g) Dis- trict of Patricia area 146,000 sq. miles Timber, Fisheries Fees and Mining Possibilities, (h) '["nsold School lands. LL\ ßILlTIES. (1) DO:\IIXIO:of GOVER)\, "E T, including (a) Agricultural Aid. unexpended Balance, (b) Administration Agricultural Aids Act. (c) Hou ing Act Loan, (d) Dominion Subsidy Paid in Advance, (e) Balance or Account, 1902, (f) Purchase of Property Q. l. O. Railway, (g) Loans, (h) Public Health Aid unexpended Balance. (2) DEBE TURES. including (a) Provincial, (b) Administration Farms Loans Act. (3) BOXD8, including (a) Provincial, (b) Court HOlli!e, (c) Government Bonds and Stock, (d) Profit OD Bond Conver:;ion. (4) STOCKS, including (a) Stock inscribed (London. England), (b) Registered, (c) Stocks. (5) THEASUHY BILLS. (6) LoA'8, including (a) Short Term Special, (b) LO.J.n Account, (c) Due Bank, (d) Temporary Loans, (e) Loam! (f'undcd Debt). (7) BAXK OVERDRUTS AND DEBIT B.\L.\SCES. (8) SI KISG FUNDS. including (a) Replacement re erves, (b) Iunicipal, (c) Invested. (9) 1I8CELL\XEOt.8, including (a) Certificates (Railway and Annuity), (b) Trust Funds and Deposits, (c) lortgages (B.C. Building, London, England), (d) Intere::!t, (1) on securities (2) accrued (not due), (e) Supplementary Revenue .Fund, (f) School Grants, (g) Amounts Payable, (h) Licenses paid in advance, (i) Liabilities for Capital Expenditure (including RailwaY8, Bridges, Roads, etc.), (j) Outstanding War- rants, (k) liscellaneous. . (10) INDIRECT LIABILITIES, including (a)Guarantee or Bonds and Loans in Nova Scotia, (b) Bonds guaranteed by Province of Kew Brum!....ick. (c) Debentures and Loans for R:1ÏlwaY8, In titution8, Schools, etc., in Quebec, (d) Guarantees of Debentures for Toronto Univer"ity, Niagara Falls Park, Toronto and Hamilton Highway Commi:S"ion, Towns of Bruce Mines, Cochrane and Iatheson, Township of Ti::!dale, Separate School Board. Town of TimmiIl3 and Hydro-Electric Power CommÏ8sion for Ontario, (e) Prin- cipal and Interest guaranteed for C.N.R. Securities, Municipal Debentures and lanitoba Farm Loan Asso- ciation Securities (in addition interc:"t only has been guaranteed on Iunicipal Debentures par value $99,500, al"o rentals payable to N.R. Ry. Co. for certain rail....ay,; leased) in lanitoba, (f) Guarantees or Principal and Intere:"t on Hecurities, Railways, Sewerage and Drainage Board. Dyking District::!, War Reduction Co. and Agricultural Credit::! Commission in province of British Columbia. 794 FISANCE 3.-l\lunicipal Public Finance. The statistics of the rural and urban population of Canada appearing on pa es W7 to 175 of this i:-sue of the Year Book, show that between 1901 and 1921, the urban population of Canada more than doubled; increasing from 2,014,222 to 4,352,442; further, this rowth has been greater in the cities, more especially the larger cities, than in the towns and villages. The aggregation of great numhers of people into the cities within a comparntively short E'p3Ce of time has made it nef'es- sary for costly public services to be furnished to the new-comers. Problems of water supply, road and bridge building, police and fire protection, sanitation anä sewage, tran portation, education, public health and recreation ha'.e been faced and more or less satisfactorily solved, often at great expense. Some municipalities, indeed, in the period before the war, considercd it e'-pedient to provide public services for prospective, as well as for e\.isting population, and later found that the prospects did not become actualities as rapidly as they had expected. The result of the great actual growth and the re It expectations of growth was a rapid increase in municipal taxation which has made municipal public finance a very important part of the public finance of Canada, attracting a very considerable amount of attention from theoretical students of public finanf'e, from municipal officials, from bond hOllses and generally from the urban ratepayer. Investigators of municipal public finance have, however, found great difficulties in pursuing their studies on account of the incomparahility of the statistics collected by Provincial Governments, or the entire abscnce of such statistics, for as late as 1919 only six provinces compil d and published their munidpal statistics. Accord- ingly, in re<:ponse to sugge"tions from the "Cnion of Canadian Municipalities and the 1\1 unicipal Improvement League of Canada, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics undertook to collect independently through its Finance Branch the statistics for a fixed group of municipalities, of 1O,00r population or over, according to schedules and methods of compilation approved by the provinces. The results of the first investigation for the calendar year 1919.were published in summary form on pages 570 to 580 of the 1920 Year Book, as well as in greater detail in a special report. Statistics of l."rban Municipalities of 10,000 Population and over.-In the pre:-;ent issue of the Year Book the statistics for 19:!0 of Canadian cities of 10,000 population and over are printed in considerable detail, a summary of the more important statistics being given by provinces and for the whole country in Tahlc 29, which shows that the 57 citie" included in the report had in that year taxable land and buildings assessed at S2,858,792,013, and tax-exewpt land and buildings assessed at üS6,3ü5,6--t6. Their ordinary receipts aggregated $16 ,8-W,791, of which 9-!,407,6-!O were derived from taxation, being 833.38 per head of the census population; their extraordinary receipts were 841,ü'ï9,649, a total of $21O,5:!0,4-!O, while their grand total e),:pendit.ure was S21O,692,2ÜO. Available and revenue-producing as:sets amounted to $389,148,881, and total assets to $809,8ül,298, while total liabilities were 8675,610,.,199. For individual cities, statistics of receipts are givcn in Table 31, of expenditures in Table 30, of assets and liabilities in Table 32. Statistics of Urban Municipalities of from 3,000 to 10,000 Population.- According to the statistics compiled and publi hcd by the Finance nranch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for urban municipalities with a population of from 3,000 to 10,000, the 103 municipalities of this class reporting had in the calendar year 1919 an estimated population of 552,G68. The aggregate value of taxable lrIUNICIPAL PUBLIC FINANCE 795 property was in that year $280,294,473, and of property exempted from taxation $108,239,833. The total ordinary receipts of these 103 municipalities were $15,309,562, of which $9,380,217 were derived from taxes, being $Iß.97 per head of the estimated population. The extraordinary receipts were $4.476,454, bring- ing the total receipts up to $19,786,016. The aggregate ordinary e},:penditures were 515,185,026, and extraordinary expenditures $5,209, 13ß, a grand total of 820,394,162. The aggregate available assets were $58,751,680, and the aggregate liabilities $55,719,413. A summ'ry by provinces of the statistics of prmcipal interf'st will be found on pages 8(12 and 803 (T ble 33.) Statistics of Smaller Urban Municipalities of 1,000 to 3,000 Poputa- tion.-Statistic8 have been compiled and published for 1920 by the Finance Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for 241 towns and villages having an estimated population in that year of between 1,000 and 3,000, and an aggregate estimated population of 419,197. The aggrcgaLe value of the taxable property in these municipalities in 1920 was 8227,073,141, and of property exempted from taxation $49,295,401. The total ordinary receipts of the 241 municipalities were $10,684,795, of which S7,375,87ß wcre from taxation, or $17.59 per head of the estimated popula- tion; the total extraordinary receipts were $5,448,828, bringing the total receipts (including 35,306 not classified as ordinary or extraordinary) to $16,168,929. Aggregate ordinary e},.-penditures were 511,318,44(), and extraordinary e>..-penditures $4,848,882, making the grand total e:x--penditure (including $32,661 not classified) $16,199,989. Aggregate available assets were $37,718,155, and aggregate liabilities $33,407,404. A summ ry by provinces of the statistics of principal interest will be found on pages 804 and 805 (Table 34.)' Comparisons of Finances of Larger and Smaller Municipalities-The general basis of municip I finance in C: nada is the assessed value of ta' able property. On the basis of the above-mentioned reports, this amounted in the cities to $981.75 per head, in the 'arger to\' ns to $507.17 and in the sm_.ller to\vns and vï:lages to 55 tl.ß9 per head of population. Receipts from compulsory ta'ation per head of population were in the cities $27.34, in the I rger towns $16Jì7, in the smaller towns and villages $17.CO. Total ordinary receipts amounted to $45.48, $2ï.70 and $2.).4 ) per head of popu'ation respecti' ely, nd e traordinary rE!ceipts to $17.55, $8.10 and $13.00 respecti' el:v. Ordinary e. penditures per head of population" ere in the cities $ '3.0{), in larger towns 27.48 and in smaller to\' DS and villages $27.00; e traordinary e penditures "ere $18.01, $9.43 and $11.57 per head respectively. Assets per head of population "ere $151.72 in the .cities, $1 6.31 in the larger to\\ ns and $S9J:8 in the smaller to" ns and villages. Liabilities per head wcre $202.44 in the cities, $100.E2 in the larger to\\ns and $79.ß9 in the smaller towns and villages. NOTE.-According to the census of 1921. 55 cities in Canada had at that time a population of 10,000 or over. The municipal authorities of Amherst. Dartmouth and New Glasgow, all in Nova Scotia. and of Oshawa and North Bay in Ontario. had previously e!>timated their populations as being 10,000 or over; they were classified as such 'in the 1919 report and are here retained for comparative purpo es. Three urb n municipaliti!!s having more than 10,000 population by the census, tailed to send in a report and are not mcluded, \iz., Guelph, Glace Bay and ::;hawinigan Falls. 790 FIX ANCE 29.-Sumrnar)' by PrO\inr('s of IUuniripal Statistirs of Prinrlpal Interest of Items. Xumbcr of Cities reporting in each province......... General Statistics- Area in acres........... .................... ....... Population (Census 1921)...... .... _ ................... Value of Taxable Property {land and buildings).......... . Value of Exemptions (land and buildings)...... . . . . . .. .... I Incomes assessed for Municipal Income Tax..... . . . . . . . .. , Business assessment..... . .. .. .......... ................. I Streets improved, mileat!;e of... ........................... Streets unimproved, mileage of.............. ...... .... l..ength of stref'ts lighted.. . . . . . . . ...... . . .. .............. Side",alks, mileage of.... .. ......................... ewers, mileaj/;e of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . Water main", mileage or. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parks and playj/;rounds, acreage of. ... ... .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . Fstimated value of fire equipment....................... I Total loss of property by fire........... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I Re'ceipts from- Taxation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I Licenses and fees... ....... ............................ I Fines, forfeits and escheats... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. I Municipally 0'" ned public service.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " I Grants, subventions and fees for educational purposes. . .. f J ntcrest ................................................ I Hinking funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . .. I Total ordinary receipts.. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... _ I Total extraordinary receipts..... . . ., .......... I Grand total rerelpts ............................ I Expenditures on- General overnment. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , Police department. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ...... I J ire department. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . I Insf)t'ction of huildin , plumbing, etc..... . .. .. ..... I Highways, includin administration, salaries and outlays. , Health and sanitation... ............................... f Charities and corrections..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. f Eduration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I Puhlic SC'rvice enterprises....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . " f Recreations. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. f Interest........... ....................... ... f Hinking funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Total or,linary expenditure'.... -. .............. I Total extraordinary expenditure. ...................... I Grand tutal expenditure. Assets- Availahle..... ....... Revenue producinl1;. ... X on-revenuc producing ...... Other. . Total a'isets........... Prince Ed",ard J!>land. ova cotia. New Bruns", ick. 5 3 8.'í0 15,343 32,925 12,34; 107,78b 72,768 5,762,560 72,983,1l5 48,611,949 1,000,000 33,472,800 14,157,000 1 812,850 24,983,384 1 2,014,110 10,332,450 9 139 38.41 10 138.75 56 Hi 108 75.4 24 158.55 134.43 30 132 85.66 22 199.6 146.78 40 382.3 79 15,000 431,647 155,019 2 600,650 423,192 118,858 1,677,441 2,007,127 7,839 ,'í9,175 38,626 2,392 74,006 22,284 16,242 4;H,25R 577,693 1 30,609 1,000 1 9,592 8,774 1 36,340 89,799 147,481 3,987,460 3,133.173 98,253 182,086 823,719 2,1ã,734 j,169,54f 3.9ã6.69 11,521 144,550 161,385 11,312 169,445 147,276 6,859 186,852 192,708 12S 4,800 2,071 24,355 460,O!!O 683,460 1,138 348,58!1 95,041 1,650 213,520 132,109 32,153 665,645 624,472 5,311\ 603 , 0.10 406,293 1.391 6,831 31,896 3.'í,335 4!10,79t- 301,516 17,40. 430,1,4; 200,483 150,24!J 3,I'SS,20! 3,281,O!16 98,253 730,8i5 315,603 %''\.."iot j.619.0M 3.596.699 f 141,505 3.535,395 2,247,271 I 302.000 4.H37,i3C 6,720,063 I 960,174 7,642.4"4 3,20l,il3 ........... I 1 H.4"'3 40,545 f 1. -10:1.6;9 16.260.119" 12.209,592 ........... I 924.600 12,414,41\1 8,256,728 ........ f 1 322,2!)3 442,Oli9 I 351,436 52,353 179,Ob6 f I. 2;..,UJ I . ;"9.112 8."77.8"'1 J,iahilitiNI- Bomled cleM............ Float in or current deht. . '" . . . . All other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tutaillahllitir!'; ......_ FIJ.;AXCIAL STATISTICS OF CANADIAN CITIES 797 Cities of 10,000 Population and over for the calendar year 1920. Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba. Saskat Alberta. Briti:;:h Canada. chev. an. Columbia. Total. 11 24 3 3 4 3 57 60,017 112,596 32,756 26,667 72,329 22,860 376,343 876,274 1,158,442 20i ,305 79,456 142,857 170,43 2,827,676 891,770,301 1,018,089,000 266,331,944 87,905,620 177,249,184 290,088,34C 2,858,792,013 297.884,462 206,531,47P 48,108,498 22,717,700 19,413,f99 43,079,717 686,365,646 1 71,410,029 1 1,245,614 3,436,644 1 101,8R8,521 1 82,546.688 1 7,006,483 1 1 101,899,731 623.1 1,263.76 258.25 118.23 251.82 385.47 3,087.04 579.56 1,036.31 575 405.57 916.21 209.7. 3,927.17 930.5] 1,964.37 428.25 201.2 76 452.75 4,255.48 1.176.85 2,623,53 627.49 256.f4 561.46 421.3] 5,984.26 870.13 1,6R4.95 318.8 170.9' 429.4. 378.2 4,100.14 796.98 1,946.91 357 .4 190.7 445.85 489.61' 4,595.93 3.152.42 4.691.7 754.03 918.5 r I, 772.3 1.065.72 12,856.04 1,384,4]8 1,604,063 456,37.'; 264 , 87 509,87] 374,194 5,195,460 1,200,803 5,538,775 958,80C 263,698 553,660 504,29 c 10,343,883 22,345,511 40,742,82] 7,117,37] 3,941,95] 8,611,2Iü 7,84'),350 94,407,640 1,117,282 1,356.74] 338,296 121, 531' 141,4 0 4 472,2lC 3,653.139 298,749 n3,651 49,708 25,2]8 30.94 236,823 1,473,773 4,595,776 11,244,432 1,833,70] 2,471,715 6,242,447 ],051,258 28,511,522 1 564,596 1 25,85í 1 399.878 1,021,940 969,850 779,674 72,374 36,881' 700 353,80f 2,231,655 1,370,940 12,821. 276 121,34 ] 119,544 1 1 14,5:;9.240 32,658,360 84,155,827 11 ,338, 94fi 7,481,23] 15,2511,74] 1O,678,57 168,840,791 15,485,378 23,708,052 674,945 341, 182 100,000 266,033 41,679,649 48,1,13,739 107,863,879 12,013,890 7,822,U3 15,359,7U 10,9-1-1, lO: 210, 520,.u0 3,481,285 3,454,272 354,905 337,737 672,164 39] ,921 9,009,740 2,069,558 2,61R,442 421,183 197,210 441,075 679,8f3 6,755,364 2,245,78] 3,492,423 507,652 369,79:-! 489,066 634,44." 8,12.';.579 47,880 237,789 28, 132 12,931 28,7]8 21,287 383,736 5,754,543 10,486,3]4 5]6,8.';6 369,593 843,632 l,Oß5,21í 20,204,060 1,457,789 4,785,705 443,141 34] ,15? 294,264 3:;4.858 8,121,677 438,339 2,597,168 507,560 247,860 324. r68 386,765 4,849,940 5,606,061 15,438,96] 2,609,8.')8 l,.'í44.80 f 2,715,118 2,ORO,085 31,317,158 3,868,840 10,330,311 1,809,2.,)!) 2,4]9,021 6,442,030 4"2,52] 26,366,623 267,389 2,329,100 187,158 6.'),257 151 ,483 173,929 3,214,434 8,828,532 8,688,476 966,22'> 1,247,798 1,293,225 2,918,611 24,770,513 1,366,615 13,301,681 397,605 484.97 316,381 I, ]89,377 17,705,369 36,551,915 84,328,164 9,87.5,916 7,750,634 14,228,22P 10,829,44::1 170,883,855 11 ,559, lOR 23,926,540 1,230,792 385, 104 1,300,188 261,942 39,808,405 48,111,023 lOS, 2.iI, 70-1 11,106,70," 8,135, 73 1.J,528, U7 11,091.385 210, fì92, 260 36,269,604 72,814,844 22,761,651 12,592,71'> 27 ,236,69 25,252,74 ' 202,852,418 39,022,249 70,038,502 21,949,28] 11,638,388 19,238,4ßí 12,549,78.1 186,296.463 84,112,018 147,665,266 36,148,537 17,232,04f 31,901.040 42, ]4] ,25 371,204,533 31,393,106 11, 722,380 1,783,036 1 1 ,499,O 4 3,019,310 49,507,884 190,802,97i 30' , 2-10, 992 82,612,505 U, -Ifì3,1-Ií1 79,875, I: 82,963.087 809,861,298 159,633,99f- 199,959,782 51,6]4,069 27,255,644 55,857,590 59,471,712 575,388,587 12,286,735 7,869,211 5,953,888 2,803,105 1O,122,8!)8 7,112,653 46,912,853 10,793,090 25,47] ,110 6,178,211 3,134,24 f 2,765,626 3.252,387 52,177,547 1 2, 713.82'? 231,"31,615 63, 7"6.1Iì 33,192.99'; 68.7-16,11-t G9, 836, 75 P 615.610,-1993 1 None. t 1\0 record. I The city or Chatham shov.s total liabilitie:o; only; these are included in this item. 798 FINANCE 30.-}'xppnditur..". ordinary and e,traordinary. of Citi('s No Name of City or Town. General Govern- ment. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2-1 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 33 3-1 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Prince Edward Island- Charlottetown. . . . . . . Nova Rcotia- Halifax .............. Sydnpy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anlh('r'-t............ . N('\\ Gla.'- ow........ Dartmouth. . . . .. .. . . Ne\\ Rrun::.\\ick.... -.. St. John-o.. ....... Mon('ton............ , rrpdericton........ . Quehec- Montreal. .... . . . . . . . . Quebec.............. . \" erdun. ....... . . . . . . . Hull . ............ Sh('rl rooke. . . . . ... . . Three Hivers..... ... "e--tmount.......... . J IIC h ine.. .. .. .. . . . . . . Outremont. .......... Rt. Hyacinthe........ J pvi'i. .............. Ontario- Toronto. ............. Hamilton........... . Ottawa. . . .. . . J undon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . \\ imi-or. ...... .. . . .. . Rr:lntford.. .. . . . . . . . . Kitc,hener........... . J\:inl!;"ton............ . Rau\t Rte. Marie...... Petl'r"orough. . . . . . . . Fort WiIIi.tln........ . Rt. Cnt h.irines........ Stratford... .......... St. Thomas.......... Port Arthur.......... Rarnia. . . . . . .., . . .. . . . Kias.!;ara Falls........ Ch'ltham... . .. . . . " . Calt . ............ Belleville. . . . . .. . . .. . O\\en Sound.......... O"ha\\a......... . North Ray........... Wood"tock. .......... Manitoba- \\ innippg...... ... . " . RrHndon ............ t. Honirace.......... Sa katehewlUl- Regina... ........... Sa..,ka toon. .. Moo...e Jaw........... Alhl'rta- Calgary. ............. Edll onton........... Leth! ridge... ........ Medicine Hat........ Briti h Columbia- V IIncouver .......... \ïrtoria.. . ., . . .. .. . New We"tmin. ter.... S 11,521 53.2fì8 25,200 2-1,5ß5 26. 299 15.218 123.644 21. 423 16,318 2,780,136 211. Ofì4 24. 270 20. 9-t'1 47.313 87.889 80.18" 44.520 153.06fì 18.212 13,685 1.517.428 nO.O.H 138.9!i" 114.655 46.985 114.310 17 . 870 51. 004 46.1103 41.077 189.3r.4 62.351 H.38-3 47,811 74.71;1 26.3"5 28.559 20.011 51.613 43.474 15.424 28. 102 19.421 23,700 274.079 32.790 48.036 165.476 99.000 73.261 357.316 199.114 64.H7 51.557 270.871 87.170 33. 880 Police Depart- ment. 1.742,9!il 140.351 22.30fi 31.857 19.430 28.33" 35.086 20,9!15 21. 426 6.822 . 1. 609. SR!! 249.058 ] 81. 710 103.M8 79.1,,9 58.957 11. 779 24.390 43.075 24.5H 30.47-1 20.585 17 .079 19.523 27.571 23.930 20.728 11.357 9.070 14,666 9.793 12. 183 9.479 6.446 376.011 21. 291 23.881 105.1114 50.722 40.874 151.772 247.600 20.29fì 21.407 544.614 110.8.J5 24.40-1 Ordinary Expenditure. In"pec- Fire tion of Depart- building,>, ment. plumb- ing, etc. S 11,312 109.590 41. 000 6.508 7.057 5,290 107.50fì . 25.4fìO 14,310 S 6,859 130.0t9 30,000 8.540 9,169 9,094 144.392 38.1!!1 10,135 High- ways, s 128 1 4,800 1 1 1 nt, 721 120,100 22,837 61.481 30.951 4m,80? 18S, 790 90,868 4,349,050 289.47-1 36.351i 116.761 69.810 92.431 267,780 82.075 237, 333 71.fi!J4 141. 777 4,988.738 641. 85fì 480.357 56".817 125.067 201. 581 258.277 194.526 94, OS t 3!!0.18' 134.380 146.796 143.210 307.753 79.160 261.017 280.258 58.219 139.930 445.893 137.047 278.609 78.3!0 68,207 424.082 37.893 54,881 139, 902 9-1.397 135.294 418,303 347 . 235 48,8!16 29,198 761.009 2110.0-t5 104.163 Health and s'lnita. tion. S 24.355 S 1,138 327,653 7.000 7. 51 3,818 2,707 44.183 35.R:?? 15.036 1,217.873 42.48? 35.561 9.80" 9.7!16 39.050 8.004 24. 271 51.661 19.032 255 2.649.609 415.6t5 436.634 308.4-10 19. 1?1 80.132 52.509 45.491 35.523 51. 051 20.797 36.460 75.945 44.381 40.658 54.10 70.345 9.7011 48.083 12.235 12.17ì 115.613 28.330 122,686 379,570 32,344 31,227 159.690 107.486 73,976 ]99.590 33.48::! 26.468 34,724 192.817 145.320 16.721 Charities Ilnd correc- tions. s 1, 651) 157. 772 16.00!} 27.470 7 . 0-11 5.237 101.040 23.5t!} 7,529 311. 124 60. 378- 5.012 11 . 546 20.798 12 210 708 9.679 1.859 4,695 30!} 969.183 676.072 2(i!) . 9:?1) 175.725 17 .5 t3 121.963 7.973 28.573 29.362 24.968- 53. 894 26.898- 1::!.3!J9 16.983 28, 459 17.137 13.239 11.309 60.453 5.123 5.311) 1.3913 7.232 16.048- 469. 772 20.292 17,496 5t.789 132.33'> 60.731) 98. ?62 18-1.126 21. 341) 22, 234 335. OO 31. !17 20.547 l:"Jone. 2t:"nder the control or the school bOl.ll'd I{ndud...-I in fire departmpnt cPlumhing in'ipE'C- tion included in he.i\th department admillÍ::!tration. 'This total ÍJ1clUù811 mi"oellaneolL:l items of or<.1ÌDary expenditure not shown eL,ewhere. 1. 650. 203 288.286 33. 459 58.48/ì 39.137 38.541 40. !138 15.299 20.799 15.60; 45,026 1. 994.81;3 253.5:?-I 272.317 145.809 88.435 7G.496 58.520 32.795 48.3;6 37.889 64.960 45.037 47.612 19.4n 69.955 27.390 46.787 34.498 29.754 17. 705 25.165 9. fì48 16.3-t8 29.047 404,015 55.286 48.351 147.670 122.898 99,225 244,894 162,767 40.8711 40.5:15 432.955 151. :J96 50.09-t 1 2,071 1 29,81i0 13.996 1. 500 1 I 1,000 1 1 1,504 I 1 198.0i8 13.219 1,800 C 2,852 1 300 I 1. 500 1.271 3.03fì 1. 406 1. 53; 1,744 2.-113 1,500 1 1 1 7,133 1 1 1 1 25. 634 1.302 1,196 5.490 6.445 996 ]8.556 8. 50!! 1.653 1 12.1162 3.150 5.175 EXPENDITURES OF CAN AD I AN CITIES 799 of 10,000 Population and mer for the calendar y('ar 1920. Ordinary Expenditure. )Iunicipal- Total Education. ly owned Recrea- Interest. Sinking ordinclry puhlic tions. Fund. expcndi- services. ture. 6 $ $ $ S S S 3 .153 5,318 1,391 35,335 17,407 150,249 401.096 308.5-16 1 293.637 332,290 2,395.799 120 600 25.000 2.500 88.000 32.500 579.700 42.250 15.586 2.100 46.284 40.725 272.486 35.009 40.09fi 1 45.781 19,5t:J 257. Bfi6 66,690 213, 80 2,231 17,096 5,789 382,258 412.383 359,431 23.441 222, 887 155.791 2,305.18<; 140.314 2,2\19 6.855 50.98') 41. 571 662.744 71. 775 44,563 1,600 27,617 3,121 313,164 5,185.689 2,658.744 191. 937 6,884.686 711 . li50 28.4li8.1S7 407,931 91.559 14.704 649.1fil 75.I.Ij') 2.284.538 2 121.88" 2.414 18-'3. !J63 38.500 505. 225 2 92.261 1.3 2 1:.>5.082 49.453 524. -t4Q 1,830 190.593 2.254 186.044 38.930 628.813 2 190.5r.9 11. 981 255.067 70.418 848. 778 10,611 244.837 27.074 160.041 309 60 I 1. 397.621 2 80,240 3.117 142.849 23.490 H!J.294 2 1 9.271 153.78" 44.65" 797.033 2 94.493 3,295 61.643 1. 7li3 309.135 2 103,662 1 26,214 3,006 338.842 7.]15.435 3,54<;.923 1,884.757 4,485.045 8,61\5.074 44. 539. 98i 1. 365.046 975.679 50..'i15 765.33') 601. 364 6.735.833 1,124.584 912.773 44.058 807.!H3 17I<.2R!J 4.849.315 881.154 307.503 3 .6!J4 360.5!J5 762.3fi9 4,222.510 805.0.n 477 .69 33.507 190.421 9.341 2.251. 289 256.657 452.222 11 .532 128.413 82.621 1.584.884 1Iì5. ,39 208.474 15. i51 4.266 I &'11. 15<; 3141.794 395. 2i2 4 61 1 3 99.789 40.173 1. 233. 410 506.613 224.719 29.115 142.925 105.282 1.366.249 453.620 225.944 6.595 93.946 71. 777 1. 414. 698 497.4111 446.186 3.347 352.489 150.000 2.161.38[. 2fì7.359 182.809 7.045 179. 345 2,036.188 3.225.7ISi 136.126 40.785 33. 500 li4.974 131. 781 941. 96 16 1. 4!10 552.641 14.8i9 75.997 3.3\;\" 1.::80.359 206.752 78 027 12.058 313.317 81.212 1. 066. 321 21O.0!J4 270. 509 73.208 112.177 402 1. 080.793 220.058 233.356 1.610 8.1ì93 1 932.406 123.456 181 172 3.507 72.116 1 531.416 1I5.25i 162,649 14.276 81.001 31.345 772.228 101.Iì/l3 106.777 4.457 66.753 109.401 936.05 106.305 9.\186 6.716 43.119 216, .'i21 601.815 115.9n 182.822 34.311 35.190 1 861. 65ß Im.928 27. 202 1.472 46. 244 1 339.311 79.758 126.129 3.587 48, 16 25.159 594,971 2,236.603 1,648.634 179.300 537.173 140.075 8,082.038 15<;.255 122.778 7,1!J7 156.659 136.189 884.1\07 215.000 37.847 661 272,390 121,341 909,071 679.949 1,009.985 27, 827 573,087 263.31ìl 3.332.840 544.127 803. !I54 25.188 467.258 146.892 2. ìI:3. 206 320.729 605.082 12,242 207, 453 74,720 1,1m,58B 1.06-1.532 2.841.19'1 88.506 675,857 219,391 6,487.802 1,287. \110 3 044.390 34.348 302. 794 I 5,916.537 159.229 391. 090 20. HiO 75,605 22.48!J 1S97.327 203,447 165.352 8.469 238,969 74.501 926,563 1,439.949 233.054 103.800 1,760.033 855.:313 7,055.468 (24.378 173,620 61. 022 868, (155 234.512 2.733.136 215.758 75.847 11.107 290.523 99,552 1. 040. 839 Total Grand extra- Total, No. ordinary. all expen- ditures. $ $ 98,253 248,50 611.43t 3,007, 23 2 I 579.70e 3 90.981 363.47:: 4 14,25t 27 ,lll 5 14, 00 396,558 6 7,581 2,312.76( 7 223,21: 885.95; 8 84,80" 397 . !l1 9 5,523,O:;!' 33.9!H .24' 10 2,766,93r 5,O. 1.41;10- 11 93,091 5!18. 311 12 50, 75 57. . 201 13 1,634.4i! 2.263.292 11 1,217.328 2.066.10 1 15 22,78,... 1.4:'>0 40' 16 215.373 664.06; 17 I 797 . 01 18 11,83! 320.974 19 23,46!ì 362,311 20 6,685,48L 51,225.47:- 21 2,378,711 9.1I4.54! 22 29,25C 4.8i8..,}6" 23 5,671,930 9. 8!14. 44C 24 548.754 2.800.04 25 110.534 1.695.4' 26 1.59,87:{ 961.031 27 332,7310- 1.506, J4i- 28 792,484 2.1.'iR. 73 29 342,70::: I. 757.400 30 1,177.659 3,34).04- 31 907.0!1!' 4.132.81- ?,2 356.161 1. 297 . 55; 33 81.61ii 1.362. O?f 34 1,491,404 2.557.721' 35 547,924 1.628.71i 36 607,53! 1.539.94" 37 481,691 I,OI3.lOï 38 135.00[' 901. 22 39 153,750 1.0R9.RO' 40 499.4!1::: 1.101.307 41 139,071' 1,000.13" 42 75.90 41. .21f 43 219,70 814.674 44 3ð3.83ï 8,44.'}.R7. 45 I 884 . 80ï 46 866. 95. 1,776.026 47 240.55fì 3.573.396 48 88,000 2.801.206 49 56.548 1,761. 136 50 8,120 6,495.922 51 1,258,561 7,17.'i.098 52 1 89ï .327 53 33,507 960.070 54 1 7.05ã,46R 55 101.942 2,835,078 56 160.000 1. 200.83<) 57 800 FIN AXCE 31.-Recelpts, ordinary and extraordinar)'. of ('itit's of 10,000 Population and over for the calt'ndar )'ear 1920. ame 0 JCity or Town. Licen"c Taxation. and fees. s Prince Ed\\ard Island- Charlottetown.......... .... . --... Nova Hcotia- Ilalifax............................ . fo:ydney..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . Amher..t........................... . New GI gow............ .... ....... Dartmouth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Brunswick- :-;t.John........ ....... 1.431,861 Moncton............. -....... 379,663 Frede icton............... __ .. 195,603 Quebec- Montrcal. ......................... 17,934,148 Quehec......... .......... ... 1.714,601 \ erdun.. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . 376,457 Hull. .. . .. __ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 177,233 :::Iherbrooke..... __.................. 284,106 Three Rivers.. .., __............. 316,919 Westmount......... ........ 713,491 Lachine.................. 269,140 Outremont. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . __' 402,500 fo:t. Hyacinthe...................... 85,809 Lévis............................... 71,107 Ontario- Toronto......... . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. ... 21,237,193 Hamilton........................... 3,433,765 Ottawa........ .................... 3,227,240 London.... . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. 1,823,685 Windsor.. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. ... . - -- .. .. 1,245,357 Hrantford................. __ 939,483 I\:itchener... ........................ 563,524 hing; 29,750 1 495,698 311,511 16,510 9,956,756 2,129,134 56,467 197,502 975.479 1,469,634 235,041 133,440 193,570 21. 838 116,518 7,369,127 1. 391. 228 2,237,896 6,794,873 892,531 144,986 I 327,500 654,538 726,401 527, 894 201,524 106.422 63,740 4,699 593,466 306,614 139,302 204,781 Iï3,405 89,460 354,623 66,684 336,358 600,000 I 74,945 Grand Total, ordinary and extra- ordimry receipts. S 118,253 S 245,734 2,422,429 715,120 363,322 272,117 396,558 2,651,189 904,410 401,293 34,401. 711 4,458,696 757,389 581. 867 2,453,757 2,066,106 1,420,409 701.075 680,026 320,974 301. 729 48.848, 874 9,268,654 6,806,791 9,929,683 2,857,546 1,725.349 1,035,032 1,349,245 2,152,315 1,783,742 3,352,951 4,161.177 1, 297 , 322 1,298,965 2,509,874 1,673,856 1,537.061 930,042 823,401 1.098,488 1,078,620 1,002,010 415,219 927,662 8,830,359 893,816 2,289,715 3,680,896 2,618,957 1,522,560 6,194,304 7,213,431 874,723 1,077,283 6,989,739 2,829,482 1,125,385 s S 16,242 164,266 56, 100 29,761 40,479 187,652 S 147,481 2,422,4211 579,120 346,986 242,367 396,558 240,487 100,695 I 1 I I 100,000 I 158,053 107,IISO INone. 'This total includes items of ordilllU'Y receipts not sho\\11 el"ewhere in thi'l summary table. 518.760 2,155,491 22. 879 592, 899 36,054 381:,7S3 2,713.49024.444,955 486,607 2,329,562 179,552 700,922 137,135 384,365 410,290 1,478,278 115,454 596,472 300,045 1.185,368 110,551 567,635 1 486,456 70,008 299,136 72,644 185,211 4,038,45541,479,747 1,184,035 7,877,426 734,790 4,568.895 302,310 3,134,810 569,174 1.965,015 466.946 1,580,363 459,185 1.035,032 358,933 1,021.745 230,220 1,497,177 218,150 1,057,341 559,655 2,825,057 217,988 3,959,653 30,841 1.190,900 637,709 1,235.225 184,511 2,505,175 254,673 1.080,390 221,045 1,230,447 66,838 790,740 179,711 618,620 90,651 925,083 17,518 989,160 59,616 647,387 40,240 348,535 121,238 591,304 1,650,199 8,230,359 150,012 893,816 33.490 2,214,770 1,093,905 3,440,409 916,63::? 2,518.26:! 461,178 1,522,560 2,553,714 6,191,304 2,IJIiO,6;5 7,213,431 355,232 87-1,723 372, 826 \li7, 283 520,328 6,989,739 343,39\1 2,671,42\1 187,531 1,017,405 ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF CITIES SOl 32.-Assets and Liabilities of Cities of 10,100 Population and o'er, for the calendar year 1920. X ante of City or Town. Total Total l available reven e revenue Total a!'sets. producmg produeing assets. l assets. assets. Liabilities. Floating Bonded or Total debt. current liabilities. 2 debt. $ $ s $ Prince Edv.ard Island- Charlottetown.......... . Xova Scotia- Halifax. . . '" .. . . . . . . . . . . . :O;ydney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-\Inher!':t.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xew Glasgow............ Dartmouth. . . . . . . . . . Xew Brunswicl- St.John.................. 1,627,465 5,046,534 1,395,704 8,069,703 :;,595,821 .\loncton.................. 396,019 1,399,907 l,2."i8,148 3,086,619 2,181,108 Fredericton.............. 223,787 273,622 547,8611,053,270 479,799 Quebec- MontreaL............... 26,953,192 23,R4S,765 57,. 28,620 139,.%2,852 119,759,310 Quebec................... 2,379,288 5,420,107 8,090,44: 15,889,83814,1-;98,167 Verdun................... 534,238 1,263,584 2,839,453 4,637,275 3,186,500 Hull..................... 370,.u9 1,287,704 1,108,610 2,766,763 2,268,125 :-'herbrooke...... ...... 1,952,274 3,346,&'33 1,083,590 6,382,697 3,903,400 fhree Rivers............. 833,175 1,043,238 3,419,336 5,295,749 4,287.000 Wpstmount............... 1,64!1,957 825,121 4,49. ,205 7,137,114 4,330,167 Laehine......... 346,. 71 !i51,402 1,835,195 3,033,168 2,548.000 Outremont............... k64,920 3 2,748,562 3,613,482 2,850,000 :;t. Hyacinthe............ 140,: 8.j 593,665 767 ,086 1., OI,136 59: .358 Lêvis.......... . ... ...... 245,15.j 541, 830 19. . 91R !11-;2 , !J03 1,009. !lfi9 C )ntario- Toronto..... .. .. .. .. . .... 37,3.11,972 31.677,533 S8,2R4,413 157,313,91:' 103,832,3.j(j Hamilton.. 5,052,080 6,115,130 11,325,S03 9.771,941 13,843,759 Otta\\a..................ll,38O,331 5,224,947 8,714,601 2. ,346,155 18,346,701 T ondon.................. 1,766,147 3,947,295 2,233.726 11,525,416 8.022,803 Windsor.................. 391,385 l,674,50fl 4,848,858 6,914,752 3,956,543 Brantford................ 1,532,288 1,340,503 2,331,363 5,204,154 4,059,512 Kitchener................ 49,!lO,j 1,357,. 64 1,186,198 2,593,667 2,063,789 Kin ston................. 455,317 1,365,206 442,514 2,263,037 2,064,234 :;aultSte.Marip.......... 903,319 883,026 2,670,454 4,599,928 3,293,297 Peterborough............. 1,306,931 1,121,464 1,746,032 4,174,427 3,094,582 Fort William............. 3,566,866 3,219,037 5,141,27811,927,18110,983,331 St. Catharines....... 1,448,454 1, 92,068 3,940,764 7,469,825 4,971,589 Stratford................. 1,114,652 993,481 1,022,500 3,130,633 2,317,305 St. Thomas.............. 276,715 1,171,390 1,175,050 2,623,155 1,384,079 Port Arthur.............. 2,321,990 3,247,565 4,350,608 9,920,163 7,598,173 Sarnia........ . . . . . .. . .. .. 885,259 979,073 562,612 2,426,944 1,534,174 Niagara Falls............ 107,183 663,600 1,650,670 2,421,453 1,130,425 Chatham................ 161,606 532..500 894,154 1,595,520 1 Galt..................... 574,782 1,009,6,35 469,352 2,0:;3,789 1,853,307 Belleville.........,....... 583,414 281,802 1,629,215 2,494,431 1,424,216 Owen Sound....... ...... 1,021,943 690,460 958,343 2,670,746 1, 234,969 Oshawa.................. 69,588 439,4.50 732,410 1,241,448 900,336 orth Bay............... 95,535 209,896 707,559 1,012,990 788,273 Woodstock............... 397,182 501,348 646,789 1,.545,319 1,262,029 :\lanitoba- \\ïnnipejt.... .. .. ..... . ... 18,516,679 20,193 ,598 29,4. 1.465 69, !J44. 778 43,514,929 Brandon.................. 1,787,197 1,14.5,299 2,140,7!J6 5,073.292 3,549,246 :-;t.Roniface.............. 2,457.ì7.j 610.384 4.556.276 7.624.435 4,549,894 :4askatchewan- Regina.......... ... "" 5,198,152 5,181,615 8,21;4.38918,664,15612,230.225 S.\!'katoon..,.,... 3,335,316 4,017,414 6,O. .008 13.410,738 8.932..518 Mooselaw............... 4,059,244 2,439,359 2.889,G:; ' 9.388,254 6,092,901 -\lhprta- Calgary.................. 9,873,470 7,948,663 4 11,0:36,222 1 28,858.35522,856,162 Edmonton............... 13,790,982 7,336,198 16,306.41938,714,92924.687,606 I.ethhridge............... 1,856,051 1,669,779 1,867,.5.58 5,393,388 3,909,694 Medicine Hat............ 1,716,192 2,283,827 2,690,841 6.908,554 4,404,128 British Columbia- Vancouver............... 15,896,560 6,327,382 27.107,20.1 49,631,338 35,327,647 Victoria.................. 8,150,182 3,751,26811,750,851 6,371,41818,305,572 Kew Westminster.... .__ 1,205,999 2,471,133 3,283,199 6,960,331 5,838,493 141,505 302,000 960,174 1,403,679 1,995,471 2,663,675 4,681,657 9,340,803 7,208,516 707,054 651,715 1,355,000 2,713,769 2,368,000 341,999 334,559 641,027 1,362,068 1,006,000 379,424 485,000 632,300 1,496,724 977,450 111,447 702,781 532,500 1,346,728 854,500 $ s S I 1,276,038 27,949 7,236,465 125,000 2,533,000 77,473 ],095,826 12,631 990, OM 79,240 933,740 2,756 5,598,577 323,440 .2 ,683.')31 115,873 596,275 8,708,495 13.5,097,285 418,990 ]. ,362,301 383,524 3,570;024 328,498 2,616.623 389,722 4,7"0,465 45.5,956 5,295,74!1 275,614 7,1:17,114 127,616 2,692,635 2ï6,61I 3,613,482 849,.'iI9 1.443,4.j9 72.191 1,104,685 1,270.687 11 1 ,451,598 1,622,276 24,039,199 3 21,994,&19 15,000 9,433,214 279,9I1 4,888,395 585,3.56 4,644,868 140,000 2, 203, 7R9 3 2,215,891 464,967 4,487,696 26,232 3,421.360 714,661 11,697,992 378,988 5,705,043 248,000 2, !i68,123 123,530 1,507,609 136,281 9,848,135 409,866 2,426,944 543,356 1,673,781 1 1,131,512 54,062 1,951,818 429,822 2,494,432 283,000 1,517,969 38,610 972,331 ]04,606 893,048 I 1,262,029 4,211,421 53,575,188 111, 034 3,989,653 1,631,433 6,181,327 635,562 13,575,884 1,189,174 12,5:i7,029 978,369 7,080,082 3,242,724 26,951,186 5,829,010 32,366.156 767,64,3 4.74"125 283,519 4,687,647 5,31\1, 950 40,689,597 1,482,507 22,788,595 268,196 6,358,560 924,600 1 Includes other 8Bsets. 2 Includes other liabilities. I None. ($2,738,569 depreciation, equi- valent to sinking fund reserve and depreciation reserve. ha.s been deducted. '$786,546 ùeprpeiat.ion has been deducted. I $.1,80G,593 depreciation hft!'! b('en derluet("'rl. 7 Total only giwn. 62373-51 802 FINANCE 33.-Summary by Provinces of Statistics of Principal Interest of Urban. Items. :Xo. of T 3,628 360,580 147,993 680 17,566 3,361' 41,849 1,207,075 . 95, 744 34,000 331,967 189,399 75,849 1,539,042 7R5, 143 2,898 61,745 36,09;- 5,R50 330,382 117,R J:d", ant 1!'lu(](l. :\ova Scotia............_ !'\C'I. Bruns", ick. . .. . . . l uebec.......... . l )ntario. . . . . .. . . . . . Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :'R!'katche'l. an.... \Iherta..... . British ('olum bill.. . . . .. . \ ul..on. $ 3,707,988 51,057,049 35. 238,6!14 362,071\.282 598,45'i,3ì9 134,039,184 "'9,942,132 66,912,332 119.716.747 1,380,38:! Total .\dju"tnwnts l,! ..í29,170 Total I.Jti ,5%'.170 1923. $ 2,7ì4,ô4!1 36.613,611- 29,309,120 21i6,349,56: -181,223,381 88,634 ,3m; ,')7,513,057 51,539,223 91,938,579 1,626,667 1.127,522,lfì5 35,114,24(1 I,Ð=l2,i0'1,92:i 31.- umb('r of Illdhldual and Corporate Ta,pa)ers. b) Siz(' of Income and Amount of Taxes paid. und('r the Income War Ta1: Act, fis('al ) ('ars ended "\larch 31, 1922 and 1923. Individual!'. Corporations. - 1922. 1923. 1922. 1923. No. Amount. Ko Amount. No. Amount. o. Amount I $ $ $ 154,675 4,022,056 146,178 3,414,475 - - - - 116.212 .'),557,503 113,359 4,616,287 3,023 665,723 2,407 546,081 11,840 3,D81,303 13,030 3,60.1,536 1,508 926,596 1,052 699,621 5.404 .';,460,899 6,069 5,212,937 1,359 1,848.227 959 1.478,950 1. 290 :!,629,108 1,:165 2,997,914 690 1. .')81 ,102 437 1,148,752 667 4,295,530 801 3,810,107 .')97 2.:m,14!J 413 1,1\82,344 496 12,699,832 380 8,212,112 1,109 31,724,339 742 22,9!\7,54 290.5!W 39. Uti. 231 2S1.182 31. "'67. :i(i 1S.2tiCl' 39,097,136 ',010 28, 5-1.1, 29ì - f'2-1,i71' - 490.046 - 110,668 - 269,113" -- -- I - -19,471,009 - 32.3,)7,-11-1 - 39.207.80J - 28,812.UO - 650,412 - 667,997 - 34-1,046 - 700,264 - -- - - - - - - 3!t,ti U.597 - :U.6ð9,417 - 31!, 863. ; SRI - 28.0!2.1-U Incoll1l' rla ". SI,OOO to $6.000.... '2,000 to f6,OOO.... 6,OOO to $10.000.. SlO.OOO to $20,000.. <1:20,000 to $:111, 000 _ . <\:30.000 to $50,000. . ';:50,000 and over... Total ... .. . . . { - nclasbi fil'rl amount..... Total R .fund... _.. Total.. ...... 11.- CURRENCY A D BA KING, LOAN A D TRUST CO IP A:\"IES. 1.-Canada's IVlonetary System. Early trade in Canada was carried on by means of barter, which at times resulted (in transactions between Indians and fur traders) in the adoption of beads, blankets, etc., as recognized media of exchange. The practice, however, was purely a local one. Later, during the French period in Canada, while barter still formed perhaps the mo t important means of exchange between individuals and merchants, a more or It:'ss sati:::factory currency system developed. Beaver and other furs, tobacco and wheat "ere at times used as substitutes for currency, the last named being at one time sIegal tendcr. A rathcr inadequatc systcm was that which developed during the period of French military occupation, when playing CA.NADA'S JIONE'l'ARY SYSTEJI 809 cards, stamped with a value and signed by the Intendant, redeemable yearly on the receipt of bills of exchange on Paris, came into circulation. Other paper money, most of it of little value, was also issued, and the total amount outstanding at the time of the cession was estimated at 80,000,000 livres, the great bulk of which finally proved worthless. The British government sought to establio;;h a uniform standard of colonial currency, but since, at this time, French coinage again began to come into circula- tion and the Spani:sh dollar also rivalled the English shilling as the most common medium of exchange, this was not universally possible. English sovereigns were overrated in terms of dollars in an endeavour to encourage their C'irculation. A rate of 5s. to the dollar was set in Halifax and was in use for government accounting systems, while in Montreal York ('urrency (the rates prevalent in New York), giving the shilling an exchange value of 7s. 6d. or 8s., was in common use. Canadians had become more or less familiar with the characteristics of paper money from the experiences of the various northern States during the first half of the eighteenth century. During the war of 1812 this familiarity was increased by the establk:hment of an army bill office, issuing bills of various denomination:s redeemable on presentation. In("reased commercial relations between the two countries and a growing volume of trade resulted in a tcndency in Canada toward a. decimal coinage, and in 1853 a measure was passed providing for the adoption of a decimal currency with a dollar equivalent to the American dollar; the British sovereign was made legal tender at $4.86j. An Act of 1857 requiring all govern- ment accounts to be kept in dollars and cents came into force on Jan. 1, 1858; the formal adoption of decimal currency in the province of Canada dates from that time. By the Uniform Cunency Act of 1871 (34 Vict., c. 4), the decimal currency was extended throughout the Dominion, the British sovereign was made legal tender for $4.86j, and the United States eagle made legal tender for $10, while authority was taken to coin a Canadian $5 gold piece. No Canadian gold coinage was, however, issued prior to thc cðtablishment of the Canadian branch of the Royal Mint in 1908, the first coins then struck being sovereigns similar to those of Great Britain, but with a small "C" identifying them as having been coincd in Canada. In May, 1912, the first Canadian :':10 and $5 gold pieces were struck, but the Canadian gold coinage has so far been limited in amount, since Canadians have generally prefer- red Dominion notes to gold for use within the country, and when gold is needed for export, British or American gold coin or bullion serve the purpo e equally well. Gold.-Gold is used only to an insignificant extent as a circulating medium in Canada, its monetary use being practically confined to reserves, but 5 dollar and 10 dollar gold pieces weighing respectively 129 and 258 grains, 9-10 pure gold by weight, have been coined, the Canadian gold dollar thus containing 23.22 grains of pure gold. These coins were first issued in 1912, authority to issue them having been first conferred in 1910. By the Currcncy Act, 1910 (9-10 Edw. VII, c. 14), British sovereigns which are legal tender for $4.S6j, and other gold coins, and the 5 dollar, 10 dollar and 20 dollar gold coins of the Vnited States, which contain the same weight of gold as Canadian gold coins of these denominations, are also legal tender. These, however, are almost entirely divided between the. Dominion Government and the banks as re:-;erves, and the chief circulating medium of the country is provided by paper and token currency. The gold coinages of the Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint, which was opened on January 2, 1908, are given in Tables 38 :md 39. Table 40, compiled by the Dominion Comptroller of CurrencYJ 810 FLVANCE gives the form in which the gold has becn held by the Goyernment in recent years. The American gold, it will be been, greatly preponderates, and there is a consider- able additional amount held by the banks, as it is legal tender in both countries. M.-Colnage of thf' Ottawa Brauch of thf' Ro)all\lInt In the call'ndar )l'ars 1921-22. 1920. 1921. 1922. De"cription or Coins. Struck. h.. u 'd. :-\truck. Issued. truck. I!,016 34 2'ì, i2\1. 500 65 26.7:10,:i76 20 I :?!I,4M.2\18 31,040,149 33,529, bSH ,')4,909,076 62,988.474 61\,261,279 !J ,507, 764 98, ti48, 736 106,642,969 X6,382,620 1'IIì.516.,';9,'; Sl\. 034,920 i7,s!J!!.4!H 75, 7 5.6Iì!í 60,!lxS.110 35,891i,41\;; 35,89b,3U.'J 67,941,.i5U li;;0.185 2,118,210 : ,HU,150 3,436.09.'J 3.426,760 :1,413.46;; 3.411,46;; 3,40!>.:nO 3,3b7,125 3,:IS5,6!!0 3,340,650 .).).) 933 !)Q 222: 933 I}!I 222,9:l3 9\1 222,933 9!1 320,344 iI ïï5,201 :Ih 803,002 29 11,352,85602 14,701,439 38 27,154,222 :l2 :I,'),090,343 77 18,558,557 IS 34,572,503 78 Token Currency.-Canadian silver dollars wcighing 360 grains, 37-40 fine, are provided for by the Currency Act of 1910, but no dollar coins have ever been struck by the Mint. Fifty, twenty-five, ten and five-cent pieces of weight pro- portionate to their respective fractions of the dollar, and of the !':amc finene!'s, are ÐOJ.'J;[IKION NOTES 811 in circulation, but by chapter 9 of the Statutes of 1920 the standard of fineness was reduced to 8-10. In 1921 the coinage of a nickel five-cent piece weighing 70 grains was authorized, and a number of these coins have appeared. Silver coins are legal tender only up to ten dollars, nickel coins to five dollars, and bronze coins to twenty-five cents. 41.-Circulation in Canada of iI\"er and Bronze Coin, December 31, 1901-1922. Xet Amount of Silver .Amount Net .Amount of Bronze Amount Coin Issued. JX'r Head. Coin Issued. IJ('r Head. Years. --\.. B. CoI. CoI. C. D. CoI. CoI. During the Since -\ . B. During Since C. D. Year. 1858. the Year 1858. - - S S ets. $ S S cts. ct::.. 1901.... .............. 420,000 8,27fi.924 7.8 1.53 41,000 676,429 0.8 II.O 1902..... ..... ....... 774,000 9,053.924 14.0 1.64 30,000 706,429 0.5 12.h 190.1................ . 633,850 9,687.774 11.1 1.70 40,000 746,429 0.7 13.1 1904................ . 350.000 10,037.774 5.9 1.71 25,000 7iI,429 0.4 13.1 1905... . ........... 450,000 10,487.774 7.4 1.72 20.000 791,429 0.3 13.0 1906... . .-. S07.461 ll. 29;j, 235 12.8 1.79 41,000 &32.429 0.6 1: . :! 1907. .. 1,194,000 12,41'9.235 17.9 1.88 32,000 864 , 429 0.5 13." 1908..... . ...- :J8,5.U 12,527.776 0.6 1.80 21,604 886 , 0.13 0.3 12. 1909... . . . .. . 648.700 13,176,476 g.O 1.83 39,300 925,333 0.5 12.!1 1910.... . . . 1.151,186 14,327,662 15.4 1.91 42,020 967,353 0.6 12.9 1911... . .. .. .. . . . . . . . 1,343,001 15,670,663 18.6 2.18 54,275 1,021,628 0.8 14.2 1912...... ........... 1,303,237 16,973,900 17.7 2.30 49,977 l,OiI,605 0.7 14.5 1913................ . 927,131 17,901,0.11 12.3 2.38 55,572 1 , 127, 177 0.7 15.0 1914............ ..... 626,198 18,527,229 8.1 2.41 35,0.57 1,162,234 0.4 15.1 HilL. . _ . . . . .. . . . . . . 61,344 18,588,573 0.8 2.36 50,354 1,212,588 0.6 15.4 1916.......... -.. I, ]79,5]6 19,768,089 14.7 2'46 110,646 1,323,234 1.4 16.5 1917.... 1,790,941 21,559,030 21.9 2.64 116,800 1,440,034 1.4 17.6 19]8......:...:::::: : 2,329,091 23,888,121 28.0 - 2.87 13] ,777 1,571,8II 1.6 ]8.9 19]9................ . 3, ]96,027 27,084,148 37.7 3.19 II5,Ol1 1,686,822 1.4 19.9 1920... . . . ., .. . 1,300,702 28,384,850 15.] 3.29 208,961 1,895,783 2.4 22.0 1921.... ............. 40,191 28,344,659 0.5 3'23 60,543 1,956,326 0.7 22,3 1922................ . - 26,620,740 1 0 2.97 3,858 1,960.184 0.0 21.9 1 The decrea!ie shue notes to any amount over t enty millions, on holding dollar for dollar beyond that Imm. In 1903 (3 Ed\\". VII, c. 43), the Iinister or Iïnance was required to hold gold and guaranteed debentures of not less than 25 p.c. on Dominion notes issued !lnd out::,tanding up to thirty million dollars; beyond thirty millions he was required to hold gold eClual to the excess. In 1914 (5 Geo. V, c. 4), this amount "as raised to fifty millions and in 1915, to sevent)'-six millions, under the conditions "tated in the text. The I'inan('e .\.ct, ]914 (5 Geo. Y, c. 3), make!' prmi<:ion. in I'a<:f' of war, panic, etc., ror the i<:<:lIc of Dominion notcs .Igain"t apprm'HI ,..('('uritil's. S12 PIXA..vCE held. Thus Dominion notes are under normal conditions p:old certificates. Under- the Act, the Government issuel3 notes of the denominations of 2.3 cents, $1, $2, $J, $.1), $50, $100, $500, 1,OOO. In addition, "special" notes of the denominations of 500, $1,000, 4t5,000 and $50,000 (first issue September, 191 ), are iSf;ued for use between banks only, the purpo c b{'ing to safeguard against theft. Table 42 gives the main statistics of Dominion note circulation and thc reserve on which it has been built since 1890, while Table 43 !'hows the URe of notes of different denomina- tions during the past six years. 42.-Domlnlon Xotes Circulation and Reseru's at June 30, 1890-1922. Notcs in Circulation. Reserves of Years pecie and Circulation Percentage X otes Larl!;e noWs Total. Guarfln- uncovered Reserve ended 1, 2. 4 and 5, 50. 100. 500. teed by to June 30. and 1000, 5000. Per Index Dehen- Spl'cÏe. Circulation. fractionalA.l 2 -\ mount. capita. Ko.8 tUres. 4 S S S $ $ S p.O. 1890.... -0' 6.665.942 8.691.950 15,357.892 3.20 65.3 5.232,181 10,125.711 34 1891. Ii. 768. 666 9.407.650 16,176,316 3.34 68.2 5.723,6931 10,452,623 35 1892.... . . . 6,898,348 10.384,350 17,282,698 3.53 72.0 6.868,243 1 11I.414,455 40 1893...... . 7.136.743 11,311,750 18.448,493 3.73 76.1 S,396,014' 10,052,479 45 1894. ... .. . 6,967.818 13. OQ3, 900 20,061, ïl8 4.09 83.5 10.239,0711 9,822,647 51 1895...... . 7,059.331 12.460,900 19.520,231 3.87 79.0 \1.707,750 9.812,481 49 1896.... . . . 7,377.096 12.995.100 20,372,196 4.00 81.6 10.704,901 9,667.295 52 1897...... . 7.519.345 14,798.750 22,318,095 4.34 88.6 12.667.315 11.650.780 56 1898....... 8,157,243 14,020,950 22.178.193 4.26 86.9 12,760.405 9,417,788 57 1899...... . 8.770.165 15.466,300 24.236,465 4.60 93.9 15,008,441 9.228,024 61 1900.... .. . 9.640,473 16,454.450 26.094.923 -HIO 100.0 14,422,710 11.672.213 55 1901.... .. . 10.161.809 17,736,700 27,898.509 5.19 105.9 16,503,740 11 ,3!J4. 769 59 1002.... .. . 11,029,985 21,750.400 32.780,385 5.92 120.8 20,848,305 11,932.080 63 1903...... . 12,173.248 26.832,950 39.006.198 6.87 140.2 27,877.260 11.128,938 67 1904.... . . . 12,581,833 28,992,950 41,574.783 7.13 145.5 25,369,291 16,205.492 61 1905....... 13.045.820 34.288,400 47.334.220 7.89 161.0 31.272.122 16,062,098 6b 1906.... . .. 14,633.576 35.307.850 4!J,941,426 8.09 165.1 30,960,597 18,980.829 62 1907....... 15.939.131 42.377,400 58,:H6,531 9.25 188.7 36.935,936 21.: 80,595 63 1908...... . 15.279,675 47.778,450 63.058,125 !J.ïl 198.2 41,107,850 21, !150.275 65 1909.... 15,860.149 63.145.150 79.005,299 11.80 240.8 57.309.932 21,695,367 72 1910. . 17,871.477 71.414.250 89.285.727 12.90 263.3 68,355.787 20.929.940 75 ]911..... .. 19,840.695 79.468,250 99.308,945 13.78 281.2 78.005.231 21.303,714 7S 1912....... 22,982.588 88.94!J,65O 111,932.238 15.19 310.0 92.442.098 19,490,140 S2 1913...... . 28,845, ï37 87 ,5Iï. 800 116,3&i.537 15.45 315.3 94,943,49 21,420,038 SI 1914...... . 24.586,448 89,595,650 114,182,098 · 14.84 302.8 92. 66:i. 575 21,518,523 81 1915. 25,183.685 126,937,0.'>0 152,120,73.'> 19.3-1 394.7 89, 57:i, 041 62,547,693 5 I!H6..... .. 27,283,425 148,213.750 Iï5.4!J7,lï5 21.84 445.7 114,071.032 61. 426,143 66 1917. 29.498,409 149,069,1)00 178.568,009 21.82 445.3 119.110,113 59,457.896 67 1918..... .. 32,623.514 248.716,000 281.339,514 33.78 689.4 114.951.618 166,387,8\16 41 1919... ... : 5.084, 194 265,665,650 300, 749, 844 35.47 ï23.9 118.268.407 182.481, 437 39 1920.. :J7. 203,890 254,812.400 2 2,OI6.290 :J:i. S:J 6!J0.4 95, 5:J8, 190 196,478.100 33 1921.... : : : 34,403.934 234,365, 250 268.ï6\1.184 ,JO.58 624.1 83,85-1,48; 184,914,697 31 1922.... . .. 31,404,161 201, 344. 250 232,748,411 1 25.96 529.8 85,4!J5,068 147,253.343 37 I Include>:! l>rovincial notes amounting to $32. 85ï in 1890 find reduced gradually to 2ï. 710 in 1922 2 Include" iSAue of $50.000 notes in 1919. 1920, 1921 and 1922. 3 Circulation in 1900 is taken as 100. · Guaranteed debentur&l amounted to $1,946,666 from 1890 to 1910: and 116.000,000 (rom 1915 to 19:?3. 43.-Denominations of Homlnlon Xotes In Circulation, 'larch 31, 1918-1923. Denominationa. $ 1.......................... . 2................. ......... 4.............. ............ 5....... ... ..... ............ 50. ........ .... ...... 100........._ 500....... " ..... 1.000.. _. ...... ............. 500 special................. 1,000" ................ 5,000 " 50,000 1 " .......,.. Fractional............ ... Provincial. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Total.... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1918. $ 14,414.114 11.&56.8!J5 42,187 4.813,508 5,350 400 2,355,500 3,841,000 174.000 1.&75.000 211,230,000 1,163.141 27,766 250,79S,861 1919. $ 15.217.261 12.161.480 39.4:J!1 4,772,455 4,200 1,868.500 4,146,000 124.500 992.000 213,505,000 44.000.000 1,200.120 2ï,743 29S, O;)!i. 6!1 1920. $ 16.550.738 13,238.915 38.2!I9 3,4: 4.275 3,950 2,596.000 4,773,000 95,000 1. 15!J.000 234,105.000 34.650,000 1,260.872 27.743 3I1,!f3 , 792 1921. $ 16.456,10:" 12.819,010 37,567 3,699,880 3,800 2,68.i.500 5,050.000 70.000 962.000 191.980,000 42.800.000 1.293,28J 27.743 Z77, 2,"Ij.) 1922. 1923. $ $ , 15.3S7, 109 15.921,295 11, 3:J5. 549 11.854.372 36.7&5 35,791 1.886,410 2,154,470 3,ï50 3,750 - - 2,728,500 3.034,000 4.999,000 6,019,000 13.500 2.000 931,000 935.000 142.505,000 124,845.000 60.350,000 76.550.000 1.257.163 1,275,372 27,710 27,710 241,461, f26 212,657,765 . rir t j<:!'Ilf' of -50,000 notes Sppe:1T" in bank "tatement of "eptemhf'r, 1!J18, amounting tQ $5,OUI).000. BAXK l\-OTE CIRCULATIOiY 813 Bank Notes.-Bank notes form ihe chief circulating medium in use in Canada. Under the Canadian Bank Act, the banks are authorized to issue notes of the denominations of 0;;;5 and multiples thereof to the amount of their paid-up capital. These notes are not in norma] times legal tender. In addition, during the period of the movement of the crops (September 1 to February 28-29), the banks may issue "excess" circulation to the amount of 15 p.c. of their combined capital and "rest or reserve" funds. In the event of war or panic, the Government may permit the "excess" to run all the year. The banks pay interest on the excess at 5 p.c. If a bank desires to extend its circulation, it may do so by depositing dollar for dollar in gold or Dominion notes in the central gold reserves. The figures of bank note circulation are given in Table 44. Table 45 brings. together the results obtained above as to the quantity of the circulating medium in the hands of the Canadian public. In case of in olvency, the notes of a bank are a first lien upon its assets. They are further secured, in case of insolvency, by the Bank Circulation Redemption Fund, to which all banks contribute on the basis of 5 p.c. of their average circulation, the sum thus secured being available for the redemption of the notes of failcd banks. .u.- statistics of Bank N'ote Circulation, 1892-1922. 1 . 'Redemption" Paid up Fuml.2 K ote" in Circulation. Years. "Rest" Fund. (Depo its \\ itb Capital. Iinister of Finance.) Amount. Per Capita. Index No.' $ $ S $ S 1892........... . 61,G:?6,311 :?4,511,709 1,314,240 33,788,679 6.91 79.0 1893.. ... . . . . . . . 62 ,UOY, 3-16 25,837,753 1,790,619 33,811,925 6.85 78.3 1894........... . 62,063.371 27,041, 235 1,817,511 31,166,003 6.37 72,8 1895........... . 61,800,700 27,273,500 1,814,089 30,807,041 6.12 69.9 1896.. . .. 62,043,173 26,526,632 1,831,191 31,456,297 6.18 70.6 1897..... _.. _... 62,027,703 27,087,782 1,864,937 34,350,118 6.68 76.3 1898... ... . .. .. . 62,571,920 27,627,520 1,938,660 37,873,934 7.28 83.2 1899. ........ ... 63,726,399 28,958,989 2,033,865 41,513,139 7.89 90.2 1900. .. .. .. . ... . 65,154,594 32,372,394 2,221,128 46,574,780 8.75 100.0 1901........... . 67,035,615 36,249,145 2,487,541 50,601,205 9.36 107.0 1902... ......... 69,869,670 -10.212.943 2.832,401 55,412,598 10.02 lU.5 1903... ......... 76.453,125 47,761,536 2,971,260 60,244,072 10.62 121.4 1904. .. .... ... . . 79,234,191 52,082,335 3,237,891 61,?69,888 10.60 121.1 1905......_.... . 82,655,828 56,474,124 3,448,463 64,025,643 10,68 122.1 1906. ........... 91,035,604 64,002,266 3,923,531 70,638,870 11.44 130.7 1907........... . 95,953,732 69,806,892 4,304,524 75,784,482 12.02 137.4 - 1908. ........... 96,147,526 72,041,265 4,2-19,367 71,401,697 11.00 125.7 1909........... . 97,329,333 75,887,695 4,317,006 73,943,119 11.04 126.2 1910........... . 98,787,929 79,970,346 4,8-14,475 82,120,303 11.87 135.7 1911............ 103,009, 56 88.892,256 5,353,838 89,982,223 12.57 143.7 1912........... . 112,730,943 102,090,476 6,211,881 100, 146, 5-11 13.60 155.4 1913..... _.. _... 116.297,729 109,129,393 6,536.3-11 105, 265.336 13.98 160.0 1914........ . 114,759,807 113,130,626 6,693,684 10-1,600,185 13.60 155.4 1915......_ _..:: 113,982,7<11 113,020,310 6,756,648 105,137,092 13.37 152.8 1916........... . 113,175,353 112,989,541 6,811,213 126,691,913 15.77 180.2 1917........... . 111,637,755 113,560,997 6,324,442 161,0211,606 19.69 225.0 1918. . ..... .... . 110,618,504 114,041,500 5,817,646 198,645,254 23.85 272.6 1919........... . 115,004,960 121,160,774 6,054,419 218,919,261 25.82 295.1 1920. .. .... . ... . 123,617,120 128,756,690 6,122,715 228,800,379 26.51 303.0 1921... .. .' .. ., . 129,096,339 134,104,030 6,417,287 194,621,710 22.15 253.1 1922. .... .. .. .. . 125,456,485 129,627,270 6,493,593 166,466,109 18.56 212.1 1 The statl:stics in this table are averages computed from monthly returru; in cach :rear. 2 Cash, i.e., gold or Dominion notes. 8 Circulation in 1900 is taken a., 100. . 814 FLVANCE 4S.-Circulating 'Iedlum In Hands of the Public, 1900-1922. Silver. Bronze. Bank Notes. YeaJ'I!I. Per Per Amount. Per Amount. Capita. Amount. Capita. I Capita. I S I S S I 19()().......... . ............... 7,911,998 1.49 635,429 .11 46,574,780 8.75 1901............. -.......... 8,279,924 1.53 676,429 .12 50,601,205 9.36 1902....... .... ................ 9,053,924 1.64 706,429 .13 55,412,598 10.02 1903. .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. .. .... .. .. .. . 9,687,774 1.70 746,429 .13 60,244,072 10.62 1904............. .... ............. 10,037,774 1.71 771,429 .13 61,769,888 10.60 1905............................. . 10,487,774 1.72 791,429 .13 64,025,643 1O.6R 1906... .......... ................. 11,295,235 1.79 832,429 .13 70,638,870 11.45 1907. 12,489,235 1.88 864,429 .13 75,784,482 12.03 1908. . : : : : : :: :: ::::: : :: : : :: : : : : :: : 12,527,776 1.80 886,033 .13 71,401,697 11.00 1909... ............ ............. 13,176,476 1.83 1125,333 .13 73,943,119 11.04 1910........................ . .. 14,327,662 1.91 1167,353 .13 82,120,303 11.87 1911............ . .... 15,670,663 2.18 1, 021, 628 .14 89,982,223 12.411 1912................ . 16,973, g()() 2.30 1,071,605 .15 1()(),146,541 13.60 1913. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 17,901,031 2.38 1,127,177 .15 105,265,336 13.98 1914............................. . 18,527,229 2.41 1,162,234 .15 104,600,185 13.60 1915............................. . 18,588,573 2.36 1,212,588 .15 105,137,092 13.37 1916.............. -............... 19,768,089 2.46 1,32.3,234 .17 126,691,913 15.77 1917........... . ....-.---...... 21,559,030 2.64 1,440,034 .18 161,029,606 19.69 1918. .. .. . . . . . . . . .... . . 23,888,121 2.87 1,571,811 .19 198,645,254 23.12 1919............................. . 27,084,148 3.19 1,686,822 .20 218,919,261 23.82 1920................. ........ ..... 28,384,850 3.29 1,895,783 .22 228, 800, 379 26.51 1921. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 28,344,659 3.23 1,956,326 .22 194.621,710 22.15 1922. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,620,740 2.97 1,960,184 .22 166,466,109 18.56 Y rors. 1900. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.... .... .. . . ... . . .. . " . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 1902.... ...... . . . . .. '.' ... . . ...... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 1903..................... ......... .... .... ....... 1904.... . . . ... . ............ - . - . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 1905.... .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . - . . . .. .... . . . . . 1906. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . 1907.......................... ................... 1908.... .. . ... . . . . . . " .. ... . .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1909.... . . . .'. . . .. . . .... .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 1910............................................ . 1911............................................ . 1912.... . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 1913..................... .........f......... 1914.... . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . 1915. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .'. . . . .. . . . . . . - - . 1916.............. .................. ............. 1917.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1918............................................ . 1919.... . .. . . . .. .. . . ., .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .... . . . 1920.... . .... . .. . . . .. . . ... . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . 1921.... ., . . . .. .. . . . . ., .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 1922.... . . . . . . . .. ...... .. . ... . . . . .... .... .. . . . Dominion K otes 1 11,12,14,15 Totals. and fractionals. 1 Index Amount. Per Amount. Per Number a Capita. Capita. per Capita.' - I I I I 9,997,044 1.88 65,119,251 12.24 100.0 10,595,169 1.97 70,152,727 13.06 106.7 11,442,138 2.07 75,615,089 13.67 111.7 12,321,172 2.17 82,999,447 14.63 119.5 12,813,912 2.20 85,393,003 14.66 119.8 13.499,894 2.25 88,804,740 14.82 121.1 14,797,483 2.40 97,564,017 15.81 129.2 15,973,227 2.53 105,111,373 16.68 136.3 15,615,082 2.41 100,430,588 15.47 126.4 16,235,774 2.43 104,280,702 15.58 127.3 18,098,111 2.62 115,513,429 16.70 136.4 21,497,429 2.98 128,171,943 17.79 145.3 27,277 ,341 3.70 145,469,387 19.75 161.3 29.067,278 3.86 153,360.822 20.37 166.4 26.964,063 3.51 151,253,711 19.66 160.6 25,881,570 3.29 150,819,823 19.18 156.7 27,857,543 3.47 175,640,779 21.86 178.6 31,221,311 3.82 215,249,981 26.31 214.9 34.146.836 4.10 258,252,022 31. 01 253.3 35,492,643 4.19 283,182,874 33.40 272.8 37,272.725 4.22 296,353,737 34.33 280.5 33.825.582 3.85 258,748,277 29.44 240.6 31,888,024 3.56 226,935,057 25.31 206.8 1 Dominion Notes of larger denominations in hands of banks not included. I Includes Provincial Notes (denominations of 11. 2, 5, 10 and 20) amounting to $25,622 in 19()() and reduced çadually to 124,560 in 1922. 8 Yearl)- average. · Per capita circulation in 1900=100. BANKING IN CANADA 815 2.-Banking in Canada. Historical.-In the early days of banking in older countries, one of the chief functions of banks was to issue promissory notes payable to the bearer on demand; where the bank's credit was good these notes passed freely from hand to hand, creating an auxiliary uniform circulating medium, which in various cases was preferred to that issued by national governments. The lack of a uniform circulating medium in Canada was felt by the merchants of Montreal toward the end of the eighteenth century, and the prospectus of a proposed bank of issue to be known as the Canada Banking Company was issued in 1792. This scheme, however, was allowed to drop, while a second project in 1808, for the incorporation of a Bank of Canada, failed to secure the assent of the Legis- lature of Lower Canada. At the close of the war of 1812, the Army Bill currency was withdrawn, and public attention once more turned to the expediency of securing a currency through the establishment of banks. The Bank of Montreal began business toward the end of 1817, with a charter based on that of the First Bank of the United States. In the following year the Quebec Bank was established, as well as the Bank of Canada at Montreal and the Bank of Upper Canada at Kingston. The three Lower Canadian institutions, commencing as private banks, obtained their charters in 1822, while the Bank of Upper Canada, also a private institution, was superseded by a second Bank of Upper Canada, established at York (Toronto) as a chartered bank in 1821. Meanwhile the Bank of New Brunswick had been incorporated in 1820, while in Nova Scotia the Halifax Banking Co. (private) had commenced business in 1825, and the Bank of Nova Scotia received a regular charter in 1832. The Bank of British North America, previously incorporated in Great Britain, commenced business in Canada in 1836, while Molson's Bank was established in 1853, the Bank of Toronto in 1855, the Banque N ationale in 1860 and the Banque Jacques-Cartier (now the Banque Provinciale du Canada) in 1862. The Union Bank was established in 1866, the Canadian Bank of Commerce in 1867, the Merchants' Bank of Halifax (now the Royal Bank) in 1869, the Dominion Bank in 1871, the Bank of Hamilton in 1872, the Banque d'Hochelaga in 1873, the Bank of Ottawa in 1874, the Imperial Bank in 1875 and the Standard Bank in 1876. The Canadian Banking System. I_A brief résumé of the Canadian Banking system should emphasize its growth from the beginning as closely related to the Montreal produce and export trade, its development of the branch bank system in order to meet the demands of a rapidly moving frontier of settlement, its adapta- tion to the requirements of the grain and cattle trade of the west, and the consolida- tion during late years of the features which tended most towards its early sucress. Development of a stable system has been accompanied by failures, particularly marked about the middle of the 19th century, but progre:':s has nevertheless been steady, based on sound principles and adapted as closely as could be to the particular needs of the country. The branch bank forms perhaps the most dÌ::>tinctive feature of the Canadian system as it exists today, and for a country such as Canada, vast in area and with a small population, the plan has proved a good one. A result of the growth of branch banks has been the partially centralized system that now obtains-centralized as to banks, of which there are now 16 2 , rather than as to districts, as in the partially centralized system of the "Cnited States. . 1 For details rcgarrlinlZ f'anarlian hank not(> i"sue, M'e p'lgC 8]3. 'No,. 30. 1923. 816 FINANCE A second peculiarity of the system may be noted-the existence and operntion of the Canadian Bankers' Association. Through this body, which was incorporated in 1900, and acts under the authority of the Dominion Treasury Board, co-operation of individual banks is facilitated and encouraged. The Association supervises clear- ing house transactions, appoints curators to supervise the affairs of banks which have suspended business and oversees the printing and issue of note!': to its members. Adherence to similar principles and a linking together of the credit of the system result from the co-operation secured through the association. The elimination of weaker banks and their amalgamation with more stable ones has been a progres ive move towards greater efficiency. Co-operation between the banks and the Dominion Government has been made perm:ment through the medium of periodic return!': and the regulation of note issues and reserves. Apart from the many detailed services rendered to its clients, the Canadian banking system may be said, in addition, to perform three main functions. In brief, they are as follows- 1. To put into circulation the paper currency which forms the circulating medium for small exchang;es. 2. To provide a mechani<:m of exchange by the issue of bills of exchange, etc. 3. To form a means by which the rredit of the banks and unm-cd depo its may be put to immediate productive use. Banking, Leg,islation.-Xote issue was formerly considered as the chief function of the banks, and banking legi:,;lation denlt mainly with such issue. In 1830 the Banking Act was amended so that the total amount of notes of le!':s than $5 in circulation might not at anyone time exceed one-fifth of the paid up capital, that no notes under $1 Hhould be issued and that all issue" of less than $5 might be limited or suppressed by the Legislature. In 1841, in the first se!'lsion of the Canadian Legi:-,lature after the L'nion, the Banking Act imposed a tax of one p. c. upon the bank note circulation. together with provisions for the double liability of shareholders. In 1850 a new Act "rohibited any bank other than those incor- porated by Act of Parliament or Royal Charter from issuing notes. The tax on circulation was abolished, and instead a deposit with the Government of $100,000 in provincial debentures was required; for the first time monthly bank statements were required to be furnished to the Government. In 1871 the first Dominion Bank Act provided for a minimum capital of $500,000, the restriction of bank note issue to notes of $4 and upwards, the redemp- tion by banks of their own notes at any of their offices, the limitation of dividend!'! until a reasonably large reserve fund had been accumulated, the holding of Dominion notes to the extent of at least one-third of the cash reserve, the prohibition of a bank lending money on its own tock; the forfeiture of the charter of any bank which left any of its liabilities unpaid for 90 days; also, in order that the double liability Illight be effectively enforced, banks were required to transmit certified lists of shareholders to the Minister of Finance. The chartprs were granted f.or ten years only, so as to facilitate the contemplated decennial revi ions of the Act. The first revision of the Bank Act took place in 1881. The noteholder was now recognized as prior creditor, the banks were prohibited from issuing notes under S5, while notes of highcr denominations were to be multiples of thi1" sum. Dominion notes were to constitute not less than 40 p.c. of the banks' cash reserve, and banks were upon request to pay in Dominion notes sums not exceeding 550. At the second revision of the Bank Act (1891), the chief change was the establi..,h- ment of the Bank Note Circulation Redemption I"und, founded as a conseflucncc of BANKl^ G LEGlSLATlOK 817 the losses to which the noteholders of insolvent banks were still subjected through being unable to turn their notes into cash. It was provided that bank notes should bear interest from the day of suspension of the bank until the date when their redemption was undertaken by the liquidator. If this was not done within two months, the Minister of Finance was authorized to redeem them out of the Bank Circulation Redemption Fund. Such expenditure, if not made good out of the assets of the failed bank. was to be provided by contributions from the other banks pro rata to circulation. At the third regular revision of the Banh. Act, in 1901, the Canadian Bankers' Association was given authority to appoint an inspector to supervise the bank note -circulation and see that no bank issued circulation in excess of its paid-up capital. In 1908 provision was made for emergency circulation during the crop-moving season from October to January, during which banks were allowed to issue excess -circulation up to 15 p.c. of their combined paid-up capital and reserve or rest fund, this emergency circulation to be taxed at the rate of 5 p.c. per annum. In 1912 the period during which emergency circulation might be issued was extended to he six months ftom September to February inclusive. At the fourth revision, which took place in 1913, the Bank Act was amended by providing for the establishment of central gold reserves in which banks might deposit gold or Dominion notes, issuing additional notes of their own against such deposit. A shareholders' audit was also provided for. _\.s a consequence of the war, the provision for emergency circulation was extended to cover the whole year in 1914, while banks were authorized to make payments in their notes instead of in gold or Dominion notes. The fifth revision of 1923 (13-14 Geo. V, c. 32) has resulted in numerous important changes. Tbe qualifications of provisional directors are re-defined in sec. 11, while provision is made for keeping records of attendance at directors' meetings and bringing them to the notice of shareholders. Annual and special statements are given further attention and more complete returns are required from the banks, particularly in cases where other operations than banking are -carried on (sec. 54). Detailed provisions are added regarding a shareholders' audit ()f the banks' affairs (sec. 56), while the personal liability of directors in case of distribution of profits in excess of legal limits is fixed by sec. 59. Regulations regarding loans are amended (sec. 76), and annual returns to the 1\Iinister regarding real and immovable property are required (sec. 79). Registration of security for loans is provided for (sec. 88a); monthly and special returns are to be made when -called for by the Minister (sec. 112); certain loans are prohibited (sec. 146); and the punishment of directors and other bank officials who knowingly make false -statements of a bank's position is stipulated in sec. 153. Banking Statistics.-In Table 46 is given a histori{'al summary of Canadian banking busine...<:s since Confederation. In order to afford a clearer view of the nature of banking transactions in Canada, bank liabilities have been classified in two main groups, liabilities to shareholders and liabilities to the public, the latter group only being considered when determining the ordinary financial position of any such institution. Assets are divided into four groups, other assets being included in the total. As of interest to students of banking practice, the proportionate develop- ment of capital and reserve funds may be pointed out, also the great increase in the proportion of liabilities to the public to total liabilities and the gradually increasing percentage of liabilities to the public to total assets. ð 373-52 81:S FJ.YA.VCE fl. -lIlstorlcal Summary sho\\lnJ; ))eu'lopment of the Canadian lIanklng Business. calendar rears 1861-1922. 1 67 (6 mOR.)... 1 S68.. 1869. . 1870 11m .. 1/\72. . 1!;73 . ]874. 1875. . 1876. 1877. 187S. 1879... . 18SO .. 1/\81 IS82. .. 1883. ]8R4 ., ]885... .. .. . . IH86 1887 1888. ]8S!! IS90... 189]. . 1892. 1893. 1894.. 1895.. ]S96.... 1897. 1898... Ili99.. lOO'!.. . . 1901. . ]902. . 1903. 1904. . ]905.. . ]906... 1907.. 1908.. 1909. 1910...... . 1911 ... 1912. 1913... . 1914 ., IIH5... . . . . . . 1916.. . 1917.... . 19]8. 1919. HI20.. 1921........ 1922..... . Calc'n, \:I r LIABILlTIE . Liabilities to han'holderR. Liabilitiell to the Public. Ypar,... H..st Xotl'1'j I Total Total C'apital or in un Liabiliti., paid up. Hl'sl'rn' to Fund C'irculation. D,'posit.' the Publi S S S S , 30,926.470 - 9.:146.081 31,375.3]6 43.273. . . 30,507,447 - 9,350,646 33,653.5!14 45,144, ... :m.782,637 - 9,539,511 40,028.O!J0 50,940. ___e. 3.1,o:n .249 - 15.149,031 4S.763,205 65,685, .. 37,095.340 - 20,914,637' 56.2S7,391 ðO,250, ,. 45.190.085 - 25.296,454 61,481.452 90,864, .. 54.690,.161 - 27,165,878 65,426,042 98.982, .. 6O.3S8,3411 - 27,904,963 77,113.754 116.412, .. 64.619,51:1 - 23.035,639 74,642,446 104.609, .... 66,S04.391\ - 21.245.935 72.1-\52,686 99,614. ti5 , 2111\ . 009 20.704.338 74.166.287 !I9,81O, 63,61\2,1-\6:1 - 20. 471i,.1l\I\ 70,81)6,2.13 9.1.538, 62,737.276 - 19.41-\6, W:I 7:1,15] ,42,1 91\,760, 60,052,117 - 22,.129,623 85,303,S14 11I,838. .19.534,977 - 28,.116,6!12 fl4.346.481 127,176. ...... 59,799,644 33,.182,OSO 110,133,124 149,777, ....... 61,390,118 - 33,2/\3,302 107,648,:183 14.1,938, ....... 61,579.021 18,149,193 30,449,410 102,398.228 137,493, 61,711,566 ]7,879,7]6 30,720,762 104,014.660 13S.762. ......... 61.6b2,093 Ii .817 ,693 31.030,499 11 I. 449,36.'í 146,9.14. ......... 60,!;60,.161 17,873,.182 32,478,118 112,6.16.985 149,704. 60.34.1,03;) 18,529,911 32,20.1,2.19 125, ]36,473 16:1,990, 611,229,752 19,766,421i 32,207,144 134,650,732 173,029. .......... .19.974, !102 21, 127, S:18 :12,834,.111 13.1,548,704 173,207, .... 60,700,697 22,821,501 33,001,042 14S,396,968 187,332, .. 61,626,311 24,511,709 :13.788,679 166,668,471 208,062. .. 62,009,346 25.837,753 33,811,92.1 174,776,722 217,19.1, .... 62,063,371 27.041,235 31,166,003 181,743.890 221,066, 61.800,700 !7,273.500 30.807,041 190,9]6,939 229.794, .. 62.043,173 26,.126.632 :n ,4,)6.297 ]93.616,049 232 ,3. h. 1\2.027,703 27,087,7S2 :14.3.10.118 211,788,096 252,660, 1ì2 . ,17 I. 920 27,627,.120 :H ,873,934 236, ]61,01\2 2SI,071\, 63.726.3!19 28. 95!ì. 9S9 41.51:1,139 266..104.528 318.6:!4. 65,154.594 32,:172.394 46.574.780 305,140.242 356.394, 67.035,615 36.249,14.1 50,601.20.1 349..173.327 2 420.00S, . . 69.869.670 40,212,943 55.412,59/\ 3911.370,4932 466,963, .. 76.4.13.125 47,761.536 611.244.072 424.11ì7.140 2 á07 ,527, .. 7!I,234.191 52, OS2 .33.1 61,769,RXX 470.265,744 2 554,014, .. 82.655.828 56.474.]24 64.02.1,643 531.243.476 2 618,678 ... 91,0.15,604 64.00l,266 70,638,870 tiO!i,96/ì,513 2 713,790, 9.1, 9!i3, 732 69,1\06,892 75.784.482 6.'í4.8.19.711 2 769,021ì, ...... !16, H7, 526 72,041,26.1 71,401,697 658.31ì7 .015 2 762.077 .. 97.329,333 i.1,887,695 73,943,119 i8.1, 298,880 2 sX2 ,598 ....... liS. 7S7 , !129 79.970,346 82.120,303 D09, 964 , R.19 2 1,019.177 ..... 103,0011.2.')6 >;'\',1\92,2.')6 89.982,223 9AA.433. 7AA 2 1.097,661 112,130.943 1 02.()!}1I ,476 100,146,541 1,102,910.31'1:1 2 1. 240,124 ... 116,297,72\1 101),129,393 105.265, :136 I, 126,871,;,23 2 1,2S7,372 .. 114.759.807 113,130,626 104,600.185 1.144,210.3632 1.309,944 113.m<2,i4] ] 13,020,310 10.1.137,092 1,198,340,311)2 1.3.13,629 .. 113,I75,31i3 112.989,541 126,691,913 l.-IlS.03.'),429 2 1. 596,905 111. 637 . 755 113,560,997 161,029.606 I. 643,203 ,010" I,Rtifl.228 ...... 110,618.504 114,041,.100 H18,1ì45.254 I, 912 ,39. , 780 2 2,1k4,3.19 .. 115.004. II\O 121. ]60, 774 218,919,2fil 2,IS9,428,8R. 2 2.49!i,5S2 .. 123,1\17,120 128.i,16,600 228,800.379 2,438.079.7922 }, t: ...... . 12!1.O!J6.339 134.104,n:l1l 194,62].710 2 ,264.5Xti, 736 2 ............... 125.456.48!i 129.fi27,270 166,466,109 2,120,997,030 2 2,364,822 c. 96!' 854 221\ 870 97-l 68S 66 392 3.')6 014 731 S:H 113 941 249 214 09.') 917 69:, 260 402 797 6112 587 32.1 169 975 724 32 1I:o;t) 7(1)', 6. 1. 033 O!'.'i i4:\ R2H .1.'iO 07'\ .633 .1á3 924 .184 ,547 ,601 ,393 ,354 ,.134 ,006 ,123 ,337 ,231\ ,82(1 ,56" ,698 , 19(1 ,1\57 oTE.-The statistics in this table firp RVprfip;(> ('ompuh.d from thp t\\elve monthlv returns. 1 InC'lucl('R the depoRits of Federal ami Prm ineial (;o\C'rnmentq. " InelU0.82 :-.8.38 9.81 90.60 90.86 89.96 89.62 XOTE.-The statistic!': in this tahle are an'rRJ!:('!': computed from the t\\dvp monthl) rpturn!' 6 3ï3-,')::n 820 FINAJ.VCE Bank Assets and Liabilities.-Tables 47 and 48 show the assets and liabilities of Canadian chartered banks for the four years 1919 to 1922, the figures being yearly averages of the totals shown in the monthly statements of the Minister of Finance. Attention may be drawn to the reduction by almost 70,000,000 of total deposits in the central gold reserves, the increase by almost $40,000,000 of balances due from foreign banks and correspondents, and the decrease of $156,000,000 in the holdings of Canadian municipal and foreign securities. A corresponding decrease in liabilities, however, of $130,000,000 is the result of the reduction in notes payable, deposit.s due to the Dominion Government and demand deposits in Canada, offset to some extent by increases in Canadian savings deposits and foreign deposits. Changes in the character and volume of assets and liabilities may, on the whole, be ascribed to deflation throughout the country, and to the re-establishing of normal banking practice. -t7.--\.ssets of Chartered Banks for calendar )Tears 1919-192" . Assets. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. I S S S 80,684,931 81.471,916 80,671,931 80,776,592 176,744,958 177,990,416 174,802,401 170,393,300 6,054,419 6.122,715 6,417,287 6,493,593 112,679,167 107,702, 722 79,606,700 54,352,533 30,046,099 45,640,095 51,267,964 40,571,207 102,492,254 130,277,410 111,726,865 ]04,878,651 5.823,388 .').697,820 6,1i9,469 5,243,496 12,359.426 17 ,669,923 12,857.830 10.309,844 I .'JO. 904 , 693 62.097.682 60,885.266 87,972,048 577,7!19.335 634.670.699 584.4]5.713 560,991,264 . 214.621,625 120,356,255 166,6ö1\,U6 191i,826,031 2.')6,270,715 :!10,826,991 156,552,503 90,131,491 ) .')4.429.301 48.031.228 45,728,878 43, 208, 75 I !/6,673,179 118,95/1,035 109,542,625 ]01,320,2bS ) 163.227,204 200. 0!I8, 050 172,137,325 178,457,564 7!15. 222 ,024 6!1S.26b.559 /l.'iO. f\49. 477 611,944,112 l,on,849,150 1.342,76. .470 1.246,018,266 1,122,255,707 140.200,101 186,891,995 156,571.063 149.58/1,461 - 158,750 - 8,214,314 13,945,219 12,806,347 9,556,612 4S,546,R27 1i7,839,214 77, 140.46.') 74.627,370 4.260,427 4,952,320 6,809,940 7,839,461 5.835.33 1 4,781,361 4,357,257 4,977.208 2,354,IW 2,1\79,141 3,070,228 3,682,344 f 5-1,499,498 58,111 ,87/1 65,808,576 70,909,881 33,248,321 46,054,619 30,079,462 18,358,731 - 2.548,613 3,175,370 1,896,535 4,047 .332 1.301.556,750 1. 731. HJ4. .'í1ì5 1.606,716.hlì!l 1,4h5.Iì4I,107 2, .H,5b S, 118 3, OU, l:J:j, "43 2,!o!U, .!o!' ,II;!I t, 63S, 77&, Quick Assets- Current gold and subsidiar)' coin....... . . . . . Dominion nJtes. . _ _ . . . . . . . . .. ............- Deposit with Minister of Finance for security of note circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposit in central gold resen.es. . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes of other banks. ... . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheques of other banks..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits made with, and balanccs due from other banks in Canada... ........... Due from banks ami banking correspondent in the C nited Kinv;dom ..... _ _. _. . Due from banks and banking correspondcnt elsewhere than in Canada and the PnitN Kingdom........... .... Total Quick Åb:;Cts.. Other J,iquid Asscts- Dominion Government and Provinciall;o\- ernment securities. .. ... ................ ('anadian municipal se('urities, and British foreign and {'olonial puhlic securities other than Canadian. . . . . . . . . . . .. .... H.ail\\ay ami othc-r bond:-. dl'bentures and !it()('ks. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call and short (not eXCt'eding thirty days loans in Canada on tocks, dehenture am bonds......................... . ......... Call and short (not exceeding thirt da). loans else\\ here than in Canada. . . . . . . . . . Total other Liquid -\..sets........... Other A"scts- ()ther current loan" nnd di cc>unts in Canada Other current loans and di counts elsc\\ here than in Canada. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans to thc GO\ ernmcnt of Canada. . . f oans to pro\ in('ial go\"ernment......... .., loans to eitie , to\\ ns, lIIunicilmlitie and !<('hool di-trict!i.... . ...... .... Overdue dc'hts. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . Real {'state otl)('r than hank prcmi8('s. ... 'Iort ages on real estate sold hy the bank. Bank premi"e8 at ItfIt more than cost, lehb amounts (if any) \\ ritt.en off. . .. . . . ..... . Liabilities of customers under letters 0 credit as JX'r contra.. .................. Other assets not included under the forc going head'!. Total Other .\!i< 8 8 : g = I I ! E = j g . I i = M g â g 1- M. M ; a o c 8 8 M g .:J g gig g g g, Ñ ci g 8 g 8 ê g ; I o o ...; g 8 M S C'> t i g i M g cõ . c. -c. g = M g Ë g i i 00 ; -=- ,; .... ñ ...:<: c 0: C; s S Ë c d .g1 i _ . _ _ " 1 ð ] .ß . 0 a "õ . ';; z Æ ê 8 ê ] o "õ 0 9"õ = _ _ jj 0' g 8 d ;.. :: .:.: g s - Æ 1 n - 0: é I ;: Ø> ê .... .., .., M C'> .5 cr C/"' c; . ::I ..:;) c c; ::I u::. ê õ c... 'ë C <1 C ;;: C :::! c.; I .... iÑ co .ø -00 . as 8- g .5 o Z .i èij e.. ..c bt c 'õ .E c; -= .. Q. '"C c ::I :; ë: .5 õ c cr c; < .. c; ..c ë -D. ........ 0:: E-<.Q '" ;.:j BA_YK ASðETS A.lVf) LL!BILITIES g 8 M g E æ M i i g i M Ñ æ E 8 ! " g = poæ M - ø = M Ñ N ""'" õ .. .= ë ;.; Q i ; = 1;,) '- = -= ;; == "':1 :.0 .. .:: .. .:= 1;,) ... '- e -= '- e U2 :ë oS .. I ö Ið .5 C!> oS Q1 -.3 c: g, oo s:: 8 z ð I r- or.> t! ]õ] M <3 ð I g I ot) 00 ot) ø I M M g a g æ " * g g i i - - "0 . s:: '" "'s:: . ã Q D 8 : g : M i g . c: _.ri fl r- .s.s O. c-I 00 rê:;'; e M Ooãf:c.> r- - o p... 6 " c. ö ø g; M : g .... : 00 n ! I g E * i : ! ! .! Æ ; z ; M D r; > g 8 8 g 8 8 M g g g g g g or.> <=> <=> or.> f;i t:t5 .Q <:> => <:> <=> <:> <=> ö ö 8 8 g g 8 8 8 g 8 8 g ö ö ö ö ö ö g õ 8 or.> ó é ä; -00::1 ï5.-c "'. ü.s 888 8 8 8 M g fi g aÕ t-1 00 8 g g 8 g ö ö ö ö ö <=> <:> c <=> <=> <=> <=> <=> c:: g '-.:t" i. .!L. s:: "C d ..s::: c... .;g ë: C) U E -ê.g -ê.gg ê ai D5 ëD 8 ] 1 J i J i r:f r:f â '" ïê -ä 11 &"i J Æ Æ . õ ] s:: > .;; 0 .... z Õ .!L. ä s s:: E s:: o '" E-< ë5 0 .!L. s:: s:: 0: '" 8 g g :: ...; .... - IN -ä '" s:: 0: s:: d '" Q t' ü õ Õ .!L. o _ .!L. s:: s:: '" T. Q '" j:Q s:: Eo< ÇQ toll å :Ë 823 I g .s rr. :to c. -z .õ ""C s:: C) ::I lfJ ..s::: till s:: .õ till ..s c.> .z .. c.> "0 s:: ::I "0 c:.> "0 ::I <3 .S +' C s:: rr. :ë c: ;:3 .. c.> ..s::: ç 824 FINANCE Deposits, Loans and Discounts.-As an index of the course of banking business, of the nature of many transactions undertaken and of the general security of bank assets, loans and discounts are of great value. They illustrate clearly the channels into which a large proportion of the potential earning power of the banks is directed, and, in the comparison between investments made in lendinJZ: operations inside and outside of Canada, as well as in the duration of loans, afford essential information regarding the conduct by a bank of one of its most important activities. Bank deposits, to a large extent the product of lending operations, by which credit is advanced on security, followed by the deposit of the proceeds of a loan, are also of considerable importance, and on account of their derivation are one of the most valuable records of the volume of business done at any time. Actual deposits of cash are, of course, included with the amounts deposited after the granting of loans, and are very small in comparison. Tables 51 and 52 following. give the deposits and loans of Canadian chartered banks for the years 1918 to 1922. A general reduction in the volume of business done is apparent in all branches except those with customers in foreign countries; foreign deposits increased, during the year 1922, by some $29,000,000, while call and short loans increased in the same year from $172,137,325 to $178,457,564. il.-Deposlts In Chartered Banks In Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar rears 1918-1922. Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922 S S S S S Deposits by the public of Can- ada- Payable on demand........ . . 587,342,904 621,676,065 653,862,869 551,914,643 502,781,234 Payable after notice or on a filed day... _ . .. .. 966,341,499 1,125,202,403 1,239,308,076 1,289,347,063 1,191,637,004 Deposits else", here than in Canada. .. . '" . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 206,065,621 23&.731,784 335,164,532 285,125,448 314,076,41;'& Balances due to Dominion and Provincial Governments. .. . . 152,645.756 203.818,633 209,744,315 138,199,582 112,502,308 Total Deposits. . .. . . 1,'12,315,788 ,189,t S,885 2,438,079,792 2,%6f,586,736 2,1%0,197,030 NOTZ.-Tbe statistics in this table are avprages computed (rom monthly returns in each year. i2.-Loans of Chartered Banks In Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar rears 1918-1922. Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. S S I I S Can and short loans on stock!. and bonds in Canada. . .. . . . . . 77,555,410 96,673,179 118,956,035 109,542,625 101,320,268 Can and short loans elsewhere than in Canada. .. . . . . . . .. . . . 162,333,308 163.227,204 200,098,050 172,137,325 178,457,564 Current loans in Canada 1 ...... . 982,822,203 l,HO,395,977 1,410,602,684 1,323,158,731 1,196,883,077 rurrent loans elsewhere than in Canada... '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,913,067 140,200,101 186,891,995 156,571,063 149,586,461 Loans to governments.... . . .. . . 5,236,593 8,214,314 13,945,219 12,965,OCJ7 9.556,612 Overdue debts. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . 4,800,088 4,260,427 4,952,320 6,809,274 7,839.461 Total Loans.......... 1,339,560,"' 1,552, 9i J, 202 J, ,<<6,303 1,781,18,1, U5 1, 543,GU,4Ü NOTs.-The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly rpturns in each year. I Includes loans to citií>s, tOWDB, municipRlitit''I and f'chool districts. CANADIAN BANK RESERVES 825 Bank Reserves.- The Bank Act contains no specific provisions as to the amount of gold to be held either against note circulation or the general business of the bank. It requires, however, that 40 p.c. of whatever reserve a bank finds expedient to carry shall be in Dominion notes. A second provision instructs the Minister of Finance to arrange for the delivery of Dominion notes to any bank in exchange for specie. Thus the gold reserve against Dominion notes, to the extent that the notes are held by the banks, is reserve against banking operations, the Dominion Government being the custodian of the gold for the banks. The other cash element in bank reserves is specie in hand. In addition to this cash on hand, Canadian banks carry three other kinds of asset which are regarded as reserves, being funds more or less immediately available for the liquidation of liabilities. These are (1) cash balances in banks outside of Canada; (2) call and short loans in New York (the favourite call loan market); and (3) readily market.able securities. These are shown together with the total and net liabilities in Table 53. In Table 54 the ratio to net liabilities of each element of the reserve is shown. 53.-Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1922. Years. 1892............. .... .., ....... ]893.......................... . 1894.... _ ......... ...... 1895........ .... ............... ]896.... ., .. . . .. ... .. .. . . . .. .. . 1897.............. ............. 1898. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899.... . . . . '. ... . .., . . . . . .. . . . 1900........ ...... .... ......... 1901... . . . . . . . ., .. . .. . . . . _ . . .. . 1902.... . . '. . _ .. .. _.. _ _ .,. . .. . 1903... . .. . .. . ... . .. . . .. . " . . . . ]904.......................... . 1905...................... ..... ] 906.... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1907.... . . . . .. ... . . .. . ... . . . .. . ]908.......................... . 1909... .. _ ]910.. . 191]... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]9]2.......................... . 1913.......................... . ]9]4..... .. . .. .. ... . .. .. . . . . .. . 19]5................ .......... 1916.................... _.... _. 1917. __......._......... ] 918. .. . . .. . .. .. .. 1919.. ........................ 1920...... ........ '" ....... ... 1921..... . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . 1922.......................... . Specie and Dominion oies. $ 17,794,201 19,714,648 22,371,954 22,992,872 22,318,627 25,178,151 25,330,564 26,682,970 29,047,382 32,088,501 35,478,598 42,510,574 50,307,871 56,590,323 61,287,581 70,550,520 RO,654,276 95,558,461 104,735,696 120,146,690 ]32,853,405 ]35,267,623 159, 7i5, 124 200,113,021 207,797, ]64 210,475,400 256,656,174 257,429,889 259,462,332 255,474,332 251,169,892 Banks in the United Kingdom. $ 2,058,538 2,651,533 3,439,354 4,915,458 7,147,788 11,149,437 1],078,459 1] ,872,548 6,972,195 5,598,939 6,598,159 5,638,954 7,523,615 9,960,560 8,877,979 6,027,157 9,828, ]86 ]0,31] ,864 18,892,833 21,122,092 21,338,926 13,329,642 ]2,230,533 20,824,559 24,025,192 17,885,648 10,973,606 ]2,359,426 17 ,669,923 ]2,857,830 10,307,594 Cash Due from Banks elaew here than in Canada and Cnited Kingdom. $ 20,728,669 17,318,101 18,904,416 23,183,161 17,207,798 22,060,471 21,849,137 24,136,270 ]5,443,217 12,81],524 13,519,799 14,192,232 16,817,357 19,201,939 16,801,1]9 ]5,363,728 30,822,761 31,779,144 28,301,602 29,69.'),985 28,894,103 28,238,32\1 36,932,958 43,781,939 72,923,228 53,02],952 47,4]9,961 50,904,693 62,]00,182 60,885,266 87.972,048 Total. $ 22,787,207 ]9,969,634 22,343,770 28,098,6]9 24,355,586 33,209,908 32,927,596 36,008,818 22,415,412 ]8,410,463 20,117,958 ]9,831,186 24,340,972 29,162,499 25,679,098 2] ,390,885 40,650,947 42,09] ,008 47,]94,435 50,8]8,077 50,233,029 41,567,971 49,163,491 64,606,498 96,948,420 70,907,600 58,393,567 63,264,119 79,770,]05 73,743,096 98,279,642 Call and short loans elsew here than in Canada. $ 28,228,469 1 40,020,238 46,162,659 38,025,662 4] ,212,007 51,452,955 59,363,639 52,907,513 60,764,075 1]9,728,263 112,777,530 9] ,097,704 ]05,718,OiO 98,602,615 112,438,696 118,896,692 164.786,760 157,430.643 162,233,308 ]63,227,204 200,098,050 172,]37.325 ]78,457.564 NOT1I.-The statistics in this table arc averages computed from monthly returns in each year. I Six month!'!, July to DeOPmbt'r ]900. :?tJ FINAfI.-CE å3.-Bank Res('ru's. ftUh Llabllities. 1892-1922- -('oncluùed. eC'uritips. Dominion Clinadian and municipal, nail v. ay Provincial British, For- and \ ears. GOVí'rn- eign and Col- oth('r Total. ment onial, other Bon(I . ecuriti(''1. than C'anadiHn. $ , $ $ 1892. 3,173.n4 7.70!1.634 7.0lJO,065 17,943,413 11\93........... . 3,221,223 9, 22:1.577 .'),919,928 18,364,72b 1894..0..0..... . 3,152.962 10. 634. 9S2 7,1\93,695 21,681,6.39 189,5.. . . . .. . . . . . 2,792,147 9.42:i ,8!iO 9,561:\.Ji5 21 ,71'2, 172 1896. . . .. ... . . .. 2 .g02 ,1\21 !I.:UO.414 1I,!i05,4:i9 2:i,618,674 1897........... . 3.049,525 12,á59,340 ]:i,72g,64.'i 29,337,510 1898........... . 4,898,081 ]6",}29.414 17,241,967 3R,titi9,4ti2 1899.. ... 4.952,á25 ]6,622,875 15,023.469 30,598,869 ]900. .. .. . 1',163,571 14,364,547 19,561,005 42,089,123 1901........... . 11 ,331.385 l:i,031. 176 30,440,2,'i8 54,802,1'19 1902. .. . 9,804,998 ]4,487,633 34,859,390 59,152,021 1903... . ...... l1,lg6.607 14,1\96.472 :n ,800, g93 63,883,972 1904. 10,705.202 J5,!i60. H6 :J . 779.477 6!i,044,S2!i 1905. .... g,833,627 18,X20.!IX5 :i!I.!J74 ,520 67,62!1.I:i2 1906.. . 9,360,614 20. 4,m, 625 41,125,8!18 70,947,137 1907. .. 9,546,760 2I,I!IS.XIi 41,239.589 71,985,166 ]908. 9,522,743 19.7X8.937 42,651,006 7I,!11;2.6"'i 1909... . .. 11 ,653, 79H 21.707,363 50,7H3,614 84,144,775 1910. 14,741 ,621 21,696. 7 5ti,I94,734 92,6.1:J,342 1911. ........ 1O,637,!iSO 22 .:-4 . 170 1;0.90\1.240 !14 .:}!l4. !I!I(I 1912. ... 9,388,9tig 22 ,.'i/'>Ii, 11!) 64,OSO.763 96.05!i.XáO 1913. 9.995,237 23,1:-:UIìI 70,713,075 103,1\91.473 1914........... . 11,697,603 22,707, 7:ik liX,636,267 )()'1, 041 ,tiOS 1915. ]2,814,898 31,553,001 74,020,538 118,388,527 1916. _ .. . 29.717,007 117,90"l.ti"ti 61',31\6,482 216,006.175 1917.... _ -.... ]:U ,07g,854 ]!!3,:H1.125 58, 951', 90g 373,:ng,887 1918.... .. 162,821.0"l6 252, 9:i6. .'}6f.. ,'i6.103,418 471,1'61,012 1919............ 214,621,625 256,270,715 á4 .429,301 525,321.64] 1920.......... .. 120,356,255 21O.g26,991 48,O:H ,228 379,214,474 1921. . . . . . . . . 0 . . 166,688,146 156,552.503 45,728,878 368,969,527 1922. . . . .. .. . . . . 198,826,031 90,131,491 43,20'i,733 332,166,255 Total Xct I.iahilitie!-o. J.iabilitip!-o 1 20X,062.lb!1 217,1 15.!l7.'i 221,OOti,724 22!1, 7!14. 322 232, 3:iR, 086 252 . 660.708 2 SI. 07ti .6:)6 318,624.0:i2 J56, 394,095 420,OO:J.743 466, !II;3. 829 507,527,á50 ,'i.'i4,014.076 618.678.6:i2 713,790,!i53 769,02ti,924 762,077, ]84 gX2 ,.'i98 ,548 1.019,177,601 1,097,6til,:J93 1.240, ]24.:i54 1,21'7,372,535 1,30!),944,006 1,353,629,123 1 ,!i96 ,905,337 1,866,228.2:i6 2,184,359,1'20 2,495, !i82. 568 2,784,068,691' 2,556,454,190 2,364,822,657 $ 200.590,342 209,917,600 214.163,371 222,531,570 225,090,08:J 244,627,721 271.451.37ti 307,537,537 :H4, 672,898 405,915,468 451.052,607 489. 4:i9, 3O:i 534,147,781 59!i,027,264 m<4.1Sá.6!i0 737,505,039 726.44:J,676 R44 ,O!I8, 072 974,731,lg7 1.044.712,367 1,178,577,7g7 1,222.752,292 1,2.'i1.372,615 1.298,OIg,9S!1 1,520,43H,6SI; 1,771.264,81'2 2,Oil,307,749 2,363,044,215 2,6OS,151,19:i 2,393,459,361 2,219.:J72,799 NOTE.-The statistics in this table are averages comput('d from monthly returns in each year. 1 Net liabilities are obtained hy dedu('ting from total liabilities the items "notR of other hankH." "cheques on other banks," "Ioan.'! to oth('r banks in ('anada, secured, includinll; bills redi ('ount('d;' v.hi('h represent indebtedness v.ithin the s3-st 'm and arC' count..rbalan('ed by credits "ithin the system. ål.- Ratio of Bank I{eser\es to et I labilitles, 1!'!92-1922. ). l'ars. Cash due fr ml ('i ( î! rt Cash on I.and. bank outside v. here than RPC'uritie'i. of ( anada. in Canaùu. TotHI He>!l.'r\"C'1'- - - - -- - - --- -- p.e. p.c. fI.C'. p.c. p.c. 11'\92.. ........... .... g.f.. 11.3 8." 29.0 Ig9: .......................... . 9.4 9.5 g.7 27.ti 1894........... ........... 10.4 10.4 ]0.1 :iO.9 1895... . .. . . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . .0.0. . .. . 10.4 12.6 g./,> 32.8 1896... . . . 0 . . . .. __ . . .0. _ -- .. . 9.9 IO.K ]0..') :n.2 1897.. . 10.J 13.6 11.9 3.'Hi 1898.......................... . 9.3 12.1 l4.:! 35.6 1899... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 0 . 8.7 11.7 II.S 32.l 1900.......................... . 8.4 6..'; 8.2 12.2 35.3 1901.... .. ................ g.o 4.!i 10.0 13.á 36.0 1902.... . i.!I 4.4 1O.! 13.1 3.').6 1903.. . .. .. .. 8.9 4.0 i.i 13.0 33.fI 1904 Cj.4 4.. ,., 12.1 :J:i.7 EX1'ESù/OX OF BASK/KG BU:i/XESS 827 5J.- Ratio of Bank Reser\es t.o Net Liabilities, 189 -192 -eoncludcd. Cash due from Call and short Years. Cash on hand. banks outside loans else- Securities. Towl of Canada. VI. here than Reærves. in Canada. , p.c. p.c. p.C. p.c. p.c. 1905.. . ............ 9.5 4.9 8.6 1l. :i4.:i 1906.. .. . ..... 8,9 3,; 8.7 1O.-t 31.7 1907...... . ........... 9..') 2.9 7.2 9.7 29.3 1908................... . ..... 11.1 5.!} 8.3 g.!) 34.f, 1909 .. .. 11.3 5.0 14.2 , 9.!) 40.4 1910................ . .. 10.7 4.8 11..') 9.5 36.!i 1911.. . .. . 11.5 4.!\ t\. ; 9.0 34.0 1912 ., .. 11.3 -t.3 8.9 8.1 32.!i 1913 . .. 11.1 3.4 8.1 11.5 31.1 1914. .. 12.8 3.9 g.o 8.2 33.9 1915.... . ... 15.4 5.0 9.2 9.1 38.7 1916.. . . . . . . . .... 13.; 6.4 10.8 14.2 45.1 1917....... l1.g -t.O 8'9 21.1 45.9 1918... . .. . .. .. 12.4 2.f; 7.8 22.8 45.8 1919....... 1O.!1 2./ 6.9 22.2 42.; 1920... . ............ ":1 9.9 3.1 7.; 14.5 35.2 1921.. 10.; 3.1 ;.2 15.4 36.4 1922 .. . 11.3 4,4 8.0 15.0 38.; XOTE.- The statistiC's in this tabl(' .up hased upon the :n'Cr:lgf'S oC th(' monthly returns in each :rear. Chartered Banks in Canada.-During the period from 1 1 to 1901, the number of chartered banks doing business in Canada under the Bank Act remained almost the same, 36 in 1881 and 18m and 3-t in 1901, hut. during the present century t here has been in banking as in industry an era of amalgamations, the number of ('hartered banks being reduced to 25 in 1913 and to 16 in Nov. 1923. That this has been far from involving a curtailment of banking facilities is seen in Tahle 46, which sho,,:,; the development of the banking business since 1867, and in Table 55, which compares the number of branch banks e>âsting in Canada at different periods, showing a growth from 123 at Confederation to 4,451 at December 30, 1922, besides 200 branches in other countries. Table 56 gives the number of branches of the various banks by provinces as at December 30, 1922, while Table 57 contains the statistics of branches of Canadian banks doing business outside of Canada, an extension of Canadian banking (more especially to Newfoundland and the 'Yest Indies) which has proceeded very rapidly in recent years. l .'i5.-Xurnber of Branches of Banks In Canada, b)" PrO\lnces, 1 , .19V2, 1905 and 1915-19 . Provinc . 186R. 1902. 1905. 1915. 1916.' 1917. 2 1918.' 1919. 2 1920.' 1921.' 1922.' - - -- - - - - - - - Prince Edward Island. . . . . . . . . - 9 10 17 17 17 24 36 41 40 36 Nova Scotia..... _ _... _...... _. 5 89 101 109 111 U9 123 155 169 166 156 ew Brunswick.. 4 35 49 79 82 83 84 111 121 122 127 8 : '",,::,:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; 12 137 196 716 784 821 795 1,055 1,150 1,236 1,198 100 349 549 1,164 1,154 1,169 1, 165 1,451 1,586 1,574 1,521 ?Ianitoba..................... . - 52 95 204 200 203 254 322 349 329 304 ::;askatchewan................ . - 30 87 401 413 441 506 581 591 549 524 Alberta......... .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . - - - 958 247 267 307 408 424 396 356 British Columbia.............. 2 46 55 208 187 183 179 215 242 244 226 yukon......... ................ - - 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - Total. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 123 747 1,145 3,159 3,198 3,306 3,UO 4,337 4,171 4,659 4,151 1 The statistics of Tables 55, 51 and 51 ha.ve been furnished by the Canadian Bankers' A!"sociation. I Includes sub-agencies Cor receiving deposits Cor the banks employing them 828 FLVANCE M.-Number and Location of Branches of Chartered Banks, as at December 31.1922. Chartered Banks. P. E. Nova Island. Scotia. New Bruns- Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba. wick. Bank of l.Iontreal.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 15 42 16 40 Bank of Koya Scotia.. _....... Bank of Toronto......... .... ........... lIIolsons Bank..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La Banque ationale................... Banque Provinciale du Canada. .... . .. . . Union Bank of Canada. ... Canadian Bank of Commerce......... . . . 11 3 14 3 2 24 68 8 8 Ho:ral Bank of Canada.................. 25 Dominion Bank......................... Standard Bank of Canada............... Bank of Hamilton........ .............. Banque d'Hochelaga.................... Imperial Bank of Canada................ Home Bank of Canada....... . . .. . . . . . . . ;-;tE'rling Bank of Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 20 10 47 100 82 10 ii 59 5 133 2 204 133 84 72 2 14 90 129 191 85 114 67 19 86 39 67 45 9 12 2 65 34 37 12 6 31 11 9 8 7 \\eyburn Security Bank................. - - - - - - Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 32 151 108 131 1,39f 288 Sub-agencies (Provincial}................ 4 5 19 567 125 16 -- - - - - - Grand Total.... .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . 31 156 121 1.1'8 1.5%1 at4 Saakat- British Other Provin- Chartered Banks. chewan. Alberta. Colum- Yukon. Countries. cial Sub- Total bis. agencies. --- -- - Rank of Montreal.. ........... 72 83 57 17 35 628 Bank of Nova Scðtia......... 15 4 5 43 1 26 348 Hank of Toronto.......... . . .. 34 14 4 158 Molsons Bank................ 3 3 127 La Banq ue N ationale.. .. .. . . . 242 346 Banque Provinciale du Canada 189 302 Union Bank of Canada....... 101 64 9 3 14 362 Canadian Bank of Commerce. 78 62 56 2 17 22 613 Royal Bank of Canada... . . . . 85 40 52 117 2 17 699 Dominion Bank.............. 6 6 4 2 2 123 Rtandärd Bank of Canada... . 18 23 1 V 173 Bank of Hamilton...... . .... . 27 12 10 4 152 Banque d'H()('hel a......... 10 8 168 349 I mperial Bank of anada. . . . 25 25 14 29 100 Home Bank of Canada..... . . 8 2 2 15 78 Sterling Bank of Canada...... 4 711 \\ eyburn Security BanJ..... _. . 22 2 24 ---- -- - TotaJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 341 217 3 ZOO 774 4.IU Sub-agencies (Provincw)..... IV 10 V ---- -- - Grand Total........ 6Z4 3.í1 I I ZOI 4,IU I Includes one su ency. · Includes one auxiliar) company. CLEARING HOUSE TRASSACTIONS 829 57.-Number of Branches of Canadian Chartered Banks In other countries, with their location, December 30,1922. Banks and Lo('ation. Branches. No. Bank of Montreal:- Newfoundland..................... . Great Britain... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France............................. . United States........ " . . . . . . . . . . .. . Mexico......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank of Nova Rcotia:- Newfoundland....... _. . ....... Jamaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuba............................... Porto Rico.......................... Dominican Republic................ United States....................... England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Banque National{':- France.... . .. . . . . . . . . . . _ Vnion Bank of Canada:- England............. ............... United States........ ............... Canadian Bank of Commerce:- Newfoundland.. . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . St. Pierre and l\11quelon... .......... Barbados.............. ............ Trinidad..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jamaica................. ........... Cuba............................ '.' Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Ienco. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great Britain....................... United States....................... Branches. Banks and Location. 7 56 20 3 6 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 . 3 1 I I 200 1 Includes one sub-agency. No. 8 2 1 4 2 Royal Bank of Canada:- K ewfoundland. . . . .. . . . . __ . _ _ .. _ .. . Cuba................................. British West Indies.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Porto Rico. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H: t :: . : :::::.:.:.:.::::::::: : Guadeloupe.. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina..........._...... _.......... British Guiana.. ...._.......... - . British Honduras... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BraziL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colombia............................ . Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Uruguay......... ..................... Venezuela................... .......... Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rnited States.... _.................... Great Britain.... . . . .. Clearing House Transactions.- The appended tah!c huws for the years 1918 to 1922 the total volume of clearings in 16 of the largd cities ot Canada. These figures, it may be added, represent not only actual city clearings but exchanges between numerous rural branches of the banks in each district. 18 111 4 3 3 3 1 2 1 Auxiliary:- Royal Bank of Canada, (France) Paris.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . The Dominion Bank:- Groot Britain_.. .. . 'Lnited States...... ... 58.--\mount of Exchanges of the Clearing lIouses of Chartered Banks in 16 Leading Cities, for the calendar )"ears 1918-1922.I 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 Total...... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . '. . Cities. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. , $ S S S $ Calgary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331,334,5i7 355,011,325 438,Oi3,2i7 335,465,202 263,237,000 Edmonton. . .. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,01:;,066 233,066,784 294,8i3,361 260,288,619 234 , 211 , ()()(J Halifax. " .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,289,303 241.300,194 254,677,402 181,802,598 160,112,000 Hamilton..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :?62,076,476 306,370,966 380,733,960 29ï, 932,727 283,272,000 London............. . ......... li6,958,350 164,126,856 192,157,969 161,956,91>9 147,788,000 lontreaI. . . . . . . . .......... 4,833,924,284 6,251,781,893 7,109,189,038 5,720,258,173 5,093,943,000 Ottawa... .... _. 357,598,751 4i2,691,921 515,006,231 404,237,694 370,775,000 Quebec..... . 238,906,890 290,983,483 364,51;9,361 302,491,488 283,422,000 :-;t. John. .... __ .. . . . . ... . . . : : : : 117,133,608 151,319,093 li6,6ï2,389 148,973,887 142,488,000 Toronto. . . . 3,379,864,506 4,251,644,30.3 5,41O,21-t,802 5,105,893,768 4,974,950,000 ;fc i: ::: :.....::: :: : : : : : : : : : 545,368,714 654,913,205 846,540,136 i08, 205,932 682,964,000 101,471,852 123,351,34.í 145,i07,106 122,416,244 105,776,000 "innipeg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,362,734,211 2 ,316, 724,063 3,0I5,703,99!! 2,682,441,103 2,563,939,000 Regina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,624,629 210,898,989 231,070,268 203,6:;9,640 184,949,00(1 Saskatoon. . ............. 91,431,883 105,886,584 118,503,076 100,523,291 87,892,000 \Ioose Jaw. . . .. . . . ... 78,42.j,563 86,447,625 94,624,910 i4, 739, 761 64,035,000 Total. ....... _......... 13.-U8,158,663 16,U6,51ð.629 19,588,33ì,2S.J 16.811,287,086 15,6.J3.7ã3,800 I From Brarl-;trl'('t 'b. S30 PIXAXCE Bank Amalgamations and Insolvencies....:.Two tables are appended which may be of interest to <.;tudcnts of Canadian banking hi toQ'. The first, showin bank insolvencies 8incc 1867, gin'" the capital paid up, reserve, as:o:ets and liabilities of insolvent banks, and shows also t.he paYIlwnts p.c. to noteholders and depositors. In the majority of cases, both these das es of creditors have received payment in full. The table of bank absorptions gives the dates of absorption of the 30 banks which were incorporated with other institution:--; betwem I8iD and 1923. 59.- Canadian Bank Insohencles since 1867. alJ\('s. Date of Suspen..ion. Paid up Cupital. S 600,000 100 . ()O(I NIO.17( HI4 . 794 :HO,54 2 .OHO. 920 991.R90 120, (100 .'J00.000 ('oIllIllPr!.ial Bank of :\".B - - Ihtih Bank of Acadia 2 ... April. H,7:i '[ptropolitHn Bank......... (let.. 11\7C 'h'Chanie..' Bank ...... 'Ia . IS79 Bank of LiH>rpool ........ Oet., IX79 ('onsolidat{'d Bank of Can.. -\UII;., ISif :--:tadacona Bank. .. . '. Jul), 11\79 Bank of Prince Ed\\ard 1"d. XO\'.2X,IHRI Exchange RanI.. of Canada.. Sept.. ] 'Iaritime Bank of Dom. of Canada... . ..... 'Iar., Pictou Bank.... . . . . . . . .. " Sept.. Bank of J ondon in Canada. AUI/:., Central Bank of ("'anada.... :\"0\'., Federal Bank.... . . '. Jan., Commercial Bank of }lani- toba.. . . . . .. . . ........... June 30, 1893 552.650 Banque du Peuple... .... July I.';, 1895 1.200,000 Banque 'ïIle )larie. July 2.'J, 1899 479,62U I Hank of Yarmouth. }Iar. 6.1005 300,000 UntarioBank.... ..... ... Oet. 13. 190f l 1.500'000 1 Sov('r('ill;n Rank of Canada.. Jan. 1I\,I!IO!- 3.000.000 BIUlque de Sf. Jl'an.... .. \priI28'190 1 1 316,31\6 Hanqu(' de f't. Hyacinthl'. . Jan. 24,190R 331.23.í t. Stephl'n's Bank. . 1 'lar.IO.19to f!O,OI1O I ' I'arm('rs ank. ... .....l>ec.19.191O :>6 , !J Bank of 'aneouver .... .. Dec. 14, 1914 44.), f.I;I'<' Hom(' Ran)" or Canada.... .\uJC.17 1923 1.960.5111 1 1887 321.900 1887 200,000 11\87 241.101 II\Si 500,000 ISXI-I 1.250,000 Rl'Sl'r\"(' J undo Liabili- tic... -\.....'<('t8. Paid to ot('- holders. pe 100 Paid to DepOll- itors. p.c. 100 1(J() 57 100 100 100 .'J9t 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 57 !ItNI7 100 100 59\ 66 $ S 671.420 106,914 29:1.379 .'J47,23!o 136,4S' I 1. 794. 24! 341,500 1,108.000 2,868,884 S 1. 222 .454 213.341J 779,225 721.155 207. X7i 3,077 ,2U2 1.;1.'J5.675 \153.244 3,77!I,493 I OJ 100 100 991 100 100 751 In 100 100 100 30 100 1IJ() 1 I I 4.'J.000 300.000 60,000 1.409,41\2 1.825.9!I3 - 74.364 277.Ul7 50.()()() 1,031.2S0 l,:nO.675 45.000 2.631.371'1 3.231,.'HIj 150.000 3.449.49! 4.X6!1.1l: 50,000 1.341.251 1.951.151 600,000 7,761,20!J 9,533.537 10,{)()(l 1.766,1\41 2.267.516 35.000 388,660 723. 66r 700,000 15,272,27] 15,!120,307 - 16,I74,40b 19,2HI,746 10.000 560,7!i1 :126,1]1\ 75,001 1.172.6-30 1.576,-t.j;J 55. uno 549."30 81R,271 - 1.997.041 2.616,6"'3 - 912.137 1,532,7/-6 5.'>U UOO 24 1:!89 0411 27,434. 7O!J I J.i'luirlation ineompll'te. ., This hank \\as onlv in exw,tl'nep for 3 montlll' nntl 26 dnv!'. t Inlv "ome of it", notl'" "er(' redeemed on its rl'-openinll; for a f,:" da)s. TIll' Dominion <;II\('rnllwnt r('e('i\'e 1 2.) ('('nts on thp clollar on Reveral thou"anol d"IIar" worth or the nnte.,." hic'h it twld. Purchasinl/: Bank. &I.-Bank lbsorptlons In ('anada sim'(' IS6i. 1 Rank \bsorbl.d. Date.! Exchangl' Bank. Ynnllouth. .:-\. Pl'Ople's Rank of Hulir.I.X, .S . ( Intario R.\ßk. . . . . .. .. . I People.s Bank of P" Brun,m iek . Bank of Uriti8h orth .-\mcriea... I'lerehunt!< Bank Gore Rank ... ... . . . I Bank of Hritish Columhia..... I ' Halifax Bankinll; Co... . . 'Ierehant" Hank of P.E.J. Fast<,rn TO\\ I!ships Bank. ' Bank of lIalllllton.. ... .. I'nion Bank of P.E.I Bank of e" Brun.."iek ;The Il'trop()litan Bank. I The B:Ulk of Ott:mu... I'nion Bank of Halifax...... TraderI' Bank of Canada. . . 1 ( Ul'h('C Bank. . . . . . . . . . . orthprn Crem n Bun)" .. ialtUra Di!'triet Bank . \\",.,.tc'rn Ban)" of ('an:ula .... Aug. 13, 190:L .. June 27. J1I05. ...... Oet. 13. 19OIJ. .. \pril Hi, ]907. .. (jet. 12. 191 . \far. 20. 1922. . . 'lay 19. llìiO .. Dec. 31. 1900. .... 'lay 30. I!}Oa. . Iay 31, 1906. .. Feb. 29, 1912. .. Dec. 31, 192:L .... Oet. I, 18""1. ... Feh. 15, 1913. .. ov. 14. 1914. \pril 30. 19111. . :-';ov. I, 19lú .. Sept. 3, 1912. Jan. 2. 1917. July 2, 191ð. JUll(' 21, 11\7.'J. reI>. 13. I!IO!I. Bank of Iontr('al . Can:uli:Ln Bank 01 C'OIllIllC'rc'C' Hank of :\ 0\ n :-'('01 in noy:,1 Bank of Canada . IIII(X'rial Bank of ("':Ln..da. ',,,nolarel Rmk "f Can:ula (;oVER.VJIENT AXD OTHER SA FI VGS BANKS 831 6O.-Bank Absorptions In {'anada since 186i1-concludcd. Purchasing Bank. Hank Absorbed. I ...... ,\f:u. :il. 1911. Date.! ('nion Bank of Canada .., .. rnit<,d Empire' Rank. Home Bank of Canada. . . . . .Is"mn" "i'" Rnn,-- }ferrh:mts Bank. .. . .... Commercial Bank of Canad.l.. . .. Comnwreial Hank of Windsor. . Thl' Xorthl'rn Bank............ ..... Cro" n Blink of Canacla... _.... . .. . . . . . La Banque Internationale du Carada. . ..Sept. 12,1901. ... 1"1'11. 22, 1868. .. June 1. 186b. .. Oct. 31. 1902. .. July 2, 1908. July 2, 1908. .. April 15, 191:i. Bank of Xl'\\' Brun!-,\\,il.k .. fl'rchant" Bank of ['analia.. l'nion Bank 01 Ilalila).. Xortlll'rn Crown Bank. I The purchasing banks namell in the latter part of the table are no longer in bu in('s;:. 2 Dates i\"l'n ,..ine.. !!JO() arc- of thl' Orclers in Counril authorizin the absorption. Government and Other Savings Banks. 1 - There are two da ses of Domin- ion Government Savings Banks in Canada, the Post Office Savings Banks, under the Post Office Department, and the Dominion Government Savings Banks, attached to the Department of Finance. 1'he former \\"('re established under the Post Office Act of 1867, (31 Yict., c. 10), in order "to enlarge the facilities now available for the deposit of small savings, to make the Post Office available for that purpose, and to give the direct security of the Dominion to every depositor for repayment of all money deposited by him, together with the Ïn.terest due thereon." On Mar. 31, 1922, the number of offices authorized to transact business was 1,303, and the number of savings accounts was 82,196. Statistics of deposits are given in Table 62. The Government Savings Banks proper, under the management of the Finance Department, are established in the leading cities of Canada under the management of the As istant Receiver General, and in other places in the provinces of Nova Scotia and l' ew Brunswick, under managers appointed by the Governor in Council. Rtatistics of their rleposits are givm in Tahle> 63. and for thC' two systems combined in Table M. Other Sav'ings BflUks.-TIlf' l\Iontrcal City and Di .;triet Havings Bank, foundpd in 1846, and now operating under u charter granted in 1871, had a paid-up capital on November 30, 1922, of 1,498,,570, de>posits of $-15,788,640, :md total liabilities of $16,15R,516. Total assets amounted to $ 9,42.),:326, inc1uding over $31,COO,000 of Dominion, provincial and municipal securitieR. The Cnissp d'Economie de l'i otre Dame de Quebec, founded in 1848 under the auspice of the St. Yincent de Paul Society, incorporated by Act of the Canadian Lpgislature in 1855 and given a Dominion charter by 34 Yictoria, c. 7, had on Kovember 30, 1922, deposits of $11,123,189, a paid-up capital of 1,000,000 and an excesR of assets over liabilities of $2,008,543. The co-operativc people's baÏ1ks of Quebec (113 in number) are also an import- ant element in promoting thrift anù a sisting bu ineð in that province. Loans granted in 1921 numbered 14,983, amounting to :S4,248,725, a slight decrease from figures for 1920. Profits realized amounted to $352,940. IThe system of Government of Ontario Savings Offices, established as :;ub-Trea ury Offices of the Province, conducts a purely !'Jlvings bank business, paying 4 p.e. on deposits, all of which are repayable on demand. The system has befn jn Opl'ration for about two years, during which time total deposits have grown to $16,000,0:>0 (Ian. 15, 1914), number of depositors to between 60,000 and 70,000, and the number of offices to 15, mostly in the Western sections of the province. The province effects a saving by utilizing deposits for governmental purpo:;I'f', rather than procuring funds by means of bond L<;sues. A similar system is in operation in :\Ianit-oba, where 4 or.'i ub-Trea!'ury Offiæs of the province harl liepo"its of about S9,OOO,OOO on Ko\".30, ]923. 832 FINANCE Historical Btatistics of Post Office savings banks, of Dominion Government savings banks, of the l\fontreal City and DistrÌct savings bank and of t he Caisse d'Economie de Notre Dame de Quebec are given in Table 61. It.-Deposits with G01'crnment aDd other Sa,ln s Danks, as at June 30, 1868-1116, and l\larch 31, 1907-1923. Other Sa\ingsBanks (}Iontreal Po!:>t Office Dominion City and .-\mount \ ears. Ravings Government District Total. per head of Ranks. Sa vings and Caisse Population. Banks. d'Economie de Notre Dame de Quehec). - S $ S S ct... 1868.. . . . . ......... 2U4 .5R9 1.4X:l,2HI 3,369,799 5,057.607 1 50 1869........ . ........ 856,!H4 1.5!14,525 3,960,818 6,412 157 I&- 1870.......... . 1,588,849 I, 822 ,570 5,369,103 8,780,52:! 254 1871.....................::::::: : 2,497,260 2,072,037 5,766,712 10,336,009 296 1872.... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,096,500 2,154.233 5,557,126 10,807,1:\59 299 1873.................. ........... 3,207,052 2.958.170 6,768,662 12,933,!\S4 353 1874.... . . 3,204,9ti.') 4,005,296 6,811.009 14,021,270 367 1875...........::..... _...: :..::: 2,926,090 4,245.091 11,611 ,416 13,71'2,597 355 1876... . . . . . ... . .. . . . ... . . .... . . . 2,740,952 4,303,166 6,519.229 13,563,347 343 1877...... .................. ..... 2,639,937 4,830,694 6.054,456 13,525,087 337 1878... . . . .. . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,754,484 5,742,529 5.631, 172 14,128,185 3411 1879........................ . 3,105,191 6,102,492 5,494,164 14.70l,S47 355 1880..... ........................ 3,945,669 7,107,287 6,681,0'25 17,733. !lSI 421 1881............................ . 6,208,227 9,628,445 7,685,81'8 23,5:!2,560 544 1882......... . .................. 9,473,1161 12,2!J5,ool 8,658,435 30,427,096 694 1883. .. . . . . 11,976,237 14,242,870 8,791,04.5 35,010,1.52 790 1884... . . . .. .. . ..::: :: :: .: :: : : :: : 13 ,245 ,5'1}3 15.971,983 8,851.142 38,068,679 849 1885.... . . .. . . . . ., " . . .. . . . . . . . . . 15,090,540 17,888.536 9.191.895 42,170,971 929 1886............................ . 17,159.372 20,014,442 9,177,t:l2 46,350,946 1010 1887............................ . 19.497,750 21.334.525 10.092,143 50,924,418 1098 1888........ ........ .... ......... 20,689,033 20,682.025 10.475.292 51,846,350 1106 1889............................ . 23,011,423 19, !194, 934 10.761,061 53.717.419 11 33 1890.......... . .......... 21,990.653 19.021,812 10,908,987 51,921.452 10 8.1 1891....... . 21,738.648 17.661.378 10,982.232 50,382, 5R 1040 1892.. .. 22,2905.402 1;.2 I,146 12,2 6.100 51,765,648 10 59 1893.... __ .. .. . 24,lá ,I94 17.696.464 12,823,836 54,673.494 11 08 1894.. .. . .. . 25.257,868 17.778,144 12.919,578 55,955,5!19 11 23 1<< 5. .......- 26.805,542 17.644.956 1 ,128,483 57.578,981 11 44 1896....... .. ........ 28,932,930 17.h6ti.3!'9 14 , 4á9 ,8: 3 61.259,152 1204 lS!J7. ........ :!,380.829 16.554,14;- 15,02. ,564 63.960.540 1244 1898..... .. ...... 34,480.938 1.5,f) O,l!H 1.'),48:!,100 6.5,593,219 12 62 1899... .. .. 34.771,fiO!í 1.').470.110 ]5,!i!13.567 66,135.:?82 12 57 1900............ . ...a.. 37 ,507 .4. 6 15,642.267 17,42:'í.472 70,:'í75,195 13 26 ]901.... .. .. 39,950,813 16,098,146 19.12:'í.0!17 75,174,0,')6 13 9;) 1902........ . 42.320, 09 16,1l7,779 20,360,!-\XS 78.798,876 ]4 H 190 ........... . ....... 44.255,326 16,515.S02 21,241,993 82,013.121 14 s: 1904............ 45.419.706 16.738,744 23.063,143 85,221 ,.5!J ]5 21 190á.....................::::::: : 4.'),368,3 1 16,649,136 2.'),050,966 87.068.423 1453 1906........ . ........... 45,736.488 16,174.134 27.39!J,194 89.309,816 14 47 1907....... . ........... 47,453.228 15,OSS..5M 28.359,618 !I(), 901.4 0 1442 1908... . . . .. . . .. , 47,564,284 1!í.0l6.fo.il 28,927,248 91.;'08.403 14 10 1909.... .. . . ..... . . .. . . . .. .. : : : : : 45,190,484 14.748,436 29.867.973 8!1.806, !J3 13 41 1910.......... .. 43,5SIj.357 14,677.'-72 32.239,620 !IO,5o:1,M9 13 Ob 1911... .. 43.330.579 14,673.7.52 34.770,386 92.774,7]7 1287 1912....:.:: : ............ 43,563.764 14,Iì:'íá,.,)fi4 39 ..'í26 , 755 97. 746,OS-1 1327 1913. ........ 42,728,942 14,411,54] 40, ]33.351 !17.273,x'14 1292 1914... . .. .. . . . . 41,591,286 13,976,162 : 9,110,439 !14,677.S87 12 31 ]915........................:::: : 39, !J!J:'í, 406 14,006,158 : 7 ,817 ,474 91,819,038 11 68 1916........... . .......... 40,008.418 13,519,85á 40.40.'),037 93.933,310 II fig 1917.. . . . . . .. .. . .............. 42,582.479 13,633,610 44,139.978 100,356,1167 12 27 1918... . . . .. .. .. . ............. 41,283,479 12,177,2R.1 42 , 000 , .543 9á,461,30.5 II 41\ 1919............... . ............ 41,f\54.960 11,402.098 46,799,877 99,856,93.'; 11 78 1920... . .... 31,605,594 10,729.2]8 .')3,11 8, 0.')3 95,452,865 1106 1921.... .. .. . 29.010,61\1 1O.150.18 58.576,775 97,737.583 11 12 ]922.... ." .., :: ..:: :: : . :: :: : : : : : 24.837.181 9,829,653 :;8.2!J2,!J20 92,9.59.754 1037 1923........... . ...... 22,357.268 9,433,839 59,3:?7.QI}I 91.119,061' V V6 OTJ:.-The statistics of this table do not include provincial government ":l.Vingg office . WAN AlvD TRUST COJIPA.NIES' 833 G2.-Business of tbe Post Offlce Savings Banks, Iarcb 31, 1918-1923. Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. :;avings banks......... .No. 1.318 1,328 1,323 1,328 1,303 1,307 Deposits. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,791,967 12,593,190 10,003,068 6,631,685 3,499,339 2,606,611 Transferred from Gov- ernment S.B. to Post Office S.B. . . . . . . . . . . . S 91,649 lí4,143 181,303 589,247 56,468 - Interest on deposits..... $ 1,244,578 1,208,559 1,056,545 883,842 767,302 677,918 Total cash and interest. S 13,128,194 13,975.892 11.243,916 8,104,774 4,323,109 3,284.529 Withdrawals... ......... S 14,427,194 13,604.411 21,293,282 10,699,749 8,496,547 5.764,442 At credit of open accts. . $ 41,283.479 41,654,960 31.605.594 29,010,619 24,837,181 22.357,268 Open accounts.. ....... .No. 125,735 116.541 97, 154 88,563 82,196 76,111 G3.-Business of the DODÜnion Government SaTings Banks, 11arch 31, 1918-1923. Items. l!H8. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. S $ $ $ $ $ Deposit,;....... .. .. . . . . . . . . . 2,048.469 2,344,918 2,378,600 2,103,873 1,400,906 1,223,lil Interest on deposits.. . . . . . . . 382,151 340.378 319,800 294,349 289,210 278,640 Total cash and interest.. . . . . 2,430.620 2,685.296 2.698.400 2,398.222 1,690,116 1.501,811 Withdrawals............... . 3,886,947 3,460,481 3.371.280 2,977,251 2,010,652 1,897,625 At credit of depositors...... 12,177,283 11,402,098 10,729.218 10.150,189 9,829,653 9,433,839 til.-Total Business of Post Offlce and Dominion Go,ernment Sa,ings Banks, Marcb 31, 1918-1923. Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. $ $ $ S $ $ Deposits................... . 13,932,085 15,112,251 12,565,971 9,324,805 4,956.713 3,829,782 Interest on deposits.. . _..... 1,626,729 1,5.18.937 1,376,345 1,178,191 1,056,512 956,558 rotal cash and interest.. . . . . 15,558,814 16.661,188 13,942,316 10,502,996 6,013,225 4,786,340 Withdrawals...... . .. .. . . . . . 18,314,141 17,064,892 24.664,562 13,677,000 10,507,199 7,662,067 At credit of depositors...... 53,460,762 53,057,058 42,334,811 39.160,808 34.666,834 31,791,107 3.-Loan and Trust Companies. Loan and Trust CompanÎes.-Up to and including the year 1913, tables '\\-ere given in the Year Book of the assets and liabilities, with comparative figures for a series of years, of loan companies and building societies. These tables were taken from the "Annual Report of thE' Affairs of Building Societies, Loan and Trust Companies in the Dominion of Canada," as issued by the Department of Finance. The statistics in this leport were compiled by the Department or" Finance, partly from the statements required to be furnished under legislation of the Domin- ion Parliament and partly from returns voluntarily made by corporations operating under provincial charters. The laws relating to loan and trust companies incor- porated by Acts of the Parliament of Canada were revised by the Loan and Trust Companies Acts of 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, cc. 40 and 55), and since the passing of these Acts the Annual Report Ïs:iUcd by the Department of Finance up to and including the year 1913 has been replaced by ,cAnnual Statements of the Loan and Trust Companies incorporated by Acts of the Parliament of Canada." Tables 65 and 66 show, therefore, the liabilities and a sets of the loan and trust companies ns compiled (;2373-53 3-! FISASCE from the statements furni"hed to the Department of Insurance. They relate to 16 loan Rnd 14 trust companies, and do not include companies or societies opprating under provincial charters. Under Chapters 14 and 21 of the Statutes of 1920 (10-11 Ceo. V, chaps. 14 and 21) a systematic annual inspection of the afTnir.ì of these companies is made by the Department of Insurance. 65.- Uabllitit's and .\ss('ts of I.oan ('ompanll's, 19lt-1922. LL\BILlTIE . Debentures Depo>:it Capital Hl'sen e payable on Other Total Y"tate, and school banks. securities, com- panies. first second securi- !<('('urities, etc., over panies. o\\ned. book liens. liens. ties. value. - - - - - - - - - - - S S $ $ S 5 $ S ! 1\114... . 5,189,797 113,095 557, 625 - 787,400 - 179,928 879.039 3,0:3 , 756 10,740,640 1915... . 3,972,520 102. a95 647,524 - 876,760 - 172,448 5.181 1,529,522 7, 306, : 50 1916... . 3,906,986 544,747 374,392 - 1, 116,110 - :!ö6.964 32,231 1,585,513 7,826,943 1917.... 3,993,484 297,387 253,781 - 1,145,815 - 173.1: 0 3.3:n I. 7R!J,; 64 7,656,292 1918... . 3.9: 3,962 101,784 2M, 472 - 1,839,000 - 724,689 5,8B5 1, 9: t).365 8,8-36,137 1919... . 4, 432.455 557,171 496.769 - 2,170,618 - 706,763 8,392 1,635.7n 10.007,941 1920... . 4.736.064 - 512,800 701, 564 2..'>00,942 349,294 576,125 - 81ï,46: 10,224,252 H21... . 4,408.914 - 344,302 908,618 2,400, !M 25:3,779 603,618 -253.5n8 1,317. 785 1 10 ,237,930 ]922... . 5,659,486 1 - 391,475 567.970 1,584,234 264, 186 4ï3 , 687 -168,159 1.412.205 10,353,243 .-\. :,ET -TRrRT ITXDS. Year;.. Guaranteed Funùs First Estùtæ, mortgages, Trusts and hypo- Bonds Ca;.h I Total and thequæ and Stocks. on hand OtllPr Guaranteed Agency upon Debentures. and in :!,>! i... to f'x:Hnine them :mnunlly. STATISTICS OF FIRE INSURiLYCE 837 The report of the Superintendent of Insurance for the year ended December 31, 1922, shows that at that date there were 172 fire insurance companies doing business in Canada under Dominion licenses, of which 46 were Canadian, 50 were British and 76 were foreign companies, whereas in 1875, the first year for which authentic records were collected by the Insurance Department, 27 companies operated in Canada, 11 Canadian, 13 British and 3 American. The proportionate increaEe in t.he numbpr of British and foreign companies from !j9 to 73 p.c. of the total number is a very marked point of diff rence between the fire and life insurance businesses in Canada, the latter being carried on very largely by Canadian companies. The growth of business, as shown by the amount of insurance in force and premiums receiyed yearly, has been a fairly steady one, the year 1922 showing a ,"('turn to the conditions existing before 1921. A decline in the rate of lo ses paid to premiums received may be noticed in most years, t he figures indicating that the companies suffered particularly heavy lo ..:e in 1877 and 1904, owing to the great fires in St. John and Toronto re:-:ppctively. Although in its early days the Dominion did not prove a very lucrative field for fire insurance companies, of late the great advance in building construction and the wide use of improved fire appliances and safety devices reduce materially the danger of serious conflagrations and place the risks assumed by companies in Canada on an equality with those of other countries. A feature of the fire insurance busine:,s during late year:o:, bc:,ides the unusual increase in premiums received, is the continued increase in the number of companie which are operating on the mutual or reciprocal plan. The!':e companies, in which all profits or losses are directly received or paid by the policy holder::, are making themselves felt as competitive factors in the fire insurance business. Statistics of Fire Insurance.-Statistical tables of fire insurance in Canada are added, illustrative of the progress of total business since 1869 and of the opera- tions of individual companies for the years 1921 and 1922. The gross amount of fire insurance policies, new and renewed, taken during the year 1922 was $6,859,106,314, ,as compared with 86,604,076,965 in the preceding year. The net cash received for premiums was $53,019,456, while net cash paid for losses was $36,429.287, or 68.69 p.c. of the premiums. The net amount in force with companies holding Dominion licenses on Dec. 31, 1922, was 56,375,555,569, while the net amount in force with provincial companies on the same date wa:s $1,036,200,9.59. In addition, policies amounting to $4.)1,617,986 were effected by companies, associations or underwriters not licensed to transact business in Canada. Tabl 67 shows figures of the growth since 1869 of comp3nies holding Domin- ion licenses, and Tables 68 and 69 illustrate the business done in Canada by individual companies during the years 1921 and 1922, ",hile in Tables 70, 71 and 72 are given figures of the assets, liabilities and income and eJ...-penditure of companies of various nationalities during the years 1918-1922. A close study of the various "items included in these tables will afford an exceHent idea of the nature of bu!':iness trans- acted by these various groups. A further summary of businesd by provinces is given in Table 73 for the years 1921 and 1922, with premiums and losses shown by nationality of companies. Further, a geùeral summary of the business transacteJ by both Dominion and provincial licens es, i" given, in Table 74, with business by unlicensed companies added in Table 75. S: I'- P/},;AXCE 67.- Fire Insurance In Force, Premiums recehed. Loss('s paid and Percentage ef Losses to Premiums, 1869-1922. Ámount Percent- Percent- Premiums LOf:!òes age of Amount Premiums LOE8eS age of Y('ars I in force at received. paid. losses Years. in force at received. paid. losses . end of ye'Lr to pre- end of year. to pre- miums miuml!. - - S S S p.c. S S S p.c. 1869... . 188,359,809 1. 785,539 1. 0::?7 , no 57.5e ]b!J5.. . 837 ,X7 ,86-1 6, 9-13,38 4,993,750 71.92 1 70. ... 191,5-19,:1/\ I ] ,916,779 1 ,624, 37 8-1.77 1 !16,. . -Iá,574,3;;2 7,075,850 4, Jï3,501 58.fI 1871. . .. 228, -1:13 , 7S-l ,321, 716 1. 54!J. HI9 66.73 1 !l7 1-ItiS,522,:!17 7,]57,66] 4,701,833 65.69 1872... . 2ã I ,7'22,940 2.62'>,710 1,909,975 72.6 ] 8!J8 .. II!I.;, 3\14, 107 7,350,131 4,784,487 6:j.(J9 1 7.J. 278,754, 3:1 2,9611,416 1,61'2,18-1 55.6í 1899 9:J6 , 69 , 668 7,910,492 5,182,038 65.51 Ih74. . 30li ,M-I , 21\1 3,.')22,303 1,926,159 ,'>4.6 1\100.. . 99 ,332,360 8,331,94 7,774,293 93.31 1 75. 31>-1,-121,029 3 ,5!>>, 7tH 2,563,531 71.31 1901. I,O:{S,ti,..7,619 9,650,34 1 6,774,956 71).20 1 76... . 4().1,608,180 3,708,OOIi 2,h67, 95 77.3' 190::?.. . 1.075,26:{,1611 lO,á77,08-1 -1,152,211\1 39.26 I S77 . . .. 420,3-12,6hl 3,764,00;; A90, 9]9 22.').á 1903.. . 1,140,453,716 lI,3 4, 76_ 5,870,7Jti 51.57 1878... . 409, "99 , 701 3,368,430 1. J2, 674 54.11 1904.. . 1,2]5,013,93] 13,169,&2 14,099,53-1 107.06 IS79.. .. 407,3.,)7,9h,; 3,227,4 2,145,1!Jk 66.4; 190;,. 1,31 ,14tj,49;; 14.2.'\5,671 6,000.519 4:HIII 1 "i0 ... 411,.'1ti3. ïI 3,479,577 1,666,li78 -17. !If 190G.. . 1.-IU, 9112 ,2-14 14,6"i7,963 6,:1h-l.29J 4-1.83 11\"1... . 462,210.968 3,827,116 3,16\1.824 b2.8, 1!J07.. . I ,til-l. 70:J,536 hi,I14,47ã ð,4-l5,041 52.41 ISS2. _.. 526,8,;6, -l7S 4,229,706 2 . ti64 , flk6 63.01 1\10.'3.. . I, 70V, ifJS, 26.'1 17.027 ,27.; 10,279.455 60.37 11\"-3. 5ï2,264,041 -1,624,741 2,920,2211 63.14 1909. 1,863,276,504 17,OI\l.4tH ,646.8.l6 50.72 r "'-I. ... 605,507.7 14,9xO,128 3,2-1,'>,323 65.11> 1910.. . 2,03-1,276,740 18,72.'),531 10,2\12.393 54.\16 l!,...;;.. . . 611,79-1,-17\ -I.S52.460 2,679,21\7 55,2: 1911.. . 2,279,81;"', :HI .W.575,255 10, 936, 94 53.16 Ibb';. . . . 5S6, 77 ,022 -1,932,335 3,:J01,3hS liIi.93 1912.. . 2 , 684 ,3:i5 . !I.') 2:3, 1 \14 . 51'i 12.119.IiXl 52.25 11\.'7.... 634. 767,3:J; 5,244,502 3.403,514 64.9r J913.. . 3, 151. 930.3bJ 25..45.94; 14.003.759 54.39 18bo. .. 6.'>0,735,0,')\1 5,437,263 3,073,822 56.5"1 HIi-l.. . 3,4.,)(i,01\1,OO9 2i ,-199,158 15.3-17,284 55.XI 1589... . 6.'3-1,538,378 5,5>'8,016 2.876,211 :j1.4;1 1911i 3,:j 1 ,620,80 26.474,S,J3 14,161.9-19 53.4!1 1890. 720,Ii79.6 1 5.S31i,071 3, 66,56ï ;);).9, 1916 3, 7 0,0;;"i, :!: ti 27 . 7" , %2 15,IH,06:J 54.40 1891. ., 75!J,602,191 1i,168,716 3,\105,697 63.31 l!1\ 7 .. . 3, 9S6,1!J7 ,514 : 1 ,246. S: O 16,:H9,10l 52.4::? 18!12, .. 811,410,072 6,512,327 4,377,270 67.2 ' 1918.. . 4,523,S14,1I-11 :J5 , !154, 40ii 19,359,252 52.8-1 1"93 ... S14 , I\S7 ,C57 6,793,595 5,052,690 74. 37 1 1919.. . 4,923,O 4,381 -10.031,474 16,679,355 41.67 Ih!I.L. "16,067,202 6,711,369 4,5S\I,36:J 68.3b 192IJ.. . 5,969,872,278 ,')0,527,937 I ,!13.;,387 43.41 1921. 6,OJO,513,832 47 ,:n2 ,564 .!7.."i72,:j60 58.2ö 1922.. . 6,375,555,511\1 -Ih,120,82!. 32,SI ,280 68.25 - - Total - .03.9-tI, 9ItO;,OI5,"N 57.8! 88.- I'lre Insurance Bu iness transacted In {'anada, 1921. Per Rate cent- Gross of Xet cash Xctcash age of amount of Premium.. pre- received paid los8t,.. ('umpanil" . risks taken charged miullls for for paid during thereon. per premiums. 10"''''('8. to pre- ;year. cent mium;;: of ra- rh,Iu:.. ceived --.-- - S S p.e. $ S p.c. (';m3(lian ('ompanit.s- 62.00 -\radia ), ire. .. 35,301,314 496,300 1.41 2:?!J.319 14:!,lh5 -\ntigoni...h Farmt'r". .... 111,750 1.321 ] .18 1,3::?2 43 3.25 Bea\'er 1 'ire ...... 9 ,6:{2 ,113 127,04:{ 1.32 35.li68 9,216 25.61) Briti..h \merie'L U7 , 946,2" I 1. 324 . 2711 ] .12 645, !163 381,526 59.0fi British Colonial.... :!8,9-10,-I66 4-15,570 1.54 0l,M5 H2 , 245 70'.'}4 British orth\\e!;tern........... 31 1 . 3:J5, 7"9 ;l 9,32X I.ro 177,769 76,211 42.87 Canada <\ccident and Fire....... 2-1,ii20,2:!ï ')S5.7Ih I. ).') 127,494 46, 151 36.20 Canada National................ 21\,\1"'0.70.! 397,660 1.37 219,101 94,941 43.33 Canada Security. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . 17,b13,04\1 2:j,'1,!J47 1.4-! 98.842 58,212 58.811 Canadian Fire. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 52,OJ4,O.!7 7-11,026 1.42 376,894 148,171 39.3] Canadian Indemnity............ 12,441,M8 1\14,917 1.57 119,294 58,489 49.03 Canadian I.urn bermen's.... ... . . 1,607.054 39,235 2.44 727 - - Canadian Surety....... ........... - - - - - - Cumherland Farmers.. . . 195,S50 3,927 2.01 I.8!J4 2,2G9 Up.SO Dominion Fire..... .. . ... ....... 60,206,715 760,43 1.26 -139,824 2f19,077 65.72 Dominion of Canada Guarantee and .\rcident.... . . J3,I33,798 133,275 1.01 77,045 23,109 29.99 ] in' In"ur.Lnrp ('0. of (";I rl "" 44.51'4,410 4;;8,\116 l.m ]!I!I.503 102,936 51.60 FIRE INSURASCE IX CASADA, 1921 tìS.-Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1921-con. Companies. Canadian Companies-concluded. General Accident of Canada. . .. . Globe Indemnity............... (;rain Insurance................. Guardian Insurance Co. of Can- ada......._ _._ Halifax Firc... 0 Hudson Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imperial Guarantpc and Accident Imperial UndpnHitcrs.......... Kings Iutual.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 iverpooll\lanitoba. .. ....... London and LanC" shire Guar- antee and Accident. . _.. London :\Iutual.. \Iercantilc. . . . . . . . . . . \Iount Royal. \Iutual Fire...... . . .. . . . . . :'\orth -\merican A('cident :'\orth Empire.. . . . . . . . . . . orth West. I)cci(lental. . Pa('ifi.(' Coast. Pacific 'larinI'. . .. .. . Pictou County Farmers.... _.. . Quehec. . . " - . Reliance.... . . . ....... . ;o;cotti...h Canadian. Western. Totals. . . . . . . . . . British Companies- -\.lliance... .... .... . ... . . Atlas........................... <\.utocar. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Crown. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British General... . .. . . . . .. .. .. . British Oak. .. .... :.. . . . . .. . . . . . British Traders....... 0... 0 0.... Caledonian............. 0........ Car and General. 0 . .. _ _ .. . _ .. . . . Caxton...... '_' ." Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ['ommercial Union....... . . . . . . . Eagle. Star and British Do- nlinions........ . .............. Employers' Uability............ Es!"ex and Suffolk............... General Accident Fire....... . . . . Guardian Assurance.. .. _ . Law, l"nion and Rock...... .... Uverpool and London and Globe London Guarantee.............. I.ondon and I,ancashire........ . . London Assurance. . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Iarine... .. .................... }lcrchant8 Marine... 0 . . . . .. . . . . . }Iotor l" nion.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 . . National Benefit.... . . .. . .. .. .. . Xational Prov. Insurance........ North British and Mercantile.. . !\orth(>rn Assurance............. Norwich (""nion Fire...... ...... Ocean, Accident and Guarantee. Þ: f ? .' ::.'.:: :: : : : : :: : : :: : : : : : Phænix of London. .. . .. . .. . . . . . - Gross amount of Premiums risks taken charged during thereon. year. S :, 10,253,004 110,8>51 37,987,137 389,85S 23,819,123 232,151 19,989,106 233,373 2,906,522 50,653 27,469,056 358,041 - - 38,930,558 388,916 1,772,114 22,909 44,226,593 533,017 - - 109,823 ,224 1,121. 4.j8 34,087,370 335, '367 98,631,772 1.241.075 1.014,170 20,5\J9 - - 31.058,607 426,143 23,656,087 284,329 34,767,254 4!19,492 18,837,701 3: 4 .257 2,M3,41R 46.7.U 519,375 4.5 4 40,567,724 42.5,468 2,162,8!13 2X.266 10.217,170 Hì2,997 154,705,937 1,705,382 1,2-t8,0:JO,1\IJi:j 1-1,951,3.')0 39,109,827 421,295 81,033,933 943,680 2,360,030 25,413 58,783,701 714,238 21,384,626 181,901 2,191,805 24,147 25 ,E09 ,997 321,978 58,953,856 659,616 54,502,563 252,389 5,467,897 62, 102 40,558,340 42í ,321 899,812 13,572 131,465,322 1. 272 ,107 64,045,950 591,ü38 89,036,613 924,330 19,932,474 214.2ï1 47,487,712 492,240 160,790,m5 1,891,261 38,114,061 405, 107 154,720,682 1, 76í, 569 71,224,219 8!J9,R25 127,906,094 1,2f-i2,í53 60,240,6í4 636,960 - - 18,760,361 183,999 13,091,232 122,190 12,651,100 152,282 12,779,232 89,384 126,057,090 1,393,466 108,322,596 1, 2í\1,303 106,143,811 1.341,359 33,4í7,055 384,261 44,925,331 514,098 2,792,512 14,071 137 ,CJ47 ,4 6 1.;15,758 Rate of pre- miums per cent of risks. et cash et cash received paid for for premiums. I08 es. S S 48,616 21.62; ]64,I:!R ;,)!I,242 23:?,151 11í,291 60,33ß 35,617 30,323 13,324 18;'),419 127,208 - - ]53,739 62,281 22,116 12,261 270,240 lOi,053 - - 352,337 4]3,51<0 282,844 ]20,7:>5 655,Oti6 3í9,139 19.762 8,920 - - Iï.j, ï37 121,56.j 159,592 79.;10 238.0H3 149,9í:i 169,001< 1;6,019 27. 720 30,250 4.54ï 387 355,b7:? 121,763 11, i06 1. 258 .65,745 27,853 737,191 448,378 7.311.792 4.,100,20,j 371,440 195,366 733,557 367,531 21,948 1,356 494,327 363.174 114,081 48,267 21,513 9 252,073 158,145 464,464 248,722 162,710 44,923 15,378 30,519 284 , 782 141,355 7,986 2,721 987,6i6 631.058 40R.691 250,R!16 729,124 369,382 80,986 28,484 393,794 26U 97 1,585,749 877,686 324 ,029 144,615 1.4S3,Oß2 746,720 620 ,O(}: 610,3 2 1,063.541< 459,239 559,6S2 293,324 - - 149,511 29,069 100,66ü 18,!145 113,316 86,562 66,360 19,190 1, 118,723 625,497 1,066,707 636,137 1,097,237 54 , 159 288,226 216,616 407,726 205,363 13,259 94 1,225,353' 652,093 p.co 1.08 1.03 0.97 1.17 l.ï4 1.30 1.00 1.29 1.21 1.02 0.99 1.26 2.03 1.37 1.20 1.44 1. i7 I.X2 O.SH 1.0;; 1.31 1.60 1.10 1.20 1.08 1'16 1'08 1.22 0.85 1.12 1.25 1.12 0.46 1.14 1'05 1.51 0.97 0.92 1.04 1.07 1.04 1.18 1.06 1-14 1.26 1.00 1.09 0.98 0.93 1.20 0.70 1.11 1.18 1.26 1.15 1.14 0.50 1.24 839 Per- cent- age of losses paid to pre- miums re- ceived. p.c. 44.41; :i6.10 50.52 59.03 43.94 68-61 40.51 55.44 39.61 117.38 42.6h 57.8X 45 . J.1 69.1i 49.95 62.9!I 39.06 109.13 8.51 34.22 10.74 42.37 60.82 55 . tiC! 52.60 50.10 6.18 73.47 42.31 62.74 53.55 27.61 198.46 49.64 34.0i 63.89 61.29 50.66 35'17 66.3R 55.35 44.66 50,31 98.43 43.1R 52.41 HI.-t4 18.82 ;6.39 28.92 55,91 59.64 49.50 75.16 50.37 0.71 53.22 840 FINANCE SS.-Fire Insurance Business transacted In Canada, 1921-con. Companies. Britisb Companies-concluded. Provincial........ ..... .... QUN'nsland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uail ay Passengers............. H.oyal Lxchange. . . . . . Uoyal Insurance. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royal:O:cottiRh..... ....... ::kottish Ietropolitan. . . . . Scottish l"nion.. _..' .... un Insurancc_. .. ... l'raders and General... . _ . . . . . . (Tnion Assurance.... Union of Canton................ dJ:: : ..:::::::::::::::: : Yangtsze...................... . Yorkshire. .................... Gross amount of risks taken during ;year. s 20.359,452 30,477,613 83,356,091 219,9].'),642 23,349,904 16,33 ,6;?8 48,609,9;')5 91. 727,380 21,659,844 1j3,9]6,4S 61,853,192 6,350 9,874,736 49,774,0&5 Premiums charged thereon. S 2]4, ]34 326,333 846,306 2,38],598 59, 589 187,757 488,845 1.066, ]04 262, &15 9]1;,]79 695, ]59 43 59, ]] 5 634,478 Totals..... . . 2,73:1,181,393 2',9;8,369 Foreign Companies- Ætna............... ............ AlO'icultural........ . . . . ., Alliance Insurance.. ............. American Alliance.............. American ('entral............... American Equitable. . . . . . . . . . . . American II15urance.... . . . . . American Lloyds.. . .. Boston......................... . Caledonian-American.......... . CaliIornia. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Citizens of Missouri............. Columbia. ... ... . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . Commercial Union of N.Y...... Connecticut.................... . Continental. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Equitable Fire and Marine..... . Fidelity-Phenix..... . . . _ . . . . . . . . Fire Association of Philadelphia Fireman's Fund.... ............ Firemen's Insurance......... . .. . General of Paris................. Girard......................... . Glens Falls.. ........ ...... ..... Globe and Rutgers.............. Great American................. Hardware Dealers....... ..... . Hartford Fire...... __... Home In....urance. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . Inùividual Underwriters........ lrumrance Co. of North America Insurance Co. of State of Penn- sylvania..................... . Lumbermen's Underwritillg Alliance...................... . }fanufacturing Lumhermen's.... Manufacturing Woodworkers..... 'Icchanics and Traders........ . . }ferchants :Fire................. Miller!> NationaL............... f,f innesota Irnplemen t. . . . . . . . . . . National-Ben Franklin.......... National l<'jre of Hartford..... . . National J.ibcrty............... National Union................. La Nationale................... Newark..... ................... New Hampshire................ 66,301.227 7,308,886 31,342,965 1,702,747 3i,339,5]9 12,396,149 8,459,674 4,200.138 13.393.941 11.165,859 13,100,157 3,047,04.') 18,461.130 1,092,946 26,569,801 69,317.638 23,381.864 6],363,817 7,473.6]9 25,958,046 9,320.868 21. 866,662 3,453,566 2;ualty... :\Iount Ho al................... Iutual Fire. ................... North .\llIerican Accident... _.,. North Empire ... _. Korth \\ e..1........ Occidental. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Pacific ('oa-;t.. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pacific Iarine.......... Pictou County .Farmers... . . . . . . Quebec. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . Reliance............ ...... cotti.... Canadian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . \\ebtern.. _" __ _., Totals. . Gross amount of risks taken during ear. S 21,266,475 21,182,221 4,titi6,190 26,ïl5,206 3.'i, 8.37, &J6 2,242,240 44,787,187 58,913 64,431,Ul 33,281,554 109,3-17.369 816,727 29,511,5.6 23, 8JO, ü35 3\1,829,0.5 33,859,886 271, \180 565,6.'i0 39,157,687 5,707,651 13,715,994 250,5-14,725 Premiums charged thereon. $ 221,069 236,439 65,2.7 334,666 370.6H 23,368 51O,3U2 815 692,56ü 33-1,487 1.351,155 14,062 362,406 271,550 559,9:!5 3-10,891 4,818 4,:J06 421,362 63,756 185,419 1,497,203 ..... 1,359,266,138 1-I,ll.1,589 British Companies- Älliance........... .......... .\tlas.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . <\utocar....... . . . . _ . . . . . British Crown.. ............... British General.... . _ _ _. _ . . _ . . . British Oak.. .. ..... .. . . . British Traders. . .. . . . . . _ . . . . . . . Caledonian. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . _ . . Car and General................ ('entury. . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . China........... _........ _...... Commercial rnion. ............. Cornhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eagle, Star and Briti h Dom- inions...... .. _.. . .. .... . Employers' Liability... . .. _. . . . . Essex and Suffolk............... (;eneral Accident, Fire.. . . Guardian Assurance............ . La\\, Cnion and Rock...... Liverpool and london and Globe T ondon Guarantl'C.. ........... London and Lancashire..... _ _. . . T ondon Assurance.. . . . \Iarine......... .............. _.. Icrchants :\Iarine.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . :\Iotor 1: nion. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . National Prm.incial Insurance... North British and Mercantile.. . orthern Assurance............. 'Ilorwich Union l- ire............ Ocean, Accident and Guarantee. Palatine... .............. ..... Patriotic. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . Phænix of London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provincial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quecm,land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFi e8 subject to revi"ion. 41,965,523 88,093,M 12,280,9tiO 54,008,756 19,422,301 18,036,766 26,774,711 58,712,152 35,6.0,346 39,812,851 6!Jl,949 137,412,548 5,581.809 67,179,512 !Il ,326,432 21,775,7.'i7 ,'>1,285,295 154,!i56,932 42,482,3M 158,65\1,2.8 56,902,982 160,961,860 59,584,287 24,9,'>8,227 17, J::l2, 680 17,655,320 131,074,011 10.'>,981. 645 I17,548,672 3.'i,124,905 46,943,4:?0 1O,6!10 8f\3 146,789,282 : : à 438,822 1,024, b92 137,745 701,3.7 180,067 213,OIl 302,866 629,754 310,234 418,045 10,138 1,243,024 53,479 595,762 922,232 242,552 46ò ,2.8 I. Hti9,634 432,629 1, 711S, 769 614,4tJ8 1.612,li-1 635,R3H 224,933 J55.6ü2 16,,>,444 1,423,3tiH 1,220, fl95 1,360,1!i3 390,41'6 526,330 101,615 1,641,389 247,.'>60 335,910 Rate of pre- miums per cent of risks. Xet C'a.S8,450 1. 472,8\1H 347,197 165.471 1,463,103 !1()(),135 399,115 404,040 1. 35::1. !1"8 811,967 .'i-1X.575 289,133 - - J54:.309 ü(\,983 126,674 62,325 118,630 38,512 1,110,364 869,198 J ,01H,178 893,344 1,102.mb 76.3,2!15 307, on 205,187 398,227 3-12,208 H2,531 30,928 1,21ß,6Jl 820,017 209,424 131,6.'}O 281.554 1 8,03; p.c. 1.0-1 1.12 1.40 1.25 1.03 1.0-1 1'.14 1.38 1.07 1.01 1.24 1.66 1.23 1.14 1.41 1.01 1.77 0.76 1.08 1.12 1.; 5 0.60 1.0t 1'05 1.16 1.12 1.30 0.93 1.18 1.13 1.07 0.87 1.05 1.47 0.90 0.96 0.S9 1.01 1.11 0.91 1.21 1.02 1.13 1.08 1.00 1.07 0.90 .0.\11 0.94 1.09 1.15 1.16 I.Jl 1.12 0.95 1.12 1.07 1.10 Per- cent- age of losses p:ùd to pre- miums rc- ceivt'-d. p.c. 77.18 46.15 55.92 56,89 67.15 81.5; 62'07 107.H 77.27 55.76 111.61 99'84 72-77 63.38 52.16 79.08 62'96 31.03 49.17 8t.71 69.Gã 75.15 82.22 23.10 73.04 52.33 44.12 85.00 88,59 39.24 66.34 48.4;') 75.81 5.0!I 75.36 74.03 69.32 51.31 92.7::1 47.6b 61.52 101.2::1 59.97 52.71 43.41 49.20 32.4b 78.28 87,74 69.22 66.82 85'93 37.47 67.40 62.HI; lì6.7\1 FIRE IXSURA.NCE LV CASADA, 1922 69.-}'ir Insurance Business transactrd In Canada, 1922'-con. Companies. British Companie..-conc\uded. Hoyal Exchange................ Royal Insurance.... ...... Royal i'cottish...... .... :-,cottish Metropolitan. . . . . . Scottish r nion. . . ::;un Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . Traders and General ..... ..... l'nion Assurance... .... Union of Canton.... ....... Union Iarine..... rnited British........ yangt ze...... . Yorkshire. Totals. I oreign Companie - Ætna... .... Agricultural. . . . . . . . Alliance Insurance........ '" . .\merican Alliance_ \merican CentraL... .\merican Equitable. American Exchange l nder- writers. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\merican Fire Ins. of Xc\\' York .\merican Insurance. . . . . . . . American Lloyd:;;. Haloise...... ...... ., .. ..... . Boston........... .. .. Caledonian-American. . . . . . . . . . . California. . . . . . . . . . . . . Citizens of Iissouri. . .. _.. . . Columbia...... . . . ..... ......... Commercial Union of New York Connecticut.................... . Continental.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equitable Fire and Marine... ... Fidelity-Phenix. ............... Fire Association of Philadelphia Fire Reassurance Co. of 1':ev. york................ ........ Fireman's Fund. .. ... Firemen's Insurance............. Franklin............... ........ General of Paris.. .. .... . . . . ( irard.................. ... Glens Falls.... .... .. Globe and Rutgers....... ..... Grain Dealers Mutual.. .. _ . Great Ám!'rican _ Hardware Dealers. . . Hartford Fire......... Home Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imperial Åssurance.............. Individual Underwriters........ Insurance Co. of orth America. Insurance Co. of Rtate of 1>30..... Lumbermen's lndemnih ....... . Lumbermen's U nderwríting.... . Lumber Under\\riters.. ..... . Manufacturing LumhermeI\5.... . Mechanics and Traders....... . . . 'Ierchants Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millers NationaL.... ........... Minnesota Implement. ... . . . . .. . 1':ational-Ben Franklin... ....... National Ere of Hartford. . . . . . . National Lnion.. .. ... ., . . . " .. . Gross amount of ri..ks taken during year. s 81,791,271 234,215,198 24,928,309 20,644,789 46,853,920 93 , !J08,335 98,864,351 61,462,550 7,880,509 10,290,721 48,681,469 ,8.tO, 258. 907 66,660,561 II, 165,773 21,275,285 1,624,165 32,701,7I7 15,597,474 5,72:\,050 9,750,000 II ,545, 998 7,385,040 2,231,301 13,149,375 10,467,625 13,106,816 2 780 866 17:448:895 1,165,132 31,792,713 64,561,275 26,316,160 54,984,150 8,125,851 9,750,000 27,03.'>,685 9,225,471 19,323,221 2,1'\63,042 32,400,301 115,758,364 629,750 70, 9\JO, OOS 5.112,072 20I,:U!7,923 1811,472,443 302,462 25,9:-18,499 121,6S:J,321 16,R87.0:J5 10,242,289 20,384,013 4,509,169 13,692,391 1,200,431 18,251,790 6,305,995 5,Il2,072 16,960,072 75,457,603 25 897 649 Premiums charged thereon. 826,871 2,329,119 272,504 237,916 464,681 1, 085,256 916,219 660,646 74,434 72.571 595,320 30.11i!2,9ì2 649,981 1l0,514 207,389 23,012 314.131 17. , 268 25,477 54,155 ta4,256 48,426 61,025 168,819 118,416 142,069 41,435 195,270 17 ,096 319,777 685,025 238,123 579,587 I03,211 54,1:>5 253,166 lIO,985 187,311 32,817 344,4.')0 1. 017,834 12,888 721.730 125,361 2,010,405 2,270,053 2,471 10.1,903 1.133,534 15R,955 242,339 36 ,279 R8,356 251.631 28,9ot 188,734 76,304 125,361 204,25.'> 922,602 :?9 669 Rate of pre- miums per cent of risks. $ Net cash received for premiums. p.c. 1.01 (}.!19 1.09 1.15 0.99 1.16 0.93 1.07 0.94 0.71 I.n.) 590,696 1,81\6,929 209 , HI!! 197,500 3911,8118 893,942 -83,445 698,021 52 ,51l 63,630 ,'>5,í35 471,526 3.6.'il.187 1.06 0.99 0.99 0.97 1.42 0.96 1.12 5It,481 72,452 161,890 6.M4 251,409 146,068 23,820 54,155 82,829 42,356 46,803 95,222 58,i39 111,134 31,699 121,391 6,640 206,536 495,039 52,323 437,094 70,664 54,155 183,273 96,336 0.44 0.56 1.16 0.66 2.73 1.28 1.13 1.08 1.49 1.12 1.47 1.01 1.06 0.90 1.05 1.27 0.56 0.94 1.20 0.97 1.15 1.06 0.88 2.05 1.02 2.45 1.00 1.20 0.82 0.40 0.93 0.93 2.37 1.78 1.96 1.84 2.41 1.03 1.21 2.45 1.20 1.22 1.13 128,661 23,489 214,850 811,792 8,018 505,718 105,784 1,756,183 1,815,772 2,012 50,695 906,449 128,333 164,682 284,373 53,768 191,977 18,736 164,485 49,294 105,784 170,353 701,660 2m,776 Ket cash paid Cor los;,;es. s 334,495 1,182.095 141,2hO 100,031 203,837 622,302 11,393 587,066 441,>>54 8,982 22,057 602,857 16,914,261 285,363 44,941 1'\9,631 5,894 164,&35 88,497 837 33,202 9,317 33,493 75,042 44,080 51,750 19,475 87,421 2,711 106,188 .m,4b3 25,271 224,066 36.775 196,753 26,384 70,007 4,635 151,599 835,472 6,950 381,946 44,043 1,027,438 1,442,083 9,669 464 , 036 66,537 185.914 165,628 61,646 97,377 15,555 102,622 28,849 44,043 83,303 384,196 172,623 843 Per- cent- age or losses paid to pre- miums re- ceived. s p.c. 56.6:{ 62.65 67.54 50.65 50.97 69.61 M.1O 84.36 14.12 39.57 127.85 71.5 55.47 62.m 55.37 86.12 65.56 60.. 9 3.51 40.0!1 21.9!1 71.51) 78.81 75.04 46.57 61.44 72.02 40.83 51.41 54.83 48.30 51.26 52.04 107.35 27.39 54.41 19.73 70.56 102.92 86.68 75.5:{ 41.63 58.50 79.42 19.07 51.19 51.84 1I2.8Y 58.24 1I4.65 50.72 83.02 62.39 58.53 41.63 48.90 54.76 84.71 'S44 FINANCE Gt.-Fire Insurance Business transacted In Canada, 1922L-concluded. Compani('S. Foreign Companies-concluded. La N ationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Newark....................... . Kew Hampshire....... .... "\ew Jpr!>ey............ .. ...... N.Y. Rf'ciprocal Undcr\\ritl'r!'.. Kia ara. . ........ ... orth" e!"tern Mutual.. ,,",orthv.pstern Xutional. Paeitic Fire..... Phenix of Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phænix of Hartford...... . . . . . Providene'1' Washington......... Queen of Amerie'a... . . .. . . . .. .. . Retail Hardware....... . . .. . . I o,. ia. . .. ... . . . . . . . . :-:t. Paul Fire and Marine. :-;ecurity....................... . prinll:field...... . . . . . RprinkIered Risk.... . . . . . tRrlinl!:. . .... . . . . . . :-;tuy\'esant. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tokio. ....... .. .. L'l!nion of Pari!>....... .... "nitI'd States Fire. ... \'ulcao ........... .. Wf'stche8tcr. . . Gross amount of risks taken during year. s 63,594,102 16, 75S, 925 J9,61S,800 6,676,913 26,307,012 52,147,662 36,308,000 29,608,260 10,059,585 23,316,324 67, 4.i3. 9.56 40,670,741 tH,929,916 .5,112.072 19,500,000 55.295.183 11 ,291 ,618 65,606,05.5 6,146,1100 28,265,020 13,803,856 10,646,044 31,912,854 23,026,888 8.848,101 36,290,355 Premiums charged thereon. i50,790 194,8OU 211 ,459 74,184 7 ,652 521.362 712,248 367 716 90:691 237,552 708,499 3.'j4,392 917,242 125,361 108,311 519,042 122,041 607,131 25,30'; 913 522 Í55:399 102.374 37:J.31O 181,720 93,334 386,002 Total ....... Grand Total!oo. . . . 2.266.5,12,335 23.9SU.356 --- . '16.466.067,3 1I 6S.:JO-J.!t17 Rate of pre- miums per cent of risks. s Net.cash received for premiums. p.c. 1.18 1.16 1'08 1.11 0.33 1.00 1.96 1.24 0.82 1.02 1.05 0'1<7 1.12 2.45 0.56 0.94 J.()9 0.93 0.41 0.76 1.13 0.96 1.17 0.79 1.05 1.06 S 569,031 108,177 137,0ü2 46,931 8.720 313,351 591,11>.') 325,26:1 78, 2 8 159,51ti :mS,123 276,OS7 740,275 10.i,7h4 108,310 366,2!Jl Z , 053 388,579 15,0.52 68,875 121.501 77,610 305, fo,66 130,556 -5,224 242,773 Net cash paid for 10000s. S 328,136 84,709 92,548 35,083 8,810 180,198 2ti3,664 139,148 45,340 120,602 223,678 159,630 ,'ilti,4S1 44,043 227.103 44,138 265,399 2,337 37,246 76.776 75.11.5 234,427 75,9-t5 34,057 154,217 1.06 17.750.001 It,2-1R.380 Per- cent- age of losses paid to pre- miuD'll! re- ceived. p.c. ., .'i7-ti7 78.31 67.52 74.75 101.15 57.51 41.60 42.78 57.91 75.61 ,,)/:H8 57.82 71.12 41.6.3 62.00 53.7!' 68.30 15.5:1 54.0h 63.1Y 96.7F. 76.64 58.17 1.06 48,J28.R26 3 ,8-18.2;9 68.2.') 63.52 6.3 . 37 70.-Assets of Canadian CompanIes emn Fire Insunnce Business, or Fire Insur- ance and other class('s of Insurance, and <\ssets In Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922. Items. 1922.1 Canadian Companies- Real estate..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans on real estate..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tocks, bonds and debentures... .. . . . . . Agents' balances and premiums out- standing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash on hand and in banks:. . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and rents....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets.............. " 1,428,921 2.232,143 16,259,079 3.412,180 4,542,57b 415,346 4-13.740 1918. S 1919. S 2,027,655 2,101.585 20.915.449 4,950,477 4,538,576 480,352 682,642 1920. S 2,009,353 2.275,827 23,291,113 5.535.073 4,997,250 521,380 1,010,843 1921. S 2.515,633 2,723.882 23,223.601 3,622.844 3,372.212 504,320 !JI3,236 S 2.838,112 2.600,941 23,253,773 3.500,280 3,194,659 515,893 2.132.413 Total assets........... ......... 28. 733. 91'ì.; 35.596,735 3!t,G-IO,839 36,8;';.728 38.1136,071 British Companies- Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] oan... on real estate.................... :'tocks. bond.'i and debentures.......... Agents' balances and premium!! out- standing...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Cash on hand and in banks 2 .... .. . . . .. . Interest and rents....... .. " . . . . . ... .. . Other assets in Canada. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 2,699,02-1 12.812,262 22,972.016 2.948,869 3.733,382 549.132 359.215 2,563,168 3,969,328 2-1,460.316 3,612.027 3,710,520 225,742 1517.991 2,899,249 3.245,714 13,047,264 3,862,043 32.024,536 33,012,921 4,124,467 4.817.260 819,5!10 698.257 3,671.432 3.737.475 297.468 ð06.296 3.911,121 3,128.477 35.594. 76 3.889.100 3,790.596 311.984 432.033 IUnrevised figures. J()r deposited with Governmenti'. TotalassetslnCanad.......... 46,073.'00 II,U.)9,1!t2 ';8,-1311,623 48,3.13.349 51.158,07& LIABILITIES OF FIRE IXSURANCE COJIPANIES 845 ì'.-AssEts of Canadian Companies selling t'ire Insurance Businrss, or Fire Insur- ance and other classes of In!'urance. and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1915-1922-concluded . Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922.' S S S $ S I"oreign Companies- Real estate..................... .. ..... none none none none none Loans on real estate.................... none none none none 6.500 Stocks, bond; and debenture". . . . . . . . . . 12,752.667 13.840.421 17,745.711 20,453.162 21.370,225 Agents' balances and premiums out- standing............................ . 1.776.201 2,186.593 2.551.869 2.416.245 2.559.035 Cash on hand and in banks l ...... . . . . . . 2.478.986 4.302.292 6.626,823 4.591.9i8 4.200.519 Interest and rent8...................... 148.362 158.401 183.333 216,573 226.029 Other assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,949 75.283 93-.478 32.926 183.623 Total assets In Canada........ . 17,22-1,165 20,562,990 27,201,2H 7, 710, 'i-i 28.5-i5,931 All Companies- Real estate. .. .. . . . . . 4, 12i ,945 4,590.823 4.908,602 5.761.347 6,749.233 Loans on real estate.. ... ......... 15.044,405 6.070.913 15,323,091 6.585.925 5.735.918 tocks, bonds and debentures. . . . . . . . : : 51,983.762 59.216.186 73,061.360 76,689.684 80,218,760 Agents' balances and premillmf< out- fsets In Canada... . . . . . . 92,032,050 95,318,818 125,272,676 112,919,961 117,640,075 lOr deposited \\-ith Governments. 'iI.-Liabilities of Canadian Companies selling Fire Insurance Business, or nre Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Com- panies other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1918-1922. Items. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922.2 S S $ $ S Canadian Companies- \. nsettled losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.114.105 4.221,470 4.950.257 4.439.371 4,045,604 Reserve of unearned premiums.. .., . . . . 7.925.912 9,355,790 1O.908.m3 10.796.291 10,524.487 "'undry items.......................... 2,646,579 4,170.922 4.374.692 3,818.689 4.416.035 Totalllab1litll's, not Including I'apltal U, 686, 596 17,718,182 20,232,972 19,05-1,351 18,986,126 I:xce"s of as:;,ets over liabilities, exclud- ing capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14.047,389 17,948.554 19,407.867 17.821.377 19,049,945 Capital stock paid up. .. . . . . . . 11.323,256 12.937,306 13.884.478 14.0!!t.i.696 14,927.193 Hriti"h C'ompanies- nsettled lo:;ses................... 2. 25!U57 2.529.672 3,019,747 3.194,28ï 4,400.ï03 Reserve of unearned premiums.. . . . . . : : 12,084,409 1 .56 , 203 16.561.259 16.327.032 16.551.655 undr items................. ......... ],244.533 2,461.967 1.471,491 2.108.192 1,374,378 TotallÍ'\bllitil's In Canada....... . . . . . 15, 5/ì7 ,499 l/ì, 551, li12 21,052,497 1. 629, 511 22,326.736 E ce:;,s of. a.<:sets over liabilities, exclud- 20.504,250 37.378,126 26,703.838 28,731.337 mg capital. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . _ . . . 30. i86.401 Capital stock paid up. .. . . ., - - - - - Foreign Companies- Unsettled losses....................... 1,272,279 1.335.225 1.937.173 2.089.288 2.809.250 Reserve of unearned premiumb. . . . . . . . . 6,554,146 7.620,914 9.621.ï89 9.668.233 10.285.698 undry items.... . . . . . . . . . . ..... ì85.080 1,441.183 1.313.944 811. 667 669.767 Totalllabßltles In Canada....... . . . . . 8,611,505 10,397,322 12,872,906 12,569,188 13,764,715 E,!cesfl of. assets over liabilities. exclud- Ing capital..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,612.660 10.165.668 14,328.308 15.141,686 14.781.216 Capital stock paid up... .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . - - - - - '\11 c mpanies- Unsettled losses....................... 7.644,941 8.086,367 9.907.177 9,722,946 11.255,557 Re,5ervp of unearned premiums...... . . . 26.564.467 30,539,907 37.091. 071 36.791.556 37.361.840 undry items......... ............ . 4.676.192 8.074,072 7.160.127 6,738,548 6.460.180 Total liabllltil's In Canada, not In- dud'ng capital. . . . .. .............. 38,885,600 i6,700,3i6 5-1,158,375 53,253,050 55,077,571 r:xcess of &<:sets over liabllities, exclud- ing capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,146.450 48,168,472 71.114,301 59,666.901 62.562,498 Capital stock paid Upl. . .. . . . . . . .. 11.323,256 12,937,306 13.884.478 14.096.696 14.927.193 IC'anadian cf"lmpanies only 2Unrevised figures. Mü FIXAxrE ì2.-Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian 'ornpanles scUinl!: "'ll'e Insurance 8u..lness or Fire Insuranc(' and other dass('s of Insurance, and ('ash Income and Es:penditul'e In ('anada of 'ornpanles other than ('anadian transacting such busill(,ss In Canada. 1918-1922. Items. 1922. 1 IXCOMB:. 19l8. C'anadi.lD Companies- :-';et ca<;h for premiums from fire and other.. ... . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .... . ... 11,586, 47ô Intere"t and dh--idends on tQ('ks, etc.. . 91i2,863 ;:;undry items..... 28,398 1919. s 18,329,956 1. 240,566 65,674 1920. i 21. 66::!, :!II2 1.424,lOY 1!JU,538 1921. $ 19,302.371 1,558.982 189,824 $ $ 19,487,560 1,551,610 794,781 Total ca'ih Income. 18.577.737 19,6.16.196 3,?76.8-19 21,0;)1,177 21,833,551 British Companie"l- '\et ca....h Cor prt'miums......... ..... 18,658. i l2 Inter(''it and diÙdends on stock.., ctc... 1,680.468 From branches other than Fire or LiC(' 3,587,437 :,undry ih'Ill" . . . . . 783 20,377. Hi:? 1,219,425 4,429,295 1,08-1 25.332,li51 2. U:?fi. 582 7,ti:W,8:?7 1,053 30,891. ífi6 1. 58:!. 811 30,588,3-t:? 1,653,500 6,374 61,88; Total cash income. 2:1.927.-100 26.0?7,b76 3-1,997,113 :12,-1SI,9.>1 32,309,73'; l'oreign Companiebl- Net ca.'!h for premiums................. 11,125,601 Intere"t Ilnd dividends on Rtocks, etl'.. . 582,441 rrom branehe,> other than Fire or Life 2,518,135 gundry items... ... ............... 3,012 13,237,767 673, 02: 2,789,164 145 17,191,584 898,663 4,011.276 202 HI,976,929 1, 104,175 33,191 21,211,385 1,014,060 E:\.PEXDITLUE. ... U,8 ,tS9 16.700,099 ,IOt,n5 21,tt-t,'-95 ,29-1,75.. 9,31() Total ca..." Income. .. . . ('anudian Com panics- Paid Cor 105"es..... . . . . . . . . . General expenses...... ............. On aecount of branches other than Fir(' or LiCe. ... .. ... . Dividend" or bonu.'! to shareholder, raxe- Totall'ash npl'lldlture .. Exces!- of inl'ome over exp('n(litur.' Briti"h Companip!ool- Paid Cor lo""ct!. . .., . General expense ....... ...... .... On account of brllJlches other than Firc or Life............ ................... Taxes........ ... ....... Total ca..h t'lpl'ndlture.... Excess of income o\" 'r eXp"n.liture . rurpil/:n Companiet,l- Paid Cor los"es. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . General expenses........ .............. Un account of branches other than Fire or Life............ '" .............. Taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,176,053 4,018,550 6'ïB J 5.0:H,Ofìl 4,498,537 7,571,999 869,195 5,712,042 5,418,225 9.481,924 I,U87,08:? ,8 7, 0 a,4Jl,1 6 9,201.59 /ì42,083 ;,323,5ò5 4.989,557 7, 746. 52:! ;;Ii,041. 8:?ô.34:! 16.071, SS 17.570,792 21,70:i,?73 2 ,302,6t %1,662,03 2..'iO.5,R.!8 1,6ti5, 40-1 9,9u1S,OOI 6,320,803 :.?,99i,315 15, 6, 119 4,701.281 6, 709, -t7 3,965,025 1, ill, 862 8,387,864 7,121,830 4,233,299 19,7n,!t!t3 6.284,683 5,555,268 4,483,060 2,328,857 1.5;1.576 -I, :?51.435 11.004.07R 9,o:?n.:!'!1 6,665,666 26.6'9.0 :i 8,307,088 7,i51,902 6.087, ;63 3.212,956 13.1;1.415 9. 04,515 7,961,W2 30,537,052 1.944,899 lO, lJO,!138 Ii, :151, tiOO 4,704,705 lil,91!) 16, 91t, :?ô() 8,ô,H,:!3-t 6,300,54() 1.002,984 :n,8J9,11" -539,381 l1,148, 1i1 6,2-14,!l73 2,519,759 193, 69.3 I'otalcash l'Xpendlture............... tt,:1 6,231 12,367.t .j Ji,1I.j2, 621 %1,3.)7,2-13 20.806,btJ6 Lxce..socincomeo\"erexpenditure.....1 2,4-t:?,955 4,332,QI4 5,049,104 -242,348 1,487,949 IIncome and e'(penditure in Canada. . (" nre\ i..p.} figurc". SUJIJIARY OF FIRE ISSURA.XCE IX CANADA 847 la.-Amount of Xet Premiums written and Xet Losses incurred in Canada, by Pro- vinces, by Canadian, British and Forei!!;n {'ompanies transacting Fire Insurance Business, 1921 and 1922. (Licensed re-insuranC'e deducted.) Canadian. BritiHh. Foreign. Provinl"l"'" Prt'miums. Losses. PrPIJliums. LOSFC'H. Prpmiums. Losses. $ i $ S S S 1921. P. E. Island.... . . . . 39,920 19.615 l:i6,116 54,179 63 ,946 31,34& ova Scotia.... . . 477,910 3g8,744 1,043,308 787,666 I. wn, 113 873,267 Xew Brunswick.. 418,560 291,S92 1,176,924 872,621 926,44.') 811,614 Quebec..... . 2,24.),642 I ,5bl, 1\12 5,10::;,531 3,646,369 3,M-t,473 2,476,571> Ontario . 3,808,343 2,397,674 8.56",; ..6 4,662,321 4, 9ti9, ööO 2 , 742,162 Ianitoba. .. 914.li62 .')08,170 1,623,564 761,450 1,305,548 913,193 :-!as1.atche" an. . . . . . '" I, 196, 03h h"".SIO 1,502,544 838,318 l,212.!J29 680,110 Alberta 965,664 529,527 1,406,432 806,501 1,230,685 672,813 British ColulJ.bia. .. . . . . . 836,706 275,268 2,161,917 164,418 1,883,487 1,135,626 yukon........... . .. 246 - 3,699 10 2,480 Ib3 Total .... ....... 10,903,691 6,6ìO,s92 23, -112, 3lP 13, 2-1.8, 5ì7 2 16,52:1,386 3 10,336,8n , 1922. " P. E. Islam.l. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . 39,608 32,521 126,861 108,849 67,309 93,595 Nova Scotia. ., . . .......... 464 ,645 311 ,390 979.904 690,434 1,.162,704 726,455 Xew Brumm ick...... .. . . . . . 374,912 374,738 1.119,865 1.019,163 910,311 763,009 Quebec. . ...... 2.034,739 1,569,215 5,8-,8,501 4,696,146 4,091,834 2,882,709 Ontario.. __ 3,2RI,589 2,451,699 8,701. 400 6,598,609 5,434,1<33 3,364,93& Ianitoua. . 815, III 55\1,375 1,631,016 1,158,IM 1.395,2::'5 955,183 ='a:skatC'hewan.... . 1. 048. o:!3 610,731 1,465,454 724,160 1,328,475 6-t4,böt) -\lbcrta. .... . . ...... 7 O, 774 {j52,144 1.525,008 1.0.38,498 1,311ì,028 853,4:lZ British Colunlbia...... ..... 748,072 &93,867 2,136,iI9 789.21'4 2,035,904 964,205 Yukon. ..-.-... - - 6,691 2,271 3,464 - Total. . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . 9,:>91,tM.'J ì,015,GbO 2:J.6,iI,l8Ci 4 16,9U, 61ó 17, ;:>0,001 B 11,218,389 I Includes $80,533 which cannot be separated nc('ording to provincps. " Includes $54,664 "hich cannot ue separated according to provinceH. 3 Includes $600 which cannot be separatpd aecording o provinces. 4 Includes $69,737 which cannot be separated aceorrling to provinceR. > Includes q;:88,06.'-I "' hich cannot UP se,Jarated aC'corrling to provinces. · Includes 51,191 which cannot be separated accordin to pro\ inceR. Summary of Fire Insurance in Canada, 1921-1922.-0f the total amount of fire insurance effected in Canada during the years 1921 and 1922, a part was that sold by companies,holding provincial licenses and permits. Such companies confine their operations generally to the province from which they receive authority to operate but are aUowed at the same time to ell im:urance in other provinces. The bulk of fire insurance business, however, is that done by Dominion licensees. Operations in 1921 and 1922 are ummarized in Table 74. 848 FINA.lIo"CE 7,1.-Domlnlon and Pro\inclal Fire Insurance In Canada, 1921 and 1922. Bu"ine!;'s trans:J.('tpc1 hy 1921. 1. Dominion licen.:,ees... _..._ 2. Provincial licensees- (a) Provincial companies within provinces by v. hich they are incorporated.. .... lb) PrO\ incial companies within provinces otht.'r than tho80 by "hich they are incorporab'd.... .... _ . .. . . Total for l'r,,,.incial ('ornpanip/- Grand Totals H/22. 1. Dominion licen"I'C"S. . 2. Provinciallicl'ru;ce,,- (a) provincial companies \\ ithin provinces by which they are incorporated. .. .... (b) Provincial companies within provinces other than those by which thcy arc incorporated......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total for Provincial Companic<;...... . . . . . . . Grand Tutals. et Net in force Ì'\et I et insurance at end of premium", los8(,'" written. year. reC'eived. paid. S S i S 6,139,474,593 6,020,513,832 47,312.564 27,573.608 426,758,302 1,151.930,513 5,030,211\ 3,175,09b 31,844,311 11 7, S33, 922 515,273 369,724 4fi4, 602. 6i3 1.269,164,435 5,545,549 3,544,820 6,GO-t.Oi6,9S;) i. 290, 278, 267 52,85S,113 :n,118,428 - - -- 6,-t66,067,380 6,37.'),555,569 4 ,128.829 32,848,2 0 386,528,49.5 1.011,491,072 4,678,775 3 ,-tOO ,813 6,510,439 24,709.887 211,852 175,134 393,038,934 1,036,200,959 4,890,627 3,581,007 6,SO.9.106.3U 7,411,7,')6,5211 1 5:1.019,456 36,4%',%81 75.-Fire Insurance carried on property In Canada in 1921, under Section 129 of the Insurance .\ct, 1917, by Companies, Associations or {mderwriters not licensed to transact business in Canada. Lloyrlcription of Property. Lumber and I.umberl\1ills...... .. . ......... Other Industrial Plants and Mercantile I :stablishments. . ., Stock and Merchandise...... . . . . . . . . ... . Railv. ay Propcrt - and Equipment '" \liscellaneous................... . Total .... 431,6lì ,'R. .\mount vy PrO\inces. Prince Edward Island. .. . .. . . . . Nova Scotia... . . _ . .. . .. . . .. . . . Xew Brunsv.ick. Quebec. . . . . . . . . . Ontario. ... . . . . . \lanitoba... . . . . . S 342,075 4,954,747 14,211,.';08 144,631,164 :!28,906,336 !!,830,20l S 3,40á,770 4,402,1111 21,9l9,193 4,001 Saskatchev. an. ....... . AII)('rta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia. ). ukon. Total... . :l3I,.17.Ø LIFE INSURANCE 849 2.-Life Insurance. 1 NOTE.-In this article the terms Hm and Om reCer to the eTf)ectation oC liCe tahles of healthy males and ordim.ry males res ctively. while 3t p.c. and 4 p.c. are the a->sumed interest e"1rnin power oC the money invc;::ted in liCe in"uranC'e comp nies. Om (5) mean,> a ta.ble Crom which the low ffi")rta1itv of the first five years aCter the medical examination required on taking out liCe insurance policies is excluded. Life Insurance business, introduced into Canada by companies from the .British Isles and from the United States as a fairly well developed institution, and taken up almost as early along the same J!:enerallines by a native company, can nardly be said to have a distinctive Canadian history. The technique and praC'tice show distinC'tly the effect of both British and United States influences. Among the first companief: to tran act life insurance business in Canada may he mentioned: -Scottish Amicable (lg46), Standard (1847), Canada (1847), Ætna (1850), Liverpool and London and Globe (1851) and Royal (1851). The late 60's and early 70's were stirring years in life insurance the world over. In England, the frenzied flota- tion of companies in this period gave rise to abuses which pointed to the neces!"ity for some control over the formation and operation of companies. Statute!" wcre pas ed in 1870, '71 and '72 embodying principles-uFreedom and Publicity"- which have, without any fundamcntal change, since governed in life insurance 1egÜ::}ation in England; and in the year 1909 these same principles wen. extended and adapted to four kinds of ins' rance. In Canada no fewer than fourteen companies began business in the early seventies, induding foar native compnnies, namely, Sun (inC'oryorated 1865, began business 1871), Mutual of Canada (Ontario Mutual, 1870), Confederation (1871) and London (1874). By 1875 there were at least twenty-six companies, possibly several more, competing for the available business in Canada, as against forty-three companies licensed by the Dominion, and a few provincial companies, in 1922. A comparison of the first and last lines in Table 76 is of interest in this connection. The first Dominion Insurance Act was passed in 1868. It prohibited the tnms-- action of insurance business by any company (except companie!? under provinC'ial authority transacting business within the province) not licellEed by the Minister of Finance. A deposit of $50,000 was required. The main provisions of this Act are traceable in the insurance legislation of the pre ent day. Acts were pa fed in 1871, 1874, 1875 (coIlBolidation, Fire and Inland Marine and provision for appoint- ment of Superintendent of Insurance under l\IinÏ.<:ter of Finance); 1875 (extending powers of Superintendent to life and other companies); 1877 (consolidatinJ!; the laws in respect of insurance; quinquennial valuation of policies by Superintendtnt); 1885 (dealin \\ ith commercial insurance companies transacting business on the so-called co-operativc or mutual plan, being what is known as assessment companies, fraternal societies excluded) 1886 (consolidation); 1894 (life insurance in com. bination with any other insurance business forbidden; issue of annuities and endowment assurances by assessment companies prohibited, and new assessment companies requind to procure at least 500 applications for membership before license); 1895 (exempting certain fraternal organizations in hazardous occupations granting life. accident, siékness or disability insurance to members, from applica- tion of Insurance Act); 1895 (certain amendments as to foreign companies); 1 99 (valuation standard change to Hm3!% applicable to business subsequent to January 1, 1900; all earlier business to be brought up to Em 4% standard by 1910, and Hm 3!% by 1915); 1906 (consolidation); 1910 (including many new provisions and restrictions to some extent in harmony with the recommendations JContributed by A. D. Watson, B.A., Actuary, Department of Insurance, Ottawa. 62313-54 850 FINANCE of the Royal Commission on Insurance, 1906); 1917 (largely a new alignment necessitated by the Privy Council deci ion, 1915, in reference to sections 4 and 70 of the 1910 Act); 1919 (amendment affecting friendly societies); 1922 (miscel- laneous amendments referred to below). The legislation briefly reviewed above shows traces of the influence of British and Pnited States legislation. In many respects it may be said to be mid-way between the "freedom and publicity" legislation of England and the inquisitorial and restricti e legislation of the rnited Stat(>s. Following the disclosures of the "Armstrong" investigation in Kew York, a Royal Commission was appointed in 1906 to inquire into the conduct of life insurance business in Canada; and, under the same technical advisor as the "Armstrong Committee", the recommendations of the Commission were in the main the same as of that Committee. Many of the recommendations of the Commission, however, were not embodied in the legis- lation passed subsequent to the investigat.ion. At the same time there is possibly a closer analogy between the Acts of 1910 and 1917 and certain United States statutes passed in recent years than obtained between the insurance legislation of the two countries at any earlier period. The valuation basis was changed by the 1910 Act to Om(5) 3!% and companies were authorized to include in life policies provision for waiver of premiums during total disability, and in event of total and permanent disability, to pay in full settlement of the policy an amount not exceed- ing the sum assured. The 1917 Act permitted the payment of a total and permanent disability benefit of like amount without any reduction in the sum assured. The legislation of 1919 and 1922 is dealt with below at greater length. The development of life insurance in Canada, as in other English speaking countries at least, has been marked by an increased service to the individual policy- holder. rnder the stress of competition, companies more and more seek to bring the benefits of insurance within the reach of an ever-widening clientèle; and the benefits which may now be obtained undcr a life insurance policy are calcUlated to meet the needs of the policyholder and of his dependants, whether in event of old age or in event of death or of permanent disability. Policies may be obtained under which, if the policyholdcr becomes unable to follow any occupation by reason of ill-health or accident, not only do premiums cease, but in addition he receives an income under the policy without any reduction in the benefits formerly accruing to the beneficiary at death of the insured. 'Yithin the last few years has been introduced what is known as "Group Insurance", a plan whereby a group of persons, usually employees, are insured by their employer for a uniform amount or an amount otherwise determined by a formula under one policy, generally on the term plan, the employer paying the premium, each employee having the right to obtain an individual policy at ordinary normal rates, without medical examination, on termination of employment. Under the "Group Policy" the expenses are less than if individual policies were issued on each life, and consequently the premiums are lo"er. The plan is as yet in the development stages, but seems to be filling a want. Industrial life insurance, that is to say, the issue of policies of small amounts at weekly or monthly premiums paid to collectors or agents of the company who call at the home of the insured, is transacted along the same general lines as in other- English-speaking countries. The unit premium is !) cents per week, the sum assured, not the premium, varying with the age at i sue of the policy. Children aDd the aged are alike insured. In some companies the business l,:! written without any medical examination or inspection, othcr than inspection by the agent who procures the LIFE n..-seRAXCE 851 application or in some cases by a salaried official. In some other companies, a simple medical examination is required for amounts of over, say, $300, but for smaller amounts applications are accepted from the agent as above, or the applicant may be required to appear before the medical examiner, but is not examint:;d as ordinarily understood. The amount of the individual policy is small and the total amount on anyone life under several policies is small. It really provides burial insurance for the poorer industrial clasFcs. By reason of the frequent calls of the collectors and the small amount of each policy a large proportion of the premiums are absorbed in expenses. The companies concerned have been devoting their energies to devising ways and means of reducing the expense ratio, and with success, thus making possible better returns to policyholders. There are at present one Canadian, two r nited States and one Australian company transacting this business in Canada. Two other phases m. the development of life insurance in Canada require notice, namely, "assessmentism", as practised for a period by a few companies, and "fraternalism", as practised by friendly societies. Assessmentism was an attempt to obtain life insurance protection at t.he lowest possible cost. In its cruder forms the age of the individual insured was ignored, except that entrance was restricted to fairly early life, a uniform, and usually low assessment being charged. There was provision in the contract for making additional assessments in certain contingencies-excessive deaths or reduction in funds of the company. It was held that as the means were thus at hand for meeting the exigencies of the business at any time, the companies were sound; and they seemed to be sound, even prosperous, to those unable to see beyond the surface of things, so long as a large proportion of the lives assured were at the early ages, say under 40 or 45 where the rates of mortality are low and fairly uniform. But after a considerable proportion of member had passed to the middle and old ages the weaknesses of the system soon began to be disclosed. The u new blood" theory was then developed, which, stated in simple terms, meant that enough young lives were to be induced to in ure to keep the average n:.ortality of the company as a whole at a low rate, thus obviating the necessity for excessive assess- ments. These young lives, however, in turn grew old and thus the aged became too numerous to be neutralized by "new blood"; assessments became frequent and consequently burdensome; healthy lives, especially the young, soon found they could get insurance much cheaper in ordinary companies and declined to pay the assessments. With their withdrawal, mortality, with no adequate reserves built up to draw upon, soon became unmanageable, and the final débâcle was in sight. It is impossible here to follow assessmentism through all its modifications in practice -merely attempts, perhaps generally honest enough, to bolster up an unsound system. The first of these companies appeared in Canada in 1885 and the last disappeared about 1907. Legislation in respect of these companies required that they should represent the nature of their business correctly to the public. A deposit of $50,000 was obligatory; death benefits were to be a first charge on all assess- ments; each policy had to state, "the association is not required by law to main- tain the reserve which is required of ordinary life insurance companies"; and the words uAssessment System" were required to be printed on every policy, applica- tion, circular, etc. Fraternal societies made their appearance in Canada at a very early date. So far as life insurance is concerned, the development is, as in the case of old line life companies, of more recent years. As above. noted, they were at first exempt from 623í3-54t 852 FINANCE the provisions of the Dominion Acts applicable to asse sment companies. Not- withstanding the exemption, fundamentally the business and the methods of the two types of institution as respect!'! life insurance were fairly analogous, though the machinery differed. Eventually t he provisions of the statutes originally designed for as essment companies were applied to fraternall"ocietics, find continued to apply until the passing of the HH9 amendment to the Insurance Act. The fate of friendly societies has been more fortunate than that of assessment companies. l\Iany of them have gone through several rendjustments of rates and benefits, and although this has meant loss in membership and a temporary set- back, they are now doing bu iness with due regard for sound principle.s. The 1919 ammdment requires the benefit funds of friendly societies to be valued annually by an actuary, and if a deficiency in funds is shown, it must be made good within a reasonable period by an adjustment of rates or benefits. Thus, societies are in no way in the dark as to their actual condition, and if any weakness should be disclosed, the necessary remedy can be applied before anything in the nature of a serious situation arises. It may be noted that an actuary performing valuatioD.5 for a friendly society must be a Fellow of one or more of the following societies, namely, the Institute of Actuaries of Great Britain, the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland or the Actuarial Society of America. "rith the passing of the 1919 rmendment, certum Lnited States societies, previously transacting business in Canada under provincial authority, were required to obtain Dominion licenses or discontinue business. "Cp to July 15, 1923, thirtcen of these societies were licensed, some of which were actuarially solvent at the date of first license; some have attain cd solvency since beinJ!; licenscd; tbe remainder have until March 31, 1925, to attain solvency; otherwise thcy must thereafter discontinue transacting business in Canada. The 1922 : mendment to the Insurance Act, 1917, in addition to some minor amendments, defines several new classes of insurance; permits life insurance com- panies to carry on other classes of insurance business under specified conditions; authorizes the issue of life policies, including indemnity benefits in event of accident or sickness, not exceeding a weekly payment of ! p.c. of the sum assured, and an a.dditional accidental death benefit not exceeding the sum assured; provides for the valuation of securities redeemable at a fixed date, if the market values are "unduly depressed", at values in excess of. thc market values, but not higher than the values shown in the next prcceding annual statement of the company; it also requires Cm crnment approval of figents soliciting applications for insurance. In 1894 an Act was passed (see above) forbiddinJ!; the transaction of life insur- ance in combination with any other insurance bu iness. As aboye noted. this principle WDS reversed by the 1922 -amendment, which authorizes a life comp:1ny, on pas ing a by-law confirmed by the members of the company and sanctioned by the Treasury Board, to engage in any and all at her classes of immrance business, providcd Eeparate funds (not separate aSEets) and accounts are maintaincd in respect of the life insurance business and in respect of the other <'laFfcs of insurance business transacted. Before commencing any new clas es of business an initial fund is to be set up, the amount to be fixed by the Treasury Board d('pendin on the number and nature of the additional classes of busincss to be undertaken, but not less than $50,000. For the purpose of E('.lting up this initial fund a company may transfer thereto any amount to the crcdit of the shareholders' account in excess of paid up capital; also twenty-five p.c. of the surplus (allowancc being made LIFE INSURANCE STA.TISTICS 853 for contingent allotments and accrued dividrnds to policyholders) in the life insur- ance fund. If any profit shOl.ild be made on the additional classes of business, the life fund is to participate therein in the proportion of the amount so transferred from f he life fund to the total amount tran ferred. Any fund so established may be liquidated under 1 he \Yinçling-up Act as though the company transacted no other class of business and the capital stock of the company subscribed (paid and unpaid) before the date of the separntion of funds is liable only in respect of the business transact cd before the scparation of funds. No life company has to date (July 16, 1923) undcrtaken to do any other class of business under the amendment. As noted above, the 1922 amendment requires soliciting agents to be approved by the Ruperintendent of Insurance, but it is also provided that approval shall be deemed to be granted unless and until the company is advised to the contrary. The progress of life insurance in Canada may be studied from the tables appended. Life Insur.ance Statistics.-The business of life insurance was transacted in Canada in 1922 by 56 active Dominion companies, including 25 Canadian, 15 British and 16 foreign companies. As shown by the historical statistics of Table 76 the life insurance business in Canada has expandpd from very small beginnings, the total life insurance in force in Ðominion companies in ISô9 bemg only $35.680,082, while in 1922 it was :3,172,764,8-l4, the amount per head of the timated population of Canada having doubl('d since 19l6-p.n evidence of the general recognition of the fact that in vicw of the higher prices of commodities, a larger amount of life insurance is neC'es- sary for the adequate protection of dependants. Notable also from these historical statistic is the fact that in this field the British companies, which were the leaders in 1869, have fallcn far bchind the Canadi:m and the foreign companies. The total amount of new insurance effected during thp year 1922 was $521,304,609, while the premiums paid were $106,886,17!-, u::; compared with $98,864,371 in 1921. In Tables 77 and 78 detailed statistics are givcn of the business of Canadian, British and foreign companies respectiveJy, by companies, in 1921 and 1922, while Table 79 is a summary showing the bu::-:iness of Canadian, British and foreign companies for the past five years. Table 80 gives the insurance death-rate ]'y classes of companies. Tahle:; 81, 82 and 83 show respectively the assets, liabilities and cash income and expenditure of Canadian and other life insurance companies for the years 1918 to 1922. Statistics of Dominion fraternal insurance are given in Table 84, and of Dominion ùnd provincial insurance combir.ed in TatJle 85, wh 1 ch shows that on Dc('ember 31, 1922, the total life insurance in force in Canada was $3,533,769,038. 854 PLVAXCE 76.-Life Insurance in force and ('fJ('d('d In Canada, 1869 to 19 2. .\mount in Force. Years. Canadian British For('i Total. Companies. Companies. Compani('s. S S S S 1869............. . 5,476,358 16,318,475 13,885,249 35,680,OR2 1870............. . 6,404,437 17,391,922 18,898,353 42,694,712 1871............. . 8,711,111 18,405,325 18,709,499 45, 825, 93.'j 1872..... ..... -.... 13,070,811 19,258,166 34,905,707 67,234,684 1873...... 15,777,197 18,862,191 42,861,5011 77,500,89b 1874. ............. 19,634,319 19,863,867 46,218,139 85,716,325 1875...... . ..... 21,957,296 19,455,607 43,596,361 85,009,264 1876.... ......... 24,649,284 18,873,173 40,728,461 84,250,918 1877. .......... 26,870,224 19,349,204 39,468,475 85,687,903 1878............. . 28,656,51)6 20,078,533 36.016,84& 84, 751. 9 7 1879. . ......... 33,246,54 19,410,829 33,616,330 86,273.702 1880... . .. 37,838,51& 19,789,863 33,64:!,745 91,272,126 1881.. . . ......... 46,041,591 20,983,092 6,266,240 103,290,932 IgK . ........... 53,855,051 22,329,368 38,R57,629 115,042,048 IS83............. . 59,21 ,609 23,511.712 41,471,554 124,196,875 1884............. . 66,519,95b 24,317,172 44,616,596 135,453,726 1885. . .. .. " 74,5!)l,130 25,930,272 49,440,735 149,962,146 1886. .. n .... 88,181,859 27,225,607 55,90R,230 171,315,696 1887. . 101,796,754 28,163,329 61, n4,187 191,694,270 1888............. . 114,O 4,279 30,003,210 67,724,094 211,761,583 1889.... . 125,125,692 30,488,618 76,349,392 231,963,702 1890............. . n5,218,990 31,613,730 81,591,847 248,424,567 1891............. . 143,368,817 32,407,937 85,698,475 261,475,229 1892............. . 154,709,077 33,692,706 90,708,482 279,110,265 1893............. . 167,475,872 33,543,884 94,602,966 295,622,722 1804... . -........ 177,511,846 3,9I1,8B5 96,737,705 30H,161,4 6 1895. __ -. 188,326,057 34,341,172 96,590,352 319,257,581 1896............. . 195,303,042 34,837,448 . 97,660,009 3 7 , 800 ,409 1897............. . 208,65"',459 35,29 ,134 100,063,684 344,012,277 1898............. . 226,209.636 36,606,195 105,708,154 368,523,985 1899............. . 252,201,516 38,025,948 113,943,209 404,170,673 1900............. . 267,151,086 39,485,344 124,433,416 431,069,846 901.... _.... _.. _. 284,684,621 40,216,186 138,868,227 463,769, 0 4 902. . 308,202,506 41,556,245 159,05 ,464 508,812,305 903...........::: 335,638,940 42,127,260 170,676,800 548,443,000 904..... ......... 364,640,166 42,608,738 180,631,886 587,880,790 905. ...... ....... 397,946,902 43,809,211 188,578,127 630,334,240 906. ........ ..... 420,864,847 45,644,951 189,740,102 6:'í6,260,900 907. . . . .. .. . .. . . . 450,573,724 46,462,314 118,41'7,447 685,523,485 908...._ .... ..... 490,266,931 46,161,957 193,087,126 719,516,014 909. .__..._.__'" 515,415,437 46,985, H)2 217,956,351 7RO.3.'j6,9RO 910.. 565,667,110 47,816,775 242,629,174 856,113,059 911............. . 626,770,154 50,919,675 272,530,942 9.'jO, 220, 771 912............. . 706,656,117 54.537,725 09,1I4,827 1,070,308,669 913............. . 750,637,092 5R,176,79.'i 359,775,330 1.168,590,027 914............. . 794.520,423 60,770,658 386.869,397 1.242,160.478 915............. . 829,972,809 58,087,018 423,556,850 1,311,616,677 916...... .. .... 8!).') , 528, 43.'i 59.I.'iI.931 467,499,2611 1,422,179,6 2 917. 996,699,282 58,617,501\ 529,725,771) 1,I)R5.042.563 918.. . 1,1O.'i,503,447 60,2!)(j,1I3 619,261,713 1. 785,Ofil,2n 919.. . .. .. .. . . . : : 1,362,6 1,562 66,908,064 758,297,6!H 2,1R7 ,837 ,317 920. .... ......... 1,664,348,605 76,883,090 915,793,798 2,657,025,4 0 3 921............. . 1,860,026,9.')2 84,940,9 8 91;9,875,951' 2,934,84 ,84S 922 2 ............. 2,013,500,068 93,6&4,679 1,065,580,007 ,172,764,844 I Including 20 months' J'usiM"" of the Canada Lif('. 2 Suhjf'f'f to fp,-i..ion. Insurance Amount in force of new per head of Insurance effected estimared during population. year. S ets. S 1045 12,854.132 1236 12,194,696 13 15 13,332,626 18 62 21,070,101 21 13 21,053,618 22 41 19,108,221 21 87 1,'>,074,258 21 33 13,800,127 21 35 1 ,534,667 2078 12.169,755 2081 11,354,224 21 65 13,906,887 2388 17,618,011 26 24 20,112,755 2802 21,572,960 3020 23,417,912 3304 27,164,988 3733 35,171,348 41 33 38,008, 1O 45 17 41,226,529 4894 44,556,937 1 "' 51 83 40,523,456 54 10 37,866,287 5709 44,620.013 5989 45,202.847 6296 49,525,257 6342 44,341,198 64 45 42,624,570 6690 48,267,665 7088 54,764,673 7685 67,400,733 8100 68,896,092 8634 73,8!19.228 91 98 80,552,966 9699 91,567,805 100 92 98,306,102 105 20 105,907,336 106 3.'J 95,013,205 108 78 90, 82,932 110 85 99,896,206 116 56 131,739,078 123 77 152,762,520 131 85 176.866,979 145 32 219,205.103 155 25 2 I,fì08,546 161 47 2Iï ,006,516 166 83 221,119,558 1769!1 231,101,625 193 77 282,120.4 0 21433 313,251.556 258 04 524.54 ,629 307 83 641,778,095 3 8 528,19 ,31)2 353 83 521,304,(09 LIFE INSURANCE IN CANADA, 1921 n.-Life Insurance in force and effected in Canada, 1921. Companies doing business. Canadian Companies- Canada.................. . Capital. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . Commercial.. . . . . . .. . . . . . Confederation. ............ Continental.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . %; i;; : ::::.::::::::::: T. Eaton.................. Excelsior. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . Great "est............... Imperial. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . London.................. . :Manufacturers............ . :l\Ionarch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :\Iutual of Canada......... National of Canada....... North American.......... N orthprn. ............... Saskatchewan.. _.......... Sauvegarùe. . . . . Security.. . . . . . . . .. . . _ .. . . Sovereign. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . Sun...... ................. Travellers of Canada...... ".e tern.................. . Total. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Companies- Commercial Union....... . Edinburgh 2 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Gresham.... .... ..... .... Life Association of Scot- land 2 ......... -......... . Liverpool and London and Globe 2 ............. ..... London and Scottish. . . . . . :Mutual Life and Citizens {Australia}.... . . . . . . . . . . North British and Mercan- tile.................... . Nor\\ich Union 2 ........... Phænix of London.. . _ . . . Royal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scottish Amicable 2 ....... . Scottish Provident 2 .... . . . Standard................ . Star 2 . ........ . . ., . . . . . . .. . Total...... . . .. . . . . .. . . . Foreign Companies- Ætna..................... Connecticut }I utual 2 . . .. . . . Equitable... ....... _ _..... Guardian... _ .. . _ ..... Metropolitan....... . ...... Mutual of New york...... Kational of United ::;tates 2 Kew york........... ..... Northwestern :\lutuaI 2 ..... Phænix l\IutuaI 2 ........... Provident Sa vings 2 ...... . . Prudential... . . . . . . . . . . . . . State. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . Tra velprs of Hartford. . . . . 'l"nion }Iutual............. 'l"niteù States............. TotaL.... ..... ....... No. 11,504 557 381 9,332 1,502 2,550 4,435 282 4,419 18,810 6,911 61,773 12,470 2,174 13,669 2,929 8,185 2,635 438 1,535 1,030 1,049 17,567 1.901 378 -lSlí , -U6 2!,959 Policies I:-;sued. Gross Amount. S 40,022,564 888,750 1,027,052 20,281,149 2,550,710 5,619.568 10,897,739 1,003,140 9,548,183 49,602,818 20,689,734 28,949,705 28.306.923 5,429,519 34,400,309 6,194,822 17.033,460 5,326,870 974. ï31 2,734,209 1,431,246 2,704,510 46,810,976 3, 868,099 938,550 3J5, 235, 336 2 359 1, 101, 000 Policies in Force. No. 82,224 4,180 1. 022 59,065 11,904 15,889 25,630 293 26,477 125,269 50,231 305,544 ïl , 793 12, !JI3 110,193 16,479 52,909 15,75] 2,195 8,264 4,374 7,052 149,198 7,635 2,089 1,168,573 1,487 1,287 6,651,515 15,677 - 436 54 522,509 14,337 - 52 261,943 80,236,485 1,701,759 2,164 7,066,054 20,140 35 6,408 16,248,884 57,213 - - 62 - - 131 - - 560 159,852 42,179,263 823.170 1 2,000 635 3,110 13,153,869 15,067 219 706,700 4,141 7 30,500 31 435,OJ5 166,797,779 2,6,j:I,733 557 22,315 42 1.444,937 6,241,353 448,500 60 577 479,533 3,376,902 1,047 3,066,525 16,160,237 Canadian Companies........ 188,416 345,235,336 Britbh Companies.......... 24,959 16.160.237 Foreign Companies.......... 435,045 166,797.779 Grand Total........... S,420 52S,l 9J ,3;i2 Ilncluding matured endowments. Net Amount. $ 203.759,599 6,801,308 2,648,785 115,338,181 17,974,238 27.824,562 49,713,585 16,360,690 44,122,506 276,682,026 110,002,957 110,998,164 136,652,632 27,6]3,409 220,162,312 32,045,413 95,674,928 25,356,986 4,564,192 11,005,141 5,118,527 14,574,983 288,269,186 12,192,622 4.570.020 1,860,U 6,9i)2 151 9 3,062 108 60 8,449 30, 895 489 58 2,300 4,933 16 5 9,996 90 60,b21 543,744 17,606 7,300,818 206, 853 108,515 17,252,822 8,209,289 1,869,974 86,782 7,644,790 17,547,095 41,377 17,963 23,968,328 124.982 8J,9JO,93S Net Premium Income. S 6.838,596 224,227 57, 260 4,030,819 617,488 961. 235 1, 675, 369 163,89] 1,392,759 8,674,579 3,912,768 4,035,844 4,791,402 767,391 8,265.511 995,476 3,201,909 797,089 145,930 378.532 122,212 501,236 9,660,234 423,068 130,116 62,76-t,8-U 16,993 183 219,993 2,914 2.159 625,442 288,420 117,085 2,478 228,305 564,484 614 120 844,063 4,165 2,914,Uh 1,264,901 20,438 1, 29-1,668 9,203 15,822.212 1,973,609 153 4,380,911 1,001 19,626 25,247 6,600.678 38,278 1.406,672 301, 968 22, 547 33,18 ,112 1,168,573 1,860,026,952 62,764.841 60,621 84,940,938 2,917,418 2,653,733 989,875,958 33,182,112 3,SS ,921 ,!l3t,8J3,818 ."ðlil,311 54,359,200 852,151 38.317 ,665 1!11,401 445,446,790 53,986,012 21, 178 123,059,327 62,602 100,472 867,189 197, 889,2\J2 1,503,833 63,412,393 9,107,697 698,756 91i9,8ì,'j,9.'i 2Ceased tran acting new business in Canaùa. 855 Net Amount of policies become claims. 1 S 2,593,282 15,820 1,145,346 106.458 158.424 321,457 52,000 318,029 1,421,518 727,068 600,785 988,815 73,510 1.773.646 230.054 832,618 210,603 13,500 55,616 19,215 86,950 2,190,906 23.750 18,675 13,97S,105 31, 005 5,281 46,439 57,330 2.438 353,318 26,744 26,249 1, 643 158,099 111,321 5,548 890,978 7,686 1,72J,019 709,450 27,767 669,814 2,108 3.012,514 fi51,431 1. 000 1,465,129 46,002 31,500 985,076 500 484.308 123,653 72,029 8,31 , 2t!1 13,978,105 1,724,079 8.312,281 21,011,465 856 FINANCE 7S.-Life Insuran('(> in fone and ('ff('cf('d in Canada, 1922. Companies doing bu"incss. Canadian Companies- ('anuda..... . . . . . . . . " . ('api tal. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Commercial. . . . . . . __. . . . . Confederation... . . ContinentaL............. . Cro\\n................... . Dom inion. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. Eaton.................. Lxcebior. . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . Great West.............. . ImperiaL................ . london. ................. Manufacturers.. .. . Monarch.. .. .... ....... Mutual of Canada......... Kational of ('anada....... Korth American. ......... Korthern................ . Sß.!okat('hpwan. ............ Sauvegarde. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . f:ecurity... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 80,'preign........ '" Sun. '" ...... .. '" Travellers of Canada...... 'Ve tcrn.................. . Total........ __......... British Companie'l- Commercial Union........ Edinhurgh!.............. . Gre"ham........ ......... I.i(e AssOC'iation of Scot- land 2 .... ..... '" . Livl'rpool and London and Globe!....... ....... J ondon and Scottish. . . . . . Mutual Life and Citizens (Au-tralia)...... . . . . . . . . N? th llriti....h and Mercan- .lIe.. .................. Norwich L"nion 2 ... ........ Phænix of London........ !toysl...... ............ Scottish o\micable 2 ........ Scotti,.h Provident!.... . . . Standard................ . Star 2 . . . . . .... . . .. .. . . . . . . . Total .................. ForpiJtII CompanieA- Ætna............... ....... Connecticut Mutual!....... Equitable................ . Guardi:ln. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan. ............ Mutual of New york...... National of l:nited States 2 New York. . ..... .. __.. Northwe.. tern MutuaI 2 ..... Phænix Mutual!........... Providl'nt Savings!........ Prudential. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . State........ .. ........... Travelers of Hartford..... Union Mutual............. United States............. Total...... . . .. . . ...... . Canadian Companies....... . BritÌðh Companies......... . Foreign Companies........ . . Grand Total.... ....... 10,152 409 46:? 8,143 I. 705 2,946 4.3 6 2::6 3,4i14 16.903 6.513 62.5ß'ì 10.810 2.4fi 12,462 2.419 6.7i!J 2.801 531 1.943 997 1. 171 14.439 2.063 498 177,2Õ 7 258.348 2,965 5,603 158.537 I 3.362 HI 5 4:t0. 231 207 57.871 430.231 '65.3U9 Policicl:! I sued. No. Gro."8 Amount. No. 85.549 4.400 1. 585 62.097 12.98:i 17.832 28,075 60S 27.516 131.417 52.9fiO 327.811 76.421 14.375 116.500 18.08f, 53.558 17.065 2.511 9.865 4.727 7.760 152,530 8,8'!8 2, iil 1.2-16. t<."lfl 15,855 422 13,563 47 1,808.679 21.250 33 58,422 53 I1S 481i 899.5û'"1 614 16.724 3.93!J 27'!. 2, 1\:11). 9 'i 1. 24U. H={O 82.76H 2.83!1.Y88 4,11a.5ì8 Policie'i in Force. Net Amount $ 217.083.191 7,491.951 3,885.859 123.323.732 19.301.531 31.875,553 55,703.665 }.t.236.190 46.322.353 301.250.399 119.279.876 129.576.841 147. o.'>B.!)J 8 30.605.700 236.879.723 34. 5ï:J. 2 9 97.341.435 29.307.287 4.959.021 13.3.H.516 5.582.901 15.893.759 308.184.5:?8 14. 719. !H 5. 7:?0.!I!l5 2.013. SIJfI. 061'1 146 8 2,567 92 68 9,015 51. 957 512 52 2,241 5,226 12 4 10,778 82 82,760 547.369 16.875 5,771.591 182,903 117. t:l2 18.330. IIfi 14,520,785 1,971.060 78.690 7,496,99:3 19,663,205 30.099 16.716 24. 9.n. II5 108.468 93. ì9.J, 1-17 Net Prpmium Income. a 7.355.492 246.923 89.369 4,169.278 65S.157 1. 081. 599 1.880.152 149.176 1.491.0 5 9,374.053 4.352,320 4.425.420 5,204.180 868.408 8.930.878 1. 037.729 3,363.779 913.437 W9. 336 408.156 146.792 512,88i 1O,408.89fi 492.9:33 151.451 67.8!j1.899 17,564 145 192.577 2.123 2.483 562.587 475,895 69.599 1. 816 21 I. 439 618.4:?fi 513 93 755.188 3.88-3 2,91-1,361 IIbcluding matured endowments. !C ed transacting new b\1.:;ine:ls in Canada. Nou.- The figures of the above table are subject to revbion. $ 32,396,209 857.121 1. 156.365 18,828.326 3.192.154 7.19\1.627 10.531.193 fiB5.000 7.335.9H 41.675.529 20,190.276 33,344.907 23.620.787 5. 8fi9. 860 30,926.460 5.006.825 14.057.493 6,942. !l05 978.115 2,822.594 1. 440.000 2,fi 0. 750 48. 5RI. 574 4.755.662 1. 027.504 326,8-t3,1911 3 15,000 72 195,000 1,140 54.204 58 2.368.209 13.732,827 201.5 71 671 302.125 3,818,983 1,652 3. 184.66fi 57,871 3,818,318 1,229 10 6,287.305 85,087 79.824,843 9.247,571 15,027,559 44,532,313 1.500 15,892. !J31 52:3.000 2 I. 000 1ì1. ....:1.109 326,043.IYU 23.818.310 171.443.1011 .i 1,30-t,669 58.225.448 828.071 36.3fi5.188 18fi.666 480.413.923 58.226.906 20.127 128.519.388 47.328 90.6&3 750.161 218.191. 345 1. 250. 612 72. 89!J.fi55 8.8:..'3.88-1 618.71:.' 1.1Hi. . . "rJ. U9ì 2.UI3.5lJU.Ofi8 1/3.7!13.117 1.065.580.097 3,1ì2.8l:I,31 Net Amount of poli('ies become claims. 1 $ 2,437,938 42.500 JI . 000 1,391.131 203.948 240,3fi5 364.179 44. 250 306.732 1,603.772 862.240 717.342 1,052.303 77.340 2.300,273 265,059 1,044.779 231.034 13.000 100.000 25,402 80,978 2,722,796 51. 000 13.500 16,202....61 6.199 972 15.071 25.157 434,743 90.203 19.739 8.093 93.503 25!J.568 II. 278 1.235 797.403 9.598 1,772,762 1,373.071 568.909 17.354 25.727 1,2I1,135 643.421 9.03fi 3.875 17.425.2I1 3.275.594 2.045,868 876,582 122 1. 051 4.502.647 1,392.208 841 14.274 21,48CJ 9.789 21.040 50.732 7,535.916 1.100,598 36.333 1,583.5J:? 764.602 286. 52!! 99.6fiO 18.795 34.322 36,U1!9.919 8.861.3'4 61,881.8!19 16,20.!,8!ìl 2.1114.361 J.772, 762 36. 089. !JI!J 8.861.344 1UI,h II ,179 ð36,'67 PROGRESS OF LIFE I.7I.-SURANCE 857 ,9.-Progress of Life Insurance in Canada. 1918-1922. Items. 1922.- Canadian Companies1- Policies new and taken up...... .. . . No. Pol!c!es in force at ,:nd of year. . . .. :: PolicIes become claIms............ Amount of policie!' new anti taken up S Net amount of policies in force..... $ Net. amount of policies be..:ome claIms......................... _ S A mount of premiums in year. . . . . . . Claims paid 2 ....................... S 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. ]32,585 198,527 208,512 188,416 177,207 811.8!H 94 7 .4S 1,079,146 1.168,573 1,240,830 16,501 13, JOt 12,06:.' 10.938 11,912 179.429.315 320,150,70.'> 97 ,55 , 184 345,235,335 326,043,190 1,105,503.44. 1.362,631,56 1,664,348,60.') 1,860,026,95 .!.013,500,068 18,926.307 14,373,72] 14.6.!6,037 13,978.105 16,202,861 38,728.81.'} 47,126,374 57,:!05,08 62, i64 ,1M 1 67,881,899 16,063,901 17 ,454,054 14,491,847 14,093,1185 16,070,012 5,414,116 1,902,63f 1,845,777 1,648,082 1.659,325 24,504 62,993 29,154 22,032 16,05 Unspttled elaims- Not resisted....................... $ Resisted. _ __ __ __ . . . _ . . . _ . _ . . . _ _ . _ . _ S British Companies- Policies new and taken up.......... No. Pol!c!es in force at ,:nd of year...... :: PolicIes become chums............ Amount of polipies npw and taken up ! Net amount of policies in for('e. '" S Net amount or policies become claims... .... ................. S A mount of premiums in year _ .. . . . . S Claims paid l ........ .. ., . '.' ... . .. . S Unsettled claims- Not re!'isted..... . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . S Resisted.. _............. .......... S Foreign Companies- PoliCIes new and taken up.. ....... .No. Pol!('!es in for('e at nd of year...... :: PolicIes hecome claIms............ Amount of policie!' new and taken up S Npt amount of policip" in force.. .. S Npt amount of policies become claims.. ........................ S A mount of premiums in year. '.' . . . I Claims paid 2 ............ ........ ... S Um 5,969,01 60,296,113 1,674,214 1.935,2]!' 1,466,069 519,17:> 53,000 8,755 42 , 23 936 11 ,264,394 66,908,064 1,803,020 2,20l.46 1,895,921; 382,258 2,208 14,743 50,691 897 15,967.3& 76,883.090 1. 782.399 2,776.099 1,IH8,850 233,254 393.64!i 433.96S 431,921 1,942.04.') 2,200,60.1 2,444.166 30.0(J 27,144 29.2!14 127,853,22 193,128.530 228,257,5210- 619,261,7]3 758,297.691 91a,793,79f- 9,381. 761' 20.977,013 8,717 ,63] 1,359,971 67,627 8,3 9.56] 25,380.67: 8,727,110 852,3ß3 41,199 9,036,3 6 30.236.86lJ 9,307,38] 511,363 138,27" 24.959 60.62] 930 ]6,160.237 84,940,931ì 1,724.079 2.917.418 1,512,555 336,954 10,633 57.871 82.760 ] .326 23,818,310 93,793.147 1,772,762 2,9]4,361 1,762,359 239,422 10,000 435,04.') 430,231 2,653,73:i 2,839.988 25.613 26.842 166,797,77!-J 171.443,109 ß89,875,958 1,06.'5,580,097 8.312,28] 8.861,344 33,182.11:: 36.089,\119 8,390,722 9,022,210 427.5]fi 119,425 448,6 9 86,291i 533,107 641,25] 655.176 648.420 665.309 2,791.9ï6 3.]90,3 4 3,574.003 3.882.!1 7 4.163..'578 47,462 41.186 42.253 37.41\1 40,080 31 ,25t ,55f 524,M .62!1 641. 77R,005 528, HI3.:\5:! .'521.304.609 1,785,061,273 ).187,837. 1i :!.657,025,4!J3 !.934,843.8-t8 1.172.873.212 UnsE'ttled claims- Not rp!('r exposed of rate per to ribk. deaths. 1,000. to risk. deaths. 1,000. - - - - - Active companies, ordinary. . . . . . . ... _ . . 880,859 13,OII 14.8 1,008,389 7,581 7. Active companies, industrial... . .. . . . .. . 1,762,147 23,657 13.4 1,989,367 16,548 8.3 Assessment and fraternal societies._ 115,360 2,112 18.3 151, CB5 1,909 12.6 N on-acti vp and retired companies. . . : : : : 2,284 107 46.8 2,125 IIR 55. Total. .. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . ........ '!. .61.1, bãU -as;b87 ----rr:T ,I,15U,9ti6 26,156 ---s.3 1920. 1921. Active companies, ordinary. . . .. . . . . . . . . 1,177,608 8,125 6., 1.304,130 I 7' 406 1 5. 7 Active companies, industrial............. 2,215,815 18,634 8.4 !,434,322 16.692 6.9 A<;sessment and fraternal societies.. . . .. . 206,066 2,643 ]2.8 217,259 2,437 11.2 1\on.active and retired companies..... _. 1. 974 ]73 87.6 1.736 123 70.9 TotaL... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. f,"" 601. -163 29.575 .1,9,)1,-1-11 26 6åS BO.-Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1918-1921. 5 5 NOTE.-Average death-rate for all companies in the t\\cnty-one years 1901-19::1 \\as 9.5. 81.- -\.ssets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companit>s, 19I5-1922. Items. 1918. 1919. ]920. 1921. 1922 · S S S S S Canadian Companies- H.eal estate....... ..................... 16.297,408 ]6,791,000 ]7,170.659 18.074,62R 19,455,39 Loans on real estate.. . ., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,653,2ß9 91 ,3 5,10l 10:>,895,69] 119,895,623 139,56b,03 Loans on collaterals......... .... .. ..... 1,225,805 1,761,166 1,632,889 1,379.623 2,494,227 Cash loans and premium obligations on policies in force.. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . _. . 43,884,451 44,611,927 49,303,632 60,230,729 77,798,470 Stocks, bonds and debentures. . . . . . . . . . 179,671,910 .?04 ,6.39,727 !27,785,614 ?43,136,645 277,228,250 Interest and rent due and accrued.. _ _ . . 7,442,4]4 8,061,833 9,266,513 II ,266,946 13,7ï0,488 Cash on hand and in banks 1 ..... .. .... . 3,903,597 2,403,405 2,924,976 4,517,661 5,028,483 Outstanding and deferred premiums.. . . 7,818,704 9,0]9,887 II ,120, 733 13,825,291 15,601,979 Other assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . 209.302 293.744 150.4)";6 553.162 871.386 Total asset!... ............. .Jdl,10 6,890' 3;8,91.11,7911 -I2;I, ,il.I!M . IU.Iì ,:SUS .)51.8....70:11 British Companies- -- IteaJ estate..... ....................... I,II2,914 1,306,036 917,498 895,402 753,492 Loans on real estate. .. _'" 14,222,507 ]2,998,447 12,727,404 10,655,6.34 10,127,634 Loans on collaterals.. .... . . : : : : :: : : : : : : 166,934 18,7iO 12,165 5,046 4,692 Cash loans and premium obligations on policies in force.. . . . . . . .. . .. _....... 2,532,382 2,446,603 2,602,592 3,043, III 3, ]97,990 Rtocks, honds and debentures. 17,819,067 20,036,6HO 19,636,657 21,4S0,909 25,259,619 Interest and rent due anr!. accrued: : : : : : 4fìS,106 417,413 402,639 396,519 39: , 2.;2 Cash on hand and in banks 1 ............ 677,197 756,488 777,234 848,501 84:!,798 Outstl\llding and deferred premiums... . 354,537 350,585 387,443 436,909 494,955 Other &bets. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 .187 35.R'>0 57.3fì9 .,)R.fì83 47,310 Total assets In Canada......... 31.121,1\:11 3S,36G.tib 31,,j I,tltll 31.I\ U,41-1 -II.1U.7-12 Foreign Companies- Re.d estate..... ....................... ]20,295 221,013 218, ]32 !i43 . 524 507,719 Loans on real ebtate....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,639,987 ]0,063,7-12 9,143,R73 9,04!J,R:!8 8,760,587 Loans on collateral!!....... '" ........ 30,627 none 15,000 15,000 35,000 Cash loans and premium obligations on ]5.990.500 policies in force.. . . ..... . _ . . . ] l, 172,030 II ,318,518 12,023,992 14,002, !)77 Stocks, bonds and debentures.. " . . . . . . 71 ,S02 ,2M 86, O!iO, 541 99,409,049 114,0;3,322 134,185,635 Interest and rent due and accrued. . . . . . ] ,309,.'j1\6 I ,:mo, 927 ],518,272 I, ;47 ,341 2,]80,204 Cash on hand and in bank.!........ ..... I,ß97 ,i; 6 2,077, III 3,919,390 4,344,5,')0 2,625,276 Out. tanding and deferred premiums. 1,8 8,0I5 2,296,416 2,808,81;7 3 , IIi l, R,')!) 3,31,8,398 Other ass ts. ., . ...................... 6,4f)X 16.2XI 16. '>01 15.3;; l.fì73 Total assets In (;allada.. . . . . . . . 9S t 01 Ib:S 11:1 nt 5-19 1 9.0n,"/IH Wi, 9 ,:1 iìS I Ifil,t;'t,99 o o 1 J ncludes cash deposit VI ith Government. 2 The figurp in the tRxt i.. the book value; the marlet value of the!'oe assets VI a!'< $348,709,244 in 1918, $376,1)04,050 in 1919, $420,018,399 in 19:!O, $471,103,446 in 1921 and $555,635,494 in 1922. . rhe fi ures for 1922 are !'es. _.... _............... 16, ]iD.006 Dividenru.. to ..tockholders... _ _ _ _...... 553.192 38,477,058 36,986,070 37,311,393 21,912,3S0 26,755.643 27,463,385 558,021 957,077 728,057 47,510,829 28, 781,005 882,977 Total expenditure.................. 49,860,632 60,9-17,-Ið9 6-1,698.790 65,502,835 71,17-1,811 E:rcess of income over e:tpenditure...... 25,416,459 27,683,723 39,941,063 47,460,595 50,635,81Z British Companies- Payments to policyholders.. ........... 1,706.934 General expenses....................... 530,003 Dividend::; to stockholders..... .. . . . . . . - 2. ]49, 843 667,253 2,407,707 1,065,870 1,875,502 1,242,504 2, ]94. 888 1,271.667 Total expendlture l .................. %, 16,937 2,817,096 3, -173,577 3,118,OOG 3,UG,555 Excess of income over eIDenditure...... 1,574,041 1,449,267 1,478,642 1,668,058 1,413,730 Foreign Companies- Payments to policyholders....... . . . . .. ]].969,7] 6 General expen.-:.e8. .. _.................. 5,756,211 Dividenc6 to stockholders........... .. .. .... .... .. - ]2,386.608 14,044,279 13,847,206 7. 149,27fi 8,039,873 8,255,026 16,532,747 8,535,2ðO- Totalexpendlture l .................. 17,725,927 19,535.884 22.08-1,lð2 22,102,232 25,068,007 Excess of income over e:tpenditure...... 8,389,825 11,505,854 14,694,695 18,377,536 19,370.630 1 Income IIJld e:tpenditure in Canada. 1 The figures for 1922 are subject to revhion. Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan-Table 84 gives statistics of life insurance on the aSFessment plan, that is, insurance effected through fraternal or friendly societies by a&:essments on the members thereof and with annual dues to meet expenses. The statistics in this tabl.: relate, however, only to the eiJ.!;ht Canadian societies report ing to the Insurance Department of the Dominion Government, viz., tbe AJliance Nationale, the Ancient Order of ForestE'rs, the ArtÏ8ans Cnn:Jcliens, the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, the Commercial Travellers' MUluul Bl'ncfit Society, the Independent Order of Foresters (whose statistics include sick and funeral departments), the Royal Gualdians and the. \Voodmcn of the World. Under an amendment to the Insurance Act which became effective January 1, 1920, it became nec sary for all foreign fraternal societies previously transacting businæs in Canada under provinciallicens to obtain licenses under the Insurance Act in order to be permitted [0 continue to 'issue new insurancp in Canada. Ten such societie.., obtained such licenses, viz., the Ladie....' Catholic Benevolent Associa- tion, the l\1accab , Royal Arcanum, Woman's Benefit Association of the Macca- bees, Catholic Order of Foresters, the Workmen's Circle, Knights of Columbus, Association Canad:l-Arm'ri{"aine, Western Mutua] Life A__sociation and Kni hts of Pythias, while the Jewish National Workers' Alliance of America has also obtained a license. LIFE INSURAl\ CE ON ASSESSlr/ENT PLAN &t.-Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan, 1918-1922. Items. Number certificates taken............... Number certificates become claims...... 1918. $ Amount paid by members............... 2.679,637 Amount of certificates new and taken up. 5,497,819 Ket amount in force.................. .. 129,053,773 Amount of certificates become claims.... 2,555,462 Claims paid.. ................ ........... 3,037,860 Unsettled claims- Not resisted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resisted. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount terminated by- Death. . . . . .. _.' ..................... Surrender, expiry, or lapse, etc......... 387, 1!1 2,500 4,381,610 14,849,510 Total terminated................ 19,231,120 As8ets- Real estate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loans on real eEtate. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy loans (liens arising out of re- adjustment).. . . . ., ..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . Stocks, bonds and debentures. ... . ... . . Ca..h on hand and in banks.. ...... . . _ . . Interl'st and rent due and accrued. . . . . . Dues from members.... .. .... .. . . .., . . Other assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,428,123 7,789,646 26,013,580 16,303,í29 264,221 747,850 164,346 4,316,012 1919. 7,193 2,647 12,155 2,786 $ 2,654,835 10,405,843 134,055.399 2,643,671 2,997,753 180,919 1,922 1,900,633 12,163,679 14,064,312 1920. 1 14,234 2,773 $ 2,691.826 12,727,091 137,0.57.828 2,636.213 2,723,725 192,715 2,000 1.868,508 10,961,533 12,830,041 1,376,462 7,445,923 23,406,179 21.825,8.% 476.693 721,046 211,5;;3 4,993,270 1921. 1 11,623 2,417 S 2,651.098 10,774,992 136,4:!7,453 2,319,302 2,397,681 191,841 1,000 1,645,521 11,409,840 13,055,361 1.547,378 7,823,510 22,638,544 22,190,818 799,144 835,500 213,162 5,572,258 861 J 922.1 13,529 2,699 S 2,971,934 10,037,300 132,656,090 2,394.6b2 2,617,821 174,709 1,659,196 18,439,896 20,099,092 1,629,223 8,609,963 18,797,174 25,814, I!J1 846,155 679,798 212,703 5,036,375 Totalasscts..................... 57.027.507 59.556,5152 60,ß6,9-1J2 61,620,31.12 61,626,382 2 Liabilities- Claims, unsettled.. .. . ............ 590,647 305,672 Reserve'. ............ .......... ....... 53,550,029 54,187,476 Due on. ac,:o.u!1 t of general expenses. . . .. } 2,159 159 1 063 370 Other hablhtIes....................... ' " 1,357,738 7,418,138 24.000,472 20,307,673 609,790 650,515 235,262 4,976,927 279,971 292,156 55,327,610 56,601,595 514,684 1.036,905 261,285 56,430,585 1,403,659 Total liabilities................. 56.299.835 55.:;56.518 56,122.265 57,930.656 58.095,529 Income- Assessments...... ..... _.......... Fees and dues. . . . _ . _ . .. . . .. .......... Intl'rest and rents...... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Other receipts.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Total income. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenditure- Paid to members.. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . General expenses.... ..... ..' .. . . .. . . . Total expenditure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess of income ov r expenditure. . ... . . . 5,595,406 173,837 2,579,591 15,727 8,36-i.561 6,269,903 1,091,611 7,361.5U 1,003;047 5,308,692 378,641 2,482.912 136,408 8,306,653 6,007,306 1.150,358 7.157.66-1 1,148,989 5,441,478 415,759 2,549,'1 52,839 8,-160,037 5,547,411 1,311,921 6,859.3.12 1,600,705 5,443,211 4ü4,810 2,659,286 56,328 8.623,635 5,042,055 2,664.942 7.706.997 916,638 5,702.312 468,258 2,685.835 97,501 8.953,906 5,498,138 1,720.633 7.218.771 1,735,135 ICanadian I'raternal Benefit Societies only (business in Canada). 2The figure in the text iR the book value; the market value of these assets was $57,052,508 in 1919, $57,965,864 in 1920, $59,6.1.'>, 458 in 1921 ami $60,301,249 in 1922. 3Independent Order of ForesterI', M3,803,952 in 1918; $44,031,640 in 1919; 141,972.863 in 1920; $42,128.649 in 1921 anci $.19.852,318 in 1922. Inclwiing a special reserve of $1,600,000 in 1918, $1,000,000 in 1919, $1,000,000 in 1920, 1600,000 in 1921 and $1,000,000 in 1922. . Summary of I,ife Insurance in Canada, 1921 and 1922.-In addition to the business transacted by life insurance companies incorporated by the Dominion Government to carryon business throughout the country, a conf'iderable volume is also effected by companies operating under provincial licenses or otherwise permitted by the Provincial Governments to carryon such transactions. Statistic-'S of these provincial companies have been coIiected since 1915 by the Department of 862 FINANCE Insurance. Table 85, showing poliries issued and in force, premiums received and losses paid as at Dec. 31, 1921 and 1922, illustrates the volume of business done by bot h life companies and fraternal societies as Dominion and Provincial licensees in these years. Sã.-Domjnion and Prmin<'Íal Ufe Insurance in ('anada, 19 1 and 1922. New Net Net Net Businel's traæ,acted by policies issued in force Dec. premiums death (gross) . 31. received. claims paid. 1921. S S S S 1. Dominion licensees- (a) Life companies. . . . ... . . . . .......... 577,207,829 2,934,843,848 99,015,081 24,251,398 (b) .Fraternals..... ---.. 16,347,692 202,549,447 3,7'31 ,135 3,260,994 Totals... . ..--...................... 593,555,521 3,137,393,295 102,7,15,21fi 27,512,392 2. Provincial licensees- (a) Provincial companies "\\ithin provinces by which they are incorporated- (i) Life companies................. 9,198,331 20,680,027 590,324 82,587 (ii) Fraternals..................... 4,726,665 122,592,482 2,587,83Y 2,069,138 (b) Provincial companies in provinces other than those by which they are incor- porated- (i) Life companies................ 3,914,888 9,395,013 243,296 33,100 (ii) Fraternals..................... 4,718,200 70,203,656 967,549 627,252 Totals for Provincial companies. .... . . . . . . . . ,55S,OSt %22,871,178 4, 389,OOl'! %,812,077 Grand Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616,113,605 3,360,26!,.i73 101,135,224 30,324,469 1922. 1. Dominion licenfoos- (a) Life companies.... .. . . . . . . . . . ....... 579 , O!lO,402 3,172,873,312 107,103,572 27,129,578 (b) .Fraternals..................... ....... 14,989,100 185,515,525 4,18.';,205 3,717,025 Totals ............................. 59,1,019,502 3,358,388,s.'n 111,2SS,711 30,8t6,603 2. Provinciallicenseecr- (a) Provincial companies within provinces by which they are incorporated- (i) Life companies................ 12,243,261 24,538,407 666,956 74,967 (iÏ) Fraternals..................... 2,200,005 95,144,420 2,752,560 1,977,728 (b) Provincial companies in provinces other than those by WI h they are incor- porated- (i) Life companies................ 4,589,281 7,895,838 217,400 20,309 (ii) Fraternals............ _ . . _ _ . . _ . 2,.')05,914 47,801,536 692,800 533,054 Totals for Provincial companies.. -..-..-... :21,538,461 175,380,201 4,329,715 2,601,058 Grand TotaJs....................... 615.617.963 3.533,169,03" 115,611\.-193 33,-i.'i2,661 3.-Miscellaneous Insurance. Since 1875 the growth of insuranre business other than fire or life has becn a steady one. The report of the Superintendent of Insurance for the calcndar year 1880 shows that the numbcr of companies duly licensed for the transaction of accigent, guarantee, plate glass and steam boiler ins rance--thc only four classes of miscellaneous insurance then transacted-was 5, 3, 1 and 1 respcctivcly. The same report for the year 1922 shows that miscellancous immrance now includes in Canada, accident, sickness, automobile, burglary, cxplosion, forgery, guarantee, hail, inland transportation, employcrs' liability, aviation, platc glass, sprinkler leakage, steam boiler, title, tornado and live stock insurance, etc. 'Yhereas in 1880, 10 companies transacted business of this kind, such insurance is now sold by 138 companies, of which 34 are Canadian and 10-1 British and foreign. 3IISCELLANEOUS ISSURAXCE 863 Accident Insurance.-The first license of this kind was issued to the Travelers' Co. of Hartford, Conn.) in 1868. The first liceme to a Canadian Co. was that issued to the Accidcnt Insurance Co. of Canada, which was organized in 1872 and commenced business in 1874. Much accident insurance has also been Bold by companies doing primarily a life insurance business. Automobile Insurance.-This is now one of the most important branches of the miscellaneous claEs of insurance. Premiums increaEed from $80,446 in 1910 to $573,604 in 1915, and to $6,116,140 in 1922, with an increase in the number of companies from 7 to 85 during the 12 year period. Plate Glass Insurance.-Policies were first sold in Canada by the Metro- politan Plate Glass Insurance Co., an American concern which withdrew from Canada during 1882 to avoid business restrictions. The 29 companies operating in Canada in 1922 received premiums of $708,748 and paid claims of $215,584. Burglary Insurance.-This type of insurance received but slight attention in Canada until 1918. In 1893, however, one company issued burglary policies. A second followed in 1905, and in 1910 five companies were operating, while at the end of 1922, 25 companies were licensed to do burglary business. For 1922 the premium income of all companies amounted to $726,076, and the losses paid amoUnted to $340,214. 86.-Insurance other than Hre and Life, 1922. 3 Unsettled Claims. Premiums. Losses Types of Insurance. incurred. Not Resisted. resisted. S S S S Guarantee........................................... . 1,468,652 543,871 353,636 302,994 Personal Accident.................................... 2,425,201 1,029,827 242,290 725 Personal Accident and Sickness....................... 1,282,269 652,259 131,266 75 Employers' Liability..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,334,690 1.119,546 785,883 52,635 Sickness... . " 1, 584,872 973,403 204,913 4,150 Burglary................... . ......... . ., ... .... a.e. 726,076 340,214 66,282 34,217 Steam Boiler...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 300,126 10,849 10,033 11,767 Hail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,402,427 1.635,347 1,925 - Inland Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---.. 280, 764 59,769 15,039 - Plate Glass.......................................... 708,748 215,584 31,540 - Automobile 1 ........ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,4 1,802 1,418,667 264,676 53,362 Automobile 2 ......................................... . 3,634,338 1,332,511 435,814 54,705 Sprinkler Leakage..... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,826 39,293 11 , 133 - Live Stock....:............................ .. . . .. .. .. .. . 87,934 60,015 8,985 - Tornado............................................ . 153,787 38,058 4,076 - - Explosion........................................... . 64,284 - - - Forgery............................................. . 18,719 5,572 56 - Rain................................................. 29,348 21,187 65 - Robbery........... . -- .. . 18,572 - - - 1Including; fire risk. 2Excluding fire risk. 3Dominion licensees only. 864 FINANCE 87.-Income and Expenditure and Assets and Uabil1ties of Canadian Companies doing onl) Insuranee Uu!.iness othn than "'ire and Life. 1922. Exce!;s of Excess of Cash Cash Income Liahili- A&"ets Companies. Income. Expendi- over Assets. ties. over ture. Expendi- 1 Liabili- ture. ties. - - - - - S S S S S S Boiler Inspection..... .. . .' . . . . .. . .... .. . li3,363 140,373 34,990 535,263 175,878 359,385 Casualty Co. of Canada.... .. .. . 166,022 95,577 70,445 156,180 55,381 100,790 Chartered Trust and Executor Co.. . . . . . 145,009 120,901 24,108 1,291,152 729,612 561,540 rïdelity Insurance Company............ iï,307 17,922 59,385 317,729 24,055 293,674 General Aninlals. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,HI9 60,972 8,227 87.003 32,669 54,334 Guarantee Co. of N. A.................. 522,379 427,193 95,186 2,879,689 662,419 2,217,270 P,rcrchant,,' and Employer5' Guarantec and Accident. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,562 225,343 18,219 203,459 103,998 99,461 Protective Association of Canada.. '" . . . 273,285 248,415 24,870 169,781 9 7 ,536 72,245 - - - - - - Total .......................... 1,6.2,1'!6 1,336,fi96 33;). -130 i, 6-10, 256 I,SSI,5-IR 3, i,iS, 708 INot including capital stock. 88.-Income and Elpenditure in Canada of {'ompanies. other titan Canadian, doing only Insurance Business other than Jo'ire and Life. 192 . Companies. Abeil1e.......... ............. Ætna Casualty............... American Rnd F orcign.. . .. . . . American Surety............. Briti h Rnd Foreign........... Continpntal Casual tv...... .. . Co-operative casuaity........ Exces......................... . FederaL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Fidelity and Casualty..... . . . Hartford Accident.. .......... Hartford Live Stock......... H arUord Steam Roiler....... Indemnity In"urance Co...... International Fidelity....... . Lloyd., Plate Glass........... Loyal Protective. ........... Lumbermen's Mutual Cas- ualty.......... ............ Maryland Casualty....... . . . . Metropolitan Life........ . . .. . National ðurety....... . '" .. . New "\ or!.. Plate Glass....... Ocean Marine. ............... Preferred Accident... . . . . . . . . Ridgely Protective...... "" Ro.ral Indemnity. . .... .... Traveler.. Indemnity.... .. .. . Travelers In"urunce.......... . United States Fidelity and Guaranty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Western Casualty............. Pre- miums. S 99,996 14,646 51,281 982 537, 157 76,166 47.593 220,592 10:2 , 904 33,437 I. 200 30,282 7,087 47,925 252,298 19.987 279,079 7,050 175.842 21,024 39.801 76.550 163,796 536,363 543, 806 657, .'148 36,138 Income (Cash). InterC8t and Divi- dends Earned. 3,388 4,869 I. 567 23,933 1.281 15,162 I. 524 1,613 2,539 13,385 27,960 36,350 Total Ca,,;h Income. S 461 4,079 5,452 4,680 11,641 100.457 4.079 14,646 56, 733 5,662 549,531 Net Los"es Incurred. s S 34,923 Expcnditure (Cash). Gcneral Total xcess of Expendi- C&h e e ture. Expendi- Expendi- ture. ture. 4,622 20,927 458 269,512 190 31.078 23,030 125,964 49,233 20,892 9,9Ri iO 23,647 109,15-1 3,313 124,046 2,41H 90,5iì5 10,676 25.50S 19,728 89,5!!1 226,795 376,G63 344,830 27,028 S 42,223 9,773 9,593 458 512,099 190 60,439 44,152 265.892 74.039 43, 727 13,56.i 3,931 36.319 259 , 44-1 5.905 257,032 2,689 207,274 17,075 49.910 61,866 207,077 340.457 561,078 548.037 38,210 Totals............... t,UIi0.530 191,9U5 -1.273,313 1,634,139 2.073.216 3,;Oi,3 6 45 15, 881 10.064 2,181 1,350 2,500 76, IG6 47,638 236,474 112,967 35,618 2,550 32,782 7,U88 51,313 257,167 21,55t 303,012 8,331 191,004 2 .5"8 5,151 -11,334 242,586 29.361 21.122 138.928 24,806 22,835 3,578 3,219 12,68:! 150,290 2,592 132,986 225 116,689 6,399 24.403 42,138 117,48b 113,6ti2 185,015 203.207 11.18 S 77 ,145 S 23,312 4.070 4,873 4i,HO 5,204 37,432 - 190 15,727 3.486 -29,418 38,9:!8 - 8, 109 2.550 19,217 3.157 14,984 - 2,277 15,640 45,980 5,6-12 -16,270 5,473 41.414 79,088 177,181 564,335 543,969 693,898 36,138 - 8.498 17 ,222 -29.896 223,878 -17,100 115,861 - 2,072 56.i,9;ij STATISTICS OF J.UISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE 865 89.-Dominion and Provincial Illsuranc in Canada, othl'r than Fire and Life, 192 . XET PREMIUMS RECEIVED. Class of business. Accident. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Accident and Sickness combined. . . . . . . . . Accident and Sickness (Fraternals)....... Automobile (including Fire risk).... . . . . . Automobile (excluding Fire risk). ..... . . . Burglary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical Machinery..... ................ Explosion. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forgery. . . . . Funeral. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . _ . _ _ . . . _ . . . . . . . _ Funeral (Fraternals).................... . Guarantee (Fidelity)............ . . . . . . . . . Guarantee (Surety)..... .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . Hail............... ................... ... Inland Transportation.......... . . . .. .. .. . Liability.. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . " . . . Live Htock.............................. Plate Glass...... . .. . . _ _ .. . ... __ _ .. . Rain._.... _.....__..... __.. ___.' Robbery... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sipkness...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickness (Fraternals).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickness and Funerals (Fraternals com- bined)................................ . Sprinkler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steam Boiler............................ Title................................ _... Tornado............... ...... . \Veather.. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Dominion Licensees. S 2.425.201 1,282,269 2,481,802 3,634,338 726,076 70,281 64,284 18,719 738.725\ 729,972/ 4,402,427 280. 76-1 2,334,690 87,93-1 708.748 29,3-18 18,572 1,58-1,872 92.826 300,126 153,787 Totals........................... 22,165,761 Accident.......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Accident and Sickness combined......... Accident and Sicknese by which they are incorp. $ 58,576 13,781 95,126 4,562 172,059 3,671 188,065 83.171 619,011 35,508 12,706 53,537 2,106 33,156 trl9,668 44,459 382 366 Total Provincial Licensees. S 1. 708 72,550 44, 854 194.866 65.948 26, 887 29,125 350,347 21,188 136, 834 354,483 709,960 23-7,542 2,217,970 s S 705 41,488 32,795 69,474 1. 226 14,309 51,604 6,543 157,963 9,952 51,706 720,083 44,459 31,858 1 232 939 Grand Totals. 1,678 S 2.426,909 1,354,819 44, 854 2,676.668 3,634.338 727.754 70,281 64,284 18,719 65,948 26,887 1,497,622 4,752,974 280,764 2,355,878 87,934 845,582 29,348 18,572 1,584,872 354,483 709,960 92, 826 300,126 153,787 237,542 %t,413,731 S 1,030,532 693,747 32.795 1,488.141 1,332,511 340.214 25,819 5,572 14,309 51,604 550.414 1,793,310 59,769 1,12:cj,498 60,015 267,290 21,187 973,403 720,083 4-1,459 39,293 10,849 38.058 31,858 10 751 730 8ôô FIN AXCE to.-Dominion and Prmincial Insuranc(' In C'anada, other than }'ire and Life, 1921 and 1922. Net Net Bu.'Jiness transacted by premiums losses nitten. incurred. S S 1921. 1. Dominion licensee"!....... .. . . .. . . . . . . .............................. 22.709,8]6 ]4. ]54.747 2. Provincial Iicensec's- (6) Provincial companil's \\ithin provinces by \\hich they are incorporated 3,176,608 1.864,4]8 (b) ProvinciRI C'ompanie:; \\ ithin provinces other than those by which they are incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669,5-12 524,130 Total for Provincial Companies... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .......... 3,846, ]50 2,388,548 Grand Totals.............. ................................ 21, .').,)5, 966 16, 5t:l, 295 1922. 1. Dominion licen ces.. _. -- 22, ]65,761 9,521, i91 2. Provinciallicel18N's- (a) ProvinC'ial companies \ ithin provinces by which they are incorporatE'd 1,628,959 850,573 (b) Provincial companies within provinces other than those by which they are incorporated... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619,Oll 382,366 Total for Provincial Companies.. ............................. 2,247,970 1. 232,939 Grand Totals......................... .................. 21,-113,731 10,75-1,730 4.- Government Annuities. During the early years of the 20th century, there took plaee throughout the civilized world a distinct movement in favour of ameliorating the living conditions of the less well off members of society. One form which this movement took in the "Gnited IÜngdom was that of old age pensions granted by the State as a free gift to its poorer citizen!':, whof'e earnings were very generally insufficient to pemit of a tnargin of saving. In Canada, where wages were higher and a margin of saving consequently existed, the movement took the form of providing, through the establishment of Governmcnt annuitiesr an absolutely safe investment for such savings, which had only too often been lost through the ine).-perience of their owners, leaving the latter a burden upon the charity of relatives or of the public. Under the Government Annuities .Act, 19(18 (7-8 Edw. YII, c. 5), as amended by the Act of 1920, Hi" l\Iajesty the IÜng, represented by the Minister (at present the Minister of Labour), may sell to pen.ons over the age of five years, domiciled or resident in Canada, immcdiate or deferred annuities of not less than $50 nor more than 5,OOO (1) for the life of the annuitant; (2) for a tcnn of years certain, not exceeding twenty years, or for the life of the annuitant, whichcver period shall be the longer; aDd (3) an immediate or deferred annuity to any two persons domiciled in Canada during their joint lives, and with or" ithout continuation to the survivor. The property and interest of any annuitant in any contract for an annuity is neithcr transferable nor attachable. The purchaser may contract that, in the event of the death of the annuitant before the date fixed for the annuity to begin, all money paid shall be refunded to the purchaser or his legal representatives with interest at the rate of 4 p.c. compounded yearly. Statistics of the annuities in force on March 31, 1922 and 1923, are I!iven in Tables 91 and 92. From September 1, H)08, to March 31, 1923, 5,137 annuities had been issued. On March 31, 1923, 1,365 immediate annuities and 3,772 defer- red annuities were in force. The total value of these annuities on that date was 5,892,604, and the amoun.t of annuities purchased was $1,364,059. GOVERNJIENT ANNUITIES 867 91.-Go\ernment Annuities Fund statement. l\larch 31, 1922 and 1923. Items. ASSETS. Fund at beginning or year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Receipts during the year, less payments. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . Fund at end or year....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . LIABILITIES. et present value of all outstanding contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . RECEIPTS. For Immediate Annuities.................................................. For Deferred Annuities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intere"t on Fund. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount transferred by Government to maintain reserve...... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . Total Recelpts__... _ _'" P ^ Y ENTS. Annuities paid under Immediate Contracts................................. Return of Premiums ,Üth Interest......................................... Return of Premiums without Interest.. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .., . . . . . .. . . . . Balance at end oC year.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Payments..... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1922. 1923. Years ended l\J arch 31. S 4,366.633 638.791 5,005.424 5,005,424 514,923 235,017 178.850 58,529 987,319 319,202 27,546 1,780 638.791 987,319 5,005,424 887,180 5,892,604 5,892,604 807,390 221,337 208,684 49,655 1.287,066 386,527 12,985 374 887, 180 1,287,06& 92.-Valuation on 11arch 31, 1922 and 1923. of Annuity Contracts Issued pursuant to the Gonrnment Annuities Act, 1908. 1922. 1923. Total Total value on value on Amount Mar. 31, Amount Mar. 31, Number. or 1922, of Number. of 1923, of Annuilies. Annuities Annuities Annuities Pur- Pur- chased. cha.ed. - -- -- S S S $ 741 239, 854 1,880,783 862 298,586 2,333.840 313 72.258 634.085 357 79,359 705,905 122 42,487 405.037 146 58,322 581, 589 1,150 248,620 619,726 1,171 260,601 661,271 1,983 448,695 834,205 2,019 467,228 929,532 58 25.215 84,667 64 2!!,173 no. 635 23 9,306 43,750 27 12,584 45.645 470 148,181 503,171 491 158,206 521.187 -- -- -- 4,860 1, 34,616 5,005,42! 5,137 1,364,059 5,892,604 Description of Contracts. I-Immediate Annuities................. 2-Guaranteeù Annuities................ 3- Last Survivor Annuities...... . . . . . . . . 4-Def. "A" Annuities......... ......... 5-Der. "A" Guaranteed Annuities...... 6-Def. "A" La.<:t Survivor Annuities.... 7-Def. "B" La...t Survivor Annuities.... 8-Def. "B" Annuities..... _.... _....... Totals.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . IV .-COI\JMERCIAL FAILURES. Commercial Failures in Canada, 1922.-According to Bradstreet's of January 6, 1923, the total number of Canadian failures reported during the calendar y ar 1922 was 3,185, with liabilities of $55,047,342, as against 2,350, with liabilities of $48,553,757 in 1921. In number there was an increase in 1922 of 35.5 p.c. as compared with 1921, while the liabilities increased by over 13.2 p.c. Dun's Review of January 13, 1923, gives the total number of Canadian insolvencies in 1922 as 3,695, as compared with 2,451 in 1921, whilst liabilities reached in 1922 the total of $78,068,959, as compared with $73,299)11 in 1921. Tables 93 to 98 give statistics from both authorities, those from Bradstreet's (in Table 93) being classified by provinces for the calendar years 1921 and 1922, and those from Dun's Rcview by branches of business for the calendar years 1920 to 1922 (Table 94), and by classes 62373-55\ 86q FINAXCE and provinces for the calcndar year 1922. with totals for the :.rears 1909 to 1921 in Table 95. An analysi::; by causes of failures for 1921 and 1922 is given in Table 96 (Bradstreet's). t3.-Commercial Failur('s in Canada, b)' Prmincf's. and in Newfoundland for the calendar years 1921 and 1922. [From Bradstreet's.] Provinces. Prince Edward Island. . .., .., ., . . . . . Nova Scotia... ., .. .. .............. New Brunswick....... ............. Quebec... .. .. .. . .. Ontario. ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . Manitoba.... .. .............. Saskatchewan. . ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . Alherta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Failures. 1921. 1922. .\ssots. 1921. 1922. 1921. 35,955 2,432,937 !H8,202 19,577,821 11,447,í43 4,111,813 2, 93,OO'3 2,343,915 5.292,368 Liabilities. 1922. s S 175,222 1,980,:m 926,954 24,263,215 12,879,192 4,583,í47 2,939,064 3,706, í96 3,592,8S1 8 97 50 893 569 245 210 132 146 12 114 66 1,255 í59 369 231 194 185 20,805 1,282,963 410,847 9,071.294 5,082,032 1,469,955 1,565,088 1.499,660 1,086,592 s s Canada............ ...... 2,350 3,IR.i 21. 41'i9, 236 2.3,933.136 -18,5;)3.757 55,O-l7,3n NC\doundlanrl.... .. _... _........ 4,j 64 1.919,005 1,315,133 2,510,322 2,200.004 75,056 1,332,128 537,302 9,370,023 5,476,319 1,617,905 1,834,823 2,3í6,864 1,312,716 9t.-Commercial Failures in Canada b)" Branches of Business, 1920-1922. [From Dun's Review.] Classes. 1922. lrIanuracturt'rs- Iron and Foundries.............. ..... Machinery and Tools......... ..... Woollens, Carpets. etc... . . -. Cotton, Hosiery.etc.............. .- Lumber, Carpenters........ . . . . . . . . . . . Clothin , )Iillinery ................... Hats. Gloves and Furs................ Chemicals and Drugs.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Paints and Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Printing and Engraving......... .... Milling and Bakers....... . . . . . . . . . . . wathcr, ShO<'s. etc........... " LiquorI' and Tobacco......... . .. .. .. . . Glass, Earthenware................... All other................. ............. Total !\Ianufacturers .... Traders- General Stores. . . .. ... Groceries and 'Ieats.... Hotel!', Restaurants...... . . . . . .. . . Liquors and Tohacco..... .... .. Clothing, I'urnishing........ . Dry Goods and Carpets. ., . .. . . . . . . . . . RhOE'!<, Ruhbcr!', and Trunks... .. Furniture. Crockery. . -... ........... Hard"\\are, Stove's. and Tools.. ..... Chemicals ami Drugs.. .. . . . . . Paint.. and Oil... ...... .. Jewelry and Clocks...... Books and Papprs. . . . . . . . . Hnts, rurs and Gloves..... All other. Total Traders. .. . . . . . A ents and ßroke .. Tutal.. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 1920. JS'um- ber. Liabilities. 1921 Num- ber. Liabilities. Num- ber. Liabilitics. S 3 115,011 20 4,046,847 21 1,034,253 52 3,096,4!M 10 170,&34 2 19,000 7 499,900 22 1,180,60! 9 287,116 5 294,000 2 9,658 96 5,117,511 ..,- ....... 15. li71, 216 S 11 1,264,578 28 7,138,818 7 124,104 3 926.743 85 2,041.646 127 6,429,289 21 í05,049 9 166,409 2 38 204 14 113,15-1 47 1,710,511 17 811,232 12 467,514 4 93,800 172 11,945,739 559 33,976,790 426 7,815,9S4 427 4,09:J,M6 66 819,4;7 33 813,81;4 lí9 2,021,322 157 3,4fìO,304 84 1,589,683 18 217 ,87:> 36 439.580 18 143,417 5 64,067 25 223,149 24 181,í26 18 1,203,4!I6 223 6,798,999 l.í3 t. 43."). 7';2 t...:.1 13.299.111 S 17 873.211 60 10,430,493 4 23,648 7 101.467 134 4,860.837 148 3,614,203 26 1,592.206 7 48,155 2 54,522 30 329,816 54 763.253 30 7.586,389 19 386,885 7 319,302 312 8,096,404 851 39, ORO, 791 171 2. Wi . 633 2,,9 1,634,916 49 138.497 13 34,812 60 703,.'>411 43 4:Jfì,611 31 279,912 8 77,311 23 310,697 7 32,500 8 48,904 4 12,100 4 99,83fì 91 897,228 41<8 582 146 38 333 226 138 49 62 46 8 53 26 25 49í 6,408,569 3,970,64li 1, 117,0,,3 Ib4,547 4,614,129 4, 6!lO, 282 3,401,415 lifìO, 731 71fì,338 315,130 15-1,422 2fì7, N4 135.496 537,759 5,830,442 52 2.9IR.,) O ;;1 7.70-1,,)001 1.739 29, 886.5fi9 2,7); 3:1,00-1,211:1 m 5.9'13.96;) 7"'.06".9;)9 3.119.') 1.07'1 28.191.301 COJfllIERCIAL FAILURES 869 95.-Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Classes, for 1922, with totals for 1909-19U. [From Dun's Review.] Provinces. Prince Edv.arù Island................ Kova Scotia...... ..... ............. ... Kew Brunsv. ick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec.......... '" ................... Ontario.......... ............... :Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ Alberta.. . . .. .. . . . __ _ . British Columbia. _ __ Total 1922. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kev. Coundland..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total .. 1921.............................. . 1920................... _. _..' _. _. .. 1919.... _ _ _... ....... _.... _...... _...... 1918... _ _................................. 1917..................................... . 1916..................................... . 1915..................................... . 1914............................... ...... 1913..................................... . 1912............................. _.. _ _. _.. 1911.................... .... _......... 1910...__ _ .__.................... 1909... _ _ ....... ................. ......... Provinces. Prince Edward Island. ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Brunsv. ick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario.. . . . . . . . .. . . lIIanitoba. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchev.an....... ....... Alberta. .. . . . _ . . . _. ........... British Columbia. . TotaI19 2..... . NewCoundlanù Total 1921. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. _ . __ . . . . . .. 1920....... .. __.... .. 1919.. .................. .. 1918. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1917.............................. .. 1916.............................. .. 1915.............................. .. 1914......... ........ .... ......... .. 1913. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .. 1912. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1911............ ._...... .. 19] O. . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1909........ ....... ............ ... Total Commercial. .Kum- ASfctS. Liabilities. bpr S S ]3 24,800 93,900 116 551, ]85 1,692,005 :? 530,9J9 787,837 1,485 32,225,598 45,424,806 954 18,362,054 16,494,181 373 4,054,383 4,449,628 224 2,lï5,850 2,772 ,540 22] 2,550,99] 2,392,662 ]62 1,948,714 2,207,115 3,630 62,!2!,5U 76,3U,67! 65 673,275 1,754,285 2,451 1,078 755 873 1,097 .] ,685 2,661 2,898 1,719 1,357 1,332 1,262 1,442 Trading. Kum- Liabilities. ber. S 13 93,900 95 1,353,805 69 542,562 1,047 13,929,84.5 643 6,465,196 296 3,371,949 206 2,582,701 188 2,004,154 106 1,197,506 2,663 31,5,11,618 54 1,462,585 1,739 29,886,569 771 7,704,505 494 4,475,628 590 5,142,397 777 8,417,239 1,237 12,290,368 1, 888 21,696,890 2,164 18,677,935 1,216 8,681,419 975 6,906,665 986 7,606,891 947 6,943,579 1,059 7,867,287 57,158,397 18,569,516 10,741,441 11,251,341 13,051,900 ]9,670,542 39,526,358 30,909,563 12,658,979 8,783,409 9,964,604 11,013,396 10,318,511 73,299,111 26,494,301 16,256,259 14,502,477 18,241,465 25,(69,534 41,162,321 35,045,095 16,979,406 12,316,936 13,491,196 14,514,650 12,982,800 ManuCacturing. Num- Liabilities. ber. S - - 19 336,200 13 245,275 386 26,524,786 282 9,643,475 60 755,986 15 111,914 30 362,008 47 916,647 "i52 38,896,291 5 184,500 559 33,976,790 255 15,871,216 213 10,234,477 232 8,248,807 261 7,455,094 363 8,796,646 655 13,877,414 614 11,063,191 452 6,792,763 323 4,5.56,615 321 4,760,016 292 7,030,227 354 3,933,938 Banking. Num- Liabilities. Num- Liabili ties. ber. ber. S S - - - - 2 2,000 - - - - - - 52 4,970,175 2 27,480 29 385,510 - - 17 321,693 ] 20,000 3 77,925 - - 3 26,500 - - 9 92,962 1 175,000 115 5, !l7fi, 765 4 222,480 6 107,200 - - ]53 9,43,5,752 1 45,233 52 2,918,580 - - 48 1,546,154 - - 51 1,111,273 - - 59 2,369,132 - - 85 3,982,520 - - 118 5,558,017 1 150,000 120 5,303,968 1 250,000 5] 1,505,224 1 ]25,000 59 853,656 - - 5 1,124.289 1 71,194 23 540,850 2 2,546,87] 29 1,181,575 - - NOTE.-NewCoundland included in totals, ]909-1921. Other Commercial. 870 FIS..4NCE 96. Causes of "'allures in Canada and the rnited States by l\ umbers and Percent.. aJ?;es, ) ears ended December 31, 1921 and 1922. [From Bradstreet's.} 1'-" CAr\\DA (including KewfoumUand and St. Pierre-'IiQuclcn). Failure", due to Incompeten!'e... . Inexpcrien('p.. . Lack of capital Cnv.i: 1.113,976 2.fì39,1ì46 3, !lS!I. ?!iO %,: 95 3.2.17 23."OS. "I t,:: .. fj .1J9j ,jl,Otij.0,9 55,3.9.b87 IN t;MTED STAT B. Incompetence......... . 6,404 7,666 103,54S,671 72,6:n ,O!J6 167,975,466 140,241,850 Inexperience _ ........... 1.142 1,062 11,391,871 6, 08.2.')0 21.851,478 12,244,\).')9 Lack of capital. 5,85.') 6,912 77,1fì6,433 80, 4S,584 16.'),5: 6,601 158,575,479 Pn" iFe credits..... .. .. . . . . . 230 292 22,938,682 .5,791.966 29,329,791 9,570.876 Failures of others. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 226 27S 8,183,145 7,8,'>6,990 13,957,791 16,139,150 ExtraVRl!;anCe 82 14ð 1.13",640 1.589,500 2,388,411 3,526,794 Neglect. 257 236 1,37!J,815 4,376,3;8 3,014,239 6,562,221 Competition .. . . . . . . . . . . 183 250 1.171,511 5,351.53,5 2,082,472 8,092,h94 Specific conditions. . . . . 4,638 4,6b6 205,0.'>6,079 157,311,140 317,863,633 241,071,706 Fipeculation. . . . . . . . . 66 55 5,U3,582 6,362,127 8;593,432 11,636,992 Fraud 931 s:m 9,21O.0:'i9 1R.1ì87.fiSS 23.IR4.371 42,185.759 Total .. 20.tll" . .-I15 'Uli..-j9....,5b8 ;1 i,i. 611'i, .'j" ;55.177. M'Ì:) 1i"9.!i"!i,3!i0 PERCE,-"TAGES OF KL 'II1IER OF FAIU"RES AND LIABILITTES. ('LASBIFIED BY ('ALBE. Failures due to Incompetence...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inexperience.. . .................... Lack of capital. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . Un\-\ i e credits..................... Failures of othcrs.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extra val!'ance. "'eglcrt. . _. . Competition.. _ _ _ pe('ific condition::,. ... . . Speculation. . . . . . I-raud. ................. ........ Canada per cent. Cnited States per cent. Kumber. Liabilities. Kumber. I Liabilities. 1921. 1922. 192\. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1921. 1922. ------- 23.2 '3.6 14.8 13.2 32.0 34.2 22.2 21.6 4.0 3.5 1.7 1.9 5.7 4.7 2.9 1.9 34.0 n.8 45.3 46.5 29.3 30.8 21.9 24.4 l.g 1.0 1.3 1.6 -1.1 1.3 3.9 1.5 1.4 0.8 3.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.8 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.7 1.7 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.3 1.2 25.6 24.6 25.0 24.3 23.2 20.9 42.1 37.0 0.7 0.8 2.4 1.8 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.8 6.9 5.2 5.2 j.l 4.7 3.7 3.1 6.5 Analysis of Commercial Failures.-In Table" 97 and 98 Bradstreet's and Dun's records of commercial failures are analyzed by }(emmerer's method. J"irst, the total of concerns failing is stated as a percentag(' of tho!"e in business, and this percentage is then stated as an index number, with 1900 as a base year. 1hen the assets and liabilitie!'> are stated, with the average liabilities per failure, sin{'e failures are more disastrous in proportion as the liabilities are larger. l\ext, the average liabilities per failure are stated as an index number, with 1900 as the base year. The percentage of liabilities to assets is also given, and finally the index number indicating the proportion of failures to the number of concerns in bm:iness and the index number indicating the size of the liabiliti are averaged, and the result is given as the barometer of busine s depre:,sion. This number reversed, i.e., sub- tracted from 200, is given as a barometer of business confidence. The records of Bradstreet and. Dun are not on the same ba!'i , hut the gpneral tmdency of the two records is the same. 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'?r:- _t-coaccc 0<:>- f 0 ÒÒÒÒ Ñ c. ci. ____....-4 ....................."....c "0 CI) e I:: C) ê c I:: p.., C CI) ) t- C') C'1 I r-.OCJC"":I_ f'2g 1t:' 0r- ""'" 0Ci t- c:o Mat::I-o::.at:) t-:J')t-a.t:>M :1:; c::. :-::-} C't:IC'I:)t-OOC:O CO.. 00 r- c: <-:><0 6 Ò ....;...:...: - .; ::I ë;; Z -; Z r.. a> "t: I . .. !>113Ï N.... OOj C'1 co coo....c::. r-- C') c::. 00 1.O-C"oM 00'0 ::I- r-. co a- C"1 C'1 t- c:o at:) 0 c:o _COMo:;.t- t-MO-O 0<") ë). S r--c::. 00 000 C'.:a ar.>- Mt- Oj -o::. .c. r-- C') C'.:a <0 " t.J p::\ í' I <:) aô : : ê : : '" : : Q '" : -t .s : '" c::: : < 0 i : : G> : Z : : : , : : : : roi foe 0 o-' "'; ooo)o -:<:,iCf:i .r;) !i g ;i;i z 000000 0000- ê =: ;:: ::; ;r.; ;:; ===::: ASSIGN1JJENTS UNDER BA.VKRUPTCY ÃCT 873 Under the Bankruptcy Act of 1919 (9-10 George V, c. 36) which went into force on July 1, 1920, certain documents relative to all failures coming under the Act are forwarded to the Dominion Statistician. Statistics based upon these docu- ments have been duly compiled in the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, and are published in Table 99. In the consolidation of these statistics it should be remembered that recent changes in the Act going into force October 1, 1923, may affect the comparability of the figures. It may, however, be pointed out that since the early months of 1923 there has been a decided decrease in the number of failures. 99.-Asslgnments under the Bankruptcy Act, by :\Ionths, 1920-1923. .Months. lanuary............................................................. . February.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March.............................................................. . ApriL...... . . . . _ .. .. .. . . " . . .. . . _ . . . . . .. .. _ . _ . .. .. . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . May................................................................ . June.................................................................. July...... ..... ................ ......................... ...... ....... August. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ .......... . _ . . . . . . September.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October........................................................... .... Novem ber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December......................... ................................... Totals_ .... _..... 1920. 1 1921. 1922. 1923. 2 49 73 68 97 117 169 228 374 170 340 171 340 132 245 155 309 156 288 169 300 186 272 214 332 228 364 267 410 288 351 387 355 368 324 291 271 209 242 320 200 259 232 3,4SS ISix months. 2Subject to revision. 573 1 2,3{;4 3,925 By provinces, the failures in 1921, 1922 and 1923 have been in order as follows, the figures for 1923 being plOvisional:-Prince Edward Island, 11, 15, 16; Nova Swtia, 1O , 121, 156; Kew Bn:nswick, !)6, 131, 67; Quebec, 928, 1,589,1,236; Ontario, 650, 1,058, 970; Manitoba, 147,284, 232; Saskatchewan, 177, 272,280; Alberta, 189, 299, 323; British Columbia, 98, 156, 158. 874 EDUC ll'IOX XI I.-EDUCATION. 1.- GENERAL EDUCATION. Throughout the Dominion of Canada public education is a matter of provin- cial concern. Before Confederation. the maritime colonies were separated from Ontario by French-speaking Quebec, and in each of these an eduC'ational system specially adapted to the local conditions had come into existence. "nen Confedera- tion was under consideration, the protection of e isting vested rights was the pre- dominant conf'ideration. As a result, section !}3 of the British North America Act, which embodies the Canadian Cow;titution in so far as that Constitution is a written one, provides that in and for each proYÍnC'e tIll' legislature may exclusively make laws in respect of education, except. that" nothing in any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or privilege with re pect to d{'nominational schools which any class of persons have by law in the province at the union." Inasmuch as the admini tration of public education is one of the C'hief funC'tions of Provincial Governments, there is in eaC'h of the provinces, except Quebec, a Department of Education administered either by a member of the Provincial Executive Councilor by the Executive Couneil as a whole. In practice, however, the routine administrat ion is in the hands of t he permanent officials of tl1f' Depart- ment of Education, who are members of the permmwnt civil service. In Quebec, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, appointed by the Government, is ex officio President of the Council of PubliC' Instruction; the link between the Depart- ment of Public Instruction and the Governmcnt is the Provincial Secretary; there are also two Deputy Heads, called the French and English secretaries of the depart- ment. Since the Departments of Education are permanent authorities, controlled as to the details of administration by permanent officials, educational policy is rela- tively permanent; further, the control of the Government over education through- out the province is relatively stronger than in the 17nited States. A capable Deputy Minister or Superintendent of Education impresses his personality and his views upon the whole system of his province, e pecially as in pradice he control"! the payment of government grantR, whiC'h constitute an important part of the revenues applied to educational purposes. (In 1922, out of a total expenditure on public general education in Canada amounting to $107,tiS5,OG!J, $13,934,113 came from the Provincial Governments.) The Department of Education in each province naturally has its headquarters at the capital of the province. Its local representatives are the school in:-;pectors, who, in áll provinces except Ontario, are åppointed and paid by the Government; in Ontario high and separate school inspectors are appointed and paid by the Govern- ment, while public school inspectors, except in the unorganized di:-;tricts, are ap- pointed by the county or city municipality from among the persons recognized by the Department of Education as qualified for such appointment, and after appoint- ment receive half their salary from the municipality and half from the province. Education in Quebec.-In Quebec there are two di5tinct systems of education, in each of which the teaching of religion takes a prominent position-the Protestant and the Roman Catholic systems. In the former, which is under the control of RECENT DEVELOPJ[K\ TS IN EDUCATION S7.j the Protestant Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, with an English Secretary, the curriculum and the general system of education is similar to that in the other provinces, e"Xcept that the highest grade is Grade XI, from which students are matriculated to i\IcGilI University and Bishop's College, the two Protestant English-speaking universitics of the province. In the Roman Catholic schools, which are mainly French-speaking as the Protestant schools are English-speaking, the administration is in the hands of the Catholic Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, with a --'rench Secretary. General elementary training is given by means of a curriculum, extending over eight " years ", some of which require more than a year to complete, the work of the eighth .e year" corresponding in a general way to the work of Grade X as that work is generally understood. Recent Developments in Education-In recent years there has been a tendency to lengthen the period of compulsory attendance and to enforce the law. This tendency has been most marked in Ontario, where in 1919 an Act was passed pro- viding (1) that C'hildren 8 to 14 must attend full time and that children from 5 to 8, once pnrolled, must attend full time to the end of the school term for which they are enrolled; (2) that adolf'scents from 14 to 16 who have not attained university matriculation standing must attend full time; those exempted owing to circum- stances requiring them to go to work must attend part time during the ordinary working day for 400 hours a year in municipalities providing part time cour es, which all municipalities of 5,000 population and upwards must do from September, 1922, smaller municipalities having an option in the matter. Further, tho e who have not attended full time up to 16 are required, after September, 1923, to attend 320 hours a year of part time courses up to age 18. In other words, an Ontario adoles- ent has the alternative of full time attendance to 16 or full time attendance to 14 plus part time attendance to 18. The operation of this Act has greatly increased the attcndance in Ontario secondary schools. Further, as a result of the keeping of children in school to a more advanced age, increasing attention has naturally been devoted to technical education of various kinds, especially as required by those students who are not adapted to higher intel- lectual work. The number taking technical training of some kind or other is rapidly increasing. S ta tistics of General Ed uca tion- The statistical tables on ed ucation in Canada commence with a statistical summary (Table 1), which shows that in the academic year ended in 1922 there were 2,123,618 pupils in attendance at educational insti- tutions in Canada, or 24.2 p.c. of the 1921 population. Of the above, 1,860,760, or 21.2 p.c. of the total population, were enrolled in ordinary day sC'hools under public control, the average daily attendance numbering 1,377,423. Those attending voca- tional schools-agricultural, commercial, industrial and other technical schools- numbered 80,349. There were 23,929 students in private business colleges, and 71,504 in other private schools under college grade. '['niversity students in regular courses numbered 18,245 and college students in regular courf'es, 5,902. Students in classical colleges numbered 9,502. There wcre in 1922, 59,312 teachers in :--:chools under public control, 10,596 males and 48,716 females. The total expenditure on schools under public control was $107,68.5,069, of which governmcnts contributed $13,934,113, and local taxation most of the balancc. 87û EDUCATION t.-Statlstical Summar) of Edu('ation in ('anada, NUMBER OF PlPILS ATTENDINO No Type of Institution. 1 Ordinary day schools under public controL.... . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Agricultural, commercial, industrial and other technical schools, including all evening schools, but not short course in universities and colleges. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . ; 3 h i i. ...:::::::::::::::::::... - - : .:: :::: : 1) Schools for the blind and deaf1.... ........................... 6 Busines!' c,>lIeges {r:r hate )................................... 7 Private, elementary and secondary schools. . . .. . . . . .. ....... 8 Preparatory cour!>es at universities and colleges............... . 9 3hort, special and correspondence courses at universities and colleges... ................................................. 10 Cla"sical colleges...... ... ........... ............. ............ 11 .\ffiliated, professional and technical colleges (regular courses). 12 Universities (regular courses)..... ............ ...... ....... Grand Total {exclusive of duplicates)......... ........... Population of 1921 . . . . . . . .. ......................... P.E.I. 1922. 18,323 19.6iR .615 NoS. 1922. 114,229 166 341 38 8 75 497 135 95 12i, -1-12 ii23,837 N.B. 1922. 77,774 7,086 1,090 276 226 698 1,390 372 490 1,390 358 278 67 723 391 322 292 1,293 486 81, ill! 387,876 DISTRIBUTION AND ATTENDA1\CE OF PLPILS IN ORDINARY 13 umber of boys enrolled..................................... 9,273 57,028 35,43 14 !\umber of girls enrolled............. ....................... 9,050 57,201 35,91 15 fotal in t.he first six grades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,829 89,264 63,51 16 fotal in intermediate and secondary grades.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,835 24,965 7,82 17 Total in secondary grade............................. _ .. - II ,039 - 18 Roys in secondary !!rade... .., . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - 4,202 - 19 Girls in secondary grade........ ...... ............ ......... - 6,837 - 20 Number of pupil!' in graded schools........................... 6,570 72,091 36,36 21 umber of pupils in ungraded schools......................... II ,753 42.138 34,98 22 Average dRily attendance... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 12,338 70,410 51,59 23 -\. verage num ber 01 days each pupil attended during year. . . . . . 129 136 14 24 -\.verage number of days schools were open during year........ 192 196 19 25 Percentage of total attendance in average attendance.. . . . . . . . . 67,4 69.5 72. 1 5 8 8 6 o o 5 o 3 TEACHERS, ACCO\lMODATlON A D EXPENDITLRE 26 Teacher:;; in schools under public control. ...... . . . . _ _ 27 Iale teachers.. . . . . . . . .. ........... __ . . .. 28 em ale teachers....... . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . 29 :"ITumber oÍlschool districts... ................ ....... ...... 30 :"ITumber ofschool houses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ............... 31 Number of class-rooms in operation......... ........... 32 :"ITumber of ungraded one-roomed schools...................... 33 Average number of pupils to a class-room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . 34 Total expenditure on education. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . _ .. S 35 Total expenditure on education by Governments........... S 36 Total expenditure on education by ratepayers, etc. .. . . ... S 37 Expenditure on teachers' salaries.. .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 38 Average annual cost per pupil cnrolled. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 39 -\. verage annual cost per pupil in daily attendance...... . . . .. S 61I 122 489 473 473 609 415 30 428,869 271 , 103 157,766 22.21 31.49 3,208 263 2,945 1,7ï3 1.863 2,982 1,431 38 3,646,570 61e.389 3,030,181 1,740,731 31.92 45.92 2,246 180 2,066 1,331 2,061 1,196 38 2,657,046 381.075 2.275,971 34.17 51.50 I The blind and deaf of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are accommodated at the insitu- are accommodated at the Institution for the Blind in Brantford. Ont., hy arrangempnt beh.een the and Alberta are accommodated at the School for the Deaf in Winnipeg, !\Ian. t Figures of 1920-21 in Quebec; c3.lendar year 1921 for public and separate schools, and school vear except university regular courses, private schools and certain other figures of Quebe<" which are for 19 0-21. · Included with items 7 and 10. There were. however, a number in preparatory cour"es, in addition to · Including 309 in the Yukon and N.W.T. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION 877 by Provinces, 1922, or latest year reported. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIOr-;S. Quebec 2 Ontario 2 Manitoba. Sask. Alberta. B.C. 1921-22. 1921-22. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 462,779 632,123 136,876 183,935 142,902 91,919 11,046 44,450 5,802 1,779 3,202 5,628 1,376 2,431 790 1,462 760 685 1,539 3,625 1,804 1,444 1,203 2,505 579 481 131 74 54 75 4,248 12,229 1,928 649 2,304 1,075. 54,671 7,706 563 2,514 2,489 1,283 . 3,321 251 8 653 74 2,629 4,299 1,067 15,036 344 217 9,502 - - - - - 1,572 3,046 759 54 64 115 5,428 6,168 1,874 . 799 1,088 1,014 55.;.2G9 719.879 151. -I5 207.754 155.063 IM.590 2.361.199 2.933.662 610.118 757.510 588."';" 52-1.582 Total. No. 1,860,760 80,549 2 9,293 3 13,021. 4 1,695 5 23,929 6 71,504 7 5,136 8 24,082 9 9,502 10 5,902 11 18,245 12 2.123.618 8.788.483 DAY SCHOOLS UNDER PUBLIC CONTROL. 248,544 318,350 - 93,644 72,093 46,833 - 13 264, 107 313,7n - 90,291 70,809 45,086 - 14 465,945 465,904 111,377 153,389 112,508 64,801 1,541,.')35 15 51,405 166,219 25,499 30,546 30,394 27,118 367,809 16 - 54,870 10,729 10,714 10,762 8,944 - 17 - 21,924 - 4,419 4,707 3,929 - 18 - 26,861 - 6,295 6,055 5,Ot5 - 19 - 450,000 82,000 85,000 76,691 80.3 8 - 20 - 182,000 54,000 98,000 66,211 11.581 - 21 397,172 446,396 95,433 119,041 100,515 75,528 1,377,423 22 - - 130 127 131 - - 23 - - 187 189.3 179 - - 2 77.47 70 69.7 64.7 70.3 82.2 71.6 25 IN !::CHOOLS UNDER PUBLIC CoNTROL. 4 17,201 16,147 3,893 7,225 5,787 2,994 59.312 26 2,631 2,378 924 1,970 1,428 700 10,5.16 27 14,570 13,769 2,969 5,255 4,359 2,294 48,716 28 7,377 - 2,094 4,543 3,297 716 - 29 7,543 7,231 1,936 - 2,861 991 - 30 13,274 - 3,782 5,717 4,485 2,823 51,000 31 4,989 2,588 (approx. ) - - 3,506 473 - 32 38 - 37 32 3 9 33 - 33 22,122,979 36,739,564 10,898,340 13,442,417 9,915,706 7,833,578 107.68.'),069 34 2,351,471 3,475,713 1,058,292 1,491,610 1,146,722 3,141,738 13.934,113 35 19,771,508 33,263,851 9,840,048 11,9.')0.807 8,768,984 4,691,840 93,750,956 36 - 19,036,129 5,016,903 7, 2ï3. 200 5,213,011 - - 37 43.15 54.31 79.62 73.08 61.24 85.23 S3.77 38 55.70 82.30 114.23 112.95 87.09 103.73 76.10 39 tions in Halifax, N .S., by arrangement with that province; the blind of the three prairie provinceß different prairie provinces and Ontario; by a similar arrangement with Manitoba, the deaf of Saskatchewan those included in items 7 and 10, in private schools not reporting. 1921-22 for secondary schools. in Ontario. All other figures for both Quebec and Ontario are for 1921-22 878 EDUCATION 2.-1\ umber of Schools. T('a('h('r and PUI)ils in Canada. b) Prminces. 1901, 1906. 1911 and 1916- 192'! or latest )'ear reported. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (All publicly controlled schools. except Prince of \\ales Collpge, for year endpù June 30), Years. Schools Teachers. Pupils Enrolll'd. A vprage Attendance of Pupil!,. :\1 ale. ..emale. Tota1. Boys. Girls. Total. o. Per cent. - - - - - - - - 299 290 589 11,2H) 9,460 20, ï79 12,330 59.34 246 327 5ï3 10, 196 8,790 18,986 11 ,903 62.69 ]78 413 591 9,152 8,245 17 ,397 10,511 60.40 138 457 595 9,565 8,797 18,362 11 ,347 61.79 ])0 491 GOI 9,291 8,899 ]8,190 11 ,319 62.22 100 497 597 9,101 8,760 17,861 11 ,334 63.50 102 492 594 8,882 8,70,) 17,587 10,908 62.00 91 41)6 577 8,842 8,512 17 ,354 10,991 62.86 103 4 S 591 8,913 8,597 17 ,510 11 ,446 65.30 122 4!i9 6B 9,273 9,050 18,323 12,338 67.40 1901. .. .. ., . . .. .. . 474 1906.. ............ 478 1911. . . 478 1916.............. 476 1917. . . . .. . . . . .. . . 473 1918......... ..... 468 1919... ....... 466 ]920....... ..... 454 1921.. . . . . 461 1922...... 473 !-;OV!\ SCOTIA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for the year ended July 31). 1901............. . 2,387 540 1,952 2,492 49,768 48,642 98,410 53,643 54.5 1906............. . 2,446 366 2,212 2,578 50,198 50,134 100,332 59,165 58.9 1911.. _........... 2,639 331 2,468 2,799 50,91)5 51,925 102,910 61,250 59-5 1916............. . 2,837 246 2,773 3,019 53,944 55,245 109,189 69,227 63.4 1917............. . 2,856 198 2,847 3,045 53,560 55,472 109,032 70,118 64.3 1918............. . 2,859 185 2,852 3,037 52,731 55,361 108,094 67,923 62.S 1919...,......... . 2,812 163 2,849 3,012 52,491 54,491 106,982 65,906 61.6 1920.... .. 2,835 199 2,816 3,015 53,1 i9 54,917 108,096 66,442 61.6 1921............. . 2,898 203 2,886 3,089 54,355 55,128 109,41'3 73,291 66.9 1922............. . 2,982 263 2,945 3,208 57,028 57,201 114,229 79,410 69.,> NEW BRUNSWICK (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for second term ended June 30), 1901............. . 1.741 353 1,488 1,841 30,870 29,550 60,420 37,717 58.34 1906............. . 1,762 302 1.577 1.879 30,913 29,768 60,681 37,540 61.86 1911...... . ---... 1.885 221 1,754 1,975 31,8il 31,202 63 , 073 39,215 62.17 1916.... .. 1. 996 196 1,965 2,161 33,089 33,459 66,548 43,914 65.98 1917. . .. . .. . . . . . . . 1,981 167 1,962 2,129 32,025 32,751 64,776 42,1'84 66.22 1918..........". . 1.91)6 149 1,973 2,122 31,858 32,990 64,848 44,1170 6!J.41 1919...........,. . 1, 950 136 1,971 2,107 31,784 33,136 64,920 46,358 71.41 1920..........,. .. I, 898 141 1, 913 2,054 32,015 33,035 65,050 45,860 70.49 1921............. . 1. 973 155 1,987 2,142 33,615 34,477 68,092 46,777 74.00 1922. . . .. . . . . .. . . . 2,061 180 2,066 2,246 35,431 35,915 71, 346 51,590 72 .30 QUEBEC (Elementary and Iodcl Schools and Academies for year ended June 30). 1901............. . 5,970 1,268 8,924 10,192 153,801 161,OSO 314,881 232,255 73.76 1906............. . 6,364 1,422 9,779 11,201 166,967 174,841 341,808 263,111 76.97 1911............. . 6,799 1, 786 11,104 12,890 189,116 200,007 389,123 301 ,678 77.52 1916............. . 7,095 2,263 12,813 15,076 225,425 239,032 464,447 373,364 8(1.39 1917....... 7,195 2,265 13,373 15,638 223,362 240,028 463,390 367,468 79.29 1918............ .. 7,255 2.394 13,800 16,194 224,248 243,260 467,508 369,057 78.94 J919........ . 7,366 2,473 13,740 16,213 233 ,8: 4 252,367 486,201 365,803 75.23 1920.... ............ 7,481 2,548 14.162 16,710 239,648 256,239 495,887 372,377 75.09 1921 ...... 7,543 2,631 14,570 17 ,201 248,544 264, 107 512,651 397,172 77.47 1922.:.: :. .... .. 7.695 2,760 14,9i6 17,727 260,449 270,256 530, 705 421,704 78.8S 1\?Uj'l,fBERS OF SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND PUPILS 879 2.-Number of Schools. Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by I>>rO\inces, 1901, 1906, 1911, and 1916 -1922 or latest )'ear reported -con. UNTARIO (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for calendar years up to 1916, since which date the secondary school year has ended on June 30) Pupils Enrolled. Average Teachers. Attendance of Pupils. Years. Sc hools - rale. -emale. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. No. Per cent. - - - - - - - - 1901............. . 6,166 2,666 7,134 9,800 247,351 233,778 492,534 275,234 55.81 1906............. . 6,382 2,376 8,368 10,744 243,572 234.812 492,544 285,330 57.81 1911. . . .. .. . . . . . . . 6,693 2,14.5 9,871 12,016 253,220 244,708 518,605 305,648 58.94 1916............. . 6,923 2,007 11 ,730 13,737 273,676 269,214 560,340 355,364 65.44 1917............. . 6.9.50 1,913 12,141 14,054 280,597 281,268 561,865 369,081 65.69 1918...... . ._a_.. 6,995 1,663 12,604 14,267 281,462 283,193 564,655 328,197 58.16 1919. 7,1l3 1,96.5 12,836 14,801 292,210 292,414 584, 724 388,768 66.49 1920............. . 7,042 2,164 13,177 15,331 302,887 3m,036 604,923 396,141 65.49 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,231 2,326 13,666 15,992 318,350 313,773 632,123 446,396 70.62 The discrepancy bet",een the total of pupils enrolled in Ontario from 1901 to 1916 and the number by sex for the same years is due to the inclusion of kindergarten pupils in the total. The num ber by sex of these kindergarten pupils is not available. D MANITOBA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30). 1901............. . 1,416 618 1,051 1,669 - - 51,888 27,550 52.9 1906............. . 1,847 596 1,769 2,365 - - 64,123 34,947 54.5 1911. ........... 2,341 651 2,217 2,868 - - 80,848 45,303 56.3 1916. . 2,888 491 2,500 2,991 - - 103,796 66,561 64.1 19]7.........:::: : 3,043 530 2,494 3,O?4 - - 106,588 69,209 64.9 1918............. . 3,089 524 2,573 3,097 - - 109,925 69,968 63.6 19]9. ............. 3,256 - - - - - 114,662 72,072 62.8 1920. ............ . 3,479 669 2,810 3,479 - - 123,452 88,563 71.7 1921............. . 3,596 796 2,912 3,708 - - ]29,0]5 86,137 66.76 1922. ............. 3,782 924 2,969 3,893 - - 136,876 95,433 69.7 5 6 4 2 SASKATCHE"\\ AN (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled fchools for year ended December 31). 1906.. ............. 873 563 733 1,296 16,376 14,899 31,275 15,770 50.31 1911............. . 2,123 1,316 2,175 3,547 37,692 34,568 72.260 38,278 53.00 19]6............. . 3,629 1,490 4,187 5,787 66,497 62,942 129,439 71,522 55.30 1917. . .. . . . .. . . . . . 3,816 1,304 4,430 5,853 72,691 69,926 142,617 88.758 62.24 1918............. . 3,963 1, 015 5.047 6,233 76,896 74,430 151,326 91,010 60.14 1919............. . 4,183 1,269 5,117 6,550 83,916 80,303 164.219 98.791 62.16 1920:............ . 4,177 1.477 5,332 6,809 88,993 85,932 174,925 106,997 61.16 1921............. . 4,29') 1. 830 5,330 7,160 93,943 90, 9 8 184,87] 117,390 63.50 1922.......... '" 4,543 l, 971 5,254 7,225 93,644 90,291 183,935 1 119, C41 64,72 ALBERTA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended Decem ber 31). 1906. ............. 570 280 644 924 14,701 14,083 28,784 14,782 51. 1911............. . 1,392 867 1,784 2,651 31,753 29,907 61,660 32,556 52.0 1916............. . 2,170 1,355 3,252 4,607 50,375 48,826 99,201 60,271 60.7 1917............. . 2,321 1,267 3,866 5,133 54,446 53,281 107,727 65,374 60.6 1918............. . 2,766 1,090 4,565 5,655 56,OIl 55,098 III ,109 68,489 61.6 1919.... ... _ _ ..... 2,796 1,082 3,820 4,902 61,206 60,361 121,567 74,776 61.51 1920.. .. . . 2,826 1,161 3,853 5,014 68,045 67,705 135,750 82,417 60.71 19212_ .... .. . .. : : : : 2,746 - - 5,3?0 62,957 61,371 124,328 89,401 73.5 1922............. . 2,861 1,428 4,359 5,787 72,093 70,809 142,902 100,515 70.3 00 8 5 8 4 IThere Were in addition 5,015 not classified by BeX. 2Half year only. 880 EDUCATION 2. - Xumber of Schools. Teachers and Pupils in Canada, b) PrO\lnces, 1961, 1906,1911, and 1916 -192' or latest )'ear reported-concluded. BRITISH COLUM1IIA (Elementary and sec')ndary publicly controlled schools for yem ended June 3J.) Years. Schools Average Teacbers Pupils Enrolled. Attendance of Pupil . Male. Female. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. No. Per cent. - - - - - - - - 185 343 543 12,069 11,546 23,615 15,335 64.94 176 477 690 14,524 13,998 28,522 19,809 68.39 323 856 1,179 23, 162 21,783 44,945 32,517 71.27 523 1,541 2,Oü4 32,874 31,696 64,570 50,880 78.78 468 1. 656 2,124 32,480 32,638 65,118 52,577 80.74 436 1,8\0 2,246 33,540 33,976 67,516 54,748 81.08 486 1,846 2,332 35, 944 36,052 72,006 56,692 78.73 572 1,985 2,557 39,772 39.471 79,243 59,791 75.45 595 2,139 2,734 41,442 42,508 85,950 68,497 79.69 700 2,294 2,994 4ti.833 45,086 91.919 75,528 82.16 1901. .. . . .. . . . . . . . 318 1906.. . . . . . . . . .. . . 374 1911. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 533 1916.... ......... 810 1917 . . .. . . . . . . 848 1918......... __... 855 1919.............. 873 1920.............. 922 1921......... ..... 946 1922........... '. 991 N'OTE.- The totals for teachers in British Columbia in 1901 and 1906 are greater than the sum oCthe mule and the female teachers becau."e no information as to the sex of high school teachers is available. This discrepancy also appears in the Summary for Canada. SU'I'IARY FOR CA:-/ADA (1901-1921). 1901............. . 18,472 6,929 tl,181 27,126 605,118 494,056 1,062,527 654 , 064 61.5 1906... 21,096 6,8t1 t6,886 32,263 641,441 641 ,8t5 1,167,055 742,357 63.61 1911....... ....... 24,883 1,818 89,641 40,502 626,951 61t,84O 1,350,821 856.956 (it. 1 1916............. . 28,824 8,109 41,f18 50,307 146,446 1J.9,lll 1,615,892 1. 102 ,450 68.2, 1917............. . 29.483 8,ff 4S ,ff!O 51.601 158, J,3t 71 ,t68 1,639,303 1,135,788 69.2 1918............. . 30,231\ 1,666 45,1tl 53,438 165.b 1 181,068 1.662,842 1,105,696 66.4 1919............. . 30,815 1,676 4t,671 50, 'ill 80fJ , 861 811,8f9 1,732,868 1,180,074 68.1 1920. ............. 31,814 9,045 46,688 55,733 8' .',1f81 847 ,8 1 1.804,6 0 1,229.579 67.58 1921............. . 32,519 8,639 52.617 57,1:37 864,119 8"'O,R89 1,86!,023 1,331\,5C7 71.7 8 3 8 9 o o NOTE.- From 1901 to 1905, inclusivE', the Rummary for Canada compri:!ccl t he seven proviflces of Prince Edward Island, Nova f;cotia. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario. fanitoba and British Columbia. 1 he t o provinces of F:askatchewan and Alberta were formed in 1905, and from 1906 all the nine provinces are inc\ucled. with thE' exception of Manitoba for 1912, when no EcluClltion Report was issuM by that province. The sex "f the teachers in the secondary schools of Sa!'\katchC'wan is not f!:iven, and in tanitobn the sex ofthe pupils "as not iven for any of the year" while Ontario did not give the sex ofit.s kindergarten pupils until 1917. In the Rummary, therefore, these defects are indicated by printing certain items in italics. A general summary for 1922 for all elementary and secondary schools under public control is given in Table I, pages 876-877. 3.-Teachers in Training in Xma Scotia. Xew Bruns" ick. Quehec. Ontario and "anl- toba, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922, Saskatchewan and .\lberta.19D6,1911, 1916--- 1922. NOVA ScarlA. Number of Teachers in Tr;;ining in the Pror;indal Normal College. Years. Enrol- Years. Enrol- Years. Enrol- Years. Enrol- ment. ment. ment. ment. 1901.. 241) 1916.......... . 3S8 1919....... .. 255 1921. 24 1906....... " . . . 154 1917.......... . 263 1920........ . 228 1922..:: ::::: 35 1911........... . 268 1918. ........ .. 260 NEW BnuN'HHcK. Number (.f InlltrucJors and TNlchers in Training in the Normal School. 1901........... . 1906............ 1911. . . . . '" . . . . 1916........... . 1917........... . 11 16 16 19 18 Teachers in Training in Kormal School. Years. !\! ale. Female Total. - 41 155 196 1918....... .. 44 263 307 1919........ . 46 32-1 370 19.m.. 45 3 7 372 1921..... . 41 331 372 11122........ . Teachers in Training Instruct- in Normal School. ors. iale. Female Total. -- 20 29 258 287 19 13 250 275 25 24 267 15 201 216 46 313 359 Years. Instruct- ors. TEACHERS IN TRAINING 881 a.-Teachers in Training in Nm.a Scotia. New Brunswick. Quebec, Ontario and 'Iani- toba, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906, 1911, 1916-1921 -con. QUEBEC. Number of Teadlers and Pupils in Normal Schools. 1901..................... . 1906...... ................ 1911. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1916..................... . 1917..................... . 1918..................... . 1919. . . .. . . .. . . " " . . . . . . . 19 0..................... . 1921..................... . 1922. ..................... 5 5 11 14 14 14 14 14 Instructors. Teachers in Training. fale. Female. Tot.al. Male. Female. Tot:,\. - - - - - - 31 27 5g 97 256 353 35 27 62 1'13 280 423 50 79 129 174 666 810 52 144 196 ]9] 1,166 1,3.')7 52 144 196 180 1,181 1,361 52 153 205 ]80 1,159 1,339 57 148 205 159 1.06-1. 1,223 50 157 207 182 1,320 1,5U - - - 166 uno 1,376 - - - 172 1,217 1,389 Average attend- ance. Per cent. Years. Schools 345 420 835 1.357 1,361 1.339 1,135 1,3\15 97.73 99.29 99.-1.0 100 .00 100. 00 100.00 92.80 92.87 ONTARIO. Teachers trained t!Jot, 1906, 1911, 1916 to 1!} 1? inrlu. i7'e. l\1odel Schools. Provincial Normal Colleges, Normal Schools. etc. Total. fale. t Total 3 lale. ie Total. Male. r:.'\ie Total. fale. Jaie Grand Tota\. Years. l 1901. . . .. . ... . . .. . . ... 613 1906................. . 389 1,361 1,750 21 324 315 52 139 191 462 1,824 2,286 1910-11.............. . 31 177 208 121 1.1 d 5 1,2fi6 152 1.322 1,474 11)15-16.............. . 43 167 210 2 211 1,398 1.60\1 25-1. 1.50)5 1,819 1916-17.... ........... 14 131 145 137 1,156 1,293 151 1,287 1.438 ]917-18.............. . 5 157 162 59 1,455 1.514 61 1.612 1.676 HIl8-19.............. . 86 86 44 1,056 1,100 lfì9 304 473 213 1. 4Hì 1,659 1919-20.............. . 4 77 81 203 1,045 1. 248 297 262 55P 50-1. 1.3114 1.898 1920-21. . .. . . .. .. ... . . 41 460 514 4 199 1,282 1,481 150 75 226 390 1. 818 2,221 1921-22.............. . 57 525 616 4 273 1. 542 1,815 213 140 353 5-1.3 2,207 2, 784 c IPrevious to 1908, there were 55 County Model Scho31s in Ontario, in addition to three Normal S('hools and the Normal Collpge. The function of the!'e Modpl Schools was the traininl1; of thirrl ('las:; teachprs. while that o! the fl;ormal Scþools was I!'pnerally the training of spcond chss and kindergarten teachers, and that of the Collpge, the training of first class and secondary teachers. In 1908, most of the County :Model Schouls were nbolished am! the duty of training teachers for all the Publi(' and eparate Schr)()ls except thæe in thp district" anrl poorer seC'tions of the province was placed upon the Normal Schools, which were incrrn.('IPd in number from 3 to 7. The Department of Education ceased to report thp attpndancp at the Normal College nTOB-\. REc":IPTS. Years. . Total. LE'gis- lati ve grant. 1907......................... . 1911......................... . 1916.. ........................ 1917......................... . HJ18._...... ......... ......... 1919......................... . 19 0.____...... .-------..... ]911............ ..... 1922. ......................... S 242,383 325.410 503, 774 522, 29:3 616.977 5S9,17-1 691 9S1 822,186 1,05R,29 l\f uni- cipal taxes. S 1,223,336 1,847, :380 3,296,667 3,4-15.239 3,7:36,45" 4,20::1.519 4.947.]"6 6.9 2.86-t 7,991. 517 Deben- tures. S 315,271 1,318,068 3.....67:3 321, :3ï0 240,855 188,9:31 402,181 2,250,07:3 1,832,134 Prom- issory notes. Balance from Sundries. pre- vious years. S 802,574 1,275,239 2.080.20-1 917.486 1,14'),289 1. 16-'>,751 2,201j,019 2.773,212 2,613,709 S 141,452 76,172 2::\9,176 108,046 133,111 261,710 432.110 280.6-14 242,840 s S 115.677 2,840,693 399.5:39 5,241,808 609.932 7,074.476 376,31'\ 5,710.752 416,19-1 6,285,878 508.348 6.917,406 436.16 9,117,644 457,:H213,506,292 563,183 14,301,675 Years. 1907... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . 1\111.... . . . .. . ., . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1916.................................... . 1917.................................... . 1!)l8... - . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919......... - --......................... 1910.. .. __ - . __ . .. . . 1921....................... -. 1922.................................... . Years. 1907... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . 1911.................................... . 1916.................................... . 1!IlT.................................... . 191'!.................................... . 1919.................................... . 1910.................................... . 1921... . . ..... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922. _ _. _ _ _ _.._ EXPEXDITURE. Teachers' Building, Repairs Salary Salarie8. etc. Fuel. and of caretaking. Sec.-Treas. S S S S S 1,009,224 460, 260 79,963 126,216 23, 42 0 1,452,630 1,199,21!8 109.299 167,714 29. 21 8 2,195,226 823,266 165.647 358,315 41. 53 0 2,314.006 382,988 lïl,461 385.226 19, 80 6 2,382,840 440,221 197.251\ 418.660 46, 24 9 2,648,230 556,012 243,155 372,:323 51. 553 3,296,035 958,933 354,076 479,192 96, 08 6 4,335,5 9 2,081.176 39:3,160 741,058 91,41" 5,016.903 1. 947. .')17 512.016 746.642 140, 41 4 Principal Interest Promissory Other of on Total. Debenture . Debenture.". notes. expenditure. S S S S S 81,795 80,39 667,791 200,856 2,729, 91 7 131.975 144,735 1,590,565 199,446 5,024, 89 0 19-1,257 409,193 2,1:32,2!ì6 338,459 6,658,229 241,223 155,619 1,196,806 466,166 5,3:33, 30 2 360,134 357,409 1.055,581 651.031 5,909, 38 3 391,:332 400,75-1 1,305,433 649, 888 6,618, 74 0 347,356 439,9-16 1. 802, 29-1 1,05: , 174 8,827, 09 2 4 O,323 496,565 3,049. -137 1,470,545 13,079, 20 5 485,365 610,418 2, 666, 84 1,439.055 13,564, 82 4 NOTE.-For a ,mmmary of the principal items of Receipts and Expenditure from 19J1 to 19J6, 800 Year Book of 1915, page 128. From 1907 the items are given in greater detail, as above. Owing to change of year, no figures were published for 1912. SSG EDurATIO.V 9.-Reeeipts and t;\I)(-'nditure for Public t:dueatlon in ('anada, by PrO\iuees, 1901 1906. 1911. 191G-1922-('on. S \81\. '\TCHE\\ '\" lH.ECElI'T ). Elementary ðchools. i-;ccondary ðchools. 1. ears. Go" ern- Local Proceeds Other Gov!.:'rn- ment A8sess- of De- Total.! ment Total.! Grant. ment. bentures. sourCC8. Grant. - - - - .- - S S S S S S $ 1906.............. . 174,218 602,624 360, 206 328,313 1,465,361 - - 1911.. . ....... 555,43b 1,519,528 659,2iO 1,295,556 4,O 9, 792 - - 1916... . 969,709 4,69t,242 649,300 2,999,4-13 9,31::!,6\H 77, 158 593,IH 1917.............. . 1,lOt,l.16 4, 95t, 200 - 4,2H,:HI 10,271, i27 83,496 701, t<;5 1918.............. . 1,162,490 5,618,192 455,777 1,87t,15 9,110,925 9'),i91 2i6,1GI2 1919. . .. 1. 255,094 7,121,046 1,105,692 2,012,-122 11,-I!H,16t 8: ,92;) 3.'')5,741 1920. 1. 229,934 8,826,175 1,516,it);) 2,341,770 13,91-\,6t:) 107,1:)3 411,791 1921.............. . 1. 346, 459 9,619,615 1,47.'),S 2 2,5-16,736 1-1, 9SS, 692 U5,151 4.020,4:t! Glan.1 Tutal. S 1,4 5, 6. 4, 0_9. .9 9,935,8: 8 10,976,212 9, 87,Uðti 11,849,9')5 \4,359,t: 4 19,009,124 'Thc total ex(>{'nditure for secondary schools \\ab included in that of the elementary schools up to 1912. 2 rhis item in 1918 and 1919 does not include money borrO\\ed by note. :-;ABKATCIIEW'\:Io (F:XPEXDITCRE). Years Tcach rs' 2 'I "alancs. Salarie... Paid on Dehcn- ture". I ; School C'are- (renc"ah-. building!' taking ami and and intcre8tL rcp.l.irs. fuel. I f;econdary Tutal ðchools. l'xpcndi- Teach- turc. crs' Total'. Salarie!'. Grand Total. -, -- --- -- - - - S S S S S S S S S S 1906.. 471. 736 29,076 113,958 3n3. iJ9 3: 9. 933 17,251 1,44'3,915 1,448,915 1911.. I, 29S, 915 8t,603 369,951 1,071,7/n 6l!J,611 li2.993 3,990,036 3,99:>,036 1916.. 2, 95ti, 666 1,105,76,') 9,211,390 175,093 580,628 9,792,018 1917.. 3,30: ,9.!9 1, ]:\6.5!J!I - 10,117,716 19),703 686,0391 10,804,108 1918.. 3,831,9 1 I,O:m,574 1,588,99.') "...;. "1 9,18: , 975 209,085 I, 29: , 110 9,477,0% 1919.. 4,813,000 809,999 1. n7,891 1, 369, 8: 3 - 11, t33, 25'3 235,460 1,350,635 11,783,9-13 1920.. 5,9-10,869 813,266 2,178,1:H 1. 928, 150 - 1-1,141,188 325,497 46'3,477 1-1,609,665 1921.. 6,8\10,376 86-1,304 2,169,914 1,702,327 - 15,07-1,266 382,824 538,065 15,6U,331 'The secondary schooi expenditure was included in that of the elcmentary schools until 1912: the iteIIl3 for 1918, 1919 and 1920 do not .include promissory notes. ALBEfhA (RECEIPTR). "\ ears. Govern- Local Proceeds Borro" ed Ot her I ment Ab e:"8- of Deben- by Total. Grant. mente tures. Note. sourcps. S S S S S S 142,836 416,34-1 297,158 292,786 140, i9i 1,289,921 432,877 1,575, H2 1,481,lì3 1,461,208 120,363 5,071,033 553,141 3,749,007 155,8S:i 1,105,538 1,203,8H 6,i67,383 652,557 3,657,510 26S, 102 1,451,229 497,479 6,5:?6,878 6 5,830 5,132,232 433,126 1,173,5-16 195,990 7, 56J, 724 7103,083 5,601,ï1:i 655,960 1, : S8, 001 41O,2:i5 8,76:1,992 885,524 6,89-1,401 865,19.'') 1,918,257 279,776 10,873,153 1,146,722 7,432, !J36 814,Ovb 2,321,144 323,242 12,O.iS,052 1006..... .. 1911.. . . . . . . 1916. 1917. 1918.... .. 1919..... . 1920.......... . 1!J21....................... . ALBERTA (EXPEKDITt;RE). "\ ears. Teachcrs' Officials. .llarie:i. alaries. Paid on n School Dcbcn- (rencwals buildings tures. and and intercbt). rcpairs. Other r"pen- diture. Total Expen- diture. - - - - - - S $ S $ , S S 1906. .. .... . 386, 108 203,796 9-1,947 298,984 27-1,525 180,747 1,259,107 1911...... . 1,1,*-1,584 87,4li!1 408, H:l 1,: 1J9,I:H I, 22: ,14l 8.'):3,062 5,Ol5,773 1916. ,. 2,421,404 230,931 956,,')603 I, 266, 8-1 325,297 920,5035 6,121,614 1917.. ,. 2,620,Og5 193,4b4 1,100, UH 1,0tH,058 414,105 1,199,619 6.595,56'! 1918. 2,860,352 198,870 1,054,OH 1,5!18,757 60t,891 I,Ii9,777 7,-196,691 1919...... _.................. . 3,560,318 225,2-12 1,051,171 1. 51J: ,!Jt4 765,935 1,6 I!,919 8,805,529 1920.. . -.........- 4,3ï1,50b 258,249 1.053,3lb 1. 785, -132 1,092,863 2,Od2,9t!l 10,644,0329 1921. 5,213,011 29Q, 003 1,141,660 2.21'3,782 1.120,851 2, H2,181 ll, I:U, 488 SALA.RIES OF TEflCHERS 887 t.-Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in ('anada, by Prminees, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916-1922--concludcd. BRITISH CO;.r'u"l-\ (EXPEXDITl. RE). Cities, Cities, Provincial Municipal- Provincial :\Iunicipal- Years. Govern- ities, Total. Years. Govern- i ties, Total. Rural and Rural and mente Assisted ment. Assisted School'!. Sch:>ols. $ $ S $ $ $ 1901....... 350,532 182,160 532,692 1918........ . 1,653,797 1,865,21S 3,519,015 1906. ... .. . .. . 444,543 244,1Q8 6 8, 741 1919. . . . .. .. . 1,791,154 2,437,566 4,228,720 1911.......... 1,001,808 1,639,71-1 2,641,522 1920........ . 2, lii5, 935 3,314,246 5,470,180 1916.......... 1,591,322 1,625.028 3,216,350 1921.. . . .. . . . 2,931,572 4,238,458 7,170,030 1917.......... 1,600,125 1,637,539 3,237,664 1922........ . 3,141,738 4,691,840 7,833,578 to.-Average Annual Salaril's of School Teachers, b)' PrO\inces, 19 1-22 or latest )ear relJOrted. Province find ('lass of Certificate. Female. Prince Edward Island, 1922- First class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second class.. . . .. . . . . .. Third class. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nova Scotia, 1922- Class A. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class B. _...................... Class C... ..... . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . (lass D....................... Academic.................... . X ew Bruns'\\ ick, 1922- First cla"s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second class................... Third class.... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . Superior schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grammar schools.............. Quebec, 19211- Protestant schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . Roman Catholic schools....... Ontario, 1921- Public and Separate schools- First class.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hecond class.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third class and district certi- ficate... . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . High Schools and Collegiate Institutes, 1922- Principals...... _ _.. _........ Assistants. . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . . . . Continuation Schools- Principals.................. . Assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manitoba, 1918- Highest salary................. Average salary for province.. . . Average, cities and towns.. . _.. Highest rural school. . .. _..... A verage rural school. .. . . . . .... Male. Female. Province and Class of Certificate. ! 659 508 407 SaskatC'hewan, 1921'- Rural schools- First class. . . Hecond class. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . Third class....... . . . . . . . . . . Provisional. . . .. ........... Cities, to....ns and villages- First class. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ií i ddcl :::::::: :.:::::: Pr,:>visional. . . . . . _ . _ _ _ . . . . . Iale. s 1,452 1,398 1,356 1,310 2,013 1,657 1,416 1,496 1,388 1,321 1,258 1,253 1,466 1,312 1,213 1,364 $ S-H 565 464 1,465 1,185 673 550 2,014 1,596 7S5 575 1,328 2,346 1,787 2,300 1,013 1,280 308 2,236 1,180 1,436 1,101 !J28 845 2,836 2,527 I 1,961 1,754 1,433 I 1,408 3,600 794 962 1,000 628 910 710 578 417 1,369 1,007 734 574 Alberta. 1922- First class. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Rccond class.................. Third class. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . Permit..... .......... ....... Specialist.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . Pending 3 ... _ -................ 1,720 1,2SS 1,19J J ,066 2,066 1,205 1,287 1,190 1,133 1,046 1,578 1,086 British Columbia, 1922- High schools- Academic.... .............. City graded schools- Academic.. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . First.. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second........ . . . . . .. _ . . .. . Third. '" _. _ _ . .. .. . . . . .. .. Rural '[unicipality schools- Academic....... . . . . . . . . . . . First. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rec:md.................... . Third. ..........__....... Rural and Assisted schoo\s- Academic. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second. .. ................. Third..................... . 2,555 2,515 2,399 1,643 1,497 2,009 1,362 1,456 1,301 1,100 1,536 2,029 1,485 1,147 1.192 1,274 1,173 1,129 1,228 1,437 1,182 1,031 1,110 1,101 1,048 1,069 IIn the figures for Quebec lay teachers only are included. 2In Saskatchewan, only elementary school teachers are included; in 1921 the average Ralary of eecondary teachers ....as about 2,241. 3Pending means tcachers with certificates from other provinces. 888 EDUCA TION II.-YOCATIO AL A D TECH ICAL EDUCATIO . As late as the seventies and eighties of the last century little vocational educ- ation was given in the schools; private business colleges were establi,hed in the cities about this time. .\mong the first vocational courses to be introduced into schools were commer- cial course , which were intrcduced into the high school curricula of Ontario and Manitoba in 1899, in Briti h Columbia in 1903, and in Sa katc'hewan and Alb('rta about the same time. The c1assical colleges of Quebec were also among the first to provide a commercial course for those of their pupils who did not desire to enter the profe sion , and a school for commercial studies was founded in 1907 at Mont- real. Agriculture was first taught in special colleges, the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, a government institution. being founded in 18ï4, the Nova Scotia Agri- cultural College in Ib88, the Manitoba Agricultural College in 1903, Mncdonald College at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in 1907. The agricultural college at Rte. Anne de la Pocatière, Quebec, the first in Can2.da and the second on the rontinent, had been four.ded in 18;')9, "hi e the Oka Agricultural Institute was estnbli hed in HmO. The Ontario Veterinary ColleJ,!;e, founded in Toronto as a private venture in 186 , was one of the first on the continent, and for many years drew its students very largely from the 'Cnited States. In 1908 it was taken over by the Onttlrio Governn:ent, and has recently been transferred to Guelph. Training in handicrafts was introduced into the schools in the form of manual training for boys and dome<;tic scienre for girls. The former was originally intend- ed merely as a training in the use of tools, partly as a recreation and partly as a means whereby the boy could get some idea of his capacity as a mechnnic. A form of this manual training was introduced into Ontario schools in I S3, and into the school of 1\ova Scotia in 1891; in the latter province it was mr.de compulsory for tenchers in training in 1893. In the Prairie Provinces manual training was intro- duced in the first decade of the pre:3ent century. The second decade of the century has, however, seen the most rapid devdop- ment in technical and vocational education. Following upon the publication of Dr. Seath's report on Education for Industrial Purposes and the report of the Royal Commission of 1910 on Industrial Training and Technwal Educai1'o1L, published in 1913, technical education has made rapid strides, partly due to the stimulus given to manufartures by the war. By 1915, manual training couræs in Ontario had branched out into industrial, technical and art 8chool<; and in that year a large technical school was opened in Toronto. The Kelvin tlnd St. John's Technical Schools in Winnipeg dtlte from 1911, and the great technical school in Montreal from the samt> year. Aid Given by Dominion Government.-'Vhile educational admini-;tration is a matter for the provinces, the Dominion Government, realizing the national importance of vocational education, has suppll'mented the provincitll funds avail- able for these purposes. In 1913 w passed the Agricultural Instruction Act, distributing $10,000,000 in ten years among the provinces for the advancement of agriculturnl education. In 1919 a similar sum was voted for technical education to be divided within ten years among the provinres approximately in proportion to population, but so as not to exceed the sums expended by the provinces on tech- nical education. These grants have been mo"t elIective in turning the attention of the provincial authorities toward vocational education, which is making great fit rides, e:-,pecially in the eastern lJlanufacturing provinces. HIGHER EDUCATION 889 H.-Vocational Schools, T('ach('rs and Pupils in Canada, year ('nd('d Jun(' 30, 1922. 1 Number of :'chools. N umber of Teachers. Pupil Enrolll'd. Provinces. E .en- Even- Cor res- Even- Cor res- Day. ing. TotaL Day. ing. pond'ce Total. Day. ing. p:)nd'ce Total. Dept. Dppt. - - - - - - - - - - Prince Fdward Isl"d. 1 1 2 7 3 - 10 94 72 - 166 K ova Rcoth.. . . . . . . . 2 30 32 4 152 24 180 23 2.881 lR6 3,093 Kew Bunswick...... 4 18 22 21 53 2 76 255 1.135 1,5H 2.0:U Queopc.. .. . . . . . . . . . . 9 20 29 76 140 - 216 1,276 4.8 2 - 6.158 Ontario. ....... . .. . . . 18 69 87 191 909 - 1,10:) 4,526 27,297 - 31,823 'anitooa. 16 4 20 45 85 - 130 3,507 2,295 - 5,802 Saskatche '. : : : : : : 4 4 8 2-t 70 - 91 !H7 1,720 - 2.667 A!b 'rta.. 9 25 34 69 121 3 193 1,36') 1,840 275 3,477 British Coi bi :.' 13 36 49 90 178 1 269 1,598 4,091 152 5.R44 - - - - - - - - - - - Totals.. .. .. . .. . . 76 207 28J 5'!7 1,711 30 2,263 13,588 ,16.219 2,15161,961 'The vocational schooJs of which the statistics arc givpn in this tahlp inclu Ie only such Rcho<"Jlo;, ctassl's or courses as receive grants undp!" the D:m1Ínion Trehnical Education Act. Thp enrolment of these, tOI!;E'ther with the enrolment of other ::;chools rloiDl technical w<)rk, but not rec:>iving grants under the Act, is given in Table I. item 2. Rchools conductinl!; both day ancl eVe1Jin2; chsses are included undr>r ooth heading.... Teachers engaged in both dayancl eVl'ning work arE' also shown twice. Enrolment are the maximum number reported during the year. In Ontario the commercial classes in each locality are ::Ihown separately. III.-;-HIGHER EDUCATION. Higher education in Canada is carried on in 23 universities and 65 colleges, including 21 classical colleges in Quebec. The last mentioned, although officially clas ed as secondary institutions, offer university cour es, and carry a number of their students as far as a d{'gree in arts, the degree being conferred by Laval "Cni- versity and the University of Montreal. Of the universities, six are State controlled (New Brunswick, Toronto, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia); four others are undenominational (Dalhousie, McGill, Queen's and Western); while the remainder are denominational, St. Dunstan's, St. Francis Xavier, St. Joseph's, Laval, Montreal and Ottawa representing the Roman Catholic Church, King's College, Bishop's College and Trinity College representing the Church of Enf.!:land, Acadia and McMaster representing the Baptist Church, and Mount Allison and Victoria representing the Methodist Church. Victoria and Trinity are in federation with Toronto. The 65 colleges may be roughly classified as: 6 agricultural, 2 technical, 2 law, 1 dentistry, 1 veterinary, 1 school for pharmacy, 18 theolcgical, 10 affiliated for arts and pure scienC'e, 21 classical, and 3 miscellaneous. This classification is rough, for the reason that a large number of theological and other colleges offer cour es in arts or preparatory cour es. Macdonald College, in Quebec, for example, m ght be classified as either agricultural or affiliated, or it might be excluded from the list of colleges and considered among the faculties of l\lcGill University. It is included above among the agricultural colleges. According to this rough classification, the agricultural colleges are: Nova Scatia Agricultural College; Ma('donald College, Oka, and Ste. Anne de la Pocatière, in Quebec; Ontario Agricultural College and Manitoba Agricultural College. The technical colleges are Nova Scotia TeC'hnical College, and Alberta Institute of Technology and Art. The law schools are Ontario and Manitoba. The dental, veterinary and pharmaceutical colleges are in Ontario. The exclusively theological colleges are: Presbyterian College and the Holy Heart College in Nova Scotia; Montreal Diocesan, Wesle an and t.he Congregational College in Quebec; Knox, Toronto Bible, Waterloo, Huron and Wycliffe in Ontario; Manitoba College and St. John's in Manitoba; St. Chad's, Presbyterian, and Emman- uel in Saskatchewan; Robertson and Alberta Colleges in Alberta, and the Anglican Theological College in BritÜ,h Columbia. The affiliated colleges for arts etc. are: Prince of Wales, in Prince Edward Island; St. Anne's and St. Mary's, in Nova S90 EDUCATION Scotia; the Presbyterian, in Quebec; St. Michael's and St. Jerome's, in Ontario; Brandon and 'We--ley, in Manitoba' Edmonton Jesuit, in Alberta; and Columbian Methodist College, in 'British Columbia. The miscdlaneous colleges are: Ecole des IIautes Etudes Commerciales in Quebef'; and the Ontario College of Art and the Royal ::\Iilitary College in Ontario. The Edmonton Jesuit College is a classical college and associated with Layal Univer ity, but the 21 classical colleges above mentioned are all situah'd in Quebec and affiliated or annðed to the Cat holic universities. An" affiliated" college in Quebpc means a college of which the univcr!'ity ha<; direct control of the courses and degree ; an "annexed" college is one of which the unive>r ity merely approve::; the curriculum and by law:-" is repre- sented at the C"\.aminations and sanctions the diplomas awarded; an It associated" college is an affiliated college situated outside the province. St. Dunstan's L"niver- sity, St. ::\I:.tthieu's classical college at Gravelburg, Sask., and the Edmonton Jesuit College are thus" aso;;ociated " with Laval rniversity. Registration of Students.- The number of !'tudents regi-;tered in universities during the year 1922 was 10,821 in State-controllpd institutions (teaching staff, 1,038); 6,70-1: in other undenominational institutions (staff, 674); a.nd l-l,2fi7 in denominational institutions (staff, 1,42.")); making a grand total of 31,792 1 with a teaching btaff of 3,137. Thc e, howevcr, are the gross re>gistrations, including dupli('ate registrations at f('derat(' . uni,-er:,itie . dfiliateJ ('ol}(,'gt>";: n.. preparatory secondary schools. In colleges the gross registratiun was 3,439 in agricultural colleges; 912 in tcchnical colleges; 4;')3 in law sf'hool<;; 1,OG-t in schools of dcntistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine; 1,122 in theological colleges; 2,721 in colleges affiliated for arts, etc.; 9,321 in classical colleg(..,; and 1,0.51 in miscellaneous col- leges, making a grand total of 20,086. The net result after excluding these dupli('ates was 49,900 2 in both universities and colleges. These included 8,322 in preparatory cour es offered at 23 in!'titutions (out of 88); 10,282 undergraduates in arts and pure science; 1,091 in graduate courses; 3,295 in medicine; 2,567 in engineering and applied science; 1,227 in music; 1,577 in theology; 4Fi8 in social cience; 915 in commerce; 1,095 in law; 525 in pharmacy; 250 in banking, 1,258 in dentistry; 52 in an'hitecture; 1,570 in agri- culture; 668 in pedagogy; 5S9 in household scienf'e; 212 in nursing; 107 in forestry; 162 in veterinary medicine; 2,035 in summer schools for teachers; 1,61.3 in summer schools for others than teachers; 4,097 in other short f'ourFes (induding secondary technical work in one tedmical college); 1,747 in corre:-:pondcnce; 511 in all other courses; and 9,502 in lassical colleges, from which a certain number (about 1,500), already included in arts, might be deducted. The difference betwePll the sum of these figures and the net total given above is due to duplication of cour:"cs. It will be noticed that out:>ide of arts, etc. the largest registration is to be found in medicine, engineering, and short courses other than agriculture, the last of which registers over 7,000 students. These figures do not include over 14,000 extra-mural students in agriculture in connection with the University of Sa--katchewan. Table I shows that the grand total in short cour:-;e>s was 21,0 2. It will also he noticed that, e},,('lu- ding preparatory courses, the first ten in order of size are: (1) arts, etc., (2) short courses other than agriculture>, (:3) medicine, (4) ellJ!;inecring, (5) correspondence, (6) theology, (7) agriculture, (8) dentistry, (9) mu:,;ic, and (10) pharmaí'y-each of which registers over a thousand students. Attention is particularly called to the regis- tration in summer schools for teacher:>, as this may have momentous significance. lThe duplicate re istrations in the federated universities of Victoria 'lDd Trinity are cJ:clUllod from this figure. 2.For a net result as between universities, colleges and secondary prcpar.1tory schools see rable 1. To secure this final net result it was found necessary to use 1911 figures in the case of one province. Including clas ical colleges and extra-mural courseil in agriculture the nct total f )r all unive sity and college registration was 62.687. . UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA. 891 Degrees Conferred.- The number of first degrees conferred by universities during the year wa<; 3,2--18, and of graduate degrees 64--!. The latter degrees were conferred by 21 institutions, but 217, or nearly half, were conferred by 2 institu- tion'S, Toronto and :Montreal, while --18--1, or 7--1 per cent, were conferred by 4 institu- tions- Toronto, ::\1 ant real, Laval and Ottawa. In these four institutions, the graduate degrees were conferred in the following faculties or courses: arts 96; pure science 7; letters 7; philosophy 43; commerce 40; education 3; agriculture 16; applied science and engineering 30; forestry 3; law 53; architecture 6; medicine 82; dentistry 28; music 1; pharmacy 19; veterinary medicine 5; theology 46 and social science 7. The difference between the sum of these figures and the total of 484 is due to duplication between courses. Of these graduate degrees, 7 were honorary. It is clear from the above figures that, with the exception of degrees in arts, pure scien e, letters, philosophy and education (155 in all), these degrees are not graduate degrees in the ordinary sense of the term-that is, degrees con- ferred for advanced work in a course from which the student has already graduated and received a first degree-but such degrees as :\I.D., which are really first de- grees in Medicine, but are conferred on students who have already received the degree of B.A., B.Sc., etc. Table 12 shows the nature of the degrees conferred by each university. Financial Statistics.-The financial statistic show that the income of both universities and colleges in 1921-32 was 512,07.3,0--17, of which $.3,148,626 was in government and municipal grants and 3,577,239 in fees, the corresponding figures for universities alone being 89,609,830, 84,527,116 and $1,99--1,076 respectively. (Table 16). The total expenditure for both classes of institutions was $13,796,803 of which $9,849,707 Was on current account. The government and municipal grants to universities were distributed as follows: $-!,0-H,680 to State controlled universities, $357,305 to other undenomi- national universities. 12.-Unhersities of {'anada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees. Date of Affiliation to other Lniversities. Faculties. Degrees. :Kame and Address. Original t ounda- tion. 1855 Present Charter. Univen,ityof I::>t. Dunl;,tan's, Charlotteto\\n, P.E.I. University of l\:ings' College, Windsor, N . . Dalhousie Univ{'rsity, Halifax, N.S. Acadia T"niver8Ìty, Wolfville, N .1::>. 1838 1840 Laval. Arts, Preparatory B.L., B.A., B. c., and Commercial, Ph.)1. Theology. Oxford and . Arts, Law, Science, B.A., 1\I.A., B.Sc., Cambridge. Divinity. D$c., )1.Sc., B.C.L., D.C.L., B.D.,D.D. Oxford and Arts and cience, B.A., 1.A., B.Sc., Cambridge. Law, illedicine L. l\Ius., 1\l.l::>c., and Dentistry. B. lus., Phm. B., LL.B., )1.D., C.)I., D.D.S., LL.D. (Hon.). Oxford, Dal- Art , Divinity, Law, B.A., R$c., B. Th., housie and :::cience, ApI:lied and l\I.A. )lcGill, Kova Science, J.itera- Scotia T ch- ture. nical. Arts, Sèience, B.A., )I.A., B.Sc., Engineering, Law. LL.D. 1789 1802 1818 1863 Uni\"ersity of Rt. rrancis 1855 Xavier, Antigonish, N.S. University of New Bruns- 1800 wick, Fredericton, K.B. 1909 1860 Oxford, Cam- Arts, Applied Sci- B.A., M.A., n. c., hrid!l;e, Dub- ence, Partial In Civil Em';Íneer- lin, )lcGill. Coune in Law. ing, ElectriC'al En- gineering or I- or- estry, D'sc. B.A., )1.A., R.:::c., B.D. Arts, Theology, Engineering. Mount Alli'ion UnÌ\rer- 1858 sity, Sach.ville, X.B. 1886-1913 Dalhousie, Oxford and Cambridge. 892 EDUCA TION 12.- Univ('r"itie" of C:m td1: Found 1t on. Affl1iatbn. Fa('lIlti('s and DrgJ'('rS-con. Datp of Name and Address. Affiliarion to oth..r U ni ver"ities. , Faculties. Degrees. Original I. ounJa- tion. Prespnt Charter. A.A., B.S., B.L., B.C.S., 1.A. Uni ver!'ity of t. Joseph' 1864 1898 Oxford. .\.rts, Science. CoJlege, St. Jo<;eph, X.B. McGill Cniver!;ity, 18 1 1852 <\caelia, Mount -\rt.., Applipd .Montreal, Que. Alliscn, I:>t. cience, Law, I rancis leclici ne, Xa\ipr, Al- Agriculture. bprta, arc affiliated tr. IcG ill in the I acuity of ÅPI>lied Science Univer!;ity of Bi<;hop'f 1843 1853 Oxford and -\.rts, Divinity, College, Lennoxville, Cambridge. Medicine and Law Que. Laval University, 1852 1852 Theology, Law, Quebec, Que. lIledicine, Arts. University of Toronto. Toronto, Onto 1827 1906 Oxford, hridge Dublin. Theology, Law, Ieclipine, Arts, Domestic Sciencp, Dra" in!!;, H.elig- iou!; and Profane Mu"ic. Cam- -\rt", l\!<'dicine, Ap- A.A., M.A., Ph.D.. and pliC'd Science, EIlJ!.- LL.B., LL.M.. ine:>ring, Agricul. LL.D., Mus. turp, orestry, Bap., Mm'l. Doc., Education, 1.B., }I.D., B. Hou!;ehold A$c., M.A.Sc.. Science. C.E., E.E-. 1.E., B. Pred., D. Pæd.. B.S.A., B.Sc.A., n,ScY., I.E.. D.D.S., Phm. B., BX.Sc., D.V.Sc. -\rts and Theology. B.D., D.D. .\rts and Divinity. L. Th., B.D., D.D. 11. \., M.A., B.C.L.. D.C.L., J L.D.. B.:--:c., D. c., D.D.S., M. I:'c., Mus. Eac., Mus. DoC' , B.S.A., D.Sc., B. ArC'h.. M.D., C.I\1.. D. J itt., Ph. D., LL.B., L1..I\I.. B. Com., RH.::;. R.A., M.A., B.D.. D.D., D.C.L.. Mu . Bac., Mus. Doc., L.S.T. I\f .A., B.A.. B.S., B.L., Ph.D.. Ph.I.., Ph.B.. !\1.D., I\I.B.. LT,. n., LL.L., LL.D.. D B., D.L., D.D., C.L.R., C.L.L., C.L.D. Bachelor, Licenci- ate, Doctor. Univer!'ity of Montreal. Montreal, Que. 1878 1!J20 Victoria University, 1836 1836 Toronto.Ont. University of Trinit) 1851 1852 CollC'!!'C. Toronto, Onto We<;tcrn University, 18i8 1908 London, Onto Queen's University. 1841 1841 I\:ingston, Onto Unh'er"ity of Ottawa, 1849 1866 Ottawa. Onto Mc I'\.'iter University, 1857 1887 Toronto, Onto Univer"ity of Manitoba, 1877 1877 Winnipeg, .Man. Toronto. Toronto. University of Sa'ikatche- wan, Saskatoon, Sask 1907 -\rtl<, !\[ediPine and A.A., M.A., M.D.. Puhlic Hcalth, 1.1.. D., D.sc.. Mw:ic. D.P.H., Mus. Bach. -\rtA, Science, R. <\., I\I.A., R.Sc.. Engine<>ring, D.Sc., I\I.Hc., M<'Clipine, !\I.D.. 1\1. B., Theology. J,J .D., U.D., D.D.. B. :Pæd.. D. Pred., B. Com. ThC'ology, Philosn- LJ .D.,D.D., B.Ph., phy, law, Artf D.Ph., B.A.,M.A. and Commercial. Oxford, Cam- <\rts, Theology. RA.. I.A., B.Sc.. bridge,London. B. Th., Ii D. Art!'!, Scien('C'. J 11\\. n.A., I\I.A., H$c., Mc(licine, En\!;in- M.n., C.!\I.. ePring, Architec- R.C.E-, R.E-E.. ture, Pharmacy, I\I.C E., 101 F..E.. Agriculture. H. \f.E., B. Arch., Phm.B., R.s.Å.. LL.B.. LL.D. 1907 Oxford. Art!', Rcience, Law. B.A., B$c., B.S.A., Al{I"ipuIture, Eng- B.F..,LL.B.,I\I.A.. ineerinl!;, Pharma- l\I. Se. ('v. Acpounting, Education, "eteri- n:try Iedicine. UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA 893 12.-Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees -condudpd. Date of Affiliation to other U ni versities. Faculties. Degrees. Name and Address. Original l' ounda- tion. Presen t Charter. 1910 Oxford, McGill Arts and Sciencef', B.A., B.Sc., M.A., and Toronto. Applied Science. B.S.A., M.Sc.. Agriculture, Medi- LL.B., Phm. B., cine, Denti! - - 6,859 712 3 . !lí2 300 - - I 1 1 ') 0: '" o ü -oi:' S;.E bIIC'" 'ß Æ o.. oo - 5-0 f >C ='- c.; c"" 0 w Ü 135 9:.. 322 949 1,693 503 16 1 974 1,763 Grand totaI. . . . . .. ... .. . . . Total by sex............. . 'I. 4,190 F. 2,267 6,457j 0,73 I ,01 1 495 52 250 !lG6 1 1'!1;491 2,516i - 107 .3 :; . be --f. ë -< i. C :;, :J.< 'C::;. p...::: p.oj .... ì:: ::. -n'-' T...c: c C) oQ)rn Õ (1) ........ sá1 ....- ..c: 0 ] .... Q) ..c: . t>Ïi oj U1 t.II .s] 0.... TJ 0) 55 . . ê 0 .,..,E-< .,..,c; .... (1) ã1 Õ ....- t 0) 3 ' 8 i :a (.)(1) ........ ....-<= C) E :j c;: (1) 9.9 0"" ..c: ã1 0 oj C) :j :j ..c: 0 ..c: ..c:C 5 0 p:; 0:::: Q) 0 z.... ::r: H ::;s z p.., rf1 E-< > 73 -n ü ;,:J E-< - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - -- 230 230 30 ] ]2] 23 144 77 ]59 25 ]3 8 4 546 174 720 ]6 2 206 10] 307 10 10 17] 43 2]4 ]33 35 168 166 99 265 3 375 375 90 695 4 37 3 9 90 5 ]7 92 36 5 25 77 3 2,2]8 623 2,84] 10 56 27 83 8] ].'} ]78 48 ],96] 58 2,019 1,234 ]2] 295 250 ]44 30 297 20 ]30 600 2 J20 4,837 ] ,56] 6,398 3,206 997 24 ]7 55 20 5]2 3 70 3 8ï 75 20 77 293 30 688 3 8]3 1H 3,579 1,770 5,349 9]] ]83 37] 243 614 19 4 ]]] 7] 182 ]48 ]7 ]2 5 15 23 ]5 360 22] 581 ]08 259 26 ].'jl' 61.; ]33 464 1,786 776 2,56 78 1,346 ],789 3,]35 2,296 35 5 210 9] 301 109 277 36 37 267 110 2 30 50 2 29 1. 836 590 2,426 338 37 50 28 67 4( ] 7 101 45 2! 656 384 ],040 33 8] ]41 53 3 0 6!J 3f 26 8 ]4 10 9 35 57 899 386 ],285 41 ]6 2]7 634 380 1,23]1 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.16 3.134 278 352 50 854 20 332 36 622 76 ]74 30:' ]7 ]54 7]7 2]2 29 438 11 351 ]22 905 6]7 17: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 302 653 3.28S 99,) 212 38] !88 855 211 683 485 1,52. 1.3811 31' ,..:n 9.1381 31.792 2 8.177 896 EDUCA T ION 15.-rnhersities of Canada: Xu.mb('r of St".dents b)' .-\('ad('mic Yt'ars and Xwnber of De et's <.'onf(rred, 1921-1922. Univer ities. Pre- 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Grnd- All T al f:: year. year. year. year. year. year. year. uates. other ot . St. Dunstan.s l ................. King's College................. Dalhousie... . . . . . . . .. _ ....... Acadia....................... . 8t. Francis Xavier. ............ New Brun!'wick. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . Mount Allison. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . St Joseph's College l ....... . .. . :!\IcGill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bi"hop's College. ..... . . . . . . . . . Laval........._. ...._...... Montreal.. . . ....... i: :::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Trinity. .. .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \\'e"tern...................... . QuPen."..... .................. Ottawa l ..................... . Mdla.ster.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Manitoba........____. ... 8u"katchewan.. __ . __. Alberta....................... . Briti-h Columbia.............. 135 39 42 97 20 18 18 - - 38 32 21 - - Not given by uc' ademi c yea rs. 79 54 56 5 - - - 85 61 32 52 36 21 - - 56 40 32 - - 16 11 13 - - 634 700 384 110 - 16 16 - - - 257 237 201 - - 280 294 310 891 454 88:.' 1,089 676 157 - Not given by ar ademi c year s 32 41 21 - - 111 90 53 31 - 148 194 94 44 - 38 48 42 - - 56 43 40 - - 444 299 134 26 - 322 56 67 10 881 30 336 292 1,641 50 133 99 78 54 664 14 356 3.258 11 2,797 336 446 265 208 103 241 172 116 TotaL................ 6,S93 5.:151 3,66;; 3,622 2,-120 1,326 4R6 362 1,157 6,2163I,i92' u ni versities. St. Dunstan.s l ...,................................................ King's College.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. ................... Dalhol1Sie......... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ._ Acarlia................. ............ ............... _.... .. St. Francis Xavier..... . . . . . . . . . .. __ . . ..... __......... New Brun"Vlick..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mount Alli'Son................................ ..................... tc6iir : . I .e.I::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : Bishop's Coll e.................................................. I,avaI......., . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . J.lontreal........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rf ff! :':':':':':::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::.................:::::: W'*'tern........ . '. .. ... __ . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . Queen.s................................................. ....... OUawn l ......................................................... . Mcl\I:L"\ter........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\lanitoha.... ..................................................... Sa katchewan..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alherta......................................................... . Briti"h Colum hia. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tot:JI...... . 230 H4 720 307 214 168 265 375 64 2,841 83 2.019 6.398 5.349 614 1I!2 5 1 2,562 3,135 301 2,126 1. 040 1. 285 1. 231 11 19 16 15 2 3 3 3 68 7 574 67 5R 276 750 343 221 15 23 4 159 1 1,971 35 97 44 64 40 819 20 1,0')0 68 305 38 217 Number of Degrees Conferred. U nder- Graduate. Total. graduate. 16 - 16 36 14 50 100 10 110 63 3 66 19 1 20 21 1 22 19 3 22 11 - 11 384 30 414 15 4 19 289 89 3i8 155 204 359 1. 052 113 1.165 86 14 100 30 3 33 56 5 61 237 12 249 89 711 167 49 5 54 192 20 212 94 9 103 121 16 137 114 10 124 3,2-18 6,14 3,8'2 IThe 95 studentq "iven by yearq are taJ..in" the orchnary 4 under aduate yearq leading to a degTce in Arb , Letters and PhilOt. 5th, 6th and 7th ypar q of St. Dunstan's. The 135 l1;iven above RI' preparator:v f'tudents include 20 in preparatory work in t. Dunstan's, 30-1!, Montreal, Que. Wycliffe Cohege, Toron- 1879 to, Onto Knox College, Toronto, 1843 Onto St. Michael's College, 1852 Toronto, Onto Ontario Agricultural Col- 1874 lege, Guelph, Onto Ontario College of Art 2 , 1912 Toronto, Onto Ontario Law School, Os- - goode Hall, Toronto, Ont. Toronto Bible College, - Toronto, Onto Ontario ('ollege of Phar- 1871 macy, Toronto, Onto Royal College of Dental 1868 Surgeon8 of Ontario, Toronto, Ont. Ontario Veterinary Col- 1862 lege, Guelph, Onto :v aterloo College, Luther- 1911 an Theological Semin- ary, Waterloo, Onto Huron College, London, 1863 Ont. St. Jerome's College, 1864 Kitchener,Ont. Royal Military College, 1875 Kingston, Onto Brandon College, Bran- 1899 don, Man. The -:'I:lanitoba Law 1914 School, Winnipeg, Man. Wesley College, Winnipeg, 1877 Man. Manitoba College, Win- 1871 nipe , Man. Manitoba Ag-ricultural 1903 College, Winnipeg, Man. St. John's College, Win- nipeg, Man. Emmanuel College, Sask- atoon, Sa.<:k. Prcsbyterian Theological ('ollege, Sa. katoon, Sask. NOTE.-For footnotes see page 900 62373-5]! 1907 Laval. 1872 1865 MeGill. Amended McGill. 1864 &; 1889 1879 UcGill. 1866 1879 1911 Taken over by Govern- ment in 1908 1912 1879 McGill. 1916 Toronto. 1858 1oronto. - Toronto. 1874 Toronto. 1912 1884 1911 Toronto. Toronto. Toronto. Faculties. Commerce. Degrees. L.S.C., C.L. Arts, Commercial, Diploma. Mu"ic. Theology. Theologr. Divinity. Theology. The.ology. Theolop;y. Arts. B.D.,D.D. B.D.,D.D. B.D.,D.D. B.D., S.T.D., D.D. L. Th., B.D., D.D. B.D., D.D. B.A., M.A., Ph. D.I Agriculture, Domes- B.S.A. tic Science, Man- ual Training. Pharmacy. Dentistry. Veterinary. Arts, Theology. 1863 1866 Western Univer- Theology. Slty. Arts, Scholastic Philosophy. :\Idlaster. 1877 Manitoba. Manitoba. Manitoba. Ianitoba. :\Ianitoba. 1883 Saskatche\\an. Saskatchewan. Arts, Theology, Academic, Bu:-,iness, l\I usic. Law. Arts, Theology, Matriculation. Theology. Agnculture, Home Economics. Divinity. Divinity. Diploma. Phm. B.a L.D.S.' V.S.' B.A., M.A. Diploma with title L. Th. a .. Diploma and Diplo. ma with Honours. B.A. by McMaster University. LL. B. by Univer- sity. B.D., D.D.7 B.D. 8.S.A. B.D. L.Th., B.D., D.D. B.D., D.D. 900 ED U('ATION f7.-CoUt'!1;('S oC ('anada: Foundation. i\ffiJiati!>n. Fa(,IP.ItI('s and ))('gr('('s -concluded Date of ameand Address. Original Present Univer;,ity Faculties. Degrl't.. Aff.liution. Founds- Charter. tion. St. Chad's College, Re- 1907 - Sa8katchewan Divinity. - gina, Sask. Edmonton lesuitCollege. 1913 1913 Laval. Preparatory, - Edmonton, Alberta. Commercial, Cla&icaJ. Robertson College, 191.0 1916 Alberta. Theology. D.n. Edmonton (South), Alberta. Institute of Technology 1916 - - TP<'hnical - and Art, Calgary, Cour: in 1922, 706 were in primary courses, 2,585 in commercial courl5es and 6.030 in clas;,ical courtles. or the last mentioned 269 were in colleges affiliated or annexed and 123 in colleges associated with Laval University. Thet:;e were evidently doing work of university grade. IS.-ProCesslonal and Affiliated ('oJll' ('s oC Canada: umber oC TeacWng Staff and tudellts. 1921-22. Number of Teaching Staff. Number of Students. Kame and Address. lale. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P.E.I. (1921) 7 3 10 74 158 232 Presbyterian College, Halifaz, N.S..... . . . .. 4 4 36 36 College of Ste. Anne, (,hurch Point, .S. _. _.. _ _ _ . 15 15 140 140 Technical ColleF;e, Halifax, N.R..................... 40 40 217 38 255 1 Avricultural College, rruro. N.S.. . .. . . . ., . . . ... . . . .. . 15 2 17 205 208 413 Holy Heart Theological CollCire,lIalifax, N.S....... 7 7 90 YO St. Mary' CollegE', Halifax, N.S.... . ............... 12 12 220 'l:!O Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. ... . . 4:! 19 61 438 353 791 1 Exclusive of 94 male, 42 femate in"tructors and 2,570 !'1tudents '1ccounted lor umier "V omtion.II". COLLEGES OF CANADA 901 lS.-Proft'ssionaJ and .Affiliated ('ollt'g('s of ('anada: Xumbt'r of Tea('hing Staff and Sh'.dents, b - Sex, 1921-22-conduded. anle and .\cldrl' ". Number of Teaching Staff. N umber of Students. Male. Female. Total. :\lale. Female. Total. Ecole des Hautes Etudl's Commerciales, Montreal, Que.......... ..... ...... .... .......... ...... Pre"byterian Coll!'!:';e, :\lontrPaI, Que........ ......... Congregational Colle,:>;e of Can'!da, .\lontreal, Que.. . . Montreal Diocema Theological College, Montreal, Que.......... . _ .___................ Wesleyan Theologieal College, Montreal, Que... _.... Chicouhmi Clas ie'!l College.... . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... Joliette Clasi'ical College............ ............. L' Assomption Clas ical College.. . Lêvis Classical College............ ........... }Iont LaurieI' Classical Collegf'...... ................ Montreal ('Loyola) Cla'5,ical College...... Montreal (Ste. Marie) ClasÚcal College. Montreal (St. Sulpice) Classical Co]Jege............ Nicolet Clasl'ical College..... . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . Quebec (Petit Sém.) Classical College........ ....... Rigaud Cla.sl'ieal College....................... ..... Rimouski CIa.,!l'ical College. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Alexandre de la G:Jtineau Cla.<;<;Ïcal College........ Ste. Anne de la Pocatière Cla.<;sical College. .. ...... St. Hyacinthe Clal'sical College__. " _. __. _._ St. Jean Clal'sical C;Jllege. ..... .. .... St. Laurent Classical College..... ................... Ste. Thêrèse Classical <- ollege....................... Sherbrooke Cla"l'ical Coll!'gp....................... . Trois Rivières Clasl'ÏC'ai College................ .... Valley field Cla.""ical ('hool.................. .... . Oka Agricultural School............................. te. Anne de la PocatIpre Ag;ricultural School .. WycliffI' College, Toronto, Onto (1921)...... .... Knox Col!ege, Toronto, Ont.... . . . . ......... __...... St Michael's College, Toronto, Ont... .............. Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont... . . . . . . . . Ontario Colle e of Art, Toronto, Ont................ Ontario College of Pharmacy, Toronto, Ont......... Ontario Law School, OsgoodI' Hall, Toronto, Ont.... Toronto Bible College, Toronto, Ont. .............. Royal College of Dental Surgeons, Toronto, Ont.... . Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ont............ Waterloo Coli eel', Lutheran Theological Seminary, Waterloo, Ont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huron College, Lomlon, Ont. . . . . . . . . . .. ............ :-:t. Jerome's College, Kitchener, Ont................ Royal Military Collelte, Kin ston, Ont........... ... Brandon Colle e, Brandon, .\Ian..... ........... .. ... Manitoba Law f:;cho:>I, Winnip!'g, Ian.. _ _ _ _ _ _. Wesley Col)Pgl', Winnipeg, .\lan. . . . . Manitoba Colll'g!', Winnil}e , Man............. .. ... .\lanitoba Al!;ricultural ('ollege, Winnipeg, Man. .... Emmanuel Colle c, S l'5katoon, Sask.......... ...... Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Sask.. t. Chad's College, Regina, Sask. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alberta College, Edmonton (South), Alberta.. . . . . . Edmonton Jesuit Colle e, Edmonton, Alherta. ...... Robertson College, Edmonton ( outh), Alberta. .., In.<;titute of Technology and Art, Calgary, Alberta... The Anglican Theological College of B.C., Vancouver, B.C............................................... Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, B.C.............................................. Total. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,428 31 7 4 6 4 45 42 42 53 18 29 41 25 51 58 35 35 15 49 39 31 54 40 50 43 35 18 17 11 8 24 77 13 4 7 6 10 7 4 IO 25 13 16 14 5 45 1 4 2 10 19 2 19 4 9 13 10 8 31 270 7 60 4 16 6 26 4 128 45 599 42 392 42 384 53 7 !i5 18 146 29 386 41 671 25 375 51 343 58 794 35 309 35 300 15 195 49 589 39 493 31 278 54 568 40 415 50 542 43 507 35 280 18 92 17 94 12 59 8 108 37 402 87 1,012 21 238 4 122 7 324 7 65 822 10 83 7 76 4 23 10 200 25 155 .21 140 16 112 17 193 6 14 55 447 1 29 4 52 2 5 12 98 19 159 2 17. 19 657 4 18 20 60 107 104 582 381 22 15 103 15 277 60 16 26 128 599 392 384 755 146 386 671 375 343 794 309 300 195 589 493 278 568 415 542 50i 280 92 94 59 215 506 1. 594 619 144 339 168 837 83 76 23 200 155 33\1 114 813 29 839 29 55 6 131 159 17 657 18 171 8 3 1 IO 11 199 2 120 15 392 3 1 33 92 1,520 17,117 2,969 20,081 111 902 EDUCA.TION ame and Addre s. o Z Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P.L.I. (19:?1)...... .................. __... 2 Pre byterian College, II alifaJ:, .S........ . . .. .... 3 CoIIL>ge of tl'. -\nne, l hurch Point, N.S........... · rechnical Collel1;e, Halifax, K.S.................... 5 \gricultural College, Truro, N.S................... 6 Holy Heart Theological Colleg;c, Halifax, N .S..... . .,:-;1. }Iary's Colle e, Halifax, !\.:-:...... . ..' ... . . \lacdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que... 9 Lcole" dc::! Haul(. , Etudes Commerciales, Montreal, Que................................... .. 10 Prc:5byterian College, Montreal, Que.. ... . . . .. . . .. . 11 }Iontreal Diocesan Theological College, Montreal, Que............... .......................... 12 Congreg'1tion'11 College of CaIJada, Montre'll, Que... J3 nc,leyan Theological College, l\Iontrf'al, Que. (1921) U Wycliffe College, Toronto, Ont. Cl921).... .... . 15 Knox ColIl'ge, Toronto, Onto ..... . 16 :;1. Michael's Colll'ge, Toronto, Ont...... _.... _... . 11 Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont.......... IS Ontario College of Art, Toronto, Ont...... .. ....... 19 Ont,trio ('olle/1;f' 01 Pharmacy, Toronto, Ont........ 211 Ontario Law School, Toronto, Ont................. 21 Toronto nihil' College, Toronto, Ont..... ... .. .... . 22 Hoyal Colll'ge of Dental Surgeons of Ontario, Tor- onto, Ont.. ...... ... .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . %3 Ontario Vl'tl'rinary College, Guelph, Onto . _. _. . 2-1 \\atprloo Colll'/1;e, Lutheran Theological Seminary, \V,Lterloo, Ont... '" . . ................ ... 2, Huron Colle/1;e, london, Ont.. .. .. .. . . ...... ...... 26 :-;1. Jerome',., College, Kitehenl'r, Ont:...... . .. . . . . . 21 Hoyal Milit:Jry College, Kin/1;!>ton, Ont....... .... 2'\ Brandon College, Brandon, !\Ian..... .... . . 29 The Manitoha f aw chool, Winnipeg, Ian.. ..... 30 WCó'ley ('olleg;e, \\ innipeg, ?llan... _ . _ . 31 \Iamtoba College>, \\ mnipeg, Ian. . _ ... .... _ .... 32 \lanitoha Al!;I'icultural College, Winnipeg, } ...... 33 Emmanuel College, S8."h.atoon, Sask............... 31 Pre"b) terian Theolol!;ical College, Sa"l.atoon, Sa k. 35 81. ('had's CoIICl!:e, Regina, f'a..k. . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 36 Alberta Collr>ge Edmonton (South), Alta... . . . .. . . . 31 Edmonton Je,.uit Colll'ge, Edmonton, Alberta...... 3fò Ilobertson ('ollel!;e, Fdmonton ( outh)), Alberta... 39 flL"titute of Technology and Art, C'al ary, Alta. n 921) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . 10 -\nglic;m Theological College of B.C., Vancouver, R.('.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U Columhian Methodist College, New WC>.tminster, B.C....... ..... Total ... 19.-('oUl'I!:('S of ('anada; Value of Endow- ment. AsSETS. Value of Yalue of Land and Scientific Buildin/1;s. Equipment. s 4,000,000 3;,410 191. 594 139, 105 129,552 291. 245 461,532 14,580 85,892 40,000 108, 834 299,4;8 200,122 6,319 7,385 3,000 40,064 22,375 10,000 i 450,000 246,000 400,000 155,000 3,500,000 65:> ,140 170,000 104,649 85,000 300.000 22-1,814 2,000,000 124,781 50,400 375,000 350,000 65,000 44,343 200,000 1;3,700 725,790 400,000 ;0,791 175,000 135,000 1;5,000 180,000 19,632 93,5;5 6,08S,-1 ; 11, 6-15, G15 s 1. 000 210,000 25,000 3,000 250,000 33,282 10,000 10,250 100,000 10,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 4,716 56,519 135,841 8.í6, GUS Yalue of other Property. 2,000 ,"ot ghcn 9,556 27,394 700.000 Not given 12,500 2,000 71,904 1,000 30,000 J4,ooo 3,608 1. 556 53,537 92G,055 FINANCIAL STATISTICS OF COLLEGES 903 Financial Statistics, 1921-22. I "\CO\1E. EXPENDITURE. To",' I Value of Invest- Govern- Other Total Propert)- . ment Fees. Current. Capital. Total. Ö ments. Grants. Sources. Income. Z - - S S S S $ S S S S 452,000 - 25,000 1.400 - 26, 4 01 22,000 3,000 25,000 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 20,000 - 'O'l 18,000 2,000 20.000 3 456,OO(] - 124.985 8,504 - 133,489 133,489 15,90i 149,396 4 425,OO(] . - 73,338 - - i3,338 56,566 4,951 61,517 1 5 - - - 20, 250 - 20, 250 - - 26, 300 6 158,000 500 - 23,000 5,000 28,500 27.000 6,000 33,000 7 7,750,000 216,000 10,904 21,740 189.490 438. 134 426,134 12,000 438, 134 8 685,422 - 65,000 9,794 21, 799 96,593 82,908 - 82,908 9 21i,410 23,721 - - 6,636 30,357 23,135 8,248 31,38316 305, i99 10,890 - 8,832 6,095 25,817 25, i48 - 25,74811 224,105 7,914 - - 8,193 16.lOi 13,418 - 13,41812 429.552 6,482 - 30i 18,000 24, i8P 25,317 - 25,317 13 543,453 18,401 - 150 64,386 82,9:H 67,281 14,506 81,78i 14 1,161,532 27,354 - 116 18,883 46,353 51, 808 - 51,808 15 - - - - - - - - - 16 2,000,000 - - - - - - - 329,110 17 124,781 - 25,000 9,630 366 34.996 - - 30.818 18 87.730 557 - 40,800 6,286 47,613 35, 230 - 35.230 19 - - - 71.014 - 71,014 23,930 - 23,93020 - 2,178 - 1,500 14,614 18,292 16,335 2,300 18,635 21 4i5,OOO - 13,029 142,929 142,880 298.838 264, 89i 33,9U 298,838 22 360,OO(] - 49, 000 7,500 - 56,500 48,000 - 48,00023 68,000 - - 3,585 14,000 17,585 18,000 - 18,000 2-t 130,235 7,746 3,316 5,310 16,312 13,96i - 13. 96ï 5 240,000 2,000 - 50,000 - 52,000 40,000 - 40, 000 6 - - - - - - - - 463,21:! 27 354,438 8,674 - 20. 445 126,7i8 155,897 91,531 70,624 162,155 28 - - 7. 48 6,794 14.042 - - 14,700 29 1,026,268 18,933 - 15,103 29,020 63,056 81,958 - 81,95836 630, 122 9,939 - 19 34,606 44,564 44,564 - 44,56431 4.000,OO(] - 133,392 - 89, 100 222,492 222,492 - 222, 492 :12 77.11(] 7!7 - - 19,957 20,704 19,794 - 19,794 33 175,000 - - 200 13,821 14,021 14,021 - 14,0213-1 142.385 627 - 2,218 4,272 7,117 - - - 35 180.000 - - 8,200 28.400 36.600 33, 100 4,000 37,10036 195,000 - - 38,169 5,266 43, 435 41, 7]5 - 41 .715 37 68,02( 1,965 - - 11,941 13,906 11,891 - 11,89138 151,650 - - 1,540 - 1,540 9,939 75,625 85,564 39 i5,912 3,667 - 1,435 6,78i 11 , 889 11,566 - 11,566 -10 145,841 609 1,311 36,198 11,960 50,078 42,949 5,100 48,049 -t1 - - - 23,515.76;)' 368.96-1 520,959 575, U2 910,6-16 2,375.G!5j 2,058.6S3 258.202 3.181,025 3 II 1Net expenditure after receipts from farm to the amount of $16,i72, forwarded to the government, were deducterl. . , 2Including 14,000,000 unclassified by )Ianitoba \grieultural College, but not including SI,OOO vnlue of scientific equipment at the College of Ste. Anne. ilncluding !5864,140 unclassifìprl. 904 .1lJJI IS I::)TRA TIOY XIII.-ADMINISTRA TIO . Thliì .\dministration section includes suh-sC'C't ions on most of the important J!:overnmental activitie!': "hiC'h are not covered in the preceding bections. Com- mencinJ!: wit h a sub-section on t he public land:-: of Canada, Dominion and provincial, it continue!': with a t rmtnwnt of puhli(' defen('l', followed by a survcy, appearing for the first time, of publil' hC'.llt hand puhliC' bC'IlevolcnC'(' in Canada, and a résnmé of the activitie<; of the Dominion D('partlllent of Public 'Yorks. including the Harbour Commi:.'f'ion!':. Ke:xt COlllC:- : n article on the Indians of Cvm:da 2nd their relation "ith the Department of Indian Affairs; to this, statisticnl tables of Indian population, etc., are appended. Thf' establi...;hment and operation of the Depart- ment of Soldiers' Civil Re-establi<.:hment, indudin the Board of Pen:-ion Com- mis ioners, is described in the following sub-section. The fmal suh-section, Miscellaneous Adminif;tration, includes several articles dealing with the öoldier Settlemcnt Board, scientific and indu",trial re earch in Canada, the Department of the Secretary of State (including tables of naturalizations in Canada from 1916 to 1922 and of companies incorporated since 1900), the Kational Gallery, the- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Civil Service of Canada, and judicial and penitentiary statistics. It closes with a treatnwnt of divorce in Canada, illu!':trated by statistics of the years from 1901 to 1922. 1.- PUBLIC L.\NDS. 1. - Dominion Public Lands. The Crown lands of the Dominion of Canada are situated (a) in the- Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatf'hewan and Alberta), (b) in the belt of twenty milco; on eithcr side of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, known as the Dominion Railway Belt of British Columbia, and (c) in a block in northern British Columbia, containing 3,500,000 acres, known as the "Peace River block". Every perl-on who is the sale head of a family and every male who has attained the age of eighteen 'y('ars and is a Briti:3h subje('t, or declares his intention to become a British subject, is entitled to apply for entry for a home::;tead. The lands are laid out in townships of 36 sections. Each section contains 640 acres and is divided into quarter-sections of 160 acres. A quarter-r.:ection of 160 acres may be obtained as a homestead on payment of an entry fee of 1O and fulfilment of certain conditions of residence and cultivation. To qualify for the issue of the patent, a settler must have resided upon his homestead for at least six months in each of three years, must have erected a habitable hou::"e thereon, and must have at least 30 acres of his holding broken, of which 20 acres mu!':t be cropped. A reduction may be made in the area of breaking whe.re the land Ìs difficult to cultivate on account of scrub or stone. Provliìion'is made on certain conditions, for residence in the vicinity, in whieh case the area of cultivation must be increased. Lands in Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of township 16, are not open for homestead entry, but may be secured under gra7Ïng lease. Disposal of Dominion Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. -According to figures supplied by the Departmcnt of the Interior, a total of 127,764,590 acres, equal to 5,546 townships or HH),63 square miles, has been disposed of. 'Ihe total number of acTe within the surveyed area at Jan. I, 1923, was 200,492,790, of which 26,307 DOO were available for homestead entry. Tahle 1 Rhows the di<:tribution of the sun-eyed area for each of the three Prairie Provinces lJOJIISION PUBLIC LA.XDS 905 as at Jan. 1, 1923. In addition to the surveyed area there are large tracts of land in the northern part of these provinces. which have as yet been only very partially explored. The total area of this unsurveyed tract is 285,150,090 acres, of which 22,379,120 acres are water-covered. Iaps showing the disposition of Dominion lands and lands available for entry, and reports on the resources and development of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta have been issued by the Natural Resources Intelligence ervice of the Department of the Interior, some of which are as folw\Ys: Land Iaps of l\Ianitoba, Saskatchewan, Southern and Korthern Alberta re pectively, :-mall Land l\Iap of the Prairie Provinces, Cereal Map of the Prairie Provinces the Peace Ri 'er District of Alberta, Description of the Re:-ources and Possibilities of the Province of Saskatchewan, Statistical Compilation on the Katural Resources of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, Athabasca to the Bay, etc. Similar reports have been issued with regard to other parts of Canada such as: Natural Resources of Nova Scotia, the Province of New Brunswick. and Central British Columbia. \Yith the object of assisting in the settlement and development of the idle lands in Canada, this Service also publi!'hes lists of unoccupied lands in the Prairie and l\Iaritime provinces, giving a short description of the properties, the prices and terms of sale or lease and the owners' names and addresses, thus giving prospective landseekers an opportunity of selecting lands suitable to their means and requirements, and affording them an easy means of getting in direct touch with the owners thereof. I.-Disposition of the Sllr,e)ed Areas in lUanitoba, Saskatchenan and Alberta, Jan. I, 1923. Surve:red Area. :Manitoba. Total. acres. Under home tead (including military homesteads). Under pre-emption, purchased homesteads, sale , half-breed scrip, bounty grants, special grant:;, etc. Granted to raily,ay companie='!. _... . Granted to Hu Ison's Ray Company.... . . . . . .. ...... School land end:mment (1/18 of area sun eyed in sec- tions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . Sold subject to rcC'!lunat.ion by drainage. . . . Solù unùer irrigation system. Under timber berths... . . . . . Under grazing lea es............ Forest resen'es and parks.. .. _. _ . . H.e erved for fore:;,try purpo 'es (inside surve:red tract) Road alloy, ances. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . Parish and river lots............ ... Indian reserves...... . . .. . . .. Indian reserves surrendered...... .. . . . . .. . . ....... ... Water-covered lands (inside surveyed tract).... . . . A vailable for en try. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Saskat- chewan. 8,269.400 27.616,100 acres. 5,111,100 3.566.997 1.196,800 I ,b37, 700 872,600 131,700 2.386,700 746, 00 977 .1 2 .505.211 4 4,301 !i7,560 4.260,500 5.516,800 Total within surve)ed area. . _. . _. :J,;. ;-00, 801 I 7.663,300 15,177,063 3,183,600 3,942.000 267 76.832 740,900 2,898,700 5,964.300 1,4 0,000 1,467,500 84,010 um,136 410.36,) 1.911,200 5,390,700 79,1)27,9;-3 Alberta. acres. 18,278,600 3,864,100 13,120,014 2,175,900 3,755,700 34,083 981 ,85 1.445,200 2,850,200 16.802,300 1,677,500 1,287,200 118.564 1. 67. 707 302,495 2,302.200 15,400,400 8;),76-1,016 acres. 54,164,100 16,638.500 31,864,074 6,556,300 9,335,400 34,350 1,058,685 3,058,700 5,880,600 25,153.300 3,853.800 3,731,8 2 707,785 2,8ï3,144 800.420 8,473,900 26,307,900 200,t92, ;90 Homestead Entries.-In the calendar year 1922 the total number of home- stead entries was 5,318. Table 2 is a statement of the homestead entries on Domin- ion lands for the years 1915 to 1922. Statistics of the origin of tho e making home- stead entries in the fiscal years ended 1917 to 1922 are given in Table 3, and financial statistics of receipts from Dominion lands in Table 4. The privilege of making pre-emptions or purchased homestead entries was withdrawn by Order in Council, from l\Iarch 20, 1918, confirmed by chapter 19 of the Statut('s of 1918, fl!':sented to May 24, 1918. 906 ADJIINISTRJ.TION 2.-IJomestead Entries on Dominion Lands in :\Ianitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British ('olumbia. Provinces. 1915. 1916. 1!H7 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. - - - - - - - :Ko. Ko. Ko. :Ko. Ko. Ko. No. No. Manitoba.... . ........ 4,113 2,616 1,617 8i3 1,209 í95 1,477 87 :-\'l!'katcLewan.. . . . . . . . ....... 6,349 4,519 2,96i 1,2i3 1. StO 1,726 2,í29 2,04 Alberta. . _. ...... 6,5 4 5,169 3,9i5 2,163 3,464 2,í94 2,936 2 24 British Columbia...... 4b6 264 209 69 110 120 204 15 - - - - - - - Total. . ...... 1ì, .)32 12,dtib 8, itili 4.3il! 6,623 5,-135 ;.316 5,:11 8 6 o 4 8 3.-lIom('stl'ad Entries made in JIallitoba, Saskat('hewan, Alberta and British (.'olumbia. b)' Xationalitics, durin thl' fiscal ) ('ars 19li-1922. X ationalities. Canadians from Ontario.... ( uebt'c... . ::\0\ a :-,cotia... . :Kcw Brumo'" ick.. . . . . . Prinee Ed\\ an.! hlanù. :\Ianitoba. . Sa.,katchewan...... . . Alberta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia... . . . . . Person., who had pre\- ious entry.. . . .'. . . K e'" fountllander8. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Canadians returned from the United States. American",. .. . . . . . . . . En6Ii;-,h. " Scotch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iri..h. ................. ............. J.rench............. ..... ......... li ::: : : : : : : : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .,. ........... Italians............... ........... {u,!uwians. . . . . Synan.,........... . Germans..... . Austro-Hungarians. .. . . . . .. _ . . . . . .. . . . . . . Dutch. . . . . . . . . . . " ................................ Danes (other than Icelanders)......... .......... . Icelanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............ Swedes................................ . Nor", egian.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russians (other than I. inns)... 1-inn!'... .., .............................. Chine!'e.. . Japanese.......... . Persians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Australians. . . . . . Kew Zealanders...... (;reek.o;t......... . Hindus...... . Poles. ........ Bulgarians ... Serhian.... Spaniard... . . . . . . . . . South Americans....... . . . Hehre"'s................ . South Africans. .. . . . Armenians. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Other nationalities... . . . . Total. ...... 1917. J918. Ko. 1,Ii9 425 138 87 49 403 Iii 158 47 1,08i 8 10 2,OS4 8h8 2b5 142 54 39 24 2.'J 19 2 10 125 42 46 38 HI,j 248 21i 1 2 2 6 2 4 2 2 46 1919. r-..o. 599 260 53 31 17 238 i5 87 28 606 2 6 8iO 639 182 87 38 19 8 21 7 1 i 38 15 29 10 60 83 i4 4 2 28 1920. 1921. 1922. Ko. 1,))00 4% 1:!4 iO !il fi,ji 21-.4 233 tJ8 l,tJ42 4 Ii 1. ;34 1.4fi9 496 194 65 41\ 30 4S 24 5 i 735 41 !i7 36 235 226 4MI 10 1 3 2 2 3 24 Ko. Ko. 66.3 270 i8 52 37 2:J7 105 134 27 8ïI 8 3 I,Oi2 I!ll 242 114 32 36 18 19 12 1 22 170 9 46 14 71 84 91 Ko. í86 318 ti3 54 47 398 201 220 55 Q46 4 3 1,505 762 229 92 63 37 17 22 48 2 40 712 23 44 19 173 159 168 40 2 93i 2\18 106 83 47 3b,'J 126 144 37 8i5 10 13 1,318 1,252 360 154 58 26 13 12 10 4 5 69 13 35 20 82 92 10)) 5 1 1 2 3 3 65 4 51 23 11,199 H.319 1.22; 6.;:12 5,31!9 7.3-19 PROVIKCIAL PUBLIC LA.XDS 907 4.-Receipts from Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal )ears 1917-1922. Sources of Receipts. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. i s s s s s Homestead fees............ .......... 112,110 83,180 42,190 67,460 53,880 73.540 Cash sales.............................. 2, ,07 ,204 3,046,09 2,192,861 2,799,605 1,721,li2 761.850 crip sales... .... . 333 131 323 80 Timber dues............................ 429,403 482,006 408,728 589,780 705,314 683.4Ql Hay permits. mining. stone quarries, etc.. cash.................... 600,934 6 O,4i 630,97(; 896,414 1,234,558 1,071,396 Allotherreceipts........ ...... 340,254315,928341,204 385,582 371,15 328,253 Grossrevenue........................... 4,190,238 4,5.57,810 3,616,28: 4,738.921 4,086,Oíl 2,918.530 Refunds....... ........................ 134,243 113,680 76,031 116,249 130,751 119,080 1\et revenue....... ..................... 4,055,995 4,444,130 3,540,251 4,622 .62 3, !J55,325 2. ï99,450 Totalre\"Cnue.1872todaw............._ 54,834.45 c 59,278,58 62.819,841' 67,442,52C ï1,39'Z,84f ï4,]97,2!J5 Letters patent for Dominion lands.. No. 18,774 23,22ï 16,810' 17,73" li,94ï ]3,116 Homsteadentries.......... "11,199 8,319 4,227 6.732 5.389 7,349 Railway Lands.- Table 5 is a record for the three fiscal years 19 1, 19 , 1923, of the sales of lands by the Hudson's Bay Company and by railway companies having government land grants. The total sales in the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1923, amounted to 123,303 acres at a price of 1.864,361, as compared with 155,239 acres at a price of $2,[,33,.'572 in the previous fiscal year. The 19 3 prices averaged S15.18 per acre, as against $16.96 in the preceding year. 5.-Laud Sales by Uaih\a)' Companies ha\ing (;overnment Land Grants, and b) the lIudson.s Bay ConlJ)an)-, in the fiscal )'ears 1921-1923. Companies. 1921. 1922. 1923. Acres. Amount. Acres. Amount. Acres. Amount. - - - - - i S li8,301 3,037, 6 33,595 545,611 24,976 366,25; 2ï5,63t 5,898,994 ]01,49i 1,732,350 83,485 1,248,968 1,518 20,05h 1,519 15,49ï 3;3 5.107 11 ,432 160,472 1,2;4 22,315 1,122 17.000 11,681 191,928 3,024 !j] ,603 1.013 15,552 69,934 1,455,319 14,163 263,199 11,214 190.112 5,128 96,616 167 2,997 1,120 21.368 - - - - -- - 553, fi3 10,h60,7ã( 155,239 2,G13,ãì 123,303 1,86-1,364 Hudson's Bay Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canadian Pacific Rail",ay .............. Manitoba Southwestern Colonization Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qu'Appelle. Lcng Lake and Sa..katche- ",an Railroad and teamboat Co. .,. Calgary and Edmonton Raih\ ay Com- pany....... _......... ................. Canadian Korthern Raih\ay Company.. Great Northern Central Rail",ay Com- pany... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total .......................... 2.-Provincial Public Lands. l In the ::\Iaritime Province:-;, in Quebec, Ontario, and Briti:-;h Columbia, the public lands are administered by the Provincial Gonrnments. In Prince Edward Island all the land is settled. !\;OVJ, Scotia.-In Kava Scotia there are no free grams of land; but, under conditions prescribed by the Crown Lands Act of the Provincial.Asr-embly (10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 4, s. 2m, and an amending Act of May 3, 1912, Crown lands, not exceeding in each case 150 acres, may be granted for agricuJtural or grazing pur- poses to applicants or not less than 18 years of age at the T)rice of $1 per acre, in 1 For copies of the detail d regulations govc>rning the di"posal of prO\ incial Crown land , application should be made as follows: :\"O\'a :->cotia. to the cretary for Industries and Immigration, Halifax: 1\e'" . Brunsv.ick, to the Deputy :Uini..ter of Land.. and line!'. 1 redericton; Quehec, to the Deputy :\lini ter of I,ands and l"orests, Quebec: Ontario, to the linister of I ands and Fore"h., Parliament l3uildings, Toronto; British Columuia, to the Deputy :\Iini!\tcr of Land,.., Victoria. 908 4D2if I N ISTRA T IDA- addition to the eJ\.pen:-:e of survey. Lca cs and grants of Crown Itlnds may also be obtained upon conditions pres( ribed. The total area of the Crown lands in Kava Scotia is apprm.imareJy 795,644 acres. lYew Brunswick.-The area of New Brunswick is about 17,14 ,00() acres. Of : his Uw ('Town holds about 7,500,000 acre:", most. of \\ hiC'h is timher land. The ('r:-Jy.nce i::; essentmlly a wooded country, and will in all probability always derive :' large part of it revenue from lumbering industries. Practically all the Crown umber Jnnd:-: are held hy liC'ense for the cutting of timber, most of thc e licenses expiring in the year 1933. "l1ile it may safely be said that the blll1 of the Crown lands r.re better suited to lumbering than agricultm e, yet there arc still some Crown land" well suited to mixed fanning, \\hich may be taken up by prospective "ettlers. One hundred acres is the ma"\.imum allo,ved to anyone Fettler, and he is reouired to re:-;,030 acres. .Agricultural lands in 100 acre lots are available for settlement, upon prescribed conditions, at 60 cents per acre. Ontario.-In Untario the public lands which are open for d'spo:sal are chiefly situated in the distri(.t:s of Muskoka, Parry Sound, Kipissing, Sudbury, Algoma, Timiskaming, Thunder Bay, Kenol" and Rainy River, and in the counties of Haliburton, Petcrborough, Hastings, Frontenac, Lcnnox and .Addington and Renfrew. In northern Ontario, which comprises the territory lying north and "est of the Ottawa and Frem'h rivers, the to\\Il..;hips open for sale are subdivided into lots of 320 acl'ps, or sections of 640 acres, and a half lot or quarter section of lüO acres is allowed TO each applicant m: the pric(' of 50 cents per acre, payable one- fourth cash and the balance in three annual instalmcnts with iuterest at 6 p.c. The applicant must be male (or sale female) head of a family, or a single man over 18 years of age. The conditiuns of purchase include actual occupation by the purchaser, the erection of a house, the clearance and cultivation of at least 10 p.c. of the area, and three 'ears' residence. Proxy regulations enable an individual to purchase a ha]f lot of 160 acres and place an agent in residf'l!c(" hut the duties to be performed before issue of patent are doubÌe those requircd in ordinary purchases. Free grants are available on lands within the di:stricts of Algoma, Kipi.ssing, Thunder Bay, Sudbury, Rain ' River and Kenor:1, and between the Ottawa river and the Georgian bay, comprising portions of the counties of ltl'nfrew, Frontenac, Addington, Hasting:;, Peterborough and Haliburton and the districts of l\Iuskoka and Parry ound. Grants of 160 acres are made to either single or marr:ed men in free grant territories Vr here the land is subdividcd in I'ections of 320 acres. In the Huron and Ottawa territory an allowance for waste land:-: may increase the PROVINCIAL PUBLIC LANDS 909 grant of a single man to an area not exceeding 200 acres, while heads of families may secure 200 acres free and purchase an additional 100 acres at 50 cents an acre. The settlement duties for free grants are as follows: (a) at least 15 acres to be cleared and brought under cultivation, of which 2 acres at least are to be cleared and cultivated annually; (b) a habitable house to be built at least 16 by 20 feet in size; (c) actual and continuous residence upon and cu1tivation of the land for 3 years after location, and thence to the issue of the patent. The mines and minerals, and all timber other than pine, are covered by the patent. Returned soldiers who enlisted and rendered overseas service with the Canadian Expeditionary Forces are each entitled to an allocation of ]60 acres free, in any township regularly open for sale, subject neverthele s to the performance of settle- ment duties. Ranching lands may be obtained on reasonable terms in waste and wooded areas, the valley of the Trent river, lying between lake Ontario and the Georgian bay, affording good opportunities for cattle and sheeD raising. The maximum annual rental is 5 cents an acre, on easy stocking conditions. Leases may issue on condition that there be regularly maintained on the land such number of head of stock as may be consistent with the resources of the area covered. Ontario includes 230,000,000 acres of land, of which only 14,500,000 acres are under cultivation. l\Iore than 20,000,000 acres of the very finest arable land await the plough. Ontario is 3! times as large as the British Ifles and I! times as large as Texas, and almost twice the size of France or Germany. From east to west its borders are 1,000 miles apart, and from north to south, 1,075 miles. Recent railway construction and colonization road building have made accessible vast tracts of untilled farm land and virgin forests in northern Ontario. Loans are made to settlers in the northern and northwestern "districts of Ontm'io. The maximum amount of any loan to be made to a settler is $500, with interest at 6 p.c. per annum, upon such terms and conditions as the Loan Commissioner may approve. The Government of Ontario is anxious that all bona fide settlers shall take full advantage of the opportunity provided to secure any needed loan, and full information with respect to same may be secured on application to the various Crown Lands Agents, or direct from the Settlers' Loan Commissioner, Toronto. Sites for summer cottages under reasonable terms and conditions may be acquired by lease within the Government parks, including Algonquin Provincial Park, and by purchase in certain other sect:ons of the province. Islands in Timagami are leased without building conditions, but islands elsewhere are sold in 5 acre parcelS, subj_ct in each case to the erection of a building costing not less than $500 within 18 months.! The price of mainland is $10 and of islands $20 per acre. British Columbia.-In British Columbia there are large areas of free gmnt lands. Any British subject, being the head of a family, a widow, a femme sole who is over 18 years of age and self-supporting, a woman deserted by her husband, or whose husband has not contributed to her support for 2 years, a bachelOl over 18 years of age, or any alien on his making a declaration of his intention to become a British subject, may pre-empt free 160 acres of th unoccupied and unreserved surveyed Crown lands, ..>.ot bcing an Indian settlement and not carrying more than 8,000 feet per acre of milling timber west of, and 5,000 fect per acrc east of the Cascade lange. Fees payable include $2 for recording, 82 for certificate of im- 1 Further particulars, may be obtained on application to the l\Iinibter of Lands and Forests, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, Onto 910 A.DllIXISTRA.TION provement and $10 for Crown grant. ne idcnce and improvf'ment conditions are imposed. After occupation for 5 years and making improvempnts to value of $10 per acre, including clearing and cultivation of at least 5 acres, the pre-emptor may obtain certificate of impruvement and Cro" n grant. The facT that an applicant has previou ly homesteaded in another province does not preclude him from pre- empting in British Columbia. 'Lnsurveyed lands cannot he pre-empt cd. Homesite leases of an area not exceeding o acrps, RurveYf'd or un urveyed, may be obtained for occupation and cultivation-this being a provision to enable fi hermen, miners or others to obtain home:-;ites-at a Rm lll rpntal, under improve- ment conditions, including building of dwelling in fir::"t year, title being procurable after five years' occupation and completion of survey. Under the Land _\.ct, vacant and unre!"erved Cru" n lands, surveyed or un- surveyed, can be purchaFed in quantities not excpeding G40 acres for a!-!;ricultural purposes, on improvement conditions. The :Minister may require improvements to the value of ::-;.") per acre \\ ithin 4 ye3rs of allowance of the sale. and Cro" n grant may be withheld until it i., certified that improvements are made. Price of first class (agricultural) lands is :-.5 per acre; second cla s (grazing) lands 8 .50 per acre. Cro"n lands are leased, subject to covenants and agreements deemed advis- able, for agricultural or industrial purp() es-for hay-cutting, up to 10 years; for other purposes, except timber-cutting, up to 21 years. The Land Settlement Board has selected a number of land settlement areas contiguous to the Canadian National Raih\ays. Lands within these areas are sold on easy terms for farming purposes, conditional upon development, prices being usually from $3 to $10 an acre, a blllall cash pa ment being requirerl, and the balance. spread over a term of years to suit purcha er. Returned Briti:-,h Columbia soldiers are entitled to abatement of $500 on purchase price. The Board has power to enforce orders on those owning land within an area to inlprove it, and tu levy a penalty tax for failure; also power to procure compulsory sale of undeveloped land. To establi.;;:hed settlers, loans are made by the Board for development purpo:,;c of from $250 to 1O,000, not exceeding GO p.c. f improved value of land offered as security. Timber-cutting rights are acquired by timber-sale. The applicant locates the timber, and, application being wade, the area is cruised, surveyed if necessary, and advertised for sale by tender. All particulars are obtainable from the Forcst Branch, Department of Lands. Information regarding water-rights for power, irrigation, etc., may be obtained by addressing the \Vater Rights Branch, Depart- ment of Lands. The area of land administered by the province is 223,519,920 acres, of which 197,408,896 acres are vacant and unrc erved; 5,72,),358 acres are included in Indian, park, game, forest and other re::.erves, and 7, 80,000 acres in timber, pulp, coal, grazing and other leases or licenses. The total area of surveys is 32,729,473 acres, including 22,G 0, GG arres of land surveys, 8,9ö3 0 .5 acres of timber, G.J ,4G acres of coal lands and 470,754 acres of mineral claims. The area included in cities is 5G,270 acrcs and in distrirt municipnlities 8ö8,378 acres. The area of the province is 38,4G9,GOO acres, of "hich 92,800,000 acreB is above timberline, and 91,432,100 acres is forested-39,352,000 acres carrying over 1,000 ft. per acre and 17, 81,GOO acres frum .5,000-30,000 ft. per acre. The arca suitable for agriculturc is estimated at 22,GOx,OOO acres. On Yancouver island, an arca of 2,1l0,054 aercs is included in the E:-.quimalt llnd Xanaimo Ry. land grant,. embracing the southeastern portion of the Ü"land, and applications for lands in this. area are to be made to the land agent of that railway at Victoria. PUBLIC DEFENCE 911 II.-PUBLIC DEFENCE. Before the outbreak of the war, the Canadian l\Iilitia con!'isted of a Permanent Force, which on March 31, 1914, numbered 3,000 officers, non-commissioned officers and men, and an Active Iilitia, which at the same date numbered 5,615 officers and 68,991 non-commissioned officers and men. After the outbreak of the war on August 4, 1914, successive contingents of troops of all arms were recruited, equipped, trained and despatched by the Canadian Government to Great Britain for active service. " hen hostilities ceased on Xovcmber 11, 1918, there had been sent overseas for active service in the Canadian E"\.-peditionary Force about 418,000 officers, nOll-commissioned officers and men.! Organization.-Prior to 1922, three Departments of the Canadian Government were concerned with the defence of Canada, viz.: the Department of ::\Iilitia and Defence; the Department of l\larine and .Kaval Service; the Air Board. During the sesFion of 1922, the Xational Defence .Act was passed consolidating the Kaval Service, the Air Board an9- the Department of l\Iilitia and Defence into the Department of Xational Defence. This Act became effective by. proclamation on Jan. 1, 1923. Under it there is a Minister of National Defence and a Deputy Minister of Kational Defence. To advise the Minister, there has been constituted by Order in Council a Defence Council, consisting of:-a President (the l\Iinister), a Vice-President (the Deputy Minister), and the following members:-the Chief of Staff, the Director of Naval Service, together with the Adjutant-General, the Quartermaster-General and the Director, Royal Canadian Air Force, as associate members. There is also a Secretary of the Council. I.-Military Forces. The Militia of Canada is constituted by the Militia Act. It is divided into Active Militia and Reserve l\Iilitia. The Active Militia is divided into the Permanent and the Kon-Permancnt ::\Iilitia. Permanent 2lIililia.-The Permanent Force consists of the following units:- Cavalry.-The Royal Canadian Dragoons; Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians). Artillery.-The Royal Canadian Horse .Artillery Brigade ("A", "B" and "C" Batteries); Royal Canadian Garrison Artillery (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Companies). Engineers.-Royal Canadian Engineers (13 detachments). Signals.- The Royal Canadian Corps of Signals. Infanlry.-The Royal Canadian Regiment; Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry; The Royal 22nd Regiment (a French-Canadian regiment). Army Service Corps.-The Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (12 detach- ments). -,-11 edical Corps.- The Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (12 detach- ments). Veterinary Corps.- The Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps (8 detach- ments). Ordnance Corps.-The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (12 detachments). Pay Corps.-The Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps (12 detachments). Military Clerks.-The Corps of Military Staff Clerks (12 detachments). 1 For the detailed expenditures of the Canadian Government on account of war appropriations for the years 1915-1921 see the Canada Year Book, 1921, p. ï98. 912 ADJIlNISTRATIOK Schools of Instruction.-The Canadian Small Anns School.-This is the only School which is an independent unit of the Permanent Force, but at all stations of the Permanent Force in Canada there are conducted Royal Schools of Instruction. .Yon-Permanent 1'.l1"litia.-The Kon-Permanent Militia consists of:- 34 Regiments of Cavalry and Mounted Rifles. 61 Batteries of Field Artillery (Li ht). 19 Batteries and 9 Companies of Medium and Heavy Artillery. 15 Field Companies. 2 Fortress Companies. 7 Field Troops of Engineers. 16 Signal Companies. 2 Fortress Signal Companies. 7 Signal Troops of the Signal Corps. 12 Companies of Cyclists. 43 Companies of the Canadian Officers Training; Corp:-l. 123 Battalions of Infantry. 15 Machine Gun Cnits. 21 Companies of the Anny ervice Corps. 82 Units of the Canadian Army l\Iedical Corps. 11 Detachments of the Canadian Dental Corps. 11 Detachments of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps. 11 Detachments of the Canadian Ordnance Corps. 13 Detachments of the Canadian Pay Corps. The following table shows the numbers of men and horses in the Permanent and Non-Permanent Canadian Active Militia. G.-Permanent and Non-Permanent Active 11llltla In ( anada, 1923. Permanent Acthe lilitia. Non-Permanent Active Militia. Descriptions. l\Ipn. Horses. Men. Horseh. Total.. 39 478 305 11,753 10,548 403 271 7,493 4,654 2,O.!6 905 296 37 1,159 9 281 21 3,336 647 63 3,309 1,200 1,30S 24 6,602 711 907 38 70,5!>4 720 3ï3 5,719 1,144 84 9,244 3,240 - - - - 3,611 7;;6 [22,'06 22,658 Headquarters Staff and !':pecial employees.................... Cavalry and Mounted Rifles....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . Field Artillery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Heavy and Siege Artillery. . . .. --" - .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Garrison Artillery..... . . . . .. . . . - . . . - Engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .. .. Signals.................................................... . Bicyclists... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ., . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Machine Gun Corps.......................................... Infantry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Railway Corps... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Srbools of Instruction. .............. Xon-combatants... _ _ ._ Reseroe . Iilitia.-In addition to the Active Iilitia, there is also the Reserve Militia, a framework desi ed to serve as a basis for contingent military organiza- tion. For each unit of Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry of the Active Militia a corresponding reserve unit has been constituted, unorganized at present, however, with the exception of the posting of officers. THE N A VAL SERVICE 913 Military Dist'l'icts.-For the command, training and administration of the Canadian Militia, Canada is divided into eleven Military Districts, each under a Commander, assisted by a District Staff. Militia Appropriations.-Table 7 shows the militia vote for the fiscal years ending l\Iarch 31, 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924. 7.-IUoney Yoted by Parliament for the lUilitia. for fiscal )ears ending l\larch 31, 1921, 1922, 1923, 192-1. Items. Allowances, Active Militia. . _. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Annual Drill.. . .. . . .. __ . . . __ .. . . .. . . CadetSenices...................... -.pp .,. Clothing and Necessaries........... . .............. p' Contingencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customs Dues. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Departmental I.ibrary. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ............. Dominion Arsenal, Lindsay.......... ......... Dominion Arsenal, Quebec.... . . . . . . Engineer Services..... ...... Grants to Associations...._ 1IIaintenance..... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . Ordnance Arms, Lands... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. -............ Pay of Staff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permanent Force..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . printing and Stationery.... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royal Military College. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salaries and "'ages... . _ _............................ Schools of Instruction.... ............. Topographic Survey. . . _ . _ .. .... Training Areas.. . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . - -. . - . . Tram:port and Freight.... ., . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . Warlike Stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total' ........................... Civil Government. _. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grand Total. _.. 1921. S 120,000 1,500,000 390,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 1,000 258,112 532,512 70!LOOO 105,000 200,000 100,000 345,600 6,500,000 70,000 284,819 331,463 150,000 45,000 30,000 300,000 400,000 12,55-1,808 247,430 12,802,238 1922. 120,000 1,500,000 450,000 264,346 40,000 40,000 2,000 243,300 428,300 600,000 125,000 200,000 75,000 265,000 6,255,000 85,000 350,000 225,000 150,000 45,000 30,000 200,000 197,054 s 1923. S 120,000 1,000,000 350,000 340,400 40,000 25,000 2,000 25,000 375,000 560,000 100,000 235,000 66,000 255,000 5,500,000 85,000 345,000 225,000 90,000 45,000 15,000 200.000 100,000 11.890,000 10,099,982 1924. S 100,000 1,050,000 450,000 300,000 25,000 12,000 2,000 9,000 390,000 560,000 100,000 250,000 66,000 255,000 5,290,000 70,000 345,000 250,000 115,000 45,000 5,000 18;;,000 160,000 .10,036,237 762,681 2 10. i9S. !l18 673,751 12,563,751 751,797 I A few contingent amounts complete the total. 2 Department of National Defence. 10,851.779 2.- The Naval Service. The Kaval Service became part of the Department of National Defence by the National Defence Act, 1922. The senior officer is styled the Director of Naval Service, and is a member of the Defence Council. The Service consists of,-(I} Headquarters at Ottawa (Pennanent), (2) The Royal Canadian Navy (Pennanent), (3) Canadian Naval Reserve (:\lilitia), (4) Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (Volunteer), . The Royal Canadian Navy (Pennanent Service) consists of 2 destroyers and 4 trawlers on the active list, \\ith the light cruiser Aurora and submarines CH 14- and (' H 15 in reserve. The Canadian Naval Reserve coni'ists of 500 officers and seamen, recruited from seafaring personnel. The Canadian N aval Volunteer Reserve consists of 70 officers and 930 men, organized as a division and distributed by detachments as follows :-Charlottetown, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, 'Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, Edmonton, Calgary and Vancouver. The money voted by Parliament for naval sf'rvicc for t he fi cal year ending March 31, 1924, was $1,515,500. 62373-58 914 AD \lISlSTRA.. TIO.V 3.-The Air Board. The Air Board .Act of 1919 empowered the Goyernor in Council to appoint an Air Board, with a l\Iinister of the Crown as chairman, to control aerodromes, air- craft, etC'., and, generally, aerial navi ation in Canada and its territorial waters. The work of the Board fell into three main divi:-;ions: the control of civil aviation, the direction of flying operations for other Departments of the Govemmcnt and the direction of the Canadian Air Force. By virtue of the Kational Dden('(' .\('t of If):!2, the powers, duties and funC'tions vested in the Air Board by the .\ir Board \ct or by any order or regulation made thereunder shall in future he admini:-:tered, e"-erci cd and performed by the Minister of i\ational Defence. The executive dutie of the .Air Board are now carricd out under the Chief of Staff by the Director of the Royal Canadian Air Force and staff. The strength of the Royal Canadian .Air Force (Permanf'llt Service) on Iay 31, 1923, was 49 officers and 2(32 other ranks. In 19 2, 325 Air Officers (Kon-permanent) were trained in short and long courses at Camp Borden. The Royal Canadian Air Force has carried out flying operations for the following Departments of the Government: The Department of the Interior, the Department of Iines, the Department of Indian Affairs, the Df'partment of Marine and Fisheries, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Customs, the Department of Immigration and the Royal Canadian l\1ountf>d Police, as well as co-operating with the Canadian Militia at their annual training. The money voted by Parliament for air service for the fiscal year ending 1arc'h, 31, 1924, was $1, 50,OOO. Training cpntre are established at Camp Borden, Ont., \\-innipeg, [an., Jeri('ho Bcaeh, B.C., and Dartmouth, K.S. 4.- The Royal Military College. The Royall\Iilitary College of Canada was founded in lR7(3 by the Honourable Alexander l\Iackenzie, Prime :\Iinister of Canada. Sinc'e its foundation, 1,710 gentlemen cadets have been enrolled; of this number 14(3 are now in attendance and approximately 175, though their names appear on the college roll as having been admitt d, either did not actually do bO, or if they did join, were only at the college a very Fhort time. Over 900 tool" part in tne \\ ar of un 4- UHS \\ here 159 ex-cadet., made the supreme sacrifice. Some 750 British and 90 foreign decorations have been awarded to ex-cadets, and many have rif'en to high rank in the service of their country. Three of the Canadian divisions serving in France were commanded by ex-cadets and an ex-cadet al o commanded one of the Australian divisions at Callipoli. The establishment of the College, as stated in the Act of 1874 (37 Yict., c. 3(3), was "for the purpose of imparting a complete education in all bran- ches of military tactics, fortifications, engineering and general scientific knowk>dge in the subjects connectc'd with and neceSf'ary to a thorough kno\\ kdge of the military profession, and for qualifying officers for command and f'taff appointments." In addi- tion to the forC'going, the couri',e of instruction is suc.h as to afford a thorough, practical and scientific training in civil engineering, surveying, physics and chemistry, Englii-'h and }o'rPllch. Strict dii'.;eip]ine, combined with phYf-ira] training, riding,. drill and out duoI' games, forms part of the curricululll. PUBLIC HEALTH AXD PUBLIC BE.",;gVOLEXCE 915 The College is situated on a beautiful peninsula, one mile from Kingston, with the Cataraqui river on the one side, emptying into the St. Lawrence river at its junction wit h lake Ontario, and Navy bay on the other. The grounds include about 500 acres. The buildings of the College proper are situated on the above- mentioned penirumla, comprising 60 acres. The remainder of the grounds, on which stands the historic fort Henry, are at the disposal of the College for use as a training area. On the point of the College peninsula is situated fort Frederick, built in 1837, when J{ingston became capital of Canada, the fort comprising a portion of the defences of KingF-:tcn. The College is under the supervision of Militia Headquarters, who annually appoint an advisory board composed of leading Canadian citizens both civil and military. The staff is composed of a commandant, and a staff-adjutant, assisted by a competent staff of civil and military professors and instructors. A four years' coul'Fe leads to a "Diploma with Honours" or "Diploma" and "Certificate of Discharge". To graduates are annually offered a number of com- mif-:sions in the Canadian Permanent Force, as well as commissions in the Royal .Artillery, Royal Engineers and other branches of the regular Britannic Army. To those graduates joining the Britannic Army, the privilege of one year's seniority is granted in the Britannic or Indian Armies. This has been arranged in order to equalize the seniority of graduates of the Royall\Iilitary College of Canada with those of 'Yoolwich or Sandhurst, since the course at the latter institutions is shorter than the Canadian. Positions in the Public '''arks Department, Hydrographic Surveys, etc., may also be obtained by graduates. Several Canadian universities admit graduates to the third years of arts and science courses. III.-Pt;BLIC HEALTH AND PUBLIC BENEVOLENCE. Greatly increased attention has been devoted during recent years to public health and related subjects in Canada, the work embracing, in addition to the supervision of the general health of the community, the maintenance of hospitals and institutions for the care of needy and indigent persons. In general the establish- ment and maintenance of such institutions is in the hands of the various provincial Governments, under the powers given them in the British Xorth America Act, 1867. "Cnder their control, municipal governments and various societies and individuals initiate and foster charitable and humane efforts, depending on the Government to some extent for financial aid and for competent, uniform inspection of methods and stamlards. Exercising particular jurifdiction over some phases of the general health of the people of the Dominion, is the Department of Health of the Dominion Government. Public Health.-Considerable diversity in methods of administraticn of public health activities is encountered in the different provinces. Apart, however, from the actual organization of provincial Health Departments and of the administrative bodies charged with the management of hospitals and other such institutions, it will be observed, in the summaries of provincial activities which follow, that particular attention is given to the same branches of public health work in all the provinces. Perhaps the most important of all, and those which reflect most clearly the benefits af'cruing from such work, are the systems of medical inspection of school children. This is carried out in some cases by the di trict or sub-district medical health officers, and in others by public health nurses whose activities are confined to it alone. In addition to the continual supervision exercised over the health of the children, e,-pert advice and assistance are supplied freely to children, 62373-58l 916 AD J1 1 1Y 1 STRA T 101\" teachers and parents. In many cases, dental inspection is provided for. " hile this work has been carried on on a considerable scale for but a few years, great benefits have already been realized from it, notably general improvement in health and sanitary conditions both in schools and homes, and in the prevention of epidemics. In other directions also, governmental activities through Departments of Health have produced numerous evidences of their value, \\ hich may be illustrated by an exmnination of the death rates from various communicable and other di eases, such as those shown in the Population section of the present volume under the head- ing of " Vital Statistics". .An example may be taken from Ontario as b('ing, perhaps, the province in which public health education and activities have reached the highest stage of development. In this province, the rate of deaths from tuber- culosis has decreased from 87.1 to 71.0 per 100,000 during the pericd 1912 to 1921, that from typhoid fever from 19.4 to 7.2 per 100,000, f rom measles from 4.2 to 1.8, and from whooping cough from 16.2 to 10.5. 'Yhile some other rates have increased, it may be noted that increases are not general in the case of communicable diseases and that, in respect to tuberculosis especially, the cities of the province show the lo"\\est mortality rates. The reason for this is the faf't that public health work is more advanced there than in the to,," ns and rural areas, and its good effect in respect to this and other diseases is apparent. Public health work, indeed, h38 rendered the development and spread of epidemics of the more common diseases practically imrossible. Institutions.-The most familiar of all public institutions established to administer and foster the general health of the community is the general hospital, common to all cities and to\\ns of any considerable population, and found also in the more modern and prosperous rural di tricts. Such hospitals are generally erected and supported by the municipality, their actual administration being in the hands of a board of trustees, and their revenue, in nddit ion to that provided by the municipality, being drawn, in the ain, from 'grants from the provincial Govern- ment, from donations from individuals and societies and frem patients' fees Admission and treatment are free to all de erving perscns who apply for it and whose resources are so limited as to prevent their otherwÜ:,e receiving proper medical attention. Second in importance are the hou es of refuge and orphanages, homes where destitute adults and homeless children are taken in, fed and clothed until they can support themselves or until homes for them are found elsev.here. Orphans' homes are found in practically every urban and rural corr.munity of any size, while refuges or homes for the aged are supported by the larger centres and by county municipalities. Asylums for the insane, also found in all the provinces, differ from the forcgoing types in that they are in general owned, supported and administered entirely by the province. In Nova Scotia, however, the insane of separate counties are, in some instances, cared for in one institution, together" ith the inmates of the refuge and orphanage. In addition, other institutions supported by the public include isolation hospitals, maternity hospitals, homes for the deaf, dumb and blind, homes for incurables, infirmaries, homes for epileptics and for leperf!, and tub('r- culosis sanatoria. Throughout the Dominion many other more or le s similar institutions exist, whose nature is more independent than that of the types mentioned above. Among them are included several hospitals supported by the Dominion Government for the benefit of returned soldiers, Rnd numerous FDmll home:--; and ho pitals depending entirely on private aid. Since the/;(' institutions do not receive provin- DOJIIXIOY DEPART.UE T OF HEALTH 917 cial Government grants and hence are not in all cases subject to inspection, no accurate record showing their number, purpose and the number of inmates can be obtained. But little historical information on the subject is available. No statistics of public benevolence have been included in the Canada Year Book for several years. It seems, however, that until comparatively recently, the caring for needy and destitute persons, as we now recognize it, was largely in the hands of individuals, of whose humane efforts scanty evidence remains for present use. The inability of private effort to cope with a problem of rapidly increasing dimensions has led to the present government control of the majority of such establishments. In the e' ercise of the powers granted them at Confederation, the various provin- cial governments have enacted considerable legislation governing the regulation of public charities. In Ontario, for example, the Houses of Refuge Act, the Hospitals for the Insane Act, the Private Sanitarium Act, the Sanatoria ,.for Consumptives Act, the HOF-:pitals and Charitable Institutions Act and the Prisons and Public Charities Inspection Act have been passed, dealing with different phases of the subject. Similar legislation by other provincial Governments also provides for the carrying on of charitable work, the provision of funds and for inspection by com- petent officials. A summary of the work carried on throughout the country, including the activities of the Dominion Department of Health and those of the various provincial Governments, is appended. I.-Dominion Department of Health. The activities of the Dominion Department of Health for the fiscal year 1923 may be classified under the following eleven headings:-Quarantine Service, Immi- gration Medical Rervice, Marine Hospitals Service, Venereal Disease Control, Housing, with Hospitalization and Sanitation, Opium and Narcotic Drugs, Pro- prietary or Patent Medicines, Child 'Welfare, Focd and Drug Laboratories, Public ".,. arks Health Act and Finance. Quarantine Service.-Organized quarantine station were operated at Charlotte- town, P.E.I., Chatham, N.B., Halifax, N.S., Louisbourg, N.S., North Sydney, N .S., Quebec, Que., St. John, N .B., and Victoria, B.C. The total number of vessels reporting at the above stations was 1,897, and of examinations of individuals 289,292. A total of 638 persons was distributed to quarantine hospitals and detention buildings. Of these, 128 were actually sick; the remainder, of whom 331 were detained as possible smalJpox contacts, was made up of contacts and persons accompanying the sick. Of the 28 diseases treated in the quarantine hospitals, 59 of the total number of cases were of measles, 9 of scarlet fever, 8 of chicken pox and 8 of diphtheria, the remaining diseases occurring in 5 or fewer cases. A total of 1,772 persons was vaccinated. Immigration Jl.Iedical Service.-For the purpose of detecting physical aT mental defects, 66,480 immigrant pnssengers were examined; of this number 571 were found to be of the prohibited classes, and 152 others were found upon arrival to require medical or surgical treatment. An additional number of 661 was found to have minor defects, which did not, however, prevent their certification by the medical officers of the service. The service has under its supervision two leper stations, one at Tracadie, N.B., and the other at D' AIcy island, B.C. Eleven patients were under treatment at the Tracadie lazaretto, six males and five females. One new case was admitted 918 ADJIISISTRATION during the year and no deaths were reported. Five Chinese patients were ('ared for during the year at the D' Arcy island lazaretto, the number being unchan ed from the previous year. Marine II ospital Serv-ice.- The Department operates two marine ho pitals, at Sydney and Lunenburg, K .R, revenues for the purpose being collected on the tonn- age of vessels arriving at ports in the 1\Iaritime Provinces, Quebec and Briti h Columbia. Gratuitous treatment is accorded all needy mariners from vc sel paying such dues. In addition to the two ho pitalH maintained by the Government, treatment was provided during the year at 52 to\\n and city hORpitals in the five provinces to 2,663 injured and distressed mariners. Venereal Disease Control.-The sum of 8200,000 was: voted by thc Dominion Governmcnt to aid in the prevention of the spread of vencreal diseases. This amount is allotted to the various provinces engaged in the work. The campaign carried on throughout the countIJT by the various governments may be divided roughly into fivc main activities,-treatment, education, social service, law cnforce- ment and the collection of statistics. There arc 54 clinics in operation throughout the Dominion, at which free treatment may be obtained, while free hospital a('com- modation is given where necessary. Both the Dominion and the provincial Govern- ments have issued pamphlets and circulars designed to prevent the spread of the diseases. II ousing, II ospitalization and Sa m"tat ion .-"Cnder the Dominion Housing Act, an amount of $ü,530,080 was voted by the Dominion ParliameÎlt for the year. Of this sum $3,225,816 was lent to the seven provinces included in the scheme, to whiph total loans up to 1\Iar h 31, 1923, amounted to $20,333,406. The total number of houses erected was 4,612, while those under construction and planned total 223. Municipalities to the number of 160 are operating under the Act. Opium and Narcotic Drugs.-During the year the Department issued 200 import licenses, 40 export licenses, 110 wholesale druggists' licenses and 56 licenses to retail manufacturing druggists. Narcotics imported into Canada were as follows: cocaine, 3,330 ozs., morphine, 1O,99 ozs., and crude opium, 1,373 Ibs. Close supervision is maintained on all exports and imports of narcotics, and the licensing system enables the Department to know at all times the amOlmt of these drugs received by every druggist, veterinary surgeon, dentist or phYEician in Canada. By this system it is possible for the Department to check up the dis- position of these drugs, and to make absolutely certain that the use being made of them does not contravene the Act. ""hile the illicit traffic is a much more difficult problem to handle, no fewer than 6ü2 convictions were obtained during the year. Figures are not available to show the number of convictions other than by the Royal Canadian l\Iounted Police for infractions of the Act for the fiscal year, but for the judicial year ended September 30, 1922, there wcre in all 1,858 prosecutioIlb, including the Dominion cases. Proprietary or Patent Jl edicines.-l\ledicines registered and licensed undcr the Proprietary or Patent ::\Iedipine Act during the year 1922-23 numbercd 4,868. Under the operation of the Act, which has as its fundamcntal principle the require- ment that all such articles shall be on the market in ß way ""hich permits the ordinary layman to understand what he is buying, many articles were rejected as absolute frauds and dangerous to health. Periodically, samples-of various medicines are obtained in the open market and are sent to the laboratory, for the purpm.e of confirming and approving the ingredients of each. PROVINCIAL HEALTH ACTI"VITIES 919 Child 'Welfare.-General co-operation in matters relating to child and maternal welfare has been continued or establif'hed with the various Departments of the Dominion Government, provincial Governments and voluntary societies through- out the country. A "Handbook of Child vVelfare "-urk in Canada" has been prepared and published during the year, while a new and revised edition of the "Canadian Mother's Book" has been issued, together with several reprints of the "Little Blue Books-Home Series". Food and Drugs Division.-A total of 5, 94 samples of foods and drugs were examined during the year in the laboratories of the Department, to determine their purity or degree of adulteration. Numerous prosecutions were made under the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act, where goods not conforming with the law had been offered for sale. Public Works Health Act.-The activities of the Department under the Public Works Health Act have comprised the maintenance of a hospital, a first-aid office and an ambulance service along the new 'Yelland canal, now under construction between lake Ontario and lake Erie. A total of 1,733 ,isits were made by the medical officer, 2,500 cases were treated as hospital out-patients, 51 were given hm;pital treatment, while a total of 927 hospital days were afforded to patients. Financial Statements.-A net expenditure for the year of $914,690 is recorded, in whi('h the largest items are Quarantine and Public 'Yorks Health Act, 822.'),002; Venereal Diseases, $189,928; Salaries, $129,317; Marine Hospitals, $114,727, and Administration of Food and Drugs Act, $111, j65. Revenues amounted to $205,983, of which sick mariners' dues totalled $161,010. 2.-0ther Public Health Activities. t.-Prince Edward Island. In the report of thf' trustees of the Falconwood Hospital and Provincial Infirmary for the year ended December 31, 1922, a total of 309 patients were shown as resident on this date, compared with a total of 295 at the beginning of the year. During the year 74 patients had been admitted, while discharges and deatbs totalled 60. Expenditure for maintenance and repair of the institutions amounted to $100,464, while revenues from fees and other sources were $9,170. 2.-Nova Scotia. The Department of Public Health of Xova Scotia, in its report for the year ended Sept. 30, 1922, outlines its main activities in the following groups: collection of vital statistics, education and publicity, aid by nurses and clinics, prevention and cure of venereal disease medical inspection of schools and the control of com- municable diseases. In the provincial laboratory, 7,688 specimens were examined and reported on during the year. Complete information regarding hospitals in the province is not available, a considerable number of them being privately owned and under no obligation to furnish information respecting their operations. Of public and semi-public institu- tions, however, there are 16 general, 1 maternity and 3 isolation hospitals, 2 tuber- culosis sanatoria and 23 insane asylums. The number of inmates of general and maternity hospitals increaæd from 625 at the beginning of the year to 654 at the close of that period. Total expenditure was 8601,648, of which $155,218 was for salaries and wages. In tuberculosis sanatoria, the patients increased from Ib9 to 2:33. Total expenses were $306;035, an average of $486.54 per inmate. \n increase g20 AD]! Il\'ISTRA TI01\" of admissions over discharges, during the same period, brought the number of in- mates of insane asylums from 1,347 to 1,381. Total expenditure amounted to 524,488. 3.-New Brunswick. The Xew Brunswick Department of Health includes among its branches those of general f'anitation. water supply and communicable diseases, medical school inspection, collection of vital statistics, education and publicity, provincial labor- atory and the admini tration of sub-health- districts. The dcpartment is admini tered by the Bureau of Health and mOre dircctly by the Chicf Medical Officer of the province. Subordinate to him are the Chief of Laboratories, thrce Di!'trict :Medical Hcalth Officers, in charge of the ea:-:;tcrn, southern and western districts of the province, a Director of X urses and a Director of Yenercal Clinics. In addition, the organization is further subdivided into 16- sub-health di tricts, each in charge of a Medical Officer. Accurate statif'tics of ho:-;pitals and ::-imilar in::,titutions in Xcw Brunswick are not available, the numher of public in::,titutions being the only figure at hand. Besides the 14 general ho:'pitals in the province, thcre are a.1.."o 2 tuberculol:5Ïs sanatoria,2 maternity hospitals, 1 in....:me asylum, 1 orphanage, 2 refuges and 1 leper station. Numerous other institutions of a private or semi-private nature exist, but information is lacking regarding their number and operations. 4.- Quebec. In the administration of the health of the province, the Provincial Bureau of Health, in charge of the Provincial fo:crretary, "ith its activitics divided among the fifteen public health districts, sees to the carrying out of the provisions of the Public Health Act. Twelve inspectors are appointed for the fifteen districts, their duties being divided generally between education of the public and municipal public health organization, while, in addition, their services rc given in case of consul- tations, public lcctures, maintenanr of records of municipalities and medical and sanitary investigations. In addition to the district officers, the Bureau maintains a laboratory division, a division of sanitary engineering, a division of venereal diseases and a division of vital statistics. Statistics of benevolcnt institutions in Quebec are collected and compiled by the Quebec Bureau of btatistics. During the year 1922 there were in e},.istence in the province 49 general hospitals, 4 maternity hospitals, 2 crèches, 5 tuberculosis sanatoria, 6 inl'ane af-:ylums, 1 homc for incurables and 117 orphanages and refuges. In the 55 general and maternity ho pitals, the number of inmates on Jan. 1, 1922, was 3,085; 52,938 persolls "ere admitted and 52,719 discharged, leaving 3,304 inmates all Dec. 31. Total expenditure was $3,752,369, of which $902,298 was for salaries and wages. Population in the tuberculosi sanatoria decreased from 144 to 141 during the year, expenditure per hcad averaging $761 and total c},.-penses being $108,778. The number of inmates of mental hospitals incrcased from 5,443 to 5,708 during the year, the average cOIl!'>titutingO.23 p.c. of the population of the province. The cost of maintenance of insane asylums for the year was $1,3 9,372, offset by revenues of $1,412,751. In the orphanages and rcfuges of the province, admissions numbering 5,H2.3 and discharges to the number of 5,667 increascd the population from 12,243 to 12,401. Expcnditure amounted to 53,351,534, an average of 8272 per head, while revenues totaned 3,178,847. PROVINCIAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES 921 5.-0ntario. A Provincial Board of Health, responsible to the Minister of Labour, and comprising divisions in charge of laboratories, industrial hygiene, public health education, preventable diFeases, sanitary engineering and maternal and child welfare, over!'ees the adminif'tration of the Public Health Act throughout the province. Through its division into eight districts, each of which is in charge of a District Officer of Health, cloFe touch is maintained between the Board and the municipalities through the province. ThiF-: contact. of course, is strengthened by the relation" between municipally appointed health Officers and the officials appointed by the provincial Government. In addition to the activities of the Board of Health, the Provincial Secretary is chargcd with the administration of the ho pitals and charitable institutions. the latter including, among others, the insane asylums and hospitals for the feeble- minded and epileptics. In the report of the Inspector of Prisons and Public Char- ities for the year cnded Sept. 30, 1921, statistics are given showing the existence in the province of 105 public hospitals, including 9 sanatoria for consumptives, 49 private hospitals, 41 refuges, 30 orphanages, 3 convaleFcent homes and 31 county houses of refuge. All public hospitals and charitable institutions in Ontario are entitled to go' ernment aid and are regularly inspected. The total number of patients admitted to public hospitals and sanatoria during the year was 115,442, while on Sept. 30, 1921, the number of inmates had remained practically constant, a decrease of from 7,011 to 7,006 being apparent. Total revenues amounted to $7,333,902, of which $594,364 was paid by the legislature. Total expenses amounted to $7,770,511, an average cost per day per patient of $3.22. In the 44 orphanages and refuges of the province there were, on Sept. 30, 1921, inmates numbering 3,062, an increase over the figure of the previous year of 199 pen:ons. The average days' stay in such institutions was 198, with an average day's cost per inmate of $1.28. Total revenues amounted to $1,029,291. The 30 orphanages of the province pro- vided a home for 2,321 persons on Sept. 30, 1921, total expenditure for the year having been $504,914, or an average per inmate per day of $0.60. . On Oct. 31, 1921, a gross total of 7,967 inmne, feeble-minded and epileptic persons were being cared for in the twelve prm.inci. I public institutions for the purpose. The inmates of the nine insane asylums had increased during the year from 6,!104 to 6,638, admissions amounting to 1,rr4 against discharges, etc., totalling 1,860. The hospitals for feeble-minded and epileptics showed an increased population (1,329) on Oct. 31, 1921, that of the previous year having been 1,185. Revenues for the year from r II sources increased to a total of $1 244,2S6. Estimated expenditures totalled $2,75 ,061. 6.-Manitoba. The report of the Provincial Board of Health for the year ended Dec. 31, 1920, is the last available c ncerning the activities of this body. The various departments of the Board comprise those of public health nursing, food inspection, venereal disease prevention, the recording and prevention of communicable diseases and vital statistics. 'Cnder the Superintendent of Provincial Public Health Nurses, a large amount of work is carried on in the direction of education, medical school inspection, child welfare, public service nursing, and the distribution of literature. The work of other divisions is more or less of a routine nature. Very incomplete information is available regarding hospitals and charitable institutions throughout the province. There are three hospitals in the province 922 ADJIIXISTR_1TIOX for the care of mentally defective persons, to which total admissions, during the ten months ended Aug. 31, 1922, were 211, compared with discharges and deaths totalling 159. A total of 1,343 pati<'llts were under treatment in the three institu- tions on Aug. 31, 1922, this figure repre enting 0.22 of the total population of the province. Total expenditure amounted to 274,g04, or 1.43 per head for the ten- month period. Revpnues from fees and other sources amounted to $90,322. At the home for incurables of the province, the number of inmates increßFcd between Dec. 1, 19:.n, and Aug. 31, 1922, from 339 to 3û8, expenses of maintenance amounting to .38,899 or $1.02 per head per day. Revenues from fees and other sources \\ere $31,553. 7.--Saskatchewan. In the province of Saskatchewan, the Bureau of Public Health, organized under the Minister of Public Health, is in charge of the general duties devolving on the department. Among its main activities it numbers the precautions taken against and the ar esting of epidemics, medical school inspection and treatment, v<'llereal disease prevention, child welfare and home nursing, and the examination and certifi- cation of embalmers. In adùition, the Bureau employs an analyst and pathologist and a bacteriologist; its sanitary divif-:ion overFees water :md food supplies through- out the province and general provisions for sanitation, while another divi:-,;ion compiles the vital statif-:tics of the province. In addition to the hospitals which Saskatchewan has in common with the other provinces, mention may be made of a system known as the Lnion Hospital Scheme, desi ed to furnish necessary hospital aCf'ommodation in rural districts. 'Cnder the provisions of the scheme, two or more municipalities may co-operate in arranging to build, equip and maintain a hOFpital in their district and for their residents. These smaller hospitaLs are not intended, of courEe, to furnish extensive accommoda- tion, but they do furnish splendid accommodation for emergency or maternity cases. There \\ ere 39 public general hospitals in Saskatche\\ an at the close of the year 1922, 37 private maternity hOFpitals, 27 isolation hO::5pitals, 1 sanatorium for tuberculosis patients, 2 insane asy(ums and 1 home for infirm and incurables. Admissions to general hospitals during the year totallèd 30,702, while total expenses amounted to $1,445,4:33. Tuberculosis patients decreased in number from 249 to 241 during the year. EJI.])enFeS for their maintenance were 827û,517, or an average of $û84. 45. In the insane hospitals of the province, an increase of admissions over discharges of 124 resulted in a population in theFe institutions of 1,294 on Dec. 31. Yearly expenditure per head was 85ûO, making up a total of !-.(;Ug,ï.=J7. The Home for Infirm admitted 4R persons and discharged 2û, retaining a total of 85 persons. EJI.])enses amounted to $35,9b7, an average of 8 (86.31. S.-Alberta. Among the various Departments of the Government of Alberta i!> the Depart- ment of Health, in charge of one of the Ministers of the AdminiFtration. The department, however, issues no report, as far as caD be ascertained, except that of its Yital Statistics Branch. Few data, th('refore, are available regarding the activities carried on by the government, the onl stat istics to be had of the number and operations of hospital::5 and charitable inFtitutions throughout the province being those of provincial Government e' penditti! e. In the fiscal:) car 1921, e' pendi- ture on conservation of health and sanitat;on totalled Slû7,1l.;, that on hospitals 8ü2S,703, and that on charitIes $.")7,3ü-1. THE CANADIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY 923 9.-British Columbia. The Provincial Board of Health of British Columbia, a branch of the Depart- ment of the ProvincÍal Secretary, is organized in five main departments; (1) sani- tary, including the inspection of logging camps, tourist camps and ships; (2) venereal disea:,;e prevention; (3) public health nursing, comprising the conduct of baby clinics, medical school inspection and other social service activities; (4) laboratory, including the distribution of vaccines and antitoxins, besides the ordinary analysis of specimens, and (5) child hygiene. A report on vital statistics of the province is included in the annual report of the board. As in Alberta, information readily available regarding hospitals and other charitable institutions, is rest icted to figures of government e penditure in the fiscal ear H21. During that year $56,361 "ere e pended on the consenation of health and sanitation, $1,12.5,011 on rospitals and $114,038 on charities. The only public institution regarding which complete data are at hand is the leper station at D' Arcy island, mentioned above as operated by the Dominion Department of Health. 10.-The Canadian Red Cross Society. Closely allied with the Dominion and Provincial Governments in activities to promote the health of the people and the care of diseased or needy persons is the Canadian Red Cross Society. It was priginally organized in 1896, and came into such prominence during the late war that its peace-time organization has been enlisted by the governments of all the provinces to aid in the general improvf>ment of health and the exh-'rmination of disease. The more important phases of the work now undertaken by the society are as follows :-(1) the assistance rendered towards the professional training of public health nurses, (2) co-operation with other organizations engaged in similar work, (3) general educational work, and (4) the use of specially trained public health nurses. In the first direction mentioned, courses have been established in six Canadian universitie for the training of public health nun:es. Again, the society is actively engaged, in co-operation with various other organizations throughout the country, in the combating of disease, the promotion of child welfare and the care of physically defective persons. Co-operative work is carried on with the Canadian Tuberculosis Association, the National Council for combating Venereal Diseases, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, the Child 'Yelfare Section of the Canadian Public _ Health Association, and the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. In addition to numerous public lectures and meetings, a large amount of lite rat ure has been distributed, and a monthly journal with an average circulation of over 150,000 has been published for some years. Many pecially trained nurses have been placed at the disposal of the various provincial Governments by the society, to carryon educational or nursing work in school and homes. H.-The Victorian Order of Nurses. \Vhile of a more specialized type than the Red Cross ociety, the Victorian Order of Nurses still does a large amount of public educational work in matters of health and the prevention of disease. The order was originally founded in 1897, and from then until the present time has gradually extended its activities to cover a broad field. Twenty-four hospitals have been operated by the order in out-of- the-way parts of the country, -all but five of which have been handed over to local authorities. Since its inception, the scope of the work carried on has cOllsÜmtly 924 A.DM nçISTRA TIUN developed and broadened, and at the pre ent time covers all phases of family and community nursing, including such activities as home, school, industrial and hospital nursing, child welfare, social service, clinics, summer camp and general health education. The nurses belonging to the \Ïctorian OrdC'r are carefully selected graduates of reco nized training schools, who are given post-graduate training in district nursing by the order. Originally this training was given at training centres establi:shed by the order, but since 1921 thirty scholarships of $-tOO each are granted annually to enable graduate nurses to take such courses at Canadian univer:-:ities. The order offers to the people of any community an efficient public health nursing service best fitted to its needs, as determined by the local committee in consultation with the proper authorities in that community. The central board at Ottawa, through field supervisors, oversees the whole Dominion. At the present time the order operates at 61 centres and maintains hospitals at Chapleau, North Bay, Cochrane, Kew Li keard and" hitby. The number of nurses on active duty is 310, and in 1922 a total of 600,000 visits" ere made. "nile the order e)o.i::;t primarily for the poor, a great many people who cannot afford the services of a private mm:e avail themselves of the vi iting service at a fee commensurate with their circum tances. A large part of the revenue of the order is obtained from this source, and is supplemented by grants, donations and subscriptions. Each district finances itself, while the revenue of the central office is derived from the interest on an endo\\ment fund of :n.335,000, and annual grants of $5,000 from the Dominion Government and of $2,500 from the l)rovince of Ontario. 12.-)lothers' Allowances. Five of the nine provinces of Canada provide for the payment of allowances to mothers who are widowed or without adequate means of support. The province of Manitoba was the first to take up the work in 1916, and her e)o.ample has been followed by the other western provinces and by Ontario. It is a general stipulation undep the e-xisting Mothers' Allowances Acts that the mother be a resident of the province at the time of making application, that she be a British subject, generaHy with two or more children under fourteen years of age or with an insane or totally incapacitated husband and a similar number of children. Other similar requirements regarding residence and means of support are made, for it is not desired that applicants "be considered as applying for charity; but that the mother be regarded as an employee of the State, receiving remuneration for services rendered in the proper care of her children. The mother, as an employee of the government, must not only satisfy them of her fitness to receive an allowance, but also that she is fulfilling the trust \\hich is being placed in her." In most cases the allowance is provided jointly by the provincial Government and the local government of the municipality in \\hich the applicant is resident, but in some cases-those of mothers resident outside of cities, towns and counties -the whole allowance is paid by the provincial Government. Larger allowances are at times made in cities than in towns and county municipalities, and the basic rate is generally that paid to a mother with t\\O dependent children. Administra- tion of the Acts is as a rule in the hands of a Commission or Superintendent, and is closely allied with other work designed to ameliorate the conditions to which certain sections of the community are subjected. In Ontario and Manitoba, for exåmple, the Acts are administered by Commissions. In the former, the appoint- ment of local boards, in cities, counties and districts, whose duty it is to pass on MOTHERS' ALLOWAKCES 925 applications before their presentation to the central body, is provided for. Through this medium also, intimate contact is maintained with beneficiaries. In Saskatch- ewan and Alberta, the Acts are administered by the Bureau of Child Protection and the Superintendent of Dependent and Neglected Children respectively, the organization in _\.lberta providing, in addition, for the appointment of ini'pectors in each municipality of the province. The 'Yorkmen's Compensation Board of British Columbia, assisted by a number of local advisory boards 7 superintends the administration of the Act in that province. The following table show!:;, for the five provinces in question, the numbers of mothers and children to whom allowances_ have been paid 7 together with the latest annual and the total expenditures. 8.-1Uothers' Allowances in Canada, 1922 and 1923. Items. Ontario. 1 Manitoba. 2 Saskat- Alberta. 4 British che"an. 3 Columbia.' Number of Mothers.................... 3,771 575 725 619 995 Number of Children................... It ,605 - 2,537 1. 844 2,535 La t yparly Expenditure... . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 1,:'182,138 162,415 195,070 252,243 46.3.802 Total Expenditures. ................... S 2,945,184 - 501,345 660 144 1,174,607 1 As on April 30. 1923. 2 Dec. I, 1921 to Dec. 31,1922. 3 }< iscal year I'ndPQ D c 31.1922. 4 Year ended Dec. 31, 1922. ' Fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1923. S As on latest date available. Rates of Allowa.nces.-Rates of allowances paid in Ontario are as follows:- In cities $40, $45, $50 and $55 per month for mothers with 2, 3, 4, and 5 children; in towns the rate is $5 lower, while the rate to beneficiaries in villages and rural areas is further reduced by $5. In families where there are more than five children, the Commission may grant a further allowance not to exceed $5 a month for each child over the number of five. In Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta no set rate of allowances is paid, the aim of payments being as far as possible to make up the difference between the income and the or inary expenditure of a family. In Saskatchewan, minimum and maximum monthly payments of $15 and $30 are established. Payments in British Columbia, are also not. standardized, but regula- tions provide for a maximum monthly allowance of $42.50 for a dependent mother with one child and an additional $7.50 for each other child under 16 years of age. A deduction of $10 is made in case of the beneficiary owning her own home or holding it free from rent, while a maximum of $15 per month is paid to a mother and one child where board and lodging are obtained free of charge. IV.-PUBLIC WORKS. Since Confederation and before, the Department of Public \Vorks has been known as the constructing department. In 1879 the railways and canal"! were placed under control of a new department, the building and maintenance of peniten- tiaries were transferred to the Department of Justice, the maintenance and construc- tion of lighthouses to the Marine and Fisheries Department 7 and the smaller drill halls and armouries to the Department of Militia and Defence. The work of the Department of Public 'Yorks is now dividC'd into three principal branches, viz'7 the Engineering Branch, the Architect's Branch, and the Telegraph Branch. En ineerin .- The Engineering Branch comprises t he construction and repair of wharves, piers, brf'akwaters, dams, weirs, bank and beach protection works, the improvement of harbours and rivers by dredging 7 the construction, maintenance 92fj ADJII.YlSTRA.T10.Y and operation of government dredging plant, the com..t ruction and maintenance of graving docks, the conf'trueiion, maintenance and working of slides and booms, the construction and maintenance of interprovincial bridges and approaches thereto, and of hric'ges on highwa}s of n:1t i oral importance in the Korth"\\est T{'rritories, the maintenance of military roads. abo hydrographic and ordinary surveys and examinations, inclusive of preci ion levelling and geodilic measurements which are required for the preparation of plans, reports and estimatei', the testing of cements, etc. The Br:lllch has charge of about 1$:1.3 harbour \\orks, 5 graving docks, 4 slide aud boom wor1..s, interprovincial bridges, 30 dredge,> and 211 tugs, scows and other dredging plant. Architecture.-The Architect's Branch huilds and maintaiu!'> government building:":, post office!'1, customs houses, examining warehouses, and con!-'tructs quaran- tine, immigration and e :perimental farm buildings, armouries, military hOi'pitals and drIll halls, land offices and telegraph offices. The most important public building now under construction is that of the new Hou es of Parliament at Ottawa. Tele raphs. -The Telegraph Branch has control over the cont-tructi(,n, repair and maintenance of all government-owned telegraph lines and cablcs. These lines are located in the pro inces of :i\ova Scotia, Kew Brunf.\\ick, Quehcc, Ontario, ::-;askatchewall, Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon. Gravin Docks.- There are five graving or dry doc1..s complctf'rl find owned by the Canadian Government. The dimen!-'ion;:, of thef:'e docks are ho\\ n in Table 9. The dock .at King:-;ton, Ontario, is under lea e to the King:-;ton hipbuilding Company. The dock at I...auzon, Quebec, east of the old dock, i:s 1,1.)0 feet long, divided into two parts (l).')0 and .iOO feet re!-'peetively), and l:W feet wide; it has a depth at high water of 40 feet. 11 cost about 3,8.30,OOO. A ne\\ dock is under construC'tion at E"quimalt, B.C.; the dimensions are given in Table 9. Under the Dry Doek Subsidie:-; .\ct, 1910, (9-10 Ed\\". YII, c. 17), several doc1..s have been subsidized by payments of 3 or 3! p.c. per annum on the original cost for a given number of years, as shown by Table 10. 9. Uimensions of (;ra\ing Docks 0\\ ned b) the Dominion GO\erllll1ellt. \\ idth at Depth of Hi e of tide. i,OCtLtiOllB I cngth. ".tU'T Coping. Bottom. Entrance. on ill. pring. l'ap. ---- - - - I'c:>t. FLl't ll'l't 1l'1'Ì. I'l'pt. I'cet. Fcet Le\ is, Quc.. . . . IiOO.3 ]1)0 ;j!J.3 Gï.f 25.8 18 13.3 Fsquimalt, H.C' 4:W !I(I 41 65 261 7 to 10 3 to 8 I;,.quimalt (:\'tm).... 1,I.iO 135 125 125 40 7 to 10 3 to 8 hinS?;su>n. Ont....._ 30 .6 ï9 47 5,j IH& 161 Lauzon, Que. _ 1,150 144 105 120 40 II. \\ . Hi 13.3 10.- nimellsÎons amI Cost of (;ra\inJ: ))o('ks subsidized under the Dr)' Do('k Su bsidies .\ct. 1910. Locations. Dt'pth r ('ngth Width. owr foil!. Total cost. Suh,.idy. Collingwood :\'0. I, Ont...... Collin ood :\0.2, Ont......... Port -\rthur, Ont.. . . . . . . . . . . . rontreal, QUf'.. . ......... Prince Rupert, B.C. ... Ht. John, N.n. . . . . .. . .... . Vancouver (I-loating Dock).. Fl'ct. 51.').10 413.2 i08.3 600 1i()(J I, ! :).)!i.5 r ('l't .')9.8 g.:; ï7.6 100 100 133.0 !JS.O rl'ct 16 16 16.2 2ï.5 2.') 42.0 28.0 S 500,000 3 p.C. for 20 ycars. 30Ij,9fi. 3 p.C. for 211 )"('ars. 1,258.0;j(l 3 p.c. for 20 years. 3,OO(),(J(I(; 1 3 p.c. for :i5 l'ars. 2,1!.I!.I,lhA 31p.c.for25 t'ar!l. - Buildin&. PUBLIC JrORKS 927 Expenditure and Revenue.-Table 11 shows the expenditure and revenue for the fiscal years 1917-22 of the Public 'Yorks Department of tbe Dominion Govern- ment. For tbe fiscal year 1922, the e},.l>enditure ",as SI7,939,494 as compared with $20,970,674 in 1921, a reduction of $3,031,180, accounted for by reduced e},.-penditure in all services witb tbe exception of roads and bridges, where the increase of $399,981 is caused by tbe construction of a bridge at Banff on the Bow river, an international bridge at Edmundston, N.B., and a new bascule bridge at Burling- ton Cbannel, Onto H.-Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal years 19];-1922. EXPEKDITLRE. Items. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. S S S S S S 6,548,568 5,5.51,7.4 3,181,3-19 4,320,581 7,541,668 6,142,157 2,410,413 1,405,838 6.. ,500 1,205,486 1,456,243 1,211,582 111,8.6 64,859 56, Iii!! 33,339 1 I 38,266 18,991 24,952 202,888 196,209 596,1!J3 5,717,4.10 5,8-13,289 7,466,6.9 8,4-12,124 8 ,44; , 892 7,401,222 7.5,340 .51,452 789,883 X85,730 I,Ol-i3,242 1,014,116- 55!J,683 419,005 706,464 1,028,185 1,0:31 ,528 765,697 16,161,596 1-1, O;;.j, 20S 12,9U2,996 16,118,333 19,752, 'ì82 17,1-10,967 - - 8,492,50-1 4,337,127 1,217,892 798,527 - - 21,395,,500 O, -I.j,;, -160 0,9.0,674 17,939,494 Harbour and river works.... Dredging plant, etc. . . . . . . . . Slides and booms.. . . . . . . . . . Roads and bridges.......... Public buildings.. ...... . . . . . Telegraphs. ..... Iiscenaneous..... . Total..... . . . . . . . . . . From War Appropriation lor )Iilitary Hospitals........ Grand totaL.... .. ,. RE'EXt:'E. ::; G T C F 'lides and booms........... 97, 142 26,188 16, .63 48,133 I I .raving docks. ............ 64,919 56.48-1 72,4'!8 81,148 64,918 112,194 Rents. ... 94, 729 106,20.5 lOl.ti6-1 143,35.:; 128,148 111,111 elegraph lines.. ... 1!JI ,453 204.8.8 231,332 27ï, .49 330,4.0 290,131 asual revenue. .. . -15,01. 27,73. 1O , 295 81,On 199,583 180,691 . erries .. - - - 1,632 2,010 2,093 Total .. ........... 193, 60 4!I,192 530, -I1i 633,090 725,129 696,220 I In 1920-1921, the I-;lide and boom "orks \\(>re lca>:ed or transferred to operating companies. Harbour Commissions. A number of the harbours of Canada are administered by corporate bodies known as Harbour Commi:;:sions. Each Commisf'ion is constituted by a spef'ial Act of the Dominion Parliament, the number of Commissioners varying from three to five. The property of the Crown in the harbour is placed under the jurifdiction of the Commission and the Commissioners are authorized to acquire and hold real and personal property for the improvement and development of the harbour; but any property acquired from the Crown may not be alienated or in any way disposed of by the Commissioners without the consmt of the Governor in Council. The Commissions are given power to make by-laws for all purposes of governing the barbour, and for the imposition and called ion of ratcs on ve;:,,:--:cls and on cargo landed and shipped in the harbour, and pcnalties for infraction of their by-laws (but every such by-law must be confirmed by the Governor in Council before becoming effect- ive), and thcy have control of the expenditure of the revenue received from these sources. For the purpof'f' of harhour development and the conf'truction of improve- 928 A1DJlI.Y IS1'RA.1'IO.v ments, the Commission may, with the consent of the Governor in Council, expro- priate land and borrow money on debentures i sucd against the security of the real and other property of the harbour. For the harbours of Quebec, Montreal and Vancouver, the Dominion Government has advanced the Commissioners large sums against such debentures. All the Commissions are under the direct inspection of an official of the Marine Department and are subject to the jurisdiction of the Minister of Marine and Fi heries in all matters. The following harbours arc administered by a Commission, the date of the Act under which each CommÜ,sion received its present constitution and powers being given:-Montreal, 1894; Quebec, 1899; Three Rivers, 1882 (amended 1923); Toronto, 1911; Hamilton, 1912; Belleville, 1889; \Yinnipeg and St. Boniface, 1912; Vancouver, 1913; Kew \Yestminster, 1913; North Fraser, 1913. The harbours of North Sydney and Pictou, Nova Scotia, were formerly under the Commission form of admini...tration, but the legislation providing for Commissions in these harbours was repealed and all property and rights held by the Commissioners were re-ve"ted in Hie;; Majesty by legislation passed in the years 1914 and 1920 respectively, repeal in each case being effective from the 1st of Jan. following. Y.-THE IXDL\NS OF CA ADA.1 The Indians of Canada numhN about 109,000, their numbers varying but slightly from year to Yf'ar. A :-.mall yC'arly increasC' is evident, however, and the popular notion that the race is disappearing is not in accordance with facts. Before they were subjected to the degenerating effects of eastern civilization and the devastating re-:ults of the many colonial wars, the numbers of both the Indians and Eskimos wcre undoubtC'dly larger, but an) reliable information as to the aboriginal population during either the French or the early British régime is non- existent, and there is no adequate hasis for a comparison between the past and present aboriginal populations. Administration.-lndians are-minors under the law, and their affairs are administered by the Department of Indian Affairs under the authority of the Indian Act. Thi" Department is the oldest governmental organization in the Dominion, dating back to the time of the Conquest. It was originally under the military authorities, and did not become a part of the civil administrative machinery until 1845. By section 5 of the British orth America Act, 1867, the Indians of Canada and the lands reserved for them came under the control of the Dominion Government, and in 1873 an Act of the Canadian Parliament (R.R, c. 81) provided that the Minister of the Interior should be uperintendent-General of Indian Affairs, and as such have the control and management of the lands and property of the Indians in Canada. The aim of the Department of Indian Affairs is the ndvance- ment of the Indians in the arts of civilization, and agents have been appointcd to encourage the Indians undcr their charge to settle on the re.scrves and to engage in industrial pursuits. The system of reserves, whereby particular areas of land have been set apart solely for the use of Indians, has been established in Canada from the carli est times. It Was designed in ordcr to protect the Indians from encroachment, and to provide a sort of sanctuary where they could develop unmol ted until advancing civiliza- tion had made pos",ible their absorption into the general body of the citizens. , I The letter-press under this headin is taken in the main from the article contributed by the Depart- ment of Indian Affairs to the 1921 edition. P.\ra!p"aphs on the linll:ui:"tic stO<'k and trihal origin of the Indiaa population. their industries and occupations, their health, 8anitation ant] d\\('llings, appearin on pa ('s 71)I).-ï89 of the 19:!1 edition, are not reprinted. GOVERN11IE.VT EXPENDITURE ON I1VDIANS 929 Reserves have been set aside for the varjous bands of Indians throughout the Dominion, and the Indians located thereon are under the supervision of the local agents of the Department. The activities of the Department, as guardian of the Indians, include the control of Indian education, health, etc., the development of agriculture and other pursuits among them, the administration of their funds and legal transactions, and the general supervision of their welfare. The educational work of the Department is now very extensive. A total of 321 Indian schools are in operation, comprising 250 day, 55 boarding and 16 industrial schools. . The local administration of the Indian bands on the reserves scattered through- out the Dominion is conducted through the Department's agencies, of which there are in all 114. The number of bands included in an agency varies from one to more than thirty. The staff of an agency usually includes various officers in addition to the agent, such as medical officer, clerk, farm instructor, field matron, constable, stockman, etc., according to the special requirements of the agency in question. The work of the agencies is supervised by the Department's inspectors, each inspector having charge of a certain number of agencies. Expenditures upon destitute Indians are made by the Dominion Government, either from public funds or from the tribal funds of the Indians. The Indian Act provides for the enfranchisement of Indians. When an Indian is enfranchised he ceases to be an Indian under the law, and acquires the full status of citizenship. In the older provinces, where the Indians have been longer in contact with civilization, many are becoming enfranchised. Great discretion, however, is exercised by the Government in administering this problem, as Indians who become enfranchised lose the special protection attached to their ward hip, so that it is necessary to guard against premature enfranchisement. Treaties.-In the older eastern provinces, the history of the Indians has been one of slow development with that of the community. In western Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, the situation ha.s been different. There the rapid spread of civilization made it necessary to take prompt and effective measures to protect the moral claims of the Indians, which are recognized by th Government. Accord- ingly, treaties were entered into with the Indians, whereby the latter ceded to the Crown their aboriginal title and interest in the country. In consideration of such cession, the Crown agreed to set aside adequate reserve , make cash grants, provide per capita annuities, give assistance in agriculture, stock raising, hunting, trapping, etc., as particular circumstances might require, provide education for the Indian children, and otherwise safeguard the Indians' interests. These treaties have been made from time to time as occasion arose, and as new territories were opened up. The last treaty to be made, Treaty No. 11, was effected in the summer of 1921, and covered the Mackenzie River district, where it was necessary to protect the Indian interests, owing to the oil rush and consequent rapid settlement of the country. No treaty has been made with the Indians of British Columbia, but their welfare ha.s received no less attention from the Government on that account. Government Expenditure.-On March 31, 1922, the capital of the Indian Trust Fund, which a year earlier had amounted to $11,458,661, had declined to $11,402,577. The amounts expended from the Consolidated Revenue Fund were a.s follows:-voted by Parliament for the purposes of the Department, $2,756,245; annuities by statute, $191,834. On the same date the balance to the credit of the Indian Savings Account for the funding of the annuities and earnings of pupils at industrial schools was 62373-69 930 AD]! I.YISTRATION 8127,830. Deposits and interest during the twelve months aggregated $45,8üf', and withdrawals :::,30,241 Statistics.-Stati tical tables of population, school attend::mc(', income and agricultural activities of the Indians in Canada, are appended. Th(' figures in Table 12 are compiled from reports of the various cemm es since Confederation, while the remaining table contain data from the last annual report of the Depart- ment of Indian .\.ffairs. 1 .-Indian Population of ("anada, 1871-1921. Province I 18ïl. 18 1. 1891. 1901. 1911. 19 1. Prince Edward Island. . 3 3 281 314 258 248 _ i5 '\iova Scotia.... 1, 606 2,125 2.076 1,62!J 1,!J15 2,048 ew BrW1Swick. .. 1,403 1 401 1,521 1,465 1,541 l,u31 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . 6,!J 1 7,515 13,361 10,142 9,9!J3 11,5 6 Untario. . .. . . . . . . . 12,!J78 15,325 17,915 24,674 23,044 26,436 Rritish Columbia. . 2&,000 25,661 34,202 28,949 20,134 22,377 1Ianitoba.. . . . . . . . . ) I 16.277 7,876 13,869 ,,,,katohewan. I 26,304 /11,718 12.914 \ lherta... .. .. .. .. .. 56,000 56,239 51,249 \11,630 14.557 Yu\"on Territory. __ . 3,322 1,489 1,390 "orth" est Territories..... . 14,!J21 15,904 3,873 1 Total. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . 102,3;; 10 ,5.J7 120,638 U7.9n 10... 492 1I0,59G I The smaller Indian population of the Northwest Territories in 1921 is to be ascrihed to the extension of thp boundaries of Quebec, Ont'\rio and :\Ianitoba in 1912, which al o accounts for the increa"e in their 19 1 Indian populations. 13.- \ttt'ndance of Pupils at [ndian S('hools. b) Prminct's, fiscal ;rear ended Jlarch 31. 1922. , Xumber Number of Pupils on Roll. Average Percent- Pro\ incps. of Attend- np:c of Rchools. Boys. GirJs. Total. ance. attend- ance. --- - - Prince Edward Island. 2 17 21 38 18 47 Xova Scotia........ 14 136 140 276 128 46 Xew BrW1S\\ick.... 11 146 132 278 177 64 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 761 7i8 1,539 956 62 Ontario............. ... 91 1,933 1,692 3,625 2,384 66 Manitoba. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 46 905 899 1,804 1,liR 65 Saskatehe\\ an..... 32 714 730 1.444 1,039 72 Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 588 615 1.203 916 76 British Columbia.. 58 1,276 1, 229 2,50.5 1,646 66 'Y ukon. .. . . . . . . . 4 4!J 59 108 64 5!J Xorthwest Tcrrit i " 7 80 121 201 162 8\ - --- - - Total 321 6.6D.i 6.UG 13,021 R,GfiS 17 H.-AcreaJ?,'e and '.alue of Indian Lands, b! Prodnces, 1922. Total Land cleared Land Value Pro\ inees. RCr('age of hut not under under of r('!-cr\'es. cultivation. cultivation. I.tnd:o. Arr('s. Acres. AcrCF-. S Prince Edward Island. . " 1,527 400 401 20,000 X ova Scotia .. . 21.6S1 3,059 1,1:3.1 RI.S94 Xew BrW1S\\ick: ... 20. iH2 1,.162 1.697 70,ij()() Queht'c........ . Iï5,220 15,I S 9 JO,079 1,40!J.k95 (Intario.............. . " 1,046.0R8 i4,9"6 66,5iO 4,9i8,:IS6 \Ianitoba. . . . . . . . . . . ........ 415,477 Jl.1,794 12,581 2,933,273 Sfi'lkatchewan..... ..... ... 1,181,349 778,I!JO 45.520 12,623.6i3 -\lherta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 1, 307 . 343 869,237 55.723 17,1!s8.h81 British Columbia. ..... ...... 732,216 279,774 32,217 12,9 7. 167 Total .... .. . . .. . . .. . ...... ..,tol,6S,1 2,13",191 2"!G,42.1 52, :J,"J, 761 PRODUCTION AND INCOJIE OF INDIANS 931 15.-Area and Yield of Field ('rops of Indians, by Prminces, 1922. 1 Provinces. Wheat. Oats. Other Gram. Provinces Acres. Bush. AcreI'. Bush. Acres. Bwh. 13 195 40 740 4 92 46 1,085 2 29 11 155 95 940 26 370 343 4,855 2,991 40,380 1,224 13,971 3,303 30,368 10,821 104,512 3,159 38,736 3,560 33,569 2,574 33,079 924 12,M9 13,162 186,388 15,498 307, 102 729 14,376 11,086 80,776 9,078 134,995 701 13,667 2,089 58,728 4,178 123,911 280 7,826 -- -- - - 33,511 395,1 6 45,321 746,7,14 7,045 101,5Z4 Potatoes. Other Roots. Hay and Fodder. Acres. Bush. Acres. Bush. Tons. 11 1,034 53 111 5,029 14 655 54.5 63 5.960 16 520 238 1,090 37,463 111 4,485 2,90!J 1,788 83,!J89 502 18,314 26,594 447 30,413 71 2,199 16,756 197 23,083 36 2,379 32,642 136 11,648 38 1,031 18,091 2,584 321,106 890 46,018 23,223 - - - - - 6,427 519,725 1,678 75,601 121,051 Prince Edward Island... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Nova Scotia.. ............. ........... New Brunsv.ick........ Quebec................... ............ Ontario.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ianitoba. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan. . . . llberta..................... ........... British Columbia. . . . . . . . Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . . New Brunswick..... Quebec. . " . . . . . . . . . . Ontario... .,..._ fanitoba. . . . . Saskatchewan. . . . . . . . . Alberta. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Columbia......:. Total. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . l eason of 1921. 16.-Xumbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total "alues, by Provinces, 1922. Value of Provinces. Horses. Cattle. Poultry. Live Stock and Poultry. No. No. No. S Prince Edward Island. ...... 14 43 198 3,500 Nova Scotia.............................. ___a 75 266 935 16,580 New Brunswick... __... 42 69 455 7,045 Quebec......... . ................ .... 1,007 4,644 14,014 232,225 Ontario. . . . . . . . . .......... ... 4,292 10,073 62,146 601,045 Manitoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ..... 1,830 3,244 3,800 227,553 Saskatchewan......... . ................. 2,486 7,116 6,933 796,965 Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 12,875 6,462 2,083 603,318 British Columbia... 14,527 17,246 34,140 1,077,178 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 37,H8 I 49,163 124,704 I 3,565,409 17.-Sources and Values of Income of Indians, 1922. Provinces. Value of Farm Beef Products Sold or Wages including used (or Earned. Hay. food. - - S S S 4,500 750 1,450 16,887 3,644 62,890 8,600 500 26,540 177,392 38,227 347,290 625,452 50,374 889.355 159,202 16,035 141,215 437,662 74,619 118,878 270,038 51,198 124,17!J 694,438 61,026 555,968 - - - 2,39-1,171 296,373 2,267,765 Re- Earned by ceived Total from Hunting Other Income Land Fish- of RentalE ing. and Indus- Indians. Trapping. tries. ----- Total.. .. .. .. . .. . 62373-59} S $ S S S 7.'>0 600 5,100 12,150 63 9,665 7,603 40,145 141,853 509 4,210 2,300 5,425 50,194 28,508 6,610 245,185 74,706 936,318 64,107 197,185 328,505 122,412 2,596,206 10,764 59,855 364,885 51,900 875,961 49,242 25,750 109,080 115,618 1,068,640 54,658 13,605 186,716 90,716 927,581 95,950 488,2\)0 379,620 288,460 2,586,861 303, OJ 80.'). 9 () 1.62-1.49-1 79-1.482 9,196,764 Prince Edward Island. . . Nova Scotia.. .. .. .. . . . . . New Brunswick......... Quebec. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontario................ . Manitoba. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . Saskatchewan. . . . . . . . . . . Alberta. . . . . . . " ........ British Columbia.. _ _'.. 932 ADJlINISTRATION VI.-DEPART::\fENT OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE- ESTABLISH !ENT. Lnder Order in Council of June 30, 1915, the "Hospital Commi:-: on" was created to provide for the treatment of returning wounded and disabled soldiers, and in October of that year a revi8ed Order in Council changed its name to "Military Hospitals Commission," and empowcred it to carryon vocational training, and to deal with the subject of employment. Two Orders in Council" ere passed on Februa.ry 21, 1918, one creating the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment, and the other charging the Depart- ment of Militia and Defence with all active treatment cases except those suffering from tuberc'ulosis, insanity and other disea es likely to be of long duration. This arrangement was can finned by the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establi:,.hment Act, 1918 (8-9 Ceo. Y, c. 42).1 The earlier activities of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment have been described in the Year Book of 1920, pp. 21-29, to which the reader is referred for a general idea of the work of the Department in providing medical treatment, vocational training, retraining of the blind, provision of artificial limbs and appliances, and post-discharge dental treatment. These activities naturally reached their maximum in the period following the armistice, the number of employees of the Department being 9,035 in March, 1920. The total personnel employed on Dec. 31, 1921 was 4,886; this number was reduced by 1,063 to a total of 3,823 on Dec. 31, 1922. At the close of the calendar year 1922, the Department of Soldiers' Civil e-establishment was directly operating 15 hospitals and sanatoria with a total bed capacity of 3,857. In-patients on December 31, 1922, numbered 3,684 and out- patient::! 258. In all of these hospitals dietitians who make monthly reports on food costs have been placed; an elaborate system of cost accounting is maintained. Two psychopathic hospitals are now being operated by the Department, one at \\. estminster, near London, and tqe other at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. Here all classes of nervous and mental diseases are treated, and the most up to date methods, including continuous baths and other hydrotherapeutic installations, are in u:-;e. There is also equipment for occupational therapy, including both indoor and outdoor work of a constructive nature, as well as ward classes for bed patients -and for those who are otherwise confined to the wards. To this work is detailed .8 pecial medical officer whose duty is to survey all patients and to make -individual studics from the viewpoint of their physical and mental equipment, also of their occupational capacity and adaptability. The Department also has patients in a large number of provincial hospitals for the insane, and keeps close supervision, through the Neuropsychiatric Branch of the Medical Service, over the treatment of these patients and the conditions under which they are living. On December 31, 1922, the number of neuropsychiatric patients on strength was: inental, 1,103; nervous, 563; total, 1,666. A brief summary of recent legislation concerning the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment is appended, together with the more important findings of the Royal Commission which sat in Ottawa during the latter part of the year 1922 to investigate certain charges brought against the BOJlId of Pension Com- missioners. -;sjnce the D. of S.C.R. Act is a skeleton only and provides for regulations to b promulgat d by the Governor-Geneml in Council on the TlCJmmenûatlOn of the 'Iinuner, the varlOWI Urders In Council paRSed under tbis autbority practically con. tilute the luwB a3 applied to the care and trt'atment of former m(>mberR of the C.E.F. SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTA.BLISHJ1ENT 933 In very abbreviated form the principal items of recent legislation were as follows :- 1. Provision was made for compensation to be paid to relatives or dependants of airmen in the public service of Canada in the event of death or injury while so employed. 2. In view of the fact that serious unemployment existed, reducing certain former members of the forces to a condition of distress, it was decided that assistance should be rendered to any relief issued by municipalities and charitable and veteran organizations. ::\-faximum payments were stipulated. 3. Aid to former members of the forces in the United Kingdom, both in case . of those desiring to return to Canada and of thos in indigent circumstances, was provided for, such aid to be in the form of loans. 4. The medical treatment, vocational training and general care by the L'epart- ment of former members of the forces, hitherto extended only to those suffering from disabilities attributable to war service, was extended to others where only a possibility existed that disability was due to this cause, with provision for the payment of subsistence, 10i'S of wage , etc. 5. The payment of $10,000 to the Last Post Fund was authorized, to provide for the burial of indigent ex-members of the forces and administration of the work. The following are, in the main, the findings of the Royal Commission on Pensions and Re-establishment:- (1) No evidence was presented to indicate the existence of conspiracy, plot or ulterior motive in the administration of the Pension Act. (2) Amendments should be made to the Pension Act, to render it absolutely clear that former members of the C.E.F. and their dependants would be entitled to pension in respect of any dii'abilities attributable to war service. (3) Appeal tribunal" should be instituted to decide on eligibility for receipt of treatment or pension, and on pension awards. l (4) Cases of unsuccessful applications for insurance should be reviewed with sub- sequent action, if justified. (5) The time allotted for applications for insurance should terminate on Sept. 1, 1923. (6) There should be attached to each office of the Department a special soldiers' advisor to assist former members of the forces in the preparation and presentation of their claims. Several amendments to the Pension Act and the Soldiers' Civil Re-establii'h- ment Act were proposed by the House of Commons, but were subsequently struck out by the Senate. These Acts now remain unchanged in their important details. \Var Pensions.-A Board of Pension Commissioners for Canada, consisting of three members, was created by Order in Council of June 3, 1916, (P.C. 1334), with exclusive jurisdiction and authority to deal with the granting and payment of naval and military pensions and other allowances to persons in the Canadian Kaval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force and to their dependants. rnder Orders in Council of April 12, 1921, (P.C. 1187), Aug. 17. 1921, (P.C. 2ï22), and Dec. 1, 1921, (P.C. 4500), and under authority of the Pension.Act of 1919 (9-10 Geo. V, c. 43), the administration of the head office of the BO'lrd of Pension Commissioners was transferred to the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re- establishment as from April 1, 1921, the Pension Commi<;sioners, however, continuing to exercise full power and authority in dealing with the granting and renewing of, and adjudication upon pensions. IOn the matt r coming before Parliament, onc appeal board only, The Federal AplX'al Board, was created. It is compm,ed of a chairman, two members to hold office for thrC(' year ', and t\\O members appointed for two years. It has no jurisdiction ovpr pem,ion a\\urd" 934 AD11IXISTRATION Brief statistics are appended to illustrate the growth of the activities of the Buard of Pension Commissioners. The total number of pensions in force increased from 25,S 3 to 63,0.37 during the fiscal ye rs 1918 to 1923, and the total liability from $7,273,728, Or an average of $2S2 per pension, to $30,421,766, or an average uf $4:-.2 per pension. 'Yhile pensions paid to dependants during the six-year period practically doubled in number, those paid on account of disabilities showed an incrca e of nearly threefold. Liability under ùependants' pensions during the sam(' period showed a threefold increa"ie, while disabilities' pensions had increased in 19 3 to practically six times their 1918 total, a comparatively greater rate of inerea'5e than that shown in the ca"e of pensions paid to dependants. It will b(' noticed that, following the increase of pensions liability to a total of $31,184,S3S at the close of the fiscal year 1021, a decrease of some $700,000 is shown ùown to the close of the fi:scal )'car 1923. Total e:xpenditure on pensions on account of the late war for the period Aug. 4, 191-1, to l\Iar. 31, 1923, amounted to $151,751,591. PENSIONS IN FORCE AS AT MAR. 31, 1918-1923. l e:1dants. Disabilities. Total. Years. N'o of I' bTt Xo. of No. of I r' ,m 1 1 y. Pen ions. Liability. Pen ions. J,iabili ty. en,;lon . --- --- S S S 1918. ..-- 10,4S8 4,168,602 15,335 3,1ü:i,126 2,:;,R23 7,273,728 1919. 16. 753 9,593.0,>6 42,932 7,470,729 59.683 17.063,785 1920. ..... 17.823 10,841.170 69,203 14,335,118 87.026 25,176,288 1921. 19.209 12,954,141 .51.4;)2 18.230,697 70,661 31.1"4,838 1922. 19,606 12, 6S7. 237 45,133 17.991.535 64.739 30,678.77l. ]923. 19.794 12,279,621 43, 263 18.142.145 63.057 30,421,766 18.-Xumber of Pensions in }'orce on l\lar('h 31, 1923, by Relationship of Dependants and Rank of the Disabled, and Annual Liabilit). incurrt.'d tlU'rt.'On. Pensions to Dependant!;. Pensions for Disabilities. X umber Yearly Number Yearly Classification. of Lia- Classification. of Pen- Lia- Pensions. bilit)- . 8ioners. bility. S S Wido\\s... .... ... S , 268 7. 71O,37f Privates.......... .. ...... 36,509 15,306,61 Iothers.. .. . . . . .. 5,i26 2.5M,lS< Sergeants... . . . . . .-----. 3.947 1,610.21- Children........ . .e.. 2,719 813.18( R.B.M'8. . . . .. 167 62,811 Parents (both).. 1,232 523,742 W.O's.......... ...... 44 17.73/ Fathers.... . .... 1.082 347, 91 Lieutenants. . ........ 1,206 496,8i Orphans.......... . ... 620 329,482 Captains.. . . . ....... 711 3iB.50. Brothers and ister8. ...... 84 24,324 Major8. ..... . . ..... 327 159,14 Grandparents. ..,......... ... 43 19,274 Lt.-Colonels. ..... 105 67,23 Orphan Brothers and Sisters.. 10 3.34 Colonels. . . . . . . . . . ....... 11 8,83 Others. . . . . . ..... 10 3.84( Brig. Generals. . . . . . . ...... 8 8,50 Nurses-Lieutq.. . ....... 226 85.36 Total...... . ..... 11,791 12,271, &31 Kurscs-Capts..... . ....... 2 3 - Tutal.. .. -........ J.'J, t63 IS, U?, U - Total \nnllal Uablllh - SO. 121.77 9 a o 2 9 8 00 ,'j 6 PENSION RATES 935 The scale of pensions has been revised several times by Orders in Council and Acts of Parliament. Under the existing scale of pensions for di:,;ability, as estab- lished by c. 45 of the Statutes of 1921, twenty classes are provided, ranging from 100 p.c. of total disablement to 5 p.c. of disablement. The pensions range, for the rank and file, according to the clas:,; of disablement, from $600 down to $30 per annum (with a bonus of 50 p.c. of these amounts during the years commencing September 1, 1921, 1922 and 1923). The pensions for total disablement range from $600 for the rank and file up to $2,700 for persons of, and above the rank of commodore or brigadier-general. Married members of the forces receive additional amounts, ranging from $300 per annum for 100 p.c. of disablement to $15 per annum . for 5 p.c. of disablement. Similarly, for disabled soldiers with children there is an additional pension ranging from $180 to $9 for the first child, from $144 to $9 for the second child, and from $120 to $6 for other children. No pension is paid in respect of boys over 16 or girls over 17 except in case of their physical or mental infirmity, or where the child is making sati:,;factory progress in a course of instruction approved by the Commission, when the pension may be paid until the child has reached the age of 21. The existing scale of pensions in cases of death is given in Table 19 and in cases of disability in Table 20. 19.- cale of Annual Pensions granted to Dependants of Deceased Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Xaval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effecthe on Sept. 1, 1923. Rate per Annum. Child or Orphan Rank or Rating of Member of Forces. Widow or Dependent child or Dependent Brother Orphan Parents. or Brother or Sister. Sister. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. All ratings below Petty Officer (Naval); Rank and file (:\lilitary). . 480 001 - - Bonus . 240 001 - - Chief Petty Officer and Petty Officer (Naval); Rquad, Battery or Company Sergt.-Major and Q.l\1. Rergeant (:\Iilitary); Sergt., including Staff-Sergt. and Colour Scrgt. (Military)............... 510 001 - - . Bonus. 210 001 - - X aval Cadet and Midshipman (Naval); Master Gunner not" .0. (Military); Regimental Rergt.-Major not W.O. (Military); Regi- mental Q.M. Sergeant (Military)................. . ....... ... . .. . 620 001 - - BonlL'!. 100 001 - - \\arrant Officer and Chief Warrant Officer (Naval); Warrant Officer (:\Iilitary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .................... 680 001 - - Bonus . 40 001 - - :O;ub-Lieutcnant (Naval); Lieutenant (Military).................... 720 001 - - Lieutenant (Naval); Captain (:\lilitary)....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 001 - - Lieutenant Commander (Naval); Major (}liIitary)....... .... 1,008 001 - - Commander and Captain under three years' seniority (Kaval); Lieutenant-Colonel (Military)................... .,. .' .. l,24b 001 - - Captain (Naval); Colonel (Military)...................... .. ., .. ... 1,51200 1 - - Commodore and higher ranks (Naval); Brigadier-General and higher ranks (:\Iilitary).............................. .. 2,16000 1 - - o\dditional pension for children or depend'!nt brothers or sisters fur above ranks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First....... . 180 001 360 001 Second. 144 001 288 001 Suhse uent. 120 00 1 240 001 q 1 Pensions awarded to p3.rents or brothers and sisters ma be less than the::.e amounts in accordance with the provisions of this Act. 936 .tD lIISISTRA TIO.Y 20.-8cale of Annuall>>en lon to Disablt'd Sailors and Soldiers of }'or('(', as effective for ).ears cornmen<'ing St'pternber PERCENTAGE OJ' DISABILITY AXD AMOUNT Rank or Rating of Member of Forces. Rate per Annum. Class 1 CI3.bs 2 Class 3 Class 4 Cws 5 Class 6 Class 7 Chss 8 Total JOO'o. 9!}-95c-'. 94-90 . 89-85%. 84-89%. 79-75%. 74-70 . 69-65%. $ cts cts. $ cts $ cts $ cts. $ cta $ cts $ cta. A H Ratin belo\\- Pension. . .. 600 00 570 00 540 00 510 00 480 00 450 00 420 00 390 00 Petty Officer (K:nal); Rank and lïle (Military)...... Bonus...... 30000 28500 27000 25500 24000 22500 2JO 00 19500 Chief PC'tty Officer and Petty Officer tNaval);8quad,Bat- tery or Company Pension.... 637 50 605 63 573 75 541 88 510 00 478 13 446 25 414 38 Serlct;.-l\Iajor and Q.l\l.l"ergmnt (Mili- Bonus...... 26250 24937 23625 223 12 210 00 19687 18375 17062 tary); :--;('rg('ant, in- cluding ::;tat'f Sergt. and Colour-Sergt. (Military). .....,. Naval Cadet and Mid- shipman (Naval); l\Iaster Gunner not Pension.... 775 00 736 25 697 50 658 75 620 00 581 25 542 50 503 7f> W.O. (Military}; Regimental Sergt. Bonu3...... 125 00 118 75 112 50 106 25 100 00 92 75 87 50 81 2[> Major not W.O. (l\hhtary;) Regi- mental Q.l\f. Sergt. (Military). . . . . . Warrant Officer and Pension.... 850 00 807 50 765 00 722 50 680 00 637 50 595 00 522 50 Chief Warrant Offi- cer (Naval); War- Bonus...... rant Officer (Mili- tary).............. . Sub-l ieutenant (Naval); J ieutenant Pension.... 900 00 855 00 810 00 765 00 720 00 675 00 630 00 585 00 (Military).. . . ...... Li('utenant (1\aval); Captain (Mihtary).. Lieutenant Comman- der (Kaval); Major Mili tary) . . . . . . . . . .. Commander and Cap- tain under three yC'ars' seniority (Kaval); T i('ut('nant Colonel (Military). . Captain (Km.al); Col- onel (Military)...... Commodore and hijrher ranks (I\aval); Brigadier- General and higher ranks (.\Iilit:.lry).... ..2,700002,565002.430002.295002,160002,025001,890 00 1,75500 ------- Above Rank--. ". Additional pension for Mar- ried mem- bers of the Forces.... . 300 00 285 00 270 00 255 00 240 00 225 00 210 00 HI5 00 5000 4750 4500 4250 4000 3750 3500 3250 ., 1,000 00 950 00 900 00 850 00 800 00 750 00 700 00 650 00 ..1,260001,197001,134,001,071001,00800 945 00 882 00 819 00 ..1,560001,452001,404 001,326001,248001,170001,092001,014 00 ..1,890001,795501,701001,606501,512001,417501,323 001,22850 Additional pension for children for above ranks...... . __ .... First child. 180 00 171 00 162 00 153 00 144 00 135 00 1::6 00 117 00 Second child..... 144 00 138 00 132 00 126 00 120 00 114 00 108 00 102 00 Subse- quent children. . 120 00 114 00 108 00 102 00 96 00 90 00 84 00 78 00 The bonus payments set forth in this SchedLlle shall be p!lid during the years commencing SeptembC'r I, 1922 and 1923. Members of the force permanently disabled to a less extent than five per cent shall be entitled to a final payment not exceeding 5100. Member!; of the forces" ho are at the time of retirC'ment or discharge, or who later h<>come rlisnblerl to an enent .of b<;t\\eC'n th e and fourteen per cent may elect to BC pt a tinal p'ayn:,:nt in lieu of the JX.nsil?D8 set forth In thlS chedule. The amount of such tinal payment m caRes of disability betVlc>en five and nme per cent shall not exceed three hundred dollars, and in CB.-es of disability between ten and fourteC'D per cent shall not exceed six hundnd dollars and shall be determined in accordance \\-ith the extent of the rlisabi- hty and its probabk. duration. lerubers of the force. permanently di'!abled bet\\cen ten and fOUI.teE'n per PEXSIOX RATES 937 the Canadian Naval Forees and the Canadian Expeditionary 1, 1921, 1922 and 1923, under the Pt'nsion Act. OF PENSIOKS AND ALLOWANCES. Class 9 Class 10 CIMS 11 Class 12 Cb.ss 13 Cla.ss 14 Cla.ss 15 Class 16 Class 17 Class 18 Class 19 Cla.ss 20 64-60%. 59-55%. 54-50% . 49-45%. 44-40% . 39-35% . 34-30% . 29-25% . 24-20% . 19-15% . 14-10%. 9-5%. - - - - - - - - - - - - S cts. S cts. S ets S cts. S cts. S cts. S cts. S ets. S cts. S cts. S cts. S ets. 360 00 330 00 300 00 270 00 240 00 210 00 180 00 150 00 120 00 9000 6000 3000 180 00 165 00 150 00 135 00 120 00 105 00 9000 7500 6000 4500 3000 1500 382 50 350 63 318 75 286 88 255 00 223 13 191 25 159 38 127 50 9563 63 75 31 88 157 50 144 37 131 25 118 12 105 00 91 87 7875 6562 5250 3937 2625 13 12 465 00 426 25 387 50 348 75 310 00 271 25 232 50 193 75 155 00 116 25 7750 3875 7f 00 6875 6250 5625 5000 4375 3750 31 25 2500 18 75 1250 625 51 0 00 467 50 425 00 382 50 340 00 297 50 255 00 212 50 170 00 127 50 8500 42 50 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 17 50 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 540 00 495 00 450 00 405 00 360 00 315 00 270 00 225 00 180 00 135 00 9000 4500 600 00 550 00 500 00 450 00 400 00 350 00 300 00 250 00 200 00 150 00 100 00 5000 756 00 693 00 630 00 567 00 504 00 441 00 378 00 315 00 252 00 189 00 126 00 6300 . 936 00 858 00 780 00 702 00 624 00 546 00 468 00 390 00 312 00 234 00 156 00 7800 1,184 00 1,039 50 945 00 850 50 7.56 00 661 50 567 00 472 50 378 00 283 50 189 00 94 50 1,620 00 1,485 00 1,350 00 1,21500 1,080 00 945 00 810 00 675 00 540 00 405 00 2ïO 00 135 00 - - - - - - - - - - - - 180 00 165 00 150 00 135 00 120 00 105 00 9000 7500 6000 4500 3000 1500 - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 00 9900 9000 81 00 7200 6300 54 00 4500 3600 2700 1800 900 9600 9000 8400 7800 7200 6300 54 00 4500 3600 2700 1800 900 7200 6600 6000 .54 00 4800 4200 3600 3000 2400 1800 1200 600 cent shall receive six hundred dollars. Melpb('rs of the forces permanently disabled between five and Dine per cent shall receive three hundred dollars. If 3D ele('tion has been made to accept a final payment, such ('lection is final unless the disability of the member of the force!' concerned becomes greater in extent, in which case the pension shall be adjusted for the PMt period in accordance with the extent of the dis- abillty, and the amount paid as a final payment shall be deducted. If a married pcmÜoner de::!ires to elect to accept a final payment the consent of his wife must be secured. All payments of pension marle ,>ubse- quent to the time at which an award of fourteen per cent or under is made shall be deducted from the amount of the final payment. 938 A.D\llXISTR 17'ION Returned Soldiers' Life Insurance.-lJndcr the Returncd oldiers' Insurance Act of 1920 (10-11 Ceo. V, c. .34), a f':ystem of life insurance at vcry favourable rates was establi hed for returned soldier:,;, whose lives might not be considercd as in:-;ur- able by life insurance companies. The general features of the scheme were dc:-;erihed on pages 38-40 of the 1920 Year Book, to which the reader is referred. 'Cp to 1\ov. 30, 1923, the number of applications received and approved was 33,728. Policies in force numbered 32,476, having a to;a! value of $55,15.5,000. The total value of death claims payable up to Oct. 31, 1923, was :-.2,107,000. Of the 670 claims due up to this date, 4ß3 had been settled by cash payment or annuities involving an amount of :::.1,54G,213. Policies cancelled up to the end of October, 1923, numbered 149 ($387,787), while lapses totalled 6,107, a value of $14,636,500. Reinstatements reduced net lapses to 2,096 ($4, }S9,500). .A :-;tate- ment of income and e penditure, a<; at Oct. 31, 1923, shows a balance from operation of $1,503,95G VII.- IISCELLANEOUS AD IINISTRATION. I.-The Soldier Settlement Board. The Canada Year Book, 1921, contains, on pages 809 and 810, a statement regarding the establishment and early proceedings of the Soldier Settlement Board. From the inception of the Board's operations to the end of the fiscal year 1922-23, the number of war veterans who have come under the Act is 28,9 4. These are divided into t"\\ a classes :-(1) those who have received. financial aid in the" ay of loans to enable them to purchase land, live stock and machinery, and to erect buildings, fences, etc., numbering 22,ß26, and (2) those who have taken up free Dominion lands and may be eligible for financial assistance for the purchase of stock and equipment, 6,3'>8 in number. A total of $94,733,548 has been disbursed by the Board on behalf of these soldier settlers in the following manner:- For Land Purchase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $'>6,354,485 For Removal of Encumbrances. _ . . . . . . . 2. 2ml ,ß37 For Permanent Improvements... . . . 9, 19R , -1-2 I"or Stock and Equipment. 25,O 4,ßOO }'or Seed, }'eed, Insurance, etc. . 642,980 For Special Advances. 40G,181 For Replacements. . . . . . . 4. .3 1 953 For Indian Soldier Set tlemen t . 3RO, R70 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;o.; I-1- .733 , .34S ::\Ionies repaid to the federal t rea:-ury by soldier cttlers tot al $15,243,167, uf which S5,4fi3,242 was for initial payments made on pUT('ha e of land, and t he balance for interest and principal. At the close of the fisf'al year 81,(i2f>,915, or 54.5 p.c. of the amount due the Board by settlers, was paid in on account of interest and principal charges due the previous fall. The Province of Ontario made the best showing with payments amounting to 91.3 p.c. of the amount due, but this included some prepayments. The district of Regina was second with 77.6 p.c., while the district of St. Juhn, embracing the three l\Iaritime Provinces, reported payments of 68.8 p.c. The district of Calgary (Southern Alberta) was lowest with 37.5 p.c., and Northern Alberta next with 39 p.c. It may be re-stated here that Parliament, in the sf'ssion of 1922, amended the Act with respect to repayments, by granting certain interest e\.ell\pti()n to f;ettler who were c tabli:,;hed when prices were at their peak. For SCIEJ.VTIFIC AXD U,-DUSTRIAL RESE.4RrH 939 -example: EettIers "\\ho went on tr.e land prior to Odober 1, 1919, were granted four years' exemption, that if:, from October 1, 1922, to October 1, 1926; those established from October 1, 1919, to Odober 1, 1920, three years' exemption; and those established from October 1, 1920, to October 1, 1921, two years' exemption; so that not until October 1, 1926, will full interest on the amount loaned be charge- able. Further relief was granted by spreading the payments for stock and equip- ment over a period of 25 years instead of 4 and 6 years as under the old Act. A number of settlers (583) have completely discharged their financial obliga- tions to the Board, of whom 312 have continued to operate their farms. Of the settlers to whom advances were made, 14.5 p.c. had discontinued their farming operations. Twenty per cent of the failures have been due to causes beyond the control of the settlers, such as death, ill-health or a recurrence of physical òisability due to the war. The major portion of them failed because of unsuitability, either of the land or the individual. A number of the farms which have come back into the hands of the Board have been resold to returned soldiers and civilians. In the case of 978 farms completely sold out, that is, the land as well as the stock and equipment sold, the amount realized for the land was $375,229 more than the original cost to the Board. In 78 other cases where the land was sold but stock and equipment not sold, the amount realized for the land was $12,445 in -excess of original cost. From March 31, 1921, to :March 31, 1923, 991 parcels of land were disposed of, the whole showing a substantial increase over original purchase price. In view of the limited demand for farm property, owing to the general depression in agriculture, the resale of so many farms at a profit show that the Board was, on the whole, successful in securing land for its soldier applicants at reasonably low figures. 2.-Scientific and Industrial Research in Canada.! Prior to 1870 the basis of research in Canada was observation and record rather than e).-periment. Fifty years ago, laboratories, except elementary ones of scant accommodation, were non-existent. The courses in science in the univer- sities did not, before 1878, involve any practical work beyond extremely simple òemonstrations. The industries did not concern themselvel' with scientific investiga- tion, and research was not regarded as an essential feature of the work of the Government Departments, except pO l'ibly in the Geological Survey. Scientific research in Canada began in the "eighties" with the institution in the universities of courses in experimental and practical science. Man)' of the investigators of Canadian origin who have distinguished themselves in the field of s('ience within the last thirty years owe their stimulus toward research to the outlook developed by these new courses. tiince 1890 Canadian universities have steadily increased their equipment for scientific teaching and research. 'Yhile many of the teachers have had little time for re earch or for advanced courses, scientific investigators in Canadian univer- sities have made valuable contributions to the literature of the sciences, and many of them have achieved high distinction. I"cientific societies, such as the Royal Canadian Institute, founded in 18-1 , and the Royal Society of Canada, founded in 1881, also promoted research through the publication of papers giving the results of researches in the various departments of science, and through the distinction conferred by membership in such societies. Various departments of the Dominion and Provincial Governments have maintaincd scientific laboratories. Rome of these have been concerned mcrely I Contributed by the Honorary .\dvi:cientific research, not casually pursued as in the past, but organized and directed to the economic utilization f the natural resources of each country and the promotion of human welfare. Canada cannot be indifferent to this situation; and the Research Council feels that the establiEhment of a National Research Institute is the first and the earliest measure that should be taken to put Canada in a position to develop her natural resources and to hold her own in the competition for the trade of the world. 3.-Department of the Secretary of State. The Department of the Secretary of State was constituted in its present form in 1873 through the merging of the previously-existing offices of the Secretaries of State for Canada and for the Provinces. The Secretary of State is the official mouthpiece of the Governor General, as well as the medium of communication between the Dominion and Provincial Government!', all corre pondence between the two being conducted by him with the I_ieutenant-Govf'rnor. He is abo the custodian of the Great Seal of Canada and the Privy f'eal, as \\ ell as the channel by which the general public may approach the Crown. The Secretary of State is also the Regi trar-General, registering all proclama- tions, commÍbsions, charters, land patents and other in!'truments Íbsued under tbe Great beal. He is further charged with the administration of the Companies Act, the Canada Temperance Act and the Katuralization Act. The following infor- mation on these subjects has been ecured in the cour e of administration. COJIPANIES INCORPORATED SISCE 1900 943 Charters of Incorporation.- The number of companies incorporated under the Companies Act and amending .Acts during the fif:cal year 1921-22 was Sï5 (as against 8.52 in the previous year), with a total capitalization of 351,555,900 (as against $752,062,683 in the previous year). During the year Supplementary Letters Patent were granted to 12ï companies, of which 43 increased their capital stock by the aggregate amount of lð,2ï5,000, 13 decrea ed their capital stock by 85,121,450, the remaining 71 being granted Supplementary Letters Patent for various purposes, such as changing names, extending power , etC'. The total capital- ization of new companies plu!' the net increa:o,e of capital of e)-,.istinJ!: companies amounted to 8364,709,4.50. In Table 21 will be found the number and capitalization of companie" incor- porated during the years 1900-1922. . 21.-Xumber of ('ompanies Incorporated under the (.'oml)anies Act and amending _"-cts durin the calendar) ears 1900-190;, and for the fiscal) ears end...d 11arch 31, 190ð-1922. Xew Companies. Old Companies. Old Companies. Gross Net In- Increase De- Increase Years. Capital- Number- creas:e in N urn ber- creased of Number. their Capital- their Capital- iza tion. ing. Capital ization. mg. Capital ization. by by $ S $ $ $ 1900 . 53 9,558,900 - 3,351,000 12,909,900 - - 12,909,900 1901. 55 7,662,552 - 3,420,000 11,082,552 - - 11,082,552 1902....... .. 126 51,182,850 - 5,055,OOC 56,237,850 - - 56,237,850 1903......... 187 83,405,340 - 5,854,520 89,259,340 - - 89,259,340 1904........ . 206 80,597,752 - 3,366,000 83,963,752 - - 83,963,752 1905........ . 293 99,910,900 - 9,685,000 109,595,900 - - 109,595,900 1906........ . 374 180,173,075 - 32,403,000 212,576,075 - - 212.576,075 1907 ........ 378 132,686,300 - 19,091,900 151,778,200 - - 151,778,200 1908 3 mos.) 64 13,299,000 - 865, 000 14,164,000 - - 14,164,000 1909. '''__'' 366 121,624,875 - 72 , 293 ,000 193,917,87.5 - - 193,917,875 19lO. . ... .. . . 420 301 , 788, 300 44 46,589,500 348,:m,800 4 670,600 347,707,200 1911......... 4.54 458,415,800 45 24, ïI5,600 483,131,400 4 10,650,000 472,481,400 1912. ....... 575 447,626,999 44 42,939,000 490,565,999 7 17,SSO,800 472,685,199 1913........ _ 835 625,212,300 54 å5,549,9oo 680,962 , 200 5 11,861,381 669,100,819 1914........ . 647 361,708,567 61 63,599,003 425,307,570 3 3,290,000 422,017,570 I!Jl5. ....... 461 208,283,633 34 26 , 650, 000 234,933,633 4 6,840,000 228,093,633 1916........ . 534 157,342,800 28 68,996,000 226,338,800 11 4,811,700 221,527,100 1917....___.. 606 207,967,810 36 26, 540, 000 234.507,810 3 5,050,000 229,457,810 1918. -.. 574 335,982,400 41 69,321,400 405 , 303 , 800 4 1,884,300 403,419,500 1919. ..... 512 214,326,000 69 67,583,625 281,909,625 11 2,115,985 279,793,640 1920 991 603,210,850 88 85,187,750 688,398,600 10 19,530,000 668,868,600 1921... . . . . . . 8.52 752,062,683 135 79,803,000 831,865,683 17 7,698,300 824,167,383 1922....... .. 875 351 , .555, gOO 43 18,275,000 369,830.900 13 5,121,450 364,709,450 Naturalizations.-The naturalizations effected undf'r the Katuralization Act (R.:-;. 1906, c. 77), for the calendar years 1908-1917 inclusive, were given on page 594 of the Year Book for 1919. Since January 1, 1918, the only method of obtaining naturalization has been under what is known as the "Imperial" Katuralization Act, which came into force on January 1, 191."). This .Act was known under the title of the Naturalization Act, 191-1, until July 7, 1919, when it was repealed and the Naturalization Act, 1919, came into force. On July 1, 1920, the Katuralization Act, 1919, was repealed, and the Naturalization .Act, 1914, was revived and amended under the title of the Naturalization Act!', 1914 and HJ20. This latter Act is the one now in force. Table 22 shows the principal nationalities granted naturalization under these Acts during the calendar years from 1915 to 1922. It is a noteworthy fact that the number 'of certificates issued under the above Acts increased from 124 in the year 1915 to 8,773 in 1920, 11,069 in 1921 and 8,333 in 1922. 944 ADJIllo.-lSTRATION 22.-Xaturalizations in Canada. b)' Princil)al Xationaliti('s. ('ff('('ted under tht' "aturalization Ads 191-1-1920. during th(' calendar ) ears 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1120, 1921 and 19? . K ationalitics. 1916. -1917. Albanians........................ " ..... Americans..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.rabian. .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentinians.. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Au!'trians... ..... . . . . . . ., .. .. '. ., . . .. . . . . . . . Austrians (Ukraine)........................ Au"tro-Hungarians........................ . Belgians. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bohemians................ ...., .... ...... Bolivians.. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rrazilians.... . . . .. .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... Bulgarians.. ............................... Chilians..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese................................... . Czeeho-Slovaks.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . ., .. . Danes.... .... ... ........................ Dutch. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . Dutch East Indies.... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] yptians. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-lnns... ....... ......................... French..... ..... ......................... Germans.. . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germans (Alsace-Lorraine)................. Greece.................................... . Hunl1;arians. .. - -.................... Italians. . . . . . . . ... .' . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese......................... ....... Jugo-Slovaks. ......................... .... Luxembourgers.......... ................... Iontenel!:rins..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . Nationality undetermined.................. No nationality............................. Norwegian. ... ..................... Palestinians - .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . Per ians.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . Pole (Ukrainian)...... ..................... Pole (Russian)............................. Portuguese... . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . ., . . . . . . ... · Re-admi5sion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . RUIIlanians. .................... RU'i<,ians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Russians (Lithuania) .. ................... Russians ({;kraine).. . -.......... Ru.<;'iians (Latvia)...... -. - -.. Serbians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f;erb-Croat-Slovaks. .. .................... Rpaniards.. . . . ., .. ......................... Subjects of Allil'd Powers.... . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . Swedes.................................... . Swiss.. . . ............................... Turks......_ _. _ . ., .......... .......... Turk (Armenian).. .. --.......... Turk (Assyrian)...... . . .. . ... . .. .. . Turk (Greek)..................... -........ Turk (Macedonian}......................... Turk (Mesopotamia).......... ............. Turk (Palestine). . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . Turk (Syrian).............................. Venezuelans............................... . Section 4 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 11 s.s. (e)f c. 38, Nat. Act, 1919...... British in Canada.. . . . . . . . .. .............. 63 58 5 4 3 6 12 4 5 3 17 1 31 11 4 3 6 2 5 14 10 8 1 lIHS. 11 8 16 18 1 4 5 15 34 4 6 9 3 37 10 1919. 1920. 37 2 3,552 1 1921. 1922. 65 2 21 1 115 80 17 128 30 156 82 2 210 58 1 4 55 687 3 4 236 39 11 3 3 2,516 4 1,599 1 2 88 2 5 132 13 1 18..! 3 102 5 IJ7 2 3 2 5 1 5 3 1 14 99 125 65 20 102 133 99 5 143 171 94 111 127 112 1 161 7 181 125 3 6 4 152 158 257 2 113 124 195 260 31 665 95 224 28 428 135 2 7 4 I 3 299 3 1 209 7 1 366 3 1, 232 7 4 1.997 300 :1 1 1,092 308 384 1,303 872 2,021 1 ;,S;; l,W2 7 12 2 3 99 8 118 276 49 7 86 1 7 24 22 5 4 122 3 3M 51 2 39 4 5 69 IO 67 3 15 1 2 1 134 ã 136 3 5 4 1 79 2 2 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 135 ------- 8,34.5 195 1,OSl 8,78t 11,061 I Under Section 4 of the Naturalization Act. 1914, the Secretary of State is authorized in his discretion to grant a special certificate of naturalization to any person with reprd to whoee nationality as a British subject a doubt exists. I Resumption of British nationality by wife of alien being a subject of state at war with His laje8ty. NATIONAL GALLERY 9-15 Canada Temperance Act.-Under Parts I and II of this Act, provision is made for the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors in counties and cities. On Dec. 14, 1922, a vote was taken upon the repeal of the 1\.ct in the county of Missisquoi, Quebec. The repeal was carried by a large majority and became effective from March 3, 1923. The Act was suspended by Orders in Council, dated respectively Nov. 4, 1922, and June 16, 1923, without the taking of a vote, in the counties of Digby and Guysborough, N.S. Part IV of the Act relates to the prohibition of the importation and exportation of intoxicating liquors into and from the provinces. Under this part, a further plebiscite was taken in the province of Prince Edward Island on Jan. 22, 1923. The vote was decisively in favour of prohibition, which was accordingly brought into force from May 21, 1923. Although seven provinces had previously voted for prohibition, during the autumn of 1923 the provinces of Manitoba and Alberta repealed the previously existing legislation, adopting systems of government-controlled liquor stores similar to those of Quebec and British Columbia. 4.-National Gallery. The National Gallery of Canada was the outcome of the establishment, in 1880, by the Marquis of Lorne and H.R.H. Princess Louise, of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, which required the elected Academicians to deposit their diploma pictures in the National Gallery at Ottawa. The collections of pictures, statuary and other works of art now occupying premises in the Royal Victoria Museum in Ottawa consi!"t of purchases made by means of. the annual grants voted by the Dominion Parliament, the diploma works of the members of the Royal Canadian Academy, and gifts and loans by persons interested in art. In 1907 an Advisory Arts Council of three members was appointed by authority of an Order in Council, and in 1913, under the National Gallery of Canada Act (3-4 Geo. V, c. 33), the Advisory Arts Council was constituted the Board of Trustees for the management of the National Gallery and the administration of its annual grants. In addition to the care and management of the National Gallery, the Act imposes upon the Board responsibility for "the encouragement and cultivation of correct artistic taste and Canadian public interest in the fine arts, the promotion of the interests generally of art in Canada." Amongst the collections of oil paintings now in the National Gallery are works by such old masters as Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Andrea del Sarto, Bartholomaus de Bruyn, Luca Giordano, Cima da Conegliano, Frans Floris, Chardin, Hogarth, Snyders, Daniel My tens. The more modern schools include representative works by the great English masters-Reynolds, Hoppner, Beechey, Lawrence, Gains- borough, Millais, Leighton, Holman Hunt. The French masters include J. F. Millet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley and a number of others, while the contemporary British school is strongly repre!'ented by fine examples of the work of such artists as Arnesby Brown, Laura Knight, Glyn Philpot, W. Orpen, D. Muirhead, G. Henry, Austen Brmvn, Adrian Stokes and many others. The Gallery includes an excellent and representative exhibition of the work of Canadian artists both past and present. The National Gallery collections of engravings, etchings, lithographs, etc. have been developed and formed into a department of prints with a special curator at the head. Important acquisitions have recently been made... of works by Mantegna, Robetta, Nicholetto, Rosex, D. Campagnola, Marcantonio, Canaletto; Master M.Z., Schongauer, Dürer, Altdorfer, Aldegrever, Pencz, Hirschvogel, Hollar 62373-60 94t) ADJfINISTRATION Master 'Y.C.LE.F., van Dyck, van Leyden, Rembrandt, Ostade, Potter, van de Yelde, Bega, Berchem, Ruysdael; Duvet, GëlIee, Mellan, Morin, Nanteuil, Drevet, Jacque, Millet, Carat, Raffet, I abey, Bonington, Meryon, Braquemond, Jacque- mart, Legros, Lepere; Harding, Blake, Crome, Daniel, Wilkie, Geddes, Haden, Short, Strang, McBey, Brangv.'yn, hannon, Gabain; "-histler, Zorn. One of the most important adivities of the National Gallery is its Loan Exhibition work. rnder this polif'Y the National Gallery lends to any art body or society in Canada, which po!'sesses the necessary facilities, a collection of Canadian paintings, either for one year or for shorter periods. During 19 2 nineteen (19) loans \, ere distributed, and practically every important city in Canada has thereby gained a better knowledge of Canadian art. The aggregate value of loans made during the past five years is over $1,000,000. .Vter having been closed to visitors since February, 1916, during which time the halls were occupied by the Houses of Parliament, the National Gall('ry was re-opened on September 12, 1921, with extended premises and augmented collections of art objects. The attendance during the first year of re-opening was 106,000, and it is estimated that almost as many more viewed the various exhibitions held throughout the country. During the prst year two important additions were made to the sculpture collection by the purchase of two fine Assyrian reliefs dating from 900 B.C. Among the n teworthy paintings acquired are two Florentine panel pictures of the 14th Century, a "Madonna and Child" by Taddeo Gaddi and "The Three Apostles" by Agnolo Gaddi, and also a rare and interesting study "Adam and Eve in the Garden" by Francesco Furini. Among modern works added to the national collef'tion are unusually fine examples of the work of such well-known men as " illiam Strang, R.A., Augustus John, A.R.A, Charles Ricketts, A.R.A., Mrs. A. L. Swyn- nerton, A.R.A., 'Valter Russell, A.R.A., Cayley Robinson, A.R.A., and a number of others. In addition to the above, the Board of Trustees has continued to purchase- consistently what it deems the best work of Canadian artists from the current exhibitions. Outstanding acquisitions in the print dcpnrtment include brilliant impressionF of the "Yirgin and Child with a Monkey" and the "Melancholia" by Albre('ht Dürer, "Ephriam Bonus" by Rembrandt, and the "Nativity" by Schongauer. A total of b!13 prints were added to the collection during the year. 5.- Royal Canadian l\lounted Police. The Royal Canadian Mounted Poli('e (formerly the Royal Northwest Mounted Police) aredi<;tributed throughout the Dominion, with headquarters at Ottawa. The operations of the force for the )'ear ended September 30, 1922, are described in the Commibsioncr's Report for that )'ear, which shows that during the year the Royal Canadian Mounted Police discharged numerous and varied functions, in sev{'ral instances assisting provincial administrations in the maintenance of law and order, co-operating with the Dominion Department of Health in putting do\\n the illicit traffic in narcotics, with the Secretary of State in inquiring into the suitability for citizenship of applicants for naturalization, with the Department of Marine and F i heries in protecting prop<,rty in cas{'s of wrecks and in enforcing fi heries regula- tions, with the Post Office Department in tracking down mail robbers, \\ ith the- Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the taking of the census in outlying communities, and with the Department of Indian Affairs in the enforcement of the Indian Act, ,,"hile important patrol work h:l'" been done in the .\rf'tif' region:-;. On September 1, THE CIVIL SERrIr'E 947 1922, the strength of the force was 64 officers, 1,163 non-commissioned officers and constables, 656 horses and 118 dogs, numbers showing only slight variation from. the previous year. 23.-Strength and Distribution of the Ro)"al Canadian l\lounted Police Oil September 30, 1922. Schedule. Commissioners........ ... Asst. Commissioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superintendents. .................... Inspectors. . ... . . . . . Surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asst. Veterinary Surgeon........ Staff Sergeants. . .'. . .. .......... Sergeants..... . Corporals......................... . Constables... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special Constables. . . ... .. . . . . . . Total Personnel. . . . . . . . Saddle Horses........ . . . . . . . . . . . . Team Horses........ . . . Ponies.................... ... .... Total Horses... .., Dogs............ ....... '" g . E' O'!t: . - ;. ] . Æ :::: :::a Qi ..c: B c Inwrior........ . . . . . .. ..... 16 International Joint Commission. 17 Jm,tice... 18 Lahour 4 . 19 Marine 4 ... 20 Min'" . ... .... 21 Militia and Defence!... . 22 Fisheries. . . .. . . . 23 aval Kervice 4 ........... ..... ........ 24 Purch. Com. of Canada.......... ...... 25 Patents and Copyrights. .. . . " ........ 26 Po: 133 72 31 1,209 2 no 95 138 186 364 52 167 2 90 1,143 20 246 761 66 230 23 80 341 II 278 40 77 53 7 101 35 24 100 I 55 15 31 6 124 37 15 74 7m 14 45 25 24 232 484 1,108 3 40 7 57 735 156 102 373 104 205 45 223 556 61 420 15 184 80 Ib4 78 31 1,333 2 90 132 153 260 1.067 66 212 27 II4 1,375 20 730 1, 869 69 270 30 137 1,076 167 380 745 33 20 3,075 9 31 70 406 193 674 63 4 85 219 190 7,403 . 12 . 20 I 203 3,708 629 , 4.U 235 102 10 271 28 30 147 l.t? 2.)7 1::!7 5 3,585 10 416 779 622 1,784 1,774 1 1,"82 4 7,58 ",530 12,11'- 13,"51 16,989 30,-U.. Total Num- ber Outside of Ottawa. Grand Total Em- ployees 980 135 1,3.'i' 23!J 20- 75 223 3,98 4S1 15 11,4 291 712 52. 31 2,134 2 90 200 3,73h 274 1,.'iti:-. 1,064 1,024 27 114 10,562 20 730 3,643 f.2 2,152 34 137 30 3,346 37 61 217 548 1.)0 801 68 3,585 14 501 998 812 9,187 1,774 13 l,b82 4 3,728 630 644 4,S04 7!17 1,024 42, :ï6.1 Non:.-The abo\e enumeration refers solely to the location of employees of the senice. 1 Casual labour excepted. 2 Ca,-,uallabour and prevailing rate employees excepted. · Perrnant'nt and temporary employees outside of Ottawa cannot be differentiated. 4 Some part time employf'cs. I Does not include rural postmasters. 7.-Judicial and Penitentiary Statistics. The collection and publication of Criminal Statistics was first authorized hy an Act of 1876 (39 Yict., c. 13), and the results have been published upon a com- parable'basis in an annual report from 1880 to the pre!':cnt time, being now collected and published oy the Dominion Bureau of Statistics under the Statistics Act (8-9 Geo. Y., c. 43), which provides for the receipt of an annual return by the Bureau from every court or tribunal administering criminal justice. The statistics as published show for ca('h judicial district (148 in number) the offcnces that have " "een committed, analy cd to indicate the nature of the offence, the age, sex, occupa- JUDICIAL AND PENITENTIARY STATISTICS 949 tion and social condition, birthplace, etc., of the convicted, and the Eentences imposed. The Act also provides for the collection of the statistics of penitentiaries, prisons, reformatories and jails, as complementary to the preceding. The statistics relate to years ending September 30, the last report being for 1922. Beginning with the report for this year, an enlargement of the classification of offences has been adopted, by which offences relating to juvenile offenders are compiled separately from those relating to adults. The term "indictable" applies to adults only, similar offences committed by juveniles being termed Umajor" offences; similarly IInon-indictable" offences as applied to adults are termed "minor" offences when applied to juveniles. All comparative tables have been worked out for 1921 and 1922 in accordance with the new classification. A historical table giving the totals for different classes of indictable offences and non-indictable offences, inch:ding juvenile delinquents, from 1876 to 1922 is here published (Table 25). In the con- sideration of this table it should be rempmbered that while the criminal code undergoes little change over periods of time, the figures of summary convictions depend very much upon the changes in the customs of the people, and are apt to increase with the increasing urbanization of the population. The most significant column of Table 25 is the figure of criminal offences per 100,000 of population. Indictable Offences.- Table 26 shows, by provinces, in respect of indictable offences, the number of charges and convictions and the percentages of acquittals for the years 1920, 1921 and 1922. There were 21,032 charges and 15,i20 con- victions for indictable offences throughout Canada during the year ended Septem- ber 30, 1922, as compared with 21,451 charges and 16,169 convictions in 1921, a decrease of 419 for charges and of 449 for convictions from the previous year. Summary Convictions.- The number of summary convictions-that is, the total number of convictions for all offences less the number of convictions for indictable offences-in 1922 was 136,322 a:s compared with 155,376 in 1921. This represents a decrease of 19,054 or 12.3 p.c. Death Sentences.-During the year ended September 30, 1922, there were 19 persons sentenced to death for murder, as compared with 17 in 1921. The number of commutation!' of death sentences in 1922 was 7 to imprisonment for life, compared with 9 to imprisonment for life and 1 for 10 years in 1921. Police Statistics.-The number of police in 135 cities and towns making returns as 3,948. The number of offences reported or known to the police during the year was 201,049; 162,963 persons were arrested or summoned to stand trial, the perpetrators of 38,086 offences remaining undiscovered. Automobiles numbering 3,750 of a value of :::'4,078,825 were reported stolen, of which 3,450 were recovered. The number of bicycles reported stolen was 5,982 and of those recovered 3,337. In addition the police found 2,531 bicycles which had not been reported stolen. The value of all other articles reported stolen was $1,568,787, and of- this amount $1,293,220 was recovered. Photographs of prisoners taken totalled 5,459, finger prints 15,567, and indentifications established, 3,606. Street accidents reported numbered 14,651. Shelter was given to 34,500 persons, and 5,897 children were found and returned to their homes. H50 A DJIlXISTRATION 25.-Convlctlons b)' (;roups of Criminal Ofren('es. amI Total Convictions for 1linor OffNl(,(,S, tSi6-t922, with Proportion to Population. I I -, :1 1'- I Indictable or Non-indictable or Criminal Offences. l\linor Offences. Total Offences against Criminal Other and pro- pro- felonies Minor Years. perty perty ami Totals of Total Iinor Offences. Offences. the with with- mi::.de- criminal offences. pcr!'on. vio- out mean- lence. vio- ours. lence. - - - pc. of per p.c. of IX'r Xo. :'\0. No. No. Xo. nil d- 100,000 No. all of- 100,000 :'\0. fences. pop fences. pop. - - - - - - - - - - - - 1876.. . 4,959 201 2,870 121 8,151 28.9 206 20,064 iI.l 50& 28,215 1877... 5,253 229 3,316 114 8,912 29.4 222 21,388 70.6 533 30,300 1878.. . 5,376 222 3,612 129 9,339 28.3 229 23,666 71.7 580 33 , 005 1879. .. 4,815 238 3,043 i5 8,168 28.4 197 20,568 71.6 496 28,736 11'80. .. 5,694 176 3,018 202 9,090 32.2 215 19,1l9 67.8 454 28,209 I h81... 4,353 144 2,593 288 7,378 25.2 170 21,847 74.8 504 29,225 II\S2. . 4,667 173 2,845 106 7,791 24.9 178 23,514 75.1 536 31,305 lð83. . 4,868 132 2,587 128 7,715 22.9 174 25,857 77 I 583 33,572 1884.. . 4,288 228 3,547 167 8,230 276 183 21,563 72.4 481 29,793 181:>5.. . 5,057 222 3,157 289 8,725 256 192 25,317 74.4 558 34,Oi2 1886.. . 5,202 255 2,943 224 8,624 252 188 25,581 74.8 557 34,205 1887.. . 4,902 208 2,519 224 7,873 22 7 170 26,772 77.3 577 34,64'; 11<88.. . 4,ï90 225 3,442 162 8,619 22.8 184 29,173 77.2 622 37,792 1889. .. 5,284 283 3,456 164 9,187 23.8 194 29,421 76.2 621 38,608 1890.. . 5,093 276 3,267 164 8,800 22.7 184 29,906 77.2 624 38,706 1891 4,788 283 3,369 160 8,600 22.9 178 29,017 77.1 599 37,6i7 1892. .. 4,903 251 3,232 173 8,559 24.3 175 26,734 75.7 547 35,293 1893.. . 4,689 362 3,574 181 8,806 24.7 178 26,847 75.3 544 35,653 1894. .. 4,599 450 4,155 200 9,404 26.0 189 26,761 74.0 537 36,165 1895.. . 4,652 462 4,199 295 9,608 25.6 191 27,977 74.4 556 37,585 1896.. . 4,544 408 4,104 301 9,357 25.1 184 27,921 74.9 549 37,278 1897. .. 4,418 475 4,431 409 9, 25.6 189 28,245 74.4 550 37,978 1898. .. 4,594 540 4,594 335 10, 3 26.3 193 28,143 73.7 514 38,206 1899.. . 4,227 444 4,541 339 9,551 24.7 181 29,159 75.3 554 38,710 1900.. . 4,598 413 4,571 411 9,993 24.0 188 31,661 76.0 595 41,654 1901.. . 4,698 451 4,441 384 9.974 23.7 184 32,174 76.3 596 42,148 1902. .. 4,773 413 4,541 363 10,090 23.1 182 33,446 76.9 605 43,536 1903.. . 5,480 543 4,944 505 11,472 22.8 202 38,911 77.2 686 50,383 1904.. . 5,919 552 5,295 528 12,294 22.4 211 42,652 77.6 732 5i,946 1905.. , 5,694 656 5,711 812 12,873 20.6 215 49,686 79.4 829 62,559 906.. . 6,215 645 6,425 1,078 14,363 20.3 233 56,540 79.7 916 70,903 907. .. 6,651 681 6,907 807 15,046 19.0 239 64 ,124 81.0 1,017 79,170 908... 7,379 893 7,973 1,069 17,314 19.5 266 71,320 80.5 1,099 88,634 909.. . 6,586 848 7,771 1,332 16,537 18.4 247 73,415 81.6 1,096 89,9.'i2 910.. . 7,793 943 8,191 1,131 18,058 17.5 268 84,845 82.5 1,227 102,903 911.. . 8,352 977 9,024 1,194 19,547 17.3 273 93,713 82.7 1,309 113,260 912.. . 9,371 1,195 10,626 1,540 22,732 15.5 309 123,795 84.5 1,686 146,527 1913.. . 11,444 1,472 12,721 1,724 27,361 15.8 363 145,777 84.2 1,936 173,138 1914.. . 12,136 1,810 14,645 1,952 30,543 16.7 397 152,492 83.3 1,982 183,035 1915.. . 10,664 2,234 14,269 1,525 28,692 18.7 373 124,363 81.3 1,619 153,055 1916... 9,327 1,478 1l,018 1,459 23,282 18.8 289 100,509 81.2 1,2.')] 123, .91 1917. .. 6,852 1,321 9,886 1,271 19,330 16.9 236 94,681 83.1 1,1.'i7 114,OlI 1918.. . 7,292 2,049 10,743 1,390 21,474 17.4 258 101,795 82.6 1,?22 12. ,269 1919.. . 7,731 2,606 11,508 1,656 23,501 18.1 277 106,518 81,9 1,2!>6 130,019 1920. .. 8,281 2,310 11,634 2,O!>9 24,284 14.9 281 138,424 85.1 1,604 162,708 1921.. . 8,197 2,609 12,059 2,081 24,946 14.2 284 1!>2,227 85.9 1,731 177,173 1922.. . 7,119 2,783 II ,607 2,610 24,11 9 15.2 268 134,221 8(,8 1,495 158,340 " I VDICT ABLE OFFENCES BY CLASSES 951 26.-Charges, Comlctions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences, by Produces, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 1920. 1921. 1 1922.1 Provinces. Charges Convic- Acquit- Charges Convic- Acquit- Charges Convic- Acquit- tions. tals. tions. tals. tions. tals. - - - - - - - - No. No. p.c. No. No. p.c. No. No. p.c. Prince Edward Island..... 29 19 34.52 21 15 28.6 40 27 32.5 Nova Scotia.............. 952 713 25.10 1,029 712 30.8 973 701 28 New Brunswick........:.. 494 434 12.15 356 313 12.1 373 322 13.7 Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,228 3,288 22.23 3,606 2,654 26.4 3,779 2,885 23.7 Ontario. ................. 10,255 8,414 17.95 10,180 7,548 25.9 9,622 7,021 27.1 M8J1itoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,765 1,423 19.43 1,353 1,159 14.3 1,578 1,188 24.7 Saskatchewan............ . 1,807 1,468 18.76 1,558 1,220 21.7 1,733 1,391 19.7 Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . 1,671 1,240 25.78 1,652 1,263 23.5 1,613 1,171 27.4 British Columbia... . . . .. . 2,004 1,438 28.24 1,693 1,282 24.3 1,308 1,004 23.2 yukon..... ." ..... ....... 8 6 25.00 3 3 - 13 10 23.0 - - - - - - - - - Canada. ......... 23,213 18,4-13 20.55 21.451 16,169 24.6 21,032 15,720 25.3 27.-Indictable Offences by Classes during the years ended September 30, 1920, 1921 and 1922. By Classes and Offences. 1920. 1921. 1 1922.1 Number Kumber Number Number Kumber Number of of of of of of Charges. Convic- Charges. Convic- Charges. Com'ic- tions . tions. tions. - - - - - 57 26 76 17 56 19 36 19 40 21 41 20 84 43 89 39 88 45 20 11 27 15 39 25 532 298 621 341 650 350 40 27 64 37 50 25 88 71 72 56 92 74 282 183 240 137 215 119 97 70 83 50 96 64 698 455 703 467 671 464 628 578 620 534 427 367 1,205 934 1,275 1,007 1,270 987 149 110 180 101 274 154 10 8 14 11 113 76 131 83 141 80 - - -- -- - - CL-\SS L-OFFEXCES AGAIl\ST THE PERSON. lI-lurder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Murder, attempt to commit.. . . . . . . . . . . . Manslaughter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abortion and concealing birth of infants. Rape and other crimes against decency.. Procuration.... .' .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . Bigamy. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shooting, stab bing and wounding. .. .. . . . Assault on females and wife............. Aggravated assault.... .................. Assault on police officer. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . Assault and battery...... __............. Refusal to support family. . . . . . . . . - . . Wife desertion. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . .. . Various other offences against the person Totals... ., . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . CLASS H.-OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERT"l \\-ITH VIOLENCE. Burglary, house, warehouse and shop- breaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robbery and demanding with menaces. . Highway robbery....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Totals..... . . .... . . .. . . . . . . ..... CLASS IlL-OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY WITHOUT VIOLENCE. Bringing stolen goods into Canada.. _. . . . e: =: ::::::: : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : Feloniously receiving stolen goods.. .. . . . Fraud and conspiracy to defraud.... . . .. . Horse, cattle and sheep stealing. . . . . . . . . Theft. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theft of mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Totals..... . ... .... ...... .. .. .. . 2,317 2,073 2,015 1,628 2,111 1,754 366 227 416 240 323 212 26 10 27 20 32 11 2,-158 -.:m 1 1 2 1 2 2 8 4 6 6 35 19 693 473 851 582 987 684 652 430 677 432 628 418 576 436 736 505 773 466 73 51 118 80 82 .30 10,478 8,605 8,493 6,559 7,848 5,938 24 22 37 33 25 21 12,505 10.022 10,920 10,380 CLASS IV .-MALICIOUS OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY. Arson........ .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . 78 34 61 21 69 31 Malicious injury to horses, cattle and other wilful damage to property... . . . . 415 294 238 148 246 187 Totals.......................... ----u3 -m --æf -----aï5 1 Figures for 1921 and 1922 do not include juvenile delinquents 952 ADMIKISTRATION 2i.-Indictable Ofl'enees by ('lasses durin th )'ears eO(le(1 September 30, 1920.1921 and 1922 -concluded. Totals..... .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . 573 430 613 538 550 465 CLASS VI.-GTHER OFFE'\CEA I-;OT IN- -- - --- CLUDED IN TollE FOI\ECOI!\;,G CLASSES. Attempt to commit suicide.............. Carrying unlawCul weapons.. . . . . . . Criminal negligence.. . . . Conspiracy............ .,. .. ...... Driving automobile v, hiIe drunk........ . Forcible entry............ .............. Indecent exposure and other offence :J!!:ainst public morals. ................ Intimidation........................... . Keeping bawdy houses and inmate!! thereof............................... . Offences against gambling and lottery acts................ .. ........... Offences a!!:ainst r..'-enue law. ..... lIIicitstiIll-i......................... .. Perjury and subornation oC pt>rjury....... PrÌ!mn breach and ef'cape Crom prison... . Riot and affray. . . . . . . . . . . :-;('dition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :O;odorny and be!'tiality..... . . . .. ....... \"arious othcr misdemeanours. ... .... By Classes and Offenccs. CLAb" ".-FORGERY A "D OTHER OF- FEKCES ACUNST TilE CLItRE"CY. OfTences against currency. _ . . . . Forgery and uttering Corged documents.. 1'otals. . _.. .. . . . . . . . Totals for ('anada. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . !\ urn ber of Charges. 23.213 1920. K urn ber oC Com ic- tion!'. 14 559 42 156 67 101 48 4 ]8i 32 927 361 122 251 106 155 101 12 104 128 2,9U-l Xumbcr of Charges. 11 419 13 600 1921.1 Number oC Convic- tions. 2.463 16.169 1922.l X um ber of Charges. Kumhcr oC COD'-.ic- tions. 33 144 50 58 48 3 45 251 66 46 147 4 9 529 18 532 12 453 170 19 103 60 32 232 42 24 142 2 52 151 75 62 234 41 ]27 44 33 202 823 1,033 81 31 141 31 121 21 303 114 239 34 147 !J4 8 85 80 31)1 O 233 116 164 62 2 77 90 956 682 599 2,452 2, 9.'10 283 63 220 44 154 48 I 54 54 458 76 686 144 1-10 67 3 84 III 389 70 643 62 ]28 49 3 64 62 18,4-13 21.451 3,197 2,658 21,032 15,720 I Fi&ures for 1921 and 1922 do not include juvenile delinquents. 28.-Charges, .Acquittals, Comictlons and Sentences In respect oflndlctable Ofl'enres, 1915-1922. Charges and Sentences. Charges..... '" Acquittals 2 .... . . . .. . . . . . . .. ... Persons detained for lunacy. . . . . . . . COD'- iction..,........ . . . . . . . . . . . Males ..... . .. Females. ...... Firl"t convif'tion. . . Second conviction... . .. . Reiterated conviction. ..... . . . . Sentences- Option of a fipe. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . r nder one year in gaol. . . .. . . . . One year and Over in gaol ..... Tv.o years and under five in penitentiary.. ......... Five years and over in peniten- tiary.. ........ ".___. For liCe in penitentiary..... . . . . Death...... . .. . . . .. .. . . . . ..... Committed to reCormatories... Other sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915. :!'\o. 26,714 6 , 01JO 29 20,6 5 19,624 1,001 li,fì!J.5 1,776 1,154 5.:'144 5,774 893 1,074 241 7 34 517 6,741 1916. Ko. 23,942 4,7.57 25 l!),160 15.486 3,674 16.806 1.3 7 1,017 No. 19,4:i4 3. 68 27 1.;,5!j9 13,086 2,473 13.093 1,373 1,093 1917. 1918. 6,786 3,816 666 799 li8 5 21 568 6.321 No. 21,747 4,356 21 17,3iO 14,871 2.499 14.310 1.';51 1,509 4 . !i45 2,890 462 540 145 1 15 584 6,077 5,106 3,284 ï83 701 185 4 20 678 6,609 I Juvenile delinquents not included. 2 Includes cases wherc prccceding.s v, ere stayed, di'lagreement of jury, etc. 1919. No. 23,021 4,1)!J2 33 18,396 16,101 2,235 15,118 1,641 1,637 5,01)3 3,455 921 978 229 7 28 678 7,047 1920. 1921.1 1922. No. 23,213 4.746 24 18,443 16,722 1,721 15.096 I, 668 1,679 No. 21.478 4,775 30 16,169 I4,! 1, IIi;) 12,589 I,M5 1,762 No. 21.032 4.8!J6 27 1,'>,720 14,111 1,609 13,022 1,335 1,363 5,447 3,7.50 886 873 245 7 26 615 6,594 4,900 3,912 1,260 1,122 481 9 17 126 4,342 4,430 3,982 1,531 1,153 435 n 19 80 4,070 PERSONS CONVICTED OF INDICT ABLE OFFENCES 953 29.-Classification of Persons Convicted of Indictable Offences, 1916-1922. ClasEes. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922.1 - - -- - - - Occupations- No. No. No. No. Xo. No. No. Agricultural. ........... 899 904 1, 1. 2 966 898 1,034 1,248 Commercial. . .. . ...... 1,472 1,424 1, 813 1,963 2,406 2,648 2,426 Domestic. . . . . . . ......... 914 1,390 1,866 1,608 1,354 999 1,280 Industrial. . _ ..... 1,049 937 1,214 1,424 1,483 1,522 1, 44.'> Professional. . . . . . . . . .. 496 390 3,'>9 315 168 194 89 Labourer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,155 3,513 4,403 5,232 5,347 5,914 6,105 Not given.................. 10,175 7,001 6,563 6,888 6,787 7,085 3,1 7 Civil condition- ::\Iarried..... ............... 3,761 3,450 4,4;4 4,4;2 4,434 4,811 5,200 Single...... ....... 8,373 8,700 10,339 11,081 1O,7CO 11 ,643 7,9.12 Wido"ed..... . .... 142 110 269 315 196 182 218 Not given........ .......-. 6,884 3,299 2,288 2,528 3,053 2,760 2,350 Educational status- Unable to rcad or write. ... 1,007 763 1. 084 843 925 904 672 Elementary............... . 11,045 11,390 14,042 14,408 14,179 15,598 12,636 Superior. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 289 192 282 258 24.1 326 Not given ...-....-... 6,839 3,117 2,052 2,863 3,081 2,649 2,086 Ages- r nder 16 years.. .. . . . . . . .. . 3,157 3,606 4,104 3,876 3,355 - - 16 years and under 21..... . . 1,575 1,928 2,938 3,846 3,288 3,289 3,169 21 years and under 40...... . 5,878 5,511 6,728 6,446 7,216 7,898 8,205 40 years and over... . . . . . . . . 1,758 1,448 1, 748 1,795 1,795 1,932 2,182 Not given. .............. 6,792 3,066 1,852 2,433 2,789 3,050 2,164 Use of liquors- 1\Ioderate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,377 5,387 11,656 10,726 11 ,000 11,331 8,990 Immoderate.. ......... .... 1,891 1,332 1,357 1,276 1,232 1,322 1,197 Not given. ................. 9,892 8,840 4,357 6,394 6,211 6,743 5,533 Birthplace- BnJ!:land and Wales...... . . . 952 780 1,177 1,329 1,489 1,659 1,342 Ireland.................... . 260 180 28.1 193 247 268 '240 ('otland. 321 242 381 381 462 458 · '359 Canada. . . . . : : : : : : : : : : :: :: : 7,428 7,097 9,322 10,157 9,570 10,638 8,607 Other British Pos!'essions. . 57 95 152 90 106 124 . j' 63 rnited ::;tates.............. 916 845 94; 9.90 1,148 1,113 I f992 O_ther.foreign countries..... 2,6!J7 2,228 3,1ßl 2,;80 2,589 2,511 2,188 1\ot gIven.................. 6,529 4,O!J2 1,945 2,476 2,832 2.625 1,929 Religion- . Baptist........ . ...... ...... 287 402 38.1 383 447 449 344 Roman Catholic. . . . . . . . . . . 4,918 5,367 6.959 6,896 6,0!J3 6,461 5,077 Church of England.. . . .. . . . 1,525 1,576 1,910 2,186 2,234 2,527 2,223 Iet hodist. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . 1,107 1,186 1.368 1. 589 1,503 1,500 1,358 Presbyterian... . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 1, 034 1,397 1,432 1,621 1.603 1,409 Other Protestant. . . . . . . . . . 1,921 1,286 1,618 1,683 1,6il 2,381 1.623 Je" s. - - - - 519 564 407 Other d ',{omi aÜo s. : : . : : : 1, 228 1,054 1.506 1,438 8m 8M 815 Not given..... ............ 7,209 3,6.14 2,227 2,789 3,553 3,057 2,464 Residence- Cities and towns........... 11 , 294 11,157 14,190 16,305 16,178 16,120 12,404 Rural districts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.801 1.501 1. 779 2.051 2,11l 3,074 2,940 Not given.................. 6,065 2,901 1,401 40 154 202 376 J Figures for 1922 do not include juveniles. 934 ADJII VISTRAr/OÑ Provinces. 30.-Comictlons and Sentences for all Offences, by Pro\inces, 1916-1922. ]9:?]. Canada - Convictions.. . . . . . . . . . ..... SentenCt - Penitentiary . . . . . . Gaol or fine. ....... Reformatory............ . Death........ ........... Other sentences. ... .. ... . . Prlnre .. <land. .. _ 96 116 120 144 162 + 18 + 12.50 Nova Hcotia.. . .................... 2,435 2,879 3,140 2,156 1, 492 - 664 - 30.80 Kew Bruns ick.................... 704 1,350 1,882 1,264 1,088 - 1i6 - 13.92 Quebec............................ . 6,680 7,116 11,86.3 9,944 7,103 - 2,841 - 28.57 Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,932 8,4118 15,021 14,498 10,063 - 4,435 - 30.59 llanitoba......................... . 1,123 1,570 2,330 1,429 1.622 + 194 + 13.58 :-;askatchewan..................... . 434 618 919 708 816 + 108 + 15.25 ."-Iherta. . . . . 825 1,057 1,536 1,838 1,608 - 230 - 12.51 Briti!'h Columbi :::::::::::::::::: 778 1,004 2,948 2,379 1,081 - 1,298 - 54.56 Yukon Territory. _ . . ----. 19 9 10 2 12 + 10 +5()().OO - - - - Canada...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.026 24,217 39,769 34,362 2;;, O - 9,3U - 27.11 NOTE.-Tbree juveniles not included in 1922. Juvenile Delinquents.-The number of delinquents under 16 convicted of major offences during the year ende Sept. 30,1922, was 4,065 against 3,574 in 1921, an increase of 491 or 13.7 p.c. During the same period the number of convictions for minor offences was 2,233 against 2,054, an increase of 179 or 8.7 p.c. Of the grand total (6,298 in 1922) 443 or 7 p.c. were females. Over GO p.c. of the major offences committed were theft, the remainder being almost entirely composed of wilful offences against property and offences against property with violence.- Of the ma;or offenders, 2,758 were released on probation or on suspended sentence, while 1,053 were ordered to make restitution, fined, detained or committed Jto industrial schools; the remainder were reprimanded or released. Of the total number of ma;or offenders, 543 had one previous delinquency, l573 had two and 112 had three previous delinquencies. 33.-Jmenlle ))ellnquents convicted of l\laJor Offences by Classes of Offence,'1922, "Uh the total and yearly average for the period Ibð5-192' . T Ender 16 years and Totals. Cms.,es of Offence. 16 years. under 21. R F. :r.I. I". :r.J. r. - - - - - - No. Ko. No. No. :-Jo. No. r. Offences against the person.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 161 11 226 17 387 28 II. Offences against property with violence. ...... 798 8 862 i 1,660 15 III. Offences again.<;t property ithout violence...... 2,447 113 1,635 154 4,Uhl 267 IV. lalicious offences agairu,t propert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 5 66 1 502 6 V. Forgery and offences agaim,t thc currency....... 12 1 69 1 81 2 \1. Other offences not included in the above offenoos 4; 26 92 39 139 65 - - - - - - Total ............. .......... 3. tol 164 2,9:;0 219 i,lS.'il - - - - - - otaI1885-1t22 ................................... 5j,193 2,251 52,703 4,101 117,6" 1,357 - - - - - - Yearl)' Averate 1885-1m.. _...... _.... .... ...... 1,447 59 1,387 108 2,834 117 PEl\TITENTIARIES 957 3-i.-Population of Penal Inst.itutions, 1918-1922. In custody, Admitted Discharged In custody Penal Institutions. beginning during during at end of of year. year. year. year. 1918. Penitentiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,505 963 825 1.643 Reformatories for boys.. .. . ......-...... 0 0 ..-.. 1,189 1,721 1,715 1.195 Reformatories for girls............................... 309 257 225 311 Jails. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004 29,485 29,437 2,052 Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,007 3 ,426 32,232 5,201 1919. Penitentiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ......... 1,656 1,199 829 2,026 1 Reformatories for boy!!. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270 2,033 ] ,984 1,319 Reformatories for girls. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 187 198 298 Jails.... ...................... ....................... 2,052 32,534 32,450 2,136 Totals. . . . . _ _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 87 35,953 35,461 5, ì79 1920. Penitentiaries....................................... . 1,689 2 1,166 924 1,931 Reformatories for boys.... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1,562 3,863 3,785 1,640 Reformatories for girls............................... 312 327 359 280 Jails ... ............................-............... 1,889 32,369 32, 135 2,123 Totals.................................. . 5,452 37,725 37,203 5,97,1 1921. Penitentiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . I. 931 1,038 819 2,150 Reformatories for boys............................... 1,636 4,143 3,821 1,958 Reformatories for girls. . . ......... 281 414 388 307 Jails.................................. ............... 2,156 38,171 37,579 2,748 Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,004 43,766 42,607 7,163 1922. Penitcntiarie,;. ....................................... 2,150 1,366 876 2,640 Reformatories for boys. ... . . ................... 2,023 4,247 4,461 I, 809 Reforlnatories for girls............................... 344 543 482 405 Jails................................................ . 2,674 35,028 35,043 2,659 Totals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,191 41,18t 40,862 7,513 I Deccmber 31, 1919. 2 April I, 1920. NOTI!:.-Penitentiary statistics till 1919 were supplied directly by each penitentiary, and were for the calendar year. For 1920 and sub:sequent years tbey have been supplied by the Inspector of Penitentiaries and are for the fiscal year ended March 31. Peni ten tiaries. The statistics of penitentiaries given in Tables 35 to 38 are compiled from the annual reports to the Minister of Justice of the Inspectors of Penitentiaries. Statistics are given of increase and decrease of numbers, deaths, pardons and paroles, age, sex, nationality, religion, etc. 95S A DJII.YISTRATIO.V 3.').- 'IO\em('nts of Comicts, 1916-1922. Schedule. 1916 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. ------ No. No. No. No. No. No. No. In custody at beginning of fiscal year. .. 2,064 2,1l8 1,694 1, 468 1,689 1,931 2,150 Rpceived- By forfeiture of parole .. .. Il 11 10 4 9 2 3 Paroles revoked. _ ..... 4 31 9 3 2 1 ;3: Recaptured....... . .... I 1 I 3 - 4 - By transfer.. ....... ....... 24 IO 19 15 150 36 7 From jails, etc. . . . . . . . ....... 900 630 625 9791 1,005 995 1,353 ------- Totals. . . . . . . . ...... 3,00-1 2,801 2,358 2,,172 2,855 2,969 3,516 ------- Released by- Death. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . Escape............. .... Expiry of sentence. .. .................... Order of the court.... . . . . Pardon. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parole................. .. Transfer................ .. Deportation........ . . Rent to reformatory. . . . . . Returned-insane . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . Returned to Provincial authorities..... . By military order. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II I 304 9 4 423 24 101 I 8 12 3 408 4 65 526 9 76 11 I 268 6 66 455 17 59 45 3 212 44 2 160 252 16 39 12 53 201 13 208 275 163 35 19 10. 308 8 4 374 36 52 15 1 365 2 400 7 69 Z 4 7 12 11 I 8 9 In rustodyatt'nd offl"cal year........... 2,118 1.69-1 1,-168 1,6S9 1,9:11 2,1;;0 2,6-10 1 Includes 84 from military courts. 2 Includes 25 from military order. I From asylums. · One from asylum. 36.-Xumber of Deaths. Es('ap('s, Pardons and Parol('s, 1916-1922. ch('dulc. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. - - - - - - - No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Deaths....... . 11 12 11 45 12 19 15 .. Escapes. .. 1 3 1 3 5 IO I Pardons. . _.-. 4 65 66 160 208 4 2 Paroles. . 423 526 455 252 275 374 400 37.-_\ge of Comlcts, 1915-1922. A/1;('8. I 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1- - - - - - - - I Xo. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Under 20 years. _ 187 212 141 115 228 335 289 371 rrom 20 to under 30 ycarfl 917 941 714 616 718 775 969 1,24Z From 30 to under 40 . 5.53 563 473 405 395 434 479 581 From 40 to under 50. 240 253 241 205 218 251 242 290 r rom 50 to under 60 121 119 99 91 97 100 130 123 Over 60 years...... ...... 46 1 30 26 31 33 36 41 33 I -- - - - - - - - Totals...... 2.0... 2.U8 1,69,1 1, -I6S 2 1,6&9 1,931 2,150 2,6'" I Include,> one age unkno\\ n. 2 Includes five not gi"cl1 (insanl') CLASSIFICATION OF COKrICTS Classes. 38.-Classiflcation of Convicts, 1916-1922. 1918. By Race- African....... . . . -. .... . . . . . . . Caucasian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indian Half-breed... . . . . . . . . . Mongolian. . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East Indian.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916. No. 63 1,970 19 19 47 1917. No. 56 1,553 20 21 38 6 No. 64 1,333 21 15 29 1 1919. No. 52 1,585 13 12 24 3 1920. No. 57 1,820 24 8 22 959 1921. 1922. No. No. 67 2,019 31 8 25 83 2,489 23 15 30 Totals......................... 2,118 1,69,1 1,,168 2 1,689 1,931 2,150 2,640 By Nationality- British- Australian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canadian.......... ........ ............. English............................... . Irish...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scotch............................ .. Other British. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign- American (U.S.). ... . ............. Austrian and Hungarian.... Chinese............... .............. .. . French..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . German............................... . Italian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scandinavian 1 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign. . .. .. - ................... Totals. . . . . . . . . . _ . . By Conjugal State- Single. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married....... ................ Widowed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Divorced.................... . Totals....... . By Sex- l\Iale.... . . . . . . .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female.................... . Totals........... . By Social Habits- Abstainers.................... . Temperate... ....... Intemperate....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Totals........ . By Religion- Anglican. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raptist. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruddhist. . . .' ... . . . . . . . . . . . Congregationalist. . . . Greek Catholic.. ...... . . . . . . . . . Jewish......................... . J,utheran. . ., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methodist. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Presbyterian.................... . Roman Catholic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salvation Army..... . . . . . . . . . . . Other Creeds. . ._ 1\ocreed....._. ........ ........ 1,185 169 43 40 26 204 148 32 11 23 68 86 29 54 2,118 1,258 6í7 79 4 2,118 2,081 37 2.118 376 I, n08 734 2,118 330 101 40 7 52 26 71 205 222 1,025 7 19 13 936 126 41 24 22 182 104 32 8 17 61 74 18 49 1,69,1 1,028 589 77 1,694 1,659 35 1,694 299 8 7 558 1,69t 266 78 33 not given. 42 23 51 169 155 841 not gi ven. 28 8 796 103 31 26 21 165 80 26 5 15 61 72 17 45 1,468 2 1,689 892 504 67 1,468 2 1,689 1,433 35 1,468 286 745 432 1,468 2 1,689 204 91 25 not gi ven. 34 20 47 146 134 716 not ghen. 34 12 945 103 38 35 19 163 113 22 4 15 66 83 20 63 1,044 567 78 1,649 40 1,689 409 844 436 227 98 17 not given. 38 28 58 168 153 824 not given. 65 13 1,107 93 29 36 20 209 108 21 12 18 81 93 15 89 1,931 1,218 638 75 1,931 1,917! 2,125 14 25. 1,931 548 975 408 1,931 301 111 7 not given. 57 38 46 187 193 946 not given. 45 356 113 12 not given. 73 34 37 207 207 1,052 not given. 59 1,277 160 39 31 14 199 108 21 10 1,605 18-2 36 59 29 246 109 20 9 72 83 13 123 89 108 14 134 2,150 2,640 1,456 626 68 1,750 790 100 2,150 2,6tO 2,615 24. 2,150 2,640 590 1,092 468 651 1.401 588 2.150 2,640 435 137 10 not given. 85 41 50 241 285 1. 294 not vi ven. 49 13 Totals............... ......... 2,118 1,69t 1. Jr.'! " 1,689 1,931 2,150 2.6-10 1 Including Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. 2 Includes five not given (insane). ! Females in Kingston Penitentiary included, not given separately in report. · In Kingston Pe tentiary only. 960 ADJl IS I ST RA. T IOI'{ 8.-Divorces in Canada. For many years subsequent to Confederation the number of divorces granted in Canada was very small, 1883 with 13 divorces being the first :year in which the number attained two figures, while 1903 with 21 divorces was the record year up to that time. Thereafter the numbers grew more rapidly, 1909 showing 51 divorces and 1913, the last pre-war year, 59 divorces. This number was, however, lcss than one per 1,000 of the marriages contracted in Canada in these years. The effect of the war was to increase very greatly the number of divorces granted in Canada. The causes may be found in the generally unsettling psycho- logical effect of the war period, and the long separations between mcn on active service and their wives. The provision of new facilities fùr divorce is also to be considered; owing to a decision of the Imperial Privy Council, divorces in the Prairie Provinces have subsequently to 1918 been granted by the courts of thel'e provinces, so that Ontario and Quebec are now the only provinces in which the applicant for divorce must secure a special Private Act of Parliament. The above-mentioned causes have tended to produce the recent increase in the number of divorces granted in Canada, which have growD from 90 in 1918 to 544 in 1922, these numbers being those of final decrees, which alone really constitute divorces. The slight decline in 1922 may po sibly indicate that the wave of divorces due to the war has passed its highest point. The statistics of divorces granted in the years from 1901 to 1922 inclusive will be found in Table 39. (For divorces in the years prior to 1901 see 1921 Year Book, p. 825.) 39.-Statlstlcs of Divorces Granted in Canada, 1901-1922. Granted by the Dominion Parliament. Granted by the Courts. Total Years. Korthwest Nova N'ew British for Ontario. Quebec. Territories. Ianitoba. Scotia. Bruns- Colum- Canada. wick. bis. - - - - 1901. 2 - - - 10 - 7 19 1902..:::::::::: : 2 - - - 9 1 3 15 1903............ . 2 1 I I 8 4 4 21 ]904............ . 5 1 - - 6 2 5 19 1905....... ...... 2 3 2 2 6 2 IS 35 Albert $a.<;k 1906... . . . . . ---. 10 3 1 - - 5 1 17 37 1907.... .. 3 I - - I 8 1 3 9 25 1908............ . 8 - - - - 5 5 12 30 1909............ . 8 4 1 1 2 8 1 5 22 51 1910............ . 14 2 - 1 3 13 1 6 12 51 1911............. 13 4 2 - 3 10 1 6 19 57 1912............ . 9 3 2 1 1 4 4 11 35 1913............ . 20 4 4 1 6 - 4 20 59 1914......... _. _. 18 7 4 2 2 10 12 15 70 1915... . .. 10 3 3 I 1 13 6 16 53 1!)t6............ . 18 I I 2 2 14 11 18 67 1917............ . 10 4 2 1 - 8 (j 23 54 1918............ . 10 2 2 1 - - 10 65 90 191!J. 49 4 36 3 3 88 3 36 13 14i 376 1920............ . {II 9 MC 26 c 42 c 45 15 136 42!J 1!J21. 101 9 R4C SOC 122 c 41 13 128 548 1922......... . -. 90 6 129 C 37 c 97 C 35 12 138 544 NOTE.-In Prince Ed\\ rd Ishnd only one divorce \\as grunted from 1868 to 1922; this was in 1913. In consequence of a decision of the Imperial Privy Council, divorces in Manitoba, Saskatchc\\an and Alberta have subf is :i >< I t= Ø] ..It: C(C( act-' > wV> 0 !.!t X '" I 0 i= <( ,0 ::> 8 0 . I ... Q: ....1- III z;) > j>-> (5 calL :J; ::> Q ...00 -< j! I a: t- ..J C( >- '" > a: IX: 0 ... .... z QI .:J :> ...I I '<( . a 0 t- Õ au \J) a3t-;:: 1::i1 1 1: \Il & u CC Z Sï: Q ). :r :z > 1 o a THE DOJJL\TION BUREAU OF STA.TISTICS 963 constitute a permanpnt arrangcment governing the particular subject (Iealt with. A furthcr ReJ!:ulation provides for f'entral maf'hine compilation as an adjunct to the system. In this way the Bureau i<; con<;tituted as a comprehensive central I'tatistical office, workinJ!: for the most part un(ler the Governor in Council, all purely statistical work havinJ!: been brought by transfer undcr its immediate direc- tion. The linking up of ProvÏIwial statistics (whif'h, under the B.N.A. Act, include some most important subjects) is secured through a clause permitting Provincial offic rs to serve as agents under the Statistics Act. A further clausc gives the Bureau right of acce s to Provincial, municipal or corporat 'on records. Purpose of Statistical Centralization-The purposc of statistical central- ization includes, of course, the numerous economie-; in "overhead" which concentra- tion promotes, as in I'taff, equipmcnt, elimination of (Iuplif'ation, etc. For example, two pronounced characteristics cf statistical work arc (a) the large proportion of routine, and (b) its pbb and flow; a "floating" staff is af'f'ordingly a feature of a central bureau. The use of electrical tabulating machinery, again, has revolution- ized. statistical work, but it effcf'ts an Cf'onomy only on large-scale (i.e., ccntralized) operations. (The Bureau has an investment of over S125,OOO in machinery.) Central library, record amI a(lministration systems are further examples, Still another cconomy, from a diff('rent angle, flows from the concentration of statistical expericncc, as a result of the bringing together of the higher statistical officers of the government. The convenience of the public is also promoted by having statistics all in one place. But the fundamental purpose of statistical centralization lies in thp fact that it<; great subjects, such as production, trade, finanf'p, population, etc., arc not separate and distinct, but are closely interrelated. The state, in othpr words, is not a series of hcterogeneolls activiti s, but is itself an entity. The stati tics of the country must therefore be framed to illustrate these relationships. For example, if the statistics of mines, fislwrics, manufactures, and other pha es of production are carried out in a series of water-tight compartments, the phenomena common to all, such as labour, capital, equipmpnt, etf'., will inevitably be handled differently, with non-comparable results. Again, if one system of classifying commodities is employed by the Trade Statistician, another by the Production Rtatistician, and another by the Priccs Statistician, no general study of conditions surrounding a particular group of commodities can be made; l'imilarIy, the classification of occupa- tions should be uniform, whether in the Census analysis of population, in the vital I'tatistical record of deaths, in criminal and in labour statistics, and so on. Again, on points of method like the construction of index numbers-clearly such devices should yield results that are comparable from field to field. In brief, a true national statistic is not a mcre aggregation of the stati<;tics of different activities, but involves also a purview of the totality of phenomena, with the object of revealing their interplay, and, if possible, the controlling forces from time to time. Not only should the State be provided with statistics on the main subjects of national interest, but these stati<;tics should be properly "articulated" with each other, so as to form in so far as possible a single conspectus. The Bureau has completed the plans for a unified, nation-wide statistical system, covering every important phase of social and economic activity, and has carried them out to a considerable degree. The main achievement of the Bureau has been in the organization of the several subjects in correlation with each other in accordance with this general plan, and the consequent establishment of a comprehensive v ewpoint of the 62373-61l 961 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON C..4NADA countlJr aR a "going concern." In aòdition, there has been cfcatE'd what is frequently called a central "thinking office" in statistics, continuously in touch \\ith general conditions and the line of probable developments. The final concept in thc ofJ!;anization of thc Bureau of Rtatistics is that of a national laboratory for social and el'onomic rescarch. Rtatistics are not merely a record of what has bcen, but are for use in planning what shall be; it is the duty of a statistical bureau to assist directly in the day-to-day problcms of administration, as well as to provide their theoretic background. One of the most significant of reccnt deyclopments in administration is the extent to which statistical organization has been incrcased as a guide to national policy. Though its uscfulncss is only begun, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics haR laid thc foundations for a f';ervice comparable with the increasingly important po ition taken by Canada in the economic and political world. Publications of the Bureau.-The first annual report of the Dominion tatistician contained a full description of the organization of the Bureau and of its subjcct matter. The chart on page gm is from that report. The main branches of the Bureau are as follows: I. Administration; II. Population - Census and Vital Statistics; Ill. .Agricultural Statistics; IV. hsheries, Furs and Dairy Products; V. :\1ining, Metallurgical and Chemical; VI. Forestry and alliefl Industries; VII. General :\Ianufactures; YIII. External Trade (Imports and E:x-ports); IX. Internal Trade; X. Transportation; XI. l'inancial Statistics; XII. Stati:-,ties of Administra- tion of Ju!'ticc; XIII. Education Statistics; XIV. General tatisti(,R. Thc publica- tions of the several Branchcs are as follows:- ADl\n ISTRA TION- ..\nnual Report of the Dominion Statistician. POPULATION- Census- J. Census of Population and Agriculture, 1921- Bulletins of the Sixth Cen us of Canada, lÐ21, as fo1lows:- (1) Population of the Dominion: (a) Population of Canada, 1921, by Provinces, Electoral Distric.ts, Cities, To\\ns, etc. (b) Religions of the Peoplc, 1921. (c) Origins of the People, 1Ð21. (d) Racial Origins of L. . born, 1921. (e) Birthplaces of the .Pcople, 1!121. (f) Canadian-born according to i\ationality of Parent!', 1921. (g) \ ear of Immigration, Katuralization and Citizenship, 1921. (h) Ages of the People, 1921. (i) Conjugal Condi- tion of the J>eople, 1921. (j) Language Spuken, lU21. (k) Literacy, 1921. (1) Occupations, 1921. Also Bulletins on .Population by Provinces as fo1lows: (a) Population of Kova cotia- Elec.toral District , etc. (b) Population of Princ l:dw rd bland-:-E eC'Íoral District:--, etc: (c) Popula- tion of New l3run wlck-Electoral Dl:-,tncts, etc. (d) PopulatIon of Quebec -Electoral District:,:, etC'. (e) Population of Ontario- Electoral Districts, etc. (f) Population of l\lanitoha-Electoral Di t ricts, ctc. (g) Population of Sa!-'katchewan- Electural DÜ,trict:5, etc. (h) Population of .\lberta- Elcctoral Districts, E'tc. (i) Population of British Columbia.-Elf.ctoral Di,-:tricts, etc. (2) C('ll '-lS of .Agriculture, If) I: (a) Field Crops of Prairie Provinces, 192 . (b) Agriculture of Canada-General ::;ummary. (C) l'ure-br('d Dome tIc Animal , lU"2l. (d) .Agriculture of i\ova. cotia, 1921. (e) ..\griculture of Prince Edward I:,:land, 19"21. U) \griC'u1turp of i\ew l3run:,wick, 19 1. (g) AgIiculture of Quebcc, 192]. (h) Agriculture of Ontario, In:!1. (i) .\griculture of lanitoba, lU"21. (j) Agriculturc of af.katche"an, 1921. (.k) .\gricuIturc of ..\lbcrta., lU:!1. (1) .\griculturc of Briti"h Columhia, ] 9 1. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS 965 .B.-The Reports of the 1921 census will include four volumes on population and one on agriculture; there will also be issued a series of special reports on the Foreign-born, Origins of the People, Religions, Families, Housing, Literacy and School Attendance, Earnings of the People, Unemployment, etc. - II. Census of Population, etc., 1911- Reports of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911. Vol. I. Areas and Population by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts, with Introduction, Tables I to XV, pp. i-viii, 1-623. Vol. II. Religions, Origins, Birthplaces, Citizenship, Literacy and Infirmities by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts, with Introduction. Tables I-XL YI, pp. i-iv, 1-634. Vol. III. Manufactures for 1910 as enumerated in June, 1911, with Introduction. Tables I-XX, pp. i-xvi, 1-432. Vol. IY. . Agriculture, with Introduction. Tables 1-90, I-x'''lXV, pp. i-xcv, 1-428. Diagrams 5 pp. Vol. V. Forest, Fishery, Fur and Mineral production, with Introduction. Tables 1-51, I-XXVI, pp. i-I, 1-171. Vol. YI. Occupations of the People, with Introduction. Tables 1-25, I-VI, pp. i-xxxi, 1-469. Bulletins of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911. Manufactures of Canada- Dairy Industries-Agriculture, Prince Edward Island-Agriculture, Nova Rcotia-Agriculture, Kcw Brunswick-Agriculture, Quebec-Agriculture, Ontario-Agriculture, l\Ianit aba-Agriculture, Saskatchcwan- Agriculture, Alberta-Agriculture, Briti:--;h Columbia-Religions-Origins of the People -Birthplaces of the People-Educational Status-l\Iineral Production- Infirmities-Ages-School .Attendance. Special Report of the Foreign-born Population. (Abstracted from the Records of the Fifth Census of Canada, June, 1911, 23 tables, 62 pp., 1915.) III. Census of Population and Agriculture of the Prairie Provinces, 1916- Report of the Census of Population and Agriculture of the Prairie Provinces, 1916. Tables 1-54, I-XXYI, pp. i-lxvi, 1-356. Births, Deaths and Marriages- IV. Vital Statistics.-(I) .Annual Report on Yital Statistics of Canada, by provinces and municipalities. (2) Monthly Report of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by provinces. (3) Report of Conference on Vital Statistics, held June 19-20, 1915, pp. 1-48. PRODUCTION- I. General Summary of Produclion- Including and differentiating (gross and net)-(I) Primary Production (Agri- culture, Fishing, Furs, I.'orestry and Mining) and (2) Secondary Produc- tion or General Manufactures. I I. Agriculture- (1) Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural 8tatistics. (Contains monthly reports on agricultural conditions, prices, weather, etc.-preliminary, provisional and final estimates of areas, yields, quality and values of field crops-numbers and values of farm live stock, poultry, etc.-fruit statistics-stocks of grain-annual summary of agricultural production-international agri- cultural statistics.) (2) Advance Summaries of AgIÍcultural 8tatistics (monthly). (Ree also Census of Agriculture above.) III. Furs- (1) Annual Report on Fur Farms. (2) Annual Report on the Production of Raw Furs (wild-life). rr. Fisheries- (1) Annual Report on Fisheries Statistics. (2) Advance Summaries of Fish caught, markcted and prepared, by provinces, districts, etc. 1". Foreslry- (1) .Annual Rummary of the value, ete., of forest production. (Covers opera- tions in the woods for saw-mills, shingle mills, pulp and paper mills, etc., production of mining timber; production of poles and cross tics, and farm production (decennial) of firewood, posts, etc.) (See also Reports on Manufactures of Forestry Products listed und{'r " l\1anufactures" Rection VII. subsection (5).). 966 SOURr.ES OF IXFORJIA.TION ON C..L\.lDA 1'1 . Mineral Production: (::\1ining and :\Ietallurgy)- (1) General Heports: (n) Annual Report on the Mineral Production of Canada; (b) Preliminary HepOl ts (semi-annual) on the Mineral Product ion of Canada. (2) Coal: (a) .Annual Report on Coal Statistics for Canada; (b) ::\1onthly Report on Coal Rtatistics for Canada. (3) Annual Bulletins on the following ubjects: :ß1etals-(u) _\rsenic; (b) Cohalt; (c) Copper; (d) Gold; (e) 11'011 Ore; (f) Lelld; ((7) .Kichel; (h) ß{ptals of the Platinum Group; (i) Silver; (j) Zinc; (k) l\1i c(>lIaneous Xon-Ferrous 1etals, including Aluminium, Antullony, Chromite, l\1angane::;e, ::\1ercury, Molybdenum, Tin, Tungsten. Kon-:\letals-(a) Asbestos; (b) Coal; (c) Feld par; (d) Gypsum; (e) Iron Oxides; (f) Mica; (g) Natural Gas; (h) Petroleum; (i) Quartz; (j) Salt; (k) Talc; (h) Miscellaneous Kon-l\1etallic :Minerals including Actinolite, Barytes, Corundum, Fluorspar, Graphite, Grindstones, Magnesite, Magnesium Sulphate, Mineral \Yaters, Natro- alunite, Peat, Pho phate, Pyrites, odium carbonate, Sodium sulphate, Tripolite. Structural :Materials and Clay Products-(a) Cement; (b) Clay and Clay Products; (c) Lime; (d) Sand and Gravel; (e) Stone and :-;late. (4) Industrial Reviews of the following: (a) The Gold Industry; (b) Copper- Gold-Silver Industry; (c) Kickcl-Coppcr Industry; (d) Silver-Cobalt In- dustry; (e) Rilver-Lead-Zinc Industry. (.')) Provinciall\Iineral Production Reports for: (a) Nova :-;cotia; (b) New Bruns- wick; (c) Quebec; (d) Ontario; (e) Manitoba; U) askatchewan; (g) Alberta; (h) British Columbia; (i) Yukon. \.:O:ee a1..;0 :-;ections (6), (7), (8) and (9) under "::\1anufactures" below). I"II. J[anu!aclures- (1) General ummary, by Provinl'es and leading Citics-(industrial groups clas"ified by component materials, purpo:-:e, etc'., of products-compara- tive stati:-;tics). (2) l\Ianufacture of YegetahlC' Products-.I...;}wcial Bulletins as fo]]ows: (n) Coffee and pice ; (b) Cocoa and Chocolatc; (c) Fruit and Ye/,wtable Preparation, including canning, evaporating and pre:-;erving; (d) Pickles, :-;auce:,;, Yinegar and Cider; (e) Flour and Cereall\IiIls. (l-iee abo under heading "Internal Trade"); U) Bread and at her Bakery Products; (g) Biscuits and, Confectionery; (h) l\Iacaroni and Yermicelli; (i) Liquors, Distilled; (j) Liquors, Malt; (k) Liquors, Vinous; (l) Rubber Goods and Rubber Boots and Shoes; m) F:tHrc.h and Gluco c; (n) Sugar Refineries; (0) Tobacco Products; (p) Linsced Oil and Oil Cake. (3) .Animal ProduC'ts and their l\1anufactures-f.:pecial Reports and Bulletins as follows: (a) Dairy Products; (b) Slaughtering and l\Ieat packing; (c) Fish and Fish Products: (d) Leather Tanneril's: (e) Harness and Raddlery; If) Leather Boots and bhoes; (g) Leather Goods; (It) Leather Gloves and Mitts. (See also under heading "Internal Trade"). (4) Te"\.tile and Allied Industries-General report. Special Bulletins as follows: (a) Cotton Textiles (Cloth, yarn, thread and waste); (b) Woollen Te:'\.tilcs \Cloth, yarn, hlankets, felt and waf:tc); (c) SilL l\Iills; (d) Clothing ( h'n's and women's factory and cw;tom); (e) Hats Caps and Furs; (1) I1o:-iery and Knit Goods; (g) Xeckwear (Men's and \Yowen's) and Faney Good::;; (h) Oiled Clothing and ""atC'rproofs; (i) Corsets; (j) Carpets, Hugs and ::\1ats; (k) Cordage; Hupe and Twine. r .j) l\Ianufact urf'S of Fore"t Products-I-ipecial }{C'ports as follows: (1) Lumber, Lath and :-;hing1e Indm.;try; (2) rulp and Paper; (3) ::\1:lllufactures of Wood and Paper Products: (a) Coopcragp: (b) Planing :\Iill , :t:-;h and Door Factories; (c) Printing, BoohbindinJ!, Publishing, Lithographing and Engraving, Stereotyping and Electrot} ping, l\Iaps and Bluc Prints; (d) Furniture; (e) ('arriug;ps, "-agons and í'leigh:-;, and :\Iatprials thereof; If) Canocs, Ho" hoat and Launches; ((7) Coffins and Ca:-hcts; (It) Con- tainers- ßoxes and bags (pappr); bo:'\.es and paching ca:-:es (wood); ha:-;kets and erate:-:; woodcnware. (6) Iron and :-;teel and Their Products- (;cncral Report. f-:pC'{'ial HuIJctins as follows: (n) Pig Iron, Htcel and Holled Products; (1)) Castings and Forg- ing:-; (c) 1:tC'hiJlery, IIIlplement ; (d) :\Iotor Yehielcs and _\cec :-orie:-:; PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS 967 (e) Railway Rolling Stock; (f) Heating and Ventilating Equipment; (g) "ïre and Wire Goods; (h) Sheet Metal Products; (i) Hardware and Tools; (j) Miscellaneous Iron and Steel Products. (N.B.-A Monthly Report on the Production of Iron and Steel is issued.) (7) Manufactures of Non-Ferrous Metals-General Report. Special Bulletins as follows: (a) Aluminium Products; (b) Brass and Copper Products; (c) Lead, Tin and Zinc Products; (d) Manufactures of Precious Metals; (e) Electrical Apparatus. (8) Manufactures of Non-Metallic Minerals-General Report. Special Bulletins as follows: (a) Aerated Waters; (b) Asbestos and Allied Products; (c) Cement Products and Sand Lime Brick; (d) Coke and By-Products; (e) Glass (blown, cut, ornamental, etc.); U) Illuminating and I<'uel Gas; (g) Monumental and Ornamental Rtone; (h) Petroleum Products; (i) ßIiscellaneous Manufactured Non-Metallic Mineral Products, including: (a) Artificial Abrasives; (b) Abrasive Products; (c) Electrodes; (d) Fuel Briquettes; (e) Gypsum Products; U) Mica Trimming. (9) Chemical and \llied Products-General Report. pecial Bulletins as foHows: (a) Coal Tar and its Products; (b) Explosives, Ammunition, Fireworks and Matches; (c) Fertilizers; (d) Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Preparations; (e) Pigments, Paints and Varnishes; (f) Soap, Perfume, Cosmetics and Toilet Preparations; (g) Inks, Dyes and Colour Compounds; (h) 'Yood Distillation and Extracts. (10) Miscellaneous Manufactures-Special Bulletins as follows: (a) Brooms and Brushes; (b) Musical Instruments (including pianos and organs, and phonographs); (c) Musical Instrument 1\latf'rials and Parts; (d) Buttons; (e) Trunks and Valises. (11) Summary Reports on Groups of Industries, clas:-;ified according to the use or purpose of their principal product as follows: (a) Food; (b) Clothing; (c) Drink and Tobacco; (d) Personal and Household Goods; (e) Books; U) Equipment; (g) Matc>rials for further manufacture. ("N.B.-For Statistics of 'Vater-Power and Central Electric Stations, see under heading "Public Utilities"). 1"111. Conslruclion.-(a) The Bui1ding and General Construction Industry; (b) Railway, Telephone and Telegraph-Construf'tion, Maintenance of 'Yay and Repairs; (c) Government and Municipal Construction; (d) The Bridgebuilding Industry; (e) The Shipbuilding Industry; U) Building Permits-Monthly Record. EXTERNAL TRADE (IMPORTS AND EXPORTS)- (1) Annual Report of the Trade of Canada; (2) Preliminary Annual Report of the Trnrle of Canada; (3) Monthly Report of the Trade of Canada; (-1) Monthly Bulletins on Trade Statistics as follows: General-(o,) Abstract of Imports, Exports and Duty Collected by Latest Month, .Accrued Period, and Latest 12 Months; (b) Summary of Trade by Countries and Principal Commodities, Latest 12 Months; (c) Summary of Trade with 'l'nited Kingdom, Principal Commoùities, Latest Month and 12 MontI1!-;; (d) Summary of Trade with L"nited Rtates, Principal Com- modities. Late:-;t Month and 12 Months; (e) Abstract of Trade by Countries; (f) Rummary of Trade bv Groups, LateRt Month, Accrued Period and Latest 12 Ionths. :Speèial-(o,) Summary Exports, Grain and Flour; (b) Detailed Exports, Grain and Flour; (c) Exports of Ii1k, Mille Products and Eggs; (d) Exports of Pulp 'Vood, 'Yood Pulp and Paper; (e) Exports of Rubber Goods and Insulated Wire; (f) Exports of Refined Sugar; (g) Exports of Gold and Silver (ores and silver bullion); (1!,) Exports of Preserved and Canned Fish; (i) Exports of Calcium Car- bide; (j) Exports of Leather l"ootwear; (k) Exports of Vehif'les of Iron (Automobiles, Bicycles, Railway Cars, etc.); (l) Imports of Ruuber and Rubber Goods; (m) Imports of Preserved and Canned Fish; (n) Imports of 'Yood Pulp and Paper; (0) Imports of Narcotic Drugs; (p) Imports of Vehicles of Iron; (q) Imports of Grain and Grain Products; (r) The Tea Trade, Imports and Export ; (8) Importf' of Footwear (except Rubber Goods); (I) Exports of Live Animals; (u) E).porb of l\Ieats; (1') Imports of Meats. UöS SOURCES OF INFORJ[ATIO.\ ON CANADA Il\'TERNAL TRADE- Grain- (1) Annual Report on thE' Grain Trade of Canada; (2) Weekly Report on the Grain Movement; (3) l\1onthly Report on Mill Grinù; (4) Special historical report on Flour Milling Indu try, 1921. Lil'c Stock, etc.- (1) Annual Report on Live Stock and Animal Products; (2) Monthly Report on Stocks in Cold Storage. Prices StatÙ:t1"cs- (1) Annual and Monthly Report:=- on Wholesale and Retail Pri(.es and Price Indexes; (2) Priccs of ccuritif'R. Olher- ::\Ionthly Report of \Ïsible upply of Raw and Refined Sugar. TRANSPORTATION, COMl\IUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC UTILITIES- Railways and Tramways- (1) Annual Report on Railway Statistics; (2) Annual Report on Electr c Rail- way Stati:,;tics; (3) Monthly Bulletin on Railway Revenues, Expense:,;, Incomes and Operating f;tatif'tics; (4) Mont hly Statement of Trafiir' of Railways; (5) "reekly Report of Carloads of Revenue Freight. }i;xpress- \nnual Report on E)..press Stati<:tics. Telegrallhs- Annual Report on Tekgraph tatif'tics. Telephones- Annual Report on Telephonf' Statistics. lVater Trans]Jorlalion-. (1) Annual Report on Canal tatistics; (2) Monthly Report on Canal ::;tatistics; (3) Report of Census of Canadian Registered Ships. Electric Stations- Annual Report on Central Electric tations in Canada. FINANCE- (1) Annual Report on Provincial Finance; (2) Annuall\:1unicipal f;tatistics of Cities of 10,000 population anù over; (3) Annual Municipal Statistics of rrban Municipalities of 3,000 to 10,000 population; (4) Annuall\Iunicipal :-\tatistics of Prban l\1unicin,.'llitieR of 1,000 to 3,000 population; (5) f;ppcial Bulletins on Asse.5f'cd Yaluations by Provinces, :\Iunicipal Bonded Indcht- ednesf', etc. JUSTICE- Annual Report on Criminal tatistics. EDUCA TION- (1) \nnual Report on Eùucation Rtati:..:tics; (2) Annual Statistic:-> of Busine.,>s Colleges; (3) Annual 8tat istics of Private, Elementary and Secondary chooIR; (4) HtatiRtics of rniversities and Colleges; (5) Report on })Iay- J!rounds, etc., in {'anada; (ü) Historical Rtatistical Survey of Education in Canaùa; (7) Library Statistic" of Canada, lü20- 1; (R) Report of Con- ference on Education Htatisticf', held October 27-2R, lü20. GENERAL STATISTICS- EmplO1j1urnt.-l\Ionthly and Annual Reports and Index Kumbers by Localities and Industrie:-l. ('ormncrcinl }lailllres.- '!\Ionthly and Annual Reports. The Canada Year Book, 1921, with fronti piece "The Arms of Canada," map of Canada and 1\p\\follndl:md, a tatistical Runnnary of the Progress of C'anad3& since 1S71, and maps and diagrams, pp. i-xxiii, 1-90fL Contents: I. The Con titution and Government of Canada, hy S. A. Cud- more, B.A. (Tor.), l\I.A. (Oxon.), 1-'.8$., F. H. Econ. Soc., Editor Canada Year Book. II. Provincial and Local Government in Canada; Maritime l>rovinces, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Haf'katchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, by various writers. III. Chronological Hi tory of Canada. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREA.U OF STATISTICS 969 IV. Physical Characteristics of Canada, including special articles on Ceology and Economic :Minerals, Geology in Relation to Agri('ulture in Canada, the Flora of Canada, the Faunas of Canada, and Economic Geology of Canada, 1920-21. Y. Area and Population. YI. Education. VII. Climate amd :\Ieteorology, including article on the Climate of Canada since Confederation. YIII. Production, including article on the Develop- ment of Agriculture in Canada. IX. Trade and Commerce. X. Trans- portation and Communication . XI. Labour, '''ages and Prices. XII. Finance. XIII. Administration. XIV. Legislation and Principal Events of the Year, 1921. XY. Extracts from the Canada Gazette. The Canada Year Book, 1922-23: The official stati:,tical annual of the Physio- graphy, Resources, History, Inl'titutions and ocial and Economic Conditions of the Dominion, with Map of Canada and Xewfoundland, a Statif;tical fo:um- mary of the Progress of Canada, mapf;, diagrams, etc., pp. i-xxvii, 1-1038. Contents: I. Physical Characteristics of Canada (Geographical Features, Geology, Seismology, Flora, Faunas, Katural Resources, Climate and Meteorology). II. History and Chronology. III. The Constitution and General Government of Canada. IV. Provincial and Local Government in Canada. V. Parliamentary Repref;entation in Canada. YI. Population (Census, Yital Statistics, Immigration). VII. Production (General8urvey of Production, Agriculture, Forestry, Fur Trade, Fisheries, Mining, 'Yater Powers, :\Ianufactures, Construction). YIII. Tníde and Commerce (Exter- nal and Internal Trade). IX. Tran portation and Communications (Steam Railways, Electric Railways, Motor Yehicles, Air X avigation, Canals, Shipping, Kavigation, Telegraphs, Telephonef;, Express, Post Office). X. Labour, 'Yages and Prices. XI. Finance, Public and Private (Currency, Banking, Insurance, etc.). XII. Education. XIII. Miscellaneous Admin- istration (Public Health, HOf;pitals and Charities, Justice, Public Lands, Public Defence, Public 'Yorks, Indian Adminif;tration, etc.) XIY. Sources of Statistical and other Information Relative to Canada. XV. Annual Register for 1922-23-(Dominion and Provincial Legislation, Principal Events, Obituary, Government Appointments, etc.) II.-ACTS ADl\1I:\"ISTERED BY DOMINION DEPARTMENTS. List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from inform- ation supplied by the respective Departments. (Xumbers within parentheses denote chapters of the Revised fitatutes of Canada, 1906-R.S.C., 1906.) Justice.-Department of Justice (21); Solicitor General's (22); K orthwest Territories (62); Yukon ((j ); Dominion Police (9:!); Judges (l 8); Supreme Court (139); Exchequer Court (140); Admiralty (141); Petition of Right (142); Criminal Code (146); Penitentiary (147); Pri:--:ons and Rcform ltOIies (148); Identification of Criminals (149): Ticket of leave (1,')0); Fugitive Offenders' (154); Extradition (155); .Juvenile Delinquents (7-R Edw. YII, c. 40, 190R); Bankruptcy (c. 36, 1919). External Affairs.-The functions and duties of thi Department are defined by the Department of E:\.ternal Affai:'s Ad, 1912 (2 Geo. Y, c. 22) and by the Inter- national Boundary 'Yate:"F Tleaty Aet (1-2 Ceo. V, 1911, c. 8), as amended by the statute of April 3, 1914 (4 Ceo. Y, c. 5). Customs and Excise.-Cu toms Tariff; Customs; Canaùa Shipping (in part); Infectious and ContaJ!iolls Di eases affecting Anim. (in part); Destructive Insect and Pe t (in part); E:\.lJOrt; COPYli ht (in part); Petroleum and Naphtha; Inland Rcn'lll e; Special "-ar Revenue, 1915. Post Office.-Post Office; Pacific Cable; Parcel Post; Special "-ar Revenue (in part). . Agricu1ture.-E:\.l)erimental Farm tations; Fruit Act; Dairy Inùustry; Cold Storage; Cold Storage '''arehouse; Oleomargarine; :\rilk Test; Seed Control; Feeding tuffs; Live Stock Pedigree; Live Stock and Live Rtock Products; Animal Contagious Diseaæs; Meat and Canned Foods; Destructive Insect and Pest; Agricultural Instruction; Dairy Produce Act; Fertilizers Act; Section 235 Crin1Ïnal Code (Race Track netting). 970 SOURrES OF I.VFORJIATION ON CAiYADA Interior.-Department of the Interior; Dominion LaIH1R; Dominion Lands UlTeys: Forest Reserves and Parks; Irrigation; Railway Belt; R:1ÏlwDY Belt, \\-ater; Yukon; Yukon PIncer Mining; Dominion "Tater Power; L..'lnd Titles; Xorth\\est Game; Xorthwe::;t Territories; Ordnance and Admiralty Lamb; Re- clamation; Seed Grain; Migratory Birds Convention Act. Health.-Quarantine Act (74); Public 'Yorks Health Act (135); LepIOsy .\ct (1 6); Canada Shipping Act (Sick and Distresf:ed :\Iariners) (113); Proprietary or Patent ::\Iedicines Act (7-8 Edw. YlI, c. 56); Opium and Karcotic Drug Act; an Act respecting Food and Drugs; an Act respecting Honey; an Act respecting Maple I)roducts. Finance.-Department of Finance and Treasury Board; Appropriation; Superannuation and Retirement; Contingencief'; Conf'olidated Revelll:e and Audit; Currency; Ottawa Mint; Dominion Kate::;; Provincial Sub idies; Bank; f-;avings Bank; Penny Bank; Quebec avings Banks; Bills of E'.change; Intere,;t; The :-ipecial ""ar Revenue Act, 1915, and amendments, 19:!0 (in part); The Business Profit!' "7ar Tax Act, HH6, and amendments; Income \Yar Tax Act, Un7, and amendments; Finance Act; Ottawa Improvement Commif':-;ion .\ct. Kational Defence.-llIililia and Dlfwce.- Iilitia Act; Royal Military College Act; Militia Pension Act; Sect ions S5 and ü of the Criminal Code; the Air Board Act; Army Act; R{'gimental Debts Act; the Xational Defence Act, 1922. A-aml Service.-Kaval ervice Act (9-10 Edwanl YII, chapter 4:3); Kaval Dis('iplillc; Dominion Xaval Forces Act (8-9 George Y, chapter 34); the Kational Defence Act, 1922. Public \Yorks of Canaúa.-Public "-arks (30) and amendments (8-9 Geo. r, 1918, c. :37); Government Harbours and Piers, s. 5 (112); Xavigable 'Yaters Protection, s. 7 (115) and amendments (S-9 Geo. Y, 1918, c. 33); Telegraph Secrecy (l2ü); Dry Dock Hub idie8 (9-10 Edw. YII, 1910, c. 17); an .-\.C't to amend the Kavigable "raters Protection Act (9-10 Edw. YII, 1910, c. 44): an _-\.ct to authorize the payment of a subsidy to the CoJlingwood hiphuildiJlg Co., Ltd. (2 Geo. V, 1912, c. 17); an Act to amend the Dry Do('k Subsidics Apt, HHO (2 Geo. V, 1912, c. 20); an Act to amend the Governmcnt 'Yorks Toll Ad, H..S.C., 1906, c. 40 (2 Geo. Y, IPI2, c. 26); an .\.ct to incorporate the Xational Gallery of Canada (3-4 Oeo. Y, 1913, c. 33); an Act to authorize the pa 'ment of a sub!'idy to the "Testern Dry Dock and Shiphuilding Co., Ltd. (3-4 Ceo. V, 1913, c. 57); Acts to amend the Dry Do('k Sub idies Act, 1910 (4-5 Ceo. Y, 1914, c. 29, 7- Geo. V, 1917, c. 27 and !1-1O Geo. V, 1919, c. 51); Act to ('onfinn an agreemcnt between His Majesty the King and the Corporation of the City.of Otta\\a (10-11 Geo. Y, c. I;")); Ferries Act, R. .C., 190ü, c. 108, transferred by Ordcr in Council, 3rd June, lUIS, for :.lIlminis- tration hy Public" arks Department. Trade and Commerce.-Grain Act Con:-;olidation; EledriC'ity and Fluid E"l)Ortation; ElcctIicity In pe{'tion; Ele(.trical Lnits; (;olù and Bilver Iarking; Gas In::.pection; In Jlection and Sale; Inspection of "ater :\Ieter!'; Petroleum Bounty; Stati;;;tics; Timber l\Iarking; 'Yeights and l\Ieasmes In peetion; Copy- right Act; Cullers Act; Patent Act; Trade :\Iark and De ign .\ct. Labour.-conciliation and Labour (96); Industrial Disputes Investigation (()-7 Ed",. YII, 1!)07, c. 20); Fair Wages Resolution of the House of Commons; Employmcnt Offices Co-ordination Act ( -9 Geo. Y, ('. 21); The Technical Edu('ation Act (9-10 Ueo. V, c. 73); The Goycrmnent Annuities .\ct, 190 . Secretary of State.-Companies; Katuralization; Canada Temperance; Boards of' de; Trade Unions; ".ar Charities, uni. Railways and CanaIs.-Department of Railways and Canals (35); Govern- ment Railways (36); Intercolonial and P.E.I. Railway Employees' Provident Fund (6-7 Ed\\. VII, c. 22); The Government Railways mall Claims (9-10 Edw. vII, c. 2ü); and amendments to forcgoiD-g Acts; Acts to amend the K ational Trans- continental Railway Act (4-5 Geo. Y, c. 43 and 5 Ceo. V, c. 18) and to amend the Govennnent H.aih\ ay Act and authori7e the purcha!'e of cert ain Railways (5 Geo. V, c. 16); an Act to incorporate Canadian Kational Railway Company and respect- ing Canadian Xational Railways (H-1O Ceo. V, c. 13) and amending Act (JO-ll Ceo. Y, c. 39); an Act to provide compcn:-.ation \\here employees of His :\l:1je:-;ty are killed or suffer injuries while performing their duties (S-9 Geo. Y, c.!.) and PUBLICATIO^?S OF DOMIKION DEP 4RT..lJENTS 971 amending Act (9-10 Geo. Y, c. 14); the Canada Highway Act (9-10 Geo. Y, c. 54); the acquisition of the preference and common stock of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada (10 Geo. V, e. 17, 10-11 Ceo. V, c. 13 and 11-12 Geo. V, c. 9). The Railway Act, 1919 (Companies) (9-10 Geo. V, e. 68) confers certain powers upon the Minister of the Department. In the case of subsidized railways the authorizing Acts are carried out under the Department which has also certain jurisdiction where goyernment guarantee has been given. Marine.-Department of Marine and Fisheries; Government Vessels Disci- pline; Government Harbours and Piers; Canada Shipping and amending Acts (6-7 Geo. V, ce. 12 and 13); Xayigable 'Vaters Protection; Quebec Harbour and River Police; Live Rtock Shipping; an Act to amend the Vancouver Harbour Com- missioners' Act (()-7 Oeo. Y, c. 9); an Act transferring Rights and Powers in Harbour of Rt. John, K.B., to a Board of three Commissioners approved by Order in Council; The Vancouver Harbour Advances \ct, 1919; an Act fixing the rate of interest to be paid on loans by Hi:,; :\Iajesty to the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal ami Quebec; an .\ct to amenù the Canada Rhipping Act (Transfers and l\Iortgagps of hips), pas ed during the session of HH9-20; Canada Shipping Acts (10-11 Ceo. Y, CC. 5, 6, 2:3, 38 and 70) relating respectively to certificates of service, steamboat in:,;pection, pilotage, sick and di:--:eased mariners and shipbuilding; an Act to extend the time for the payment of certain debentures i sued by the Harbour Commissioners of :\Iontreal (11-12 Geo. Y, c. 11); an Act to amend the Canada Shipping Act (11-12 Geo. V, c. 19); an Act respecting the Lake of the "Toads and other waters (11-12 Gpo. Y, c. 38). Indian Affairs.-Th Indian Act, 1906, with amendments to date. King's Printer and Controller of Stationery.-Publie Printing and Station- ery (80) (10 Ceo. V, c. '27. UHO). Mines.-Geology and :\Iincs (6-7 Edw. VII, 1907, c. 29); Explosives (4-5 Geo. V, 1914, c. 31). IlL-PUBLICATIONS OF DOMINIO DEPARTMENTS. List of Principal Publications of the Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments. Customs and Excise.-.\nnual Report containing Tables of Imports, Exports, Customs and Inland Hcyem:p. \.nnual Report of Shipping. Post Office,-Annual Report of the Postma:-;ter General. Official Po:--:tal Guide. Rc ulations as to pared post and rural mail delivery. AgricuIture.-The Agricultural Gazette of Canada, subscription, $I per year (bi-monthly). Annual Report:" of the l\Iini:,;ter, of the E....perimental Farms and Stations, of the Yeterinmy Director General and of the Entomolugical Braneh. Bulletins, pamphlets, and eirculan.; of the E)..}'erimental Farms Branch on a great variety of agricultural subjeds, including publications of the following nine divi- ons: Field HURbandry; Animal lh;f'bamhy; Hortieulture; .Cereal; .Chemistry; Jiorage Plants; Botany; Poultry and Túbaeco. easonahle IImts are Issued three times a year. Bulletins of the Dairy and Cold torag;e Branch relating to the dairying and cold :,;turage industries in Canada, the making of butter and chee:,;e, cow testing, dain"ing experiments, eo-operation, etc. Reports, bulletins, pamphlets, etc., of thè Liye I4tock Branch on cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, marketing of eggs, wool, etC'. Bulletins of the Health of Animals Branch with regulations as to contagious abortion; rabies; sheep scab; actinomycosis; anthrax; landers; hog cholera; maladie clu coit; tuberculosis; foot-and-mouth di:,;ease; quarantine and meat inspeC'tion. Bulletins and Reports of the Seed Branch as to Seed-testing, the production anù u:-'e of seed grains, the Seed Control Act, and the Fertilizers Act. Bulletins and cirC'ulars of the Entomologieal Branch and inst ructions to importers of nursery stock. Reports of the Canadian Reed Grow- ers' A5sociation. Fodder and Pasture Plants, by George H. Clark, B.S.A., and M. Oscar l\.Ialte, Ph.D., 143 pages, 27 plates, price 50 cents. Bulletin on the Maple Sugar Indu try; .\gricultural Instruction Act; Publications Filing Sy tem. 972 SOURCES OF n,;FORMA.TIOX OX CAA-AD.{ Dominion Experimental Farms.-(I) Report of the Director (contains sum- mary of reports of Divisions, Farms and Stations); (2) Animal Husbandry Divi- sian; (3) Bee Division; (4) Botanv Division; (5) Chemistry Diviflion; (6) Field Husbandrv Division; (7) Illustration Stations Division; (8) Poultry Division; (9) Tobacco Division; (10) Horticultural Division; (11) Cereal Division; (12) Forage Crops Division; Experimental Farms and Stations Reports: (13) Ag-assiz, B.C.; (14) Indian Head, Sask.; (15) Nappan, K.S.; (16) Charlottetown, P.E.I.: (7) Invermere, B.C.; (18) Sidney, B.C.; (19) Brandon, Ian.; ( O) Morden, ::\lan.; (21) Cap Rouge, Que.; (22) Scott, Sask.; (23) Swift Current, Sask.; (24) Kapuskasing, Ont., and La Ferme, Que.; (25) Kentville, N.S.; (26) Lennox- ville, Que.; (27) Ste. Anne de la Pocatière, Que.; (28) Rosthern, Sask.; (29) Lethbridge, Alta.; (30) Lacombe, Alta.; (31) ummerland, B.C.; (32) Ex-peri- mental Sub-stations-Beaverlodge, Alta.; Fort Yermilion, Alta.; Grouard, AHa.; :Fort Resolution, X.'YoT.; Swede Creek, Yukon; Salmon Arm, B.C. The pamphlet entitled" List of Publications" contains a list of the publi- cations of the DeDartment numbering more than three hundred. The e publications include, in addition to the reports, bulletins and pamphlets on field crops, live stock, dairying, orchard and garden insects and plant diseases, poultry and miscel- laneous topics. 'With few exceptons, the publications of the Department are free on application to its Publications Branch. Interior.-.Annual Report, including Reports from the Dominion Lands Surveys, Dominion Parks, ForE'stry. Irriark; Map of Mount Re\"elstoke Xational Park; Map of "\\'"aterton Lakes National Park; :\Iap of Central part of Jasper Kational Park; Map of Banff and vicinity; Migratory Birùs Convention Act; Bird Hou es and t heir Occupants; Lessons on Bird Protection; Loi concernant les Oiseaux Migra- teurs; ::\laisons d'Oiseaux et leurs Occupants; Oiseau'i: d'un .Jardin l\.Ianitobainj La Prohibition de la Cha<;se au Prilltemps; Les Oiseam: Sauv.lges; Les Oiseaux Pl'BLICATIO:VS OF DOMliYION DEPARTlvIEJ.;TS 975 Amis du Canada; Historic Sites series No.1, The Lake Erie Cross, French and English; H.S. 8eries No.2, Guide to Fort Chambly, French and English; H.S. Series 1\0.3, Guide to Fort Lennox, French and English; H.S. Series Xo. 4, Guide to Fort Anne, English. Forestry.-Annual Reports of the Director of Forestry, 1914, 1915, 1917 to 1922 (inclusive). Bulletins (where number and title are omitted, the document is out of print): (1) Tree-Planting on the Prairies; (11) Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Lumber, Square Timber, Lath, and Shingles; (14) Do.: Cross-tics pur- chased; (22) Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Cross-ties; (23) Do.: Timber used in l\Iining Operations; (27) Do.: Cooperage; (34) Do.: Lumber, Square Timber, Lath, and Shingles; (35) Do.: Poles and Cross-ties; (36) "rood-using Industries of Ontario; (38) Forest Products of Canada, 1912: Pulpwood; (39) Do.: Poles and Ties; (40) Do.: Lumber, Square Timbf'r, Lath, and Shingles; (46) Forest Products of Canada, 1913: Pulpwood; (48) Do.: Lumber, Lath, and Shingles; (49) Treated wood-block Paving; (51) Game Preservation in the Rocky l\Iount- ains Forest Reserve; (52) Forest Products of Canada, 1913 (being Nos. 46, 47, and 48); (53) Timber Conditions in the Smoky River Valley and Grande Prairie Country; (54) Forest Products of Canada, 1914: Pulpwood; (56) Do.: Lumber, Lath, and Shingles; (57) Forest Products of Canada, 1914: (Bulletins 54, 55, '1nd 56); (58 a) Forest Products of Canada, 105: Lumber, Lath, and Shingles; (58b) Do.: Pulpwood; (58c) Do.: Poles and Cross-ties; (59) Canadian Woods for Struf'tural Timbers; (60) Canadian Douglas Fir: its mechanical and physical propertics; (61) Xative Trees of Canada (price, 50 cents); (63) " ood-using Indus- tries of Quebec; (65) Forest Products of Canada, 1917: Poles and Cross-ties; (66) rtilization of "-aste Sulphite Liquor (price, 50 cents); (67) Creosote Treat- ment of Jack Pine and Eastern Hemlock for Cross-ties; (68) Forest Fires in Canada, 1917; (6g) The Care of the 'Voodlot; (70) Forest Fires in Canada, 1918; (71) Canadian t;itka Spruce: its mechanical and physical properties; (72) Success in Prairie Tree Planting; t73) Tree-repuiring; (74) Distillation of Hardwoods in Canada (price, 25 centf:). Circulars' (5) Planning a Tree Plantation for a Prairie Home tead; (6) Preservative Treatment of Fence-posts; ( ) The Forest Products Laboratories; (9) Chemical Method for 'Ctilizing 'rood "-astes; (12) The Empire Timber Exhibition; (13) The Cascara Tree in British Columbia; (14) Commercial Forest Trees of Canada; (15) Historical Sketch of Canada's Timber Industry. 1 Ianual: l\Iethods of Communication Adapted to Forest Protection (price, $1.00, post-free). Dominion Forestry Branch :Message Code (price, 10 cents, post-free). NorthlDest Territories and Yuknn.-Xortlmest Territories Act; North- west Territories Game Act; l\ligratory Birds Convention Act; :Korthwest Terri- tories Timbcr Regulations; Northwest Territories Hay and Grazing Regulations; Yukon Territory, its History and Resources; Yukon Act; Yukon Land Regulations; Yukon Homestead Regulations; Yukon Hay and Grazing Regulations; Korth- "est Tet:ritories Oil and Gas Regulations; Report of the Royal Commission upon the possibilities of the Reindeer and l\lusk-O Industries in the Arctic and Sub- Arctic Regions of Canada; l\lanual for Uperators under Oil and Gas Regulations. Immigration and Colonization.-Atlas of Canada, United Kingdom and rnited tates editions. Eastern Canada, rnited Kingdom and United States editions. Canada "-est, 'Cnited Kingdom and Puited States editions. Report of thc Chief Inspector of British Immigrant Children. Immigration Act and Regu- lations. A :Manual of Citizenship. Annual Report. Finance.-Annu l Reports 01 the Public Accounts of the Dominion of Canada. l\lonthly Statcments of the Chartered Bank" of Canada. Estimates. Insurance.-QuarterIy Statement showing List of Licensed Companies. Annual Abstract of f-:tatements of Insurance Qompanies in Canada (subject to corref'tion). Annual Reports of the Insurance Department, Vol. I (Fire and l\Iiscellaneous), Yol. II (Life Companies). Annual List of Securities held by Insurance Companies in Canada with Department's Valuation thereof. Annual Report of Loan and Trust Companies incorporated by the Dominion. National Defence.-Militia and Eefence.-Annual Report; Militia List; Militia Orders; General Orders. Naval SenPice.-Xaval Service Annual Report. 976 SOUR('ES OF INFORMATION ON CA.v 1DA The :Kaval f;ervice Department was established bv Ad of Parliament in 1910. It comprised Kaval Service, Fi!'heries Protection ervice, Tiùal and Current Survey, HYdrographic Survey and Hadiotelegraph Sel"' ice. Trade and Commerce-Annual Report. Annual Hcport reMail Suhsidies and Steamship Subventions. Annual Report of Boarò of Grain Commissioners for Canada. Annual Report of 'Y cights and Measures, EI('ctriC'ity and Gas. Final Report of the Fuel Controller (1919).List of Liccnscd Elcyators, etC'. Grain Inspcct- ion in Canada, (1914). Publications of the Commercial Intelligcnce BranC'h. Commercial Intelligence Journal (\\reekly). Traòc with China and Japan (1914). Russian Trade (1916). The German "-ar and its relations to Canadian Trade (1914). Toy-making in Canada (1916). The Timber Import Traòe of Australia (1917). Barbados, Preferential Tariff 'of. Canadian Economic Commission to Siberia (1919), Confidential Appendix. Canada-"Test Indies Conference (1920). Dominion Grain Research Laboratory (1920). Electrical Standards and their application to trade and commerce. Mexico as a fielrl for Exports (1921). l\Iotion Pictures, Catalogue of. Report of Special Trade Commission to Great Britain, France and Italy-French and English (1916). Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Oflice. Patent Office Record (weekly). Trade aftcr the 'Yar (916). Trade of the Ì\e\\ Countries of f:;outh East Europe (1921). Trade between Canada and the British " est Indies Colonies (1920). 'Vest Africa and its Opportunities for Canadian Trade (1921). Chinese l\Iarkets for Canadian Products (19HI). Imports into Canada from the United States (1921). :Markets of Jamair'a, find the Republics of Colomhia, Venezuela, and Panama (1922), price, 3.3 cents. Pack- ing for Overseas l\Iarkets. The Indian Empire as a 1ar1.et for Canadian Products (1922). Trade with Egypt (1921). Traòe with Greece (HI21). Trade with outh China .(IUl ). Trading Opportunities in Rcandinavia (1922). Trading \\ith Spain (1920). Trading" ith Switzerland (1922). Pu 1 1licalions of the Dom1.nion Bureau of SlnHstics.-For t l}(' publiC'ations of the Bureau, covering the field of Canadian f.tati..;tics, sec page !161-!)liU. Labour.-l\1onthly: The Labour Gazctte (publishcd in English and Frcneh at the subscription price of 20 cents per annum, averaJ!ing over 100 pagcs monthly.) Annually: Report of the Department of Lanour. Rcport of Proceedings undcr the Industrial Disputes Investigation Art, H107. Labour OrganÏl:ation in Canada, (a Report is puhlished for eaC'h ycar ahout ::\1ay or June). Labour Legislation of Canada as e"\.isting Decemher 31, 1920. (A supplcmcntary Report on Labour Legislation during the preccùinJ! year is published annually in April or May). Report of Proccedings under the El ployment Offices Co-ordination Act. Report of Proceedings under the Technical Education Act. RcpOl t of Proceedings under the Govcrnment Annuities Act. Secretary of State.-Annualltcport. Regulations and D(';;;patches Respect- ing Extradition Procecdings. Li::,t of Companies Incorporated under the various Companies Acts of the Parliament of Canada from ISßÎ to Decemher 31, 1913. Copies of Proclamations, Orders in Council and Documents relating to the European "r ar . l\Iethod of conducting correspondence between the Dominion and Provincial Governments. Railways and Canals.-Annual Report of the Department. Publications of the High\Hty::; Branch. Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada.-Annual Report. Judge- mentf:. Ordcrs. R('gulatiolls and Rulings. Marine and Fisheries.-::\Iarine \nnual Report, containing lIarhour Com- missionf:, etc. Steamboat Inf:pection. List of Canadian hipping. Report:,; of Expeditions to Hudson Bay, Xorthern 'Vaters and Arctic \rC'hipehtgo. Canadian Port Dirf>ctory. List of Lights, etc., in Canada: (a) Pacific Coa<;lj (b) Atlantic Coast; (c) Inland Waters. Tidal and Current Survcy.-Tidc Tables, puhlishcd annually, for the East Coast, Pacific Coast, and lIudi"on Bay and Htrait; also thrce abridged editions for St. Lawrence region, Bay of Fundy and Btrait of Georgia. Currents in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the elltrallee to the St. Lawrence, and the Southeast Coasts of Newfoundland and Belle Isle f'trait. Tables of Currents in the Bay of Fundy. Tides at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Tide levels On the Ea<;t Coast of Canada and Pacific Coai"t. Tides and Tidal ::5treams, a g('llcral e:\.lllanat ion of the tides. PUBLICATIOXS OF DOJIINION DEPARTMENTS 977 Radiotelegraph Branch.-Proceedings of the International Radiotelegraph Conference in London, 1912. Chart showing the Radiotele raph stations in the Dominion of Canada. Postmaster General's Handbook for Radiotelegraph Oper- ators (Instructions re handling of traffic, etc.). Hydrographic Survey.-International 'Vaterways Commission Report. Sail- ing Directions: St. Lawrence Pilot above Quebec; St. Lawrence Pilot below Quebec (EnJrlish and French); Sailing Directions for the Canadian Shores of Lake Ontario; Canadian Shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay; Sailing Directions for the Canadian Shores of Lake Superior. Charts: 34 charts at the St. Lawrence river between Pointe-des-Monts and Cornwall; Ottawa river: 2 sections covering Lake of Two Mountains; Lake Ontario: 11 coast charts with plans of harbours; Lake Erie: 2 sheets, plans of harbours and anchorages; Lake Huron: 6 coast charts; Georgian Bay: 2 charts; North Channel of Lake Huron: 3 charts; Lake Superior: 12 coast charts; Lake 'Vinnipeg: 2 charts; Pacific Coast in the vicinity of Prince Rupf'rt and Queen Charlotte Islands: 11 charts; Atlantic Coast in the vicinity of Halifax Harbour, :-;1. John Harbour and Sydney: 7 charts; Hudson Bay: 7 charts; International 'Yaterways Commission Boundary charts between S1. Regis and Pigeon bay: 29 charts; Gulf of St. Lawrence in the vicinity of Port Borden and Bathurst: 2 charts; Gulf Telegraph chart of the gulf of St. Lawrence, lower St. L'1.wrence River to Montreal and l\1aritime Provinces showinfl the telegraph and telephone lines and stations, radiotelegraph, storm and marine signal stations, light-houses and fog alarms operated by or for the Government of Canada, the railway lines, submarine cables, tracks of vessels and tables of nautical distances: one chart; Charts of the S1. Lawrence river between Cape Magdalen and Cornwall: 40 charts; the Savuenay river, vicinity of Chicoutimi: 1 chart; Lake of the 'Yoods: 1 chart; Vicinity of Vancouver island and adjacent mainland: 4 charts. Indian Affairs.-Annual Report. Indian Act, 1906, with amendments to date. Schedule of Indian Reserves, 1913. Indian Treaties and Surrenders, Vols. I, II, Ill. . King's Printer and Controller of Stationery.-The Canada Gazette, published weekly by authority, with occao.;ional supplements and extras, sub- scription, $4 per annum payable in advance, single copies, 10 cents each. (Contains weekl) a list of current Government publications, as required by Order in Council 1,522). .Judgments of the Board of Railway Commi8sioners, bi-monthly, 0;;;3 per annum, sinp-le copies, 20 cents; Canada Law Reports, published monthly, yearly subscription, 6. Dominion Statutes, 1922, $4. Acts, Public and Private. with amendments to date, 10 cents to $1.00 a copy. Canadian Postal Guide, 50 cents yearly, supplements, 25 cents. Parliamentary Debates, .. Hansard," issued daily during session, French and EnJ!lish, 53 per session each for House of Commons and Senate Debates, single copies, 5 cents. Prices of blue-books are in nearly every casc pJ"Ïnted upon the front cover and are based practically On the cost of paper and pres8wor..... They may be ordered direct from the Superintendent of Stationery, Department of Public Printing and Stationery, or thlOuph any bookseller in the Dominion. Mines.-The Work of the Department of Mines, chiefly scientific and investi- gatory, is performed by the Department's four principal units, viz: the Geological Surve v , Mines Branch, Victoria :\Iemorial Museum Branch, and the E'-1>losives Division. The Geological Survcy carries on areal and economic investiJration and research work in mineralogy; The Mines Branch carries on field and laboratory investi- Jrations for the furtherance of the mining and metallurgical industries, and the compilation of statistics and information relating to them; the Victoria Memorial Museum Branch carries on scientific investigations in anthropoloJrY, archæology, zoology and botany; and the Explosives Division, in the administration of the Explosives Act, 1914. has supervision of the manufapture, testing, storage and importation of ð.l)losives, and the issuing of licenses under the A.ct. The Department of Mincs publishes an annual administrative report covering the activities of the whole Department, and the branches publish annual reports as wcll as memoirs and bulletins on special investigations. The Geological Survey Bmnch, from 1842 to 1904, published annual volumes. From 1904 to 1910 upwards of 80 reports were issucd, all separately. Since then, the publications have consisted of memoirs and bulletins appearing at irregular 6 373-62 97h SOUR(,E::) OF 1.\ FOR \fA FlUX OX CLLVAn.l intervals, an annual report and miscellaneous publications, including Geological Guide Books and Handbooks. The subjects dealt with include Areal and Economic Geology of particular districts, Mineralogy, Palæontology, Ornithology, Botany, Anthropology and related topics. Publications on th(' last three subjects, namely, Ornithology, Botany and Anthropology, as well as all Biological papers, are issued by the newly constituted Victoria P.lemorial ftlusemnBmnch. The P.fines Bmnch, from its beginnin in 1908, has published annual reports of Mineral Production and summary reports covering the investigations of th(' l\Ietalliferous and Non-::\Ietalliferous Mines Divisions, the Fuel Testing and Ore- Dres:,;ing Divisions, and the Ceramic, Road l\laterials and Chemical Divisions, and the operations of the Dominion Assay Office. Reports have also been publish- ed, d('aling with the technology of most of the economic minerals of Canada. The Explosives Division has published annual reports since un9. The publications of the Department of Mincs cover the Geology and Mineral Resources of the greater part. of Canada. l\Iost of the reports are available free of charge, or for a nominal priee, all application to the Deputy Minister of Mines. Some of the reports may be had in French translations. Commission of Conservation.-Annual R('ports. 1910-19; Fire Waste in Canada, J. Grove Smith; Altitudes in Canarla, James \rhite, F.R .S.C., F.R.G.S.; Dictionary of Altitudes in Canada, James "'hite, F.R.S.C., F.R.G.S. For the numerous other reports of the Commission of Conservation, s('e 1919 Canada Year Book, pp. 635-636. Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.-Annual Reports of the Administrative Chairman, 1917-18, 1918-19, lÇ119-20, 1920-21 and 1921-22. General Reports.-(l) The Briquetting of Li nites, R. A. Ross, E.E.; (2) The Recovery of vapours from gas('s, Harold S. Davis, l\I.A., Ph.D., Mary Davidson Davis, B.A.; (3) The de-tarring of Gas by Electrical precipitation, J. G. Davidson, Ph.D.; (4) Kicotine and Tobacco \\?aste, A. D. Hone, M.A.; (5) Canadian 'Yaste Sulphite Liquor as a source. of Alcohol, Vernon K. Krieble, Asst. Prof., Dept. Chemistry, McGill University. (6) An Investi ation into the Question of early Putrefaction of Eviscerated FJsh in which the Gills have been left, Louis Gross, M.D.; (8) A methorl of Smelting Titaniferous Iron Ore, W. M. Goodwin, B.A., B.Sc.; (9) Food Requirements of the H.anch Fox, G. Ennis Smith, B.A., B.Sc.; (10) Fuel Saving Possibilities in House Heating, L. M. Arh.ley, !\1.Sc. and James Govan. Bulletins: (1) The need for Industrial Hesearch in Canada, Frank D. Adams, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S.; (2) Researches on Sound Measurement, Louis V. King, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.C.; (3) How to Handle Frozen Fish, R E. Prince, D.Sc., LL.D.; (4) Hints on Frozen Fish, E. E. Prince, D.Sc., LL.D.; (.5) Science and Industry, Prof. J. C. Fields, Ph.D., F.R.S.; (6) The Heating of Houses, Coal and Electricity Compared, A. R. L. Barnes; (7) The manufacture of Ethyl Alcohol from Wood "Taste, G. H. Tomlinson, B.A.; (8) Some Problems of the Fox Raising Industry, A. Hunter, l\I.A., B.Sc., l\I.B., Ch.B.; (9) The Honorary Advi- sory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and its \\rork, Frank D. Adams, ScD., LL.D., F.R.S.; (10) A Plan for the Development of Industrial Research in Canada, R. F. Ruttan, B.A., M.D., D$c., F.R.S.C.; (11) Red Discolouration of Cured Codfish, by F. C. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.C. and l\Iiss l\Iargaret E. Kennedy, B.A., l\I.Sc.; (12) The Discolouration, Smut or Blackening of Canned Lobster, by F. C. Harrison, D$c., F.R.S.C. and Eo G. Hood, Ph.D. Copies of these Reports and Bull('tins "ill he forwarded gratis to persons interested, upon request to the Sc('retary of the Council for Scientific and Indus- trial Research. Civil Service Commission.-Annual H,('port, including lists of p('rmanent appointments, promotions and transfers. Regulations of the Civil Service Com- mission. General Information respecting Civil Service E"\.aminations. Department of lIealth.-" The Cana.dian l\Iother's Book"; General Venereal Disease Circular Ko. 1 to the l\Iedical Profession of Canada: "Information concern- ing Venereal Di:-;ease"; General V enercal Disease Circular No. 2 to the Medical Profession of Canada: "\V assermann Test"; General \" ener<>al Diseaf:e Circular No.3 to the l\1cdical Profession of Canada: "l\Iicroscopic :Examination"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 4 to the Medical j>rofession of Canada: "Diagnosis and Treatment of Venereal Disease If; General Venereal Disease Circular No.1 PUBLICATIOl\?S OF PROYI.YCL4L GOVERf\;JIESTS 979 to the Public: "Information for Men"; General Venereal Disease Circular o. 2 to the Public: "Information for Young Women "; General Venereal Disease Circular No.3 to the Public: "Information for Parents." Little Blue Books, Home Series: (1) Good Wishes for you from Canada; (2) How to Build the Cana- dian House; (3) How to Make our Canadian Home; (4) How to Make Outpost Homes in Canada; (5) Canadians Need l\lilk; (6) How we Cook in Canada; (7) How to Manag;e Housework in Canada; (8) How to Take Care of Mother; (9) How to Take Care of the Family; (10) How to Take Care of the Baby; (11) How to Take Care of the Children; (12) Household Cost Accounting; in Canada; (13) How to Take Care of I-Iouf'chold \Yaste; (14) How to Avoid Accidents and Give First Aiel. All published in French and English. Other Departments.-In addition to the publications above enumerated, annual reports are issued by the Department of Justice on the Penitentiaries of Canada, the Department of External Affairs, the Public 'Yorks and the Auditor General. IV.-PUBLICATIONS OF PROYINCIAL DEPARTIVIENTS. List of Principal Publica dons of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as compiled from informa tion supplied by the respective Governments. Note.-The numbers within brackets are t.he numbers of the Bulletins. The publications of the larver provinces are arranged by Departments. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Journal of the Legislative Assembly. Statutes. General index to Statutes of P.E.I., 1869-1918. Royal Gazette. Annual Reports of the Provincial Auùitor on Public Accounts and of the Departments of Public " orks, Education, Agriculture, Falconwood Hospital (for the Insane) ana. 'ïtal Statistics. NOVA SCOTIA. Royal Gazette. Statutes, Journals and Proceedings of Le islative Council. Journals and Proceedings of the House of Assembly. Journal of Education. Man- ual of the Public Instruction Arts and Regulations of the Council of Public Instruc- tion, 1921. .Annual Reports on Public Accounts, Yital tatistics, Statistics of Incor- poratea Towns and l\IunjC'ipalities, Public Health, Education, Industries and Immigration, Auiculture, ('rown Lands, Mines, Sub:-;iùized Railways and other Public Worlu3. Rural Telephones, Humane Institutions, Public Charities, inC'luding report of Hospital and E'anatorium, Penal Institutions, Neglected Children, Temper- ance, Publicity, Printing', Legislative Library, Utiljty Boara and "Torkmen's Com- pensation Board. Alf:o Annual Reports CJf the Provincial Secretary, the Factory Inspector and of the Highway Board, Power Commission and Game Commissioners. NEW BRUNSWICK. Royal Gazette. Statutes. Annual Reports of the Auditor General, of the Board of Health, of the Departments of Education and -\!!Ticulture (including Horti- culture), Annual Reports on Public 'Yorks, Cro\\n Lands, the Hospital for the Insane, the Factory Report, Report of the Jordan Memorial Tuberculosis Sana. torium at River Glade, Heport of "-omen's Institutes, and Report of Chief Inspector under Prohibition Act, Report of the 'Yorkmen's Compensation Board. Official Year Book. QUEBEC. Note.-The titles of publications available in the English language are printed in English. Attorney General.-Annual Report of Prison Inspectors; Annual Report of Public Utilitie:-; Commission. . Provincial Secretary.-Annual Report of the Secretary and Registrar; Annual Report of the Superior Board of Health of the Province of Quebec; Statistical Year Boo}l-; Education Statistics; J1'inancial Statistics of School Corporations; Municipal t;tatistics (annual); Judicial Stati tics (annual); Statistics of the Penal Establishments (annual); Statistics of the Benevolent Institutions (annual); The 623ï3-62! 9 0 SOCRCES OF LYFORJIATIOX OX CANADA. ()ffiC'ial Gazette (weekly); The Statutes of the Province (annual); Hevised Statutes of the Province (1!109); I..ist of Municipal Corporations (annual); Rapport de l' Ârchiviste. Treasury.-_\.nnual Statement of Public Accounts; _\.nnual Estimates. Lands and Forests.-Ânnual Report of the Minister; Surveyed Townships and E -plored Territories, 1889; Richesse Forestière de la Province de Québec. J. C. Langelier, 1905; La Forêt, Fernow, 1905; \rbres de Commerce de la Pro- vince de Québec, H)()(j; Table of Families of Twelve Children, Eugène Rouillard, 1904, 1906; Townships Hurveyed and Territories E plored, 1!108; List of Timber License Holders, 1911; Dictionnaire des Lacs et Rivières de la Province de Qu{>bec, Eugène Rouillard, 1914, Bulletin !\('. 1 of the Forestry Service; Table of "Tater Powers granted by the Province of Quebec, from lst July, 1867, to 31st December, 1913. A. Amos; Bulletin 1\0. 2 of the Forestry Service. Piché and Bédard, 1914; No.1, La Rouille vésiculaire dn Pin blanc, G. C. Piché; The 'Vater Powers in the Province of Quebec (Illustrated), 1917; Komenclature of the Geographical Kames in the Province of Quebec, Quebec Geol?;raphical Commission; Annual Report of the Quebec Streams Commission; Circulaire Ko. 3, Les Industries forestièrcs de la Province de Québec, G. C. Piché. Agriculture.-...4nnu.al Reports: Department of AgriC'ulture; Competition for Agricultural Merit; Dairymen's A,'isoC'iation; Pomological Society; Journal of Avriculture and Horticulture, illustrated monthly. Bulletins: (1) Plans de froma- geries et beurreries; (2) Le Drainave Pratique, G. lichaUfI, 1914; (7) Le Cheval du Cultivateur, J. D. Duchêne (French and English), 1914; (R) Culture des Céréales, Collège Iacdonald, Im4; (4) La Culture du Trèfle; (IS) La Culture du Blé- d'Inde I.'ourrager; (16) Guide de l'Arboriculteur; (24) The Great Fallacy of "rhite Bread; (25) Etude Sommaire sur les Céréales; (29) Choix de la Semence; (39) Celery Culture; (40) How to Plant your Fruit Trees; (42) De la Protection des Plantes; (43) Bean Culture; (44) Yegetable Culture; (45) I.i:.:te des Prési- dents et Secrétaires des HoC'iNé." AgriC'oles; (47) Le Lapin; (48) raI1Uel de m{>de- cine Vétprinaire; (4!1) Home Cannirw: of Fruit Products; (50) Sheep Raising for Profit in Qt:ebec; (52) Breeders' Guide of the Province of Quebec; (53) Le FumiN de Fermc-Composition-Valeur-Conservation; (55) L'élevage des volaille. dans les 'ïlles et les Villages; (.='>6) De la Culture de Racines Fourragères; (û1) Les e'ngrais Chimiques et amendements; (6 ) Le Rucher qu{'hecois; (64) Traitement-: des semenC'e"; (6.=5) Le Paratonnerre; (66) Comment. et pourquoi produire des fraise's; (67) Insectes Kui:--:ihles aux ...\nimaux de la ferme; (69) Ennemis des jardins ('t vergers; (70) La rotation expliqlL'e; (ïl) Le paienwnt du lait et de la C'rème', (72) Kos Erablières; (73) Instruction aux élèves fermicrs; (Uy Engrais:;;ement de la volnille; (7;;) Chaux et calcnire pulvérisl'; (77) ::\bnucl de la Cui:--:ínière; (78) J..e'3 Engines à fInsoline. CiTl:Ulars: (3) La Paule C'ouveuse et les Poussins; (15) La Diarrhée chez les Pouf'sins; (22) Concours d':Etables; (25) Culture du :Maïs; (27) Calendrier d'.\rrosage pour les Yergers; (28) Wheat GrO\\ing; (30) De la Culture de l'Orp"e; (31) De la Culture de l'Avoine; (32) De la Culture du Lin; (33) Pulvérisation pour les Yergers-PotaJ!ers; (35) Culture des Poi:--:; (36) Culture des Haricots; (38) Cnlendrier gén{>ral d'Arrosage; (39) r age du l\Iipl à la laison; (41) Pommes de terre à la cuisine. Roads.-Annual Report of the rinister of Hoads; Loi concernant Ie dl-parte- ment de la voirie. Department of Colonization, l\Iines and Fisheries.-::\Iin{>ralogie pratique à l'usage de'3 l'ro pedeurs, par J. ()halski (1910); Fur J.'arming in the Province of Quehec, lU21; 1\Iine and ::\line'rals of the l'rovinC'e of Qucbec, hy Théo. C. Deni-; (1914); Iron ores of the Province of Quehec, hy P. ,,-. Dulieux (HI15); E:\.tracts from reports on the di:--:triC't of rngava, by T. C. Denis (1915); Report on the' Copper Deposits 01 the Eastern Townships, by J. .Austen BanC'roft (HI16); L industrie de l'amiante dans la province de Qu(-be(' (1917); Guide du colon pour la rðgion du TémisC'amingue ct de l'Abitihi, IH21; Guide du <'olon pour la région du ;\ord-Ouest de l\lontn;al, et d'Uttawa, IH21; Guide du colon pour la rl'gion for Macadam Roads, 1917; (24) Specifications for Bituminous l\Iaterials, 1917; (25) Country Road Le islation, as enaC'ted by the Highways Improvement Act, the Ontario Highways Act, and the Obstructions on Highways H,(,llloval Act, 1920; (27) 'Videning the Provincial Highway, 1919; (28) l\Iain Road Legi lation, 1919; (29) Regulations respecting Town hip Roads, 1920. (30) Towm,hip Road Legislation as enaC'ted by the Ontario Highways \ct, 1920; (31) l\Iotor Vehicle I-Teadbmps; (32) Report of Committec on Hoad Accounting; (33) The Provincial Highwa"y Act, 1922; (34) The Planting and Care of HU[Lcbide Tree , 1923. Department of Game and Fisheries.-.A.nnual Report. Game Laws. Lands and Forests.-Annual Report of the l\Iinister. Preliminary Statistics of Mineral Production, issued annually, also bulletins of the> Department of Mines "hich are later incorporated in tbe Annual Rcport. issued in several parts. Handbook of Northern Ontario on Colonization. Agriculture.-Annual Reports: Minister of Avriculture; _\gricultural Collegc and Experimental Farm; Agricultural and Experimental rnion; Live Stock Branch; Rtallion Enrolment Board; Agricultural Statistics; Bee-KecDcrs' Asso- ciation; Fruit Growers' Association; Vegetable Growers' Association; Entomo- logical Society; Agricultural Societies; HortiC'ultural Societies; W UII\('II '8 Insti- tutes. Bulletins: (175) Farm Underdrainagc Operations; (187) Codling Muth; (188) " eeds of Ontario; (194) Apple Orcharding; (19 ) Lime Sulphur 'Vash; (209) Farm Forcstry; (210) Strawberries and Raspberries; (218) Birds of Ontario; (219) San Jose and O}ster Shcll Scales; (220) Lightning Rods; (2 2) Currants and Gooscberries; (224) Grecnhou e ConstruC'tion; (226) Plum Culture in Ontario; (229) Smuts and Rusts; (231) Vcgetable Growing; (232) Field Bcans; (239) Potatoes; (240) Bacterial Diseases of Vegctablcs; (241) Peach Growing in Ontario; (242) Diseased l\Iouths a cause of Ill-llealth; (243) Katurc Study, or Stories in Agriculture;. (244) Hints for Settlers in Northern Ontario; (249) The Pear in Ontario; (250) Insects affecting }<'ñ.Iit Trees; (251) Insects affecting Vegetablcs; (254) "-ar Breads; (255) Tuberculuf:is of Fowls; (2.56) "ïnterin Bces; (2.57) Diseases of Fruit Trees; (259) Books on Agriculture; (2GO) Experiments with Farm Crops; (261) Wheat and Rye; (262) Sugar Beets; (263) Mushrooms; (264) Diseases of Divestive Organs of Horses and Cattle; (265) Bacteria; (266) Cheese- making and Butter-making; (267) Farm 'Water Supply; (268) }<'arm Crops; Ehpe- riments at O.A.C.; (269) Hay and Pasture Crops, Gras::;es, Clovers, etc.; (270) Judging Vegetablcs; (271) The Apple Maeeot: (272) Contau:ious Abortion in Cattle; (276) Bee Diseases; (277) Motor Transportation in Rural Ontario; (279) Community Halls; (281) Better Bulls; (2 ) Milk Production Costs; (285) Flour and Breadmaking; (287) Silcs and Silal!e; (288) Farm Management, Part V; (289) The Cabbage Maggot; (290) The Rurai Literary and Debating Society; (291) The Production and Marketing of Ontario cheesei.,(292) Fann Poultry; (293) Feeding Young Live Stock; (294) Grafting Fruit Trees; (295) European Corn Borer; (296) Sweet Clover; (297) Colony Houses for Swine; special (without serial numbers) Debates and Plays; Co-operative Marketinv. An average charge of 10 cents each for Bulletins and 15 cents each for Reports is made to persons living outside of Ontario. Education.-Annual Report of the Minister of Education. Archaeological Report. School Acts, 75 cents cloth boards, 50 cents paper. Regulations and Courses of Study: Public and Separate Schools; Continuation Schools; High Schools and Collegiate Institutes; School Cadet Corps; General Announccment of Summer Courses; Tcxt Book Regulations; Summer Model Schools for Training of Teachers; Autumn Model Schools for Training of Teachers; English-French Model Schools; Syllabus of Regulations and Normal School Courses for First PUBLIC.1TIOXS OF PROVINCI.A.L GOVERX_UEXTS 983 and Second Class and Kindergarten Primary Certificates; List of Teachjng Days of High, Continuation, Public and Separate Schools; Recommendations and Regu- lations for Vocational Schools, etc. Recommendations and Regulations for Agri- culture and Household Science Departments. Courses in History for Junior High School Entrance Examinations. Junior High School Entrance and Junior Public School Graduation Examination Instructions. Regulations re Validity of Teachers' Certificates; Special List of Schools; Announcement re The Carter Scholarships; Th(. Penny Bank of the Schools of Ontario; The School Attendance Acts and the Recommendations and Regulations and the Part Time Courses; The Consolidation of Rural Schools. MANITOBA. Agriculture.-Annual Report. Booklets: Stock Raising in Manitoba; Opportunities in Manitoba; Meeting the Problems of Rural Life in Manitoba; Le Manitoba (French); Periodical Crop and Live Stock Reports; Map of the Province; Calendar of the Manitoba Agricultural College; l\Ianitoba Agricultural E}..ten ion :Kews (l\Ionthly). Bulletins: l\Ianagement of the Brood Mare and Foal; Canning by the Cola Pack Method; Common Diseases and Disorders of the Foal; Cheese l\Iakin2' on the Farm; Asparagus; Hatching, Brooding, Rearing and Feeding Chicks; Arricultural Society Activities; Farm Butter-! aking; Practical Cookery; Home Dressmaking; Observations on Rust Control; T;lc Cream Separator on the Farm; Annual Pasture and Fora(Te Crops for !\Ianitoba; Rusts and Smuts of Grain Crops; Lessons in l\Iillinery; Bee Keeping in l\Ianitoba; Common Breeds of Poul- try; Hand Selection and Harvesting of the Seed Plot; Rearing Dairy Calves; Birds in Relation to Agriculture; Launderin and Dyeing; Milk and Cream Testing on the Farm; The l\Ianitoba Veuetable Garden; Clothin for the Family; Financing the Home; Colour and DesiJ!1l in Relation to Dress; Making Clothes Last Longer; Fatteninv, Killing, Dressing and Marketing Chickens; Debating Clubs; Silo Construction; Horses in l\Ianitoba; Hay and Pasture Crops in l\Ianitoba; The Farm Flock (Sheep). Circulars: The Farmers' Beef Rin/2; Barley Growing; Insect Poisons and Spray Mixtures; Blackleg-A Disease of Cattle; Summerfallow Competitions in l\Ianitobaï...Eggs from the Farm to the Consumer; How to Preserve E!,-gs; Cutworm Control; tlack-Yard Poultry Keeping; Alfalfa Growing in Mani- toba; FeedinJ! for 'Winter Eggs; Potato Top Diseases in July and August; Standard for Judging Vegetahles; The Western " heat-Stem Sawfly; Chemistry of the Farm "rater Supply. Education.-Annual Report. Empirc Day Booklet. Consolidation of Schools. Programme of Studies. Education among New Canadians. l\Iunicipal School Boards. Mothers' Allowance Commission.-Annual Report. Municipal Commissioner.-Statistical information respecting the Muni- cipalities of the Provincc, with names and addresses of administrative and health officials of each municipality. Public \Vorks.-Annual Report, including reports on Public Institutions. Attorney General.-Annual Report, included in Sessional Papers. Annual Reports: Public Utilities Commission; Good Roads Commission; Government Telephone Commission. Provincial Treasurer.-Public Accounts; Estimates; Budget Speech; Re- port of the Commission to inquire into the operation of "The Rural Credits Act"; Auditor's Certificate, Balance sheets and Statement of Revenue Disbursements; Report of the Superintendent of Insurance and Fire Commissioner. King's Printer.-Manitoba Gazette. Report on Library and l\Iuseum. Journals and Sessional Papers. Statutes of the Province. List of Incorporated and Licensed Companies operating in Manitoba. Publicity Commissioner.-Mining and Mineral Prospects in Northern Manitoba; Annual Report of Commissioner of l\orthcrn l\Ianitoba; l\Iineral Prospects of South Eastern Manitoba; Manitoba's Northland; l\Ianitoba, the Key- etone Province of the Canadian Confederation. 9ð4 SOURCES GF I^ FGRJ1ATIGX G.Y C.t.Y.1DA SASKA TCHEW AN. Agriculture.-Annual Repo.rt of the Department of .\gricultUJ<'. Annual Reports of BranC'hes, etc.: Dairy, Live Stock, Field Crops, Game, Stati:-:ties, Exten- sion Department of College of Agriculture. Commi:-: ion Reports: Elevator, (;rain 1\1 arkets, Agricultural Credit, Live Stock l\Iarket ing, Better Farming, Wheat :\Iarketing. Bulletins and leaflets on Live "tack, Field Crops, Dairying, Farm Buildings, Tillage ::\Iethods, etc. Other Pub1ications.-Annual Reports: Department of the Attorney-General; Bureau of Lahour and Industries; Department of Education; Departm<,nt of Highways; Department of l\ItmiC'ipal Affairs; Department of Provincial SeC'ret ary; Department of Public "rorks; Bureau of Public Health; Department of Tele- phoneR; Department of Railways; LoC'al Government Board; Publil' .'-('C'ounts. The Pub Iii' Service l\lonthly. ALBERTA. AgricuIture.-Farm Crops and Cultivation: Soil Cultivation; Seed, Pre- paration of Seed, Seeding; Suitable Varieties of Small Grains for Alberta; Winter Rye; The Production of Timothy Seed in Alberta; Potato Gro\\ing; Yegetable Gardening; The Storing of Roots; Weeds Poisonous to Live Stock; The Dcstrudion of the Gopher; Live Stock and Poultry; Sheep in .-\.lberta; Preparing for the Piv Crop; The r:--e of Pasture in Pig Raising; The Silo in Alberta; Ruccessful Poultry Raising. Household Bulletins: Meat Curing on the Farm; A Talk about thp Baby; Home Canning of Fruits, Vegetables and 1\1eats; Home Drying of Fruits and Yegptables. Handbook of Alberta; Control of Gras::;hoppers in .Alberta; Th<' Housing of Swine; Calendar, Provincial SdlOOls of Agriculture; Opportunities in .\lberta; Conservation of Soil Fertility and Soil Fibre; Alberta Game Laws. Department of :Education.-Public School Course of btudy; Publil' Rl'hool Leaving Examinations; Elementary AgriC'ulture and Gardening; High School Coun:e of Studies; Courses in Art and Manual Arts, IX, X, XI; Cour::;e in Agrieulture. Grade XI; Course in Music for High Schools; Course in Household Economics for High Schaab; Summer School Announcement; Course of Studies and Ex tminations for Commercial Diplomas; l\ormal School .\nnouncement; Xight <.. 'la :-- Instruction in l\lining Centres; Technical Education in :\IiniIU! Centres; Rchool Buildings in Rural and Yillave School Districts; 50 Facts about Education in Alberta; Rural RC'hool Lunche ; The CertifiC'ation of Teachers in Alberta; f:;yllabus of Physical Training for Schools; SeC'ond Annual Announ('ement ot the Provincial Institut<, of Technology and Art; Rpel'ifiC'ation::iofor Teacher's ResidenC'e; ]>lans and RpeC'ifica- tions (School BuildinJ... Ðesi(Jn " B "); Specification" B " (Rchool Building Design); Rchool Ordinanr'c. Department of the Attorney General.-Annual Report on Dependent and Delinquent Children. Treasury Department.-ExtraC'ts from PubliC' Accounts, 1920; Budget. Speech, Provincial Treasurer, !fJ21; Finanr'ial and General Information Bulletin. Department of Public \Vorks.-.\nnual Rq)ort of Public Institutions; Annual Heport of PubliC' Works Department. Department of Municipal Affairs.-Annual Report of D<,partment; Li:..plorations under Captain J. Palliser, 1859. 8 reports, June, 1857, to January, 1859. ::.\Iap of route and several plans by J. Hector, the geologist. 1859. Correspondence re Can. tariff on British goods, March, 1859, to April, 1860. 1864. Correspondence re the proposed union of the B.N.A. provinces, December, 1864, to January, 1867. 1867. Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York; procured in Holland, England and France, by John Romeyn Broadhead, Esq. Edited by E. B. O'Callaghan, ::\I.D., LL.D. 11 vols. Albany, 1858. (Vols. ix and x, Paris Documents.) Collection de Manuscripts contenant Lettres, Memoirs, et aut res Documents Historiques relatifs à la Kouvelle-France. 4 vols. Quebec, 1883. Charlevoix: Histoire et Description Générale de la Nouvelle-France, avec Ie Journal Historique d'un Yoyage fait par ordre du Roi dans I'Amérique Septentrionale. 3 vols. Paris, 177-1. Gourlay: Statistical Account of Upper Canada. Compiled with a view to a Grand System of Emigration. 2 vols. and introduction. London, 1822. Eighth and Kinth Reports of the Committee of the House of Assembly on that Part of the Speech of His Excellency the Governor in Chief which relates to the Settlement of the Crown Land:--:, with Minutes of Evidence taken before the Committee. Quebec, 182-1. Substance of Two Speeches, delivered in the House of Commons on the 21st and 25th of l\Iarch, IS25, by the Right Hon. 'Villiam Huskisson. respecting Colonial Policy and Foreign Commerce of the Country. London, 182.5. Seventh Report of the Select Committee of the House of Assembly of "Cpper Canada on Grievances. Toronto, 183.5. Kingsford: History of Canada. 10 vols. Toronto, 1887-98. Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 17.59-1i91, selected and edited with notes by Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty. Ottawa, 1907. Ordinances for the Province of Quebec, 1764-90. Extra Official State Papers. Bya late Under-Secretary of State. (By 'Vm. Knox.) 2 vols. 1789. Weld: Travels through the btates of Korth America, and the Provinces of "Cpper and Lower Canada, during the Years 1795, 1796 and 1797. 2 vols. London, 1800. (VoL ii.) La Rochefoucault-Liancourt: Travels through the "Cnited States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796 and 1797. 2 vols. London, 1799. Baring: An Inquiry into the Causes and Consequences of the Orders in Council; and an Examination of the Conduct of Great Britain towards the Neutral Commerce of America. London, 1808. Heriot: Travels through the Canadas, with an Account of the Productions, Com- merce and Inhabitants of those Provinces. London, 1807. Gray: Letters from Canada, shewing the Present State of Canada, its Productions, Trade, Commercial Importance and Political Relations. London, 1809. 9 SOUR('ES OF ISFORJI..lTION V.V CASAD"l The Colonial I>olicy of Great Britain, conl'idered with Relation to her North American Provinc(':,; and 'Ve t India Po t"s ion , wherein tht" Dang('rous Tcndency of Ameriean Compe ition is developed and the ncc('ssify of recom- mending a Colonial Sy tcm on a Yigorous and E},.t(>n ive cal(' e:xhihif('d and defend('d. London, 1816. Haliburton: An Historical and Statistical Account of '\"ova cotia. 2 vok Halifax, 1Fi2H. Canniff: History of the Scttlemcnt of 'Cpper Canada. Toronto, lFi(i!). The Canadas: Comprehending Topographical Information concerning the Quality of the Land, for f he me of Emigr::mtR and Capitalist . Compiled from Original Documents furnishcd hy John Galt, Esq. London, lS ß. Political Annals of Lower Canada. :\Iontreal. lS:2S. F'hipping Interest. Two Letters in Reply to the Speech of the H.t. lIon. W. Huski:-;son in the House of Commons, May 7th, 1827. London, 1 27 (f;igned Mercator Loyd ). Three Reports: from the :-;c1ef't Committee appointed to enquire into the State of the Trade and ConlIn2rce of rpper Canada. 1 3.). R('port from the ekct Committee on Timber Duties; together \\ith the Minutes of Evidence, and Appendix, and Indcx. (London Govt. Print.) 183(3- ßouchette: The British Dominions in Xorth Am('rica; or, a Topographical and F'tatistif'al Desf'ription of the Provinces of Low('r and rpper Canada, New Brunswick, Xova Sf'otia, the Islands of XewfoundIand. Prince Edward, and Cape Breton. 2 vol . London, 1;0.;32. : \Iartin: F'tati tic of the Colonies of the British Empire. I.'rom the Official Records of the Colonial OffìcC'. Fir t ('clition, London, lS:3!1. Later edition, 1847. Chri tie: A History of t he Late Province of Lower Canada. ô vols. Quebec, 1848. Murdoch: .\ History of Xova- cotia, or Acadie. 3 vols. Halifax, 1 (}7. (Vol. iii.) Chalmers: A History of Currency in the British Coloni('s. London, n.d. (1894). The Currency of the British Colonies. (By James Pennington.) London, 1848. \\Ïer: i"'(ty Years in Canada. ::\lontreal, 1903. The C:madian :\If'rchants' :\1agazine and Commercial Review. 2 vols. Toronto, 18.57-58. Chisholm: Letters and l)('eches of Joseph Howe. 2 vol..;. Halifax, 1909. Corrcspondence relative to the Affairs of Lower Canada, 1841. London, 1841. ('Cnion of the two Canadas. Their financial situation. Emigration. Official corre pondence between Lord Russell, Hir George Arthur and Lord Sydenham.) Parliamentary Debates on the Bubject of Confederation of the British North American Provinces. Dent: Last Forty Years. 2 vols. Toronto, 1& 1. Elgin: Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin. Edited by " alrond. London, 1872. Grey, Earl: Colonial Poli('Y of Lord J. Russell's Admini tration. 2 vall'. London, 18.53. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY (IF CA.YADA. 989 Hincks: Reminiscences of his Public Life. :\Iontreal, 1884. Pope: Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald. 2 vols. London, 1894. Shortt: Lord Sydenham. Toronto, 1909. Todd: Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. London, 1894. Turcotte: Le Canada sous l''Cnion 1841-1867. 2 vols. Quebec, 1871. 'Valrond: Letters of Lord Elgin. London, 1872. Campbell: Xova cotia in its Historical, Mercantile and Industrial Relations. Montreal, 1873. The Report of Israel D. ...\.ndrews, Consul of the rnited States for Canada and Xew Brunswick, on the Trade and Commerce of the British Korth American Colonies, and upon the Trade of the Great Lakes and Rivers. "-ashington, 1 .)4. Keefer: A öketrh of the Rise and Progre"" of the Ref'iprocity Treaty, with an Explanation of the Services rendered in connection therewith. Toronto, Ih63. lorgan: Dominion Annual Register, 187S-IbM). Breckenridge: History of Banking in Canaùa. \Yashington, 1910. Akins: Selections from the Public Documents of :Kava Scotia. Halifax, 1869. Campbell: History of Prince Edward Island. Halifax, 1875. McGregor: Historical and De,.:.criptive Rketches of the )Iaritime Colonies of British Ämerica. London, 18:!S. ) IadIechan : ova :O-:cotia Archives, vols. ii and iii. Halifax, 1900, 1908. H...'1ymond: 'Yinslow Papers, A..D. 1776-1826. t. John, 1901. Day: History of the Eastern To\\nships. Iontreal, 1869. Cartwright: Life and Letters of the late Hon. Richard Cartwright. Toronto, 1876. Robinson: Life of ir John Beverley Robinson. Edinburgh, 190-1. mith, "-m.: History of Canada. 2 vols. Quebec, 1815. The Life and Times of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, by Oscar Douglas kelton. Toronto. Oxford rniversity Press, 1920. Life and Letters of f'ir Wilfrid Laurier, by O:-.;car Douglas kelton. Illustrated with Photographs. Yak i and ii. OÃÍord lTniversity Press. Toronto, 1921. Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. A Political History. By J. S. Willi:-'on. In two volumes. Toronto. George K. :\Iorang & Company, Ltd. 1903. Canada and Its Provinces. A history of the Canadian people and their Institutions. Adam i"hortt and .\rthur G. Doughty, general c>ditors. In twenty-three volumes. Edinburgh LniversÏty Press. Toronto. 1917. 990 THE AXXUAL REGISTER XV.-THE ANNUAL REGISTER, 1922-23. I.-DOMINION LEGISLATION, 1922-23. 1922. The follQwing are the public Acts of the first session of the fourteenth Par]iamcnt of Canada, begun and holden at Ottawa, on Iarch 8, 1922, and closed by proroga- tion on June 2 , 1922. Finance.- Three Appropriation Acts were passed during the ses!'ion, cc. 1, 2 and 53. The total sum appropriated for the fiscal year 1923 was 318,183,520, and for 1922, $9,623,793. By c. 30, the Governor in Coun;il is given authority to raise loans not exceeding in the whole $350,000,000 to meet maturin loans and obligations. The Special War Tax Revenue Act, 1915, is amendcd by c. 47. Taxes on cheques, bills, notes and express money orders are increa 'ed to a rate of 2c. on every $50. or fraction thereof, with a maximum of $2 on 3,000 or more. A receipt to be valid must bear a 2c. stamp. The Income Tax _\ct, 1917, is amended by c. 25. The normal rate is 4 p.c. on incomes of from 2,000 to $6,000 in the case of a married person or one having dependent upon him any of the followin -a parent or grandparent, daughter or sister, or a son or brothel" under 21 yearH of age and physically or mentally incapable of self-support. For all other persons the normal tax is 4 p.c. on incomes of from $1,000 to 86,000. Chaptcr 15 sets down tl>e year April 1 to March 31 as the fiscal year and the period for which all Govern- ment accounts are to be computed. Balances of appropriations unu ed at the end of the year are to lapse. By c. 37, in the ca!'e of penny banks, where formerly 95 p.c. of all deposits had to be deposited in a Government or Post Office savings b:mk, an amount up to 50 p.c. of the deposits taken elsewhere thnn at the head office may now be placed in a chartered bank. The Insurance .Act, 1917, is amended by c. 28, as follows-life insurance com- panies transacting any othcr hind of business must keep separnte the funds belong- ing to the two classes, and likewise with other companies transacting life insurance. The separatc funds may be scparntely liquidated under the \\ïnding-up Act. By c. 31, the Loan Companics Act, 1914, is amended by particularizing the securities a loan C'ompany may hold, upon what security it may lend and the proportion it must maintain of liquid assets to deposits. C. 51, specifics how and for what length of timc a trust company may hold real estate, and how trust money may be invested when the nature of the investment has not been set down in the trust deeds. Agriculture.-C. 14 provides for the constitution and powprs of the Canada \\ heat Board, to be establif-:hed whcn two or more provinces paSH the nece:--'Hary legi:'>lation. The Governor in Council appoints its ten menlhcrH. of whom three or more constitute the executive. Its powers nre to buy whf'at and to se}] to foreign buyers whatever, in its estimation, is the surplus over the pl"ohable domestic con- sumption. The Dominion Government is not responsihle for dcficits. The surplus from operations is divided amongst the provinces who by their legi:-;lation have allowed the Board to act. C. 35 authorizes thc manufacturc and importation of oleomargarine until Aug. 31, 1922, and its sale until March 1, 1924. By c. 43 onions and potatoes IIlust be grnded and the grade is to appear on the bag or barrel, with the name of the seller. Root vegetables, if not sold with" greens" attached, are to be sold by weight. C. 32 provides that cans containing meat or fi"h are to be DOJIIXIOX LEGISLA.TIOX, 1922 991 labelled with the name of the packer or first dealer, the description of the contents and the minimum weight, and the !'ame provi ions are to apply to imported canned fish. By c. 5, agricultural fertilizers mUf'1t be registered with the Minister prior to sale in Canada, and their composition must be shown on the wrapper or invoice. C. 7 reduces the compensation to the owner of animals <;laughtered in accordance with the Animal Contagious Dif'eases Act. Trade and Commerce.-By c. 18, the value for duty of goods from a country whose currency is depreciated is to be the same as that on Fimilar gO(1ds from the united Kingdom. Under c. 19, the Governor in Council may order that goods imported be stamped with the name of the country of origin. fo:ettlers' effects- machines, vehicles and agricultural implement 'i-are to be admitted duty free if the settler brings them with him into the country, but if admitted under this clause, must not be sold in Ca,nada within one year of their entrance. C. 27 provides that retail druggists who have been licensed by the Minister of Customs and Excise may use spirits testing more than 50 p.c. above proof in preparing medicines, but must pay an excise duty of from 82.40 to 82.43 per gallon and increaFing in proportion to their percentage above proof. By c. 8, the Bankruptcy -\.ct is amended. The trustee is legally responsible for the verification of the debtor's statement. The trustee's plan for a composition of the debts is binding upon all the creditors if it has been approved by a majority of them holding two-third:-5 of the debts and sanctioned by the Court. Currency.-By c. 17 the millesimal fineness of silver coins is changed from 4 to 6. National Defence.-C. 34 charges the Minister of National Defence with all matters relating to defence, including the Militia and the Military, Naval and Air Services of Canada. C. 44 makes corresponding changes in the Salaries and the Senate and How:e of Commons Acts. The Air Board Act is amended by c. 6, which provides for compensation for death or injury suffered while flying in the public service of Canada. Elections.-By c. 20, change of residence within two months of a general election is not to be taken as a disqualification from voting. The voter may cast his vote at the place where his name is listed. By c. 26, on the application of an Indian or of his band in his behalf, two officers of the Department of Indian Affairs and one member of the Indian's band are to decide upon his fitness for enfranchiFc- mente External Afiairs.-C. 49 gives authority to the Governor in Council to do what- ever is necessary toward carrying out the provisions of the treaties of peace with Hungary and Turkey. Fisheries.-C. 23 makes it an offence to leave a Canadian port in order to fi::;h for salmon or lob!'ters beyond territorial waters e cept under license from the Minister. C. 24 provides for license fees for salmon curing stations, and in British Columbia for herring dry-salting establishments. Health.-C. 13 gives the Canadian Red Cross bociety the powers of a corpor- ation, but compels it to furnish an annual report to the Ministers of Health and of Kational Defence, subject to an audit by the latter Department. By the amendments to the Opium and Karcotic Drug Act under C. 36, no drugs falling under these classef' are to be sold to any but practi:,;Ïng phYRicians, dentists, veteri- nary surgeon!',. and druggists, and then only upon written order. .:\0 prescriptions are to be for any but medicinal uses and none are to be filled the second time. Con- victed aliens are subject to deportation. 992 THE AXXUAL REGISTER Justice.-C. 29 provides for the compubory retirement of judges of the Rupreme and Exchequer Court and of any superior, admiralty or county court even before the retiring age, if the Governor in Council on report of the l\Iini ter of Justice find a judge incapacitated for the performance of hi duties. A judge so retired is to be given the annuity which he would have receiycd if he had continued in his work until reaching the age limit. rnder c. 4R, there is an appeal to the Supreme Court from any provincial court which the provincial statutes have named the court of final resort in the province. C. 4 provides for deputy judges in admiralty. By c. 22, any. action again t the Crown ari:-k heing granted by certain employcrs of labour. C. 39 provides for thc incorpuration of .1 The Associatiun of Professional Enginecrs of the Provinee of Ontario." C. H2 amf>nds thc Children's Protection _\ct with reg:ud to shelters and industrial schools, ('mplo nwnt, and maintenance of Children's Aid ocieties. C. 57 provides for the maintenance of deserted wives and childrcn. JIining.-C. 22 amcnds the Ontario l\Iining Act with respcct to rccordcrs and recurders' books, liccn:::;cs, staking of claims, lcases and default of owners or lèssees. C. 23 establishes a commission to oversee the production and distribution of natural gas and prescribes regulations regarding rates. .J.\Juniâpalitic8.-C. 71, the .Municipal Amendment Act, 192 , makes provision for new regulatiuns regarding annual nominatiuns and elections, issue of securities, expropriatiun and compensation and bonuses to manufacturing industries. J'ublic Utililies.-C. 69 amcnds the Municipal Electric Railways Act. Certain sectiuns uf the H}'dro-Electric Railway Act, HIl-1, respecting certain raihva)rlines, JfAN/TOBA LEG/SLAT/OS, 1922 1001 are kept in force. New provisions are made regarding payment of construction costs and the sale of securities. The county of York is authorized to purchase seyeral electric railway systems. The Ontario Telephone Act (c. 70) is amended with regard to special rates on lands of subscribers to a system. Taxation.-C. 12 amends the Corporations Tax Act regarding telephone com- panies and taxes on bets at race meetings. Timber.-C. 18 empowers the Iinister to confirm, vary or cancel any timber- cutting privileges, and to set time limits for cutting and removal. Manitoba. Administration of Justice.-C. 3 amends the Distress Act, stipulating ccrtain chattels as being exempt from seizure under any landlord's warrant of distress. C. 13 amends the .Jury Act, reducing t he number on a grand jury from 18 to 12 and requiring petit jurors ordinarily to attend one day later than the grand jury. Agriculture.-C. 8 amends the Farm Loans Act regarding retirement of shares and the raising of capital. Asscssment.-C. 28 amends the Assessment Act re the assignment of tax sale certificates by municipalities. C. 29 further amends the Act regarding validation. Child TVelfare.-C. 2, an Act respecting the 'Welfare of Children, establishes the Department of Public \Yelfare in charge of a Director and provides detailed regulations covering the procedure followed in juvenile courts, the apprehension of neglected children, their examination, children whose parents have not been legally married, feeble minded and mentally defective children, immigrant children, adoption, and child welfare organizations in municipalities and districts in the prov- ince. Education.-C. 15 amends the Public Schools Act respecting boundaries of school districts, taxes and tax collection, union schools, authority of trustees and their nomination and election. Elections.-C. 6, amending the Election _-\ct, provides that elections shall be held ten days after nominations. Finance.-In c. 21 provision is made for the borrowing of $500,000 under the provisions of the Provincial Loans _\.ct, such sums to be used in capital expenditures. A further loan of $937,500 is authorized by c. 22. C. 23 authorizes the eJ\:penditure of 88,451,893 to defray the expenses of civil government from Dec. 1, 1921 to Aug. 31, 1922, and of sums up to $5.000,000 for the fiscal year ending Aug. 31, 1923. C.24 makes further provision for the expenditure of $3G5,800 to defray cxpenses incurred during the fiscal year 1922. Highways.-C. 10 makes slight amendments to the Good Roads Act with respect to the dating of debentures and their issue in instalments. Labour, H eaith and Social Legislation.-C. 7 amends the Fair 'Yage Act regard- ing contents of notice for hearing complaints and P. 11 amcnds the Hospital Aid Act, establishing a lien on lands of any bcneficiary receiving relief and the discharge of such liens. Jlrlunicipalities.-C. 9 empowers municipalities to as:--:ist farmers in the pur- chase of fodder, and to borrow money up to $50,000 by notes or debentures up to this amount. These may be guaranteed by the province. It sets out also the ways in which such sums may be expended and the supervision of the municipal commissioner over all such operations. C. 19 enacts similar regulations with regard to the borrowing of money for seed grain purposes, the total amount permitted being SGO,OOO. 1002 THE ANl\'UAL REGISTER Taxation.-In c. 20, provisions for the relief of soldiers' property from taxation are effected, with classes of persons and property defined, applications, and the duration of benefits iven. Saska tchewan. Administration of Juslice.-C. 23 amends the SurroJ!;ate Courts Act regarding the distribution of a !"ets and valuation of securities; c. 24 deals with the jurisdiction of the Exchequer Court of Canada and the authority of judges of the Dominion courts as to the use of court houses, etc.; c. 27 amends the Coroner's Act regarding inquests and c. 28, amending the tia .b..atchewan Provincial Police Act, provides that the Attorney General may order a spef'ial inquiry to bc made respecting the com- mission of any of the offences mentioned in this Act by any member of the force. Agriculture.-C. 42 amends the :\Iunicipalities Seed Grain Act, providing for the renewal of l en agreements; c. 52 amends the Agricultural Co-operative Asso- ciations Act regarding incorporated associations operating on the co-operative plan; c. 5ï, amending the Egg l\Iar.b..eting Act, sets out the restrictions on the pur- chasing, selling and candling of eggs and c. 8ï outlines the conditions under which a grain gro\\er may procure an advance for seed grain. C. 2 defines the powers of the Canadian "-heat Board in the regulation and administration of the grain trade and the immunity of members as such from legal action. 1 C. 3 provides for the licensing of grain dealers in the province on applic- ation, the revocation of such licenses and the penalties imposed on persons carrying on specified operations without being duly licensed.! Assessment.-C. 45 provides for the establishment of a permanent assessment commission and gives the dutics and powers of its officers. Child 1fT elfare.-C. 15 sets out provisions for the establishment of a Bureau of Child Protection and c. ï4 amend::; the Children's Protective Act regarding the incorporation of Children's Aid Societies. Companies.-C. 35 amends the Benevolent tiocieties Act regarding incorpor- ation, service of documents and change of address of bcnevolent societies. Education.-C. 46 amends the Secondary Education Act regarding the annual meeting of taxpayers; c. 47, amending the School Act, states that tenders must be called for in case of capital expenditure in excess of $1,000, and c. 49 amends the School As c !'ment Act regarding the powers and remuneration of the Adjustment Board of the Saskatchewan Assessment Commission. flillonce.-C. 1 authorizes the expenditure of $2,205,270 to defray e:\.1>enscs of government for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1922, and of S19,295,219 for the fi<;cal year 1923 from and out of the consolidated fund. In addition a further sum of 82,200,000 is authorized to be paid from the telephone revenue. Game.--C. 58 amends the Game Act regarding the length of the hunting season, protection of beaver and the amounts of licenses. Royalties must be paid to the Department of Agriculture upon all raw or undressed skins of fur-bearing animals specified in schedule C of the Act. Special permits must be obtained from the department in ordcr to ship furs out of the province. Highways.-C. 12, amending the Highways .-\.ct, sets out the conditions regard- ing the filing of plans for a public improvement. C. i1 amends the Vehicles Act regarding the loss or destruction and renewal of motor license plates. Insurance.-C. 41 amends the Municipal Hail Insurance Act regarding the rates for hail insurance. lThese Acts were passed at the second session of the fifth legislature of the province. All othcr Acts quoted v. ere passed at the first 8Cssion. ALBERTA LEGISLATION, 1922 1003 Labour, Health and Social Legislation.--C. 59 amends the ::\ledical Profession Act regarding investigations; c. 62 provides for registration of marriage settlement contracts. C. 73 sets out conditions under which monthly payments may be made to the mothers of dependent children; c. 75 deals with the care and treatment of mentally diseased persons, and c. 76 contains further amendments to the Saskat- chewan Temperance Act. JIiscellaneous.-C. 14 provides for the establishment of a bureau, to be called the Bureau of Publications, to take charge of travelling libraries and the preparation and procuring of motion pictures, etc. C. 5-1 amends the Stray Animals Act and deals with the licensing of herders and auctioning of stray animals. C. 67, respecting the Lightning Rod Act, regulates the sale and installation of lightning rods and c. 83 provides for warehousemen's liens. 1'1funicipalilies.-C. 7, amending the :Municipalities Relief Act, provides for relief to be given to settlers affected by the recent severe drought and consequent crop failure. C. 13 grants special powers to the Local Government Board. C. 17, amending the Public Revenues Act, provides for municipalities to deposit moneys collected in respect of the public revenues in an account to be called" The Prov- incial Treasurer's Trust -\.ccount " and c. 36, amending the Town Act, deals with burial of destitute peri'ons and the collection of amUbement tax. C. 37, amending the Village Act, authorizes the granting of aid to soldier's memorials, provided the grant does not exceed 8300. Taxation.-C. 20 amends the 'Vild Lands Tax Act regarding payment of taxes collected under this Act, while c. 43 amends the Arrears of Taxes Act regarding advertising of lands placed on sale. Alberta. Agriculture.-('. 58 provides for the licensing of produce merchants and the regulation of their activities by the Iinister of Agriculture. C. 67 enacts provi- sions for the extermination of agricultural pests. C. 68 provides for the inspection of stock at stock yards and abattoirs by government inspectors and for the regu- lation of transactions of butchers and hide dealers, with inspection fees. C. 69 amends the Domestic Animals Act regarding stray animals in municipalities and districts. C. 75 amends the Dairymen's Act with respect to discrimination and price-fixing in transactions involving milk and cream. Assessmenl.-C. 14 provides for the adjustment of inequalities in assessments, the Assessment Equalization Board being given power to enquire into such inequal- ities and to alter or confirm the assessment. Buying and Sellirzg.-C. 47, the Bulk ales Act, establishes uniform provisions for the sale of goods in bulk with re pect to persons affected and the nature and terms of sales. C. 48, respecting fraudulent or preferential transfers, sets out regulations controlling the procedure of debtors and creditors in case of insolvencies. C. 50 amends the Bills of Sale Ordinance and c. 51 the Alberta Co-operative Credit Act. Companies.-C. 34 amends the Corporations Taxation Act, providing changes in the taxes payable by curporations in the province, particularly those payable by express companies. Education.-C. 24 amends the Educational Tax Act and c. 62 the School Ordi- nance, principally with respect to fees paid by pupils. C. 63 amends the School Grants Act and c. 64 the School Assessment Ordinance regarding school taxes on land and the collection of taxes for the maintenance of schools. 1004 THE ANSUAL REGISTER Finance.-C. 1 authorizes the e:\.1>enditure of $1,202,532 to defray expenses of government from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1921, of 27,!54 ,5S7 for the fiscal year 1922, and of $6,986,730 for the fiscal :rcar 1923. C. 2 authorizes the raising of a loan of $7,800,000 on the credit of the province. .-\ further loan of $3,000,000 is autho- rized by c. 3, one third of which funds are to be for the extenl'ion of the provincial telephone sy!'tem. Forestry.-C, 76 amend!' the Prairie Fires Ordinance, setting out regulations regarding fire guardians and their duties, with provisions for procedure in ca:;:e of prairie and fore!'t fire::;. Game.-C. 73 amends the Game Act regarding licenl'es for hig game, traffic in furs and pelts, trappers' licenscs and exemptions granted in certain di::;tricts. lIightl'ClYs.-C. 7f! provides for a !':y!'tem of highways in the province, including the appointment of a Highway Commii'il'ioner and a Good Roach; Board, the classi- fication of roads throughout the province and miscellaneous provisions regarding highway building and maintenance. Labour, IIcalth and Social Lcgislation.-C. 5 amend" the Liquor Act, chiefly with rcspect to penalties for violation of the provisions of the Act, the appointment of a Liquor Act In!'pector and the powers of the Governor ill Council in regulating the sale of liquor. C. 6 sets out regulations to govern the ðtoring and e:\.l)ort of liquor and the taxation of such bu!'iness. C. 7 authorizes the licen:-ing and regu- lation of restaurants. C. 3Q and c. 31 amend the Municipal Hospitals Acts, the latter with regard especially to the raising of funds and methods of th('ir disposal, while c. 32 treats with the care of indigents in hospitals. C. 45 amends the Official Guardian Act regarding appointment and powers. C. i)6 amends the Medical Profession Act, setting out qualifications for memberf'hip in the Council, its duties and powcrs and provisions for thf' lieen:-ing oi chiropractors. Jliscellaneous.-C. 4 amends various Acts of the tatute Law. C. 11 establi!'hes the Superannuation Board to administer prm'i:-ions for the superan- nuation and retiring allowance of civil sen anh:. C. 43 enacts provi!'ions for the relief of persons in drought areas of the provine'e. Jlolor \íchicles.-In c. 37, the Act respecting :\Iotor Yehicle" is amended with respect to licem-:ing, equipmmt and punishable ofIencc!'. Jlunicipalilics.-C. Ii) amends the )lunieipal District Act regarding qualifi- cations of cleetors and c. 16, regarding the fOlmation of muni('ipal dllitrietl', eleetions, insect pests, hospitals and taxes. C.:!l amend... the Town Act with re!'pect to the preparation of finaneial statements, elections, ta:\.ation and hospital management. Yery similar amendments are made to the Yillage ..\ct in c. 2:2 nd to the Improve- ment District Act in c. 2(). C. ().") and c. 60 provide for advane'es by municipalities to farmers for the purcha:.;e of eed g;rain and feeù. C. b2 and c. 8-f amend the Act respec ing Irrigation Dist riet:5 and ('. 85 the Drainage Di!'t ricts Act. Public Utilitic8.-C. 39 provides for a loan of 8514,4.;0 to the \lberta and Great 'Yaterways Railway Co., c. 40 for-a loan of H7.3,,")()O to the Central Canada Railway, c. 41 for a loan of $410,000 to the Eùmonton, Dunvegan and Briti:..:h Columbia Railway and c. 42 for a similar loan of ::-:!ô."),OOO to the Lacombe and North \Yf'!--otem Railway. Taxalion.-C. 2.3, an Act to provide for the Recovery of Taxes, has regard to the scope of the Act, duties of municipal authorities, caveats, sales, redemption and penalties. C. 27 sets out provisions regarding tax sales of city property. C. 36 imposes a tax of 2 eents per gallon on gasoline when first sold in the province. C. 44 amends the Amusements Tax .\ct and c. ;33 provides for the relief of owners of lands sold at tax sales. BRITISH COLUJIBIA. LEGISLATION, 1922 1005 British Columbia. Administration of Justice.-C. 16 amends the Supreme Court Act regarding non-payment of judgment debts, c. 17 the County Courts Act regarding intestate estates, c. 18 the Inferior Courts Practitioners Act with respect to its application in various municipalities, c. 24 the Execution Act regarding registration of judg- ments and c. 38 the Jury Act regarding personnel of juries and their selection. Agriculture.-C. 10 provides for the expenditure of sums up to $20,000 to prevent injury to fruit lands through the spread of the codling-moth. Such expen- diture is to be under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture. Fruit lands may be assessed and taxed to repay the sums so advanced. Assessment.-C. 21 amends the Dyking Assessment Adjustment Act regarding the assessment of lands, forfeiture in case of non-payment of taxes, redemptions and sales. Buying and Selling.-C. 13 sets out provisions regarding conditional sales, as regards rights and liabilities of J?arties to such sales, redemptions and re-sales, memo- randa of satisfaction, assignments, etc. Child Welfare.-C. 31, amending the Infants Act, deals principally with ages of children, receipt of moneys by Children's Aid Societies and offences by children against the laws of the province. Companies.-C. 11 amends the Companies Act regarding promotion, incorpor- ation, share and debenture issues and licensing of extra-provincial companies. C. 12 amends the Trust Companies Act regarding registration and licensing and c. 15 amends the Co-operative Associations Act chiefly regarding the distributiGn of profits and the enforcement of contracts. Education.-C. 64 amends and consolidates the Public Schools Act, establishing a Department of Education in charge of a Minister, setting out the functions of the Department and of the Council of Public Instruction. The classification of school districts and the general system of school government are established, while detailed provisions are enacted regarding the election and duties of trustees, appointment of inspectors and teachers, provincial aid to schools and the internal management of schools with respect to both teachers and pupils. Elections.-C. 22 amends the Municipal Elections Act regarding the definitions _ of the term" hou:--;eholder " and expenses incurred in the re-counting of votes. Finance.-C. 45 provides for the borrowing of 83,500,000 to provide chiefly for the purchase of land and buildings for the public service of the province. C. 62 amends the Revenue Act, authorizing the borrowing of moneys for the repayment of provincial securities and the substitution of one class of security for another when deemed expedient. C. 74 authorizes the expenditure of $46,714 for the fiscal year ending l\1arch 31, 1922, a supplementary sum of $301,725 for the fiscal year 1923 and $20,097,300 for the year 1924. Forestry.-C. 41 amends the Forest Act. Provisions are set out with respect to the granting of free-use permits for timber cutting, the prevention of forest fires and their control. Insurance.-C. 32 provides for the annual licensing of provincial fire insurance companies and of underwriter's agencies, while c. 34 and c. 35 establish uniform regulations governing conditions in policies of accident and sickne::,::> and automo- bile insurance. Labour, Health and Social Legislation.--C. 6 amends the Better Housing Act, ratifying and validating over-expenditures by municipalities under the Act. C. 9 provides for the maintenance of children of unmarried parents. C. 25 provides 100ß THE ANKUAL REGISTER for the application of the Factories Act to all laundry establishments. C. 45 amends the Government Liquor Act regarding licenses and fees, restriction of sale, penalties and disposal of profits. C. 48 permits the practice of chiropractic in the province. C. 57 provides for the maintenance of parents by their children, c. 60 for the establish- ment of a rc Provincial Home for Incurables" and c. 86 amends the 'Vorkmen's Compensation Act regarding payments by employers, procedure in cases of default and the jurisdiction of the Board. Jlining.--C. 36, the Iron-ore Deposits Examination Agreement Ratification Act, sets out the powers of the Minister of Mines relating to the entry and occupa- tion of lands, mines, mineral claims and mining property and the carrying out of trenching, drilling, etc. The expenditure of $50,000 is authorized under the Act. l'.Iiscellaneous.-C. 5 treats of the assignment of book account.:!, their regis- tration, mortgaging and re-assignment. C. 7 sets out regulations re boiler ins- pection, principally the duties of inspectors. C. 59 regulates the publication and distribution of all official documents by the King's Printer. C. 70 provides for special surveys by order of the Attorney-General, the defraying of costs incurred, and reports. C. 82, the Warehouses Lien Act, has regard to notices of sales, their contents and advertisement and the di position of proceeds. JIunicipalities.-C. 51 amendo..; the Municipal Act mainly with respect to assessment and the purchase of lands by municipalitics, while c. 52 : mends the Village Municipalities Act. Public Utilities.-C. 8 provides for the regulation of rates chargeable by the British Columbia Electric Railway, by commissioners appointed by the Lieutenant- Governor. C. 23 authorizes the appointment of inspectors of electric equipment and c. 28 incorporates the Greater Victoria 'Water District. Taxation.-C. 75, the Taxation Act, sets out, in its sixteen sections, detailed provisions for assessment and taxation in the province. IlL-PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEARS 1922 .AND 1923. General Economic Conference.-A Gencral Economic Conference was held in Genoa from April 10 to May 20, 1922, with Premier Facta of Italy as chairman. Canada was represented by Sir Chas. B. Gordon. Sir R. S. Horne, chairm n of the sub-committee on finance, outlined the great goal of the conference as: first, to establish an agreemcnt on the financial pro- grammes of all governments; secondly, to achieve the financial equilibrium of the budgets of all states; and, thirdly, the establishment of the gold standard as an effective monetary unit. The real interest of the conference, however, centred in thc question of the relations with Russia. France insisted on the full payment of Russia's war debts and the restoration of private property to foreigners; Great Britain favoured a reduction in Russia's war debt and the granting to former foreign o"\\ners the use of their property, instead of a return of actual o"ncr hip. Mter prolonged discus::,ions of the payments to be made by Rw;,sia, no settle- ment was reached and the question was referred to the llague Confcrence in June, 1922, for settlement. Conference at Washington re Perpetuation of the Rush-ßagot Treaty.- The Rt. Ron. ,Yo L. l\1ackcnzie I\:ing, Prinlc Minister of Canada, and the lion. G. P. Graham, Minister of National Defence, represented Canada at a conference held in 'Washington on July 13, 1922, re the perpetuating of the Ru-;h-Bagot Treaty, a pact which has operated to limit naval annament on the Gleat Lakes during the PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1922 AND 1923 1007 past 105 years. The need for a revision grew out of changing conditions on the Great Lakes. The Canadian Government had had to deal with a number of applications for the passage through. the Canadian canals of armed vessels used for the train- ing of naval militia on the lakes. Further, United States shipbuilders on the Great Lakes wished to be allowed to compete for the construction of war vessels for the United States Navy. The time was suitable, too, as the disarmament conference at Washington in 1921 had created a favourable atmosphere. It was also felt that if the situation was allowed to develop further, the demand was sure to arise for the presence of Canadian armed vessels on our own side of the Great Lakes. The Prime Minister, on his return to Canada, stated that the outlook was good for putting the agreement regarding disarmament on the Great Lakes on a permanent basis. Signing of Trade Agreement between Canada and France.-A trade Agreement was signed by representatives of the French and Canadian Governments in Paris on Sept. 15, 1922. The signatories to the agreement were Lord Rardinge, the British Ambassador to France, Ron. (now Right Ron.) \V. S. Fielding, Canadian Minister of Finance, and Ron. Ernest Lapointe, Canadian Minister of Marine and Fisheries, on behalf of Canada, and 1. Dior, French Minister of Commerce, for France. The new treaty replaced the pre-war arrangement between France and Canada, and placed France on the most favoured nation basis with Canada. French exports are now admitted to Canada on the intermediate tariff, which is the most favour- able given to foreign countries, and affords France a better outlet for her wines, automobiles, laces, feathers and other de luxe merchandise. Canadian exports to France are admitted on a better basis than formerly. One hundred and twenty- eight Canadian articles are accorded the French minimum tariff, while 326 are given the intermediate tariff. These intermediate tariff articles are allowed to enter France on the same basis as exports from the "Cnited States under the Franco- American agreement of 1921. Third Assembly of the League of Nations.-The third assembly of the League of Nations was opened on Sept. 4, 1922, 45 out of the 51 nations in the League being represented. Ron. (now Right Ron.) W. S. Fielding, Minister of Finance, was chairman of the Canadian delegation. The chief subjects dealt with by the assembly were those of disarmament and the critical situation of Austria due to the currency inflation in that country. Aid was given to Austria by the League's authot:ization of a loan of 650,000,000 gold crowns guaranteed by France, England, Italy and Czecho-Slovakia. Canada's contribution to the League budget for 1923 was reduced from $200,000 to $150,000. Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations.-The fourth session of the League of Nations was held at Geneva from Sept. 3 to Oct. 1, 1923, with Dr. Cosme de la TorrÍente as president. Many important world problems were brought before the League, including the Janina murders in Epirus, which had caused a crisis between Italy and Greece. Ireland was admitted to membership as a British Dominion on September 10. At the close of the session, the president, reviewing the work of the meeting, praised the skill and wisdom displayed by the Council in the Græco-Italian dispute. Everybody, he said, was anxious and uneasy, fearing a widespread war, and, when the difficulty was settled with the close collaboration of the Council of the League, the whole world experienced a sensation of relief and satisfaction. 1008 THE ASSUAL REGISTER Imperial Conference.-All Imperial Conference was held in London from October 1 to Kovember 9, 1923, with Mr. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of Great Britain, as chairman. Canada was represented by. the Right Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, Hon. Geo. P. Graham, Minister of Railways and Canals, and Sir Lamer Gouin, :Minister of Justice. :\lany matters of importance to Great Britain and her Dominions were dis- cussed and dealt with by the conference. Chief among thef'e were the defence of the Empire and preferential tariff treat11:ent by Great Britain of her Dominions. ..As seen from the Canadian point of view, the results of the conference are summed up by a member of the Canadian delegation as follows: 1. A much clearer understanding of the Canadian position as to Imperial relations. 2. Recognition of equality and indcpcndent initiatiYe in matters peculiar to one part of the :mpire, coupled with willingne:-,::o: to co-operate in matters of common concern. 3. The clearing up of the pre ent pOf'ition of the Dominions in respect to making treaties, with the unanimous understanding reached alcng the lines adopted by the Canadian Governmcnt from the Treaty of Yersailles to the H:dibut Fisheries Treaty. 4. Recognition by the Admiralty for the fir t time of the principle of Dominion navies. 5. Emphasis on the re:-ponsibility of each part of the Empire for its O"wn defence. 6. Recognition that it is for the Parlimr.ent and people of each part of the Empire to decide on the measure of its own defence prcparations. Provincial General Elections.-In Quebec, at a general election held on Feb. 5, 1923, the Liberal party, under the lcader hip of Premier Taschereau, was given a rene\\ed leaf"e of power, with a total of 63 out of the 85 seals in the House. Conservative candidates were returned in 21 constituencies and one Labour member was elected. · In Ontario, at a genpral election which took place on June 25, 1923, the Drury government was defeated, the Conservative party having a majority of 39 seats over aU the other partics. Their leader, the Hon. G. Howard Ferguson, took office a:--: Premier on July 16. In Prince Edward Island, at a general election held on July 26, 192: , the Liberal government of the Ron. John H. Bell was defeated, the Conservative party, led by J. D. Stewart, K.C., securing 26 of the 30 seats contested. The Economic and Financial Years 1922 and 1923.-The severe depression which continued throughout 1921 had becn mainly attributable to the great and sudden decline of prices from the peak of lay 1920, and to the uncertainty thus created in the mind of the producer as to whether his product would be taken off his hands at a remunerative price. During the years 1922 and 1923 the wholesale prices of commodities remained comparatively stationary, the latter year even showing a slight advance. When once the business public commenced to realize that the great slump \\ as over and that a comparatively steady level of prices had been reached, confiùence in the future began to revive, and manufacturers and other business entrepreneurs com- menced once more to produce for a future market. As a result, employment gradually improved from the 10\\ point of Jan. 1, 1922, when some 4,000 large manufacturing firms employed only 68.7 p.c. of the hands whom they had em- . OBITUA.RY, 1923 1009 played in January of 1920, at the height of the boom. Through 1922, the per- centage gradually increased to a maximum of 87.7 p.c. in November and December, while in 1923, it reached 93.6 p.c. in July. Mining, transportation and construction and maintenance have also shown increased employment in 1922 and 1923, as com- pared with 1921, so that on the whole it may be said that the country has, during 1922 and 1923, recovered from the profound depression of 1921. CertaÎn serious conditions, however, are still to be overcome. The gravest feature in the situation at the close of 1923 is the inequality of the deflation in the prices of the primary products of the farm and in those of manu- factured goods. Wnereas the average prices of field crops in 1922 were only about 17 p.c. higher than in 1913 (see diagram On page 293), the prices of the commo- dities which the farmer bought were not less than 50 p.c. higher than in 1913. This situation, which also exists in the rnited States and the 'Cnited Kingdom, has produced a general agricultural depression in all three countries, and has led to a considerable amount of unrest. The dispropurtion between the world prices of agricultural products and of manufactured products has, however, been harder upon Canada, since agriculture is relatively a more important industry here than in either the lTnited States or the rnited Kingdom. In spite of the depressed situation in her leading articles of export, Canada has in the past year or two maintained h{'r position as one of the greatest exporting nations of the world. In the calendar year 1922, Canada, with exports amounting to S884,363,()00, Rtood fifth among the exporting nations of the world, surpassed only by the four great industrial countries, the United tates, the ""['"nite I Kingdom, France and Germany. In the twelve months ended D{'cember, 1923, Canadian exports of domestic products were $1,014,73-1-,274, considerably e-wecding the $944,839,000 which was the gold value of Germany's exports of domestic produce in 1922. Statistics of bank clearings have in the recent past been vitiated as a record of transactions by the decline in the number of banks, which has resulted in the elimination from bank clearings of many transactions which formerly figured there. In spite of this handicap, the total of all Canadian bank clearings was $17,317,- 227,574 in 1923, as compared with 816,264,816,442 in 1922. The most recent statistics available at the end of 1923-the increase in immi- gration for the first eight months of the fiscal year from . 6,882 to 118,mn -the enormous, f low-priced agricultural production of 1923-the increase of mineral production from 8171,923,000 in 1921 and $18-1,297,000 in lfj22 to an estimated $214,102,000 in 1923-the expansion of our external trade-the increase in Domin- ion revenue, coupled with the improved showing of the Canadian X ational Rail- ways-all l{'ad to the conclusion that Canada commences 1924 with better pros- pects than in any previous year since before the war. It is to be hoped that the improvement of the European situation may permit of that continent becoming once more a profitable customer for our surplus of food products and raw materials, thus restoring the balance between the prices of our agricultural and our manu- factured products. Obituary.-1922. Dec. 28, John A. Chesley, l\lontreal, Que., formerly a member of the House of Commons and Canadian Trade Commissioner in South .Africa from 1907 to 1913. 1923. Jan. 8, E. D. Sutherland, I.S.0., Auditor General. Jan. 10, John Å. :McDougald, Cornwall, Ont., Local Registrar of the Supreme Court of Ontario, Registrar of the Surrogate Court and Clerk of the County Court for the 1:nited Counties of Stormont. Dundas and Glengarry. Jan. 17. Hon. 62373-54 1010 THE ANXUAL REGISTER 'Yilliam C. Kennedy, l\1inister of Railways and Canals. February 18. Col. Gustave A. Taschereau, Ottawa, .\ sif;tant Director of Equipment, and Ordnance Services in Department of Xational Defence. February 20, Sir Thomas George Roddick, l\1.D., LL.D., l\1ontreal. Que., a memb('r of the l\1edical Council of Canada. :\Iarch 1. ir ""alter GiLson Pringle Cassels, B.A., Kt., Ottawa, President and Chief Justice of the E),.chequer Court of Canada. l\1arch 2. lIon. JO ('I>h :\Iartin, I,-.C., Vancouver, B.C. l\1arch 2. Louis Laframboise, K.C. former chief French translator of the House of Commons. l\1arch 5. Reginald A. Fowler, Em('rald, Ont., l\1.P.P. for the constituency of Lennox, Ont. l\1arch 6. Arthur St. Laurent, Ottawa, Ont., Chief Engineer Public 'Yorks Department. l\1arch 12. Judge Joseph .Jamieson, former county judge of the county of "ellington, Onto 1:H('h 13. l\1ajor-General Henry Smith, Department of National Dcfence. March 17. G. .-\.. Elliott, K.C., Winnipeg, l\Ian. April1. Hon. John C. Kaine, Quebec, Que., l\Iemher of the Lf'gi lative Council for Stadacona divi ion and l\1ini ter \\ ithout portfolio in the Ta chereau Cabinet. April 2. Hon. Joseph Godbout, Quebec, Que., enator. April 2.5. Sir Oliver Taillon, :\Iontreal, Que., Ex-Premier of the Province of Qu('bee and former Postma:ster of :\Iontreal, Que. April 27. Brig.- General James H. l\Iitchell, D.KO., Toronto, Ont. lay l-l. Rev. Dr. James A. l\lacÐonald, Toronto, Ont., former Editor of the Toronto Globe. l\1a} 18. H. A. nichard on, Toronto, Ont., Generall\Ianager of the Bank of Xova cotia. May 31. Yictor Geoffrion, K.C., l\1ontreal, Que., memb('r of Parliament for Chambly and Verchères, from 1900 to 1911. F. J. Bisaillon, K.C., l\lontreal, Que. Hon. enator Amédée E. Forget, Banff, .\lberta, died in Ottawa. June 9, Rodolphe Boudreau, C.:\I.G., Ottawa, Ont., Clerk of tll(' Privy Council. June 11. l\1a or- Gener.d Sir l\1atthew Lord Aylmer, Kootenay Lake, B.C., former In I>ector- General of the Canadian Forces. Jo eph Keele, OUa\\ a, Ont., G('ologist, Depart- ment of Iines. Chri:--:toph('r B. Robimon, Ottawa, Ont. July 8. lion. William H. Thorne, St John, X .n., enator. July 13. lIon. Dr. Thomas H. lcGuire, first Chief Ju tice of the Supreme Court of the Xortlmes1 Territories. July 17. Lieut. Col. t;ir John 1". Hendrie, K. .:\I.G., (,T.O., Hamilton, Ont., former Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of On1nrio. July 23. James Findley, Pcm- broke, Ont., ex-M.P. Xor1h Renfrew, Ont. July 24. Dr. John G. Rutherford, C.:\1.G., Y.K, Ottawa, Ont., memb('r. Board of Raih\ay ConlJni ioners for Canada. July 26. Thomas J. Code, Ott:!wa, Ont., Assistant to the Deputy Iinister and Chief Accountant, Department of Trade and Commerce. Aug. 15. John Laxton, a memher of the Toronto Bo:nd of Ilarbour Commisf;ioners. Aug. 17. ir Alexandre Lacoste, Kt., :\Iontreal, Que. .-\..ug. 21. Hon. Sir William Ralph Iereditb, Kt., Toronto, Ont., Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Oct. 2. Lieut.- Col. Frallá-; Gomdeau, forlll('r Deputy Minister of l\Iarine find Fi heries. Oct. 28. Auguste T. Leger, :l\I.P. for Kent County, X.n. Xov. 6. John Castell Hopkins, F.S.S., .F.R.G. ., publisher of the Canadian .\.nllual :Review. Kov. 23. Charles A. Bigger, C.E., D.L-S., As i:4ant fo;uperintendent of the Geodetic Survey of Canada, Ottawa,Ont. Xov. 19. "ïlliam John Gerald, 1.:0;.0., OUawa, Ont., former Deputy :\Iini ter of Inland Revenue. Dec. 5. Sir \\-illiam l\Iackenzie, railway builder and contractor, Toronto, Ont. Dec. 10. The Right Hon. Baron Shaughne sy, Knight Commander of the Hoyal Victorian Order, First Baron haughne:,;:sy of l\Iontreal and of A:--:hford, County Limerick, Ireland, and chairman of 1he board of directors of the Canadian Pa('ifir' Railway. Dec. 2Mh. Dr Otto J. Klotz, Director of thc Dominion Observatory, Otta\\a. EXTRACTS FROJ! THE CASADA GAZETTE 1011 IV.-EXTRACTS FROl\f THE CANADA GAZETTE.1 Privy Councillors.-1923. Rept. 12. Edward J. Mc:\Iurray, M.P., " innipeg, :\Ian. Lieutenant-Governors.-1923. Feb. 1.5. William F. Todd, St. Stephen, X.B., to be from Feb. 24, 1923, Lieutenant-Governor of the said province of New Brunswick, in the room and stead of the Hon. \Yilliam Pugsley. Oct. 12. Hon. Louis P. Brodeur, P.C., formerly one .of the Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada, to be from Oct. 31, 1923, Lieutenant-Governor in and over the Province of Quebec, in the room and stead of the Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, G.C.1\I.G. New :\Iembers of the House of Commons.-(Date when gazetted).-1922. Xov. 24. Eusèbe Roberge, Electoral District of ::\Iegantic, Que.; Joseph T. Rhéaume, Electoral Di trict of Jacques Cartier, Que., and John G. Robichaud, Electoral District of Gloucester, X.B. Dec. 19. Richard F. Preston, Electoral District of Lanark, Ont. Dec. 2{). Robert E. Finn, Electoral Di trict of Halifax, X.S. 1923. :\brch 14. Albert Francis Healy, Electoral Di:,:trict of Essex Xorth, Onto ::\Iay 3. Edward Kicholas Hopkins, District of :\Ioo1"p Jaw, Saskatchewan. :\Iay 16. Joseph F. Descoteaux, Electoral District of Xicolet, Que. Aug. 20. Fenwick L. Kelly, Electoral Di:;:trict of Cape Breton Xorth and Yidoria, N.S. Xov.5. Ed\\ ard James ::\1c::\lurray, Electoral Di"trict of 'Yinnipcg Xorth, Manitoba. Cabinet :\1inisters.-1923. April2K The Ron. George P. Graham, a member of the King's Privy Council for Canada, to be Minister of Railway and Canals. The Ron. Edward 1. :\[acdonald, a member of the King's Privy Council for Canada, to be AC'ting :\Iinister of Xational Defence. Aug. 17. The Hon. Edward 1\1. :\Iacdonald, Pictou, X.t;., a member of the King's Privy Council for Canada, to be Minister of Xational Defence. The Hon. James A. Robb, Ottawa, Ont., a member of the King's Privy Council for Canada, to be :\Iini:.rs assumed by Council, administration of justice, soldiers' settlement and any other matters affecting the management, lift> and progress of the said Indians, as may be required by the Ruperintendent-General of Indian Affairf;. April 21. Frederick T. Congdon, Ottawa, Ont., one of His :\fajesty's Counsel learned in the law, to be a Commissioner to enquire into and report upon the circumstances incidental to or connected with any payment made or authorized by the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada (now the Canadian Kational H.ailway Company) or its :shan'holders, director:;; or officers, or by the sharcholdprs, directors or officpr:;; of any subsidiary company to any officer or any directors of any such company by way of bonus, gratuity, retiring allowance or at herwi e, or any payment made or authorized by any such company or its shareholders, dir('C'tors or officers incidental to or concurrently with the appointment of a receiver of the Grand Trunk PacifiC' Railway Company or the negotiations for Or tlie acqui ition of the capital stock of the said Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. April 20. Charles C. Iayer, Ottawa, Ont., to be a Commi Hioner to administer oaths and to take and rCl'('ive affidavits, d{'clarations and affirmations in Canafla in Or concerning any proceeding had or to be had in the ..;upreme Court and in the ExC'hequer Court of Canada. 1\lay 1. The Hon. 'Yilliam F. A. Tu, rgpon Judge of the Court of .\ppeal for Haskatchewan, ProfeH or 'Yilliam J. Rutherford, B.S.A., Saskatoon, ask., Ðt>an of the Faculty of Agriculture, rniver:-:ity of SaskatC'hewan, Duncan A. 1\IcGibbon, Ph.D., Edmonton, \lberta, Profe:ssor of Economics, rniv('r- sity of .\lberta, and James G. fo;cott, Quebec, Que., to be Commissionprf; to inquire into and report upon the sllbj('C't of handling and marketing of grain in Canada and other questions incident to the buying, selling and transportation of grain; and in particular, but without restricting the gen('rality of the foregoing terms, upon the folIowing matt('rs: (1) the grading and weighing of grain, (2) the handling of grain in and out by country elevator and from country points, (3) the opcration of terminal, public and private el('vators, (-1) the mixing of grain, and (5) thp dis- position of screpnings; the said Ron. William F. A. Turgeon to be chairman of the said Commission. :\Iay 18. l\Iajor Frederick H. Honeywell, Ottawa, Ont., Barrister-at-law, to be a Commissioner to enquire into and report upon all circum- stance.:; incidental to or connected with any payment madt> or authorized by the Grand Trunk Railway Co. of Canada (now the Canadian ational Railway Co.) ()r its :shareholder:s, directors or officers or by the sbarchold('rs, directors or officers .of any subsidiary company to any officer or any director of any such company by way of bonus, gratuity, retiring allowance Or otherwise, or any payment made or authorized by any such company or by its :shareholders, direC'tors or officers inci- dental to or concurrently with appointments of a receiver of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Co. or the negotiations for the acqui:sition of the capital stock of the said Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. June 26. Clovis T. Richard, Bathurst, :K.B., Barrister-at-Iaw, to be a Commissioner to investigate into and report on charges of political partizanship against government employees in the Province of Kew Brunswick. July 10. H.obert 1<'. Grant, Joseph L. Fortin and Norman Labelle, to be members of the Thr('e Rivers Harbour Commission-the first named to be president thereof. Aug. 1. Charles D. La Nause, Inspector, R.C.M. Police Force, to be a Comm ssioner to investigate into and report in respect of dynamite sticks placed near the road outside the hatchery gate at Xorth East COJIJHSSIONS, 1923 1015 Margaree, N .S., and in the hatchery yard; also in respect of the interference with the screens in the salmon-rearing pond and the damage and injury to the lanterns at a trap set for catching parent trout for hatchery purposes at that place. Aug. 31. A. S. Williams, Ottawa, Ont., Barrister-at-law and Departmental Solicitor of the Department of Indian Affairs; R. V. Sinclair, Ottawa, Ont., one of His l\Iajesty's Counsel learned in the law, and Uriah McFadden, ault Ste. J\Iarie, Ont., one of His Majesty's Coun ellearned in the law, to be Commissioners to investigate and report upon the validity of a claim made by certain Indians of the Chippewa and Iissis auga tribes who have claimed that the said tribes were and are entitled to a certain interest in the lands in the Province of Ontario to which the Indian title has never been extinguished by surrender or otherwise and should the said Com- mission determine in favour of the validity of the said claim to negotiate a treaty with the said Indians; A. S. \YiUiams to be Chairman of said Commission. Rept. 12. Duncan E. Shaw, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Barrister-at-law, to be a Commissioner to investigate and report upon charges of political partizanship against government employees in the said province. Sept. 22. James \Y. Robertson, C.M.G., LL.D., Ottawa, Ont., James J. Johnston, Charlottetown, P.E.I., one of His Majesty's Counsel learned in the law for the said province, and Fred. Bancroft, Torontb, Ont., to be Commissioners to enquire into the cause of the industrial unrest among the steel workers at Sydney, .S., and the circumstances which occasioned the calling out and the retention of the l\Iilitia in aid of the civil powcr in connection with the said unrest, and also into the relations between employcrs and employees con- cerned; James \V. Robertson to be Chairman of the said Commission. Oct. 2. Bannerman \Y. Tanton, Summerside, P.E.I., Barrister-at-law, and Stephen R. Burke, Albertan, P .E.I., to be Commissioner to investigate into and report upon charges of political partizanship against government employees in the Province of Prince Edward Island. Imperial Honours and Decorations.-1923. June 29. To be a iember of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, The Hon. 'William S. Fielding. Day of General Thanksgiving.-::\londay, ovember 12, 1923, was appointed by proclamation as a "day of general thanksgiving to Almighty God for the bountiful harvest and other blessings with which Canada has been favoured this year. " Abolition of pr{'ferential tariff on Canadian wheat, 1846..... 464 - tariff bet" een provinces. " . 464 Aborigine ... . . . . . 928-931 Abrasives, exports. 502-503 - imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 - manufactures.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 428-429 Academies, in Quebec. . . . . . . . 878 Accid{'nts, civil a'iation........ 656 - fatal, industrial. . . . . . . . . . 715-716 Acetic acid, excise tariff for. 774 Acids, exports..... - - 502-503 - imports. . . ......................... 534-535 Acts of Parliam{'nt, li:,.t of principal, admin- istered by Departments of Dominion Governm{'nt.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. !169-971 - of Provincial L{'J!;islatures... .99')-1006 Adding machines, imports. . ...... . 528-529 Adh{'sÏ\.{'s manufactures. .. . _ . . 428-429 Administration, statistics of. . . . . . . 904-960 Adolescents, compulsory education of. . ... 875 Adulteration of rood, expenditure .... .. 765 Adverti::,ing and other novelties,' manu- factur{'S. . . . . . . . . .. ............... ... 428-429 Advisory Council for Scientific and Indus- trial Hesearch..... .... ..... 939-!J42 A{'rated "at-ers, imports and exports. 542 - manufactur{'s. .. . . .. 421\-429 Aeroplanes and parts, {'xports. . . .. _ . . . .. 504-505 Agents-G{'neral of the provinces... . . " . . 139 Aggregate {'xternal trade........... ...... 470 -\.gricultural Experiment Stations of Canada 227-235 - implements, exports... ...... .... 496-497 - impl{'ments, imports......... 526-529 - impl{'ments, manufacture..... 426- 7 - price., British. . . 286-287 - prices, Canadian .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280--286 - products, ",ee al o' 'Y {'getable products," .. -\nimals and their products," "Fibres, textiles and textile products" . . . . . . . . .. 235-259 - products, exports of vegetable, by quan- tities and valuef', 1920--23.............. 480--485 - exporls of agricultural or vegetable oriJ!:in, 1922...... ... ... . 540 - exports of, from U .t;. to principal coun- tries, 1917-21. . . ..... .. .. .. .... 561-571 - imports of agricultural or vegetable origin, 1922......... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . 540 - imports of, veJ!:etable, by valu{'s and perc{'ntag{'s, 1920--23.. ............... .. 479 - imports of, into U.K., by quantities and values and bv countries whence imported, 1917-21.:......... _ 557-561 - lands. .......... . 37 - revenue, 1918-22. 299--300 - season, 1921-22.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 - ,,{'alth of Canada, 1918-22... . . . . . . 299--301 Agriculture, statistics of. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235-309 - acr{'ap;{', 'ield, quality and value of crops.. .. .. . .. .. ... 236-259 - dair ing......... .. . . .... ........ .. _ 271-274 - development of, in Canada. . . ...... .... 220--225 - distribution of Canadian "heat and oat crops. . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... 297-298 - Dominion and provincial departments of 226-227 - egg prod uction.. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . 294 - farm labour and wages. . .. . .. " . . . . . . 278-280 - farm live stock and poultry...... .. . . 260--270 - fur farming........................ 270--271 - fruit. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275-277 - grain stocks in Canada.......... . .. .. 296-297 - maple sugar..... _.. . ..... _ ......... 295-296 - price of. agricultural produce........ . . .. 28a--292 - Provincial Actf< relating to............. .996-1005 - sugar beets and beet root sugar. . . . . . . . . 295 - the Government in relation to.......... 225-235 - tobacco...... . ......... ..... ........... 294-295 - ,,001 production and value 01........... .292, 294 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Air Board 655-656 - navigation. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 655-656 Air-compressing machines, imports. ... . . . _ 528-529 Alberta, area and boundaries of.. . _ _. . " . . . 4 - coa\......... ....... _ _ ..... .368, 392-394 - Collel1: e of Agriculture...... 234 - Dominion lands in. .................... 904-905 - education in.......... .877,879,882, SS6, 887, 889 - {'Iectrical energy generated, 1923........ 402-403 - government, publications of. . . ... . . . . 984 - government of. . ..... . . . . . . . 113 - legislation in.. .. .... .. .. . . . . . .... . _ .1003-1004 - I,ìeutenant-Governors, legislatures and }Iinistries of........ ... 137 - manufactures of, 1900-1921......... 415-416 - mineral production of. ..... . . . . . . 368 - municipal Government. . 113 - population of. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 14a--14I, 148 - population, towns and villages......... 171-175 Alcohol, consumption of..... . . . . . . . 775 - wood, exports..... . 502-503 All', e'tports........ . . _. ... 480--481 - imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 512-513 Alfalfa, area, yield and value of, 1917-22... 240--257 Alkaloids, imports and exports.. . ., .., . 546-547 Alliance l'\ationale. .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 860 Allo" ances, regulations, pay and. . . . . . ... . . 913 Aluminum and products, exports........... 498-499 - imports.. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . ... 530--531 - manufacture........ 4:::6-427 Amber, imports........ _ . 512-513 Ammonia, nitrate of, imports...... 534-535 - sulphate, exports. .. . . . . . .... . ..... .. 502-503 Ammunition, imports and exports.' 546 - manufacture.. ... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 428-429 Amusement goods, exports.. 504-505 - imports.. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 536-537 Ancient Order of Foresters... . . .. ... .. _ 860 Animal Husbandrv Division of the Dom- inion Experim ntal Farms.. . ........ 228 Animal products, exports of, by quantities and values, 1920--23....... . . .. .. . . . . . .. 486-491 - exports of, classed as manufactures, 1922 540 - exports of, from U.S. to principal count- ries, 1917-21........ . ... ..... .. .... 561-562 - hair goods manufactures................ 422-423 - imports of, by values and percentagE'S, 1920--23.......... . ...... ...... 479 - imports of, classed as manufactures, 1922 540 - imports of, into r .K., by quantities and valu{'s and bv countries "hence im- ported, 19J7-2ì............. .... 557-559 Animals, for exhibition. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 - for food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 - improvement of stock, exports...... .. 486-487 Annuiti{'s, Go, ernment. . . .., .. . . . . . 866-867 Annuities Act, Government.... ... ....... 866-867 \nnuities fund statement, 1922 and 1923, Government. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 867 Annuity contracts issued. ....... X67 Anthracite, imports of. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 532-533 Anti-dumping clause, Canadian Customs Tariff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Appalachian Region...................... .6, 17-18 Apples, distribution, by varieti{'s, 1920--22. 276-277 - exports.. ... ....... ... .. .. .. 480--481 - imports..... _ .. _ _.. ......... 506-507 - production and value, 1921-22.......... . 276 - production in Ontario, by districts, 1921- 22. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 277 Appointments, judiciaL................. .1011-1012 - official... . ........................... .1011-1015 Appropriation Acts...... . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 993 Apricots, imports.. ....................... 506-507 Arctic zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. .. _ 26 -faunas . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... _.. . . 32 Area and population of Canada by provinces and districU!......... ........ .... ..... 144-148 INDEX 1017 PAGE. Area of Canada................ 1 - of provinces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Areas of field crops in Canada, 1917-22..... 238-258 Armistice with Germany...... ............ 87 Arms, exports and imports.. ............ 546 Arrowroot.. . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . " 510-511 Art, works of, imports....... 536-537 - exports...... .. ..... . .. . . . . .... . . .. ..... 504-505 Artificial feathers and flowers, manufac- ture. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . 428--429 Artificial limbs. manufacture........... 428-429 Artisans Canadiens........................ 860 Arts and Agriculture, expenditure for. 1919- 23...............- ..._.......... 765 Asbestos, exports. . . . . . . . . . . . 502-503 - industry. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 - occurrence of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - packing, manufactures.. . . ., . . . . . . . . . . " 428--429 - products n.e.s. manufactures... ...... " 428-429 - quantity and value of. 1909-22......... 395-396 Asphalt, external trade.... . . . . .. ......... 545 - imports.. .. _ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . " 534-535 Assessment. provincial Acts relating to. . . .996-1005 .. Assessmentism" defined.. . . . _. ... 851 Assiniboia, District of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Associates, Company of One Hundred. . 61 Association Canada-Américaine.. ......... 860 -\.ssociation, Canadian }Ianufacturers'. 728 - Canadian Lumbermen's... ., .. 728 Association of Canada, Railway. . . . . . . . . 728 Association of Canadian Building and Construction. . . . . . . . . 728 Athabaska, district of. ....... .. . . . 78 Atlantic fisheries........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 346-347 Attendance, school, legislation relating to. 996 Automobiles, see under" }Iotor Vehicles." A v. nings, manufacture. . . . . . . . .. ..... 424--425 ßabbitt metal and solder, manufacture.... 426-427 Bacon, exports.. 488-489 - imports... . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . -... 516-517 Bags or sacks. exports and imports.. . . _ 544 - manufacture.... '" . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 424-425 Bakery products, exports........ .., .482--483, 542 - imports... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .... . .508-509, 542 Baking powder industry. . . . .., . . . 428-429 Balance of trade. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .468, 471 - sheet of the Dominion _ . _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Bananas, imports...... 506-507 Bank notes. imports. . . . .. 522-523 Banking... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 815-833 - business, historical summary. . . . 815 - legislation. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 816-817 -system of Canada................. 815-816 Banks and Banking, statistics of.... .. 817-833 - assets of... __.... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... 819-820 - assets of, in call and short loans. 1922... - 822 - assets of, in call1ìnd short loans, 1919-22 820 - assets of, in Dominion notes, 1919--22... _ 820 - as."ets of, Dominion notes, 1922......... 822 - assets of, in specie, 1919-22............ 820 - assets of, in specie, 1922................ 822 - branches, number of, by provinces.. .... 827 - branches, number of chartered, in other countries. . . . . . . . . .. .............. 829 - call and short loans elsewhere than in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820, 822 - capital of, paid up, 1867-1922. . . .... ..... 818 - capital of, paid up, December 30, 1922.. 823 - cash due from other banks........ .. . .. . 822 - central gold re8erve. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 820, 822 - Chartered, amount of exchanges of clear- ing houses in 16 cities......... .. . . . . . .. 829 - - assets 1867-1922...................... 819 - - assets 1919-22. . . _ _ . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 - - deposits in. ._....... _. . .820, 822, 824 - - discounts.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 824 - - in Canada.... . . . .. . ................. 815-816 - - liabilities, 1867-1922....... . . . .. . . .. . 818 - -liabilities, 1919-1922............ .... 823 - - number of branches of, by provinces, December 31,1922.................. 828 PAGE. Banks, clearing houses of.. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 829 - current loans of, in Canada. ., . . . . . . .820, 822, 824 - deposits by the public in, 1867-19'?2..... 821 - deposits by the public in 1919-1922.. -'. 818 - discounts of.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 - discounts to the public.................. 820,824 - itemized assets of...................... 820 - itemized liabilities of. ..... . . . . . . . . !!21 -liabilities of, 1867-1922................. 81R -liabilities of Dec. 3(\, 1922.. . . .. . . . . . . '" 823 - liabilities of in deposits by the public. 823 -liabilities of in notes in circulation...... _ 823 - liabilities of in paid up capital.. . . .... . 823 - liabilities of in rest or reserve fund.. . . . . 823 -liabilities, total and net...... . . . . 826 - note circulation, statistics of... . . . . . .811-814, 823 - notes....... . . . . . . . . 813 - notes in circulation.. .................. 818 - ratio of reserves to net liabilities. . .. . . " 826-827 - resen.es.... __ . . . .. . . . _ . _ _ . 825-826 - reserves with liabilities. . . . . .. ...... _. 825-826 -- Savings, Dominion Government and other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - savings, deposits with... . . . . . . . . . - - business.... . . . . . .. ... . . ............. - - liabilities of Canada for.. . . . . . .. . . . . . ==!: tr f::sc f.' .... .. ':."" ::::::::::::: - total business of Post Office and Do- minion Government Ravin!!;s..... . S33 Bankruptcy, Dominion Act relating to..... 873 Barley, area and yield of, 1921-1922...... 237 - area, yield and value of, 1917-22........ 238-257 - exports...... . .. . ............. ....... 48o-t81 - prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1922. .. _.............. 284-286 - receipts... " ., _....... 593-594 - shipments. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ .. 593-594 - stocks of in Canada, 1922-23........... 297 - world's production of, 1921-22....... . . " 304-305 Barrels, exports...................... .494-495, 544 - imports. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 524-525 Baskets, manufacture. ........ 424-425 Batteries, exports.. . _ . 544 - imports. ....... . ........ 532-533 Batting, manufacture. . . . .. _.... .. 424-425 Beacons.. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. 679 Beans, area, yield and value of, 1917-22.... 239-257 - exports. . ......................... 48o-t81 - imports... . . . . . . . ... . ... . . .......... 508-509 - yield and value of, 1921-22.............. 237-238 Bee Division of the Dominion Experimental Farms.. _ _..................... . 228 Beef, consumption. .. . .., _ . . .. . .. . . . 602 - exports.. . .... . .. .. . . .. . - . - 488-491 - imports....................... ..... 516-517 - stocks in cold storage. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 Beer, consumption of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 - duty. per head paid on.................. 775 - exports.. . .. ........................ 480-481 Beetroot sugar, production, 1911-22..... . .. 295 Beets, sugar, area and yield " _ . . . . . .. 240. 248, 255 256, 258, 295 Belting, manufactures.... . . . . - - 422-423 Beneficiated iron ores......... . . '" 384 Beverages, exports... .............. . . .48o-t81 , 542 - imports..... ......... .512-513, 542 Bibles, imports........ . 522-523 Bicycles, exports. ... 498-499 - manvfacture... . . . .. 426--427 - repairs.... .... . ... .., 43û-431 Billiard tables, manufacture.. 428--429 Binder twine, exports......... . . . 492--493 - imports.... . ... . " .. ., ., . . ............. 522-523 Biological medicines, imports............. 546 Births in Canada, statisticB of...... . . . . . .. 188-192 Birthplaces of the population... . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Biscuit8. export8..... .................... 482-483 - imports... ............................ 508-509 - manufactures. __ . . . _ _ .. . . . .. .. . . ... 422-423 Bituminous coal, imports.. _ .. .. " ........ 534-535 Blacksmithing..... .. ...... .., ............ 43û-431 831-833 832 833 831 833 831 10lS PAGE. Blast furnaces and steel mills..... . " 426-427 Blind, education of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 876-877 Rluc>prints industry................... ..... 424-425 Board of Railway Commissioners......... 615-616 - Wheat. . . . .. . . . ... . 1002 Boards, exports... . . . . .. 494-495 Boat building.. ... . . . . . 424-425 Boats, exports... . . . . . . . . . 504-505 -imports... '" .......... 546 Boiler compounds. manufacture... ..... . . .. 428-429 Boilers. import::!.............. .526-527, 545 - manufacture....... .... 426-427 Bone products, exports. . 486-487 - imports........... ........ 516-517 Bookbinding industry........ .426-427 Books. exports. ... 492-493 - imports.. . . . .. . . .... .. . . . . . . . .. '" 522-523 Booms and slides. expenditure and revenue for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 Roots, e-.:ports......... . . . .......... . 488-4S9 - and shoe findings, wood.. . . . . . . . . . 424-425 - and shoe repairs....... . .. . . . . 43D--431 - imports.......... ...... .516-517, 536-537 - manufacture........ .422-423. 446-449 - rubber. manufacture..... .............. 422-423 Botanical Division of the Dominion Experi- mental Farms.......... .... .. 229 -zones of Canada.. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 26-32 Boundaries of Canada.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Bounties, expenditure for, 1918-23.. 608-609 - crudp petroleum, 190,')-23..... 609 - fishing.... . . .. . . 351 - statistics of........ . . 608-609 - zinc. .. . . . .. . .. ........ 60S-609 Boxes, cigar, manufacture.. 424-42.5 - paper, exports... .......... 492-493 - paper. manufacture... . . . . . . 424-42.5 - imports... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522-52:3 - wooden. manufacture.... . . 424-425 Braces, or suspenders, exports. . . .. . . " 492-493 Bradstreet's statistics of commprcial fail- ures. '" .... . . " ..867- 868, 8iO-871 Braid, etc., imports.. ........... .522-523, 536-537 Brandon Experimental Farm.... . 227-228 Brandy, imports.............. ... 512-513 Brass and products, exports.......... .... . 498-499 - and Copper products, manufactures.... " 426-427 - imports........... ............... 530-531 Bread, manufacture.... . ..... 422-423 - passover, imports. ... . 508-509 Breadstuffs, imports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508-509 Breakfast foods, manufactures of. . . 422-423 Breakwaters... '" .... . '" . . . . . . . . 675 Breweries, manufactures of. . . . . . . 422-423 Brick, imports..... . . 532-533 - and tile... . . . . . . " .. ...... 396 - sand-lime manufacture.......... 428-429 Bridges and roads, expenditure for. . 927 Bridges, construction...................... 430-431 British Columbia, agricultural experiments 23.-235 - agricultural products of.... . . . . .. . . . . . .. 253-254 - area and boundaries of.. ........... 4 - education in................... .877.887,8"9,90'2 - electrical energy generated, 1923........ 402-403 -forestry in....... ........312-319, 325, 333 - Government of............ . . .... 113-115 - Government publications of..... ...... 984-986 - Land Act. . .. . . .. .... .. . . . . . . . . 910 - Lands Department. ................... 909-910 - Lieutenant-Governors. Legislatures and Ministries of......... . 137-138 - manufactures of....... ...... ...... ." 415-416 - TJ}ineral production of...... ." .369. 372, 376, 378. 380. 382. 384, 393-394 - municipal government........... .. ... 114-115 -populationof.............140-141. 148. 169. 175 -public land:;. of............ .. ........... 909-910 -railway belt........ ........ .......... 904 - University of.. '" .. .., ........ . 235.893-898 British Empire. population of........ . . . . .. 177-180 British Employment Rervice..... . . .. .. . . . 729 British North America Act.. . . . . .. .. .. ... 91, 101 IXDEX PAGE. British Preferential Tariff..... . . . . . . . . . " . 464 Brock. R. W.. "Geology and Economic Minerals" '" . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Bronze, monetary use of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 Broom corn, imports of, 1902-23......... 477 Brooms, exports......... . . " .. . .. ......... 504-505 - manufacture....... ..... ................ 428-429 Brotherhoods, Canadian Railway... . . . . 728 Brushes. exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504-505 - imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . 536-537 - manufacture.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 428-429 Buck\\heat, area, yield and valueof,1917-22 239-257 - area, yield and value of. 1921-1922...... 237-238 - exports. . . . . . . . . .. 480-481 Ru ies, exports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 504-505 BUildinl!; and Construction Industries, Asso- ciation... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Building materials............... 545 - trades, \\ ages in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 - permits, value of, 1918-23 ....... 462 Buoys... . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .... .."... ..... 675 Bureau of Labour, Haskatche\\an.......... 984 - of t1tatistics, Dominion. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. 961-9ö9 Bursaries, established b!" Research Council 941 Rm,iness confidence.. ..... .. .. 871-872 - failures.. .... . .. . . .. " ................. 867-873 - Profits War Tax Act. ..... .. ....... '" 760 Butter, exports of from Canada, 1920-23.... 49D--491 - imports.............. . .......... 518-519 - production in Canada...... .272-274. 422-423 - stocks in cold "tor age. ..... ........... 606 - values of in 1900. 1910, 1915-22..... 272-274 Buttons and button materials.............. 54.') - imports. .. ......... '" 536-537 - manufdcture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 428-429 Buying and selling, Provincial Acts relating to .. ................. ... .. .1003. 100.') Byng, Lord, appointed Governor-Gencral.. 116 ('ables, submarine telegraph......... . . . . . . 6R2 Calculating machines, exports....... . 496-497 - manuiacturei'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '" 426-127 Calgary and Edmonton Railway. land grants.... ....... ...... ............ 907 Cameras, exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 504-505 Camphor, imports.. .. ....... .. 536-537 Canada-Américaine, Association..... . . . . . . 860 - Constitution and Government of........ 89-100 - Gazette. extracts from................ .1011-1015 - Gazette. receipts for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 - general geographical description of...... I - Grain Act.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581-583 - Highway Act... ..... ......... .... 648 = r; o (I Ù ' ' i."".:::::' 6D-8g - natural resources of. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36-38 - physical characteristics of...... 1-16 - physiography of. .......... 5-7 - political subdivisions of.... 1-4 - f'hipping Act . 675 - Temperance Act.... . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 Canadian Building and Construction In- dustries. Association of. '" .. . . . . . ., . 728 - currency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 808-814 - Federation of Labour.. .. . .. . .. .. 710 - Government :\Ierchant :\Iarine..... . . .. . 6t\O - Government Railway System.. . . . . . . .. 619-623 - Government made responsible to Cana- dian ppople. .......................... - High CommiQsioner and Provincial Agents-General. ..... ...... - T.umbermen's Association.. - 'Ianufacturers' AssoC'iation..... - National Railway Company ships...... - Northern Railway system incorporated into Canadian National Railway :;h'stem. . . . . . . .. " ............... - Nòrthern Railway........ - Pacific Railway"..... - Pacific ship"..... - produce, defined. . . ... .. . . . . . . . . - Railway Brotherhoods.......... 464 139 728 728 667 619 618-619 76. 617 ß67 466 728 INDEX 1019 PAGE. Canadian Shield. . . . ... ............ . .. . . . 17 - War }Iission at Washington.. _.......... 97 _ Wheat Board........................... 1002 Canal. Panama........................... 666-667 Canals and traffic statistics..... . .. . . . . . . .. 657-667 - Canadian systems of.. ....... . . . . . . . . . .. 657-658 - cost of construction of, 1868-1922........ 665 - cost of enlargement of. 1868-1922........ 665 - expenditure on, 1868-1922............... 665 - history of.. . ... .' ... . _ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 657 - length and lock dimensions. . . . . . . . _ 658-659 - Panama, traffic through.. . . . . . . . . 666-667 _ principal articles carried, 1921-22.. ... . _. 661-662 - projected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 _ receipts from. . . . . . . . . . 764 - re\"enue from. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 665 - Sault Ste. Marie, traffic through...... .. 660-664 - statistics of. . .. .. ... _ . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 657-667 - tonnage of traffic by canals and classes of products. 1921-1922........ . .. . . .. .. .. . 661 - traffic, by months, distribution of. 1917- 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 _ traffic through Canadian. . 659-664 Cancer. deaths from......... ..... 198-199 Canned fruits, exports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 480-481 - ind ustrv .. ....... _ . .. 422-423 _ vegetable industry. . 422-423 Canoes and parts. exports.. 504-505 - manufacture....... . '.. . . . .. . 424-425 Cap Rouge Experimental :;tation. 228 Caps, manufacture.... 424-425 Cardboard!', imports.... 522-523 Carolinian Zone... . . . . . . . . . 28 Carpet. manufactures. . . . : . . " . . . . . ., 424-425 - sweepers, imports. . 528-529 Carpets, wool, imports.. _..' . 520-521 Carriages and parts, exports. _ " . . 504-505 - manufactures. . . . . . . . . . 424-425 Cartier, Jacques........ 60 Cartridges. e,;0-1-82 - teachers in colleges....... _. 900-901 - teachers in collegiatc institutes and high school". . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 883 - teachers in continuation schools in Ontario..... . . . . . .. .................. i-<83 - teacher., in Roman Catholic classical coIleges in Quebec. F.82 - eachprs in univer!'oities. '. ..... 893 - teaelwrs in vocat ional chools. . . 8R!J - technical, in ('anada. b" - 9 - univer ities of Canada. 891- 9ð - vocat ional . .. .. ... .............. ... 8 S-889 Educational equipment, exports...... .504-505, 543 - imports..... 436-437 Eggs, exports...... 490-491 - imports..... ....... 518-519 - production, 1921-22.... 294 - !'tocJ..s in cold storage... .. ROO Elections. Dominion, lel!;i"lation regarding. 991 Election", provincial gpnernl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOUS Electric energy generated by provinces, 1919-21... .... ........ .. ............ 405 - enprvs gcnerated or produced for export in ('anada, 1918-23... 406 - light and po\\pr plants..... .... '" .. 428-429 -light, expenditure on consolidated fund.. 675 - light, im'pection, receipts... . . 674 - light and po\\er companies regi!:itered, 1914-23 .. _ .. . __ .. 406 Electric rail\\ a) s of Canada, statistics of. 637-642 - c.lpital of, 1922.......... 639 - earninp;s of. 1921-22.. ........ 640-642 - operating expensp!" oi 1921-?2. 640-642 - pa"sengl'rs of, 1901-22..... .......... 639 Electrical apparatus, exports . . .500-501, 5-14 - imports.. ....... .532-533, 544 - manufacture.... 426-427 - contracts and rppairs " 4a0-43 I Electroplatinl!; indu!'otry........ 426-427 Electrot ping ind u.,try. . . . . . . . . . . 421\-427 Elementary education in Canada... . . .. . 87fi-8"0 Elevator",grain... .... .... ... .581-582, .5x6-587 -manufaoture........... ....426-427 PAGE. 430-431 424-425 716-721 728-732 730 Elevators, repairs............. Embroidery industry..._ Employers'liability.............. ...... Emplo ment and unemployment. . . . . . . . - as reported by employers............... - Bureaus, Dominion legislation respect - c iti ,; .......::....::::::::::: :...... :729, - offices, Dominion-Provincial. 728 - offices, Co-ordination Act.... _ _ 728 - operation of. . . . . _ . . . 728-729 - service.. -.. ...... .. ...... 728 Enamelled products, imports........ 49S-499 Engines, exports. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496-497 - imports... . .. '" 526-529 - manufactures. .. .. . . . . . 426-427 Engraving industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 426-427 Esquimalt and Nanaimo Rail\\ay, land grants to... . ....... _ _. . . . . . Evaporated fruits and vegetables, manu- facture '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. ........ 422-423 E\'ents of the Yf'ar!' 1922-23, principal.... .1006-1010 Exchanl!;e, premium and discount, expendi- ture for. . . . . . . . . . .,. ............ 765,767 Exchequer ('ourt, establishment of. . . . . . 93 Excise and ('ustoms, e"\:penditure. . 765 -licenses, number of, h;sued.. 774 -revenues. ..... .__ 774 - tariff. ('anadian.. 773 - t:Jxes, receipts...... ........... 764 E1:ecutive Councils or Cabinets............ S9 Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account detailed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 - for collection of revenue. . . . . . . . . 76:> - for premium, discount and exchange... 765 - of Canada.......... 763-765 - of provincial g;overnments. . . 78: -7S5 - of typical family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 752-755 - of urhan municipalities.. ..... .796-799, 802-805 - on public education............ .876-877, 883-8S7 - per head of population. . . . .. .......... 770 Experimental Farms and :-:tations of C:Jnada, AgriculturaL..... 228-235 Explosives, exports...... 502-503 - imports. 534-535 - manufacture. ...... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . '" 428-429 I:xports, see undf'r "Tradennd Commerce." Exprf's!'o, companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 642-646 - Canadian National Company... 643-646 - capitalization of.. . . . 644 - earning;s of, 1915-22. ...... ............ 64.') - finJ.ncial paper of, businp"s in, 1919-22... 646 - operating expenses of, 1915-22. 646 - operating mileage of, 1919-22. 644 - opprations.. . . .. . . .. ........ 643-644 - privilege", paympnb for, 1919-22..... 646 Exten..ion and Publicity Divi"ion of the Dominion Experimental Farms E"\:ternal Trade, aggregate. ... . - statistics of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extracts from the ('anada Gazette.. 910 229 .. . 470 " 466-579 .1011-1015 "'actory trades, wages in.. . 733, 735-737 Failurei', commcrcial. ....... ö67-873 - commercial, analY!'ois of... ... . .. ....... 1'170 - commercial, and bw"iness confidence... 871-872 - commercial, by hranches of bu!'incss. ... 868 - commercial, by provinces and classes 869-870 - commcrcial, by provinces and in Xe\\- found land .. .... ..... _.. .. S6ð - commercial, causes in Can:u"la and V.F:. 8iD Fair Wages Branch of Labour Department. 702 Family budl/;et, weekly COst in cach prov- incE>. .. .. 756 - in 60 ('anadian cities.. 7M-755 Fancy wear, manufacture 424-425 Farm equipment . 54-1 - hclp in Canada, wages of. . . . . .' '. . 278-280 - laml", value of, by provinces, 1908-1910, 1914-22.. ... _ _.. .__... .2,59--260 - implements and machinery exports.. '. 496-497 PAGE. Farm materials. . . . . . . .. ... 545 Farnham Tobacco Station...... 228 Faunas of Canada..... . . . . . 32-36 Feathers, imports...... .................. 516-517 Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada. 711 Federation of Labour, Canadian. ., . . . . . . . . 710 Feldspar, exports............ . .. .... . . . . . .. 502-503 Fellowships for scientific and industrial re- search. .. ... 94] Felt manufactures........ . . _ 424-425 - exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 492-493 Female labour in Canada.......... . 741-743 Fence posts, exports... .. . . . 494-495 - imports... .. .. . . .. . . . . ..... 522-523 Ferro-alloys, manufacture... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 426-427 Fertilizer, exports....... ..... .502-503, 545 - imports... .... .534-535, 545 - manufactures.. 428-429 Fibre imports. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 492-493 Field crops, ]9]7-22... . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. 236-259 - annual average ields per acre of. ]915-22 255-257 - comparative value of, 1921 and ]922..... 258 - total areas and values of, in Canada. ] 9] 7-22.. .. .. .. .. .. . . . 258 - ,"alues of, ]92] and ]922...... .. _...... 238-254 - Husbanrlry Division of the Dominion Experimental farms.. .... - Finance, Dominion Acts respect ing . . . . . - municipal public........... - provincial public. . . . . . . .. - public. . . . .. . - statistics of......... ... . . .... ....... Fines and forfeitures. receipts from. ...... Fire and Inland Iarine In;;urance legis- lation... .. 849 Firp-arms, exports. . . .. 498-499 - brick, production. 363 - clay, production. . ........ . . ". ..... 363 - extinguishing machinery, imports. 530-531 - losses in Canadian forests. . ., . . . 340 - wood, exports. .... 494-495 - works, manufacture... .. . .... 428-429 Fish and fisheries, statistics of.. _.. 345-361 - capital in,'ested, ]920-21. 357-358 - culture.... . . . '" ...... 349 - curing plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422-423 - exports nnd imports of, 1921-22.... . . .. .. 360-361 - e-,:ports of, by principal countries, 192]-22 360 - exports of. by quantitie!> and values, ]920-23.. 488-489 -game... 349 - hatcheries . _ . . . . . _ . . . . _ 349 - imports of, by quantities and values.... 516-5]7 - imports of, dutiable and free. 1902-22.... 360 -industries.. . ............ 422-423 - marketing and transportatioq........ . 350 - number and value of vesseh-. nets, etc... 358 - person" employed in fi;;heries... . . ..... . 359 - quantih" and value of sea fish marketed, ] 920 and ] 921. ... .... ... ....... . 35-1-355 - quantity and value of inland fish mar- keted, 1920 and 1921.... ., - transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - value, compared as to quantity, ]920- 192]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352-353, 356 - value, compared as to quantity, of exports and imports 1921-22. . . . . .. 360-36] Fisheries, Atlantic..." .. 38, 346 - con ervation. . . .. .. 349 - deep-sea. 354-355- -early....... 345 - employees........ ..... .............. 3,59 - export" by countries, 1921-22...... . . . . 360 - expenditure for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 - government bounties for.... . . 3.5] - government in relation to.......... ., .. 349-35] - inland........ ....... 347-348 - international relations............... . 3.50 - materials employed. value of, 1920-21 357 - modern industry. . _...... ......... 35] - number of men employed in. 1920-21.... 359 - of Canada. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 345-361 229 990 794-S0!i 781-793 757-805 763-805 764 IXDEX 356 350 PAGE. Fisheries, Pacific................ .......... 348 - production and value, 1917-21.... ...... 352-353 - quantities and value of the catch of 1920-21. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .... 354-356 - quantity and value of chief commercial. 1917-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 352-353 - receipts... . . .' ..... 764 - reSOurces of Canada. . . .... 38 - scientific research.. . ., . . . . ... 349 - ,'alue of by pro' inces, 19]7-2]. 352 - ,'alue of total, ]870-1921. . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . 352 - vesself and boats, number and value of. ]920-21. .. . . . .. .. . . . 358 Fishermen's equipment........ 358 Fishing bounties. . . . . . . . . . 351 - grounds, Canadian....... 346 - halibut... .. 348 -lobster........... 347 - methods. . . 346 - salmon. 348 - whale.......................... 348-349 Fla,ouring extracts, manufactures....... 428-429 Flax and products, exports........ .. ...... 492-493 - average annual ield per acre, 1915-22.. 255--256 - dressed. . 424-425 - imports... ................. 520-521 Flaxseed, area of, ] 9] 7-22.. ... ........ . 239-256 - area and yield of, in Prairie Provinces, 1920-22. 257 - exports. . . . . . . 484-485 - imports....... 514-5]5 - oil, imports. ............. ............ 5]2-513 - prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William. ] 920-22. ......... ............ 284-286 - stocks of, in Canada, 1922-23........... . 297 Flint, the late T.B.,..Provinp.ial and Local Government in laritime Province,," . . 102 Floor coverings. . . . . . 543 Flora of Canada. . . . . . . 25-32 Flour, exports......... 480-483 - imports....... .. . . .. . . . . . .. 508-509 - mills...... . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . " . .422-423, 444-446 Flo\\ers Hnd feathers, artificial, manufac- tures. . .' ..... . 428-429 Fodrler crops, ield of. 237 :Fodders, exports.... .484-485. 545 - imports.. 545 Fog alarms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Food, adulteration of, expenditure. 76;; - imports and e"\:ports. ." ... 542 - weekly cost in each province.... 756 - neekl). co"t in 60 Canadian cities....... 755 - standards. .... .. . 773 Fora!!;c Plants Division of the Dominion Experimental Farms....... Foreign produce, defined.. . . . . Forest area". ... ..... - gro\\ tho t) pes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ori/!:in, articles of. trade in. . . . . . . - products, ]917-2] _........... - pulp production, ]908-22....... - pulpwood, consumption of, by provinces, ]920-21. .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . ... .... ... 333 - quantity and value of lath, 1921......... 325 - quantity and value of lumber... . . ...... 323-325 - quantity and value of shingles, ]9]7-21..325, 339 - resources of Canada... . . .... ......... 37 - summary statistics. 1917-22........ .... .335, 339 - tonnage and value of paper, by kinds and prodnces, ]92]-]922.. ..............334-33/3 - value of wood for pulping, ] 908-22. . . _ . . 328 - \\ood for pulp exported, ]908-22. ...... 328 - \\ ood used in manufacture of pulp. ]908-22. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . .. - wood pulp exported by countries, ] 922.. . - wood, wood products and paper, exports of, 1920-23.. ............ .... 492-495 - wood, imports. ]920-23.. ........ ..... 52 -525 -zones of Canada... .... .....26-32, 310-314 Foresters. AnC'ient Order of. S:60 - Catholic Order of. . . . .. .. ............ 860 -- Independent Order of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 1023 229 466 37 3]2-3]3 540 319 332-334 328 337 1024 lYDEX PAGE. FOl"('stry. ........... 310-345 - administration. .. 318-320 - important tree species.. 314-317 - main t pes of gro\\ th .................. 312-314 - ph)sio raphy, geology and climate in relation to.. ... .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .' .. 310-311 - pulpwood, consumption and value of. 1908-22......... 328 - resources........... 317-318 - utilization....... .. . . .. . 322-339 Forfeitures. receipts from... 764 Forty leading industries......... 418-419 f.oundry p od ts, manufacture.... 426-127 Fraternalism ......... . 1ì51-852 Fraternal societies. . . . . . '. ....... 851-8.')2 Fredericton Experimental Station. . . . . . . . . 228 Free f,!;rant lands. .. .... . . .. .9;)4-90.').908- 909 French language, used in parliamentary debates...... . -r{>gime. ... . Fruit juices, imports. . . . . - prepared, imports. . . . . .. .... - and vegetable canneries. . . .. ... . -production....... ........ - trees in ('anada, ]911. 1921. Fuel control. . . . . . . . . . . . . - weekly cost in each province .. ... . . - \\eeklv cost in 60 C"1nadian cities....... - imports and exports......... .. " .... '" Funded debt payable in London and in ('anada.... . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 778-779 rur-bearing animals, kind. number and value, on fur farms, 1920-22. . . . .. . . . . " 270-271 - kind, nUmber and value ta1.en. 1921-22.. 344 Fur farms........ ... 270-271 - resources of Canada . . . . . 37 - trade.. ......... .60. 341-345 Furni"IJÏng goods. men's..... 424-425 Furniture. exports... .. 494-495 - imports.. . ......... . . . .524-525 - iron. exports....... . 498-499 - manufactures. . ., . . . . . . . . . 426-427 Furs. dre"!>ed, industry. . . .. .. . 422-423 - exports..... 4>;S-489 - imports... ..... 516-517 - production. ]920-21. 344 93 60-64 506-!i07 . 506-507 422-423 275-277 275 390 756 754-755 545 Garden seeds. imports. ................... 514-515. Gas. compressed. industry.. . . . . . . . . .. . . 428-429 - expenditure on Consolirlated Fund for. . . 76!i - illuminating and fuel plants. . . 428-429 - in"pection. receipts of..... 764 - natural. .. " ... . . . 20 - natural. production of, ]92]-22. .363, 396 Ga<;olinp. exports... 502-503 - imports... .. .. ...... 534-53.5 - launche!'. exports. . . . . 504-505 Gaiters. manufactures...... . 424-425 General }lining Association........ . . . . 454 Geographical features of Canada....... ]-13 Geolol!;ical d i dsions of Canada. . . ] 7 - formation. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-20 Gcology and economic minerals.... 20-24 - of Canada. economic, ]922.. 20 Gin. exports... ...... 4S0-481 Glass manufactures..... 428-429 - exports. . . . . . . . . . . . 502-503 - imports.. . . . .. . . .. .. . 534-535 Glazing industry........ 43(}-431 Gloves. exports..... 492-493 - imports. ..... !i22-523 -manufacture... ............. 424--425 Glue and glue stock. exports........ 49()-491 - imports............................... 518-519 Gold and "ilver Itoorlq manufactures.. ..... 426--427 - in British Colum bia, production of. . . . .. 372-3i3 - in Kova Scotia. production of, ]911-22 . 371-372 - monet"1rv use of. . . 809-810 - occurrenèo of. . . . . . . . .. . .. 2] - production of. in Ontario. ". .' ....... 371-372 - quantity anrl value of, produced in Canada, ]911-]922..:.................. 370-371 PAGE. Gold reserves. central..... 820.822 - reserves, Canadian. . . . . . . . . . 810 - world's production of....... .. 373-375 Gold-bearing quartz. exports......... 500-501 Government annuities.. .. ..... ......... 861j-867 Government and constitution of Canada... 89-100 - provincial and local....... . .. ......... 101-115 Government of N.W.T.. expenditure....... 765 Governors-General of Canada. ]867-]923.. 116 Go",ganda ('amp. production of sih'er... . . 376 Grain Act, Canada. ..... ........... . .. 581-583 - crops in Prairie provinces, ]920-22....... 257 - crops. quality of.. '. " ........ 259 - crops. value of per bushel. . . . . . . . . . . .. 238-254 - crops. yield of....... ...... ............. 236-257 - elevators. number and storage capacity of, ]913-23.. . '" .... 586-587 - exports.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480-481 - for di"tillation. quantity of. . . .. ..... 774 - gro\\ing countries of the world, acreage ami production of cereals and potatoes, 1921-22...... _................. 302-309 - growing countries of the worlrl. averaj!;e yiclds of cereals and potatoes in. 1921-22 302-309 - handled at public elevators in the east. ]918-22.. .. .. .. .. .................. . 593-594 - harvest in Prairie Provinces, ] 92]-22.... 257 - hay. area, yield and value of........ 240-254 - importq... .. . . . . .. '" .. 508-509 - inspection of. ]914-23... 591-592 - inspection of. ]922-23.. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . ... 588-591 - shipment" of by vessels and aU-rail route. ]921 and ]922... .. . . . . . . . .. . . 593 - stocks in Canada, August 3], ]920-22.. 296-297 - trade statistics.... .. .. ... . . . . . . 58]-594 - by vessel!i from Fort William and Port Arthur. 1921-22............. 593 Grand Trunk Pacific Raih\ay. 618 Grand Trunk Railway. 616-6]7 Grapefruit. imports.. .. !i06-507 Crapps, imports........ . . . . .. .. .... ..... 506-.5()7 Graphite and products, exports. .. .100-501 Gra"" seed exports... " ..... ........ .,. 482-483 Graving Doeks of Dominion Governml'nt. 926 - docks sub"idized under Dry Dock :O;ubsidies Act, 1910.. Grazing leases... Grl'a"e. eXp3rts.. -imports.. "". ...... Grea t Lakes of Canada. . . ..... .......... Great Xorthern Central Railway, land grants to. . . ." " . . . " . . . . . . . . Grisdale. J. R.. Deputy }linister of Agri- culture........ 220 Grocl'rie!', export". 484-485 (;muTlin"urance... . .............. k:;O Guelph, Onhrio. Agricultural College at... 232-233 Gums. imports. . 512-513 Guns, e"\:port<;... . 498-499 Gunqmithing................ ..... ." 430-431 Gutta percha, imports......... . . ... . . .477, 514-515 Gyp"um produced in Canada. 1920-22......363. 396 - exports. .. 502-503 9 6 !1(15 490-491 5111-519 ]0 907 naIr. e1:p3rts....... 48<\--489 - importi'.. 516-517 Tlain\ork '" 422-423 Halihut. exports......... .... " ... 486-487 - fishing......... ..... .352, 3.54, 3.56 - import"... . ......... 5]6-:;17 Half-breed "crip.. 9!).') Ham, exports..... 48S-4M) - imports... . 516-517 Handkerchiefs... 543 J J anrllei', manufactures.... 42f>-427 Hand trades.. . . ............. . 430-431 Harbour ('om missions. ......... ......... 927-928 - Police. . .. .' . . . . .. .......... 675 - \\orks, expenditure for 1917-22........ 927 Hardware. exports...... .. ... 496-497 = ::r; 'iu .':.'..::::. :::::::::::: ::::.: t ? INDEX 1025 PAGE. Hardwood Forest Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Harness, exports.. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 488-489 - manufacture....... . . . . .. __ _ . .. . .. . . . .. 424-425 - repairs.............. __................. 43ü-431 Harrows, exports........ . . .. . . .. .. .. . . __ .. 49&-497 - imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 526-527 Harrow Tobacco Station..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Harvest yields, 1921-22................... 236-237 Harvesters, exports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49&-497 - imports... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 526-527 Harvesting equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Hatcheries........ _ . . . . .. .. __.. 325-326 Hats, exports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . .. 492-493 - imports... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 522-523 - manufactures........................... 424-425 Hat materials.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Hay, area, yield, and value of, 1917-22..... 238-257 Hay, exports.............................. 484-485 - imports.. _ _................. ........... 514-515 Hay rakes, exports_ .. . .. . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . .. 496-497 Health, Dominion Department of. ....... 917-919 - public, recent provincial legislation. .., . .9\13-1006 Heating and ventilating apparatus manu- factures...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 426-427 Hemp, imports of undressed, 1902-23...... 47ï Herrings, exports, 1920-23.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48&-487 - imports, 1920-23...................... . 516-517 Hides, exports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . . .. 488-489 - imports of, 1902-22.......... ........... 516-517 High Commissioner for Canada. ......... 139 Higher Education in Canada... . . . . . . . . . .. 889-903 Highways and roads, provincial legislation respecting....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996-1004 Historical sketch of trade and commerce.. 463-465 History of Canada........................ 60-80 - chronologicaL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80-88 Homestead entries..... ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. 905-907 - lands available. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 905 Honey, exports........ . . . . . . . . . __ . .. . . __.. 49ü-491 - imports.. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 518-519 Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research..... . . . . . . . . .. 939-942 Honours, ImperiaL. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . 1015 Hoofs, exports. .... ..... ......... ......... 48&-487 Hops, imports. . __ . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 510-511 - exports....... . . . _ . __ ... __ ... 484-485 Horns, exports.. . . . . . . . __ __ . . . .. . . . . . .. 486--487 - imports of, 1902-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 477 Horses, number and values .of, in Canada. by provinces, 1921-22.................. 261-263 - numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 1917-22............................... 263-264 - values of, by provinces, 1916-22.... . . . .. 264-268 - clothing, manufacture of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 424-425 Horticulture Division of the Dominion Ex- perimental Farms...... . . . . . . __ __. _ __ 229 Hose, leather, manufacture...... . . . . . . . . .. 422-423 - rubber. exports.........-................ 482-483 Hosie, 10hn, "British Columbia"... . . . . " . 113 Hosiery manufactures..... ............... 424-425 Hospitals, expenditure on larine.... 765 - Iilitarv, Commission.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 House of (',ammons, representation in...... ]24 - members of- _. ....... _. 124-129 -number of members of....... .....____. 122 Housebuilding.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... ... 43ü-431 Household utilities, imports and exports... 543 Hudson Bay lands.. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9J7 - Railway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Hudson's Bay Co.. land sales, 1921-23..... 907 - farms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario...... . _.. ... __.. ....... 407-410 - assets and liabilities of electric depart- ments of municipalities served by, 1919-22............ ................ ... 409-410 - earnings and operating expenses of elec- tric departments of municipalities served by, 1919-22.................... 409 - statistics.............. . __. .. .......... 408-410 Hydro-Electricity, provincial power com- miSbion.'i.................... . ...:....407-410 ü2373-65 PAGII. Ice cream cones, manufacture........ . . . . .. 422-423 - artificial. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 428-429 lIIuminants, external trade... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Illustration Stations Division of the Dom- inion Experimental Farms...... _ . .. . . . 230 Immigration and Colonization Department215, 729 Immigration, statistics of- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. 205-215 - arrivals at inland and ocean ports, by nationalities, 1916-1923................ 207 - Chinese immi ants.................... 212 - deportations after admission, 1903-23.... 210 - destination of immigrants into Canada, by provinces, 1901-23.......... . . . . . . . . 208 - xpen iture on..... _ _... .214, ï65 - Juvemle... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 211 - legislation. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . 98 - occupations, 1922-23.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 - Oriental. .............................. 211-213 - policy.................................. 214-215 - prohibited. . ........................ . .. 209-211 - rejection of immigrants at ocean ports, 1903-23. .. .. __.. _ __ __ __. __.. __ __.... 210 Imperial honours....... . . . . . ... .......... 1015 Imports, see under "Trade and Com- merce. .. Income Tax collected, by provinces.. . ..: . . 772 Income War Tax Act.......... ........... 760-761 Incorporation, charters of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 Independent Order of Foresters. . . . . . . . . . . . 860 Index numbers of employment........ . . . .. 730-732 - rates of wages................... __..... 733 Index number of wholesale prices.414, 417, 744-753 Indian Affairs, Department of. ..... . . . . . . . 928 Indian Head Experimental Farm..... . . . . . 228 Indian lands.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 Indians, field crops of..................... 931 - expenditure for.... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 - income, sources and value of. . . . . . . . . . . . 931 - lands, acreage and value. of. . . . . . . . . . . . 930 - live stock of... .... __ . . . _ . . .. .. . . .. . .. 931 - population of, by provinces......... . . . . . 930 - school attendance of. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 930 India-rubber, raw, imports of, 1902-23.... . 477 Industrial councils.......... . . .... . . . . . . . .. 703-704 - designs................................. 612 - disputes. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 722-729 - Disputes Investigation Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 - equipment, external trade.. _...... __.... 544 - machinery, manufactures... . . . . . . . . . _ .. 42&-427 - Research, Advisory Council for Scien- tific and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 939-942 - "Revolution".......................... 4U Industries, see under ")lanufactures." - workers engaged in................ .433-435, 699 lnhntile and maternal mortality.. . . . . . . .. 200-204 Infusions, imports and exports. . . . . . 542 Ink, imports.... __ ." . . 536-537 - manufacture....... . . . . . __ . . . . . __ . . . . . .. 428-429 Inland fisheries.. . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... .. .347-348, 356 - Marine Insurance legislation. . . . . . ... . . . . 849 - revenue, statistics of....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 773-774 - waters of C.anada....... . ............... 7-12 Insect powder, manufacture............... 428-429 Insolvency, Dominion legislation respecting 873 Inspection of grain........... _. _. .582, 587-592 - of staples, expenditure for 765 - of staples, receipts from.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Institutions, benevolent.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 916-917 Instruments, mathematical and scientific, manufacture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 430-431 Insurance Act, Dominion, 1868........ . . . . . 849 - Dominion, amendment, 1919..... , . . . . . . 850 - returned soldiers'....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 Insurance, accident....... .. . . .. . . __ . . .. . .. 862-866 - automobile. ... _. _ .. __ __ .. _ __ .. ... 862-866 - aviation....... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 862 - burglary. __ . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... 862-866 - death-rate in Canada...... . . .. . . .. . . .. . 858 - employers' liability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 862-866 - explosion.... . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 862-S66 - fire.. .............. ............... 836-848 - fire, amount at risk..................... 833-844 1026 Insurance, fire and other classes 0(, assets of companies doing. . ..... ......... 8t4-845 - fire and other classes of, cash income and expenditure of companies doing. .. - fire and other classes of, liabilities of companies doing...... &45 - fire, British companies.. .. .. ........ . 83g-846 - fire, business transacted in Canada.. .. 838-841 - fire, Canadian companies... . . . . ..... ... 838-846 - fire, companies, aggregate business of.. 848 - fire, by companies, etc., not licen!'ed in Canada... .... 848 - fire, foreign companies. 840-841\ - fire, lo""es paid for. ....... .. 838-844 - fire, pr('miums received for. .. . . . . . . . . .. 838-M4 - fire, pr('miums and losses, b;r provinces. 84i - fire, statistics..... 836-848 - forgery... . . 862-866 - group..... 8.50 - guarantc>e 862-866 - hail. . . . . . . . . S62- 66 - inland transportation. Sô2-b66 - inspection, rec('ipts for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i64 -licensees, Dominion and Provincial.848, 862, 81)6 - life... . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . 849-862 - life companies. .. . . . . . . . 855-857 British, assets of. " . . . . . . 858 British, liabilities 0(. .... 859 Canad ian, assets of. . . . . . f;.'i8 Canadian, liabilities 0(.. 8ii9 cash expenditure of.. ... 'i59-8liO ('aRh income of..... .. 859-860 foreilm, aRsets of. . . . . . . . . 858 for('ign, liabilities of. . .... . . . 859 liabilities of....... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 8.5!! -life companies on asses!'ment plan. "00-861 a "I'ts of. . . . . . . . . . 81\1 expenditure of. 81)1 income of.... 8lil liahilitips of. . ... ................... 861 - life companies, premium income of. 85.5, 8iiG, 8i!! - liff', hi!'torical, sketch of.. 849-853 - life, in all companies...... 8.')7 Briti..h companie!'. .. . 54- 60 Canadian companies. ..... .'.)4-860 foreign companies. E.')4-860 - life, in Canada . . . .. . . . . .. 8-19-86 - life in"unmce death-rate in Canada...... 858 - life, Dominion, in Canada. . . "62 - life, prm. incial, in Canada... ........... 8G2 - life insurance, pro\ ision for returned ...oldiers' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - life, is,;ued and términated. . - life, net amount of, 1n force... .. - life, policips is"ued. ne" . Insurance, life, polici('s, premiums claims. . . .. Briti.-;h companip.". . ..... Canadian companies foreign companie'i... ._ - life, progre!'s of in Canada..... . . . . - life, stati:>tics -livestock.. . '" - other than fire and life. a...sets of Canadian ('ompanies...... Dominion. . .. ....... ................ pxpenditure of Canadian companics.... expenditure of other than Canadian companies. . . . . .. .. . . .. ., . . . income of Canådian companieR. . . . . .. income of other than C:madian com- pani('s. ...... ..... .. liahilities of Canadian companies... provincial. ._ - plate glass. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., - Royal Commi:>sionon, 190G...... - sickness..... . . . . . - sprinklpr leakage... - stati"tics. ... - !'team boil('r......... . - superintendent of. -title..................... . 938 857 _ 1;;4-857 .. .. ðå4-!j57 and 855-857 8.5 HmO S.i4-h60 Vj4-861J 857 Pol!) 862 81\2-866 862-866 858 1,65 81\4 <;;04 "1\4 "1\5 !,1)2-hI\6 "'.50 "62-81\6 .. . . .. btì:H,1\1) 835-"1)6 8112-866 8-16 62-866 [.'iDES P4.GE. PAGE. 86H 66 b62-866 76, 617 764 765 846 Insurance, tornado.......... - "eather (hail, tornado)..... Intercolonial Railwa'...... . . . . . Interest on investmeÌ1ts... ......... - on Public Debt, eJ:penditure for. . ... . . . . International Trade ['nionism in Canada.. 710, 713-714 IntoJ:icating liquors, legislation respcctÌ1lg..995-1006 Invermere E\perimental Station. . . ... . . . . . 228 Investments, interest on .......... _ . . . . . . . 764 Iron and its prod ucts, eJ:ports of, 1920-23... 49&-499 - and its products, imports of. 1920-23 '. 524-531 Iron and steel industry.. .420-423, 426-427. 452-456 - har, or steel, imports 524-525 - in ova cotia..... 453 -occurrence of. ....... 21 - ore. b..neficiated.. _.... '" . . . . . . 384 - ore, quantity and value of, 1909-22.. 384 -ore, eJ:ports............. 496-497 - imports... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524, 525 - low grade, utilization of. . .. '" 384 - piping, imports and exports.. 545 - plates and sheets, imports.. . . . . . . . . 524-527 - quantity and value of pig, 1909-22. 384 - rolled, imports.... 524-527 - structural.. _ 545 Islands of Canada. ...... ........... 12 hory products, imports...... 516-517 Jams, importf'.. ... . 506-507 - manufactures....... ..... 422-423 Japanese immigration, HJOl-23..... 213 Jellies, imports 506-507 - manufactures .......... _ 422-423 Je" dl('ry cases. manufacture 428-429 Je\\ellery, eJ:ports.. 504-505 - imports... . . . . 536-537 - manufactures..... 42&-427 - repairs... . .. . . . .. ., ...... ..... .... 430-431 Je"ish National Workers' -\.lIiane(' of -\.merica.. . . . . . .. .. Joint Industrial Councils. Judi('ature, Hppointment, etc. Judicial statisticf, _.. . ..... ......... - charges, acquittals nnd convictions..... - classification of com'icts.... ..... ..... - convictions and sentences for all offences - convictions by clas!'es of offence and proportion of each class to the total.... - conviction::, for criminal and minor offen('es...... ... .. .. . - convictions for indictable offences. . . - death !'entences......... . . . . . - drunkenness, convictions for. . . . . . . . - jU\ enile criminals, cOll\'ieted of indict- able offences.. .. - nature of crimes. - penitentiarieR.. - police stnti tics -summan cOn\ictions. .Junk,export". .. ........ Justice, COf,t of admini-;tration of... Juvenile immi ration into Canada 860 703-704 93 948-9.59 952 959 954 955 9;)0 951 !J-19 956 !lii6 950 " !I,57-9,'>!! !WI !J5!) 504-5n!) 76;) 211 S64 6t KapuskasinlZ Experimental Station hentville Experimental Station Keros('ne eJ:ports. - ill\port .. " . . . Kitch('n equipment. Knights of Columhus - of p, thia . .. .. . .. . . . . . . I\:nitted goods, eJ(þOrts.... - imports... . . - manufactures. . . '" Kniv('s, imports. .,. 221; 221< 5()()-!)01 534-!):i!) .'')43 "60 . ....... 860 .492-493, 4á0-4!H " 522-523 . 424-425 528-529 Lahour..... . - Department _ . . - Department, organization of.... . . . . . - J)ppartment, "eekly famil)' budget.. .. - di"tribution by indu.,trie!<....... ... . . .' . 697-732 iOI-704 701 i53 bllS I.YDEX 1027 PAGE. Labour distribution by nativity. .. . . " ... 701 - distribution by provinces.. . . .... . .... 699--700 - expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account.... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 - Fair Wages Branch....... 702 - trade disputes....... ...... . . ...... .. .,. 722-727 - Indu:,;trial Disputes Im-estigation Act... 702 - Gazette. _. ............................ 702 - legislation .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 703 - organizations in Canada. ., .. _. .... 707-715 - organized, strength of, in Canada.. 711-713 - persons engaged in gainful occupations, by numbers and percentage............ - persons engaged in gainful occupations, by provinces..... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . - persons engaged in gainful occupations, by f Lithographing indu:"try. 426-427 Live stock, marketing of.. . . . . . . . . . . 594-604 - stock, numbers by provinces, 1921-22. 260--263 - stock, numbers of in Canada, 1917-22.. . 263-264 - stock, numb rs of, 1921-22 ......... 260 - stock, values of in Canada, 1916-22...... 264-270 Loan and Trust Companies. . . . . . . . 833-S35 - liabilities and af<:,;ets of. 834-R35. Loans and di:,;counts, bank. !!:!2 - domestic war. . .. ...... _ . . . . 771 - liabilities for temporary. . 77& - on in'iurance policif's. 85S - public. '" 778 - temporary .. 778-779 - victory. 777-779 - war. .... . .... ..... 777-779 I oh:,;ter fisheries. . .... ..352, 355-359, 361 Lob:,;ters. f'xports of, 1920--21... 360--361 - - 1920--23..... ... ....... .... .... .. .. ... 486-487 Local and provincial government in Canada 101-115 Lockouts, strikes and. 722-727 Locksmithing. ... ............ 430--431 LocomotÌ\es amI parts, exports. 496-497 - imports 526-527 Lode mining.. 372 Logs, exports. . . .. . .. . . _ 494-495 - prod ucts.. .. .. .. .. .... . ....... 338 Lower Canada, home-made cloth. 449 Lubricating oils and greases.. 545 Lumber, exports... 494-49 - imports. . 524-525 - products. . . . . ... _ 338 - quantities and value of. 1908-1921. 323 Lumbering trades, wagl'>- in. . _ 7:l3 Lumbermen's As"ociation, Canadian 728 700 907 910 1lacaroni, manufacture 422-423 )IaC'cabees.... _ .' . ... .' . . .. .. ..' .. 860 - Women's Bf'nefit Association of the. '" 81\0 )lacdonald ColIege, :-:te. Anne de 13elIevue. 231-232 )Iachine drill:,;, imports.. . 530--531 - shop products, manufacture 426-427 Machinery exports. . . . 496-497 - imports... . . .. ...... . 528-531 Mackerel. exports, 1920--23. 486-4b7 - production. .. .. 353 Iagnpsite, export!' . 502-503 - production of, 1921-22.. 363 )lahog'LD ', imports.. . _ . 522-523 )Iail f< of, 1917-22 . 246-241' - A icultural College and Experintental Farm..... 232 - area and description of. . 3 - constitution of lOi - copper in. . . . . 378-379 - education in..... . . . .... _.. 878-887 - govprnment publications of........ . .. . .. 981-983 - gov('rnment, rI'cl'Ípts and expenditure of. 7X4-7R9 - HHlro-EI('ctric Power Commi,, ion . 407-410 -.judiciary 109 -I('gislntion in. . .. . . . . 999 - Liputenant-Governors, Legislatures and 'Iini tri('s of - manufactul"{'s ...... - mineral production of .367, 371, 1030 - municipal gov('rnment. . ., . . . - population of. - public lands of Orangps, imports ........ Ordnance lands, receipts ( )res, iron, b('neficiated ....... ()rganized labour in Canada... . . . . . - strength of.... Orl!;ans, exports. Oripntal immigration O ster fisheries. . Oysters, exports. . . . - imports. . . . . PAGE. 765 492-493 522-523 .. 424-425 .. .. 490-491 518-519, 534-535 42 ---429 4x2---483 51{)-513 232 232 518-519 606 134-135 415-416 376. 3i'S. 38{)-3S4 lOS-lOg 146. 174 9 )"-909 506-507 764 3-14 707-715 713-715 504-505 .. . .. ... 209-213 .353, 355-356 4H8-489 516-517 Pa('ific fish('rips.. 34R-349 Pails, exports. ... . " 4!H-495 Paint and varnish. manufacture of 42H---429 Paint, exports. 50.?-503 - imports.. . 534-535 Painters' materials... . . 545 Painting and glazing indu'itry. 43{)-431 Paintings. exports. .. . . !í04-50.'i Panama ('anal ." ....... 61\6-667 - traffic through, 1915-22... . . tì6ô--6tì7 Paper, exports......... . .337. 492-493 - Imports. . .' 33R - and pulp machinery, imports......... ., 53{)-531 - manufactures... ... .. .. .335-336, 426-427 - goods manufactures..... . 426-427 Paris, Treat v of. .. . . . . . . . .. '. M Parliament, .Dominion, composition of..... 116 - Dominion, powerN of... ...... . .. 92 - duration and sessions of. ......... 111'1-119 - Fourtepnth. dates of Sf'ssions. 119 - provincial, powers of . 101 Parliamentan' lej!;islation. . 990-995 -representatÍon in Canada. .......... ... 116-139 Parliaments of the Dominion of Canada, 1R67-1923.. .. .. _ .. . .... ........ .,. 118 Parole "vstem, \\orking of the....... . 957,958 Patent fèes, rec('ipts from, 1918-22... . 764 Pat-ent medicine!'!, manufacture of....... . 428-429 Patentees, Canadian, b province of resi- dence, 1913-23................. Patents in Canada. Peace River Block. _... . .. .' . . .. . . 610 609-611 904 I N DE \ P'GE. 904 506-507 275 506-507 275 23S-257 4>-0---41; I 501'1-509 53{)-531 426-42i 477 Peace River District.. Peaches, imports. ... ...... .. - production, 1900, 1910, 1920.. Pears, imports.... ....... " . - production. 1900, 1910, 1920. . . . . . . Peas, area, ield and value of, 19lì-22. - exports. - imports.. PedomNers, imports . Pel!;s, \\ ooden, manufact ure ... Pelt", imports of, 1902-23....... . . . . . - purch'lsed from trappers and fur farmer!", numbprs and values, by pro\ inces, 1920-22 .. ... .... ..... . . .. . - tak('n. 1922, kind, number and value.. Pencil", imports. ..... . . . . . Penitentiaries. stati!"tics of - ae;e of convicts. . . - conjul!;al state of convicts. .... . . . . .. - deaths. escapes, pardon!:! and paroles.. - pxpenditure Cor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - movem('nt of cOß\'icts. . . - nationalitv of convicts. - race of convicts. .... - rcceipts from. - religion of convict". - sex of com icts. . - "ocial habits of convict!:! Pens, fountain. manufacture Pen...ion Act, Canadian . .. - Commi!"sioners, Board of. Pensions, scale of. ..... - cost of.... ... - number of, in force. .... . " - scale of. to dependants of del'eased sailors and soldi('rs..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 935-937 - scalI' oC, to wounded or disabled sailors and soldiers..... .. . . 935-9 7 - \\" ar.. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 933-937 Per capita consumption of \\ heat. . 298-299 Perfumpry, imports.... . . . . 534-535 Permits, buildinl!;, 1918-23. . 462 Persons engaged in gainIul occupation" .. 697-701 Petroleum. . .22, 363, 396 - and products, ('xports.. 500-501 - bounties on, 1905-23...... 609 - imports... . . .. ....... .. 534-535 - manufacture.. .. . . . . . . . . . 428-429 Phonographs, manufacture...... ..... 430-4 1 Photographic equipment, imports.. 522-52: , 544 - indu!'trv. .. . . . . . .. . 43{)-431 Ph sical èharacteristics oC Canada I-59 Ph) "iography of Canada.. 5-7 Piano..., exports... 504-.iO.'J Pickets, exports.. ... 494-4!J.'J I'ickles, imports. .. 508-509 - manufacture...... ............ 422---423 Picture frames, manufacture...... '. . 43D-431 Picture machines. . . .... .'i44 Piece goods. . 545 Piers _ . . {j7.'J Pig iron. ('xports. .... .. .' .. . . . .. 498-199 Pigs, numher of, in Canada, b ' provinces, 1921-22.. ... .. ...................... 261-263 - numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 1917-22.. ... .. .. ... ............... 263-264 - valups of, in Canada, b . provinces, 1916-22 . . . .. .. .. .. . . 265-2f\R Pilotage. .... 6i5 Pineapples. imports.. . . . 506-507 Pins, exports. 496-497 - imports...... ... 528-529 Pipe iron, exports. . .' ............... . 498-499 Pipes, tobacco, manufacture..... . . . . . . 43D-431 Pistol cartridges, exports..... . . . . . 504-505 Pitch, exports........ ... 5()()'-501 Pitch pine, imports . . . . . . . 522-523 Placer mining, Klondike..... 370 Plain Region............. 19 Planks, exports. . .. .... 494-495 Plants, exports.... . .. ... .. 4"4---485 Plaster, imports anJ exports. '" . 545 J4-t 344 536-537 957-959 9.i8 9.W 958 i{j5 958 959 !ì-'i9 764 !159 9i9 959 428-429 933 9:J g.35-9. 7 765 934 INDEX 1031 PAGE. Pla3ter of Paris, exports. . . . . . . . . . .. 502-503 - manufacture....... . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . ." 428-429 Plate glass, imports.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 534-535 Platinum, production of, 1921-22...._... 362 - occurrence of........ 19 Ploughs, exports. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 496-497 - imports... . . ., ....................... 526-527 Plumbing industry..................... 430-431 Plums, imports... .................... . 506-507 - production, 1900, 1910, 1920. 275 Pocket books, imports... 536-537 Polf's, exports...... .... 49-1-495 Police, cost of Dominion. _. _ 765 - Royal Canadian )[ounted.. ...... . .. 946-9t7 - Royal Canadian )[ounted, expenditure.. 76:) - Royal Northwest )Iounted, receipts. . . . 764 Polish, imports.. .. ... . 536-537 - manufactureR...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 428-429 Population, and revenue and expenditure per head.. .. .. . 770 - age distribution of. ],')5 - birthplaces of. 166 - by cities and towns............... 171-175 - by provinces and territories........ .. 140-141 - by provinces and electoral districts.. 144-148 - conjugal condition of. . . .... . . 152 - dwellings and families. . . . 154 - estimated, of Canada.. ..... 770 - increa"es of, in other countries. ........ 143 - inf'rl'ase of, 1921.. _ _. 141 - movement of... ..... 1-t9 - oC Canada, 1871-1921... 140 - of the British Empire. . . . . . 177-180 - oC the Prairie Prodnces..... ..... 176-177 - oC the Prairie Provinces, by sex. . . . . . . 176 - of the world. .. .. .. . . . . . Ii'll - racial origins of. 157 - religion,. of..... 162 - rural and urban.. _.. 167-175 - rural and urban, density of.. .. 148 - sex distribution of.. 149 - statistics of...... ... 140-204 Pork, exports. . . . . . . . . .. 488-491 - imports.................... ..... 516-517 - stocks in cold storage....... .. ......... 1\06 Portland cement, imports of, 1898-1923.... 397 - quantity and value of, 1902-22.. . 397 Ports, entrips f'tc. at Canadian. .,.. . .. 668-669 Ports, Canarlian, value of imports entered at,1922-23...... ..................... 547-,548 Postal statistics....... . . " . .... ........... 689-696 Post-dischar!!;f' dental treatment. . . . . .. . 932 Post Office Department. '" . . . . . . . . . . .. 689-1\91\ - expenditure of. .692-693, 765 - historv.. ... ........ .... .. . .. .. . 689-691 - mail subsidies and steamship subven- tions. ...... . .. . ..... .... .. .696, 765 - mileagp of mail conveyance... ... . . . . 696 = :: : : : : .: : : : : : : . . . . . . . 693- - mone)' orders:by provinces. " .. ., . . " 694 - net revenue of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 692-693 -offices, number of.......... .... ....... . 690-692 - postal notes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1\95 - receipts. . .. .. ... . .. . . .. . . .692-693, 7M - revenue and expenditure of .... ........ 692-693 - revenue of offices collecting 110,000 and upwards.... ......................... 691-692 - rural mail delivery. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 - savings bank service, 1868-1923.. . . . . . 832 - savings bank service. 1918-1923.... 833 - savings bank, business of........ 833 - stamps, issue of. . ....... . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 695 - statistics. ................ 689-696 - surpluses and deficits. .,. . 692-693 Posts, exports. ......... . 434-495 Potato digl/:ers, imports.... . . .. . . . . . . . . '" 526-527 Potatoes, area, yield and value, 1917-22.... 238-257 - exports. . . .. ....................... 484-485 - starch, exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 482-4';;3 - world's production of, 1921-22........... 307-308 Pottery.. . . .., . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 363 PAGE. Poultry Division of the Dominion Experi- mental Farms. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Poultry, exports.............. ............. 486-489 - in Canada, numbers of, by provinces, 1921-1922.... . _ . . .. . ....... .....269, 270 - stocks in cold storage....... . .. . . . . . . " . 607 prairie and Prairie Steppes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-30 Prairie Provinces, agricultural census, 1916 176 - government of, etc......... ... 1l0-1l3 - grain crops, 1920-22...... . . 257 - population, 1901-21.. 176-177 Prayer-books, imports...... 522-523 Precious metals and products, exports. . 500-501 - imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . . 532-533 Precipitation and temperature..... 48-53 Pre-empt ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 Preferential Tariff, British.... . . . .. ., . . . .. 464-465 Preferential Tariff, British, Acts respecting 464-465 Premium and discount pxpemliture. 76.5 Premium and discount recpipts. . . . 764 Prices of Canadian agricultural produce. . 280-293 - of commodities. 743-756 - wholesale. ... .......... 744-751 - retail _ _ . . . . . .. ....................... 752-756 Prince Edward Island, agricultural pro- ducts.............. . .. .240-241 - area and description. . . . . . . . . I - education in........ . . . . .. .. ....... 87 -887 - electrical ener!!;y generated, 1923.. 402-403 - go\'ernment, publications of.. 979 - government of 104 - judiciary.......... 104 - legislation of. . . . . . .. .... ............. 995 - Lieutenant-Governors, Legislatures and )[jnistries of. . . . . ., .. 130-131 - manufactures of.... ...... ......... 415-416 - ",inter communication ",ith mainland... Ii 75 Principal ennts of the )-ears, 1922-23.. 1006-1009 Printing equipment. 544 - industry.. .. .... . . . . . .. . .. 426-427 - machinery, imports......... 528-529 - materials, imports........ . . . . 532-533 Printing trades, wages in. ., . . . . 733 Privy Councillors, new..... . . . lOll Producers' materials... . . . 545-546 Production, statistics of... . 216-463 - general survey of.. .... ... 216-220 - summary of, 1920 and 1921.............. 219-220 Property, valuf' of Canadian farm, 1908-22. 260 Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act, ad- ministration of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Province accounts, liabilities of Canada on. ....:............... Provinces, area of. 1921.. - elates of creation of... . . . . . - Lieutenant-Govornors, Legislatures and )finistries, 1867-1923. . . . . . . . . . ... 130-139 Pro\"Íncial agricultural experiments.. . . . 230-235 - agents-general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 - and local government in Canada.. 101-112 - general elections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008 - governments, assets and liabilities...... 7i12,793 - governments, expenditure of, classified summary....... . "...... 786-791 - governments, itemized summary state- ment of receipts and expenditure....... 790-791 - go\"ernments, receipts and expenditure of 785 - go\-ernments, receipts, classified sum- man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 786-787 - governments, revenues and expenditures of.. .. .. . ... ..... .... .... . 783-785 - governments, subsidy allowances to... . 776 - gO\"ernments, subsidies and other pay- ments to. - lands....... - legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -legislatures, powers of. - mineral production. - public finance. .. ................... - repreRl'ntation, re-adjustments in...... - subsid ies.. . . . . . . . . Prunes, imports..... . ... . 918 77x 129 129 ... ............... 776 ..907, 910 . ..995-1006 101 365-369 781-793 121 776 506-507 1032 LVDEX PAGE. Publications of the Dominion Government 971-979 - of the provincial governments of Canada, list of principal. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 979-986 Public cc.ounts, statistics of........ . . . . . .. 757-180 - prOVInCial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 - assets.... . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . 762 - buildings, expenditure for. .. . . . . . 927 - debt............................. _ .. 776-780 - expenditure for collection of revenue.. . . . 765 - finance... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 - health and medicine, provinciallegisla- tion respecting....................... .995-1006 -lands of Dominion and provinces...... .. 904-910 - utili tie!=:, provincial legislation reR)>ecting998-1006 - "orks Department, Architects Branch. 926 - Works Department, Engineering Branch 925-926 - Works Department, expenditure and re,enue of. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 764-765 - Works Department, graving docks of:.. 926-927 - Works Department, organiz tion of..... 9J5-926 - Works Department, receipts from....... 764 - Works Department, Telegraph Branch of 926 - Works D. partment, National Gallery.. 945-946 Public Schools, Summary Statistics of, by provinces. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 876-877 Publicty, Extension and, Division of the Dominion Experimental Farms....... 229 Pulleys, manufacture............ 426-427 Pulp and paper manufactures.... 426-427 - manufactured. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 332-334 Pulpwood statistics, 1908-22...... . . .... 328 - consumption and value of, 1908-22....... 328 - exports of.................. __.... .328. 494-495 - quantity used, 1908-1922........... _ _.. 328 - kinds of wood used...................... 331 Pumps, imports...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 530-531 - manufactures...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42&-427 Pyrites, exports......................... . 502-503 Quarantine, expenditure for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Quebec, agricultural products of, ]9] 7-22... 244-246 - agricultural experiments in...... . . . . . . . . 231 -Act.. ''''. ... ....__.__............ 65 - area and boundaries of. . . . . . .. . 2 - area and description.................... 2 - Bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 - capitulation of. ..... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. 64 - education in. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . .. 878-887 - electrical energy generated, 1923........ 402-403 - government, publications of. ....... .. 979-9Rl - government, receipts and expenditure of. 783-791 - legislation of.. __ __ . .. .. . . 998-999 - Lieutenant-Governors. Legislatures and !inistries of.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. 133-134 - manufactures of. ., .............. ... . . .. 415-416 - mineral production of......... .366, 382-31'4, 395 - municipal organization....... . . . . . . . . . .. 105-106 - political Mid administrative organization 105 - public lands of........ . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 908 - school organization.... .... _ . . .. ... ... 106 Quills, imports................ ...... . 516-517 Quilted goods, manufacture......... . _ _ . .. .424, 425 Rarial origins of the population...... . . . . . . 157 Radio-telegraphic service..... . .... . . . . ... 682-685 Rags, exports.. . . . . . . . . _ .. . .. 492-493 Rags, imports of.. . . . . .. . . . . . . .... _ . . 522-523 Railroad tics, exports..................... 494-495 - imports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . .. 522-523 Rails, exports..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. 498-499 - imports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 524-525 Railway Association of Canada........ . . . . 718 - Belt of British Columbia............. .. 904 - Brotherhoods, Canadian........ . . . .713-715, 728 - cars, exports... ... ............. .... _. 498-499 -Commissioners,Boardof......_..... 615-616 - Hudson Bay............... ............. 613 -lands. .................................. 901 - materials..... ................. ......... 545 Railway and Canals, expenditure. ... . . . . . . 765 - statistics of. . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 623-642 PAGB. Railways, electric........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 capital liability of, 1908-22............ . 639 earnings of, 1921....... . . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. 640-642 mileage and equipment of, 1919-22..... 639 miles operated, number of, 1921........ 640-642 operating expenses of, 192]..... . . . . . . .. 640-642 persons killed or injured on, 1894-1922. 642 - expenditure for. .......... .. . . . . . 765 - Government. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. 619-623 capital expenditure for, to 1922....... .. 634 construction, cost of, before Confedera- tion to 1922......... . .. .......... '" 633-634 revenue of, with surplus or deficit. IH6S-1922................. ......... 633-634 working expenses, 1868-1922............ 633-634 - receipts on Consolidated Fund Account. 764 - Steam. .............. ................ 623-637 aid to. analysis of, up to 1922... . . . . . .. 632-633 aid to, by governments and munici- palities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 632-633 aid to by Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 632-633 aid in the form of guarantees by Dom- inion and provincial governments.... 632-633 aid paid up to 1922... .... ............ 632-633 analysis of traffic and receipts, 1910-22. 628-629 capital liability of.., .... .. . . ... .. . 624-626 cars, manufactures....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 earnings, 1921.... . . .. . . ............ ... 625-626 earnings, gross, 1901-22..... . . . . . . .. . . . 627 earnings per mile of line, 1909-22..... . . 627 employees, number and salaries and wages, 1919-22... . . . . ............... 629 freight carried, 1920-22...... 630-631 land subsidies, to 1922............ 632 mileage, 1835-1922.......... .. . .. .. .. .. 623 mileage and rolling stock of, 1918-22... 630 mileage, by provinces, 1916-22......... 624 miles in operation, 1901-22....... . 627 miles operated, number of, 1921........ 625-626 operating expenses, 1901-22............ 627 operating expenses of, 1921...... . . . . . " 625-626 operating expenses, distribution of, 19111-22... __... __ .............. 628 o(X'rating expenses per mile of line, 1909-22. .. . . . . . .... .. .. . . .... ...... . 627 passenger and freight statistics, 1910-22 628-629 persons injured or killed on, 1888-1922.. 635 ratio of expenses to receipts, 1901-22.... 627 salaries and wages, with ratios to gross earnings and operating expenses, 1907- 22...... ..... .................... 629 subsidies paid to, up to 1912... . .. . . . . 632-633 - wages........ . . .......... ............. 629 Rainfall of Canada..... . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . 48-53 Raisins, imports.. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 506-507 Raw materials, external trade in........... 540-541 Reapers, exports... .. ......... 496-497 Rebellion of 1837, the.... ........... ...... 67 Receipts on consolidated fund account. . . . . 764 - on consolidated fund account, 1868-1923. 766 Receipts and expenùiture of provincial governments. .... . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . 783-791 - of city governments.. . ...... ........... 796-805 Recreation equipment and !iupplÏes. . . . . . . . 543 Hedistribution, the present problem. . . . . . . 123 Re-estabIiRhment, Department of Soldiers' Civil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 932-938 In..uranee.... .. . . .,. ............... 9 8 Military Hospital,> Commission. 931 - returner! soldiers' life insurance... . . . . . . . 938 pensions......................... '" 933-937 vocational training for disabl d sol- d iers. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 Re-export of foreign produce..... . . . . . .. . . . 466 Rdrigerators, manufacture.... . . . . . . . . . . " 430-431 Rel!;alin, manufactures......... . . ... . . .. ... 430-431 Religions of the population................ 162 Rent, cost in each province...... . . . . . .. . " 75'?-756 - in 6r: Canadian cities.................... 754-755 Representation Act, 1914.... ... ... .. .. . 124 Representation Acts....................... 122 - by provinces........................... 124-129 PAGE. Representation in House 01 Commons... .. 124-129 - In Senate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........... 120 - parliamentary..................... ..... 116-138 Research, Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial.. . . . .. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 939-942 Reserve lands, British Columbia.......... 910 Residence on Dominion lands, requirements 904-905 - on provincial lands. ...,................ 908-910 Resin. imports. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 512-513 Responsible Government. United Prov- inces under. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Retail prices, index numbers.......... ..... 752-756 - of commodities. .................... .... 7äe-753 Re-training of the blind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 932 Returned Soldiers' Insurance Act. ..... . . . . 938 Revenue Act. Customs Tariff War........ . 759 -Act, Special War.... ................... 759-761 - Agricultural............... _............ 209-301 Revenue. collection of, expenditure for. . . . . 765 - Inland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 773 - of Canada per head....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 - war tax................................ 772 Ribbons. imports... . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. 520-521 Rice, imports............................. 508-509 - cleaning industry... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 422-423 - exports...... . '" ....................... 48ü--481 - flour. imports.. _ .. _ __.... _....... 508-509 Rifles. exports.... _..... _.. ....... .... 498-499 Ri ver and ocean service. cost of. . . . . . . . . . . 765 - police.. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . ., . .. . .. . . . 675 - works. expenditure for. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 765 Rivers and Lakes of Canada. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 7-12 Roads and bridges. expenditure for. . . . . . .. 648-927 - and highways................. ......... 646-648 - Rocky Mountains. ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 30 Rolling-mill machinery. imports......... .. 530-531 - product!>, imports.. . . .. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . __. 524-525 Roman Catholic Classical colleges. ....... . 882 Roofing contracts. ........................ 430-431 Roots, exports. . . . .. ..................... 484-485 - yields of, 1921-22.................. .237. 240-254 Rosthem Experimental Station....... . . . . . 228 Royal Arcanum Life Association.......... 860 Royal Canadian Mounted Police........... 946-947 Royal Commission on Insurance. 1906..... 850 Royal Guardians.. .. . ... . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . 860 Royal Military College. Kingston......... 914-915 - Mint. coinage at Ottawa branch of.. . . . . 810 - Korthwest l\founted Police... . . . . . . . . . . 946 - Northwest (Canadian) }founted Police. expenditure for.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 - Northwest (Canadian) l\founted Police Officers' pensions, receipts..... . . . .. . _ . 764 Rubber. exports........ .. .. . . ... 482-483 -imports............. ..... .... .... ....... 514-515 Rubber boots, exports........ . . .. ........ 482-483 - clothing. exports..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 482-483 - goods. manufacture..... ................. 422-423 - hose. exports.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 482-483 - stamps, manufacture.................... 430-431 - tires. exports........................... 482-483 - tires. imports......... _ _ . . .. ........... 514-515 Rugs. manufacture...... _..... . _ 424-425 Rum, imports.......... ........ ........... 512-513 Rural and urban population.. .............. 167-175 - mail delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 Rye. area. yield and value of. 1917-22..... 239-256 - exports. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 48(}-481 - flour, exports..... . . . . . . . . . . . _ .. . .. . . '" 482-483 - world's production of. 1921-22........... 304-308 Saddlery. exports......................... 488-489 - manufacture....... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 424-425 Sago. imports...... . . . . . . .. " . . . . .508-509. 510-511 Sails. manufacture... ........ ............. 424 Ste. Anne de la Pocatière Experimental Station.. ..... ................. ....... - School of Agriculture.... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . St. Lawrence canals...... ................ St. Lawrence River system ............ ... -lowlands.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ......... LVDEX 1033 228 232 658 8 6. 18 PAGE. Salmon......................... .352. 355-357. 361 - exports..... _. _ . . . . . .. . . . . . " . . . ....... 488-489 - imports.................. ............. 516-517 Salt, imports... ...... . . . . .. . ... . . .. . " . ... 534-535 - occurrence of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 - produced. 1921-22...................... .363. 396 Sand. exports..... ............... . ........ 502-503 Saskatchewan. agricultural products of, 1917-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 -area and boundaries of.................. 4 - coal production.............. ......... .384. 395 - College of Agriculture, Saskatoon.... . . . 234 - Dominion lands in. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ... 904-906 - education ill.. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 879-887 - electrical energy generated. 1923........ 402-403 - government of.. .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 112 - government publications of. . . . . . . . . . . . . 984 - legislation in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .1002-1003 - Lieutenant-Governors. Legislatures and finistries of... . . . . . . .. . ..... . . .. ... .. 136-137 -lignite fields. ....... . .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 - manufactures of......................... 415-416 - mineral production.. . . . . .... . . . .. . .. . . . 368 - municipal government in........ . . . . . . . . 112 - population............................. .147. 175 - Univer!>els, \\re('ks and casualties of :jhips and n',.."e1s, exports. - imports.. :O:hip",recks.. ........ :'hoddy, manufacture.... :O:hoeR, manufacture.. ...... - rubber, manufa('ture. . . . . . :-:hooks, box, manufacture. ho", ca'rts 482-4H3 - imports '... 514-515 - manufacture....... .. . . . . . . 422-423 tatp, Department of the ecretan' of.. 942-94:) Stationery,pxports..... . .504-505 - manufactures .. . . 426-427 Statistic", Dominion Bureau of 961-969 - activitie" . !J63-964 - establi"hment. 961 - publications ........ 964-969 Rtatuar and art good". . ., . . .. ... . 4:JO-431 tatus of Canada in League of Xation".... 96, 100 Staves, imports. .... 524-52.5 team raih\a):3.... 616-1\37 Steamboat inspection. 677-678 - expenditure for. . . 765 - receipts from.. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Rteamers, receipts from Dominion . . . . . . . 764 Steamship subventions and mail ser\"Íce, (,05t of. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 165 teel furnaces, manufacture. ...... 426-427 - imports . '. . 524-525 tepI plate. imports. " . _ . . 524-527 tencils, manuf,lcture.... 4 Q-4 1 Stereotypin industry. ... 421\-427 to('k f(Y.)d . industrv. ..... . . . . .. . . " 422-423 Htocks of '" heat in èanada, 1919-23...... 296-297 Stone, building, in Xova ootia, 1920--22. 31\5 - exports . . . . . 502-5o:J - imports...... .... 534-53:) - product!:', manufactures. 428-429 Stoves, export,... . 498-4\19' Straw, exports. .. . 4M-4S5 Rtrikes during 1931-1922. ...... .... ....... 72'2-727 Student<;hip" for scientific and industrial research. '" . . . . . .. . . . . . ... ... tupart, ir Frederick, "Climate and Meteorology" . . . . . . . . . . . Sub-Arctic Forest Zone....... Submarine cable'!.. .. Huhsidies to provinc(-'s.. . . _ . " . Subventions and mail subsidie!' Sugar beets and beetroot sugar.. .. .. . . Sugar beets, area, yield and value of, 191;- 22. .237, 240, 248, 295 - exports. .. ...... ...... 482-48.5 - hou!'e s rup, exports.... 482--483 - imports...... ............ 510--511 - raw, imports of, 190'2-23. ... 477 - refined. industry. 422-423 Sulphur, exports.. 502-503 - imports. ... .. . '" .. .. . . . . . . . . .. 534-535 Hummerland Experimental Station. 228 Sunshine, wind, etc. in Canada 5,1-59 Superannuation, cost of. . 76 - receipts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 :->upplement.ary letters patent. . . . 943 Supreme court receipts, 1918-22. '" 764 urtax.... .... . . ....... .. 465 Hweepinll; compounds, manufacture. . 428-429 Swift Current Experimental Station...... -' 22R Swine, exportfl.......... . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... 486-487 - numberl'! of, in Canada, b:r provinceI'!, 1921-22.. .. ... ..... ..... ..... . ... 261-263 - numb(-'rs of, in Canada, by pro,-inc(-'!ll, HII7-:?2....................... ...263-26-1 672 675 671 671 669 668 941 39 27 682 775-776 696 295 PAGE. Swine, values of, in Canada, by provinces, 1916--22.. . . .. .... ................ 264-268 - marketing of.. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. 594-603 Syrups, exports. . . .. . .. . . . 482-485 _ imports.. - 510-511 _ manufactures.... . . . .. . . . . . . 422-423 Tacks, exports. ..... . 496-497 _ imports......... 528-529 Tails, exports...... . .. 490-491 Talc, exports..... . . . . . . . . . . .. ., 502-503 Tallow, exports. . . 490-491 _ manufacture. . . 424-425 Tapioca, imports........ 510-511 Tar, exports. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . 500-501 Tariff, bet\\een provinces abolished. 464 - British Preferential. 464 - Canadian customs..... " ., 464-465 - Canadian excise ........... 7i3 - Cu,..toms, War Revenue Act. . . . 759 - Customs, Amendment Act. 760 - gencral, 1915.. ....... . 758 -'general,1921-22. .465, 549 - intermediate.... .... . 465 - preferential, 1921-22. . . . . ..... . .. .. .. .464, 549 - preferential, on \\ heat, abolition, 1846.. . 464 - Treaty Rate, 1921-22.......... ... _ 549 Taverner, P. A., "The Faunas of Canada" 32 Tax, Business Profits War, .\ct... 760-761 - Educational Act, Alberta 1003 - Income War......... 760 Taxes, receipts from. 764 Tea, exports 484--485 - imports.. .... .. .. ... ..... 510-511 Teachers, number of school, in Canada.. . 876-880 - averaj1:e annual salaries of. .. . . . . 887 - exppnditure on, salaries. . . . . . _ . . . . 8'!5-8X7 in elementary schools. . . x5-&s7 in seconrlary schools..... H85-887 Alberta. .. 886 fanitoba.. 885 Ontario. . . 885 Saskatchewan. 886 Technical education ... . .... . . . 888 Telegraph Branch of Public Works Depart- ment. . . .. .... . . . . . . . . 926 Telegraph instruments. imports... ....... 532-533 Telegraph system, Canadian, statistics of 680-685 Telegraphs......... . . .. ., 680-685 - chartered companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 682 - coast stations for communication bv wireless telegraphy with ships at sea ". 682-684 - Dominion Government telegraph servire 681 - expenditure and revenue for government; 9'27 - radiotelegraph station:;. 683-68-1 - summary statistics. 681 - wireless stations.... .. ........ ., 683-684 Tclephone Companies in Canada. .. 687 - instruments, imports. . . . 532-533 - statistics. .. . . 686-6 8 - systems. . 686 Telephones.... _. 686 - capitalization 686 - classes of. . . . . 687 - funded debt. . . . . . . . 688 - mileage of wire..... 688 - number of. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 688 - operating expenses of. . . . 686-688 - progress of, in Canada. . . . . . . . . 686 - revenue..... . . . '" 686-688 Temperance Act, Canada. . .. . . 945 - provincial legislation respecting. . . . . . .997-1004 Temperature and Precipitation 47-59 - normal, and precipitation............... 48-53 - sunshine, wind and weather, averages of 54-59 Temporary loans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776-779 Textile machinery, imports. .. .. 530-531 - manufactures.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420-425 Thanksgiving, day of generaL.... 1015 Thræd, imports of.. . 518-521 - manufacture.. . ..... .,. 424-425 Threshing machines, exports.... . . 496-497 INDEX 1035 PAGE. Threshing machines, imports. . . . . 528-529 Tile, production of. 363 -manufacture. ... ........... 39b Timber exports and imports ... .494-495-522-523 - industry. . . . 426-427 - marks............................... 612 Timepieces, imports and exports of. . . . . . . 543 Timothy seed, imports.... 514-515 Tin and products, imports. 532-533 Tinsmithing industry. 430 Tinv.are, exports.. . 488-499 Titles, granting of... . . . . ... .. ., .. .. _ 99 Tobacco, area and 'ield of, in Canarla, 1920-22..... ... ... - Tobacco, consumption of.. ..... .... .... ... - Division of the Dominion Experimental Farms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - duty per head paid on. - exci e revenue from. .. . .. - ewise tariff for. - exports.. - imports. .. - manufactures. . - pipes, imports. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . - production of, in Canada - raw, imports of...... - season, 1922 . -stations.... ......... Toilet articles, imports... - preparations, manufacture . Token currency in Canada Tools, exports. . - imports. . . . . - manufacture... .......... To\\clling and tov.els, imports Tuys, imports.. - manufacture . .. ................ Trade and commerce, expenditure for. . . . . - aggregate trade of Canada. 1868-1923.... - aggregate trade of C.mada, by countries, 1923.. .. . . .. __ ..' .. ... - .. . .. - 550-553 values of export:> to other countries, 1868-1923... .....,. ........... values of exports to r .K. 1868-1923.. values of exports to C.S. 1868-1923... - agricultural produce, exports of, by value8. 1922 . . ... . . . . .. 540-541 - agricultural produce, imports of, by values, 1922 .. . . - '" . . 540-541 - animals and their produre, e:\porb of, hy quantities and values, 1920-23. . . . . . . _ 486-491 - animals and t hcir produce. imports of, by quantities and values, 1920-23. . . . .. .. 516-519 values of exports to c.:-;., 1868-1923.. 474 values of exp:>rts to other countries, 1868-1923. ........... 474 values of total e\:ports, 1868-1923.... 474 - halance of trade... _. . 468 - Canadian produce, defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 - classification of imports and exports.. . .. 478-479 - coin and hullion movement, 1868-1918.. 472 - comparative gro\\ th of Canadian trade. 468--469 - current statistics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 - duty collected on export"" 1868-1892 473 - duty collected on imports, average p.C. rates of, from 1".K., C.S., and all <'ountrips, 1868-1923. . _.... .. - duty collccted on imports, by ports and provinces, 1922 ami 1923. .. . '" . .. .. . .. 547-548 - duty collected on imports for home con- sumption, 1868-1923.. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . - electrical energy generated or produced for export, b ' eompanies, 1918-23.... .. - electrical energy generated, 1918-23, by - ef f Cíight a d" pov.e c p;mies registered, ]914-23......... ... .. . . . . . . . - exports from L.S. of animal and agricul- tural products to principal countries, 1917-21. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. ... 56]-579 - exports of Canadian produce, by princi- pal ports, values of, 1 22-23...... . . .... 547-548 294-295 775 230 775 774 773 484-485 514-5]5 422--423 536-537 294-295 477 294-295 227 53t-535 428-429 . .. 810-811 496-497, 5-14 .530-5:31, 5-14 436 520-521 536-537 430-43\ 765 470 474 474 474 476 473 406 406 406 1036 Trade and Commerce- PAGE. - exports of coal, the produce of Canada, value of, 1903-23..... . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . 387 - exports of fish, value of... . . . . . . . . .. ... 360--361 - exports of fish by principal countries, value of, 1921-22........ .............. 360 - exports of home produce by quantities and values, 1920-23...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 480-505 - exports of home produce by values and ratio, 1868-1923. .... ...... ...... ... . .. 471 - exports of home produce by values, to British Empire, 1919-23... . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 - eJ:]>orts of home produce, to British Empire, 1919-23 .. _..... . .. . .. 552 - exports of home produce, to foreign countries, 1919-23.. .... . ..... . .. . . . ... 552 - exports of foreign produce, by values, 1868-1923............................. 470 - exports of merchandise from Canada through t: .S. to foreign countries, valuesof,1921-22. . ... ............ 554 merchandise, home produce, by values, 1868-1923...... _. 470 wood pulp, 1922..... ..... 337 ratio of each class, 1920-23....... . . . . 478 to r.K., U.S.. and othl.r countries, of merchandise, the produce of ('ooada, 1868-1923... _............ 474 to U.K., t'.S. and all countries, of merchandise, the produce of Can- ada, by values and percentagE'S, 1919-23.. .. .. . __ __. .......... ..... 478 to U.K., e.R and all countries, in quantities and values, by clai,scs of home produce, 1920-23. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 480-505 - exports to West Indies, 1921-23.......... 556 - exports to West Indies, 1901-23...... . . . . 555 - external trade, aggregate. . ...... 470 - external trade, hy main groups and de- grees of manufacture according to origin, 1922........ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. 540--541 - fibres, textiles and textile products, ex- ports of, 1920-23...... '. ., . . .. .. .. .478, 492--493 - fibres, textilps and textile products, im- ports of, 1920-23....................... 479 - fisheries produce, exports of, by quanti- ties and values, 1920-23........ . . . . . . 486-489 - fisheries produce, imports of, by quanti- ties and values, 1920-23.............. __ 516-517 - fisheries produce, values of exports to e. K., 1922............................. 540 - fisheries produce, values of exports to e.K, 1920-23......................... 486--489 - fisheries produce, values of exports to F.R., ]922.... ......... ._. ........ 540 - fisheries produce, values of exports to l' .8., 1920-23 __... .. . 486-489 - fisheries produce, total exports, 1922.... 540 - fisheries produce, total exports, 1920-23. 486-489 - fisheries produce, imports from U.K., ] 922. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 540 - fisheries produce, imports from tT .1<', 1919-23.......................... . .... 5]6-517 - fishpries produce, imports from C.S., 1922. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . 540 - fisheries produce, imports from r .R., 1920-23... __. __.. __ __.......... __.... 516-517 - fisheries produce, total imports, ]922.... 540 - fisheries produce, total imports, 1919-22 516-5]7 - foreign produce, defined.. .... 466 - forest producp, exports of, ]922 ... .... 540 See also: "Wood, wood products and paper. " - forl'st produce, imports of, by valups, 1920--23...... ...... _.. . . .. .479, 522-523 - forl'st produce, valucs of exports to r.K., 1922. . .. . . ....... .... .. . . . . . . ... . . . . 540 - forpst produce, value of exports to C. K., 1920-23.......................... .478, 492-495 - forest produce, values of exports to U.S., 1922.... . .... .. .......... . . . . . . . . . . ... 540 - forest produce, values of exports to IT.R., 1920-23.......................... .478, 492-495 INDEX Trade and Commeræ- PAGE. - fore..,t produce, value of total exports, 1922................... ............... 540 - forest produce, value of total exports, 1914,1919-22.......................... 538 - forest producc, value of total exports, 1920-23.......................... .478, 492-495 - forest produce, value of imports from U.K., 1922................... .. .... 540 - forest produce, value of imports from U.K., 1920-23...... _ _............ .479, 522-525 - forest produce, value of imports from U.S., 1922.................... ......... 540 - forest produce, value of imports from e.S., 1920-23..................... .479, 522-525 - forest producc, value of total imports, 1922...................... .... .... 540 - forest produce, value of total imports, 1914, 1919-22. _ .. ... __ __.. 53!), - forest produce, value of total imports, 1920-23.. . __. __....... .......... .479, 522-525 - general tariff, imports under, 1921-22.... 549 - history....... . . . ... ....... 463-464 - imports, defined......... .............. 466- - imports entered for home con<;umption, including coin and bullion, 1919-23..... 553 - imports for home consumption at certain ports, ]922-23 ... . . .. . . . . .. __ . ... 547-548 - imports for hompconsumption, by values and ratios of each class, 1920-23... .. . . . 47 - imports for consumption, by quantities and valuês, 1920-23...... . .. . . .. .... ... 506-537 - imp,>rts for home consumption, duty collected, 1868-1923............ ...... 473 - imp rts of anthraciee and bituminous coal, 1901-23. ...... .. .. ..... 387 - imports of Canada in quantities and values, hy classes, 1920-23..... . ....... 5æ-537 - imports from U.K., U.S., and other countries of merchandise for home consumption, 1868-1923........ . ..... .. 475 - imports from U.K., U.R., ann all count- ries, by classes, entered for home con- sumption, by values and percentages, 1920-23.. ........:............... ... 479 - import!! from U.K., U.S., and all count- ries, in quantities and values, by classes, for consumption, 1920-23..... .. 506-537 - imports from U.K., for home consump- tion,1868-1923... ... .......... ....... 475 - imp')rts from t:.K., in quantities and values, by classes, 1920-23.. . . . . . . . .. 506-537 - imports from U.S., for home consump- tion, 1868-1923.. ........ .. ...... 475 - imports from Lnited States, in quanti- ties and values, by classes, 1920-23..... 506-537 - imports from all countries, in quantities and values, by classef>, ]920-23.... .479, 506-537 - imports from other countries for home consumption, 1868-1923... 475 - imports of fish, 1902-22. ............. 360 - imports from West Indies, 1921-23...... 556 - imports from \\est Indies, ]901-23.. ... 555 - imports into L.K. of animal ann agrieul- tural food products, by quantities and values, by countries whence imported, 1917-21 .............................. 557-561 - imports of I'oin and bullion, 1868-1918. _. 472 - imp')rts of merchandisp into ('anada through ,o.S., values of, 1!J21-22....... 554 - imports of Portlanc\ cement, 1 \IR-1923.. 397 - imports of raw material for hume con- sumption, }902-23.. . 477 - imports of broom corn.. . .. . _ . ..... 477 - imports of cotton wool and waste. . . . . . . 477 - imports of gutta-pereha, India-rubber, etc. .... ............................. 477 - imports of hemp, undres en...... ....... 477 - imports of hides, horns, pelt!!, ete... . .. . 477 - imports of r s, all kind!!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 - imports of sugar, raw.. 477 - imports of tobacco, raw................. 477 - imports of wool, raw........ ..... ..... . . 477 INDEX 1037 Trade and Commeræ- PAGE. - imports, ratio of exports to imports, ... 1868-1923. __ .. _ ... ........... . 471 - imports. total, by values, 1868-1923.... .470, 475 - imports, total, by values, dutiable, 1868-1923. . " . . . . .. .. . .. ... . . . . . . . . .. . 470 - imports, total, duties collected on, 1893- 1923.......... ........................ 473 - imports, total, by values, free, 1868-1923 470 - imports, by values, from British Em- pire, 191 23.. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. .. 553 - imports, by values, from foreign count- IJf des, 1919-23....... ... ...... 553 - imports which may be classed as manu- factures, by values, 1922......... ...... 540-5H - imports from the {;" .K., CR., and other countries, of merchandise entered for home consumption, 1920-23.. ....... 506-537 - imports from L . and r. K., propor- tions to totals of dutiable and free, 1901-23... ..... .. .... .. 476 - imports of certain r3\\ matl'rials for ".. home consumption, 1902-23 .. . .' .. 4.77 - imports l'nder Ceneral. Prt'Íerential and Treaty Rate Tariffs, 1921-22.......... 549 - interprovincial. ....................... 580 - merchandh:e, the produce of Canada, value of exports, 1868-1923. . . . . . . . . . . _ . 474 -.merchancli p. valu(;s of exports t.o U.K., 181ì8-1923... ... .... .. ........ 4;4 - merchandise, values of eJ\:p rts to r.s., 1868-1923........ .... __ . ...... 474 - merchandise, valut's of e-qx>rts to other countries, 1868-1923................... 474 - merchandise, values of total exports, 1868-1923.. .. . . .... . . ... . .. . . ...... . .. 474 - mineral produce, exports of non-metallic, by quantities and values, 1920---23.... .. 500-503 - mineral produce, imports of, non-metal- lic, by quantities and values, 1920---23.. 532-535 - miscellaneous prorluce, exports of, by quantities and values, 1920---23. ... ..... 504-505 - miscellaneous produce, imports of, by quantities and ,-alues, 19 0---23 .. ...... 536-537 - movement of coin and bullion, 1868-1918 4;2 - per cent duty on dutial}le imports from U.K.,1868-1923.. .... ............. 476 - per cent duty on dutiable imports from U.S., 1868-1923.. ... . ..... 476 - percentage proportion of imports from U.K. and CS., to totals of dutiable anò free, 1901-23.............. ....... 476 - preferential tariff, imports unòer, 1921-22 549 - ratio of each class of exports, 1919-23. . .. 478 - ratio of each class of imports, 1919-23.. . 479 - ratio of exports to imports, and value per capita of exports, imports, and total trade, 1868-1923.... ................. 471 - raw materials, imports, 1902-23. _ _ 477 - re-exports of foreign produce........... 470---539 - statistics. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 466-612 - summary of trade, compiled on a classi- fication according to purpose, 1922..... 542-546 -Trade rarks Branch................... til1-612 - treaty rates, imports under, 1921-22..... 549 - value of exports of home produce, 1919-23 552 - value of exports to \\'<,st Indies, 1921-22. 556 - value of goods entered for consumption at certain port.s, 192'2-23 .............. 547-548 - values of imports and exports from and to West Indies, 1901-23.... . . . ... . ... .. 555 - value of imports for consumption from British Empire and foreign countries, 191 23. .............. .. .. .. . .. .. . . 553 - value of imports for consumption from British Empirp and foreign countries under General, Preferential and Treaty Rate Tariffs, 1921-22...... . .. ... . . _ _ 549 - value of imports for home consump- tion from West Indies, l!J21-23..... .... 556 - value of total exports and imports, by provinces, 1921-22...... ...... .. . . ..... 547-548 - value per capita of total trade, 1868-1923 471 PAGE. 468.471 722-727 709-710 732 732 711-715 544 Trade, balance of. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . - disputes.. ............................. Trades and Labour Congress of Canada... Trade Union employment returns.......... - unemployment..... ................... - Union membership.. _.................. Transmission equipment...... -............ Transportation and communication equip- ment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation and communications, stat- i8tics of.. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .... 613-697 - of fish....................... 350 Treaties, negotiation of.. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Treaty rate Tariff imports under, 1921-22. 549 - of Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 - of \\ ashington, 1871.. _ 75 Trunks, manufacture... ...... ... . 430-431 Truro College of Agriculture, N .S......... _ 230-231 Trust and Loan Companies.. . . . . . .. 833-835 - liabilities and assets of. . .. . .. . . .. ...... 834-835 Trust funds, liabilit.ies of Canada. .. . 773 Tuberculosis. deaths from....... 197 Tubing, iron, exports. .. . . . .. 498--499 Tubs, exp rt.s... .. ...................... 491--495 Turnips, area, yield and value, 1917-22. ... 240---254 - exports..... ................. .... 484-485 'I'urpentine, imports.. . . . . 514-515 T pewriters, exports.... 496-497 - imports .... . . . . . .. 528-529 - manufacture. _.... 430--431 546 430--431 M3 732 732 730---732 (Jmbrellas, manufacture....... Under\\ear, imports........ ....... Unemployment in trade unions. - . . . . . . . . . . - by I?royinces... - StatiStICS of.. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rnited Kingdom, trade with.... . .474--476, 478-537, 540---546, 549-550, 552-554, 557-561 "{;"nit d Sta.t<,s, Canadian diplomatic rela- tions wIth...... ...................... - commercial failures, causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . - trade with.. 474--4;6, 478-537, 540---546, 549, 551-554, 51)1-579 rniversitiel', list of. . . . . .. . . " . . .. 891-893 rnh-ersity education in Canada........... 889-898 t;"rban population. ............... . 167-175 97 870 '"acuum cleaners, manufacture............. 428--429 - imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 528-529 Valises, manufacture.. ... .. . . . . .. ......... 430--431 Values of farm live stock in Canada, aver- age, 1916-22..... .. .. . . ... . .. .. . ... 265-267 - estimated t.otal, by provinces, 1916-22. _ 267-268 - of field crops, 1917-22..... . ............. 258 Vancouver Island, colony of...... 113 Varnish, manufacture. .. ... .... . . . . .. . . ... 428--429 Vegetable products, exports of, by quan- tities anci values, 1920-23... . . . . 480--485 - imports, 1920---23......... 506-515 Vegetables, exports.. 484--485 - imports...... _ _. ....... ......... 508-509 Yehicles, exports. .498-499, 504-505, 546 - imports............. .530-531, 536-537, 546 ,. elvets, imports... . 520---521 "enpers, imports.... .. .. 52-1-525 '-ermicelli, manufacture 422 Vermouth, imp:>rts........ ..... 512-513 "ersailles, Treaty of, lï83.. ..... 90 '-e sels, exports....... _ ..... .504-505, 546 - imports.. . .536-537, 546 - manufactures. . . . . . .. ..... .. . .. 430--431 Veto Power, on Dominion and provincial legislation. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. 94 Victory Loan, First. ..................... 777,779 - Second. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 777,779 - Third..... . . . . 777,779 Vinegar, exports....... 484--485 - imports.. 510-511 - manufacture.. 422--423 Vital Rtatistics. . .. 183-204 - birth-rate, 1921...... . . . .. .. .. 189 - collection of, in Canada...... ....... .... 183-185 1038 PAr-E. 195 193 Vital Statistics, death-rate, 1920-1922..... - marriage-rate. 1921 and 1922.. . .' .. . . Vocational and technical education in Can- ada 8b8-889 ftage-earners by industries and wages.. 740 - decline in number . _ . 433 Wages of buildinp; trades. . . . . . . . .. ... .460, 733 - of employees in Canadian manufacturing industries .. . . 434-435 - of coal miners. . . ... . .' .399, 733-735 - of factory trade!'...... . 4:H--435. 735-737 - of farm help in Canada, 1915-22. .. 278-280 - of lum bering t rudes. . . 733 - of metal trades 733 - of printing trades. . 733 - of railv.ay employee".. .. 733 - per hour in leading trade" 737-738 "tatistics of. 732-743 \\ap;ons. exports... 504-505 \\ all pap('r, exports.. 492-49.1 - imports. . 522-523 - manufacture. . . . 426--427 - plaster, n anufacture 428--429 \\ ar appropriation. expenditure on. 769 - loans. . . . " ..... ...... . . . . .. . 77i - rission at \\ashington. Canadian. 97 - Rusiness Profits Tax.. 760-761 - Profits Tax... ......... . . . 760--761 - Revenue Act, Cm'tom Tariff. 759---761 - Revenue "-ct. specia1. 759-760 - tax receipts.... . 770--772 - tax by provinces. 7il-772 - taxation in Canada. . . . . .. .... 759-761 Washinp; compounds. manufacture...... 428-429 \\ ashing machincs. imports... 528-529 - manufacture. . . . . ...... . . .. 426--427 \\ashin ton, British War 'íi,,!->ion at... 97 - Cañadia,n rinister to.... 97 Waste. manufactures. . . 424--425 \\atches. imports. 5:{2-533 - manufacture ... 426--427 \\ ater area of Canada 38 - poWer. in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' ....402, 403 - pov.er de" elopC'd, of leadinp; countries 401 \\ aterproof clothing, manufactures. 424--425 Waterv.avs of Canada.. .' . . 7 Water po 'er resources of Canada 38. 401 - powers of Canada. 401--411 Wax candles. manufacture 428--429 \\ ax, exports.. .. ... .490--491, 502-503 \\ axed paper, manufacture. . . . . . . . 426--427 \\ealth of Canada, u!!;ricultural. 1922 . 301 \\ cather of Canada 39-59 - foreca.."tinp; .... . . 45 \\ cather>:t riJ::!-' , manufacture . . 428--429 \\eC'kly eo!'>t of famil ' hudp;et in terms of a"emgl' pri('('s in 60 Canadian citiC's. 754-i55 - in each Prm'inc'e. _ 756 Weights and mea<;un's, expenditure for 765 - and me:-t"urC's receipt" 764 \'elfare, Child. . . .. .. . . 919 Weiland Canal .. ... . 657-658,660-661. 663-6Ii!í West Inclies. exports to. 1921-23.. 556 - exports to, 1901-23. . 555 - imports from, 1921-23.. 55fi - imports from, 1901-23.. 555 \\e"tern 'futua\ Life .-h,.ociation. 1'60 Whale oil. exports 190-4!11 Wharve . .... .. . ... .. . .. .. 675 Wheat, area and yield of, in Prairie ])ro- "ince,., 1920-22 .. . . . . ... .. 257 - area, yi(')cl, quality and ,,'alue of. 1917-22 238-25\ - avC'ragC' yield of. in Canada, 19\5-22. ... 255-257 - Board. Provinciallegi,.lation ab to. 1002 - consumption. .. 298-2911 - exports. 480--481 - import" . ..... 508-509 - flour, exportf'l.. 481--48.1 - flour. imports.. ... . 508-511\1 - movement of. 1921-22 . 583-585 IXDEX P-\GE. \\ heat, prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort \\ iIIiam, 1922. .. ., .. .. . ... ......... 281-283 - prices of Canadian, in British farkets. 1920-22. .. . ... .. . .. .. . . .... 286-287 - receipts ........ .. . . . . . . . 593 - stocks of in Canada, 1919-22. 296-297 - shipments ..... .. . .. .. .. .. . 593 -v.orld's production of. 1921-22...... .303.308 Whiskey. exports. . 480-481 \\ hisks. exports... . . . . ...... . 504-505 Wholesale prices. by months....... 748-750 - course in Canada.. . . .. " i44-751 - index numhers by groups. 746-750 - index numbl'rs by months. . . 746-750 - of commoJitie!<.. ... .. 744-750 \\ïcken"an', manufa('tures 426--427 Window blinds and :shade", manufacture. 424-425 - curtains and fixtures 543 - glass. imports .... 534-53.5 \\ine, consumption of .. .' 775 - and grape juice industry.. 422--423 - duty per head paid on i7!í - exports...... 480 - imports.. 5\2-513 Wire, exports. 4!J8--499 - imports.. . 5:!6-527 - manufacture. 426-t27 Wireless telegraph COabt "tation" 683 \\ olfe, General.... . . . . .. ..... .. . . . . . . . . 64 Women's Benefit Association of the facca- hees.............. '" Wood distillation industry. - preserv:J.tion industry.. Wood-pulp. exports of.. - imports . . . . . \\ood for pulp. production, consumption and C'xport, 1908-22..... _ ..... . \\ood-pulp, exp rts and imports, 1922.. .. . - wood pmducts and pap r, exports of. by quantities and values....... ... .. ... 4!J4--495 - v.ood products and paper. imports, 1920--23. . .. . .. ... 522-525 - manufactures. .. . . . .322--420, 427 WoodnH'n of the World.. 8fiO \\ ood "" orking, sash and door fa('tories... 426--427 Wool and prouucts. exparts .. 492--493 - imp rts. . .. . 520--521 - manufactures . . . . .. ...... 424-425. 449--452 \\ 001, raw, imports of, 1902-22.... 477 - value of. hy provinces. 1915-22 292-294 \\orknwn'sCircle. .. ..... ......... 860 WorkmC'n's Compcn:r.... 522-523 860 428-429 426-427 337 5:!4-525 328 337 Yarn. trade in. 545 - cotton, in1Jl'}rts . . .' 518-521 - v.oollen, manufacture 424-425. 449-452 YP'l"t, imparts . . . .. . . .. 510-511 YiC'lcls of fiplcl ('rops in Canada, 1917-22.. 236-257 Yukon, area an.1 d('scription of. 4 - ('oal pmdu('tion.. 369, 3 ,) - ('opper in. ... . 369 el('('tri('all'nergy genC'rated. 1923. 401--4113 - go" ernnwnt. puhlication" of the 9Sti - manufactures of ......... 415--416 - Territory, expenrliture for 765 Zinc and products, exports. 500--501 - import". 532-533 - occurrence of. ... '. .... ... ." 23 - production, quantity and value of, 1911- 22 .' . . .. . 382-383 - production in British Columhia 382-31'1"1 , . Canada year book 19 22-23. \fA 7M .sa TIUS BOOK CANNOT BE DE SENSITI:ED :'.. \:.:. \