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TEE, CANADIAN 


mNPOMOLOGISTL. 


G 2 ae eas 
-@[° VOLUME x. JO- 
A> 5 on 


Edited by CAilliam Saunders, 


LONDON, ONTARIO, 


ASSISTED bY 


Rew CC JeiSoyisectuiaume: IVb Al Porteblope, Ont; EB. Reed, 
London, Ont., and G. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. 


LONDON : 
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND STREET. 


1875 


nisi OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 
JNING ORS BY VAS a Se ote eve Pee ee BROOKLYNG Ne Ys 
BAILEY, yMES Mie Ait ple ati Ae ee oe Cae ALBANY, N. Y. 
BATES, jg Ge AOOE LURE Mae ROE _. ....80UTH ABINGTON, Mass. 
BEAN, SISOS. 5 Se ere aa GALENA, ‘ILL. 
BETHUNE, EV (Coane RE ae vant: gnats Port Horr, ONTARIO, 
BOLL, JACOB.. Bit oP hae Spee Ft DAREAS LE XAS, 
BUNKER, ROBERT. SPR re Tee ese PAPA Rr erste s2a corre See RocuHEsTER, N. Y. 
CAULFIELD, SEB cSopsiai) os Boe as MONTREAL. OUE, 
(CUS TAIN UTB3T EFT RAS SS YA a ca . ...eCOVINGTON, Ky. 
CHASE, OE EEH ek ee en ee OL VOKE,, NIASS. 
(COOK, JAS Vso asen et Roi S ce ERIC eae Se eee WANSING,) WELCH 
(CTR IESISIOUN od Syattd De ea ey A er er PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
CROFTS, dale ary erie ee LOR ONTO; ONTARIO: 
DEVEREAUX, W. Eien one ta even fost Ni eee: CLYDE, Na: Y. 
1D @ IDG) Sa Coa ea ee ee Onan eae bese GLENCOE, NEBRASKA. 
TOURS, AGUS LAS ae a esos a er eS AD AVONDALE, OHIO. 
EDWARDS, Visa lees ene ia oe oice delat. etometten fasts COALBURGH, W. VA. 
BESO EAU ID) 8 Gre ET indies, eros Se aeleitts © sue gerelteettye. ven ate ORONO, MAINE. 
IMO UNS lyse 64, 4) c. oversea ssw «OLD TOWN, MAINE. 
FpIRgEMIN | @tlelnn (Gragisttnper terri sic terrence ates fe a Peta CARBONDALE, ILL. 
(GOOIDIE TELS UL NYG eee tee, PAs Po det eC AMHERST, MASss. 
CC Oils Peretans peta yc cciectinge ov iedal Paes auntie etsaiea ees ARKONA, ONTARIO, 
(QARANTEIBE TREO) Neil EA eae een en nee Pei BRookLyn, N. Y. 
CROMER Ay Roioss.- MOL etek 04 te ante etek ee OP ABU ATO SiN ot co 
TRUANGIIBSING TRH Ro ae ee Re nae are CAMBRIDGE, MAss. 
HARRINGTON, IWitaielievettqet emer Deon eat 2 TOMDAWA ONTARIO: 
TSUATRA IBA OU RS] Ge ra cee aia ek ol nee eR ak sere aaa aera BurFFALo, N. Y. 
Pe ISIEESAGAROLINEGE ©. 20cc'sdacdtnae cs 1ST. JOHNSyN. B. 
TECON RY 1Bhp) TDR 1 Rise sate Se ae i YonkKERs, N. Y. 
PMS CEOs Dr. oh beacon eh. knw dt SBROOKLYN, N.Y. 
ee ROUEN Cros agae ite, Gabe! space abera: oh) a Rie fb wre MONTREAL, QUE. 
Rew iCOMD. Ds Si oc. wok De CNS ee cs oe ie DUEEALO, N. Y. 
EINDINER, J. A. . ee arrears Wiad es meee WAL BANG EIN. \s 
MANN, B. PICKMAN. it tate eee To GaMBRIDGE, MAss. 
MEAD, THEODORE lute soe aees aerial Ua New YorRK. 
MURRAY, AYA Ciscoe tu excites cn CREED te ex Cea tn AC HAMILTON, ONTARIO. 
BECK GHOLW....:. 5 Ub OS Cee eee nee noe eee ee New YORK. 
MemeobD, ©. BAYNES.. 2... 2. nese eens ese e+ s+ LONDON, ONTARIO. 
TR TIGER, Se aA een WASHINGTON, D. C. 
SAUNDERS, WM., The Editor........ ..........., LONDON, ONTARIO. 
SINE IY TEURGS so Cost ee ane eo NEwportT, Ky. 
= PIB) UIDIRSS AGB Ach cic ac Cie Roe ERR eae cr ne mene RHODEN, WALDECK, PRUSSIA. 
“1 TICOUINZNIS 5 oT DD RT spe OHRDRUF, near GOTHA. 
ASN VENGC EU INIEIN, (So oo. ceo cea se scegee deren _... RYE, WESTCHESTER Co., N. Y. 
“ON LEIS INC COTATI ONS) is Biss oie tree nn on Se RACINE, WIS. 
VEE, EY. BUCHANAN... 02.00.02 0ccccc vues . PERTH, SCOTLAND. 
WORTHINGTON, (Gy lee canto Ge ac Ieee en CHICAGO) nL. 
_ ZIMMERMAN, C HAS. IDG eae GRR nome BUFFALO, N. Y. 


The Canadian Entomologist 


Wor. XxX. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1378: No. I 


NOTES ON LYCAENA PSEUDARGIOLUS AND ITS LARVAL 
HISTORY. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


On one of the last days of June, 1877, I observed a female fpseufar- 
giolus hovering about a flower-stalk of Cvmicifuga racemosa, and it occurred 
to me that here might be the food plant of the summer brood of this 
butterfly, which I had for years been in search of. And thereupon I cap- 
* tured this female and confined her in a muslin bag upon one of the stalks. 
Two days after I found several eggs and also young larve, which last 
must have come from eggs laid some days before. This led me to 
examine other stalks, and I found quite a large number of both eggs and 
larve. The plant is called hereabouts “ rattle-weed,” and grows abund- 
antly in the edges of the woods throughout this regicn. It sends upa 
stalk, sometimes branching, four or five feet, terminating in a spike or 
spikes, six to ten inches long, of round, greenish-white buds, which stand 
upon short stems and are arranged in rows about the stalk, diminishing in 
size till they reach the pointed top. The lower buds, when about the size 
of a pea, open first, and the flowering proceeds gradually up the spike, so 
that buds are found through a period of from four to six weeks. The 
flowers exhale an intensely sweet odor. The larva of pseudargiolus, during 
its younger stages, is white and so near the color of these buds that they are 
well protected and difficult to find. In the later stages it may be white or 
greenish, and often there are a few black or brown patches irregularly 
scattered over the surface. When mature it is one-half inch long, and is 
onisciform, like all Lycaenid larve. The head is very small and is placed 
on the end of a long green neck, which, at the junction, is of the diameter 
of the head, but gradually enlarges and seems to be fixed at the extreme 
hinder part of the next (or second) segment, which segment is hollowed 
out to form a sheath for it. In the last larval stages the top of this seg- 
ment is elevated and transversely compressed, and leans forward, shielding 


yd is THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the head as the larva moves about. When at rest the neck and head are 
wholly withdrawn, and as the former, when fully extended, is considerably 
longer than the depth of the second segment, it must possess much 
elasticity.* The larva feeds on the inner part of the bud, and to get at 
this cuts away the surface on one side till a hole is made just big enough 
to admit its head ; and as it feeds the second segment is pressed hard 
against the bud so as to permit the utmost elongation of the neck. Thus 
it is enabled to eat out the contents of the bud, and only desists when 
there remains but the empty shell. When so engaged the anterior seg- 
ments are curved up and the others rest on the stalk of the plant. * But 
very small larvae rest wholly on the bud, curving aboutit. 1 have not seen 


* Nore.—In a recent paper by Mr. Scudder, ‘‘ On the Classification of Butterflies 
with special reference to the position of the Equites or Swallowtails,” Trans. Am. Ent. 
Soc., vi., 69, 1877, the special object of which is to argue for the degradation ‘of the 
Papilionine, I find the following lines: ‘* The Eguites and Ephori” (by this last obso- 
lete appellation the uninitiated may understand some division which includes the 
Lycaenide). . . ‘‘are closely related to each other and disagree with all other groups 
in the retractility of the head of the caterpillar,” This sweeping assertion is fortified by a 
quotation thus : ‘1 do not know that attention has ever been drawn to this feature in 
the caterpillars of Equites since the time of Denis and Schiffermuller, who say, Syst. 
Verz. Schmett. Wien., 161, 1775, ‘ When at rest the head is nearly half concealed by 
the extended epidermis of the first body segment, and can be compared with nothing in 
other butterfly caterpillars, excepting the complete retractility of the head in Lycaenids.’” 
I observe that the authors quoted by Mr. Scudder do not say that the head is retractile, 
but that it lies ‘‘ nearly half concealed by the extended epidermis of the next segment.” 
There is nothing that can properly be called retractility of the head in any Pafe/vo larva ever 
bred by me, and this will cover ajax, trotlis, astertas, turnus, cresphontes and philenor. 
The head of Zycaena pushes out like the upper joint of a microscope and it is as com- 

pletely retractile as.the head of a turtle. The head of Pafilzo is partly covered by the 
extended epidermis of the next segment, which forms a sort of collar, and this 
segment is unusually broad as compared with larvee of other families, probably 
in order to afford room for the tentacles and muscular apparatus connected 
with them. As the larva feeds, the head has a vertical movement, and when the 
jaws are raised, the top of the head is turned down a little into the collar. But as to 
any ability in Pagz/éo to push out and draw in its head beyond that of any species of the 
Nymphalidee, for example, it does not exist. A caterpillar of Axgynnzs will rest on its 
hinder legs and extend its body fifty per cent. beyond the length it assumes when at rest, 


and unless its joints were cast iron, some power of extension must belong to every jointed 


creature ; and the neck of the caterpillar, which is nothing but the connection between — 
the first and second segments, stretches just as the rest of its body stretches, perhaps a 
little more, but in no different manner. That is another thing from ‘ retractility.” One _ 
might as well say that a man’s head is retractile when he wears a high shirt collar. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 


one of the larvze on this plant eating an opened flower, but they destroy 
the buds extensively, and on examining any of-the spikes many buds will 
be found drilled, though often no larva is seen upon it. This disappear- 
ance of the larva I attribute principally to,’spiders, as I found many of 
them on the plants. 

I very soon noticed_that ants also frequented the spikes and supposed 
that the honey-sweet flowers drew them, but presently saw an ant running 
up and down the back of one of the larve, drumming and gesticulating 
with its antennz, and was surprised to find that the larva, though feeding, 
did not seem in the least disturbed at the treatment, neither withdrawing 
its head from thé bud nor wincing in the body. It evidently knew well 
who was treating it so familiarly. Had it been touched by an ichneumon 
fly or had such an insect approached it nearly without touching, it would 
have displayed alarm instantly. A little farther search showed other ants, 
and sometimes several of them, busy about other larvee, running from one 
to another on different parts of the spike and always repeating the same 
drumming motions, stopping often to lick the surface, as it seemed to me, 
and the presence of ants became a sure indication of larve and saved me 
much trouble in searching for the latter. 

The next day I went to thé wood with my hand glass and watched for 
a long time to see what the ants sought. ‘The first day I had seen two 
species of ants engaged, each of medium size, but I now found a third 
and very small species operating in the same manner, and in one case six 
of these were busy over one larva. But the movements of all the species 
were similar. They ran up and down and across the bodies of the larve, 
working their antennae violently, keeping their mandibles close to the 
surface, which they often stopped for an instant to lick. ‘The whole upper 
side of this larva is covered with little glassy stellar processes, five or six 
rayed, scarcely raised, and from the centre of each springs a short fila- 
mentous spine. Where the surface is white these processes are white, but 
on the dark spots they are dark, and on these last they seemed to be less 
regularly stellate. The ants attended most diligently to the last two or 
three segments, and especially to the back of the 11th, but they certainly 
licked the surface at the junction of these ségments and elsewhere along 
the body towards the head. ' I thought there might be some exudation 
from the surface, and perhaps from the stellar processes, as I saw no 


special organs for excreting. 


*@ Some of these larvae I sent to Mr. Lintner, at Albany, N. Y., asking 


+ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


him to subject them to a more powerful glass than any I had, and give me 
the result. He presently (1oth July) wrote: ‘* Mr. Peck and myself have 
both carefully examined the larvae for the gland which you thought might 
exist on the abdomen (11th segment), but we find none. . . But why did 
you not speak of the two processes near the hind end of the body and suggest 
that these might be secretory organs? If the ants really obtain some 
sweet matter from the larvee, then these are the organs through which it is 
emitted. They could hardly have escaped your notice, as they are visible 
to the naked eye, and distinctly under the magnifyer. They are two 
short cylindrical projections, of perhaps twice the length of their 
diameter, giving out at their tops twenty or more barbed hairs. I could 
not determine whether these hairs covered the entire top, but I rather 
thought that they proceeded from a fissure extending across it, which 
perhaps could be dilated or contracted at will.” 

On reading this I at once made an excursion for more larve (now 
13th July, and the flowers fast disappearing), and was fortunate in finding 
half a dozen. I also captured two of the ants and confined them with 
larvee in a glass; so kept them for two days, examining them repeatedly. 
The ants were not restive under confinement, but devoted themselves to 
the larvae, being almost all this time near them, going from one to 
another, at intervals operating after the manner before described. But at 
the end of the second day, getting impatient at the decrease or with- 
holding of the object they sought, and making no allowance for the 
deficient food and untoward circumstances of the larvae, they began 
viciously to bite and mangle them, and I was forced to conclude my 
observations and save any unhurt subjects in alcohol. All this time I was 
unable to discover the organs to which Mr. Lintner had called my atten- 
tion. I was more certain, however, that whatever the ants were after came 
from the last three segments, and they constantly returned to the 11th. I 
had to regret that my attention had not been called to the whole matter a 
few weeks earlier. 

But I sent one of the larvae obtained 13th inst. to Mr. Lintner, and 
he wrote me thus on the 16th: ‘The larva came safely, but has since 
died from want of proper food. We could not find the organs on it of 
which I wrote you. They were not visible. After its death I discovered 
one, and. by means of pressure disclosed the other. In the latter the 
armature of hairs was not thrown out, but I could discover them within 
the organ. I think they will prove to be excretive.” 


On 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I had a large number of chrysalids from the larvae obtained, and at 
intervals a single butterfly would emerge. Thus one male rgth Aug., after 
about thirty days in chrysalis. Sept. 1st, one male; and during my 
absence from home, some time between 3rd Sept. and 2oth, one female 
emerged, and these were all. The other chrysalids will give butterflies 
next spring. During the period between the forming of the chrysalids 
and 1st September I occasionally saw a few examples of the butterfly on 
the wing, one here and one there, but there certainly was no regular brood 
subsequent to July. And all the butterflies seen were smaller than those 
of June, and corresponded in this respect with those that emerged in my 
boxes. Such of the females as appeared in September were just in time 
for the fall food plant of the species, Actinomeris squarrosa, which begins 
to bloom then. I have formerly related the discovery of the larvae of 
pseudargiolus on the flower heads of this plant by Mr. T. L. Mead, and 
that the butterflies which emerged in the spring from the chrysalids of 
pseudargiolus were proved to be violacea ; CAN. ENT. vii, p. 81. This fall 
I was absent till 2oth Sept., and until the few plants of Actinomerts squar- 
rosa known to me and near at hand were nearly or quite out of bloom, and 
I failed to find any of the larvae. It is true that in confinement they will 
eat the flowers of Actinomeris helianthoides, an excessively common plant 
here, but it would be useless to search on this for the larvae because it 1S 
so common, and I am confident they always prefer the other when to be 
had. But r2th October I chanced to be some miles away from home and 
to find on the edge of a corn-field several plants of sguarrosa full 
bloom. These I examined one by one till I found twelve larvae in various 
stages up to last. It is worth notice that whereas the summer larvae, 
feeding on Cimicifuga, are white and of the color of their food, in the 
fall, feeding on a yellow flower, they are dusky and green. I watched 
carefully for ants and presently had the satisfaction of seeing one come 
across the flower head to one of the largest larvae. It manipulated it for 
a moment and then departed, and seemed to me to have expected some- 
thing from the larva and to have gone off disappointed. This Actinomeris 
is as bitter as the summer plant is sweet, and it is less likely that the larvae 
living on such food would exude or secrete saccharine matter than in the 
other case. JI immediately sent the largest larva to Dr. Hagen, and in 
due time received a card with ‘is reply: “ Dr. Mack found directly three 
secretory organs.” The next day a letter, thus: “ I have examined care- 


fully your larvae, and some in alcohol of Lycaena argus and corydon. All 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


have the organs alike. On the penultimate segment you find outside and 
behind the stigmata two large white spots, each one of which evaginates a 
white membranous tube, just like the finger of a glove, the top of which 
is not entirely drawn out. I have seen the tube frequently, and if I blow 
alittle the tube is invaginated instantly. On the antepenultimate seg- 
ment is a larger and transversal opening behind and between the stigmata 
near the apical border. It looks like a closed mouth with its lips, but I 
have not seen anything protruding from it. But in an alcoholic larva 
of argus I saw an ovoid evagination.” Recently I sent Dr. Hagen mature 
larvee of comyntas in alcohol, and he writes: ‘I was able to ascertain 
exactly the same parts and in same situations as in pseudargiolus.”* Dr. 
Hagen also referred me to a paper by M. Gueneé, Ann. Soc. Ent. de 
France, ser. iv., vol. 7, 1867, pp. 696-7, and plate 13, in which are 
described and figured similar organs in Zyc. daetica. Gueneé relates 
that while observing the larva of daetica, he noticed two openings alto- 
gether like those of the stigmata and nearly of same size. At first he 
thought they were superfluous stigmata, and puzzled himself with conjec- 
turing the object of them; but as he turned the caterpillar about in order 
to see the partings of these openings which seemed to be different from 
the stigmata, the larva, which this handling disturbed, suddenly made to 
leap out of these holes a peculiar body which he cannot compare to anything 
better than to the tentacles which certain polypi put forth at will. ‘This is 
a soft, cylindrical organ, the extremity of which is furnished with little fleshy 
points resembling hairs, some standing upright, some radiating from a 
point on,the summit. This singular object placed under the highest 
power of the microscope, these apparent hairs are seen to be long tenta- 
cles and themselves bristle with fleshy spines. Those at the circumference 


* The accompanying figure represents the last segments of Asewdargéolus larva, and 
the position of these organs : 


a—stigmata on 11th and_12th segments; 6—spots resembling 
stigmata on 12th segment ; 461— processes issuing 
therefrom ; c—opening on IJth seg- 
ment; ¢!—ovoid membrane. 


The processes 61 are but partly protruded and as Dr. Mack saw them. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7 


are pretty regularly arranged, and sometimes lie flat on the cylinder (pro- 
bably when they have just emerged from the opening, or are about to 
/ return), sometimes stand out in a threatening manner. But it is on the 
; summit that these tentacles are most numerous, piled up, lying one upon 
another and in all directions, so that it is impossible to count them. The 
; 

; 


caterpillar has the power of protruding these organs at its will, either one 
alone or both together. It throws them out like the tentacles of Papilio 
or the horns of snails. Sometimes it shows but half their length, and 
then the tentacles expand but little or none at all; sometimes it projects 
them fully, making the tentacles radiate in all directions. Most often it 
allows itself to be handled, tickled, pricked, without exposing them, which 
seems to exclude the idea that these organs are means of defence or of 
intimidation. . . . The observer will readily cause them to appear by 
pressing the larva from head to anus. 
“ But this is not all, and our caterpillar presents another singularity. 
At the summit of the roth segment” (¢ ¢, 11th, counting the head as 
first) ‘‘is found still another opening, this time unique, placed transversely 
and surrounded by a raised pad, about which the granulations which cover 
the body of the caterpillar become particularly dense. From the middle 
of this opening (boutonniere, button-hole), comes forth, at the will of the 
| caterpillar, a sort of transparent, hemispherical vesicle, which gives escape 
to a fluid sufficiently abundant to form a good sized drop, which repro- 
| duces itself when it is absorbed. ‘The caterpillar only secretes this fluid 
when it is disturbed, imitating in this respect cucu/ia and many other 
larvae which disgorge by the mouth a colored fluid, doubtless with the 
intention of driving away their enemies. As to the end which nature 
_ proposes by this exceptional structure, it is not easy to divine it. The 
explanations which one has imagined in some analogous circumstances 
appear to me too forced that I should expose myself in risking new 
ones.” ‘The figures illustrating this description represent a cylindrical 
tube, bulbous toward the summit, and bristling with feathery-looking 
tentacles. ‘This corresponds with Mr. Lintner’s description of ‘barbed 
spines,” and with a pen and ink sketch which he also sent me. But he 
represented the tube as wholly cylindrical, not at all bulbous, and there 
is probably a specific difference in this respect. 


om 


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b dl 


I learned from Mr. E. ‘I. Cresson, to whom I had mentioned the facts 
observed in June, that Rev. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia, had seen 
- something of the same nature, and I wrote Mr. McCook to inquire. He 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


replied that he saw, last spring, a small green larva on the blossoms of 
Cimicifuga racemosa and a black ant attending it. “ The ant directed 
strokes of its antennae upon the tail of the larva incessantly ; larva moved 
a little ; ant ran up and down and up other stems and returned ; strokes 
renewed upon the tail; larva moves its head; strokes directed toward the 
head ; larva moves round the stem ; ant off, and in a moment returns, with 
strokes.” He observed this proceeding from to a.m. to 12 m., and 
adds: “I am at a loss to explain these strange manipulations. My first 
idea was that the ant was seeking to tempt the larva to loosen its hold 
upon the plant and then seize it for food. But I soon found that the 
purpose was at least friendly.” ‘The plant, it will be noticed, is the same 
as that fed on by pseudargiolus in Virginia. 


It is clear, therefore, that the larvae of severalspecies of Zycaena have one 
or more special excreting organs, and that one species at least is regularly 
attended by formicidians for the sake of the excreted fluid. And it is proba- 
ble that the quantity of this and perhaps its attractiveness depends on the 
nature of the food plant. Also that all the organs are generally concealed. I 
was not able todistinguish them upon any livinglarva even after my attention 
was called to them, though I saw the mark on 11th segment, which proved 
to be one of the openings. I took those on s2th segment for stigmata, 
which they resembled. But in one larva now in alcohol I find the two 
tubes partly protruding and easily to be seen with the naked eye. And as 
the ants were eagerly licking the surface in the vicinity of these organs, as 
well as just at them, the fluid may escape without their protrusion and 
overflow the surface. That either of these organs is used for defence is 
not shown by any evidence, and, as M. Gueneé intimates, the probability 
is all the other way. The secretion is attractive, not repulsive like that 
which poisons the air from the tentacles by the head of Papz/io.* Whether 


* Tn the paper ‘‘On the Classification,” &c., Mr. Scudder supports his argument 
for degradation of Papilio by this discovery of M. Guenee. Mr. Wallace had claimed, 
and properly, that the possession of such a peculiar structure as the scent organ of 
Papilio larva, with tentacle, muscular apparatus, &c., for frightening away its enemies, is 
a mark of high development, and that its presence in one group and absence in every 
other is a proof of a yery ancient origin and of very long-continued modification, Nat. 
Select. Am. Ed., 135. Mr. Scudder thus disposes of the whole matter : ‘‘ Zxtenstve 
fleshy organs do occur in other groups. | Guenee discovered them on the abdominal seg- 
ments of certain blues,’ &&. . . .  ‘*yet nobody on that account claims for them a 
high rank.” 


a 


ee 


ee ee ee 


 _——= 
} 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 


the secretion is confined to the opening on r1th segment, or is also given 
by the tubes on r2th, remains to be determined by farther observations. 


I find no mention in any author accessible to me of ants attending 
lepidopterous larvae. Kirby & Spence (Longman, 1856), p. 336, say: 
“Not only the Aphides yield this repast to the ants, but also the Cocci, 
with whom they have recourse to similar manceuvres and with equal 
success ; only in this case the movement of the antennae over their body 
may be compared to the thrill of the finger over the keys of a piano- 
forte.” (This describes well the movements over our larva.) ‘* Even 
beetles are occasionally made cows of by Formica flava, which keeps in 
its nest Claviger faveolatus, and obtains from the bristles terminating its 
elytra a gummy secretion which it uses for food,” &c. And Mr. Belt, 
“Naturalist in Nicaragua,” p. 227, describes the attending of larvae of leaf- 
hoppers by ants, but even this careful observer does not seem to have 
noticed the ants with lepidopterous larvz. 

The history of psewdargio/us in Virginia is this: In the early spring 
violacea appears, a very distinct form, and characterized by dimorphism in 
the female, some of that sex being blue, others black. The eggs laid by 
violacea give larve from which comes fpseudargiolus last of May, but the 
food plant of such larve is not yet known—possibly Cornus. The female 
pseudargiolus lays eggs on Cimicifuga racemosa, and most of the resulting 
butterflies over-winter, to produce perhaps wzo/acea, but also perhaps the 
typical pseudargiolus again (which of the two I hope to ascertain by 
March, 1878). Buta small percentage, say five, of these chrysalids give 
butterflies at irregular intervals during the same year, at least as late as 
September, and the earliest of these, if I may judge by what I have seen 
in the field as well as by the results in my boxes this summer, are males, 
the females mostly if not wholly emerging latest. These butterflies are 
always smaller than the parents (the typical psewdargio/us), some not 
much, however, but nearly all considerably, and these last are nothing 
more nor less than what I named, described and figured (But. N. A,, I, 
pl. 50) as meglecta. I cannot see any distinction between them and 
examples of weg/ecta from New York. Besides the difference in size there 
is usually but not always some in the shade of upper surface between 
these and pseudargio/us, and on the under side the marginal crescents and 
discal spots are usually but not always more decided than in the latter. 
The intermediate examples may be called small pseudargiolus or large 
neglecta. There is no regular second summer brood—that is, there are 


¢ 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


but two regular annual broods of this species, the vo/acca of March and 


pseudargiolus of May. The individuals which chance to emerge in July, 
August and September are wegéccfa, and irregular. But their females lay 


eggs upon Actinomerts squarrosa, and the chrysalids then resulting give 
violacea the next spring. ‘That is a peculiar history, and I know no other 
which runs parallel with it. In the case of Z. comyntas, one brood suc- 
ceeds another all the season and there are four or five of them here. And 
I have found none of the early chrysalids to over-winter. The chrysalis 
period in cumyntas is very short, about eight days, whereas it is from thirty 
to sixty in case of pseudargrolus where the butterflies emerge the same 
season. * 

_* The typical psewdargiolus is also found in Pennsylvania, but mee/ecta-is 
most common there, and farther north to Canada, except in rare instances, 
this last is the only one. Mr. Scudder, in the paper referred to, Enr., 
vill., gives the history of wegéecta in N. England, and it corresponds 
curiously with the history of psevda7giv/us which I have related, though he 
derived it almost if not quite altogether from field observation of the 
butterfly : ‘The eggs are probably laid in the middle and latter end of 
June and most of the caterpillars become full grown in the early part of 
July ; how long a time is passed in the chrysalis is unknown, but the 
earliest butterflies of the second brood appear about the first of July, and 


continue to emerge until the first of August . . . and in spite of their 
great delicacy these insects may still be seen in September; . . . pro- 


bably the eggs are laid in August, the caterpillars attaining their growth in 
the latter part of September, and transforming to chrysalids before 
winter.” I have no doubt this conjectural account is in the main a correct 
one, or in other words, that weg/ecta behaves at the north just as its other 
torm and other self does here. 


And I fully believe that Zwcza is nothing but a northern spring form 
of the same species—that is, it either occupies the place of zo/acea in 
some, or 1s a co-form with it in many, localities. I suggested the relation- 


* Mr. Scudder, CAN. ENT., viii., 64, says: ‘‘Mr. Abbot, in Georgia, years ago 
raised Asewdargiolus (or what he called a7g?o/us) in March from caterpillars which went 
into chrysalis the last of April of the preceding year.” I do not know where Mr. 
Scudder learned this, for it is not so stated in the Insects of Georgia. The text 
says that the, caterpillar was found, and ‘‘the first change (2. e., to chrysalis) took 
place on the 16th of June and the fly appeared nine days afterward,” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1G 


ship between /uwcra and neglecta in my paper first referred to, EN’., vii., 82, 
and Mr. Scudder made the matter more probable by his relation of the 
history of these two forms or species, ENT., vill., 64, considering it possible 
that Zuwcza was a boreal and colline form of zvzo/acea, but appearing a little 
earlier in the season. I have undoubted /wcia in company with vzo/acea. 
from Anticosti; in same way, both forms from Maine; also from New 
York, and /ucta grades into wéolacea unquestionably. From Colorado I 
have /ucta,violacea and neglecta. Inthe account given in But. N. A. of neglecta, 
I find a statement which was not explainable at that time, but which the 
observations of this year make clear, namely, that “in June, 1866, at 
Coalburgh, meg¢ecta appeared in large numbers, while I scarcely saw a dozen 
pseudargtolus, usually so abundant. In the following years (1867-1868) 
neglecta has again been rare in this district.” Plainly enough, owing to 
insufficient food for the larve sprung from eggs of vzodacea, caused by an 
unpropitious spring, the butterflies were reduced in size, and while I could 
find few pseudargiolus, everywhere neglecta had taken its place. Being one 
and the same species, that is exactly what would occasionally take place, 
and it is to abundant food on the other hand and unusually favorable lar- 
val conditions that here and there to the northward a few typical pseudar- 
gtolus appear when all the others flying are meg/ecta. Now after writing 
these last lines, it occurred to me to look up my journals for 1866. I find 
therein that the season was late, the first examples of wzolacea being seen 
April ist, whereas in other years I had found them from roth to 15th 
March. On 4th April the mercury reached go° and wolacea is recorded 
as abundant. Immediately after which followed cold and wet (always 
disastrous to butterflies after extreme heat, which has caused them to 
emerge from chrysalis prematurely), and this bad weather lasted through 
April and most of May. Up to 1oth June all butierflies are mentioned 
as being very scarce (because the early brood had been more or less 


destroyed by the cold). On 16th June, and again 28th June, I record 


that not a pseudargiolus had so far been seen that year, but that all which 
had appeared were meglecta. How, two years after, I came to state that a 
dozen pseudargiolus had been seen in 1866 I cannot now remember, but 
probably I then concluded that the larger and paler examples of what I 
first called meg/ecta were properly small pseudargiolus. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF L. PSEUDARGIOLUS. 


EGG—Diameter, .o2 inch ; round, flat at base, flattened at top, the 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


micropyle depressed ; color delicate green, the surface covered with a 
white lace-work, the meshes mostly rectangular, with raised points at the 
angles. Duration of this stage 4 days. 

YOUNG LARVA—Length, .o4 inch ; onisciform, sub-cylindrical, flat 
beneath with retractile legs ; the dorsum high, rounded, smooth, shining ; 
color, pale greenish-white ; on either side of the medio-dorsal line a row 
of white clubbed hairs, one at the posterior end of each segment ; other 
similar hairs about base of body ; head very small, obovoid, black, 
retractile. 

AFTER FIRST MOULT 
dorsum sloping posteriorly from 4th segment ; the sides sloping ; the seg- 
ments distinctly separated, rounded ; color, yellow-white or buff; surface 


Length, .r inch; nearly same shape, the 


pubescent ; head as before. 

AFTER SECOND MOULT—Length, .14 inch; sub-cylindrical ; 
thickest at 2nd and 3rd segments, the dorsum sloping posteriorly ; seg- 
ments well separated, rounded, the anterior edge of each on dorsum a 
little depressed ; the 2nd broadened at top and covering the head ;_ color 
yellow-white or buff; surface velvety, with a few recurved hairs along dor- 
sum, others straight at base of body; the anterior edge of 2nd segment 
on dorsum fringed with rather longer and straight bristles. 


AFTER THIRD MOULT—Length,.25 inch; flattened at base, the 
dorsum elevated into a rounded ridge, sloping posteriorly ; the last seg- 
ments flattened and 13 terminating roundly ; the sides excavated ; the 
2nd segment compressed transversely, arched at top, bent forward ; color 
variable, some examples greenish-white, some sordid buff; on middle of 
dorsum a dark vascular line; the dorsum from 3 to rr pale, and occupied 
by a series of sagittate spots, each truncated at the next segment ; the 
whole surface velvety ; head obovoid, dark brown. 

AFTER FOURTH AND LAST MOULT—Length, .36 inch. 

MATURE LARVA—Length, .5 inch. Nearly as at preceding stage ; 
onisciform, flattened at base ; the legs retractile ; the dorsum elevated into 
a rounded ridge which slopes back from 6th segment; the sides deeply 
excavated, and on middle of each segment from 3 to 11 a vertical nar- 
row depression ; the last segments flattened, the last of all terminating 
roundly, its sides narrowed and a little incurved ; the znd segment flat- 
tened, arched, bent nearly flat over the head ; the dorsal ridge is of a 
tubercular nature, standing on the body, and on each segment from 3 to 


Pe ae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 13 


11 this ridge is distinct, cleft to the body ; coler variable, some examples 
being white, some decidedly greenish ; many have the posterior slope of 
the 2nd segment black or dark brown ; some also have most of the dor- 
sum dark brown, irregularly mottling the light ground ; some have only 
small brown patches disposed without rule on the dorsum, and mostly on 
the anterior segments ; the whole surface velvety ; this appearance is 
caused by minute stellate glossy processes, scarcely raised above the sur- 
face, only visible under a magnifyer, mostly six-rayed, and sending from 
the centre a concolored filamentous spine a little longer than the rays; 
these stars are arranged in pretty regular rows, and are light except on the 
brown patches—there both star and spine is brown ; on the rrth segment, 
near posterior edge of dorsum, is a transverse slit, in a sub-ovoid spot, 
from which proceeds an ovoid membranous process ; and on 12, back of 
and between the stigmata, on either side is a mark like a stigma, but a 
little larger, from which proceeds a membranous tube, in form of a trun- 
cated cone, ending in a crown of feathery tentacles ; these three special 
organs are exposed or concealed at the will of the larva ; (similar openings 
are found in the two preceding stages of the larva, but less easily seen) ; 
head small, obovoid, dark brown, placed at the end of a long, pale-green, 
conical neck, which is retractile, both neck and head being covered by 
2nd segment. 

The foregoing descriptions are taken from the summer larve, feeding 
on flowers of Crvmicifuga racemosa. The larve in the fall, feeding on 
flowers of Actinomeris sqguarrosa, differ much in color from the description 
after second moult, being generally in last two stages yellow-green and 
olive-green, the sides darkened, the dorsum lighter, and there is an absence 
of the brown patches seen in the summer larve ; the back of 2nd segment 
sometimes green, sometimes brown. On the dark shades of the sides the 
stellate processes are often pink. 

Before changing to chrysalis the summer larvae sometimes turn pink 
and from pink to brown, or become brown without the pink stage ; but 
others remain white, changing to sordid ; the body contracts to about .3 


inch, and becomes rounded. Duration of larval stages 19 days. 


CHRYSALIS—Length, .28 inch; greatest breadth, .12 inch; the 
ventral side straight, the dorsal rounded and evenly except for a very 
slight depression below the mesonotum; both ends rounded ; the abdo- 
men broadest ; color dark brown or yellow-brown, varying; on dorsal 
part of abdomen on either side is a row of blackish dots, continued to 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the mesonotum ; some examples have the wing cases green tinted. Dur- 
ation of this stage, in the few instances in which the butterfly emerges the 
same season, from 30 to 60 days, but most chrysalids pass the winter. 


NOTES ON THE LARVA OF LYCAENA SCUDDERI. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


The announcement of the interesting discovery of honey tubes in the 
larvee of Z. pseudargio/us, and Consequent attendance of ants, as detailed 
by Mr. W. H. Edwards in the present issue, brought to our mind the fact 
that we had observed ants attending the larve of Z. Scudder? some ten 
years ago. We were under the impression that we had subsequently pub- 
lished a description of the larva and drawn attention to this fact of ant 
attendance, but on examination find that we omitted doing so, and take 
this early opportunity of giving the results of our observations in con- 
firmation of this curious discovery by Mr. Edwards. 


On the 22nd of July, 1867, we visited a locality where some three 
weeks previous Lycaena Scudderi had been very abundant, our object 
being to search for the larva of that species. After considerable effort 
we succeeded in finding a larva on the common blue lupin ( Zupznus 
perennis ), which afterwards proved to be that of Scwddert. This larva 
was feeding on the upper side of the leaf, and we were surprised at seeing 
several ants actively running about the leaf and repeatedly over the body 
of the caterpillar, without disturbing it in the least. The search being 
continued, several more larvee were found, their discovery being made 
comparatively easy from the invariable presence of these active attend- 
ants, otherwise their color being so closely like that of the leaf, they 
would have been very difficult to find. We were unable then to account 
for the cause of the attendance of the ants, and for the placid behavior 
of the larvae under the circumstances. Doubtless this species in the 
larval state is furnished with similar secreting tubes to those described and 
figured by Mr. Edwards as occurring in fseudargiolus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 


The following description of the larva was taken at the time: 

Length half an inch ; body somewhat onisciform, distinctly annulated. 

Head very small, black and shining, and drawn within the second 
segment when at rest. 

- Body above dull green with a velvety appearance, occasioned by the 
presence of many short, fine, whitish hairs and minute dots of a brownish 
color, neither of which were plainly visible without a magnifyer. A dor- 
sal stripe of a deeper shade of green margined with a faintly paler hue. 
Sides of body striped obliquely with lines of a slightly paler shade of 
green. A lateral cream-colored stripe close to under surface extending 
from the anterior portion of third ‘segment backwards. 

Under surface similar in color to upper, with a darker shade having a 
faintly bluish tinge along the middle; feet and prolegs tipped with pale 
brown. : 

One specimen became a chrysalis on the 28th of July, and produced 
the imago on the 8th of August. 


MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA. 
BY C. E.. WORTHINGTON, CHICAGO, ILL. 


Larva of Arzama obliquata Grote.—Found April 23rd, under the bark 
of a dead maple about three feet from the ground, where it had made for 
itself an oval cavity in the dust. 


Head small and black ; head and first four segments flattened above ; 
1st segment black, edged with tight brown and with a light brown dorsal 
stripe ; remaining segments dull olivaceous brown, slightly pubescent, and 
having the greasy appearance of an Ag7votis larva. No dorsal stripe back 
of 1st segment ; 1st and 2nd segments project laterally over stigmata ; 
immediately below the stigmata on each side is a faint, narrow, brown 
stripe, below which the color i much lighter. Anal segment with a fleshy 
fold slightly resembling that of ( atocala crataegi. 


Length 2 inches. Diameter not taken, but is small in proportion. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pupated April 27th, without spinning a cocoon.  Pupa light reddish 
brown without markings, 114 inches long and very slender. Imago— 
May 18th; ¢. 

The situation in which the larva was found, the small head and general 

appearance indicate a subterraneous habit, and, indeed, aside from its 
extreme slenderness, the resemblance to some species of Agvrotis is 
striking. : 
Larve of Hemtleuca mata, May 30th, in considerable numbers on 
Willow. These larvz are gregarious while young, but after the 3rd moult 
scatter, and deserting the willows, appear to eat anything that falls in their 
way. I have seen during the summer (July and August) individuals 
several miles from the marshes and upon almost every plant I can name. 
Imagoes abundant in October in the morning, but on every occasion, 
though hundreds might be taken before 12 o’clock, not one could be 
found after 1 o’clock. 

Pupe of Smerinthus excaecatus beneath willows. Imagoes in June. 
Much larger and more highly colored than in eastern examples. 


S. modesta from larva found on Cottonwood. 


August 6th—Eyrebus odora 2 in the water closet of a business block 
in the heart of the city. The apparent fondness of many rare species 
of Lepidoptera for a fetid odor leads me to suggest the experiment of 
sugaring a few trees apart from the others with ale and molasses, in which 
some assafcetida has been dissolved. 

August and September—Larve of Aunomus alniaria abundant on 
maple. ‘This larva evidently changes its color somewhat with different 
food, as these closely resemble the bark of this tree. Imagoes in Sept. 

Larva of Apatela americana abundant in same locality, but later in the 
month to be found clinging to the twigs, completely honey-combed by 
some species of Chalcis (?). 


Larvee of Sphinx chersis, S. gordius and D. undulosa in company on 
black ash. 

September 2zoth-October 3rd.—Eight examples of Macrostla 5-macu- 
/ata from larvae which pupated in July. My experience with P. achemon 
would apply to this species also, as I had nearly full-grown larvae this year 
before my over-wintering pupae had fairly begun to emerge. I am 
informed that perfect imagoes are usually taken here in July and late in 
September, but have never seen one in the spring. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 


Early in August I took a Papilio asterias ° with large blotches of a 
yellow fungus, as yet unidentified, on the wings. The growth mentioned 
by Mr. Aaron may be something of this nature. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DREPANODES. 
BY A. R. GROTE, 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Soctety Natural Sctences. 


Notwithstanding the variability of D. varus Grote, of which species 
D. sesquilinea is stated by Dr. Packard to be the ordinary male form, there 
can be no doubt that a very interesting species from Maine (Prof. Fer- 
nald) and Massachusetts (Mr. Roland Thaxter) is distinct from any 
previously described. In this form the exterior line is zwzthout a costal 
angulation. It may be called 


Drepanodes Fernaldi, n. s. 


%. Larger than the other species, light purplish brown. The two 
transverse lines composed of broken black lunules shaded with white. A 
black discal point on primaries. A median diffuse brown shade near the 
exterior line and continued on hind wings. The exterior line extends 
straight to costa near apices and is here not angulated ; it is continued on 
hind wings, but merely as a white sub-lunulated line with black pointlets 
on the veins. Terminal space on fore wings shaded with brown. Fringes 
on both wings pale. Edge of secondaries brown. Beneath paler than 
above, sub-irrorate. A common white exterior lunulated line marked by 
black pointlets on the veins. Discal dots on both wings. 


Expanse 31 mil. ‘Two specimens examined, not differing in any way. 
The apices are acute, but not falcate. The costal edge is paler than the 
rest of the wing. The more brownish color and the peculiarities of the 
transverse line will at once distinguish this species. I am greatly indebted 
to Mr. Roland Thaxter for the type taken at Newtonville, Mass., June 
16th, 1877. 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A NEW HEPIALUS FROM NEW YORK. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


FT[epialus auratus, 0. Ss. 


This species is smaller and slighter than argenteomaculatus, and differs 
from any previously described from our territory by the gilded primaries, 
which are as brilliant as those of Plusta verruca. Dull lilac or pinkish 
fuscous. Fore wings falcate, with a fine brown line on submedian fold. 
Between the subcostal vein and submedian fold the wing is covered cen- 
trally with large patches of dead gold. There are two brown costal 
patches, between which are double pale lilac marks, the inceptions of the 
transverse lines, of which the outer beyond the outer brown patch is alone 
continuous, broad, irregular. Some dead gold patches about the discal 
mark, which is finely margined with brown, pyramidal, bright gilded. 
Three similar bright gilded, triangulate, brown-edged spots, form part of 
the subterminal line opposite the cell. Else the s. t. line is narrow and 
brownish, broadly margined by dead gold shading on either side. Hind 
wings pinkish fuscous with orange fringes. Beneath fuscous, without 
marks ; external margin of primaries touched with orange; the short 
fringes shaded with orange on both wings. 

Expanse 48 mil. Lewis Co., New York, July, Mr. W. W. Hill. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX TO AGRICULTURAL REPORTS. 


We have lately received through the kindness of the author, Professor 
Townend Glover, a most valuable publication entitled ‘“‘ Manuscript Notes 
from my Journal,” being an Entomological index to the names, Xc., of 
insects occurring in the annual agricultural reports published by the 
Department of Agriculture at Washington from 1854 to the present time, 
with a list of the vegetable and animal substances injured or destroyed 
by them. 

This work is published in quarto form, and uniform in style with the 
previous works of the same author on Diptera, Hemiptera and Orthop- 
tera, noticed in the earlier volumes of this journal. The first 77 pages 
is occupied with an alphabetical list of the names of the insects referred 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i9 


to in the various reports, with brief explanatory references. Following 
this we have a list of insects to a greater or less degree beneficial by 
destroying noxious insects, a paragraph on other agencies referred to as 
useful in the destruction of insects, concluding with a list occupying 21 
pages, also alphabetically arranged, of vegetable and animal substances 
injured or destroyed by insects. 

The compilation of this work has been attended with much labor, and 
furnishes another evidence of the untiring industry of the author. It will 
prove an invaluable help to all who desire to consult the pages of these 
reports for information on Entomological subjects, and it is much to be 
regretted that the edition is not sufficiently large to make it accessible to 
all who may be interested in Entomology. 


NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHOPTERYX ZIM- 
MERMANI. 


BY A. R.- GROTE, BUFFALO, N. -Y. 


The following note on the structure of Zimmermani is taken from a 
MS. paper on the N. Am. Phyeide which I am preparing for publication. 
I would be glad of more material in this group from any correspondents. 

“ Pinipestis (sub-gen. nov. ). 

Maxillary palpi alike in both sexes, concealed by the porrect labial 
palpi, which have.the third article erect and exceed the front. Ocelli 
present. Male antennz very slightly bent at base, where they show slight 
continuous scale-tufts ; ciliate beneath. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 
running close together at base ; these veins are seen to have a separate 
origin, 5 on the cross-vein close to 4, divaricating at one-third from base. 
Hind wings 8-veined ; vein 5 running close to 4 at base, but separate and 
continuous with the discal cross-vein. Head behind with a thick trans- 
verse ridge of scales; clypeus with a bunch-like projection of scales 
centrally.” 

I have corrected my former statement as to vein 5, having made a 
fresh observation under a r-inch objective. This correction will not allow 
of the species remaining under the sub-genus Déoryetria as defined by 
Heineman, and presumably establishes P71. Ei ea aes as distinct from 
the European Dior. abietella, 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 

By this mail I send you a pair of Mephopleryx Zimmerman Grote. If I 
am not mistaken, they will interest you as a new and very destructive 
insect ; and I think you are more interested in noxious insects than Ento- 
mologists generally are. There is scarcely a Pine more than 4 ft. high, on 
our grounds, that is not more or less affected by this borer. 

I have found it on Praus strobus, P. rubra or sestnosa, P. austriaca, P. 
sylvestris, P. cembra, Corsican, Lofty Bothan and Russian Pines. PP. sy 
vestvis seems to suffer most, as the limbs, and often the main stem, are 
constantly breaking off. Only a few days ago one of our finest specimens 
of P. strobus (a tree over 30 ft. in height and almost perfect in shape) had 
about 6 ft. of the top broken off—the effects of this borer. I am in 
hopes that the small parasitic flies I found in the larva will soon get the 
upper hand, so as to keep them in check. 


I have been after this borer for several years, but did not succeed in 
getting the perfect moth until the summer of 1876, and until then sup- 
posed they were only on P. sylvestris. Cuas. D. ZIMMERMAN. 

571 Main St.,.Butlalo, N. Y.,. Dec 26, 1377. 


[The specimens so kindly sent by our esteemed correspondent reached 
us in good order and will prove a valuable addition to our collection, for 
which we tender our sincere thanks.—Ep. C. E. | 

May I suggest that the “seeming growth” on the eye of Papzlio 
philenor, to which Mr. E. M. Aaron calls attention at p. 200, is probably 
the pollinia or pollen masses of one of the Orchidacea, objects which 
have before now puzzled unbotanical Entomologists. Of course, without 
seeing the things in question, I can only suggest this as a probable 
explanation. In Mr. Darwin’s work on the “ Fertilization of Orchids,” as 
well as in the works of other authors on the same subject, will be found 
lists of the insects on whose proboscises (generally—or at least near that 
organ) pollinia have been noticed. Examples have also come under my 
own notice. Mr. Aaron should watch the butterflies, and if he finds them 
visiting any Orchidaceous flower, let him take a fine pin or grass stalk, and 
inserting it into some of these flowers, gently, and in the same manner in 
which the insect would insert its proboscis, the result will probably show 
him the way in which the apparent growths are deposited. 


iF. BUCHANAN WHITE, Perth, Scotland 


_ are ee 


Che Canadian Entomoloast. 


VOL. X. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1878. Niosrz 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE EGGS OF CLISIOCAMPA 
SYLVATICA AND AMERICANA. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


Some time during the month of October last we were informed by 
Mr. B. Gott, nurseryman of Arkona, Ont., that he had observed on cutting 
into clusters of the eggs of C/zszocampa that the larvee were at that time 
fully formed, a fact he had discovered by the use of a magnifying lens. 
It was our intention to take an early opportunity of verifying this state- 
ment by examination of the eggs under higher powers of the microscope, 
but delayed doing so for want of time. During the latter part of Novem- 
ber Mr. A Puddicombe, one of the members of our Society here, a 
careful observer and good microscopist, independently made the same 
discovery by cutting into clusters of these eggs with a sharp knife. He 
submitted the results of his observations at a meeting of the London 
Branch of the Entomological Society, held early in December, where the 
eggs were opened and examined under the microscope. We found the 
interior of the eggs perfectly dry, with a pearly lustre, the larve 
fully developed and only awaiting warmth before making their escape. 
When the upper end of the egg was removed, the larvee would frequently 
push their heads out and move them actively about, occasionally crawling 
almost or entirely out of the shell. Examinations have thus since been 
frequently made with eggs both of C. sy/vatica and C. americana. In 
several instances where the egg clusters have been kept in a warm room 
for a week or two, the larve, mistaking the warmth for that of spring, have 
eaten their way out of the shells, and finding no food, have died. These 
details, we think, are sufficient to establish the interesting fact that the 
larve of both these species mature early in the fall and hybernate inside 
the egg, waiting the warmth of spring before eating their way out. 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Recently we devoted an evening to the microscopic examination of 
these egg clusters, having previously collected a number of them for this 
purpose. In many instances it was found that the glutinous coating which 
covers the clusters was imperfect, that a piece here and there had dis- 
appeared, leaving the eggs bare, and in some cases patches of the exposed 
eggs were empty. To ascertain, if possible, the cause of this, some of 
such affected clusters were cut into, when they were found to be colonized 
by mites. ‘The outside gummy matter is of a sufficiently porous texture 
to afford abundant shelter to these little friends, who had evidently eaten 
into the eggs and devoured the young larve, and had also consumed the 
missing portions of the gummy covering. In the range of a single section 
of an egg mass some eggs would be found inhabited by the larvee unin- 
“jured, while out of others would proceed several (in some cases as many 
as five) active little mites, who, when thus disturbed, would run in and 
out of their dwelling places, and keep up a peculiar drumming motion with 
their tiny antenuz. We found what were probably two different forms 
of the same species of mite, the one so small that four or five or more 
could find ample room and to spare within a single egg-shell, and these 
were very active and nearly transparent ; the other much larger, of a pale 
red color, with bright red eyes, sluggish in its movements and only one in 
each egg; indeed, one specimen nearly filled an egg. On the outside 
of some of the clusters were found some round pale red eggs, which we 
presumed were the eggs of these mites. From their structure the mites 
appeared to belong to the genus Z7ombidium. 

We have submitted examples of these insects and egg clusters to Dr. 
H. Hagen, of Cambridge, Mass., and he has kindly and promptly 
examined them and confirmed the correctness of the views above 
advanced. Dr. Hagen says that he found the supposed mite eggs both empty 
and full of the small, active; white creatures, that these active specimens 
are doubtless the young of the larger red form, which latter is .o4 inch 
long, and he is of opinion that it belongs to Zrombidium. He further 
says: ‘In the whole European literature I have not been able to find 
anything about Acari eating eggs, so the fact seems new and is very 
important.” 

On almost every cluster we have examined we have found more or 
less of these mites, and if they are thus generally distributed over the 
whole district inhabited by the moths, they must prove a most efficient 
check to the undue multiplication of C//stocampa. In No. 8 of our last 


Go 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Zz 


- — — = ————— 


| volume we drew attention to the fact of the enormous abundance of the 
larvee of C. sy/vatica last year in many of the western portions of Ontario, 
and to the further fact that we had found a large number of the larve to 
be infested by parasites, both Dipterous and Hymenopterous. Notwith- 
standing this, large numbers matured and their egg clusters are numerously 
distributed over almost every forest and fruit tree. We have no evidence 
that birds devour many of them, hence we warmly welcome this new found 
friend, who has doubtless been silently working in our interest for many 
years past. In 1868 the larva of sy/vatica was almost as abundant as it 
was last summer, while in 1869 very few were to be found. By the light 
of these observations it is easy to see that these destructive insects may 
be decimated by one of two methods, or by both ; in the first place by 
the enormous increase of these mite enemies, or by the occurrence of a 
severe frost following a few warm days in spring, during which by the heat 
of the sun the larve have been incited to activity, and having left their 
snug winter quarters, have, while in a feeble and comparatively unpro- 
tected state, been destroyed by cold. 


NEW PYRALIDES. 
Vi 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


I am indebted to Mr. Jas. Behrens for some Californian Pyralides. 
Among them is a specimen of Orodaena octonalis of Zeller, hitherto found 
in Texas and Kansas. ‘The. specimen is labelled “San Diego, Aug., 
1874.” Two specimens of Eurycreon chortadts : “Soda Sp.,” and two 
of otis unifascialis : “ Sauzalito, May 27,” are also present. 


‘ 


In the present paper I continue my descriptions and corrections. 
There are yet a large number of new species of So¢is; I regret that I 
cannot identify many of Lederer’s from his figures and descriptions. 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Arta olivalis, n. S. 
? @. A small species allied to s¢a/alis, but differing by the olivaceous 
cast of the fore wings above, crossed by two even parallel faint pale lines, 
the inner at the middie of the wing, the outer within the middle of the 
terminal portion ; fringes vinous. Hind wings pale purplish with vinous 
fringes. Beneath the costal and external margins are bright wine-color ; 
a pale common line. Abdomen beneath vinous ; legs pale yellowish and 
purplish. Labial palpi divaricate; ocelli present; # antennez scaled 
above, pubescent beneath ; shape of the wings much as in Asofia, but 
the costa and internal margins are even more parallel. 

Expanse t4 mil. Hab. Texas, Belfrage (No. 405, July and August). 
This is even a shighter species than Condylolomia participialis. 


Botis venalts, 1. s. 


f 2. Alhed to dasconalis by its plain appearance, but smaller and 
differently ornamented. Fore wings ochreous, vayying in intensity of 
color, with darker diffuse longitudinal shades along the veins, without lines 
or spots. Hind wings pale, sub-pellucid, saturated with ochreous, without 
lines or spots. Beneath whitish, fore wings streaked with fuscous, without 
lines or spots. ‘Thorax, head and palpi above ochrey, beneath white ; 
abdomen pale ochrey above, beneath with legs whitish ; fore tibize within 
darker. 

Expanse 26 mil. Not uncommon about Buffalo, N. Y., in June. Easily 
recognized by its simple ornamentation, which differs from that of any 
other species known to me. 


Botis-trimaculalts, 1. Ss. 


g 2. Clay-yellow; fore wings narrower and more pointed than 
usual. ‘Terminally the wing is more or less distinctly shaded with fuscous. 
Three open spots on median space. The orbicular round, reniform lunate 
and a third and smaller spot on submedian. fold also open and spherical, 
varying in size. ‘The stigmata are annulate with fuscous, their centres are 
perhaps a little darker yellow than the wing. Interior line even, bent. 
Exterior line not very uneven ; after touching vein 2 it runs inward, rising 
on the interspace till it nearly meets the lower extremity of the reniform 
which extends over the base of veins 3 to 5. Head and thorax ochrey ; 
abdomen ochreous on the segments above, annulated with white, beneath 


J 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


whitish fuscous. Hind wings yellowish, sub-pellucid, with borders of yel- 


lowish (@) or fuscous (#); an extra median fuscous line and discal 
streak. Beneath as above, duller and more fuscous. 


Expanse 25 mil. Had. Texas, Belfrage, August and October, two 
specimens, No. 376. Resembles somewhat S/enophyes serinalis, but the 
color is different and the species is stouter. 


Botis fuscimacilalis, n. s. 


& Y. Resembles “#7maculalis so closely that it is difficult to dis- 
tinguish it. The color is a duller yellow, the markings are all fainter, the 
veins are indicated by pale fuscous. The hind wings are whitish fuscous 
and the line is only fragmentary. Beneath the wings are more purely 
fuscous, without the yellowish stain. The three open spots on median 
space are present, but the reniform is upright, medially constricted and 
does not spread over the submedian nervules at base, consequently the 
exterior line does not come so near it inferiorly. Interior line more 
irregular, also the exterior line, but similarly shaped ; the interior line is 
however deflected on the interspace between submedian vein and vein tr. 
But the species may be at once separated by the abdomen being whitish 
or fusco-whitish, not ochreous above as with ¢rimaculalis. 


Expanse 25 mil. Hab. Texas, Belfrage, No. 374; June and Novem- 
ber ; three specimens. Much narrower-winged and with more pointed 
apices than Bots submedialis. 


Botis flavicoloralis, nz s. 


Dull yellow, allied to the preceding species. Primaries concolorous, 
powdery, yellow, not shining; fringes whitish. Reniform open, very 
faintly outlined. No spot on submedian fold. Exterior line almost 
obliterate, very faint. Orbicular sub-obsolete, open. Hind wings whit- 
ish, with whitish fringes, stained with yellow exteriorly ; extra mesial line 
narrow, lost inferiorly. Beneath hind wings whitish, with the mesial line 
fragmentary. Thorax above yellow; palpi brown at the sides, whitish 
beneath. Fore wings beneath pale, with the markings traced in pale 
fuscous. 


Expanse 21 mil. ‘Texas, Belfrage, Oct. 11, No. 374; one female. 


Smaller than fuscimaculalis, with the lines obliterate and of a brighter 
yellow, 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Botis untfascialis Packard, Ann. N. Y. L. N. H., 1873. 


One 2 specimen resembles Packard’s description except that the 
primaries have the external margin shaded with pale color like the fascia. 
A second ff has the pale shading on hind wings above no more notice- 
able than in the European ofacadis, with which the Californian specimens 
agree in the immaculate secondaries beneath. The European repre- 
sentative of this species, unknown to Packard, is ofacalis, and it resembles 
the Californian examples very closely. 


Botis subolivalis Packard, Ann. N. Y. L. N. H., 1873. 


g ¢. This Eastern form has the secondaries in the § rayed 
beneath and in both sexes immaculate above ; it is less like ofaca/is than 
the Californian examples. Packard’s description takes no note of the 
sex, but, as in wndfascialis, the female has the wings less pointed. JB. 
hircinalts Grote is a synonym. ‘The males have the wings more pointed, 
the pale fascia sub-obsolete and the hind wings beneath not rayed with 
fuscous and the ground color more gray. 


Botts stenopteralis, n. s. 


2. Allied to Azrcinalis, narrower-winged and darker colored. Fore 
wings very dark brown ; a discal black mark ; outer line pale, even, slightly 
bent. Hind wings black with yellowish basal shades and a mesial yel- 
lowish broken band continuous with exterior line on primaries. Abdomen 
blackish above, annulate with white ; beneath white. Wings beneath pale 
reddish ochrey, with common outer line and discal marks ; external mar- 
gin of both pair fuscous ; primaries with the anterior (orbicular) dot 
present. Palpi black at the sides, whitish beneath. 


Expanse 18 mil. fab. Maine, Prof. C. H. Fernald. 


Differs from ab/utalis by the darker color, stouter body, narrow, even 
exterior line, and black discal maik on primaries above; it is not very 
nearly related to that species. 


Botts talis, n. S. 


a2. Form of adipaloides. Fore wings bright purple. An irregular- 
shaped, brown-margined, light yellow patch resting on internal margin 
within the middle and projected upwards on the cell; preceded on the 
cell by a small partially confluent similar spot. A similar quadrate patch 


th tt 


‘ 
‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Dt 


over the veins beyond the cell open to costa, along which the yellow color 
spreads towards the base. Hind wings bright purple with a very broad 
yellow central fascia tapering inferiorly, edged with brown or black lines. 
Fringes pale. Beneath paler, but as above; base of hind wings entirely 
yellowish. Thorax brownish purple ; beneath body and legs whitish. 


Expanse 20 mil. Hab. Marengo Co., Ala., coll. Grote. 


So brightly colored and distinctly marked that it can be mistaken for 
no other species. The fine dark lines edging the yellow patches on 


primaries may be taken for the ordinary lines and the annuli of the purple 


stigmata. 


Lurycreon anartalts, n. S. 


Size of sticticalis and cereralis, but resembling a species of Avarta in 
color. Fore wings blackish, somewhat grayish about the exterior line, 
which is broken and fragmentary. ‘Two black discal stains and a black 
curved streak below submedian vein all faintly visible. | Hind wings yel- 
lowish white, blackish at base, with broad black borders ; before the black 
borders a curved line of black points. Beneath this curved line is 
repeated on the yellowish white color which extends to the base of the 
wing, relieving a rather long curved linear discal streak, the black border 
as above, interlineated with pale at anal angle. _ Primaries blackish, with 
an extra median pale shade.. Abdomen yellowish white beneath, blackish 
above, annulated with white. Clypeus tuberculate. 


Expanse 22 mil. Soda Springs, Cal., Mr. Jas. Behrens, two males. 


Lurycreon communis Grote. 


Mr. Belfrage has sent this variable species under the Nos. 372, 373 
and 375. ‘This latter number covers specimen which, from Lederer’s 
Taf. 12, fig. 3, I take to be vantalis. Under the name communis I have 
originally described paler, more yellowish specimens (373 of Belfrage) 
of this same species. They are not cznitalis Led., Taf. 12, fig. 2, for they 
have the interior line present as in the typical form figured by Lederer 
of vantalis. Perhaps Walker has described communis under the name 
crinisalis, as he gives the interior line present, and crénitaézs Led. Zell., 
which I do not know, may be a different species. Again, it seems to be 
doubtful whether the Texan species is really the vavfa/’s of Gueneé.. On 
page 106 of this volume, line 3, read ‘a paler form than vanta/is” for 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


“a darker form than vawv¢ta/is.”_ Provisionally I retain this name of com- 
munis for the species ; if vantalis of Gueneé proves identical, the name 
communts Will apply merely to the paler, yellowish specimens as a color 
variety. ‘There is a tendency in eal fuscous brown species of this 
family to vary in the direction of pale yellowish or ochreous, as for 
instance, otis fracturalis of Zeller and Sots argyralis of Hubner. 


Crocidophora Led. 


C. tuberculatis Led., Taf. 2, fig.1 9. 


I have taken this species near an IN. ¥ ofa re: 


C. pustuliferalis Led., Taf. 12, fig. 11. 
I have taken this species in Alabama. My single f specimen is 
larger and does not agree very well with Lederer’s figure. 


C. serratissimalis Zeller. 
I have taken one f near Buffalo, and I find that my Bors subdentalts 


is the @ of this species, and consequently a synonym, Prof. Zeller’s 
description being earlier. 


Flomophysa albolineata. 
Lipocosma albolineata G. & R., 1, 28, pl. 2, fig. 22. 


The ocelli are present. It is not improbable that this is the g/aphy- 
valis of Gueneé 


Flomophysa perempialis, n. s. 


gf. The smallest species, much smaller rey ro Led., of which 
latter I have a specimen from Texas (Belfrage, No. 394) and two from 
New York. Ocelli present. Fore wings ochre-brown, darker, somewhat 
fuscous at base. The uniform dark tint unbroken by any paler shading. 
Interior line exceedingly fine, composed of white scales, forming two 
large teeth, of which the upper is much the more prominent; the lower 
outward angulation on submedian fold being less obvious. The outer 
white line is very faint, near the external margin, evenly and widely arcu- 
ate, running inwardly submedially. Both lines very faintly relieved by 
dark scales. On external margin below apices are three interspaceal dark 
dots followed within by white ones. It is the commencement of a dis- 
continued series, of which another is faintly visible at internal angle. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


Fringes concolorous. ‘The markings must be studied under a microscope 
to see them clearly. Hind wings pale at base, with a diffuse external 
ochre-brown patch cut by a narrow white line. A series of terminal dark 
points and a dark line on the ochrey fringes, both discontinued superiorly. 
Beneath paler, glistening, shaded with ochre-brown outwardly and with 
the exterior marked in a darker shade on primaries. Body and legs pale. 


Expanse to mil. Amherst, Mass., Mr. L. W. Goodell, No. 708. 


LTomophysa eripalts, n. s. 

2. Size and color of venzculalis of Zeller, of which IT have a speci- 
men from Texas (Belfrage, No. 396, Oct. 16), but differing by the want 
of discal maculations on primaries. The fine white relieved lines more 
disunctly marked on costa of fore wings. Head and appendages ochrey 
and whitish ; thorax ochreous. Fore wings entirely fuscous, with a very 
fine inner slightly waved line, and the outer line very near the margin, 
arcuate above, running in submedially and very slightly angulated on 
internal vein. The concolorous fringes are white tipped. In a second 
specimen from Alabama the base of the wing is slightly ochre-shaded. 
Abdomen above fuscous, finely white ringed. Hind wings concolorous, 
more fuscous exteriorly and inferiorly, where they show the white mesial 
line relieved by dark scales more distinctly. Beneath the common white 
relieved exterior line is continuous. 


Lxpanse 16 mil. Texas, Belfrage, No. 394, June 7. 


Chalcoela Zeller. 


Beitr. 1, 32 (528), Tab. 11, fig. 12, a and 0. 
Chatcoda aurifera Zell., Beitr., 1, 83 (1872). 


This smaller of the two species which I refer to this genus is yellow 
ochre in color ; the median lines blackish, disconnected, the outer line 
with an inferior sinus and situate well towards the outer margin of the 
wing. Median space washed with gray, which spreads over the terminal 
space inferiorly. Taken in Texas by Belfrage ; No. 417. 


Chalcoela Robinsonit. 

Cataclysta Robinsonit Grote, CAN. ENT., 3, 181 (1871). 

The ocelli are absent. This is larger than its ally and darker colored, 
of a honey brown. Median lines white ; outer line with a more acute 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


discal projection, and without an inferior sinus. The median space is 
much narrowed inferiorly. ‘The grayish shade over median space is con- 
tinued to costa ; in its ally the costal region is of the ground color of the 
wing. I do not detect the brilliant line on the external margin of the 
fore wings in C. Rebinsoni?; the curved apical line is present in both 
forms. The hind wings are darker in C. Rodinsonti, and show a clear 
white line before the series of black and golden marginal dots. The 
inner line on primaries is white and curved, not straight as in its ally, and 
the terminal space is wider and freer from grayish shades in C. Rodbinsonit. 


OBITUARY. NOTICES. 


Death has of late been making serious inroads among the ranks of our 
fellow laborers in the Entomological field. An old veteran among Ameri- 
can Naturalists, Dr. J. P. Kirtland, of Cieveland, Ohio, has passed away, 
while recent advices from across the Atlantic announce the deaths of Mr. 
Andrew Murray and Mr. T. V. Wollaston. Most of the details given in 
reference to the lives of the two latter are condensed from memoirs which 
have just appeared in 7he Entomologist, of London, Eng. 


DR. JARED P. KIRTLAND 


was born at Wallingford, Conn., on the roth of November, 1793. His 
youthful studies were pursued at Wallingford and Cheshire Academies, and 
being a bright, active boy and an earnest student, he soon made rapid and 
substantial progress in the classics as well as in English studies. As a 
boy he was enthusiastic in the study of natural objects; he knew the 
habits of almost every animal and bird that frequented his youthful 
haunts, and at twelve years of age was engaged in practical experiments 
in the cultivation of silk worms. About the same time he began the study 
of Botany, and soon applied his knowledge to a series of valuable experi- 
ments in the crossing of fruit trees with the view of improving the quality 
of fruits. | His success in this department is well known to all intelligent 
cultivators of fruits in America, his hybrid cherries having won for him a 


—_——— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Sih 


fame which time can never obliterate. His grandfather was a physician 
in Connecticut, and at his death his promising nephew, now eighteen 
years of age, inherited his grandfather’s medical library and a sufficient 
legacy to enable him to acquire a medical education. He had made 
arrangements to pursue his studies in Edinburgh, when the war with Great 
Britain prevented him. About this time the medical department of Yale 
University was opened, and young Kirtland was the first student on its 
matriculation roll. Subsequently he graduated at the University of Penn- 
sylvania, and in 1815 returned to his native place, where he practised 
medicine for two years and a half, devoting all his leisure moments to the 
study of natural science, for which he had developed a passion which 
influenced all his after life. He next removed to Durham, Conn., where 
he enjoyed an extensive practice for several years, when the death of his 
wife and child again unsettled him, and he removed to Poland, Conn. 
Five years later he was elected to the Legislature, where he served three 
terms, after which he was called to fill the chair of Theory and Practice 
of Medicine in the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnatti, which he did 
with distinguished ability for five years, when the duties becoming irksome 
to him, he resigned the position. 


When in 1848 the first Geological Survey of Ohio was organized, Dr. 
Kirtland was appointed to superintend the natural history department, and 
in due time presented a series of reports which attracted general atten- 
tion. He labored diligently among the Fishes, Birds, Mollusks, Reptiles 
and Insects of Ohio, sketching many of them with his own pencil and 
describing them with an enthusiastic fidelity. During his researches he 
collected a large and valuable cabinet of specimens with the design of 
forming a State Collection, but Ohio refused the substantial aid which 
this enterprise required, and as his. collections had been made largely at 
his own expense, he retained possession of them and they were ultimately 
donated to the Cleveland Society of Natural Sciences, where they are now 
treasured as a priceless heritage. 

In 1837 Dr. Kirtland had purchased a choice fruit farm five miles west 
_ of Cleveland, and had there settled, as it proved, for the remainder of his 
busy life. Four years after this he was appointed a Professor in the 
Medical Department of the Western Reserve College, in Cleveland, a 
- position he filled with honor for twenty-one years. In 1861 Williams Col- 
lege conferred upon him the degree of LL. D., in recognition of his 
‘ services, and many learned societies during his lifetime delighted to do 


Sy THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


him honor. Among his Entomological papers, that which perhaps 
attracted most attention was his Notes on the Diurnal Lepidoptera of 
Western Ohio. 

During the summer of 1872 it was our privilege to visit this veteran 
naturalist. We found him enjoying his quiet retirement among his 
flowers, fruits and insects, actively interested in everything that was going 
on about him. He gave us a most cordial welcome, and we spent a 
delightful afternoon together scanning his botanic and insect treasures. 
Although nearly 80 years of age, he retained all his faculties in apparent 
perfection, his eyesight being so well preserved that he could read 
ordinary print with the greatest ease. He died after a short illness at his 
home, on the 11th of December, 1877, at the ripe age of eighty-four 
years. He was among the most genial and winning of men, with a heart 
warm and steadfast. | His temperate, well-ordered life preserved him in 
the full vigor of manhood far beyond the years at which men ordinarily 
grow old. He had no dissipation but hard work, no extravagance but 
lavish generosity to his friends and overflowing charity for the poor. In 
his seventieth year of patient labor he wrote as his motto over his desk : 
“Time is money; I have none of either to spare.” Thus this tireless 
man of science labored to the end, laying down the work he loved so 
well after fourscore and four years of labor and usefulness, only at the 
call of the Master. 


MR. ANDREW MURRAY, F. L. S. 


This accomplished naturalist died at his residence, 67 Bedford Gar- 
dens, Kensington, on the roth of January last. Mr. Murray was the 
eldest son of Wm. Murray, Esq., and was born in Edinburgh on the rgth 
of February, 1812, where he resided until 1860. In his early years he 
manifested a fondness for natural science which strengthened as he 
matured. He was educated for the law, and subsequently devoted some 
attention to the study of medicine. During the last few years of his life 
in Edinburgh he labored hard in the interests of science ; in 1858 he was 
elected President of both the Botanical Society and Physical Society, and 
just previous to his removal to London he contributed an elaborate paper 
to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, on the “ Pediculi Infesting the Various 
Races of Man.‘ In 1860 Mr. Murray came to London, and was 
appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society, and from 
this time he devoted himself to his work as a scientific Botanist and 


"= 


Tee 


LP Tees tye re, . 


ee te ee ee eee le ”DhlC OTC 
' . 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oo 


Entomologist, becoming celebrated in the former as the monographer of 
the Conifere, and in the latter as the monographer of the Wet:dulide. 
From 1852 to 1863 he published thirty-eight separate papers. In 1866 
he published his well-known work on the ‘“ Geographical Distribution of 
Mammals,” in which he bestows especial attention on the habitat during 
geological as well as glacial and present epochs, with copious synonymic 
lists, including locality past and present, geographical classification and 
colored maps of distribution, showing the result of his own careful 
research. In 1869 he accompanied Sir Joseph Hooker to the Botanical 
Congress of St. Petersburgh, as one of the representatives of British 
Science, his services there being complimentarily acknowledged by the 
presentation by the Emperor Alexander of a malachite table of great 
beauty. In 1871 he was entrusted with the superintendence of the 
arrangements connected with the British contributions to the International 
Exhibition of Moscow of the following year. He was Secretary to the 
Oregon Conifer Collection Committee, and in 1873 undertook an expedi- 
tion to Salt Lake and California, with various scientific objects. On _ his 
return from the West he visited Canada and spent a few days with some 
relatives in London, Ont., during which time we were happy in making 
his acquaintance and of forming with him a warm friendship which only 
terminated with his life. During his short sojourn in Utah he contracted 
an illness which greatly increased in severity, and, indeed, almost prostrated 
him on his return to Europe. Subsequently he rallied and for several 
years enjoyed moderate health. In the course of last season further 
indisposition followed, and he gradually sank, but so assiduously occupied 
with his labor of scientific usefulness to his latest days, that few were 
prepared to hear of their close. 

But it is with Andrew Murray as an Entomologist that we are most 
deeply interested. In early life he aided his relative, John Murray (Lord 
High Advocate), in his wish to provide some practically useful reading 
for village schools, by writing the little pamphlet, “ The Skipjack, or 
Wire-worm and the Slug,” which, though published without his know- 
ledge, may be looked upon as his first contribution to Economic Ento- 
mology. He contributed many papers on Entomology to various scientific 
societies and publications, both home and foreign, but his great work was 
done in the last ten years of his life, which he devoted to illustrating the 
study of insects in its natural and practical bearings. It was in 1868 that 
the charge of receiving and arranging a government collection of Eco- 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


nomic Entomology was placed in his hands officially, and from the first 
he devoted himself unceasingly to the task of making this as perfect as 
possible. Himself an accomplished draughtsman, and a patient worker 
and compiler, with a great love for the subject, he spared no pains in his 
work, whether in availing himself of scientific co-operation or in shaping 
the aid placed at his service by those less gifted han himself, in the details 
of field observation, and of museurn illustration by colored drawings or 
fac-simile modelling. This collection is already a nucleus of a very 
valuable, popular and illustrated history of insect friends and insect foes, 
the practical value of which is already appreciated and bearing good fruit 
for public benefit. On this collection, of which one hundred and fifty 
cases are more or less complete, Mr. Murray was working up to his latest 
days, leaving a large collection of oak-galls and illustrative drawings still 
in progress of arrangement. ‘To assist in the circulation of information 
a series of guides to the collection were projected. These were to take 
the form of popular hand books to Entomology, and were to be prepared 
by Mr. Murray and published under government supervision. Of the 
eight intended volumes only one has appeared ; this treats of the Aptera 
or wingless species, and was noticed in the CaNnapIAN ENToMoLocistT for 
July, 1877. Inthe midst of his busy labors he was called away. We 
have lost in him a man of varied accomplishments, a thorough, pains- 
taking Entomologist and a good Botanist. ‘Those who knew him best 
will deeply feel his loss ; not only will they miss the gifted naturalist, they 
will also grieve tor the sudden removal of a friend so kind and true 
hearted. 


MR. TI. V. WOEEASTON, M. A.S EF. iL. S: 


This talented Entomologist died on the 4th of January last, at his 
home in Teignmouth, Devonshire, at the age of 56, from disease of the 
lungs, with which he had been more or less afflicted for thirty years past. 
In early life Mr. Wollaston became well known for his valued researches 
into the Coleoptera of the Maderian, Canarian and Cape Verd Archi- 
pelagos, which he personally explored. His valuable writings on the 
Coleopterous fauna of these islands, and especially his account of the 
insects of the Madeira group, are well known to Entomologists in the 
‘“Insecta Maderiensia,” published in 1854. Subsequently he published 
catalogues of the Coleoptera collected by him in these several groups of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 


islands. His volume on the variation of species, dedicated to Mr. Chas. 
Darwin, and published in 1856, is well known. His shorter papers, chiefly 
relating to Coleoptera, embodying the results of original research, contri- 
buted to English and foreign scientific journals, range over a period of more 
than 30 years. In the autumn of 1875, feeling it desirable to seek a 
warmer climate, he visited St. Helena, where he devoted himself assidu- 
ously to the study of the Coleoptera inhabiting the island, of which work 
we have the record in his *‘ Coleoptera Sanctze Helenz,” lately published. 
This was Mr. Wollaston’s last contribution to Entomological science, and 
is characteristic of its author in the finished elegance as well as clearness 
of its style. He returned to his home in the early summer of 1877, and 
thenceforward devoted himself to the task of arranging the valuable mass 
of information he had accumulated during his absence, and of which he 
leaves us the record in the work just referred to. He was a man of highly 
refined and accomplished mind, as well as of great scientific attainments, 
and will be much missed from the ranks of our leading naturalists, as well 
as by those whose progress he aided by his encouragement and counsel. 


NORTHERN OCCURRENCES OF PAPILIO CRESPHONTES. 
BY THOS. E. BEAN, GALENA, ILLINOIS. 


The American Naturalist for November, 1877, contains on p. 688 the 
following paragraph :— 


““PAPILIO CRESPHONTES IN New ENGLanD.—On the 6th of last 
September Mr. N. Coleman captured in the vicinity of Berlin, Connecti- 
cut, the only specimen of this Southern insect ever recorded from New 
England. As the larva is not known to feed on any other plant than the 
orange, the butterfly probably hatched from a larva accidentally transported 
with trees from Florida, or emerged from a chrysalis sent North as a 
curiosity.” 

The writer of the paragraph appears to have mislaid certain pages of 
recent Entomological literature. 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The Canadian ENroMOLOGIST has comments upon this butterfly in 
several of its volumes :— 

Vol. 1, p. 19.—P. ¢Hoas captured at Amherstburg, Ontario, in 1868 ; 
said to be quite common there. 

Vol. 6, p. 140 (1874).—** Papilio thoas—several taken. This insect 
was quite common in almost every clover field in that neighborhood ”—a 
locality in the county of Essex, Ontario. . . . ‘Mr. Lowe took two 
specimens of ¢foas last season on the River St. Clair, near Port 
Lambton.” 

Vol. 7, p. 181 (1875).—‘ Mr. Cook said that ¢/oas had been found 
this year at Lansing,” Michigan—“ that it occurred there to his knowledge 
some three years ago, and that last season it was quite common, the larva 
feeding on prickly ash.” 

In Vol. 9, p. 160 (1877), Mr. J. M. Denton records capture of edeven 
P. thoas ci. st and 2nd of August, in a field 1. :ar Amherstburg, Ontario. 

In Proce.dings Davenport Academy Nat. Sei., vol. 1, Mr. J. D. Putnam 
cites occurrence of cresphontes at Davenport, Iowa, and at Aledo, Illinois, 
30 miles south of Davenport. 

The insect is known to have occurred in West Virginia, Kansas, Ili- 
nois, Wisconsin, Connecticut (as above), Michigan and Ontario. 

The fullest note I have found is by Prof. F. H. Snow, in Zrans. Kansas 
Acad. of Sci., vol. 4, p. 39: “Common in 1873 and 1874; rare in 1871, 
1872 and 1875; feeds upon the prickly ash and the hop-tree in this 
region—upon the orange tree in.the Southern States.” 

For this locality (Galena, Illinois) I have only a meagre record :—- 
1872, 2, August 15, new ; 1873, a worn specimen, Sept. 8 ; 1874, several 
seen toward end of August. 

The record of crvesphontes in Ontario seems to indicate two broods. 
Mr. Lowe’s captures in Essex County in 1874 were made between toth 
and z2oth June, and again in 1875 he observed the butterfly in the same 
locality between 6th and 30th June (Can. Enr., vol. 7, p. 139-40). But 
Mr. Denton —as above cited—took eleven specimens early in August, near 
Amherstburg. 

The foregoing references will serve to show that cvesphontes is in some 
degree habituated in the North, as regards both climate and food plants, 
and that no special theory is required to account for the disclosure of an 
imago in New England. 


Ii, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 


NOTES ON ARGYNNIS ALCESTIS Epw. 
BY C. E. WORTHINGTON, CHICAGO, ILL. 


The occurrence of this species in considerable numbers in this vicinity 
has afforded an opportunity for comparison with A. aphrodite, the results 
of which are appended. 

It should be stated that although the number referred to is small, yet 
the unrecorded comparison of over two hundred examples of both species 
during the past summer has agreed fully with this. In the line before me 
are five females each of aéest7s and aphrodite. In every case the general 
color of the upper surface is duller in aphrodite, the basal shading heavier 
and more extensive, and the black markings on frzmaries heavier ; in two 
examples the color approaches that of A. cybele, while the examples of 
alcestis exhibit a uniform cle sar color with hardly any variation. 

On the secondaries the submarginal lunules are serrate 1 ‘two cases in 
alcestis, all the other black markings being uniformly lighter, especially the 
QM spot in the disk, which is nearly or quite separated into two black 
spots. No other differences discernible. Beneath aphrodite exhibits a 
narrow, irregular, bright band on secondaries, between the two outer rows 
of silver spots ; this is conspicuous in all the examples I have examined ; 
there are also spots and patches of lighter color on the disk. 

The under surface of the secondaries in aécestzs differs widely from 
this ; the whole of the wing is one sheet of uniform color, broken only 
by the usual silver spots and some d/ack spots, one immediately behind 
the largest silver spot being very conspicuous in three examples. The 
silver spots are proportionately larger and closer together, and partially 
margined with black, much more conspicuously so than in any example 
of aphrodite that I have seen. Innone of these is there the faintest trace 
of a band, while the general color is darker than in any examples of A. 
tdalia taken here. 

Five males of aphrodite and three males of a/cestis exhibit the same 
differences above as females, though in a less degree; beneath the band 
is conspicuous in aphrodite f as in fhe ¥, but obsolete or indicated by a 
faint shade in adcestis. |The spots and patches of lighter color are nearly 
or quite absent in the latter, and the comparative size of silver spots as 
in 2. In all cases these spots are more symmetrical in shape in alcestis 
than in aphrodite. 


» 


=) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It should be added that the males approach each other more closely 
than the females. 


Alcestis is quite abundant on the prairie west and north of this city in 
July and August ; it seems to be quite local, as examples taken a few miles 
north in a timbered region are almost uniformly apfrodite. I have been 
greatly surprised at the readiness with which a strong aphrodite upon the 
prairie can be distinguished while on the wing from the surrounding 
alcestts, owing mainly to a slight difference in its manner of flight, which 
resembles that of cybele. 

The difference of time of the appearance of the sexes in alcestis 
appears rather to exceed that in other species, the order of capture of the 
first examples of the larger Avgynnide being as follows: Alcest’s 2, 
wdalia §, aphrodite §, aphrodite 2, cybele 2, cybele 2, alcestiy FP, 
wdalia §.. 

The habitat of ad/cest7s extends farther west and not so far south as that 
of aphrodite. Since the publication of Mr. Edwards’ Catalogue I have 
receivéd good examples from Michigan, and am informed that it has been 
taken in New York. 


In faded examples of adcestis (Sept.) a faint shade is observable in 
certain lights between the outer rows of silver spots on secondaries, but 
broad and regular like the band of cyée/e, and not in the least resembling 
that of aphrodite. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE LONDON BRANCH OF THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: 


The Annual Meeting of the above Branch was held on the evening 
of Jan’y 15th, 1878, at the residence of Mr. Chas. Chapman, when after 
the routine business had been transacted, the following gentlemen were 
elected as officers for the current year :— 

President, J. M. Denton ; Vice-President, A. Puddicombe ; Sec’y- 
Treasurer, J. H. Bowman ; Curator, Chas. Chapman ; Council—H. Bock, 
W. Saunders, J. Williams ; Auditors—H. Bock, W. Saunders. 

A pleasant hour was then spent in discussions on insects and their 
habits, after which the members adjourned. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 


BOOK: NOTICES. 


Descriptions of Noctuidz, chiefly from California, by A. R. Grote. 
Extracted from the Bulletin of United States Geological and Geographical 
Survey ; large 8vo., pp. 18, containing descriptions of thirty-three new 
species, chiefly of Agvotis and Hadena. 

New Tineina from Texas, Food Plants of Tineina, and Index to the 
Described Tineina of the U.S. and Canada, by V. T. Chambers ; also 
from the Bulletin of the U. S. Survey ; large 8vo., pp. 88. In this pam- 
phlet there are forty-two new species described. A catalogue of the food 
plants of the Tineina of America, as far as they are known, is _ given, fol- 
lowed by avery complete and useful index embracing all the described 
American species. 

President’s Address before the Appalachian Mountain Club, by Sam’l 
H. Scudder. Reprinted from Appalachia, Vol. 1, No. 4. ; large 8vo., pp. 
32. Our thanks are tendered the several authors of the above for their 
kindness in sending us copies of these pamphlets. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


PIERIS VERNALIS AND P. PROTODICE. 
DEAR SIR,— 


In confirmation of Mr. Bean’s conclusions, as given in the November 
number, I would state that I have long known verna/is to be but the 
spring form of profodice, and believe I so wrote to Mr. Edwards some time 
ago. What is probably the first record of this opinion will be found in 
my gth Report on the Insects of Missouri (p. 57). My experience accords 
with Mr. Bean’s as to there being every possible gradation between the 
extreme verna/is form and the typical profodice. What is true of these 
two supposed species will, I am confident, be found to be equally true 
of several other of Mr. Edwards’ described species, especially in Co/zas ;, 
but no one perhaps is more willing to admit the fact at present than Mr 
Edwards himself, or is doing more by careful breeding to decrease the 
number of his own species. 

C. V. RiteEy, St. Louis, Mo. 


40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DrEaR SIR,— 


Having been requested some years ago by Prof. Just, of Carlsruhe, to 
co-operate in the annual botanical review, I have now agreed to take upon 
myself the preparation of a report in reference to those vegetable excres- 
ences known as galls, produced by insects. 

The greatest difficulty in this work arises from the fact that the litera- 
ture treating on the subject is scattered throughout a great number of 
works and various journals, of which we find only a part in our libraries ; 
also, those which we possess, and particularly the later publications, are 
often of difficult access. It is therefore quite impossible to write a com- 
plete report if the editors do not send us the various papers which issue 
from the press You or your readers will oblige me greatly by sending 
copies of any writings in reference to galls which have appeared since 
1875, as well as those which may be published from time to time. Parties 
sending extracts from journals will please add the date of publication. As 
an equivalent I shall be happy to send to any one helping me copies of 
my own writings on this subject. Dr. F. A. W. THoMas. 

Ohrdruf, near Gotha, 14th Sept., 1877. 

[We trust that our readers will do what they can to aid Prof. Thomas 
in this matter.—Eb. C. E.] 


I have the pleasure of noting the capture, June 23rd, of a fine speci- 
men of the very rare Geometrid, Luwby7a guernaria Smith & Abb. ; it was 
taken resting on the trunk of a Hickory tree. Early in September I took 
sixteen specimens of Asfpilates Lintneraria Pack., among which were 
several perfect examples of the female. It is an exceedingly variable 
species, scarcely two specimens being alike. The females were submitted 
to Dr. Packard, who determined them as the “beraria of Walker. 


L. W. GoopEeLL, Amherst, Mass. 


I have found Melitaea phaecton in large nu..abders this season in a large 
swamp on the east side of Mt. Tom, four miles from Holyoke; also 7 
Harristi in the same locality. Since the middle of August up to the 
present time I have found over 300 larvee of Deilephila lineata feeding on 
Purslane. They seem to be very plentiful this year ; never found but a 
few before. JosepH E. CHasE. 

Holyoke, Mass., Sept. 20, 1877. 


. 
eo a oe 


a ee ~ 


we 


The Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. X. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1878. No. 3 


SAMIA COLUMBIA. 


For the beautiful colored figure of the larva of this remarkable insect 
we are indebted to the kindness of Mr. G. J. Bowles, of Montreal, who 
made the drawing and prepared the stones from which it was printed. The 
printing is the work of the Burland Desbarats Lithographic Co., of Mon- 
treal, and is in every way creditable to that enterprising company. 

It is not a little remarkable that two descriptions of the larva of this 
rare insect should have reached us at the same time, and since they record 
observations independently made, and the subject is so interesting, we 
have thought it best to print them both in full, even at the risk of a little 
repetition. 


NOTES ON THE LARVA OF SAMIA COLUMBIA Smiru. 


BY F. B. CAULFIELD, MONTREAL, P. Q. 
(Read Before the Montreal Branch of the Ent. Society of Ontario, Aug. 7, 1877.) 


Form same as 5S. cecrofia ; number and position of tubercles also the 
same. General color green; bright yellowish green on dorsal surface ; 
pea green on head, sides and under surface. Length when at rest exactly 
two and a quarter inches ; when in motion almost two and three-quarter 
inches. ‘ert 

Head pea green, mouth parts pinkish grey, mandibles black. 


Dorsal surface—First segment with four small flattened transversely 
oval warts, consisting of a black ring with a white centre ; 2nd, 3rd and 
4th segments each with two large bulbous tubercles, cream color, at base ; 
above this there is a raised or swollen ring of black ; remainder coral red, 
with seven upright spines on top; 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and roth seg- 
ments each with two simple tubercles, basal half white, remainder brigh 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yellow ; the tubercles on 5th segment are tipped with three upright black 
spines, the others with only one each; 11th segment with one large cen- 
tral tubercle, the extreme base of which is white, remainder yellow with an 
irregular circlet of small black warts about the middle, tipped above with 
three small blunt black spines ; 12th segment with four short white tuber- 
cles, anterior pair largest, tipped with four short black spines, posterior 
pair with a single black spine. . 

Lateral tubercles white, the upper row with a_ brown ring at base, the 
lower with a black ring at base ; 2nd and 3rd lateral tubercles tipped with 
seven black spines, 4th with five, remainder with one each. — Spiracles 
white, surrounded with a narrow black ring. Feet green, claws black, 
prolegs green, claspers mauve. 

I received the larva from which the above description was taken by 
mail, on August rst, 1877, from J. C. Stockwell, Esq., of Danville, P. Q. 
Unfortunately no details were given of its capture or food plant. In the 
box in which it was sent were some black currant leaves ; as these were 
withered, I obtained a fresh supply from the garden of a friend ; it fed on 
these, but did not appear to be quite satisfied with them. I then tried it 
with apple, maple, elm and various other leaves, but it would touch 
nothing but the currant, and of that it ate less and less, finally, to my very 
great disappointment, pining away until it died. It occurred to me after- 
wards that it might have been found on the wild currant, as the leaves 
sent with it seemed to be finer than those of the cultivated species. 

Although the form of this larva and the position of the tubercles is 
similar to that of cecropéa, the difference in coloration will at once dis- 
tinguish them, the ground color being much lighter in co/wmbia, and the 
green inclining as much to yellow in that species as it does to blue in 
cecropia. ‘The tints of the larva of codwmbéa are more decided, not having 
the watery appearance noticeable in cecropia, the yellow being brighter and 
the red more intense ; but the great points of distinction are the additional 
red tubercles (as noticed by Mr. Bowles in 1864, see Can. Enrv., vol. 3, 
p. 201), and the absence of blue, the tubercles that are blue in cecropia 
being white in columbia. That this larva is generically the same as cecropia 
is undoubted, the only distinctions being those of size or coloring. The 
absence of blue in the larva of columbia seems to be against the sup- 
position that it is produced by the union of cecropia with promethea, the 
larvee of both these species being conspicuously marked with that color. 


¥ 


; 
: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SAMIA COLUMBIA Smiru, 
BY C. H. FERNALD, ORONO, MAINE. 


On the night of the 7th of last June my wife captured at light a fine 
female Samia columbia. The moth was at once secured, her wings 
pinioned, and she was placed in a cage with the hope that specimens of 
the other sex might be attracted, but none made their appearance ; and 
on. the night of the 12th she laid five eggs, glueing them to the gauze on 
the side of the cage, two in one place and three in another. During the 
following day (13th) none were laid, but on the night of the 13th she 


_-laid fourteen more in several different clusters, and on the night of the r4th 


she laid six more. None were laid during the following day and night, 
and as she was injuring herself with the pinion, she was killed and 
spread. Whether she would have laid any more had she been kept 
longer, or whether she had laid any before her capture, I cannot say. 


On the morning of the 26th one of the eggs hatched. I then began 
to look about for their food plant. Smith states, Proc. Boston Society 
of Natural History, vol. ix., p. 344, as follows: ‘ They |the cocoons | 
were mostly attached to emopanthes canadensis and Rhodora canadensis ; 
a few were found upon Kalmia angustifolia and maple, and one upon the 
larch. .The larve undoubtedly feed upon the first two plants, and perhaps 
upon the others ; but the cocoons were always where the larve might have 
fed upon the Wemopanthes or Rhodora.” 


Dr. Packard, in his Synopsis of the Bombycidee, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 
vol. iil., p. 380, says: “It (.S. columbia) feeds upon Rhodora canadensis, 
spinning its large cocoons upon the terminal twigs of that shrub.” 


Guided by these statements, and remembering that Memopanthes 
canadensis does not occur in this region to my knowledge, I first collected 
Rhodora canadensis, and gave them, but they never so much as tasted it, 
though I kept a few on it till they were nearly starved. I cut the edge 
of the leaf so they might have easy access to the soft juicy parts of the 
interior, but all to no purpose. I tried them on Kadmia angustifolia, 
Amelanchier canadensis, maple, beech, white birch, ash, apple, pear, willow, 
ilex, gooseberry, currant and larch. They just tasted of the last four, but 
would not feed upon them. I should say that the trial on larch was not 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


satisfactory, as I put but one on it and kept it there less than half an 
hour. Finally I put them on elm, upon which they fed a litile, but died 
one after another. 

My friend, Mr. Charles Fish, had been fortunate enough to secure a 
female which laid twenty-five eggs, I think, and with the young hatched 
from these he was having a similar experience to my own. — He finally 
succeeded in getting the remaining few of his to eat wild red-cherry 
(Prunus pennsylvanicus ). 1 was obliged to leave home at this time, and 
got my friend, Mr. Anson Allen, to take the care of my young co/umbias 
in my absence. Learning of Mr. Fish’s success with wild cherry, he put 
a part of the remaining number on that plant, leaving a few on elm, all of 
which died, while those fed on the wild cherry succeeded in passing the 
first moult, and I have been able to carry three through and see them spin 
up their cocoons successfully. About the time these were in their later 
moults Mr. Allen found two co/umbia larvee feeding on larch (Lari 
americana ), so remote from other trees that there could be no possibility 
of their having crawled on to it from any other tree, and further, these 
same larve continued feeding on the larch in confinement for several days, 
and then spun their cocoons. Mr. Fish also found one or two larve 
feeding on the larch, several miles from where Mr. Allen’s were found. 
These were all in a very healthy condition, and, it is hoped, will yield good 
imagines next year. 

I have observed this striking peculiarity in the habits of the larva of 
columbia, that from the time they hatch till they are done feeding they 
never wander about, but remain upon a leaf or twig entirely unsuitable for 
food till they starve, even though there be fresh food within half an inch 
of them. 

When they are fully grown and are done feeding, they evacuate their 
bodies and then begin to travel around their enclosure, continuing their 
travels sometimes for twenty-four hours, till they find a suitable place in 
which to spin their cocoons. At first they spin a certain amount of white 
or silver-colored silk, and after that has been expended, the brown silk. 
One of the larvee wandered about fora long time before it appeared to get 
ready, or to find a suitable place in which to spin its cocoon, and all this 
time it was wasting its silvery silk, spinning it freely as it crawled 
slowly over the surface of the glass forming one side of the breed- 
ing cage. At last a satisfactory place was found, and the cocoon 
spun, but almost entirely without the characteristic silvery bunches upon 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


the outside, for the simple reason, as it would seem, that the larva had no 
white silk remaining to give the appearance usually seen upon the out- 
side. I further observed that those which spun up immediately, without 
wandering about much, make cocoons with the most complete silvery 
bunches upon them. After the first long threads of the cocoons have 
been extended, the larva moves its mouth back and forth for a consider- 
able length of time in one place, as far as it can move its head, thus 
depositing a large amount of the silvery silk in this place ; then moving 
to another place, the same operation is performed, and so on over the 
whole exfosed parts of the cocoon. I did not see that they deposited any 
of the silk in this way against the under surface of the glass when the 
cocoon was placed against it. Nearly all of the cocoons which have been 
found here were on the larch, and these silvery bunches. certainly give 
them a very close resemblance to the bark of that tree. 

Fge—Sub-globose, slightly compressed, the compression being least 
upon the side from which the young escapes ; cream-colored, clouded with 
reddish-brown, and attached to the object upon which the female deposits 
by means of a dark brown adhesive substance, which appears to be the 
same as that which is clouded over the surface of the egg, but the greater 
abundance of it at the point of attachment produces a much darker color. 
Greatest diameter, 2 mil.; medium, 14 mil. ; least diameter, 12 mil. The 
eges hatched in fourteen and fifteen days after they were deposited. 

Young Larva—Length immediately after escaping from the egg shell, 
4 mil. Color black; some of the individuals show a greenish tinge 
around the base of the tubercles. Body cylindrical, slightly tapering 
towards the posterior extremity ; head large, rounded, sparsely clothed 
with long hairs. The second (first after the head), third, fourth, fifth and 
sixth segments each with eight tubercles, the lowest one on each side 
much smaller than the others. The seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and 
eleventh segments have each six tubercles, rather smaller than the cor- 
responding ones on the preceding segments. The twelfth segment has 
five tubercles, two on each side corresponding with those on the preceding 
segment in size, and one on the middle of the dorsum of the same size as 
the upper ones on the third segment. The thirteenth segment has four 
tubercles on the anterior edge and one at the base of each anal proleg. 
The tubercles are smooth, cylindrical, gradually enlarging towards the 
base and at the.summit, the least diameter being about two-thirds the way 
up ; length equal to about three times the least diameter, surmounted with 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from two (on the smallest) to six finely serrated, radiating bristles which 
are about twice the length of the tubercles. | Duration of this stage eight 
to nine days. 

After the First Moult—Length (taken a short time before the second 
moult), 15 mil. Color pea green. ‘Tubercles and bristles, mandibles, 
palpi and antennz, a spot about the eyes, a stripe on each side of the 
clypeus, the legs and a spot on the outside of the prolegs, black. Second, 
third and fourth segments each with four black spots on the posterior 
edge and a row of black spots on each segment after the head, on the line 
of and behind the stigmata. Duration of this stage five to seven days. 

After the Second Moult—Length (taken soon after the second moult) 
zo mil. Color pea green with a bluish tint upon the dorsum. . Black 
markings as in preceding stage. Duration of this stage four to five days. 

After the Third Moult,—Length 35 mil. Color pea green, lighter on 
the dorsum. Marked with black as in the two preceding stages. All the 
tubercles with the basal portions blue, except those on the second seg- 
ment and the lower one on each side of the third to the sixth segments 
inclusive. Duration of this stage six to nine days. 


After the Fourth Moult—Length 50 mil. The head at the time the 
larva escaped from the egg-shell was proportionally large, but during the 
succeeding stages it did not grow so fast as the other parts of the larva, and 
at the beginning of this stage, but more especially at its close, it was pro- 
portionally small. Duration of this stage ten to twelve days. 


Mature Larva—WLength 76 mil.—about three inches. Thickness 
between the segments 13 mil., of largest part of segment 15 mil. 


Head pea green, sparsely clothed with fine yellowish hairs. | Mandi- 
bles, outer joints of antennze and palpi, spot about the eyes, two spots on 
the gular (these may have occurred in the previous stages, but were not 
observed), and a stripe on each side of the clypeus, black, the latter some- 
times wanting. Basal joints of antennze and palpi and the labrum green- 
ish blue. General color of the body pea green, rather lighter than the 
head, and lighter above than on the sides, with the faintest tinge of blue 
between the segments. Last joint of the legs and claw black. Stigmatze 
oval, white, surrounded by a fine black line. 

The tubercles were greatly changed at the fourth moult, both in form 
and color. ‘The first and lowest on the second segment is small, conical, 
black and surmounted by a few short, stout, black spines. The second is 


cnet le 


| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


more rounded at the top, shining black at the base, and resembling white 
glazed porcelain at the apex, with four black spines. The next two are 
smaller, about 214 mil. apart on the front edge of the segment, the 
lower of which is about 5 mil. from No. 2. These are very small and 
black, the upper one having a trace of greenish-white at the apex, and 
both are surmounted with several short black spines. |The lowest tuber- 
cles on segments three to six inclusive are small with black bases, apices 
resembling white glazed porcelain, and generally two black spines. |The 
tubercles of the next row above, extending from the third to the last seg- 
ments inclusive, are very similar in form and color, but larger ; those of 
the row above this are slightly pear-shaped, a very little thickened towards 
the outer end, of the same color as the preceding, and surmounted with 
from four to six short stout black spines. Those of the next row on the 
third, fourth and fifth segments, and the corresponding ones en the oppo- 
site side of the dorsum—by far the largest on the larva—are pear-shaped, 
largest outwardly, porcelain white at the base, with a band of shining 
black above, and a bright coral-red top, with from six to eight stout black 
spines. The tubercles of this row on the sixth to the eleventh segments 
inclusive are nearly as tall, but slimmer than those preceding, slightly 
curving backward, porcelain white at the base, a very light straw color 
above and armed with two black spines at the top. The dorsal tubercle 
of the twelfth segment is very similar, but larger, and armed with several 
black spines. ‘The tubercle at the base of the anal proleg is smaller than 
those before it, of a light bluish color, with black at the base outside. 


The most striking differences observed between P. columbia and P. 
cecropia, in a brood of the latter raised by the side of the fornter, are— 
first, the smaller size of columbia at each of the stages ; the mature larva 
of columbia is about three inches in length, that of cecropia about four 
Secondly, columbia is of a clear light pea green color, cecrvpia a dull bluish 
green, giving a much darker aspect to this larva. This distinction of color 
is so marked that if once observed, the one can never be mistaken for the 
other. Thirdly, colwmbia has three pairs of coral-red tubercles, one pair 
each on the third, fourth and fifth segments ; cecropia has /wo pairs, one 
pair each on the third and fourth segments. Then the color of these 
differ ; those of columbia are a true coral or vermilion-red, while all the 
cecropias | have seen have these tubercles a color somewhat approximating 
that of resin. The remaining dorsal pairs of tubercles to the twelfth seg- 
ment, and the central one on the twelfth, are lemon yellow, while in 


45 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


columbta they are white at base and a very light straw color above. The 
remaining tubercles of cecropia are black at the base and blue above; in 
columbia they are black at the base, but with the look of white glazed 
porcelain above. ‘These distinctive characters showed no tendency to 
run into each other in any of the examples I have seen. As _ perhaps 
having a bearing upon the question whether co/wmbia is a hybrid between 
cecropia and promethea, I will say that in six years of careful collecting at 
this place I have never taken a promethea, nor has one ever been taken 
here to my knowledge ; yet the empty cocoons of codumbia have occasion- 
ally been found, mostly in larch trees, in one instance about forty feet 
from the ground. 


I am therefore convinced that co/wmbia is a good species, but whether 
distinct from G/overi I am not prepared to express an opinion. 


In my observations on co/wmbia I have been greatly assisted by Messrs. 
Allen and Fish, who rendered every possible aid and piaced their notes 
at my entire disposal. 


ON FOOD PLANTS OF PAPILIO CRESPHONTES (THOAS). 
BY THE EDITOR. 


In September last we were much gratified, although somewhat sur- 
prised, at receiving a number of the larve of this beautiful butterfly from 
Mr. S. Eccles, of St. Thomas, Ontario, a town situated about 17 miles 
south of London, and about half way between it and Lake Ene. They 
were found in Mr. Eccles’ garden, feeding on Dictamnus fraxinella, a 
perennial herb which is a native of Southern Europe, but cultivated in 
this country for ornament in gardens. The larvee were in different stages 
of growth, from one to two inches in length, and were feeding greedily on 
the plant referred to. We had never seen this larva before, but its mark- 
ings are so peculiar that we recognized it at once from recollection of the 
figure given in Boisduval & LeConte, pl. 13. As this description may not 


ae Peg 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


be accessible to many of our readers, we append the following free 
translation of it :— 


“The caterpillar is of a very mixed color ; its under surface is brown as 
well as the feet. On the four first segments.there is a white lateral and 
longitudinal band, beginning from the head. Between that band and that 
of the opposite side there is a large brown patch marked by large brown- 
ish-black spots, and behind this on the middle segments there is a large 
white patch in the shape of a lozenge, which covers the back and a part 
of the sides, one of the angles of which reaches the first pair of mem- 
braneous feet. On the middle of that band there are some brown spots. 
The posterior part of the body is covered by another large white patch 
marked anteriorly with some brown spots; the lateral part comprised 
between the lozenge-shaped and the last white patch, is of a uniform dark 
brown color. It feeds on all the trees of the genus C7¢vws, and is in some 
parts of America a sort of plague to the cultivators of the orange.” 


For a few days, while fresh food of Déctamnus was at hand, the larvee 
did well and grew rapidly, but the supply failing, they were transferred to 
a young orange tree, which was enclosed in a gauze bag to prevent their 
escape, when they lost their vigor and activity, and although they ate more 
or less of the foliage every day, they lost flesh and one after another died, 
until only three or four remained. These lingered for a long time and 
two of them spun up and went into chrysalis, but the chrysalids were small 
and one of them deformed, and finally the remainder all dted. Subse- 
quently the chrysalids became stiff and hard, and on opening them they 
were found dead and dry. 


Cresphontes has been taken on the wing at Chatham, 60 miles west of 
London ; also at the western extremity of the Province, at Amherstburgh. 
A dead specimen has also been found washed up on the shore of Lake 
Ontario, near Grimsby, but this is the first instance, as far as we know, of 
the larva having been found in Ontario. 


Dictamnus belongs to Rutacee or the Rue family, under which there 
are also grouped in Gray’s School and Field Botany the following genera 
and species: Auta, Rue, sp. Ruta graveolens, common rue, exotic, but 
much cultivated in gardens ; Zanthoxy/um, prickly ash, sp. 4. americanum, 
northern prickly ash, and Z. carolinianum, southern prickly ash, both 
indigenous ; P¢e/ea, hop-tree, sp. Ptelea trifoliata, indigenous ; Skimmia, 
sp. S. japonica, exotic from Japan, and Crtrus, which includes both the 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sweet and bitter orange, the lemon, lime and citron. In the south the 
larva feeds on the various trees belonging to this latter family. In the 
west it is said to feed on the prickly ash, and Prof. Snow says that in 
Kansas it feeds on the hop tree. Having now been found on Dictamnus, it 
becomes highly probable that the larva will also feed on Rue and Skimmia. 


TINEINA. 


BY V. ‘ll. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


GELECHIA. 


G. thoraccfascicla Cham. 

Sometimes the thorax is ochreous with a transverse brown band 
between the wings, instead of brown with an ochrey band, and the wings 
are blotched irregularly with ochreous. The proportion of the two colors 
varies. 


G. ochrestrigella Cham. 

In one specimen sent to me by Mr. Behrens the entire space from the 
end of the cell to the apex, between two of the discal branch veins, is 
brown. 

G. obliquistrigella Cham. 

Varies a good deal, without, however, altering the pattern of orna- 
mentation. In a specimen now before me there is a distinct black dash 
near the apex in one wing, which is represented on the other wing by two 
minute dots.. The base of the wing and the costal margin near it are 
nearly always brownish, and the other markings of the wings vary in their 
distinctness. 


G. pravinominella. 
I suggest this name for the species described by me under the name 
of G. gmaculella, from Colorado, in the Ci. Quar. Four. Sct., v. 2, p. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


290. The species was named and described by me while in Colorado— 
away from libraries and collections—and the previous use of ¢-maculella 
was forgotten. 


G. solaniella, ante v. 5, p. 176, and v. 4, p. 193. 


The former accounts of this species are so meagre that I annex the 
following description : 


Palpi simple; second joint more than half as long as the jirst. 


Palpi grayish brown externally, more yellowish internally ; entire insect 
otherwise grayish brown and ochreous intermixed, microscopically dusted 
with white ; the ochreous and brown on the primaries take more or less 
the form of narrow longitudinal streaks, and the relative proportions of 
each color vary in different specimens, some being distinctly ochreous and 
others nearly brown. AZ. ex. 1% to half an inch. Kentucky. 


Two specimens which I have received from St. Louis, from Miss 
Murtfeldt, are paler and more gray, with a distinct blackish dot on the 
fold about midway of the wing, and another small one between it andthe 
costal margin which I have not detected in any of my specimens. ‘These 
two specimens are also smaller than my own, but that they are of the same 
species is shown.not only by their resemblance in other respects, but by 
the habits and appearance of the larve. The following account of the 
larve is furnished to me by Miss Murtfeldt, and agrees with my own 
observations, except that so far as I have observed, the entire larva turns 
blue when it is mature, while Miss Murtfeldt remarks it only of the first 
three segments. I have published a very brief account of the mine and 
larva, ante v. 5, p. 793, and the following is Miss Murtfeldt’s account : 


“The larva mines and crumples the leaves of Solanum Carolinense, 
turning them brown. _ Inside of the mine the larva inhabits a tough, silk- 
lined gallery, formed externally of frass. This gallery extends around 
the edge of the leaf until the latter appears as if a gathering string had 
been run between the tissues. The larva is nearly cylindrical, about 0.40 
inch. in length, of a translucent green color, with transparent piliferous 
spots arranged in the usual transverse rows on the thoracic segments, and 
in the form of a trapezoid on the abdominal segments. Head and cervical 
shield bright brown, polished and edged anteriorly with whitish green. 
The thoracic segments turn blue when the larva is mature. Legs and 
prolegs short, yellowish green. ‘The larva leaves the mine and pupates 


y 


Gr 
bo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


on the surface of the earth in a slight cocoon, and the imago appears in 
about ten days, except the last fall brood, which hybernates in the chry- 
salis.” 

i have, as stated in a former number of the Can. Enr., also received 
specimens of it from Texas. And G. cilielineaedla only differs by the 
white lines at and in the cilie. 


G. Hermannella. 


In vol. 4 I have copied from the Wat, Hest. Zin. a description of this 
species ; and in Zhe Ento. Mo. Mag., v. 11, p. 279, I have given an 
account of a variety found in Kentucky and Missouri, and probably fur- 
ther south, which I copy here for the benefit of American readers and for 
the purpose of adding some additional particulars. The specimens of the 
variety which I have bred—something over twenty—were from larve taken 
at various localities in Kentucky, and all that I have captured in Kentucky 
belong to the variety likewise, and Miss Murtfeldt writes to me from St. 
Louis that the variety only has been bred there. If the old, well-known 
form occurs at all in this latitude, it must be very scarce. 


“So far as I can learn, no variety of this species has yet been found in 
Europe, though the species occurs from Lapland to Naples. Some three 
years ago I found the larvae mining leaves of Chenopodium on the shore 
of Lake Michigan, lat. 43 deg. N. ; and from them I bred several speci- 
mens differing in no essential particular from the figure in Wat. //est. T7n., 
v. ix., plate 8. Afterwards I often found them mining the same leaves in 
Northern Kentucky, lat. 38 deg. (nearly), but as I had as many specimens 
as I then wanted, and never thought of a variety, I did not attempt to 
breed them until the summer of 1874. The larva was the same, the mine 
was the same, and the mined leaves were of the same plant that I had 
found in Wisconsin, but, to my surprise, all the specimens that I have 
bred differ so decidedly from the ordinary G, Hlermannella that probably 
any Entomologist would have considered them, if only captured, as of 
distinct species. Yet a little ingenuity on comparison of the specimens 
will show how the one pattern of ornamentation is readily resolvable into 
the other. One who knows this ‘micro, or the figure of it before men- 
tioned, will remember the silvery fascia dark-margined on both sides, the 
small silvery spot before the fascia beneath the fold, and the larger one 
just above the fold behind the fascia. | Now, suppose the dark margins 
of the fascia increased in quantity, especially the posterior dark margin 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


then suppose all the dark.margin dJeAind the fascia gathered on the costal 
margin, forming a velvety black spot so large that it touches the small 
silvery spot above the fold behind the fascia ; in like manner, suppose the 
anterior dark margin of the fascia gathered together in a velvety black 
spot Jefore the fascia beneath the fold ; then suppose the fascia widely 
interrupted in the middle—and you have the variety. The costal part 
of the fascia thus becomes the anterior silvery margin of a large velvety- 
looking black costal spot, which, by its confluence with the silvery spot 
above the fold, appears to be margined with silvery at that point, and 
sometimes has a few silvery scales scattered through it; and the dorsal 
portion of the fascia becomes the hinder silvery margin of a large velvety- 
looking black dorsal spot, which, by its confluence with the silvery spot 
beneath the fold, appears to be margined with silvery at that place, and 
sometimes contains a few scattered silvery scales. Except that the quantity 
of black and silvery scales is increased somewhat, the insect does not differ 
from the old form.” 

But, as I find by specimens bred and captured since the above was 
written, I have only described above the specimens which most nearly 
approach the old form, and the variety is by no means a constant one. As 
the fascia in the old form is a little oblique, so the anterior margin of the 
costal spot is nearer to the base of the wing than the hinder margin of the 
dorsal spot ; sometimes both spots are silvery margined entirely both before 
and behind, and sometimes also within ; and in one bred specimen there 
is no dorsal spot at all, but the dorsal margin from the base to the ciliae 
is silvery. There are some other more minute differences which it might 
be necessary to mention if one were describing a new species ; and _per- 
haps where the word “ silvery” occurs above it would be more accurate 
to write violaceous-silvery. 


HAMADRYAS (Clem.) 
HT, Bassettella Clem. 
The only variation that I have observed in this species is in the ground 
color, which ranges from sulphur to almost brick-red. __[t is abundant in 
all the Texas collections, and though originally described from Connec- 
ticut, I have never met with it in Kentucky or in Colorado. 


PHETUSA. 
P. plutella Cham. 


The statement in the description of this species that the white streak 


o4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


before the cilize is absent is incorrect. It should read that it is present. 
EPICORTHYLIS Zell. 


I copy the brief generic diagnosis from Ber. Z. Kent., 7873, p. G8: 


Capitium depressum elongatum. Ocellinulli. Antenne crenilate. Palpt 
“ibiales porrecti, thorace multi longiores, articulo secundo sub-arcuato subtus 
levis supra postice sqguamis erectis crestato ; terminalt setaceo, erecto. Haus- 
tellum brevissimum. Ale antertores anguste, marginibus oppositis sub- 
paralellis ; cellula media simplict, vena apicali furcata ; postertores antertoribus 
latiores, trapestformes, maregine postico infra apicem levitu impresso, vena 
mediana trifida. Tibi postice in dorso piloso-cristate. 


LE. inversella Zell. 


Until I saw the species I supposed that it might be congeneric with 
Sagaritis gracilela Cham. It, however, seems to resemble it chiefly in 
having the tuft on the upper side of the second joint of the palpi. It is 
a heavier-bodied, clumsier-looking insect than S. gracilel/la. Prof. Zeller’s 
specimens were probably a little worn, as he describes and figures the fore 
wings as having the spots arranged 1, 2, 1, as some of mine have them ; 
but these are a little worn. The best specimens have large spots, or 
perhaps I might call them short transverse bands, arranged 1, 1, I. 

The species is dark gray, the scales tipped with hoary. ‘The palpal 
tuft is whitish on its internal surface. Antennge annulate with dark gray. 
The dorsal half of the fore wings is paler than the costal, and the disc is 
whitish or almost hoary, and behind this whitish part of the wing and not 
distinctly separated from it, isa whitish fascia concave towards the apex. 
The spots above mentioned are in the whitish discal part of the wing. 
Al. ex. about % inch. It is as yet known only from Texas. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GRAPHOLITHA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


Grapholitha taleana, n. Ss. 
@. Fore wings brownish fuscous ; under the glass the scales are seen 
to be blackish with white tips. Thorax concolorous. Fore wings with 


Dt 


Or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


three orange-ochre costal lines; the outer two ante-apical, outwardly 
oblique and joining a marginal line of the same color; the inner a little 
less oblique, just without the middle of the wing. The marginal line only 
extends to the outer border of a black patch situate below the median fold 
and containing four or five ochre dots. Fringes silky, concolorous with 
the wings. Hind wings a little darker than primaries, immaculate. 
Beneath concolorous brownish fuscous, with the exterior margins of both 
wings shaded with pale. Costa of primaries above at apices narrowly 
yellowish, enclosing fuscous streaklets. No costal fold. 


Expanse 18 mil. Illinois, Mr. Thos. E. Bean, No. 630. Seems to be 
rather distantly allied to the European avcuana. 


NEW NOCTUAE. 
BY LEON F. HARVEY, M. D., BUFFALO, N. Y. 


Agrotis Hiilliana, n. s. 


@. All the tibiz spinose. Allied to ferconflua, but much brighter 
colored and with larger and distinctly annulated stigmata. Bright rusty 
ochre, shaded with lilac gray. A fine black basal streak reaches to the 
small black marginal claviform. | Base of the wing ochreous, basal half 
line double, the inner line distinct blackish brown. Sub-basal space 
washed with lilac gray. Inner transverse line a little oblique, nearly 
straight with a slight outward curve below submedian vein on the margin, 
double, the outer line distinct, the inner fades out below costa. Median 
space rusty ochre ; orbicular large, ochreous, with faint internal annulus, 
oblique, ringed with black ; reniform similar in color, upright, very near 
the exterior line, which commences on the costa just above it. Exterior 
line lunulate, nearly straight, faintly indicated below costa. Sub-terminal 
space dark, washed anteriorly with lilac gray, contrasting with clear 
ochreous terminal space and fringes. | Hind wings pale ochreous with 
faint lunule and double shaded lines. Abdomen above pale ochreous. 
Thorax rusty and dark. Head and collar pale ochreous.  Palpi brown at 


D6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the sides ; third joint pale. Beneath ochre-yellow, powdered with red 
with faint markings. Abdomen and thorax beneath rusty brown. 
Expanse 36m. m. Hab. Lewis Co., N. Y. Collected by Mr. W. W. Hill, 


of Albany, after whom I take pleasure in naming this handsome species. 


Polia diffusilis, n. Ss. 
f. Size large. Eyes naked, lashed. Tibize unarmed ; thorax with 
a mesial crest; abdomen untufted. Antenne with the. joints prominent, 
brush-like, bristled beneath. Concolorous, dark gray, at first sight recall- 
ing Afpatela americana. Median lines blackish, dentate and denticulate, 
approaching a little toward internal margin. No basal dash. Orbicular 
concolorous, small, rounded, oblique, dark ringed. Reniform renal in 
shape, dark ringed, touched outwardly with whitish, moderate, not quite 
upright. Subterminal line very deeply dentate, dividing the more black- 
ish or fuscous blackish terminal space from the remainder of the gray 
wing. ‘Che median space is perhaps a little darker than the subterminal 
and basal spaces. ‘The subterminal space is narrow, widening to costa, 
where there are four costal dots ; between veins two and four it widens ; 
it is cut into large gray teeth by the line. A fine black terminal line. 
Fringes gray, interlined. Hind wings concolorous whitish gray, shaded 
with fuscous. Beneath whitish gray with common line, and discai dot on 
hind wings. Head and thorax dary *ray ; abdomen fuscous gray. 
Expanse 52m.m. fab. Lewis vv., N. Y., July. W. W. Hill. 


Tricholita fistula, n. s. 

g 2. Antenne of the male pectinate, eyes hairy. Superior wings 
olivaceous, not tinged with red. —‘T. a. line faintly visible, irregular ; t. p. 
line evident, waved. Subterminal space broad, lighter in shade, glisten- 
ing. Orbicular spot concolorous ; oval, black margined, uniform, pipe- 
shaped bowl turned to the base of the wing, white, broken ; outer portion 
of costal margin cut with white; fringes concolorous. Inferior wings 
fuscous, beneath arcuated line and discal spot ; fringes lighter in shade. 
Thorax concolorous, abdomen fuscous ; a black line on upper portion. 

Lixpanse 32 m.m. No. 40, J. Behrens. ad. California. 

This species is congeneric with Z- seméapferta Morr. It is the first 
Californian representative of the genus. 


Copablepharon, n. g. 
The genus resembles drs/onche in the lashless naked eyes, and Om- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 


matostola somewhat in ornamentation and habit, though not in color. It 
differs from either in the spinose tibiz. It is the only form of the Helio- 
philid genera which has this peculiarity. The single species, C. absidum, 
was formerly referred by me to Ablepharon (= Arsilonche teste Staudinger). 
It is from California ; one specimen before me is from Webber Lake, July 
22, collected by M. v. Osten Sacken. The thorax and fore wings are 
pale lemon yellow, with the veins somewhat paler and accompanied by 
dark powderings. Hind wings and abdomen white ; the former slightly 
dusted with fuscous and with a more or less evident mesial line of dots 
on the veins. 


LTeliophila amygdalina, n. s. 

2. Allied to “gata, but the wings are more almond-shaped. Costa 
curved. Eyes hairy. Of the usual pale testaceous ochreous color, with 
a brighter shading on the cell. | Costa broadly whitish rosy gray ; veins 
obsoletely pale marked. The t. p. line is expressed by a continuous series 
of venular black dots, running more inwardly obliquely below vein 4 than 
in Zigata. Hind wings white, very slightly soiled. Abdomen and thorax 
pale ochreous. Beneath the whitish hind wings show a terminal row of 
black points; the ochrey primaries a black mark at the ception of the 
exterior line on costa. Reed 


Expanse 34 m. m. Had. Or, no, Maine. Prof. Fernald, Coll. 
BS. N: S. 


Caradrina subaquila, 1. s. 

f 2. Closely allied to convzva, but the thorax and fore wings are of 
a bright brown, somewhat purply. The terminal space pale, somewhat 
ochrey, and in one specimen broken into spots. The lines and spots as 
in conviva,; the reniform resolved into two blackish points, more or less 
prominent and faintly pale ringed. Hind wings and fringes white ; the 
former more or less soiled exteriorly. 


Lxpanse 23m. m. Had. Bostrop Co., Texas. M. von Meske. 


Caradrina clara, n. Ss. 

¢. Fore wings and thorax blackish brown, paler shaded. Veins on 
primaries obsoletely powdered with white. Median lines sub-obsolete ; 
the inner almost wanting ; the outer geminate, shaped as in grata, and 
like as in that species, very near to the white marked narrow reniform. 


7 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Orbicular wanting. Fringes concolorous. Hind wings pale yellowish | 
white, sub-pellucid. Beneath with distinct discal black spot visible above; a 
dark waved exterior line and indications on costa of a sub-terminal line ; 
costal region shaded with fuscous. Fore wings dark with a waved per- 
pendicular exterior line and a sub-obsolete sub-terminal line. 


Expanse 26m. m. Hab. Texas. M. von Meske, No. 2,611. 


Graphiphora rubrica, 1. s. 

?. Thorax yellowish fuscous or gray. Collar marked by a faint 
black line. Superior wings of a yellowish gray, suffused sometimes with a 
ruddy brown tinge ; a black dash at base of fore wings. ‘T°. a. line gem- 
inate, waved ; outer line black, more prominent on inferior border. T. p. 
line geminate, faintly black, commencing on costa above the reniform, 
boldly exserted and passing to the inferior border of wing directly in a 
line with the internal border of the reniform and terminating in a black 
dash. Sub-terminal commencing with a yellowish white apical patch and 
continuing as a clearly cut even yellow line to the inferior angle ; orbicu- 
lar spot oval, concolorous, light annulus, oblique ; reniform concolorous 
with a black spot in the lower portion, light ringed, with inner margin 
most expressed. Costal margin with black and white markings ; fringes 
concolorous with sub-terminal line ; inferior portion of wings nearly con- | 
colorous with thorax. Inferior wings whitish, discal spot and arcuated 
line black ; terminal line a series of black dashes ; beneath same lines, 
only more marked. 

Expanse 32 m. m. ad. Rafael, Cal., April, No. 4, M. v. Osten 
Sacken, 

The distinctive character of this species is the pale even sub-terminal 
line arising from a pale apical patch. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


EGG-FEEDING MITES. 
Dear SiR,— 
In the February number (p. 22) you quote Dr. Hagen as saying that 
‘in the whole European literature I have not been able to find anything 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 59 


about Acari eating eggs, so the fact seems new and is very important.” The 
Dermatleichus figured in my 5th Mo. Rep. (p. 87) feeds upon the eggs of 
Mytilaspis pomicorticts, as well as upon the insect proper under the scale. 
In fact I find it more often feeding on the eggs. Dr. Packard long since 
observed and figured a mite ( Mothrus ovivorus) that preys on the eggs 
_ of the Fall Canker-worm ( Anisopteryx pometaria Harr.) ; while the bene- 
ficial effects of the Locust Mite (Zvombidium locustarum) im destroying 
the eggs of the Rocky Mountain Locust have been frequently referred to 
of late years in my Reports, and recently in the February number of the 


American Naturalist. 
GeV Rainey: 


St. Louis, Mo., March 8, 1878. 


ARCTIA ANTHOLEA, Boisd. 
DEAR SIR,— 

Assuming that the figure of this species given in Stretch’s Zygaenide 
and Bombycide, plate 3, fig. 8, is correct, and I have no doubt of it, then 
this species is identical with the European species, Auprepia judica Esp., 
and as this name has priority, aztholea falls. . 


W. V. ANDREWS, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


CATOCALA MARMORATA. 


DEAR SIR,— 
Three good specimens of Catocala marmorata were collected by me 
; at sugaring the latter part of August last, and also one fine specimen of 


; relicta. 
S. H. VAN WAGENEN. 


Rye, Westchester Co., N. Y., Jan’y 29, 1878. 


SAMIA COLUMBIA. 


DeEaR Sir,— 


From cocoons of columbia kindly sent me by Mr. Anson Allen, of 
Orono, Maine, “found on larch trees many feet from the ground, where 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


they would be exposed to all the changes of winter weather,” a single 
male escaped in the warm room where I kept the chrysalids. I found the 
specimen February 14th, but it had broken its wings, and I have no doubt 
it escaped one or two days previously. I had no immediate expectation 
of the chrysalids hatching, and hence did not examine the cocoons daily. 
[ think it worthy of record that this species has the peculiar smell char- 
acteristic of cecropia. 


A. R. Grore, Buffalo, N. Y. 


DEAR SIR,— 

I would like to refer to a statement of a correspondent (in July No. 
of ENromoLocisr) regarding the appearance in large numbers, in the 
vicinity of this city, of AZe/itaea phaeton. Although collecting nearly 
every day during the summer, I did not observe a single specimen of this 
butterfly, nor have I seen one collected by any one else. JZ. tharos is one 
of our most common butterflies ; perhaps this was the one intended. 


W. H. HarRINGTON, Ottawa, Ont. 


DEAR SIR,— 

In the summer of 1876, while examining the paper bands placed in 
our orchard to entrap the larve of the Codling Moth (Cavpocapsa 
pomonella Linn.), I found quite a number of their larve and chrysalids 
apparently eaten by some canniba/, which, after close watch, proved to be 
Tenebrioides laticoll’s Horn. On several occasions I found them half way 
into a fresh chrysalis of C. pomonella. 

This beetle, as well as Z: castanea Mels., is very common here, and I 
will try to encourage this useful taste of theirs. 


CHARLES D. ZIMMERMAN, Buffalo, N. Y. 


DEAR SIR,— 
Four specimens of Papilio cresphontes were captured in Fairfield Co., 
Conn., last summer, about the 25th of July. Others were seen 
Gro. W. PECK. 
New York, March roth, 1878. 


as —a 


+ 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. .X. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1878. No. 4 


NOTES ON THE LARVA AND CHRYSALIS OF NEPHELODES 
VIOLANS. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


During the last of April and through the month of May, 1877, I 
found the larvz of this moth in grassy places in Washington County, 
Illinois. When full grown they were 1.75 inches long, robust, the head 
four-sevenths the width of the middle of the body. The color of the 
under side yellowish gray. _ Above the Jine of the lower part of the 
stigmata, four broad dark brown stripes alternating with three narrow 
grayish yellow ones, the latter in the dorsal and sub-dorsal regions, and 
much lighter at the extremities of the body. Head gray, mottled with 
brown, brown border to the inner part of eyes. Cervical shield very dark 
brown, crossed by dorsal and sub-dorsal light lines. No hairs noticeable. 
except with glass. 


Changed the fore part of June, under ground, to dark brown chry- 
salids, .80 of an inch long, very thick through the central part, rapidly 
tapering to the next and so on to the last segment. The terminal segment 
nearly cylindrical, rough, joined to the back part of the preceding, tipped 
with two short, diverging bristles. Imagines appear about the middle 
of September. 


While, in confinement fed freely upon corn, grass and Polygonum 
aviculare. They fed mostly at night, remaining concealed during the day 
time, either under the rubbish of the box, or in the dirt, resembling in 
this respect the cut worms ( Agvo/is, etc.) 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE BEATING NET. 
BY JAMES S. BAILEY, A. M., M. D., ALBANY, N. Y. 
The uses of the beating net are obvious and can at once be appreciated 


in the collecting of Coleoptera and larve. A convenient and simple form 
is here presented, with directions for its construction. 


Fig. 2. Fig. 3. 


This particular form of net was invented and presented to me by my 
friend, Mr. T. B, Ashton, of Tonganoxie, Kansas, who has not only dis- 
tinguished himself as a Coleopterist, but has shown himself to be an 
excellent mechanic. 

By grasping the net with the left hand, as shown in fig. 2, thrusting it 
under a shrub, and giving the bush a quick shake, or blow with a 
walking-stick, every living thing upon it will instantly fall upon the apron 
of the net. If Coleoptera, they can be secured with the fingers or a 
small net held in the other hand for that purpose. If caterpillars, they 
can be gently rolled into a receptacle prepared for them. 


. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


The frame work is made of well seasoned hickory. The sides, A, B 
and G, I, are composed of strips 37 inches long and 1 ¥% wide at the ends 
A and G, and tapering uniformly until they are 5%@ of an inch wide at the 
other ends, B and I. Each piece should be % inch thick when dressed. 
After these pieces are steamed or boiled in water until thoroughly pliant, 
the wider ends A and G can be placed together and securely fastened in 
a vice, the free ends Band I separated widely and a block of wood forced 
between at the point E, and securely fastened, while the ends B and I can 
be secured with a piece of strong twine until dry enough for the frame, to 
maintain its shape. ‘Then the sides should be sand-papered until smooth 
and two holes bored in each piece for the rounds G, C and H, D to pass 
through ; for this purpose a half-inch bit will be sufficient, its point being 
inserted in the stick 34 of an inch from the end of the widest part 
C, G, and again 54% inches at D, H. A round should be turned of the 
same material to fit the hole, and should be 6% inches in length. The 
other round must be of the same size and 8% inches long. One end of 
each round can now be fastened into one side piece by a hickory peg % 
of an inch in diameter ; the other side is fastened in the same manner, 
but the pegs on this side must be fitted so that they may be taken out to 
enable the net to be folded for transportation. 


Now that the frame work is constructed, each side must be ripped 
centrally with a saw for 29 inches, commencing at the point B and extend- 
ing to E. Through this slit a piece of unbleached domestic cloth must 
be drawn, a hem 34 of an inch wide having previously been made across 
the ends at the points E and F. _ Fourteen screws are now inserted into 
each blade two inches apart, which will hold the sheeting firmly and form 
the apron. ‘The outside edges can now be cut closely to the frame work 
with a sharp knife. Previous to this operation a stout twine should be 
passed through the hem at the points F, K, and a knot tied at each end, 
but the twine should be an inch or two shorter than the apron, which will 
cause it to sag and better hold its contents. Where the twine passes 
through each side piece a gimlet hole % of an inch in diameter must be 
made to accommodate the twine. 

The drawing is introduced not only to assist in constructing the net, 
but to represent the:manner of handling it when collecting. Fig. 3 
represents the net folded for transportation. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LARVAL AND PUPAL HISTORY OF DARAPSA VERSI- 
COLOR HarrISs. 


BY GEORGE D. HULST, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


Last summer I was so fortunate as to obtain fifty eggs of the rare 
Sphinx, Darapsa versicolor. Vhey were found between June 26th and 
July 2oth, on the under side of the leaves of the common swamp button 
bush, Cephalanthus oectdental’s Vann., and, with two exceptions, were laid 
singly. The egg is round and slightly flattened—about the size of rape 
seed. It is at first light green and translucent, afterwards milky and 
opaque ; a few before hatching became, about the spot where the larva 
emerged, russety. The longest any egg continued without hatching was 
six days, and it is almost a certainty that the duration of the egg state is 
seven days. 

The larva, just emerged, is a uniform pale white, three lines in length. 
The caudal horn, from four to five hours after the emerging of the larva, 
becomes dark purple. The caterpillar gradually becomes pale green. The 
first caterpillar hatched June 27th, and completed its first moult early 
July 2nd. The moult occupied about 30 hours. 


After First Moult—VLength 6 lines. Head nearly spherical, with 
greenish tint. Body linear, light green in color. A lateral whitish line 
extends from the mouth to the caudal horn, which, as the age advances 
and size increases, is revealed to be composed of several lines as follows : 
A sub-dorsal line extending from each side of the mouth to the upper part 
of the eyes, and thence back to the rear of the 4th segment of the body ; 
a similar line runs obliquely from the lower part of the 4th segment, under 
and just including the stigmatal point, upwards and backwards to the rear 
of the 5th segment, meeting it just below the dorsal line. This is fol- 
lowed by five other and parallel lines, each beginning and ending one 
segment further back, except the last, which extends across the three last 
segments up to the base of the caudal horn. ‘There are faint indications 
of other lines at the lower part of the roth and t1th segments. The 
caudal horn is a violet purple, becoming towards the end of the age 
lighter in color, and during the age is always held parallel with the body. 


The second moult was completed early July 6th, occupying about 24 
hours. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


After Second Moult—Head and body light green. Body finely 
granulated ; markings as before, but more distinct. Stigmata marked by 
red points. Caudal horn reddish, darker in front and behind than on the 
sides. During this age the head almost ceases to develop, so the body 
increases rapidly in size from the head to the fifth segment. The third 
moult ended July roth, occupying about 30 hours. 

After Third Moult—Head somewhat triangular, and with the body 
green. Markings as before. Fore legs pink. Stigmatal points red ; 
body covered with granulations, and much swollen at 4th and 5th seg- 
ments. Caudal horn straight, greenish white in front and behind, almost 
white on the sides. The fourth moult ended early July 16th, occupying 
about 40 hours. 

After Fourth Moult and Mature Larva—Head small, somewhat tri- 
angular and elongate. Head and first four segments yellowish green ; the 
rest of the body pea green. Markings as before, without granulations, 

_ which have become white specks. The body more heavily marked with 

these on either side of the back, forming a green dorsal line.  Stigmatal 
marks red, oval, with yellow point at each end. Horn stout, curved 
backward, sharply pointed, black in front and at the end, red on the 
sides. 

| About one in five varies from this normal form in having the ground 

color a pinkish brown instead of green. The shadings are then pinkish 

white. 

The larva when full grown is from 2% to 3 inches in length. It 
becomes bluish black before pupating, and several, before leaving the 
food plant, were noticed rubbing the mouth over the entire body as if 
covering it with saliva. The food plant was left during the night, July 
2tst-22nd. The pupation was on the ground under leaves, in a slight 
cocoon made by drawing together leaves and grains of dirt with some 
silk. The larva became a pupa in from three to four days after leaving 
food plant. 

The pupa is of a dirty light brown color, with dark chocolate brown 
spots—-these almost covering the wing cases and anterior parts. The 
eyes and stigmata are black. The pupa is, as well, black between the 
segments. 

The imago appeared Aug. 12th. The later broods remain in the pupa 
state of the same early brood; some emerged ; others, exposed to the 
same conditions, remain pupe. 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The larva from the beginning is very quiet in its habits, never leaving 
a stem of the food plant so long as a leaf remains. In eating it always 
hangs from the mid-rib of the leaf below (or, when small, from one of the 
minor ribs), and eats usually from the extreme end, finishing a section 
across the leaf as it goes. It generally eats midrib and petiole down to 
the woody stem. It is easily reared and will endure almost any hardship. 
Like others of our Sphingide, it is but partially double-brooded on Long 

Island. 


NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME MOTHS. 


BY L. W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS. 


Euloncha oblinita Grote. 


Larva, one specimen—Body black; a broad coral-red band on the 
back of each ring and a row of bright yellow blotches on the sides. The 
black ground color is variegated with white on the sides. On each ring 
are ten small warts, each of which bears about eight short, stiff, spreading 
brown spines, which sting severely when touched. Head roundish, coral- 
red, with two brown spots on the crown. Length when full grown, 1.4 
inches. Feed on the smooth alder ( AZnus serrulata). Changed to a 
pupa within a tough cocoon attached firmly to a twig. Imago June 6. 

I am indebted to Prof. A. R. Grote for the identification of this 
species, and to Dr. A. S. Packard, jr., for the following Geometrids : 


Eumacaria brunnearta Pack. 


Larva, eight specimens—Body smooth, stout and uniform ; black with 
a large, indistinct, grayish blotch on each side of the five middle seg- 
ments. Head black, as wide as the body, not bifid. Length when full 
grown, 0.6 to 0.7 of aninch. Feeds on the apple tree. Pupated Aug. 
30th to Sept. 15th. 

Pupa—Length 0.33 to 0.42 inch ; dark brown ; subterranean. Imago 
early in June. 


— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


Eubyja cognataria Guen. 

Larva, two specimens—Body thick and of uniform width, carinated 
on the sides; brown tinged with olivaceous and punctated with dark 
brown, thickest on the back and anterior part of the segments. On the 
first ring are two small angular tubercles, and two still smaller sub-dorsal 
conical ones on the 8th. The rrth segment is slightly humped and on 
the back are two large, kidney-shaped, pale ochreous spots, which are 
edged with dark brown ; and there are two small dorsal grayish spots on 
the anterior part of each ring. The tubercles on the first ring are brown 
tipped with reddish, and those on the 8th are gray thickly spotted with 
black. Spiracles red. Head sub-quadrate, deeply bifid, with a crescent- 
shaped indenture in the middle of the front; color yellowish brown, 
banded with darker brown and the lobes tipped with dull red. Feeds on 
apple and pear trees. One specimen became fully grown Aug. 18th, and 
the other Sept. 16th, and measured respectively 2.3 and 2.4 inches in 


- length. 


Pupa—Length 0.7 inch, obtuse, dark shining brown ; subterranean. 
Imagines last of June. 


Cymatophora crepuscularia Pack. 

Larva, one specimen—Body smooth and of uniform thickness ; pale 
yellow on the sides, shading to creamy white above; a straight, light 
brown stripe on the back, and below this, situated close together, are 
several narrower, wavy, dark brown stripes. _All the stripes are obsolete 
on the last segment. Head roundish, a little wider than the body and 
reddish brown in color. Venter bluish white. | Found May 3oth, on the 
plum tree. Length when fully grown, 1.3 inches. Pupated June 6th. 

Pupa—Length, 0.5 inch, of the usual form and color ; subterranean. 
Imago June roth. 


NEW SPECIES OF ACOPA AND HELIOTHIS, AND NOTE 


x ON HAMADRYAS. 


BYi/A. Ri GROTE,-A) M., 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


In Acopa carina Harvey, from Texas, the accessory cell on the pri- 
maries 1s smaller than in a new species which I have received from Prof. 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Snow from Southern Kansas. In this genus the body is linear and slight, 
tibia unarmed, ocelli small, male antenne brush-like with distinct joints, 
thorax with a tuft behind, abdomen untufted, linear. Fore wings 12-veined 
with accessory cell, from the outer apex of which spring veins 7 and 8 ; 
9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-veined ; median vein 
3-branched ; 8 out of 7 not far from the base. Primaries with oblique 
outer margin and produced apices. Front with a clypeal plate. Labial 
palpi narrow, linear, improminent ; legs slender, tibiae unarmed. 


Acopa perpallida, 1. s. 


f 2. Larger than carina, with white secondaries. Primaries white, 
shaded with ochrey and with narrow fuscous lines. Basal line indicated ; 
anterior line upright, forming two large teeth ; outer line denticulate, out- 
wardly produced opposite the cell ; orbicular obsolete, reniform ‘concolor- 
ous, obscured by a dark shade. Subterminal shade line fuscous, even, 
continued to vein 7 from internal angle, above which it appears as an 
inwardly oblique shade from costa to vein 7. A terminal interrupted 
line ; fringes white. | Hind wings white, very slightly soiled, with discal 
mark and in distinct line ; fringes white. Beneath yellowish white, shaded 
with fuscous on primaries ; fringes white. Body whitish. Axfpanse 28 mil. 

The median lines on primaries are further apart than in carina. This 
species was sent me by Prof. Snow under the number 504. 


fleliothis nuchalis, i. s. 

f?. Wings ample; body comparatively slight. Eyes naked. All the 
tibiae armed ; fore tibiae with an inner terminal spine and an outer one 
of same size, the latter followed by two smaller spinules. Fore wings 
with pale whitish ochrey ground, much shaded with fuscous. All three 
stigmata present, very large, sub-equal, and dark. The reniform has an 
internal annulus and a central pale streak, likewise the smaller rounded 
orbicular; the broad claviform is cut by the narrow submedian shade. 
Posterior line narrow, fuscous, angulated on subcostal vein, roundedly 
produced opposite cell, interrupted by the pale marked veins. The tera 
minal fuscous field is cut by the whitish subterminal shade ; fringes dark, 
Hind wings whitish ochreous, with thick discal mark, central discally 
angulated line and with a series of irregular pale interspaceal blotches 
cutting the fuscous terminal shading of the wing ; fringes white, interlined 
at base. Beneath whitish with faint ochrey tinge. Discal marks large, 


: 
; 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 


black, distinct on fore wings. Outer line narrow, distinct, discally bent ; 
subterminal shading obvious. On the secondaries there is a discal mark, 
a central narrow uneven line and terminal shading ; fringes white with 
faint interline. On fore wings the fringes are here whitish at base. Body 
whitish beneath, above fuscous. xfanse 33 mil. Prof. Snow, Kansas, 
number 371. 

This species is wider winged and smaller bodied than cafes, differs by 
the presence of the large claviform and in the armature of the fore tibie. 
The fuscous margin of the hind wings above is much more broken up 
with pale blotches than in wmdrosus and phlogophagus. 


Fam. TINEID&. 


For Dr. Clemens’ genus Hamadryas, preoccupied in the Lepidoptera 
by Hubner and Boisduval, I propose the generic name Luclemensia for 
LE. Bassettella. 


NOTES UPON GRAPTAS COMMA AND INTERROGATIONIS. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


I. COMMA; dimorphic forms HARRISII and DRYAS, both 
figured in But. N. A., Vol. 1. 


In Can. Ent., v., 184, Oct., 1873, I gave the result of breeding this 
species from eggs laid by the form dryas, viz., 6 dryas, but many more of 
Harristi, establishing the dimorphism. Since that time I have raised 
several broods from the egg, and both before and after 1873 recorded in 
my journal the history of several lots of larvae found by me. I have 
therefore some material for illustrating the peculiarities of the species. At 
Coalburgh there are three broods annually, and the butterflies of the third 
brood hybernate. The hybernating females deposit their eggs last of 
April or early in May, and the first brood of the butterflies emerges from 
chrysalis about rst June; but should the weather be cold during May, 
then frone the middle to, last of June. 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The second laying of eggs occurs in July, between 15th and 30th, and 
the butterflies from these appear last of Aug. or first of Sept. 


And the third laying occurs in September, the butterflies therefrom 
emerging in October. The several broods are accelerated or retarded in 
their periods by the weather, great heat quickening every one of the pre- 
paratory stages. 

So far as I know from breeding, or from very extended observations in 
the field, the last laying of eggs produces HarristZ only, and the series 
therefore begins in the spring with eggs laid by that form. 


The result of the eggs laid by //arrisi7 has in all cases been dryas 
only, with a single exception, when one Hlarrisii J emerged. 


The next brood of the season, the eggs having been laid by dryas, has 
sometimes consisted wholly of ¢yas, but again, as in the instance recorded 
in the EnvT., and first above mentioned, of both forms, /arrisz? con- 
siderably outnumbering dvyas. 

The third brood, from eggs laid by dryas, has resulted in Harrisit 
wholly, and closed the season. 

ffarrisit is the winter form of the species, and dryas the summer. The 
first brood of the summer is @yas, and were the season here as short as 
it is in the Catskill Mountains of New York, these two broods would 
comprise the whole round. In the Catskills the first eggs are laid in 
June, a full month after the first are laid in Virginia, and the butterflies 
emerge in July, all dxyas, and eggs laid by these produce Harrisiz in 
August, and this form hybernates. So that the two northern broods cor- 
respond with the first and third southern broods, and the second brood at 
the south is the interpolated one, and consists of both forms of the 
species. In some years comma is excessively common here in October 
and November, and in no season is it rare. I give a statement of results 
obtained : 


FIRST BROOD: Eggs laid by HARRISII. 


1871—Between roth and 18th May, found larvee. Result from 2oth 
May to 2nd June—7 dryas. 


1873—20th May, found larve. Result about* r2th June—4 dryas. 


* T. e., a few days before and after the date named. e 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 


1874—10th May, obtained eggs from 2 Harrisiz in confinement. 
Result about 27th June—34 dryas. 

1875—14th May, obtained eggs from 2 //arrisit in confinement. 
Result about 18th June—19 dryas. 


1869—18th June, obtained from chrysalis t f Harrisiz. 


This last is the only exception to the rule which I have noticed. 


SECOND BROOD: Eggs laid by DRYAS. 


1873—3oth July, obtained eggs from dxyas in confinement. Result 
about 2nd September—6 dryas, many Harrisiz. 
1875—29th July, obtained eggs from dzyas in confinement. Result 
about 24th August—5 dyas only. 


THIRD BROOD: Eggs probably laid by both forms. 


1870—Last of Sept., found 7o larvee which must have come from eggs 
laid early in Sept. Result, in Oct.—-all Harriszz. 


I have never taken or observed an example of dvyas in the fall or in 
the spring after hybernation. This form is recognizable at sight, as beth 
sexes have the hind wings black on upper side, whereas in /arrisii these 
wings are red. 


II. INTERROGATIONIS; dimorphic forms FABRICII and 
UMBROSA, both figured in But. N. A., Vol. 1. 


I have raised several broods of this species, obtaining eggs by con- 
fining the females, during the past six years, and have also recorded the 
results obtained from eggs or larvee found. There are at Coalburgh three 
full broods annually, as with comma, but there is an effort towards a 
fourth, more or less successful, depending on the length of the season or 
the temperature in the fall months. Some individuals hybernate, and the 
females so surviving lay their eggs in the last days of April or early in 
May. From these eggs come butterflies last of May or first of June. 


The second laying occurs early in June and the butterflies therefrom 
appear early in July. 

The third laying takes place last of July and the butterflies appear in 
September, some as early as first, others late in the month. The females 
of this brood, which is the third of the year, or some of them, lay eggs 
about middle of September and the butterflies emerge in October. But 


File THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the larvee now are apt to be caught by cold weather and destroyed, or their 
food plant is cut off, so that few can reach chrysalis. | Once in the chry- 
salis stage they are safe, and sooner or later, as the weather may permit, 
the butterflies will emerge. I am inclined to think that the butterflies of 
the third brood do not hybernate, and that the continuance of the species 
here depends on the few individuals which survive from this fourth brood. 
In no other way can I account for the scarcity of this species as compared 
with comma. Both these species feed on same plants, hop, early in the 
season, then nettle and Bochmeria, then Ce/¢is and elm, and neither suffer 
to any extent from parasites. But comma is fifty times more abundant than 
mterrogationis, and in the spring while many of the former are seen, I 
rarely see an ?nferrogationis. In midsummer and early fall this last 
becomes common, and if the individuals of the third brood generally 
hybernated, surely the species ought to be common in the spring. — If 
umbrosa ever passes the winter here I have failed to discover it. All the 
spring examples noticed by me have been Ladbviciz. 


First Brood—The eggs obtained from 9 Fabric in April gave 

in May 21 wmbrosa, no Fabric. 

The results of the next succeeding, or second, brood have been vari- 
able, just as in second brood of comma, and both forms have appeared 
from eggs laid by one female. 

The result of the third brood has also been variable, both forms 
resulting. This, therefore, differs from the corresponding brood of comma, 
in which all the butterflies were of the one form, HZarriszz. 

The only examples of the fourth brood raised by me to imago came 
from larvee found on elm 1oth October, and when found were past third 
moult. They must then have proceeded from eggs laid about the middle 
of September. The chrysalis period was much protracted, but in Decem- 
ber there resulted 4 /adr7ci7, no umbrosa. I have, however, in several 
years seen the larvae of this brood late in the fall. As some individuals 
of every brood of any species of butterfly appear earlier than the average 
time and others later, so individuals of this fourth brood of zv¢errogationis 
doubtless appear early enough in the fall to ensure early hybernation. 
And if the chrysalis stage is reached the butterfly is sure to emerge at last 
unless destroyed by a parasite or an enemy. In the case of comma, when 
compared with the behavior of that species to the northward, where there 
are but two annual broods, it is the second brood which is interpolated in 


ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (63: 


this region. In the case of z#/er rogationis, when compared with the species 
northward, it isthe second and third broods which are interpolated in this 
region, and when compared with comma of this region, it is the third brood 
of zuterrogationis which is interpolated. To the southward the fourth 
brood would have ample time to reach the imago before winter set in, and 
the species should be as abundant, where the food plants are found, as 
commas here. 

I say nothing of zxéerrogationis in the Northern States, because I find 
nothing immediately bearing on the periods of the broods in my note 
books, and by correspondence I have failed to obtain special information. 
I simply know from experience that in the Catskills there are two annual 
broods, but whether the hybernating individuals are altogether Fadriciz, or 
whether the brood which proceeds from these is wholly wmérosa, I do not 
know and cannot learn. I think /aédric7iz will be found to be the winter 
species there, and wmbrosa the summer, but this is conjecture. I hope 
some lepidopterist at the north will examine this matter and report. 


I give a statement of results obtained: 


FIRST BROOD: Eggs laid by Fadriczi. 
1877—28th April, obtained eggs from @ Fadriciz in confinement. 
Result about 4th June—21 wmbrosa. 


I had watched for years fora 9 Fadriciz, but this was the only one I 
was ever able to take. 


SECOND BROOD: 

1871—4th June, eggs laid by wmbrosa in confinement. Result about 
ist July—i1 wmbrosa, 6 Fabricit. 

1869—5th June, found larve. Result about 25th June 
no fabricii. 


26 umbrosa, 


1873—june, found larve. Result last of June—1g wumdrosa, no 
Fabricit. 

1870—4th July, found eggs. Result roth August—1 wmdrosa, 2 
Labrictt. 


Tate DU BROOD: : 
1871—1st August, confined 11 wmdbvosa and obtained multitudes 
of eggs. Result 1st September—63 umbrosa, 34 


Labricit. 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1877—15th August, from eggs of wubrosa in confinement. Result 
about 22nd September—2 wmbrosa, 9 Fabricii. 

157o—1st August, found larvee. Result 13th September—6 umébrosa, 
16 Labricit. 

FOURTH BROOD: 

1872—10th October, found larvae past third moult. Result 8th to 
18th December—4 Sabricit. 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


TORTRICINA. 

It is not my purpose to enter upon the difficult field of this family. My 
acquaintance with the literature of the subject, and with the characters 
of the multitude of very unnatural genera into which it has been in 
modern times divided, is too limited to justify me in so doing ; the more 
especially as Prof. Fernald is now working it up. But the two species 
mentioned below are sufficiently interesting to induce me to publish the 
following observation upon them. 


EXARTEMA, Clem. 


E. fagigemmaana, n. sp. 

A single specimen of this species is in the Museum at Cambridge, 
labelled Coleotechnites fagizemmaana, by which name it stood in my cabinet 
before it was recognized as an /va7tema. Prof. Fernald having examined 
it, informs me that it is a true Avarfema, which genus, though withdrawn 
by Dr. Clemens, is retained by Zeller. . 

Palpi ochreous, with terminal joint brown, and with two small brown 
spots on the outer and one on the inner surface of the second joint. Head 
ochreous, with a dark brown line across the vertex between the antenne ; 
eyes green ; thorax ochreous, stained with fuscous on the dorsal surface ; 
fore wings from the base to beyond the middle sordid olive green, the 


4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Oe 


remaining portion brick red, both portions being marked with silvery gray 
or Silvery white, according to the light, and the basal third entirely suffused 
or overlaid with the silvery hue, except three spots, one of which is just 
within the dorsal margin, another oblong larger one is within the costal 
margin and a much larger elliptical one is on the fold. From the silvery 
part of the wing, at about the middle of the disc, a silvery streak curves 
obliquely backwards to the brick red color at the fold, where it intersects 
another silvery streak, which leaves the dorsal margin before the ciliae (at 
the junction of the olive green and brick red) and curves obliquely back- 
wards to a point in the middle of the apical part of the wing, where it 
intersects still another silvery streak, which leaves the apical margin near 
the hinder angle and curves obliquely forwards toa point within the costal 
margin at the junction of the olive green and brick red colors. On the 
costal margin, and opposite to the end of the last mentioned streak, is a 
small ochreous spot, and in it begins another silvery streak which curves 
obliquely backwards to the apical margin before the apex, running nearly 
parallel to the last above-mentioned silvery streak, and being intersected 
by a small costal silvery streak which also arises from a small costal ochre- 
ous spot; further back are two other small costal ochreous spots, each 
of which contains a small black line. Ciliz dark bluish brown, with two 
ochreous spots deneath the apex, and a dark browrf hinder marginal line at 
the base, before which is an indistinct line of black atoms. From about 
the basal third of the wing length to the apex the extreme costa is dark 
brown interrupted by ochreous spots, and the basal third is ochreous 
interrupted by three or four dark brown spots. Thus the basal half of the 
wing is olive green suffused with silvery, except upon the three spots before 
mentioned, while the apical half is brick red divided by anastomosing 
silvery lines. Under a lens the silvery parts of the wing appear to be 
dusted with brown. 


The hind wings are fuscous, pale at the base, deepening towards the 
apex.  Cliliae yellowish silvery with a dark brown hinder marginal line at 
the base. Abdomen dark brown above, ochreous below. Legs ochreous, 
the first pair dark brown on their anterior surfaces, and the tibiae of the 
hind pair fuscous on their anterior surfaces ; tarsi dark brown on the 
outer surface, annulate with fuscous. AZ ex., £,9% lines; §, 8 lines. 
Kentucky. 

This. insect is chiefly interesting from its larval habits. I have known 
the larva long, and it is mentioned, I believe, in a previous paper in the 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
Can. Ent. — It is sordid yellowish white, with the head piceous and the 


next segment stained with fuscous. It feeds inside the leaf buds of the 
beech ( Fagus sylvatica), and when it has well eaten out the contents of 
one bud, it cuts it off at the base, and using it as a case, travels off to 
another bud, to the apex of which it affixes its case and proceeds to eat 
out this bud also, and then cuts it off, as it had done the first, and pro- 
ceeds to another bud. I have’known it to attach four buds together in 
this way, thus making a case nearly two inches long. It pupates in its 
case, which it attaches to a leaf, and the imago emerges in Kentucky in 
the latter part of June. 


BRENTHIA, Clem. 
B. pavonacella Clem. 


Not having seen Dr. Clemens’ specimens, and being unable to recog- 
nize my bred specimens in any descriptions by him or any other author 
within my reach, I had proposed to describe this species as new under the 
name of Microwthia amphicarpewana, and specimens so labelled are in 
the cabinets of various Entomologists. Prof. Fernald, however, on com- 
parison with Clemens’ types, recognizes my specimens as identical there- 
with. I have no doubt this determination is correct, though having again 
examined Dr. Clemens’ description, it seems to me singularly incomplete. 


In the “ Tineina of North America” (Mr. Stainton’s republication of 
the Clemens’ papers) p. 134, Mr. Stainton, who had seen Dr. Clemens’ 
types, writes that it is “ probably a Svmaéthis,’ and at p. 41, again, that 
he is disposed to consider the insect ‘‘not a Z7neina, but one of the 
Pyralidina Med to Simaéthis” ; and on p. 38, Dr. Clemens states that 
having ‘examined a specimen of Scmacthis, I must acknowledge that 
Brenthia seems congeneric with it” ; but he thinks its proper location is 
among the Ziveina, and not the Pyralidina. Zeller refers pavonacella 
Clem. to Choreutis, which is Stephens’ section “ A” of Simaéthis. The 
species appears to me to have some decided affinities with the Zzvezna, but 
upon the whole to be rather referable to the Zor¢r7cina. 


Dr. Clemens mentions that it has the habit of “ strutting about on 
leaves,” but Mr. Stainton “has never observed this habit in any of the 
English species.” The appearance of the insect in repose is decidedly 
strutty, and full of selfimportance. A human being who would make the 
same effort to display his or her adornment, would subject himself to a 
well-founded charge of egregious vanity, but perhaps the insect is no more 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ig! 


chargeable with vanity than is a peacock. I have, however, never seen 
it strut about on a leaf, and after having bred a great many specimens, I 
do not believe that it can walk or run. At all events, I have never seen 
it do either, its modes of progression being by flight or by little jumps. It 
sometimes jumps more than an inch at a time, that is, about six times its 
own length. It is the only insect that I can now call to remembrance 
which has the under side of the wings of ‘both pair as gaily ornamented 
as the upper side, and which manages to make a full display of its entire 
ornamentation of body and wings at one and the same time. It does 
this in the following manner: The fore wings, without being laterally 
| extended, are elevated so as to display anteriorly the ornamentation of 
| their upper surface, and posteriorly that of their lower surface ; at the 
same time the hind wings pass out beneath them at the side, and fully 
expanded, getting a twist at the base which brings the costal margin up 
and the dorsal margin down, so that the ornamentation of their upper 
surface is displayed in front, and that of their under surface behind. The 
under surface of the wings are rather more gaily ornamented than the 
upper. This is its position always in repose, and the ornamentation of 
the abdomen is also thus exposed. I have bred both f and 2, and 
observed no difference between them either in ornamentation or position. 


The larva is very pretty. It is pearly white, prettily spotted with 
piceous, with the integument somewhat indurated. It attains a length of 
more than one-third of an inch. It feeds on the under surface of leaves 
of Amphicarpaca monoica, in a slight web by which the leaf is a little 
curved downward, and in this web it passes the pupa state concealed in a 
rather dense, flattened, lozenge-shaped cocoon. The larva is very com- 
mon in Kentucky in June and July, and I have also found it in Septem- 
ber. Ihave never met with the imago except when I have bred it, and 
my specimens emerged from their cocoons in the latter part of July. 


TINEINA. 


STROBISIA. 
S. albacilieella, n. sp. 


I describe this species from a single specimen presented to me by Mr. 
Chas. Dury, of Cincinnati. Tongue, palpi and face white. Antenne 
and vertex brown, with a bronze lustre and paler than the thorax and fore 
wings, which are shining blackish brown, with greenish, violet reflections ; 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


apical ciliz of fore wings white. Thorax above and the anal tuft bronzy 
brown, with a deep purplish lustre ; under surface white. Legs white 
tinged with fuscous on their anterior surfaces, especially so at the apex of 
the tibiae and on the tarsi. On the fore wings behind the middle are a 
very few white scales, forming an indistinct, short, transverse, white line. 
Al. ex. 5 lines. Taken at the light at Cincinnati, Ohio. 

This and the three species described by Dr. Clemens are closely allied 
structurally and in ornamentation, and yet it is difficult to separate them 
structurally from the heterogenous assemblage of insects known as 
Gelechta. 


ON A NEW ARCTIAN FROM FLORIDA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


The student is referred to my papers on the Bombycidz of Cuba for 
remarks on a generic group closely allied to Halis¢dota ( Halestdota ) which 
I have called Auhalisidota, describing under it the species Zuxa, fasciata, 
scripta and alternata. Closely allied to the first of these is a species from 
Florida, the male of which I have from Mr. Schwarz, the female from Mr. 
Dury. Itis hardly so large, and without the black thoracic marks, although 
I can make out two black points on the collar in one specimen. It seems 
to differ by the streak of dusky speckles about the median vein at the 
extremity of the cell, and the distinct subterminal series of isolated black 
dots. The color is dusky ochre, with the thorax darker and the inside of 
the fore tibiz orange. The male antenne are bipectinate. The second. 
aries are paler, with a slight apical mark in the male. 

It must be remembered that my type from Cuba was a little rubbed. In 
comparing my figure and the present female specimen I think there is a 
great probability of the species being the same. The object of the present 
notice is to record the occurrence of the group in the United States, and 
to show that the West Indian fauna must be well understood before we 
describe, as new, species from the extremity of the Floridian peninsula. 

Mr. Schwarz captured the male Luhadistdota at Enterprise, May 26, 
together with several other interesting moths, some of which I have already 
mentioned in this journa!, and others I hope to be able to publish on a 
future occasion. 


—S 


i it 


; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Lepidoptera Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, by H. Strecker. 


Part 14 of Mr. Strecker’s work reached us by mail on the 28th of 
March, and on enquiry, we find that other subscribers received it within 
a day or two of that date. We desire to call particular attention to this 
fact, as this part of the work, in which a number of species are described 
as new, bears the date of 1877.. In Dr. Hayden’s last report Mr. S. H. 
Scudder describes a Satyrus larger than Adi yst7, and like it, from Utah, 
as dionysius, which seems to be identical with Mr. Strecker’s ashtaroth. 
Mr. Strecker’s AZ. imitafa is also doubtless a synonym of wrica Edwards, 
C. E., v. 9, p. 189, his JZ darunda the same as dymas Edwards, C. E., v. 
9, p. 190, his Pamphila similis Edwards’ Amblyscirtes nysa, C. E., v. 9, p. 
1gt, and his Charis Guadeloupe identical with C. australis Edwards, Field 
and Forest, Nov., 1877. 

It is somewhat singular that Mr. Strecker, who in his work so often 
expresses his abhorrence of the practice of creating synonyms, and who 
has not hesitated to heap abuse on the heads of those whom he considers 
to have fallen into such errors, that he should himself so grievously err in 
this respect. The dating of a work of this sort 1877, which does not 
appear until March, 1878, can scarcely be called honest, especially if it 
be done with the view of establishing a claim for priority in the descrip- 
tions of species. We would also here take the opportunity of expressing 
our regret that Mr.Strecker’s work, which in some respects has much to com- 
mend it, should be marred by such gross personal abuse as he so frequently 
indulges in. Such low and ungentlemanly language is entirely unworthy 
of any one aspiring tu the humblest position in the scientific world, and 
can only result in injury to himself. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTING Tour.—-Mr. Wm. Couper, of Montreal, 
purposes visiting again the Lower St. Lawrence on a collecting tour this 
summer. He leaves on the roth of May, and expects to return about the 
end of July. Parties wishing to correspond with him while absent will 
address their letters to Godbout River, Province Quebec, véa Rimouski. 
This will be Mr. Couper’s fourth collecting tour along the coast and 
among the islands of the St. Lawrence. 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ONE WORD MORE ON L. PSEUDARGIOLUS. 
Dear Sir,— 

It occurred to me to examine the genital organs of a black wv/olacea, one 
day last week, and to my surprise, the individual was a male. Since then 
I have taken eight other blacks, and all are males. As it has been taken 
for granted that the black examples of Zycaena were in all cases female 
(at any rate where there is a blue male) I thought it best to send one of 
these so taken by me to Dr. Hagen for examination. And he replies :— 
“This morning I have carefully examined the abdomen of Z. violacea. It 
is without any doubt a male. ‘The organs are so fairly protruded that no 
section is needed.” Now I have doubts whether there is any black 
female to this species. In a paper on Sexual Dimorphism in Butterflies, 
1877, Mr. Scudder states that ‘wherever partial dimorphism is confined 
to one sex, it is always to the female ; there seems to be no exception to 
tHesritle:” 

I have thought it possible that the female of vo/acea deposited its eggs 
on Dogwood flowers, as there seemed to be no other flower in bloom here 
at this season long enough to allow the maturing of the larvae, which, so 
far as is known, live wholly on flowers, and three days ago I tied a female 
in a gauze bag over the end of a branch of Dogwood, enclosing three of 
the flower heads. Next day I found about forty eggs had been laid, some 
on each of the flower heads, and among the flowerets, which are still in 
bud only, and search among the Dogwoods subsequently made led to the 
discovery of several eggs. We therefore have the food plants of the three 
broods, Cornus in spring, Cemicifuga in June and Actinomer?s in fall. 


W. H. Epwarps. 
Coalburgh, W. Va., April 16th, 1878. 


ErraAtTA.—In the description of Z7icholita fistula, published in the 
March number, read: Orbicular spot concolorous, oval, black margined ; 
reniform pipe-shaped, bowl turned to the base of the wing, white, broken. 
—Lron F. Harvey, Buffalo, N. Y. 


| 
7 
; 
{ 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


WO, X. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1878. No. 5 


TORTRICIDA:. 
BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD, STATE COLLEGE, ORONO, ME, 


The present is the first of a series of papers on the Zortricide of North 
America which the writer hopes to be able to prepare from the material 
now in hand, and collections that may be made hereafter by Entomolo- 
gists in various parts of the country. 


I was first led to the study of the Zortricide by the advice of Mr. A. 
R. Grote, who, with a generosity rarely met, placed his entire collection 
of Tortricids in my hands to work up, and further gave me his collection 
of European Zortricide for comparison, and loaned me his types for 
study. I fear I may never be able to make anything like an adequate 
return to this gentleman who has placed me under so great obligations. 


I am very deeply indebted to Mr. E. T. Cresson, of Philadelphia, who 
gave me every facility for a careful and critical study of the types of 
Clemens, and also those of Robinson. I think it would have been 
impossible to have recognized some of Clemens’ species without having 
seen his types. Some of his descriptions were made from very much 
damaged and mutilated specimens, others from single specimens which 
prove to belong to very variable species, and his descriptions in some 
instances are insufficient. Dr. Clemens’ great mistake was in attempting 
to make descriptions from imperfect and insufficient material. His genera 
have also proved a stumbling block to those who have attempted to make 
out his species. Notwithstanding, this pioneer student of the North 
American Zortricide did an admirable work, and his papers will remain a 
monument to his zeal in the study of Entomology. 


It is useless to deplore that he did not have access to the works of the 
continental authors ; had he lived to revise his work, no doubt it would 


82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


have been far more satisfactory ; or had he lived and done his work in 
our time, and with the facilities now afforded, no doubt it would have been 
very different from what it now 1s. 

[ refrain from expressing any opinion on the work of Walker upon the 
North American ‘Vortricids till I have an opportunity to examine his types 
in the British Museum. : 

Robinson's paper is a valuable contribution, and his excellent plates 
and descriptions leave but little to desire so far as he carried his work. It 
may be necessary, in the light of more recent knowledge, to re-place some 
of his species. 

The next most important and pains-taking paper on the North 
American Zortricive is that of Prof. P. C. Zeller. I take pleasure in 
acknowledging the great obligations I am under to this veteran Entomolo- 
gist for good advice, suggestions and valuable assistance in my work. 
Prof. Zeiler has without doubt added considerably to the synonymy of our 
Tortricids, but as I have already shown, it was not possible to prevent it 
without access to the types. 

I would also acknowledge the many favors I have received at the 
hands of Dr. Hagen, of Cambridge, who gave me an opportunity to 
examine the types of Prof. Zeller, and has aided me in other ways in my 
work, 

Some time since | saw a request that workers on special groups would 
give directions for collecting and preserving the insects they are working 
on, and it may be well for me to act upon that suggestion, since very few 
collections sent to me are in as good condition as I could desire. | With- 
out doubt, the most perfect specimens can be obtained by breeding, and 
I should be very glad if collectors throughout the country would breed 
and send to me as many as possible, not only of different species, but 
different individuals of each species, together with notes on their early 
stages. 

For some time I collected Micros ina cyanide bottle, and they became 
so denuded by rolling over in the bottle that even with the best of care 
they were nearly worthless. P have since adopted the pian of carrying a 
supply of pill boxes, into which I put the Tortricids alive. The advan- 
tage of this is that they cling to the inside of the box and are not injured 
by rolling over. One roll over the bottom of a box or bottle is sufficient 
to remove the thoracic tufts or other characters of great importance. 


— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


When one is ready to pin and spread them, they can then be put into 
the cyanide bottle, or killed with chloroform, pinned and spread at ‘once. 
I cannot urge too strongly that Zortricids should not be touched with the 
thumb and finger, but should be handled with a pair of fine forceps, laid 
upon a piece of pith held between the thumb and finger, and the pin 
‘inserted and passed down through the middle of the thorax so as not to 
injure in any manner the thoracic tuft. 


For the larger and medium-sized Tortricids I prefer japanned pins, 
leaving one-fourth the length of the pin above’the insect in case the long 
or German pin is used. For the smaller ones silver wire may be used, 
which, with the insect upon it, should be inserted in one end of a neatly 
cut, brick-shaped piece of fungus, through the other end of which a pin 
of any desirable size may be passed, and the specimen put in its place in 
the cabinet. By far the best, and the only fungus known to me, suitable 
for this purpose, is the Polyporus betulinus Fr.,avhich grows in abundance 
upon decaying white birch. This fungus should be thoroughly dried, after 
which it may be cut with a razor into pieces of any desired form. A 
collection of Micros mounted upon neatly cut pieces of this clear, milk- 
white fungus, shows to very good advantage. 


Another kind of pin which is very good for Micros is one of German 
manufacture, of silver, for sale by B. P. Mann. ‘The great objection to 
this pin is its high price. A desideratum seems to be a fine silver pin as 
short or shorter than the English pins, of suitable size for the smaller 
Tortricids, to be used with the fungus as described. _ I very much dislike 
the common insect pins for Tortricids, for they corrode so much, in many 
instances, as to nearly ruin the specimens. 


Of course the collector should,spread his captures as soon as their 
muscles are well relaxed, or else before they become rigid, if he has time, 
otherwise they may be ‘put aside, softened up and spread at leisure. I 
would prefer to have all sent to me for determination spread, provided 
the collectors are skillful at this, but if not, they had better not attempt it 
lest they ruin the specimens. 


Paedisca Worthingtoniana, n. s. 


Palpi, head, thorax and fore wings lemon yellow, inclining to straw 
color in some specimens ; outside of the middle joint of the palpi stained 
with brown ; costal edge of the fold of the males and a spot over the 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


middle of the cross-vein in the fore wings of both sexes dark brown ; 
fringe tinged with fuscous. | Hind wings fuscous, darker apically ; fringe 
lighter. Under side of fore wings dark brown, with violet reflections in 
some specimens. Under side of hind wings much lighter than above. 
Fore and middle legs fuscous, hind legs lighter. Expanse of %, 35 to 
Sony, M,.  Y .48 Mem: 


Described from two male and four female specimens, collected by 
C. E. Worthington in “ North Illinois, at dusk about wild phlox on the 
prairie, flying like PZuséas.” I also received from Mr. Worthington three 
females taken at the same time and place, which have the fore wings, 
especially between the veins, of a light brown color, the discal spot show- 
ing plainly through the general color of the wing. I regard this as simply 
a brown variety of the above. 


NOTES ON LARVA, ETC. 
BY C. G. SIEWERS, NEWPORT, KY. 


Last summer, near the end of July, in skirmishing through a wood 
overgrown with White Snake-root weeds, I struck a large find of the 
Callimoi pha interrupto-marginata moths, and collected some 50 speci 
mens. Others collected as many more. The weeds were covered with 
their larvee, of a bright yellow color, with a white lateral stripe, mottled 
along its upper edge with bright red, the anal end being also faced with 
red markings. ‘Ihe length about 1% inches. I collected altogether some 
200 of them, but utterly failed to bring one to pupa. As they stopped 
feeding they were taken with a white scouring, leaving nothing but empty 
skins. Others tried them with like result. The bushes were also strung 
with their dead bodies. Still some must have escaped, as the brood this 
year was just as large. But the larvee failed again to pupate. I think the 
fault is in the food plant, as cattle will not touch it, and such as are 
knocked off may take to other food and escape. Cannot some of your 
correspondents explain this ? 


About the same time last year I found a remarkably handsome green 
larva on our Western Coffee-nut tree ( Gymnocladus canadensis ). Length 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


over two inches ; lateral red and white stripes similar to Saturnia to, with 
an anal red horn and two pairs of similar horns on each of the 2nd and 
3rd thoracic segments, with short red spines along the dorsal line. In 
appearance much like Crtheronia regalis, though but one-third its size, of 
a hard stony make, evidently an Avzzsofa. The pupa has the long spur 
and indented segments common to the species. I collected quite a num- 
ber. They are two-brooded, and may be three, as I found them of all 
sizes at the same time. Female moth measures 2% inches between the 
tips of wings, the male 2 inches. Primaries light brown in the females, 
with and without the central discal brown blotch; the male with darker 
primaries, with the outer third slightly roseate, and with two white discal 
superposed spots duskily fringed. | Hind wings rose color on both sexes, 
darkest near the body. ‘The wings of both mottled with brown on the 
primaries. Should like to have it named. 


I had so much trouble with ground for larvee last year that I concluded 
to try sand, and got a lot of fine yellow sand similar to that used by 
moulders, moistened it thoroughly two months since, and it is as moist 
and loose as ever, and if I may speak for the larve that have tried it, they 
are just delighted with it and plunge right in. 

I find empty butter tubs very conveniert, having wooden caps and not 
warping like boxes, but it is necessary to scald them out thoroughly and 
then lime the sides. Failing to do this last summer, I found some £&. 
impertalis larvee covered with small house ants that had eaten the epi- 
dermis full of holes nearly through ; they, however, all got over it, though 
covered with black spots. 


ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GALL INSECTS. 


BY DR. H. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The natural history of the interesting gall insects is still somewhat 
mysterious. A large number of observations have been made here and 
in Europe by prominent Entomologists ; nevertheless, a careful study 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the most detailed papers always gives the impression that something 
is still wanting to explain the various facts related by the authors. Among 
the Hymenopterous gall insects important progress was made in the 
discovery by the late B. Walsh of the dimorphism of C. g. spongifica and 
C. 9. aciculata, the latter one a parthenogenetic species. But even here 
new observations are wanted to fill some gaps in the history of those 
species. Mr. W. F. Bassett, of Waterbury, Conn., draws my attention to 
the fact that in a letter in the Proc. Entom. Soc. Lond., April, 1873, p. 
xv., he “ did state most emphatically his belief that all one-gendered gall 
flles were the alternate of a two-gendered brood from galls of a different 
form.” 


Two papers by Dr. Adler, from Schleswig—‘ Contributions to the 
Natural History of the Cynipide,” and ‘‘ On the Ovipositor and on Ovi- 
position of Cynipide,” in Berlin, Entom. Zeitschr., vol. xxi., 1877, Decbr., 
which have just arrived here, are prominently remarkable. I believe the 
way so long sought for is found, to understand the complicated relations 
not only of the Hymenopterous gall insects, but probably of all other gall 
insects, and perhaps, also, of some other insects not gall-producing. These 
papers are equally remarkable both by the manner of the experiments, the 
judicious conclusions drawn from them, and the clear and plain descrip- 
tion of what he has observed. Dr. Adler has raised the species through 
several years. In Cynipide the raising is less difficult, as the eggs are 
mature the moment the insect has passed its last transformation ; the 
females are usually disposed to lay the eggs directly, and are, at least many 
of them, not disturbed by observation ; therefore the experiments with 
them followed through several years become more reliable. 

The parthenogenesis of Rhodites rosae was proved by direct raising 
through three years. The fact is, indeed, more remarkable as males exist 
in a very small number, about one to a hundred females ; but a copula- 
tion was never observed. The females carefully separated after their 
transformation, laid the eggs in confinement. Moreover, a number of 
females were dissected and showed always the receptaculum § seminis 
empty, therefore proving that the eggs were not impregnated. 

Other series of observations jead to the interesting discovery of alter- 
nating generation by a number of species, which were considered to 
belong to different genera, but are now proved to be the winter form and 
the summer form of the same insect. 

Neuroterus fumipennis was raised from the galls, the imagines placed 


; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 87 


on oak buds, the oviposition observed, and the plants isolated. The galls 
originating from them were entirely different from those galls out of which 
LV. fumipennis was raised. By further growth they proved to be the well 
known galls of Spathegaster albipes, which species was raised from them in 
due time. These two Cynips belong to two different genera, and differ in 
size ; Meuroterus, the winter form, is agamous, only females known, and 
the receptaculum seminis was always empty ; the eggs are laid deep in 
the buds. Spathegaster, the summer form, is bisexual, males and females 
in regular proportion and copulating ; the receptaculum seminis of the 
egg-laying females being always filled with spermatozoa. The eggs are laid 
on the leaves. To complete the cycles, Spathegaster galls carefully con- 
fined were raised and gave in due time Weuroterus. ‘The experiment was 
made repeatedly on a large scale and with excellent precautions, so that 
no doubt is possible. | Now as the fact is known, it is rather remarkable 
that it was not sooner discovered, as it is entirely impossible for Spathe- 
gaster and for euroterus to produce the galls out of which they are always 
raised. Sfathegaster possesses a short and somewhat degraded ovipositor, 
just fit to injure the superficies of a leaf and to lay the egg ; Weuroterus 
possesses a long, bent and complicated ovipositor, able to perform the 
rather difficult act of entering the bud and laying the eggs in the basis of 
the bud, but would be scarcely able to injure the superficies of a leaf in 
the same manner as Sfathegaster. I think this admirable discovery is 
of the greatest importance for further observations. If we find again a 
: species with an ovipositor not fit to make the galls of the species, we are 
__ justified in presuming a similar alternating generation with some other 
species. 

The difficult question how the eggs of Cynips are able to pass through 
the comparatively small ovipositor is described with much detail and 
acumen. The observation was only possible by the ingenious device 
of chloroforming the insects in the act of oviposition, and making 
an anatomical investigation of the parts. By repeating the obser- 
vation many times in different stages of the act, a full series of observa- 
tions, one completing the other, gave a clear and satisfactory result, and at 
the same time the place was ascertained in which the egg was laid. <A 
large number of other interesting details concerning the formation, struc- 
ture and the growth of the galls, are given, which must be studied in the 
original paper. I may oniy add the surprising fact of the continuous 
rotation of the embryo in the egg, till it is hatched. ‘The rotation is not 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


made as in mollusks, by vibrating cells, but by the alternate contraction 
of long spindle-shaped cells, which are attached to the hypodermis. 
Similar experiments with similar results followed also through the 
whole cycles, proved that Weuroterus lenticularis is the winter form of 
Spatheraster baccarum. and WN. numismatis the winter form of Sp. vesica- 
trix. Dr. Adler adds that experiments with all three species are not very 
difficult, and he believes that every student will be able to repeat them. 


It seemed to the author more than probable that such alternating 
generation would not exist alone in Wewroterus. Similar observations and 
experiments followed through all the cycles proved that Dryophanta 
scutellaris is the winter form of Zrigonaspis crustalis, and Dryophanta 
Jongiventris the winter form of Spathegaster Taschenbergi, but for the last 
species only half the cycles was till now ascertained. 

Direct observations proved that the egg of Dryophanta is laid with 


the egg-body downwards and the stemof the egg upwards. The situation 
is just reversed in Mewroferus, and as the egg is always hatched through 
the hind portion, the larva of Dryophanta is obliged to make its galls down- 
wards in the cambium, and the larva of Meuroferus upwards on the 


leaves. 


Another agamous genus, Apfilofhrix, possesses an ovipositor similar 
to Meuroteris, and it seemed impossible that the large galls out of which 
it develops could be made by such an ovipositor. Similar observations 
gave the result that Aphilothrix radicis is the alternating generation of 
Andricus noduli, and Aphilothrix Sieboldi of Andricus testaceipes. Neither 
Aphilothrix nor Andricus develop in the same year ; each of those genera 
needs two years for its development; therefore the whole cycle runs 
here through four years, and till now only half the cycle of Andricus bred 
from Aphilothrix galls has been ascertained by observation. 

I think there can be no doubt that the agamous C. g. aciculata is the 
winter form of the bisexual C. g. spovgiica, just as Weuroterus and Dryo- 
phanta ; but here both species have the same kind of gall, and both 
species are less different than those above quoted. 


The remarkable success of Dr. Adler’s experiments with the Hymen- 
opterous galls induced me to compare the rather large collection of Dip- 
terous galls from Europe and America belonging to the Museum. I found 
directly some forms entirely similar and corresponding to the alternating 
galls of Cynips ; but the collection is rather poor in bred specimens of the 


a Pees | 


) 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


insects. Just in the presence of the judicious and sober observations of 
Dr. Adler, it would not be proper to say more than that it is not difficult 
to point out galls of Ceczdomyia similar to both forms of the alternating 
Cynips galls. It is to be presumed that in Cectdomyia, as well as in 
Cynips, the form of the ovipositor will be different, but such investigations 
can scarcely be successful with dry specimens. 


I may add one observation made by myself, by which it is at least 
probable that bisexual species of Cecidomyia may also propagate by par- 
thenogenesis. Some twenty years ago, occupicd with the study of insects 
obnoxious to agriculture in Prussia, I had stalks with cocoons of Cecid- 
omyia destructor in corked glass tubes. In one of them I raised a single 
female, and was sure that no other cocoon was present. The female laid 
a number of eggs on the glass, which after a few days began to develop 
so far that the embryo and the segmentations of it were clearly visible. 
By some mischance the glass tube was left in sunlight and the develop- 
ment stopped. Though I have not been able since to repeat the observa- 
tion, I am sure that [ was not mistaken. I think it is justifiable to presume a 
possible parthenogenesis for Cecidomyia, which, if proved, may lead to 
successful results concerning the destruction of this dangerous pest. 

After having studied Dr. Adler’s papers, I remembered directly some 
similar facts given by Mr. Lichtenstein in Stettin. Entom. Zeit, 1877, on 
the Hemipterous genus P/yl/oxera ; the alternation is here very remark- 
able. The bisexual form originates from pupz, which are produced by 
larger winged forms, which possess no external sexual organs and can 
therefore not copulate. Mr. Lichtenstein calls this form of propagation 
anthogenesis. A certain similarity with Cyzps consists in the fact that 
the different forms of Phyloxera emigrate in spring and return in the 
fall. So the well known PA. vastatrix emigrates from the leaves to the 
root of the same plant, and needs therefore no special winged forms for 
the purpose of emigration. But P%. guercus changes to another tree, and 
needs therefore two winged forms, which are different one from the other. 
One parthenogenetic form brings the summer colonies from //ex to Robdur, 
and another anthogenetic fall form brings them back from Robur to Lex, 
The fact that some species possess two different winged forms will proba- 
bly reduce the number of the described winged species. ‘Till now it is 
only known that PA. Lichtenstein? is the anthogenetic form of PA. guercis, 
and Ph. Signoretti probably the same form of PA. florentina. Mr. Lich- 
tenstein presumes that many Pemphigus and Adelges will possess similar 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
4 


forms, and observations made by myself on one species in the last year 
seem to favor his opinion. 


Such alternations stated without doubt for Hymenoptera and some 
Hemiptera, and probable by analogy for some Diptera, will certainly not 
fail to occur in other orders, and are probable in some Lepidoptera 
heterocera. 

A paper by Mr. P. Cameron, in the Scottish Naturalist for April, 
1878, the substance of which is incorporated and fully approved in the 
President’s Address to the Entomological Society of London, arrives at 


conclusions entirely unfavorable to Dr. Adler's memoir. | To corroborate. 


my views about the memoir I wish to give a few statements. 


Dr. Adler gives the facts upon the discovery “ of the Parthenogenesis 
of Rhodites rosae” on ten pages, about two-thirds of the first part of his 
memoir. 


In May, 1872, RA. vosae in large numbers was observed ; some few 
males appeared, which were put, together with several females, in the 
breeding cabinet; but no copulation was observed. For further experiment 
were chosen females appearing later, of which, by careful observation, it 
was certain that none of them had been with any male. Those 
females were put on bushes of Rosa canina on May 1oth—-12 wasps, May 
13th—16 wasps, May 26th—1o0 wasps, June 2nd—6 wasps; together, 44 
wasps. Of those 26 wasps were observed in the act of oviposition, and 
the twigs were marked with a thread around each. ‘The first formation 
of a gall was observed June sth, and in all only nine twigs formed galls ; 
giving the positive result that unimpregnated eggs had developed. The 
experiment was tried again for the purpose of having surer results by repe- 
tition and to investigate why the first experiment was without result in so 
many cases. In 1874 there were put, June 22nd, on rose bushes 8 wasps, 4 
of which were observed in oviposition, none producing galls ; June 23rd, 
of 10 wasps, 4 observed in oviposition, 2 producing galls ; June 27th, of 
12 wasps, 5 were observed in oviposition, producing 3 galls. 

Of the 13 wasps observed in the act of oviposition, 4 were dissected, 
and the receptaculum seminis stated to be entirely empty (without sper- 
matozoa). Every one of the wasps spoken of was carefully observed and 
not lost sight of till the wasp had begun the oviposition, in which act 
some persevered for more than 24 hours. Of course observation was not 
followed through this whole time, but every few hours it was again observed 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ot 


that the wasp was continuing the oviposition. The five produced galls 
were in November preserved for the experiment of the following year. In 
the spring of 1875 there were raised from them 35 wasps, all females, anda 
large number of parasites. These wasps were put again on rose bushes 
as soon as they appeared on May 26th, June 2nd, 5th, 7th, and oviposition 
observed on 11 twigs. After 11 days some of the eggs were examined, and 
the embryo found in different stages of development (more details are given). 
Of the 11 twigs 6 produced galls, out of which were raised in spring, 
1876, 28 wasps, all females. Those wasps were put on rose bushes June 
26th, July 2nd, July 4th, and oviposition observed on 13 twigs, which 
produced 8 galls. Therefore, through three years parthenogenetic-propa- 
gation was observed. The objection that in experiments thus made in 
the open air oviposition could have been made on the same twigs by other 
wasps, can not be refuted directly ; but if it has been noticed so many 
times that only galls were produced in the observed and marked places, I 
believe it is allowabie to conclude that none except the observed oviposition 
had been made. 


The other question, if the unimpregnated eggs are regularly devel- 
oped, was answered in the affirmative by repeated experiments, which are 
very simple and very easy to be repeated. I put female wasps, raised by 
myself, which had not been with a male, on shoots of rose put 
in a jar in water. As soon as the wasps began oviposition, the shoot 
was placed in a breeding cabinet. After oviposition had ended, the 
wasp was examined anatomically, and the vesicula seminalis found to be 
empty. The eggs were examined after 12 hours, and the peripherical 
layer of cells around the dark yolk was seen ; in the following days the 
development advanced in the regular manner. 


Dr. Adler gives on five pages more the most interesting details upon 
the formation and growth of the gall. As &A. vosae is common here, this 
part of the memoir is of great value for American students. If we 
look in Mr. P. Cameron’s paper, we find about this matter on p. 156, as 
follows : 


“ With the bisexual Cynipidz the males are in some species nearly as 
common as the other sex ; in others, as in Ahodites, they are very rare.” 
That is all! 


On the alternation of generations in Cynipide the first part of Dr. 
Adler’s memoir contains only (6 pg.) the beginning of the experiments 


9? THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


with Meuroterus Jumipennis. Vhe second part (24 pg.) was published 
three months later than Mr. Cameron’s paper, which contains, neverthe- 
less, some of the names of the species (5 out of 7) treated in the second 
part, probably out of a provisionally published notice, unknown to me. 


Dr. Adler having raised in 1874 out of all Meuroterus fumipennts galls 
nothing but Spathegaster albipes, decided to observe them more exactly. 
The experiments with Meuroterus fumipennis were made in 1875 in the 
following manner : 

The galls were collected in the autumn before. When the wasps began 
to appear, they -were put on a small oak tree in a tub in a cool 
room. When a wasp began oviposition each twig was enclosed in a 
glass tube, after the bud had been marked witha thread. There were 
marked March r4th—12 buds, March rgth—1o0 buds, March 24th—8 
buds, March 26th—6 buds ; in all, 36 buds. Besides those, other wasps 
were put on cut oak twigs placed in damp earth or sand (in which manner 
the twigs keep well three weeks and longer as good material for observing 
the eggs), and after oviposition was observed, the isolated twig was covered 
with a glass bell. ‘The wasps were examined after the oviposition and the 
receptaculum seminis found to be empty. The receptaculum is in the 
agamous species always somewhat atrophied ; in the bisexual species the 
external membrane is pigmented, and even if empty, forms a ball. 


Besides those experiments, others were made at the same time in the 
open air. The oviposition was observed March 31st on 5 buds, April rst 
on 7 buds, April 2nd on 12 buds, April 7th on 12 buds, April toth on 
40 buds, April r2th on 38 buds ; altogether on 114 buds. A curious fact 
is related that in 42 buds the ovipositor of the wasp was found left in 
the bud. 


The results of the different experiments were as follows: The small 
oak tree in the tub was kept in the room and began to bud in the 
beginning of May, and the leaves were developed enough May 14th to see 
if galls were forming. Of the 36 marked buds, 13 had no galls pro- 
duced ; on the others in all 36 galls were counted. It is to be remem- 
bered that here oviposition was made and observed in the room, the twigs 
carefully isolated by glass tubes, and kept in the room till the tree began 
to bud. ‘Therefore it is impossible that eggs could have been laid by 
other wasps. The galls were those of Spath. albipes. Concerning the 
experiments in the open air, the leaves of the tree were May 2oth so far 


ani 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


developed that the formation of galls could be observed, and again the galls 
were those of Sfath. albifes. Out of the 144 buds marked, galls were 
found on 68, with about 300 galls. The oak chosen was a small shrub 
four to five feet high, easy: to be examined, and showed no where any 
other galls. 

Out of the collected galls a large number of Sfath. albipes was raised 
in the first half of June, and were put in a breeding cabinet with a small 
oak tree. As no copulation nor oviposition was observed, Dr. Adler 
decided to try observation in the open air. He succeeded June 3rd in 
finding several females of Spath. albipes in the act of oviposition, and 
secured six wasps, several leaves, and marked four leaves on which he had 
observed oviposition with a-thread. The lens showed that an egg was 
deposited. The secured wasps were put on the small oak in the breeding 
cabinet, and now the wasps were observed ovipositing on two leaves. The 
next day the wasps were examined, and showed the receptaculum seminis 
full of spermatozoa. On June sth and 6th several more wasps in the act 
of oviposition were observed, and six leaves marked. In the first fort- 
night no change in the leaves was seen ; in the third week the substance 
of the leaf where the egg was deposited was visibly thickened, the larva had 
_ left the egg, and the formation of the gall began. Then the progress was 
very slow ; after four to five weeks, in the beginning of July only a very 
small hairy disk was seen, and only in the end of July the galls could be 
recognized with certainty as those of Weuroterus fumipennis. On allten 
leaves such galls were produced. 

I have given here the substance of Dr. Adler’s experiments only for 
- one pair of individuals, but in the same manner the memoir contains them 
for seven pairs ; two of these, euroterus laeviusculus and Spatheg. tricolor, 
Aphilotrix Sieboldii and Andricus testaceipes, are not mentioned by Mr. 
P. Cameron. 

I think every student will be puzzled to find such detailed obser- 
vations unmentioned in Mr. Cameron’s’ paper, when he asks 
if a consideration of the biology of the species named affords any 
reasonable evidence in favor of this rather startling hypothests (p. 154). 
The only evidence Mr. Cameron tries to give against it is that, if the species 
are correlated in the way indicated, we ought to find the two forms equally 
abundant, and in close proximity to each other. He states that only 
one of the five pairs quoted by him are found together, the other four 
are not. This fact, 7/¢rwe, would be certainly of importance; nevertheless, I 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


should have preferred in the face of apparently so carefully made experi- 
ments to examine first, if one of the two authors, either Dr. Adler or 
Mr. Cameron had not determined wrongly one species of the pairs. Buta 
stronger objection against Mr. Cameron’s assertion is that I possess two 
of the four doubted pairs from the same locality. ‘The May number of 
the Ent. Month. Mag., just arrived, has on its first page a notice by Mr. 
J. E. Fletcher, stating that galls made by Meuroterus numismatis proved 
to be those of Spathegaster vesicatrix. ‘This is the third of the four pairs 
doubted by Mr. Cameron. After all I may quote against such kind of 
evidence the following remarks of the late Mr. B. D. Walsh in his Cynips 
paper (p. 11): 

‘“T once argued in print that it was impossible that the army worm 
moth should exist in the Eastern States, for if it did it must have been 
found there either by Dr. Harris or by Dr. Fitch, and that scarcely had 
the argument been printed, when it was proved by indubitable evidence 
that it did exist.” 

Mr. P. Cameron’s objections against the fifth pair, Ap. radicis and 
Andricus noduli show simply that the German text was not understood. 

Now where are the direct and well continued observations of facts to 
blow to the winds this theory ? I may add that the unprecedented obser- 
vation that he put some specimens of Apfzlotrix radicis in spirits for a 
week (!) and that they revived, when taken out, would be rather difficult 
to be repeated. . 

If such facts, as given by Dr. Adler, are not to be accepted as true, I 
think they can not be called “hypothesis or theory,” but simply a fiction, 
or in plain English, a forgery—which nobody able to understand the Ger- 
man text will accept. 


ON EUPROSERPINUS PHAETON. 
BY A. R. GROTE, 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


The fact that Mr. Strecker has seen fit to misstate the circumstances 
under which this species was named has induced me to correct the impres- 
sion he may have created as far as possible. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 


In our Synonymical Catalogue (1865) the species is entered as 
follows : 


Euproserpinus Grote & Robinson. 


16. phaeton. 
Proserpinus Phaeton Boisduval MSS. 
Euproserpinus Phaeton Grote & Robinson (1865). 
Flabitat—W estern District ! 


‘ In the descriptional part (p. 30) we say: ‘‘ We are indebted to Mr. 
J. W. Weidemeyer for the information respecting this singular little 
species, which, we believe, has not been hitherto described, while an 
excellent figure, shown us by Mr. S. Calverley, enables us to present the 
present description and to fix the species. It appears that Dr. Boisduval 
has etiquetted a specimen in his cabinet as Proserpinus Phaeton.” 


So that both in the Catalogue itself and in the description we give 
Dr. Boisduval credit for the name Proserpinus Phaeton. What more it 
was possible for us to do I cannot see. There is not the faintest desire 
on our part to avoid giving the fullest credit to all parties known to us to 
have anything to do with the species. Mr. Calverley’s figure came pro- 
bably from Dr. Behr or Mr. Hy. Edwards with the name Phaeton. This 
figure was engraved for a hitherto unfinished work on the Sphingide. Of 
this work I have an incomplete copy; the last plate is numbered xxvi. 
The plates are headed: ‘‘ North American Lepidoptera.” The first two 
plates have in the lower left-hand corner: ‘ Published by J. W. Weide- 
meyer and S. Calverley, New York.” Plate ui. e¢ seg. have the name of 
Mr. W. H. Edwards added. I believe the plates were lithographed and 
colored by Chas. Walo between 1863 and 1868 ; possibly these dates are 
not strictly accurate. To the last plates I contributed originals. Two 
of the plates (Nos. 18 and 19) were executed in England; W. West, 
imp. ; E. W. Robinson, delt. On plate 19, fig. 1, is a figure of Zapara 
(not Li~ara) bombycoides Walk., which I have long ago shown the reasons 
for believing to be Z//ema harrisii or a closely allied species. On plate 
13, fig. 5, “ Proserfinus Phaeton” is figured. In 1868, three years after- 
wards, we redescribed this species from a specimen loaned us by Dr. 
Boisduval. ‘The specimen was not labeled to my recollection, and as we 
were under the impression that Dr. Boisduval knew our Synonymical 
Catalogue, there could be no question as to the name. We were much 
puzzled afterwards by Dr. Boisduval disowning the name f/aefon, describ- 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing the insect as evazo, and overlooking our Synonymical Catalogue. In 
his larger work on the Sphingidee Dr. Boisduval adopts our name for the 
insect and again overlooks the fact that we had described the species nearly 
three years previous to our acquaintance with himself (though he quotes 
our work), and supposes that we have chosen a fresh name for the 
species, when we had never heard of the name eraéo until Dr. Boisduval 
published it, and, moreover, we had credited the name Afaefon to him in 
1865! How the misunderstanding came about it is now difficult to say. 
Perhaps Mr. Weidemeyer or Dr. Behr can give the proper light as to 
where the name fhaeton came from. I have previously suggested either 
that the name fhaefon came from Lorquin or Dr. Behr, or that a transpo- 
sition of names occurred between Dr. Boisduval and the Californian 
Entomologists. That Lorquin gave names to species which Dr. Boisduval 
adopted as his own in some cases is, I think, suggested in the case of the 
species of Memeophi/a and others, where the insects are named after the 
food plants. It is evident that Walker has used Dr. Boisduval’s MSS. names 
without credit. With regard to mistakes of names by transposition, the 
student need only be reminded of the error with regard to Oenets semidea 
and an Aegerian (See Scudder, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1865, 13, and else- 
where). As to Dr. Boisduval’s inattention to previously published papers 
Mr. A. G. Butler says this “author’s worst fault isa too great appreciation 
of his own MS. names, for which he does not scruple to sacrifice both 
genera and species long described by other authors.” I do not think, in 
conclusion, that there can be the slightest ground for the suspicion that 
we intended any wrong in the matter of the name of this species, since 
we gave Dr. Boisduval full credit for the manuscript name fhaeton, giving 
him precedence in the synonymy, a fact which it suits Mr. Strecker to 
omit. There remains also no doubt that the correct name of the species 
is phaefon, since our original description is perfectly recognizable and 
since Dr. Boisduval himself adopts this name in his impertant work on 
the Sphingidz in preference to his own later name of evaéo, giving us credit 
for the species. I do not think that it will be possible to consider the species 
either a Macroglossa or a Proserpinus, and that the generic name Eupro- 
serpinus must stand. 


I feel also at liberty to state, what many of Mr. Strecker’s readers may 
have suspected, that there is a very different reason for his personal 
attacks upon me than that they are called for by my publications. But I 
am quite confident that in all my writings 1 have endeavored to give full 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


credit to every other writer; where I have failed it has been through 
unacquaintance with the work of others. And I very much regret that 
there is an unavoidable jealousy which remains strongest with those whose 
mental resources are narrowed down to the field of descriptive Ento- 
mology. In conclusion, I think I can be spared a lengthy exposition of 
Mr. Strecker’s breaches of the ninth and tenth commandments, and leave 
the matter to those interested in a subject which has nothing to do with 
the advancement of science, but rather offensively illustrates the principle 
of self-preservation. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL APPOINTMENT.—We learn with pleasure that Prof. 
C. V. Riley has received the appointment of Entomologist in the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture at Washington, rendered vacant by the retirement of 
Prof. Townend Glover, whose failing health necessitated this rest from 
active labor. While we sincerely regret the severe illness of our good 
friend, that laborious worker and painstaking Entomologist, Prof. Glover, 
we cannot help congratulating the Department in having secured the 
services of such a thorough and vigorous laborer in Entomological science 
as Prof. Riley is known tobe. His long experience and natural fitness for 
the work in which he is now engaged will, we feel confident, make him a 
most efficient officer. ° 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ON A COVERING SUPERIOR TO PAPER FOR CORK-LINED BOXES FOR THE 
CABINET. 
DEAR SirR,— 

Four years ago I first used a white wash for covering the cork in my 
cabinet, and I have found it so much superior to paper that I feel induced 
to recommend it very highly to all Entomologists. 

It is cheap and easily applied. I take French zinc (dry) and after 
adding a little blueing, I mix with it as much milk as will make it about 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the consistence of thick cream. With this I give the first coat to the 
cork, rubbing the stuff with my hand well into the little holes of the cork 
until these are all closed up. As soon as dry I give it another coat, using 
the white wash somewhat thinner, and apply with a brush. 

Since using it I have never found a single specimen of the tiny paper 
louse in my cabinet, while prior thereto these pests gave me a good deal 
of trouble. Anthienne also give me hardly any trouble, as their places 
of retreat, the cracks and worm holes in the cork, are entirely covered up 
with the zinc. 

If applied carefully it will have just as even an appearance as paper, 
and the white will keep fresher and cleaner than paper. Give it a trial. 

Epw. L. GRaeEr, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


ERRATUM, ETC. 
DEAR SIR,— 

P. 59, vol. 10, line 17, for Kuprepia judica read Euprepia pudica. 

During the latter days of March I saw /verts rape in considerable 
numbers at Asheville, N. C.; and on April 2nd I saw many scores of 
Aithilla bathyllus S. & A., near the same place, the elevation of the spot 
being between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. ‘These were playing around damp 
places by the road side. I was informed by the farmers that Doxyphora 
zo-lineata had never yet appeared there. 

W. V. ANpDREwsS, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DEAR SIR,— 

A scientific friend who attended the last monthly meeting of the Ento- 
mological Society in Boston, wrote to me the next day of a very interesting 
communication made by Dr. Packard on the exodus of a luna moth. He 
“heard a rustling in the cocoon and a curious cutting sound, and saw two 
black points sticking out, which worked back and forth, cutting the silk 
until a slit was made large enough for the moth to crawl through. Then 
he discovered that the black points were ‘wo spines on the submedian 
nerve of the fore wings. As the wings expand these spines become 
covered with the wing scales and do not show.” Dr. Packard said these 
spines exist in nearly all the Bombycidz, but he did not find that this use 
of them had been mentioned in any of the treatises to which he had time 
to refer, it being supposed that moths work their way through the silk, first 


softening it by a liquid exuded from the mouth. 


: 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 


The information received I brought before the Mon:real Branch of the 
Ontario Entomological Society, and it caused some surprise, as members 
had never heard of the process. During the evening the President, Mr. 
G. J. Bowles, exhibited a Polyphemus moth just out of chrysalis, which got 
away and flew into the gas, so burning itself that it had to be killed. The 
moth was examined, and close to the base of each fore wing a spine was 
found, quite long and sharp, which could certainly be used by the insect 
for scratching and tearing the silk of the cocoon so as to facilitate the 
egress of the moth. The inside of the cocoon at the opening seemed to 
bear marks of its work. This discovery has excited quite an interest 
among our members, and we await the opinion of other Entomologists on 
the subject. 


Joun G. Jack, Montreal. 


DEAR SIR,— 

During last summer we were visited by an insect which attacked our 
White Pine trees (Pinus strobus). 1 refer to Abbot’s White Pine Worm, 
Lophyrus Abbotit, a gregarious worm of some note in the south and west. 
I have not seen it noticed by any of our Canadian Entomologists, and 
consequently do not know whether it is a common insect in this country 
ornot; but I do know that should it become very numerous it would 
shortly be a very heavy blight on our White Pine, either in grove or forest 
growth. Ihave not yet seen any on the imported pines, such as the 
Scotch and Austrian ; indeed the insect seems tenaciously to prefer our 
native species, probably because of its soft and tender foliage. It 
appeared here in July and August (I neglected to note the exact date), but 
in such flocks that they soon defoliated the branches on which they were 
working, and were thus easily detected. When nearly full grown these saw 
fly worms measure from three-fourths to one inch in length, are heavily 
marked by black spots on a dull whitish ground, and have the habit of 
bending the fore part of their bodies backwards on being approached or 
disturbed. According to Prof. Riley, the parent saw fly deposits her eggs 
on the slender leaves of the pine in autumn, where they remain in the 
egg state all winter, hatching early in summer. The remedies recom- 
mended for this pest are hand-picking, the use of dry air-slacked lime or 
powdered hellebore mixed with water and sprinkled on the affected parts. 


B. Gorr, Arkona, Ont. 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DEAR SIR,— 

As correspondence is invited respecting the habits, localities, occur- 
rence, etc., of insects, I take the liberty to offer a few remarks on the 
Doryphora ro-lineata, and also to send you a list of the Geometridz that 
] have thus far taken in this locality. 

Wishing to ascertain if the domestic fowl were likely to be of any 
value in reducing the numbers of D. zo-dineata, I procured the assistance 
of a neighbor who kept fowl (I do not keep them myself), and the follow- 
ing is the result of our experiments : 

Our first experiment was to offer both larve and beetles to the fowl, 
but they refused to touch them, and acted as if somewhat afraid. Next 
we mixed the insects with the corn and other food that was given them, 
but they refused even to eat the corn fora time; by-and-by, however, they 
began to eat the corn and soon lost all fear of the insects, although they 
still refused to eat any. After a few days, by keeping the insects in their 
food all the time, some of the bravest of the hens began to eat a few 
insects, and it was not long before the rest joined them, and in a few days 
more they appeared to relish the beetles about as well as the corn. Up 
to this time I did not observe any of the fowls eat a beetle from the potato 
vines, but they now began to do so, and we were obliged to put them in 
their food no longer. After this the beetles were so reduced in number 
in this garden that they did no material damage. 

It would seem from the above that although the beetles were naturally 
repugnant to the domestic fowl, yet an appetite for them may be acquired. 
If the substance of the above has been published I was not aware of it, 
and give it for what it is worth. 

I noticed in the last report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, in 
the experiments on the Colorado Potato Beetle, by W. Brodie, the remark 
that “it is very doubtful if Dovyphora, either in the larva or imago state, 
will feed on Solanum dulcamara or Datura stramonium.” I have found 
the insect in both these stages plentifully on S. duécamara, which grows 
quite abundantly near this place, and they wholly consumed both leaves, 
flowers and fruit of every plant in this vicinity. They were more abundant 
on these plants than on my potato plants, which were not more than five 
rods from some of the former. 

I took a few examples of Brephos infans Mos., March 23rd, which is 
some two weeks earlier than I ever made a capture of them before. 

J. E. Bares, South Abington, Mass. 


Che Canadran Entomologist. 


VOL. X. LONDON, ONT. JUNE, 1878. No. 6 


THE ACHEMON SPHINX—Piilampelus achemon Drury. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The Achemon Sphinx is not common in Ontario; occasionally, but 
rarely, we have found the larva both on the Grape-vine and Virginia 
Creeper (Ampelopsis guinquefolia ), and once or twice captured the perfect 
insect. 


Fig. 4. 


The moth (fig. 4) is a handsome one, and having the usual strong 
and rapid flight of the Sphinges, is not easily captured. It may be met 
with on the wing late in June, about dusk, hovering like a hurnming-bird 
over flowers and sipping their sweets through its long proboscis. Its color 
is brownish-gray, variegated with light brown, and with the dark spots 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


shown in the figure of a deep brown. ‘The hind wings are pink with a 
dark shade across the middle, a few still darker spots below, and with the 
hind margin widely bordered with gray. 

The caterpillar (fig. 5) is a formidable looking creature, measuring 
when full grown, if at rest, about three inches, but when in motion three 


and a half inches. ‘They feed singly, and hence, when young, do not 
attract much notice, but as they mature they consume enormous quantities 
of food, so that a single specimen will in a short time render long branches 
of the vine entirely leafless. This larva varies much in color; when 
young it is usually green, with a long, slender, reddish horn rising from 
the last segment but one, and curving backward, but after each moult this 
horn gradually lessens in size until, as it approaches maturity, it disappears 
entirely, its place being occupied by a polished tubercle. When full 
grown the general color is sometimes green, but more frequently a pale 
straw or reddish-brown, deepening in color at the sides, and finally merg- 
ing into a rich brown; there is also a broken line of brown along the 
back, and another unbroken, with its upper edge fading gradually along 
each side. It has six scalloped, cream-colored spots on each side, and 
the body is covered more or less with minute spots, which are dark on the 
back, but light and annulated at the sides. There are also from six to 
eight transverse wrinkles on all but the thoracic and caudal segments. 
The head, anterior segments and spiracles incline to flesh color, the pro- 
legs and caudal plate deep brown. The largest segment in the body of 


the larva is the third behind the head, and into this, when at rest, is usually 


withdrawn the head and two anterior segments as shown in the figure. 


When full grown and about to transform to a chrysalis, the color of the 
caterpillar often changes to that of a beautiful pink or crimson. — It then 
descends to the ground and burrows underneath, and there undergoes its 
transformation to the pupa state within a smooth cavity. 


j 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


The chrysalis (fig. 6) is of a dark shining mahogany color, roughened 
especially on the anterior edge of the segments in the back. It remains 


Fig. 6. 


in the ground through the fall, winter and spring months, producing the 
moth the following summer. 


VARIATIONS IN THE WING EXPANSE OF PEZOTETTIX. 
BY G. M. DODGE, GLENCOE, NEBRASKA. 


In the Can. Ent., vol. ix., p. 112, I have described as a new species, 
under the name of Cadoptenus volucris, a long-winged variety of Pezotettix 
autumnalis Dodge. I separated it because of its great length of wing, in 
which respect it equals many specimens of Ca/. spretus, while in the 
typical autumnalis the elytra are very short, ovate and pointed. It 
also exhibited some variations in color. The latter I have since seen 
paralleled in autumnalis, and having found long-winged varieties of two 
other species of Pezofettix, 1 am now fully satisfied of the varietal char- 
acter of volucris. 

All the authorities agree in making the lack of wings, or the abbreviated 
character of those organs, the principal reason for separating the genus 
Pezotettix from Ca/optenus. My experience shows, however, that the length 
of wing in these insects cannot be relied upon as a specific distinction 
even. It is plain that these long-winged varieties by in-breeding might 
establish a local variety of what would appear to be Cadoptenus, but which 
would in reality be Pezofetiix, It is possible, then, that all our species of 
Caloptenus were originally Pezotettix ; that, by acquiring additional means 
of locomotion, were enabled to survive their ignoble relatives. This 
would certainly accord with the natural law of the “ survival of the 
fittest.” 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


One of my species, Pezotettix alba Dodge, seems to exhibit a transition 
from something still lower. I have an example in which the elytra are 
barely one-tenth of an inch in length, only half as long as in the typical 
or common form. In this specimen the cerci are much smaller than 
usual, although the insect is of the common size. 


I do not yet know whether these variations in wing expanse are com- 
mon to both sexes or not. I have so far found them only in male speci- 
mens, but that is no proof that winged females do not also occur. 


Lest any should imagine that I am wrong in determining these long- 
winged specimens to be varieties rather than species, I will say that these 
species of Pesofettix are not Hable to be confounded with any Cadoptenus 
and that the varieties do not, with the exceptions already mentioned, cufey 
in form or color from the types. 


Pezotettix alba is particularly distinct, being white or greenish-white in 
color, and occurring only upon a native plant whose stems and foliage are 
also white. This plant, commonly, but incorrectly, called wild sage, grows 
in clumps many rods apart upon the prairie ; but the insect is never found 
upon the intervening grass. ‘The winged variety was also found upon the 
same plant. . 

The following shows the comparative length of wing in_ these 
varieties :— 


Pez. alba Dodge. Pez. Junius Dodge. 

Variety, @#—Length of elytra, Type, dt —Length of a .40 to 
10 inch, .45 inch. 

Type, gt — Length of elytra, Type, oars of elytra, .45 to 
-175 inch. .50 inch. 

Type, 2 — Length of elytra, Variety, ¢—Length of elytra, .70 
.20 Inch. inch. 


Variety—Length of elytra, .50 
or .60 inch. 
Pez. autumnalis Dodge. 
Type, ¢—Length of elytra, .20 to .23 inch. 
ae i : .26 inch. 
Variety os a8 Ome cs 
The Caloptenoids are not more constant in color than other genera 

of Acrididz, red-legged ones producing blue-legged varieties, and véce- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


versa. Worthy of special mention are two males and a female, of the 
red-legged C. spretus, with hind tibiz pale blue. As I found them all in 
one locality, they were probably produced from one batch of eggs. C. 
minor Scudd. has a red-legged variety here. Have taken many specti- 
mens, but all were females. 


DESeCREELION OF EEE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
NEONYMPHA EURYTRIS. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—Sub-globose, well rounded in every part, but somewhat broadest 
below the middle ; wholly covered by fine, irregularly hexagonal reticu- 
lations, scarcely raised above the surface ; color yellow-green. Duration 
of this stage 8 days. 

YOUNG LARVA—Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle, 
tapering pretty evenly either way, the last segment ending in two short 
tails ; body covered with fine white hairs, slightly recurved ; color pink- 
white, marked longitudinally by seven crimson lines, one of which is 
medio-dorsal, and three on either side ; head sub-globose, nearly twice as 
broad as any body segment, flattened frontally, depressed slightly at top, 
and with a small conical process upon each vertex ; color dark brown. 
To next stage 7 days. 

AFTER FIRST MOULT—-Length .16 inch. Body flat at base, 
rounded dorsally, and arched in middle segments, the sides sloping ; the 
tails short, conical ; color drab, either of a green or red tint, individuals 
varying ; striped longitudinally with dull red, there being a narrow medio- 
dorsal stripe of this color, and two others on middle of each side; the 
whole surface finely but roughiy tuberculated, the tubercles being irregular 
in size and length, sharp, and each emitting a short hair ; colored also 
according to the ground they occupy ; head sub-pyriform, flattened front- 
ally, truncated at summit, and on each vertex a small rounded red 
process ; color of head yellowish, finely mottled with red. Duration of 
this stage 6 days. 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


AFTER SECOND MOULT—Length .24 inch. Shape as at last 
stage ; a fleshy ridge over the feet ; color dull ochrey-yellow, striped with 
brown ; the dorsal stripe broad and dark, and a similar one on the lower 
part of the side ; two narrow stripes on the middle of each side, paler 
colored ; the tails reddish at tips ; surface of body as before ; head shaped 
as before, yellow, the upper front crossed by two arched rows of rounded 
brown patches. ‘To next moult 14 days. 

AFTER THIRD MOULT—Length.44 inch. The middle segments 
stouter, the base broader, than before ; color pale ochre-yellow somewhat 
mottled with reddish on dorsum, but variable in this respect ; the lateral 
stripes sometimes nearly or quite obsolete, and in place of the upper one 
is a dark point or spot at the extreme hinder part of each segment from 
4 to 10; behind this the side is mottled with a darker shade than the 
ground ; the basal ridge buff; surface more roughened than before ; head 
nearly as before, the spots on the face darker, and a third row appears 
faintly below the others. To next moult 30 days. 


AFTER FOURTH AND LAST MOULT—To maturity days. 


MATURE LARVA—Length 1 inch. Body flat at base, the dorsum 
rounded, much arched on middle segments, the sides flat and sloping ; 
over the feet a fleshy ridge ; the second segment constricted much as in 
Flesperia ; the last segment bifurcate, each fork short, pointed, divergent ; 
color of dorsum yellow-brown ; of sides, darker ; a medio-dorsal band 
dark brown, and on either side of this on each segment from 4 to Ir is an 
indistinct dark patch ; the lateral area separated from the dorsal by two 
wavy parallel lines, the upper one dark, the other yellowish ; on the side 
of each segment from 5 to 11 is a dark oblique stripe; the basal ridge 
yellowish ; the tails tipped with red; the whole surface covered with 
sharp tubercles of irregular sizes and colored as the ground, each emitting 
a short brown hair ; feet and legs yellow-brown ; head sub-pyriform, flat- 
tened in front, truncated at summit and slightly depressed ; the vertices a 
little produced, pointed and compressed ; color yellow-brown, finely 
tuberculated ; the face crossed by three rows of rounded brown patches. 


CHRYSALIS—Length .5 inch. Same shape as sosydcus ; cylindrical, 
the abdomen stout and larger than the anterior portion; mesonotum 
rounded, arched ; the head case truncated abruptly from the base of the 
mesonotum, narrow ; wing cases somewhat flaring at base ; the neuration 
of the wings seen distinctly ; color pale yellow-brown, the wing cases and 


SS SS ee Oe CU rl,!mhUClChl le. 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 


anterior parts streaked with fine, abbreviated, brown lines; on the mar- 
gins of the wing cases a series of dark brown spots ; beneath the abdo- 
men two brown stripes, and on the middle of each side a row of brown 
points extending from the mesonotum to extremity. Duration of this 
stage 11 days. 


Eurytris is a common species in this section of West Virginia, found 
in the borders of the forest and in the adjacent fields, especially if these 
last are more or less overgrown with brambles, &c. ‘The eggs are easily 
obtained by confining the female in a box, or over a flower pot in which a 
bit of sod has been placed. They are laid upon the grass, or dropped 
loosely upon the sod or the earth. The first eggs so obtained by me were 
laid 30th May. The earlier stages were rapidly passed, as related above, 
but the last were very much prolonged. About 2oth July, soon after the 
third moult, the larve all ceased feeding, and some appeared to be in pro- 
found lethargy. But others, after resting for several days, would arouse 
and eat a little, then sleep again. But every one, notwithstanding the 
lethargic condition, was found to have changed its position several times. 
After keeping them so two weeks, I left home for some months, and on 
my return found all were dead. But one larva that I had sent to Miss 
Peart before 20th July went on to imago, and J inferred that probably 
some of the others would have done so after sleeping for an interval, had 
I been at hand to feed them. This was in 1876. In 1877 I raised a 
small brood from eggs obtained 31st May. With these every stage of the 
larvee, after the first, hngered. When about to moult the larva remained 
for three or four days before this event motionless, and as many after, and 
there were periods of several days between the moults when they rested 
and took no food. As I kept them in small glasses it was easy to deter- 
mine this. The larva is sluggish at all times, moves very little and with 
great deliberation. Part of this brood at last ceased feeding altogether 
and contracted themselves for a long sleep. But I eventually lost all but 
one of these, probably from the heat of the weather, as one after another 
dropped off its support, dead. The single larva spoken of continued to 
feed and reached the length of about one inch, when winter set in, and I 
then set it in a cold room to preserve it till spring. By an accident this 
one was lost in January. It appeared to be healthy up to this time, and 
the imago would probably have emerged from chrysalis in early spring. It 
will be seen that breeding these larvee is an excessively tedious matter, 
requiring months to perfect, and involving many risks. As fresh butterflies 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of £urytris are flying here in the fall, there are of course two broods, but 
breeding shows that some of the larvae of the first brood became lethargic 
in summer, and so they pass the winter. The larvze of the second brood 
doubtless pass the winter in their earlier stages, and begin again to feed 
early in the next season. 


Mr. Scudder, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 74, has spoken of the 
marked resemblance between the imagos of the Satyridz and Hesperide 
in many important features, and calls attention to the very great similarity 
between the chrysalids of the two families. I concur with him fully in 
these respects, but I would suggest that the resemblances between the 
larvee and their behavior is often just as great. I am more and more 
satisfied from the study of the preparatory stages of the Satyrids, that their 
true place in classification is very near the Hesperide. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BRONCHELIA. 
BY W. V. ANDREWS, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


Bronchelia gravilinearia, i. sp. 

The general ground color of this species is a light brown, approaching 
afawncolor. The palpi, however, are of a dark brown. 

F, w.—Wing stretch 134 in. There are five distinct, dark brown, 
transverse bands, all commencing on the costa. The first two basal, and 
rather close to each other ; the inner of the two somewhat broken. The 
third very heavy. The fourth is much narrower than the third, and com- 
mences on the costa at about one-tenth of an inch from the third, curving 
until it touches it at about mid-wing, thence running nearly confluent with 
it to inner margin. ‘The fifth band is not quite so heavy as the third, and 
is broken at about the third nervule. All the bands curve towards the 
base, but are not quite parallel. The space between the fifth band and 
outer margin is thickly covered with scales of the same dark brown as the 
bands. Outer margin slightly notched, with a row of dark brown lunar 
marks. All the bands, except one and two, are extended across the hind 
wings. 


a 


——— Fo ar 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 109 


H. w.—The heavy third band of f w. is equally heavy on 4. w., and 
is bisected at aright angle by a heavy brown line, forming aT’ mark. The 
slight fourth band commences on this wing at about the same distance 
from the third as it does or f w., and runs a zigzag course to inner mar- 
gin. The fifth band is broken,.as described on f w. The outer margin 
of this wing is more deeply notched than the outer margin of f zw., and 
the lunar marks are more distinct, and are larger. All the markings are 
of the same dark brown color. 

In general appearance this species differs greatly from /Aortaria, the 
dark scales being much less diffused. 

The under side of both wings is concolorous, or nearly so, with their 
upper side, with very few scattered brown scales. Of the / w. under side 
all the bands of the upper side are distinct and clear except the first. Of 
the 2. w., the bands are much fainter, the third and fifth being the heavier, 
while the fourth is scarcely perceptible. 

A single ~ specimen from Indiana. Coll. W. V. A. 

I hesitated for some time before venturing to describe this species, 
thinking it possible that it may be Gueneé’s B. dendraria, but Packard’s 
statement that the third and fourth lines of dexdra7za were broad, confused 
and blended, does not apply to the example before me. 


-“MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. IT. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


CORISCIUM. 


C. 5-strigella Cham. 


By a slip of the pen the description of this species contains the fol- 
lowing sentence : “ Annulus about its middle at the tip.” It should read : 
“Middle and another at its tip.” There are several indistinct costal 
streaks besides the five larger ones from which it takes its name, and there 
are four brown spots or longitudinal dashes along the line where the 
general brownish-gray color of the wing meets the white dorsal part. 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


COLEOPHORA. 

C. gigantella Cham. 

A typographical error in the original description makes it read “ these 
are in the apical part of the wing” for “ ¢47ec are in,” etc. The species 
was described from a single specimen from Canada, and was placed in the 
section ‘having the palpi simple.” Since then I have bred it from cases 
found in May attached to Maple trees ( Acer saccharinum ), in Kentucky. 
The specimen in Mr. Saunders’ collection had probably been a little 
injured in setting, as in the bred specimens I find there is a minute tuft 
at the apex of the second joint of the palpi, and there is also an ochreous 
streak from the base along the dorsal margin of the fore wings. 


Among the European species figured in the Wat. Hist. Zin., C. virgaure 
most nearly resembles this species, which, however, is larger than vi7gaure@ 
and has no brown dusting on the wings. V7rgaure, likewise, has the costa 
narrowly white to the middle, whilst in g7ganfe/la the extreme costa is of 
the same pale brownish ochreous with the streaks on the wing. The 
streaks on the fore wings are in other respects alike in the two species. 
The hind wings, abdomen and anal tuft are gray (in wrgaure the tuft is 
yellowish ochreous). The cilize of the fore wings are a little paler and 
more grayish than the streaks on the wings, and the outer surface of the 
palpi is brownish ochreous. The larval case is of the same form in this 
species as in vrgaur@, except that it is a little more slender, and it is of a 
sordid brownish-yellow color. ‘The imago comes out in the latter half 
of June. 


C. shaleriella Cham. resembles gzganéedla closely, but is a little larger, 
having an a/. ex. of xs inch, while that of gzgan/fed/a is five lines ; and in 
shaleriella the antenne are not annulate with brown. 


Both of these species approach C. cratipennella Clem. Dr. Clemens 
gives no measurements, and I have not seen his species ; but from his 
account of it, it would seem to differ from gigantella and shaleriella by the 
unusual width of the streak which extends along the wing between the 
costal and subcostal veins, and by “the stripe along the subcostal vein 
which sub-divides into two branches terminating on the costa,” and in the 
number and course of the streaks in the apical part of the wing ; the color 
of the basal portion of the costa is not stated by Dr. Clemens. 


I have no specimen of sha/erie//a for comparison now, and it may prove 
to be identical with gzvantella. 


eS ee ee 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111 


C. fagicorticella Cham. 


This species does not closely resemble any of those figured in JVaz. 
Fiist. Tin. ; the larval case, however, resembles that of C. murinipennella in 
form. The imago is perhaps more like C. Guafhadiz than any other there 
figured. The palpal tuft is very small and the a. ex. varies from something 
over % to about 1% inch. The wings are very indistinctly marked, and 
the yellowish tinge of the apical portion of the primaries is faint. There 
is a wide, pale yellowish-ochreous streak along the dorsal margin ; indeed 
sometimes the entire dorsal part of the wing beneath the fold is of that 
color, and the furcate yellowish streak above the fold is so close to it that 
one sometimes may fail to observe that the fold itself is whitish. Very 
faint lines may also be obsetved along the course of the veins in the apical 
part of the wing, and their course in perfectly fresh specimens is made 
more distinct by lines of sparsely dusted brown scales which margin them ; 
the streak along the costa is also very indistinct. Cilize of fore wings pale 
yellowish ; hind wings and their ciliz, and abdomen, gray; anal tuft 
white. Length of larval case 2% lines. 


C. untcolorela Cham. 


This species was described from captured specimens, and I have since 
bred it. The larval case does not closely resemble any of. those figured 
in Wat. Hist. Tin. It is most like that of wz7gaure, but is much shorter in 
proportion and smaller every way, with the anterior end curved down- 
wards. It is grayish or ochreous, with little blackish specks adhering to 
it. Length 2% lines. 

The imago is sometimes a little larger than the dimensions given 
(ss inch), reaching 3% inch a/. ex. It is proper to add that the hind wings 
and upper surface of the abdomen are slate color, the under surface of the 
abdomen yellowish, and the antenne very faintly annulate with yellowish. 
Otherwise the entire insect is as I have described it, of a grayish drab 
color. Of the species figured in Wat. Hist. Zin., it seems to come nearest 
siccifolia, having the hind wings wider than in the other unicolorous 
species there figured ; but the fore wings are rather darker than in that 
species. ‘The case is very common in May, adhering to the bark of forest 
trees, but the food plant is unknown. 


C. linea-pulvella Cham. 
Pailpi tufted ; antennz with the basal and a few following joints a little 
enlarged. Head and appendages pale ochreous, the outer surface of the 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


palpi brownish, and the antennz with alternate annulations of dark ochre- 
ous and white. Fore wings ochreous, with zwAzte lines so densely dusted 
wth dark brown or blackish scales as almost to conceal the white; one of 
these extends along the costal margin ; another from the base to the 
apex, giving off three branches to the costal margin, the first being emitted 
just before the middle; another extends along the fold, and there is a 
more indistinct one along the dorsal margin. Hind wings fuscous ; abdo- 
men dark lead color above, paler and more ochreous below. Ad. ex. 5 
lines. Ky., June 2rst (some specimens in Cambridge Museum are labeled 
by mistake wev7pulvella). The basal joint of the antenne is but little 
larger than those immediately following, but these are themselves a little 
enlarged. . 


C. argentella. 


This is C. argentialbella Cham., Can. ENt., v. 7, p. 75, and Bul. Geo. 
Survey (Hayden), v. 3, pt. 1, pp. 133 and 141—not C. argentialbella 
Cham., Can. ENT., v. 6, p. 128. Azgentella is heretofore known only from 
Texas and Colorado, but I have also since taken a single specimen in 
Kenutcky. When it was first described I had no means of reference to 
my collection of Kentucky species, nor to my notes or published descrip- 
tions, and the previous use of the name argentialbella for the smaller 
Kentucky species escaped my recollection. Avrgentialbella is retained for 


the smaller, and first described species, known as yet only from Kentucky ; 


argentelia for the larger species. 


C. bistrigedla Cham. 

There seems to be much difference in the intensity of the yellow streaks 
on the fore wings and the amount of brown dusting along the margins of 
the streaks. The single specimen taken in Colorado was somewhat worn, 
and all my specimens from. Texas had been captured for a good while, and 
the colors may have faded somewhat. It mey turn out, on the examin- 
ation of fresh specimens, that it isidentical with C. dasistvigella Cham. from 
Colorado, which is only known by a single specimen, which, however, is 
in perfect condition. Neither has been found except in Texas and Col- 
orado as yet. 


C. caryaefoliella. 
C. cretaticostella ? Clem. 
C. rufoluteella Cham, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 413 


Dr. Clemens gave names to several species which were known to him 
only by the food plant, larval case or larva. Among these he mentions a 
“species feeding on Hickory leaves under the name of caryaefoliella. He 
also describes a captured imago under the name of crefaticostella, but the 
description is so very brief and insufficient that without seeing his spect- 
men I cannot be altogether certain that it is identical with that bred by 
me from larvee feeding on Hickory leaves. | His description, however, of 
cretaticostella, such as it is, 1s applicable to the Hickory-feeding species 
bred_by me. I know three species feeding on Hickory leaves, but have 
.only succeeded in rearing the imago from one, and as that one agrees in 
the characters of the case and larva with the case and larva mentioned by 
Clemens, I adopt the name suggested by him. His species cretaticostella 
was described in January, 1860, and his mention of the larva and case of 
caryacfoliella under that name was in 1861, so that the former name would 
be entitled to priority ; but as there may be doubt whether the species are 
the same, and as the description of cretaticoste//a is so imperfect, and as, on 
account of the ease with which bred species may be identified, it Is always 
desirable that the specific name should be derived from the food plant, I 
adopt caryaefoliella for this species. 


C. rufoluteella Cham. is known only from captured specimens. I have 
always found it in abundance about the middle of July, resting upon 
palings in Linden Grove Cemetery, in Covington, Ky., a mile away from 
any Hickory trees. There it always makes its appearance suddenly and 
in considerable numbers, so that I have always supposed it to be a feeder 
on some species of plant found in the cemetery enclosure. I am, how- 
ever, utterly unable to distinguish it from specimens bred by me in the 
latter part of June from larval cases found feeding on Hickory leaves in 
the manner described by Dr. Clemens for caryaefolre/la, and I believe it to 
be the same species. 

The species of this genus pass by such gentle g-adations from those 
having the antennae densely clothed with scales, or the basal joint of it 
tufted or greatly enlarged, and with the second joint of the palpi distinctly 
tufted, to those in which both antennae and palpi are simple, that these 
characters afford little assistance in subdividing the genus. It is sometimes 
difficult to determine whether we should say “the basal joint of the 
antennae tufted,” or only ‘‘enlarged,” and so as to the palpi. . Thus for- 
merly (CaN. Ent., v. 6) I placed rufoluteedla in the secticn “ basal joint 
of antennae with a small tuft, palpi simple.” But it now seems to me that 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


it would be more correct to say “basal joint of antennae somewhat 
enlarged ; second joint of palpi with a very minute tuft.” 

The species is ochreous ; the head and palpi pale or yellowish ochre- 
ous; the antennae white, annulate with brown; fore wings reddish 
ochreous, darker towards the apex, with the costal margin from base to 
cilize white. 

The larval case is ochreous red, cylindrical, laterally compressed at the 
hinder end, and over three lines long. It is attached to the under side 
of the leaves of Carya alba, and the larva eats out the parenchyma in 
little patches approaching a square form. 

The ornamentation of the imago is nearer that of C. Zémosipennella 
than to any of the other species figured in Wat. Hist. Tin. Al. ex. 4% 
lines. 


C. Vernonieella, n. sp. 


This species, like many others which I do not specially name, is known 
only by its larval case, and I refer to it simply on account of its great 
size. It is about an inch long and _ slender, reminding one somewhat of 
the basal half of a “ darning needle.” ‘The larva feeds on leaves of the 
Iron-weed ( Vernonia). Miss Murtfeldt informs me that she has found it 
in Missouri, and I have found it in Kentucky. 


There are two species besides caryacfoliel/a feeding on Hickory leaves. 
One of these makes a very small case, laterally compressed and but little 
more than a line long. Another makes a case about the size of that of 
caryacfoliella, but it 1s also somewhat laterally compressed, and the case 
having been cut out of the edge of the leaf, the upper edge of it shows 
the serrations of the leaf. 


There is also a species making a pistol-formed case that feeds on 
Chestnut leaves. And the large blackish pistol-formed case of C. ¢¢//iaella 
Clem., the larva and case only of which are known, is also found here 
occasionally. I have also met with a small pearly-white case less than 
two lines long, and a white fusiform case one-half an inch long, besides 
many others found in this locality. A species which feeds on Blackberry 
leaves ( Rubus villosus) makes a case out of thé edge of the leaf, showing 
the serrations on the dorsal edge. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


WINTERING VANESSA ANTIOPA. 


BY C. G. SIEWERS, NEWPORT, KY. 


This beautiful diurnal—the ‘“‘Camberwell Beauty” of England, and 
very inappropriately styled the “ Mourning Cloak” by Americans, for is 
it not clothed in a mantle of imperial purple, fringed with gold lace ?—is 
well known to hybernate. It is occasionally found in stone piles in the 
winter, but I think its most common hiding-place is in the culvert walls 
of our country roads and turnpikes. It requires a cold, moist, dark 
place, or it will dry up. 

Capturing a fine female on the gth of October, 1876, I concluded to 
winter it. Placing it in a net cage with a dish of apple, sugar and water, 
I supposed my share of the performance over. It fed for several weeks, 
then fluttered a good deal and died the beginning of December. It had 
fairly dried up. This showed bad management. Last fall, on September 
7th, passing a tree sugared the night before, I captured another female. 
This one I placed in a paper box eight inches square and high, removed 
the core of half an apple, sliced off a bit of the round side to steady it, 
placed it ina small two-inch dish, covered with sugar, and filled up with 
water. Once a week I renewed the water and sugar. It placed itself on 
the side of the box, directly over and within reach of the dish, and how 
ever I moved the apple I always found that it followed it around. 

It evidently fed on warm days, but never opened its wings. I kept it 
in an up-stairs, cold room, where water would freeze, but still not as cold 
as out doors. It allowed me to handle it, and would lie flat on my hand 
without movement. In February I thought there were symptoms of weak- 
ening. It no longer perched on the side of the box, but remained on 
the bottom, leaning over very much to one side. 


Placing it in sunshine the last week of February, it began to open its 
wings little by little, with short jerks, as if the tendons. were loosening. 
When half open it was put away again. On the 11th of March, a warm 
cloudy day, I took it on my finger to an open window. While looking at 
its clear eyes the sun suddenly shone out, and the next moment it was 
gone. I had proposed to try and find a mate for it, but concluded to 
keep it till others were flying, and then take it to its old neighborhood and 
let it go. Asit took the direction of its place of capture I was pretty sure 


MLS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to see it again, and found it four days after in a sugar camp in the same 
woods. I recognized it at once by a bad bend in the tip of the wings, 
caused by a jam of the dish slipping on it. 


On the 27th of March, two weeks later, the first avfiopa appeared. I 
have so far failed to take the larva, but have just seen several imagines in 
a willow thicket, which gives me hope. They are usually rare, but some 
years their numbers make them a nuisance. ‘Their color is dark purple 
with strong black spines. Food plants—Lombardy poplar and willow. 


INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA. 


COMPILED BY REY. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M. A. 


from Kirbys Fauna Boreali-Americana : Insecta. 


(Continued from Vol. ix., p. 156.) 


[254.] V. HYMENOPTERA. 
FAMILY MEGACHILIDA. 


375. MEGACHILE MARITIMA Stephens.—Length of body 7 lines. 


|271.] Body black, pubescent, thickly and minutely punctured. 
Mandibles very large, triangular, protended, not crossing each other, 
armed with four terminal teeth; face between the eyes thickly clothed 
with brown hairs, which grow tawny towards the mouth; antenne 
filiform ; back of the trunk clothed with brown hairs less thickly in the 
disk ; wings a little embrowned, especially at the apex ; nervures dusky ; 
base-covers piceous ; legs hairy with pale hairs ; abdomen subovate with 
the three last segments fringed with pale hairs intermixed with black ; the 
ventral hairs are tawny, paler towards the base, and darker towards the 
apex. 


FAMILY ANTHOPHORID. 


376. ANTHOPHORA BOMBOIDES Av7by.—Length of body 6 lines. A 
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°. 


ae 


See 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LEZ 


Body black, thickly punctured, clothed like that of a humble-bee with 
dense pallid hairs. Head triangular, upper lip subquadrangular, white 
with a black dot at each upper angle ; nose white, naked ; a bunch of 
whitish hairs conceals the base of the antennz ; antennez filiform, scarcely 
longer than the head ; vertex with some black hairs thinly scattered ; 
occiput fringed with whitish ones; trunk subglobose, set with longish 
white hairs ; hairs of the legs mostly black ; tarsi piceous ; the first or 
dilated joint is armed with a strong and sharp tooth on the inner side at 
the base ; wings subhyaline with black nervures; abdomen between glo- 
bose and triangular, with the three first dorsal segments clothed with long 
whitish hairs, and the tail and ventral segments with black. 


[272.] FAMILY BOMBIDA. 


377. Bompus syLvicoLa A7rdy.—Length of body 7 lines. A single 
specimen taken in Lat. 65”. 


General hirsuties of the upper side of the body yellowish. Head with 
a tuft of the same colour below the antennz, and another at the vertex ; 
trunk with a broad black band between the wings; hairs of the thighs 
yellowish ; those of the tibiz black ; tarsi more or less covered with short 
decumbent pale hairs ; wings somewhat embrowned, with black nervures ; 
abdomen with a broad, mesal, ferruginous band. 


378. BoMBUS BOREALIS Avrby.—Length of body 8 lines. Several 
taken with the preceding. 


[273.1 Body clothed underneath with black, above with tawny, hairs. 
Face and vertex with a tuft of yellowish ones ; thorax, between the wings, 
with a black hairy band ; wings somewhat embrowned with black ner- 
vures ; legs black ; abdomen above with a thick coat of tawny hairs palest 
at the base; anus black. 


379. BomBus TERRICOLA A7zrdby.—Plate vi., fig. 4.—Length of body 
g lines. ‘Taken with the preceding. 


2%. This species approaches very near to &, ferrestris, but the whole 
upper surface of the abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs, with the excep- 
tion of the first segment, the hair of which, and a band near the anus, are 
black ; the extremity only of the latter is dirty-white ; there are a few yel- 
low hairs on the metathorax ; and the wings are embrowned. In ZB. fe7- 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


restris the abdomen is black, with a yellow band, and the two last anal 
segments are white ; there are no yellow hairs on the metathorax, and the 
wings are much clearer. 


380. Bompus DERHAMELLUS Avréy.—Length of body 8 lines. Taken 
with the preceding. 

2. Body hairy, black. Head with a tuft of yellowish hairs on the 
vertex ; thorax yellow, black between the wings; wings more embrowned 
than in the male; abdomen yellow at the base with a black posterior 
band ; anus ferruginous. 


[274.| 381. Bompus pRaticoLa Kzirdy.—Length of body 7 lines. 
Taken with the preceding. 

2. Body black, clothed above with yellowish hairs. Head with a 
tuft of yellowish hairs below the antennz, and on the vertex ; thorax 
black between the wings, which are embrowned ; legs with yellow hairs at 
the base ; anterior half of the abdomen yellow, posterior ferruginous. 


382. Bomsus virGinicus Zinn.—Length of body 8% lines. Locality 
uncertain. 

9°. Hairs of the body in general black, except a tuft on the vertex 
behind the antenne, the anterior and posterior extremities, and sides of 
the thorax, and the first segment of the abdomen, which are clothed with 
yellowish hairs ; between the wings the thorax is black ; the tarsi are 
rufous ; the wings are rather embrowned, most so at the apex; nervures 
black. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION 
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 


The Annual Meeting of the above Club will be held in St. Louis, 
Mo., on Tuesday, August 2oth, the day preceding the meeting of the 
Association. It is hoped that all Entomologists who can possibly do so 
will be present on that occasion. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Manual of the Apiary, by Pror. A. J. Cook, Lansing, Mich. Octavo 
pp. 286, with 110 illustrations ; published by Thos. G. Newman & Son, 
Chicago. 

We are indebted to our esteemed friend Cook for a copy of the second 
edition of this excellent work on Bee Culture, treating of the art in all its 
different branches in a clear, concise and interesting manner, showing 
throughout the author’s thorough knowledge of the subject on which he 
writes. The work is divided into two parts, the first of which treats of 
the natural history of the Honey Bee, the second on the Apiary, its care 
and management. It is well got up and the illustrations are very good ; 
we feel a pleasure in recommending it to all those interested in Bee Cul- 
ture. The fact that the first edition of 3,000 copies issued less than two 
years ago is exhausted, shows that the public have appreciated the author’s 
efforts. 


Antigeny, or Sexual Dimorphism in Butterflies, by Samuel H. Scudder, 
8vo., pp. 8, from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences, vol. x. 


The Insects of the Tertiary Beds at Quesnel, British Columbia, by 
Samuel H. Scudder, 8vo., pp. 15. From the Report of Progress, 1875- 
76, Geological Survey of Canada, containing descriptions of twenty species 
of fossil insects. 


Additions to the Insect Fauna of the Tertiary Beds at Quesnel, 
British Columbia, by Samuel H. Scudder. From the Report of Progress, 
1876-77, Geological Survey of Canada, 8vo., pp. 8, containing descrip- 
‘tions of six species of fossil insects. 

Fossil Coleoptera from the Rocky Mountain Territories, by Samuel 
H. Scudder. Extracted from Bulletin of the Geological and Geographical 
Survey of the Territories, Vol. ii., No. 1, 8vo., pp. ro., in which are 
described 31 species of fossil Coleoptera. 


Notice of the Butterflies collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in the arid 
regions of Southern Utah and Northern Arizona, during the summer of 
1877, by Samuel H. Scudder. From the Bulletin of the Survey, Vol. iv., 
No. 1, 8vo., pp. 5, containing references to 41 species. We are very 
greatly indebted to the author for kindly sending us copies of the above 
valuable papers. 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Field and Forest. This excellent monthly journal of Natural History 
continues to be well sustained. Among articles of especial interest to 
Entomologists we notice papers in the January and March numbers, by 
W. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh, W. Va., containing descriptions of nine 
new species of butterflies found in Colorado and Texas. 

The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History ; lge., 8vo. 
pp. 52, with two plates. Terms, $2 per vol. ; single numbers, 60 cts. The 
first number of this new quarterly journal of Natural History is at hand. 
3esides matters of localinterest connected with the Society, the present 
number contains a paper ‘‘On the Tongue of some Hymenoptera,’ by 
V. T. Chambers ; a catalogue of the Lepidoptera observed in the vicinity 
of Cincinnati, by Charles Drury, including 475 species ; Contributions to 
Paleontology, by S. A. Miller and C. B. Dyer, and a description of Pupa 
Cincinnatiensis, by C. R. Judge. 

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natura! Sciences. Part 5 of Vol. 3, 
the closing number of the volume, is at hand, containing papers by Henry 
R. Howland, on Recent Archzological Discoveries, illustrated by three 
photographic plates; D. S. Kellicott, description of a new species of 
Argulus, and a new Check List of North American Sphingidz, by Aug. 
RR, Grote, 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


PAPILIO THOAS. 


It may be of some interest to the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLO- 
GIsT to know that one specimen of Pagzlzo thoas was captured in Hamilton 
last summer, in the south-eastern part of the city, and one specimen on the 
G. W. R. track near Dundas. Both specimens were badly broken. Mr. 
DD. Little has the one here, and Mr. R. Kyle, of Dundas, has the other. 

WILLIAM Murray, Hamilton, Ont. 


We captured at Center, N. Y., April 24th, Swerinthus cerisit in excel- 
lent condition. So far as I am aware, it has never been taken in this 
region before. You see Center still holds her own, and every season 
yields up new treasures. James S. BarLey, Albany, N. Y. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOLy X LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1878. No. 7 


THE GENERA OF THE HESPERIDA OF THE EUROPEAN 
FAUNAIL-REGION. 


BY DR. A. SPEYER. 
(Translated from the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung for 1878, pp. 167-193.) 


[Of marked value, as is everything upon the Lepidoptera proceeding 
from the pen of Dr. Speyer, the present paper—an arrangement of the 
Hesperidze which will generally be conceded to be quite in advance of any 
heretofore presented—will prove of special interest to the American 
student, in connection with the arrangement a short time ago presented by 
the same author, of some of our American species (Edwards’ Catalogue 
of the Lepidoptera of North America), associated with the European species 
(my Lvtomological Contributions, No. iv., p. 71). The admirable dis- 
cussion in this paper of the value and relative importance of the several 
structural features of the Hesperians, cannot fail of being of eminent 
service in the systematic arrangement of our numerous species. Great 
care has been taken with the translation to render it a faithful one. The 
thanks of the appreciative reader are due to Mr. W. H. Edwards and 
Mr. O. von Meske for providing for the translation, and to Prof. Uhler 
for its supervision. ‘The remaining two-thirds of the paper will be given 
in the two following numbers of this journal.—J. A. LINTNER. | 


A task set for me by American friends* induced me to undertake, in 
connection with the North American Hesperide in my own collection, 


* T have been able to comply with the wish of my friends, to aid them in the 
arrangement of the Hesperidce (for the purpose of publishing a new Catalogue of their 
Rhopalocera) only within the narrow limits to which I am confined by my very imperfect 
acquaintance with the American species of the family, In addition to the statement 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


also, a revision of the European species; the result of which I here 
submit, although the work is not so thorough as it should have been—some 
subjective deficiencies pertaining to it, as the non-examination of the 
neuration of the wings, etc. 

The European Hesperian Fauna is so poor in species that, in com- 
parison with the Fauna of the whole world, it is almost lost : even with 
the addition of the much richer Fauna of temperate North America, still 
appearing as only a small fragment of the whole, affording no satisfactory 
insight into the correlation of the forms, and causing the arrangement and 
limitation of the species to remain uncertain. 

But so long as we are without a general system of the Hesperide 
which would meet present requirements, nothing remains to be done but 
to work up the individual Faunze for one’s-self: in order, in the first 
place, to meet the absolute wants of our collections and special cata- 
logues, and secondly, to prepare the way for a complete work at some 
future time. That the attempts made hitherto to divide this multiform 
family into genera have remained rather unsatisfactory will not be dis- 
puted, and possibly least of all by the excellent authors themselves. 
Herrich-Scheeffer, at least, who in the true scientific spirit undertook such 
a task in his Prodromus Systematis Lepidopterorum (1868), plainly under- 
stood its imperfection. It is, however, much to be regretted that this 
great work, based upon such comprehensive studies, has not been com- 
pleted, for, as is known, it remains as a fragment. 


already made in the Catalogue which [I have received through the kindness of the author 
( Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of America, North of Mexico, Part f,, Diurnals : By W. 
H. Edwards, Philadelph., 1877), I would remark, that, of the one hundred and eleven 
species there included, only forty-four have been in my possession, and that the American 
representatives of the genera Carterocephalus, Thymelicus, Lintneria,t Achlyodes, Ery- 
cides, Pyrrhopyga and Alegathymus have been entirely wanting. That the generic 
diagnoses prepared by me somewhat hastily should have the honor of publication, I 
neither expected nor desired. How far these diagnoses will be sustained in their exten- 
sion to the species unknown to me, and whether, and how far especially, the entire 
classification would have been modified, if instead of a part only, the whole number of 
species in nature were known to me, I am at present unable to judge. Finally, that 
Mr. Scudder, and not myself, is the author of the genera Amblysctrtes and Pholisora, has 
already been mentioned by Mr. Edwards. The genus 7ymelecus Herrich-Scheeffer 
( Prodromiuts, etc., p. 44, 1867) had already been well characterized. 


+ [This name having been previously used by Mr. Butler, for a genus of the Sphingide, it has been 
withdrawn by its author, and Sysfasea substituted forit. See this journal, vol. ix., p. 120.—J. A. L.] 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. p23 


The Hesperidz are regarded by me as a group equal in systematic 
value to all the other Rhopalocera, and one which forms a transition to 
the Heterocera. They approach the latter through the possession of an 
attachment to the anterior tibiz, the double-spurred posterior tibie of 
most of the species, and in the pupa being enclosed in a net-work of 
threads. No other group of the Diurnals, so far as I know, has two pairs 
of spurs on the posterior tibiz. Besides the Hesperidz, the Papilionine 
(Equites) alone have the tibial epyphysis, and in these alone the thread- 
enclosed pupa is found, at least in one of the genera (Parnassius). In 
other respects, however, the Papilioninz are far removed from the 
Hesperide. 

The Hesperidz are still more decidedly characterized as a genealogical 
transition group, between the Heterocera and the Rhopalocera, in that 
they possess besides, in particular cases, two characteristic physiological 
and anatomical peculiarities—the position of the wings when at rest, and 
the catch-bristle (Aaftborste) of the hind wings. 

Nisontades Tages carries its wings, as I have observed towards evening 
in sleeping examples resting upon flowers, directed backwards and sloping 
like the roof of a house, as in the night-moths. The same observation 
had already been made by Prof. Zeller, not only in Zages, but in freshly 
excluded examples of H. malvarum O., which last had the antenne placed 
sideways and laid along the thorax, and the abdomen turned upwards, so 
that the observer was reminded of a sleeping /feterogenea testudinana 
(Zsts, 1847, p. 288). Whether others have also made the same obser- 
vations with this or other species, I do not know. I have not myself 
given the subject much attention. So far as I remember, I have always 
found the other Hesperians, when at full rest, sitting with erect wings, in 
the normal position of the Diurnals ; but not with separated wings, as has 
been mostly stated. 

A fully developed ve¢inacu/um* occurs only in the male of Euschemon 
raffesiae Macleay, and it is remarkable that the home of this singular 
genus is Australia, where so many primitive forms have been preserved 
that elsewhere have been overthrown by terrestrial revolutions, or destroyed 
by the concurrence of more progressive rivals. 

Looking away from these possibly single cases, the Hesperide form a 
very natural, in themselves closed, division of the Diurnals, and as such 


* (The /rennudum of many authors. —L. | 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


much easier to circumscribe than to analyse as natural and sharply defined 
genera. ‘To their characteristic peculiarities belong (after the venation 
of the wings, etc.) as an easy and evident characteristic, the brush of stiff 
hairs which springs from beneath the base of the antennae, which Hubner 
thought to be, in his definition of Astycz (Verz., p. 102), like the ‘‘ curve 
on the cone of the ear.” ‘It arises very near the base of the antennae, 
between them and the upper margin of the eyes, and almost on the place 
occupied by the ocelli, but a little farther forwards, near the middle of the 
base of the antenne—the ocelli, when present, lying on the posterior 
margin. It is developed alike in both sexes, but varies in regard to 
length, form and color in the different genera and species. As a rule itis 
black, occasionally mixed with gold, rarely entirely rusty, or pale-yellow. 
Where it is particularly long and stout, as in Pyrygus, Scelothrix and 
LVisoniades, 1t is somewhat curved over the eyes, as if to serve as a shade 
for them. ‘The inferior hairs are more elongated than the upper ones. It 
is very short in several Pamphila (Goniloba) species and in the American 
genus Ludamus (Goniurus), but is not entirely absent from any species 
examined by me. In some American genera this otherwise simple haur- 
formed structure, in which the hairs are close set, takes the form of a plate 
of hairs, by reason of their being spread out at the end, as in Copacodes 
sp., Pholisora Scudd. As a short character for this organ, we retain the 
name given by Hiibner, “ Lockchen” [a small lock of hair], although it 
is only by particular perfection to be compared to a lock of hair. 


The appendage to the anterior tibiz (epiphysis cruralis, schzendblatt- 
chen)* a bare, mostly reddish-yellow, blunt thorn-shaped, or lancet-shaped, 
chitinous plate, projects, in the Hesperide, from the middle of the inner 
side of the tibia and reaches to their end. It hes quite close to the 
tibia, and its free surface is clothed with a flat tuft of hairs, so that the 
structure is sometimes not readily recognized. Its absence separates two 
(which perhaps should be united) natural genera, poor in species, from 
the remainder of the family. 


That the presence or absence of the spurs on the middle of the pos- 
terior tibiae is of as little use as elsewhere in founding genera, the already 
described genera will suffice to show. It even seems as if the Hesperidae 
were destined to add to the, until now, single example of varia'):lity in 


{* The tibial epiphysis of Guenee and of Edwards’ Catalogue.—L., | 


—* 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 


the number of spurs in the same species (Acidalia rusticata), a second 
instance of a varying species (see below Pamphila Alcides). 

Of no more value in asystematic relation are the spines (dornborsten ) 
of the tibiae, so far as I can judge from the limited number of species 
that I have examined. The genus Pampfila affords ample evidence of 
this ; Pyreus, also, attests to its truth, for its only spined species, crz- 
rellum, no one would ever think of separating, because of this peculiarity, 
from Zesse//um, etc. 

The spines the most generally occur on the middle tibiae, where they 
are always the most strongly developed ; occasionally they are only present 
here. Then follow, both in frequency of occurrence and in their develop- 
ment, the posterior tibiae ; and lastly the anterior tibiae. Often the 
spines of both these legs are so slight, or so covered up by hair and 
scales, that one has great difficulty in recognizing them, and their actual 
presence seems a,matter of doubt. The manifold differences which are 
presented in the form of the club of the antennae are of value for sys- 
tematic purposes ; but, unfortunately, these differences are not often 
sharply defined and are difficult to express clearly in words. And there 
are not wanting species deviating from their generic association only in 
these points, that is to say, aberrent forms (such as Pyrgus Pogge?), which 
could not be separated without an unnatural disruption of genera. 


The palpi, particularly in the form and direction of their apical joint, 
afford some useful generic characters, while they offer, also, negative 
_ indications similar to those taken fromm the form of the knob of the 
antennae. Some other valuable systematic peculiarities are developed 
only in the male sex, while the female has in general remained a step 
behind. ‘Their use as generic characters, therefore, cannot be recom- 
mended in this, as in other difficult groups, nor can they be wholly dis- 
pensed with. To these belong the costal fold and the discoidal stigma 
of the fore wings, the hair-pencil of the hind tibiae, the appendages of the 
hind breast,* and the abdominal fossa (dauchgrube). 


The costal fold affords in the European species, in which it is present, 
only unimportant differences. It begins near the base of the anterior 
margin and terminates on or near its middle. The portion of the anterior 
margin, which it here covers, is not clothed with scales, but with a peculiar 


© |Hinterbreast :—Metasturnum (Burmeister), postpectus (Kirby). —L. 
M I ) 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


coat of felt, the color of which differs from that of the rest of the surface. 
With only one exception (Pyrgus Pogger), it is, in all the European Hes- 
perians, either well developed or entirely absent ; in this respect it is a 
good characteristic, but as a generic character, is only to be taken cum 
grano salis, unless we would separate, without good reason, forms which 
are naturally associated. 

I call that the discoidal stigma which Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer has 
designated as “schuppenwulst” (a pad of scales), forming a peculiar 
structure in the disk of the fore wings. ‘The expression employed by 
Herrich-Schaeffer would give a quite false idea of the nature of this 
structure. The deep black streak of which it consists wholly or in part, 
is neither a puffy elevation nor formed of scales, but is composed of a. 
dense felt-like substance of very fine, short, stiff and bristly fibres, as may 
be seen by placing scrapings of it beneath the microscope. In_ its 
simplest form (Zhymelicus lineola) it is nothing but a slender black streak, 
the surrounding part of the wing presenting no alteration in its normal 
scaly covering. In case of increased extension of the streak, however, 
the change affects also the surrounding area. ‘The scales of the wing that 
encircle it are raised and undergo various alterations, some of them 
assuming the form of the antenna of a Diurnal butterfly. Still greater 
changes take place in the structure of the whole area in the midst of 
which this streak is placed.in some American species (Pamphila 
Huron Edw.). 

Less diversity appears in the situation and direction of the black 
streak. It generally starts from the dorsal-vein,* either at the end of the 
first third of its length, or a little before that point; then it runs across 
the first branch of the median-vein, where it is frequently contracted or 
sometimes interrupted by raised scales, advancing in an oblique course 
upward and outward to the origin of the second and third branches of the 
median at the lower corner of the middle cell. Among the species known 
to me, there occurs only in Pamphila mathias F., an essential deviation 
in the situation and direction of the stigma. ta 

While the stigma furnishes good specific characters, it is of no generic 
value, since in nearly related species it is at one time present and at 
another absent. What appears to be of greater importance is the presence 
or absence of a hair-tuft on the posterior tibiae. Of the Hesperidae here 


* (Generally known to American Entomologists as the submedian vein.—L.] 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127 


referred to, only two genera possess it, Catodaulis and Scelothrix, and for 
which latter, in addition to the sheath-formed appendages of the meta- 
sturnum, it forms the most important separative character from the nearest 
related genus, Pyrgus (which see). 

A more or less deep and extensive excavation on the side of the first 
abdominal segments (bauchgrube = abdominal cavity) may be observed 
in the males of a great many genera of Hesperidae, although not always 
easy to be recognized, as it is generally covered by long hair, which is 
either spread smoothly or matted in confusion. It is most fully developed 
in those genera whose males are provided with a costal-fold, particularly 
in Scelothrix, where the upper half of the abdomen appears as if eaten 
out. What seems most surprising is the apparent absence of it in some 
males belonging to species which show it very distinctly. These speci- 
mens being quite fresh and fully scaled, it is but natural to suspect that 
the cavity is first found or becomes visible after coition and the evacuation 
of the contents of their testicles. Nevertheless, the cavity actually exists 
in other specimens that are in equally good condition, and exhibit it as 
distinctly as the worn ones. A male of the American Hudamus Tityrus 
F., which I impaled immediately after its exclusion from the pupa, shows 
the cavity remarkably well developed. So there remains an enigma to be 
solved by further research, and especially by the examination of fresh 
specimens. The cavity seems, however, of little systematic value, on 
account of its gradual appearance, which allows no sharp limits to be 
drawn. ; 

The neuration of the wings has not been examined by me to the 
extent required, nor with that accuracy which could only be attained by 
denuding the wings, so as to enable me to decide whether they furnish a 
more solid foundation for a natural division of the Hesperidae than the 
parts described above. This, I consider, the principal defect of my work. 
For he who would undertake to establish a natural system of this group 
could not possibly avoid performing that task. Neither have I examined 
the anal appendages of the males, although I do not suppose that the 
result of such an investigation would pay for the labor which it would 
involve. 

The Hesperian Fauna of the European province (taken in the extent 
ascribed to it in my Geographical Distribution of the Lepidoptera, etc., I., 


-p. go, and II., p. 298) is by far poorer in species than any other of the 


six great zoological ‘‘ Regions” into which, according to Wallace’s latest 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


researches,” the earth is divided—the still little known region of Australia 
not excepted. 

This poverty of species appears the more striking since the area of our 
Fauna is not only the largest, but also the most thoroughly searched. 
Although it does not extend to the tropics, that genuine home of the Hes- 
peridae, it is, nevertheless, in this respect not less favorably situated than 
is North America north of Mexico, yet still falls far behind that country. 

Kirby’s Synonymucal Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera (1871) embraces 
eleven hundred and two species of Hesperians, known either by descrip- 
tions or figures. Staudinger’s Catalogue of Lepidoptera of the European 


* See this excellent work: ‘' Zhe Geographical Distribution of Animals, by A. R. 
Wallace; Authorized German edition by A. B. Meyer, 1876.” I would here call atten- 
tion to the fact that the boundaries of the first primary region of Mr. Wallace, which he 
names Palearctic, almost exactly coincide with those of our European region. The only 
difference is that Wallace places the boundary farther south—in Africa to the Tropic of 
Cancer, in Asia to the Himalaya range, and farther eastward into the south of China. 
But this difference can hardly be considered as such, for, Lepidopterologically, we can- 
not determine the southern limit of these almost unknown regions, but hypothetically. 
Moreover, Wallace’s boundary lines do not rest upon a very sure basis; Japan and 
Northern and Central China are overlapping provinces of such mixed animal population 
that we are almost as well justified in adding them to the northern adjacent (Indian) 
Faunal-province as to the southern. ‘Thus, then, nearly the same result has been reached 
in two different ways. Ours, which is only applicable to one order of insects, is based 
upon a plain comparison of the statistics of the local Faunas known to us, and the prin- 
ciple laid down by Schouw, according to which that part of the earth’s surface which is 
to be established as a natural kingdom must possess at least one-half of its species and 
one-fourth of its genera as peculiar to itself. Wallace, in his investigations embracing 
the whole domain of zoology, lays the principal stress on the distribution of the Mam- 
malia, and takes into consideration their present and also their pre-historic condition, as 
far as the latter may be determined from the fossil remains in former epochs of the earth, 
Now, if two divisions of the animal kingdom, so widely distinct, both by their organiza- 
tion and means of distribution, as the mammals and _ butterflies, return essentially the 
same answer to the zoographer respecting the extent of the region to which our division 
of the world belongs, this, certainly, may be considered a strong guarantee of the proba- 
bility that we have made no mistake, but that we have, indeed, found a region which is 
consistently natural in all its belongings. For the present [I retain the old name of Euro- 
pean Faunal-region, together with its accustomed boundaries, which will be in conformity 
with Staudinger’s Catalogue. Staudinger, as is well known, annexes thereto Arctic 
America, and for good reasons, although on no better grounds than our Transatlantic 
colleagues would have in adding to their Faunal-region the Arctic portion of the Eastern 


hemisphere. 


xs 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


Fauna, published the same year, includes only forty-six species, including 
certainly by error the assumed European species, Hesperia tna Bdy. 
Meanwhile, to restore due proportion, there should be deducted from the 
number given by Kirby, the varieties whigh he admitted as distinct species 
and those which he mentions under more than one name. The number 
of such seems to be quite considerable, if I may judge from those known 
to me, of those which I do not know. Nevertheless, I suppose it will 
not amount to more than one-tenth of the whole, so that, by accepting 
the round number one thousand, and placing to account the discoveries 
of the last six years, this number may perhaps be regarded as too low 
rather than as too high. Hence the proportion (46 : 1000) of the number 
of our Hesperians to the total number known, would be about as one to 
twenty-two. Europe, strictly, has only twenty-eight species, and it is hardly 
probable that this number will be increased by new additions. 


The Fauna of North America claims particular interest because of its 
many close relationships to ours, and the impossibility of separating its 
Arctic products from those of the Eastern hemisphere. Edwards’ later 
Catalogue enumerates, as before stated, one hundred and eleven Hes- 
perians as inhabitants of the Extra-tropical parts of North America, 
including Sy/vanus and Zages, but excluding a number of Scudder’s species 
which Edwards regards as varieties. North America is thus far more than 
twice as rich in species as our Faunal-region ; but still, in proportion to 
her vast territory, is poor in cbmparison with the tropical parts of the 
earth, and above all if compared with South America, where not only the 
Hesperian Fauna, but the Diurnals especially, have developed in their 
greatest abundance. 

The genera common to both the American and European Faunas are 
Carterocephalus, Thymelicus (from both of these I have as yet seen no 
American species), Pamphila, Pyrgus, Scelothrix and Nisoniades ; the ten 
other genera adopted by Edwards have no representatives in our Faunal- 
region. North America is poorer than Europe in species of the genera 
Pyrgus and Scelothrix, but as an offset to that, it is far richer in species of 
Pamphila and WNisoniades, especially of the former, of which Edwards 
mentions fifty-eight. The southern portions of the Union are populated 
by tropical forms, of which certain representatives (Ludamus Tityrus Fab. 
and £. Pylades Scudd.) extend to New York and farther north. 


(To be Continued in Following Number.) 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE ABBOT SPHINX—Zhyreus Abbatit Swainson. 
bY* THE EDITOR, 
The subject of this illustration is another of the large grape-feeding 


insects which is found occasionally on both cultivated and wild vines, as 
well as on the Virginia Creeper. In fig. 7 we have the full-grown larva 


figured, as well as the moth. ‘This larva is said to vary considerably in 
appearance, the ground color ranging between reddish-brown and dirty 
yellowish. 

As we have never met with the larva ourselves, we shall copy Mr. 
Riley’s description of it as it was found by him in Missouri: “I have 
reared two individuals which came to their growth about the last of July, 
at which time they were both without a vestige of green. The ground 
color was dirty yellowish, especially at the sides. Each segment was 
marked transversely with six or seven slightly impressed fine black lines, 
and longitudinally with wider non-impressed dark brown patches, alter- 
nating with each other and giving the worm a checkered appearance. 


These patches become more dense along the sub-dorsal region, where they - 


form two irregular dark lines, which on the thoracic segments become 
single with a similar line between them. There was also a dark stigmatal 
line, with a lighter shade above it, and a dark stripe running obliquely 


i 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Bt 


downwards from the posterior to the anterior portion of each segment. 
The belly was yellow with a tinge of pink between the prolegs, and the 
shiny tubercle at the tail was black with a yellowish ring round the base. 
The head, which is characteristically marked, is slightly roughened and 
dark, with a lighter broad band on each side, and a central mark down 
the middle, which often takes the form of an X.” i 


The chrysalis, which forms in a superficial cell on the ground, is black 
inclining to brown between the segments. 

The moth is of a dull grayish-brown color, with the fore wings some- 
what lighter beyond the middle and variegated with dark brown. The 
hind wings are yellow, becoming paler near the body, with a broad border 
of a dark brown hue. ‘The margins of both wings are irregularly cut. 

This moth has been taken in the vicinity of Hamilton, and we believe 
also in Amherstburg, Ontario, but we have not heard of its having been 
captured anywhere else within our Province; but as it 1s widely dis- 
tributed, being found in nearly all the Eastern and many of the Western 
States, it is likely to be yet met with in other localities among ourselves. 


ON THE LARVA OF LYC. PSEUDARGIOLUS AND 
ATTENDANT ANTS: 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COAELBURGH, W.’VA. 


In Enr., x., p. 80, I stated that Dogwood was found to be the spring 
food-plant of this species, that is, of the larvee proceeding from eggs laid 
by the form zolacea ; but probably there are other plants serving the 
same purpose, some of which bloom earlier than Dogwood, for fresh 
examples of the butterfly, form fseudarziolus, were taken on 21st 
April and on-several subsequent days, and this was long before any of the 
larvee feeding on Dogwood could possibly have produced them. Prof. J. 
H. Comstock has recently sent me quite a number of mature larve taken 
by him at Ithaca, N. Y., feeding on the flower heads of Viburnum aceri- 
folium, and in confinement the larvae will eat Clover, Nasturtium, Begonia, 
Asclepias, &c., eating the anthers. But I have been unable to make 
the females lay eggs on Clover in confinement. On the Dogwood, so long 


| 


Ve THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


as anthers are to be had, the larvae live on them, but as the flowers 
mature and fall off, they are forced to eat through and into the hard seed 
vessel, and I have even seen them boring into the woody stem below. 
These were belated larvae, and such as when mature produce the variety 
neglecta, ‘Che larvae being starved are small, and the resulting butterfly is 
small. Veglec/a is flying now, and many examples are very diminutive. 
The color of the larvae feeding on Dogwood varies much from the color 
of those which feed on Cimicifuga racemosa, few being white in the last 
stages, but nearly all dull crimson or green, or a mixture of the two. 
Nevertheless a small percentage of the larvae on Cimicifuga are also 
green or crimson, though most are white. I have not seen ants 
about the Dogwood, and on introducing them to larvae confined in 
glasses, they manifested no knowledge of the larvae, and were wholly indif- 
ferent to them. And only on rare occasions have I been able to discover 
the tubes on 11th segment protruded even partially with any of the Dog- 
wood caterpillars kept in the house. When I did see them, they pulsated 
incessantly, out and in at least once a second. In two instances, after 
repeated examinations, I chanced to see the tubes fully expanded, 
but accompanied by this pulsating movement, the withdrawal being 
more or less complete. No teasing or irritating at any time availed 
to make them appear, but severe pressure, resulting in the death of the 
larva,applied to the sides of the r1th segment, did produce them. But even 
by this pressure | could not discover the organ of 11th segment, nor force 
any fluid from it. As with the fall food-plant, Actinomeris squarrosa, the 
Dogwood is neither sweet nor juicy,and it may be that the larvae feeding on 
these plants do not secrete the fluid. — Prof. Comstock found it different 
with the Viburnum, and stated that the “tubes on the penultimate seg- 
ment were seen to evaginate repeatedly at the solicitations of the ants.”’ 
From Cimicifuga I have collected many eggs and scores of larvae, and 
day after day I have watched the latter on the stems of the plant. So 
long as the larvae were small no ants were seen attending, but they have 
been constantly found with nearly mature larvae. The ants have been 


of four species, the first scarcely more than 1° 


v inch long, the second +s 
inch, the third #0 mech, and the fourth ’> inch, but the specific names I 
have not yet ascertained. Most often it has been the second of these 
which attended the larvae, and from two to eight in company, on the same 
stem, with from one to three or four larvae. The third species 1s fre- 


quently seen, but only from one to three have been seen on the stem. Of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 


the fourth I have seen but a single ant and in one instance. I have 
watched and experimented in various ways on both larvae and 
ants, shifting either from one stem to another, fresh: larvae to ants 
and ants to larvae. The ants, when discovered on a stem, will invariably 
be on or near the larva. They run over the body, caressing with 
antennae, plainly with the object of persuading the larva to emit 
a drop of the fluid on 11. Most of this caressing is done about 
the anterior segments, and while the ants are so employed, or rather, 
while they are absent from the last segments, the tubes of 12 are 
almost certainly expanded to full extent, and so remain, with no retracting 
or throbbing, until the ants come tumbling along in great excitement, and 
put either foot or antenna directly on or close by the tubes, when these 
are instantly withdrawn. ‘The ants pay no heed to the tubes; do not put 
their mouths to them, or to the openings from which they spring, nor do 
they manipulate that segment. ‘They seek for nothing and expect nothing 
from it. But they do at once turn to 11, caress the back of the segment, 
put their mouths to the opening, and exhibit an eager desire and 
expectancy. By holding the glass steadily on 11, a movement of the back 
of this segment will soon be apparent, and suddenly there protrudes a 
dull green, fleshy, mamilloid organ, from the top of which comes a tiny 
drop of clear green fluid. This the ants drink greedily, two or three of 
them perhaps standing about it, and they lick off the last trace of it, stroking 
the segment meantime. As the drop disappears this organ sinks 
in at the apex and is so withdrawn. The ants then run about, some 
seeking other larvee on the same stem, some with no definite object, but 
presently all return, and the caressings go on as before. The 
intervals between the appearance of the globule varied with the condition 
of the larva. If exhausted by the long continued solicitings, some 
minutes would elapse, and the tubes meanwhile remained concealed ; but 
a fresh larva required little or no urging, and one globule followed another 
rapidly, sometimes even without a retracting of the organ. I have counted 
six emissions in seventy-f:ve seconds. ‘The larva did not always await the 
approach to the rrth segment, but gave out the drop unsought and as 
soon as it was aware of the presence of the ant. Now and then the drop 
was preceded by a bubble several times larger than itself. 
As I have stated, the tubes are usually expanded when the ants are 
absent from the last segments, and are certainly retracted when they come 
near. I counted the length of these periods of expansion, 10, 20, 50, and 


iba THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in one case 82 seconds, the period always ending with the approach 
of the ants. 

When I placed a fresh larva, taken from the house, on the stem, as 
soon as the ants discovered it there was immense excitement among them, 
and arush for the last segments, The larva forthwith relieved itself by the 
excretion of the fluid,and the tubes stood out with domes expanded between 
the times of secreting. If I placed a fresh larva on a stem on which were 
no ants, there was no excitement in the larva, no appearance of the tubes 
and no movement in rith segment. J have watched repeatedly to make 
sure of this. But if ants were now transferred to the stem, the moment 
the caressings began the larva changed its behavior. 

From what I have seen, I am led to believe that these tubes are merely 
signals to the ants, and that when the latter discover them expanded they 
know that a refection is ready, and rush to the orifice on the rth seg- 
ment. If the tubes serve any other purpose, I have failed to discover it. 
There is no duct visible on the dome of the tube when largely magnified, 
and the ants seek nothing of the tube or on the r2th segment. It might 
be supposed that the tubes are used for intimidation, to frighten away 
enemies, but they certainly are not. ‘They are in some way connected 
with the organ in 11, and in the younger stages, when the larvae suffer 
most from enemies, neither tube nor this organ is available. The outward 
openings, and the orifice in 11, are visible in the youngest larval stages, 
but till near maturity the larva has no use of the tubes and cannot emit 
the secretion. ‘The ants rarely attempt to caress or solicit young larvae, 
but pass them by with indifference. When I have occasionally seen an 
ant run about one of these, the larva manifested great annoyance, throwing 
up the hinder segments to drive away the intruder. ‘The larva plainly 
considers the ant asa something to be got rid of—as an enemy. If the 
tubes could now be thrust out the ant would be attracted, not repelled. 
But the moment that the tubes are free, and the secretion ready to flow, 
which I believe to be immediately after 4th and last moult, but may per- 
haps be just after 3rd moult, and 1s certainly not earlier than that, the 
larva submits quietly to the attentions of the ants, and invites and rewards 
them. Dr. Weismann. wrote: ‘‘ You should try and observe what enemies 
the larvae have. It is conceivable that there are such enemies as are 
afraid of ants.” I find four species of parasites about these larvae. Two 
are Dipterous. These are of the size of the common house fly. They 
deposit eggs on the skin of the larva (in an instance observed, on the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


back of znd and 3rd segments, near the junction, and at the second lar- 
val stage), and as the grubs hatch they eat their way into the larva, to 
emerge when both they and the larva are full grown—of course, destroying 
the latter. Another is Hymenopterous and minute. Its egg is deposited 
in the very young larva, probably at first stage. ‘The grub eats out when 
the larva is half grown, at once spins a silken cocoon, from which in a few 
days the new parasite comes forth. The destruction of larvae by these, 
and very likely, other similar parasites, is immense. Of about a dozen 
mature larvae received from Prof. Comstock, but‘ one reached chrysalis, 
all'the rest giving out one of the Diptera spoken of. If any parasite 
attacked the mature larva, the grub of the former would live within and 
destroy the chrysalis, and instead of a butterfly therefrom, the parasite 
would emerge. Multitudes of chrysalids of other species of butterflies 
are thus destroyed ; but in psewdargzodus there appears to be a singular 
immunity from enemies at this stage. I have never yet seen a parasite 
emerge from a chrysalis. Why this species, and doubtless many, other 
Lycaene, are thus favored will perhaps in some Gegree appear from a little 
incident to be related. On 2oth June, in the woods, I saw a mature larva 
on its food-plant, and on its back, facing towards the tail of the larva, stood 
motionless one of the larger ants ‘designated above as the third in size). 
At less than two inches behind the larva, on the stem, was a large ichneu- 
mon fly, watching its chance to thrust its ovipositor into the larva. I bent 
down the stem and held it horizontally before me, without alarming either 
of the parties. The fly crawled a little nearer and rested, and again 
nearer, the ant making no sign. At length, after several advances, the 
fly turned its abdomen under and forward, thrust out its ovipositor, and 
strained itself to the utmost to reach its prey. The sting was just about 
to touch the extreme end of the larva, when the ant made a dash at the 
fly, which flew away, and so long as I watched—at least five minutes—did 
not return. The larva had been quiet all this time, its tubes out of sight 
and head buried in a flower bud, but the moment the ant rushed and the 
fly fled, it seemed to become aware of the danger, and thrashed about the 
end of its body repeatedly in great alarm. But the tubes were not pro- 
truded, as I was clearly able to see with my lens. The ant saved the 
larva, and it is probable that ichneumons would in no case get an oppor- 
tunity to sting so long as such vigilant guards were about. It strikes me 
that the larvae know their protectors, and are able and willing to reward 
them. The advantage is mutual and the association is friendly always. 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


There is no compelling by rough means on the one part and no reluctant 
yielding on the other. ‘The demonstrations made by the ants are of the 


most gentle nature, caressing, entreating, and as the little creatures drink | 


in the sweet fluid, lifting their heads to prolong the swallowing with mani- 
fest satisfaction and delectation, then lick away the last trace, caressing 
the back of the segment with their antennae as they do so, as if to coax 
for a little more, it is amusing to see. 

The tubes in this species are white, cylindrical, of nearly even size, 
rounded at the top, and studded there with little tuberculations from which 
rise the tentacles. ‘These last are tapering, armed with little spurs dis- 
posed in whorls, and stand out straight, making a white hemispherical 
dome over the cylinder, and none of them fall below the plane of the 
base of the dome. Nor do they ever hang limp or 
he across the dome, as described by Gueneé in Z. 
betica. When the tube comes up, the rays are 
seen rising in a close pencil, and as the dome 
expands they take position. On the contrary, when 
the tube is withdrawn, the top of the dome sinks first 
and the rays come together in pencil again. The 
expanded tube and its dome are beautiful objects to 
look upon. 

I desire to express my obligation to Dr. J. Gibbons 
Hunt, of Philadelphia, for’ microscopical observa- 
tions made on these larvae. Aided by him, Miss 


Fig. 8. Peart has been able to make several drawings, some 
of which I give herewith, showing the expanded tube and one of the 
rays, and the pencil of rays described. 

The same organs are found in larvee of Z. comyntas, and their shape 


is precisely as in pseudargiolus.* 
I stated on page 8o that all the black individuals of zo/acea taken 
proved to be males. I find no black female of this species, and presume 
there is none. 
Coalburgh, 15th July, 1878. 


In Newman’s British Butterflies, London, 1871, p. 125, I find this sentence 
quoted from Prof. Zeller: ‘I could not perceive that these caterpillars (Z. medon) had 
a cone capable of being protruded, like that which we find in Z. corydo, and which the 


ants are so fond of licking.” 


‘a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137 


INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA. 


COMPILED BY REY. C. J: S. BETHUNE, M. A. 


From Kirbys Fauna Boreali-Americana : Insecta. 


(Continued from Vol. x., p. 118.) 


[275.] VI. HEMIPTERA. 
FAMILY PENTATOMID., 


383. PENTATOMA CARNIFEX /adr.—Length of body 2% lines. Sev- 
eral specimens taken in the road from New York to Cumberland-house. 

Very near P. oleracea, and probably its American representative. Body 
black, a little bronzed ; grossly and thickly punctured, the punctures on 
the upper surface the deepest. Head subtrapezoidal ; promuscis pale in 
the middle ; antennz longer than the head; prothorax wider than long, 
with the lateral angles obtuse ; signed with a sanguine cross, the arms of 
which extend from angle to angle ; lateral margin, as well as that of the 
hemelytra and abdomen, white ; scutellum longer than the thorax, obtuse 
with a subtriangular sanguine spot on each side near the apex; penulti- 
mate ventral segment of the abdomen margined with white ; membrane 
white. 


2765)" 4384. PENTATOMA VARIEGATA Kirby.—Length of body 3 
lines. A single specimen taken in the road from New York to Cumber- 
land-house. 


Upper surface of the body punctured. Head, excluding the prominent 
eyes, subtrapezoidal, black, with the margin below the eyes, white ; pro- 
muscis extending to the base 6f the hind legs, pallid, black at the tip ; 
antenne black ; prothorax transverse with lateral angles obtuse ; pallid 
with a tint of flesh-colour, especiaily at the angles, with a broad anterior 
and narrow posterior black band, both abbreviated on each side, and the 
latter almost divided into two ; scutellum an isosceles triangle, obtuse at 
the apex, black with the lateral margin pallid ; hemelytra black with a 
pallid lateral margin, membrane embrowned ; underside of the trunk black 
spotted with pallid and sanguine, punctured ; tibia and apex of the thighs 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


black ; base of the thighs sanguine; abdomen below punctured at the 
sides, sanguine, with a large black discoidal spot, rather nearer the anus ; 
nearly divided into two; on the sides and at the base naked, but a quad- 
rangular space of the inner side of each division is covered with decum- 
bent subcinereous pile. 


N. Bb. The antepectus is entirely pallid, but the socket, if it may be 
so called, of the legs is redder at the margin than the rest. 


385. PENTATOMA TRILINEATA A7rby.—Plate vi., fig. 6.—Length of 
body 3 lines. One specimen taken with the preceding. 

[277.] Body underneath and the head black, a little bronzed ; thickly 
punctured with rather deeply impressed punctures ; antenne reddish at 
the base, with the two last elongated and incrassated joints black ; pro- 
thorax black anteriorly, posteriorly lurid with the lateral margin and an 
intermediate longitudinal impunctured line, which extends nearly through 
the scutellum, white ; the scutellum has also a white linear spot and dot 
on each side at the base; the punctures of the thorax, scutellum, and 
hemelytra are black ; the membrane of the latter is white; the legs and 
sides of the breast are lurid spotted or punctured with black ; the elevated 
basilar portion of the bed of the rostrum is concave and has a semicir- 
cular outline, and its margin, viewed under a strong magnifier, is minutely 
serrulate. 


FAMILY EDESSID#. 


386. EpessA NEBULOSA Av7by.—Length of body 3-4 lines. Three 
specimens taken in the journey from New York to Cumberland-house, 
and in Lat. 65°. 


Body pale yellowish, sprinkled with black impressed punctures, most ~ 
numerous and largest on its upper surface, which is clouded with reddish- 
brown, or blackish shades ; the antenne are of a reddish-yellow ; the 
lateral angles of the prothorax are more acute than in the Pevtatome ; the 

~scutellum is acuminate or attenuated at the apex; the lateral margin of | 
the abdomen has a black spot on each segment, which sometimes appears 
on the ventral segments. 


Variety B. Smaller, with the ventral segments of the abdomen 
rufescent, and the clouding of the upper surface of the body blacker ; the 
thorax also is black posteriorly. 


a 


= 
7 s 


se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 


FAMILY CAPSIDZ. 


387. Mrris punctuLatus A7zrby.—Length of body 3 lines. Two 
specimens taken in Lat. 65°. 


[278.] Body oblong, pale, somewhat lurid with a very slight tint of 
green. Head triangular, impunctured ; eyes a little embrowned, pro- 
minent ; antenne as long as the prothorax, subtestaceous with the two last 
joints and the underside of the first black ; thorax, scutellum and heme- 
lytra very minutely punctured ; a small portion of the prothorax adjoining 


the head is separated from the rest by an impressed sinuous line and is not 


punctured ; legs pale ; abdomen subpyramidal, black above, pale under- 
neath. 


388. Muiris venrRALIS Avvby.—-Length of body 3 lines. Taken with 
the preceding. 


Very similar to WZ. punctulatus, and perhaps only a variety, but the 
hemelytra are faintly clouded with black, the underside of the abdomen is 
dusky with two longitudinal reddish spots or stripes. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION 
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 


The Annual Meeting of the Club will be held at St. Louis, Mo., on 
Tuesday, the 2oth of August, 1878, at 3 o’clock, p.m. All Entomolo- 
gists who are interested are invited to assist, and will report at the head- 
quarters of the Association at the Lindell Hotel, on the roth or 2oth, 
where they will be informed of the exact place of meeting. The meetings 
of the Association will begin on the morning of the 21st of August. Prof. 
J. K. Rees, at St. Louis, will give information to members about car 


fares and accommodation. 
B. PrcKMAN MAnn, Secretary. 


Notice.—In consequence of a series of uncontrollable mishaps, the 
issue of the present number has been delayed nearly a month beyond its 
usual time. 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ON THE SCARCITY OF PAPILIONID. 
DEAR SIR,— 

I have seen very few Pap:lionide of any species this season up to date, 
except ayax, which has been abundant as ever. But of furnus, usually 
exceedingly plenty in spring, I have seen scarcely half a dozen examples. 
No ¢rotlus and few philenor. So Coltas philodice and all Pierids have been 
remarkable for their absence. But butterflies fron hybernating larvee, or 
hybernating imagos, in contrast with those from hybernating chry- 
salids, have been abundant —- Melitzeas, Argynids, Vanessans and 
Satyrids. On 2nd June, 1877, I rode for several miles along a. creek 
not far from where I live, and Papzdios swarmed. Passing a flat rock by 
the side of the creek, a space on it, which [ computed as not less 
than four feet square, was studded with Pafz/ios.as thick as they could 
stand. When they rose it was like a cloud. Nine-tenths of these were 
turvnus. Allowing one square inch to each butterfly, and this is ample, 
there were upwards of 2,300 butterflies in that mass. And I passed lesser 
groups with every mile as I rode ; so that the total absence of the species 
this year is remarkable. | It would seem possible that the extreme mild- 
ness of last winter allowed of the existence or activity of enemies (insect 
probably) who sought out and destroyed the chrysalids, but why qax 


should have escaped is beyond my conjecture. 
W. H. Epwarps. 

Coalburgh, W. Va., 16th June, 1878. 

Dear SIR,— 

Mr. Bates is quite right in saying Doryphora will eat Solanum dulca- 
mara and Datura stvamonium ; they have preferred these to tomatoes in 
my garden. A friend found them eating Hyoscyamus. The present season 
seems exceedingly favorable to production of Mematus and other grubs 
destructive of the currants and gooseberries. 

H. H. Crorts, Toronto, Ont. 
DEAR SIR,— 

A single specimen of the rare Sphinx, Lepzsesta flavofasciata, was 
taken here on Lilac blossoms, May 28th. 

Cuas. Fiso, Old Town, Maine. 


we 


Che Canadan Entomologist. 


VOI. xX. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1878. No. 8 


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON DERMESTES. 
BY CAROLINE E. HEUSTIS, ST. JOHN, N. B. 


Having read in the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
for 1877 an article by Prof. J. T. Bell, of London, Ont., entitled “ How 
to Destroy Cabinet Pests,” I thought it might not be unprofitable to 
record my own observations on Dermestes. 


Early in the summer of 1876 I captured four beetles, three males and 
one female, and placed them in a glass jar with a piece of the meat.on 
which I found them feeding. I observed the female deposit a number 
of eggs on the meat, but before any were hatched I left home, and was 
absent about five weeks. On my return I found a large and flourishing 
colony of larva, most of them full grown. 


My object in rearing these insects was not to study their natural 
history, but to find out the best means to destroy them. I put a piece of 
camphor gum in the glass as a first experiment. The effect on them was 
very slight. They appeared a little uneasy at first, but in a minute or so 
commenced crawling over the camphor quite unconcerned. I had heard 
of a clothier who rolled tallow candles up in webs of woolen cloth to 
preserve them from the attacks of ‘ moths,” and I resolved to try its 
effects on Dermestes larvee. With this view I put a small piece of tallow 
in the glass, and the effect was almost instantaneous. It was quite 
ludicrous to see the stampede which commenced. Never did insect 
evince more terror or disgust than did these-pests. ‘They fled pell-mell to 
the side of the jar, but as there was no way of escape, they were obliged 
to yield to “‘ circumstances over which they had no control.” The closest 
observation failed to detect one going near the tallow. They remained 
for several days huddled together by the side of the jar in a confused 
mass. 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Satisfied with my experiment, and being very busy at the time, I put 
the jar away, and on looking at it about a fortnight afterward, I found but 
one beetle, and that one dead, of all that large family. As all the larvze 
and three of the four beetles had disappeared and “left no trace 
behind,” I naturally concluded that they had been driven by starvation to 
prey upon each other. There was no possibility of escape from the jar, 
and my conclusion seems reasonable, even if I cannot prove it. 

I have ever since kept tallow in trunks or presses where there are 
woolen garments, blankets or furs, and I have had nothing eaten up to 
the time of writing. In preparing my boxes for mounted specimens, I 
put bits of tallow between the strips of cork and cover with paper gummed 
to the sides of the box, and I have not had a single specimen injured by 
Dermestes or any other cabinet pest. As tallow is cheap and can be 
obtained in either town or country, I would heartily recommend it to both 
housekeepers and naturalists. To the former it would be much better and 
less disagreeable than the snuff, tobacco, pepper and other preventives 
which are put on furs with such unsatisfactory results. Although such a 
remedy as Prof. Bell recommends might do for the cabinet, it would be 
neither pleasant nor safe to have about our clothing. 


MAMMALS ATTRACTED BY SUGAR. 
BY JAMES S. BAILEY, A. M., M. D., ALBANY, N. Y. 


It has not been supposed that animal life would be attracted by sugar, 
but while sugaring for Lepidoptera the contrary has been proven. Ona 
number of occasions we have taken deer mice while in the act of feeding 
on sugar, and more recently we have taken a flying squirrel while lapping 
the sweet on a sugared patch. 

Not long since, in making our rounds while sugaring, we discovered a 
skunk endeavoring to taste the sugaring, and so intent was he that our 


ae 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 


approach was unobserved uutil a piece of dead wood was hurled at him, 
when he reluctantly left. The throwing of a second missile quickened his 
pace and caused him to distribute his perfumery, which rendered the air 
rather more fragrant than Lubin’s Ext. of new-mown hay. It is unneces- 
sary to state that our recreation for the evening was at an end. 


We have frequently taken at sugar tree toads and various species of 
Coleoptera. A Texan correspondent says it is not uncommon for him to 
take at sugar Scorpions, and also species of Lizards, which are numerous 
in that latitude. 


TFETRAOPES TETROPHTHALMUS Forst. 
BY W. L. DEVEREAUX, CLYDE, N. Y. 


In the early part of June, 1876, while plowing through a patch of 
Asclepias cornuti (the plant upon which beetles of the above genus are 
found), I observed numerous Cerambycidian larve in the bottom of the 
furrow, stirring about in the soil. Two of the larve were put in a glass 
jar with a growing milk-weed plant. Although they were put in the soil 
near the roots, they soon came to the surface and wriggled about for a 
week, and then pupated, and finally came out perfect specimens of 7: 
tetrophthalmus. 

I have endeavored to find them in or about the roots of the milk-weed 
since, but have failed to find a trace of any. To judge from the black 
scars and other appearances of the roots, it seems the larve live in the 
soil and wound the roots with their mandibles, and thereby subsist on the 
milk or juice which flows so readily at the slightest abrasion. 


Recently I saw a larva of Corymbites cylindriformis which had cap- 
tured an imago of Harpalus Pennsylvanicus. It had crushed in one 
elytron with its mandibles, and still held it firmly, though the beetle was 
striving hard to get away. 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE GENERA OF THE HESPERID OF THE EUROPEAN 
FAUNAL-REGION. 


BY DR. A. SPEYER. 


(Translated from the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung for 1878, pp. 167-193.) 


(Continued from July No., p. 129.) 


> 


Among the North American species known to me in nature, there 1s 
not one identical with, or even similar to any European ; and the opinions 
of prominent Transatlantic colleagues, as to whether identical species 
occur in the two countries (Sce/. centauree excepted, which is common to 
the Arctic regions of both continents) are very far divergent. | Edwards 
on the authority of Boisduval cites in his Catalogue, Sy/vanus and Tages, 
and besides, also, comma as American; while he places Pampr. ‘Fuba, 
Manitoba, Colorado, Nevada and sylvanoides* (which are regarded as good 
species by Scudder) as varieties of comma. I refrain from expressing any 
opinion in this question of species, not knowing any of the forms. As to 
Sylvanus and Tages, 1 would prefer to drop them from the list until their 
right to be classed among the indigines of America shall have been based 
upon more reliable authority than that of Boisduval. If we may trust 
Lederer’s statements, Boisduval’s Californian Zages var. Cervantes, would 
appear to be not only a distinct species, but also of a different genus from 
Tages ; for it is said to deviate “not only in coloring, design and in its 
diaphanous, glassy spots, but also in the cut of the wings and in the pos- 
terior legs of the male, which have only apical spurs and a long hair- 
pencil” ( Wiener Entom. Monatschr., 1857, p. 78). Thus there would 
remain no resemblance whatever to Zuges, and the carelessness shown in 
declaring identical two such radically distinct forms, would hardly be 
expected even from Boisduval, although he is so little scrupulous in such 
matters. Possibly Lederer’s statements may have resulted from a con- 
fusion of species. 


* In the Memoirs of the Boston Soc. N. H., Vol. UW, P. II, No. IV, these 
species, and also comma, are minutely described and well figured, and the anal appen- 
dages (which Mr. Scudder estimates as of special value) are explained. He also 
represents, in the same paper, the times of appearance of the species as different. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


The friendly aSsistance of Messrs. Grentzenberg, Mceschler and Dr. 
Staudinger have placed me in a position to bring together, with but a few 
exceptions, the known Hesperidz of the European Faunal-region. To 
the latter gentleman, especially, I am indebted for a knowledge of the 
Eastern-Asiatic species, so difficult to reach. But four of these have 
remained inaccessible to me, namely, Pamphila sylvatica Brem., Pyrgus 
gigas Brem., (possibly only a var. of desselum H.), Eudamus guttatus 
Brem.-Grey, and Zhanaos popoviana Nordm. It seemed to me more 
advisable to leave out these altogether, than to give them a place which 
their particular investigation might not warrant. tn the arrangement I 
have placed first, those genera which, from the absence of the tibial 
- epiphyses and generally of the middle-spurs of the hind-tibiz, are closely 
related to the other Rhopalocera ; and last, those which carry their wings 
when at rest in the manner of the moths. I do not, however, intend to 
assert that these particular features are of paramount importance in a 
systematic arrangement of the Hesperidz. 

It would be very desirable to divide this large family into convenient 
groups, but, if it were’ possible, it would be difficult to find exact dis- 
tinctive characters for them. Mr. Scudder has made an attempt in this 
direction. He believes that he is justified in adopting two large groups 
corresponding nearly to the Fabrician genera Zhymele and Pamphila, and 
calls the one HESPERIDES and the other Astyci, the latter a name chosen 
by Hubner for the whole family. To the latter would belong r to 4 of the 
European genera given below, and to the former 5 to 9. The most 
important character of the Hesperidee (for the other differences which he 
adduces are not valid) Mr. Scudder describes in the following words :—- 
‘In the male Hespertpes the posterior extremity of the alimentary canal 
is protected beneath by a corneous sheath, which extends beyond the 
centrum or body of the upper pair of abdominal appendages, sometimes 
nearly to the extremity of the appendages, carrying the vent beyond the 
centrum ; while in the Astryct, the extremity of the canal is not protected 
by any extruded sheath, but opens at the very base of the inferior wall of 
the centrum.” (Zhe two principal Groups of Urbicole. By S. H. Scudder. 
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Science, 1, 195.) 

I have not examined the abdominal appendages of the male Hes- 
peridz, and therefore, I do not know whether this corneous anal sheath 
would really supply a generally valid mark of distinction between the two 
tribes of Mr. Scudder. But even if that be not established,—as I fear it 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


will not,—there appears to me to be no ground for refusing to those two 
great groups a certain natural right, at least so far as concerns the Europeo- 
North American Fauna. — A costal-fold occurs only in the males of the 
one group (although not invariably), and a stigma only in those of the 
other (but still less constantly). The spines of the tibiae while here a 
rule, are there a rare exception. ‘There appears, moreover, a difference in 
the color, in so far that the usual black or dark brown ground-color in the 
Scudderian Astyci is very often reduced or quite supplanted by reddish 
yellow in the Hesperrpes. ‘The remarks of Mr. Scudder relative to the 
early stages of these insects will scarcely be supported by extended 
observations so as to be fully conclusive. 

Of the eggs he states that those of the HrESPERIDES are always dis- 
tinctly ribbed in the vertical direction, and almost invariably higher than 
broad, whilst on the other hand, those of the Asryci are broader than 
high, smooth and pretty regularly hemispherical. ‘‘ The caterpillars of 
the HesperipEs feed usually on leguminous plants [but this is not true 
of the European ones| and dwell in horizontal leaf-cases ; while the 
Asrycti feed on grasses |but not all] and build vertical cases between the 
blades.” 

In the nomenclature of the genera I have followed Herrich-Scheffer’s 
Prodromus, without being able (because of the insufficiency of my literary 
material) to guarantee their unexceptional authority. 

I now present, first, a Systematic Synopsis of the species of the Euro- 
pean-region which I have investigated ; then an Analytical Table of the 
genera, and lastly will follow the more precise description of their generic 
characteristics. 

HESPERIDES Latr. 
1. CyCLopIpEs H. (p.) 
1. Morpheus (Pap. m.) Pall.  Stevopes WV.* 
Ornatus brem. 


bo 


2. CARTEROCEPHALUS Led. 


1. Palemon (Pap. p.) Pall. = Panzscus F. 
2. Silvius (Pap. s.) Knoch. 


[ * This Synopsis is copied 2éeratém, except that the original is without the digram 


x2—L. | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 147 


3. Argyrostigma (Steropes a.) Ev. 

3. THYMELICUS H. (p.) 
Lineola (Pap. 1.) O. 
Thaumas (Pap. th.) Hufn.  Zznzea WV. 


Hyrax (Hesp. h.) Led. 
4. Acteon (Pap. acteon) Rott. 


(SVS te 


A 4. PAMPHILA F. (p.) 
Comma (Pap. c.) L. 
Sylvanus (Pap. s.) Esp. 
3. Ochracea Brem. 

(Etna Bdy. spec. Americana ?) 


Now 


B (Goniloba HS.). 
*4. Alcides (Hesp. a.) HS. 
€ (Goniloba HS.). 


*5.» Mathias (Hesp. m.) Fabr.t = Zhrax Led. non Lin. 
*6.) Zellert (Hesp:z.). Led: 
Nostrodamus (Hesp. n.) F. = Pumztio O. 
bt 
*8. Inachus (Pyrgus 1.) Mén. 
5. CATODAULIS n. gen.} 
*1. Tethys (Pyrgus t.) Mén. 
6. Pyrcus H. (p.) 
A. a. (Carcharodus H. Spilothyrus Bdv.). 
. Lavaterze (Pap. lavatherze) Esp. 
Althzeze (Pap. altheze) H. 


Var. b. Beeticus (Spil. b.) Ramb. = Floccifera Zell. 
3. Alceze (Pap. a.) Esp. = Malvarum O. 


Iso lap 
4. Proto (Pap. p.) Esp. 


1 \> a | 


+ The name, which has also been accepted by Kirby, rests upon the authority of 
Felder : ‘‘ H. Thrax Lin., Don. (haud Led. Verhandl. Zool.-Botan., Ver. 1855, p. 194, 
taf. 1, f. 9, 10, which is H. Matthias Fabr., in tota India vulgaris).” Ween. Entom. 
Monatschr, 1862, p. 183. 


t Kato szbtus, daulos hirtus. 


148 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


5- 


~r 


is) 


new 


0. 


ch 


bo 


‘Those which occur only in Asia are marked with a star (*). 


Tessellum (Pap. t.) H. 

*Var. b. Nomas (Hesp. n.) Led. 
Cribrellum (Hesp. c.) Evy. 

B. a. 

Poggei (Hesp. p.) Led. 

Boab: 

Phlomidis (Hesp. phl.) HS. 

Sao (Pap. s.) H. = Sertorius O. 
Orbifer (Pap. 0.) H. 


7. SCELOTHRIX Ramb. 


Maculata (Syricht. maculatus) Brem. et Grey. 
Sidze (Pap. s.) Esp. 
Cynare (Hesp. c.) Ramb. 
Carthami (Pap. c.) H. 
Alveus (Pap. a.) H. 
Var. b. Fritillum (Pap. fr.) H. 
Var.-c. 2 Cirsit ( Hes.7c:) (Kanib- 
Var. d. ? Carlinz (Hesp. c.) Ramb. 
Serratulee (Hesp. s.) Ramb. HS. An preced var. ¢ 
Var. b. Czeca (Hesp. ceecus) Fr. 
Cacaliz (Hesp. c.) Ramb. HS. 
Andromedee (Syrichth. a.) Wallengr. 
Centaurez (Hesp. c.) Ramb. 
Malvee (Pap. m.) L. = Alveolus H. 
Ab Taras (Hesp. t.) Meig. 
mV ato Di 
8. Nisonrapes H. (p.) 
Montanus (Pyrgus m.) Brem. 
Tages (Pap. t.) L. 
9. THANAOS Badv. (p.) 
Marloyi Bdv. = Serizea Fr. 


I deem 


it unnecessary to give more special localities and citations, since both are 
to be found in Staudinger’s Catalogue. 


Melotis (Hesp. m.) Dup. = /yfoleucos Led. : 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


Diagnostic Table of the Genera. 


A. Anterior tibiae without the appendage (Hind tibiz, as a rule, with 
only one pair of spurs). 


a. Antenne less than half the length of the front-margin of the 
fore wings. Apical joint of the palpi thick, blunt, coni- 
cal. Body very slender..........-----T1. CYCLOPIDES. 


b. Antenne half as long as the fore wings ; apical joint of the 
palpi slender, conical, rather acute, clothed all around 
with hairs from the middle-joint to the end. Body 
SPOUILET EA Pe nek. snakes 6 dela CARTE ROCEPHALUS: 


B. Anterior tibiee with appendage, hind tibie with two pairs of spurs. 


a. Antennal club ovate or elongate, without a hook or acute 
point at the end. 


a. Apical joint of the palpi slender, subulate, erect: .3. THy- 
MELICUS. 


b. Apical joint of the palpi short, conical. 
0. Hind-tibize of the f without a pencil of hairs. 


x. Fringe unicolored, club of antennz curved, # with- 


Gat costaltoldia, 5. ces ages a7 10> DHANAOR: 

xx. Fringe checkered.... ......6. Pyreus A. & B. b. 

oo. f with costal-fold, and tuft on the tibiees 4. 37: SEREO- 
THRIX. 


b. Club of antennz lunate-falcate; 2 with costal-fold, and 
without the tuft on the tibie........ ..8. NISONIADES. 
c. Club of antennz slender, fusiform, at about two-thirds of its 
length bent at right angles; @ without costal-fold, but 


MitheCibialetulGe hone oe toe Sok CS LODAUEES 
d. Club of antennz ovate or oblong, with a little hook or point 
at the end. Either with costalfold or with tibial 
ARE Rk bas oe eoeba kt. <4. BERNIE ALAS Cand DB: 


e. Club of antenne oblong, the apical fifth slender and some- 
what bent up, and rounded at tip. ‘The rest as in 
Pe er Re vi diuid. bse eitanh nee as ...4 PAamPHILA B. 

f. Club of antennz bent behind the middle, thence narrowed to 
the tip. All the rest as in Pyrcus B...6. Pyrcus B. a. 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CYCLOPIDES—CARTEROCEPHALUS. 


The exotic species unknown to me should answer the question, whether 
the separation of these two genera could be directly sustained. | Lederer 
has separated Carterocephalus particularly on the ground of the absence 
of the middle-spurs ; but this difference is not decisive. Cyclopides ornatus 
has only apical spurs, whilst in other respects it is close to Morpheus. The 
different habitus and the striking differences in the palpi, etc., have deter- 
mined me to accept the separation provisionally. 


If the genera should be united ( Cycopides), there will be besides the 
want of the tibial-epiphysis (which separates them from all the other Hes- 
perians known to me), the following characters common to them: Club 
of antenne elongate oval, terminating conically, slightly curved. Apical 
joint of the palpi conical, projecting almost horizontal. Tibize armed 
with spines, at least the middle ones. Abdomen longer than the head 
and thorax united, the posterior wings uplifted. Male without the costal- 
fold, the stigma, and the tuft on the tibie. 

CycLopipEs. Antenne short, the club of smaller size. End-joint 
of the palpi thick, bluntly conical, rather free. Body slight, with short 
thorax, and very jong, slender abdomen ; the latter somewhat compressed 
and only sparingly pilose. Wings comparatively large, not remarkably 
hairy ; the hairs along the inner margin of the slightly developed, abdom- 
inal suture of the upper surface of the hind wings can only be recognized 
by very close examination. Hind tibize with two pairs of spurs (Zor 
pheus), or with only one pair (ornatis ). 

Of ornatus I have been able to examine only one specimen (from the 
Amur, Staudinger), which appears to me, because of the slender abdo- 
men, to be a male ; but I cannot be quite sure of the sex. It was much 
narrower-winged than the male Morpheus, and in this respect agreed 
better with the female of the European species. 


This genus appears not to be represented in North America. 


CARTEROCEPHALUS. Antenne equal to half the length of the fore 
wings, with elongate-ovoid club. | Apical joint of the palpi slender, coni- 
cal, moderately acute, quite concealed by the long hairs of the middle 
joint. Body moderately robust, with thickly haired (in azgyrostigma also 
very long haired) abdomen. Surface of the wings more hairy, with notably 
a conspicuous streak of still longer and thicker, prominent hairs along the 
inner margin of the abdominal suture of the hind wings. 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 


Here belong, according to Edwards, two North American species, 
Mandan Edw. and Omaha Edw., which last was separated by Scudder 
(System. Rev. of Amer. Butterflies, p. 54) from Mandan into a genus, 
Potanthus. 

THYMELICUS. 


Antenne half as long as the fore-wings, with elongate-ovoid, coni- 
cally-tipped club. Apical joint of the palpi nearly erect, moderately long 
and slender, subulate, hidden to beyond its middle by the long, stiff hairy 
clothing of the middle-joint. Middle tibize with a longitudinal series of 
short spines. Hind-wings somewhat produced at the inner angle. Male 
with a discoidal stigma, without a costal-fold, and without a tibial tuft. 


It differs from the next related genus Pamphi/a in the slender, subu- 
late apical joint of the palpi and in the absence of the hooklet on the end 
of the antennal club ( Pamph. Alcides, in which the antennal hooklet is 
curved, has a very short, thick, conical apical joint to the palpi). 


Edwards places here two North American species which are unknown 
to me—//y/ax Edw. and Garita Reak.* The Texan species, Waco 
Edw., placed by Scudder in 7Zymelicus must, because of essential differ- 
ences, form a separate genus, Cop@odes,t%to which, according to Edwards, 
Arene Edw. also belongs. 


PAMPHILA. 


Club of antenne ovate, or elongated, on the end more or less curved 
into a much thinner, acute hooklet, which may be shorter or longer, but 
always shorter than the club itself. The length of the hooklet depends 
upon the number of the antennal joints of which it consists (in the 
American Phy/eus Dr. it is represented by the single terminal joint which 
sets upon the thick end of the club in the form of a short spine). Palpi 
placed close to the front, at most extending a little beyond the eyes, the 
middle-joint broad anteriorly, closely set with long, brush-like hair-scales ; 
the apical joint conical, either short and thick, or moderately long and 
more slender, yet not so thin and subulate as in Zhymelicus.  ‘Tibie 


[* Dr. Speyer has subsequently received these two species from Mr. von Meske, 
and finds them to be true 7ymelicus,—L. | 


t+ Kopatodes—Oar-shaped, having reference to the form of the hairs of the little 
curl at the base of the antenne, 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


unarmed in some species, but with spines in most, which are the stronger 
upon the middle tibiz. | Body robust, the abdomen as long as the head 
and thorax united. Wings relatively small, stiff, the anterior ones tri- 
angular, the posterior ones short, mostly produced at the inner angle, 
particularly in the male. The anterior wings generally have a stigma, but 
no costal fold ; and the tuft is absent from the tibiz. 

A. Club of antennz thick, with a sharp apical hooklet. Vein 2 
(i. e., the first branch of the median) of the fore-wings originates 
much nearer to the base than to the hind margin of the wings, 
and is almost twice as long as is the trunk of the median vein to 
its end. Stigma of the male fore-wings in its normal position, 
or absent (in the European species it 1s present). 

B. The last fifth of the elongated club of the antenaz slender and 
bent backward, but rounded out at the end. Second vein as in 
A. Male without the stigma. 

C. Antenne as in A. Vein 2 originates at, or a little before, the 
middle of the wing, and is not, or only a little, longer than the 
trunk of the median. Stigma absent, or when present directed 
more towards the outer “margin and reaching only to the first 
vein. 

D. Club of the antenne more slender and more fusiform, with acute 
but less sharply defined apical hooklet. The second vein starts 
in the middle of the wing. Fringe light-colored ; at the end of 
the veins spotted with dark color (in A B and C not spotted). 
Male without the stigma. 

Our two common Central European species (Div. A) are typical of 
this great world-wide genus, with which agree, in all essential characters, 
such as structure of the antennz, neuration of the wings, etc., the greater 
number (21) of the North American species known to me in nature. The 
genus is far too comprehensive and varied to be left without analysis, but 
this desideratum must await a general classification. In the length of the 
antenne, the form of the club and its apical hooklet, in the spines of the 
tibiz, cut of wings, in the presence or absence of the stigma, and in its 
structure, manifold differences are displayed ; these, however, admit of no 
arrangement into natural groups, if one would avoid shattering the genus 
in an unwarrantable manner. The greater number of the species which 
I have studied (including the American) have spines on the tibia—in 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13535; 


some on all the tibiz, in others on the middle and posterior ones, or on 
the middle tibiz alone. Not less are there all degrees of transition 
apparent, from the feeblest and least perceptible, to those with the long 
and stout spines. In order to understand that no natural division can be 
based upon such differences as these, one needs only to place those with- 
out the spined tibiz in comparison with the others. The same value 


‘must be placed upon the stigma of the fore wings of the male; it is 


present in the greater number of the species, at least in the typical (Div. 
A), but even in a few of these it is wanting, which in other respects do 
not differ. Perhaps the neuration of the wings supplies better points of 
support for the division of those species here united into natural genera. 
The different origin of the first branch of the median vein of the fore 
wings does not offer available characters because it does not yield sharp 
limitations. While in some species ( Mathias, Zeller’, Inachus) the trunk 
and first branch of this vein have the same length, the point of departure 
of the latter in others ( ostrodamus, Osyka Edw.) is nearer the base, and 
thus forms a transition to the normal form in about one-third of the length 
of the wings. Whether the origin of the discoidal vein of the fore wings 
yields a sufficient characteristic for a true genus Pamphila, as Felder sup- 
poses (Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 1862, p. 483), I have not ascertained. 

Scudder (Syst. Revis. of American Butterflies) has separated the here 
included species into numerous genera, but unfortunately has not supplied 
diagnoses ; and from the list of the species alone, the grounds for this 
separation do not become clearly evident. 

The single species of Division B, Adcides HS., deviates from all the 
others here united, in the rounded tip of the antennz, and should there- 
fore, strictly speaking, be separated, since the acute tip of the apical 
hooklet of the club is an essential character of the genus. Besides that, it 
has another peculiarity. According to Herrich-Scheeffer’s statement 
(System. Bearb. a. Schmett. v. Eur., vi, 38), the male of this species has 
only 2 spurs on the hind tibie (? 4, as usual). Lederer ( Wien. Ent. 
Monatschr., 1857, 79) remarks concerning it: ‘‘ In the male in my collec- 
tion (with the female, probably the originals of Herrich-Scheeffer’s 
descriptions and figures) I observe distinctly only 3 spurs, the fourth may 
have been broken off.” I have examined 3 males and 1 female. Two 
flown males (Amasia, Staudgr.) have only end spurs, but of the middle 
spurs not a vestige is to be seen ; in the third male (Magnesia, Led., from 
Meeschler’s collection) both middle spurs are present, but unusually 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


short. The female belonging to this*male has lost one of its hind legs, and 
on the other there is a single middle spur—the outer one. Among four or 
five males only one has four spurs, one three, and two or three only apical 
spurs. A/cides must also be distinguished by a very unusual tendency to 
lose the middle spurs, or to vary in the number of the spurs, as does 
Acidalia rusticata, the latter of which is the more probable. 


In Division C., only the male of AZathias has a discoidal stigma—a 
straight oblique streak, which separates AZathias directly from all other 
species similarly marked. ‘The streak arises nearer the margin than 
usual, a little behind the middle of the dorsal vein, and ends at the first 
branch of the median. Its color is also different ; it is not coal-black, as 
others, but whitish-gray and glossy. From the two other species of this 
Division, Ze//eri offers no particular difference ; Vostrodamus differs in its 
unusually short antennae (in this agreeing with the otherwise quite unlike 
American Phyleus Dr.), with their thicker oval club, on which is placed 
a short conical hooklet, as a point on the thin apical joint. 

Herrich-Schaeffer places the species of the Divisions B and C in his 
genus Goniloba ; but he is unable to give the difference between it and 
Pamphita. 

Inachus has a more slender club than the other species, and is besides 
separated from them by its spotted fringe (which induced Ménétries to 
refer it to the genus Pyrevs),; it has also a peculiarly colored and marked 
under side of the hind wings. Its place in Pamphila, with many other 
species, can be only provisional. 


(To be Concluded in Following Number.) 


PAPILIO CRESPHONTES Cram. 
BY JACOB BOLL, DALLAS, TEXAS. 


The caterpillar of this beautiful butterfly is living here on Xanthoxylum 
carolinianum, or Prickly Ash; at least, till now I did not find it on any 
other plants. It can be found three times ina year, first in April and 
May, then in July, and again in September and October. If the cater- 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LSD 


pillars be touched, they stretch forth the reddish-brown fleshy fork from 
the neck, like all those of the genus Pafgz/io. When they do not eat they 
are sitting rigid regularly on the surface of the leaves. It is most inter- 
esting that in this situation their appearance resembles very much the 
excrements of birds, on account of their color, consisting of white, gray 
and brown spots. This resemblance is considerably increased in the 
earlier stage of the larvae, which are particularly found on open places, 
and are thus very easily seen. 


I saw these larvae for the first time in the early stage, and they deluded 
me in such a manner that I thought them at first to be excrements of 
birds fallen upon the leaves, and after further examination recognized 
them as larvae. This resemblance protects them naturally against their 
enemies, especially the birds. This likeness of the larvae to excrements 
of birds may seem strange to some readers, but the means and the ways 
of nature, whereby many insects are protected against the assaults of their 
enemies, are very numerous and wonderful. 


The pupae of the fall brood sometimes develop in autumn when the 
weather is favorable, but generally not before April of the next year. As 
a rare occurrence, it should be mentioned that one pupa of the fall brood 
of 1875 was not hatched before April, 1877. This observation is very 
peculiar in this southern latitude, and so far as I know, has never been 
noticed in butterflies. Among Bombycidae this happens occasionally, and 
it occurred to me in the old country that pupae of the European Saturnia 
carpint hybernated twice before they were developed. 


ON MERMIS, A PARASITE OF THE LARVA OF CARPOCAPSA 
POMONELLA. 


BY DR. H. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The interesting paper by Mr. J. A. Lintner, Entom. Contributions, 
No. iv., induces me to give some extracts from the papers by Prof. von 
Siebold, which the author could not compare himself, the more as they 
answer some important questions. 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1850, p. 335 : 

“ Carpocapsa pomonana W.V. 

‘ T examined with much interest, in the Museum in Breslau, Prussia, 
the specimens of hair worms communicated by different persons. ‘Those 
worms were found living in the heart of the apple some years ago, very 
frequently in Silesia (by F. S. Leuckart, Zooloy ‘Bruchstuecke, Heft L, 
1820, p. 5). Four of them belong to AZermis acuminata, and others also 
to Mermis ; also a specimen in Prof. Otto’s collection. The /i/arta 
found in an apple by Prof. Waga will probably also be a AZermis (Revue 
Zool., 1844, p. 366).” 

‘As I have given attention to all I found published about Helminthes 
in insects, I remembered to have seen some other facts stated about their 
presence in apples. | But in comparing my notes I cannot find the work, 
and the most thorough research in old and new books was without 
success. So, till now, the above given quotations from Prof. von Siebold 
are the only ascertained ones. 


Stett. Ent. Zeit , 1854, p. 106: 

‘«T saw in some letters sent to me that it seemed to be inconceivable 
to several Entomologists to understand how those worms can immigrate 
into larvae, which from the beginning of their existence live in buds or in 
fruits, and which never leave these trees or shrubs on which the eggs were 
laid. Though we have no direct observations how the AZerms immi- 
grates into the caterpillar living in the apple or in the pear, I do not at 
all think that we are obliged to accept a spontaneous generation. We 
know very well that a number of lower animals leave the egg very far from 
the place where they shall live, and that they are obliged to make com- 
paratively long journeys to reach the place destined for them. For 
instance, the Cicada, the larva of which is obliged to go into the earth, 
though the eggs are laid on high trees. Why should not the brood of 
Mermis generated in the earth migrate in the opposite way on flowers and 
trees to reach their proper abode? In the spring at certain times the 
whole superficies of plants is humid and preserves the worms from drying 
up. ‘This supposition is corroborated by the observation of Prof. Creplin 
concerning the migration of another worm.” 


In a later paper, 7 ¢. p. 32, it is stated by direct observation in Eng- 
land and Germany that after strong rains the brood of dZermzs comes out 
of the earth and travels on flowers and shrubs in such numbers that the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 


old tale of “‘a worm-rain” could have been believed. All those worms 
belonged to Mermis nigrescens. Siebold has seen the immigration (boring 
into) of young Mermis into the larvae of Hyponomeuta cognatella, and 
Dr. Meissner into the legs of larvae of Ephemera. The “boring into ” is 
done by an armature en the head of the Alermis consisting of twelve 
movable hooks placed in a double series around, and serving later as a 
means of locomotion i: 0 the interior of the body of the host. 

It should be remembered that the AZermzs leaves the host later to go 
into the earth, and that only there the sexual parts are developed and the 
brood generated. 

The species was first described by Rudolphi as Filaria acuminata, and 
_ later by Siebold as Mermuis acuminata. 


A NEW SPECIES OF PHIGALIA. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Phigalia cinctaria, n. sp. 

Wingless female.—Length .75 of an inch; exserted oviduct, .25 
more. Color light gray with a very slight olive tint, and irregularly mot- 
tled all over with black ; the spots large above, but smaller on the sides 
and beneath ; the thorax nearly uniform black ; the divisions between the 
segments pea green while alive, but turning darker in drying. Head 
grayish black, the clypeus black ; antennae black, annulated with gray, 
reaching to about the middle of the body, when turned back. _ Hind 
wings reaching to the back part of the first abdominal segment, the fore 
wings reaching to the middle of the same segment. Feet and legs grayish 
black, annulated with gray. The oviduct with two joints exserted, the 
last third of the outer joint hairy, the hairs perpendicular to the joint. 
Head short, scarcely to be seen from above, rather wide between the 
eyes ; palpi short. From a single ?. 

Chrysalis—Length, exclusive of bristles, .55 of an inch. Dark 
brown, coarsely punctured, the punctures between the segments fine, the 
abdomen ending in a conical segment, which is smooth at the end and 
tipped with two short, stout, divergent bristles. Subterranean. 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The moth from which the above description is taken was bred from a 
larva taken from an apple tree about fifty miles north of here, May 28th, 
1877. It was at that time an inch long, gray, banded transversely with a 
number of white lines. It moulted June 6th, when all but one of the 
white lines were replaced by brown, the ground color remaining the same. 
After feeding a few days longer, it entered the ground and transformed 
to a chrysalis as above. At this time it was about an inch and a half 
long. The imago appeared March 27th, 1878. 


ON THE EMERGENCE OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THEIR 
COCOONS. 


BY C. E. WORTHINGTON, IRVING PARK, ILL. 


In the years 1856 and 1857 Capt. Thos. Hutton communicated to the 
London Entomological Society (Trans. v., 85) and to the Journal of the 
Agri-horticultural Society of India (ix., 167-9) certain observations on 
the means employed by the imago of Actias selene in obtaining exit from 
its cocoon. In 1857 Messrs Horsfield and Moore in their catalogue of 
the Lepidoptera in the Indian Museum, quote and endorse Capt. Hutton’s 
observations, and in the course of their remarks indicate indirectly that 
the same methods are employed by Axtherea paphia, an Indian Attacian 
allied to our Z! polyphemus. 

In these articles the hooks on the wings and the drop of acrid liquid 
on the head are both noticed and the conclusion arrived at that the means 
employed are both chemical and mechanical. Capt. Hutton, however, 
states that the moth discharges this liquid from the mouth and applies it 
with the brush on the forehead—apparently an error, as the structure of 
the mouth parts would hardly admit of the secretion of such a liquid, and 
when secreted it could hardly be conveyed to the forehead. 

On reading these notes it occurred to me that I had noticed that 
examples of folyphemus emerging from cocoons from which the top had 
been removed invariably carried a drop of brown liquid on the frontal 
tuft, and a little investigation convinced me that the liquid, so far from 
being secreted by the mouth, was contained in a cell underlying the con- 
spicuous greenish spot on the pupa. This cell is ruptured from the top 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


by the emerging insect and leaves its contents on the forehead. Pupae in 
which fully formed moths had died without emerging show, on dissection, 
the empty cell with a sediment adhering to the forehead of the insect not 
only in 7. polyphemus, but in A. yama-mai and other species of Azntherea 
I have been able to examine in this condition. 

With a view of determining the question, I prepared a number of 
polyphemus cocoons by removing the outer layers and cutting a narrow 
slit on opposite sides to near the head, so that when suspended in the 
light the motions might be watched, and in two instances have been able 
to see, though rather imperfectly, the whole performance. As before 
stated, the moth on breaking the pupa-skin carries on its forehead a drop 
of liquid, which, as the moth lengthens itself in the effort to free the fore 
legs, is smeared upon the end of the cocoon, and during the twisting and 
squirming accompanying this effort, well rubbed in. After freeing the legs 
the moth rests for a moment; then, pushing up one shoulder, turns 
several times in the cocoon, the shoulder being pressed against the smeared 
part. The result of this appears to be to loosen some of. the fibres, for 
after two or three repetitions of this movement, the legs are extended 
upward and the abdomen extended, forcing the shoulders more firmly 
against the cocoon and a vigorous clawing begun ; this is succeeded by a 
butting movement, the abdominal segments being first retracted and then 
forcibly extended, followed by more twisting, clawing and butting, until a 
small hole is made, when the butting movements predominate and the 
moth finally emerges, pushing the cut ends of the threads outward. 

So far as I have been able to observe, the hooks in the wings merely 
serve to detach the fibres and hold them in place until broken by the 
powerful legs, the removal of the gum and weakening of the silk by the 
liquid on the head rendering this comparatively easy—this possibly being 
aided by the surplus fluids of the pupa being brought up during the 
retraction and extension I have called “butting,” but whether this is 
really the case or not I am unable to state. <A similar cell is observable 
in all pupae of this family, and it seems probable that they all emerge in 
the same manner, employing neither wholly chemical nor mechanical 
means, but both. 

Nore.—lIt is but fair to add that since these notes were prepared I 
have seen mention of a paper by Mr. Packard on the same subject, but 
as it is not in general circulation, have been unable to see the paper in 
question. 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


ON THE HONEY TUBES OF SOME BUTTERFLY LARVA. 
DEAR SIR,— 

In my paper in the July No. of the Can. ENT., p. 136, I stated that I 
found a reference in “ Newman’s British Butterflies” to a mention by 
Zeller of the ants licking a conical tube in Damon (1 think it was). 

Zeller refers to C. E. Pezold in L. G. Scriba, Beitraege zu der Insecten 
Geschichte, 1793, Heft 3, p. 230, who states that ants often indicate the 
presence of the caterpillar of Papilio Biton = Lycaena Damon. ‘ Onthe 
rith (12th counting the head as 1st) segment are two small yellow spots. 
I saw a caterpillar moving them while feeding, and with the microscope I 
found them to be two whitish tubes protruded by the caterpillar and again 
invaginated. When first protruded the tube is similar to a three-cornered 
pyramid, the three sides of which can be opened and invaginated in the 
cylinder. When the caterpillar feeds, the tubes are almost incessantly 
thrust out and withdrawn. I never saw any fluid coming out, nor remarked 
any smell. I found two similar wart-like parts on the next preceding 
segment, but without any change of shape. The caterpillars of Zyc. argus 
and Zhecla Rubi possess the same movable tubes in the same place, but 
I could not find them in Zheclas Quercus and Betule. It is a question 
what is the use of these organs. Are they for defence asin P. machaon ? 
I do not know whether the tubes of Damon are excretive organs, but I 
have some reason to believe they are—the more so as the ants are very 
busy about the caterpillars and cover them often entirely without harming 
them. Mr. Esper has observed the same in the caterpillars of Lyc. Learus. 
Perhaps it is here as with Aphides, where the ants sip up the secretion. 
That I did not see any fluid is no reason that it does not exist.” 


W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. 


DeEaR SIR,— 


I should be glad to exchange a large number of British butterflies and 
moths in return for good typical specimens of Canadian Lepidoptera or 
pupae. Address—- 

A. J. SPILLER, Mangotsfield, Bristol, England. 


a= = | 


Che Canadwan Entomalogist. 


VOL. &X. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1878. INO. 9 


ON THE NEW CARPET BUG. 
BY DR. H. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


Perhaps a few additions to Mr. J. A. Lintner’s very- interesting article 
will not be out of place. In 1872 the late Mrs. W. P. L. Garrison came 
to visit the Museum, and told me about an insect destroying the carpets 
in Buffalo, N. Y., and named there ‘“ the Buffalo pest.” I had not then 
heard anything about the insect, and Mrs. Garrison, after her departure, 
was kind enough to send me some living specimens from Buffalo. I 
bred them here in the Museum, and determined them as Axnthrenus 
scrophularie .. The following years I had numerous inquiries from Cam- 
bridge and Boston in relation to this carpet pest, and I traced about 
three-fourths of all cases to a large carpet store in Washington St. in 
Boston, where the carpets were bought, and what ought not to have been 
done, they were directly laid in the rooms, without beating them before 
strongly and disinfecting them in some way. 

Mr. Lintner was unable to firid any record of its preying upon carpets 
or other woolens in the Old World. But there exists enough in the 
literature. Dr. H. Noerdlinger, in his well-known book, “ Die kleinen 
Feinde der Landwirthschaft,” etc., 1855, Sto., p. go, states as follows : 

“The common flower-beetle, Anthrenus scrophularie, is from April 
common on many flowers, especially on fruit trees and roses. It 1s com- 
mon also in houses, etc., where it can-become very obnoxious by the 
destruction of furs, clothes, animal collections, and even leather and dried 
plants. The obnoxious larva, which naturalists should take care to 
avoid, is common in closets and rooms in the attic, where it finds dead 
flies and from whence it likes to enter the other rooms.” 


I have taken Noerdlinger’s book at random, but it would not be diffi- 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cult to find such notices in similar books. ‘To show that this pest is not 
a new one, | add two older authors taken at random. 

F. W. Herbst, Coleoptera, vol. 7, 1797, p. 328, says: “ This beetle 
is everywhere very common in rooms, on buds, and especially common 
on tulips. It destroys, as well as its relatives, collections of insects and 
plants. ‘Phe larva lives in the houses, like the Dermestes, and destroys 
all kinds of collections of natural objects, cloths, furs, leather and 
victuals.” ‘The variety of A. scrophularie—sutura grisea—is described 
from Europe by Lliger, 1798, p. 398. =F. Wiegmann, Handbook der 
Zoologie, 1832, p. 308: ‘* The larva lives on animal matters, and is some- 
times very injurious to hides.” 

I have ascertained this summer that the carpet bug eats of a piece of 
cloth consisting half of worsted, half of cotton, only the worsted threads, 
and left the cotton threads uninjured. 

[ may add some words concerning the list of the obnoxious insects 
introduced from Europe into America. — It is, as I believe, overlooked 
that about three-fourths of the insects enumerated are surely not origin- 
ally European insects. ‘They were introduced into Europe from the East 
by the advancement and progress of culture, and in the same way by the 
advancement of culture from Europe to America. The same is the case 
with the common weeds, and some years ago, by carefully comparing the 
list of European weeds in Prof. Ratzeburg’s work with the lists of the 
described American plants, I found out that two-thirds of all European 
weeds are common in the United States, and perhaps a part of the last 
third, of which I was not able to make certain. I myself was at first 
much surprised to find in the middle of the prairie, near the railway to 
St. Paul, Minn., common European weeds. I should state that I share 
entirely in the wishes of the inhabitants of N. America to receive and 
enjoy progress and advancement of culture, without the accompanying 
drawbacks which nature seems to have so closely united with them. 

After all, | should state that it is remarkable that such pests as the 
Colorado beetles emigrate very exceptionaliy from the west to the east ; 
so the locust tree is even now entirely free from pests in Europe, though 
imported a century ago and very common everywhere. There are some 
American insects imported into Europe which have been overlooked. 
Blatta Americana is common in all sugar refineries to Archangel, and 
everywhere in large cities in. store-houses. Zermes flavipes 1s pro- 
bably also imported from this continent. L¢atta orientalis was imported 


~e 
eres 
~~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1( 


from Asia to the west of Europe, and made from there a_ well 
ascertained migration to the east again and through Siberia. All insects 
. finding it easier to live in the company of man, or by articles used and 
needed by man, will of course follow him as well as dogs and rats. 


Mr. Lintner has not mentioned P/y/oxera, which has in Europe done 
more injury and has caused more losses than almost all the other pests 
together. 


THE GENERA OF THE HESPERID OF THE EUROPEAN 
: FAUNAL-REGION. 


BY DR. A. SPEYER. 


(Translated from the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung for 1878, pp. 167-193.) 


(Concluded from August No., p. 154.) 
. 
CATODAULIS.* 


g. Antenne much longer than half the costal margin of the fore- 
wings, nearly three-fourths as long as the body, uniform black, at two-thirds 
of their length expanding into a slender fusiform club, the last third of 
which is suddenly bent at a right angle ; from this point forwards it is 
rapidly narrowed, but not very acute, nor curved into a hook. Locklet of 
hair of medium length and of the usual structure. Palpi projecting the 
full length of the eyes beyond the front, the first joint thickly hair-scaled, 
the end joint moderately short, conical, almost horizontal.  Tibiz 
unarmed, the hind ones with four spurs, the outer one of each pair much 
: shorter than the inner one. ‘The tuft of hair begins on the base of the 
. tibiae and reaches (on the inside running downwards) to their end. Body 
not very robust, the head and thorax united equal to the abdomen, the 
latter not reaching the inner angle of the hind wings, and destitute of the 


[* Dr. Speyer writes that this genus must give way to DAIMIA Murray, 1874.—L. | 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ventral excavation. Wings large and broad ; hind wings undulate, with 
a deep sinus at the end of vein 5, their basal third of the underside cov- 
ered with long matted whitish hair between the inner margin and the 
middle cell ; the remaining surface with prostrate scales. No costal fold. 
(2 ¢ from the Amur, and 1 from Yokohama, Staudinger.) 


That Pyrgus Tethys Meénétries (Lnum. Corp. anim. Muset Petropolit., 
p. 126, Tab. x. fig. 8) neither belongs to the genus Pyrgus, nor to either 
of the other genera of European Hesperides, nor even shows close rela- 
tions with them, is apparent upon a very slight examination. For that 
reason I am also less sure with regard to Catodaudis, whether it does not 
coincide with described exotic genera which are otherwise unknown to 
me, and consequently if the synonymy be not thereby unnecessarily 
increased. — Herrich-Schzeffer’s Table of the genera does not indicate to 
me any genus corresponding with it. Kirby places Ze¢hys in his genus 
Eryanis (= Spilothyris Bdv.), from which it is certainly to be inferred 
that he was not acquainted with this butterfly, whose Aadbcstus decidedly 
contrasts with that of every other European Hesperian. In Pyrgus A. we 
notice promninently the transparent spots of the fore-wings and the waved 
border of the hind-wings. With Scelothrix, Tethys has nothing but the 
tibial tuft in common. 


The latter character is undoubtedly absent from the female, which is 
unknown to me ; and still further I do not know whether the shaggy hairi- 
ness of the hind-wings (which was the occasion for the adoption of the 
mame) pertains to this sex. These hairs seem moreover not to adhere 
very firmly, for not a vestige of them appears in a male example which has 


been long on the wing, and is besides not everywhere present in equal 
completeness. 


PYRGUS. 


Club of the antennze ovate or elongated, feebly compressed, straight, 
or not quite regularly falcate, rounded off at the end (except in Paggez). 
Lock of hair long. Palpi projecting more than the length of the eyes 
beyond the front, the middle joint bristly, the apical joint thick, bluntly 
conical, horizontal or directed obliquely forwards. Tibiz unarmed 
(except in crzbrellum), destitute of the tuft. Abdomen as long as the 
head and thorax united, reaching as far as to the posterior angle of the 
hind-wings. Fringe checkered. 


F 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


A. @ With costal fold. 
a. Stoutly built species, with deeply waved-toothed (tief wellen- 
zahnigen) hind-wings, and with transparent spots on the fore- 
wings. 
b. Hind-wings more deeply dentated, or with the margins entire ; 
fore-wings without transparent spots. 


B. @ Without costal fold. Hind-wings slightly dentated. 


a. Club of antennz longer than in the other species, bent behind 
the middle, and thence to tip much reduced. Male with a 
trace of the costal fold. 


é. Club of the antennz straight or only slightly bent, rounded 
at tip. 


This is, after Pamphila, the least homogeneous genus, including species 
either with or without the costal fold, and which show some differences in 
the form of the club of the antenne. The Division A. a. differs besides 
somewhat in Aadztus, and has therefore been regarded as a distinct genus. 
Essential differences I have not been able to find; moreover Profo, in its 
habitus and expanse of wings, forms a connecting link between it and the 
other species. If it should be thought proper to give them generic dis- 
tinction, the older name Carchavodus of Hubner would be confirmed, and 
under which he had correctly assembled the species and had sufficiently 
characterized them. Kirby places here (besides Zé‘iys Mén.) one other 
species from America ( Carcharodus mazans Reak.) which is unknown 
to me. 

Alcee Esp. differs in the form of the club of the antennze from the two 
next related, and in general from the other species of the genus. The 
last fifth of the very thick club is (nearly as in Pamph. Alcides) remark- 
ably reduced and bent backward, and also rounded at the end. <A/thaee 
& has a bunch of hair on the underside of the fore-wings ; Lavatere has 
none of these marks, but instead, particu’ ily large hyaline spots. In the 
Division A. J. stands the only species of Pyrxgus whose tibiz (the middle 
and posterior) are armed with spines, and those moderately short (e. g. 
cribrellum). 1 have already mentioned this species as illustrating the 
small value for systematic purposes of the tibial spines.in this family. But 
they offer a convenient mark for separating cvébred/um-and fessellum, which 
are sometimes confounded. /ro¢o connects the group A. a. to B., especi- 
ally to Pogge?, and would, if it had no costal fold, be more naturally placed 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


next to it. In fact the costal fold is a little shorter and narrower than in 
the other species. This, and the circumstance that in Pogge/ there is the 
first intimation of a fold as a narrow seam in the membrane, militates 
against the generic separation of Divisions A. and B. 

Poggel, in the form of its antenne, recalls Msontades, but the bending 
of the club does not really begin in the middle, but a little behind it, and 
it is not so regularly falcate as in that genus. | Page” approaches so near 
to phlomidis and Proto in all other respects that a separation from them 
would only be justified if a number of agreeing species could be united 
LOM 


SCELOTHRIX, 


Club of antennz elongate ovate, somewhat compressed, feebly falcate, 
rounded on the end. Locklet, palpi and fringe as in Pyrgus. Hind tibie 
without spines. Male with much developed costal fold ; two membran- 
ous, sheath-formed appendages on the metasturnum, and a long hair-tuft 
on the hind tibee. ‘The appendages start from the base of the hind legs 
and project more or less convergingly, occasionally being bent apart 
(feebly x-shaped) for nearly one-third the length of the abdomen, over the 
very deep and long ventral cavity. They are a pair of almost linear, 
rather flat, membranous, apparently hollow structures, at first sight to be 
compared with a short, broad sabre-sheath, thickly scaled, and on the 
front edge and particularly at the tip with longer hairs. Their form, 
clothing and color present some differences, which probably (but which I 
have not proven) will afford useful specific characters. 

The tuft of the tibia, composed of long, fine pencil-like hairs, arises 
close under the knee of the hind tibiz on the inner side. It is at least as 
long as the tibi, often considerably longer, and appears in captured 
specimens, generally, spread apart. When drawn in, it is placed under 
the sheath-like appendages—at least this is so in several specimens in my 
collection. Its color varies from pale yellow to black in various degrees 
of mixture. 

This genus approaches so near to the preceding one (several of its 
species agreeing with it fully in Aadctus, color and marking) that the 
separation requires special justification, because the differences become 
conspicuous only in the male sex. But in this sex the differences are so 
highly developed and easy to detect,—the forms united thereby so homo- 
geneous—that it seemed to me more reasonable to establish a new genus 


| 


; 


& 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167 


than to-add to the subdivisions of Pyrews still another. Should transition 
forms exist, Sce/o/irix must certainly be absorbed, but no such forms are 
known to me :—the tibial tuft and the appendages are either completely 
developed, or entirely absent. 

Maculata is characterized by very acute fore-wings, by the particular 
color and marking of their undersides, and above all by the white fringe 
being marked with black only on the upper side, and not both above and 
below as in the other species. Appendages of the pectus and tuft of the 
tibiz in the male well developed, the latter extending to the end of the 
first tarsal joint. The other species stand very close together, and it hap- 
pens here again, as in other very natural groups, that the genera which are 
easiest to define, are those in which the species are the most difficult— 
declaring distinctly that if the genus should be easy to define, the parts of 
which it consists must be very homogeneous. Here are chiefly those 
species or varieties nearest to a/veus : fritillum, serratule, cacalie, andro- 
mede (and quite independent of the Ramburian cersz7, cavZine and onopord, 
concerning which nobody has accurate knowledge), which difficult in 
themselves to separate by fixed characters, become in the mass still more 
difficult to separate from their originals, the more that the number of speci- 
mens compared increases, and their localities widen. ‘The reason for this 
may be that these forms have not begun until recent times (geologically 
speaking) to separate themselves from their common originals ; and as 
species (in a systematic sense), have not yet become perfect, the inter- 
mediate forms still existing as such in many localities, while in others they 
have disappeared. ‘The evidence for this last position appears to me to 
be given in the following observation. The two forms of the a/vews-group, 
which occur here in Rhoden, are /fr7te//um (H. 464-5, HS.) and serratule 
(HS. fig. 18-20) ; the supposed stem-species, a/vews (H. 461-3) is entirely 
absent. The first two fly in the same locality (upon the Muschelkalk 
formation), which I visit diligently every year, and where I find my 
richest source for Diurnals and many other Lepidoptera. /rz¢c/dum, and 
also serratule, appear here in quite typical.form, and I have not yet met 

-with an example which has raised a doubt as to which of the two forms it 
should be referred, nor which had assumed the characteristics of a/veus. 

I found /frited/um on this spot during the whole of June, and again at 

* the end of August, and in September ; also, during several years, singly, 
in the last half of July. In former years this butterfly appeared some- 
times in large numbers, but recently it has become much more scarce. 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Serratule, as well as | remember, for many years, had only once fallen 
into my hands in this place, where I found it in the evening, sleeping with 
two specimens of /7i¢7lim upon a flower. For the past ten years, how- 
ever, | have annually (possibly as the result of more careful searching) 
found this species, but only in small numbers, between the end of May 
and the middle of June ; but lately only in single badly weathered speci- 
mens. In Midsummer and Autumn I have never seen it here. This 
cannot be the spring brood of /r7tc//um, as the time of flight of /réte/um 
begins with the first of June, and only a little later than that of serratule. 
The latter flies also in the Alps, at the same time as the other related 
forms, in July and August. 

Were I to base my judgment upon the occurrence of the two species 


in this vicinity, I would tinhesitatingly pronounce them specifically distinct — 


and easy to separate. But I am made very uncertain by specimens which 
I have found in Wildungen, only a little more than five miles distant from 
this place. There I found (on clay slates) the typical a/vews and ser- 
ratule moderately common, but /77////um only singly. Among the few 
specimens that I have yet in the collection is at least one fritil/um 
with a strong inclination towards aves, and a serrate §& of uncommon 
size, which might almost as well be referred to a/vews. Besides, if I were 
to endeavor to distribute among the known types the numerous examples 
found in the different parts of the Alps, multifariously varying in their 
size, in the cut of wings, in color and markings, the uncertaiaty would rise 
to such a degree that it might easily be conceived how Meyer-Dir ( Zag- 


falter a. Schweiz, page 218, fig.) draws together as forms of a single species | 


all three of them and caca/iw; yes, and even carthami. In the fact 
that the usually specified separative characters will not throughout stand 
the test, he is certainly correct. 

Local and climatic influences, which are so productive of various 
modifications, particularly in restricted localities of high mountains, 
undoubtedly play a great part here; and it is naturally to be expected 
that, in places where the different forms live in large numbers in close 
proximity, the close limits among themselves would be obliterated by con- 
tinual crossings. 

At a former time specimens were sent to me under the name cers? 
Ramb., said to be from the vicinity of Paris, which had much white upon 
the upper side of the hind-wings and brick-red on the under side. ‘They 
appeared to me at that time not to be specifically distinct from /rited/um. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


As carline Ramb., Staudinger has sent a pair of the small Scelothrix from 
the Southern Tyrol, which are nearly related to a/veus and serratule, but 
may be distinguished from them particularly in having narrower and more 
acute wings and less expanded hind margin (their fore and hind angles 
the more prominent on that account.) Three males taken upon the 
Gemmi well accord therewith. I would only regard them as a somewhat 
degenerated mountain variety of alveus. 


NISONIADES. 


Antenne half as long as the fore-wings, their club somewhat com- 
pressed, slender, gradually dilated and then narrowed and more or less 
acutely produced, regularly curved, lunate-falcate. Locklet long. Palpi 
projecting upon the front to nearly twice the length of the eyes, with long 
and thick hairs, but less coarse than in Pyrgus and Scelothrix ; the apical 
joint thick, bluntly conical, somewhat bent. Tibize unarmed, and without 
the tuft,* but with long hairs. Fore-wings triangular, outer margin not 
toothed, fringe unicolored. Male with longer costal fold. 


The peculiarly native country of this genus, scarcely more than repre- 
sented in Europe, is North America. Scudder enumerates sixteen species, 
based chiefly upon differences in the form of the abdominal appendages, 
several of which, however, Edwards will not acknowledge to be good 
species. The characteristic feature is the form of the club of the antenne, 
which is fusiform when stretched out, but which takes the form of a nar- 
row crescent when in its regularly curved condition. This fundamental 
form is constant; the stoutness of the club and its degree of acuteness 
differs according to the species. In some American species it is very 
slender and finely pointed ; in others, as in our Zages, it is thicker and 
more blunt, but never so suddenly rounded as in the preceding and fol- 
lowing genera. 


* In a letter received from Dr. Speyer as this is passing through the press, he 
desires to make the following correction in this diagnostic feature. The tibial tuft (see 
also foot of page 126) is not reliable for generic separation. A critical examination 
made by him of some of the species of Visonzades, has shown its presence in Persius and 
Icelus ; in the latter, quite strong. #v7z0, although so closely related to Zce/us, is without 
the tuft. The detection of this marked difference in these two allied species, establishes 
their specific value, which has been questioned, and also shows that the presence or 
absence of the tuft is only of specific importance. —L, 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Montanus Brem. is distinguished from the others above, which accord 
with it pretty well in /adbstus, by the particularly large hind-wings with 
expanded margin, also by the difference of color and marking ; but it has 
all the essential characters of the genus. — Its club is somewhat thicker 
than in Zages, but is otherwise of the same shape. 


‘THANAOS. 


Club of antenne elongated, curved, shorter than in Wsonzades, sud- 
denly swollen, and scarcely contracted at the well rounded tip.  Fore- 
wings more elongate than triangular, the front margin more steeply arched 
above the base, the hind margin shorter. Male destitute of the costal 
fold. All the other characters as in Mesoniades. 

‘The erection of « separate genus for J/a7/oy/ is more difficult to justify 
than even the somewhat artificial separation of the genus Scelothrix from 
Pyrgus. For the absence of a costal fold, their principal character, as has 
already been shown in Pyrgws, is insufficient to establish a generic value ; 
the antennal club differs only in its shortness and stoutness, and no 
importance can be attached to the slight difference in the cut of the 
wings. All three of these features taken together induce me to consider 
it more proper, for strict systemization, to set apart this element which 
disturbs the establishment of a generic character for Vsonzades. In order 
to avoid constructing a new generic name, I have used that which Bois- 
duval selected to include Zages and A/ar/oyi. 

May 2oth, 1877. : 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF 
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


The Club met pursuant to notice, at 2:30 on Tuesday afternoon, 
August 20, 1878, at room 17, The Lindell Hotel, St. Louis, Missouri. 

The President, Mr. J. A. Lintner, of Albany, in the chair. In the absence 
of the Secretary, Mr. B. Pickman Mann, Prof. A. G. Wetherby, of Cin- 
cinnatti, was appointed Secretary p7o tem. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Wa 


The President then delivered his 


ANNUAL ADDRESS. 


Gentlemen of the Entomological Club: 


For the honor which you were pleased to confer upon me, at your last 
meeting, when I was unable to be with you, in calling me to preside over 
you, I am fully appreciative, and would return my grateful acknowledg- 
ments. While I well know that there are several among you who far 
better deserved the honor of succeeding to the chair vacated by my 
illustrious predecessor, yet I would interpret your selection as a tribute to 
my devotion to our loved science, and to my earnest desire to aid in its 
progress to the extent of my humble ability. 


On these annual gatherings, marking the lapse of a period signalized 
by progress equaling, even surpassing that of a decade but a few years 
ago, it would seem fitting and proper that a comprehensive view of that 
progress should be given. But this has been so ably done by one of our 
number, and you have had it presented to you in the pages of Psyche, that 
whatever I might say, in this direction, would be but repetition. 


Permit me then, instead, to refer to some evidences of progress in 
American Entomology, shown within the recollection of several of us here 
present. Going back forty years, very little was known of our abundant 
insect fauna, except of the Coleoptera, an order which enjoyed the good 
fortune of being an attractive one, easy to collect in and prepare for the 
cabinet, and which early enlisted in its study earnest students, who have 
since lent honored names to the annals of American science. Thus, in 
1835, in Harris’ List of the Insects of Massachusetts, the names of 994 
Coleoptera are given, and but i4o Lepidoptera. Of the latter, 34 are 
butterflies, four of which are erroneously referred to European species : 
among these only three species of Hesperidz are mentioned. Seventeen 
species of Noctuidze are recorded, with the additional note of “96 unnamed 
species.” ‘There are also the names of 7 Geometers, 1 Pyralid, 1 Tortrix 
and 6 Tineids. How great an advance upon this in our knowledge of 
forms is shown in the Crotch Check List of 7,450 species of Coleoptera, 
in the Grote Check List of 1,132 species of Noctuids (already quite 
incomplete from the species subsequently made known), and in the 
the Edwards Catalogue of 506 species of Butterflies (110 of which are 
Hesperide). I often recall, as [am reminded of past progress, a request 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of Dr. Fitch, soon after the commencement of his Reports, for my careful 
attention to the Catocalas, for the authorities of the British Museum were, 
he thought unnecessarily, multiplying species. He did not believe that 
we really had over a half dozen species. To-day we number over 90 
accepted species. 


At the time to which I have referred, very few—perhaps not over a 
score (my limited knowledge of the Coleoptera must be my excuse if I 
err) of the histories of our insects were known; now, we may count by 
the hundred those of which we know the transformations and the life 
histories more or less complete. Some of these, thanks to the labors of 
Edwards, Riley, Scudder, Walsh and others, have been charmingly wrought 
out, and are honorable contributions to science. 


The list of working Entomologists is rapidly enlarging, and with the 
consequent diffusion of a knowledge of their purposes and their results, 
we -have reason to believe that the day is not far distant when the oppro- 
bious prefix of “crazy” will not invariably be associated with ‘ bug- 
hunter.” In the last edition of the Naturalists’ Directory, the names of 
281 persons are recorded who are making Entomology their study in 
North America. It is probable that a full list would be increased by at 
least 25 per cent., extending the number to 350. 


With so large a number of working Entomologists, we would be 
justified in expecting larger annual contributions to our literature. 
It would seem to me but a moderate estimate that one-third of the num- 
ber should possess the ability of making such careful observations and of 
collating them in such a form that they would prove acceptable and valu- 
able contributions to our knowledge. While we know so little of the 
transformations of our species, the habits of their larvee and imagines, 
their geographical distribution—in short, the numerous details entering 
into and composing their life histories, there is scarcely a new fact relating 
to these particulars which is not worthy of being placed on record in the 
pages of our Entomological journals, which will gladly give them place. 
It has been stated that there are but about thirty Entomologists in the 
United States and the Dominion of Canada who are in the habit of pub- 
lishing the results of their observations and studies. The last volume of 
the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST presents a list of forty-five contributors ; 
and Mr. Scudder, in his review of the work done during the year 1877, to 
which reference -has been made, gives an account of the publications of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Vie, 


forty-one writers, seven of whom have discussed injurious insects only. 
We wish that this latter number had been much larger. 

A marked improvement has been shown in the number, extent and 
character of Entomological collections, both in public institutions and in 
private hands. It is most earnestly to be hoped that the growing appre- 
ciation of the value of these collections may demand and ensure their 
proper care and future preservation. ‘I’o this end it is very important 
that each individual possessing a valuable private collection (and there 
are now a respectable number distributed through the several States which 
contain 5,000 examples) should make such arrangements for its dispo- 
sition and preservation after his decease as may, within a reasonable 
extent, ensure its perpetuity. ‘The authoritative statement which has been 
. made, that the extremely valuable collections of Drs. LeConte and Horn 
will at some future day be added to the collection which the ability and 
zeal of Dr. Hagen has built up at the Cambridge Museum, is highly 
gratifying intelligence. And in this connexion, let me endeavor to impress 
upon each one of you the service which you may render to science by 
availing yourself of every opportunity to urge upon those who have 
voice in the erection of buildings devoted to scientific collections, that a 
primary consideration be that they be made fire-proof. 

The literature of our science has already become quite respectable, and 
its collection on our shelves forms no inconsiderable a library. The 
eleven volumes of the American Entomological Society represent a large 
amount of earnest and thorough work. The nine volumes of the 
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST are replete with interest and instruction. The 
numerous papers scattered through the pages of the Reports of the Pea- 
body Academy of Science, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural 
History, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Pro- 
_ ceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, Bulletin of the 
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Proceedings of the California Academy 
of Natural Sciences, and others, fully illustrate the earnestness with which 
Entomological study is being prosecuted, and give large promise of a 
brilliant future. The exquisite illustrations of the ‘‘ Butterflies of North 
America” are a credit to our country, being fully equal to the best work 
of the class in Europe. The publications of LeConte have given him 
high place among the honored names of the fathers of American Ento- 
mology, while the writings of Hagen, Grote, Scudder, Packard, Horn, 
_ Cresson and Uhler represent no inconsiderable portion of the progress 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


upon which we are congratulating ourselves. Nor can I omit 
reference to our European friends — to Loew, Osten Sacken, de 
Saussure, Speyer, Zeller, Mceschler, Butler and others, who are freely 
lending us their valued aid in the descriptions of forms too numerous for 
our few hands, and in the solution of problems which require for their 
determination the study of the entire insect fauna of the eastern hemi- 
sphere in connection with our own. 

The most gratifying feature, perhaps, in the report of progress which I 
am able to present to you, is the aid which the General Government is 
now extending to Entomological explorations and investigations, in placing 
scientists in the field and in the publication of their results. Two years 
ago, the occupant of this chair felt called upon to express to you his 
sorrow, disappointment, indignation, that Congress had declined to accede 
to the memorials presented it, asking its recognition and acceptance of the 
service which applied Entomology was in a condition to render. Now, it 
is a cause of congratulation that the Department of Agriculture has 
selected as its Entomologist one whose training in the school of economic 
Entomology for the past ten years has specially qualified him for the 
responsible position he occupies ; and we have the additional gratifying 
assurance that the Secretary of the Department is in full sympathy with 
our aims. 

In conformity with a precedent long since established in Europe, our 
Government has honored itself while honoring science, in seeking to add 
to the productive wealth of the country through a control of the insect depre- 
dations inflicted upon our people, to the extent of enormous annual 
losses, and, at times, poverty and starvation. The two special Com- 
missions which have been. already appointed, it is understood are, ere 
long, to be followed by others. The published results of one year’s labor 
of the Locust Commission is in our hands. An inspection of the matter 
crowding its 772 pages will, I am sure, convince any one competent to 
judge, of the wisdom of the appropriation made for its support. The 
Cotton-worm Commission has already actively entered upon its work. 

To Government aid we owe the publication of Packard’s Monograph 
of the Phalaznidz—a beautiful quarto of attractive typography and ample 
and excellent illustration ; Thomas’ Acridide of North America, with 
260 quarto pages and illustrations ; the Reports on Hymenoptera, Lepi- 
doptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera in Lieut. Wheeler's 
Surveys West of the rooth Meridian, of 331 quarto pages and several 


ae ee ee 


in de: te ct ne 


>. 
¥ 
¥ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


chromo-lithographic plates ; and to Reports on several orders of insects 
by Chambers, Grote, Hagen, Osten-Sacken, Packard, Scudder, Thomas 
and Uhler, in the Annual Reports and the Bulletins of the Hayden Survey 
of the ‘Territories. 

The liberality displayed by our Government in the publication and 
gratuitous distribution to those whose scientific labors render them worthy 
recipients, of investigations in other departments of Natural Science—in 
Geology, Paleontology, Mammalogy, Ornithology, Ichthyology, Botany, 
etc., deserves our most earnest commendation. The facility of publica- 
tion thus afforded to meritorious work almost evokes the envy of some 
of our European friends. 

In conclusion, permit me to commend to the members of the Club 
the biological study of our insect forms. _ It is attractive, it is simple in 
many of its phases, it is of great practical utility, it is a field where all can 
find abundant work, and one in which some of those questions which are 
engaging the attention of zoologists in other departments, may best find 
their most ready answer. Let no one be satisfied with the simple posses- 
sion of a large and well arranged cabinet of insects. If to collect and 
own it be a source of pleasure, often beyond expression, then science may 
demand at his hands that he should aid in extending its boundaries in 
return ; and in no better way can this be done than in working out the 
life histories of our species, beginning with those with which we hold the 


-more intimate relationship. Let descriptions of forms remain, except in 


exceptional cases, for those who have special fitness and Opportunity for 
the work; and systemization for him who, like the poet, xascttur non 
fit, that kaleidoscopic manipulation of genera and the higher groups may 
cease to bewilder, perplex and dismay. 

In illustration of what may be done in the study that I commend to 
you, I would refer to the labors of Mr. W. H. Edwards in working out 
the histories of some of those butterflies which appear under different 
forms at different seasons of the year. Some of the results are known to 
you, and I am sure that you regard them as among the most valuable 
recent contributions to Entomology. The untiring zeal with which the 
work has been prosecuted and is being continued, deserves the com- 
mendation which it has received from the most eminent European Ento- 
mologists, and the success with which it has been crowned. 

Gentlemen, I trust that our assemblage at this time may not only con- 
duce to the interests of our science, but also render its pursuit more 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


pleasant to us, through the privilege it affords of personal acquaintance, 
comparison of observations, interchange of opinion, and the strengthening 
of those bonds of sympathy which should (they do not always) unite 
those who labor in a common cause. 


On the motion of Mr. A. R. Grote, of Buffalo, a resolution was passed 
requesting ‘HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST to publish the President’s 
Address and the proceedings of this meeting. 


Mr. E. B. Reed, of London, Canada, associate Editor of the Can. 
Env., apologized for the unavoidable absence of the Vice-President, Mr. 
Wm. Saunders, and stated that the Editor of the Can. Env. would be 
most happy to comply with the wishes of the Club respecting the publi- 
cation of the proceedings of the meeting. 


Mr. A. R. Grote exhibited some insects from Georgia—Callosamia 
angulifera, Laces didyma, Lagoa pyxidifera, Heterocampa obliqgua. In the 
South he had found that Actas luna, Samia cecropia, Telea polyphemus 
and Saturnia wo were double-brooded, while on the contrary, C7theronia 


regalts was only single-brooded 


Prof. Wetherby stated that in his section, and in other parts also of 
the North-Western States, many of the above-named moths were also 
double-brooded. 


Miss Emily A. Smith, of the Scientific Association of Peoria, Ill, sub- 
mitted to the meeting a most interesting account of Lecanium acericorticis 
Fitch, a bark-louse that had seriously damaged the Maple trees, both hard 
and soft, in Illinois and adjoining States. ‘The whole life history of this 
pest had been most carefully worked out by Miss Smith, who also exhi- 
bited a very complete set of microscopical preparations of the insect in its 
various stages, and also of a parasitic Chalcid discovered by her. One 
important point noted was the migration of the bark-lice on the approach 
of the fall from the leaves to the trunk of the tree, on which, however 
numerously they might be found together, their position was always length- 
wise with the trunk. In the South the insect was doubtless double- 
brooded. Dr. Fitch had briefly described the insect many years ago, but 
Miss Smith had been enabled to work out many hitherto unknown points 
in its history. 

Various experiments had been tried to destroy the lice, but Miss Smith 
had found the best success in using a Babcock or Chambers Fire 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Vi, 


Extinguisher, charged in the usual way, with the addition of a little crude 
carbolic acid, in the proportion of about one large spoonful to six gallons 
of water. By means of the Extinguisher she was able to reach even large 
trees, the cost being about 20 cents per tree. The remedy should be 
applied before the insects become too old, otherwise a stronger preparation 
of carbolic acid was necessary, and in consequence the trees might pos- 
sibly suffer somewhat. 

Mr. Thos. Bassnett, of Jacksonville, Florida, had listened to the 
admirable account with very great interest, inasmuch as in the South the 
culture of the Orange tree, in which he was largely interested, was seri- 
ously threatened with extermination by the ravages of a bark-louse similar 
to that described by Miss Smith, and he was glad to hear that a remedy 
could be so successfully applied. 


Prof. C. V. Riley, of Washington, D. C., spoke, thanking the lady for 
bringing this subject before the meeting, and complimenting her on the 
discoveries she had effected. He fully corroborated the statements made 
as to the extent of damage caused by bark-lice, especially those affecting 
the Orange in the South. He strongly advocated the use of the 
“Extinguisher” in similar cases, but recommended that kerosene should 
be tried instead of carbolic acid ; it would, he thought, be found of less 
injury to the trees, and would destroy the insect for some time after the 
formation of the scale, which the carbolic acid would not do. It should 
not be applied in excess; the ordinary proportion should be about one 
part kerosene to twenty of water. 


The whole topic was very fruitful of discussion, and Miss Smith was 
much thanked for her paper and for the drawings and microscopical pre- 
parations that accompanied it. 

On motion of Prof. Riley, seconded by Mr. Reed, a resolution was 
carried that a committee be appointed to prepare a report and submit to 
the next session of the Club, in regard to the quorum of members neces- 
sary to transact business. 

The Chairman appointed the mover and seconder and Prof. A. G. 
Wetherby as the committee. 


Prof. Riley gave a brief abstract of some of the Entomological papers 
he proposed to read to the Association. 

(1) Notes on the life history of the blister beetles, and on the struc- 
ture and development of the genus //orn7a Riley. 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(2) On the larval growth of Corydalis and Chautiodes. 

(3) On the means by which Silk-worms issue from their cocoons. 
Hornia was parasitic on the common humble-bee, and had been suc- 
cessfully identified by careful study, although in several important points 
it differed from the J/e/oide@ to which it belonged. 

The further larval history of Corydalis cornutus was given by Mr. Riley. 
and was most interesting, especially to those members who had listened 
to Mr. Riley’s first descriptions of this curious insect at the Detroit meet- 
ing. Mr. Riley had been very successful in elaborating the various points 
of difference between Corydalis and Chauliodes. 

In discussion it was stated that the somewhat peculiar name of the 
‘‘Heligrammite Fly ” for the Coxydalis had been for many years in com- 
mon use both on the Upper and Lower Mississippi ; and that the equally 
curious name of ‘“ Dobson” was given to its larva, which was largely used 
for bait by the river fishermen. 

On the paper relating to Silk-worms reference was made to Dr. Pack- 
ard’s recent theory on certain spines on the wings of Bombycidz, which 
he stated were of service in assisting the exit of the insect from the cocoon. 


Mr. Riley, in combatting this idea, showed how in almost every case 
the silk was spun in figures of 8, which would easily yield to pressure, 
especially as in most cases a fluid (wrongly termed bombyc acid) was 
emitted, and the silk thus rendered more pliable. His idea was that the 
peculiar make up of the cocoon rendered it more yielding for the exit, and 
that though the insect usually emerged at the end of the cocoon, there 
seemed to be no reason why, if it chose, it could not find an egress equally 
well at the side of the cocoon. 

Several minor matters were discussed, and the Club adjourned at the 


call of the chairman. 
(To be Concluded in October No.} 


BOOK NOTICES. 


Entomological Contributions, No. iv., by J. A. Lintner. 

We tender our sincere thanks to the author for an early copy of this 
fourth part of his admirable work, which appears in form similar to the 
previous issues, and occupies 144 pages, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 


It opens with a chapter on Mermis acuminata, a parasite on the larva 
of Carpocapsa pomonella ; then an admirable account of the life history 
of the new Carpet Bug, Anthrenus scrophularia, with magnified illustra- 
tions of the insect in its several stages ; following which are chapters on 
Lsosoma vitis, the Lepidoptera of the Adirondack region of New York, 
Collections of Noctuidee at sugar at Schenectady, on some Lepidoptera 
common to the United States and Patagonia, on Zycena neglecta, new 
species of Californian Butterflies, on some species of Wrsoniades ; descrip- 
tions of new species of Cerura, Xylina, Hypocala, Acidalia, Cidaria, besides 
a number of valuable notes on Lepidoptera illustrative of their life history 
and habits and geographical distribution. Every subject is treated in the 
author’s usual thorough and systematic manner, and the work forms a 
valuable addition to our constantly increasing Entomological literature. 


On the Tongue (Lingua) of some Hymenoptera, by V. ‘I’. Chambers. 
From the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, April 
1878—8vo., pp. 13. 


This paper is very interesting and instructive, and is intended as a 
reply to the questions— What do bees eat? and How do they eat it? An 
illustration of a transverse section of a bee’s tongue accompanies the 
text. 


Manuscript Notes from My Journal: Cotton and the principal insects, 
&c., frequenting or injuring the plant in the United States, by Townend 
Glover. 


This excellent contribution to economic Entomology is published uni- 
formly with the previous portions of ‘ Manuscript Notes from My 
Journal,” reviewed in earlier numbers of the Can. ENT., that is, in quarto 
form, the text written and etched by the author, and afterwards printed 
from stone. The admirable plates, 22 in number, constitute in this 
instance the most considerable portion of the work and illustrate not only — 
the insects which injure the cotton crop, but also certain forms of fungoid 
disease to which the plant is subject. A work so instructive and useful 
as this would be to those engaged in this important branch of Southern 
agriculture should be widely circulated. The small edition published has 
been got up at the author’s own expense, who has distributed the copies 
with the most liberal hand, free of any charge, among the libraries of the 
various scientific societies in the country ; they are not, however, access- 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ible to the general public. The untiring industry of this talented Ento- 
mologist is a marvel to all those who know of his work. It affords us 
great pleasure to find that he has so far recovered from his late severe 
illness as to enable him to resume those Entomological studies in which 
he has so long taken a prominent part. 


Butterflies and Moths of North America, by Herman Strecker, 
Reading, Pa. 

We are indebted to the author for a copy of this work, which is in large 
octavo form, in paper cover, containing 283 pages. 

Following the preface, which partakes somewhat of the character of an 
advertisement relating to the sale and purchase of insects, the reader will 
find a series of short but very instructive chapters on breeding, collecting, 
mounting, preserving, transporting and classifying specimens, occupying 
some 26 pages in all, in which the author’s long practical experience and 
thorough knowledge of the subject is presented in a plain and practical 
manner. He proceeds on the very admirable plan of explaining every- 
thing down to the minutest details, so that a reader who knows nothing of 
the subject when he takes the work up, has, after a careful perusal, a very 
fair knowledge of the whole matter. This part is illustrated by one plate ; 
a second plate is devoted to illustrating the structure of butterflies and 
moths. ‘The author’s style is peculiar, but interesting and racy ; we sin- 
cerely regret that this otherwise highly useful portion of his work is marred 
somewhat by the occasional treatment in a flippant manner of subjects 
which others deem sacred. 

There is a very complete list of the terms and abbreviations used in 
works on Lepidoptera, with plain and full explanations, following which is 
an alphabetical list of localities of which something of the Lepidopterous 
fauna inhabiting them is known. Next we have a very iull synonymica! 
catalogue of American butterflies north of Mexico, with localities in the 
form of marginal notes, which, with appendix, occupies the larger portion 
of the work. <A Bibliographical chapter of 75 pages closes the volume, 
in which is found an alphabetical list of authors who have written on 
Lepidoptera, with full details of their writings. 

On the whole, we regard this work as very convenient and useful. The 
preparation of it must have involved an immense amount of labor, which 
has been performed in such a manner as to reflect credit on the author. 


Che Canadian Entomolonist. 


WOW) OX. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1878. No. 10 


THE ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


To the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario : 


GENTLEMEN,—Each revolving year brings its duties. To-day it is my 
privilege and a very pleasing duty to offer again to you a few words of 
encouragement, to refer briefly to some of the Entomological achieve- 
ments of the past, and do what I can towards stimulating to further 
effort. The importance of the study of Entomology is yearly impressing 
itself more and more upon the public mind, as insect foes hitherto scarce 
become abundant, or as new ones invade our domain. 


At present we are in danger from the approach of a new insect enemy 
which promises to give us a great deal of trouble. I refer to the new 
Carpet Bug, Anthrenus scrophularte. It was during the summer of 1874 
that attention was first called by some of the newspapers in the Eastern 
States to the great damage being done to carpets in some of their cities 
on the sea-board by the ravages of an insect quite different from the well- 
known Carpet Moth, 77vea ¢apetzella, and far more destructive ; one which 
would attack new carpets as readily as old ones, and devour their sub- 
stance with such rapidity and persistence as to raise a doubt in some 
minds as to whether, in case this insect becomes generally prevalent, the 
use of carpets could be continued at all. Two years later this pest was 
found common in Schenectady, N. Y., when they were shortly brought 
under the notice of one of our most active and thorough workers in the 
Entomological field, Prof. J. A. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., who at once 
proceeded to investigate the life history of the insect. Up to this time 
little or nothing was known here in reference to it, other than that the 
destructive creature was a larva of some sort, nearly oval in form and 
about three-sixteenths of an inch long, with the body clothed with short 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hairs which were longer at each extremity. A number of these larvae were 
collected and fed upon pieces of carpet, and their transformations carefully 
watched until the disclosure of the perfect insect, when it proved to be a 
member of that very destructive family of beetles known to Entomologists 
as the Dermestide. ‘This insect, which proves to be a European species, 
has probably been imported from Europe with carpets brought to New 
York and Boston, at which ports its destructive efforts first attracted 
attention. ‘The beetle, the parent of all this mischief, is a very small one, 
being not more than one-eighth of an inch long, and one-twelfth of an 
inch broad ; it is nearly oval, black, with faint red and white markings. It 
does not confine its attention to carpets, but will eat any sort of woolen 
goods, but does not appear to injure those of cotton. In Europe it is 
said to destroy furs, clothes, collections of animais, insects and plants, and 
is sometimes very injurious to leather. A more detailed description of 
this insect and its workings, as furnished by Prof. Lintner’s observations 
in his recent “‘ Entomological Contributions,’ will be given in the annual 
report of our Society. As this insect has for some time past been com- 
mitting great ravages in Buffalo, N. Y., it is not likely that we shall be 
long free from it ; indeed it is altogether probable that it is already in our 
midst, although I am not aware that it has yet been brought under the 
notice of any of our Kntomologists. Unfortunately it is a very difficult 
pest to destroy. The ordinary applications, such as camphor, pepper, 
tobacco, turpentine and carbolic acid, have, it is asserted, been tried with- 
out success, and no effectual means for its destruction has yet been 
devised. 

Strange that so many of our most injurious insects have been brought 
from Europe, and that when introduced here they multiply to a far greater 
extent than in their native home. This rapid increase doubtless arises 
from the fact that- they have numerous parasites in the place of their 
nativity which prey on them, and that these parasites are rarely imported 
with them, and hence it becomes a question of great practical importance 
as to whether these parasites might not by special effort be introduced, and 
thus materially lessen the losses which these scourges inflict on the com- 
munity. We are indebted to Europe for the Codling Moth of the apple, 
Carpocapsa pomonella; the Currant Worm, ematus ventricosus ; the 
Oyster-shell Bark Louse, Aspidiotus conchiformis ; the Cabbage Butterfly, 
Pieris rape ; the Currant Borer, Zgeria tépuliformis ; the Hessian Fly, 
Cecidomyia destructor ; the Wheat Midge, Diplosis tritici ; the Grain Wee- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


vil, S¢tophilus granarius ; the-Cheese Maggot, Prophila casei; the Cock- 

roach, Blatta orientalis ; the Meal Worm, Zenebrio molitor ; the Bee Moth, 

| Galleria cereana ; the Carpet Moth, Zinea tapetzella, the Clothes Moth, 
Tinea vestianella; the Bacon Beetle, Dermestes lardarius, and ‘several 
others of lesser note. 

It cannot be denied that there has been some reciprocity in the mat- 
ter. We have given Europe the noted Phyloxera vastatrix, which has 
inflicted damage to the extent of millions of dollars on the vineyards 
there ; they have also received now from us the much-dreaded Colorado 
Potato Beetle. 

During the past season we have had a fair share of destructive insects. 

The Forest Tent Caterpillar, C/scocampa sylvatica, has again been numer- 

| ous in the district about London and in many parts west of it, but not so 

| abundant as last year. ‘The severe frosts in May destroyed myriads of 

the very young larve then newly hatched, and later in the season there 

prevailed among the nearly full-grown larvee in some localities a strange 

disease which carried them off by hundreds. I myself saw large numbers 

of them still retaining their hold on fences and tree trunks, which, when 

touched, were found quite dead, and so decayed as to burst with a very 

_ gentle handling. Very many have also been destroyed in the larval state 

by parasites ; probably one-half or more will perish from this cause alone. 

Birds also have devoured many of them. On one occasion the crop of a 

black-billed cuckoo, Coccygus erythropthalmus, was brought to me packed 

entirely full of these larva. Even their clusters of eggs, which they 

deposit in rings upon the twigs of trees, are not free from attack. Last 

3 winter I discovered a species of mite preying upon the eggs and devouring 

them rapidly ; many clusters were found entirely destroyed in this way, 

others partially so, and as each cluster would contain probably two or 

three hundred eggs, some idea may be formed of the benefits conferred 
upon us by these tiny mites. 

The Colorado Potato Beetle is still spreading eastward through the 
Maritime Provinces, and has this year reached St. Johns, New Brunswick, 
but it is no longer the fearful evil at first anticipated, and our farmers 
battle with it confidently, knowing that with a little perseverance in the use 
of Paris green, they can ride victorious over this formidable foe. The use 
of this poisonous substance has provoked much discussion, and unneces- 
sary alarm has been excited by some writers, who have expressed grave 
fears that the use of so much Paris green would eventually poison the soil 


a lle 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to such an extent as to render it permanently unfit for the growth of other 
crops. Several years ago Prof. W. K. Kedzie, of the Michigan Agricul- 
tural College, when, esperimenting in this direction, demonstrated that 
water charged with carbonic acid or ammonia dissolved a certain portion 
of the Paris green, but that this was quickly converted into an insoluble 
and harmless compound by combination with the iron which exists in 
almost every soil. As rain water always contains more or less of these 
ingredients, it is more than probable that the small portion of this poison 
used on potato fields soon loses its poisonous properties in this manner. 
In any case, one pound of the green spread uniformly over an acre of soil 
would only amount to less than one-sixth of a grain to the square foot, so 
that were the poison to remain unchanged, this minute portioa might be 
added to the soil annually for a century without producing any perceptible 
deleterious effects on plant growth. It is to be regretted that any one 
should attempt to excite needless alarm in this way. Caution should be 
urged in handling this powerful poison, and it is often the case that more 
is used than is needed ; these points are important and cannot be too often 
referred to. Paris green is best and most economically used with water in 
the proportion of one teaspoonful of the powder to a pailful of water, kept 
well agitated and sprinkled on the potato plants by means of a hand 
whisk dipped from time to time into the liquid. If the Paris green is 
pure this proportion is ample, but too often this useful compound is largely 
adulterated, a practice which some dealers are tempted to adopt from the 
eagerness with which a large portion of the public run after cheap goods. 
Paris green is frequently adulterated to the extent of from twenty-five to 
fifty per cent., chiefly with sulphate of baryta, a cheap and harmless 
mineral compound. By resorting to practices of this sort dishonest dealers 
can supply their customers at a less price than the cost of the pure article, 
and at the same time make large profits. It is a matter of regret that with 
an Aduiteration Act in force, which if properly carried out would at once 
put an end to these and all such impositions, the public are not better 
protected. 

The insect enemies of the Potato Beetle are in some localities rapidly 
increasing in numbers. In the annual report of our Society for the year 
1871, our esteemed coadjutor, Mr. E. B. Reed, contributed an excellent 
article on the Potato Beetle, in which he enumerates a number of insects 
which prey upon this pest in the various stages of its growth, and among 
them refers to a species of Zebva, one of the active members of that family 


inl iii 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


of beetles known as Carabide, all of whom devour other insects. This 
species, Lebia grandis, is there said to be rare in Ontario. The first 
examples of this insect which I remember capturing were taken last year 
at sugar when trapping moths, and I believe it is the only species belong- 
ing to that family which I have ever taken in this manner ; several of them 
were found feeding on the sweet liquid on dark nights about to o’clock. 
Early this fall I received a letter from Mr. W. E. Coldwell, of Constance, 
Ont., announcing the appearance in large numbers of a friendly insect, 
which was devouring the larvee of the Potato Beetle, and proving a very 
effectual check on their increase. ‘This letter was accompanied by speci- 
mens of the insect, which, to my gratification, I found on examination 
were examples of Lebza grandis. A few weeks later a farmer in this neigh- 
borhood called on me with the information that he had observed large 
numbers of an insect which he had not seen before, devouring the larve 
of the Potato Beetle. He brought no specimens with him, but from his 
description of the insect I have every reason to believe that it was the 
same ZLebia. Since then I have occasionally met with examples of this 
friendly visitor hidden amongst the leaves of plants, a common place of 
resort for it during periods of inactivity. 

The Hessian Fly, Cecidomyia destructor, which appeared in force in 
many counties of our Province last year, and which it was feared might 
again become a serious trouble, has happily almost disappeared. I have 
not heard of any serious loss from this pest during the past season. Should 
any of you desire, at any time, information in reference to the life history 
and habits of this insect, I would refer you to a very practical paper in our 
last annual report, by the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune ; also to a more elaborate 
paper by the same distinguished Entomologist in our report for 1871. 

The Cabbage Butterfly, Prerzs rape, still continues its ravages, but 
does not seem to be quite so abundant this year as it was last. Water 
heated to near the boiling point has been used with success in destroying 
the larva, without injuring the cabbage. Strong decoctions of Cayenne 
pepper and Smartweed ( Polygonum ?) have also been spoken highly 
of ; but I look forward with far more confidence to a remedy provided by 
nature which is gradually making itself felt. I allude to that tiny little 
friendly parasitic fly, Preromalus puparum, which is rapidly increasing in 
our midst. A few days since, while watching some of the full-grown larvee 
of the Cabbage Butterfly which were feeding on Nasturtium leaves, I was 
much gratified in witnessing the method of attack which this parasite 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


adopts. Settling herself quietly down on the back of the caterpillar, near 
the terminal segments, with her head towards the caterpillar’s head, she 
paused awhile ; then with a sudden movement of her ovipositor, so quickly 
that the motion almost escaped detection, she thrust an egg under the skin 
of her victim. The caterpillar seemed startled, and quivering, jerked its 
head and anterior segments suddenly about, and then quieted again ; the 
little tormentor meanwhile sitting perfectly composed on the spot where 
she first settled. | Presently another thrust was made, followed by further 
uneasy movements of the larva, and in this manner, in the course of a 
very few minutes, quite a number of eggs were deposited. The caterpillar 
did not seem to be conscious of the cause of its troubles, nor, indeed, of 
the presence of its enemy, excepting when the thrusts with the ovipositor 
were made. On drawing a little nearer for the purpose of better observ- 
ing this interesting operation, the tiny creature took alarm and flew off. 
Further examination revealed the presence of several more of these little 
friends, busily searching for further specimens to operate on. The eggs 
deposited soon hatch into little grubs, which eventually devour the body 
of their victim, and after it has entered the chrysalis state, eat small holes 
through the chrysalis, and thus make their escape. It has long been an 
unsettled point among Entomologists as to whether this parasite operates 
on her victim in the larval or chrysalis state, the weight of opinion being 
hitherto in favor of the view that the chrysalis is pierced and the eggs 
deposited in it; but from the observations here detailed it would appear 
that the eggs are usually, if not invariably, placed in the nearly full-grown 
larva. 

At the same time I observed an insect belonging to the true bug 
family, Hemiptera, with its proboscis thrust into one of the same cater- 
pillars, quietly sucking out its contents, the half-emptied victim vainly 
endeavoring to escape. As this bug was immature, I was unable to deter- 
mine the species to which it belonged ; it is pleasing, however, to know 
that there are several friendly helpers among the insect tribes aiding man 
in his efforts to subdue this obnoxious insect. 

The Codling Moth of the apple is less abundant than usual this year, 
a scarcity which may be attributed to the early hatching of the moths 
during the very warm days of spring, and many of them perishing before 
the blossoms of the apple were sufficiently far advanced for them to 
operate on. Attention has been called again to the curious fact already 
noted in Europe many years ago, that the larva of this insect is sometimes 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


occupied by a strange parasite, a species of Mermzs, known commonly as 
a hair-snake, a name probably due to the absurd belief, not yet quite 
extinct, that horse-hairs placed in water eventually become endued with 
life, and change to hair-snakes. | Several instances have occurred of late 
in the United States of these remarkable creatures being found in the 
interior of apples, where they had lived as parasites on the Codling worm, 
and having destroyed their host, remained in the fruit about the middle, 
where they were in danger of being eaten. 

The Plum Curculio is no longer a stranger in that. once famed plum- 
producing district of which Goderich is the centre. So plentiful has it 
become there now that some plum-growers are becoming quite discouraged 
and ready to give up the culture of the fruit entirely. This troublesome 
insect has not yet been reported from the Owen Sound district, where 
plum culture is still extensively and profitably carried on. 

The importance of the study of Natural History in our schools, 
especially the branch of Entomology, is beginning to be recognized, and 
I trust the day is not far distant when every public school will have its 
museum of Natural History objects, where the children can be taught 
with the specimens before them the names and habits of the commoner 
mammals, birds, insects and plants with which they must constantly come 
in contact. Such studies would, in my opinion, strengthen the intellect 
and cultivate the memory and other faculties of the mind more thoroughly 
than many of the more abstract studies now specially designed for that 
purpose, while the practical value of such knowledge to the fortunate 
possessor in after life can scarcely be over-estimated. I am glad to state 
that at the Model Farm in Guelph the important study of insects injurious 
to agriculture is regularly taught with the aid of a very fair collection of 
specimens. 

The meeting of the Entomological Club of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science was held this year at St. Louis, where 
some very interesting papers on destructive insects were read, and some 
curious facts in reference to insect life elicited. Our Society was ably 
represented by a member of our Editing Committee, Mr. E. B. Reed. It 
will doubtless be a source of gratification to you to learn that your Presi- 
dent has again been honored with the Vice-Presidency of that distinguished 


body of naturalists. 


During the year some interesting additions have been made to our 
Entomological literature, which we can only now partially and briefly 


188 THE CANADIAN BNTOMOLOGIST. 


enumerate. Among the most valuable are the ‘ Entomological Contri- 
butions,” by J. A. Lintner ; ‘ Descriptions of Noctuide,” by A. R. Grote ; 
“Food Plants of the ‘Tineina, with Descriptions of New Species,” by 
V. ‘T. Chambers, both published in the Bulletin of the United States Geo- 
logical and Geographical Survey; ‘“ Manual of the Apiary,” by A. J. Cook ; 
on “Sexual Dimorphism in Batterilies,” by Samuel H. Scudder ; also 
several papers by the same author on fossil insects found in the Rocky 
Mountains, and in the Tertiary Beds at Quesnei, in British Columbia ; 
“Insects Injurious to the Cotton Plant,” with many plates, by Townend 
Glover ; ‘On the Butterflies and Moths of North America,” by Hermann 
Strecker. Several additional numbers of Edwards’ ‘‘ Butterflies of North 
America” have appeared, each one rivaling or surpassing its predecessor 
in the exquisite beauty of the plates illustrating the species described. 
The publications of our own Society have been creditably maintained. 
Our annual report to the Department of Agriculture for the past year has 
been very favorably noticed, and our CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST has been 
issued regularly, its pages being well filled, chiefly with the records of 
original observations. The contributors to our last volume numbered no 
less than forty-five, and included the names of nearly every Entomologist 
of note on the continent. During the year we have published two hand- 
some lithographic plates, one on wood-boring beetles, illustrating eight 
species ; the other, which is printed in colors, exhibits the full-grown larva 
of that rare and interesting moth, Sama columbia. Among the most 
valuable papers I would mention those of W. H. Edwards, on the pre- 
paratory stages and dimorphic forms of butterflies ; and one by the same 
author detailing the notable discovery of secretory organs on the hind 
segments of the larvee of Lycaena pseudargiolus, from which is discharged 
a sweet fluid which induces the attendance of ants, who in return for the 
sweets thus provided them, defend these larvae from their enemies. | Our 
pages have been enriched also by valuable papers on the Noctuidee and 
Pyralide, by A. R. Grote ; on gall insects and other subjects, by Dr. H. 
Hagen ; on Tortricidae, by C. H. Fernald; on Tineina, by V. T. Cham- 
bers, besides many others, which time will not permit me to enumerate. 
During the past three months we have published in three portions a 
translation from the German of a very valuable paper by Dr. A. Speyer, 
on the Genera of the Hesperide, which paper, we trust, will be the means 
of bringing about such a re-arrangement of the species contained in this 
interesting family of butterflies as will be acceptable to Lepidopterists, and 


~s 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


at the same time, one likely to be permanent. It is through the kindness 
of Prof. J. A. Lintner, of Albany, that this translation has been supplied 
to us. 

The practice of capturing our night-flying moths by the method of 
trapping, known to Entomologists as “ sugaring,” is still persevered in by 
most of our more active members, and with great practical results. Species 
which formerly were regarded as the greatest rarities have in many 
instances been taken in large numbers, while many new discoveries have 
rewarded the most persistent workers in this interesting field of research. 
As an example of the results of such work we would refer to a paper pub- 
lished in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST for November, 1877, on “Catocale 
Taken at Sugar, at Center, New York,” by Dr. James M. Bailey. 

During the past year that talented and energetic Entomologist, Prof. 
Townend Glover, of Washington, has, in consequence of ill health, been 
obliged to resign his position as Entomologist in the Department of 

Agriculture. While deeply regretting the cause which necessitated the 
_ change, I am pleased to be able to record the graceful recognition of the 
importance of Economic Entomology by the heads of the Department in 
Washington, in appointing Prof. C. V. Riley to fill this high position, a 
man who has done so much by his valuable reports as State Entomologist 
of Missouri to popularize Entomology and to disseminate practical infor- 
mation in reference to our insect pests throughout this continent. 

In our last annual report reference was made to the appearance of the 
first of a series of practical works on Economic Entomology by that 
renowned Entomologist, Andrew Murray, F. L. S., of South Kensington 
Museum, London, England. This work treated of some of the lower 
forms of insect life and their allies, and was to have been followed by 
seven additional volumes, all having a practical bearing on this subject, so 
important to the agriculturist. I then expressed the hope that this 
talented author might be spared to complete the series of useful works 
proposed, and thus leave behind him a lasting monument of his industry 
and devotion ; but not long after this the sad news reached us that he had 
ceased from his labors—that he had been called away by death. Thus 
“man proposes but God disposes.” It is commendable to lay our plans 
for usefulness in life, and to labor as opportunity offers with diligence, 
knowing that our time is short, and that the most useful life will soon—as 
far as this world is concerned—be at an end; but I love to think that 
when our work here is done, our happy lot may be to find in a purer state 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


new tields of labor, where, free from the impediments which now obstruct 
our progress, we may study with much greater advantage the wonderful 
works of the Infinite Creator. 
Thanking you for your kind attention, 
[ remain, yours very sincerely, 


Wn. SAUNDERS. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF 
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


(Concluded from September No.) 


August 21st, 1878. 

The Club met in the same place at 3 o'clock p. m., the President in 
the chair. 

There was a much larger attendance than yesterday of members and 
those interested in Entomology. 

The first order of business was the reading of the report of the special 
committee appointed yesterday. Mr. Reed presented the report. 

The committee to whom was referred the question of the constitution 
of a quorum beg to report as follows : 

Whereas it is most desirable in the interest of the Club that a definite 
and permanent character should be given to all its proceedings, and that 
nothing should be left undone which would tend to establish complete 
confidence in the manner of transacting the business of the Club, 


Your committee therefore recommend that the constitution be amended 
by providing 

(1) ‘That no business of the Club shall be transacted unless there 
are present a quorum of ten persons, who shall have been enrolled as 
members of the Club at least one year previous to the then session. 

(2) ‘That when motions shall have been carried by the Club, the same 
shall not be rescinded at any subsequent meeting unless there be present 
as many members as were present at the date of passing such motions. 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


Your committee recommend that this report be printed and a copy 
sent to each member of the Club, and that it be brought up for discussion 
at the next annual session of the Club. C. V. RILEY, 

August 21, 1878. A. G. WETHERBY, 

FE. BAYNES REED. 

The report was unanimously adopted. 

The Club then proceeded to the election of officers. 


On motion, duly carried, the following gentlemen were re-elected 
officers for the ensuing year : 


Mr. J. A. Lintner, Albany, N.Y. - - President. 
Mr. Wm. Saunders, London, Ont. : Vice-do. 
Mr. B. Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. - Secretary. 


The President returned thanks for the honor conferred upon him. He 
then addressed the Club, giving « most interesting description of the suc- 
cess that had attended his efforts and those of his co-laborers in collecting 
Noctuidz during the season of 1877, by the means known as “sugaring.” 
By reference to a list given on page 120 of his ‘‘ Entomological Contri- 
butions,” No. 4, it would be seen that there had been captured eighty-six 
species, not one of which had hitherto been taken in the Albany district. 
Nearly all of these had been found in the famous Center locality. He 
most graphically described his manner of working by this method, and: 
strongly recommended its trial to all the members. 


Prof. Wetherby made some remarks on this attractive means of cap- 
ture, which was continually bringing under the notice of Entomologists 
specimens hitherto unknown or considered as most rare. It was a question 
if there were any species which are in reality rare, their seeming rarity 
resulting from our not knowing when, where and how to collect them. 


Miss Smith described a collecting bottle of her own device, by which, 
on touching a spring, the cover flew back and the insects could be readily 
caught in the receptacle. Its chief recommendation was that it could be 
managed by one hand, leaving the other at liberty for holding the lantern. 


Mr. Reed advocated the fastening of the lantern to the waist by a 
belt, thus leaving the hands at greater freedom to use the bottles and 
boxes. 

The President said he had found that in using the ordinary bulls-eye 
lantern the fingers could be thrust through the wire handle in such a man- 
ner that their ends and the thumb were free for use in withdrawing, hold- 


wo 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing and replacing the stopple of the collecting bottle. The lantern in 
hand enabled him more readily to adjust the light, and he had found that 
it was often more desirable to throw the penumbra rather than the full 
light ‘upon the tree, many insects often fleeing from a strong light. 

Miss Smith gave an account of the damage done to the oaks in Wis- 
consin and Illinois by the larvee of a little Tortrix, Argyrolepia queret- 


fotiana Fitch. 


A very interesting discussion took place on the question of instinct or 
reason displayed by insects, and many curious instances were cited proving 
that instinct and reason differ in degree and not in kind. 


The meeting then adjourned. 


LECANIUM TULIPIFER. 
BY A. J. COOK, LANSING, MICH. 


On page 218 of the ‘ Revised Manual,” in speaking of other sources 
than flowers from which bees collect sweets, I remark that I have seen the 
bees thick about a large bark-louse, which attacks and often destroys one 
of our best honey-trees. This is an undescribed species of the genus 
Lecaniune. 

In the summer of 1870, this louse, which, as far as I know, has never 
yet been described, and for which I propose the above very appropriate 
name, ‘/ipiferw—the Lecanium of the tulip tree—was very common on 
the tulip trees about the College lawns. So destructive were they that 
some of the trees were killed outright, others were much injured, and had 
not the lice for some unknown reason ceased to thrive, we should soon 
have missed from our grounds one of our most attractive trees. 


Since the date above given I have received these insects, through the 
several editors of our excellent bee papers, from many of the States, 
especially those bordering the Ohio River. In Tennessee they seem very 
common, as they are often noticed in abundance on the fine stately tulip 
trees of that goodly State. In the South this tulip tree is called the pop- 


i 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


lar, which is very incorrect, as it is in no way related to the latter. . The 
poplar belongs to the willow family; the tulip to the magnolia, which 
families are wide apart. 

Wherever the tulip-tree lice have been observed, sucking the sap and 
vitality from the trees—there the bees have also been seen, lapping up a 
sweet juicy exudation, which is secreted by the lice. In 1870 I observed 
that our tulip trees were alive with bees and wasps, even aswlate as 
August, though the trees are in blossom only in June. © Examination 
showed that the exuding sweets from these lice were what attracted the 
bees. This was observed with some anxiety, as the secretion gives off a 
very nauseating odor. 

The oozing secretions from this and other lice, not only of the bark- 
louse family (Coccidze), but of the plant-louse family (Aphidz), are often 
referred to as honey-dew. — Would it not be better to speak of these as 
insect secretions, and reserve the name honey-dew for sweet secretions 
from plants, other than those which come from the flowers ? 

The fact that this insect is yet undescribed—that it attacks one of our 
best honey trees, and is the source of a so-called honey-dew, leads me’ to 
append the following description, with illustrations. 


NATURAL HISTORY OF THE LECANIUM TULIPIPER:. 


The fully developed insect, like all bark-lice, is in the form of a scale 


- (fig. 1), closely applied to the limb or twig on which it works. This 


insect, like most of its genus, is brown, very convex above (fig. 1), and 
concave beneath (fig. 2). On the under side is a cotton-like secretion, 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


common to all of the genus Lecanium, which serves to enfold the eggs. 
Underneath the species in question are two transverse parallel lines of 
this white down (fig. 2) ; one of them, probably the anterior, is nearly 
marginal, and is interrupted in the middle ; while the other is nearly 
central, and in place of the interruption at the middle it has a V-shaped 
projection back or away from the other line. The form of the scale is 
quadrangular, and not unlike that of a turtle (fig. 1). When fully 
developed it is a little more than 3-16 of an inch long, and a little more 
than 23 as wide. 

Here at Lansing, the small, yellow, oval eggs appear late in August. 
In Tennessee they would be found under the scales in their cotton wrap- 
pings many days earlier. The eggs are 1-40 of an inch long, and 1-65 of 
an inch wide. These eggs, which are very numerous, hatch in the locality: 
of their development, and the young or larval lice, quite in contrast with 
their dried, inert, motionless parents, are spry and active. They are oval 
(figs. 3 and 4), yellow, and 1-23 of an inch long and 1-40 of an inch wide. 
The eyes, antennze (fig. 5) and legs (fig. 6) are plainly visible when mag- 
nified 30 or 4o diameters. The 9-jointed abdomen is deeply emarginate, 
or cut into posteriorly (fig. 3), and on each side of this slit-is a projecting 
stylet or hair (figs. 3 and 4), while from between the eyes, on the under 
side of the head, extends the long recurved beak (fig. 4). The larvae soon 
leave the scales, crawl about the tree, and finally fasten by inserting their 
long slender beaks, when they so pump up the sap that they grow with 
surprising rapidity. In a few weeks their legs and antennz disappear and 
the scale-like form is assumed. In the following summer the scale is full- 
formed and the eggs are developed. Soon the scale, which is but the 
carcass of the once active louse, drops from the tree, and the work of 
destruction is left to the young lice, a responsibility which they seem quite 
ready to assume. 

In my observations I have detected no males. Judging from others 
of the bark-lice, these probably possess wings, and will never assume the 
scale form, though Prof. P. R. Uhler writes me that some of the males are 
apterous. He says that it is very important to know and record the 
males, and that the genera are hardly determined without them. 


REMEDIES. 


If valued shade or honey trees are attacked by these insatiate 
destroyers, they could probably be saved by discrete pruning—cutting off 


ES 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 195 


the infected branches before serious injury was done, or by syringing the 
trees with a solution of whale oil soap,—or even common soft soap would 
do—just as the young lice are leaving the scales. It would be still better 
to have the solution hot. Whitman’s Fountain Pump is admirable for 
making such applications. 

Fig. 1 is slightly magnified ; the others are largely magmified. The 
drawings were made from the objects by W. S. Holdsworth, a senior of 
the Michigan Agricultural College. 


DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF CATOCALA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


Catocala Leaniana, n. s. 


Intermediate between Arisecs and Aesket. Fore wings paler than 
Brisets, with the t. p. line more dentate, and the brown subterminal shade 
paler; sub-reniform open. Hind wings red like Meskez, the middle black 
band broader, interrupted, transverse and not like Arzsezs, where it is still 
broader, continued and rounded, not so straight across the wing. Beneath 
much like &rise7s, with the black bands broader and the white interspaces 
narrower than in Mesker. ‘The subterminal white dentate shade on the 
primaries above more dentate than in 477se7s. This species is similarly 
sized with #risezs, and is best described comparatively with that species 
and Meskez. Sent me by Mr. Thomas E. Bean, under the number 574, 
from Illinois. 


- 


Catocala Westcottit, n. s. 


f 2. Allied to anna, but smaller, with pale yellow hind wings and 
continuous bands, the median band angulated inferiorly and not so con- 
stricted superiorly as in that species. The primaries closely resemble 
anna in markings ; the black outer shade of the t. a. line is quite similar 
and approaches ava and Westcottiz to the group of nuptralis, abbreviatella 
and Whitneyt. Beneath the pale yellow outer interspace is narrower in 
Westcottii, and there is no basal black ray on secondaries, which show the 


| 
' 
. 
. 
| 
| 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


black reniform mark on the disc as in azva. The mesial black’ band is 
subcontinuous and proportionately broader in [Ves/cotti7, Above the 
markings of fore wings are very similar in the two species ; the tone is a 
little darker in Westcottii. ‘The female expands 50, the male 43 mil. I 
have the male from Illinois, Mr. Bean, number 577; the female from 
Wisconsin, Mr. O. S. Westcott, for whom I name the species. 


DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW CALIFORNIAN BUTTERFLIES. 
BY THEODORE L. MEAD, NEW YORK. 


Chionobas Lvallda, n. sp. 

MaLte—Expanse 11‘s‘to 210 inches, average 215 inches. Upper side 
of primaries fuscous, with velvety discal bar and a submarginal row of 
gray-ochraceous spots between the nervures. ‘These spots are usually six 
in number, situated in the consecutive interspaces between the nervules, 
beginning with the last but one subcostal interspace, counting from the 
apex of the wing. ‘The second of these spots always contains a black 
ocellus, pupilled with white. On the fifth interspace (last median) are 
usually faint indications of a fuscous dot in about one-third of the speci- 
mens examined ; in one instance this dot is distinct and pupilled with 
white. 

The ochraceous spots are not sharply defined unless very well devel- 
oped ; their length is not more than one-third that of the inner margin of 
the wing; in breadth they sometimes occupy the whole interspace, leaving 
only a narrow border of fuscous on the nervule, whue sometimes they are 
almost obsolete. ‘The spots are always truncated on a line nearly parallel 
to the outer margin of the fore wing, thus leaving a fuscous border, 

Costa mottled with gray and fuscous. 

Secondaries gray-ochraceous with a fuscous border, usually with a 
pupilled ocellus in the second median interspace ; this is occasionally 
obsolete. Nervures more or less distinctly fuscous. 

Under side—Primaries gray-ochraceous, the pupilled spot or spots of 
the upper side shown more distinctly ; the costa and apex mottled pale 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 


gray and black. A distinct fuscous band as in Chryxus crosses the wing ; 
it has a sharp tooth extending out on the upper branch of median nervule 
and occasionally one also in the last median interspace Within this band 
is another, less distinct and often partly obsolete, but corresponding with 
the inner crenate band of secondaries. Near the outer margin is a border 
of sprinkled fuscous scales, condensed inwardly to a line which is nearer 
the margin than the similar one in Chryxus. The cell is closed by a bar 


of dark fuscous. 

Ground color of secondaries gray with a tint of ochraceous, mottled 
with black ; the ocellus of the upper side is always more distinct, even 
when absent above it is indicated below. The usual band of secondaries 
is as a rule distinct, though sometimes hardly distinguishable from the 
other mottling of the surface; as in UA/eri, the border is crenulate, quite 
variable as to the depth of the crenulations ; the inner border with a 
sinus where it crosses the median nervure, in these respects much like 
Chryxus. 

FEMALE—Expanse 21 to 219 inches. Primaries ochraceous above ; 
the band of under side shown distinctly in fuscous, its tooth on upper 
branch of median nervure very noticeable ; the nervures fuscous. Costa 
and outer margin rather broadly bordered wita grayish fuscous ; this bor- 
der usually becomes obsolete near the angle of the. wing, except a narrow 
line at the margin, which is always dark fuscous. 

The two ocelli mentioned in the description of the male are always 
present in the female ; usually also another on either side of the lower 
ocellus—in that case four in all. 


Secondaries as in the male. 

Margins of the fore wings entire, of the hind wings slightly crenulate 
in the male, decidedly so in the female ; fringes fuscous cut with white. 

C. {valida is distinguished immediately from Chryxus by the pale 
color ; there is no trace of the fulvous tint shown by most of our Western 
species of Chionobas. The color, in fact, is almost exactly that of the 
curious //ipparchia Ridingsi?, which has not only the appearance, but the 
habits of a Chionodbas. 

C. fvallda is here described from 39 f 8 9, one pair of which were 
taken by Mr. Morrison at Summit, and the rest by myself on Freel’s Peak 
and ‘Tallac Mountain, all three localities being within a few miles of Lake 
Tahoe, near the boundary line between California and Nevada. They 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


were taken during the latter part of July and early in August, at an eleva- 
tion of nine to ten thousand feet above the sea. 

This species is local and I believe extremely rare in most parts of its 
habitat. In a very thorough exploration of the mountain crests about 
Summit I found none ; I camped for two days on Freel’s Peak for the 
express purpose of hunting. this species, my father assisting me in the 
search ; although it seemed a favorable locality, but five specimens were 
taken, all males. On the grassy northern slope of Fallac Mountain, how- 
ever, we were more successful, and by returning thither and again camp- 
ing, a good series of specimens was obtained. 


Chrysophanus Editha, n. sp. 


Group of Xanthoides and Dione. Expands 1% to 1% inches. 

Male fuscous above, narrowly edged with black along the outer mar- 
gin, and with black discal bar; the usual spots show through very faintly 
on the upper side. Hind wings fuscous, with similar black edge, and 
within this a row of four or five black spots near the analangle. The 
two nearest this angle are surrounded by an irregular ochraceous line. 
Under side of fore wings gray inclining to fuscous, cinereous on the disc, 
with the black spots as in allied species. Hind wings below gray-fuscous 
clouded with white. | A rather broad band of gray-fuscous occupies the 
outer margin; this band is crenated inwardly and cut by a fulvous line 
which begins on the abdominal margin, extends out on the submedian 
and last branch of median nervules, thus leaving a white, black-pupilled 
half-ocellus at anal angle, a large gray-fuscous crescent in the next inter- 
space, and next to this a white, black-pupilled ocellus ; in this respect the 
present species resembles Yanthoides and differs from Dzone, which has 
much more fulvous. At the inner edge of the gray-fuscous band the 
white clouding is condensed into a continuous line of broad lunules, and 
at the inner border of this is the row of spots always found in this genus ; 
these spots are quite large, pale gray-fuscous, edged with black and sur- 
rounded by white; the discal bar is usually confluent with the dot within 
the cell, so as to form an irregular horse-shoe mark. 

Fringes of all the wings composed of scales of two lengths, the upper 
and shorter set being nearly black, the lower ones white ; sometimes the 
black scales are a little longer in certain places, thus making the fringe 
seem white cut with black. 


Ne Se a SS ee ee ee oe 


— Ss 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


The last branch of median nervule of hind wings prolonged into a 
very slight tooth ; this is more distinct in the female, being there about as 
in Xanthotdes f. 

The female differs from the male in always having at least a small ful- 
vous or ochraceous cloud upon the disc of fore wing, and a similarly 
colored streak at the outer angle. The cloud upon the disc is sometimes 


so extended as to cover half the surface of the wing. The spots of lower 


surface are rather distinctly shown above. In the middle of secondaries 
there is often an irroration of fulvous scales and a distinct scalloped ful- 
vous line along the outer margin, enclosing a black crescent, or double 
dot near anal angle and smaller dots above. 

-Under side like the male, but brighter, and with markings more dis- 
tinct ; a fulvous tint is also seen at outer angle of primaries. 


This pretty little species may be distinguished from Xanthotdes, its 
nearest ally, by its smaller size, the much more convex outer margins and 
more rounded outer angle of primaries, the blunter tooth of secondaries, 
the white clouding below and the large size of all the spots. 


Described from thirty-three specimens, f and § in about equal num- 
bers, taken on the borders of Lake ‘l'ahoe, near Carnelian Bay, on the 
26th of July. In a stay of some weeks around Lake Tahoe, during 
which I was constantly collecting, this species was only once met with, 
then appearing in considerable numbers and easily taken on the flowers 
of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), which is already a common weed in 
many parts of California. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The eighth annual meeting of the above Society was held at the 
residence of Mr. Wm. Saunders, on the evening of the 2oth Sept., 1878. 
The President, W. Saunders, in the chair. Letters of apology for non- 
attendance were read from the following members of the Council: Jas. 


Fletcher, Ottawa ; J. G. Bowles, Montreal, and J. Pettit, Grimsby. The 


President also reported that in consequence of removal to Montreal, Mr. 
J. Williams had been obliged to resign the office of Secretary-Treasurer. 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The report of the Montreal Branch was read by the Secretary, show- 
ing that organization to be in a prosperous condition, and the members 
active in the work of promoting Entomology in Canada. On behalf of 
the Council of the parent Society, Mr. Saunders reported a number of 
valuable acquisitions to the Library. 


The President then read his Annual Address, after which a vote 
of thanks was tendered, coupled with the request that a copy be furnished 
for publication in the ENTromorocist. 


The election of officers next took place, with the following results :— 
President, Wm. Saunders, London ; Vice-President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, 
Port Hope; Secretary-Treasurer, Jas. H. Bowman, London. Council— 
E. B. Reed, London ; Wm. Couper, Montreal ; J. Pettit, Grimsby; J. M. 
Denton, London; Rev. R. Burnet, London; G. J. Bowles, Montreal ; 
Jas. Fletcher, Ottawa, and R. V. Rogers, Kingston. Editor, W. Saunders, 
London. Editing Committee—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope; E. B. 
Reed, London; G. J. Bowles, Montreal, and Rev. R. Burnet, London. 
Librarian, W. E. Saunders, London. Library Committee—E. B. Reed, 
J. M. Denton, H. B. Bock, with the President, Librarian and Secretary- 
Treasurer. Auditors, Messrs. Chas. Chapman and A. Puddicombe. 

Succeeding the business portion of the meeting, an interesting and 
instructive hour was spent in the microscopic examination of insects and 
plants with the aid of three excellent microscopes belonging to Messrs. 
Puddicombe, Denton and Saunders. Among the objects of special interest 
were egg clusters of C/scocampa sylvatica, with mites at work destroying 
the eggs ; mounted specimens of the new Carpet Bug, Anthrenus scrophu- 
Jari, and of the parasite on the Cabbage Butterfly, Preromalus puparum. 


IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT. 


In consequence of removal, our late Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. J. 
Wilhams, was obliged to resign his office. Our correspondents will please — 
bear in mind that in future all business communications should be 
addressed to his successor, Mr. Jas. H. Bowman, London, Ont. 


4 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


MOT... xX. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1878. No. 11 


A NEW GALL MOTH, AND NOTES ON LARV OF’ OTHER 
GALL MOTHS. 


BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


‘There have been described, thus far, three N. American moths whose 
larve produce galls, or more or less decided enlargements of the stems of 
their food-plant. They are, first, Gelechia gallesolidaginis, described by 
Riley, with cuts, in the First Mo. Rept. at page 173 ; accompanying the 
description is an account of six parasites. Second, Wadshia amorphilla, 

-described by Clemens in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. i., page 419 ; also an 
account of larva habits, etc., with cuts, is given in the Second Mo. Rept. 
at page 132. Third, Paedisca (Euryptychia) saligneana, described by 
Clemens in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. v., page 141 ; an account of it also 
occurs in the Second Mo. Rept., page 134. 


I have found G. gallesolidaginis common at different places in Michi- 
gan and about Buffalo, N. Y._ However, its enemies are so numerous of 
late at Buffalo that not above one-half of the galls escape, so the insect 
is much less common than it was a few years since. I have but few facts 
to add to those given in the excellent monogragh of Prof. Riley cited. I 
find that the galls are wot always on dwarfed specimens of the plant, and, 
further, the larva does of bore entirely through the stem and then make 
the plug, but cuts away the walls and inner bark, leaving the epidermis 
which dries and falls away after the plug is completed. These galls are 
of frequent occurrence on plants much branched and of full altitude ; they 
are lower on the stem than those of the fly Zxppeta Solidaginis, or of the 
moth Paedisca saligneana,and are therefore less conspicuous. On the other 
hand, they are more readily found than the large, oblong gall made near 
the ground on the golden-rod by a fly whose name is unknown to me. 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Paedisca saligneana, the mis-named gall moth, is a very common insect 
in the vicinity of Buffalo. ‘The habits of the larva have not, I believe, 
been published. — Riley in the Second Mo. Report gives reasons for con- 
cluding that it is an intruder on G. gal/esolidaginis. It certainly is not. 

The moth begins to appear about June 20th. Ina few days the minute 
larvae may be found penetrating the stem just above the axil of a leaf 
near the top of the plant; sometimes they occur in a branch. The larva 
cuts right across the stem and soon clears out everything but the bark. 
The point attacked is soon surrounded by an enlarged ring, which is an 
effort of the plant to strengthen its weakened stem by adding new material 
to the outside layers ; the ring continues to increase in diameter and in 
length upwards. ‘The average mature gall is two and one-half times the 
diameter of the stem in thickness, and four times as long as broad. Dur- 
ing the growth of the gall there is a “ window,” usually near the bottom, 
consisting of a tubercle pierced with a round orifice which is temporarily 
closed by a web membrane. ‘The tubercle is probably at the point where 
the larva entered the stem. The purpose of this gateway seems to be for 
ventilation and for ejection from time to time of the castings which accu- 
mulate at the bottom of the cavity. 

The larva during the summer is dusky, during the winter dull white; it 
attains a length of .56 to .6 of an inch; head and cervical shield dark 
brown or black ; on the segments are large piliferous spots arranged as 
follows : on first segment one in front and below the spiracle, the second 
has a transverse row of six, the third to twelfth each has the transverse 
row of six and two on the dorsum behind the row. 

In the autumn, when full fed, it spins a thin lining to its house and 
remains all winter at the lower extremity; when spring quickens it ascends, 
bores near the top around passage-way, leaving, however, an external 
scale of bark after the manner of 7° sodédaginzs. It then spins a close 
white cocoon reaching up to the point of final exit. It remains a pupa 
about three weeks. When the time has come for the final change, the 
pupa, assisted by the spines on the abdominal rings, ascends the silken- 
lined gallery, and with the prow on its front, breaks up the door, protrudes 
two-thirds its length, where it remains until the moth escapes, leaving the 
pupa-skin to tell the tale. 

The pupa is rather slender, curved like a Cossws chrysalis, brown, teeth 
on abdominal rings prominent ; there is on the front a strong beak, which 
serves a good turn when the insect escapes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


I have met only one parasite, anichneumon fly. It is not abundant.* 


There is still another moth known to me whose habits are very similar 
to those of Gelechia gallesolidaginis Riley. I present its history and 
description, and propose to call it Gelechia galleasterella. 


Larva—Length .4 of an inch. Color tawny, head black, cervical and 
anal shield composed of ragged brown patches, true legs dark, terminal 
joint light. Piliferous spots mostly small and round, arranged thus : first 
segment has one below and one in front of the spiracle, second and third 
one above the foot and a triangle above it, fourth to eleventh two. below 
the spiracle and a triangle above, the bases of which make a row on the 
sides of the dorsum. 


Pupa—Length .33 of an inch. Brown, head and thorax quite dark. 
The head and eyes are rather more 
prominent than the pupa of gallesolid- 
aginis ; it is also stouter. 


Imago—Length .32, expanse .8 of an 
inch (average of five). Fore wings 
white, speckled with brown and black ; 
there is a brown patch occupying the 
costal half of the middle third ; it is darkest towards the base ; bordering 
the hind margin of the patch is a distinct (under a lens) dark brown line 
which terminates in a hook ; just behind the middle of the patch are two 
short, parallel, black dashes; beyond these, in line with the apex, isa 
short, black, irregular mark. Cilia touched with brown, the tips quite 
dark. Hind wings gray; cilia light with a tinge of yellow; tips dark. 
_Palpi white with brown scales on outside of second joint ; terminal joint 
black nearly half its length, extreme tip white. Antennae annulated with 
brown and white. Head white, thorax white more or less streaked with 
brown. Abdomen gray peppered with dark scales below, the first three 
_ segments yellow above. 


Described from several bred specimens. 


* There is a fourth moth which I have found at different places in Ont. and New 
York, whose larva produces a gall on the Willow. Its habits are almost identical with 
those of salzgneana. 1 had its history in manuscript to accompany this paper, but when 
about to send it to the publisher, Prof. C. H. Fernald informed me that Prof. C. V. Riley 
also has itin manuscript. It will finally be published as Grapholitha gallesaliciana, 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Food plant, Aster corymbosus, on the stems of which it makes an 
elliptical, hollow gall, 1.25 inches in length, .48 of an inch in diameter, 
the diameter of the plug (fig. 2) being .o8 of an inch. 

The galls are found a few inches above the ground, the terminal bud 
developing very little after the 
larva begins operations. May 
22nd I found full-sized galls, the 
inhabiting larva at the time being 
quite small. July ist I dis- 
covered the first pupa which dis- 
closed a moth, August ist. The 
larva just previous to its change 
makes a perfectly round hole 
(leaving a thin scale of the epi- 
dermis) through the thin walls 
near the top of its house, which 
it fills with a closely-fitting plug 
of silk; on the outer border of 
this plug is a flange which pre- 
vents its displacement inwards, 
but allows the escaping moth to 
readily push it outwards. It 
then lines the interior with silk 

Fig. 2. Nat. Size. and soon changes to a chrysalis. 

Tweive galls collected August 3rd contained four without parasites, 

while eight had an elliptical, dark cocoon suspended in the centre. 


NOTES ON PAPILIO CRESPHONTES AND CATOCALA®, 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


This season I have seen some peculiarities in rearing Papzlio cresphontes 
that seem worth noting. I had at one time four of the larve in a cage 
of three different broods. The two older ones changed to chrysalids 
June 29th ; one from the top of the box with the head down, number two 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


on the side with head upr_ Number three pupated July 11th, on the side 
of the box, head up; number four changed July 14th, suspended from 
the top the same as number one, all of them at an angle with the object 
to which they were attached, as is usual with Papzdios. Numbers one and 
three produced imagines July 15th and 29th, or after a pupal period of 
fifteen and sixteen days respectively. August 4th, numbers two and three 
remained unhatched, having remained in this state thirty-six and twenty- 
four days, and they presented no indications of hatching. At this time I 
turned the box on its side, so that the heads were suspended downward 
instead of pointing upward. August 7th both produced perfect imagines. — 


Among my captures of Catocale this season in this vicinity, are C. 
marmorata Edw., C. sappho Streck., and C. delilah Streck., on white oak 
trees, the last June 29th, the second July 18th and roth, and the first 
September 7th. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ICHNEUMONID. 
BY E. T. CRESSON, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


Genus MESOSTENUS Grav. 


MESOSTENUS NUBILIPENNIS.— ¢. Black ; anterior orbits, lower part 
of cheeks, spot on middle of face, most of clypeus and labrum, spot on 
mandibles, annulus on antenne, line on sides of collar, spot on each side 
of prothorax above, spot on disk of mesothorax, most of scutellum, dot on 
post-scutellum, tegulee, spot beneath, spot on sides of pleura, spot on each 
side behind posterior wing, two elongate marks on metathorax behind 
covering the prominent, obtuse and transversely compressed tubercles, the 
four anterior coxze, spot on posterior pair above, annulus at base of pos- 
terior tibize, extreme base and apex of the first joint of posterior tarsi, the 
second, third and fourth joints entirely, and the apical margin of segments 
1-6 of abdomen, all white ; front unarmed ; thorax opaque ; mesothorax 
confluently punctured ; metathorax reticulated; wings hyaline, with a 
fuliginous cloud beneath stigma, areolet quadrate, closed ; legs fulvous, 
extreme tips of posterior femora, their tibiz except white annulus near 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


base, most of basal joint of their tarsi, and the apical joint, black ; abdo- 
men fusiform, rather shining, punctured, first segment considerably dilated 
at apex ; Ovipositor shorter thanabdomen. Length .30 inch. 

Hlab.—Georgia (Morrison). Very much like adbomaculatus Cress., but 
readily distinguished by the fuliginous cloud on anterior wings. 


MESOSTENUS CANDIDUS.— f. Black ; orbits, face, clypeus, labrum, 
palpi, line on collar, spots on each side of prothorax above, two lines on 
mesothorax, scutellum, spot on post-scutellum, tegula, spot beneath, trans- 
verse line on sides of pleura, short line or spot beneath, curved spot 
behind each posterior wing, four spots on metathorax posteriorly, arranged 
in a transverse line, those on posterior face covering the short obtuse 
tubercles, four anterior coxze and trochanters, base above and apex 
beneath of posterior coxee, their tarsi except base and extreme tips, base 
and apex of first abdominal segment, and apical margin of second and 
following segments, all white ; front unarmed ; antennz entirely black ; 
mesothorax confluently punctured, without distinct impressed lines ; meta- 
thorax reticulated ; wings hyaline, with an neous gloss, areolet open ; 
Jegs fulvous, base beneath and apex above of posterior coxze, extreme tips 
of their femora, their tibiz except base, and extreme base and apex of 
their tarsi, black ; abdomen slender, smooth and _ polished, first segment 
slightly dilated at tip, the second much narrowed to base. Length .30 
inch. 


Hlab.—New York (Comstock). 


MESOSTENUS FORTIS.—?. Black; orbits, face except two spots 
‘above clypeus, clypeus, labrum, spot on mandibles, palpi, broad annulus 
on antenne, line on collar, spot on each side of prothorax above, two 
lines on mesothorax, scutellum, spot on each side before on basal ridge, 
post-scutellum, tegule, dot beneath, longitudinal line on sides of pleura 
nearly confluent with a short curved line posteriorly and beneath, a line 
before each intermediate coxa, spot behind posterior wing, two spots on 
posterior face of metathorax covering the short blunt tubercles, a round 
spot on each flank, all the cox except tips of posterior pair above, four 
anterior trochanters, base of first abdominal segment, and narrow apical 
margin of all the segments above, all white ; front unarmed ; antennz 
thickened beyond the middle; mesothorax without distinct impressed 
lines, sparsely punctured, longitudinally striated on disk ; wings hyaline, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


slightly dusky at tips, areolet open ; legs pale fulvous, tarsi paler, apex of 
posterior cox above black ; abdomen fusiform, shining, impunctured, 
first segment gradually dilated at tip ; ovipositor as long as the abdomen. 
Length .45 inch. 


Hab.—New York (Comstock). This may prove to be the 2 of 
candidus. 


MESOSTENUS DILIGENS.—. Black ; orbits, very broad on cheeks 
beneath, face except medial spot, clypeus, base of mandibles, palpi, broad 
annulus on antenne, collar, large spot on each side of prothorax above, 
two lines on mesothorax, scutellum, short oblique line on each side 
anteriorly, spot on post-scutellum, tegulze, spot beneath, large spot behind 
each posterior wing, small one beneath, large oblique line on sides of 
pleura confluent with mark in front of intermediate cox, flanks of meta- 
thorax, two large sub-cuneiform marks on posterior face covering the short 
blunt tubercles, four anterior coxze, first abdominal segment except black 
spot above near tip, spot on each basal corner of second segment, and 
broad apical margin of segments 2—6, all white ; front unarmed ; meso- 
thorax with indistinct impressed lines ; wings hyaline, areolet open ; legs 
pale fulvous, tarsi paler, extreme tips dusky, posterior cox with white 
spot above ; abdomen fusiform, impunctured, first segment rather broadly 
dilated at tip ; ovipositor shorter than abdomen. Length .32 inch. 


Fab.—Ilinois (Lewis). 


MESOSTENUS AUDAX.—§. Black ; orbits, broad on cheeks beneath, 
sides and middle of face, most of clypeus, spot on mandibles, palpi, broad 
annulus on antenneze, line on collar, spot on each side of prothorax above, 
two short lines on disk of mesothorax, scutellum, spot on post-scutellum, 
tegulze, spot beneath, oblique line on sides of pleura, smaller one imme- 
diately beneath, spot behind posterior wing, round spot on flanks of meta- 
thorax and two spots on posterior face covering the short blunt tubercles, 
all white or yellowish-white ; front unarmed ; mesothorax confluently 
punctured, with indistinct impressed lines ; metathorax rather coarsely 
reticulated ; wings hyaline, faintly yellowish, areolet open ; legs fulvous- 
yellow ; coxz dull whitish, posterior pair tinged with fulvous, tarsi pale 
yellow, extreme tips dusky ; abdomen fusiform, impunctured, first segment 
and apical and lateral margins of remaining segments, dull whitish, some- 
times more or less tinged with fulvous, especially the disk of post-petiole, 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


which is rather broadly dilated ; ovipositor shorter than the abdomen. 
Length .55 inch. 
Ffab.—Georgia (Ridings). 


MESOSTENUS EXAPTUS.— §. Black ; head and thorax marked exactly 
as in audax ; front unarmed ; mesothorax rather sparsely punctured, the 
two impressed lines distinct only in front ; metathorax reticulated, broad 
and flat on posterior face, sub-pubescent ; the tubercles short and obtuse ; 
antennez robust toward tips ; wings hyaline, slightly dusky at tips, areolet 
open; legs fulvous-yellow, anterior cox and trochanters whitish, tarsi 
yellowish ; abdomen fusiform, shining, impunctured, apical margin of the 
segments narrowly whitish, the first segment, and anterior margin of the 
yellowish band on second segment, fulvous, post-petiole rather broadly 
dilated ; ovipositor a little longer than the abdomen. Length .32 inch. 


Hab.— Massachusetts (Ridings). 


MESOSTENUS SAUNDERSI.—¥. Black, shining ; anterior orbits inter- 
rupted on sides of face, short line on posterior orbits, spot on clypeus, 
palpi, annulus on antenne, spot on scutellum, dot behind, the short blunt 
tubercles on metathorax, tegule, and dot beneath, all yellowish-white ; 
mesothorax sparsely punctured, without impressed lines ; metathorax 
broad, reticulated, flat on posterior face; sides of pleura longitudinally 
excavated, polished ; wings hyaline, faintly dusky at tips ; areolet open ; 
legs fulvous, posterior tibize dusky at tips, tarsi pale yellowish, fuscous at 
extreme tips ; abdomen fusiform, shining, impunctured ; the first segment 
entirely, and broad apical margin of second segment, fulvo-ferruginous, 
apical margin of remaining segments narrowly whitish, interrupted on disk 
of third segment ; post-petiole rather broadly dilated ; ovipositor as long 
as the abdomen. Length .40 inch. 


Hab.—Canada West (Mr. Wm. Saunders). In this species the head 
and thorax are almost entirely black. 


MESOSTENUS LATICINCTUS.— @. Black, opaque; broad orbits, face, 
clypeus, mandibles except tips, palpi, broad annulus on antenna, collar, 
broad line on each side of prothorax above, spot on disk of mesothorax, 
scutellum, large mark on each side behind posterior wings, spot beneath 
them, flanks of metathorax, two elongate marks on posterior face covering 
the prominent transversely compressed obtuse tubercles, tegule, dot 


‘ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


beneath, broad oblique mark on sides of pleura, confluent behind with a 
large mark covering almost entirely the under surface, four anterior coxz 
and trochanters, and broad band at tip of abdominal segments, all white ; 
front unarmed ; antennz long, sub-robust at tip ; mesothorax very finely 
and densely punctured, metathorax more coarsely so ; wings sub-hyaline 
areolet open ; legs fulvous-yellow, posterior coxae with base beneath and 
apex above black, posterior tarsi yellow, fuscous at extreme tips ; abdo- 
men sub-fusiform, the base and apex shining, post-petiole gradually 
dilated ; ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen. Length .35 
inch. 

Hab.—Louisiana (Lewis ). 


MEsSOSTENUS PROMPTUS.— ~. Black ; anterior orbits broad on sides 
of face, clypeus, mandibles except tips, palpi, spot on each side of pro- 
thorax above, lateral carinae at base of scutellum, tegulae, four anterior 
coxae and trochanters beneath, and posterior tarsi except base and apex, 
white ; sometimes the middle of the face is more or less white ; antennae 
entirely black, slender at tips; front unarmed; mesothorax shining, 
sparsely punctured, the two longitudinal lines deeply impressed, the middle 
lobe prominent ; metathorax with lateral carinae of posterior face sharply 
defined, but without prominent tubercles or spines ; wings sub-hyaline, 
areolet sub-quadrate, closed ; femora fulvo-ferruginous, four anterior tibiae 
and tarsi yellow ; abdomen slender, sub-compressed at tip, fulvo-ferru- 
ginous, the three or four apical segments black. Length .35 inch. 
ffab.—Canada (Pettit) ; Illinois (Lewis). 


MESOSTENUS AMERICANUS.— . Black, shining ; short line on upper 
anterior orbits, palpi obscurely, annulus on antennae, interrupted beneath, 
obscure line on each side of scutellum at base, and dot on tegulae, whit- 
ish ; front unarmed ; mesothorax with well impressed lines ; metathorax 
rather coarsely sculptured, with a smooth polished space on each side at 
base, sides of posterior face with sharply defined carina, but without pro- 
minent tubercles or spines ; wings sub-hyaline, areolet longitudinally sub- 
quadrate, closed ; four anterior legs, except coxae and trochanters, and 
posterior femora ferruginous, posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous, joints 2-4 
of the latter occasionally more or less pale; abdomen narrow fusiform, 
shining, impunctured, ferruginous, apical segments sometimes dusky, first 
segment long, slender, apical third rather suddenly dilated and sub- 
quadrate ; ovipositor as long as the abdomen. Length .30-.33 inch. 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hab.—Maine (Fernald) ; Virginia (Ridings). This has much the 
appearance of a small specimen of Cryftus americanus Cress. 


MESOSTENUS MACILENTUS.— #. Black ; orbits broad on cheeks, cly- 
peus, base of mandibles, palpi, line on collar, upper margin of prothorax 
interrupted medially, spot on disk of mesothorax, scutellum, spot behind 
each posterior wing, line on flanks of metathorax, two spots at tip above, 
tegulae, spot beneath, two spots on sides of pleura, the anterior one the 
largest (both sometimes wanting), and spot at base of all the coxae, all 
white ; front unarmed ; antennae entirely black ; mesothorax prominently 
trilobed ; metathorax unarmed, pubescent; wings more or less dusky, 
areolet minutely quadrate, closed; legs long and slender, fulvo-ferruginous, 
black line at base of posterior femora within, their tibiae and tarsi more 
or less dusky, the second and third joints of the latter more or less pale ; 
abdomen long, slender, ferruginous, apical segments sometimes obfuscated ; 
first segment long, linear, stigmata prominent. Length .40 inch. 


Hab.—lIllinois, Louisiana (Lewis) ; Texas (Heiligbrodt). 


NOTES ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA, WITH 
SOME ACCOUNT OF HABITS, ETC. 


BY CHARLES DURY, AVONDALE, HAM. CO., OHIO. 


Meglodacne Ulket Crotch. 


This pretty and interesting species, described by Mr. G. R. Crotch 
from a single specimen in the collection of Prof. Ulke, of Washington, 
D. C., who received it from Kentucky ten years ago, has remained unique 
in his collection until I found it, together with its larvae and pupa. 


Its food is fungus ( Polypora) growing on logs. Its full-fed larve are 
% inch long, rather slender, of light color, with the head brown ; it eats 
out a cavity in the fungus, and there transforms to a pupa, which is of a pale 
flesh color. When the beetle first hatches from the pupa it is of a very 
light pinkish color, without any markings whatever. When it hardens it 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211 


acquires the black spots and the deep red color, with which its elytra are 
ornamented. A species of brown ant appears to prey on it, as I saw 
several larvee and soft imagines being dragged away by these ants. The 
habits of the adult differ somewhat from JZ. heros and fasciata, in that 
Meg. Ulkei lives more inside the fungus and is less inclined to drop to the 
ground when the fungus is jarred. 


Habitat—Campbell Co., Ky. ; July, 1878. 


Bothrideres (Machlotes) exavatus Mels., and gemminatus Say. 

These two species were found under and in the bark of an old elm 
tree, and were from the ground up 26 feet. They vary much in size. The 
larva constructs a very curious semi-transparent cocoon, flat on one side 
and convex on the other, and generally several joined together in a 
cluster. On emerging the imago is very light, but soon hardens and gets 
quite dark-brown colored. 


Campbell Co., Ky.; July, 1878. 


Omophron robustum Horn. 

This species is described by Dr. Horn from specimens from Nova 
Scotia, and I believe Mr. Shwartz took a specimen or specimens on Lake 
Superior. In company with Om. americanum Wej. and tessellatum Say 
robustum was secured. While these species preferred sloping sandy 
banks near the water, many were taken on mud banks. On deluging the 
bank with water, it was amusing to see them rush out and up the bank. 


Ham Co., Ohio; July, 1878. 


A FEW HINTS ON COLLECTING LARVA OF DARAPSA 
VERSICOLOR. 


BY ROBERT BUNKER, ROCHESTER, N. Y. 


For several years past I have searched carefully for larvz of this 
species, only to be rewarded with damaged wardrobe and wet feet. This 
season I determined to try the plan of breaking off the button-bush 
branches and shaking them over paper spread on the ground. On my 


P12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


first trial I secured one nearly full-grown larva of versicolor, and six half- 
grown larve of promethea. Unfortunately I was unable to visit the bushes 
again until it was too late. The advantages this method has over that 
of examining the bushes while standing are manifold. In the first place, 
four times as many branches can be examined in the same length of time. 
Secondly, not a larva, great or small, can escape observation. Last, and 
not least, eggs may be detected, because, as is well known, insects gen- 
erally lay their eggs on the under side of the leaf or on the stem. Another 
advantage to the collector is that the wood of this shrub is very brittle, 
and fifty branches can be broken off in a few minutes. 

I observed one characteristic not mentioned by Geo. D. Hulst in his 
description of D. zersicolor. In moving from one branch to another it 
feels its way step by step, stretching out the thoracic part of its body 
three times its ordinary length, and then suddenly drawing back, repeating 
the same several times before venturing forward, reminding me strongly 
of the manceuvring of a large tropical basket-worm I once had the pleasure 
of rearing. As many of the branches of the button-bush hang directly 
over the water, the larva seems to know by instinct that a fall would be 
fatal, and no doubt (as Mr. H. Strecker has suggested) many of them are 
lost in this way. 


A REMARKABLE ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTION.—Some details have 
reached us concerning a large collection in Entomology made by Henry 
Edwards, of San Francisco, during the last 25 years. Professor David- 
son, President of the Academy of Sciences, states that this collection of 
insects is one of the largest ever made in the United States, and by far 
the most complete ever made on the Pacific coast. It consists of about 
60,000 species, comprising more than 200,000 specimens. ‘These include 
not only all the orders on the Pacific coast, but nearly or quite all in the 
United States, with a large representation of orders from all parts of the 
world. The collection is said to be really one of the most complete 


known in any country. It is valued at $12,000, or rather, that is about | 


the sum expended in freights, cabinets and the purchase of rare speci- 
mens. ‘The labor of 25 years is not estimated.— Zimes (London, Eng.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 


INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA. 


COMPILED BY REV. C. J. S..BETHUNE, M. A. 


From Kirbys Fauna Boreali-Americana : Insecta. 


(Continued from Vol. x., p. 139.) 


FAMILY ACANTHIAD£. 


389. ARADUS TUBERCULIFER A?rby.—Plate vi., fig. 5. Length of 
body 334 lines. A single specimen taken with preceding. 


[279.] Body dull black, very flat. Head with the nose prominent 
and obtuse, and the front armed with a sharp tooth on each side; antennae 
black with the second joint rufous all but the tip ; the last joint white at 
the tip ; prothorax with a short anterior truncated lobe, widest in the 
middle where the sides form a rounded angle ; emarginate posteriorly ; 
edge very minutely serrulate ; six longitudinal ridges occupy the disk of 
the thorax, the two external ones are abbreviated and rather obtuse ; scu- 
tellum with-a reflexed margin,.and bearing on its disk a large subhemi- 
spherical tubercle ; hemelytra reticulated with cinereous, especially the 
membrane ; abdomen with a broad margin, and the last segment bilobed 
with incurved lobes. 


This species appears to be related to A. depressus and elevatus Fabr., 
and to A. guadrilineatus of Say. 


390. ARADUS AFFINIS Kzrby. 
taken with preceding. 


Length of body 2% lines. Several 


Extremely similar to A. ¢uberculifer, but much smaller. Antenne entirely 
black ; prothorax not extended anteriorly, so as to form a lobe; lateral 
abbreviated ridge more obtuse, resembling a tubercle ; margin of the 
abdomen with a white point at the apex of each segment ; anus not lobed. 


FAMILY REDUVIADA. 


[280.] 391. ReEDUVIOLUS INSCRIPTUS A7rby.—Plate vi., fig. 7.— 
Length of body 3 lines. A single specimen taken with preceding. 

Body of a pale or yellowish white, lineari-oblong, widest posteriorly. 
Antennae shorter than the body, rufous, three last joints very slender ; 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


head and prothorax streaked and dotted with black ; with the anterior 
lobe of the latter constricted next the head, separated from the posterior 
by an impressed sinuated black line ; scutellum black with two pale longi- 
tudinal elevations, thickest anteriorly ; hemelytra with the nervures whiter 
than the rest of their substance; with three blackish discoidal dots 
arranged longitudinally from the middle to the membrane ; thighs dotted 
with black, the anterior pair being incrassated and thicker than the inter- 
mediate, and these than the posterior, which are not incrassated ; back 
of the abdomen black, with a white lateral margin, underneath with three 
longitudinal black stripes. 


[281.] 392. CHIROLEPTES RAPTOR A77by.—Length of body nearly 
4 lines. ‘Two specimens taken in the road from New York to Cumber- 
land-House. 


Body black and shining. Head subrhomboidal, connected with the 
prothorax by a long cylindrical and transversely wrinkled neck, which 
altogether gives the animal a serpentine aspect; legs pale; shoulders 
much incrassated, blackish at the tip, armed below with several strong 
spines; cubits with a single intermediate one ; prothorax bell-shaped, 
black, dull from inconspicuous pubescence ; scutellum dull, white at the 
tip ; hemelytra dull from pubescence, blackish-brown, with paler lines 
which extend into the membrane ; lateral margin white ; abdomen black, 
with the ventral lateral margin white. . 

This species approaches very near to Say’s Reduvius raptorius, but it 
is distinct. 


[282.] 393. NaBICULA SUBCOLEOPTRATA A7réy.—Length of body 4 
lines. ‘Taken with the preceding. 

Body apterous, black, without any gloss. Head subtriangular, antenne 
rufous ; thorax bilobed, first lobe thrice as long as the last, bell-shaped ; 
last a little wider than the first, flattish ; hemelytra a little shorter than the 
abdomen, brownish-black, punctured ; lateral margin obscurely rufous ; 
membrane scarcely differing in substance or colour from the rest of the 
hemelytrum ; legs rufous ? abdomen obtusangular underneath. 


FAMILY HYDROMETRID#., 


394. GERRIS RUFO-SCUTELLATA Za¢r.—Length of body 6% lines 
One specimen taken in Lat. 65°. 


ee se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 915 


subpilose ; two first joints of the promuscis black and robust, the 
remainder rufous and more slender ; antennae rufous with the last joint 
black ; eyes large, subhemispherical, brown ; prothorax dull-ferruginous, 
with the lateral margin, a dorsal subelevated line, and the scutellum, paler ; 
legs rufous, pale at the base ; hemelytra dull-ferruginous, with the lateral 
margin and nervures black ; the bead that forms the lateral margin of the 
abdomen, and the two last segments, are rufous ; the anal spines are very 
little shorter than the tail. 


[283.] 395. GERRIS LACUSTRIS Zznm.—There were three pupz of 
this species taken, which do not appear to differ from the European 
specimens. 


FAMILY CORIXID. 


396. Corrxa striata Zzum.—Length of body 3—3¥ lines. Many 
specimens taken with the preceding. 


Body yellowish, depressed, naked, smooth. Head inflexed, obtuse ; 
eyes brownish, triangular ; antennae inserted before the eyes under the 
lateral margin ; scape incrassated ; remaining joints together are setiform ; 
prothorax subtriangular, with the hemelytra, brown, streaked transversely, 
with irregular yellow streaks ; epipleura not streaked, pale-yellow ; breast 
black, spotted with yellow on the sides ; legs yellow ; anterior and pos- 
terior tarsi natatory ; the latter longer than the tibiae ; abdomen with the 
first ventral segment, and an abbreviated basilar band of the second, 
black. 


VariETY B. With the first joint of the posterior tarsi black at the 
tip. This may be a distinct species ; there were seven 
specimens distinguished by a black annulet surrounding 
the terminal half of the first dilated joint of the tarsus 
in question. 


[284.] 397. CoRIXA CARINATA Avrby.—Length of body 4 lines. 
Two specimens taken with preceding species. 


Body yellow underneath, embrowned at the insertion of the legs. Head 
yellow ; front broad and flat; labrum transversely tricarinate ; occiput 
obtusangular ; vertex with an obsolete longitudinal ridge issuing from the 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


angle of the occiput ; prothorax with a longitudinal intermediate ridge, 
transversely streaked with yellow and brownish black ; hemelytra 
sprinkled, and towards the base almost streaked, with black and yellow. 
In other respects this species resembles C. s¢rzata. 


398. CORIXA PLANIFRONS A77rdy. 
specimens taken with the preceding. 


Length of body 4 lines. ‘Two 


This species differs from the preceding in having the under side of the 
body black, with two pale spots on each side of the breast, and the anal 
half of the abdomen pale-yellow. The head is yellow, the vertex is ridged 
longitudinally and separated from the front by a transverse curvilinear 
ridge ; and from which the anterior part of the face is inflexed, plane or 
slightly concave ; in other respects this species exhibits exactly the same 
characters with C. carinata. ‘They may perhaps be sexual varieties. 


[285.] FAMILY NOTONECTIDA. 


399. NOTONECTA INSULATA A7rby.—Length of body 67% lines. A 
single specimen taken. 

Body underneath black, above yellowish. Head yellowish, with a 
brownish longitudinal stripe between the eyes, which are reddish ; scutel- 
lum very black, velvetty ; hemelytra with the lateral margin brown spotted 
with yellow ; the posterior half of the hemelytra is brown ante: *_, black- 
brown in the middle, fuliginous at the apex; in this darkened portion 
anteriorly is a yellowish triangle connected with the last marginal spot, and 
posteriorly is a white kidney-shaped spot followed by the sooty apex ; 
breast very hairy with longish fuliginous hairs ; legs yellowish. 


VII. HOMOPTERA. 


FAMILY CERCOPID&. 
goo. CERCOPIS MARGINELLA Faby.—Length of body 3% lines. 
Taken with the preceding, and at Carlton-house in April. 
Body black, dotted and inscribed with white. Hemelytra embrowned ; 
nervures black ; laterul margin sanguine ; margin of the abdomen edged 


with white. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Dey. 


[286.] VIII. LEPIDOPTERA. 
FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE. 


4o1. Papitio TURNUS Zzunu.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. [It 
is, of course, quite unnecessary to repeat Kirby’s description of this very 
familiar butterfly. | 


[287.| 402. CoLias EDUSA Fabr,—Several specimens from North 
America. [This species is, no doubt, C. eusytheme Boisd., which is quite 
common at Sault Ste. Marie and other localities in the North-west. For 
description and admirable figures see Edwards’ “ Butterflies of North 
America,” vol. i., part iv. | 


PERSONAL.—Our esteemed friend, J. Pettit, Esq., has removed from 
Grimsby, Ontario, to Buffalo, New York. Correspondents when writing 
him will please bear in mind this change of address. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


A CHEAP ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET. 
DEAR SirR,— 


I have recently been looking over the back volumes of the EnTo- 
MOLOGIST, and have found them, as I do the later numbers, very interesting 
and instructive reading. Among other valuable items, I have noticed 
suggestions regarding the construction of cheap cases for holding speci- 
mens, and as the question of expense is always an important one, especially 
to young collectors, I will, if you can spare me space, briefly describe the 
style of cabinet I am now using, and which has been adopted by one of 
my friends. 


Among the substitutes for cork mentioned by Packard (in his Guide 
to the Study of Insects) are thin frames covered on each side with paper 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and fitted into the bottom of drawers in a cabinet. Now I have gone a 
step farther, and discarding the drawers entirely, have adopted the frames 
and adapted them to a cabinet without drawers. This cabinet can be 
made of any size and be divided by upright partitions to suit the taste of 
the owner, and the frames can run in grooves made in the sides and par- 
titions before it is put together, or between movable strips tacked or 
screwed in afterward at suitable distances, say two inches. The one I now 
use (a small one made as an experiment) is three feet two inches wide 
inside, with two partitions, so that there are three spaces each one foot in 
width. It is fifteen inches deep and two feet high. Placing the frames 
two inches apart gives me twelve in each section, or thirty-six in all, and 
as each has a surface of twelve by fifteen inches, I have an aggregate 
expanse of thirty-six square feet. The advantages claimed for this cabinet 
are its lesser weight and expense. It is easily handled and can stand 
pretty rough usage without fear of damaging specimens, as the pins are 
firmly held, and the frames, running in grooves or between strips, cannot 
stir when the door shuts close against them. It does away with the 
expense of drawers, the cork alone for which (thirty-six feet at 18 cents 
per foot) would be $6.48. The frames constructed of thin stuff (say 
quarter-inch) cost at the most five cents each, and suitable stiff cartridge 
paper is very cheap. If the frames are made slightly smaller than those 
mentioned, one sheet will cover both sides of two frames. The paper is 
put on when damp, but should not be too wet. The frames can be easily 
re-papered if needful, and if the sections are made of equal width, they 
will all be interchangeable, which will be found a great convenience. 

This manner of keeping specimens will, I think, be particularly useful 
to collectors of Coleoptera. I send this, feeling that each member of the 
Society should contribute his mite of experience and knowledge for the 
benefit of his fellow-workers. 


W. H. HARRINGTON, Ottawa, Ont. 


THE TOMATO-WORM ( Sphinx qguingue-maculata ). 
DEAR SIR,— 


This insect has been extraordinarily abundant this year in the neigh- 
borhood of Port Hope, so much so that many persons had to take vigorous 


~ 


rT 
¥ 


——— ee 


| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


measures for the preservation of their crop. On the few plants in my own 
garden scores of the larve were found. A market-gardener who lives 
close by me—Mr. Wm. Eddie—informs me that on one day during the 
summer he and his assistants together gathered four bushels of the 
“worms” off an acre and a quarter of tomatoes! During many days 
following they seemed almost as numerous as ever, in spite of continuous 
hand-picking. Yesterday (Oct. 18) Mr. Eddie brought me a newly 
escaped imago. Is not this autumnal appearance most unusual? I sup- 
pose that it may be attributed to the long continuance of warm weather ; 
up to to-day nothing has yet been touched by frost in my garden. 


C. J. S. Betuune, Port Hope, Ont. 


ON L. LUCIA AND PSEUDARGIOLUS. 
DEAR SIR,— 


In the absence of all knowledge of the preparatory stages of Lycaena 
Lucta, the date of the first appearance of this species and Z. pseudargtolus 
var. veglecta, at this place the present season, are not favorable to Mr. 
Edwards’ view of their being one and the same thing. One male example 
of Zucta was found on April 4th. On the 8th several appeared, two 
males taken. On the 12th males common, one female taken. On the 
1gth several pairs taken copulating ; many observed. A male weglecta 
taken, apparently just emerged.‘ On 22nd both sexes of Zucta common ; * 
males worn ; several male weglectas abroad. On April 30th and May 4th 
females of Zucia observed depositing eggs on flower buds of Cornus 
Florida. May 9th, female veg/ectas abroad, both sexes of which have been 
observed up to July roth. The last Zucéa was observed May oth. The 
above observations were carefully and conscientiously made. If, in the 
end, it shall be proved that Zwcza is an early spring form of pseudargiolus, 
the above is almost couclusive evidence that deep coloration is not wholly 
the result of frigid weather. 


Nore.—It is with trepid hand that I pen the fact that two species of 
Rhopalocera, believed by some of our boreal friends to exist no where in 
this State outside of famous Center—J. canthus and A. vialis 
quently met with in this section. 


are fre- 


E. C. Howe, M. D., Yonkers, N. Y. 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DEAR SIR, 

The cutting sound heard by Dr. Packard, and discovered to be two 
black points used by the insect to cut its way out of prison, is not confined 
to Luna. I have heard the same sound when Polyphemius was about to 
leave its wintry mansion, but supposed it was done by the moth working 
its feet against the softened part of the cocoon. ‘The feet and legs seem 
as strong when the insect first emerges as they do any time afterwards ; 
indeed it is surprising. after the exhaustive effort the insect must have 
made to get through the tough cocoon, to see how readily it crawls up to 


a convenient place for its ample wings to spread into shape and beauty. 
As all breeders of moths are aware, the wings, when the moth first comes 
out, are soft and weak, and are the last parts we should suppose would 


Ee. ee 


assist in the arduous task. ; 

On two occasions I have heard a sharp report when Cecropia was 
about to make its exit from the cocoon. The sound was similar to that 
produced by toy torpedoes such as boys amuse themselves with. I have 
thought perhaps the corrosive liquid used by the moth to soften the silk 
might be of an explosive nature, and on coming in contact with the oxygen } 
of the air, might produce the sound. 1 should like to know if any of the | 
readers of the Can. Env. have heard this remarkable sound, and what 
their opinions are. Ropert BUNKER, Rochester, N. Y. 
DEAR SIR,— 


Saperda candida Fab. made their appearance this year about twenty 
days earlier than usual. Trees leafed out in this vicinity about thirty days 
earlier than in ordinary seasons. Took June 2nd, 3 f andi Q@. 


pe 


June 6th, I took one pair of Saperda puncticollis Say on poison ivy 
(Rhus toxicodendron \..)—the first of these handsome Saferdas taken in 
this locality. 

June 12th, took the first Saperda Fay: Bland. This borer attacks the 
limbs and stem (1% to 1% inches in diameter) of our wild thorn ( Crataegus 
crus-galli L. and C. tomentosa L.), creating a gall-like, gnarly swelling, 
weakening the branch so that it sometimes breaks off by the wind, and 
often killing it. The beetle cuts its way out from one to three inches 
above or below the swelling. In 18761 tooka 2 S. Fay? Aug. 15th. 

CuHas. D. ZIMMERMAN, Buffalo, N. Y. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. X. LONDON; ONT., DECEMBER, 1878. No. 12 


NOEESJON- A WINTER HOLIDAY. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


During a recent holiday, while on a trip South, we spent a day among 
the Entomologists at Albany, N. Y. To say that it was a pleasant day, an 
exceedingly enjoyable day, would convey but a faint idea of the pleasures 
there in store for us. Arriving early in the morning, we made our way to 
the State Museum of Natural History, where we found three veteran 
Entomologists conspiring to make our brief stay a memorable one. Under 
the guidance of Messrs. Lintner, Meske and Hill, we were soon enrap- 
tured by the sight of the countless rarities contained in the collections of 
Lepidoptera made by those gentlemen in this vicinity. We have seen 
many collections in the course of our wanderings, but for multiplicity of 
species, full series of rarities and matchless perfection of individual speci- 
mens, it had never before been our pleasure to witness anything that 
would compare with the valued stores contained in the cabinets of these 
enthusiastic collectors at Albany ; and without fear of contradiction, it 
may be said that the Entomologists resident there have contributed more 
towards our knowledge of the Lepidoptera native to the northern portions 
of America than any other equal number of collectors in the country. 
The enthusiasm they have long maintained and their indomitable perse- 
verance have enabled them to overcome almost every obstacle and accu- 
mulate such wonderful series. of specimens, especially by night captures at 
sugar, as no less favored Entomologist could look over without feelings 
almost akin to envy. After one had seen scores upon scores of indi- 
viduals of some rare Noctuid, which in one’s own collection had perhaps 
long been represented by a treasured fragment, the question would fre- 
quently rise as to whether avy‘Aing in this line be rare in the neighbor- 
hood of Albany. 


o> THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


During the day we were also privileged to see the magnificent series 
of Catocalas in the collection of Dr. Jas. H. Bailey, and one could only 
regret that the day was too short to do any sort of justice to the mass of 
material to be inspected. After laboring busily from early morn until late 
at night, we parted at the railway station, carrying with us the most 
pleasant recollections of a day happily spent amidst old and newly-found 
Entomological friends. 

On reaching Washington, Nov’r 23, we paid a brief visit to the Ento- 
mological rooms in the Department of Agriculture, where we had expected 
to find our esteemed friend, Prof. C. V. Riley, but unfortunately business 
had called him away from home. Through the kindness of Messrs. Per- 
gande and Howard we were shown very many things of interest, especially 
in the way of insects in their earlier stages, both living in breeding cages 


and preserved as blown larve, and in this way a very pleasant and- 


instructive hour or two was spent. We were sorry to learn from our good 
friend, Chas. R. Dodge, that ‘‘ Field and Forest” was about to’be dis- 
continued for want of sufficient support. ‘This valued periodical has done 
good service in the cause of Natural Science, awakening an interest in 
this direction in many minds, and we feel that in its decease we have lost 
a valuable aid. It gave us much pleasure to find that veteran Ento- 
mologist, Prof. T. Glover, with health almost restored, busily engaged in 
his Entomological work. Through the affable kindness of Dr. T. V. 
Hayden, we were shown through the Department of the Interior, that 
great national laboratory from whence has issued so many works invaluable 
to the naturalist in every field of labor. After lingering long among the 
many interesting objects which claimed our attention. we returned laden 
with useful works and pamphlets on subjects relating to Entomology, 
deeply impressed with thé important work here carried on by a great and 
progressive nation in the interests of science; and with very pleasant 
recollections of the great personal kindness shown us by the worthy and 
distinguished head of this most useful. branch of the national service. 

The Smithsonian Institution was also visited, with its immense collec- 
tions and innumerable objects of interest, and through the kindness and 
liberality of the Secretary, some recent and valuable works on Entomology 
and kindred subjects were secured for our Society’s library. 

Passing through Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia, we landed in 
Fernandina, Florida, with its historic surroundings, on the 3oth day of 
November, where we found everything assuming a tropical aspect—the 


7 
4 
4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


landscape dotted with Palms, Orange trees, Magnolias, Live-oaks and other 
evergreen trees, and the air so balmy as to at once suggest thoughts of 
butterfly nets and collecting bottles. Of the latter we had with us a 
supply, but not expecting to meet with anything on the wing, our insect 
nets were left folded away in their wintry home. We turned over logs 
and chips in search of insect life, but found very little to reward our 
energies. Subsequently, while wandering about in Jacksonville, we saw 
several butterflies on the wing, most of them new to us; we recognised 
that charming yellow, Cal/idryas eubule as it floated about among the 
beautiful roses, jessamines, poinsettas and other flowers in the gardens, and 
we longed for a net that we might cultivate a closer acquaintance with this 
and some of the other species which we were unable to determine in their 
flight. Our old friend, Danais archippus, was frequently met with, and 
reminded us of summer at home. Florida, however, is. very poor in 
insects at this season of the year, but as summer approaches it is in many 
parts a paradise for the collector. During a week spent in this land of 
flowers we travelled over 800 miles along its rivers and railways, seeing 
much of its characteristic scenery, the most southerly point touched being 
Leesburgh, on Lake Griffin, a little south of the 29th degree of latitude 
and 300 miles south of Jacksonville by tortuous river travel. Here 
butterflies were more abundant, and having landed with a very pleasant 
party in an orange grove, amidst half a million of oranges on 2,500 large 
bearing trees, one was puzzled what to do first. ‘The oranges were 
tempting, but the sight of beautiful specimens of Agraulis vanille, D. 
berenice, with charming Heliconzas, Theclas, etc., was still more overpower- 
ing, and with hat in hand, the butterflies were vigorously pursued until 
several specimens had been secured, but with such imperfect means of 
capture at hand, the beautiful insects were battered and torn, and our 
clothing having become covered with malignant burs collected in the 
chase, we thought it best under the circumstances—the first burst of 
enthusiasm being over—to devote our attention more particularly to the 
orange question. 


While vigorously consuming oranges, enquiries were made as to 
whether the trees or fruit were subject to insect enemies. Beyond occa- 
sional specimens of the larva of Papilio cresphontes, we could not learn 
of any caterpillar which consumed the leaves, and the only insect which 
seemed to trouble the orange growers at all was a species of Coccus— 
Aspidiotus citricola—which attacks the bark and foliage of both the orange 


Pepe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and lemon trees, and occasionally, if very numerous, gives the tree a sickly 
appearance. But such an effect was rare, and one could not help feeling 
astonished at the luxuriant and vigorous growth of the average orange 
grove and the symmetry and beauty of the trees laden with their golden 
fruit, in soil, in most instances, so poor that one wondered where the 
nourishment came from. In our course up and down the Ocklawaha 
River, where the trees are everywhere clothed with the beautiful Florida 
moss, 7i//andsta usneoides, and the swampy margins decked with brilliant 
asters and other composite flowers, we observed many Neuropterous 
insects on the wing, but did not succeed in capturing any; indeed, the 
catching of an insect seemed insignificant work in the midst of the excite- 
ment attendant on the shooting of alligators, herons, ducks and other 
large game, and at the close of the week there were very few spoils where- 


with to grace the Entomological cabinet. Now, a few days later, amidst. 


frosts and snow, the novel recollection of the recent heated butterfly 
chase, the cooling off under the shade of orange trees, imbibing the sweet 
rich juice of the fully-ripened fruit, and the additional novelty of a sun- 
burnt brow, all in the midst of the month of December, are things not 
soon to be forgotten. 


ON THE PUPATION OF THE NYMPHALIDAI, 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


In Ent. Mo. Magazine for August, 1878, is a paper by Dr. J. A. 
Osborne, respecting a discovery made by him of the mode by which the 
larvae of the Nymphalide attach the chrysalis to the button of silk, and 
which is “altogether at variance with the account given in Kirby and 
Spence and other works.” Dr. Osborne relates: ‘‘ In watching the trans- 
formation of V. Urtce, | found that the chrysalis was attached to the old 
skin of the caterpillar by a membrane sufficiently strong and permanent 
to support the insect during the critical last moments of pupation, and 
fully explaining why it does not fall down when the tail of the chrysalis is 
withdrawn from the old skin and thrust up to be attached to the silk.” The 


ee ee ee 


Le 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


author then refers to a communication made by him to /Vature, vol. xv., 
p- 7, 1877, on the same subject, and quotes from Figuier’s Insect World 
the following account of the pupation of Urtzce.- “The chrysalis, which 
is shorter than the caterpillar, is at some distance from the silky net-work 
to which it must fix itself; it is only supported by that extremity of the 
caterpillar’s skin which has not been split open. — It has neither legs nor 
arms, and yet it must free itself from this remaining part of the skin and 
reach the threads to which it is to suspend itself. The supple and con- 
tractile segments of the chrysalis serve for the limbs which are wanting to 
it. Between two of these segments, as with a pair of pincers, the insect 
seizes a portion of the folded skin, and with such a firm hold that it is able 
to support the whole of its body on it. It now curves the hinder part 
slightly and draws its tail entirely out of the sheath in which it was 
enclosed,’ &c. Dr. Osborne then says: ‘ How this can be conceived 
possible, considering the utterly soft condition of the newly-excluded— 
pupa, and that the caterpillar skin is now reduced to a packet so small 
that it covers only the end of the tail of the chrysalis (loc. cit.), in which 
moreover there are no longer any free segments, I cannot understand. On 
the other hand, it is very easy to show that the last and sufficient bond 
of connection between the chrysalis and the old larva skin is a membrane 
extending from the lining of the latter to the anterior horns of the two 
lateral ridges bounding the anal area of the chrysalis. . . . . Ihave 
_ tested its strength to sustain the weight of the chrysalis and the time during 
which it resists desiccation and the writhings of the insect, the obvious 
object of which is, not to get rid of the old caterpillar skin, but to rupture 
this membrane after the chrysalis has made good its tail attachment to the 
silk.” ‘Ihe communication in /Vature called out no reply or remark from 
lepidopterists, and hence Dr. Osborne again recited the facts in the Ent. 
Mo. Mag. The Editors thereof say: ‘ We will be very glad to know if 
the very reasonable explanation advanced in support of the theory of our 
correspondent has been elsewhere referred to, and also to have the results 
of direct experiment by others. So far as we can discover, most of the 
published accounts are simply copied, or extracted from Réaumur.” 


| 
| 


As soon as I read this communication, I sought for butterflies of this 
family, and soon took females of Grafta interrogationis and D. archippus. 
The former laid many eggs in a bag, tied over a stem of hop, and the other 
a few on Asclepias. The larve from both lots have finished their pupa- 
tion, and I have carefully watched the process. Dr. Osborne’s statement 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is correct. The chrysalis of Grvaffa is supported by a narrow, white 
membrane or ligament, about one-tenth inch long, one end of which is 
pointed and fastened to the inner side of the larval skin near the extremity 
thereof, and the other is forked and fastened to the ends of two curved, 
slightly raised, longitudinal ridges, which are to be found on the ventral 
side of the last segment. These ends are at the anterior edge of the 
segment. They project sufficiently to form hooks, as it were, which hold 
the membrane firmly. In avchippus the ligament is much larger and 
stronger than in Graffa. It is broad, black, and deeply forked where it 
attaches to the segment. In this species, instead of low ridges, there are 
two rows of shining black processes, three in each row, and the outer pair 
are knobbed, and a little pointed anteriorly. On these outer knobs the 
ligament is fastened. I do not believe that the chrysalis of Grapta ever 
seizes the loosened skin for a suppor{—at any rate any support that such a 
hold could furnish is not essential, for | have repeatedly raised the skin with 
forceps entirely off the abdominal segments on the ventral side, so as to 
discover the distended membrane, and in several cases have cut the skin 
off just below the membrane at the instant the effort was beginning for 
freeing the tail. In these last cases the chrysalids were seen to be con- 
nected with the skin by the membrane only, and the membrane is the lever 
by which the chrysalis climbs to the silk, There could not possibly have 
been any other support. 

Réaumur’s account of the pupation of the Swspers/ was drawn up 
after very extended observations on larve of several species of Vanessa 
principally (he says, several hundred caterpillars), and is given at great 
length. Similar statements are given by subsequent authors, often based 
on direct observation, but so far as I can discover, one and all describe 
the process as it would appear to a lookeron. I notice in Westwood and 
Humphrey’s British Butterflies, p. 54, what is doubtless an inadvertent 
error: ‘* The chrysalis carefully withdraws its tail from the skin, se¢s7ng 
hold of the outside of the latter by pressing two of the rings of its body 
together, and enclosing between part of the old skin. Ay repeating this 
Process, 1t at length pushes its tail upwards, till it reaches the silken 
button,” &c. For outside, read inside. 

Dr. Harris, Ins., 2nd ed., p. 282, gives an account of the transfor- 
mation of archifpus with much detail. 

‘“‘By bending together two of these rings near the middle of the body, 
the chrysalis seizes, in the crevice between them, a fortion of the empty 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 


skin and clings to tt so as to support itself while it withdraws its tail from the 
remainder of the skin. It is now wholly out of the skin, /o which it hangs 
suspended by nipping together the rings of its body; but as the chrysalis is 
much shorter than the caterpillar, 27 2s yet at some distance from the tuft of 
silk, to which it must climb. To do this, it extends the rings of its body as far 
apartas possible, then, bending together two of them above those by which it 
as suspended, tt catches hold of the skin higher up, at the same time letting go 
below, and by repeating this process with different rings in succession, tt at 
length reaches the tuft, &c.” “ We may see the whole process in the cater- 
pillars of archippus,’ &c. Dr. Harris drew his description from nature, 
and was too careful an observer to commit himself in a case like this 
beyond what he thought he clearly saw. 

In Butterflies of N. America, vol. I., I gave an account of the trans- 
formation of Grafta comma, taken strictly from my own observations. In 
this I find no mention of the climbing by the aii of the successive pairs 
of segments, described by Dr. Harris as taking place in archippus, but 
otherwise my statement agrees substantialiy with his. I had previously 
read of the transformations of butterflies in various works,and so was doubt- 
less prepared to receive the common version of the mode, but I described 
precisely what I thought I saw. I have heretofore repeatedly witnessed this 
process in various genera, but I find byrecent experience that it is impossible 
with a single observation, or by half a dozen, to determine all the details, and 
‘only by watching one point in one example and another in the next, and 
verifying each again and again, could I feel sure that I had made myself 
acquainted with this part of the history of a single species. I have 
watched sixteen transformations of zzferrogationi’s and two of archippus, 
during the last few days, and willdescribe at length what I have seen. It may 
serve to show how the error spoken of originated and has been per- 
petuated by so many observers, and for more than a century, with no sus- 
picion of wrong till Dr. Osborne made his discovery. In ¢terrogationis 
the period of suspension varies from 6 to 24 hours, according to the state 
of the weather and degree of warmth. My first observations were made 
under a clear sky, and mercury about 80° Far., in the middle of the day ; 
_ the later ones in cool and rainy weather, with cold nights. The larva of 
this species is suspended from a button of pink silk. At first it 
holds itself in a circular shape, its head turned in against segments 
Ti and 12, the lowest part of the curve being at 7th. After two 
hours, more or less (in warm weather), the curve is relaxed, and the atti- 


| 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tude resembles figure 6, the dorsum on last segments being convex, the 
head turned in opposite 8 and 9, the Jowest part of the curve being at 
6th. ‘Two or three hours later the body hangs straight, and the four 
anterior segments are bent almost at a right angle to the others. |The 
head continues to droop, and by this it is made certain that the final 
change approaches. Presently there is a twitching of the spines, first con- 
fined to one segment, but extending soon over the whole body, and 
changing into a waving motion. ‘This is accompanied by a twisting of the 
segments beneath the skin, which increases in strength and continues some 
minutes. ‘Two or three times a spasm of contraction comes on by which 
the body is lifted up into the last one or two segments and let fall again. 
Then a creeping movement under the skin commences, extending from 
the posterior segments forward, and seems to break the skin loose from 
the body, and one wave after another runs along till the distended skin on 
the anterior segments bursts. ‘This always takes place on the middle of 
the dorsum, on the 3rd segment, and the mesonotum of the chrysalis is 
forced through, splitting the skin up to the head (or first segment), and 
sometimes splitting the skin of the head also. By the continued 
creeping movement the body is slowly forced through the rent. As 
this is oblique, the ventral side of the chrysalis is fully three seg- 
ments behind the dorsal in the divesting, the skin on the anterior seg- 
nents fitting tight as a glove, although it is loosening and packing in a 
mass about the anal feet. In about 90 seconds from the time of the rup- 
ture the skin on dorsal side has been pushed back to ro, and the effort 
begins for the extrication of the tail of the chrysalis from the caterpillar 
skin. This tail must be withdrawn and fastened outside the skin to the same 
button of silk which the caterpillar clung to. At this instant the skin 
covers the ventral side of the chrysalis to 8th segment, but is moving up 
constantly, and as the chrysalis bends the posterior half of the abdomen 
sharply back to force the tail out of the sheath, the segments 
are pinched together and there is at the same time a pinching in of the 
skin. But there is no seizing of the owéside of the skin ; if there were 
no other reason, the spines would make this impossible. ‘The tail now 
free, the chrysalis straightens itself up, and swinging on the ligament, lifts 
itself towards the silk, the last segment describing an arc of a circle of which 
the ligament is the radius, and the tail, which at the same instant is curved 
forward, is brought round and over the considerable packet of the old skin 


and with precision strikes the silk. An observer, knowing nothing of the 


a 


a eee 


i 
le) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 22 


ligament, seeing only the violent contortions, the abdominal segments 
expanding and contracting to the utmost, while at the same time the 
chrysalis steadily rises toward the silk, naturally concludes that the one 
movement is the direct result of the other. When I lifted the flap of skin 
entirely clear of the struggling segments and cut it off a little below the 
tail, the bendings and contortions were not interrupted by my interference, 
nor was the effort to reach the silk in the least abated. Held firm by the 
stretched ligament, which was in plain view, the body rose, and the tail, 
which had got well outside the padded skin, and was before complete 
extrication bent backward, now bent forward, and by the upward 
swing was brought exactly to the silk. Several times as I was 
lifting, the skin and chrysalis together were dislodged, and fell into my 
hand. Then by drawing the skin back the ligament was exposed and it 
was distinctly seen that it was attached to the chrysalis by the pointed 
ends of the ridges before mentioned, and that there was no other connec- 
_ tion between skin and chrysalis. 

After the hooklets of the tailare caught inthe silk, the chrysalis whirls one 
way and then the other, the last segments actively twisting and screwing in 
order to fasten the hooklets more securely. ‘This movement does not seem 
to be made for the purpose of rupturing the membrane or for getting rid 
of the old skin especially, for I noticed that whenever the skin parted and 
fell just as the silk was grasped, as did sometimes happen, the same 
whirling and all the movements usually seen followed. It is a wonderful 
exhibition, and the last act is beyond my comprehension,—namely, the 
rising of the chrysalis with no external aid save what comes from the 
ligament. I can only state the fact. 

When the rupture of the skin of the caterpillar of cterrogationts first 
takes place, and the mesonotum is made to appear, this organ is pressed 
down and flattened, but in a short time, and before the transformation is 
completed, it swells out, and becomes nearly as large and as prominent as 
it ever will be ; the head case is pushed forward on the thorax and 
jammed in, so that on first issuing, the chrysalis is truncated at the anterior 
side of the mesonotum. When the skin is thrown off, the chrysalis hangs 
limp and distended, like a long cone, with no prominences except the 
mesonotum. Presently the segments shorten and become broader, the 
ends of the wing cases creep nearer the tail, the tuberculated points on 
the abdomen swell out, the head case pushes up, with its palpi cases, and 
in course of half an hour the final and characteristic shape is assumed. 


230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The change in these respects is nothing like so striking in Grvaffa as in 
Limenitis, where the chrysalis is greatly hunched and displays a prodigious 
mesonotum. In this case the chrysalis is at first as limp and shapeless as 
in Grapta, but reaches its proper form in the same way ; the segments 
contracting and the processes growing and maturing as one looks at 
them. 

The transformation of avchippus presented a close resemblance, but 
some differences. When first suspended, which it did from a 
pad of white silk, the larva took the attitude of an oval, the 
head brought near rath segment; a few hours later that of figure 
6; and finally of a right angle, the head continuing to droop. During 
the last two hours there was a constant movement of the head, which 
seemed to rub itself on the anterior legs, and several times and up to 
within one-half hour of the change, the larva doubled itself up and brought 
its head to the button of silk, as if greatly annoyed at something there. 
This I noticed in both the larva observed. — Finally the body was con- 
tracted and lifted up as in Grafta, and a slight creeping movement was 
seen, but there were no twitchings or twistings as in Graffa. The creep- 
ing became stronger, advancing in waves, and the strain on the anterior 
segments became severe, till the skin burst on the dorsal line of 2, 3 and 
4, and the top of the head also was rent. ‘The slit was oblique, and the 
ventral side was covered three segments beyond the dorsal. When the 
body was exposed on dorsum at 10 and 11, the ventral side was covered at 8 
and 9,and the skin fitted tight,sothat asthe body bent back inthe movement 
to free the tail the skin was pinched between the segments. ‘The struggle 
became violent, the segments all along the abdomen stretching to the 
utmost, and then contracting forcibly, ove telescoping into the next; and 
in this the skin followed the segment, and was drawn in and held for an 
instant. As this movement ran through the segments successively the 
skin was pinched at one joint after another, and the chrysalis was evidently 
rising towards the silk as described by Dr. Harris. Unfortunately I was able 
to see the transformation in but two examples of avchippus. Inthe firstone, I 
set myself to see howthe whole change must have appeared to Dr. Harris, as 
he had described it minutely. In the next one I lifted the flap of skin 
till I saw the ligament. In so doing the whole thing unhooked from the 
silk, and as it lay in my hand I pulled back the skin and was able to look 
at the ligament with alens. I also lifted the chrysalis by the skin, and 
the ligament did not part. It did so afterwards only by a strenuous effort 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Fat 


of the chrysalis, and then remained distended, with its forks in shape. 
The nature of this organ must be determined by further observations. 
I had sent to a friend, who is an experienced microscopist as well as ento- 
mologist, a chrysalis of inéerrogationis which had been dropped in 
glyceriné at the crisis of pupation, and he writes me thus: ‘“‘I have 
examined the preparation, which was in good condition except the 
separation of the chrysalis from the skin. I see what you call the two 
ridges, which exist also in the caterpillar and have between them the anus 
in both caterpillar and chrysalis. Further, I find connected with the skin 
the whole rectum, and a little more of the intestinal canal, drawn out in 
pupation. A little below I see a substance which I suppose to be your 
membrane, about as long as the rectum and structureless. 1 would sup- 
pose that the membrane belonged to the rectum and perhaps the external 
cover of it, if you had not written that the membrane in archippus is 
black. I took a caterpillar (in spirits) of this species, and opening it, 
found that the rectum was white, or at least light colored. | One should 
make a section of the caterpillar of avchippus just after suspension to 
discover where this black membrane comes from. The use and purpose 
of the knobs and bars in the chrysalids is doubtless this: in these organs 
are built up and developed the anal appendages of the imago.” 


September, 1878. 


NEW N. AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA, WITH NOTES ON A 
FEW. LITTLE: KNOWN. 


BY. A. L Ro GRODES Ali. 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sctences. 


Daremma catalpae. 

Sphinx catalpae Boisd., pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 (1874). 

This species is represented in the Collection of Mr. E. L. Graef by 
an example from Florida. It is smaller and darker than D. wndu/osa or 
D. Hageni, of a uniform butternut or olive brown tint. 


py THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LEmydia ampla, n. s. 

%. Wings large, body linear, slight. Eyes naked; palpi exceeding 
the front ; maxilla weak. Antenne (§) with converging setose pec- 
tinations. Head white; thorax white, black dotted. Fore wings white, 
silky, with a black dot on the cell and two superposed at the extremity 
of the cell; one below median vein at basal third and others at base 
suggesting a basal transverse line. A narrow blackish costal stripe and a 
terminal distinct interrupted line; fringes white. Hind wings smoky 
gray with whitish fringes. | Beneath entirely blackish or smoky gray with 
a dark discal dot on hind wings. Abdomen smoky gray. Lxfanse 43 
mil. //abitat, Colorado (Coll. E. L. Graef). 


Lygranthoecta acutilinea, n. s. 


f. Eyes naked, body slender, tibia armed. Form of marginata, 
Thoreaut and saturata. Ochrey or olive fuscous with snow white or 
silvery white lines. ‘Transverse anterior greatly medially and outwardly 
exserted, preceded by a black marginal line, irregular, raggedly toothed. 
Cell shaded with whitish or pale ochrey. Reniform marked by black 
dots. Outer line denticulate, followed by a black line, crossed by white 
streaks on the median nervules. Subterminal line white, bent inwardly 
opposite the cell and again before internal margin. — Fringes fuscous cut 
with white. Hind wings whitish with diffuse blackish discal spot and 
terminal band, the latter interrupted with white above anal angle. Fringes 
whitish, faintly interlineate. Beneath whitish, powdered with black ; 
primaries blackish to exterior line with double black discal spots, the 
reniform open, fringes checkered ; secondaries mostly whitish with black 
discal dot and whitish fringes; body pale fuscous. xfanse 27 mil. 
Habitat Colorado, Coll. E. L. Graef. 


Heliothis nuchalis Grote. 


This species is very near the European //. sewfosa, as I tind from a 
specimen of the latter in Mr. Graef’s collection. As is the case with 
armiger and dipsacea, the American representatives of which I have 
described as wmbrosus and phlogophagus, we have now a third species 
nearly related to the European. At the same time extended and careful 
comparisons of the American and European forms have not been entered 
into as yet with any of these species of Heliothis. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 


Melicleptria oregonensis Hy. Edw. ° 


This species has been sent me by Dr. Bailey irom Nevada (No. 19). 


Chytoryza tecta Grote. 


This genus is characterized by a pellucid impression on the fore wings 
of the male on the cell before the transverse posterior line. In the shape 
of the wings it differs from Preraetholix bullu/a and in the thinner labial 
palpi. These two genera from Alabama and Texas seem to be our 
nearest allies to the genera Avomes and AlZetza. 


Catocala cwlebs Grote. 


Another specimen of this rare species has been taken by Mr. Hill this 
season in the Adirondacks. ‘This species has the fore wings black and 
gray. What is probably a variety of C. dadéa, with brown primaries, but 
with the lines better marked than in the type, has passed erroneously as 
C. calebs in several collections I have recently seen. Probably this mis- 
take has led to the belief that ca/ebs was only a form of dadia. 


Asopia cohortalis, 1. s. 


fg. Allied to sguamealis and with blackish fringes and distinct black 
terminal line. Head and thorax, basal and terminal fields of primaries 
ochre brown. Median space shaded with black. Inner line dentate as 
in sguamealis, black, preceded by a paler ochre shade. ‘The pale shades 
are well marked on costa, but do not spread or form blotches as in 
sguamealis. Outer line upright, a little bent in on costal region, denticu- 
late, black ; it is further removed from external margin than in sguamealts ; 
between the lines are three costal marks; the two median lines are 
parallel, the distance between them remaining the same. Hind wings 
fuscous with double blackish lines ; fringes interlined with black ; a ter- 
minal black line ; fringes fuscous. Beneath the primaries show a series 
of costal marks to the common outer line, which is black ; beyond the 
line the terminal field is shaded with ochre. A dotted terminal black 
line ; fringes fuscous, interlined. Axfanse 25 mil. ; Colorado, Mr. E. L. 
Graef. The color and position of the outer line are different from 
squamealts. 


Agrotis piscipellis, in. s. 
g ¢%. A species with simple antennz, armed tibiz, naked eyes and 
untufted thorax, and somewhat flattened abdomen, which resembles Ufeus 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


plicatus or some of the species of L/omehadena,* such as induta and 
incomitata. ‘Vhorax and fore wings dark but bright brown, veins more or 
less marked with black, stigmata obsolete, median lines sometimes obso- 
lete, when present black, narrow, single; t. a. line upright, rivulous ; t. p. 
line denticulate, exserted superiorly, marking venular points, followed by 
a faint pale shade ; s. t. line pale. Hind wings pale at base, smoky out- 
wardly, sub-pellucid, veins darker, no discal dot above or below. Front 
and tips of palpi very deep brown. Beneath pale, washed with reddish, 
a common black even line, veins indicated. Thorax and appendages and 
abdomen beneath rosy brown. Collar unlined. LZxfanse ~ 34 mil. 
(Colorado) ; 2 4o (Nevada); from Dr. James S. Bailey. May be placed 
with the a/ba/zs group, but resembles no species very nearly. Body not 
hairy asin W&. Alicatus. 


Agrotis cupida. 

This species seems to be subject to unusual variation. What may be 
taken as the typical form, or that which is best marked, expands 33-35 
mil., the wings are of a brick brown with the stigmata filled with black, a 
black mark on costa at inception of s. t. line, the s. t. space a little darker 
than the rest of the wing, the lines well defined. <A larger form from 
‘fexas expands 40 mil.; it has been reared from the larva by Belfrage 
(No. 674). It is more red, more unicolorous, the markings less obtrusive. 
A specimen taken by Dr. Bailey is the size of the typical form, but has 
the sub-basal and subterminal spaces entirely filled in with d/ack. ‘Then 
come three specimens in which the fore wings seem_a little narrower and 
the expanse smaller. One is bright orange red, all the markings obsolete. 
Another is more of the typical shade, but both stigmata are ringed with 
bright yellow. The third 1 have described as distinct, under the name 
brunneipennis. ‘This one, from Mr. Thaxter, is a little smaller than the 
others, expanding hardly over 30 mil. — It is dark red-brown, almost im- 
maculate. Whether these three belong to a different species from cupida 
remains doubtful. 


Agrotis cupidissima. 


It seems to me now probable that /ae¢u/a is not sufficiently distinct 
from this Californian form. In the type of the latter the ground color is 


* JT can find no character to separate A@tahadcna from this genus, to which I would 
accordingly refer //, atrifasciata (Mort) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 


darker, more purplish brown, while cwf7d7ssima is pale reddish clay color. 
But the powdery markings are the same in shape, and, bearing in mind 
the variation in cwpida, it seems easy to include /acfula as a form of cupzd- 
issima. At the same time the body seems slenderer in the type specimen 
I have, and the form more compact. These forms all have the collar 
unlined. 


Agrotis placida. 

A dark form with pale terminal space, but much smaller than a/te- 
nata, which Mr. Hill has taken in the Adirondacks. Four specimens sent 
me from Nevada may be forms of this species. They all come from Dr. 
Bailey. One has the fore wings shaded with brown, median and terminal 
space both paler, markings quite distinct. Another is almost unicolorous 
blackish with the shadings and markings powdery. Again, another has:a 
reddish cast reminding one of cuféda, but with pale terminal space. It 
does not seem possible that these Nevada specimens belong to distinct 
species, but for some time to come it is evident that our determinations in 
this group will be provisional unless we can find other characters than 


its 


coloration and size to distinguish the “ species.” 


Agrotis alternata. 


A heavier form than cwf7da, the terminal space contrasting and paler. 
Varies much in tone; some specimens shaded with orange or reddish 
brown. Generally it seems of a clay color. One specimen from Nevada 
(Dr. Bailey) may be a distinct species. The median lines are more pro- 
pinquitous and shaded with pale scales ; the terminal space strongly con- - 
trasts. It is more likely, however, to be an extreme variety. Agvolis 
orbis from California may only be a form of a/fernata. I have a specimen 
from Colorado which seems intermediate, but which I refer to a/ternata 
provisionally. I have recently identified Glaea anchocelioides of Gueneé, 
which resembles some varieties of a/fernata, but has unarmed tibie. 


Hadena senescens, n. S. 


. g %. Male antenne simple, ciliate; eyes naked, lashed. A tuft 
behind the collar and on the thorax behind. ‘Tibize unarmed. Primaries 
straight along costal margin ; wings rather broad. Pale dust color with 
the costal region to s. t. line of primaries shaded with brown. — Lines 
double. Orbicular oblique, narrow above, rounded below. Reniform 
large, pale with internal black annulus. Disc between the spots black. 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Subterminal space shaded with brown, showing the pale ante-apical dots 
distinctly. S$. t. line marked with black before internal margin as in 
wgilans. A scalloped pale terminal line, interrupting the brown fringes. 
Hind wings blackish with pale terminal border and discal lunule. Beneath 
shaded with reddish ; dark discal lunules, double common shade lines, 
pale terminal border on both pair. Head and collar shaded with brown ; 
pectus and legs blackish beneath ; abdomen purplish-brown. Front and 
palpi blackish. xpanse 36 mil. Taken by Mr. Hill in September in 
Lewis Co., N.Y. Allied to Hadena vigilans. 


fladena algens, n. s. 


Q. Eyes naked, with lashes. Head not prominent but, as in végé/ans 
and senescens, rather closely applied. Stone gray with inconspicuous 
markings. Collar pale with narrow black edging. A slight black basal 
dash. Lines and spots inconspicuous. Orbicular bordered on inside with 
black, edged with pale, subquadrate ; reniform narrow, kidney-shape, both 
spots upright, incompletely edged with black and pale scales.  S. t. line 
pale, irregular, marked with black on submedian fold. A terminal even 
dotted black line. Hind wings dark gray, reflecting the double lines and 
discal lunule of under surface. Beneath gray ; discal spot of primaries 
open and nearly obsolete, on hind wings dark shade. ‘The terminal space 
on both wings paler than rest of wing. xfanse 30 mil. ; Maine, Prof. 
Fernald. 

The three species here alluded to will be separated eventually from 
Fladena, but at the moment I refer them to the typical genus of the sub- 
group to which they belong. 


Mamestra noverca, 1. ¥. 


fg 2. Eyes hairy, Male antenne simpie. Fore wings of a mossy 
brownish olivaceous. Orbicular margined with black, open to costa, 
rounded, moderate. Reniform pale, elongate, subquadrate, erect. T. p. 
line double, pale centered, followed by points on the veins, outwardly 
oblique to vein 4, thence inwardly oblique, nearly straight, below reniform 
to internal margin. Subterminal line pale, irregular, preceded and followed 
by black marks over the middle of the wing. Fringes concolorous, pre- 
ceded by small black points and cut with pale. A black median basal 
dash or shading. ‘Thorax concolorous; tegulae shaded with blackish. 
Hind wings whitish at base with discal mark and broad smoky border. 


‘nit eel 


; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 


Beneath dusty gray with traces of double common lines and discal marks. 
Expanse 34 mil. Nebraska, Colorado, Dr. James S. Bailey. This species 
is allied to Goodel/iz, but it more closely resembles the following species, 
which, owing to the naked eyes, must be separated generically. 


Hadena genitrix, ni. Ss. 


Qe lyes naked: ) his species)is of a mossy blackish olivaceous 
with the ornamentation effaced. From the shape of the t. p. line, the 
position of the reniform and the excavation of hind wings, it is allied to 
curvata. Claviform outlined in part with black. Orbicular spherical, 
complete, somewhat widely separate from the pale, half-erect, rounded 
reniform, which is contiguous to thet. p. line. _T. p. line pale-centered, 
double, lunulate, followed by pale points.  S. t. line pale; fringes con- 
- colorous, cut with pale, preceded by black terminal dots. Hind wings 
entirely smoky with line and discal mark. Beneath pale, shaded with 
blackish on disc of fore wings; black discal points, distinct on second- 
aries and common lines; with sprinkled black scales on both wings. 
Thorax and head like primaries. xfanse 36 mil. Nebraska, Colorado, 
Nevada, Dr. James S. Bailey. The median lines are further apart than 
in AZ. noverca, the claviform is indicated, the reniform is somewhat oblique 
and lies against the t. p. line, which is more uneven than in JZ. noverca. 
The two species are liable to be confounded unless care is taken. 


Apatela theodori, 1. Ss. 

fq. Eyes naked ; tibize unarmed. Gray shaded with pale brick red. 
Head and thorax above grayish, metathoracic tuft reddish ; abdomen red- 
dish gray. Fore wings gray with pale reddish shadings. Lines fine, 
black, single. Basal line arcuate. A fine black streak from base along 
submedian vein. The nervules also scantily marked with black scales. 
Sub-basal space shaded anteriorly with reddish. T. a. line slightly out- 
wardly oblique, irregularly lunulate. Median shade marked in black on 
costa, commencing midway between the lines, greatly exserted medially, 
irregularly dentate, becoming reddish below costa. Median space before 
the shade gray,-behind it reddish. Orbicular and claviform obsolete. 
Reniform reddish, large, undefined. T. p. line interspaceally dentate, 
rounded superiorly, thence inwardly oblique. Submedian space gray, 
except at costa, much invaded by the acutely and deeply dentate s. t. line 
which is preceded by black V-shaped shades, the one on submedian fold 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


crossing the space and forming a dash. Terminal space reddish ; fringes 
interrupted. Hind wings white with faint mesial line, fringes white. 
Beneath white with reddish cast and faint reddish common line, Front 
with a black line. Zxpanse 43 mil. Colorado, Dr. Theodore S. Bailey, 
for whom I name the singularly colored species. 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. J. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


PHILONOME. 


Philonome Clemensella Chamb., ante v. 6, p. 97. 


I have usually taken this species at the same place, about one or two 
specimens a year, and always within ten yards of the place where I first 
took it six years ago. The trees in the immediate vicinity were Gleditschia 
trracanthos, Ulmus americana, Prunus serotina and Celtis occidentalis, but 
it may have fed as larva upon some weeds or shrubs growing near. All 
of my specimens were taken about the 8th or roth of July. This year, 
however, I have captured (June 14th) two specimens (perfectly fresh) on 
Gleditschia triacanthos at another place, where the nearest tree was Cedtrs 
occidentalis, growing some thirty yards away. Its larva and food plant, 
however, are not yet by any means certainly ascertained. 


The labial palpi are divergent and ascending, and not quite so long as 
the maxillary pair. I have stated /vc. cet. that the antennz are about two- 
thirds as long as the wing and pale reddish orange ; perhaps it would be 
more correct to say that they are a little more than half as long as the 
wings, with the base reddish orange, and the stalk white tinged with pale 
orange or yellow. I have also stated that there is a reddish orange trans- 
verse stripe across the top of the thorax before its apex, and this is most 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 289 


often the case ; though sometimes the portion of the thorax behind this 
streak is reddish orange to the tip, and in perfectly fresh specimens the 
transverse stripe is made up of raised scales; the oblique white costal 
streak has its tip produced a little towards the apex, and is margined 
behind the tip with brown scales. There are two dark brown hinder mar- 
ginal lines, one at the base of the cilia and the other at their tips and 
running out into the hooks. The abdomen and legs are silvery yellowish 
and the upper surface of the abdomen is stained with fuscous. 


LAVERNA. 


L. circumscriptella Zell. 


I have not seen Prof. Zeller’s specimens, but I have received from 
Miss Murtfeldt specimens which, with the aid of Prof. Zeller’s figure and 
description, I recognise without difficulty as belonging to this species. The 
thorax, head and palpi are white, except that the basal part of the second 
joint of the palpi is stained with brownish. The fore wings are of a pale 
grayish ochreous, with the dorsal margin from the base nearly to.the middle 
snowy white, the white crossing the fold at the base, and further back 
again crossing the fold and reaching almost to the costal margin ; it is 
margined behind by two small tufts of raised brown scales, as represented 
in Zeller’s figure, and there is another one on the costa not represented in 
the figure, which again has a minute brown spot in the white at about the 
basal fourth, which I do not find in my specimens. The figure also gives 
a very distinct white streak which leaves the white of the dorsal margin at 
the fold and curves to the costal margin before the ciliz ; this streak is 
absent in one of my specimens and much less distinct in the other than it 
is in the figure. There is a black speck at the hinder angle (indistinct in 
my specimens) and the apex is dusted indistinctly with brown. AZ ex. 
5% lines. 


Miss Murtfeldt informs me that ‘The larva is a pale, glossy, green, 
cylindrical worm, which feeds upon thé immature seeds of, (nothera and 
pupates within the capsules.” 


A single $ from Texas, and one bred § also from there, lack the 
curved white line on the fore wings figured by Prof. Zeller, and in some 
of the other females it is indistinct. 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


MEMORANDA. 


Tropical residents continue to visit us. I have in my cabinet two 
examples of Sphinn (Argeus) labrusce Linn. One of these was taken at 
Chicago, the other on a vessel near Mackinaw Straits. Several examples 
of Erebus odora Vann. have been taken here this fall, two very fresh 
examples having flown into one of our school-rooms during the night. 

My setting-pliers, bought several years ago from S, E. Cassino, at 
Salem, and in: constant use since, show decided magnetic polaritis. One 


point attracts, while the other repels steel pins, etc. The upper end has 
attractive power. The pliers have never been in contact with a magnet, 


and have probably never lain in the same position fora week. Is the 
magnetism due to some mechanical action to which the pliers were sub- 


jected in the process of manufacture ? 
O. S.. WestcoTT, Racine, Wis, 


OBITUARY: 


It becomes our painful duty to announce the death of one of our cor- 
respondents, Mr. W. V. Andrews, of Brooklyn, N. Y., who died on the 
20th of October, 1878, after a brief illness, resulting from a sudden attack 
of paralysis. 

Wilham Valentine Andrews was born on the rith of February, 1811, 
in Pilton, Somerset, England. At an early age he entered the British 
service, and served as a private in the Coldstream Guards, rising 
eventually to the rank of Captain. Subsequently he resigned his com- 
mission and removed to Canada, where he resided for several years in 
London, Ont., engaged in the book and periodical business. From thence 
he removed to the United States and settled in Brooklyn, where he spent 
the last few years of his life in the same branch of business, devoting his 
leisure time chiefly to the study of Entomology, in which he made rapid 
progress. He had a well arranged collection of Coleoptera and Lepi- 
doptera, and a small but well selected library of Entomological works. 
His remains were interred at Rosedale Cemetery, New Jersey. 

Since his decease his collections and library have been purchased by 
Mr. John Akhurst, of Brooklyn, N. Y. 


INDEX TO VOLUME X. 


— +> ape 


A 


Abbot Sphinx, 130. 
Achemon Sphinx, 101. 
Acopa carina, 67. 

“ perpallida, n. sp., 68. 
/Ethilla bathyllus, 98. 
Agraulis vanilla, 223. 
Agrotis alternata, 235. 

CeeeClpidas. 224% 
cupidissima, 234. 
an Lilhanay ns sp, 55: 
pisctpellis, n. sp., 233. 
placida, 235. 
ANDREWS, W. V., Articles by, 59, 98, 

108. 
Andricus noduli, 88. 

‘©  testaceipes, 88. 
Annual Address of President, 181. 
Anthrenus schrophularic, 161, 181. 
Anthrophora bomboides, 116. 
Apatela americana, 16. 

re Theodori, n. sp., 237. 
Aphilothrix radicis, 88. 

es Sieboldii, $8. 
Aradus affinis, 213. 

“*  tuberculifer, 213. 

Arctia antholea, 59. 

Axrctian, a new from Florida, 78. 
Argynnis alcestis, 37. 
Argyrolepia quercifoliana, 192. 
Arta olivalis, n. sp., 24. 

Arzama obliquata, Larya of, 15. 
Asopia cohortalis, n. sp., 233. 
Aspidiotus citricola, 223. 
Aspilates Lintneriana, 40. 


=B 


ce 


ce 


BAILEY, JAMEs S., Articles by, 62, 142. 
Bares, J. E., Article by, roo. 
Beating net, the, 62. 
BETHUNE, REv. C. J. S., Articles by, 
PLOW 13 72 21o 
BOLL, JAcon, Article by, 154. 
Bombus borealis, 117. 
ie Derhamellus, 118, 


- praticola, 118. 
iy sylvicola, 117. 
i terricola, 117. 
iad 


virginicus, 115. 


Book Notices, 18, 39, 79, 119, 178. 
Bothrideres exavatus, 211. 

“ gemminatus, 211. 
Botis flavicoloralis, n. sp., 25. 

‘< fuscitmaculalis, n. sp., 25. 
stenopteralis, n. sp., 26. 
subolivalis, 26. 
talis, n. sp., 26. 
trimaculalis, n. Sp., 24. 
unifascialis, 23, 26. 
venalts, N. Sp., 24. 

Brenthea pavonacella, 76. 

Bronchelia eravilinearia, n. sp., 108. 
BUNKER, ROBERT, Articles by, 211, 220. 
Butterflies, new Californian, 196, 


C 


oe 
ee 
ce 
oe 
ce 


ce 


Cabinet Boxes, superior covering for, 97. 
Callidryas eubule, 223. 
Callimorpha interrupto-marginata, 84. 
Caloptenus volucris, 103. 

He spretus, 103. 
Caradrina clara, n. sp., 57. 

“es subaguila, 0. sp., 57- 
Carpet Bug, new, 161. 
Carpocapsa pomonella, Enemy of, 60,155. 
Carterocephalus, 150. 
Catocala Leantana, n. sp., 195 

sf ceelebs, 233. 
delilah, 205. 
marmorata, 59, 205. 
sappho, 205. 
Westcottt?, n. sp., 195. 
Catodaulis, 163. 
CAULFIELD, F. B., Article by, 41. 
Cecidomyia destructor, 89, 185. 
Cercopis marginella, 216. 
Chalcoela aurifera, 29. 

**  Robinsonii, 29. 
CHAMBERS, V. T., Articles by, 50, 74. 

109, 238. 

CHASE, JOSEPH E., Article by, 4o. 
Chionobas /nzvalda, n. sp., 196. 
Chiroleptes raptor, 214. 
Chrysophanus ditha, n. sp., 198. 
Chytoryza tecta, 233. 
Clisiocampa americana, 21, 

MS sylvatica, 21, 183. 

fs son eggs: of, 27. 
Codling Moth, 186, 


oe 


oe 


ee 


Ce 


INDEX 


TO VOLUME xX. 


Coleophora argentella, 112 


uf bistrigella, 112. 

fe caryefoliella, 112. 

ee fagicorticella, 111. 

a gigantella, 110. 

a linea-pulvella, III. 

es rufoluteella, 113. 

of tiliveella, 114. 

a unicolorella, 111. 

se vernonieella, n. sp. 114, 


Coleoptera, Habits of, 210. 
Colias edusa, 217. 
Colorado Potato Beetle, 100, 110, 183. 
Cook, A. ].,. Article by, 192. 
Copablepharon, n. £., 50. 
Coriscium 5-strigella, 109. 
Corixa carinata, 215. 

at planifrons 5P2 00, 

‘¢ “striata, 215. 
Correspondence, 20, 

160, 217. 
Corydalis cornutus, 178. 
Cresson, E. T., Article by, 205. 
Crocidophora pustuliferalis, 28. 
es serratissimalis, 28. 

tuberculalis, 28. 
Crorts, H. H., Article by, 140. 
Curculio, Plum, 187. 
Cyclopides, 150. 
Cymatophora crepuscularia, 67. 


D 


39, 58, 97, 120, 140, 


ce 


Danais archippus, 223. 
Darapsa versicolor, Larval [History of, 64. 
Hee ‘ollecting Larvee of, 211. 

Daremma cotalpz, 231. 

es undulosa, 16. 
Dermestes, Observations on, 141. 
DEVEREAUXN, W. L., Article by, 143 
Dielephila lineata, qo. 
Dooce, G. M., Article by, 103. 
Doryphora Io-lineata, 100, 140. 
Drepanodes /vrnald?, n. sp., 17. 

es sesquilinea, 17. - 

yy varus, 17. 
Dryophanta scutellaris, 88. 

ef longiventris, 88. 
Dury, CHas., Article by, 210. 


E; 


Kacles imperialis, 85. 

dessa nebulosa, 138. 

Epwarops, W. H., Articles by, 1, 69, 80, 
105, 131, 140, 160, 224. 

Emydia awfpla, n. sp., 232. 

Ennomos alniaria, 16. 


E ntomological Appointment, 97. 
Cabinet, a cheap, 217. 
“ Club A. A. A. S., meeting 
of, 118, 139, 170, 190. 
ce Club, President’s Annual 
Address. 171, 
Society of Ontario, Annual 
Meeting of, 199. 
Epicorthylis inversella, 54. 
Erebus odora, 16. 
Eubyja cognataria, 67. 
“*  quernaria, 40. 
Luclemensia, n. g., 69. 
Euhalisidota, 78. 
Euloncha oblinita, 66. 
Eumacaria brunnearia, 66. 
Euprepia pudica, 98, 
Euproserpinus phaeton, 94. 
Eurycreon anartalis, n. sp,, 27. 
at chortalis, 23. 
communis, 27. 
Exartema /fagigemme@ana, Nn. Sp., 74. 


EF 
FERNALD, C. H., Articles by, 43, 81. 
Fisu, CHAS., Article by, 140. 

FRENCH, G. H., Articles by, 61, 157, 204. 


G 


ce 


Gall Insecis, Natural History of, 85. 
Gall Moth, a new, 201. 
Gelechia galleasterella, n. sp., 203. 


‘*  galliesolidaginis, 201, 
‘*  Hermannella, 51. 
‘*  obliquistrigella, 50. 

| ‘© ochrestrigella, 50. 
‘“* pravinominella, 50. 
‘© solaniella, 51. 
ee 


thoracefasciella, 50. 
Gerris lacustris, 215. 

‘* —rufo-scutellata, 214. 
GOovELL, L. W., Articles by, 40, 66. 
Gort, B., Article by, 99. 
GRAEF, Epw. L., Article by, 98. 
Graphiphora ridyica, n. sp., 58. 
lee taleana, Th Sp., 54. 
Grapta comma and interrogationis, 69. 
GroTE, Auc. R., Articles by, 17, 18, 19, 


23, 54, 60, 67, 78, 94, 195, 231. 
H 


Hadena algens, n. sp., 236. 
(¢  genitvix, n. Sp., 236. 
Senescens, N. SP.y 235. 


| HaGEN, Dr. H., Articles by, 85,155, 161. 


ee 


A 


; 


JACK, Jor 


INDEX TO VOLUME X. 


243 


Hamadry as, 69. 

Bassettella, 53. 
HARRINGTON, W.H., Articles by, 60,219. 
HARVEY, Dr. L. F., Article by, 55. 
Heliophila amygdalina. n. sp., 57- 
Heliothis wzchalis, n. sp., 68, 232. 
Hemileuca maia, Larva of, 16. 

Hepialus avratus, n. sp., 18. 
Hesperidze, Genera of, 121, 144, 163. 
HEusTIs, CAROLINE E., Article by, 141. 
Homophysa albolineata, 28. 

a ertpalis, nN. Sp., 29. 

a8 peremptalis, n. sp., 28. 
Honey Tubes of Butterfly Larvee, 160. 
Howe, E. C., Article by, 219. 
Hutst, GEorGE D., Article by, 64. 


I 


Ichneumonid, new, 205. 

Important Announcement, 200. 

Index Entomological to U. S. Ag. Re- 
ports, 18. 


| 


un G., Article by, 98. 

K 
KELLICOLT, D. S., Article by, 201. 
Kirpy’s Fauna Boreali-Americana, 116, 


Ka 7 203s 
KIRTLAND, Dr. J. P., 


L 


Larvze, Notes on, 84. 

Laverna circumscriptella, 239. 

Lebia grandis, 185. 

Lecanium acericorticis, 176. 

4 tulipifera, 192. 

Lepidoptera, American, Notes on, 23, 

Emergence of from Cocoons, 
158, 220. 

Lepisesia flavofasciata, 140. 

LINTNER, J. A., Articles by, 121, 171. 

London Branch, Annual Meeting of, 38. 

Lophyrus Abbottii, 99. 

Lyczena baetica, Larva of, 6. 

lucia, 10, 219. 


Death of, 30. 


** neglecta, 9. 

‘*  pseudargiolus, Notes on, I, 2, 19, 
80. 

Wy oe Larva of and attend- 
ant ants, 131. 

“ce 7 

violacea, 9, 8o. 
ce 


Scudderi, Larva of, 14. 
Lygrantheecia acutzlinea, n. sp., 232. 


M 


Macrosila 5-maculata, 16. 
Mamestra noverca, n. sp., 236. 
Mammals, Attracted by Sugar, 142. 
MANN, B. PICKMAN, Article by, 139. 
MeAb, THEODORE L., Article by, 196. 
Megachile maritima, 116. 
Meglodacne Ulkei, 210. 
Melicleptria oregonensis, 233. 
Melitaea Harrisii, 40. 

es phaeton, 40, 60. 
Memoranda, 240. 
Mermis acuminata, 156. 
Mesostenus americanus, N. Sp., 209. 

es audax, 1. Sp., 207. 


es candidus, N sp., 206. 
os diligens, nN. Sp., 207. 
ss exaptus, n. sp., 208. 


fortis, n. sp., 206. 
laticinctus, n. sp., 208. 
mactlentus, N. Sp., 210. 
nubilipennis, N. Sp., 205. 
promptus, N. sp., 209. 
Saundersit, n. sp., 208. 


ee 


‘ Micro-Lepidoptera, 74, 109, 238. 


Miris punctulatus, 139. 
Miscellaneous Memoranda, 15. 
Mites, Egg-feeding, 58. 


| Moths, New Species of, 67. 


. 


on Early Stages of, 66. 
Spines on Wings of, 98. 
MuRRAY, ANDREW, Death of, 3 


N 


ce 


Nabicula subcoleoptrata, 214. 
Nephelodes violans, Larva of, 61. 
Nephopteryx Zimmermani, on Structure 
of, 19. 
ee ee 20. 
Neonympha eurytris, Preparatory Stages 
of, 105. ; 
Neuroterus fumipennis, 86. 

Gt lenticularis, 88. 
numismatis, 88. 
Nisoniades, 169. 

Noctuz, New, 55. 

Noctuidee, Descriptions of, 39. 
Notonecta insulata, 216. 
Nymphalide, on Pupation of, 224. 


O 


Obituary Notices, 30, 240. 
Omophron robustum, 211. 
Orobaena octonalis, 23. 


ee 


INDEX TO 


P 


Paedisea saligneana, 201. 
es Worthingtoniana, n. sp., 83. 
Pamphila, 151. 
Papilio asterias, 17 
st cresphontes, 35, 60, 120, 154, 204, 
222) 


Food Plants of, 48. 


ee oe 


ee 


philenor, 20. 
turnus, 217. 
Papilionide, Scarcity of, 140. 
Peck, Gro. W., Article by, 60. 
Pentatoma carnifex, 137. 

= trilineata, 138. 
variegata, 137. 
Pezotettix autumnalis, 103. 

Fe Variations in Wing Expanse of, 

103. 
Phaetusa plutella, 53. 
Phigalia cecfaria, n. sp., 157. 
Philampelus achemon, 17, IOI. 
Philonome Clemensella, 238. 
Phylloxera vastatrix, 89. 
Pieris protodice, 39. 
“© rape, 98, 185. 

vernalis, 39. 
Polia dzffustlis, n. sp., 50. 
Pteromalus puparum, 185. 
Pyralides, New, 23. 
Pyrgus, 164. 


oe 


oe 


ce 


RKeduviolus inscriptus, 213. 

REED, E. B., Articles by, 170, 190. 
Khodites rosea, SO. 

RILEY, C. V., Articles by, 39, 58. 


) 
Samia columbia, 41, 43, 59. 
Saperda candida, 220. 
‘¢  Fayi, 220, 
puncticollis, 220. 
SAUNDERS, WM., Articles by, 14, 18, 21, 
39, 39, 41, 79, 97, IOI, I19, 130, 
178, 181, 199, 221, 240. 
Scelothrix, 166. 


oe 


VOLUME 


X. 


Siewers, C. G., Articles by, 84, 115. 
Smerinthus cerisii, 120. 

ne exaecatus, Pupa of, 16. 
modesta, 16. 
Spathegaster albipes, 87. 

es baccarum, 87. 
Taschenbergi, 88. 
vesicatrix, 88. 
SPEYER, Dr., Articles by, 121, 144, 163. 
Sphinx chersis, 16. 

uc gordius, 16, 

quinque-maculata, 218. 
Strobisia albaciticeella, 77. 


ce 


oe 


ra 


ee 


sh 


Tetraopes tetropthalmus, 143. 
Thanaos, 170. 
Tuomas, Dr, F. A. W., Article by, 40. 
Thymelicus, 151. 
Tineina, 50, 77. 

nd New, from Texas, 39. 
Tomato Worm, 218. 
Tortricidie, St. 
Tortricina, 74. 
Tricholita fstaa, n. sp., 56, 80. 
Trigonaspis crustalis, 88. 
Trypeta solidaginis, 201. 


V 


Vanessa antiopa, Wintering, 115. 


VAN WAGENEN, S. H., Article by, 59. 
W 


Walshia amorphilla, 201. 

Westcott, O. S., Article by, 240. 

WHITE, F, BUCHANAN, Article by, 20. 

Winter Holiday, Notes on a, 221. 

Wo LtasTon, T. V., Death of, 34. 

WoRTHINGTON, C. E., Articles by, 15, 
37, 158. 


Z. 


ZIMMERMAN, CHAS. D.. Articles by, 20, 
60, 220, 


i 
| 


—_ 


era se AN A. Der AN 


me POMOLOGIS §. 


AS -s a co’ a 
—@lr VOLUME XI. g¥e- 
PON ee er 


Edited bu William Saunders, 


LONDON, ONTARIO, 


ASSISTED BY 


BeoviG. J. .5. Bethune, M.Asy Port Hope, Ont:; E.-B: Reed, 
London, Ont., and G. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. 


LONDON : 
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND STREET, 


1879 


LIST OE -CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 


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HES DFAS a TRIES Ws =! ee Pine Del esos oe ed c70e0) oyavalol o) ons) cis) oc. Port Horr, ONTARIO. 
ISOANILI SIS Ge Usb Siecle eis en sarc aie eile ane earn QUEBEC, Q. 

BYONWILIES, lp AC Géeaito se cobs oar ooo Colson ooen QUEBEC, (. 

FS UARGIE S'S eSBs IDEA IRI ibe tee aieriessktseheisierclcteie shaee- eid sts 30STON, MAss. 
(CHBLANIM ETB ERIRES) AAV7 DR a an i iS ener Ieee eae COVINGTON, Ky. 
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(CTL AN TELON tol Op 1S aN ine ec a eRe ee aves Bitte ANTIOCH COLL., OHIO. 
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IDEANSTS RAS AU UBRE Wi stols hosp sraryetsncen siciere cade araivaupaaehe CriypE,, Ne Y. 

EAD WV EASIRD) See AV Viera ed 2 See Sotersteye ssl wis, Sede otvsecom oe seeretabiseese COALBURGH, W. VA. 
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Che Canadtan Entomologist. 


MOL. Ze. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1879. No. 1 


THE NATURAL HISTORY. OF COSSUS CENTERENSIS. 
BY JAMES S. BAILEY, A. M., M. D., ALBANY, N. Y. 


Although Cossus centerensts has only recently been discovered, it must 
have existed for many years in the vicinity of Center, N. Y., its present 
home. More than twelve years ago, while riding in a Central R. R. coach, I 
noticed certain species of Poplar, the central shoot of which had perished 
from causes then unknown; later, while on an Entomological tour near 
the same place, I found a group of the Populus tremuloides which were 
similarly affected, as were also many other trees of the same species in 
the vicinity. 

On closer inspection many perforations were found in the trunks of 
these trees, some of which were of recent origin, but nothing then was 
discovered to explain the cause and consequent unhealthy condition of 
this species of timber; several times each year afterwards this group of 
Poplars was examined, but nothing definite was learned until during the 
month of July, 1876, when a brittle pupa-case was found protruding from 
one of these openings. This gave a clue which revealed the true nature 
of the destroyer of this woody growth. On the roth of June, 1877, a 
fresh pupa-case was discovered, removed and examined, but the Cossus 
could not be found, although probably resting upon the tree at that time. 

It now remained for the youthful and keen eyesight of my son, Theo- 
dore P. Bailey, to discover the imago. The facts as related were com- 
municated to stimulate him to vigilance, and the trees were examined 
daily, every foot of them being closely scrutinized. June i4th of the 
same year he found a fresh pupa-case, and but a short distance from it a 
male Cossus, which had apparently just emerged. This insect was 
given to Mr. Lintner, who subsequently described it in the CANADIAN 
EntTomMo.ocisr. I am now enabled to adda few facts in reference to the 
natural history of this borer, to give a description of its earlier stages 


2 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


which have hitherto been unrecorded, and have also added a more minute 
description of this interesting moth. The accompanying lithograph repre- 
sents the insect in its different stages, life size. This season (1878) 
beautiful specimens of both sexes were obtained during the month 
of June, from which our illustrations were made by Paul Riemann, a 
naturalist and artist. During 1877 the majority of examples obtained 
were females; during 1878 the reverse was the case, as males largely pre- 
dominated. 

It was ascertained that the time for the Cossus to emerge was from 
dark to early morning, or between the time of the setting and rising of the 
sun. very day the empty cases were removed, and by counting them it 
was known how many to expect to find, which aided the collector much. 

As might be expected from the aborted tongue, this  Cossus 
is not attracted by sugar. ‘The trunks of the trees from which they 
emerged, as well as neighboring trees, were sugared extensively 
during the time of their appearance, but not one came to taste the bait. 
During this process, in examining the sugared patches, the light from the 
bulls-eye lantern was thrown repeatedly upon the surface of the Poplar 
trees, and several were observed at different times in the act of emerging. 

Just before the final transformation the pupa renews its efforts and 
pushes itself through the thin bark that has been allowed to remain by 
the larva. It pushes itself through the opening as far as the base of the 
abdomen, when, after a while, the exposed pupal skin becomes dry and 
splits, and the moth escapes, climbing up the bark of the tree, shaking 
out its wings until developed. The moths usually select the end of a 
dead and broken limb or protuberance of the roughened bark to rest 
upon, which their color so closely resembles that it is exceedingly difficult 
to discover their whereabouts. 

The empty pupa skins remain at the entrance of the tunnel. The 
moth itself at first is rather sluggish, and can be captured readily on the 
bark of the tree in which it has passed its immature state. The moth is very 
liable to “grease,” consequently it is advisable to let it thoroughly dry 
before capturing and pinning. The cavity of the abdomen should be 
stuffed, and a few drops of benzole previously put in the cavity or placed 
upon the material used as stuffing. 

The chrysalids vary much in size, some of which are infested by an 
ichneumon fly, which preys on the caterpillar. A pupa was observed 
endeavoring to makeits way to the surface of the bark, but seemingly unable 


we 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3) 


to extricate itself, when assistance was rendered by enlarging the orifice. 
It was laid in a paper box for hatching ; a few days afterwards many 
minute ichneumons were observed resting upon the wall near the box ; 
on examination they were found to be escaping through minute holes in 
the pupa, which would barely admit a No. 3 Entomological pin. Fifteen 
of these perforations were counted in this pupa. I presume that the larva 
of the Cossus is pursued in its burrows by the parent parasite. If so, it 
is curious that the Cossws pupa is not killed by the parasites until it has 
worked itself up to the mouth of the tunnel, thus allowing the ichneumon 
flies to escape outside. 

October 14th, we visited the trees which were known to be inhabited 
by the Cossus, for the purpose of obtaining caterpillars in the different 
stages of growth. A section of a tree measuring nearly four feet in length 
was taken, and from it six caterpillars were secured, two of which were 
occupying pupal cells preparatory to transformation. Judging from the 
difference in the development of the caterpillars taken at this time, it 
would seem as if it would require at least two years for their maturity. 

While thus far the Center locality has proved to be the chief home of thts 
Cossus, it will undoubtedly be found elsewhere wherever the Populus 
tremuloides is found. Several pupa cases of this species have been found 
in the corporate limits of Albany. Usually trees of less than one foot in 
diameter are attacked, although in one instance a pupa case was found in 
a tree measuring sixteen inches in diameter. 

The larva, taken October 14th from its burrows, is 45 mil. in length, 
of a pale flesh color. It is a little broader anteriorly. The prothoracic 
segment is blackish brown above, the dark color edged with a dirty orange 
shading. The head is mahogany brown, shining, slightly roughened. The 
mandibles are black, with three strong teeth. The surface of the head 
gives rise here and there to single scattered hairs. The antennz are 
three-jointed ; the second joint gives rise to a single long hair. The 
7th, 8th, 9th and roth abdominal segments are provided with false feet. 
The segments are marked with a lateral row of brown dots above the 
reddish stigmata, and there is arow of similar dots, two to a segment, on 
each side of the dorsal line. These dots give rise to single pale hairs. 
The larva moves with freedom either backward or forward. The burrows 
which it excavates are about 15 millimetres in width, and terminate in the 
pupating cell, which is about 4o mil. in length, smooth ; the extremity 
towards the opening is closed by a wad of finer and then coarser filings 


4 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the wood. ‘The coarser splinters are wo¢ detached entirely from the 
wood, but are split up by the larva all around the top of the cell, and 
project like bristles, appearing somewhat as those wooden toy-trees which 
are made for children, and which are formed by shaving down the wood 
and leaving the shavings still adhering by one end. ‘These splinters make 
afirm wad. Against them are piled a quantity of finer chips or thin 
filings, which are loose, but pressed together. 

The cell is about 4o mil. from the outer bark of the tree, and 
the chrysalis makes its way to the air through the burrow by means 
of its teeth on the segments and the spinose process on the front, by 
which it forces itself, by stretching and contracting the abdomen, through 
the wood scrapings which close the cell, until it comes to the end., We 
have noticed a fine thread of silk proceeding from the spinneret of the 
larva, although in the puparium we have found no silk whatever. ‘The 
puparium seems to have been formed by wedging first coarser, and then 
finer strips of the wood together, and seems to be merely a more carefully 
and smoothly finished enlargement of the original burrow. 

A specimen of the pupa which | have examined is about 30 mil. in 
length. narrow, brownish black, shining, rugose. The clypeus presents a 
strong broad spinous process, supported at base by lateral projections. 
On the underside it descends into a wide sulcation, terminating in a broad 
projection. ‘I'he caputal appendages are visible, and here and there arise 
isolated hairs as in the previous stage. ‘The abdominal segments are pro- 
vided with teeth over the dorsum, decreasing in size to the stigmatal line. 
The anal segment is provided with two unequal sized terminal teeth on 
each side of the vent. 

The moth seems to belong to the genus Cossws Fabr., and not to be 
congeneric with Xys/us vebinie. The head is short, eyes naked, labial 
palpi small, appressed, scaled. ‘The thorax is thickly scaled, the scales 
gathered into a ridge behind, and is squarer in front than in Xys¢ws, not 
so elongate, or so clevated dorsally. The male antennz are bipectinate, 
the lamellz short, rather broad and ciliate. ‘The female antenne are 
serrated. It is allied to the Muropean Cossws terrebra, while a larger 
insect. It differs from C. guerciperda by the absence of any yellow on the 
male hind wings, and by its darker color and closer reticulations. 

In color this species is black and gray ; the edges of the thorax and, 
collar are shaded with gray—more noticeable on some specimens than 
others. ‘The primaries are covered with black reticulations, which are not 


| 
| 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. » 


always identical in their minor details in different specimens, nor some- 
times on both wings in the same specimen. Beyond the cell there is a 
transverse continuous line, broader than the rest and outwardly bent over 
median nervules. The ground color is blackish over nearly two-thirds 
of the primaries from the base, and outwardly gray. Hind wings rounded 
in both sexes, with blackish hairs at base, pale and sub-pellucid, with 
short gray fringe, before which there is a narrow blackish edging. The 
abdomen is blackish. The males are smaller than the females. The 
smallest male expands about 4o, the largest female over 60 millimetres. 


A female, after being captured and pinned, deposited three eggs, which 
were clothed with scales of the same color as those of its abdomen. 
The females possess a long ovipositor, with which they place their eggs 
securely in the deep crevices of the bark of the same species of tree 
from which they emerge. In due time the worms are hatched,and although 
very small, are soon able to bore into the tree, never apparently ceasing 
to eat and extending their tunnels through solid wood, first in the alburnum 
and then through the heart, their burrows increasing in size as the larva 
increases, until the latter are completely grown. In consequence of the 
innumerable tunnels cut in feeding many trees are destroyed. 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


LAVERNA. 


L. Murtfeldtella Cham. 


Miss Murtfeldt favors me with the following notes upon the larva of 
this species: “It feeds in the flowers of the @xofheras both wild and 
cultivated, and is especially destructive to @. Miéssouriensis, which is now 
extensively cultivated. The eggs are laid singly on the sticky surface of the 
calyx, and the larvae, as soon as hatched, make their way to the centre of 
the bud and feed upon the petals and stamens. The full-grown larva is 
% inch in length, cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly and anteriorly. 


6 THE’ CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


When young it is of a dull brownish-green color, gradually assuming a 
reddish tint, until at maturity the dorsum and sides are of a deep dull 
pink arranged in wavy shaded stripes, which are most intense on the sub- 
dorsal spaces. Head oblique, round, pale glossy grayish-brown, with dark 
brown mandibles and the triangular face outlined with the same color. 
Cervical collar entirely covering top of 1st segment of glossy dark grayish- 
brown, marked on the dorsum wtth a narrow but distinct longitudinal line 
of white. Anal plate brown and horny. Legs and prolegs well devel- 
oped. Pupates in a dense, tough, yellowish-white cocoon on the surface 
of the ground. Moths issue in about ten days. There are at least two 
distinct broods in a season, the second of which hybernates in cocoon.” 


Miss Murtfeldt adds: “The Gxotheras ought to be dear to the Ento- 
mologist on account of the numerous and beautiful insects which they 
foster. I have already reared from them seven or eight distinct species 
and am sure that there are still others.” 


One of these is Z.? wuotherwcila Cham., which, however, is no doubt 
the same species placed by Zeller provisionally in PAyllocnistis as P. mag- 
natella, As stated elsewhere, this, though not a true Laverna, is nearer to 
that genus than to Phyllocnisiis. 

L. wnotheresemenella Cham. is another of the Qnxothera-feeding species. 

In Colorado I met with a larva believed to be that of a Laverna min- 
ing in the leaves of a species of G:nothera, but I did not succeed in 
rearing it. 

Including wothereclla, there are thus five species of Laverna which 
are known to feed on (nothera in this country ; and it is not at all im- 
probable that other species will also be found to feed upon this genus of 
plants. The genus Zfc/obium is nearly allied to @enothera, and in Europe 
eleven of the seventeen known species feed upon £pilobium, one of the 
eleven also feeding on an allied plant (Czrcwa luteliana ). 


Since the original description of M/u7rtfeldtella was prepared, I have 
also taken it in Kentucky. ‘Phe dark lines and specks mentioned in the 
description are seen in the fresh specimens to be mostly composed of 
raised scales, and so likewise are some of the white marks ; and there are 
also some raised scales on the thorax. Its nearest known congener seems 
to be Z. decorella Stainton. A comparison of a good series of specimens 
satisfies me that LZ. albocapitella Cham. and ZL. grisselia Cham. are merely 
variations of LZ. Murtfelidtella. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7 


L. cephatanthiella Cham. 

The description of this species, avte v. 3, p. 227, is very unsatis- 
factory, but it is next to impossible to describe satisfactorily these small 
species of many colors irregularly mixed and blended, and varying with 
every change of the light, especially when, as in this instance, there is 
considerable range of variation within the limits of the species. No 
difficulty will, however, be experienced in recognizing bred specimens, and 
no species has yet been discovered in this country which approaches it at 
all closely ; and until some such species is discovered, the following gen- 
eral description of the fore wings will perhaps assist one in recognizing 
the species more than a more detailed one: 

Varying in different specimens from ochreous dusted and overlaid with 
brownish gray, to brownish gray streaked or marbled with ochreous ; that 
is, the proportion of the two colors varies greatly in different specimens, 
and even appears to vary inthe same specimen according to the direction 
of the light and the power of the lens used in observing it. The grayish 
or brownish-gray parts of the wing have metallic reflections, and in some 
views it is a very pretty and in others a very plain insect ; there is a large 
blackish tuft on the dorsal margin about the middle, and usually the 
portion of the disc above and behind this tuft is distinctly ochreous, con- 
taining a longitudinal blackish short streak ; there is also a similar tuft 
about the anal angle; there are two costal blackish streaks behind the 
middle, and a third passes entirely around the apex ; the apical half (and 
a little more) of the wing is more ochreous than the basal half, and the 
part of the wing Jdehind the second tuft and defore the second blackish 
costal streak is distinctly ochreous, with or containing a short blackish 
longitudinal dash (like that in the ochreous patch above the first tuft 
above mentioned). The ochreous of the wings has a reddish hue ; the 
cilize are pale ochreous tipped with blackish and with a blackish hinder 
marginal line just before the tips. Apex of the fore wings obtuse. 

In the statement, /oc. cit., that the mine and larve resemble those of 
Aspidisca, the word “ larva” is a /apsus pennae, though it is correct as to 
the mine. The mine, however, is more like that of an Avftispi7a than of 
an Asfpidisca; that is, the mine of the well-grown larva—its last mine— 
which is always, so far as I have seen them, (and I have seen a great 
many) near the edge of the leaf; but the young larva, before it makes 
that mine, usually makes two or three short linear mines beginning at the 
midrib. The imago does not resemble at all closely any species known 


Oo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to me, but the larva resembles that of the European Z. swbstrigella, as 
figured in Nat. Hist. Tin, xvi. The head is pale sordid brownish, upper 
portion of next segment a very little darker, with a crimson spot on each 
side of the dusky portion and another just above the feet. The next 
segment has the crimson spots larger and more diffuse, and on top of it 
begins a wide crimson line which extends along the dorsum of all the 
segments to the anal; the remaining segments, except the last two, have 
each three crimson spots on each side of the median crimson line, instead 
of two, as in those immediately following the head; each of the last two 
segments has a transverse crimson line. 


L. obscurusella Cham. 

The form of the palpi, the tufts along the dorsal margin of the fore 
wings, and the neuration of the wings in this species resemble those of 
Chauliodus Laint., and it perhaps belongs as properly in that genus as in 
Laverna—if, indeed, any well marked distinction exists between the genera. 


L. ? ignobilisella Cham. 

As stated in the Can. ENT., v. 7, p. 51, the imperfect description of 
this species was unintentionally published, and the mistake was discovered 
too late to correct it. Since then, having received other material, I have 
been enabled to give a more correct account of the species. | The orna- 
mentation resembles closely that of Z./? Coloradella Cham., and they 
may prove to be varieties of the same species. The form of the head 
seems to me to differ, however, the head and face in the ‘Texan specimens 
being wider than in those from Colorado in proportion to their length, and 
there is, so faras Iam able to compare them with the material before 
me, a decided difference in ornamentation, though the resemblance is 
strong. 

The wings are not tufted and the second palpal joint is but little 
enlarged towards its apex. Head, antennz and basal joint of palpi sil- 
very white, stalk of antennz yellowish fuscous. Thorax and fore wings 
silvery white, with an ochreous costal spot about the basal fourth of the 
wing length, extended to the fold, sometimes interrupted so as to form two 
spots, one on the costa and one on the fold, and the costal margin to the 
base more or less stained with fuscous ; just behind the middle the wing 
is crossed by an ochreous band, and the wing at its tip and along the 
base of the dorsal cilize is dusted and suffused with ochreous. — Ciliz 
white, hind wings and legs whitish. 4/. ex. nearly % inch. 


3 
i 
| 


. 
. 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 


PERIMEDE. 


P. unomaculella. 
Lthome unomaculella Cham., ante v. 7, p. 94. 


This species is too near P. erransella Cham. to be separated gen- 
erically from it. The neuration differs as follows: In the fore wings the 
median subdivides into four branches instead of into five ; there are like- 
wise no tufts on the wings and the palpiare perhaps a little shorter. There 
are no other structural differences, and they resemble each other closely 
also in ornamentation ; wxomaculella is, however, decidedly the smallest, 
having an a/ar ex. of only 3% lines. Perfectly fresh specimens of both 
are deep shining brown, but when a little worn they become dingy, 
Specimens of wnomaculella differ as to the amount of white and dark 
brown on the terminal joint of the palpi; the antenne are faintly and the 
tarsi distinctly annulate with whitish. | Its position in repose is unknown 
to me, but P. evvansed/a lays the hind legs along the abdomen and rests on 
the other two pair, with the face not quite touching the surface on which 
it reposes, and the hinder part of the body and wings elevated so that it 
looks as if it stood upon its head. 


ea ostryeella and Chrysopeleia purpuriella. 


I observe that at f. 72, v. 4, ante, the later generic name is misspelled 
Chysopeleia. ‘These two species can not be separated generically and are 
even very closely allied species. The antenne of puspuriella are, loc. cit., 
described as “ sub-pectinate.” I meant to write serrated, but those of 
ostryeedla are more distinctly so; the palpi in the living insect are 
recurved in both. ea ostryaclla, like all the Ostrya-feeding species, is 
very difficult to rear, because the leaves dry or mould so quickly, so that 
out of hundreds of gathered mines I have only succeeded in rearing 
some eight or ten specimens—about equal numbers of both sexes. The 
generic and specific diagnoses were prepared from three males. The 
female differs decidedly from the male, and very closely resembles the 
male of purpuriella. ‘The male of ostrycel/a is lighter colored and more 
grayish, with less of the purple lustre than the female, and in the latter 
pale grayish fascie are absent. Both are of the same size.  Purpuriella 
is somewhat larger than os/vy@el/a, and though not so strongly tinged with 
purple as the female of ostry@e/a, it is decidedly darker. Its food plant 
is unknown, and certainly its habits of life must differ from those of 


10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ostryella, for no mine similar to that of the latter is found in this vicinity. 
The male is nearer in ornamentation to the female os/vywel/a than to the 
male, being darker, more purplish and lacking the fascie. There are 
slight differences in neuration between the two species, but not greater 
than are found between different species of Laverna, or even LElachista, 
which is perhaps nearer to these species than Laverna. But the different 
phraseology used in the diagnosis of the two genera may perhaps indicate 
greater differences of neuration than actually exist ; though ‘‘ discal cell 
long, narrow and closed by an oblique discal vein,” which “ sends a vein 
to the hinder margin from a point near the median vein,’ which (the 
median) ‘“‘ passes straight to the hind margin,” sending ‘‘just before the 
discal vein a branch to the hind margin,” ( Chrysofeleva) is pretty much 
the same as discal cell narrow and rather acutely closed ; and “ the 
median divides into three branches from the apical part of the cell ”— 
(4@a ) the difference being that the oblique vein which closes the cell is 
in the one case considered as the discal vein, and in the other as the end 
of the median. In both species the head is not only short and depressed, 
but is almost acutely angled in front. The position and number of the 
tufts is nearly the same in both species, and is not very accurately indi- 
cated by the position of the dots at p. 73, v. 4. The two opposite costal 
dots should be nearer together, and in ostry@e//a the inner one is a little 
in advance of the outer one; while in purpuried/a the first and last are a 
little further from the two central ones than in ostry@ela. Ostry@ella 
also has two or three minute tufts in the apical part of the wing, which 
are wanting in the other species. In purpuriella there is, loc. ctt., said to 
be an “ indistinct confused yellowish fascia about the apical fourth,” but 
in some specimens this is simply represented by a pale ochreous dot 
before the dorsal cilia. Both species should be referred to ea. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANISOTPA. 
BY J. A. LINTNER, N. Y. STATE MUSEUM NAT. HIST., ALBANY. 


Anisota bisecta, nov. sp. 

?. Head sunken ; head and collar tawny. Antenne short, simple, the 
joints showing as distinct rings. Thorax robust, globose, elevated in 
front, and projected over the head more than in A. dicolor or in A. Heilig- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Wk 


brodtt, Shoulder-covers narrowly bordered above with brown. Abdomen 
short, not extending beyond the hind wings, concolorous with them. 

Primaries rounded, full, much as in A. dzco/or, but more rounded on 
the outer margin ; pale ochraceous, sprinkled with brown irrorations which 
are more numerous costally and outside of the transverse line ; the latter 
brown, sharply defined, commencing just before the apex (nearer to it 
than in A. bicolor) and running straight to the inner margin at its middle, 
or a little nearer to the base. Outside of this transverse line the wing is 
somewhat darker. Inner margin of wing bordered with brown of the 
shade of the tr. line, becoming stronger until lost in the long basilar hairs. 
An indistinct sub-basilar line is indicated: by some confluent brown spots, 
in form and direction similar to that of A. dzcolor. Cilia interspersed with 
some brown scales. 

Secondaries rounded at the angles and excised costally, more than in 
A. bicolor ; without spots, and with no median band ; of a paler ochraceous 
than the primaries, more yellowish toward the outer margin ; basilar region 
bearing some dull reddish long hairs from below the cell to the fold near 
the inner margin, upon which they attain their greatest extension. Cilia 
concolorous with the basal portion of the wing. 

Beneath, wings of a duller ochraceous. Primaries with the transverse — 
line indicated at the apex by a clustering of the brown dots, and beyond, 
showing from the upper surface; the brown dots are confined to the 
costa, the apical and the outer portions of the wing; a diffused brown 
discal spot. 

Secondaries darker ochraceous than above. Costa and costal region 
thickly sprinkled with dark brown dots. From near the apex, a brown - 
shade curves downward and then inward, losing itself opposite the cell ; 
beyond this to the outer margin the wing is darker ochraceous than else- 
where. No discal spot. 

Abdomen beneath concolorous with the outer margin of the second- 
aries. ‘Tibiz and tarsi of the anterior and middle legs, lead colored. 


Expanse of wings, 3.12 inches; length of body, 0.94 inch. 

flabitat, Racine, Wisconsin. One female, captured by, and in the 
collection of, P. R. Hoy, M. D., of Racine. 

This species can at once be separated from all other known American 
species, by its pale ochraceous color, and the very distinct and oblique 
transverse band dividing the wing into two nearly equal parts, 


1 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It is closely allied, judging from the description and figure in Zravs. 
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. i., p. 11, pl. i, fig. 2, to the Mexican species Adelo- 
cephala qguadrilineata Gr.—Rob., in the shape of its wings and thorax, the 
sharply defined, straight and very oblique transverse band, the absence 
of a median band on the secondaries, and the leaden coloration of the 
tibia and tarsi. The more prominent points of difference are, a more 
distinct sub-basilar band and the transverse band farther removed from 
the apex on the primaries, and the more extended reddish area of the 
secondaries in A. guadrilineata. 

A. bisecta, in all probability, occurs also in Texas. I am informed by 
Mr. O. von Meske that he has carefully examined an example which had 
been received from Mr. Boll, of Texas, which he has no hesitation in 
regarding as the f of the above described 2. From a very recent 
inspection of the specimen, he is able to recall its more acute primaries, a 
deeper yellow color, the transverse line of the same course but stronger, 
the brown bordering of the inner margin, and a deeper red of the 
secondaries. 


ON CERTAIN HYMENOPTERA. 


BY W. H. PATTON, WATERBURY, CONN. 


PREDACEOUS SAWFLIES. 
‘ 

On two occasions I have observed A//antus basilaris (Say) Nort. ? 
devouring another insect , in one instance the larva of a CArysofga, in the 
other a small flower beetle of the genus Phalacrus. Although no such 
habit has been recorded previously in regard to any American species, it 
does not appear to be entirely without precedent among the European 
members of this family, for, according to Westwood, (Introd., ii., 10g) 
“Various species, however, (Z: v7ridis, scalaris, etc.) attack and devour 
living insects which frequent the same plants, as observed by St. Fargeau 
(Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, p. 14) and Dahlbom (Prod. Hym. Scand., 
p. 38).” The choice of its prey made by the 4//antus in the instances 


a ee a ae a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13: 


observed does not warrant us in regarding the insect as beneficial, although 
the predaceous habits and some correlated peculiarities of structure tend 
to show that the imago may prove to be so. Upon what plant the larva 
feeds is unknown. The mandibles of A//antus, as of many other saw- 
flies, are asymmetrical, the teeth on the right mandible being more acute 
than those on the left ; but the resemblance which they bear to the man- 
dibles of Czcinde/a is very striking and would of itself suggest a similarity 
of habits. 


Of the restricted genus A//antus two species occur in the eastern 
United States, and, as they have not hitherto been clearly defined, I 
append their distinguishing characters : 


T’ ALLANTUS BASILARIS. 
Lenthredo basilaris Say, Long’s 2nd Ex, iy Bio: (1524). 
A. basilaris Norton, Bost. Jour. N. H., vil., 240, 9 (1860). 
ss “1 Rrans: Am: Ent. S0¢., 1,36 (excels yar 
a f) (1867). 
f 2. Antenne short, black ; basal joint straw yellow. Markings 
on legs and thorax clear yellow. 
@. A large yellow spot on meso-pleura. 
g. Abdomen yellow, posterior tarsi black ; pleura yellow, pectus 
pale. 
2.. ALLANTUS DUBIUS. 
A. dubius Nort., Bost. Jour. N. EL, vili,\241, 10,°2) (1860): 


a om iten Ae she Shor es6 21 9 (1867): 
A. basilaris, var. a, § Nort., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 10, 
18 (1864). : 
es sf £ itr AMES. 3159362 (E867) 


S$ §. Antennz longer; ferruginous basal joints generally paler 
Markings on legs and often those on thorax piceous yellow. 

2. Meso-pleura black. 

g. Abdomen black, the second, third and fourth segments yellow ; 
posterior tarsi piceous yellow ;,a small yellow spot on meso-pleura, pectus 
black. _ 

g var. (one specimen). Antennz black, a pale spot on pectus. 

In dubius the wings are darker and the size slightly larger; the vertex 
is more coarsely punctured, not so highly polished, and often it is orna- 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mented with piceous markings which are wanting in éasi/aris. ‘There is 
generally less yellow on the legs, cheeks, collar, scutellum, basal plates 
and abdomen (éasz/aris 2 sometimes has spots on the tst, 2nd and 3rd 
segments) of dudzus than of basi/arts ; but these characters vary in both 
species. 

Both species occur in New England from the latter part of July to the 
latter part of August, dvdus frequenting the low grounds, dasz/aris the 

hills. 


A RARE XIPHIDRIA AND ITS PARASITE. 


XIPHIDRIA ATTENUATA @. 


X. attenuatus Nort., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila.,i., p. 144 (1862), g. 
« Trans, Am. Ent. Soc., ii., p. 354, 2- 


9. Head and thorax black ; tibiz and tarsi pale ; wings hyaline ; 
abdomen red, with six yellow spots. Length 0.40 in. ; expanse 0.64 in. 


Antenne 16-jointed, black, piceous beneath, especially towards tip. 
Face below and between antenne, palpi and base of mandibles, fulvous. 
Eyes, except for a short space above, bordered with yellow, the border 
covering nearly the whole cheek and the anterior and posterior borders 
extending backwards to meet on the edge of the occiput, thereby enclosing 
a spot above the eyes which is black in the centre but shading through 
piceous into the yellow borders. Space about the ocelli finely rugose, 
with delicate ridges radiating from each ocellus ; vertex behind ocelli 
polished. A pit or deep puncture midway between lower ocellus and the 
insertion of antenne. Thorax closely and finely rugulose, scutellum and 
enclosure on basal plates polished. ‘Tegule, minute spots before tegule, 
one each side above anterior wing, and the cenchri, yellow. Trochanters, 
tips of coxe and of femora dull yellow ; femora piceous, posterior pair 
black ; basal half of tibize and basal joints of tarsi, except at tip, yellow ; 
the remainder of tibize and tarsi fulvous, becoming brownish on the pos- 
terior tibiz. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma pale piceous. 
Basal half of the first segment of abdomen black and roughened with fine 
confluent punctures; the remainder of this segment and portions of the 
terminal segment are darker than the other segments of the red polished 
abdomen. A yellow spot on each side of segments three, four and seven, 
those on the seventh segment being the largest. Sheath of the ovipositor 
black ; abdomen beneath, except at base of ovipositor, red. 


S|. 


ee _ OOO << --e 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 


One specimen. Connecticut, June 6th, 1873. 

Taken from a dead stick of Betula nigra. My attention was drawn to 
the spot by finding a Rhyssa humida (Say) with its ovipositor firmly driven 
into the wood. Upon cutting into the stick, this specimen, together with 
a pupa of the male and several horn-tailed larve, were found. The 
antenne of the pupa are bent down upon the sides of the face and up 
along the back of the head. One of the larvee changed to pupa (female, 
length 0.32 in.) on the 21st of July. The male agrees well with Norton’s 


‘description as given in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., and is very unlike the 


female. 

RHyYSSA HUMIDA (Say, Bost. Jour., ii., p. 224, female. Walsh, Tr. St. 
Louis Acad. Sci., iii., p. 108, female). 

The specimen differs from Say’s description only in minute characters 
of sculpture and coloration which Say omitted, but which appear in 
Walsh’s more detailed account. From Walsh’s description it differs in 
having no white spot on the metathorax and no “ faint, brown cloud in 
the inner angle of the radial area.” The length of body is slightly less 
than half an inch. 


A -NEW CATOCALA FROM FLORIDA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences, 


Catocala sinuosa, n. Ss. 

This species is allied to C. coccinata, but very distinct from that and 
all other described species. Fore wings whitish gray, paler, but lines 
much as in coccinata. The t. p. line has the double sub-equal teeth and 
the long inward and thicker indentation above internal vein. Hind wings 
crimson. The median band reduced to a sinuate, unusually narrow and 
abbreviate fascia which looks like an elongate discal mark rather than the 
usual band. Hind margin with the black band continuous, not quite 
attaining anal angle. Beneath largely shaded with bright red on both 


wings, the black fascia reduced to unusually narrow stripes; on the hind 
“wings discontinued. Abdomen gray. Size of coccinata. Very different 


in character from the Texan var. ¢tvce of coccinata, which seems to inter- 
grade with the type form. Two specimens Florida, Mr. Albert Kazbele. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


REMARKS, CRITICAL AND SUGGESTIVE, ON THE GENUS 
LIMENITIS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 


BY ROBERT M. GREY, KENWOOD, ALBANY CO., N.Y. 
Demonstrations from examples taken by me during the past three 
years, and from examples taken in Farmington, Conn., twenty years ago, 
give indubitable evidence that our Zzmen/?/s are plastic forms of one species, 
accommodating themselves readily to the environment, assuming colors 
from climatic effect or different seasons and localities, or for purposes of 
protection—the form Z. drsippus being mimetic of Pp/exippus, as already 
suggested by authors. My conclusions are drawn from the following 
observations: Near the Hudson River I find wrsu/a and proserpina in 
close association, each partaking of the markings of the other, evidently 
one brood, alighting on the same heap of pomace ; expansion of wings 
three to three and a half inches. About six miles from the river ussula 
and froserfina are equally abundant, with a few arthemis and rarely a 
disi~pus. Expansion of the wings of the four about two and a half inches ; 
all found in one glade. From this to the highest tables of the Helderberg 
Hills, «sua gradually disappears and only proserpina and arthemis are 
found, the latter most abundant. In the low lands disippus, ursula and 
proserpina are only found; in intermediate broken lands w7sula, proserpina 
and avsthemis are chiefly found ; at the highest altitudes only pvoserpina 
and arthem?s are found, and examinations of many examples from the 
different localities show that these forms approach each other very closely. 


In December, 1877, I sent a melanitic form of disippus to W. H. 
Edwards, Esq., for his examination, and in a communication written to 
Mr. Edwards at the time, I ventured the assertion of all being one 
species. As Mr. Edwards did not notice it in a future communication, I 
took it as a gentle way of dealing with an absurdity. From captures 
made since I am convinced that all our Zimenitis have one origin. In 
proof I have in my collection a désif~pus without the division line on 
secondaries ; some with narrow and others with broad mesial lines. In 
one example the dividing line is extended to a broad band, with blue 
crescents in marginal, and red lunules in submarginal band. An arthemis 
from the white band to margin is the exact counterpart of it ; in one 
example, on the under surface of secondaries inside of mesial line, are 
white lunules. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 


I have a melanitic form of d/sifpus with all the markings of wrsula 
on the under surface,and an wrsw/a that mimics this at the apex of superior 
wings, and is suffused with tawny red to base of wing. One wrsu/a has a 
bright red under surface, and so on through many examples blending into 
each other in color, proving all to be of one origin. The larvee feed on 
much the same food plants. The larvee of disippus and ursida are held 
by many collectors to be undistinguishable. 


ANOTHER BEE ENEMY. 
BY A. J. COOK, LANSING, MICHIGAN. 


About one year ago I received a small bug from a gentleman in Mary- - 
land, together with the information that it was a serious enemy of the 
honey bee. It was stated that this bug would lie concealed among the 
flowers, and upon occasion would grasp a bee, and, holding it off at arm’s 
length, would suck out its blood and life. More recently, I have heard 
of the same insect, with the same habits, in Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, and 
more recently, through the editor of Gleanings, from Minnesota, and later 
still, from V. W. Keeney, Shirland, Ill. In one case it was stated that the 
bug had the power, which it was not slow to use, of stinging quite 
severely. This same insect has been observed by both Prof. W. J. Beal 
and myself, at this place, resting on flowers, in which it is often almost 
concealed, awaiting an opportunity to capture and defluidize its prospec- 
tive victims. 


WHAT IS IT? 


This is a Hemipteron, or true bug, and belongs to the family PAyma- 
tide Uhr. It is the Phymata erosa, Fabr., the specific name evosa refer- 
ring to its jagged appearance. It is also called the “stinging bug,” in 
reference to its habit of repelling intrusion by a painful thrust with its 
sharp, strong beak. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


This insect is mentioned by the lamented Dr. B. D. Walsh (Am. 
Entomol., vol. 1, p. 141), who facetiously compares its intelligence with 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


that of the highest bipeds, who are often ignorant of the difference 
between a bee and a beetle, nor could they safely grasp the former. Yet 
this humble bug does know the distinction, and holds the bee well off, so 
as safely to suck out its substance. On p. 25, vol. 2, of the same work, 
this insect is briefly described and its habits given. Dr. A. S. Packard 
speaks of this stinging bug, in the American Naturalist, vol 1, p. 329, 
and also in his Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 552, where the insect is 
figured. Mr. Townend Glover, late of the Agricultural Department, in 
his beautiful work on the Hemiptera, p. 57, has described the habits of 
this bug, and has given three figures of it, Plate III., Fig. 13. Prof. P. 
R. Uhler, our greatest American authority in this sub-order, in “ Hemip- 
tera West of the Mississippi,” p. 58, speaks of the habits of the Piymata 
erosa. In thecurrent volume of the Country Gentleman, p. 551, the able 
entomological editor, Prof. J. A. Lintner, in response to a correspondent, 
gives a brief account of the habits, etc., of this same insect. 


DESCRIPTION. 


The ‘stinging bug” (Fig. 1) is somewhat jagged in appearence, about 
three-eighths of an inch long, and generally of a yellow color, though 


Fic. 1—Side view, natural size. Fic. 2—Magnified Twice. Fic. 3—Beak, much magnified. 


tnis latter seems quite variable. Frequently there is a distinct greenish 
hue. Beneath the abdomen, and on the back of the head, thorax and 
abdomen, it is more or less specked with brown; while across the dorsal 
aspect of the broadened abdomen is a marked stripe of brown (Fig. 2, 
d,d). Sometimes this stripe is almost wanting, sometimes a mere patch, 
while rarely the whole abdomen, is very slightly marked, and as often we 
find it almost wholly brown above and below The legs (Fig. 2, b), beak 
and antenne, a) are greenish yellow. The beak (Fig. 3) has three joints 
(Fig. 3, a, b, c) anda sharp point (Fig. 3, d). This beak is not only the 
great weapon of offence, but also the organ through which the food is 


eo ae | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 


sucked. By the use of this, the insect has gained the soubriquet of 
stinging bug. This compact jointed beak is peculiar to all true bugs, 
and by observing it alone, we are able to distinguish all the very varied 
forms of this group. The antenna (Fig 4) is four-jointed. The first joint 
(Fig. 4, a) is short, the second and third (Fig. 4, b and c) are long and 
slim, while the terminal one (Fig. 4, d) is much enlarged. This enlarged 
joint is one of the characteristics of the genus Phymata, as described by 


Fic. 4— Antenna, much magnified. Fic. 5—Anterior Leg, magnified—exterior view. 


Latreille. But the most curious structural peculiarity of this insect, and 
the chief character of the genus Phymata, is the enlarged anterior legs (Figs. 
5,6 and 7). ‘These, were they only to aid in locomotion, would seem 
like awkward, clumsy organs, but when we learn that they are used to 
grasp and hold their prey, then we can but appreciate and admire their 
modified form. The femur (Fig. 5, b) and the tarsus (Fig. 5, a) are 


Fic, 6—Interior view. Fic. 7—Claw extended. Fic. 8—Middle Leg—much magnified. 


toothed, while the latter is greatly enlarged. From the interior lower 
aspect of the femur (Fig. 6) is the small tibia, while on the lower edge of 
the tarsus (Fig. 6, d) is a cavity in which rests the single claw. The other 
four legs (Fig. 7) are much as usual. 


HABITS. 


This insect, as already intimated, is very predaceous, lying in wait, 
often almost concealed, among flowers, ready to capture and destroy 
unwary plant lice, caterpillars, beetles, butterflies, moths, and even bees 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and wasps. We have already noticed how well prepared it is for this 
work by its jaw-like anterior legs, and its sharp, strong, sword-like beak. 

Mr. Keeney says he caught the one he sent on golden rod. ‘This 
plant, from its very color, tends to conceal the bug, and from the very 
character of the plant—being attractive as a honey-plant to bees—the 
slow bug is enabled to catch the spry and active honey-bee. 


VERDICT. 


As Prof. Uhler well says of the “stinging bug”: “It is very useful in 
destroying caterpillars and other vegetable-feeding insects, but is not very 
discriminating in its tastes, and would as soon seize the useful honey bee as 
the pernicious saw-fly.” And he might have added that it is equally 
indifferent to the virtues of our friendly insects like the parasitic and pre- 
daceous species. 


We note, then, that this bug is not wholly evil, and as its destruction 
would be well-nigh impossible, for it is as widely scattered as are the flowers 
in which it lurks, we may well rest its case, at least until its destructiveness 
becomes more serious than at present. 


TO OUR ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. 


By referring to the second page of the cover of the present issue, it 
will be seen that the yearly fee for associate members of the Entomological 
Society of Ontario has been reduced—those residing in the United States 
to one dollar, those in Great Britain to four shillings sterling. | We sin- 
cerely hope that this reduction will result in a considerable increase in our 
membership. Our journal is doing a good work and we are anxious .to 
enlarge the sphere of its usefulness. If each one of our members will 
exert themselves a little and send in their own and as many additional 
subscriptions as they can obtain, they will greatly aid us in our endeavors 
to further the interests of Entomology. 


ee ee ee ee a eT ee 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1879. No. 2 


THE GOLDSMITH BEETLE (Cotalpa lanigera). 


. BY THE EDITOR. 


This is, without doubt, the most beautiful of our leaf-eating beetles. It 

. is nearly an inch in length (fig. 9), of a broad oval form, with the wing 

cases of a rich yellow color, with a pale metallic lustre, while the top of 

the head and thorax gleams like burnished gold of a brilliant reddish 

cast. The under surface has a polished coppery hue, and 

is thickly covered with whitish wool; this latter char- 

acteristic having suggested its specific name J/anzgera 
(wool-bearer). 

This insect appears late in May and during the month 
of June. Itis distributed over a very wide area, embracing 
most of the northern United States and Canada, and 
although seldom very abundant, it is rarely that a season 
passes without more or less of them being seen. During 
the day they are inactive and may be found clinging to the under side 
of the leaves of trees, often drawing together two or three leaves—which 
they hold with their sharp claws—for the purpose of concealing them- 
selves. At dusk they issue from their hiding places and fly about with a 
buzzing sound among the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which 
they devour ; the Pear tree, the Oak, Poplar, Hickory, Silver Abele and 
Sweet Gum all suffer more or less from their attacks. Like the May Bug, 
this beautiful creature is often attracted by light, and flies into open win- 
dows on summer evenings, dashing in a bewildered sort of way against 
everything it meets with, to the great alarm of nervous inmates. Insome 
seasons they occur in considerable abundance, and may then be readily 
captured by shaking the trees on which they are lodged in the day-time, 
when they do not attempt to fly, but fall at once to the ground. 


Fig. 9. 


22, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The beetle is short-lived. ‘The female deposits her eggs in the ground 
during the latter part of June, and having thus provided for the continu- 
ance of her species, dies. ‘The eggs are laid during the night, singly and 
at different depths, the number probably not exceeding twenty in all. They 
are very large for the size of the beetle, being nearly one-tenth of an inch 
in length, of a long ovoid form and white translucent appearance. 

In less than a month the young larva is hatched: it is of a dull white 
color, with a brown polished horny head and the extremity of the abdomen 
lead color. The mature larva (fig. 10) is a thick, whitish, 
fleshy grub, very similar in appearance to that of the com- 
mon May bug, familiarly known as “the White Grub.” It 
lives in the ground and feeds on the roots of plants, and 
on this account it is sometimes very destructive to straw- 
berry patches. 


Several years are required to bring this grub to maturity ; 
finally it reaches its full growth in the fall, and changes to the perfect 
beetle early the following spring. 


THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS. 
BY GEORGE D. HULST, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


It is our desire in the present article to call attention to two pretty 
well established laws of nomenclature, that with a few seconding words on 
our part, the laws may, ‘‘to those whom it may.concern,” preach the 
importance and necessity of their being observed and obeyed. 

rst. ‘ All scientific names must be Latin or must be Latinized.” The 
laws which govern the structure of the Latin language must apply in every 
case in the making of the binomial combination. 

In the making of the binomial, four methods of construction are in 
use. ‘The generic name is alwaysa noun. ‘The specific name is (a) a 
proper name in apposition with this, as Papzlio ajax, the Papilio called 
ajax ; (b) an adjective giving some description or characteristic, as Codias 
oceidentalis—the western Colias, Cossus Centerensis—the Cossus living at 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zo 


Center ; (c) anoun in the genitive case, giving the food plant, the country 
in which it lives, or the person in whose honor it is named, as Pyramets 
cardui—the Pyrameis of the Thistle, Argynn7s Hdwardsti—Edwards’ Ar- 
gynnis ; (d) a noun with a participle understood governing it, as Zhecla 
M-album, the Thecla with a white M. 


In following these, which we believe include directly or indirectly all 
combinations, the rules of Latin grammar must apply. Under class “a” a 
feminine name must not be joined to a masculine noun. It is just the 
same as saying the girl John, as to utter such a combination as A/elitaea 
phaeton or Danais archifpus. Duty in the matter is simple and easy. 
Fulius and Fulia are exactly the same word, with terminations to express 
sex. A person comes to us clothed as a man, and professing to be a 
man, and is called Julius. It transpires afterwards that this person is a 
woman ; we must, by the compulsion of language and her sex, call her 
Julia. We must, or ought to, write and say Melitaca phaetona, Danais 
archippa, and so on through the list. 


Under class ‘‘b” the adjective must be Latin, and must agree in 
gender with the generic noun. <A word is not necessarily Latin because 
it ends in ws or a. Combinations to express specific points are important . 
and to be sought after, but should be made according to law, and in all 
cases the gender of the adjective should agree with the gender of the 
noun—e. g., we should write—we must write, if our worthy Editor will 
allow me so to say—fapilio brevicaudws Saun., not P. brevicauda Saun. 
This error is a wonderfully common one, but can be very easily remedied. 


Under classes “c” and “d” mistakes are not often made. But 
while it may be Latin, it is not always the best Latin, to make a proper 
name by adding ws or zws to what is English. It certainly is curious that 
the vast majority of modern Latin names are of the second declension. 
One can look through a catalogue and not find an example of the third. 
Still, as long as it is grammatically correct, no fault can be found with a 
proper name, though it be an anomaly like Pag. Coon, or a curiosity lke 
Hewitsonius, in place of Hezwitson, genitive Hewztsonts. 

Authors are not always to blame for the bad Latin. ‘Their species are 
tossed from genus to genus, as systematising goes on ; but we have about 
reached the possible limit of genera, and species are probably settled in 
the places they will occupy, and, as a rule, all new genera are feminine. 
Our catalogues ought to give, so far as possible, an end to these errors. It 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


is a pity that some of them seem to be beyond remedy, some which, by 
reason of the combination, have a ludicrous meaning, as Ses¢a Schmidtit- | 
Jormis ; some are beyond change, because the specific word has no | 
feminine form, as “uwdatmonia Fehovah. Vhe former combination is 
allowable, for the Latin will pass muster; and perhaps the honored Mr. 
Schmidt is such an attenuated example of that well-known group of the 
genus homo, that the meaning is after all applicable. But the latter com- 
bination cannot be defended. ‘This is a free country,” and each one 
can follow out his own ideas of what is reverential and fitting, but our 
freedom gives no right to murder either language or sense. Just translate 
‘the binomial, Eudaimonia Fehovah, the beautiful female demon Jehovah ; 

I suppose demon is right enough, for the insect has long tails, and as - 
Spenser would put it, ‘‘fearfulle horns,” but take it altogether,. there 
seems to be, to put it very mildly, some incongruity. We hope Mr. 
Strecker, who has been our very kind and generous friend, will not leave 
that name as a monument for future scholars to gaze upon and wonder ? 
at. And we wish cataloguists would be bold enough to put such, and all 
monstrosities, into some proper shape, for the sake of those who read and 
for the sake of the authors. We would lke the future to have kindly 
feelings towards all of us who will then be the past. 

2nd. ‘“ Specific terminations must be made to conform to terminations 
universally received, and subserving a useful purpose.” This, of course, 
if construction and sense will allow. The Tineina, Tortricina, Pyralidina 
and Geometre have each, as a rule, certain specific terminations. Mr. 
Packard has done the science a good turn in his “ Geometrid Moths,” by 
giving the proper terminations to all specific names. But grammar and 
sense are the highest law, and so there may be redemption even for Mr. 
Schmidt from his sad fate. 

We are aware much can be said against these laws, which we do not 
pretend are laws as uttered by competent authority. There are two 
arguments to defend their disobedience: (a) the following of them will 
make now, and for all time to come, endless confusion ; and (b) the 
specific name is not an adzective, but-a term to express the individual—as 
we say among men, its Christian name. It is as proper to say Mary 
Thomas as to say ‘Foin Thomas. It is as proper to say Argynnis mon- 
tinus as to say Argynnis montina. It is the Argynnis whose given name 
is montinus. ‘To the argument “a” we say, then we ought to give up the 
pretence of writing scientific names in Latin. There is no possible con- 


_=- 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


fusion to those who understand that language, and check lists and cata- 
logues create the nomenclature of those who donot. To the argument 
“b” we say, while we confess what would otherwise be grammatical 
errors are thus justified, it is impossible to.look upon this family idea as 
existing in fact. Gender may be arbitrary in some languages, but it is 
arbitrary to the individual word only. The sun may be considered mascu- 
line, but then a// suns are masculine. If Papilio be masculine, then all 
Papiliones are masculine. And, taking the generic name as a family 
name, so that promiscously masculine and feminine words may be joined 
to it, there are already existing and universally received names which 
could not thus be used—z. g., Pyrameis cardui, and all names, such as 
Argynnis Edwardsi?, named in honor of any one. If the specific name 
is an individual name, it is indeclinable unless with the generic name. 
And surely, then, these must be Pyramets carduus and Argynnis Ed- 
wardsius. Again, if specific names are given names, they should always 
be begun with a capital letter—which in descriptive adjectives (more 
common as names of the Geometre and Noctue), no one ever thinks of 
writing. And yet, again, it is impossible to get a noun or name idea in 
specific names which is an adjective. Weremember how the old Puritans 
ransacked the Bible and their own brains to get expressive names for their 
children ; but they gave the names in the noun form. It was Charity, not 


- Charitable—or at the most, if an adjective, it was grammatical in its use. 


The adjective idea remains permanent. ° Hepialus argenteo-maculalus is, it 
is true, the Hepia/us called by that name ; but it is as well true that it is 
the H/efialus that is silver-spotted. We may be dull, and that may be the 
explanation, but we cannot comprehend that the names of insects are 
arbitrary, as are the names which designate men and women. 


Can we not rightly make an appeal for the observance of these laws ? 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 
ONTARIO FOR THE YEAR 1878. 


The Annual Report of our Society to the Department of Agriculture 
of Ontario has just issued from the press, and will be mailed to our mem- 
bers in the course of a few days. 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON GRAPHIPHORA AND NEW N. AM. NOCTUID/A:. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


As our acquaintance with the numerous forms of this group increases 
the arbitrary division of the individuals into species and the species into 
genera becomes a matter of increasing difficulty. At the same time this 
does not absolve us from a careful study of the organism in all its parts, 
and a correction of former groupings becomes as obligatory as the publi- 
cation of the original observation. The limits of the genera Mamestra and 
Graphiphora are not always easy to establish from the imago, widely though 
they are usually separated. Both are distinguishable by the hairy eyes 
from all naked-eyed Noctua, and by the unarmed tibize from all genera 
(e. g. Agvotts) which have one pair or more spinose. But Mamestra is 
tufted more or less obviously on thorax and dorsum of abdomen, and 
Graphiphora ( = Taeniocampa of authors) is without these tufts. Speci- 
mens received from California, and not in very good condition, have been 
referred by me to Mamestra and Dianthoecia, which, from fresh material 
received from Dr. J. S. Bailey, I now refer to Graphiphora. These are: 


Graphiphora puerilis. 
Mamestra puerilis Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., II., p. 9. 


Graphiphora rufula. 
Dianthoecia rufula Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., IL, p. 64 (May, 1874). 


The genus Dianthoecia is established for Mamestras with exserted ovi- 
positors. I have elsewhere expressed the idea that such a division is 
untenable, because species very similar in general appearance are separated 
by it. And in Graphiphora we have species with the ovipositor exserted 
(oviduca) and not (incerta). So far as I can see, the relative position of 
the ovipositor may vary in one species. The type of vwfw/a has it 
exserted. Fresh females show no evidence of it. There is a variation in 
the color of vufwla from reddish to gray, which is interesting. The 
variety at first sight looks like a different species, but I have a specimen 
which seems to me intermediary in shade, and we have a wide range of 
color in zwcerfa. Among the species which I now range among the Gra- 
phiphoree is 


BA} 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 


Graphiphora modesta. 

Dianthoecia modesta Morrison, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 144, Nov., 
1874. 

I retain in Mamestra Dianthoecia meditata Grote, which shows a series 
of minute abdominal tufts at base, and on this and other accounts does 
not seem to me to be intimately allied to modesta. 


The species of Graphiphora may be divided according to the structure 
of the male antenne. At the present time I only indicate the following 
two genera which we may not be able to distinguish from Gvaphiphora. 
I am not able to distinguish them myself, but am more concerned to draw 
in genera of my own erection at the present writing. Renewed attention 
must be paid to them when more material is accessible. These are 
Orthodes of Gueneé and Pseudorthodes of Mr. Morrison. <A small species 
hitherto referred to //zmel/a, and found both in California and the East, I 
now refer to Graphiphora. 


Graphiphora furfurata. 
ffimella furfurata Grote, Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil., 201, 187.4. 


I have only the type of fde/7s before me. I now think that this species 
should not be separated generically from Graphiphora. It approaches 
in appearance G. contrahens. If we divide the genus into groups we may 
use F/imel/a for the group in which the males have impectinate antenne 
and the species a slender habitus. I believe, however, as above stated, 
that Orthodes will be used as a sub-genus, when Himel//a may come to fall 
away altogether. 


Graphiphora fidelts. 
flimella fidelts Grote, Proc. N. S. Phil., 201, 1874. 


I can also find no characters to warrant the separation of Acerra. The 
two species are Californian and are characterized by the large fused stig- 
mata. They approach in structure to zzcerta. The abdomen seems shorter 
than usual., 


Graphiphora normalis. 

Acerra normalis Grote, Bull. B.S. N. S., II., 162 ; Check List, pl. 1, 
fig. 4. 

Graphiphora muricina. 

Acerra muricina Grote, Bull. B.S. N. S., IIL, 85. 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In ornamentation G. Behrensiana resembles these two species, and the 
abdomen also seems shorter than usual. 

Among the species of AZamestra which may come to be removed to 
this genus is AZ forea Guen. Several other species show no or little 
tuftings, and their position cannot be considered definite until we have 
fresh reared specimens and can be guided also by our knowledge of the 
preliminary stages. 


Graphiphora Garmant, 2. Ss. 

&. Roughly haired. Eyes hairy. A stouter and larger form than 
incerta. Antenne brush-like, not pectinate, the joints knobbed. Rich 
brown with obsolete ornamentation. Stigmata approximate, concolorous, 
moderate, entire, ringed narrowly and the reniform incompletely with 
black. T. p. line double, even, with pale included shade, much as in 
contrahens, Wut more sinuate inferiorly. Subterminal line brought into 
prominence by black scales sub-apically and again more noticeably below 
vein 4. Fringes concolorous, cut indistinctly with pale at extremity of 
nervules. Hind wings dusty, with warmer fringes ; discal spot from under 
surface apparent. Thorax dark brown, untufted. Beneath the wings show 
discal dots and faint exterior line. The color is light brownish, somewhat 
irrorate. Lxpanse 36 mil. 

One good specimen from Northern Illinois, collected by Prof. N. H. 
Garman. At once distinct from any of the varieties of zxcerta by the 
impectinate antenne. 


Graphiphora perbrunnea, n. Ss. 

¢ ¢@. A small form with ciliate antennz and hairy eyes, allied to 
puerilis by the white discal mark and in color recalling Hadena fractt- 
Zinea, but more reddish. Veins black. Reniform narrow, black, bordered 
outwardly by a white streak. Median space superiorly shaded with black. 
T. p. line even, angulated on vein 5 opposite the disc, followed by venular 
dots. Orbicular indistinct, concolorous, defined by black scales. Fringes 
black with white venular dots. Veins broadly marked with black on 
terminal space. §, t. line shaded anteriorly with brown. Ground of the 
wing bright reddish brown. Hind wings blackish with contrasting pale 
reddish fringes. Thorax reddish brown, abdomen blackish with reddish 
lateral and anal hairs. | Beneath pale with distinct exterior common line 
even on fore wings, dentate on secondaries, which latter show the discal 
dot distinctly. Feet dotted. Pectus pale reddish. 


3 
4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


Expanse 30 mil. Several fresh specimens from California near San 
Francisco, given me by Dr. James S. Bailey. 


Fleliophila dia, n. s. 


fq. This is a small species allied to commozdes, but no larger than 
ligata. All the veins are striped with white. The median vein more 
broadly so. The transverse posterior line is a distinctly continuous series 
of venular dots. No dark shades accompanying the median vein, which 
is a distinctive character. The color is that of commozdes, but a little 
paler. Hind wings fuscous, whitish towards the base; fringes pale. 
Thorax pale gray. Beneath paler, the inception of the common line 
shows as a black mark on costa. ‘Tibize well clothed. Head and fore 
tibiz dusky. Eyes hairy. The ground color of primaries is seen to be 
pale dull yellowish with longitudinal brownish shadings. No dark shade 
along internal margin. ‘Three fresh males examined, sent from San Fran- 
cisco to Dr. James S. Bailey. Zxfanse 28 to 32 mil. 


I have recently seen in Eastern collections three determinations of 
species of Noctuide which are probably authentic, at least there is nothing 
that I can find in print which contradicts the idea that they are correctly 
determined. I found a specimen of Cofadblepharon absidum Harvey 
labeled Aedophron grandis Strecker. A specimen of Schinia gracilenta 
Hubner named Heliothis imperspicua Strecker. A specimen of Aspila 
rhexiae Abb. & Smith labeled Heliothis spectanda Strecker. Some species 
from California, so briefly described in Mr. Strecker’s work as to be un- 
recognisable, are also in part identical with species previously published 
by myself. But none of these species under MSS. names of Dr. Behr’s 
can be considered as described in a manner which will lead to their 
identification. For instance, Dyryobota Califoruica is, as 1 learn, 
Xylomiges hiemaiis. It is merely compared with a European species 
which has naked eyes, whereas in the Californian insect the eyes are 
hairy, and it is not related to the European species of Dryobota. I am 
much interested in finding out all of these species and several others 
described by Mr. Morrison. Any one having any of Mr. Morrison’s species 
authentically determined, which are marked with a— in my Check List, I 
would be much obliged were they to be communicated to me. ‘This is 


especially needed in the genera Zaeniocampa and Polia. Of these I only 
know Z: modifica. 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE BLISTER-BEETLES 
AND ON THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 
OF HORNIA. 


BY PROF. CHAS. V. RILEY. 


( Abstract. ) 


At the Hartford (1874) meeting of the Association, Mr. Riley described 
the newly-hatched larva of some of our common Blister-beetles ; but all 
attempts to trace their habits had proved futile, both in this and other 
countries, until 1877, when he discovered that they preyed on the eggs of 
locusts (Acridide). In a paper published in the last volume of the 
Transactions of the Academy of Sciences, of St. Louis, the life-history of 
several of our common Blister-beetles is traced. ‘The present paper gives 
a brief resume of the facts there recorded, showing that the beetles 
belonging to the genera Zficaufa and Macrobasis go through the same 
curious hyper-metamorphoses as do other species of the family Meloide, 
and especially as AZcoé and Svtfaris were already known to do. The larva 
hatches as an active, pale-brown, long-legged creature, termed triungulin 
on account of its three-clawed tarsus. It then changes to what Mr. Riley 
calls the Caradidoid stage, in which it is white, less active and fleshy ; 
then to what he calls the Scavab@idoid stage, in which it is still more 
degraded and clumsy ; then hardens to what he calls the Coarctate larval 
stage, in which it is perfectly helpless and resembles the puparium of 
many Diptera; then to the final larval stage, in which it is again white 
and soft and more or less active; then to the true pupa state ; and finally 
to the beetle ; existing, thus, in eight distinct states (including the egg), 
instead of the four in which ordinary insects occur. 

The paper is principally devoted, however, to the life-history of a very 
anomalous, wingless genus of this family, the Hornia minutipennis Riley. 
This insect is degraded and subterranean, and was found in the cells of a 
common Mason-bee, the Anthophora abrupta Say. Its life-history, which 
was not known at the time the species was described, has been completely 
made out by Mr. Riley during the past summer. The eggs, which are laid 
loosely in the burrows of the bee, hatch during the early part of June. 
The triungulin is extremely active, and, in all essential characters, very 
similar to that of S/faris, one species of which, in Europe, likewise 


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- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 


——— + ——— 


develops in the cells of Anthophora. By means of its tarsal claws and of 
a pair of pre-anal spinnerets and ciaspers, it holds on very tenaciously to 
the hairs of the bee, and is carried on the same into the bee-burrow. 
When the bee-egg is laid, and before the cell is capped over, this triungulin 
disengages itself from the bee, and at once pounces upon the bee-egg. 
After having sucked the contents of this last, it throws off the triungulin 
skin and assumes the Caradidoid stage; thereafter it feeds upon the 
honey-paste stored by the bee, and, within the cell, goes through all the 
hyper-metamorphoses characteristic of the family. All the later stages, 
however, take place within the puffed skin of the Scarasedoid larva, the 
Coarctate larva being well separated therefrom, but the third or final larva 
having such a delicate skin that it is not easily separated from this last 
when shed. There is but one brood annually, the pupa state being attained 
in August, and the beetle maturing all its parts during the autumn, and 
lying within its numerous coverings until the following May. 

The paper contains some interesting details as to the effects of rain 
both on the bee-larva and the Horna larva; on the vicissitudes that 
befall the triungulin, its fratricidal propensities when two or more are 
enclosed in the same cell, and on its adaptability to food supply. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
CQENONYMPHA” GEMMA. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG— Globular, smooth under a low power, but under a high one, 
seen to be reticulated in irregular hexagons, the ridges flat and broad, and 
having at the bottom of each depression a white point; color yellow- 
green. Duration of this stage in August 3 days, in October 6, in April 
6. The egg is laid on grass, which is the larval food plant. 

“YOUNG LARVA—Length .r2 inch ; cylindrical, a little thickest in 
middle, tapering slightly both ways from 8th segment, and ending in two 
divergent tails, each of which is thick at base and round, tapers to a blunt 


ie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


point, which emits a white bristle; color of body white; overthe surface scat- 
tering white hairs. In a few days, and during this stage, the color changes 
to whitish-green and stripes appear, green and white alternating from dor- 
sum to feet; head sub-pyriform, one-half broader than 2nd segment, 
broader than high, flattened frontally, and with a slight angular depression 
at summit ; on each vertex a straight, round, divergent horn, thick at base, 
pointed at top; the horn when magnified is seen to be in three sec- 
tions, each smaller than the one below it, giving out at the end one or 
two bristles; color of head and horns  blackish-brown (figs. a, @?). 
Duration of this stage in August 6 days, in October 9, in April 6. 


EXPLANATION OF CuT.—a, young larva of Gemma magnified ; a?, head 
of same; /, mature larva magnified ; 67, head of same ; ¢, chrysalis. 


AFTER. FIRST MOULT—Length .18 inch; thicker in middle seg- 
ments than at last stage, and tapering posteriorly more rapidly ; the tails 
longer, more slender, brown-tipped ; each segment several times creased, 
and upon the summit of each ridge so caused is a row of white tubercles, 
each with a short white hair ; color dark green, banded and striped longi- 
tudinally with white ; on middle of dorsum a dark green band edged on 
either side with pale green, and next, on the extreme part of dorsal area, 
a white stripe ; a similar stripe over feet, and between these on middle of 
side are two white lines contiguous ; under side bluish-green ; legs and 
feet green ; head sub-pyriform, higher in proportion than at first stage, the 
top excavated roundly ; on each vertex a long, tapering, divergent horn, 
slightly curved forward, the length being about equal to length of face ; 
color of head brown, pale in front and green-tinted ; from base of each 
horn a dark stripe passes down the side, and in front is a second stripe ; 
horns dark brown. Duration of this stage in August 5 days, in October 
ro, in May 7. | 

AFTER SECOND MOULT.—Length .34 ineh; shape as at last 
stage, the tails longer in proportion; color pale green, striped as before ; 


i: 
4] 
V 


Tors, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3353 


head deep green in front, dull green at back, the stripes brown and horns 
brown. Duration of this stage in August 5 days, in May 8. 


AFTER THIRD MOULT.—Length .55 inch ; one day later .75 to 
end of horns, which are held in the plane of the body, the face being 
bent down asin Apatura ; shape as at last two stages ; in the summer and 
fall larvee the color of body is now reddish-buff, the dorsal band dark 
brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe reduced to a broken dark brown line, only 
distinct at the extreme hinder end of each segment from 3 to ro, making 
in effect a line of spots ; on the middle of the side a dark brown stripe ; 
at base a rounded ridge, buff colored, and beneath it a brown line ; head 
shaped as before, but higher and the horns less divergent ; color of face 
green, with brown stripes as before ; the horns brown in front, and as 
well as the head gray-brown behind ; as the larva advances the green of 
the face is replaced by brown, and the colors of the body change gradu- 
ally to buff and reddish-gray, the former the dorsal color, the other of the 
sides (figs. 4,4”). There was nofourth moult, the stage just described lasting 
till maturity, at which the larval length was .go to.g5 inch. In the summer 
(August) brood the larva ceased feeding on the eighth day after the third 
moult, spun a button of white silk, suspended on the ninth day, and 
changed to chrysalis on tenth. The larva which I fed in October became 
lethargic 3rd November. On 24th of that month, after a few warm days, 
it was discovered to be active, and had recently passed its third moult. 
It fed at intervals (being kept in a warm room) till the rst of February, 
when it suspended and made-chrysalis on 4th. ; 


On 17th April, 1878, I captured a female Gemma, and obtained a 
number of eggs, from which eight larve reached chrysalis. All these 
were green at third moult, and to maturity, and the chrysalids were green. 


LARVA OF SPRING BROOD, AFTER THIRD MOULT—Color 
bright yellow-green ; the medio-dorsal band dark green; on the sides 
three yellow lines (one sub-dorsal and heavier than the other), and at 
base a yellow raised stripe; tails pink-tipped ; head greenish-white on 
front face and at back, the stripes dark brown, the horns reddish-brown. 
Time from third moult to chrysalis 5 to 6 days. 


CHRYSALIS—Length .52, greatest breadth .14 inch; shape cylin- 
drical, thickest at 6th and 7th segments ; slightly depressed on dorsum 
behind base of mesonotum, which is rounded, rather prominent, carinated ; 
head case truncated, sloping at a low angle from the mesonotum, beveled 


dd THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


at the sides, and ending in two long, three-sided palpi cases, which are 
sharp and divergent, with an angular depression between them ; a cross 
section of one of these cases would give a right angle, the long side a 
little convex ; wing cases flaring on the dorsal side ; color of dorsum and 
the entire abdomen, in the summer and fall examples, sordid yellow-buff, 
the wing, antennee and palpi cases all more yellow ; the surface finely 
streaked with brown, mostly longitudinally and always irregularly ; from 
base of mesonotum to last segment a brown band ; the wing cases show 
an irregular, wavy, brown stripe on the disk and another on the costal 
margin, and each nervule ends in a blackish dot (fig. ¢). 

In the spring brood the chrysalids were from .46 to .50 inch, breadth 
.£4; color blue-green, the dorsum streaked irregularly with paler or 
whitish-green ; the wing cases finely granulated with pale green, and with- 
out any stripe, but the nervules end as in the other form, in blackish dots ; 
there are also two such dots on the inner side of the antennz cases, at 
about half their length ; the outer edge of the wing cases cream color, and 
this is continued along the head and palpi cases ; the keel of mesonotum 
lightly marked by same color. Duration of this stage in May and June 
8 days. 

The attitude of the larva when suspended is peculiar. From last seg- 
ment to 4th the body hangs almost perpendicular, the dorsal side incurved 
and ventral correspondingly curved outward ; the anterior segments are 
bent at a right angle, the head being turned down upon second segment. 
In Sosybcus, the only other species of Ccenonympha whose early stages 
are fully known to me, the attitude of the suspended larva is that of figure 
6. Gemma in its larval stages resembles an Apatura ( Ce/¢’s) more than 
it resembles Sosydzvs. It holds the head bent under so that the horns are 
nearly or quite in the plane with the back. The chrysalis differs 
materially from any Satyrid chrysalis known to me, that is, from Sosydzus, 
Eurytris or Nephele. 

The figures of both larva and chrysalis of Gemma in Boisduval and 
LeConte, Plate 62, are quite wrong, and must have been drawn from some 
other species. The larva figured has no horns, and moreover is round 
headed. Gemma is not uncommon in this region, but I have found it 
restricted to certain localities, in open woods, or near woods, and at the 
proper season I can always find examples by visiting these places. It is 
three brooded, and, as shown above, I have raised each brood from 
the egg. 


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—— T 


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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oe 


I know no other butterfly which moults three times and no more, but 
I have verified the fact in this case repeatedly, keeping the larve in 
separate glasses and watching them through all their changes. I use half 
pint glasses, with tin tops, for all my larvae, except the largest, as the 
Papilios, and for these also in their earlier stages, so that it is easy to 
examine and observe them. No larva moults without an interval of 
abstention from food, and absolute rest for 24 or more hours, and at this 
time the skin over head and second segment becomes white and swollen, 
making it impossible that a moult should be coming on without oppor- 
tunity of knowing it. Nearly all larvee moult four times, but PAzenor alone 
of the Papilios bred by me, moults five times. | Some of the hybernating 
larvee moult but four times, as lVephele and Eurytris, others five times, as 
the large Argynnids. Some Argynnids which have a summer as well as 
winter brood, moult four times in the summer. So do Zhavos and 
Nycteis, but five times in the hybernating brood. _Avchi~pus moults four 
times, as does L. Bachmannz, the species of Limenitis, and Apatura, 
though perhaps A. C/yton in some cases passes five moults in the winter 
brood. It is therefore something quite unusual fora species to be limited 
to three moults only, as in the case of Gemma. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF TABANID®. 


BY C. P. WHITNEY, MILFORD, N. H. 


Chrysops cuclux. 


%. Length 6%-9 m.m. Face and cheeks black, shining, separated 
by yellow pollinose stripes. Frontal callus black, ocellar space blackish 
ferruginous, the yellow pollen between somewhat infuscated.  Palpi 
blackish ferruginous. Antenne: first two joints yellow, the second infus- 
cated ; third black, base fulvous. Thorax and scutellum black with white 
hairs, the usual stripes obsolete. Abdomen black, first two segments with 
a pale yellow lateral spot, seldom attaining the posterior margin of the 
second segment. ‘The posterior segments with white hairs forming cen- 
trally obsolete triangles. Venter black clothed with white hairs. Feet 
black, sometimes tinged with ferruginous, posterior tarsi yellowish at base. 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Wings: root, costal cell, three-fourths of the first basal and the abbre- 
viated cross-band brown. The second basal cell is usually filled as far as 
the first, but more obscurely. ‘There is sometimes a trace of a cloud 
beyond the stigma. ‘The cross-band does not attain the posterior margin 
but crosses the fifth cell, the proximal end of which frequently contains a 
hyaline spot. A halo along the distal margin. 

Seventeen 2. June, Milford, N. H. One 2 in Cambridge Museum. 


This species is near sordédus O. S., but is smaller, lacks the gray pos- 
terior margins of the abdominal segment, the cross-band is more abbre- 
viated and lighter colored, and the second basal cell is farther infuscated. 


Chrysops nigribimbo. 

2. Length 5-6 m.m. Face ferruginous. Callosities and cheeks 
dark brown. Palpi brownish. Antenne black, basal joint yellowish. 
Front cinereous, callus and ocellar space black. Thorax and abdomen 
black, sometimes viridescent, the thoracical lines obsolete. Legs varying 
from black to fulvous ; the front cox, proximal half of front tibia, and 
the base of the four posterior tarsal joints being lighter colored. Wings: 
costal cell and stigma yellowish. Cross-band obsolescent, existing only 
as a brownish-yellow tinge usually vanishing entirely before it reaches the 
posterior margin, which it sometimes does in the fourth cell. First basal 
cell filled with the same tinge as cross-band. Second infuscated at 
extreme base only. Insome examples a faint apical cloud is visible under 
the lens, occupying the extreme distal part of marginal and submarginal 
cells. 

Milford, N. H. Abundant in Pine woods in July. 


Chrysops cursim. 

9. Length 7-8 m.m. Face, cheeks and palpi yeliow. Antenne 
yellow, annulate portion black. Front covered with yellow pollen. 
Frontal callus fulvous margined above with an interrupted black line. 
Space around ocelli black. Thorax greenish-brown with yellowish 
stripes. Scutellum greenish-gray, usually with a transverse fulvous streak. 
Abdomen yellow. Second segment with two oblique oval spots anteriorly 
connate, attaining neither margin. ‘The remaining segments with emar- 
ginate transverse stripes on the anterior portion. In some examples these 
stripes are abbreviated, forming two spots similar to those on the second 
segment and decreasing to the fifth. Venter yellow, apically infuscate. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 37 


Legs yellow, anterior half of front tibize, front tarsi, tips of middle and 
posterior tarsi, extreme tip of posterior femora and distal third of pos- 
terior tibie, black. Wings: costal cell, about one-fourth of first basal, 
. extreme base of second, cross-band, apical spot and a cloud on fifth vein, 
brown. The cross-band is narrowed posteriorly, reaching the margin in 
the fourth cell and barely crossing the vein into the fifth. The apical 
spot is narrow, extending along the costa and filiing the apical third of the 
second submarginal cell. 
Soerres|iuly. 2 Virltotd.. N.- EH: 


Tabanus superyumentarius. 


2. Length 16-19 m.m. Palpi long, slender, gray, thickly beset 
outwardly with short black hairs. Face and cheeks gray, with white pollen 
and hairs. Antenne black, base of joints reddened, upper angle of third 
joint prominent. Front without ocellar tubercle, coarctate anteriorly, gray 
with a central brown spot and brown vertex with black hairs. Callus 
chestnut brown, higher than wide, fusiform above. Eyes naked, uni- 
colorous. Thorax chocolate brown, with white stripes, the middle one 
narrow, geminate, abbreviate. Thorax and scutellum densely clothed 
with white hairs. Humeri and pleure pale carneous with black pile. 
Abdomen tapering, black, with dense appressed glossy hairs. Segments 
3 to 6 faintly margined posteriorly with white, which expands centrally 
into small triangles on the anterior segments by a few white hairs. Venter 
black, whitish pollinose laterally, the segments margined with white and 
with white ciliz. | Legs black, with black hairs, base of tibiz testaceous 
interiorly. Wings tinged with fuliginous. Base, costal cell and stigma 
pale yellow. A faint cloud on divarication of third vein. First posterior 
cell slightly coarctate. 

Two 2. July 4. Milford, N. H. 


Labanus Dodger. 


¢. Length 12-14m. m._ Face and cheeks densely covered with 
light gray pollen and long white hairs. Palpi whitish with white and a 
few black hairs. Antenne pale yellow, third joint black, upper angle 
rounded. Front parallel, gray, no ocellar tubercle, callus dark chestnut 
brown, rectangular, .a little wider than high, and frequently emarginate 
above. A disconnected ovate lanceolate spot above. Eyes pubescent, 
purple, with two parallel green stripes, the upper wider, and wider than 


fo} THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the intermediate space. Thorax brown with broad white stripes. Scu- 
tellum brown with black hairs. |. Abdomen brown with two broad white 
stripes of sub-equal width with the space between. Hind margin of seg- 
ments white. Venter dark, covered with gray pollen, hind margins white. 
Feet yellowish, base of femora and tips of tarsal joints infuscated. Wings 
hyaline, costal cell and stigma pale yellow. Veins brown. First cell open. 

Nine 2 received from Mr. G. M. Dodge, Glencoe, Nebraska, to 
whom the species is affectionately inscribed. 


Tabanus sparus. 


2. Length g-11 m.m.  Palpi yellowish-white with a few short white 
and black hairs. Face gray with white pollen. Antenne fulvous, third 
joint compressed, upper angle obtuse, annulate portion black, short. Eyes 
large, naked, unicolorous, dark green with a purple reflection. Front 
coarctate, gray, no ocellar tubercle. Callus rectangular, a connate line 
above. Thorax brown with light gray stripes. Scutellum concolorous. 
Abdomen dark brown, the segments with white margins, the central tri- 
angles smaller than the oblique lateral ones, which are frequently discon- 
nected from the margin on the posterior segments. Venter dark fulvous, 
black posteriorly, segment margins white. | Legs varying from blackish 
brown to pale yellow, the base of tibia being lightest. Wings hyaline ; 
stigma pale yellow. First cell open. 

Milford, N. H. June and July. Abundant. - One @, Prof. F. G. 
Sanborn, same locality, resembles 2 closely, but the black on abdominal 
dorsum prevails and the tip of venter is darker. 

This species resembles pumilus Macq., but is larger; the spots on 
second segment coalesce with the margin, the eyes are unicolorous, while 
pumilus has two bright green parallel stripes on purple ground. 


PARASITE ON THE COMMON HouseE-FLY.—Prof. Leidy recently stated 
that in examining various common animals of our household, he found a 
thread-worm infesting the house-fly. The worm is from a line to the tenth 
of an inch in length, and lives in the proboscis of the fly. It was found 
in numbers from one to three in about one fly in five. This parasite was 
first discovered by Mr. H. J. Carter, the well-known naturalist, in the 
house-fly of India, who described it as Az/arta muscae.—Sctence-Gossip. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


SCARCITY OF PAPILIONIDZ IN NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 
DeEaR SIR,— 


During the months of July and August last I visited several places in 
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and was everywhere, alike, surprised at 
the scarcity of Papilionide this year. Where last summer there were 
swarms of Arvgynnits aphrodite, Coltas philodice, Nymphalis arthemis, 
nephele, alope and Pieris rape, 1 did not see two dozen examples in all. 
The only arthemis I have seen this year is one obtained from a mature 
larva I picked up on the side-walk near my own residence. I have one 
disippus taken near St. John, July rst. This species I think is rare here 
at any time ; ¢wrnus is also rare. AMelitaeas have been about as abundant 
as usual; Vanessa antiopa much less numerous. The commoner kinds 
of moths which enter our houses at night are remarkably scarce. 

In Nova Scotia I found large numbers of the larve of Cynthia cardui, 
and later here I have seen the imagines very abundant. Auntera is much 
less common. At Parrsboro’, N.S., I found on cultivated grounds several 
young maples quite defoliated by the larve of Orygia leucostigma. A 
careful search failed to discover any on the larch, poplar, willow, moun- 
tain ash and other trees and shrubs which were planted thickly around. 
On the opposite side of the street I saw a small apple tree swarming with 
these caterpillars, but they do not appear to do as much injury to the 
apple as to the maple tree. I suggested to the owner of the apple tree 
that they might be picked off and destroyed before they commenced 
spinning, but he evidently thought it would be too much trouble. There 
will likely be a good crop of these caterpillars next year. 


CaroLinE E. Heuvustis, Carleton, St. John, N. B. 


DEAR SIR,— 


For some two or three years back there has been no little discussion 
of the question, “ What constitutes a genus?” The opinions of many 
of our lepidopterists and others have been given to the gain of us all. We 
each had our opinions before the reading of these articles, but now are 
able intelligently to give a reason for our opinions. And probably the 
majority have been convinced that the creation of genera upon minute 
differences is not only unnatural, but ill-advised and unnecessary. 


40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


But with the Catalogues of Edwards and Strecker before me, and 
after viewing the varying conflict between Messrs. Strecker and Grote, I 
would like to ask ‘‘ What constitutes a species?” There is certainly a 
wide difference of opinion among authors upon the subject, and if we are 
properly, and with profit, to read their articles and study their books, we 
ought to know the basis upon which they work. I am aware there is, 
properly speaking, in nature, no such thing asa species defined by precise 
limits. It is impossible to tell where variety leaves off and species 
begins, and where one species ceases to be one, and becomes two. But 
when a person becomes (by the fact that he gives a “‘ Check List” or a 
“Catalogue” to the public) a professed systematist, we, “the public,” have 
some right to the ideas of truth upon which their work is based. Apart 
from right, however, I am sure information on this subject will be of gen- 
eral interest and profit. May I therefore ask our friends to “rise and 
explain ? ” Very truly yours, 


Geo. D. Hutst, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


DeEAR SIR,— 


The paper by Mr. Robert M. Grey in your January number is of great 
interest. In it Mr. Grey takes the ground that the four Eastern so-called 
“species” of Zemenitis are plastic forms of an original species modified 
by the environment and with essentially differing ranges in latitude and 
vertical height. |The intermediary individuals which bear out this state- 
ment, and Mr. Grey’s experience in collecting the different forms, are 
important witnesses to the truth of his discovery. I wish to point out the 
fact that, in experiments in breeding these different forms, we may not 
expect to rear all four from one brood of larve, as a proof of Mr. Grey’s 
correctness. These forms of Lemenzt’s stand evidently in an intermediate 
position between varieties and species. We may expect, indeed, more or 
less reversion to be made clear by breeding experiments with them. But 
we may suppose that these forms, either from climatic or other influences, 
are partially crystallized. This seems to be inferable from their greater 
distinctness, more intense than in the cases selected from European 
butterflies by Weismann and shown in Papilio Ajax by Edwards. Experi- 
ments will doubtless allow us to arrive at some conclusion respecting the 
oldest of the forms, which may prove to be arthemis. 


A. R. Grore, Buffalo, N. Y. 


Che Canadian Entomologist, 


VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1879. No:..3 


INSECT -POWDER. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


The Insect Powders of commerce are the powdered flowers of different 
species of Pyrvethrum. Those of Pyrethrum carneum and roseum were 
introduced some thirty years ago under the name of Persian Insect Pow- 
der, and subsequently those of Pyrethrum cineraria folium, a native of 
Dalmatia, Austria, as Dalmatian Insect Powder. Both the Persian and 
Dalmatian powders are good insecticides, but the latter is much the more 
energetic in its action and hence commands a higher price ; indeed, it is 
so much preferred that it is gradually driving the so-called Persian powder 
out of the market. The fact of the flowers of P. vosewm being less active 
than those of P. cénerarie folium, has been accounted for on the ground 
that the single flowers are much more powerful than the double ones, and 
that the double flowers occur in P. vosewm in much larger proportion than 
in the other species. The flowers, either whole or powdered, preserve 
their activity for a long period. A recent European experimenter states 
that he could not perceive any particular loss of activity in samples which 
had been kept for six years. The fresh (undried) flowers act very slowly 
as compared with the same dried and powdered, and the plant itself pow- 
dered is quite inactive. It is singular that while there are many other 
composite plants closely related to the genus Pyzethrum, as yet this 
peculiar property has been found only in plants belonging to this genus, 
and even within this limit there are several species whose value as insecti- 
cides is very slight. A large number of Composife indigenous to Austria 
have been tested and found to be of no value in this respect. ‘The 
flowers of ‘Tansy ( Zanacetum vulgare) are said to have a slight stupefying 
effect. 


aN 
bo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The Pyrethrums are hardy plants which bloom abundantly the second 
year from seed. ‘The powder is prepared from the half-opened flowers 
gathered during dry weather and dried in the shade under cover, but the 
process of gathering, drying and preparing involves so. much time that 
their culture can only be made profitable where labor is cheap. 

Insect powders have not attracted general attention as insecticides 
until within the last three or four years, during which time they have been 
introduced in various forms in packages and boxes, accompanied by suit- 
able blowers or insect guns for the purpose of properly distributing the 
powder, and recommended for the destruction of flies, cockroaches, fleas, 
bugs, &c. Sometimes these prepared articles have been artificially 
colored so as to disguise their source, but all have owed their activity 
solely to the presence of the powdered flowers of one or other of these 
Pyrethruns. 

House flies are very sensitive to the effects of these powders. A few 
puffs of the dust from an insect gun, blown into the air of a room with 
the doors closed, the discharges directed towards those parts where flies 
are congregated, will stupefy and kill them within a very short time. The 
powder is somewhat pungent, and to breathe an atmosphere charged with 
it will frequently cause a slight sneezing, but beyond this the operator 
need not anticipate any annoyance. Frequently during the past summer, 
when flies have been troublesome, we have pretty thoroughly charged the 
air in our dining-room and kitchen at night, closing the doors, and in the 
morning found all, or nearly all, the flies lying dead on the floors. A few 
minutes after its use they begin to drop on their backs, and after a very 
short time die ; if a room be closed for half an hour after using the pow- 
der, few, if any, will escape. By some this energetic action has been 
attributed to the presence of a volatile oil in the flowers, by other and 
later investigators to a peculiar crystalline principle believed to be an 
alkaloid ; but this point does not as yet seem to be fully settled. 

More recently we have been experimenting with this powder on the 
green Aphis which troubles our green-house plants. The usual plan of 
smoking with tobacco is an unpleasant remedy, and is also very injurious 
to many plants of delicate constitution, whereas the insect powder used 
to any extent is perfectly harmless to plant-life. After freely charging the 
air of a green-house with the powder, blowing it in fine clouds of dust 
among the plants, the tiny tormentors who are busily engaged in sucking 
the life out of the leaves and tender shoots, soon manifest symptoms of 


— 


SES 


Lt ay ee al 


™~[ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 


uneasiness and begin to drop from the plants to the ground, and in the 
course of an hour or two the larger portion of the enemy’s forces will be 
found lying sprawling on the earth in the pots or on the shelves and floor 
of the house, where, probably partly from the stupefying effects of the 
powder and partly from their natural inability to find their way to any 
given point, they fail to reach the plants again and hence perish. By 
applying the powder freely in the evening and giving the plants a thorough 
syringing in the morning, they may in the worst cases be almost freed from 
Aphides by a single application ; it is better, however, to repeat its use 
the next evening, so as to make sure work. The powder does not appear 
to kill this Aphis as it does the flies. For the purpose of testing this 
point we placed a number of them in an open glass cell of a microscope 
slide and powdered them thoroughly, and found some of them alive after 
two days of such severe exposure to its influence. Having recently 
found a plant literally swarming with the green Aphis, so that the sight 
of it was almost disgusting, we submitted it to the action of this powder 
one afternoon, having previously spread a large piece of white paper 
under the plant so that the effect of the powder on the insects might be 
distinctly seen. Almost immediately they began to fall on the paper, and 
in less than ten minutes a hundred or more of them were lying on their 
backs or crawling sluggishly about. In the course of half an hour some 
four or five hundred had fallen on the paper, and when the plant was 
examined again the following morning, there remained but very few on 
it, and most of these were removed by a slight syringing. We have had 
the powder used in green-houses by some of our friends, who also report 
its success. This matter is well worthy the attention of all those who 
indulge in window gardening or who grow plants in small conservatories 
attached to dwellings, since if this proves an efficient and economical 
substitute for tobacco smoke, it will save much annoyance and some loss. 
Success will necessarily depend on the quality of the material used, but 
after the experiments we have tried, we feel confident that with good Dal- 
matian powder there need be no failure. It will be interesting to learn 
as opportunity offers how moths and other insects will be affected by: the 
use of insect powders. If the beautiful specimens which sometimes fly 
into our rooms at night can be drugged in this way and captured without 
a struggle, we may add many a perfect specimen to our collections which 
would otherwise be more or less defaced. ‘There is quite a field for 
experiment here. 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE CLOVER-SEED FLY—A NEW INSECT PEST. 
BY J. A. LINTNER, N. Y. STATE MUSEUM NAT. HIST., ALBANY. 


In the summer of 1877, my attention was called to some “ worms” 
which had been discovered in the heads of red clover ( 7rifolium pra- 
tense), and were said to be preying upon the seeds. They were found to 
be minute maggot-like creatures, hidden within the seed-pods and entirely 
destroying the seeds which they attacked. Numbers of them were sub- 
sequently detected in the examination of heads of clover taken from 
several localities in the vicinity of Albany, and in Warren County, N. Y. 
I was unable at the time to refer the insect to any described species, or 
to find any record of a similar depredation on clover seeds in this country 
or in Europe. . 

The following season, additional examples of infested clover heads 
were submitted to me, which had been sent from Mr. George W. Hoff- 
man, President of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, from Elmira, N. Y. 
A number of the larvae were obtained from these heads, and their careful 
examination enabled me to refer them to the Cecidomyide—of a species 
probably closely related to the well-known wheat-midge, Cecidomyia 
destructor. Several of the larvee were preserved in alcohol, and the larger 
number placed in a pot of damp sand, in which they speedily buried 
themselves for their transformation. ‘The perfect fly has not yet made its 
appearance, but it is hoped that the final change will soon take place and 
the specimens be secured. 


At the recent Annual Meeting of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, 
in this city, in January last, in a paper presented to the Society, on some 
Injurious Insects observed during the past year, I gave an account of this 
new depredator upon an important crop, and described its larva, as 
follows : 


Cecidomyia trifolit, n. sp.—Head subacute, subtriangular, slightly 
rounded laterally on its posterior half, giving that portion a subquadrang- 
~ular form ; a short cylindrical horny? process at its tip, and two longer 
antennal processes, cylindrical, tapering apically. Body elliptical, mod- 
erately constricted at the joints, flattened on the sides, rather rounded 
behind, delicately shagreened, laterally at about the middle of each seg- 
ment, a short fleshy papilliform process, with two short bristles of unequal 


—— ee, 


ea Se et a 


— 


‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


length near the posterior of the segment ; posterior segment bilobed, each 
lobe armed with two short fleshy ? processes, of which the outer is the 
longer ;, “ breast-bone” of a pale yellowish color, its projecting end 
divided into two rather blunt, laterally rounded, points. A dorsal row 
of processes similar to the lateral ones is suspected, but was not definitely 
made out. Color of the living larve, pinkish, approaching orange ; 
length, 0.08 of an inch. 

The reading of the paper elicited the information that the insect had 
committed serious depredation upon clover-seed in Tompkins, Seneca 
and other counties in Western New York, during the past year. In 
Seneca County, fields of ciover which had been kept for seed, proved to 
be not worth the cutting. It was also stated that a worm similar to those 
in the heads had been discovered preying upon the roots, but these are 
probably the same larvee, which having matured, had left the heads for 
their pupation in the ground, where the Cecidomyide larve frequently 
remain unaltered for a considerable length of time. 


The extent of the ravages throughout our country of this newly dis- 
covered insect, which promises to be of considerable economic import- 
ance, will be an interesting subject of inquiry for the ensuing summer ; 
and the interesting question also arises, now that its hidden covert has 
been detected, will the species also be discovered in Europe, whence the 
red clover was introduced in this country. 


A NEW SPECIES OF ARCTIA. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


_ Arctia rectilinea, n. sp. 

Average length, 2, .50; %,.55 of aninch: Expanse of wings, ¢, 
1.30; $, 1.50 inches. Head reddish flesh color, or in some lighter ; 
eyes and palpi black ; antennz dark brown or brown black. _‘Prothorax 
and thorax the same color as the head, the first with two, the second with 
three longitudinal black lines, those on the thorax with the following 
arrangement : one dorsal and the other two on the tegulea. Abdomen 
bright scarlet, the dorsum either a broad black stripe dentate on the 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sides, or broken up into a series of oval black spots, one to each seg- 
ment ; a row of black spots at the sides. 

Under side of body: Thorax blackish, a little dark flesh color in the 
middle ; abdomen yellowish flesh color, a row of black spots each side 
of the middle. 

Upper surface: Primaries black, marked as follows: with the same 
shade of flesh color as on the head and thorax ; all the veins, the costa | 
and hind or inner margin, a line running from the base of the wing to the 
end of the third median veinule, that may be called the sub-discal line, 
and three transverse lines that extend from the costa to this sub-discal 
line. The first or inner of these transverse lines is nearly in the middle 
of the wing, the second crossing the wing obliquely at the end of the 
discal cell ; these two straight ; the third pursues a zigzag course, starting 
on the costa between the second and apex, extends to near the base of 
fringe between the second and third disco-cellular veinules, makes an 
acute angle and joins the second transverse at the juncture of the first and 
second median veinules with the median vein ; from this it extends to the 
end of the sub-discal line. Secondaries bright scarlet with a narrow outer 
and costal border of black, and a discal spot and three large spots of the 
same near the outer border. Of these the middle of the three spots is 
free, but the discal and the first and third of the outer are usually blended 
with the border. 

Under side: Both primaries and secondaries marked as above, but the 
light on the primaries is more tinged with scarlet, while the scarlet of the 


secondaries is not so_ bright. 

Described from two males and two females. ‘These were taken in 
connection with Avctia Nats Dru., and like that, seems to be double . 
brooded. ‘The first, a female, was taken May 27th of the past season ; : 
the rest, one male Sept. 15th, and one male and one female Sept. 25th. I 
have also seen one specimen captured by another person. 


NOTES FROM WOLLASTON, MASS. 
BY F. H. SPRAGUE. 


During the season of 1878 I have found at this place, situated within 
two miles of the limits of Boston, some species of butterflies which are 
seldom found in this vicinity. On the 8th of October I obtained a nice 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


specimen of C. ewrytheme, which had probably left the chrysalis but a 
short time before. It was flying in a meadow, in company with great 
numbers of C. philodice. The orange-colored tinge of the wings is lighter 
than on specimens taken farther south. If I am rightly informed, this is 
the first instance of the capture of this species in this vicinity. 


On the 29th of June a specimen of Z. ar¢hemis was taken, and another 


‘July 3rd; both specimens had just emerged from the chrysalis. The 


larvae evidently fed on the Quercus alba, which was very abundant in that 
locality. 

A number of specimens of ‘¥. coenéa have been taken here within the 
last three years, in the month of August or early in September. Coenza 
seems to be rather widely distributed through Massachusetts, and though 
quite rare, I have found it more common in this vicinity than elsewhere. 
This species seems to prefer meadows and lowlands to higher ground, and 
is quite fond of the flowers of the Golden-rod. 


THE TAILS-OF CALLIMORPHA INTERRUPTO- 
MARGINATA ¢@. 


BY C. G. SIEWERS, NEWPORT, KY. 


In a former article in the CaNaDIAN Enromotocisr I menticned a 
large capture of the above moth in July, 1876 and ’77.__ At the first 
taking I ran out of pins, and so had recourse to the time-honored practice 
of squeezing—when, lo! out of the hind segments there 
issued two plumes over an inch long and less than one- 
sixteenth in diameter, so light that the least breath of air 
fluttered them from side to side. ‘They were cut in numerous 
vertical segments and sparsely covered with short hairs, were 
semi-transparent and evidently ais-inflated ; fig. 12 will give 
some idea of their appearance. I noticed also that only those 
that had the anal segment tufted with hair possessed these 

Fig. 12. appendages, they being males, the females having a clean 
terminal segment, and without these organs. 

I mentioned this discovery in letters to several scientists at the time, 
but as it elicited no response, | concluded it was nothing new. On 


48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


reading the interesting articles on the organs of pseudargiolus by Mr. W. 
H. Edwards, I mentioned this matter to him, and he at once proposed to 
test it this season. But the disease that, as I mentioned, had attacked 
the larvee, evidently a species of Muscardine, left few survivors, and but 
five males could be found. ‘These, with some pressed organs, I forwarded 
to Mr. Edwards, who sent them to Dr. Hagen, at Cambridge. 


+ be eit eters 


In a letter from the Doctor, October 15th, he mentions that he was ; 
sure he had seen an account somewhere of similar organs, but from lack 
of time had no opportunity to look it up till then. He found that in 
Psyche, Cambridge, No. 6, October, 1874, Mr. H. K. Morrison has 
described just the same organs in Lewcarctia acrea, and similar ones in 
Agrotis plecta, Euplexia lucipara and Danais erippus. In Psyche, No. 35, 7 
March, 1877, Mr. B. P. Mann read extracts from a letter of Fritz | 
Mueller to Charles Darwin, published in Nature, vol. x., page 102, 


respecting the presence and character of abdominal appendages in several 
glaucoped moths, similar to those described by Mr. Morrison. Dr. 
Hagen adds: ‘The fact is indeed very interesting and new for Ca/- 
fimorpha.” 

In capturing the Ca//¢?morphas, which fly with a heavy darting motion 
but a few yards at a time, it often occured that on coming to the place 
where one had settled, no trace of the moth was to be found, it having 
continued its flight ten or fifteen yards further under the high weeds on 
which the larve feed, Lupatorium ageratoides. These seemed to be 
double flights, but in the summer of 1877, when sugaring at dusk, I was 
accompanied a long distance by a male Calé‘morpha in a steady flight 
among the weeds, either following the light or the odor of sugar, and it 


ee eee ee ee ee ee 


finally lit on the trunk of a tree, where I captured it, very much to my 
surprise when I found what it was. 

It is plain that by the aid of these appendages they are able to make 
a sustained flight in search of females or in escaping pursuit. The tails 
issue from the sides of the segment next the anal, sormewhat underneath, 
slowly on pressure, but collapse instantly when freed, and come out of the 
detached body even on pressing the next segment to them, and on the 
dried males two side tufts of hair can be plainly perceived. They seem 
to furnish the same assistance to flight as the tails of Luna, the Papilios 
and others do. That Agvof’s and other darting moths have similar organs 
is very plausible ; where there is a want, there is a way, in nature; where 
a superfluity, it is dispensed with, like the blind eyes of cave fishes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


DESCRIPTIONS “OF (NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES COL- 
LECTED BY MR. H. K. MORRISON, IN NEVADA, 1878 ; 
ALSO, REMARKS ON SOME ERRORS OF 
SYNONYMY AND ARRANGEMENT. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Argynnis Laura. 
Male.—Expands 2.2 inch. 


Upper side deep red-fulvous, obscured at base of primaries and still 
more at base of secondaries, the ground there being black with a slight 
dusting of fulvous ; the black markings as in the allied species, rather 
heavy, while the nervules of primaries, especially the discoidal, and the 
branches of median,—and on secondaries the branches of sub-costal, are 
widely bordered with black ; the mesial band of secondaries confluent ; 
fringes yellow-buff, black at the ends of the nervules. Under side of 
primaries red-orange at base and along the median nervules ; also within 
the P-shapéd spots of cell; remainder of wing, which includes the outer 
half of cell, and area to apex and hind margin, yellow-buff ; the upper 
marginal lunules more or less silvered, as well as the sub-apical spots ; 
secondaries pale yellow ; the belt between the outer rows of spots broad, 
clear colored, the spots large and well-silvered ; the basal and discal areas 
mottled with delicate ferruginous ; in one example, brown, in some lights 
a little greenish ; the marginal spots broad, rounded, edged with a few 
black scales ; the spots of second row broad ovals, except fourth from 
costa, which is minute, and the seventh on margin, irregularly lunate ; all 
bordered with black anteriorly; the third row consists of either four or 
five spots, the third and fifth sometimes one or both obsolete ; the first on 
costa rounded, the second large, sub-triangular, and fourth sub-lunate ; 
all edged above with black ; in cell a rounded spot, a long oval in sub- 
median interspace, both edged with black ; patches of silver at the top 
of the interspaces at base ; shoulder and abdominal margin well silvered. 


Female.— Expands 2.35 inches. 

Upper side paler over discal area ; the margins edged broadly with 
black ; under side very nearly as in male. 

From 4 ¢, 1 ¢ taken by Mr. Morrison, and 1 f,1 2 formerly sent 
me by Mr. Henry Edwards. . This species may be distinguished by 
the clear yellow belt between the two outer rows of silver spots, which is 


DO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


relatively as broad as in Cyée/e. It is of a deeper fulvous than any except 
Liliana, which it resembles in this respect as well as in size and shape of 
wings. Lz/7ana shows a very narrow belt, so encroached on by tie 
unusually large silver spots as to be reduced more than one-half in 
width. 


Satyrus Paulus. 

Male.—Expands nearly 2 inches. 

Upper side blackish-brown, color of Wephele ; both wings have a faint 
submarginal black line; on primaries two small black ocelli, the upper 
one with white central dot ; fringes brown, on secondaries darker at the 
ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries brown, yellow-tinted, of 
secondaries more decidedly colored by yellow ; both wings have the hind 
margins edged with black, just within which is a parallel black line ; a 
little beyond, a second line or fine stripe, not quite parallel to the margin 
on primaries, and irregularly crenated on secondaries ; across disk of 
primaries a sinuous dark stripe ; the basal half of the wing, above median, 
finely streaked with dark brown; the costal margin sprinkled with same, 
grayish at apex ; the ocelli repeated, but greatly enlarged, with ochraceous 
rings and small white pupils; in one example these ocelli are of nearly 
equal size, but in the othér the lower one is obsolescent, represented by 
a brown dot in a small pale brown spot ; across the disk of secondaries 
an irregularly sinuous and partly angular black stripe, and another less 
distinct near base, the two forming the outlines of a broad band; the 
whole wing streaked and sprinkled with dark brown, but the streaks are 
extremely fine and almost obsolete ; color from base to outer edge of the 
band yellow-brown, but beyond the band clouded with gray ; the ocelli 
are from three to six in the two examples examined, in pairs of three in 
the one case, a tolerably large one forming the middle of each, the others 
minute, one or two obsolescent ; in the other example the ocellus on 
second median interspace is distinct and pupilled, but the other two are 
obsolescent. 


Female.—Expands 2 inches. 

Paler, with the extra-discal area a shade lighter ; on this are the two 
ocelli, the upper one large, with white pupil, the other medium, without 
pupil, each in pale yellow ring. Under side brown, with a yellow tint and 
suffused with whitish-gray, largely over the extra-discal area of each wing ; 
all the markings distinct ; primaries more heavily streaked than in male, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


secondaries very finely streaked; the discal stripe on primaries pretty 
regularly curved, a little convex outwardly, and projecting a spur along 
submedian nervure ; on secondaries this stripe is wavy and crenated, but 
not angular, projecting considerably opposite the cell ; the inner line is 
nearly straight across cell and bends at a right angle towards base in the 
subcostal interspace ; the ocelli of primaries scarcely larger than on upper 
side, and pupilled ; secondaries have the ocelli disposed as in male. 


From 2 ¢,1 2. The species belongs to the Wephele group, and may 
be distinguished, especially in the female, by the hoary under surface, with 
distinct markings. 


Pholisora oricits. 

Male.— Expands t inch. 

Upper side brown, primaries somewhat dusted with gray scales, and 
marked with black ; across the disk a series of long black serrated spots, 
the points reaching nearly to hind margin ; on the upper three of these 
are three. minute white spots, forming a curved demi-band ; a small dull 


_ gray spot on the serration which occupies the upper median interspace, 


and a similar one near inner margin ; across the wing near base a black 
band, also serrated, the upper part only being clearly distinguishable ; 
fringes of primaries brown, with a few white hairs ; of secondaries brown. 
Under side glossy dark brown, a little dusted with gray ; the white spots 
of primaries repeated. 

From a single example. This is near A/pheus, Edw., a New Mexican 
species, but is smaller, and is without the whitish spots on under side of 
secondaries, which are found in that species. A/pheus also is without the 
gray spots on upper side of primaries. 


Argynnis Nevadensis, Edw., But. N. A. PA Ta pl.33: 

This species has long puzzled me, inasmuch as there seemed too much 
discrepancy in size between the sexes as figured, and difference in the 
coloration of the under sides. Except in a few species of Argynnis where 
the coloration throughout differs in the sexes, as Diana, Leto, &c., there 
is a very close resemblance, so that if two sexes of one supposed species 
constantly vary in the coloring of under side, and in the form and size 
of the silver spots, it becomes highly probable that there are two species 
involved. And I am now satisfied that this is the case with what has 
been known as Wevadens/s, since examining the very rich series of examples 


a2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sent me by Mr. Morrison. Here are a score of males corresponding in 
size and coloring of under side with the male of my Plate. Some of 
them are as pale fulvous above, but most are deeper red. With them are 
twelve females, agreeing in size, and of same coloration beneath ; that is, 
both are yellow on secondaries, mottled with green. ‘The males expand 
from 2 in. to 2.3 in., and females from 2.25 to 2.5 inches. On the other 
hand, here is another series corresponding to the female of the Plate, the 
under side brown, with olive tint, on yellow ground. The males expand 
2.5, the females 2.7 and 2.8 inches. I have now no doubt that the 
female figured and described is Covonis Behr, a Californian species, 
abundant in some districts, but sparingly represented in Nevada. In this 
Mr. Henry Edwards agrees. I shall give a Plate of Corvonzs and of the 
true female of Mevadensis in due time. 


A. MontivaGa, Behr, and allies ; and A. Zerene and allies. 


1. Montivaca. Mr. Mead also made large collections in Nevada, in 
1878, all which I have had the opportunity of examining. Among them 
were scores of examples of the smaller species of Argynnis, Group I. 
Mr. Morrison hds also sent me upwards of sixty of these, comprising 
every variation observed by him. I have Dr. Boisduval’s type 
specimens of £g/e’s and Morvmonia, labelled by himself, the word “ type” 
written on each label. I have also well executed and colored figures of 
Dr. Behr’s Argynnids, Nos. 4 and 5, described in Proc. Cal. Acad., 21st 
April, 1862, sent me at that time by Dr. Behr himself. In same Pro- 
ceedings, 1863, Dr. Behr proposed for his No. 4 the name A/ontivaga, but 
No. 5 received no name from him then or afterward. No. 4 (Montivaga) 
was characterized by the light hue of upper surface as compared with most 
of the related species ; under side of hind wings reddish-brown, with a 
few diluted spots, those of the intermediate fascia quadrangular rather 
than oval, and not edged on the marginal side by black. On the other 
hand, No. 5 is stated to be easily recognised by the black bordering of 
the intermediate fascia, their oval not quadrangular shape. In 1864, I 
published a paper entitled “Notes on the Argynnides of California,” 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., in which Dr. Behr’s papers were recited and an 
abstract of them given. In this I said that the author seemed to me to 
have re-named an old species, viz., Astarte Doubl., which appeared to be 
identical with the No. 4, and I transferred the name AZontivaga to No. 5. 
It was afterwards discovered that As¢avte was not an American species, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ne 


and Dr. Behr’s name was therefore not a synonym, but became the right- 
ful species name of No. 4, as he originally imposed it. Mr. Strecker, 
Catalogue, page 114, has recently renamed this species Avge, which of 
course becomes a synonym. For several years, and until Mr. Mead’s 
specimens came to view, I had lost sight of Behr’s No. 4, and any 
examples of it in my collection must have long since disappeared. To 
this unsuspected loss may be attributed the errors upon this sub-group of 
species contained in my Catalogue of 1877. I therein gave 

123. Eurynome, Edw., syn. Astarte, Edw., not Doubl. 

124. MontTivaca, Behr, syn. “g/ezs Bois. 

125. Mormonia, Bois. 

126. IRENE, Bois. I believe /veve to be a good species, but it 
belongs to a distinct sub-group from A/ontivaga and Lg/eis, near to Calippe 

-  Bois., through Zana H. Edw., it appears to me. I have Dr. Boisduval’s 

type specimen of it. It is size of Zgéevs, deep red above ; below the 
spots of hind wings are one-half larger than of g/eis, those of second 
row subquadrangular and buff colored, on red-brown ground; and the 
belt between the two outer rows of spots is narrower than in £g/evs. 
Neither Mr. Mead nor Mr. Morrison found it in Nevada. The series 
of species should therefore run thus : 


IRENE, Bois. 
_  £glets, var. Irene, Bois., 1869. 
Sub-group. 
| 123. EuURYNOME, Edw. 
| 124. MontivaGa, Behr, 1863 ; ‘No. 4,” id., 1862. 
. Astarte, Edw., not Doubl., 1864. 
Arge, Strecker, 1878. 
125. EGLEIS, Bois., 1869. 
2 Mormonia, Bois., 1869. 
Montivaga, Edw., not Behr, 1864. 


The No. 5 of Behr is Zg/e7s Bois., of which AZormonza is the female, 
as the type specimens show.  Z¢g/ecs is larger than Aontivaga, which last 
is the smallest of this sub-group found in Nevada and California. It is 
deeper fulvous above and on the under side very variable, both in the 
coloration of the ground of secondaries, which varies from buff to yellow, 
more or less mottled over basal and discal areas with dull ferruginous- 
brown, lighter or darker. The spots are well silvered, or very slightly, or 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


not at all, in this last case being of a clear yellow-buff. Sometimes the 
marginal spots are silvered, the others not. Some examples have the 
ground with a reddish tint. But whatever the variation in other respects, 
the spots of second and third rows are heavily edged with black on the 
basal side. ‘The females agree closely with the males in coloration and 
variability. In Mondivaga, the ground of secondaries is red-tinted, the 
basal and discal areas are pretty uniform reddish-brown, light and not 
deep ; the spots are moderately silvered. Ina larger series than I have 
examined probably some examples would be well silvered, some with no 
silver at all. The black edging of the spots is at most very slight indeed, 
often nil, or represented by a few scales only. The females are of same 
expanse of wing and resemble the males in coloration below, the spots 
being well silvered ; but they are paler on upper side, with the spots cor- 
responding to second silvered row, light colored a little like Calippe, as 
Dr. Behr notices in his first paper spoken of. I have three females 
lately received from Plumas Co., Cal., and probably this species has a 
wide range among the mountains. 


2. ZERENE, Bois. In Mr. Strecker’s Catalogue all the above-named 
species, and Riufestris Behr, with a query, are set down under the title 
Zerene, Bois., as varieties thereof (MZontivaga everywhere being called 
Montivago, which is not Behr’s name). Now Zrene, Bois., and Monti- 
cola, Behr, are either forms of one species, or two species so closely 
related that Boisduval’s diagnosis of Zerene, in 1852, covered both of 
them.  /erene has no particular affiliation with Zg?e/s or its allies. It 
belongs to a distinct sub-group. Yet Mr. Strecker places what he 
allows to be two good species between Monticola and Zerene, 
namely, //esperis and Lnornata (which belong naturally to other 
sub-groups), besides two species which are just as certainly good and 
neither especially related to Zerene or to each other, namely, Rhodope 
and Behrensit, but are given as merely varieties of AZonticola. His series 
runs thus: 205, Monricota, var. a. Rhodope, var. b. Behrensit, var. c. 
purpurascens, H. Edw.; 206, HrspeRis; 207, INORNATA; 208, ZERENE, 
var. a. rene, var. b. Mormonia, var. c. Montivaga ?, var. ad. Rupestris ; 
209, EURYNOME; 210, ARGE. Besides that, Zerene and AZonticola are 
either one species or stand together in a natural series ; purpurascens is 
Zerene of Behr (Hydaspe Bois.). 

Dr. Behr, in the paper of 1862, described a species as No. 8, and in 
that of 1863, applied to it the name AZonticola. Ina note under his 


~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5D 


No. 3, Zefo, he says “the diagnosis that Dr. Boisduval gives of Zerene 
certainly comprises two species.” Giving to one of these the name 
Monticola, he leaves Zerene Bois. to the other. The former he charac- 
terizes by the under side of its hind wings being deep brown, approaching 
violet, the latter being cinnamon-colored. All this I set forth in my paper 
of 1864. before referred to. In 1869, Dr. Boisduval, without apparent 
knowledge of what had been done in the matter in this country, in his 
Lep. de la Cal., applied the name //ydasfe to what Behr had specified as 
Zerene, using these explanatory words : “ This Argynnis, of which we have 
seen very few individuals, perhaps may be a local variety of that which 
we have before described under the name of “venue. It is a little 
smaller, its wings are more rounded at summit ; the under side of the hind 
wings is less vinous, with the yellow spots more clear colored and dis- 
tinct. Besides this, the female has the marginal spots always yellow, like 
the others, and never silvered as in the female of Zevene.” I have the 
type specimen of the male of /Zydasfe, sent me by Dr. Boisduval, labelled 
and marked “type.” It is cinnamon-colored and Behr’s Zerene. The 
Zerene figured in But. N. A. has the under side of hind wings ferruginous, 
but in all other respects agrees with Behr’s description and type, and 
was sent me by Dr. Behr as Zeveve. The cinnamon-colored form I was 
unacquainted with till several years after my Plate was published, when I 
received it under the name of purpurascens, H. Edw., var. Edw. But. N. 
A., VI. pl. 32. In this series of examples from Nevada, embracing more 
than 100, taken by Messrs. Mead and Morrison, the ground color of 
hind wings varies from bright to dull cinnamon, ferruginous and brown. 
Some are buff overlaid with diluted ferruginous, including the belt be- 
tween the two outer rows of spots, here and there the sub-color appearing ; 
some have this belt clear buff and the rest of the wing mottled with a 
vinous gray. In some the cinnamon or ferruginous largely covers the 
disk, in others very slightly. Some have the under side of hind wings 
largely melanized. So with the silvering ; some show the spots as clear 
buff, some buff with a few scales of silver. Of Zerenc, I have found no 
male with all spots silvered beyond these few scales, though sometimes 
the marginal row is moderately silvered. The female varies in same man- 
ner, but some examples show more silvering, while others have not a trace 
of it. The typical Afontico/a of Behr is figured in my Vol. 1, pl. 27, and 
appears in these Nevada examples, the ground being vinous-brown, mot- 
tled with clear brown ; the male’without silver. But while the females of 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


precisely same coloration are sometimes quite unsilvered, in other cases 
they are thoroughly silvered on every spot. Variations of the ground 
color show a range from diluted ferruginous to brown, and in many in- 
stances both sexes are equally and well silvered throughout. In both 
Zerene and Monticola every phase of color of under side of hind wings in 
one sex can be matched in the other sex, and I count seven varieties 
which are readily distinguishable ; and where Zerene ends and Monticola 
begins I cannot decide. I am disposed to think, considering that all 
these variations occur in one locality, that the two forms represent one 
species, as Dr. Boisduval surmised. If Zerene type was peculiar to one 
district and AZonticola type to another, I should hold them’ to be two dis- 
tinct species, a/ways bearing in mind that a species ts but a permanent 
variety. Continuing the series of my catalogue, these species would then | 
read thus : . | 

127. HESPERIS, Edw. | 

Sub-group. 
128. ZERENE, Bois., 1852. | 
Var. HypaspPE, Bois., 1869. 
Zerene, Behr, 1862. 
purpurascens, H. Edw., 1876. 
Var. Monrico.a, Behr, 1862. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SPECIES OF AGROTIS, AND TWO 
OF APATELA. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. ° 


Agrotis vocalis, n. Ss. 

S &. This species seems allied to a/balis and /agena. The hind wings 
are whitish ; the fore wings are mixed gray, black and white. The lines 
are black, thick, single, dentate, the subterminal obsolete. A slight black 
basal submedian streak.  Orbicular whitish gray, pear-shaped, lying 
parallel on the cell, tapering outwardly, cell shaded with black, the spot 
edged with black, not quite attaining the inner edge of the reniform, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. if 


which latter is obsolete, its inner curved edge alone visible. Median lines 
propinquitous, recalling in aspect some species of Homohadena. ‘The 
t. p. line is much exserted medially, retiring inwardly to internal margin, 
approaching t. a. line as nearly as at costa. The line is dentate, forming 
points on the veins, followed by pale dots. ‘T. a. line perpendicular, with 
a more prominent subcostal tooth. Median shade visible. Fringes con- 
colorous. Collar gray, tipped with brownish; thorax darker gray. 
Abdomen whitish. Beneath whitish with incomplete line and dots. All 
the tibia armed. Male antenne brush-like ; the hind wings white with 
soiled veins and a faint terminal line. 

Expanse 34 mil. Habitat Colorado. Dr. Bailey. 


Agrotis vernilis, 1. S. - 

g. Antenne sub-serrate, ciliate. This species belongs in appear- 
ance to the Western species, Hol/emant, silens, lagena, albalis* and chorts, 
but the fore tibize appear unarmed. In color it is a darker gray than any 
of its allies, the hind wings evenly grayish fuscous and more obscure. In 
ornamentation it resembles /agena. The lines are obsolete. ‘There is a 
submedian basal black dash. The median lines are indicated by black 
costal shades. The outer (t. p.) line is seen to be rounded over the 
nervules below costa, running well outwardly ; in /agena there is an 
apparent angulation and the line is less outwardly produced. The veins 
_are finely marked in black as in choris. The color is uniformly dark 
mixed gray; the ordinary spots paler. These latter are complete and 
distinct. ‘The reniform is moderate, kidney-shaped, shorter, broader, less 
incised than in /agena, with a faint internal ring, finely edged with black 
more noticeably inwardly. The orbicular is similar in color, elongate, 
oblique, pear-shaped, tapering outwardly to the reniform which it attains ; 
in /agena it lies parallel with the cell and fuses with the reniform, while 
differently shaped. T. p. line indicated by pale venular points. Fringes 
concolorous gray-fuscous. Thorax concolorous with primaries ; a fine 
black line crosses the collar. Beneath fore wings dark, hind wings pale 
fuscous ; a common, transverse, dark, discontinued shade line; discal 
spot small, open on hind wings, luniform on primaries. Hind wings 
darkly irrorate on a whitish ground. 

LExpanse 40 mil. Habitat Colorado. Dr. Bailey. 


* Mr. Hill has recently taken in Lewis Co., N. Y., a specimen indicating an 
Eastern species allied to albalis, 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Apatela distans, n. Ss. 

fq. Allied to A. brumosa ( = verrillii), but distinguishable at sight 
by the narrower wings and in that on primaries the exterior line is much 
further removed towards the base of the wing, while the hind wings are 
whitish. These characters will separate this form, of which two or three 
specimens have come under my notice, from any of the varieties of 
brumosa with certainty. The primaries are more pointed than in its ally ; 
the subterminal space is wider. It is not so bright or varied a gray as 
brumosa ; the markings are very similar, the reniform touches the t. p. line 
on the vein. ‘There is a blackish stain below the basal streak over the 
claviform, else the wing is evenly mixed fuscous gray, without the black 
discal and subterminal shadings of d*wmosa. Hind wings smaller than in 
brumosa, smoky pellucid whitish without marks. Beneath whitish with 
obsolete line. On the primaries above the black streaks inaugurating the 
transverse lines are more equidistant than in érumosa ,; this is especially 
noticeable in that the outer of the two component lines of the t. a. line is 
nearer to the inception of’ the median shade above the orbicular. The 
median space is thus seen to be narrower than in its ally and the orbicular 
appears less isolated. 

Expanse 34 mil. Montreal, Mr. Caulfield. 


Afpatea parallela, n. s. 

ft. This species belongs to the ¢rzfona group which is represented in 
my collection by grisea (= pudorata), tritona and falcula. It differs from 
any of these by the greater evenness of the t. p. line and the row of black 
dots at the base of the fringes of primaries. The hind wings are white, 
allying the moth to gvvsea. Head and collar blackish gray, darker than 
the gray thorax. Sides of the tegule edged with brown. Edge of the 
thorax behind tipped with black scales ; basal abdominal tuft mixed with 
black. Fore wings smooth dark gray. <A fine basal dash to the double 
inner median line, which has a subcostal tooth and is inwardly bent below 
median vein, but else is even. Lines and median shade marked by black 
costal dots. Stigmata concolorous, separate, with faint interior shades, 
ringed with black ; orbicular spherical, reniform of the usual shape. ‘. p. 
line even, double, outer line black and thick, very slightly irregular 
opposite the disc, followed by a faint brown shading, with a black sub- 
median dash crossing subterminal space, but apparently not reaching the 
margin. Fringes finely interlined at base, gray, whitish at tips with a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 


‘distinct series of black dots at base. Hind wings pure white, with a 
faint and narrow terminal line ; fringes white. Beneath grayish white ; 
ornamentation obsolete. Abdomen above whitish gray, below paler. 
Palpi black at the sides, white beneath. 

Expanse 32 mil. Haditat Colorado. 


SPHINX EREMITUS. 
BY THOS. W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE, P. Q. 


This species first came under my notice four years ago. I have met 
with it every year since, have raised it from the larva, and have taken the 
perfect insect at Honeysuckle. I find a drawing of |S. evemztus in No. 13 
of Strecker’s Work on the Lepidoptera, and an account of the larva 
written by Prof. Snow, of Kansas. The account is as follows : 

‘‘ Length 3% inches, greatest thickness .56 in. Head greenish brown 
with distinct white stripe on each side; general color of body pale green, 
with seven oblique lateral white bands ; caudal horn black and in length 
.37 in. It becomes full grown from 21st of September to 15th of Octo- 
ber ; imago appears from May z2oth to June roth. Food plants, Sa/va 
Pitchert Vorrey, and Salvia trichostemmoides Pursh. ‘The larvee were first 
observed by me in October, 1873, in great abundance, and several 
imagines were obtained from them in the following May and June. The 
species 1s double-brooded.” 


My own account of the larva is this: 

Discovered in September, 1874, feeding on Salvia officinalis. Sepia- 
colored—slightly granulated like ‘‘ shagreen ””—having a varnished appear- 
ance. Anal horn black, rather small. The first segments (i. e., those to 
which the pro-legs are attached) horn-colored and semi-transparent, having 
two black shield-shaped biotches upon them, of which the hinder is much larger 
than the former. Pro-legs black. Transverse side-lines whitish, the hind- 
most of them broader than any of the others. Spiracles black. Head 
with two longitudinal whitish lines. 

I have seen, I suppose, thirty of the caterpillars, and this description 
would answer for any one of them. The difference in the body-color of 
the insects described by Prof. Snow and that of those described by 
myself, is no greater, perhaps, than I have met with in the case of indi- 
viduals of S. guinguemaculata. But I do wonder that I have never come 
across any “pale green” specimens, and also chat nothing resembling the 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


shield-like patches, which have been so conspicuous in all the larve I 
have met with, seems to have been noticed by the Professor in the larva he 
describes. The specimens of the perfect insect I have in my cabinet are 
rather smaller,and much darker,than the representation in Strecker’s work. 


NOTES ON THREE SPECIES OF XYLOCOPA. 
"BY W. H. PATTON, WATERBURY, CONN. 

XYLOCOPA MICANS Lepel. 

X, micans Lepel., Hym. i1., 208, f; Smith, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
1874, 297, g ¢. 

X. vidua Lepel., Hym. i., 210, 2. 

X, purpurea Cress., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., iv., 284, 2; Smith, Tr. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, 299, ¢. 

From Mr. L. Heiligbrodt I have received a specimen of X. purpurea, 
and it agrees in all respects with the female of mcans. | Accompanying 
this was a male, evidently of the same species. It agrees perfectly with 
Smith’s description of mzcans 2, presenting only a few slight characters 
not mentioned by him. The length is eleven lines, the sides of the venter 
are blue, the tibiz and the basal joint of the tarsi are more or less tes- 
taceous beneath, and the intermediate and posterior tibia anda part of 
the basal joint of the posterior tarsi are clothed with fulvous pubescence. 

XYLOCOPA VARIPUNCTA, N. sp. 

@. Length 13 lines. Black, with black pubescence; wings dark 
brown, with brassy and coppery reflections ; flagellum beneath, except 
basal joints, piceous. Clypeus with large sparse punctures. the clypeus 
limited above by a smooth slightly elevated ridge ; a tubercle between the 
antenne, a small pit behind each posterior ocellus ; base of the mandibles 
with few punctures and not excavated, labrum with three uneven ridges 
or tubercles. Disk of mesothorax and scutellum above without punc- 
tures, scutellum truncate. Abdomen punctured, the apical margins of the 
segments and the median line on segments three to five without punc- 
tures ; the punctures on segments one and two finer and more numerous 
than those on the following segments. 

Arizona. Two specimens (C. V. Riley). Related to the West Indian 
X. mordax Smith. 

Xynocopa FIMBRIATA Fabr. <A female specimen collected in the 
Yosemite Valley, Cal., by Mr. F. V. McDonald, adds this species to the 
fauna of the United States. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT... APRIL, 1879. No. 4 


THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS. 
BY PROF. E. W. CLAYPOLE, B. A., B. SC. (LONDON) ANTIOCH COLL., OHIO. 


Every effort to render the present hotch-potch of Entomological names 
more correct and elegant is welcome to students of the Natural Sciences 
whose knowledge of the classic tongues is sufficient to render the ear 
sensitive to the grating jargon of many of our so-called Latin terms. I 
was therefore pleased to see Mr. Hulst’s article in a late number of the 
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. He has raised one point that has been little 
noticed, but well deserves attention. 


Having had some experience in the difficulties of scientific termin- 
ology, especially when engaged in drawing up a chapter on the subject for 
Mr. Miller’s Catalogue of North American Fossils, I am induced to send 
a few lines on the subject. 


With almost all Mr. Hulst’s remarks I fully agree. On one point, 
however, I think that to follow out the advice given would lead to very 
great confusion. ‘This would nevertheless be no valid objection were the 
advice tiself beyond all question sound. But the argument supporting it 
appears tome not so. I refer to the following passage: ‘‘ A feminine 
name must not be joined toa masculine noun. It is just the same as 
saying ‘the girl John’ to utter such a combination as A¢c/itaea phaethon” 
(not Phaeton) “ or Danats archippus. We must or ought to write and say 
Melitaea phaethona” (not phaetona) * Danais archifpa, and so on 
through the list.” 


So long is the list of scientific names that would come under con- 
demnation were the sentence here pronounced carried into effect, that it 
is worth while to consider if it is absolutely necessary to enforce so stern 
a decree to the very letter. 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The following are only a few specimens picked almost indiscriminately 
from the docket before the court : 


Eudryas unio, Vespa crabro, 

Chrysophanus Thoe, Thecla Mopsus, 

Attacus mylitta, Telea Polyphemus, 

Satyrus nephele, Scolopendra heros, 

Morpho Menelaus, Cecidomyia destructor, 

oly phemus, Chionobas semidea, 

Limenitis Hephaestion, Ceratomia Amyntor, 

us Mislppus, Agrotis devastator, 


OCs, OCG Onc 

The beautiful goddess of Mt. Washington and Pike’s Peak (C. semidea ) 
would seem less beautiful were she to become a demigod (C. semzdeus ). 
Our old enemy the Hessian Fly ( Cectdomyia destructor) might become 
less injurious if made feminine (C. destructvix). The Hesperians (#1 
Wamsutta, H. Mystic, Hf, Hobomoc) may perhaps be held of either gender, 
being scarcely Latin in any form. We can scarcely afford to dress 
Agamemnon’s brother in female attire and say Aorgho Menelaa ; and 
Polyphema is yet more unendurable either with AZorpho or with Zelea. 
Before committing ourselves to such wholesale changes it is well to con- 
sider if the step is compulsory. 

(1) It would introduce into scientific nomenclature a great number 
of nouns not existing in Latin or any other language, and many of them 
unnecessary. 

In addition to those given above, let us notice the example given by 
Mr. Hulst, AZelitaca phaethon, which he would make Melitaca phaethona. 
The change proposed would not make the new word Latin, for there is 
no reason to suppose that the feminine form of piaethon would have been 
phaethona. Moreover, so far as termination is concerned the word as it 
stands might be considered feminine if necessary, the ending oz being so 
used in that language, as, for example, in Gorgov. 


(2) Some of these words are capable of being explained so as to - 


remove the apparent discrepancy in gender. ‘Take for example Mr. 
Hulst’s second instance, Danis archippus. ‘The specific name being a 
modern coinage, must be judged according to the analogy of similar 
terms in Greek. Applying this test, we find that such compounds usually 
have but one form for both masculine and feminine genders.  PAilepus, 


| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


perhaps the closest analogue of avchippus, is in this condition. We may 
therefore regard the specific name as of both genders, and say D. archippus 
without offending classic taste. 

(3) It is by no means an uncommon practice on the continent of 
Europe, in the Romance languages, to give feminine names to men, and 
vice versa. Any one can find abundant proof of this assertion by looking 
over a list of the Spanish nobility. Even the maker of the well-known 
Eau de Cologne bears the complex name Jean Marie Farina. I do not 
defend the practice ; I only mention its existence. 


(4) In the classic tongues and in those derived from them it is almost 
impossible to avoid the apposition of feminine and masculine nouns in 
consequence of the arbitrary severance of gender and sex. Eutropius 
begins his Roman History by applying to the Roman Emperor the title 
Vestra Tranquillitas. A Spaniard is compelled by his language to use the 
feminine noun when addressing his superior, as ‘‘ Vuestra Eminencta,” or 
even “ Suya Eminencia” to a Cardinal. And though “ Your Majesty” 
and ‘“‘ Her Majesty” may in classic usage accord with Mr. Hulst’s rule 
when applied to Queen Victoria, they must violate it when applied to a 
king. 

(5) It is quite common to find nouns of different genders put in 
apposition by classical Latin authors. For examples see the first Georgic 
of Virgil (Il. 5, 10, 32). In the first quotation all three genders are thus 
placed. And for a yet more conspicuous example see the first ode of 
Horace, containing the well-known words : ‘“‘ Maecenas 0 et praesidium et 
dulce decus meum.” 

(6) Even among the Romans themselves, and in the construction of 
their proper names, the practice of. mingling together masculine and 
feminine words was not uncommon. Besides others, perhaps capable of 
being disputed, we may quote the names of the two Emperors Caius Cesar 
Caligula Augustus, and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla. Both 
these feminine nouns were incorporated into the names unchanged. We 
need only glance down the list of Consuls to see that the practice was 
frequent. L. Licinius Sua was Consul in 107 A. D.; A. Cornelius Pa/ma 
in 109 A. D., and Q. Ninnius /Zasfa in 114 A. D. 


We have therefore abundant classical authority for linking nouns of 
different genders in apposition in the same name, and may therefore, I 
think, without offence, save ourselves the trouble of making so many 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


changes as would otherwise be necessary in our catalogues. On the 
other hand, I quite agree with Mr. Hulst that such combinations are not 
desirable, as they create unnecessary difficulty. A cautious author will 
avoid this as carefully as other dangers in forming a new name, and we 
must all feel indebted to Mr. Hulst for having called attention to this 
little noticed source of error and dispute, that it may be avoided in the 
future. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW PROCTOTRUPIDA AND 
CHRYSIDIDZ. 


BY W. H. PATTON, WATERBURY, CONN. 


PROCTOTRUPES CRENULATUS. 

?.—Length of body 1om.m. Red; eyes, ocelli, antennze (except 
basal joint), sides and apical margin of scutellum, the post-scutellum, 
metathorax, extreme base of abdomen and tip of ovipositor, black ; meso- 
pleura, disk of mesopectus and spiracles of metathorax, piceous ; terminal 
joints of the tarsi fuscous. Clothed with a short pale pubescence, the 
abdomen, except the base and a ventral line, glabrous. Antenne 13- 
jointed, the basal joint robust, partially concealing the second joint, which 
is minute ; joints 3-13 slender. Prothorax and mesothorax with fine 
striations on the pleura, the mesopleura with a smooth convex area ; the 
depression on each side of the scutellum with six distinct ridges, its 
depressed posterior border with short ridges. Post-scutellum depressed 
at the sides, rugose, separated from the metathorax by a distinct cleft. 
Metathorax elongate, evenly rounded, traversed by a median longitudinal 
ridge, on each side of which are oblique wavy ridges forming irregular 
reticulations, on the sides these reticulations becoming more uniform and 
anteriorly becoming finer. Wings yellowish-hyaline, costal nervures and 
stigma piceous, the other nervures testaceous ; no recurrent nervure 
present, radial cell very small, transverse, first cubital cell closed, large, a 
bulla at its tip on the cubital nervure. ‘Trochanters formed of only one © 
distinct joint. Extreme base of the abdomen with distinct ridges ; the 
remainder of the abdomen highly polished and smooth. Ovipositor as 
long as the abdomen. 

One specimen. Connecticut, Oct. 17th. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


In size and in the venation of the wings this species agrees with Say’s 
description of P. caudatus. But Say’s species is ‘‘ pale testaceous,” has 
a “blackish transverse line between the antennz,” and is not stated to 
have the metathorax black. 

Z GONATOPUS CONTORTULUS. 

Length 3.5 m.m. Head testaceous, mandibles and scape of the 
antennz white ; the teeth of the mandibles, second joint of the antennz 
and a line on the scape posteriorly, pale testaceous, remainder of antennee 

:: fuscous. A large fuscous spot on the under side of head and another 
above in front of and including the ocelli; a raised line extending for- 
wards from anterior ocellus to the face. Head transverse, broader than 
thorax or abdomen ; convex beneath, concave behind, above and in front ; 
the mouth prominent; the eyes longitudinally ovate, prominent, not 
reaching the posterior border of the head. Antenne to-jointed, the 
basal joint stout, the second joint more slender and one-half as long as 
the first, the third very slender and equal in length to the first and second 
together, the fourth and following joints slender but gradually becoming 
thicker, the fourth one-half as long as the third, the fifth a little shorter 
than the fourth and a little longer than each of the following joints. 
Thorax and abdomen piceous-black. The thorax slender, binodose. The 
trochanters formed of only one joint. Anterior coxze long and robust, 
pale testaceous with a darker stripe above ; anterior trochanters whitish, 
more slender, clavate ; femora large obclavate, dark testaceous, paler at 
tip ; tibize as long as the femora, and, together with the first tarsal joint, 
pale testaceous ; terminal joints of the tarsi and the chelz whitish. The 
chelz at rest extending back to the tip of the first joint of the tarsus, the 
outer claw pointed and slightly curved at the extremity, the inner 
7 claw more robust, ciliated internally and with a wrench-shaped 
curve at the extremity (as in fig. 13); pulvillus tipped with fuscous. 
The other legs slender, the coxze and the base of femora dilated ; 
testaceous, the coxae, base of femora, tibize above and claw joint 
of tarsi darker. Abdomen ovate, pointed at tip and with a short 
petiole. 
One specimen. Waterbury, Conn. ; taken on herbage a few inches 
above the ground, Aug. 18th. 
This is the first species of the genus discovered in America, the 
Gonatopus ? alatus Cress. (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., iv., 193) evidently belong- 
ing to the genus Dryznus of Walker and Haliday. 


ee ae ee ae 


Fig. 13. 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CLEPTES ALIENA. 

?.—Length 6m.m. Blue-green, the blue tinge more pronounced 
upon the median thoracic piece and the second and third segments of the 
abdomen ; the head golden in front, the flagellum and the tibiae within 
blackish, the tarsi fuscous. Thinly clothed with erect black hairs, the 
disk of the three basal segments of the abdomen glabrous. Wings sub 
hyaline, the principal nervures black. The pointed tip of the abdomen 
piceous, with a golden reflection ; the abdomen polished, very delicately 
punctured. Metathoracic spines moderate, sharp. Discoidal cell com- 
plete, appendiculated, the tip of the appendiculation connected with the 
base of the stigma by a bullar streak, cubital vein beyond the bulla dis- 
tinct ; radiai cell closed indistinctly. Head finely punctured ; thorax 
strongly punctured, disk of mesothorax and scutellum polished and 
sparsely punctured, metathorax reticulated, the upper surface with seven 
longitudinal carinee. 

Como, Wyoming ; S. W. Williston. This is the first species of the 
genus recorded from North America. 


NOTOZUS MARGINATUS. 


Length 5 m.m. ; expanse 8.5 m.m. Dark green with blue and violet 
reflections ; face, vertex of head posteriorly and about ocelli and the disk 
of the mesothorax with a violet reflection ; antennz black, a slight bluish 
reflection on scape ; mandibies beyond the middle pale testaceous, tri- 
dentate at tip, the teeth piceous ; tarsi dull fulvous ; wings pale fuscous, 
hyaline towards the base, nervures and tegulz piceous ; posterior face of 
the thorax and the second segment of the abdomen, particularly at the’ 
base, strongly tinged with blue ; truncation of the third segment black ; 
body beneath light green. | Head with dense but shallow punctures, face 
excavated, delicately aciculated, posterior borders of head sharp. Anterior 
femora angulated beneath ; the punctures of pro- and mesothorax sparse 
upon the disk ; the punctures on scutellum and metathorax large; spine 
on post-scutellum flat, blunt and covered with large discoidal punctures ; 
lateral angles of metathorax sharp. Abdomen very delicately and densely 
punctured, the punctures exceedingly fine on the disk of the first and 
second segments. Apical segment compressed towards the tip, sub- 
carinate above, truncate at the extremity, the sides bisinuate, margined 
by a distinct row of large punctures ; the truncation with no punctures 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


excepting a faintly impressed series just within the delicate raised bound- 
ing line ; an arc of 120° removed from the truncated disk by an emar- 
gination which does not reach the centre. 


Waterbury, Conn., July 27th. 

Slightly larger than Wotozus viridis (Elampus viridis Cress., Proc. 
Ent. Soc. Phila., iv., 103 ; Cuba), and differs in the form of the apex of 
the abdomen. . 


CHRYSIS VERTICALIS. 
Green and dark purple, minute, slender, discal cell obsolete, apex of 
abdomen truncate; length 4 m. m. 


Head and thorax green ; flagellum fuscous,a purple spot about ocelli, 
palpi and tips of the mandibles testaceous, median piece of mesothorax 
purple, post-scutellum tinged with purple, tarsi white, wings hyaline, outer 
border of the tegula and the nervures dark piceous. Abdomen dark 
purple, extreme base of the first segment and sides of the first and second 
segments green, apical margins of the first and second segments and 
a fascia before the foveole and on sides of the third segment 
blue-green. Body beneath light green. Body clothed with white 
, pubescence. Confluently punctured, the punctures on the abdomen finer 

and distinct. Head unusually long, the front being very convex, the 
vertex unusually convex when viewed from before, the eyes prominent 
and suborbicular, the transverse ridge between the eyes and above the 
antennary fossa prominent. Prothorax without median groove, grooves 
of mesothorax distinct; post-scutellum distinct from the metathorax, 
elevated, but not produced into a spine; metathoracic spines sharp, 
__—_— parallel ; discoidal cell of anterior wings obsolete, the radial and sub- 
medial cells as usual. Abdomen with the median sulcus on the basal 
segment distinct, the third segment narrowed towards the apex, which is 
7 truncate and unarmed; the ante-apical series of foveole, consisting of a 
few large confluent punctures, interrupted in the middle. 
| Waterbury, Conn., July 22nd; found entangled in a spider’s web. 
The form of the head in this species is peculiar. 


“ 
Curysis Marti. 
Green, abdomen red, wings hyaline ; length 5 m. m. 
Head and thorax green, with a thin griseous pubescence ; antenne 
black, the basal joints of the flagellum above and the scape green, the 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


latter tinged with coppery in front, ocelli enclosed in a blue spot ; wings 
hyaline, the tegulee and nervures piceous ; anterior tarsi and tips of the 
posterior tarsi blackish, the four posterior tarsi mostly pale testaceous. 
Abdomen dark red, with green and purple reflections, the base of the first 
segment golden-green, venter green with deep red reflections. Head and 
thorax densely and strongly punctured; the depression above the antenn 
well marked, polished; front and vertex convex, no transverse ridge 
between the eyes. Prothorax with a median groove, four distinct grooves 
on the mesoscutum; post scutellum and metathorax evenly rounded 
above. Abdomen densely punctured, the punctures finer than those of 
the thorax, the median line on the second segment distinct, the series of 
foveole on the third segment consisting of twelve deep punctures, the 
median punctures the largest ; secondand third segments of equal length, 
the third segment suddenly narrowed a little beyond the foveole and 
produced in the centre, the tip truncate, of more than one-third the width 
of the segment, not dentate. 


Godbout River, Lower Canada ; Wm. Couper. 
This is the first discovered North American species to which the name 
“ruby-tail”” properly applies. 


COLLECTING ABOUT CHICAGOVEN@xre73: 
BY C. E. WORTHINGTON, CHICAGO, ILL. 


The early appearance of Lepidoptera gave indication of an unusually 
good season for field work, but the cold and wet weather in May and June 
apparently depopulated the woods and fields. Papilios were rare, and 
the Argynnidz that usually fly in clouds above the prairies were con- 
spicuous by their absence. ‘The number of species taken was not much 
reduced, but my notes show a less number of examples in proportion to 
the time given to their pursuit than in any previous season. 

My first capture for the year was an example of Xyplina Bethunei 
G. & R., on March 11th, fresh from pupa. March rath, PAzgalia striga- 
taria and Taeniocampa incerta ; thereafter until May 5th, various species 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 


continued to appear until checked by the cold following that date ; com- 
paratively few specimens were obtained until after August 15th. 


I have followed Mr. Grote’s Check List closely in the following list 
of Noctuide taken. In the majority of cases these were taken at sugar, 
the main exceptions being Cucullias and Plusias. 


In this connection I desire to express my obligations to Mr. Lintner 
and Prof. Grote, who have aided me much. 


Squirrels and mice were troublesome at times about the trees, and 
later in the season timber wolves and some other representatives of the 
best suburban society, names unknown, were attracted, perhaps more by 
the operators than the sugar, but at any rate requiring more attention than 
was compatible with the successful pursuit of Entomology. 


Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides, Agrotis baja,S. V...... ....July 

Gwen P00 soos kates july. “a NALUSpICa Grote...s 2. oes 
Pseudothyatira expultrix, Guen. “ “ — enigrum, Linn. .March-Nov 
Habrosyne scripta, Gosse. . ze “<,, Dicarnea;Guen= >... .= july, 
Raphia abrupta, Grote.. ..... “ *« ~~ subgothica, Haw. .July-Sept 
prem TALEE Gr OLE is orsiaie, «fo 30s s Si iricosawicint, 212. ately Aan: 


Harrissimemna_ sexguttata, Harris herilis, Grote... .. July-Aug 


Mee ear. Ss tre ov PUNE tr plecta; sutane 4.4.7.2 (UNE 
Apatela occidentalis, G. & R.. Aug ~ \ redimicola, Morr «22, 1 
pee MMOL ASG. CR oo. 2s: July oe apitychrous, Grote. =)... July 
“«  lobeliz, Guen...June-Sept ** scandens, Riley... .. . .Aug 
i. = furciera, Guen......-..)uly <> fanralis Grote. ape 
“*  lepusculina, Guen. .. June =f. messona, Harr = ...-:yuly 
ee Amercana, Eatr:s..). July *¢ _velleripennis, Grote.... “ 
caaeee Ovdtdy. GLOte: cadets’: és = venerabilis, Walk.. ... es 
>) shamamelisy Guen...... ““ “«  ypsilon, Rutt.. March-Nov 
ame Vili GLO... «\.'.j.,)UNIC >) SAGA este 4. i 
“  (Eulonche) oblinita, Sm.— *, clandestitia, Ear, "= 
POD Dia cgatsc ies) penne ‘« — pbrunneicollis, Grote.. .July 
Jaspidea lepidula, Grote...... ‘ « ~ alternata, Grote.......Aug 
Microcoelia diphteroides, Guen. ‘‘ Te, CUpigd,: Grote... etm ie 
ene ee ce var. obliter- ‘“¢ (Eurois) prasina, S-V.. “ 
SiclgGhOUCr ae cyte e« June SS es OCCU TAR EAU Dioe n'y. ra x hk 
Agrotis sigmoides, Guen.. ...July Mamestra latex, Guen... ....June 


h aperattenta, Grote... ... “‘ <o adiuncta,. GUEn «.s.- * 


70 THE CANADIAN 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mamestra grandis, Boisd.. «. June 
a Subjuncta, G. a Rese" 
oo CACStINCt, ELM. eee 
** legitima, Grote......May 
ee oe 


lilacina, Harvey.. 
“*  trifolu, Esper.. ....Aug 
“«s detracta, Walk... ..June 
“ lores blogs ee 
a renigera, Steph.. May-Sept 
Dianthoecia meditata, Grote. . June 


3 capsularis, Guen.. “ 
: lustralis, Grote... Aug 
Hadena delicata, Grote.. ....Sept 
- devastatrix, Brace. . June— 
sept. 
ae sputatrix, Grote..June-Sept 
a apamiformis, Guen... Aug 
. arctica, Boisd..june-Sept 
bs vulgivaga, Morr......Aug 
. henicolor, Guen..4.. “ 
RS WUPATIS, Ga, dere aan 
" cariosa, Guen.. .... June 
ss mMactata, eGuen os eave July 
es modica, Guen......June 
ve fractilinea, Grote.. .. ‘ 
“«  (Oligia) versicolor, Grote “ 


Perigea xanthioides, Guen....Sept 
ne staltefacta, Momo. oc. 
Dipterygia scabriuscula, Linn.June 
Hyppa xylinoides, Guen.... “ 
Callopistria mollissima, Walk. . ‘ 
Laphygyma frugiperda, Sm—Abb 
oink date Mone he RED EOC E 
frugiperda, var. obscura, 
Ryley eee Oe DEOGE 
Prodenia commelinz, Sm-Abb..Oct 
«  flavimedia, Harvey... “ 
lineatella, Harvey.... “ 


“e 


oe 


Euplexia lucipara, Linn.. .. .June 

Brotolomia iris, Guen,....... “ 

Nephelodes violans, Guen.. .. Aug 
oe oe 


minians, Guen. . 
Tricholita semiaperta, Morr. . July 
Helotropha reniformis, Grote. . Aug 


. atra, Grote; )- eee 
Gortyna sera, (Gc R. Soe So 
- nictitans, Bkh.. ° 
* » anquacsita, *“G. GR ea" 
inmanis, Guens .1aeanl 
« ~ nitela, Guen... a 
nebris, Guen,....2.. “ 
a cérussata, Grotev: fae. 
Achatodes zeae, Harr.....25.. 
Arzama obliquata, G. & R... .May 
Nonagria sp.?..... ie le 
Heliophila pallens, L... .June-Sept 
‘“¢ Harveyi, Grote.. yi 
“ phragmitidicola, Guen. ‘ 
** adonea, Grote.. .. Aug 


“* commoides, Guen.June-Sept 
‘“ unipuncta, Haw. ..May-Oct 
“ pseudargyria, Guen  “ 
Caradrina miranda, Grote. ...Aug 
Pyrophila pyramidoides, Guen. 
J+ bs bare oes UNe=Ae: 
- glabella, Morr....Aug 
Orthodes infirma, Guen......June 
‘© seynica; Guén.. 
Graphiphora incerta, Hufn. May-J’ne 
: oviduca, Guen... June 
Ceramica picta, Harr.. oe) 
Parastichtis gentilis, Grote....Aug 
Calymnia orina, Guen.:>......July 
Ipomorpha pleonectusa, Grote * 
Orthosia helva, Grote........Aug 
‘*  ferruginoides, Guen.Sep-Nov 


THE CANADIAN 


71 


ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Glaea inulta, Grote... 
Eucirroedia pampina, Guen... 
Xanthia togata, Esper...... 
Scopelosoma Walkeri, Grote 
Scohiopteryx libatrix, L...June-Oct 
Lithophane Bethunei, G. and R. 
teenie, Jo VLA yZOCt 


ce 


ce 


ee laticinerea, Grote..Oct 
Anytus sculptus, Grote.... ..Sept 
Calocampa nupera, Lint...... es 
Lithomia germana, Morr...... “ 
Cucullia asteroides, Guen.... “ 

po Intermedia nopeyer....5, <* 


Adisophanes miscellus, Grote..June 
Crambodes talidiformis, Guen. ‘“ 
Nolaphana malana, Fitch. . 
hare: ZellerixGrote: 22.5%. % 
Aletia argillacea, Hib... .Sept-Oct 
Ingura abrostoloides, Guen... June 
Calpe Canadensis, Beth....../ Aug 
Plusiodonta compressipalpis, Guen. 
SHI SMe eras ery. Woes 
Telesilla cinereola, Guen.. ..June 
Plusia aerea, Hub.. .. Aug-Oct 
=.) scontexta, Grote... st 
‘“« biloba, Steph. .May-Aug-Oct 
SeNVEILWCA, BaD... a. - > «Sept 
pce dyaus; Grote.'..... . .sept-Oct 
“ _ precationis, Guen. . June-Oct 
im. ou, .Guen;).....)..-... Sept-Oct 


iyn |brassicae,- Riley... .:- -1; ~-y 
** oxygramma,Geyer.. ‘ 
** sitnplex, Guen.. ...June-Oct 


Chloridea Rhexiae, Sm.-Abb. ..Oct 

Heliothis phlogophagus, G.&R.Sept 
‘‘  luteitinctus, Grote... “ 
poe pe cube ny HEM cl ys wed 23S 

Heliochilus paradoxus, Grote., ‘ 


Pyrrhia exprimens, Walk. .Aug-Sep 


oe angulata, Grote....... Aug 
Tarache candefacta, Hiib..... June 
ny erastroides, Guen.... “ 
Eustrotia synochitis, G. & RR... “ 
: carneolay Guen...... 041: ie 
“ apICOSa, «Glen rm. = se 
as muscosula, Guen... .. ‘ 


Lithacodia bellicula, Hiib.. .. “ 
Galgula subpartita, Guen..... ‘ 
as hie para, GUuen: 220: ass 
Drasteria erechtea, Cram. .May-Oct 
Euclidea cuspidea, Hub.. “ 
Stictoptera divaricata, Grote.Sep-Oc 
Parthenos nubilis, Hiib.. .... June 
Catocala epione, Drury... state 
desperata, Guen.. ..Sept 
cay, pacetecta “Grote... . Aug 
insolabilis, Guen..June-Sep 
1) Kevetter..Grotesn. +2 silly 


 S_ODSClira, StLeCk. = a. on Aug 
fms TelCt as Walletecec soar es 
os sunijuga, \Walk...< 3. - 
oS eaek DTISCIS#y EXC We acre cise eens 
5, “concumbenss. Walk vases 
so) amatrx, Hub... Sept 
te Calas, GHENG ot rriactages Aug 
-“_coccinata, Grote... .>June 
fF ultronia, Guen.. ic 
i | sparta, ty 2 2) «a OPE 
ape alia, . Aug 
i innubens, ‘‘ ee Se 
ioe cerogama, “ Sie hig 
Sins MeOpRAMa.y .° Sete 
mye SUbiata Grotey ocs..3- = 
(2) platrix. phe ES a 


“« _ palaeogama, Guen.. . 
ih habilis,» Grote..-,s.. “ 


72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
Catocala Clintonii, ‘“ ......Aug Homoptera lunata, Drury..May-Oct 
‘“  polygama, Guen... ..July Ypsia undularis, Drury... ....Aug 
a crataegi, Saund...... “ of ) STOP IOSA, lac <) een eee 
grynea, Cram.... ...Aug Homopyralis tactus, Grote....June 
“  fratercula, G.and R. .July — Pseudoglossa lubricalis, Geyer— 
.  BlAcnhs lw... Anes ee Sie ais ae ne Oar 
aMICa db EM bis ise Epixeuxis aemula, Hiib... “ 
x lmeellay Grotes. cu.“ 7 Americalis, Guen “ 
Panopoda rufimargo, Htib.... ‘  Chytolita morbidalis,  “ June 
: carneicosta, Guen.. “  Zanclognatha laevigata, Grote 
Remigia hexastylus, Harvey...Sept Renia Belfragei, Grote.. ....  “ 
i latipes aetien 1: a en CE ‘“* Jarvalis, St oft come ee 
Celiptera frustulum, Guen....June  Bleptina caradrinalis, Guen.. “ 
Parallelia bistriaria, Hiib...... ‘= Bomolocha abalienalis, Walk. “ 
Erebus odora, Linn..........Aug ‘*(Euhypena) toreuta,Grote ‘ 
Zale horrida, Hiib... ......June ‘“* (Macrhypena) profecta‘* * 
Pheocyma lunifera, Hitib.. .. “ s ‘“* deceptalis, Walk ‘* 
Homoptera edusa, Drury. May-Oct ‘“* perangularis, H’y “ 
bi Saundersu, Beth ‘ Plathypena scabra, Fab. . June-Sept 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


Lithocolletis Scudderella F. & B. 


Knowing this species only by Prof. Frey’s description, I have in pre- 
vious notices treated it as identical with Z. sadicifoliella Cham. But 
among the specimens submitted to me by Dr. Hagen is one of Prof. Frey’s 
Scudderella, and being thus enabled to compare it with sadiccfoliel/a, I find 
that they are sufficiently distinct. 

Scudderella is larger than sadicifoliella, and has the tuft on the vertex 
darker. The ground color of the thorax and fore wings is not very dif- 
ferent in the two species, but sadécéfoliclla usually has the fore wings 
densely dusted with brown. ‘This character can not, however, be relied 
on to distinguish the species, for the dusting is frequently almost or entirely 


Bs 


ee 


ee eee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. is 


wanting. But on the basal part of the costal margin sadscifoliella has a 
white streak, and just behind it another which meets an opposite dorsal 
streak so as to form an angulated fascia ; and this streak and fascia are 
absent in Scudderedla. The other costal streaks are similar in the two 
species, except that in sa/icéfoliclla the last two, placed just before the 
apex, usually cross the wing, becoming fascia. There are other differ- 
ences, but those here indicated are sufficient for the ready distinction of 
the species. 


L. deceptusella, n. sp. 


Among my captured specimens of Z. crategella Clem. I find a speci- 
men of this species which at the time of its capture I regarded only as a 
variety, but which a more attentive examination convinces me is a distinct 
though allied species. The abdomen and two hinder pair of legs are 
wanting, though otherwise the insect is in good condition, and though 
there is but a single specimen, I describe it for the purpose of discrim- 
inating it from crategella. 


- Head, antenne and palpi silvery white, tuft white mixed with saffron, 
much paler than in crategella. Thorax and fore wings very pale golden 
brown—much paler than cratege//a, perhaps more properly described as 
dark reddish saffron. On the fore wings there are four silvery white 
costal streaks like those of crategella in shape and position, but smaller 
and not so distinctly dark margined ; the first is about the middle of the 
wing length, and is dark margined on both sides ; the second is behind it 
and is dark margined only before, as also on the other two, which are in 
the apical part of the wing. ‘The dark margin of the first streak is con- 
tinued along the extreme costa to the base. There is a short and narrow 
white streak on the base of the dorsal margin and a median basal silvery 
white unmargined basal streak which extends nearly to the middle of the 
wing. (In crategella this streak is dark margined on both sides and 
around its apex.) Nearly opposite to, but a little before the first costal 
streak, is a nearly square large dorsal silvery white spot, which extends to 
and becomes confluent with the median basal streak just before the apex 
of the latter. It is directed @ “#//e obliquely backwards and is not at all 
(or but very faintly ?) dark margined ; opposite to the second costal streak 
is a triangular silvery white dorsal spot, larger than the costal spot and 
almost an equilateral triangle. The first of these dorsal spots—the one 
which extends to and is confluent with the median basal streak—is in 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


crategella, and in L. Hageni ¥. & B., represented by a long dorsal streak 
placed immediately behind the apex of the median basal streak, and 
curving to a point near the middle of the wing, dark margined, and not 
confluent with the basal streak. This is the. most striking difference 
between the species except in size (Z. /Tagend is larger than Z. crategella, 
which is larger than this species). In the apical part of the wing is a 
median dark brown streak extending to the apex. In crateged/a this streak 
is much longer, beginning at the first costal streak and connected with 
the dark margin of all the streaks ; in this species it begins behind the 
second costal streak ; and in //agen? it is represented only by a small 
circular apical spot. Ciliae white with.a dark brown hinder marginal line 
at their base ; in this respect it resembles cvatwged/a, while Hagen? has the 
tips of the costal cilia brown and a distinct brown “hook ” radiating 
from the apex through the cilia. In this species and in crategel/a the 
space at the base of the wing between the median and the dorsal basal 
streaks is of the general color, except that the color gradually deepens 
towards the apex, while in /Zagen? the whole dorsal half of the base of 
the wing is white, so that there is no distinction between the median and 
dorsal basal streaks ; the white, however, extends farther along the middle 
of the wing than it does along the dorsal margin. | Hind wings in this 
species pale silvery gray, with cilize of nearly the same hue. Fore legs 
white with the tibia and tarsi marked on their anterior surfaces with red- 
dish saffron. The fourth dorsal streak is small in this species and in 
érategella ; indeed, in the latter it is sometimes obsolete. It is distinct in 
flagent, and I am not sure but that a fifth is also there indicated by its 
small dark margin. ‘This species is nearer to cratege//a than either is to 
FHlagent. ‘The larva of crategella feeds on Crateegus and allied genera ; 
that of //agen7, according to Prof. Frey, on Oak, and from the locality in 
which I took the single specimen of this species I suspect that it also 


feeds on Oak. 

Gracilaria purpuriella Cham. 

This species was originally described from a few bred specimens and 
seemed to be distinct from the European G. stigmatella. But a larger 
collection induces me to believe that on a comparison of specimens they 
will be found to be the same species. 

LYONETIA, 


Four species of this genus have been described in this country—one, 


1 


- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 


L. speculella, by Dr. Clemens, and three, Z. alniella, L. apicistrigella and 
L. gracilella, by me. Of these speculel/a and alniel/a are certainly distinct 
species, and so the others appear to me to be. | But considering the 
amount of variation which is found so commonly in the extent and 
intensity of the fuscous markings of the known species of the genus, and 
the fact that two or more of the fuscous marks may by spreading and con- 
fluence unite into a larger patch, or may surround a white spot, or may 
be connected by streaks, etc., it is not impossible that Z. apécistrigella 
may prove to be a variety of speculella or of gracilella, or even all three 
may prove to be varieties of one species. ‘The truth about this can only 
be satisfactorily determined by breeding them from the larva, and as yet 
alniella, of Colorado, is the only species the larva of which is known. In 
the description of that species I alluded to the range of variation in its 
ornamentation. I have taken in Kentucky two specimens which I incline 
to refer to apictstrigel/a, though they differ somewhat from the typical 
specimens, having the whole fore wings pale fuscous and the markings 
only deeper than the remainder of the wings ; but even these deeper 
markings do not agree accurately with those of typical specimens of the 
species. I have now before me a specimen which I feel bound to refer 


to L. speculella Clem., though not agreeing at all accurately with it; and 


I have also before me a specimen which I refer to gracé/ella, though it 
differs from it to about the same extent that the other specimen differs 
from sfeculella. This specimen (of gvracz/e//a), indeed, seems only to 
differ from Lethocolletis nidificausella Packard (Guide, plate 8, figs. 19 and 
tga) by the absence of the spots and shading on the basal half of the 
dorsal margin of the fore wings, and such a difference in this genus would 
not be of specific value. The figures above referred to leave no doubt 
that widificausella is properly referable to Lyonetia instead of Lithocolletis. 
The mode of pupation there indicated is that of all the known species 
of Lyonetia, and not of any species of Lithocolletis. 

It may be. proper to add that the figure 15¢ doc. cit., given as repre- 
senting the mine of Lethocolletis geminatella, is not like any of the multi- 
tude of known Lethocolledis mines, and may possibly be that of a Lyonetia, 
but is much more probably that of a Wepticula. 


Should gvaci/ed/a prove on breeding it to be identical with ndjicausella, 
the latter name has priority. 


x 
o 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SOME NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDA. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 

Dicopis vitis, n. s. 

Lmago—Length .50 of an inch. Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. Head, 
prothorax and thorax gray, the second tipped a little with light and con- 
taining a fine dark line. Abdomen yellowish gray. Color of primaries 
below a line running from the outside of the basal line on the costa to 
near the hind angle, light gray ; above this line dark gray, with a slight 
smoky tinge. ‘The stigmata, a space along the costa in front of the stig- 
mata, the apical space and the subterminal space one-third of the distance 
from costa to hind margin, the same light gray as the hind or inner part 
of wing, mottled a little with smoky spots. Basal line obsolete except on 
the costa. ‘Ta. line black, double, the inner part very faint, strongly 
but regularly arcuated, the end of claviform connected with it outwardly ; 
from this a brown dash runs to the t. p. line. ‘Transverse shade scarcely 
visible. ‘T. p. line faint, nearly parallel with the outer margin.  Subter- 
minal line scarcely distinguishable save by the dark brown in the terminal 
space. ‘The brown is in the form of shaded points in the middle that run 


to the outer margin. Outer margin light gray. Fringe dark gray inter | 


rupted with white at the ends of the veins. Secondaries grayish white 
with a blackish outer border. 

Laiva—Length when fully grown 1.25 inches. Ground color green, 
marked as follows with greenish white: very faint dorsal line bordered 
each side with a darker shade of green, subdorsal line distinct, stigmatal 
faint, neither of these bordered with darker green. Besides these lines, 
the body is irregularly mottled with small spots of the same greenish 
white color. Head a little smaller than the other segments, of a nearly 
uniform green. 

The chrysalis is subterranean ; the anal end tipped with four bristles, 
two rather stout, the other two about half as long as the first two and 
more slender. ‘The larva was found on a grape vine, upon the leaves of 


which it fed while in confinement. It is single brooded, pupating the © 


last of June and producing the imago in the following March. 
Described from one @. 


Orthosia signata, n. Ss. 


Length .70 of an inch. Expanse of wings 1.50 inches. Color of 
head, prothorax and thorax rich cinnamon brown ; the abdomen the same 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. be 


with a slight rose tint to the long hairs on the basal segments, and a slight 
ochre tint on the posterior part of each segment, the terminal brush a 
dark brownish ochre. Under side of the body the same as the upper, the 
long hairs having the rosy tint. Pvimaries the same color as the thorax, 
marked with darker shades of brown, with a few lighter scales on the 
veins and a few black scales scattered over different parts of the surface. 
Basal, t. a. and t. p. lines moderately distinct, double, composed of brown 
and black scales, in which the black predominates, the included space a 
little lighter than the ground color ; the t. p. line strongly arcuated beyond 
the reniform. Transverse shade prominent below the median vein and 
near the costa. Subterminal line light, running nearly parallel with the 
outer margin, bordered on its inner side with a dark brown that shades 
out towards the t. p. line. Between the subterminal line and the outer 
border is the lightest part of the wing. Orbicular and reniform annulated 
with slightly lighter brown than the ground color, the first somewhat kid- 
ney-shaped, the last with a prominent black spot in its lower part. Second- 
aries blackish brown, not very dark, scarcely lighter at the base. Fringes 
dark reddish brown with- a narrow ochreous stripe at the base. Under 
side a little lighter than above, with a distinct black arcuated line mark- 
ing the outer third of both wings. 


Described from one’ @. 


Fleliothis Ilinoiensis, 1, s. 


Length .45 of an inch. Expanse of wings 1.10 inches. Color of 
head and thorax reddish brown, the dorsal portion of each having a yel- 
lowish cast. The abdomen rather dark nankeen yellow. Under side of 
body a mixture of yellow and reddish brown. rémaries reddish brown, 
being rather more of ared than a brown, with patches of dark ochre 
scales between the stigmata, the reniform and the t. p. line, and below the 
median vein. Basal, t. a. and t. p. lines black, single, the t. a. line with 
a strong outward angle just before reaching the hind margin, the t. p. line 
angulated about the same as in other species of the genus. ‘Transverse 
shade distinct only near the costa and hind margin. Subterminal line 
broken into about nine black spots without shading. The annulations of 
the stigmata indistinct, these spots chiefly marked by a few enclosed black 
scales, portions of the black annulus being seen in places. At the base 
of the wing, on the hind margin, is a small patch of yellow scales similar 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in color to the dorsum of the abdomen. Secondaries the same ground 
color as the fore wings, rather bright, scarcely lighter at base, with an 
indistinct, blackish, subterminal band, partially interrupted in the middle ; 
under side of wings paler than above, with an arcuated black line marking 
the outer third of the wings, not distinct on the secondaries, and a black 
discal dot. 


Described from one 2 taken in Union Co., Illinois. 


OBITUARY. 

Another veteran in the Entomological ranks has passed to his rest. 
Frederick Smith, the renowned English Hymenopterist, is no more ; he 
died on the 16th of February, in the 74th year of his age, from exhaustion 
consequent on a painful and dangerous surgical operation. He was born 
in London, England, in 1805, and in early life was apprenticed to Mr. W. 
B. Cooke, an eminent landscape engraver, where he acquired a very 
thorough knowledge of the engraver’s art, which was of great use to him 
in after life. While stili a young man he became an ardent collector of 
bees and ants, and also devoted some attention to the collecting of 
Coleoptera ; but it was not until 1837 that the first paper frorn his pen 
was published, giving an account of the natural history of one of the Gall 
Flies. From 1842 to the time of his death his publications were very 
numerous and of great value. A+ most industrious man, a painstaking 
and methodical student, and an accurate observer, he has done very much 
to advance our knowledge of the Order in which he especially labored. 
By his death Entomology loses a sincere and talented advocate and an 
earnest votary, and Entomologists will greatly miss a friend who was ever 
ready to impart his knowledge to others. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
DEAR SIR,— 

- To my list of food plants of Saturnia to (CAN. ENT., vol. ix., p. 180) 
I now add the Black Alder (Prinos verticillatus L.) and two species of 
Rubus (RK. villosus Ait., and Canadensis 1.) 

L. W. GoopELL, Amherst, Mass. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


DEAR SIR,— ; 

In recording an article of mine on Jacob Hiibner and his works, pub- 
lished in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the Editor of the Bibliographical 
Record of Psyche criticizes the paper very briefly by saying that my article 
proposed to ‘‘ settle” the matter, but that Idid not meet the principal 
points of my opponents. My paper did not aim to settle the position of 
Jacob Hiibner in entomological literature at all. . That must be left to 
time. What I tried to “settle,” and hope I succeeded in doing, was that 
Dr. Hagen and Mr. W. H. Edwards, in the last named author's criticisms, 
had given the date of Ochsenheimer’s volume incorrectly, had misrepre- 
sented Ochsenheimer by introducing 2 full stop in the middle of one of 
his sentences, and in appealing to Ochsenheimer as a rejection of the 
Tentamen failed to improve their position, for Ochsenheimer adopted 
genera from the Tentamen, such as Agroéis, etc. I think it quite clear 
that, whatever be the ultimate fate of Hubner’s works, it will never do to 
read him out of entomological literature on account of his alleged ill 
success with the men of his time, or in such a manner as Mr. Edwards 
has attempted, or by such erroneous statements. For one I should be 
glad of a settlement in the matter, but it can never be arrived at in the 
manner in which it has been attempted by Mr. Edwards and Mr. 
Strecker. I have fully replied, I think, to their attack in my article afore- 
said and in the preface to my Check List of N. Am. Noctuide. 


But, in any case, I write now to object to the interjectional criticisms 
in the Bibliographical Record of Psyche, rather than to re-open the matter 
of Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. It seems to me that such criti- 
cisms are entirely out of place in a Bibliographical Record, and their 
continuance will seriously impair its value and usefulness. One does not 
look for criticisms in such a place, and, finding them, their impartiality 
becomes at once suspected. In the present case the criticism is essen- 
tially hasty and bad, but, if my friendly advice to avoid such matters in 
future be taken, I think it will not prove entirely unfortunate for the pub- 
lishers of Psyche. Respectfully, 

A. R. Grote, Buffalo, N. Y. 


DEAR SIR,— 


As I did not have the opportunity to correct the proofs of last half of 


my paper in March No., will you allow me to call attention here to some 


80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


errors in printing? Onp. 54, 5th and 4th.line from bottom, read :— 
“Besides that Zerene and Monticola are either one species or stand 
together in a natural series, purpurascens is Zerene of Behr (AHydaspe 
Bois.).” 

On p. 55, erase the reference to Vol. 1, But. N. A., on 22nd line, and 
insert it at the close of the paper, page 56, after purpurascens. The last 
clause will then read :— . 

128. ZERENE, Bois., 1852. 

Var. HypasPE, Bois., 1869. 
Zerene Behr, 1862. 
purpurascens H. Edw., 1876. 
Zerene var., Edw., But. N. A., Vol. 1, pl. 32. 


Yours truly, 
W.-H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. 


DEAR SIR,— 


With infinite mortification, I find that in my article in No. 2 of this 
volume I committed a blunder bad enough to be considered acrime. Will 
you permit me to apologise to you, and correct myself? Papilio brevi- 
cauda is excellent Latin. Papilio brevicaudws, which I would have 
substituted, is a barbarism. I ask such as may have noticed the ludicrous 
error to take the spirit of what was written and pass by the illustration. 
The barbarism is itself an apt illustration that something more than an 
amateur knowledge of a language is necessary in one who would criticise. 

None the less, however, is the principle I urge the true one and a 
necessity. Very truly yours, 


Gro. D. HuL.st, 
Beresford, Volusia Co., Fla., April 8, 1879. 


DeEaR SIR,— 


I beg leave to protest against the publication of such names as appear 
in Mr. Whitney’s recent paper on Tabanidz. I, for one, will never accept 
the description of insects baptised with such names as cuclux, nigribimbo 
and the rest. Very truly yours, 

Epwarp Burcess, Boston, Mass. 


Che Canadtan Entomolonist. 


VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1879. No. 5 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN 
BUTTERFLIES ; ALSO, NOTES UPON CERTAIN SPECIES. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


ARGYNNIS HIPPOLYTA. 
Male.—Expands 2 inches. 


Upper side fulvous, obscured by brown at bases of wings ; the discal 
area of each wing lighter than elsewhere; the black markings rather 
heavy ; the marginal lines more or iess confluent ; the silver spots of 
second row indicated on upper side by oblong spots of a pale color. 


Under side of primaries pale orange-fulyous at base, and in the P- 
shaped spot of cell; also along the branches of median ; rest of wing 
pale buff, except hind margin and apical area, which are ferruginous ; on 
the sub-apical patch two silver spots, and the four or five uppermost sub- 
marginal spots are silvered. 

Secondaries deep ferruginous, very little mottled with buff ; hind mar- 
gin same hue as the disk ; the belt narrow, buff, much dusted with ferru- 
ginous ; all the spots well silvered ; those of outer row small narrow 
crescents, with heavy ferruginous edging to upper side; the spots of 2nd 
and 3rd rows small, each edged on upper side by a few scales of black ; 


a round spot in black ring in cell, an oval in ring below cell; shoulder 
and inner margin silvered. 


Female.—Expands 2.25 inch. 


More obscured at base, otherwise like male ; the basal area of pri- 
maries beneath red-fulvous ; secondaries as in male, but the belt is almost 
lost in ferruginous. 


From 3 ¢ 1 received from Mr. G. M. Dodge,and taken in Oregon, but 
in what exact locality is not known. Another male was received from Mr. 
Henry Edwards, from Northern California. 


OO 
to 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The species equals Zigdets and Lurynome in size, and is distinguished 
readily by the ferruginous under surface. 


ARGYNNIS CHITONE. 

Male.—Expands 2.25 inches. 

Upper side dull fulvous, much obscured by brown at bases of wings ; 
both wings edged by two fine parallel lines, between which are fulvous 
spaces ; the crescent sub-marginal spots and the extra discal rounded 
spots small ; the other markings rather slight. 

Under side of primaries pale yellow-fulvous over basal area and pos- 
terior half of wing, the outer upper part of cell and the apical interspaces 
buff ; the nervules on apical area broadly edged with ferruginous ; the 
patch same color ; the sub-marginal spots buff, with no silver. 

Secondaries light ferruginous, considerably mottled with buff; the belt 
clear buff, broad; hind margin dark brown ; all the spots small and but 
imperfectly silvered; the outer row narrow crescents, with ferruginous 
edging to upper side ; the spots of second row mostly sub-ovate, the first 
three from costa nearly same size, the fifth a broader oval ; all edged 
slightly by black on upper side ; those of third row more heavily edged 
by black ; in cell a round spot in black ring, an oval in ring below ; 
shoulder and inner margin buff. 

Female.—Expands 2.5 inches. 

Nearly same shade as male; the marginal lines more or less confluent 
on primaries. ‘The spots of under side are sometimes well silvered, or 
the marginal only are silvered, the remainder buff, with a few silver 
scales ; in some examples the ground of secondaries is deep ferruginous, 
encroaching much on the belt, and with very little mottling of buff. 

From several examples received from Mr. B. Neumoegen, and taken 
in Southern Utah and Arizona. 


ARGYNNIS Nitocris, Edw., ¢ Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., v., p. 15, 1874. 

In the male this species is bright red-fulvous, the basal area darkened 
by brown. In markings it closely follows Vokom7s male, which it equals 
in expanse of wing, 3 inches. ‘The under side of primaries is cinnamon 
red, at apex ochre-yellow ; of secondaries deep ferruginous, with a broad 
reddish-ochraceous belt ; the spots same size and shape as in okomts. 
For a long time the species was known to me by the single male 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


described, a very fresh and perfect one, taken by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, in 
Arizona. In 1878, I received from Mr. C. E. Aiken, of Colorado 
Springs, several lepidoptera taken by him in Arizona; and among them 
was a second male /V/focris, in bad condition, and a female nearly perfect 
in color. This differs from the male as widely as does the female of 
LVokomis from its male. I give description of it. 


Nitocris, female. Expands 3 inches. 

Upper side blackish brown. Darker than okomis, the black mark- 
ings of disk lost in the dark ground ; the extra discal spots as in female 
Nokomis, being in transverse rows, and of a pale yellow color, the small 
submarginal spots whitish ; the spots of secondaries narrower than in 
most examples of /Vokomis, owing to the broad edging of brown ‘upon 
each nervule ; they are also much dusted with brown, and only on the 
outer part of the spots opposite the cell is the clear buff ground or pale 
yellow ground to be seen. Under side of primaries fiery-red over all the 
wing except the apical area, which is yellow ; the sub-apical patch brown, 
and the nervules on that area are much bordered with brown ; on the 
patch two small silvered spots, and the five or six uppermost marginal 
spots are small and imperfectly silvered. Secondaries have the ground 
of an uniform blackish brown, a little dusted by ferruginous next base and 
along the nervures ; the belt yellow, divided into spots by .the dark ner- 
vules, and the margin of each spot is dusted, so that the clear yellow is 
seen only in the middle; hind margin nearly black with an indistinct 
yellow stripe, broken at the nervules ; the marginal spots small, silvered, 
surrounded by a jet black border ; the other spots shaped as in the male 
and silvered. 

I have recently received a male Argynnis from Dr. Jas. Bailey, of 
Albany, N. Y., much worn and broken, one of three which were taken at 
Elko, Nevada, which seems to me to be no other than Vifocris. It ex- 
pands only 2.75 inches, and the limb of each wing is faded out. But the 
disk retains much of the natural fiery hue, and the markings show that 
the insect belongs to this sub-group. So also with the markings of the 
under side. What became of the other two examples taken Dr. Bailey 
does not know. Apparently the species was much out of its range at Elko. 


PaPitio Barrpi, Edw., ¢. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi., p. 200, 1866. 
I found the example described in a bottle, with cotton, at the Smith- 
sonian, sent I think by Dr. Palmer. It was badly abraded, and the tails 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and antenne wanting. dsut the yellow band was unusually well devel- 
oped, and showed plainly that the species was not Asterias. Afterwards 
by some years both males and females were received among the collections 
made by the several Wheeler Expeditions, mostly in very bad condition. 
Recently Mr. Neumoegen sent me several examples of both sexes, some 
in fresh and beautiful state, and I shall find among them materials for a 
Plate in But. N. A., Part vii. ‘The males differ much in the discal band, 
some showing this to be more than twice its breadth in others. In some the 
spots are close together, forming a continuous band, divided by the ner- 
vules only ; in others there is a wide black space between the spots. All 
have these spots fading gradually out on the basal side, instead of being 
clear.cut ; and on the outer side, or towards hind margin, nearly all on 
primaries are concave, sometimes a few straight, and rarely any of them 
convex. On the under side there is an absence of the fulvous color 
which characterizes all examples of Aséerias, there being at most a slight 
ochreous discoloration on the outer edges of the spots of the band on 
secondaries, and sometimes this is wholly wanting, or is restricted to the 
two or three spots against cell. In fresh examples there is a belt of yel- 
low scales on the black area between the marginal and discal spots of 
primaries, such as is seen in Machaon. The female shows only traces of 
the discal band, sometimes limited to three or four obsolescent spots on 
the upper part of primaries, or perhaps entirely across primaries. In one 
example under view these traces continue across secondaries, but in 
others they are absent. In all, however, there is a large spot of yellow 
more or less dense on costal margin of secondaries. So the spots of the 
marginal row on secondaries seem never to be distinct in the female, and 
often represented by a few scales only. In both sexes there is much 
variation in the extent of the blue clusters on outer limb of secondaries. 
In the original example, male, there is no blue except in a crescent over 
the anal spot; in other males there are slight clusters on the posterior half 
of the wing, and in others they extend quite across, but gradually dimin- 
ish in size towards costa. In the female these clusters are larger and 
more dense, and reach from margin to margin. On the under side the 
discal band is always distinct on secondaries, and considerably more so 
on primaries than appears on upper side. ‘There is a little more of the 
ochreous also on secondaries. 


Mr. Strecker, Cat. page 72, has entered this species as ASTERIAS, var. 
e. UTAHENSIS, NoB., and puts Bardi’, Edw. as a distinct species, but 


q 
7 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3n 


with the remark that if his recollection is right, Bazrdi is very near or 
perhaps same as var. Asteroides (his var. d. of Asterias.) Bairdii and 
Asterias are two distinct and weil marked, though allied species, and my 


- description of the former was explicit enough. So far as yet appears, it 


is restricted to So. Utah and Arizona, but probably will be found in 
Mexico. Asterias is found also in Arizona (as well as Mexico), and I 
received several examples # 9 from the Wheeler Expeditions. They do 
not differ more from the northern form than individuals of a single brood 
(from one laying of eggs) are found to differ in W. Va. Invariably they 
are characterized by deep fulvous spots of under side. 


P. ASTEROIDES, Reakirt, Pr. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., 1866, p. 43; not 
Strecker plate vi. fig. 4, and description. 


Reakirt described this species thus: “ Marked nearly as in Astertas ; 
the inner yellow macular row (i.e. discal band) upon the fore wings ts almost 
obsolete, except the spot upon the inner margin, which is prolonged into a 
dash. Hind wings as in Asterias female, but the blue clouds are reduced to 
small rounded patches; tail not so lonz as in Asterias. Below, a (discal) 
row of large fulvous sagittiform spots on fore wings. Secondaries as mn 
Asterias.” indicate the important part of this description by italics. 
The female was not described, and apparently Mr. Reakirt knew only a 
single male, from Mexico. 


Mr. Strecker figures a female but describes both sexes. The male is 
said to have an inner (discal) band of etght triangular yellow spots, and 
as the contrary is not stated, it is to be inferred that this band is con- 
spicuous, and not obsolete; secondaries a yedlow mesial (discal) band divided 
into seven parts (or spots); blue’ clusters, &c., (which are always 
found in Astertas f); beneath the spots of discal band on primaries fulvous ; 
secondaries same; /az/s like Asterias. Lemale has the discal band of 
primaries a little broader and of same width throughout. His $ § are 
from Costa Rica. Healso says that Reakirt’s type ¢ has the spots of discal 
row of primaries much suffused with black, the last few near costa obso- 
lete or nearly so. Nothing said of the remarkable mention by Reakirt 
that secondaries are like female As/evtas, excepting if the size of the blue 
patches ; which means that the discal band and marginal spots are as in 
Asterias female. 

Plainly here are two different insects described under one name, and 
Sirecker’s Astervoides is not at all that of Reakirt. ‘The insect figured asa 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


female has the markings of a male, something never seen in Asverias 
unless in bi-formed examples, of which for aught I know this may be 
one. If it is not, a good species is wandering without name. ‘The male 
is described as characterized by a single row of seven spots on second- 
aries, the usual (i.e. in Astevias) eighth spot at end of cell being absent. 
Now males of this type are common enough. I have repeatedly raised 
them at Coalburgh from eggs of the normal Asfev7as, and have them from 
many localities, even to Costa Rica. But I have never seen such wings 
attached to a female body. 

I have lately received from Mr, I’. H. Godman two males from Costa 
Rica, marked Asteroides, one of which answers Reakirt’s description very 
closely. It has the discal band of primaries obsolete, represented only by 
little clusters of yellow scales, and extending across the wing. On 
secondaries ¢his band ts partly present, there being a small spot on costa, 
and spots in the four posterior interspaces ; but of these last the one in 
upper median is almost gone. ‘The c/usters of blue are small and round, 
and the tails are shorter than Asterias perceptibly. On the under side the 
spots of discal row are distinct on both wings and as in Asterzas ; also 
they are fulvous. This is in agreement with Reakirt’s type. In Asverias 
female there is often an imperfect row of yellow spots on secondaries, 
varying in fact from a complete row of distinct but small spots, to nil, 
except that the costal spot is always present. “Therefore, when looking at 
the male I have described, Reakirt’s general comparison to female As/erzas 
seems natural. It is in respect of the discal band only, for he calls atten- 
tion to the smallness of the blue clusters, which is a characteristic of 
Asterias #, while in @ they are always very large. | 

The other male from Costa Rica has the discal band on primaries 
absolutely wanting— not even a scale being there—on both surfaces ; the 
marginal spots of both wings are very small. | On secondaries the discal 
band is represented by a minute cluster of yellow scales on costa and in 
three posterior interspaces. On the under side this row is complete, but 
of smaller spots than I ever have seen in Asferias, and they are fulvous. 
The tails are not shorter than in Asterzas. This absence of the discal 
band on both sides of primaries is so remarkable that this example may 
be of a distinct species, especially as there are other points of difference 
from Asterias. But the one I have first described is apparently Reakirt’s 
Asteroides, and there is no evidence that it is a variety of Astervas. ‘Till 
such evidence is produced it should be regarded as a good species. 


—se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


ANTHOCHARIS THoosa, Scudder, 2, Hayden, Bull. iv., p. 257, 1878. 

Male.—Expands from 1.25 to 1.4 inch. 

Upper side white ; primaries have a large orange apical patch, limited 
on basal side by a broad black bar, which extends from costa to inner 
margin ; this is composed in part of the discal bar, which is broader than 
is usual, but there is no break in its course, and either no narrowing below 
the cell, or very little ; and scarcely any difference in texture, the entire 
bar being coarse grained with rough edges ; the margin from upper to 
lower end of the patch edged with brown narrowly, with a serration in 
each interspace. Secondaries have a few black scales on the edge of 
margin at each nervule; on the anterior half of the wing these become 
small clusters, but seem never very distinct. 

Under side of primaries dusted over the apical area and down hind © 
margin to median with brown scales, on a white ground at apex, but 
pinkish ground outside the patch ; this is restricted, hardly half as large 
as on upper side, more yellowish ; the discal spot confined to arc of cell, 
with an angular sinus on outer side. Secondaries white, much covered 
with gray-brown scales (like those of A. ‘w/¢a) disposed in small clusters 
mostly, along the nervures and branches ; these are connected by inter- 
mediate scales near the margin, making a sort of border to the wing. 


Female.—Expands 1.4 inch. 

Upper side white tinted with lemon yellow, deepest on disk of second- 
aries ; the orange patch narrow; the apical and marginal area brown, 
enclosing a chain of yellow spots, which on lower part of margin cut 
through the brown border ; the discal spot broad, blackish, erose on outer 
side, not extending below extremity of arc ; on secondaries clusters of 
scales at ends of all the nervules. Under side scarcely different from 
male. 

From 3 ~ 1 2 sent me by Mr. Neumoegen and taken in Arizona, and 
1 gf from same region by the Wheeler Expedition. 

The single female described by Mr. Scudder was taken at Mokiak 
Pass, Arizona, ‘‘ 20 miles east of St. George ; a pass in mountains between 
St. George and Juniper Mts., in a very broken and rough volcanic 
region.” Scudder. 


ANTHOCHARIS STELLA. 
Male.—Expands 1.4 inch. 
Upper side delicate lemon-yellow; primaries have a large bright 


SS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

orange patch limited on inner side by the discal spot and a stripe im line 
with same, starting from hind margin and narrowing ; sometimes this 
stripe is at first black and dense, but dissolves into separate scales as it 
nears the discal spot, or it is throughout but a long cluster of scales, 
becoming obsolete near the spot ; this last is a narrow, straight and black 
bar, clear cut on inner side, but on outer side usually a little incised, 
widening somewhat on sub-costal and not quite reaching the edge of the 
margin ; apex and hind margin to the stripe narrowly bordered with 
black, with inner edge serrated ; sometimes on the margin this border is 
broken into spots. Secondaries have small clusters of black scales at the 
ends of the nervules, soinetimes wanting ; fringes of primaries yellow, 
very little orange tinted next the margin, a broad black space at end of 
each nervule ; of secondaries yellow, slightly black at nervules. 


Under side pale lemon-yellow ; the apical area a little deeper tinted, 
and pinkish next the patch, all sprinkled with fine spots of grayish-green ; 
the patch restricted, less bright ; the discal spot bisected, the upper part 
being quadrangular, the lower triangular; secondaries have the nervures 
and branches yellow, just at base orange, or varying from: yellow to 
orange; the surface much covered with little patches of grayish-green, 
disposed along the nervures, but extending well into the interspaces. 


Female.—Expands 1.4 inch. 


Deeper colored than the male ; the orange patch not more than half 
the width in male, paler ; the border brown, deeply serrated and having 
on inner side a series of connected yellow spots, serrated without, yellow ; 
at the base of each of these, and partly lying on the orange ground a 
cluster of brown scales ; discal spot as in male ; the under side differing 
from the male only in the depth of yellow. 


Mr. Morrison brought examples of this species from Nevada, 1878, 
and I have seen 12 or 14 of these. I have formerly received the same 
from Lake Tahoe, and other neighboring localities. Mr. Mead took 
about a score at Yo Semite, all which were examined by me. ‘The size is 
that of Reakirtiz and Thoosa. ‘The color unlike either, being lemon-yellow 
in both sexes, whereas Reak:rtii is sordid white in both and Zhoosa white 
in male. The orange patch is brighter and the limiting band.is not con- 
tinuous nor of uniform density as in both these’ species. On the under 
side the color and shape and abundance of the spots on secondaries is 
nearest Zhoosa. In ‘Fulia these are larger, and cover considerably more 


as; ~ ° ary 
at 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


of the surface. ‘wlza is a smaller species than S¢e//a, the male clear 
white. I havea variety of S¢e//a taken by Mr. Morrison, in which all the 
dark markings are faded to the palest ashy-brown tint ; the orange is also 
pale ; on the under side the markings are almost obsolete. 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. TI. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


LITHOCOLLETIS. 


L. argentinotella Clem. 


This species varies in color from very pale golden yellow to reddish 
saffron, and in size from about one-fourth of an inch to about one-third. 
Likewise as to the size and distinctness of the marginal streaks on the 
fore wings and as to the dark margins of these streaks. Sometimes only 
the second dorsal and costal will be dark margined, and these not very 
distinctly ; and sometimes all, including the basal streak, will be dis- 
tinctly dark margined. I add to Dr. Clemens’ description as follows :— 
The tuft on the vertex is white in the centre, saffron on the sides ; abdo- 
men on the upper surface fuscous gray, anal tuft yellowish silvery ; under 
surface and legs silvery white, the anterior surface of the legs marked with 
brown. 


L. triteniaella ce ham. 


I have a male (bred) in which the second fascia does not reach the 
dorsal margin by more than one-fourth of the width of the wing. The 
al. ex. ranges from 14 to ¥% inch. 


L. Bethuneella Cham. 


Sometimes the opposite costal and dorsal spots are confluent, forming 
fascize. At least such is the case with some captured specimens which are 
not otherwise distinguishable from this species, and so also is a single bred 
specimen received some years ago from Miss Murtfeldt. 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


L, Fitchella Clem. 

This species makes a mine on the under side of leaves of various 
species of Oaks, which is scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from the mines 
of L. basistrigela Clem. It is roomy, tentiform, elliptical or nearly cir- 
cular, and pale ochreous yellow. 

Formerly, before I had seen Z. guercttorum Frey & Ball, and trusting 
to the published description of that species, I suggested that it was pro- 
bably identical with /7chel/a. Ihave since then bred it, and though 
they are more closely related than either is to any other known American 
species, yet they are quite distinct. 27¢/chel/a connects argentinotella Clem. 
with guercitorum, though the resemblance of the species is by no means 
close, and it is nearer guercitorum. It is less golden than argentinotella, 
less brownish golden than gwercitorum ; argentinotella has four, guercitorum 
three, and /7¢chel/a two silvery white dorsal streaks ; in all three the first 
dorsal is the largest, but it is much largerin Avtche//a than in argentinotella 
and still larger in guercitorum ; in argentinotel/a this first dorsal is nearly 
triangular, in the other two species its upper or anterior edge is rounded 
and the apex produced backwards so that the posterior edge is concave. 
The mine of guercitorum is larger and of more irregular shape than that 
of Fitchella, which resembles that of avgentinotella, but is larger. Fitchella 
and argentinotetla are of about the same size and smaller than guercitorum. 
There are other differences, and I have only alluded to the most striking. 
In each there are five silvery white costal streaks similarly placed and of 
nearly the same size. Dr. Clemens bred it in Pennsylvania, and I have 
bred it in Kentucky, and bave also received it from Texas. Avrgentinotella 
is very abundant in Kentucky, but guerciforum I have met with only in 
Colorado. 


L. coryliella Cham. 


Either by a slip of the pen or by a typographical error, the name of 


this species is sometimes mis-printed—sometimes coryliella, sometimes ~ 


corylisela. Coryliella is the name intended, though perhaps it is too near 
corylella H. Sce., coryli Nic., and coryifoliella Haw. The statement in the 
original account, Vol. 3, that it ovdy differs from guttijinitella Clem. by 
having one more dorsal streak near the base is too broad. That is the 
most striking difference, but there are others more minute. This dorsal 
streak is there said to be dark margined zwfernally; it should read 
externally, ‘Vhe species mentioned v. 3, p. 166, as mining leaves of Water 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91 


Beech (Carpinus Americana), is this species. In all the specimens, 
whether bred from Hazel, Iron-wood or Water Beech, the fasciz are 
scarcely or not at all curved, but are placed obliquely across the wing and 
are nearest to the base of the wing on the dorsal margin. __I have found 
it more abundant on the Water Beech than on either of the other food 
plants. It, and indeed all the species feeding on these plants, are very 
different from the European species feeding on allied plants and mentioned 
above, and from Carpinicolella. 


L. Clemensella Cham. 


The suggestion elsewhere made that the mine and larva of this species 
in Maple leaves might perhaps be distinguished from those of Z. /ucedz- 
costella Clem., by finding that this species pupates in a cocoon of frass, is 
not supported by the facts. I know of no way in which the species can 
be distinguished in their early stages. 


L. ostryefoliella Clem. 


Dr. Clemens’ description of this species is exceedingly inaccurate, so 
much so that captured specimens would scarcely be recognised init. The 
same is true, likewise, of his description of Z. obscuricostella. Both of 
these species make small tentiform mines on the under side of Ostrya 
leaves. No other species is known to make similar ones in these leaves. 
Bred specimens may therefore be recognised in the descriptions. 


L. juglandiella. 


Dr. Clemens bestowed this name upon a species known to him only 
by the larva. and mine, suggesting that it might not be different from Z. 
caryefolielia Clem. ; and in a former volume I stated that it was carye- 
foliella in my opinion. Since then I have succeeded in rearing the imago, 
and find that we were not in error in this respect. It is caryefoliedla. 
Caryefoliella is a very variable species, as I have stated in Vol. 4, and is 
very difficult to rear, especially from the Walnut-feeding larva. 


L. ornatella Cham. 


I have bred great numbers of this species and find no variation in the 
fascize and marginal streaks, though the ground color of the wings varies 
from those in which the basal portion is maroon brown, as stated in the 
description, to those in which the entire wing (except the dark margins 
of the streaks and fascize) is bright golden. 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


L. trifasciella Haw. 
L. Marieedla Cham., Cin. Quar. Four. Sci., v. 2. 


I am convinced that Marieella is trifasctella, though there appear to 
be some minute differences between them. ‘The latter was not known to 
me when I described the former, and strangely enough, the relationship 
of Symphoricarpus to Lonicera did not suggest to me that the species 
might be the same. I have never yet met with a L7thocolletis mining 
leaves of Honeysuckles, and have not bred this species from Symphort- 
carpus. It was described from specimens bred from Symphoricarpus in .. 
Missour! by Miss Murtfeldt. Z. symphoricarpeclla Cham. is the only 
species that I have bred from that food plant in Kentucky. It is very 
distinct. As stated above, I have never met with any Honeysuckle 
species in the U.S. Prof. Riley, however, informs me that he bred a 
species, most probably ¢rifasczella Haw., from that plant in Illinois, and 
Frey & Ball doubtfully refer an American Honeysuckle species to 
trifasciella, 


L. obscuriwostella Clem. 

L. virgintela Cham. 

In a former Vol. of the Can. Ent. I have mentioned that there is no 
such species as L. virginiella. It was described from a few specimens 
bred from Ostrya leaves. The specimens were a little worn, and owing 
to this, and to the vexy defective character of Dr. Clemens’ description of 
obscuricostella, which I had not then seen, they were supposed to belong 
to a new species, to which I gave the name of zwrginteHla. Since then I 
have seen and have bred numerous specimens of odscuricostella, and recog- 
nise virg?niella as the same species, which probably I should never have 
done by Dr. Clemens’ description. I was also in part led into the error 
by the mines from which 777g7nzella was supposed to come. No mines 
of obscuricostella were observed in the leaves, but there must have been a 
few which escaped notice, and which produced the species. The mines 
which were observed in the leaves, and which were supposed to be those 
from which vrg7nze//a came (no others having been observed in the leaves) 
prove by subsequent experience often repeated to be the mines of ZL. ¢77z- 
teniaella Cham. <A large gathering of these mines produced on that 
occasion nothing, while a few mines of odscuricoste/la in the collection 
which escaped observation produced obscuricostelia, which not being recog- 
nised in Dr. Clemens’ description, and coming apparently from new mines, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


was described as “ Z. virg7niella, n. sp.” The mine is described correctly 


in Vol. 4. 
LEUCANTHIZA. 


L. amphicarpeefoliella Clem. 

L. Saundersella Cham. is the same species. There is probably suffi- 
cient reason for separating it from Lz/hocolletis, though the propriety of so 
doing is not altogether unquestionable. 


BUCCULATRIX. 

B. luteella Cham. 

I have received from Texas (Belfrage) specimens which I refer to this 
species, but as they are all slightly worn, and yet appear rather more 
deeply colored—that is, more of an ochreous yellow—it is barely possible 
that they may belong to another species. 


NEPTICULA. 


LV. serotineella ? Cham. 

A single captured specimen received from Mr. Belfrage, in Texas, 
seems on comparison indistinguishable from this species. Yellowish sil- 
very would perhaps characterize the eye-caps and occiput better than 
golden, as I have described them. Ina series of specimens no material 
difference is found in the width of the fasciz ; the antennz are black and 
the under surface of the body and the legs are dark plumbeous. 


LV. quercicastanella Cham. 


The palpi, eye-caps and occiput are perhaps better described as pale 
ochreous than white. .-The abdomen and under surface of the thorax 
have a decidedly greenish tinge. 


ON A MITE PREYING ON THE ORANGE SCALE INSECT. 
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


About the last of March my friend, Mr. Allen Curtiss, a botanist, 
brought me some Orange twigs infested with the Orange Scale Insect 
(Aspidiotus Gloverit), On examining them with my pocket lens, I was 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


surprised to see numerous small black mites running in and out of the 
scales, and which no doubt prey upon the eggs of the Scale Insect, and 
probably prevents their increase. Since then I have been enabled to ex- 
amine them with a more powerful microscope,and I think they are entirely 
new to science. As far as I can find out, they belong to the family 
Oribatidze Nicolet, and resemble very much Packard’s Wothrus ovivonis. 
I submit the following brief description : 


Oribates ! aspidiott, n. sp. 

Elongated, flattened, narrowing towards head, dark reddish-brown 
color ; abdomen pubescent, with two oval capitate processes, the first in 
centre just back of thorax, the second just below middle of abdomen, 
and both striate; outer edge slightly serrate; four legs, stout, and with 
but one claw curved inwards, with three or four basal hairs. Length 
about .o2 inch. . 


It is easily distinguished by the two oval processes. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF POLIA. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Soctety Natural Sciences. 


In the collection before me are the following species referred to Po/za, 
but in the absence of a series of the European forms I am not clear that 
they are finally to be left in this genus. I have separated under the name 
of Pachypolia atricornis a stout and shaggy species, taken by my friend, 
Mr. Westcott, which has strongly pectinated antennz, a character not 
accorded by Lederer to the European species, but one which is only 
doubtfully of generic value. To distinguish these species from H/adena is 
certainly difficult. They have less prominent, almost obsolete, tuftings, 
and are usually gray in color with admixture of yellowish (fad/ifera) or 
blackish (perguiritata ?, acutissima), or even brown (medialis), and again 
one (diffusilis) is bluish gray, darker than Afpatela americana and 
approaching in tint to Zithophane capax. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 


The new Western species here described agrees with Pachypolia in 
the pectinate antenne of the male, but is much less shaggy and more 
slender. 


In diffusilis the male antenne are brush-like, perhaps sufficiently ser- 
rate to be called pyramidal-toothed (pyramidalzaehnig). Of pallifera I 
have only the female type ; the abdomen is more noticeably tufted than 
in the other species. I am doubtful about my determination of fergur- 
ritata, and it is probable that I do not know any of Mr. Morrison’s species 
of Polia. In medialis the male antennz are bi-pectinate, but the pec- 
tinations are very short. In accutissima the male antennz are also shortly 
bi-pectinate. In Pachypolia atricornis the head is more sunken and the 
male antenne are lengthily bi-pectinate. I do not know at this writing 
either Mr. Morrison’s confragosa or his sfeciosa, and from his descriptions 
do net think that I have seen them. 


I am not certain that the eyes are unlashed in our species, but I can 
not make the lashes out with certainty. Lederer calls the eyes unlashed 
in Hadena, and lashed in Polia. So long as the corporal tuftings are used 
as generic characters we shall -have some uncertainty as to the best position 
of many species belonging to the Hadenoid group, until we have series 
of bred specimens of our species. 


Polia wlepida, n. s. 


g 2. The male antenne are bi-pectinate, ciliate. Thorax with 
inconspicuous tuft in front and behind. Abdomen apparently without 
tufts. Eyes naked, unlashed (?); tibize unarmed. Size rather large ; 
wings elongate. Hind wings of the male white or whitish ; of the female 
gray or smoky ; an even mesial shade band more or less apparent; veins 
a little darker ; a terminal line. Beneath whitish or gray with obsolete 
marks. Tore wings dark gray. Reniform rather large, curved, sometimes 
alittle brighter tinged, pale gray, with an interior darker shading, ringed 
with dark ; orbicular pale gray, spherical, rather small, not constant in 
size, blackish ringed. __ Lines even or very little denticulate, single, more 
or less indistinct and obliterate, except the subterminal, which is blackish, 
jagged, running obliquely inwardly from below apex to between veins 4 
and 5, thence outwardly, and from vein 3 again inwardly to within internal 
angle. ‘IT. p. line followed by a pale gray shade. Fringes of primaries 
gray, paler at base ; a fine dark terminal line and small blackish points. 


9G THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Thorax gray, without marks; abdomen paler, in the female terminating 
somewhat squarely. 

Expanse 40 to 42 mil. //abitat Nevada, Colorado (Dr. Bailey and 
Mr. Graef.) 

Except in the antennze, and possibly the unlashed eyes, this species 
seems to agree with Lederer’s definition of Polia. It is to be recognized 
by the even median lines, the jagged angulated subterminal line, the 
difference in the tint of the hind wings in the sexes, and its effaced and 
inconspicuous ornamentation. 


ON THE LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORYDALUS AND 
CHAULIODES AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF 
CORYDALUS CORNUTUS. 


BY PROF. CHAS.’ Vi. RILEY. 


( Abstract. ) 


The paper relates to the development of one of the most singular and 
interesting of North American insects-—the largest of the Order Neurop- 
tera. In its perfect state this insect is a great, clumsy, nocturnal fly, 
popularly called Hellgrammite, and characterized by the jaws of the male 
being converted into a pair of long, curved, cylindrical and tapering pre- 
hensile organs, like the finger of a grain-cradle. In the larva state it is 
aquatic and much esteemed as fish-bait by fishermen, who call it a 
“crawler,” “dobson,” etc. Indeed, one of the most popular artificial 
fish-baits is a patent india-rubber imitation of it. This larva is very 
peculiar in having in its latter stages three distinct sets of breathing 
organs, viz.: the ordinary spiracles, a lateral series of long, single bron- 
chial filaments, and a ventral series of spongy branchiz, composed of 
numerous branching and tractile filaments. The eggs of this insect are 
laid, to the number of about three thousand, in curious masses on the 
leaves and branches of trees, or upon any other object overhanging 
water, and were first described by Mr. Riley at the Buffalo (1876) meeting 
of the Association. After comparing the eggs with those in the female 
abdomen, and the newly hatched with the mature larva, he felt quite 


—_ ee Se eT 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


certain as to the parentage of the curious eggs. Yet the newly hatched 
larva which he described differed from the mature larva in lacking the 
ventral branchiz, resembling in this respect the mature’ form of another 
aquatic larva of an allied genus ( Chauliodes ), and as some leading ento- 
mologists believed that the eggs described by Mr. Riley might belong to 
this last genus, further evidence as to the real nature of said eggs was 
desirable. |The paper presents this evidence and confirms the previous 
determination. The Covydadus larva is traced through its stages of growth 
and then compared with that of Chawliodes. Several interesting scientific 
facts are brought out. The larva undergoes about six moults. The 
double nature of the thoracic trachez in Corydalus appears in the first 
larval stage, and the branchial nature of the lateral filaments is proved by 
the trachez leading to their tips. The ventral branchiz first appear in the 
second stage (after first moult) and from three main stems each with 
bifurcate or trifurcate filaments. The branching filaments become more 
and more numerous and complex with each moult. The trachez also 
lead more and more strongly to these ventral branchiz and less strongly 
to the lateral ones, with age. The stigmata are obsolete in the first three 
stages and in the fourth are only clearly distinguishable on the four or five 
larger abdominal joints, being still obsolete on the terminal ones. 

The motion of the larva is invariably backwards. When newly 
hatched it moves actively about-in the water by sudden sweeps of the 
abdomen beneath, very much as a lobster is known to do; and even when 
full grown a somewhat similar motion is employed in swimming. __ In the 
water a constant motion of the ventral branchial tufts is kept up, the main 
stem being first moved quickly backward and upward so as to bring the 
whole tuft close to the body, the filaments of which it is composed being 
then closely appressed to each other. The main stem is then brought 
more slowly down in the opposite direction, when the filaments spread 
and enlarge the whole to its utmost. In pure water the motion occurs 
about once a second ; as the water becomes impure the motion becomes 
more rapid, and the larva issues from the water as soon as possible, being 
able to live out of water for several days even when only a few months 
old. Well developed ova are found even in the larva when only two- 
thirds grown. 

The paper gives detailed comparative descriptions of the Corydalus 
and the Chauliodes larve. ‘This last may always be distinguished from 
the former by having a smooth and unarmed skin; that of Coryda/us has 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a skin roughened with granulations and capitate or clavate projections 
(overlooked by previous describers), the little projections being visible 
even in the first stage, at which time they are less capitate. The Chaw- 
Ziodes larva has the last pair of spiracles on the tips of a pair of contractile 
filaments described as setee by Walsh, who failed to apprehend their real 
nature and wrongly described the Chawliodes larva as having one pair of 
spiracles less and. one abdominal joint less than that of Corydalus, 
whereas both larvae have the same number of joints and spiracles, and 
both possess the rudimentary mesothoracic spiracle, which Mr. Riley finds 
more common in insects than is generally supposed. In other structural 
respects, as well as in habits and transformations, the two larvee greatiy 
resemble each other. The eggs of Chauliodes have a longer tubercle or 
stem on the top, and are not covered with white albuminous material as 
are those of Corydalis. Mr. Riley has obtained large additional numbers 
of the egg masses of the latter during the past summer, finding them not only 
on the leaves as described in his former paper, but on the stems of differ- 
ent trees, as well as on rocks overhanging water. He has had as many 
as twenty egg masses on a single maple leaf, both sides of the leaf being 
completely plastered up by them ; and as a large number of these masses 
will generally be found in some one particular locality, or on a few 
branches of the same tree, the assumption is that the females congregate 
for purposes of oviposition. The white, albuminous substance covering 
these eggs shows by analysis that it has all the physical properties of wax. 


How bo CRICKETS PRODUCE THEIR SouND ?—I have frequently tried 
to find out how crickets produce their well-known chirrup ; but only on 
one occasion did I succeed in inducing a cricket to exercise itself in that 
direction, they having apparently a great objection to “ 
On the occasion I refer to, I put two crickets—a pair—under a tumbler, 
whereupon the male immediately raised its elytra and shuffled them 
together, producing a noise which would be best represented by the word 
‘“shilly.” It repeated this several times with its head towards the female, 
who probably considered herself insulted, for she literally clawed his face 
with one of her hind feet, supplementing this action with a sudden and 
violent kick, and from that time the male took no more notice of her.— 
F. P. B., in Science Gossip. 


sing” in captivity. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 


OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB. 


We are glad to learn that the Naturalists resident in Ottawa have 
organized under the above heading, with the avowed object of paying 
special attention to the Natural History of the Ottawa District. The 
Club is under the patronage of His Excellency the Governor-General, and 
has an efficient staff of officers; among them we observe the names of 
two of our esteemed contributors, J. Fletcher and W. H. Harrington, both 
enthusiastic Entomologists, and we are pleased to see Entomology so well 
represented in this connection. It is intended to have occasional excur- 
sions during the summer, and evening meetings during the winter for the 
pursuit and discussion of Natural History subjects. Already the Club 
has had one very successful excursion, the party numbering in all, ladies 
and gentlemen, about forty. We should like to see such clubs organized 
in every city in our Dominion. There is a growing fondness for this 
interesting study, especially among our young people, and a little stimulus 
of this sort would materially aid in developing it. 


PERSONAL, 


A WELL-MERITED Honor.—We learn with much pleasure that our 
eminent American Coleopterist, Dr. John L. LeConte, of Philadelphia, 
has been elected an honorary member of the Société Entomologique de 
France. The honorary membership in this Society being limited to 
tweive, and the only other representatives of the English speaking races 
being Darwin and Westwood, we feel that a high compliment has been 
paid to American Entomologists by this selection, and a deserved appre- 
ciation shown of the unceasing efforts of this distinguished author in his 
endeavors to promote the interests of Entomological Science. 


Mr. Bb. Neumoegen, of New York, an enthusiastic Lepidopterist, is 
anxious to obtain as large an amount of material as possible in his 
department from the northern portions of America, and will be glad to 
hear from any one who will collect for him in any part of British North 
America, especially in the north-west, and in the Island of Anticosti. Mr. 
Neumoegen’s address is P. O. Box 2,581, New York. 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dr. Henri de Saussure, of Geneva, Switzerland, wishes to procure 
specimens of a small parasite found on the Beaver, and which, he says, is 
only to be obtained in Canada. It is the Platypsyllus castor. We trust 
that some of our readers may have an opportunity of procuring specimens 
of this insect, either from hunters or from the dry skins in commerce, in 
which dead specimens may. occasionally be found. They may be preserved 
in a small bottle with a little brandy. 


CORRESPON DENCE. 
DeEaR Srr,— 

Dr. Sharp writes me that he finds among our American Graphoderes 
Jascicollis Harris, considered by Crotch as the European czwereus, several 
distinct species. | Now this form is not uncommon at the North, though 
both Dr. Horn and myself have very insufficient sets. Could you ask 
some of our Canadian friends to send me all their specimens for exam- 
ination? I will return named sets, @//, if desired, but would like to keep 
two or three specimens for Dr. Horn and myself. This form has a very 
wide distribution through Canada to Hudson Bay Territory and Cali- 
fornia, and I would like to see as many as can be brought together. 

Joun L. LeConte, M. D., Philadelphia. 
DEAR SIR,— 

I enclose the wing cf a moth which I left with some other choice 
specimens on my setting-boards while I was absent in Nova Scotia last 
summer. I thought they were safe enough for three weeks, but you may 
imagine my dismay when I found on my return a number of Dervmestes 
larvee rioting on my insects. Some were quite destroyed. I at once 
cleared them off, smeared the boards with tallow and replaced the insects 
which remained. ‘The larve I placed in paste-board boxes. In one I 
put a bit of tallow, and in the other some worthless specimens. — Before 
twenty-four hours the former had eaten a hole through the box and 
escaped, and the others matured, passed through the pupa state and in 
due time became beetles. By this experiment I have made “ assurance 
doubly sure.” Respectfully yours, 

CAROLINE E, Heustis, St. John, N. B. 


[The wing enclosed is that of Pheosia rimosa Packard.—Ep. C. E. | 


we 


The Canadian Entomolodist. 


VOU. oct. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1879. No. 6 


DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF PHYCIODES 
NYCPEIS. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc— Ovoidal, narrowing above, the base rounded, summit depressed ; 
the lower third smooth; nearly a second third marked by irregularly 
hexagonal, very shallow cells ; and the remainder by vertical ribs, slightly 
raised, terminating at the rim of summit ; color whitish-green. Duration 
of this stage 9 to 13 days. 

Younc Larya—Length .06 inch; cylindrical, each segment well 
rounded ; color green, translucent ; over the surface many hairs ; head 
ob-ovoid, bilobed, the vertices rounded ; color dark brown. Duration 
of this stage in June 10 days, in July 8. 


Arrer Frrst Mouttr—Length .18 to .20 inch; color smoky-brown, 
semitranslucent, the under side greenish ; armed.with seven rows, one 
dorsal and three lateral on either side, of stout, fleshy, tapering black 
spines, each surrounded by many short black bristling hairs ; over feet a 
row of minute similar spines, and on segment 2 a dorsal collar of small 
spines ; head black, ob-ovoid, high, the vertices rounded, covered more 
or less with black hairs. To next moult, in June 3 days, in case of the 
larvee which proceeded to maturity ; in july, 3 to 4 days. 

AFTER SECOND Moutt—-Length .24 inch; color black-brown, the 
spines longer in proportion, with broad bases, all shining black ; under 
side greenish-brown ; head as at last stage. ‘lo next moult, in June 4 to 
5 days; in July 4. 

AFTER THtrp Moutr—Length .34 inch ; color black-brown ; under 
side smoky-brown ; at base there sometimes appears a broken yellow 
stripe or narrow band, dotted with whitish, but most often the yellow is 
wanting and the color of the ground is dull green ; behind the dorsal row 
of spines are a few blue dots, arranged in two cross lines ; spines long, 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stout at base, their tubercles shining black and meeting ; head rather 
cordate, flattened in front, the vertices rounded ;_ black, shining ; the sur- 
face much covered with black hairs. To next and last moult, in June and 


July, 3 days. 

AFTER FourtH Moutt—Length .50 inch, color and spines as before, 
but the band more definite. The larva grows rapidly and in three days 
reaches maturity. 

Mature Larva—Length 1 inch; cylindrical, slender ; color black- 
brown, the under side greenish-brown ; along the base a broad band, 
usually of dull green, with a yellow stripe in the line of lower lateral 
spines, and a macular yellow line running with the spiracles; in some 
cases this band is wholly of ochre-yellow, or reddish-yellow ; the dorsum 
and sides much dotted with white, coarseiy and irregularly on the side, 
but finely and mostly in regular transverse lines on dorsum ; the basal 
band much dotted and spotted with yellowish, and these marks are found 
also upon the under side ; spiracles black, round, in yellow rings, around 
each a circle of yellow dots, and between each pair irregular clusters of 
yellow dots and small spots ; body furnished with seven rows of long, 
tapering black spines, one dorsal, three lateral on each side, each arising 
from shining black tubercles, except those of the lower lateral row, which 
have greenish or yellow tubercles, and each bristling with short, black 
hairs ; those of third segment somewhat porrected ; on second a dorsal 
collar of similar but smaller, bristling spines ; legs black, pro-legs yellow- 
brown ; head cordate, vertices high and rounded, the front flattened; color 
shining black ; much covered with black papilla, from which spring black 
hairs. Duration of this stage 3 to 5 days. 


This is the history of such of the larvae as proceed to chrysalis and 
imago the same season in which the eggs are laid, whatever may be the 
brood of the year. But a portion of every brood, and of the larvee from 
every laying of eggs, so far as experiment shows, behave quite differently, 
and become lethargic and so pass the winter. The proportion of hyber- 
nators in the June brood in this district (i. e., the first brood of the year 
from egg) is about as 1 to 2, those which do not hybernate passing four 
moults and reaching the imago in July. But after the first moult of the 
brood is passed, a change takes place in the hybernators, and their devel- 
opment and growth is retarded, so that when the regulars are passing their 
third moult, these have but reached their second. And instead of being .24 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


inch long, black and with black spines and bristles, as the regulars were at 
their second moult, these are smaller, .22 inch in length, and russet in color, 
body, spines and bristles. After the moult, either not having fed at all, or 
but little, they gather in a cluster on a leaf or on the cover of the glass in 
which they are kept, and within twenty-four hours shrink to the length of 
.16 inch, and are broader in proportion than at first after the moult. This 
shrinking brings the bristles together so that the appearance is that of a 
brush, none of the skin being visible except under a magnifyer. In the 
second brood of the season from egg, the hybernators are about as 2 to 
1, and in the last brood of the year all hybernate. 


Immediately after arousing from lethargy in the spring the larve pre- 
pare for a moult, and this takes place either before: any food has been 
eaten, or very little. On moving, the larva resumes its normal shape, 
becoming narrower and longer than when asleep, but still only .20 inch 
long. After the moult it is.22 inch, very nearly or quite what it was 
when the second moult took place in the fall. | Color now black-brown, 
and the resemblance is close to the summer larvee at second moult. — Fol- 
lowing a single larva in its changes, the second moult after hybernation 
took place 14 days after the first ; length now .40 inch, and color and 
markings as in third summer moult. The next and last moult, or third 
after hybernation, took place four days after the preceding one, the weather 
having suddenly turned warm; length .60 inch. _ Eight days after the 
larva was in chrysalis. The mature larva measured one inch and resem- 
bled in all respects the summer larva at same stage. Other larvee varied 
much in all their stages, as I shall presently show. 


CurysaLis—Length .6, greatest breadth .18 inch. Similar in shape 
to Phaeton ; cylindrical ; abdomen stout, mesonotum rounded, moderately 
prominent, the intervening depression slight; head-case short, narrow, 
nearly square at top; on abdomen five rows of conical tubercles, two of 
them extending to mesonotum ; the coloration varies extremely ; some 
examples are wholly greenish-yellow, others pink-brown, others  gray- 
brown ; and usually in these there are but few dark markings, some 
patches of brown about head-case and mesonotum, and on wing-cases ; 
the latter showing two parallel rows of brown dots along hind margins ; 
the tubercles orange, each having a brown spot on its anterior side ; others 
are brown streaked and spotted with black, and perhaps with more or less 
sordid white; and many, especially of the summer broods, are very 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


melanic, black over dorsal area and wing-cases, and black varied with 
brown on ventral side. Duration of this stage 7 to ro days. 

I have raised many broods of /Vycfe’s the past five years, but only this 
season (1878) have I been able to assure myself fully of its peculiarities. 
Upwards of 50 larvee were carried through last winter, and by separating 
them into small lots and regularly noting the changes in each, it was made 
certain that three moults occur after hybernation, instead of two as in 
Tharos. And treating the larvee of the June brood with the same care, 
the complete winter and summer history is manifest. Of 92 larvee from 
one lot of eggs laid 28th May, and all which passed their first moult about 
18th June, 56 proceeded to second moult about 21st June, and third 
moult about 26th, and so on to chrysalis. But 36 lingered after the first 
moult, and 32 of them assumed the russet hybernating coat, before 
described, at second moult, while the remaining 4 came up then in black 
coats like the larger part of the brood, and slowly proceeded to chrysalis, 
which they reached many days after the others. These 4 seemed to have 
had a tendency to join the hybernators which was somehow counteracted, 
but they proceeded with a hesitancy at every stage till they reached 
chrysalis. The shrinking of the hybernators I have spoken of. These 
are now resting, some of them in the folds of a dried leaf, others on the 
tin cover of the glass they fed in, gathered in a close cluster, and if kept 
through the summer in a moderately cool place, and in the winter 
in a cool and dry one, will be apt to survive till next spring.* 

Of the larve which I had alive last winter, most awoke 15th and 
16th February, on being brought into a warm room, and moved about. 
Some fed a little and then rested for their first spring moult, which took 
place shortly after. Others passed this moult without feeding, for no food 
was given them. Others remained motionless, or if aroused, went to 
sleep again, and though subject to the same temperature and treatment as 
the active ones, did not pass their first moult till early in April, that is, 
fully six weeks after some of the others. Four larve of this drowsy lot 
passed their first moult 7th April, fed for a day or two very sparingly and 
dropped to sleep again. On 8th of May one of these began to feed once 


/ 

* As the printing of this paper has been delayed nearly a year, I am able to add 
(June 1, 1879) that such of these larve as rested on the tin survived the winter with no 
loss, but those in the leaves all died. I have several times noticed that a cool metal 
surface protects the larve better than leaves, which are apt to become damp with changes 
in the weather, and mould, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 105 


more, and passed its second spring moult roth May. On 16th inst. two 
more waked up and passed their second moult 22nd inst., and then went 
on through the remaining stages without farther delay and reached chry- 
salis 1st and 3rd June, and butterfly 13th and 14th, or two months after 
the first chrysalids of the brood had given butterflies. The first examples 
of /Vycteis seen in the fields this year were on 20th May. 


Several of this lot of chrysalids I put in the ice box, temp. 33° Far., 
time of exposure 12 to 18 days. Most were killed by the process, but 
three gave butterflies. ‘They were not altered in color, and I had no 
especial reason for supposing they would be, as the species is not season- 
ally dimorphic, but I thought it probable the colors might be made to 
run, as in case of Zharos chrysalids exposed to similar degree of cold, in 
1877. 

Nycters here feeds on Actinomeris squarrosa, but will eat Aster, though 
it prefers the other plant decidedly. I tied 4 $ ina bag upon Actino- 
meris, and as many on Aster the same day. ‘The former gave at once 
three batches of eggs, but the others had laid none in 24 hours. I then 
transferred these to Actinomeris, and before night two of them laid. But 
I have nevertheless obtained eggs on Aster and raised the larve 
exclusively on this plant. The change in the food produced no difference 
on the larval coloring. In New York this species feeds on wild sunflower. 
There are three annual broods in this district—the first being in May and 
June, of which about one-third the larvae hybernated ; the second in mid- 
summer, of which about two-thirds the larvee hybernated, and the third in 
autumn, all the larvze hybernating. 


August 1, 1878. 


CAT LURES OF NOCTUIDA. AT. CLYDE, WAYNE, CO., ‘N.Y. 
BY W. L. DEVEREAUX, RESIDENT. 


It is hoped the following list of Noctuz, taken principally at bait, will 
prove of some interest to readers of the Can, ENT, although it is not a 
complete exposé of the fauna of this locality, having been compiled from 
but two years’ catches—’75 and ’76. During the season of ’75 the 
weather was very favorable for sugaring, as there were always two or three 


106 TILE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


nights out of a week in which the baits were swarming with moths, from 
May to October, but baiting was not followed very steadily or thoroughly. 
Collecting was pursued steadily during ’77 from May to August ; five or 
six nights out of each week the baits were regularly attended, but after 
August 2oth sugaring was nearly discontinued. Not’a single night hap- 
pened after this when moths were on the wing or found at bait, caused by 
the cold and dry weather. Thus tle richest part of the season produced 
but very little during 77. Many species that were quite common in ’75 
were not seen at all in ’76. ‘The average number of baits each night was 
twenty-five, on trees in an apple orchard and vineyard. 


Only the date of the first or earliest observation of each moth’s 
appearance is affixed to each species, as most remain about a month ; 
where they are known to occur longer the length of time is stated. 


Lacinia cymatophoroides. June 20; not plenty at sugar. 

“expultrix. June 14; unfrequent at sugar. 
Acronycta acericola. June 14 ; common at sugar. 

oe superans, June 8; not uncommon at sugar. 
noctivaga, June 10; not plenty at sugar, 
brumosa, June 6; common at sugar. 
occidentalis. June 6; common at sugar. 
lobeliae. June 11 ; common at sugar. 
connecta. July 15 ; one taken at sugar. 
hamamelis. June 13; rare at sugar. 
vinnula. June 20; not common at sugar. 
Bryophila corticosa. June 16; scarce at sugar. . 
Microcoelia diphteroides. June 15 ; common at light and sugar. 
fragilis. July 29; one taken at sugar. 

Moma fallax. June 8; rare at sugar. 
Agrotis clandestina. June 15; very plenty at light and sugar. 

““ -amputator. July 17; common at sugar. 
augur. June 26; common at sugar. 
alternata. August 20 ; not common at sugar. 
subgothica. July 21; common at sugar. 
cnigrum. June 16 toSeptember ; common at sugar. 
bicarnea. September 1; one taken at sugar. 
‘“¢ suffusa. June 16 to October ; common at sugar. 
sigmoides. June 20 ; common at sugar. 


(79 


oe 


“ec 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 


Agrotis plecta. July 29; rare at sugar. 
7 Baja. july 25 ; rare, at Sugar. 
“ herbida. June 24 ; scarce at sugar. 
Mamestra subjuncta. June 17 ; not uncommon at sugar. 


of legitima., July 22; rare at sugar. 
55 herbimaculata. July 28 ; rare at sugar. 
% atlantica. July ; not uncommon at sugar. 


Hadena rurea. June 14; common at sugar. 
“vulgaris. June to ; common at sugar. 
“  finitima. June 7; common at sugar. 
“« —lignicolora. June 17 ; common at sugar. 
“«  devastator. June 20; very plenty at sugar. 
“arctica. June 15 to October ; common at light and sugar. 
“‘sputator. June rg: common at sugar. 
= lateriter. july 21 > rare’ at Sugar: 
‘¢ impulsa. June.15; rare at sugar. 
« delicata. June 17; rare at sugar. 
“« -verbascoides. June 12; not common at sugar. 
« modica. . July 13 ; rare at sugar. 
“ _ xylinoides. June 12 ; common; second brood in August. 
Dipterygia pinastri. June 17 ; not common at sugar. 
Perigea luxa. July 22; scarce at sugar. 
Callopistria mollissima. June ro ; scarce at sugar. 
Euplexia lucipara. June 7; frequent at sugar and at blooms of Petunias. 
Brotolomia iris. June 21; scarce at rest and sugar. 
Nephelodes minians. September 1 ; scarce at sugar. 
Helotropha reniformis. July 24; scarce at sugar. 
Hydroecia nictitans (with white spot). July 23 ; at sugar. 


oe var. lucens (without white spot). July 17 ; common at sugar 
and in daytime on \ylooms of Milkweed ( Asclepias cornutt ). 

“ lorea. June 12; common at sugar. 

aad sera. June 18; plenty at sugar. 


Leucania pallens. June 14; not plenty at sugar. 
«« _phragmitidicola. June 17 ; not common at sugar. 
« _pseudargyria. June 9; uncommon at sugar. 
“ —commoides. June 28 ; one taken in grass. 
« adonea. June 30; one specimen at sugar. 
‘¢ —-unipuncta. June 28; plenty at sugar. 


LOS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Amphipyra pyramidoides. July 21; common at light and sugar. 
cb tragopoginis. July 18; scarce at sugar. 
Ceramica picta. Bred from larvee found on Spearmint in autumn. 
‘Taeniocampa incerta. June 10; scarce at sugar. 
Orthodes infirma. June 24; uncommon at sugar. — 
Orthosia helva. July 31; scarce at sugar. 
ps ferruginoides. August 20; scarce at sugar. 
Cirrhoedia pampina. August 26 ; one specimen at sugar. 
Scoliopteryx libatrix. June 28 ; scarce at sugar. 
Lithophane cinerea. » September 10 and in warm spells in winter up to 
April 15, at sugar, plenty. 
“¢  pexata. September 20; rare at sugar. 
‘* —Bethunei. October 6; rare at sugar. 
‘* signosa. September 24; not common at sugar. 
“« disposita. September 21; rare at sugar. 
Calocampa curvimaculata. April 30; at rest : hybernated. 
Cucullia asteroides. | May 20; at rest, and in August and September at 
Petunias. 
‘* —convexipennis. Same. 
‘¢ Speyeri. May 28; at rest. 
Telesilla cinereola. July 20. 
Plusia simplex. June 1; at Lilac blooms in day time, and in Sep. at rest. 
‘¢ precationis. Same. 
“* contexta. September 1; one specimen at rest. 
“« balluca. August 9 ; one taken at Petunias. 
Brachytaenia metana. June 30; uncommon at sugar. 
Erastria carneola. June 1 to November; very plenty at sugar. 


" muscosula. June 8; very plenty at sugar. 
- nigritula. July 12; scarce at sugar. 

Drasteria erichtea. May 15 to October ; very plenty at rest and sugar. 
« erichto. June 4 to August ; common at sugar. 


Ophiusa bistriaria. June 13; plenty at sugar. 
Ingura occulatrix. June 28; one specimen at sugar. 
Parthenos nubilis. June 14 to August; plenty at sugar. 
Catocala parta. August 6 to October ; common at sugar. 
mf unijuga. July 16; one at sugar. 
= Briseis. July 12 ; uncommon at sugar. 
ultronia. July 8; common at sugar. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


Catocala amatrix. July 18 to October ; uncommon at sugar. 


se 


ilia. July 3; scarce at sugar. 

cara. September 20; scarce at sugar. 

concumbens. July 31 to October; not common at sugar. 
coccinata. July 18; one at sugar. 

neogama. July 19 to October; common at sugar. 
paleogama. July 27 ; not common at sugar. 

subnata. July 20 to October; not plenty at sugar. 
piatrix. August 8 to October ; common at sugar. 
serena. August 12; one specimen at sugar. 
antinympha. July 22; one specimen at sugar. 
habilis. July 30 to October ; common at sugar. 
Clintoni. July 5; scarce at sugar.’ 

polygama. June 28 ; very common at sugar. 
cerogama. July 21 to October: very plenty at sugar. 
androphila. July 24; one at sugar. 

epione. August 3; one specimen at sugar. 

obscura. August 6 to October ; common at sugar. 
desperata. August 5; very common at sugar. 


Homoptera Saundersii. June 13 until cold nights in October, at sugar ; 


common ; one taken in grass May 20in very worn condition ; 
hybernated (?) 

edusa. September 7; one taken at sugar. 

lunata. September 8 ; rare at sugar. 

nigricans (Ypsia undularis). May 28 to August; at rest and 
at sugar. 


Zale horrida. June 7; not uncommon at sugar. 
Homopyralis tactus. July 25; scarce at sugar. 
Pseudotnodes vecors. July 14; one taken at sugar. 
Zanclognathe cruralis. July 10; scarce at sugar. 


“ce 


laevigata. July 3; rare at sugar. 


Platyhypena scabra. July 28; unfrequent at sugar, and very plenty in 


meadows in daytime, in autumn. 


A few moths belonging to succeeding families of Heterocera, and 
some insects from nearly every Order are found on bait at night, and also 
butterflies belonging to the genera Vanessa and Grapta, in daytime. The 
large Tree Toad ( Ayla versicolor) was observed a few times clinging to 
trees beside the bait, enjoying a midnight feast, no doubt, as well as the 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


common Toad (Bufo Americanus), which in several instances was seen 
stationed half concealed in the mulching at the foot of the tree just under 
the bait. 


Coleoptera is next to Lepidoptera in abundance at bait, and I there- 


fore venture to append a list of species seen at sugar. 


Calosoma calidum. 
Dromius piceus. 

Caiathus gregarius. 
Platynus molestus. 


Asaphes memnonius. 
Cyphon pallipes. 
Photinus ardens. 
Podalrus diadema. 


Pterostichus Sayi. 
Harpalus caliginosus. 
oe 


Elaphidion parailelum. 
Monohaminus confusor. 
pensylvanicus. Saperda tridentata. 
| fallax. 
Peltis surinamensis. 
Megalodacne fasciata. 
Pityophagus 4-guttatus. 
Adelocera marmorata. 
Agriotes mancus. 


Melanotus communis. 


co 


Merinus levis. 
Centronopus calcaratus. 
Xylopinus saperdioides. 
Tenebrio molitor. 

a tenebrioides. 
Hymenorus obscurus. 
Pyrochroa femoralis. 
parumpunctatus. : flabellata. 


Corymbites sulcicollis. 


SUGGESTIONS: RELATIVE: TO. TEER 
DESTRUCTION. 


OBNOXIOUS PESTS 


BY DR. H. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The question how to check the ravages of obnoxious insects is a very 
important one, and Iam very often asked for advice in special cases. 
While occupied with a close examination of the proposed remedies and 
looking through a large number of scientific tracts, some of them fell into 
my hands and induced me to study them again. The present communi- 
cation is the result of those studies. 

Somewhat more than twenty years ago the lower forms of some fungi 
attracted the attention of many students, and especially of Dr. Bail, of 

russia. The reports of his observations are scattered in different peri- 


Oa eS 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Aiki! 


odicals, and the final result of my study of those reports was the conviction 
that a remedy for insect pests, offering several prominent advantages, 
could be found in the easy application of the yeast fungus. Further, that 
this remedy could be used probably against*the famous Colorado grass- 
hopper, for the destruction of which the Government has appointed a 
commission appropriated with $75,000 ; also, that the remedy could be 
tried in an easy way against the obnoxious hairy caterpillars, against the 
potato bugs, and last, but not least, in every greenhouse against leaf lice 
and similar pests. 

Dr. Bail asserts that he has proved by many skillful experiments that 
four species of microscopical fungi are merely different developments of 
the same species. One of them, the fungus of the common house-fly, is 
the vexation of every housekeeper. The dead flies stick in the fall firmly 
to the windows, or anywhere else, and are covered by a white mould not 
easy to be removed. ‘The second is the common mould, known to every- 
body and-easily to be produced on vegetable matter ina damp place. The 
third is the yeast fungus, a microscopical species and the basis of the work 
done by yeast of ferrnentation. ‘The fourth is a small water plant, known 
only to professional botanists. Dr. Bail contends that the spores of the 
fungus of the house-fly develop in water in this last species, out of water 
in mould, and that the seeds of mould are transformed in the mash tub 
into yeast fungus. 

The experiments made by Dr. Bail cover a period of more than a dozen 
years, since the numerous objections which were made against his results 
induced him to repeat again and again his experiments in different ways. 
I am obliged to state that even now prominent botanists do not accept 
Dr. Bail’s views, which he maintains to be true and to be corroborated by 
new and sure experiments. This question, important as it may be for 
botanists, is without any influence regarding my proposition, as Dr. Bail 
has proved that mould sowed on mash produces fermentation and the 
formation of a yeast-fungus, which kills insects as well as the fungus of the 
house-fly. I was present at the lectures of Dr. Bail before the association 
of naturalists, in 1861, which were illustrated by the exhibition of mould 
grown on mash, on which the fungus of the house-fly had been sown, and 
by a keg of beer brewed from such mash, and by a cake baked with this 
yeast. Both productions were declared perfect by all who tasted them— 
an experiment in which I did not feel obliged myself to join, as both are 
to be had prepared without the fungus of the house-fly. 


112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


In a later communication Dr. Bail states that the use of mould has 
been the secret in brewing formerly certain kinds of a strong and well- 
reputed beer. 

For the so-called jopenbier in Danzig the mash was not used before 
the forests of mould grown on its surface had sunk to the bottom—or, in 
other words, till the spores of the mould were sown by themselves on 
the mash. 

Dr. Bail has proved by numerous experiments that healthy insects 
brought in contact with mash and fed with it are directly infested by the 
spores of the fungus with fatal consequence. ‘These facts, not belonging 
strictly to the main part of his experiments, were observed first by 
chance and later on purpose. ‘The most different insects, flies, mosquitoes, 


caterpillars, showed all the same results. The experiments were made in’ 


such a delicate manner that a small drop of blood taken with an oculist’s 
needle from the abdomen of a house-fly left the animal so far intact that 
the same operation could be repeated in two days again. Both drops 
examined with the microscope proved to be filled with spores of fungus. 


More to the point are epizootics produced by this fungus and observed 
on insects in the open air. 

A really pestilential epizootic of the common dung-fly was observed 
in 1867. Not only those, but many other insects, died in the same locality 
and in the same manner ; also other species of flies and gnats, the cater- 
pillars of moths and of Phalznids, and the common hairy caterpillars of a 
moth which is very nearly related to the famous hairy caterpillar of the 
Boston Common. Of some species the destruction was so complete that 
the next year they were very rare. During those years the caterpillars of 
two species of moths had destroyed pine forests belonging to the State 
and valued at several millions, and a larger calamity was imminent, when 
suddenly all caterpillars died from the same fungus. 

Similar observations have been made in other places in Europe and 
here. Mr. Trouvelot formerly began in Medford, Mass., the raising of the 
Polyphemus moth for silk, and was successful enough to get a prize in 
the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Unfortunately he brought home from Paris 
eggs of another species from China, and purported to be superior for 
silk-raising in the open air. Those eggs proved to be infested by fungus, 
and the caterpillars hatched from them died, but not those alone. All 
caterpillars of the Polyphemus moth became infested, and even most of 
the other indigenous species living on the twelve acres of shrub land 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 


which Mr. Trouvelot utilized for this purpose, died rapidly. After two 
years of a similar calamity, Mr. Trouvelot was obliged to stop his experi- 
ments, which might have developed, perhaps, a new source of wealth for 
this country. A similar pest of an indigenous species of moth stopped 
only last year the interesting observatians of Mr. Siewers in Newport, Ky. 

The common silkworm in Europe has been in recent times extensively 
affected by a sickness called muscardine, which is also the consequence 
of a fungus. Similar fatal epizootics have been observed on the honey bee, 
and in Brazil several years ago nearly all the bees died from this cause. In 
Entomological journals are reported fatal epizootics of leaf lice, of grasshop- 
pers, of the cabbage butterfly and of the currant worm, both imported 
here only a few years ago, and both very obnoxious. 

Considering those facts, which are doubtless true, and considering the 
easy way in which the poisonous fungus can always and everywhere be 
procured and adhibited, I believe that I should be justified in proposing 
to make a trial of it against insect calamities. Nature uses always to 
attain its purposes the most simple and the most effectual ways ; therefore 
it is always the safest way to follow nature. 

Beer mash or diluted yeast should be applied either with a syringe or 
with a sprinkler ; and the fact that infested insects poison others with 
which they come in contact will be a great help. Of course it will be 
impossible to destroy all insects, but a certain limit to calamities could 
be attained, and I think that is all that could reasonably be expected. In 
greenhouses the result would probably justify very well a trial, and on 
currant worms and potato bugs the experiment would not be a difficult 
one, as the larvae of both insects live upon the leaves, which can easily be 
sprinkled. But it seems to me more important to make the trial with the 
Colorado grasshopper. I should recommend to infest the newly-hatched 
brood, which live always together in great numbers, and I should recom- 
mend also to bring the poison, if possible, in contact with the eggs in the 
egg-holes, to arrive at the same results, which were so fatal to Mr. Trou- 
velot’s silk-raising. After all, the remedy proposed is very cheap, is 
everywhere to be had or easily to be prepared, has the great advantage of 
not béing obnoxious to man or domestic animals, and if successful would 
be really a benefit to mankind. Nevertheless, I should not be astonished 
at allif the first trial with this remedy would not be very successful, even 
a failure. The quantity to be applied and the manner of the application 
can only be known by experiment, but I am sure that it will not be diffi. 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cult to find out the right method. I myself have more confidence in the 
proposed remedy, since it is neither an hypothesis nor a guess-work, but 
simply the application of true and well-observed facts. I hear the ques- 
tion—When all this has been known for so long a time, why was it not 
used long ago? But is that not true for many, not to say for all, dis- 
coveries ? Most of them are like the famous Columbus egg. 


OBSERVATIONS ON NEPHOPTERIX ZIMMERMANI. 
BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


This pine-boring Pyralid was described by Prof. A. R. Grote in a 
paper read at the Nashville Meeting, 1877, of the American Assoc. for the 
Adv. of Science, and published in CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. ix., 161. 
During the summer and autumn of 1878, and again this year, I have made 
some observations upon the occurrence, larval habits and parasitic enemies 
of this moth, and am able to state concerning them some additional facts 
of interest. 

The moth, it appears, is pretty widely spread, and it seems rather odd 
that it should not have been discovered until 1877, having been overlooked 
by our excellent economic Entomologists. I have met with it in some 
one of its stages in the following localities: It occurs not uncommonly in 
both foreign and native pines in and about Buffalo; many of the trees of 
this species in the Niagara St. Parks have been bored by it. I found it 
quite abundant in small white pines of the forest at Chehtowaga, Erie 
Co., N.Y. At this place I found many plants had been dwarfed and 
ruined by their ravages. It also occurs, to what extent I am unable to 
say, at Hamburg and Clarence Center, in the same Co. I recently visited 
a portion of this State, Oswego Co., formerly clad to some considerable 
extent with white pine, and there are yet standing some virgin forests of 
this splendid tree. In divers places in that county I found our borer; it 
is so abundant in one locality, at least, that it proves a grave enemy to 
the young pines of second growth where the primitive trees have been 
removed by the lumberman. There is near Hastings Center an “old 
slash” in which at least one-half of the many such small pines have been 


7 | 


—— lr rh rti“‘:;C TT 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. fig 


injured ; indeed, in one neglected corner, among scores, scarcely one 
tree had escaped. In this instance, also, many pines were stunted, 
while some thus weakened had been broken off by the wind. In other 
localities where the pine is indigenous I have been unable to find it, or 
else it was only occasional ; for example, at Portage, where young pines 
are plentiful, and although the trunks bore masses of pitch closely like 
those from the wounds by Zimmermanz, yet a diligent search discovered 
but one pupa skin, and of the identity of it Iam not quite certain, as it 
was badly broken in removing from the pitch. 


April r2th last, at Hastings, I took many larvee of various sizes from 
.25 to .7 of an inch in length when crawling, so there is no longer a doubt 
as to the winter stage. None of those taken were ‘livid or blackish 
green,” but dull white; nor do the hairs arise froma “series of black 
dots,” but from light brown ones. I take it to be a case where a naked 
hybernating larva is lighter than during the warmsummer. Otherwise the 
caterpillars were as described by Mr. Grote. 


In a clump of pines whose trunks were from 6 in. to 1 ft. in diameter 
many of the larger ones had been “ boxed,” 1. e., inclined incisions had 
been cut by the axe through the sap-wood in order to catch the pitch 
exuding from the wound. Around the borders of these ‘‘ boxes” the 
galleries with both pupa skins and living larvee were plentiful. It appears 
that the larva cannot penetrate the outer bark of other than quite tender 
trees ; nor could I find evidence of their attacking the branches of larger 
trees, although I had opportunity to examine such that had been felled 
during the winter just past. Since this larva so readily takes advantage 
of a wound, may it not stand related as a messmate to other borers? At 
both Chehtowaga and Hastings I found on trunks in the same neighbor- 
hood masses of exuding pitch in which were larve of an orange color, 
attaining a length of .45 of an inch, remaining through the winter, and 
going into pupa towards spring, as I found them in both conditions April 
12th and early in May. ‘These larve are those of one of the pine 
weevils. It appears to me that Zimmermant may and does take advantage 
of these wounds by the weevil, as it does of those made by the axe. 


I have found the moth’s galleries in both trunk and branch, both 
above and below. the whorls (usually below), sometimes completely 
girdling the stem, thus killing the portion above ; in one instance I found 
a gallery passing from one whorl to the one above. 


a 


L116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Now, when the moth borer and the weevil work together and pretty 
much in the same way, i. e., by cutting the inner bark and the cambium 
layer, thus scoring and girdling the stem, to which culprit belongs the 
greatest amount of credit for mischief? Both are guilty of enough to 
justify everlasting execration. 

It remains to add a word about its insect enemies. The hymenop- 
terous parasite which Mr. Grote found to fill certain of the chrysalids, I 
have found in every location where the moth is at all abundant ; there is 
another which I have found quite as abundant. Early in April I obtained 
from the galleries of last year a number of brown cocoons, about .4 of an 
inch long, nearly cylindrical, ends rounded, texture thin papery, pupa 
visible through the cocoon. The skin and head of the victim was found 
at one end of this cocoon, showing that the caterpillar was the host. 

In a few days there appeared from each cocoon a lively fly. Expanse 
of male .6 in., of female .7 in. Color above black, legs yellow, underside 
of abdomen white with a row of black dashes on side, front of male 
white, of female black. A white line on shoulder of each extends on to 
the costa. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen. 

I shall presently refer the species for identification. 


- 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION 
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 


The Annual Meeting of this Club will be held at Saratoga, N. Y., on 
Tuesday, August 26th, at 2 p.m. All Entomologists are invited to meet 
with the Club. A series of interesting meetings is expected to be held 
during the week. B. PickMAN Mann, Secretary. 


[The place of meeting this year being so central and easy of access, it 
is expected that an unusually large number of Entomologists will be 
present. It is hoped that all will come with copious notes and- with 
memories well stored with personal recollections of insects and their 
habits, so that a large mass of useful information may be submitted. The 
discussions at these yearly meetings are always of very great interest, while 
the social charms attending such a reunion of kindred spirits add greatly 
to the pleasures of the occasion.—Ep. Can. Env. | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i Id 7 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MELITAEA 
FROM TEXAS. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Melitaea Fulvia. 
Male.—Expands 1.5 inch. 


Upper side brown-black over basal area of each wing, somewhat 
dusted with fulvous ; or the ground color is partly replaced by fulvous, 
especially in the cells ; the costal margin and apex of primaries black, and 
both hind margins are narrowly edged by black ; all the nervures and 
branches black ; remainder of wings fulvous ; both have a submarginal 
series of fulvous spots, preceded by a black line, those of primaries at 
apex replaced by yellow, or obsolete ; beyond the biack line a complete 
common series of small yellow spots ; a second on the disk, larger, and on 
secondaries elongated, sometimes very much so, and more or less con- 
fluent with the spots of the outer row ; on primaries a large yellow spot, 
edged with fulvous, next inside arc of cell, and two or three small yellow 
spots below this; in cell of secondaries a small similar spot, but some- 
times wanting ; fringes alternately and equally black and white. 


Under side of primaries pale orange fulvous, the light spots of upper 
side on disk and towards base showing not very distinctly ; so also the 
spots of extra discal row below median, but above and to costa these are 
distinct and clear yellow-buff; next apex the marginal row offers four 
yellow-buff spots, and there is another at inner angle, the remainder being 
fulvous, and confluent with the ground color of disk ; secondaries wholly 
yellow-buff, the nervules broadly edged with black, and the hind margin 
as well as costal and inner margins edged with a narrow black border ; 
across the extra discal area a black band, within which are six or seven 
small yellow-buff spots ; and the spots next margin, cut off by this black 
band, are large and sub-rectangular ; in the cell a V-shaped black stripe, 
pointing toward base, one limb of which is in line with the second branch 
of median ; there is also an additional stripe running through the sub- 
median interspace. Body black above, the rings of abdomen yellow at 
junction ; beneath, the thorax yellow-buff, the abdomen yellow with more 
or less fulvous ; legs fulvous ; palpi yellow, nearly white at sides, black in 
front and at tip ; antenne black on upper side, ringed with yellow, ferru- 
ginous below ; club black. 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Female.—Same size. The fulvous shade predominates, only the apex 
and costal margin of primaries and both hind margins being black ; the 
yellow markings as in male, but indistinct. On the under side the mark- 
ings of disk and at base are almost obliterated, but the outer rows of 
yellow spots are plain ; secondaries as in the male. 

From several examples taken by Mr. Jacob Boll in Western Texas, in 
March, 1879. I formerly received a female taken by Mr. Morrison in 
So. Colorado. The species is allied to Zeansra Bois. 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


GRACILARIA. 


G. fasctella Cham. 

G. 5-notella Cham. 

With ten specimens of fuscze//a and two of 5-n0fella before me, with 
scarcely a trace of variation in the ten, but with the two differing from 
each other somewhat and both differing very decidedly from the ten, I had 
no doubt as to the distinctness of the two species. A larger series, how- 
ever, induces the belief that they belong to the same species. The 
difference between them may be thus stated: In /ascie//a the base and 
apex of the fore wings are brownish-gray, and between these portions are 
three brownish-gray and four white fasciz, all very distinct and well defined. 
In 5-notella the whole dorsal half of the wing is white ; there is a small 
brown spot on the base of the costal margin, another further back, and 
still further back another which in the middle ot the wing is produced 
backwards to the gray-brown apical part of the wing, which encloses two 
small white costal streaks. A larger series, however, shows that the two 
forms vary into each other, and induce the suspicion that Dr. Clemens 
described his G. fulgidelia from a form like 5-vofe//a. The tuft on the 
second joint of the palpi is minute, and in all of my specimens but two 
it has been removed in pinning. 


. i 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 


G. Packardella Cham. 

In this species there is great range in the intensity of the purplish 
tinge. Some specimens might be described as having it so strongly devel- 
oped as to ally them to purpuriella, stigmatella, etc., while in others it is 
very faint and delicate, the ground color of lemon yellow not being at all 
obscured by it. _It is, however, allied to sxperbifrontella and Sweederella, 
etc., more closely than to any other known species. 


G. tnornatella Cham. 
This must be dropped from the list, as I am satisfied that it was 
described from worn specimens of G. Packardella and superbifrontella. 


G. purpuriella Cham. 

Since the last notice of this species was written I have bred it from 
larvee feeding on the Silver-leaf Poplar ; but I have never met with it on 
the Weeping Willow, though it is common enough on many of our native 
Willows. It may prove to be the European G. stigmatella, which feeds 
on Sallows. It is certainly very near that species. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


The present season has so far been as unfavorable for the collection 
of Lepidoptera as was the same period last year, and very few butterflies 
have been taken or observed, although diligently sought for. The recent 
“hot wave” will have the effect of bringing them forth, and as other 
insects are abundant, there has been no excuse for idleness. I have 
added numerous specimens to my collection of Coleoptera, paying par- 
ticular attention to the Buprestidz and two or three other families. The 
Buprestidze are well represented here, over twenty species having been 
taken by me last year, and more than half of the same this season, with 
the addition of one or two new ones, such as A. striata and Brachys 
ovata. Since the middle of May C. wirginiensis and C. liberta have been 
more or less plentiful on the pines, but not in such numbers as in the 
autumn ; those at present found are chiefly pairs copulating. One chief 
object of my attention has been the beautiful httle green C. Harrtsii, of 
which I have taken several specimens on the Quebec side of the river 
since the 3rd inst. After repeated search I have also found it on this 
side, as has Mr. Fletcher since. Has it been hitherto noted as captured 
in Ontario? At present different species of Monohammus, as confusor, 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


scutellatus and dentator, are to be found on the pines also, and are noticed 
gnawing the bark on twigs and semrgirdling them, while the trees are 
disfigured by many old scars caused by similar operations in former years. 
In the evenings numbers of them come flying heavily, but strongly, across 
the river, and lodge often upon the Parliament Buildings, causing some 
excitement to nervous promenaders on the Hill. The popular name for 
confusor is ** Ottawa cow.” Colorado beetles are reported to be doing 
less damage, and have been thinned out by Paris green, but their co- 
workers the blister beetles (Z. céverea) are unusually abundant in the 
woods, and a new foe is reported by one of our market-gardeners, who 
brought four insects to a friend of mine, stating that they were, in immense 
numbers, destroying his plants and flowers, having been first noticed on 
wild Convolvulus. I found them to be Chelymorpha -sribraria, but was 
not aware that this beetle occurred in any number or was known to be 
very injurious. At the joint excursion held by the Natural History 
Society of Montreal and our Field Naturalists’ Club, on the 12th inst., at 
Calumet (half way between here and Montreal), I was somewhat dis- 
appointed to see comparatively little interest taken in Entomology, 
Botany seeming to almost monopolize the workers. I had looked forward 
to meeting some fellow-laborers among the Montrealers. My ‘take ” 
during the day was but an average one, containing neither very many nor 
very rare specimens, about the only novelty being Cvczndela longilabris, 
which I have not seen around here yet. I have been using a beating net 
made according to description by Dr. Bailey in last year’s EN'roMOLOGIS?, 
and find it an admirable instrument. 

Ottawa, 30th June, 1879. W. Hacue HarrincrTon. 

On the rith May last, while on the Island at Toronto, a fine specimen 
of Papilio thoas flew past at a distance of not more than eight feet from 
me, but as I was ina marsh I had no opportunity to capture it. Being 
quite familar with f¢wrnus alive, and with both species mounted, there is 
no doubt at all in my mind about the identity of the specimen in question. 
The butterfly was flying north when first observed, and continued in the 
same direction as long as it could be seen. The appearance of this 
butterfly at so early a date would seem to indicate that the species is 
double-brooded here, unless it can be shown that the escape of the imago 
from some of the chrysalids of the same brood is much earlier than from 
others. W. E. SAUNDERS. 


ee 


————— 


The Canadian Entomologist. 


WiOiis XI: ~ LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1879. No. 7 


f ON CECIDOMYIA LEGUMINICOLA, w. sp. 
BY J. A. LINTNER, N. Y. STATE ‘MUSEUM NAT. HIST., ALBANY. 


Cecidomyia trifolii, CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XL, p. 44. 1879. 


I am indebted to Dr. Hagen, of Cambridge, Mass., for the information 

that the name which I had selected for the clover-seed fly was preoccupied 
by Franz Loew, in Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesell., Wien, 1874, vol. xxiv., 
where he describes (p. 142) the male and female, larva, pupa and gall of 
a species occurring in a folded leaf of Zrifolium pratense, and figures 
(pl. 2, f. 4) the deformation of. the plant. I therefore propose. the name 
of C. /eguminicola for the American species, the larva of which inhabits the 
clover legume. : 
- Bremi, in his Monograph of the Cecidomyie, 1847, p. 29, may possibly 
refer to Loew’s species when he states: ‘‘I observed in the same 
place [with Ranunculus bulbosus| on the leaves of Trifolium pratense, 
similar cornucopiz but less regular, as in some leaves only the tip was 
rolled (pl. 2, f. 34), and-of others similar to a pod. The development 
was not observed, and as I supposed it identical with Cec. ranuncult, I 
accept them as a variety of that species.” 

Another species mav infest the clover in Europe, if the statement 
“made by Perris, in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1870, p. 179, be reliable. He 
states that in the tips (extremes tiges) of Trifolium subtereaneum are to 
be found larve of a Cecidomyia (imago unknown). Fr. Loew, in a notice 
of these larve (Wien Z. B. Gesell., 1876, p. 92), remarks that perhaps 
.they were only zvguwzdines, and that the deformation described by Perris 
may have been made by Acari. 

The .bove references have been kindly communicated to me by Dr. 
Hagen. . 

From the inquiries and examinations thus far made, it is very probable 
that our Cecid. leguminicola does not occur in Europe. . Baron Osten 


g BAe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Sacken has informed me that they have there a Cecrd. Zofr, infesting the 
heads of Lotus and Medicago, but that the larva as described by Winnertz 
seems different from ours, judging from the description given by me. Dr. 
Hagen compares our species with the European Cecéd. sysymbrit, in its 
form and venation 

I have recently been successful in obtaining examples of the imago of 
Cecid. leguminicola, unknown to me at the time of my description of the 
larva. Anticipating failure (since realized) in my efforts to rear it from 
the larvee obtained by me last year, I applied, in May last, to Mr. R. J. 
Swan, of Geneva, N. Y., who at the Annual Meeting of the N. Y. State 
Agricultural Society, in January, had spoken of the occurrence in very 
large numbers of the larvee in a clover field upon his farm, requesting that 
some of the surface soil from the field might be collected and forwarded 
to me. A small box of the earth (containing also some of the clover 
roots) of about six inches cube, was received by me on the 2nd of June, 
and spread out in a glass-covered ¢ase. On the following morning a male 
and female, 77 copu/a, were found:in the box. Additional examples were 
disclosed from the earth—-about twenty-five in all—from that time to the 
27th of June, since when none have been obtained. They had undoubt- 
edly commenced to emerge during the month of May. 


The insect is a true Cecidomyia, and belongs to Section I, subsection 
A of Winnertz’ arrangement as defined in Osten Sacken’s paper on the 
N. A. Cecidomyiz in Loew’s AVonograph of the Diptera of North America, 
Part I., viz.: I. Wings with three longitudinal veins, the third either 
forming a fork or becoming more or less obsolete toward the tip. A. 
Cross-vein placed between the root and the tip of the first, longitudinal 
vein (in this section the cross-vein is frequently almost obsolete). 

The neuration is shown in fig. 1, p. 174 of Loew’s Monograph. 


Marked features of the species, which will serve in its recognition, are 
the genitalia of the male, which are quite broad, projected on a pedicel, 
and arranged in an extended pair of clasping organs ; and the long jointed 
ovipositor of the female, of about twice the length of the abdomen. > 

The antennz of the Cecidomyiz afford perhaps the best features for 
determination of species. The following description of the antennz of 
the male of C. leguminicola was drawn from fresh specimens just after death: 


Number of joints seventeen in all—the basal one colored and short, 
the next one black, short and naked, followed by fifteen verticillate ones, 


ee i ee 


| 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. £23 


Joints on peduncles as long as the joints, subcylindrical with rounded 
ends, about one-half longer than broad, rather thickly verticillate ; the 
longest hairs nearly three times as long as the joints, and projected at 
nearly right angles to them ; the shorter hairs about equal in length to the 
joints, some of which curve upward: and have their tips nearly in the plane 
of the succeeding joint ; joints regularly and gradually diminishing in size 
to the terminal one, which is about but one-half the size of the penultimate 
one, and of an ovate form. 

The wings are clothed with numerous short, curved, blackish hairs, 
which give them a dusky appearance ; ciliz paler, long. The abdomen is 
fuscous, marked on each segment dorsally with black hairs forming a seg- 
ment of a circle having the curve in front. The thorax is black above, 
clothed with rather long hairs. 

The insect is in all probability quite generally distributed throughout 
the State of New York, and wiil be found in adjoining States. On the 
ist ef July, examples of the larve were obtained from clover heads 
gathered by me on Mount Equinox, Vermont, at an elevation of 2,500 
feet above tide. On July 5th, although a late period for the larve, mature 
specimens were taken from clover growing within the city of Albany, from 
the sidewalk of Western Avenue. The only example of the fly which has 
up to the present. so far as my knowledge extends, been taken at large, 
was captured on the Hudson River, in the vicinity of Castleton, on the 
16th of the present month (July), by Mr. Dempster A. Lansingh, ‘of 
Albany. The keen eye that could detect. so minute an object on the 
crowded deck of an excursion boat, deserves to be trained for use in 
entomological science. | 


‘From information kindly communicated to me by Prof. Wm. H. 
Brewer, of Yale College, New Haven, Conn., it is very probable that the 
existence of this clover pest was known at least thirty years-ago. He 
writes as follows : 

“‘ My father, Henry Brewer, of Enfield Center, Tompkins Co., N. Y., 
was an enthusiastic grower of clover and clover-seed as far back as I can 
remember. “Many years ago—how long, | cannot definitely say, but cer- 
tainly before 1848, it was known to us that an insect attacked the clover, 
which hatched out a fly. Our belief then was, that the larva existed 
within the seed. On two occasions I hatched out the flies and sent them 
by mail to Albany, to the Entomologist there—once before 1848, and 
once later, somewhere between 1851 and 1855. ‘The fly was very small 


124 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and very slender, but having been found so many years ago, that is all the 
recollection I have of it. The clover heads were not affected externally 
by its presence.” 

There cannot be much doubt but that the above insect is identical 
with the little midge which has so recently commanded our attention, as the 
result of its multiplication, or, as is more probable, from a period of its 
unusual abundance. Accepting their identity, it is quite interesting that 
the first notice of the species, so far as known, comes from a county which 
is believed to be suffering more from its depredations, at the present time, 
than any other portion of the State. 

From the July number of the American Agriculturist, I learn, for the 
first time, that Prof. Riley has been engaged in investigations on this 
interesting insect. The article is drawn from a conversation with Prof. 
R., and in part from a communication by hima short time ago to the 
NV. Y. Tribune. Jt contains a notice of the depredations, transformations 
and appearances of the midge, and is accompanied by excellent figures 
of the male and female with enlargements of parts, which will be of great 


service in its identification. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE COLLECTION OF THE ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


Through the kindness of Mr. O. S. Westcott, of Racine, Wis., our 
cabinets have lately been enriched with a number of named Orthoptera, 
some 25 species in all; also 13 species of Lepidoptera which were short 
or entirely wanting in our collection. 

Mr. G. R. Pilate, of Dayton, Ohio, has also sent us some very 
beautiful things, including over 300 specimens of Coleoptera and 29 of 
Lepidoptera, a large proportion of which are distinct species and quite a 
number of them new to our collection. We are greatly indebted to these 
gentlemen for their kindness in this matter, and herewith tender them our 


sincere thanks. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY V. ‘i. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


ADELA. 

A. biviella Zell. 

I have received both sexes of this species from Prof. Fernald, of Orono, 
Maine. It is a prettier species than A. Jel/a Cham., with the fasciz much 
more distinct. Zeller describes only the ¢. It has the head and palpi 
dark brown with a very faint purplish tinge; the antennee with annulations 
of dark purple and silvery white ; the body and legs dark purple, the legs 
annulate with white ; hind wings pale purplish with darker ciliz ; thorax 
and fore wings rich deep purple, appearing in some lights to be thickly 
dusted with brightly scintillating golden scales ; behind the middle of the 
fore wings is a straight white fascia widest on the dorsal margin, dark 
margined before, and more faintly so on the costa behind; before the 
apex is another fascia which does not quite reach the dorsal margin and 
which is dark margined before. Zeller represents this fascia as having a 
sigmoid outline, but in one of my specimens it is perfectly straight and in 
the other scarcely perceptibly sigmoid. AZ ex. 7 lines. 


The 2 (a single specimen), now first described, differs only in having 
the hairs of the head straw yellow, those of the palpi whitish, and the 
second fascia reduced to a very short white costal streak. 

The antenne are simple in both sexes. 


A. bella Cham. 

The fascize in this species are as stated in the original description in 
the apical part of the wing, only visible in certain lights and are very 
indistinct even then ; perhaps it would be more correct not to describe 
them as fasciz, but to say that the apical part of the wings is somewhat 
suffused or overlaid with golden, except three or four narrow indistinct 
transverse lines, which are of the general hue. In the § the basal half 
of the antenne are densely clothed with long scales. 


Dicte (Adela) corruscifasciela~Cham., Can. Env., v. 5, April, 1873. 

A. Schlegeri Zell., Bei. z. Kent, May, 1873. 

In my judgment the characters of this and similar species are sufficient 
to distinguish them generically from Ade/a as represented by such species 


126 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


as A. biviella, trisrapha, bella, etc. Prof. Zeller’s figure and description 
leave no doubt as to the identity of the species described so nearly at the 
same time respectively by him and by me. 


ANTISPILA. 


A. ampelopsiela Cham. 

In Vol. 6 I have given this name to a mine and larva found in leaves 
of Ampelopsis guingucfolia, the imago being then unknown. _ I have also, 
loc. cit., described a species bred from Grape leaves, without naming it, 
because I thought it probable that it would prove to be amfpelopsiella. 
Since then I have bred it both from Ampelopsis and from Wild Grape 
leaves ( Vitis cordifolia), and it proves to be the same species described in 
Vol. 6. ‘The description, however, is imperfect, having been prepared 
from a single slightly worn specimen. 


A. hydrangeeella Chain. 

This species was also named from the larva and mine only. I have 
since bred it. it is a little larger than amfpelopsiella, though scarcely so 
large as ¢sadbella or viticordifoltedla, and is perhaps the prettiest species of 
the genus. ‘The palpi and tips of the antennz (last five joints), and the 
under side of a few of the basal joints snowy white. Head, thorax, abdo- 
men, inner surface of legs, hind femora, and tibial spurs of hind legs, like 
burnished steel ; tarsi of anterior and middle legs and tips of hind tarsi 
yellowish white, posterior tibize on outer surface and tarsi, except the tips, 
purplish with metallic reflections ; anterior wings and a spot on each side 
of the thorax bronzy brown, without-greenish reflections ; cili purple 
tipped with silvery gray. The fascia, costal and dorsal streaks and apical 
spot are brilliant silvery ; the fascia is not constricted on the fold and 
the streaks are placed as in the other species ; the costal spot is small and 
the dorsal large and almost an exact triangle, being, however, a little 
widest on the base and the margins very faintly concave. Hind wings 
and cilize pale purplish fuscous. 

It thus differs from empelopsiel/a in having the tips of the antenne 
white and in other minute particulars. The case in which it pupates is 
elongate and narrow, a long ellipse; that of ampelopsiella is a short and 
wider ellipse, that of w7tecordifoliella is nearly oval, that of ¢sabella a very 
wide oval, almost circular, and that of cornéfoliedla is smaller than that of 


— = 


a 


— ev 


a Fen, 


Dal ee cial 


: 
i 
3 
E 
‘ 
4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. OA, 


isabella, though resembling it more in shape than that of vtecordifoltella, 
which is nearer to it in size. That of nysse@folie/a I have not seen. It 
requires careful observation to distinguish the species. They are more 
readily distinguished by their cases than by the marks of the imago ; 
hydrangeeella and ampelopsiella may be distinguished at once from the 
others by the possession of the apical spot, but they require close obser- 
vation to distinguish them from each other. So likewise do ssadella, 
nysscfoliella, cornifoliedla and viticordifolielta ; cornifoliella and isabella 
are, however, of a duller darker brown than the other two, and viticordt- 
foliella \ikewise has white annulations towards the tips of the antenne. 


I have not seen any of the European species, but comparing our 
species with the figures of Pfeijere/la and Treitschkiella in Nat. His. ‘Tin., 
vii., the latter are much paler or lighter in color than our species. 


NOTES UPON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OE CERTAIN 
SPECIES OF BUALITERELIES. . NO, 1. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


I have in my note-books descriptions of one or more stages of several 
species, of which no part of the life-history has hitherto been published, 
and I propose, with the permission of the Editor, to give them in a series 
of three or four papers. 


tr. Eresta Texana, Edw. (Cincta, Edw., Smerdis, Hewn.). 

On 13th Sept., 1878, I received from Mr. J. Boll, Texas, a lot of 
newly-hatched larve. The eggs were laid in cluster upon the leaf of 
Diclippa, on 7th Sept., and were immediately mailed to me, arriving five 
days after. Nearly all the plant had withered, but there was a little 
green about the flower-heads, and the larve fed upon this till it was 
consumed. I put in the glass with them leaves of Aster, on which 
Tharos and Nycteis feed; of Actinomeris squarrosa, on which JVyefers 
feeds, and Chelonia barbata, the food of Phaeton, but for some days the 
larvee refused all and most of. them died. About a week after their 
arrival I found the few survivors were eating Actinomeris, and thenceforth 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I had no difficulty. The first moult escaped me, the second occurred 
25th Sept., the third 6th Oct., the fourth about 15th, and the first chrysalis 
formed 21st Oct. The butterfly emerged 8th November. The resem- 
blance to genus Phyciodes, especially to P. Zharos, was close in all 
stages. I doubt if Eresia and Phyciodes are properly more than groups 
of one genus. 

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch: cylindrical, of even size, the seg- 
ments well rounded ; color greenish-brown ; on dorsum four rows of pale- 
colored flattened tubercles, from each of which springs along black hair, 
curved forward ; head larger than body, reddish-brown ; shape sub-ovate, 
bilobed. 

After second moult.—Length .17 inch ; dorsum and upper part of side 
brown, the lower part and under side yellow-green ; furnished with seven 
rows of spines, one dorsal, three lateral, each spine stout, broad at base, 
tapering to a blunt point, and thickly set with short brown bristles ; the 
dorsal spines, and the tubercles from which they spring, greenish; those of 
first lateral row black; the two lower rows greenish; over the feet is a row 
of minute spines with bristles, all greenish; head sub-cordate, the vertices 
rounded ; color dark brown, shining. 

After third moult.—Length .26 inch, same shape; color dark brown, 
specked with blue-white ; the lower part of side greenish-white, finely 
marked with brown; on the lower side of second lateral spines is a longi- 
tudinal black stripe, only found on the middle of each segment ; all the 
spines dark brown except the lower laterals and the minute ones over » 
feet, which, as well as their bristles, are greenish-white ; head as before, 
bronze-brown. 

After fourth and last moult.—-Length .6 inch. 


Mature Larva.—Length .7 inch. 

Color yellow-brown, the dorsum and upper part of side much specked 
with dull white; running with first laterals is a whitish line, and just 
below a black stripe, broken at the joints of the segments; along the 
base of body, embracing the spiracles on its upper edge, is a broad 
dull white band, mottled with greenish and brown; the lower lateral 
spines on this band, and the spines over feet, greenish-white ; all others 
brown; head sub-cordate; the vertices rounded, smooth, brown. 

Curysais.—Length .5 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen stoutest; head- 
case short, bevelled at the sides, nearly syuare at top, the vertices pyra- 
midal, not prominent ; mesonotum slightly raised, rounded, followed by 


———— oe eS eee, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


a shallow depression; on the abdomen three rows of small tubercles, 
corresponding to the larval spines of dorsal and first lateral rows ; the 
latter continued to mesonotum, on which they are larger than elsewhere ; 
color dark brown, specked with buff; or sometimes light brown, specked 
and streaked with darker ; the head and wing cases clouded with oliva- 
ceous ; about the hind margins of the wings two parallel rows of whitish 
points; the tubercles yellowish, but on the anterior side mostly black. 


2. Puyciopes Vista, Edw. The butterfly figured in But. N. A‘, Part 
as NOls 2. 

Curysa.is: shape of Zharos.—Length .4 inch, cylindrical ; the wing- 
cases a little raised above surface ; head-case stout, narrow at top and a 
little convex; excavated at sides; mesonotum moderately prominent, 
rounded, followed by a shallow depression ; abdomen stout, the segments 
elevated at their anterior edges, and the foremost one quite prominently, 
as in Zharos,; on abdomen several rows of fine tubercles, two of which 
pass to mesonotum ;_color apparently had been yellow-brown, specked 
with black and dull white, but the example was dead, and I could not be 
certain as to the shades of color in life. This was sent me recently by 
Mr. Boll. 


3. MELITAEA Baroni, H. Edw. 

I received from Mr. Oscar T. Baron, at Mendocino, Cal., about 
twenty larvae in hybernation, after third moult, in fall of 1878. Mr. 
Baron wrote that the eggs were laid 29th June, in clusters, one large and 
several small ones, besides a few scattered eggs. ‘The large cluster con- 
tained 60 or 70 eggs, the small ones from 5 to 20. The larve hatched 
2oth July, or after 21 days. The first care of the young larve is to spin 
a web which covers the whole brood, and they occupy this, enlarging as 
necessary, till the time for nybernating comes. ‘Then some of the larvee 
leave the common web and spin for themselves in the wilted leaves of the 
food plant. (I infer from this that some of the larvee still remain in the 
common web.) Mr. Baron sent me roots of the plant, which I forced in 
the winter and got weak stems and a few leaves, but eventually all died. 
The larvee did not survive the winter, though I treated them as I did the 
hybernating larve of MWycfeds, which lived. On 18th May, 1879, I 
received from Mr. Baron quite a number of chrysalids of this species, of 
which several were in good condition on arrival. From these emerged 
6 butterflies. 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In 1876, Mr. Baron had sent me living larvee in tin-box with food 
plant. ‘They were twelve days on the way in the mail, and but one larva 
was alive on arrival. Several had made chrysalis in the box, but were 
eaten, and probably the single larva had lived on the chrysalids. It had 
barely strength to suspend within a few hours after I opened the box, and 
died before chrysalis. This shows that caterpillars may be sent great 
distances per mail. They will live and thrive so long as the leaves 
remain fresh, and I have frequently received them in good condition after 
five of six days on the road. Lut they should always be forwarded in tin 
or metal boxes, as in these the leaves remain fresh several days. The 
larve get plenty of air under the cover of the box, so that it is unneces- 
sary to punch holes therein. J/¢ zs useless to send eggs or larve in paper 
or wood even for two or three days, as the plant dies and the larve 
starve. If eggs are sent, there should always be leaves with them, to 
supply food in case the young larve come forth. I frequently receive 
eggs or larve badly packed, and hence I give these directions. I shall 
be glad of butterfly eggs or larvee at any time, and will gladly exchange 
butterflies for them. 

As will be seen above, the resemblance in larval habits of Baroni to 
Phaeton is close. 

EcGc.— Shaped like Phaeton ; a truncated cone, rounded at base ; the 
lower two thirds smooth, but under a high power seen to be finely grained 
or pitted ; the upper third ribbed vertically. 

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, the segments well 
rounded ; translucent, greenish-brown; on each segment a transverse row 
of fine tubercles, giving out recurved hairs ; head obovoid, bilobed, the 
vertices rounded, black. 

After first moult.—Length .15 inch; mottled greenish and brown ; 
armed with seven rows of spines (as in this genus), besides a row of 
minute spines over feet; spines slender, and with black bristles; the dorsal 
row yellow, as also the small spines over feet ; all others black; on 2a 
collar of fine tubercles, each of which gives out a pencil of hairs; head 
sub-cordate, vertices rounded, black, with black hairs. 

After second moult.—Length .22 inch ; color black ; all spines black 
except dorsal row and the small ones over feet. (These three stages are 
described from specimens in alcohol.) 

After third moult.—Length in hybernation, and therefore con- 
tracted, .3 inch; black; spines thickly beset with divergent bristles, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131 


forming a dense covering to the body; the dorsals and the small spines 
over feet orange, all others black ; head black. 

Mature Larva (after fifth moult probably).—Length 1 inch; color velvet- 
black, dotted with whitish points; under side smoky-brown ; the dorsal 
spines yellow, with black bristles, those over feet yellow ; all others black ; 
feet black, pro-legs brown ; head small, sub-cordate, the vertices a little 
prominent ; dark brown ; much covered with black hairs. 

CuRYSALIS.— Length .6 to .65 inch. Cylindrical ; head case narrow, 
short. compressed transversely, excavated at sides; mesonotum not pro- 
minent, rounded, followed by a shallow depression ; abdomen stout, 
furnished with several rows of sharp, conical, rather short tubercles, those 
of medio-dorsal row standing on the anterior edges of the segments ; the 
wing cases a little flaring at base, depressed in middle ; color a delicate 
blue-gray ; of wing cases buff, more or less, but always slightly, tinted with 
red ; whole surface much marked with black; on wing cases a black 
patch extends from base almost to hind margin, the nervules being orange ; 
the hind margins are bordered by two parallel rows of serrated spots ; the 
head case is largely black, and the mesonotum also ; the tubercles more 
ot less enclosed by black ; behind those of medio-dorsal row are four 
small spots forming with the tubercle a triangle, and there are similar spots 
on sides. Different chrysalids vary in respect to these black markings, 


This history of Bavonz is more complete than that of any other of the 
Californian Melitzeas. The species is the most beautiful of its genus on 
this continent, the larger part of the under surface of wings being of a 
brilliant red-lead color. In size and in the appearance of upper surface 
it is near to dztha Bois. 


A. SUCCESSFUL. MOTH-TRAP. 
BY O. S. WESTCOTT, RACINE, WIS. 


Many attempts have been made to devise something by means of 
which to capture the Noctuidae, but the results have been usually so 
meagre that the contrivances have been abandoned in disgust. I have 
been using a contrivance this season which will really abundantly repay 


LBZ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


one for the trifling trouble and expense involved in its construction. It 
consists first of a gallon glass jar, heavily charged with cyanide of 
potassium. ‘To the top of this is fitted a funnel, the spreading mouth 
of which opens at right angles to the axis of the poisoned jar. The 
lower end of the funnel is four or five inches below the mouth of the jar 
and has an opening three inches in diameter, the funnel mouth being 
twelve or thirteen inches across. Opposite the mouth of the funnel, and 
on the opposite side of the jar, is soldered to the funnel a sheet of tin so 
bent as to thoroughly enclose a lamp. ‘lhe lamp is supported by a piece 
of tin Aénuged to the outer edge of this projection. The lamp being 
placed in position, the tin support is made to rest upon the projecting 
part of the jar below its neck. Immediately in front of the light is 
placed a sheet of mica. The whole contrivance is placed within a tight 
wooden box, and a tin flap is also arranged above the lamp chimney as a 
precaution against an undesired conflagration. 

The moth, attracted by the light, flies into the mouth of the funnel, is 
stopped by the mica, and after fluttering a very short time, is so far over- 
come by the fumes of the potassium as to fall within the poisoned jar, 
whence it cannot emerge. A projecting lip of an inch or so in height ts 
soldered to the lower edge of the mouth of the funnel in such a way as to 
catch any insect that falls outside the mouth of the jar. It thus is most 
likely to return to the light. I have taken with this contrivance hundreds 
of Noctuidae and Coleoptera, among the former many things—especially 
among the Tineidae—entirely new to my cabinet. 


THE TYPICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE DIPTERA OF NORTH 
AMERICA IN THE MUSEUM IN CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


BY DR. H. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The new edition of the Catalogue of the described Diptera of North 
America, by the Baron Osten Sacken, Washington, 1878, ranges doubt- 
lessly among the most important works published on the North American 
Fauna. A very detailed and elaborate preface tells only in brief manner 
the immense amount of work done by the author since the publication of 
the first catalogue in 1858. A large part of new information is given at 
the end of the Catalogue in 335 notes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 


Being by no means competent to give a scientific record of the work, 
which contains indeed much more than the names and quotations which 
are only printed on the pages, I felt it my duty to compare carefully the 
collections of Diptera in the Museum with the Catalogue. 

The collections consist of 

1. The typical collection of the Diptera of Osten Sacken. 

2. The typical collection of the western Diptera of Osten Sacken. 

3. The typical collection of the N. American Diptera of Prof. Loew, 
in Guben, Germany. 

All three are labeled by Osten Sacken and Prof. Loew, and are still 
kept separated according to the wishes of Osten Sacken. They are all 
in the same condition as when received. After a careful investigation - 
they are found to contain 2,136 species, named in the catalogue for 
Orthoscapha 1,317 species, Cycloscapha 212 species, Pupipara 7 species. 
But it should be noted that about one-third of them, 648 species, are 
unica. Of the species starred in the catalogue only 33 are not in the 
collection. Of the Cecidomyide, which are not starred in the catalogue, 
22 species are represented in the collections. | Besides those enumerated 
a very large number of manuscript names of Loew and O. Sacken are 
attached to yet undescribed species, besides a very large number of unde- 
termined or even assorted specimens. 


The collections of Osten Sacken are presented to the Museum ; the 
collection of Prof. Loew has been bought. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSORIAL WASP. 
BY W. H. PATTON, WATERBURY, CONN. 


CHLORION AERARIUM. 

Length one inch. Bronzed-purple ; antenne, mandibles, tegule and 
feet black, postscutellum blue; wings dark brown, with a purple reflection. 
Clypeus terminated by a row of five teeth, the lateral teeth a little more 
remote from the intermediate teeth than the intermediate teeth are from 
the median tooth. Head and thorax smooth, with scattered and shallow 
punctures ; metathorax transversely striate throughout, the striz on the 


1S THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


upper face finer. First recurrent nervure received by the second submar- 
ginal cell in the middle, second recurrent nervure received by the third 
submarginal cell near the base. Spiracles of the first segment of the 
abdomen situated upon tubercles. 


One @ specimen. Plainville, Conn., Aug. 30, 1871. 


NOTES.ON THE HUMBLE BEES: 


BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL, P. Q. 


Na 


(Read before the Montreal Branch of the Ent. Soc. of Ontario.) 


Packard places the Hymenoptera at the head of the Class Insecta, on 
account of the completeness of their transformations and the perfection 
of their instincts. This is also the position assigned to this Order by 
Dana. Packard ranks the Bees (Apide) at the head of the Hymenop- 
tera, thus placing them at the very summit of the insect creation. Cresson, 
however, in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Described Species of N. A. Hymen- 
optera,” has them a long way down the list, after the Ants, Wasps, etc. 
Who shall decide when such authorities disagree ? 

I wish to draw attention to the Humble Bees of this part of Canada, 
giving as far as I can the names of the species found here and some notes 
on their economy, the latter chiefly taken from Putnam’s paper published 
in 1863. 

The genus Loembus, says Swainson, appears to be a Northern and 
chiefly European and American genus ; there are very few inter-tropical 
species, and very few Oriental. Some of the tropical species, however, 
are very large, much larger than those found in temperate climates. As 
regards North America, Cresson, in 1863, enumerated 46 species, of which 
the greater number are found in the northern part of the continent. I 
have carefully tabulated his list, and find that the arrangement of their 
habitats is as follows, beginning at the South: Mexico 6, Southern States 
3, Middle 7, Western 5, Kansas and Utah 8, California 2, New England 
8, Canada 7, Hudson Bay 5, Arctic 13, Sitka 3, Greenland 1, unknown 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


3, and one species from Antigua. The large number from Arctic America 
is surprising, and would lead one to think that the number given for the 
more southern parts is not correct. The Arctic species, however, are 
peculiar to that part of the continent, only three of them being found in 
Hudson Bay Territory, and only one of them coming as far south as 
Canada. Many of the other species are also local, but some are found 
over a wide area. Thus v/rgznicus is found all over Canada and the 
United States east of the Rocky Mountains, vagans from Canada to the 
west, fervidus, pennsylvanicus and separatus the same, and /ernartus, the 
only Arctic species found in Canada (according to Cresson), seems to 
extend also over the North-Eastern, Middle and far Western States. 
Britain possesses about 40 species. 

The common name, Humble Bee, is said to be derived from Hummel 
or Hummer Bee, alluding to the noise made by the wings during flight. In 
Scotland the largest species found there is called the Bumbee. 

In North America the Humble Bee is the nearest approach we have, 
as far as indigenous Bees are concerned, to the Hive Bee. The latter (A. 
mellifica ), however, has become naturalized on this continent in the forests 
to a considerable degree beyond civilization, making its nests in hollow 
trees, or among the branches, sometimes under ledges or in clefts of the 
rocks. It is said not to have been found to the west of the Mississippi 
before 1797, but in 14 years it had advanced 600 miles further in that 
direction. I have never heard of the Honey Bee becoming wild in 
Canada, but it probably would if neglected when swarming takes place. 

To return, however, to the Humble Bees. They do not form com- 
munities so large as Honey Bees, seldom more than two or three hundred 
occupying one nest, in some species not more than fifty or sixty. The 
community is dissolved on the approach of winter ; the males and workers 
die, and only females have the power of passing the winter in a torpid 
state, among moss, in rotten wood, or in some other situation where they 
may enjoy protection from frost and concealment from enemies—to per- 
petuate the race by founding new communities in the ensuing spring. 
Workers are chiefly produced in the earlier part of the season, males and 
perfect females in the latter part of it. The females are much less prolific 
than those of Honey Bees, and seemingly as a kind of provision for this 
deprivation, they, unlike the Honey Bees, live in the same community 
without seeking to destroy one another, provided they belong to the same 
colony or nest. 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 


Their nests are placed in different situations, some species having 
different habits from others in this respect. ‘Thus of the English species, 
LB. terrestris makes its nest in holes in the ground, at the depth of a foot 
or more, floored with leaves and lined with wax, and often entered by a 
winding passage. Others, as 2. Zapidarius, make their waxen nests among 
stones; others, as 4. muscorum, among moss, which they mix and join 
with wax. ‘The nests are enlarged as the community increases. In the 
spring the female or queen bee, having awaked from her torpid state, roams 
about until she finds a suitable place for a nest. On deciding, she 
immediarely collects a small amount of pollen mixed with honey, and in 
this deposits from seven to fourteen eggs, gradually adding to the pollen 
mass until the first brood is hatched. 

As regards the Bees which I have examined, some were taken at 
(Quebec by me some years ago, and one or two species here. I have to 
thank Mr. Caulfield for the principal part of the material. 

There are certain differences between the sexes which render it easy 
to distinguish them, Not to enter too scientifically upon this part of the 
subject, I give the principal points of difference. 

The females may be known by their large size, and the corbiculz or 
baskets on the posterior tibiz, formed by a fringe of long hairs on each side 

The workers generally resemble the females very closely, the only 
observable difference being in the size, and this varies greatly. They may 
be found of all sizes from the female downwards, so that it is impos- 
sible to tell the difference in some cases. 

The male is smaller than the female and larger than the generality of 
the workers. It has one joint more in the antenne and one section more 
in the abdomen than the female. , 

Cresson says a very conspicuous character to distinguish the sexes is 
this: In the male the inner tooth of the tarsal claws is almost as long as 
the outer, in the female the inner tooth is quite short compared with the 
outer. The posterior tibiae are without baskets, but have a fringe of hairs 
on the outer side. 


APATHUS, Newm. 
The following remarks on this genus are from Mr. Cresson’s “ List of 


the North American Species of Bombus and Apathus,’ Proc. Ent. Soc’y 
Phi) 1003": 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. lat 


This genus is parasitic on that of Bombus, and resembles it very 
much in general appearance. The characters with which to distinguish it 
from Bombus are as follows : The posterior tibize are destitute of corbiculz 
(or baskets) and are convex exteriorly ; the basal joint of the posterior 
tarsi has no tooth at its base above. 1n the /ema/e the apex of the abdo- 
men curves under, and the apical segment beneath has the lateral margins 
elevated. The mandibles have a single notch, while those of Bombus are 
distinctly toothed. ‘This genus has no workers. 

The males may be distinguished from those of Bombus by the pos- 
terior tibiz being exteriorly convex and thickly coated with short hairs. 
The males of the iatter genus have the exterior surface of the posterior 
tibiz concave in the centre, with a few scattered hairs, and are fringed at 
the exterior margins. ; 

The economy of our species is almost unknown. 


LIST OF BEES OF THE GENERA BOMBUS AND APATHUS TAKEN IN 
THE-PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 


Bomeus, Latreille. 


Virginicus, Oliv. 1 male, 4 females, 1 worker ; Quebec, Montreal. 
Separatus, Cresson. 1 male ; Montreal. 
Vagans, Smith. 2 females, 1 worker ; Quebec, Montreal. 
Perplexus, Cresson. 1 male; Montreal. 
Fervidus, Fab. 1 male, 3 females, 2 workers ; Quebec, Montreal. 
Pensylvanicus, DeGeer., 1 female ; Montreal, Quebec (Provancher). 
Terricola, Kirby. 2 females ; Quebec, Montreal. 
Ternarius, Say. 1 male, 6 females, 2 workers ; Quebec, Montreal. 
Flavifrons, Cresson. 1 male, 3 workers; Montreal. 
Sylvicola, Kirby. 3 workers ; Montreal. 

ApaTHuS, Newm. 
Ashtoni, Cresson. 1 male, 2 females; Quebec, Montreal. 
Elatus, Cresson. 3 females; Montreal. 


THE HESSIAN FLY. 

The following circular in reference to the Hessian Fly has been issued 
from the office of the U. S. Entomological Commission. The subject is 
a most important one, and fearing it might not otherwise reach all our 
readers, we present it here : 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR—OFFICE OF THE U. S. ENTOMO- 


LOGICAL COMMISSION. 


Providence, Rk. I., June, 1879. 

DEAR Sirx,—The Commission desires your co-operation in obtaining 
facts concerning the habits of the Hessian Fly, with statistics of losses 
occasioned in your town or county by its attacks ; and accounts of the 
remedies best calculated to prevent its increase, and to destroy it. In 
brief, the habits of the Hessian Fly are as follows: In May and June two 
or three small, reddish-white maggots may be found embedded in the 
crown of the roots of the wheat, at or near the surface of the soil, causing 
the stalks and leaves to wither and die ; the maggots harden, turn brown, 
then resembling a flax-seed, and change into little d/ack midges with smoky 
wings, half the size of a mosquito, which appear in spring and autumn, 
and lay from twenty to thirty eggs in a crease in the leaf of the young 
plant. Specimens of the fly may be obtained by sweeping the wheat when 
three or four inches high, with a gauze net. Please send me specimens 
of the fly, eggs, maggot and “ flax-seed,” in vials of alcohol, with notes 
as to the date when found, and full information as to the insect enemies 
and parasites. 

The IVheat Midge is apt to be confounded with the Hessian Fly. It 
is a small. mosquito-like fly, orange yellow, with clear wings, which hovers 
over fields of young wheat in June. It attacks the heads of the wheat, 
laying its eggs when the wheat is in blossom. On hatching, the maggots 
crowd around the young kernels of wheat, causing them to become shriv- 
elled. The maggots in July and August descend into the ground, spin- 
ning a round cocoon smaller than a mustard seed, remaining an inch below 
the surface till the following June. 

Information regarding the following topics is respectfully solicited ; to 
be forwarded at the close of the season : 

1. When, where, and how are the eggs deposited ? 

2. When does the maggot appear ? ; 

3. When is the “flax-seed” state of the Hessian Fly, or the seed-like 
cocoons of the Wheat Midge assumed ? 

4. At what date do the Midges appear in spring and autumn ? 

5. Look for minute parasites in the eggs and maggots. They may be 
bred by placing the eggs and maggots with the wheat in bottles covered 
with gauze, and the parasitic flies preserved in vials of alcohol. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1359 


= 


6. Give statistics as to abundance and losses in your town. 

7. State the best preventive remedies, as deep ploughing or burning in 
the fall, or the rotation of crops. 

Specimens of the wheat affected by these insects, and of the eggs, 
maggots and flies, together with their: parasites, in alcohol, are requested. 
When mailed, the alcohol can be poured out, and cotton soaked in alcohol 
will keep the specimens wet until received. Packed in a tin box they can 
be sent through the mail. Address as below. Respectfully yours, 

A. S. Packarpb, JR., Providence, R. I. 


Eis. OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN .DAYTON, OHIO: 
BY G. R. PILATE. 


Papilio ajax. Euptoieta claudia. 


aC *¢ var. telamonides. 


Phyciodes nycteis. 
<s oy +) Abbotu: tharos. 
es  -—- mareellus: Grapta interrogationis. 


“  philenor. se i var. umbrosa. 


‘¢ _asterias. ue comma. 


se se 


= troius: 
=o CUrmus: 
e “var. glaucus. 
‘““ cresphontes. 
Pieris protodice. 
ee ee 
**  rapee. 
Colias eurytheme. 
“  philodice. 
g 3 var. alba. 
Terias nicippe. 
sige Me LiSai 
Danais archippus. 
Argynnis cybele. 
SP es myrina. 
+H bellona. 


var. vernalis. 


var. dryas. 
Vanessa antiopa. 
Pyrameis atalanta. 

{2 liuntera: 

a eardin 
Junonia lavinia. 
Limenitis ursula. 

“«  disippus. 
Apatura celtis. 


‘ux ielyton! 
Neonympha eurytris. 
canthus. 


Debis portlandia. 
Libythea Bachmanni. 
Thecla calanus. 
Chrysophanus thoe. 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 7 
Chrysophanus americana. Pamphila cernes. 
Lyceena pseudargiolus. ““ _-verna. 
“«  comyntas. Amblyscirtes vialis. 
Ancyloxypha numitor. Thanaos brizo. 
Pamphila zabulon. . a juvenalis. r 
. “var, pochahontas. Pholisora catullus. 
huron. Eudamus pylades. : 
otho var. egremet. ~ tityrus. 


a Peckius. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 

Eburia quadrigeminata Say has been considered by me a rare beetle 
in this locality until within the last two years. I have taken it very abund- 
antly in July and August while sugaring for moths in an old apple orchard 
in Kendall Co., Ilinois. 

Dorcaschema alternatum Say abounds in July and August on hedges of 
Osage Orange, and is found more abundantly on the shaded rather than 
on the sunny side of the hedge. 

Dectes spinosis Say is very abundant in July on what is usually known 
as rag-weed—Amobrosia artemisicefolia Linn. 

I have in cabinet eleven 2 examples of Rhyssa lunator Fabr., and 
seven 2 examples of AAyssa atrata Fabr. One /unator presents some 
peculiarities that seem worth recording. Ten of the 2 “uator have the 
supporters of the ovipositor uniformly a trifle shorter than the ovipositor 
itself, but the eleventh is to me somewhat of a monstrosity. What should 
be the ovipositor consists of three exceedingly fine hair-like projections, 
not more than three-fourths the length of the semi-cylindrical supporters. 
These hairs are of a yellowish color, the tip of each one, for about one- 
sixteenth of an inch, being black, the usual color of the ovipositor in 
lunator, or at least the color of the ovipositor in ten of my eleven 
examples. Will some hymenopterist please explain the matter ? 


O. S. Westcotr, Racine, Wis. 


I have to record the capture of AZacroglossa tantalus, June 2nd. It 
was taken on Mr. Erastus Coming’s farm, at Kenwood, Albany Co., N. Y. 
In same locality I have also taken in former years Detlephila tersa, Che- | 
rocampa versicolor, Sphinx cingulata, Plusia formosa, P. mortuorum, 
Abrostola ovalts, etc. R. M. Grey. 


Che Canadtan Entomolonist. 


VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1879. No. 8 


NOTES-UPON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GERTAIN 
SPECIES OF+BUTTERFLIES. NO- 2. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


4. Mevir#2a Minuta Edw.—Figured in Mead’s Report on Butterflies 
of Colorado. Syn. Avachne Edw. 


CuRYSALIS.— Length .54 inch ; cylindrical ; head case short, narrow, 
rounded at vertices, the sides sloping ; mesonotum rounded, not promin- 
ent, followed by a shallow depression ; the abdomen large, and offering 
several rows of short conical tubercles ; color yellow-white or buff, marked 
with black ; top of head case black, the antennz cases same ; mesonotum 
with two crescent spots on each side; on the wing case a central patch 
and dark border ; the segments of abdomen edged with black -on dorsal 
side ; a ventral longitudinal stripe and one on either side; the tubercles 
black at summit, orange at base. 


Sent by Mr. Boll, and obtained from larva bred by him in the spring of 
1879, in western Texas. ‘This resembles in shape the chrysalis of Baroni 
and Phaeton. 


5. PARNASSIUS SMINTHEUS, var. BEHRII. 


Ecc.—Does not differ from that of type Smintheus, as figured in But- 
terflies of N.-America, vol. 1. Button-shaped, the sides rounded, the top 
depressed, base flattened ; the surface covered with a crust of hexagons, 
which diminish as they approach the micropyle, and show a little open- 
ing at each corner of the hexagon down to the shell ; color chalky-white. 
Deposited on leaves of species of Sedum. 

Younc Larva.—Length .9g inch; cylindrical, thickest anteriorly, 
tapering slightly to last segment; the segments well rounded; color 
black, with four rows of tubercles on either side, not very prominent, 
whitish, each sending out one or more black hairs ; from those of dorsal 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and first lateral row one hair each ; from the second lateral row four hairs 
each ; from the third or lower lateral row two hairs ; head sub-globose, 
the surface rough but searcely granulated, and thinly covered with short 


black hairs ; color black. 


6. PARNASSIUS BALpUR Edw.  C/arzus Boisd., not Eversmann. 

Ecc.—A little larger than Swntheus, of same shape, and covered in 
same way with a crust of hexagons ; color pale coffee-brown. Laid on 
species of Sedum. 

YouNnG LAkvA.—Not distinguishable in shape, markings or color from 
Smintheus. 

Mr. Mead brought me, in September, 1878, a large number of the 
eggs of both these Parnassians, obtained by him from females shut up 
with Sedum, while he was in Nevada. I kept the eggs ina cool place 
until 29th December, and then brought a few of each species into a warm 
room. On 16th January three larvee of Smntheus came forth, eating a 
round hole in the side of the egg. On 31st Jan’y one Ba/dur hatched. 
I had fiesh leaves of the same Sedum on which the eggs had been laid, 
and there was an effort to gnaw the surface of these, but all the larvae died 
in course of a few days. On 25th Feb’y I brought more of the eggs into 
my room, and the weather having turned warm at that time, the larvee 
quickly came out. Most of them died very soon after, but a few eat of 
the leaves and grew to double their original size, when one after another 
died. It is possible that in nature the larvas do not emerge until the plant 
is in bloom, and if I succeed in obtaining more eggs, I will retard them 
till Sedum in flower can be had. Very little is known of the larve of 
species of Parnassius. 


7. CHIONOBAS IvALLDA Mead. Fig’d in But. N. A., Part vii, Vol. 2. 


EGc.—Sub-conic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high, rounded 
at top ; marked by about 18 vertical ridges, the sides of which are irregu- 
larly excavated; part of these terminate at about three-quarters the distance 
from base to summit, and the remainder gradually sink to the surface ; the 
spaces between the ridges over the top being irregularly and shallowly 
pitted. 

YounGc Larva.—Length .11 inch; stout anteriorly, tapering to last 
segment, which ends in two blunt conical tails, each with a terminal white 
bristle ; color at first soiled white, soon after greenish-white, striped longi 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1438 


tudinally with dull red ; a broad medio-dorsal stripe, another on, middle 
of side, running to tail ; a third along base of body ; between the dorsal 
and lateral stripes a brown line, and a second just below lateral ; on each 
segment from 3 to 12, on either side, are three rows of white clubbed 
hairs, springing from white tubercles ; head rounded, broadest below, 
broader than next segment; the surface much covered with shallow 
punctures ; color dull yellow ; across upper front face is a curved row of 
four round brown tubercular spots, and six spots across middle face, each 
sending out a dark hair ; the ocelli dark. 


This larva was received from Mr. Mead, in Nevada, and was but just 
out of the shell when I opened the box. Like the larvee of the Parnas- 
sians, it came from a hole in the side of the egg. This was 18th August, 
1878. ‘The larva lived till 21st September, readily feeding on grass, and 
was about to pass its first moult when it was accidentally killed. It 
behaved like other Satyrid larve, being sluggish, and moving very little. 
Probably in nature hybernation occurs when the larva is half grown. 


8. Cuionopas Ipuna Edw. Fig’d in But. N. A., Vol 2. 

Ecc.—Shaped like /vad/d1; the ridges sinuous, more prominent, 
sharper than in /vad/da, and the larger part extend from base to summit. 
Sent me by Mr. O. T. Baron. ; 


TINEINA. 
BY V. I’. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 


It has so happened that within a few years past Professors Zeller and 
Frey in Europe, and I in the U.S., have at about the same time described 
a large number of American species of Tineina, and as might have been 
expected under these circumstances, it has occasionally happened that the 
same species has been twice described under different names. I am, 
however, surprised to find how seldom this has happened. In so far as I 
have been able, from the figures and descriptions of Professors Zeller and 
Frey, to identify their species with those described by me, I have hereto- 
fore done so in the pages of this and other journals ; and I have to thank 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dr. Hagen for the ability to make the following corrections and identi- 
fications, which I was unable to make from the published descriptions of 
Professors Zeller and Frey alone. Dr. Hagen has submitted to my 
examination some of the type specimens of those authors in the Collection 
of the Museum at Cambridge, and from them I am enabled to make the 
corrections noted below. ‘There still remain a few of the species of Pro- 
fessors Zeller and Frey which I have not seen, but as types of more than 
three hundred of the species described by me are in the Museum, which 
I believe also contains types of the greater number of American species 
described by Frey and Zeller, the species may be readily determined by 
any one having access to the Collection. 


Argyresthia quercicalella Cham. 


From Colorado. Previously described by Zeller from Texas specimens 
as A. abdominals. 


Batrachedra Clemensella Cham. 


From Kentucky and Colorado. Previously described from Texas by 
Zeller as B. striolata. In Bul. Geo. Survey, v. 3, pp. (34 and 141, I at 
first confounded it with 4. prwaugusta, whilst the true pr@augusta, then 
first discovered in America, was described as a new species under the 
name 4. Céemensella. Afterwards, when the supposed new species was 
discovered to be preaugusta, the name Clemensedla was transferred to the 
species which had been erroneously supposed to be prwaugusta, and 
which is the s¢7zo/ata of Zeller. 1 have not seen any authenticated speci- 
mens of 4. salicipomonella Clem., but I suspect it is at most only a variety 
of preaugusta. 


Lithocolletis Hageni Vrey & Boll. 
In my account of ZL. necopinusella 1 suggested that it might prove to 


be LZ. Hagent F. & B, and so it turns out on examination of a type speci- 
men of the latter species. 


Lithocolletis gemmea ¥. & B. 


With a doubt indicated by a mark of interrogation, Messrs. F. & B. 
identify this species with Parectopa robiniella Clem. Misled by this identi- 
fication, [, in the Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vi., p. 209, made some comments 
on its transference from Pavectopa to Lithocolletis by Messrs. F. & B., and 
asserted what is unquestionably a fact, that P. vobiniella Clem. is not a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


Lithocolletis, but is a Gracilaria. A more careful comparison of P. vobint- 
ella with the description of Z. gemmea by F. & B., convinced me that 
the latter was a very different insect from P. vodcnzed/a, and that its identi- 
fication therewith by F. & B. was altogether wrong; and it further con- 
vinced me of the fact that Gracilaria mirabilis F. & B. is P. robiniella 
Clem., which I had previously transferred to Gracilaria as G. robiniella. 
These corrections were made in the Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vi., p. 339. An 
examination of one of the types of Z. gemmea shows that it is a true 
Lithocolletis, nearer perhaps to Z. ornateléa Cham. than to any other known 
species, but very distinct from it, and about as much like Gracilaria 
(Parectopa) robiniella Clem. (G. mirabilis F. & B.) as Colias philodice is 
like Papilio asterias. 


L. aenigmatella Frey & Boll. 


I have not seen a specimen of this species, but I think it will turn out 
to be Z. ¢eMieella Cham., described long previously. 


L. Scudderella Frey & Boll. 


A specimen of this species is among the insects submitted to me 
by Dr. Hagen. I have heretofore regarded it as equivalent to the variable 
L. salicifoliella Clem. & Cham. Unfortunately I have no specimen of the 
latter species now with which to compare the specimen of Scudderella, Dut 
I incline to the opinion, after examining Scudderedla, that it is distinct from 
salicifoltella. 


L. quercivorella, n. sp. 

Face, tuft and antenne silvery white, the sides of the tuft immediately 
over the eyes reddish saffron, and each antennal joint with a fuscous spot 
on the upper side at its outer margin. Thorax and primaries reddish 
orange, with a wide white streak along the middle of the thorax from its 
anterior margin to the apex, which, when the wings are closed, is con- 
tinuous with a dorso-basal streak on each fore wing, and which extends 
beyond the middle of the dorsal margin. There are on the fore wings 
three costal white streaks ; the first is dark margined behind and oz ‘he 
costa before ; the second behind and around the tip, with the dark scales 
produced a little way back ; both of thesé streaks are oblique and resemble 
in position and character the costal streaks of Z. dasistrigella, L. ulmella 
and Z. dicolorella. The third streak is a mere spot before the cili, is 
dark margined both before and behind, and opposite to it is a dorsal white 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


streak pointing obliquely backwards, densely dark margined behind, its 
dark margin continued into the densely dusted apex. — Ciliz silvery gray- 
ish with a basal dark brown hinder marginal line. Hind wings pale 
silvery fuscous with silvery ciliz. Abdomen pale yellow; tip silvery. Legs 
white ; tarsi annulate with black. A/. ex. Y% inch. 

The form and size of the mine in leaves of QO. odtusiloba, and the 
general reddish saffron hue of the insect, ally it to Z. Pethuneella, L. uni- 
Jasciella and L. castaneeella, one of which I believed it to be until I bred 
it. In other respects it 1s allied as closely to the w/me/a group, as above 
stated. 


LIneurvaria mediostriatela Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan’y, 1860, 
Ds 5: 

Tinea auristrigela Cham., CAN. ENT., v. 5, p. 86. 

I am satisfied that in 7: awristriged/a | have re-described Dr. Clemens’ 


species, though I see no sufficient reason for separating it from 7Z?vea. 
T. tridella Cham. will probably also be referred to Zacurvaria. 


INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA. 


COMPILED BY REV. C. J. 5. BETHUNE, M. A. 


from Kirbys Fauna LBoreali-Americana : Insecta. 


(Continued from Vol. x., p. 217.) 


[286.|) VIL. LEPIDOPTERA, 
FAMILY PAPILIONID.¥. 


[288.] 403. Ponvia casra Avrdy.—Plate iii., fig. 1.—Three speci- 
mens taken in Lat. 65°. 


[A well-known variety of Pieris oleracea Boisd. ; quite common in 


Canada. | 


—_— a 


Se ee 


———— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


[289.] FAMILY NYMPHALID2. 


404. Meira secenits Avrdy.—-Taken in North America. [Is our 
common J, tharos. | 


405. ARGYNNIS CYBELE /adr.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 
{Common in Canada ; for description and figures, and for a full account 
of the differences that distinguish this species from A. aphrodite, No. 407, 
see Edwards’ “ Butterflies of N. America,” Part 1.| 


[290.] 406. ARGYNNIS MYRINA /adr.—Taken in Canada by Dr. 
Bigsby. [Quite common in Canada and well-known to collectors. | 


407. ARGYNNIS APHRODITE Fadr.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 
{Quite common ; see our note on A. cybele above. | 


[291.] 408. ARGYNNIS rREYA Zsfer.—Expansion of the wings 1% 
inches. ‘Three specimens taken near Cumberland-house, Lat. 54°. 

Stalk of the antenne yellow with a large compressed dark-brown knob, 
red underneath at the base and tip ; wings tawny, dark-brown at the base, 
with a narrow black band occupying the posterior margin, followed by a 
series of black arrow-headed spots ; next to which in the primaries is a 
zigzag angular discoidal black band, and at the anterior margin five trans- 
verse spots of the same colour; the underside of these wings is tawny 
variegated with black and white spots and lines; the secondaries are 
underneath reddish-brown variegated with white and yellow ‘spots and 
bands, with a discoidal arrow-headed white spot in the centre ; the fringe 
of the wings is alternately white and yellow. 

[A decidedly northern insect ; has been taken in Labrador. | 


[292.] FAMILY VANESSIDA. 


409. VANESSA C-ARGENTEUM Azréy.—Plate i., figs. 6 and 7. Ex- 
pansion of the wings 2 inches. A single specimen taken in Lat. 54°. 


Antenne brown above, pale below; knob pale at the tip; wings 
angular, cut out into sinuses which are dentated ; primaries above orange- 
tawny, with five black round spots forming a right-angled triangle with 
each other ; two triangular costal bars and posterior margin black ; above 
the black marginal band is a series of paler tawny triangular spots ; under- 
neath the wings are veined, marbled and clouded with black, brown, and 
cinereous ; the primaries have a very broad paler band near the margin ; 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. } 


secondaries above dull-orange, at the base with a black spot or two near 

the anterior margin; the other half is black with a transverse series of | 
triangular pale spots, the interior ones being nearly obsolete ; the disk is 
inscribed with a slender silver somewhat obtusangular C, with the con- 
cavity towards the anterior margin. 


[Synonymous with our common Gvrafpta progne Cramer. |. 


410. VANESSA FURCILLATA Say.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 
Common in the N. West Territory and the vicinity of Fort William. 

{Synonymous with . A@i/berti Godt., a common and very familiar 
butterfly throughout Canada. — For description and figure see Say’s Am. 
Entomology, vol. i, pl. 27. 


[293.] 411. VANESSA ANTIOPA Ziuu.—Taken in Canady by Capt. 
Sheppard. |’Too common in Canada to require any description. | 


[294.] 412. WANESSA ATALANTA Lénu,—Several taken in Canada. | 
| (Quite common ; for description see Harris’ Insects of Mass., p. 294.| 4 


[295.]| 413. CYNTHIA CARDUI.—Zévn.—| Another very common 
butterfly ; see Harris’ Insects of Mass., p. 291. ] 


[296.| 414. CYNTHIA HUNTERA Yrury.—| Almost as common as | 
the preceding species; see Harris’ Insects, p. 292. This and the two 
preceding species are now included-in the genus Pyrameis Hubn. | 


[297.] FAMILY HIPPARCHIAD®. 


415. HIppARCHIA NEPHELE Avréy.— Expansion of the wings 2% 
inches. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 

Antenne brown annulated with white, rufous at the end; knob 
slender ; wings brown ; primaries both above and below with a paler sub- 
marginal broad band including two eyelets ; the upper ones surrounded 
by a paler atmosphere, with a black iris and white pupil ; on the under 
side the atmosphere of the eyelets is more distinct and forms a kind of 
glory round them; the pupil is snowy-white with some blue scales scattered 
round it; the under side of both wings, above the band, is marbled with 
transverse deeper coloured streaks ; the secondaries are dentated but not 
the primaries, which at the margin have two transverse black parallel 


eee 


ies 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


lines ; in the former there is anteriorly a costal paler bar, and the posterior 
half of the wing is paler ; between the bar and the marginal paler band 
are three minute eyelets, with a black iris and bluish pupil, arranged 
transversely in a triangle; and three more similar ones arranged obliquely, 
the external one minute, in the paler part, the internal one pointing to the 
anal angle. 


| Quite common in Canada ; included in the genus Satyvus Westwood. | 


[298.] 416. HrpparcHia piscorpaLis Azvby.—Plate iil., figs. 2, 3.— 
Expansion of the wings 134-2 inches. Several specimens taken at Cum- 
berland-house, Lat. 54°. 


Body brown. Antenne annulated with white; wings very entire, 
brown ; costa spotted with gray ; a triangular obscure reddish-tawny dis- 
coidal stripe extends from the base to the posterior margin of the pri- 
maries, and is discoverable also on the under side where the wing is faintly 
.clouded with gray at the tip ; the secondaries underneath are indistinctly 
marbled and clouded with gray or whitish scales ; fringe whitish and brown 
alternately. 


[A northern species ; has been taken at Fort Simpson, and in Alaska. | 


FAMILY LYCANID. 


417. THECLA AUGUSTUS Kirby.— Plate it., figs. 4, 5.—Expansion of 
the wings 1 inch. Taken in Lat. 54°. 

Antenne annulated with white ; knob elongated ; wings dusky black 
with a dull ferruginous disk ; fringe alternately black and white ; second- 
aries underneath black at the base; at the apex dusky ash-coloured, with 
a transverse series of about eight black spots, rudiments of which appear 
on the same surface of the primaries. 

Named after the Esquimaux Augustus. 


[Taken in Canada, the New England States, and New York. | 


[299.] 418. Lycana porcas A7zrby.—Plate iv., fig. 1.—Expansion 
of the wings r inch. ‘Taken in Lat. 54°. 

Body black above, white underneath. Antenne black, annulated with 
white ; knob tipped with orange ; wings brown with a reddish tint, under- 
neath tawny ; primaries with an angular band formed of faint black spots ; 


b 


’ behind these nearer the costa is a black bar, above which are two more 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spots ; between the band and the posterior margin are three more black 
spots arranged transversely, and above the base are three spots forming a 
triangle ; the secondaries have aslight sinus near the anal angle, the fringe 
of which projects so as toassume the appearance of a shorttail ; a cross 
the disk runs an angular band formed of faint black spots, above which 
is a crescent of the same colour ; at the anal angle is an orange coloured 
angular bar, or abbreviated band ; underneath, these wings have several 
indistinct black dots, the three external ones of which form an obtuse 
angle with the four internal ones. . 

This species seems the American representative of Z. Phieas, but its 
colour is much less vivid. 

[Belongs to the genus Cérysophanus Hubn. ; it is probably identical 
with C. Americana D’Urban, | 


41g. PotyomMmatus Lucia Avrby.—Plate iii., figs. 8, 9.— Expansion 
of the wings 1 inch. One specimen taken with the preceding. 


[300.| Wings above silvery-blue, terminating, especially at the posterior 
margin, in a very slender black line ; fringe white barred with black ; prim- 
aries underneath ash-coloured mottled with white ;_in the disk is a black 
crescent and a curved macular band, consisting of, mostly, oblique black 
crescents edged with white, especially on their under side ; the wing ter- 
minates posteriorly in a broadish, brown band, formed chiefly by obsolete 
eyelets ; the secondaries are brown ; underneath spotted and striped with 
black and white ; towards the posterior margin the white spots are arranged 
in a transverse band parallel with it; and, as in the primaries, the wing 
terminates in several obsolete eyelets. 


[Figured by Harris (Ins. Mass., figs. 105, 106) under the name of P. 
pseudargiolus. Not uncommon in Canada and the Northern States. | 


FAMILY HESPERIAD., 


420. HespeERIA Pecxius A7vrby.—Plate iv., figs. 2, 3.—Expansion 
of wings 1 inch and % aline. ‘Taken with the preceding, and also by 
Prof. Peck. : 

Body brown, paler on the under side. Antenne rufous above, below 
the joints have a patch of white scales ; knob fusiform, hooked ; wings 
above tawny-brown, with an articulate angular band, common to both 


wings, of pale yellow ; primaries striped and streaked with the same colour 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. St 


near the base, and in the costal area ; underneath the wings are paler; the 
primaries have nearly the same marks as above but more conspicuous ; on 
the secondaries the angular band is surmounted by another irregular spot, 
so as to form two contiguous spots, or rather one large irregular didymous 
one. 

[Quite common in Canada. | 


[301.]. FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 


421. Atnypra Mac Cutiocuit Azrby.—Plate iv., fig. 5.—Expansion 
of wings 1% inch. Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch, and in 
Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 

Body and wings very black. Orbit of the eyes externally clothed with 
white hairs ; base-covers or tippets whitish ; primary wings with three very 
white spots, one near the base oblique, obversely wedge-shaped, divided 
into two by a longitudinal black line ; next, at a little distance from the 
anterior margin, is a subtrapezoidal, small, white spot, between which and 
the posterior margin is an articulate band, abbreviated at each end, of the 
same colour, consisting of six spots divided by black lines ; the same 
spots distinguish the under surface of these wings, and besides there is a 
whitish longitudinal one in the costal area ; in the secondaries are also 
three white spots on both surfaces, viz., a large rectangular one near the 
base divided longitudinally into four ; a longitudinal undivided one at the 
anterior margin ; and an articulate posterior abbreviated band, divided 
into five spots ; the longitudinal costal streak may almost be regarded as 
forming a sixth, as the lower end is parallel with the last spot of the band ; 
the four anterior legs are externally covered with long orange coloured 
hairs, which character is slso found in A. octomacudlata. 


FAMILY SPHINGID. 


422, SMERINTHUS CErISyI Av7dy.—Plate iv., fig. 4.—Expansion of 
the wings 234 inches. Taken in North America, locality not stated. 

[302.] Body ash-coloured ; thorax with a large trapezoidal brown spot 
dilated next the abdomen ; primaries angulated, ash-coloured, with a 
transverse series of brown submarginal crescents in a paler band, between 
which and the posterior margin is another obsolete paler one ; above the 
crescents is a straight whitish band, and a linear angular forked one under 
the internal sinuses of which the wings are clouded with dark brown ; 


1b2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


underneath the above markings of the wing are very indistinct ; the 
secondaries are rose-colour, paler at the costal and posterior margins ; 
underneath they are dusky-cinereous, with a whitish band coinciding with 
that of the primaries, a transverse series of crescents and a dentated 
brownish band, all rather indistinct ; but the most conspicuous character 
of the secondaries is a large eyelet situated at the anal angle, consisting 
of a biack pupil, nearly but not quite surrounded by a blue iris, and situ- 
ated in a black triangular spot or atmosphere, which extends to the anal 


angle, and is surmounted by some blue scales ; the abdomen above is 
dusky ash-coloured. 


This insect appears to be the American representative of S. ocellatus, 
from which, however, it differs considerably. It comes very near to S. 


geminatus (Say Am. Lnt.1., 4 xi1.,) but in that the eyelet has two blue 
pupils. 


423. DEILEPHILA INTERMEDIA Av7vby.—Expansion of wings 2% 
inches. Taken in North America. 

This species is intermediate between D. Euphorbia and D. Galit, which 
last it most resembles, but the anterior portion of the mesal stripe of the 
primary wings is pale rose-colour; the fringe of their inner margin, and 
of the posterior of the secondaries is white ; there is no series of white 
dots on the back of the abdomen and the ventral segments are fringed at 
the apex with white hairs. This description was taken from an old speci- 
men apparently somewhat faded. 


[Is probably identical with D. Chamencri? Harris, a common species 
in Canada. | 


[303.] FAMILY SESIADA. 


424. SESIA RUFICAUDIS A7rby (Sphinx pelasgus Cramer),—Expan- 
sion of the wings 2% inches. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, and in 
New Jersey by Mr. Drake. 

Body yellow-olive, underneath pale-yellow. Antenne black ; primaries 
reddish-brown, hyaline in the disk, with the hyaline part half divided 
towards the base with a costal bar, covered with yellow-olive hairs at the 
base ; underneath the costa, the posterior margin and the nervures are 
dark ferruginous ; there is also a yellow stripe on the inner side of the 
base ; secondaries hyaline in the disk; base externally and costa yellow ; 
internally the base is ferruginous ; underneath the dark part of the wing 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 


is ferruginous, and the base pale-yellow ; two first segments of the abdo- 
men yellow-olive, two next black, the rest ferruginous with pale-yellow 
lateral spots. 


This species: appears to be the American representative of Ses¢a fuct- 
formis, which it greatly resembles, but differs in the colour of the tail and 
the base of the secondaries. 


| This description is not sufficiently definite for the determination of the 
species. | 


FAMILY LITHOSIAD#. 


425. CALLIMORPHA PARTHENICE Avrby.—Expansion of the wings 
134 inch. Taken in North America. 


[304.] 2¢. Antenne black, bipectinated ; thorax flesh-coloured with 
two anterior, and three posterior, oblong, black spots, the latter being the 
largest ; primary wings black, with the so-called rivulets pale with a slight 
pinkish tint ; the main streams, especially towards the apex of the wing, 
form several islets, most of which are divided by slenderer ones which do 
not appear on the under side of the wing ; the secondaries are of the colour 
of red lead, with five black spots towards the posterior margin, the inter- 
mediate three forming a macular band, above which is one smaller one 
and below it another ; underneath there isalso a small spot, at the costal 
margin, above the others. 

|A species of Avctia, probably identical with A. virgo Linn. ; not 
uncommon in Canada. | 


426. CALLIMORPHA VIRGUNCULA A7rby.—Plate iv., fig. 6.—Expan- 
sion of the wings 1% inch. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 

Head pallid ; orbit of the eyes, and the mouth, black ; antennz black, 
serrato-pectinate ; thorax pallid, with five lanceolate black spots, the pos- 
terior ones being the largest ; primary wings black, with pallid rivulets, 
which are formed by the scales that clothe the nervures, and produce the 
rays at the apex of these wings, where the lines are traversed by a trans- 
verse, angulated band ; underneath they are pale, with the black parts less 
distinct, except at the apex; there is a black spot in the disk near the 
costal margin ; the secondaries are orange-tawny, spotted at the apex with 
black ; abdomen tawny above, below pale, with a dorsal, and on each side 
a double, lateral, black, macular stripe ; trunk underneath black, with pale 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hairs intermixed ; legs black ; tibize pale above ; thighs with a pale spot 
at the base and apex. ° 


This is nearly related to the preceding species, but is much smaller ; 
and the painting and spotting of the wings differ materially. 


[A species of Azvctia; taken in Canada. | 


[305.] 427. Lirnosta miniata Av7by.— Expansion of the wings 
inch. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. 


1% 

Head, trunk, base and apex of the abdomen, costal and anal margin, 
mesal forked stripe of the primary wings, and base of the secondary, 
miniatous or of the colour of red lead ; two longitudinal stripes and the 
space between the apical fork of the primaries, apex of the secondaries, 


and middle of the abdomen, slate-coloured. 


[Belongs to the genus /Zypoprepia Hiibn. ; not uncommon in Canada. | 


FAMILY CTENUCHID. 


428. CTENUCHA LATREILLANA Avrby.—-Expansion of wings 24% 
inches. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, and in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac 
Culloch. : 


[306.] Body, and primary wings, light-brown. Antennae and anal 
hairs black ; head and base of the primaries, bright orange ; trunk, back 
of the abdomen, and outside of the thighs, cyaneous or blue-green ; fringes 
of the wings white, but in the middle of the posterior margin brown ; 
secondaries short. 


[Previously described under the specific name of w7rgznica Charp. ; 
quite common in Canada. | 


Mr. W. F. Kirby has been transferred from the Natural History 
Museum, Royal Dublin Society, to the British Museum. His new address 
is 5 Union Road, Tufnell Park, London N., England. 


ns ae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 155 


TORTRICID. 
BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD, STATE COLLEGE, ORONO, ME. 


Tortrix (Loxotaenia) Clemenstana, n. s. 


Head and thorax above ochre yellow ; palpi darker on the outside, 
lighter beneath ; antennz dark ochre yellow, minutely pubescent in the 
male ; legs straw yellow, in some specimens the fore and middle legs are 
fuscous in front ; thorax beneath and abdomen above and beneath silvery 
fuscous, in some specimens very light straw color ; anal taft light straw 
color. 

Fore wings straw yellow, some specimens inclining to ochre yellow. 
Most of the examples before me show the venation on the upper side of 
the fore wings in darker lines; costal fold short and near the base of 
wing ; beneath fuscous in the males, very light straw yellow in the females ; 
fringes light straw yellow above and beneath. 


Hind wings very light straw yellow above and below, or nearly white, 
darker towards the apex and fuscous in some specimens towards the anal 
angle ; fringes above and beneath nearly white. 

Expanse— ~ 20-23 m.m.; § 19-21 m.m. 

Habitat—Maine, Mass., N. Y., Wis. Described from twenty males 
and seventeen females. 

This species is in the collection of Dr. Clemens, now in the collection 
of the Am. Ent. Soc., under the name of Zortrix pallidana, but no 
description was published, and since the name /ad//idana is pre-occupied, I 
have named it for Dr. Clemens. 

This species has a strong superficial resemblance to TZortrix data 
Robs. and Zortrix pallorana Robs., but may be at once distinguished by 
the costal fold on the fore wings of the male, which does not occur in 
lata or pallorana. 


Tortrix (Lophoderus) juglandana, n. s. 


Head, thorax and fore wings reddish brown to dark brown. Fore 
wings each with two oblique narrow bands of darker brown than the 
ground color of the wing; the first, beginning at about the basal third 
of the costa, extends obliquely across to the middle of the inner border ; 
the second begins near the middle of the costa and extends obliquely 
across the wing parallel to the first band, and ends at the anal angle; these 


156. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bands expand somewhat on the costal and inner borders. On the fore 
wings of most of the males are scattered scales of a straw yellow color, 
especially bordering the oblique bands ; fringes of the fore wings lighter 
in the middle, but at the apex and anal angle concolorous with the oblique 
bands. 

Hind wings above, with their fringes, as well as the abdomen above 
and the under side of fore wings, fuscous. Under side of hind wings and 
legs lighter. 

Expanse— f 15-20 m.m.; 2 20-26 m. m. 

Habitat—Mass., N. Y., Ontario, Ohio, Wis. 

Described from eleven males and fifteen females. 

Raised by James Angus, of West Farms, N. Y., on Hickory leaves. 


Penthina osmundana, n. s. 


Front of the head and first two joints of the palpi, light ochre yellow ; 
last joint of the palpi, two spots on the outside of the middle joint of the 
palpi, vertex, thoracic tuft and an edging of scales around the patagia, dark 
purple ; front of thorax dark reddish brown with violet reflections in 
certain lights. 

Fore wings dark reddish brown with a large reddish yellow subtri- 
angular spot, the base resting upon and occupying the middle half of the 
hinder border of the wing, while the opposite angle extends nearly to the 
costa. The basal patch has numerous lead-blue metallic scales scattered 
over it, showing a slight indication of an arrangement in cross lines in 
some specimens, the outer edge beginning at the basal third of the costa, 
extends directly across the wing as far as the middle of the cell, thence in 
amore or less waved line across to the hind margin near the humeral 
angle. This line is frequently indicated by whitish scales. From the 
middle of the costa an interrupted double row of lead-blue metallic scales 
extends obliquely across the wing towards the outer margin, confluent on 
the disk, curving downward beyond and ending near the anal angle. 
Numerous similarly colored scales rest upon the outside of the yellow 
spot, and in a line curving up and outward join the previously described 
line, leaving the ocellus quite free. On the costa beyond are three light 
colored geminate spots faintly seen, from the inner one of which a lead- 
blue line extends obliquely outward, and curving down, ends near the 
middle of the outer margin. More or less black scales rest upon the 
borders of these lines. Fringes fuscous, purple in one specimen. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 


Hind wings and abdomen above, together with all the wings beneath, 
{uscous, with violet reflections. Body, abdomen beneath, together with 
the legs, lighter. Fore legs in front light brown with lighter rings at the 
ends of the joints. 

Expanse 12 m. m. 

Described from five males and one female. 


Found feeding on Osmunda regalis in Orono, Me., by Mr. A. Allen, 
drawing the leaves together with its silken threads. Emerged July 1, 1879. 


Grapholitha albimaculana, n. s. 


Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen above and fore wings, ashy grey, the 
scales of the fore wings tipped with whitish. A white triangular spot rests 
upon the middle of the hind margin of the fore wing and extends upwards 
to the fold, edged with black on the side next the thorax. Four small 
geminate white spots rest upon the costa ; the first at the basal third, from 
which a metallic band of dull leaden hue extends across the wing to the 
white spot on the hind margin ; the next two costal spots beyond are 
somewhat nearer each other than to the others ; from the first of these a 
metallic band extends across the wing, terminating near the anal angle ; 
the fourth spot is near the apex and sends a metallic stripe to the outer 
margin just below the apex ; beneath this is a short metallic stripe extend- 
ing downward and forming the outside of the ocellus, which last contains 
two parallel black dashes. The space between the first and second bands 
is more or less filled with black from the costa downward. Fringes 
metallic with a black line at the base. 


Hind wings above and _ below white at the base, sprinkled with dark 
scales, blackish on costa and outwardly, fringes lighter. Underside of fore 
wings fuscous, showing traces of the markings above. Underside of body 
and abdomen silvery white. Palpi and all the tarsi greyish, the latter 
tipped with whitish. 


Expanse of wings 13 m. m. 


Described from two males taken in Orono, Me. 


Retinia ? Comstocktana, n. s. 


Head in front, basal joints of antenne and palpi white ; last joint of 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


palpt and a few scales upon the outside of the middle joint dark grey. 
Eyes black, vertex light sulphur-yellow to straw-yellow, antenne dark 
brown annulated with whitish. Thorax above white with a few scattered 
grey scales ; beneath silvery white. Abdomen above light brown with a 
silvery lustre, lighter at the end of each segment ; beneath lighter ; last 
segment in the females darker brown above and beneath, and without the 
silvery lustre. Anal tuft in the males light straw-color. Fore and middle 
legs light brown, femora and tibia of hind legs white, tarsi of all the legs 
brown ringed with white. Fore wings ferruginous brown, the extreme 
costal edge from base to near the apex dark brown. A number of small 
white spots rest upon the costa, four pairs beyond the middle, from all of 
which stripes composed of white and leaden-hued scales extend more or 
less irregularly across the wing at nearly right angles with the costa, and 
having something of a wavy appearance in some specimens, with some 
indication of a basal patch, a central and subterminal bands composed of 
the leaden and white scales. Fringes light brown above and beneath ; 
fore wings light brown beneath, ferruginous apically, with the white spots 
of the costa well indicated. Hind wings above and beneath greyish brown 
with a tinge of ferruginous in some specimens, and with darker irrorations 
on the costa and outwardly; fringes long at the anal angle, somewhat 
lighter and with a darker line near the base. 


Expanse— f, 18-20 m.m.; 9, 18-20 m. m. 
Habitat—-Ithaca, N. Y. 
Described from two males and three females received from Prof. J. 


Henry Comstock, who “found the larvee boring in branches of Pinus 
rigida at Ithaca,” and to whom I dedicate this species. 


I have provisionally referred this species to the genus Retinza, for, 
although it agrees with the definition of the genus as given by Heinemann 
in other respects, the venation of the fore wing differs in the origin of veins 
four and five, which are not from the same point, but a little remote from 
each other; the distance between veins five and six at their origin is 
about twice the distance between veins four and five. 


The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario will be 
held in the rooms of the Natural History Society, in Ottawa, on Tuesday, 
the 23rd of September, at 4 p.m. 


- 
e 
7 
4 
7 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS: FOUND-ON THE + 
ORANGE TREES OF FLORIDA. 


BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


Since my discovery of the mite found preying upon the eggs of the 
Orange Scale Insect (Aspidiotus Gloverii), 1 have been studying the 
insects found on the Orange tree, and my study has resulted in bringing 
to light many curious insects, of which I submit the following brief 
description. Those interested will find a full account of their habits in 
the Florida Agriculturist. 


Glover's White or Yellow Orange Mite. 


Acarus? Gloverti, n. sp.—Soft, flattened, oval, of a pale yellow color, 
with a broad pinkish flesh-colored stripe extending from thorax down the 
middle of abdomen, terminating at hinder edge, which is obtuse ; legs 
‘eight, thin, finely pubescent, with two claws. Length about .or of an 
inch. In company with them are often seen ‘pals flesh-colored specimens, 
which are the immatured ones. 

I find it mentioned by Townend Glover in an old Agricultural 8 eport 
published in 1855. It seems pretty widely distributed through Florida 
_and is found in company with the Oval Scale Insect ( A spzdzotus citricola ) 
on the eggs of which it probably feeds. 


Aphelinus of the Orange Scale. 


Aphelinus aspidioticola, n. sp.—Head and thorax light reddish brown ; 
head nearly same width as thorax, three ocelli, eyes prominent, dark ; 
antennee three-jointed (?), the last joint is club-shaped ; a dark brown spot 
on thorax at base of each wing ; wings hyaline, both fore and hind wings 
ciliated from end of costal vein ; no other apparent veins ; a small dark 
reddish spot on fore wings at termination of costal vein ; abdomen rather 
elongated, and of a darker shade of brown than the thorax, with two 
oblong spots of very dark brown on each side ; legs rufo-testaceous, with 
a tibial hair at junction with tarsi. ‘There is also a short ovipositor, hardly 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


perceptible. I have found numbers of the scales of Aspidiotus citricola 
with a hole perforated in the top by the Aphelinus, into which it crawls 
and lays its eggs ; the larvee on hatching feed upon the eggs of the Scale 
Insect. Glover also mentions having found it. 


Leaf-Scaled Coccus. 


Lecanium phyllococcus, n. sp.—Oval, convex, cinereous (entirely coated 
with a powder-like substance). Antenne eight-jointed, inserted below and 
under the eyes ; abdomen composed of eight or more segments ; surround- 
ing the outer edge is a series of leaf like scales extending to the head; legs 
six. Length from .o3 to.14 of aninch. Some are very large and nearly 
round, which I believe are the females ready to lay their eggs. The eggs 
are laid under a cotton-like substance and are elliptical, of a pale yellow 
color ; about .o2 of an inch in length. It is found in the new shoots and 
terminal branches. 


My attention has been drawn to a strange insect by Rev. T. W. Moore, 
which he supposes is the cause of the Orange rust. It may be termed the 
Oil-eating Mite of the Orange, belonging to the genus Zyphlodromus, pease 
is probably the first species of this genus discovered in America. 


Typhlodromus oilitoorus, n. sp.—Whuitish, flesh color, elongate, cylindri- 
cal, gradually increasing in size until near the head it becomes twice as 
thick as at tail; abdomen apparently consisting of numerous very thin 
segments ; at the extremity is a bifid appendage that evidently assists in 
clinging to the Orange; just above it protrude two caudal filaments ; head 
almost entirely hidden in thorax ; beak short and black ; legs four, rather 
stout, with one claw and two tarsal hairs. It is too small to measure with 
my instrument, so must wait until I can get a micrometer to ascertain its 
length. 


They attach themselves to the oil cells; as the oil exudes the chemical 
action of the atmosphere causes it to oxidize, and the result is a hard 
rusty skin. They all fall off and disappear half an hour after the fruit has 
been picked ; hence the reason why microscopists could never detect any 
insect, and as a dernier resort, attributed the rust to a fungoid. Thus the 
long-vexed question of what causes the Orange rust is solved, and proves 
to be not a fungoid, as many suppose, but an infinitesimal creature that 
could never have been discovered except with the aid of a microscope. 


Che Canadwan Entomalonst. 


+ 


VOL xt LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1879. No. 9 


PARASITES OF THE COTTON WORM. 
BY PROF. C. V. RILEY, WASHINGTON, U. S. 


Among the parasites so far found to attack and destroy A/efza argillacea 
Hiibn., aside from two not reared to the perfect state, are the following : 
Obtained from the egg, Zrichogramma pretiosa n. sp. ; from the larva, 
Tachina aletie n. sp., and Sarcophaga sarracenie Riley ; from the pupa, 
Pimpla conquisttor (Say), Cryptus nunctus Say, Chalcis ovata Say, and 
Cirrospilus esurius, N. sp. 

I append descriptions of the new species, in order that they may be 
properly referred to by Prof. J. H. Comstock, who is now finishing the 
report on the Cotton Worm begun by me while connected with the 
Department of Agriculture. 


1. TRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSA, n. sp.—Length about o.3 mm. _ Yel- 
low, the eyes red, the wings hyaline. Head wider than the thorax ; 
antennz 5-jointed, joints 3 and 4 in the 2 forming an ovate mass and 
together shorter than joint 2 ; joint 5 large, thickened and very obliquely 
truncate ; in the joints 3, 4 and 5 form a more or less distinct, elongate 
club, beset with long bristles. Hairs of the wings arranged in about 
fifteen lines. Abdomen not so wide as the thorax, but as long as the head 
and thorax together ; in the ? the sides subparallel, and the apical joint 
suddenly narrowed to a point. Described from numerous specimens 
reared trom eggs of Aletia argillacea. 


Differs from Zrichogramma minuta Riley (Third Rep. Ins. Mo., p. 
158, fig. 72, 2) in its smaller size and uniform pale yellow color, and also 
in the fuim of the third and fourth joints of the antenne. As defined 
and figured by Westwood, the antenne of Zyichogramma are 6-jointed. 
Walker, in his ‘Notes on the Chalcidiz,” pt. vi., p. 105, employing 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Forster’s characters, says the antennee are 8-jointed ; but an examination 
of the figure of the type (Zrichogramma evdnescens, \. c., p. 114) shows 
that one of the joints counted is the “annulus” above the scape, which 
I do not consider to be a true joint, and that what I have indicated as the 
apical joint, in agreement with Westwood, is represented in that figure as 
three coalesced joints. I have proposed the generic name of Pentarthrum 
for minuta in MS. now in Mr. Scudder’s hands, but until the allied genera 
are better characterized than at present. it is best to use the old genus 
Trichogramma. 


2. CIRROSPILUS ESURUS, n. sp.—Length1.5 mm. Dull black; knees, 
tibia: and tarsi yellowish, the posterior tibiz sometimes dusky. Eyes with 
scattered, short bristles. Antenne of the ¢ 9-jointed, with the joints of 
the flagellum subequal and beset with bristles, the ninth joint small. 
Antenne of the 2 8-jointed, the fourth and fifth shorter than the second 
and third, the three apical joints forming a club. Thorax above micro- 
scopically punctate ; parapsides distinct and elevated; scutellum with a 
longitudinal, impressed line on each side, Wings hyaline, pubescent, but 
the cilia short ; base of ulna uneven ; radius not developed. Abdomen 
short and sessile, ovate. Described from numerous specimens reared 
from the pupa of Aleta argillacea. 

This species shows relationship,with the genus Zefrastichus Halliday, 
and may ultimately be referred there. For the present I prefer to place 
it in the older genus. 


3. TACHINA ALETL#, n. sp.—Length 8 mm. Black; head golden, 
facial depression silvery, space between the eyes and the frontal stripe 
about equal to the breadth of the stripe, bristles of the head black, the 
pubescence behind and beneath the eyes white ; antennz blackish, palpi 
testaceous. Eyes at a moderate distance apart, thinly pubescent ; front 
moderately prominent ; third joint of the antennze three or four times the 
length of the second joint. Thorax and the second and following abdo- 
minal joints more or less ashy, the thorax with four or five longitudinal 
black stripes. Wings subhyaline. Legs black, with a piceous tinge ; 
tarsal cushions yellowish. Scutellum and the sides of the first, second 
and third abdominal joints sometimes tinged with reddish-brown. No 
strong bristles on the first and second abdominal joints above. 

Described from two specimens, reared in November, 1878, from the 
pupa of Aleta argillacea. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 


MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE 
} AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE: 
| MENT OF SCIENCE. 


The annual meeting was held, as announced, on the 26th day of 


. August, in the Town Hall, in Saratoga, N. Y. The first session began at 
¢ 12:30 p. m., the President, J. A. Lintner, of Albany, in the chair. The 
: following members were present during the several sessions: Dr. John 
; ie lceConte.S. Hz Scudder, C. V. Riley, A..R. Grote, €. H. Fernald, Dr. 
f John G. Morris, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Wm. Saunders, J. H. Comstock, 
| E. P. Austin, F. W. Putnam, B. P. Mann, H. F. Bassett, W. S. Barnard, 
‘ D. S. Martin, E. L. Graef, Dr. J. S. Bailey, and E. H. Pohlman. 


The Secretary, Mr. B. P. Mann, read the minutes of the last meeting 
in St. Louis, Mo.,after which the President delivered the following address : 


ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. 
GENTLEMEN :— 

In the remarks which I presented to the Club at our last annual 
meeting a brief review was given of the progress in American Entomology 
within the preceding half century. It was shown that within the last few 
years rapid progress had been made ; that the study of insects had enlisted 
the labors of many earnest and successful workers, and given to them 
names honored in science both at home and abroad ; that many large and 
valuable collections had beea accumulated—several of which contained 
so large a number of types that their preservation in the future was a 
matter demanding serious consideration ; that the literature had become 
quite extensive ; that much had been done in working out the life-histories 
of our species and presenting them to the public in their economic 
relations ; and finally, that the importance of the study had at last been 
recognized here, as long ago it had been in Europe, by a Commission 
appointed by our General Government for the investigation of some of 
the insect pests which were the occasion of serious pecuniary loss, poverty, 
and almost starvation in some portions of our country. 

It affords me pleasure to. be able to report, that the past year has shown 
no diminution of interest or activity in our department, but that work in 
it is being prosecuted with an energy and with results fully up to any other 
department of Natural Science, if we except those to which Congress and 
several of our States are extending their liberal aid. 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


If fewer new species have been described during the year, we may find 
encouragement in the explanation that we are approaching the period, if 
not already reached, when a new species may not be claimed as the 
reward of every entomological excursion. And indeed, there does not 
seem to be urgent need of descriptions of forms so very far in advance 
of some degree of knowledge of transformations, habits and relations to 
the vegetable world. 

An evidence of increasing interest is to be found in the frequent 
inquiries made for instructions in collecting, apparatus for preparation, and 
books for study. | While the first two requests can be promptly met, not 
so with the last. We are unable to place in the hands of the student the 
volumes which he requires for naming his collections. This cannot but 
be the occasion of discouragement to the beginner, and often the cause 
of diversion of earnest labor to other departments of natural history. <A 
great need of our science at the present is, monographs of the families 
prepared by specialists; in which descriptions of all the species shall be 
given (not simply referred to), and accompanied by such synoptical tables 
and illustrations as will enable the student readily to ascertain the names 
of any species which has been described. 


At our last meeting I stated to you that the names of 281 persons are 
recorded in the last edition of the Naturalists’ Directory who are making 
Entomology their study in North America, and that it was probable that 
a full list would extend the number to at least 350. It now appears that 
half the truth was not told. A list kept by the Secretary of the Cam- 
bridge Entomological Club, published in Psyche, vol. ii., p. 9 of Advertiser, 
accompanying the numbers for Sept.-Dec., 1878, contained at the close 
of last year the names of 762 Entomologists in the United ‘States 
and Dominion of Canada. | am informed by the Secretary that 
the list at the present time, without having been subjected to a critical 
revision, contains 835 names. 


As a record of the current literature of any science 1s virtually a record 
of the progress of that science, may I ask your attention to a brief notice 
of some of the publications of the year following cur St. Louis meeting. 


A work that might serve as a model in the illustration of insects in 
their relations to the plants upon which they feed or frequent, is one of the 
unique series by Mr. Glover of AZanuscript Notes from My Fournal, 
entitled, ‘Cotton, and the principal Insects frequenting or injuring the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


plant.” In its twenty-two quarto plates, engraved on copper, is shown the 
cotton plant in every stage of development from the seed to the mature 
plant, and in its various conditions as resulting from insect attack or from 
disease. In association with these figures, twenty-four insects frequenting 
the plant are represented. Several of the species are illustrated in an 
agreeable prodigality, giving enlarged views of the egg, the larva at differ- 
ent stages of growth, the pupa, the cocoon, the perfect insect at rest and 
in flight, its under surface, enlargements of parts, and the more marked 
varieties of the larva and the imago. Although not so stated, it is believed 
that the edition of these Notes was no larger than the others of the 
series, and consequently, that only about fifty societies and individuals 
have been the fortunate recipients of a copy. 

The Natural History of the Agricultural Ant of Texas is a volume of 
208 pages and 24 plates, by H. C. McCook, treating at length of the 
habits, structure and architecture of this interesting insect. The histo- 
logical details have been worked out from preparations made by Prof. 
J. G. Hunt. 

A volume, upon which Baron Osten Sacken has been for a long time 
engaged, has recently been completed and published by the Smithsonian 
Institution. The Catalogue of the Diptera of North America prepared by 
this author and published in 1858 was simply a compilation of published 
names, not claiming synonymic accuracy. It contained 1,800 species, but 
many of the number were too imperfectly described for identification. 
The new Catalogue is of such merit as to deserve more than a passing 
mention. It is fully up to, and in itself materially advances, our know- 
ledge of the Diptera of our country. Its author modestly regards it as 
only critical in part—so far as the families have been worked out into 
monographs, and as still remaining a mere list of reference to earlier 
writers, in those families which have not been studied, or in which the 
existing collections are to a great extent still unnamed, as in the Cudicide, 
Chironomide, Cenopida, the group of ALZuscide calyptere, and the section 
Asilina. Its critical character may be seen from the statement, that of the 
Io2 species of Zabanus enumerated in the old Catalogue, only 36 have 
been adopted in this. 

An admirable feature of this Catalogue is that a large proportion of the 
species which it records—over 2,000 carefully described and authoritatively 
labelled species—are contained in the Collections of the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, where every possible care is given to 


166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


them, and where they are accessible to the student for comparison and 
study. Most of these are types of Loew and Osten Sacken, or their 
determinations. 

The remarks of the author on synonymy, nomenclature and priority, 
seem to me to be most excellent and worthy of serious consideration, In 
an extended discussion of the merits of the descriptions of Diptera of the 
late Mr. Walker of the British Museum, he characterizes them as so 
extremely superficial—descriptive rather of the specimen than of the 
species, that in his opinion, they should be entitled to no claim for priority 
whenever they cannot be positively identified without an examination of 
the type specimen. ‘Thus, of twenty-six species of Dolichopus described 
by him, not a single one could be recognized. The question suggests 
itself, to what extent might this rule be extended to descriptions in the 
other orders of insects by this author, and in general, to the writings of 
other authors. 

In considering the number of Diptera, Osten Sacken believes, that 
rejecting those descriptions which will probably prove irrecognizable, the 
number of described Diptera of North America, north of Mexico, will 
hardly reach 2,500 ; that the undescribed material at present in collections, 
if worked up, would perhaps double the number ; and that when the long 
neglected order shall have received the attention given to the Coleoptera, 
it will equal if not exceed the latter, numerically. 

Reference at the present to studies in the Diptera, naturally suggests 
the great loss which Dipterology has sustained in the recent death—in 
April last—ot the distinguished Prussian Dipterist, Dr. H. Loew, long 
known as one of the most eminent cultivators of this branch of Ento- 
mology. During the last twenty years he has been engaged in the study 
of North American Diptera, and at the request of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution he has prepared a series of monographs, three volumes of which 
(Parts 1., u. and iv.) have been published by tiat Institution. | While his 
removal from his work at this stage of its progress, cannot but be deeply 
deplored, there is a consolation to be found in the knowledge that it is 
not to be wholly arrested, but that a worthy collaborator—Baron Osten 
Sacken—remains to conduct it to a completion, we hope, of the plan 
proposed. 

The series of Dimmock's Special Bibliographies, now being published 
at Cambridge, Mass., will prove to be of eminent service to the student — 
who desires to avail himself of the literature of our insects, so widely 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 


scattered through the various scientific and popular journals, government 
surveys, and other publications. Two numbers of the series have been 
issued—the first containing a complete list to date, it is believed, of the 
Entomological writings of Dr. John L. LeConte, and the second, those 
of Dr. George H. Horn. A third, of the writings of Mr. S. H. Scudder, 
is nearly completed. _I regret that it has been thought necessary, in this 
series, to dispense wholly with the use of capitals in all scientific names, 
even in the family and ordinal divisions, and I believe that many of you 
will agree with me in claiming for the royalty of science exemption from 
conformity to an innovation based on mere convenience. 

Prof. C. V. Riley and J. Monell have contributed to the Bulletin of the 
U. S. Geolog.-Geograph. Survey (vol. v., pp. 1-32) a paper entitled 
Notes of the Aphidide of the United States, with Descriptions of Spectes 
Occurring West of the Mississippi. Part I contains extended biological 
notes on the Pemphigine, by Prof. Riley, and Part II, notes on Aphidinz 
with descriptions of new species, by Mr. Monell. The paper, illustrated 
by two plates, is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of these 
exceedingly interesting insects. 

A special Report from the Department of Agriculture, entitled, 7%e 
Silkworm, being a brief Manual of Instruction for the Production of Silk, 
has been prepared by Prof. Riley, and largely distributed by the Depart- 
ment, to meet the demand from various portions of the United States for 
information upon the important industry of silk-culture. The Manual is 
quite full in the natural history of the Silkworm, in the methods of cul- 
ture, and directions for reeling the cocoons. ‘There seems no reason why 
this industry, properly fostered, may not be made to add materially to the 
productive resources of our country. 

Abstracts of the papers presented by Prof. Riley at the St. Louis 
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
have been published in the Proceedings of the Society, and also in a 
separate pamphlet. Among these are Woes on the Life-history of the 
Blister-beetles and on the Structure and Development of Hornia; On the 
Larval Characteristics of Corydalus and Chauliodes.and A New Source of 
Wealth to the United States |Sericulture}. 

A Century of Orthoptera, commenced by Mr. S. H. Scudder in 1868, 
and continued at intervals in vols. 12-20 of Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
has been completed during the present year by the publication of the last 
three decades, in vol. 20, op. cit. The species described pertain to the 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Gryllides, Locustariz, Acridii and Forficularia. The several parts as 
originally published have been scans in a pamphlet of 84 pages. Mr. 
Scudder has also published (Psyche, vol. ii., p. 154) a short list of Orthop- 
tera collected in Appalachicola. 

Entomological Notes, No. vi., by Mr. Scudder, issued the past year, is 
mainly a reprint of papers upon the Orthoptera originally published in the 
preceding year. ‘The accompanying index furnishes a ready means of 
reference to the species contained in the several papers. 

In the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1878, Prof. Cyrus 
Thomas reports upon a small collection of Orthoptera made in the 
Explorations and Surveys of the San Juan region of Colorado. The same 
volume contains a report by Mr. H. Strecker, on the Hymenoptera, Lepi- 
doptera and Coleoptera from the same region, in which several new 
species of Heterocera are described, and a few figured. 

Of our Entomological serials, the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST continues 
to sustain its high reputation, and to merit the contributory aid which it is 
receiving from nearly all of our American Entomologists, and from some 
of our European friends. 

Psyche, the organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, is near the 
completion of its second volume. With the commencement of its third 
volume such improvements are promised as will render it of still higher 
importance to every student of American Entomological literature. 

The Zransactions of the American Entomological Society Nave reached 
the seventh volume. Although the Society has become a section of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, it is proposed to continue 
the publication of the Transactions as at present as rapidly as the limited 
means available for the purpose will permit. 

The Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society is sonnnned That 
of the Long Island Society has been discontinued. 

The second volume of the Butterflies of North America, by Mr. 
W. H. Edwards, is in course of publication. It continues to maintain 
the high reputation which it has commanded, from its admirable delinea- 
tions of forms and coloring, and the exceedingly interesting new 
biological details presented. 

The North American Entomologist is a new candidate for favor and 
support, of which two numbers have appeared. It is a monthly periodi- 
cal, published at Buffalo, N. Y., under the editorial charge of A. R. Grote. 


ron 


E 
a 
: 
7 
' 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


It purposes to present articles of value both to the specialist and the 
agriculturist on the subject of North American insects, together with 
notices of current entomological literature. 

Descriptions of the Noctuide have been continued by Prof. A. R. 
Grote in contributions to the CANADIAN ENnToMOLocIsT and in the /Vorth 
American Entomologist. With a diminution in the number of new forms 
of Noctuz presenting themselves, Mr. Grote has directed his attention to 
the Pyralide, and has published a paper in the Bull. U. S. Geolog.-Geo- 
graph. Survey (vol. iv., pp. 669-705), entitled, 4 Preliminary Study of 
the North American Pyralide, in which a number of new species are 
described, the species of Botis enumerated, and the venation given of 
certain genera of the Phycidz. A supplement to this paper follows in the 
North American Entomologist, No. 2, pp. 9-12. 

To the study of the Tortricidze—a family which has received scarcely 
any attention in this country since the death of Mr. C. T. Robinson, Prof. 
C. H. Fernald, of Orono, Me., has been devoting special and earnest 
attention. He has been able to examine nearly all the material contained 
in the principal collections in this country, and during the past winter has 
visited the larger collections in Europe for their study and a comparison 
with our forms. In England, the Tortricidz in the following collections 
were critically examined by him: those of the British Museum, of H. T. 
Stainton, R. McLachlan, C. J. Barrett and Lord Walsingham ; and on the 
continent, the collections in Brussells, Berlin, Munich, Naples, of Prof. 
Zeller in Stettin, Dr. O. Staudinger, MM. Deyrolle and Ragenot and the 
Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The above amount of preliminary work should 
certainly enable Prof. Fernald, as is his hope, to present us with a re- 
arrangement of this extensive family quite in advance of any heretofore 
proposed. Prof, Fernald has prepared a synonymical list of our North 
American species, which is nearly ready for publication. 

The work of Mr. V. T. Chambers on the Tineidz of the United 
States, has been vigorously prosecuted, as may be seen in his frequent 
publications in the CANADIAN ENtTomo.ocist. His papers on Z7netna 
and their Food-plants, and Index to the Described Tineina of the United 
States and Canada (Bull. U.S. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv., vol. iv., pp. 107— 
167), have been appreciatively received as very convenient for reference. 

The comparatively small but difficult group of the Pterophoride has 
engaged the attention of Mr. Charles Fish, of Oldtown, Me., and his 
studies have already made him our best authority in these forms. 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


From the above references to special studies in several of the families 
of the Lepidoptera, it will be seen that this attractive Order gives every 


ge ground, 


promise of soon occupying high vanta 

In the other Orders—it is quite unnecessary that I should refer in the 
Coleoptera to the labors of Drs. LeConte and Horn. You all know of 
their untiring work, which has made the field which they are so thoroughly 
working almost exclusively their own. 

In the Diptera, Mr. C. P. Whitney has published descriptions of a few 
species of ‘Tabanide. 

Mr. W. H. Patton has communicated some descriptive papers on 
Hymenoptera to the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Mr. E. T. Cresson has published a catalogue of North American 
Apidee, with descriptions of new species, comprising 108 pages of vol. vil. 
of the Trans. Amer. Entomolog. Soc. 

Some valuable lists of species collected in particular regions have been 
given us, which are of service in extending our knowledge of Geographical 
Distribution. | Among these, in the Coleoptera, may be mentioned, a list 
by E. A. Schwarz of 1,457 Florida species (Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 
Vv. 17, pp. 353-472) ; of 1,246 species from the Lake Superior region by 
H. G. Hubbard and I. A. Schwarz ; by the same, of 1,787 species from 
the lower peninsula of Michigan (loc. cit., v. 17, pp. 593-666) ; by Dr. 
LeConte, of 220 species collected in the Rocky Mountains at an elevation 
of 6,000 feet and upwards (Bull. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv. Terr., v. 4, pp. 
447-480) ; additions to Messrs. Austin and LeConte’s Catalogue of the 
Coleoptera of Mt. Washington, of 89 species, extending the number to 
319, by F. Gardiner, jr. (Psyche, v. 2, p. 211); 316 species from Wal- 
lace Co., Kansas, by F. H. Snow (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. vi., pp. 
61-70); and additions of 435 species to the Catalogue of Kansas Cole- 
optera, by EK. A. Popenoe (ut. cit., pp. 77-86), increasing the number to 
aye: 

In the Lepidoptera, Mr. C. E. Worthington furnishes a list of 229 
species of Noctuidze from the vicinity of Chicago, Ill. (Canad. Entomol., 
v. XL, p. 68); Mr. W. L. Devereaux, a shorter list of species taken in 
Wayne Co., N.Y. (ut. cit., p. 105) ; Prof. F. H. Snow, a list of 104 species 


collected in Colorado, by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition 
in 1876. 


The valuable biological studies of Mr. W. H. Edwards have been 


= Ss 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Wy! 


continued with their wonted earnestness. Through the success attained 
by him in carrying a large number of species of butterflies from the egg 
through their transformations, he has secured their entire life-histories, 
several of which have been published during the past year, and others 
illustrated in the volume of the Butterflies of North America, Of the 
Satyridz, the larva of which are so rarely met with that I may venture to 
say many members of this Club have not seen a living example, he has 
reared all of our Eastern species with the two exceptions of Satyrus 
Pegale and Chionobas semidea. he interesting experiments in producing 
change in the imago by the application of cold to the chrysalis have been 
continued and been duly recorded. 

A large number of biological papers have been contributed to our 
Entomological journals. From those accessible to me at the time of 
writing I find contributions from the following: C. J. S. Bethune, J. Boll, 
Robert Bunker, V. T. Chambers, A. J. Cook, Charles Dury, H. Edwards, 


W. H. Edwards, J. H. Emerton, G. H. French, H. A. Hagen, E. C. Howe, 


DSS, Kellicott, J. 1... LeConte,’B: P. Mann, T. L. Mead, C. V. Riley, W. 
Saunders, C. G. Siewers, Emma A. Smith, F. H. Snow, C. E. Webster, O. 
S. Westcott, C. E. Worthington, and G. D. Zimmerman—a quite incom- 
plete list of the contributors to this department. 


Results of anatomical studies of insects have been published by 
Messrs. C. F. Gissler, J. D. Hyatt, E. L. Mark, and C. V. Riley. 

It would be inexcusable in a notice of biological work to omit refer- 
ence to what is being done in this direction at the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology at Cambridge. Under the hand of the eminent Curator of the 
Entomological Department, Dr. H. A. Hagen, a biological collection of 
insects has been brought together that is far in advance of any similar 
collection in the world. It was my privilege recently to give it a partial 
examination, and when I say that I know not how to express my high estim- 
ation of it, I give it but imperfect praise. No one, whose studies have 
prepared him for the appreciation of such a collection, can examine it 
without wondering when, where and how the material was obtained. As 
an illustration of the natural history of species, in their several stages, 
architecture, depredations, food-plants, diseases, parasites, etc., it is diffi- 
cult to see how its plan of arrangement can be improved. In consideration 
of its high value, it is very gratifying to see that such unusual means have 
been resorted to for its preservation, as, with a reasonable supervision and 
without the operation of other than the ordinary causes of destruction, 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hs 
will extend its benefits to our successors in coming centuries. In addition 


to the biological collection, two others have been arranged: the one com- 
prising the insects of North America, and the other those of the world. 
Of the number of type specimens contained in these collections, there is 
not the time at present, nor is it the occasion, for more than simple men- 
tion. ‘The student in American Entomology, who aims to be fully abreast 
of the most advanced progress in his line of study, cannot neglect the 
means of information which the Collections and Library of the Entomo- 
logical Department at the Cambridge Museum offer him. 


The published results of economic investigations during the year have 
been quite limited. In consideration of the exceeding importance of these 
studies, it is painful to have to record the fact of the issue of but one 
Annual Report of a State Entomologist— that of Cyrus Thomas. This 
second report of Dr. Thomas, forming the seventh in the series of the 
Illinois reports, is a volume of nearly 300 pages. In it Dr. Thomas dis- 
cusses the depredations of some of the Orthoptera, Coleoptera and 
Hemiptera. Prof. G. H. French, Assistant Entomologist, presents brief 
descriptions of a large number of diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera and 
their larvee, with notices of their habits, accompanied by analytical tables 
for their identification. Miss Emma A. Smith, special Assistant Ento- 
mologist, offers the results of original investigations in some species of 
special economic importance. ‘The publication of this and the preceding 
Report, without, as is evident, the opportunity of the revision and cor- 
rection of proof by the authors, is much to be regretted, as serious errors 
in the nomenclature and elsewhere have thereby been given extensive 
circulation, 

The Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, making 
the ninth in the series, contains its usual amount of matter of interest to 
the entomologist, and of value to the agriculturist and horticulturist. 

Several articles treating of insect depredations have appeared in our 
scientific journals, which cannot now be referred to. 

The United States Entomological Commission, continued by an appro- 
priation by the last Congress of $10,000, is actively engaged in its second 
year’s operations. In its investigations of the Rocky Mountain Locust, 
its labors have been almost entirely confined to that portion of country 
designated as the Permanent region, with a view of determining the limits 
of these permanent breeding grounds, and to obtain the requisite data for 
the preparation of a map, and a scheme to be recommended to the Gov- 


i] 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Wie 


‘ernment, by which the excessive multiplication of the species in that 


region, and the consequent migration therefrom, may be prevented. It is 
understood that the recommendation to the Government will be, that in 
connection with the authorities in British America, efforts be made to 
restrain the extensive prairie fires in autumn which are common to that 
region, and subsequently to burn them in the spring after the hatching of 
the young locusts. This plan is believed to be feasible, as the breeding 
grounds are not co-extensive with the so-called Permanent region, but are 
limited to the richer valleys, plateaus and river borders within it. 


The Commission will also, it is understood, in its forthcoming Report, 
recommend to the Government a scheme for a system of warning and 
prevention, through the aid of the mounted police patrol of the Dominion 
Government, and our Signal Bureau and military posts. 

Having been favored with a transcript of the subjects to be treated 
of in the forthcoming 2nd Report of the Commission, and the assignment 
of subjects to the respective members of the Commission, I have no 
hesitancy in giving assurance of a volume of unusual interest and value. 
It is to be hoped that Congress will not repeat the inexcusable blunder 
of ordering of it an edition by far too small to supply the demand, or for 
the accomplishment of a main object in its laborious preparation—-the 
diffusion of the needed information among those to whom it could not fail 
of proving beneficial. 

The Commission is also occupied with investigation of the Hessian-fly 
and the Chinch-bug—each of which are chargeable with annual injuries to 
the amount of several millions of dollars. 


The investigation of the natural history and habits of the Cotton- 
worm, commenced by the Department of Agriculture last year, has by 
direction of Congress, been transferred to the Entomological Commission. 
Prof. Riley has been pursuing its study in Southern Texas and in the 
Gulf States, aided by special assistants, and it is believed that discoveries 
have recently been made which will reduce the cost of destroying the 
larvee to perhaps a fourth of what it has hitherto been. 


Among the special subjects of study which have claimed attention 
lately, an interesting one has been the pupation of butterflies. Obser- 
vations made during the past year on the pupation of some of our butter- 
flies have shown us that we have been at fault in accepting the account 
given of it by Reaumur over a century ago, and received and quoted by 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


subsequent authors. The most interesting operation in the pupation of 
the suspensi butterflies is the withdrawal of the chrysalis from the larval 
skin, the casting off of the skin with its attachment by the terminal legs 
to a button of silk spun for the purpose by the larva, and the attachment 
and suspension of the chrysalis by its anal spine to the silk button. 
Reaumur represented it as accomplished by the chrysalis in its extensions 
and contractions grasping the larval skin between the segments, and by 
this means raising itself until it regained the button. Recently Mr. 
Osborne, an English Entomologist, discovered a membrane serving as a 
suspensory agent in the change to the pupal state, and for the first, ques- 
tioned the account given by Reaumur. His observations were confirmed 
by those of Mr. W. H. Edwards, and followed up by additional observa- 
tions on large numbers of Nymphalidze and Danaidz, some of which have 
been presented in the CANADIAN ENromMoLocist. There seems to be no 
question of the existence of such a membrane, and that it consists of the 
portion of the larval skin lining the region of tne rectum, caught upon two 
knobs conveniently placed for the purpose. Prof. Riley, in a communi- 
cation to Psyche (vol. i., p. 249) finds other means of chrysalis suspension 
—the principal one being the shed intestinal canal, and accessory ones, the 
tracheal vessels of the last pair of spiracles ; these Prof. Riley regards as 
the principal agents in suspension. In opposition to this, Mr. Edwards 
considers these ligaments as of but little, if any, service, and finds the 
membrane to furnish all the requisite support. | Additional observations 
are required to reconcile these different views. 

The beds of fossil insects recently discovered in the Tertiaries of our 
western Territories are proving to be wonderfully rich in number of species 
and condition of preservation. From a single small basin exposed by a 
railway cut in the vicinity of Green River Station, Union Pacific Railroad, 
in Wyoming, Mr. S. H. Scudder in Fossil Lnsects of the Green River 
Shales (Bull. U. S. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv. Terr., iv., No. 4, pp. 747-776) 
enumerates eighty species, representing all the orders of the Insecta 
except Lepidoptera. An idea of the richness of these beds may be 
obtained from the statement, that a two hours’ search was rewarded by the 
collection of fifty new species. We are glad to learn that Mr. Scudder is 
engaged upon a general work on our fossil insects, which will form one 
of the volumes of the quarto reports of the Hayden Survey—the beautiful 
typography and illustration of which causes us to regret the prospective 
speedy termination of the series. As the Tertiary Shales of the Rocky 


ay oars paeey nee oT Minds? tt & 


—) 


‘iis yes 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


Mountain region give every promise of being richer in insect remains than 
any other country in the world, the material for this volume will be more 
ample than any other student in fossil entomology has been able to com- 
mand. 

For the evident omission of reference to much valuable work done 
during the period reviewed, I ask indulgence. The time that I had 
allotted to the preparation of my sketch was found, too late, to be quite 
insufficient for the extended bibliographical examinations required for 
even an approach to completeness. I offer it only as a partial sketch, and 
as such please accept it. 


On motion, the thanks of the Club were tendered to the President for 
his able and interesting address, with the request that a copy be sent to 
the CanapiaAN EnTomo ocist for publication. 

The Club next proceeded to consider the amendment to the Constitu- 
tion proposed at the St. Louis meeting, and after much discussion, the 
amendment was adopted in the following form : 


tst—No resolution affecting important scientific questions shall be 
adopted at any meeting of the Club unless there shall be present at least 
seven members who shall have been enrolled at least one year previous to 
said meeting. 

2nd—When any motion has been carried by the Club, such motion 
shall not be rescinded at any subsequent meeting unless there shall be 
present at least seven persons who shall have been enrolled as members 
one year or more previous to said meeting. 


3rd—Five members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of 
ordinary business. 

The Secretary was instructed to draw up a list of members of the 
Club, to be embodied in the record of its proceedings, including all those 
who had been present at previous meetings. 


The second meeting was held at 4:30 p.m., the President in the chair. 


Mr. Grote exhibited specimens of Pseudohasts eglanterina sent him by 
Mr. Jas. Behrens, of San Francisco, who had collected them on the top 
of Mount Shasta. These differed from the ordinary specimens in being 
almost entirely black on the upper side. Mr. Grote expressed the opinion 
that this variation was mainly due to the climatic influences to which they 
were subjected in this elevated situation. 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dr. J. G. Morris referred to the fact that certain Water Beetles carry 
with them when they dive a globule of air underneath their bodies, and 
asked for information as to what purpose it served. Mr. E. P. Austin said 
that this bubble was retained underneath by the stiff hairs along the abdo- 
men, and as it was known that the air gradually disappeared if the insect 
remained long under water, it was supposed that the air was gradually 
inhaled by the insect, which was thus enabled to lengthen its stay under 
the water. 

Mr. b. P. Mann presented a list of the Entomologists of North 
America, and requested the members to confer with him as to additions 
and corrections. Some beautiful examples of colored drawings of Noctuze 
by Mr. Pohlman, of Buffalo, were laid upon the table for the inspection 
of those present, and were much admired. ‘ 


Mr. Scudder called the attention of the members té‘a lepidopterous 
insect which was doing much damage to the Pines on the Island of Nan- 
tucket. Previous to the war of 1812 the island was well wooded, but 
during that struggle the occupants were reduced to such straits for fuel 
that they had burned every tree. For many years the island had remained 
in a barren state, but some time ago plantations of Pines were begun, and 
a broad belt of young trees of Penus rigida from 10 to 20 feet high, with 
scrub Oaks, now cover a large part of the island. The success of this 
experiment is seriously threatened by the presence of the insect referred 
to, which is a Tortrix belonging to the genus Refinia, and closely allied to 
duplana, sylvestrana and frustrana of Europe. ‘The larva affects the tip 
of each terminal bud and _ bores its way through this into thes ig to the 
depth of two or three inches, killing the terminal leaves and thus pre- 
venting the trees from making any growth. The moth is double brooded 
and has not been observed in that locality beyond the precincts of the 
island. Mr. Scudder also presented a plate with enlarged drawings of the 
insect and its work. 

Mr. Comstock had met with the same insect on P. zvzops, and had 
found that the tips of the branches of the Pines were usually covered with 
a web. He had also found another species of Retinéa infesting the twigs 
of P. rvigida. This latter bores into the small twigs of the tree, from 
which there exudes masses of resin. The larva lives within the branch 
upon the wood, and before pupating forces its way through the mass to 
the outside. 

Mr. Bassett had observed some fifteen years ago about Waterbury, 


re 
cn 
ak 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. O77 


* Conn., that the common White Pine (Pinus strobus) was greatly injured 


at the tips of the branches by Péssodes Strobt, but for the last ten years 
this pest had almost disappeared. Mr. Riley referred to another Tortrix 
affecting the Junipers on Long Island, Dafsidia rutilana, a European 
species recently imported. 


DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIiIS 
EGLEIS, Bots. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


A. Ecieis (2 MMormonia Bois.) syn. Montivaga Edw., not of Behr. 

I received frrn Mr. Mead, 18th Aug., 1878, Nevada, several eggs and 
newly hatched larvee of this species. The eggs had been obtained by 
confining a female on Violet, and the female was also sent that I might 
identify the species. The larvee became lethargic immediately after leaving 
the egg, as is the case with all our larger Argynnids whose history is known 
(at least in the late summer brood). Ikept them in a cool room till last 
of January, when the survivors, three in number, were brought into my 
study, and left in glass with Violet leaves. By Feb’y 5th they were 
observed to be feeding. On 18th one passed first moult ; on 5th March 
passed second moult ; 16th March, third moult. This larva was shortly 
after killed by accident. The next one passed third moult 15th April, and 
the third ~1ssed same moult 17th April. I could see no reason why the 
first larva sv far outstripped the other two in growth, as they were treated 
alike. No. 3 died before next moult. No. 2 passed fourth 26th April ; 
fifth 7th May ; 20th May suspended, and made chrysalis 21st May, but 
died before imago. I was able to get drawings of the last stage of the 
larva and of the chrysalis, as well as of the egg, which I hope some day 
to publish. The general history therefore follows that of the large Argyn- 
nids, and is considerably unlike that of the J/yriza group. Ze/le’s is a 
species midway in size between AZpvina and Cybele. 

Ecc—Conoidal, truncated and depressed at top, rounded at bottom, 
the height to breadth nearly as 4 to 3, marked by about 18 vertical ridges, 
one half of which prfoceed from base to summit, the others about two- 
thirds the distance, then unite with the long ones; at the summit the 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ridges form a serrated rim ; between the ribs are transverse strie. This - 
egg closely resembles that of AZyr77na, being higher and narrower than in 
Cybele and its allies. 

Younc Larva—Length .6 inch ; cylindrical, of even size, the seg- 
ments well rounded ; color greenish-white ; on segment 2 is a dorsal 
collar, brown, with bristles; after 2 on each segment is a cross row of 
dark brown sub-ovate spots, from each of which spring one or two hairs ; 
these hairs are long, straight, tapering, and with a rounded knob on end ; 
head obovate, bilobed, dark brown, shining, a little pilose. 

After 1st Moult—Length .1 inch; cylindrical, tapering posteriorly 
from 5 or 6 to end, the segments well rounded ; armed with six rows of 
black spines, which are stout at base, rising from black tubercles, taper 
irregularly, and throw out many divergent black hairs ; color grayish, mot- 
tled and specked with black; head obovate, bilobed, the vertices rounded ; 
black, with black hairs. 

After 2nd Moult—Length .16 inch ; same shape ; the spines shining 
black, and all from black tubercles except those of the lower lateral row, 
which have dull orange tubercles ; on 2 are two ijarge dorsal spines, and” 
on either side two tubercles with hairs; color dark gray, mottled with 
black ; on either side of medio-dorsal line a gray stripe, and a pale band 
along base, over feet ; three days after the moult the gray sub-dorsal lines 
became broader and coalesced, making a dorsal band, and the space 
between the dorsal and first lateral spines also became decidedly gray ; 
head as at previous stage. 

After 3rd Moult—Length .22 inch; spines as before, except that 
lower laterals are yellow nearly to top; all bristles black ; the two spines 
on 2 same length as other dorsals and somewhat porrected ; color black- 
ish, with dark gray band along dorsum; the sides between dorsals and 
first laterals finely mottled with gray. 

After 4th Moult—Length .4 inch ; the spines long, stout at base, lower — 
laterals yellow to tips, and rise from yellow tubercles ; the intermediate 
spines on 2 and 3 yellow also, those of 2 porrected; color black-brown 
mottled with gray-white ; along dorsum twe gray lines; head sub-cordate, 
not much cleft, the vertices rounded, front flattened ; color dull black, the 
back of head dull yellow ; face much covered with black hairs. A 

After 5th Moult—Length .6 inch, and grew to 1.2 inch at maturity. 

Mature Larva—Cylindrical, stout, the middle segments swollen ; 
color dark brown mottled with black, especially on the anterior part of each 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 179 


segment, and somewhat with gray ; along dorsum a double stripe partly 
confluent and pale yellow, making in effect a distinct band ; the dorsal 
spines dull white, tips black; both lower rows pale yellow, tips black ; the 
bristles short, divergent, and pale ; the spines on 2 a little turned forward, 
but not longer than others ; feet and legs pale brown ; head sub-cordate, 
black in front, dull yellow behind, with many short hairs. 

CurySALIS—Length .8 inch ; cylindrical, the wing cases much elevated, 
the outer edges at base flaring ; head case square, transversely rounded ; 
mesonotum prominent, compressed, carinated, followed by an angular 
excavation ; the tubercles on abdomen very small, scarcely visible ; color 
dark brown, mottled in shades, and with more or less golden-brown ; the 
wing cases of one shade, dark, glossy. 


NOTES ON NOCTUID:. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


Fladena passer. 

Mamestra passer Guen., Noct. 1, 195. 
Lucerta loculata Morr., B. B. S. N.S., 2, 11¢. 

I have received from M. Achille Gueneé an outline drawing of his 
Mamestra passer, and with the help of his description am enabled to 
make the above identification. The black marks tying the reniform to 
the t. p. line are variable, sometimes wanting ; the color varies from pale 
reddish brown to dark brown ; the claviform is thick and usually solid, but 
sometimes open ; the lines are usually effaced, but sometimes quite notice- 
able ; the ornamentation is exceedingly simple. The eyes are naked, so 
that, with several other species referred by Gueneé to JZamestra, as I have 
previously shown, this form should be placed in /uadena. 


Marasmalus ventilator Grote. 
This species must be added to the Texan fauna; Mr. Belfrage sends 
me a specimen under the number 723, taken May 5. 


Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubn. 

Collected in large numbers and great variety by Mr. Westcott, Racine, 
Wis. Also by Mr. Belfrage in Texas (Nos. 724 to 729). It is some- 
times quite gray with concolorous reniform ; again the reniform is whitish ; 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sometimes of a tawny brown with concolorous or yellowish reniform ; 
sometimes of a yellowish brown with blackish powdery shades. The 
transverse posterior line is occasionally wanting, as are the extra-mesial 
geminate, black and fulvous spots on secondaries. Hardly two specimens | 
are quite alike, but there is no room for suspecting more than one species. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 

A correspondent calls our attention to an 

ENTOMOLOGICAL JOKE. 

Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 302, says of the Noctuse- 
lite - “There is a great uniformity in the genera of this family, which are 
characterized by their thick bodies, the thorax being often crested, by the 
stout and well-developed palpi, and the simple and sometimes slightly 
pectinated antenne.” 

The author of a tabular view and key of the more common families 
of Insects, after stating in his preface that his material has been selected 
for the most part from Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects and other 
authors, makes the following astonishing statement as one of the dis- 
tinguishing characteristics of the Noctueelite : “ Zhorax often crested by the 
stout and well-developed palpi.” 

How does Dr. Packard like this emendation ? What effect would this 
have on Mr. Strecker if he should happen to see it just before dinner ? 
Would not the next issue from Reading give us numerous variations on 
ne sutor ultra crepidam ? 


THE NortH AMERICAN EntTomorocist.—Under this title a new 
Entomological serial has lately been placed before the public, edited by 
one of our esteemed contributors, A. R. Grote, of Buffalo, N. Y. It is 
an eight-paged monthly, nicely printed and illustrated by occasional plates. 
A portion of each number is occupied by scientific papers on Entomo- 
logical subjects, followed by articles having an economic bearing under 
the heading of ‘‘ Fruit and Farm,” while the succeeding pages are occupied 
by very useful “ Book Notices.” The first three numbers which are before 
us contain some valuable scientific papers, as well as useful information to 
agriculturists and fruit-growers. We welcome this new candidate for 
public favor, and wish it every success. It is published by Reinecke, 
Zesch & Baltz, of Buffalo, N. Y., at two dollars per annum. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT.,; OCTOBER, 1870. Nos 10 


AMINA AD DIRESS, OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


To the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario : 


GENTLEMEN,—Again it is my privilege as your retiring President to 
address you, to draw your attention to Entomological subjects, and more 
especially to the operations of the insect world about you and to record 
the progress or decline of those noiseless disturbers of our peace—in- 
jurious insects. 

The City of Ottawa being one of the great centres of our lumbering 
interest, it seems fitting that I should on this occasion call your particular 
attention to some of those insects most injurious to our pine forests. The 
losses occasioned by the destructive work of borers in pine trees both 
before and after they are cut are unfortunately too well known to those 
interested in the lumber trade, although the sufferers may not be familiar 
with the life histories of their enemies so as to be able to recognize them 
in the various stages of their existence. The lumberman suffers from the 
work of a number of destructive species, nearly all of which inflict their 
greatest injuries during the larval stage of their existence. 


There are three families of beetles in which are included the greater 
number of our enemies in this department. I allude to the longicorns or 
long-horned beetles, Cevambycide ; the serricorn or saw-horn beetles, 
Buprestide, and the cylindrical bark beetles, Sco/y¢7de@. To go over this 
long series in detail would weary you. A brief sketch of the life history 
of a single example in each family will serve as representatives of the 
whole. 

One of the most destructive of the species included in the Ceramby- 
cid@ is a large grey beetle with very long horns, known to Entomologists 
under the name of AZonohammus confusor, and popularly in this district as 


“7 AN 
182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
the “ Ottawa Cow.” Where trees have become diseased from any cause, 


or where a fire has ravaged a pine forest and scorched and partially 
destroyed the timber, or where logs after being cut have been allowed to 
remain a season in the woods or in the mill yard—there these insects 
gather and soon multiply to a prodigious extent. The mature insect is 
over an inch in length ; the antennee of the male reaches the extraordinary 
length of from two to three inches, while those of the female are shorter. 
The female lays her eggs in the crevices of the bark, where the larvee 


when hatched eat their way into the wood, burrowing extensive galleries 
through the solid timber ; when mature they are large, white, almost 
cylindrical, footless grubs. | They pass their chrysalis stage within their 
burrows, and the perfect insect on its escape eats its way out through the 
bark. ‘There are about a dozen species in this family known to be de- 
structive to pine. 

Most of the insects belonging to the family Bufprestide may be recog- 
nized by their brilliant metallic colors; they have very short antennz 
which are notched on one side lke the teeth of a saw, and are often 
hidden from view by being bent under the thorax. Chalcophora liberta 
is one of the most destructive to pine trees, and its history is very similar 
to that of the long-horned beetle just described, but the larva is of a dif- 
ferent form, and has the anterior segments or rings of the body very 
large, reminding one of the appearance of a tadpole. The perfect insect 
is about three-quarters of an inch long, of a brassy or coppery hue, with 
the thorax and wing-covers deeply furrowed by irregular longitudinal de- 


pressions. Dr. Fitch enwnerates twelve species belonging to this family 
which are known to be injurious to pine. Additional information in 
reference to these beetles may be found in an article contained in the last 
annual report of our Society, by Mr. J. Fletcher, of Ottawa. 

The cylindrical bark beetles, Sco/yéide, are also a numerous family, 
eight.species of which are known to attack pine. The boring Hylurgus, ° 
Hylurgus terebrans, is probably one of the commonest. ‘This beetle is 
about a quarter of an inch long, of a chestnut red color, thinly clothed 
with yellowish hairs, and is found during the month of May. The larva, 
which is a small yellowish white footless grub, bores winding passages in 
every direction in the inner layers of the bark of the tree, and also 
through the outer surface of the wood. 


In some parts of our Province pines are greatly injured and sometimes 
killed by the attacks of a woolly bark louse, which covers parts of the 5 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


trunk and branches with a white cottony secretion, under the protection 
of which myriads of tiny lice live, puncturing the bark with their sharp 
beaks and exhausting the trees by feeding upon the sap. 

While we are mainly interested’in the preservation of our mature 
forests, the future of our country demands that we shall not overlook the 
young growth on which the lumber supply fifty or a hundred years hence 
must largely depend, and which it should be the policy of our rulers to 
protect as far as possible. Most of the governments of Europe are now 
fully alive to the importance of this matter, and are annually spending 
large sums of money in establishing young forests. Two years ago I 
called your attention to an insect then recently discovered by Prof. A. R. 
Grote, of Buffalo, which was greatly injuring the terminal shoots of both 
the white and red pines in Western New York ; it was the larva of a small 
moth, Wephopteryx Zimmermant, which fed under the bark, causing a free 
exudation of resinous matter from the wounds it made, followed usually 
by the death of the twigs infested. Since then it has been found over a 
much wider area than was at first anticipated, and I have no doubt but 
that it is to-day materially retarding the growth of young pine trees in 
many portions of our Province. 

At the recent meeting of the Entomological Club of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science (where our Society was 
represented by your President and Vice-President), Mr. S. H. Scudder, of 
Boston, submitted some observations on another lepidopterous insect 
which is injuring the young pines growing on the Island of Nantucket. It 
is a species of Fetinza closely allied to Retinia duplana of Europe. The 
moth lays her eggs near the tips of the twigs, down which the young larvee 
burrow, killing them outright, and thus stunting and almost destroying the 
trees. Prof. Comstock, of Washington, also referred to two other species 
of Retinta which he had observed i injuring the pine trees in that city. 

In addition to all these there are a score or two of species of insects 


which are known to devour the leaves of the pines, damaging them in 


some instances very much. From the facts enumerated it is evident that 


we are suffering serious loss in all our lumbering districts from the silent 
workings of these insidious foes, and since in some measure to be fore- 
warned is to be fore-armed, I desire to call the special attention of those 
immediately concerned in the prosperity, present and future, of the lum- 
bering interests of our country, to this important subject. Unfortunately 
it does not as yet seem to be within the power of man to do much directly 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


towards restricting the operations of these enemies to our forests ; yet 
this should not deter us from studying their habits and history, since an 
intimate acquaintance with these may result much more to our advantage 
than we now anticipate. <A few trees, such as a belt, or a group planted 
for shelter or ornament, may be protected from the leaf and twig destroyers 
by syringing with a mixture of Paris Green and water in the proportion 
of a teaspoonful to a pail of water, and the bark lice may be killed by the 
use of alkaline washes applied with a brush or broom, and a timely appli- 
cation of the same will prevent the operations of the borers ; but it is 
scarcely possible that such remedies can ever be applied over extended 
areas of forest. It is, however, gratifying to know that in addition to the 
numbers devoured by our insectivorous birds, that almost every injurious 
species is in turn attacked to a greater or less extent by insect parasites 
of the most active habits, who seek out and destroy these pests with 
ceaseless diligence ; were it not for these friendly insects the destructive 
species would be far more numerous individually than they now are. 

The question as to how best to check the increase of destructive 
insects is of the greatest practical importance, and probably no insecticide 
has of late played so important a part in this connection as Paris Green, 
which is a compound of arsenic and copper, comparatively insoluble ahd 
a substance which seems admirably qualified for the destruction of insect 
life. Besides its special use as a potato-beetle killer, it can be successfully 
used to destroy any and every insect which eats the leaves of plants, 
shrubs or trees. So poisonous an agent should be handled with caution 
if accidents are to be prevented, and it is a matter of great regret that in 
consequence of carelessness in its use the lives of many valuable animals 
have been sacrificed, and occasionally even human lives have been im- 
perilled or lost. From the ease with which it can be procured it has also 
been resorted to in several instances by those determined on suicide. 
These unfortunate occurrences are greatly to be deplored, and every pos- 
sible precaution should be taken to avoid accidents. It is quite a common 
occurrence for painters, hardware dealers and general merchants to sell 
Paris Green and to send it out without label of any sort, and sometimes 
the parcel is very insecurely put up and packed with groceries and other 
articles for home use in the most indifferent manner. Such recklessness 
should not be permitted and no one should be allowed tosell any sub- 
stance so dangerous unless it is properly labelled with the name of the 
article and the word “ Poison” prominently attached ; with such precau- 


ae 


r 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 18 


tions generally adopted many accidents which now occur would be. pre- 
vented. It has been urged by some that so many evils have attended the 
use of Paris Green that it does more harm than good, and that its use 
should be discontinued ; but in this I am not prepared to concur, as I am 
satisfied that without it, unless some suitable substitute were found, the 
potato crop in many localities could not be preserved from destruction. 
If reasonable care is exercised and the powder be used mixed with water, 
there is no danger attending it, and its use in this manner in the propor- 
tron already mentioned of a teaspoonful to a pail of water and applied 
with a whisk, is not only safe but most economical. 

For some years past experiments have been made with various other 
substances with the view of finding a substitute for Paris Green which 
would be less dangerous in the hands of the careless, and among them I 
believe none have been used with greater success than common blue 
vitriol or sulphate of copper, in solution in the proportion of about an 
ounce to a pail of-water, and applied in the same manner as the Paris 
Green mixture. ‘This articie is worthy of, and will doubtless receive, a 
more extended trial, as its use under any circumstances would be attended 
with but little danger. For the destruction of household pests Insect 
Powder has lately attracted much attention, and is probably the most 
valuable agent we have for this purpose, and it is quite harmless to man 
and the higher animals. ‘There are two sorts of this powder, known in 
commerce under the respective names of Persian and Dalmatian Insect 
Powder ; the former is the powdered flowers of PyreArum roseum, the 
latter of Pyrethrum cinnerarie-folium. ‘Vhe Dalmatian Powder is most 
highly esteemed. The powder is diffused through the atmosphere by 
means of a small bellows, or insect gun, and in a very short time it brings 
house-flies, cockroaches, etc., on their backs, and dusted among bed- 
clothing is equally effectual on noxious pests there. It does not at first 
kill the insects outright, but paralyzes them so that they are unable to use 
either legs or wings, and after remaining in this condition many hours and 
sometimes days, a solitary individual here and there will either wholly or 
partially recover, but the great bulk of them die. 

A very active blue-bottle fly placed under the influence of the powder 
was brought on its back in one and a half minutes. After six minutes it 
performed some rewarkable evolutions, throwing itself about in the most 
desperate manner by the aid of its wings, for by this time it had lost the 
use of its legs ; in a few moments more it was quiet, but still able to move 


s 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


its legs, and this power it retained for two days, after which it was lost 
sight of. ‘The same powder was applied to a full-grown grasshopper ; 
immediate uneasiness was manifested, and within two minutes its hind legs 
were partially paralyzed so that they could not be used with much effect. 
The first symptoms were a general rubbing of the legs against each other 
and a peculiar backward movement of the body ; in four minutes there 
was a trembling of the whole frame, while all the legs were so much 
affected that locomotion was very feeble. In six minutes the insect had 
lost all control over its limbs, and in nine minutes it was on its back with 
no power to recover its natural position. A second patient manifested 
precisely similar symptoms, but was not affected quite so rapidly. Applied 
to house-flies in a room, some of them begin to fall powerless in two or 
three minutes ; others will remain active several minutes longer, but mani- 
fest constant uneasiness, evidenced in unnatural movements of wings and 
legs, and a frequent thrusting out of the proboscis. | Having operated in 
a room one day about noon, I swept up after a few minutes several hun- 
dred flies and put part of them in a tumbler covered with a small plate, 
and the remainder in a chlp box which IJ carried in my pocket for the first 
day, where the flies would receive some warmth from the body. After 
five or six hours the box was opened, when several crawled out or flew 
with a very weak, short flight; these were evidently recovering ; the 
others remained on their backs, many of them moving their legs now and 
then. At the same time those in the tumbler were looked at; all were 
on their backs, but still alive. In twenty-four hours afterwards those in 
the glass were in the same helpless condition, barely alive, while in the 
box three more had so far recovered as to be able to walk, and one of 
them could fly a little. The following day they were examined again and 
every one of those in the box were dead, while in the tumbler out of 137 
there were 22 alive, which number was reduced to three the following 
day ; this small remnant survived two days longer, when all died. 


In the use of Insect Powder on the green Aphis which infests house 
plants, the same course was observed; the insects dropped from the 
plants as if paralyzed, and after a short time were incapable of loco- 
motion. After two days they were found still alive, but in this instance 
there was no sign of recovery in any of them, and all died within two or 
three days afterwards, but whether from the direct effects of the powder 
or from starvation I was unable to decide. 

When I addressed you last year I referred to a strange disease which 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


had destroyed large numbers of that destructive pest, the Forest Tent 
Caterpillar, C//stocampa sylvatica. After the disease had reached a certain 
stage the larvae remained motionless, retaining their hold on fences and 
the trunks of trees; shortly, although in appearance they were quite 
natural, when touched they were found to be dead, and their bodies were 
so decayed as to burst with a very gentle handling. Subsequent obser- 
vations convinced me that this was the result of a fungoid disease to which 
caterpillars, as well as some perfect insects, are very subject. A similar 
disease sometimes attacks the silk-worm and causes great devastation, and 
the common house-fly is liable every autumn to die from the effects of a 
fungus which multiplies with amazing rapidity within the fluids of the fly’s 
body, soon destroys life and forms a circle of luxuriant growth all around 
its victim. Examples of this may be found on the windows of almost 
every dwelling during the month of September. Some years ago a learned 
European professor claimed that he had proved the identity of this fungus 
with the common blue mould and also with that of yeast ; and in proof 
used the fungus of the fly for the purpose of raising bread, and showed 
that it was possible to brew beer with the common mould. ‘The close 
relationship, if not the actual identity, of these three was thus established. 
Quite recently it has been proposed by Dr. Hagen, of Cambridge, Mass., 
to use a diluted solution of yeast in water with an atomizer as a means 
of destroying noxious caterpillars and other insects by introducing disease 
among them, and it seems quite likely that the use of this remedy may to 
some extent prove effectual. 

The Cabbage Butterfly, Prer’s rape, having pretty well colonized the 
northern portions of America, is still traveling southward. J)uring the 
present season it has been reported as common in many localities in the 
State of Alabama, and has nearly reached the Gulf of Mexico ; it seems 
as capable of adapting itself to extremes of heat as of cold. The Forest 
Tent Caterpillar, Clsiocampa sylvatica, which has been so very numerous 
and destructive in our neighborhood for two years past, has almost disap- 
peared. The Colorado Potato Beetle seems to have fairly established 
itself in several places in Europe, and if it proves as prolific there as here 
it will be rapidly disseminated. The Wheat Midge, Cecdomyca tritict, 
has appeared in the neighborhood of Port Hope, Ont., but not to any 
alarming extent. The Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, has been 
common as usual, while reports have been received from several districts 
of the increasing prevalence of the Codling Worm, Carfocapsa pomonella, 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Our journal, the CANADIAN ENroMoLocistr, has been well sustained 
during the past vear, and through the kindness of our esteemed contribu- 
tors we have been enabled to present our readers with many original 
papers of great practical value. Mr. W. H. Edwards, of West Virginia, 
has continued his very useful and valuable papers on the life histories of 
our butterflies. Dr. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y., has given us an interesting 
description of the various stages of Cossus Centerens?s, illustrated by an 
excellent lithographic plate. Many new species of insects have been 
described by Messrs. A. R. Grote, W. H. Edwards, V. ‘T. Chambers, Prof. 
Fernald and others, besides which we have published a very large number 
of papers of general interest. 

Among the more important recent contributions to our Entomological 
literature may be mentioned a new edition of the Catalogue of the 
Described Diptera of North America, by Baron Osten Sacken ; the Cole- 
optera of Florida and Michigan, by John L. LeConte, M. D., and E. A. 
Schwarz ; Report on the Insect and other Animal Forms of Caledonia 
Creek, New York, by J. A. Lintner ; the Coleoptera of the Alpine Regions 
of the Rocky Mountains, by John L. LeConte, M. D. ; on the Collection 
of Insects made by Dr. Elliot Coues in Dakota and Montana—the Or- 
thoptera by Cyrus Thomas, Hemiptera by P. R. Uhler, Lepidoptera by 
W. H. Edwards; Notice of the Butterflies Collected by Dr. Edward 
Palmer in Southern Utah and Northern Arizona, in 1877, by Samuel H. 
Scudder ; and an account of some insects of unusual interest from the 
Tertiary Rocks of Colorado and Wyoming, by the same distinguished 
author. The elaborate and voluminous report of the U. S. Entomological 
Commission on the Rocky Mountain Locust, with maps and illustrations, 
issued in 1878, did not reach us in time to be noticed at our last annual 
meeting. It is a work which has involved great labor, and besides con- 
taining much that is new, covers the entire field of our knowledge in 
reference to this destructive pest. Prof. C. V. Riley, of Washington, has 
issued a special report on the Silk-worm, being a brief manual of instruc- 
tions for the production of silk, with illustrations. Prof. A. R. Grote has 
written Preliminary Studies on the North American Pyralidz, and Samuel 
H. Scudder a Century of Orthoptera. Several additional numbers of 
Edwards’ magnificent work on North American Butterflies have appeared, 
with charming plates. 


The members of the Entomological Commission of the United States 
are devoting their attention this year especially to the Hessian Fly, inves- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


tigating its habits, preparing statistics of the losses occasioned by its 
attacks, and testing the various remedies which have been suggested for 
its destruction. In a circular issued in June last they solicit the co-oper- 
ation of Entomologists, many of whom will, I trust, be able to render 
them efficient aid in this good work. 

During the year death has removed from our ranks three well known 
laborers in the Entomological field, Dr. Asa Fitch, late State Entomologist 
of New York ; Dr. Hermann Loew, the eminent German Dipterist, who 
has done so much to advance our knowledge of American Diptera ; and 
Frederick Smith, the renowned English Hymenopterist. Thus year by 
year we are called to mourn the loss of those whose names, for their 
works’ sake, we revere. They have gone to their reward ; we live to 
labor. . Let us each endeavor to make the best possible use of the time 
and opportunities we have, however limited they may be, and diligently 
and contentedly labor in the sphere in which God has placed us; prompted 
by pure motives, may we with earnest effort probe deep into the secrets 
of nature, and draw from thence treasures new, so that when we pass 
away we may leave behind us some little lustre which may lend a light, 
however dim, to those who will fill our places. 

I have the honor to be very sincerely yours, 
Wm. SAUNDERS. 


ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CERTAIN FLORIDA 
BUTTERFLIES. 


Editor Canadian Entomologist : 


I have received from Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Apalachicola, descrip- 
tions of preparatory stages of several species of Florida butterflies, made 
by him 1870-1872, with permission to publish such as I saw fit. I send 
one instalment confined to the Hesperfde, and where it seemed desirable 
I have added notes of my own in brackets. Except in case of Audamus 
Proteus, wherever Dr. Chapman has described larve which are also figured 
by Abbot, in Smith-Abbot, Insects of Georgia, or by Boisduval and Le- 
Conte, after drawings of Abbot, the description differs essentially from the 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


figure, and I am the more confirmed in the opinion which I have for some 
time entertained, that minuch of Abbot's work in this direction is unreliable. 
W. H. Epwarps. 


rt. PAMPHILA PHYLEUS, Drury. 


Marure ILARkvA--Length .7 inch ; fusiform ; of a uniform dull green, 
and thickly granulated with pale points ; collar on second segment dark 
brown ; head small, smooth but puncticulate, dark brown. 


Curysaris-—Length .5 inch ; nearly cylindrical ; the head, thorax and 
abdomen pubescent ; color pale green ; a black line, interrupted on the 
posterior segments, extends from back of head case to last segment; a 
lateral black streak on the thorax and a lateral row of black spots on the 
abdomen ; more or less punctured throughout ; the wing cases paler, con- 
tracted behind into a subulate point; anal hook stout. spine-like. The 
imago emerged 2nd July. The larva fed on grass. 


(In Bois. and Lec., this larva is represented as pale green, with two 
broad longitudinal sub-dorsal darker green bands, and a stripe above the 
feet. The chrysalis accompanying is green with no apparent marks 
except a row of reddish points on side of abdomen.) 


2. PAMPHILA BRETTUS, Bois. and Lec. 


EGc—White, smooth, hemispherical ; laid on Paspalum setaceum 
(grass) July 4th ; hatched roth July. 


YounG Larva—White with large black head, and black collar. On 
21st July one-half inch long; color greenish-white. Aug. 3rd, 1 inch ; 
fusiform ; pale green with a dark dorsal stripe and an obscure line on 
either side ; collar black, and separated from it on either’ side a black 
dot; spiracles black ; head rounded, projecting obliquely, granulated 
with black, the sides of face and two streaks on upper face yellow-white. 
Made chrysalis Aug. 5th. 


CHRYSALIS—.75 inch ; color pale green, the abdomen whitish ; wing 
cases smooth, faintly veined ; the antenne cases extending in a filiform 
point to the end of the abdomen; on either side of head case a dark 
point, and a row of dark points along side of abdomen. Imago emerged 
14th August. 


The larva forms a tube with the ieaves in which it lies concealed dur- 
ing the day, feeding mostly at night. 


ee ON 


| 


——————<—_ ~~ 
’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


3. PAMPHILA ACCIUS, Smith-Abbot. 


Mature Larva—Length 1.33 inch ; slender ; nearly white, but under 
the lens mottled and dotted with darker lines and points, the rings on the 
posterior half of each segment more prominent and less dotted ; collar 
black ; head rather small, oblique, oval, flattened frontally, white with a 
black band around top and sides, a black streak down middle of face and 
a short black streak on either side of this last, and not reaching the band 
at top. 

CurysALis—Slender, smooth, white; the head case tapering into a 
slender pointed beak. 

The larva was found 2nd Aug., wrapped in the leaves of Erianthus 
alopecuroides (a grass). 

(Abbot figures this larva as nearly white, with five distinct greenish 
longitudinal bands extending from head to last segments, and without 
collar ; the head striped with reddish. He gives the food plant as Gly- 
cine frutescens. ) 


4. PAMPHILA MACULATA, Edw. 


Mature Larva——Length 1 inch ; slender, pale green, finely pubes- 
cent ; the last two segments deeper green; collar light brown; head 
oval, oblique, densely pubescent, slightly granulated, light brown. 


CurysaLis—Length .8 inch; cylindrical, dull green ; pubescent, 
especially about both extremities ; the head case blunt, wing cases smooth ; 
on 8, 9 and ro are two flat tubercles on ventral side; the anal hook broad, 
triangular. (Food plant not given.) 


5. PAMPHILA ARPA, Bois. and 1.ec. 


Mature LarvA—Length nearly 2 inches; pale green striped with 
yellow, the segments after 2 thickly lined with fine streaks of green and 
yellow ; collar black edged before by yellow ; spiracles black ; head high, 
narrow, blackish, bordered around top and sides by white, and with two 
white incurved (concave to each other) streaks on upper third of face ; 
these separated by velvety black. 


CurysaLis—Length 1.2 inch, nearly cylindrical, light brown, covered 
with a white powder ; the abdominal segments pubescent ; the wing cases 
prolonged into a short subulate point; the abdomen long, tapering 
slightly, and the end bluntly rounded. ‘The butterfly emerged 21st Aug. 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The larva feeds on saw palmetto, forming a tube of the bases of the fan- 
like segments of the leaves, in which it lies concealed and in which it 
changes. 

(Bois. and Lec. figure the larva and chrysalis, after Abbot. ‘The larva 
is shown as pale green with a macular darker sub-dorsal stripe, and a 
double band on side. ‘The head is almost spherical, yellow, edged with 
red, and with a red curved stripe on face. ‘The chrysalis is much smaller 
than Dr. Chapman represents, and as he gives a pencil drawing of it, I 
see that it is of quite different shape from Abbot’s, which has a short 
abdomen, tapering nearly to a point.) 


6. PAMPHILA PALATKA, Edw. 

Marure LarvAa—Length 2 inches ; cylindrical ; collar a black line 
connecting two black lateral dots; anal plate semi-circular, projecting ; 
color of body yellowish-green, thickly dotted with minute, dark, hair-tipped 
tubercles ; spiracles black ; under side bluish ; head obliquely projecting, 
brownish, the upper part of the face white and marked by three black 
stripes. Feeds on saw grass (Cladium effusum), drawing the faces of the 
strongly keeled leaves together, and in the tube thus formed lying con- 
cealed when not feeding. (Chrysalis not described.) 

(I believe this species is either same as Bulenta, or at most but a 
variety of that. ‘he larva and chrysalis of Budenta are figured in Bois. 
and Lec., after Abbot, and both are scarcely to be distinguished from his 
figures of corresponding stages of 47fa. In the former the sub-dorsal 
band is continuous, instead of macular, and in the latter the lateral bands 
are mostly obsolete. ‘There is thus no agreement with Dr. Chapman’s 
description of Palatka, in which the whole upper side is yellow-green, 
without lines or bands.) 


7, PAMPHILA DELAWARE, Edw. 

Mature Larva—Length 1 inch ; fusiform ; color bluish-white ; collar 
black, ending in a black dot on either side ; a lunate black band on 13 
and anal plate ; the surface thickly dotted with minute black tubercles ; 
head oval, oblique, white, smooth, slightly bilobed ; a black band about 
top and sides, a black vertical streak on middle face and a short streak 
of same color on either side this last. 

CHRYSALIS—Narrow, greenish-white; the head case blunt, black, 
tubercled and bristly; the last segment black. The larva was found 


Ss 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


wrapped in a leaf of Erianthus alopecuroides. The imago emerged 30th 
August. 

8. EUDAMUS, PROTEUS, Linn. 

Mature LarvA—Length 1.5 inch; fusiform ; a fine dark dorsal line, 
a bright yellow sub-dorsal band which is dilated on the 12th segment, and 
a pale green line along base of body ; the dorsal space between the bands 
gray dotted with black and yellowish arranged in transverse lines ; the 
sides gray, with the upper half dotted with black ; collar lustrous black ; 
anal plate yellow, greenish in middle ; under side paie green ; legs black, 
pro-legs yellow ; head large, round, brown, pubescent, slightly depressed 
at top ; a yellow spot on each side of the mouth narrowing upwards and 
fading into the light brown of upper part of face. . 

CurysaLis—Covered with a white powder. ‘The larva feeds on 
Leguminosz, on Phaseolus petrennis and Cliteria Mariana. 

(Abbot’s figure of this larva agrees with the above description, but the 
figure given in Bois. and Lec., after Abbot, has scarlet patches about head 
and body not found in the larva, and is otherwise an incorrect as well as 
coarse copy of Abbot.) 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME GEOMETRIDS. 
BY L. W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS. 


Tetracis crocallata Guen. 

Mature larva, one specimen—Head brown, much narrower than the 
body ; two large dark brown spots in front. Body stout and very slightly 
attenuated anteriorly, the rst and 2nd rings much narrower than the rest 
and retractile into the 3rd. About a dozen minute black tubercles on 
each ring. Reddish brown covered with numerous, wavy hair lines ; paler 
beneath with a large dirty brown patch enclosing two light brown spots on 
the 6th and 7th rings. Length when at rest 23 mil. ; when crawling 28 
mil. Feeds on the Chestnut. Became a pupa July 15th, within leaves 
drawn together with a few threads. ; 

Pupa—-Length 17 mil. ; ashen gray, tinged with reddish and speckled 
with brown ; a brown dorsal stripe, obsolete on the abdominal segments. 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Thorax paler with a small dorsal brown spot. Head brown with a vertical 


red streak. Abdomen dark brown beneath speckled with reddish, the 
anal segments with a transverse dark brown dash above. Wings pearly 


ash with a submarginal row of seven brown spots. Caudal spine round 
with two long hooked forks ; four slender bristles at the base, two above 
and two beneath, very much hooked at the tips. 


Therina endropiaria Pack. 

Mature larva, one specimen—Head wider than the first segment of the 
body, roundish and greenish gray, brown on the sides. Body rather 
slender and attenuated anteriorly ; color a mixture of brown and greenish 
gray ; a small angular tubercle on the side of each of the 2nd, 5th and 
6th rings, and a dorsal pair of the same on the 6th, 8th and 7th, those 
on the 8th smaller than the others. Length when at rest 32 mil. ; when 
crawling 36 mil. Feeds on the Oak. Pupated Sept. 4th, just beneath 
the surface. Moth emerged May roth. 


Acidalia enucleata Guen. 


Mature larva, one specimen—Head not so wide as the body, gray 
with a vertical brown streak on each side. Body slender and attenuated 
anteriorly, pale brown streaked and variegated with darker brown. Length 
when at rest 41 mil.; when crawling 46 mil. Feeds on the Blueberry 
(Vaccinium). Changed to a pupa in a thin cocoon on the surface, June 
29th. 


MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


(Continued from Page 177.) 


Prof. Fernald stated that he had received from Oregon and Washing- 
ton Territory specimens of Retinia duplana and sylvostrana identical with 
the European forms, and further referred to the fact that in America the 
species of Tortricidze are more abundant in the West than in the East. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


Mr. Grote called the attention of the members to the ravages of 
Nephopteryx Zimmermani, which he believed had inflicted more injury on 
young pines than any other insect; it is found throughout the northern 
and north-western parts of New York State. Mr. Grote laid particular 
stress on the fact that the European pines imported and sold by nursery- 
men are much infested, and desired to call public attention to this matter. 
With regard to the use of Paris Green as an insecticide, he thought that 
it was doubtful whether the injury caused by it was not greater than 
would occur from the Potato Beetle were it allowed to go unmolested ; 
and instanced the loss of a stallion valued at $2,500, poisoned by Paris 
Green, and also referred to the frequent injuries to animals and man 
reported in the newspapers. This opinion was opposed by other members 
present, who stated that but for the use of Paris Green or some such 
poison, it would be impossible in some sections of the country to grow 
potatoes at all. 


Prof. Fernald referred to a Tortrix found in Maine, Zortrix nigridia, 
which had very much injured the pines there ; he had collected a large 
number of the larve and chrysalids of this insect, and from them, besides 
the moths, had obtained many ichneumon parasites and also several hair 
snakes. Prof. Fernald embraced this opportunity of calling the attention 
of the members to the condition in which he had found the types of the 
North American Tortricide. Many of them were being destroyed by the 
verdigris formed by the corrosion of the pins on which they were mounted, 
and in some instances this verdigris has accumulated to such an extent 
as to burst the bodies of the insects. To avoid this difficulty he has used 
japanned pins, and found that when thus coated they-remained free from 
corrosion. 


Mr. Grote remarked that Scoliopteryx libatrix was very widely dis- 
tributed in this country as well as in Europe, being found here from Hud- 
son’s Bay to the Southern States. He also referred to Mr. Grey’s discovery 
that Limenitis arthemis, disippis, ursula and proserpina are connected by 
intermediate individuals, and that this indicated that they had not long 
been separated from a common stock, and expressed the opinion that 
arthemis was probably nearest the original form. 


Mr. Scudder, referring to the same subject, regarded dzs7ppus as pro- 
bably the original type of this species. 


Mr. Lintner held that it was premature to conclude that the different 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species of Limenrtis are identical until it could be proven positively by 
rearing the one supposed species from the eggs of the other. 

Mr. Scudder exhibited a piece of a woody root which was represented 
as coming from the interglacial beds of clay near Toronto, Ontario. This 
root proves by microscopic examination to belong to a species of Juniper 
and is bored by an insect. probably a Sco/y¢us, but one which differs 
materially in its habits from any known species now existing. Mr. Scudder 
also referred to the abundance of insect remains which he had found in 
the peat deposits on the Island of Nantucket ; from one mass of about a 
cubic foot he had obtained 300 fragments of Coleoptera, among which 
were several which he had been unable to refer to any species now known 
to exist ; a number of these specimens were shown to the members. 


Mr. Austin exhibited specimens of a wasp, Po/istes metrica Say, infested 
with parasites. 
On motion the meeting was adjourned until 8 p.m. 


EVENING SESSION. 


Prof. Comstock exhibited specimens of a small Pyralid which is car- 
nivorous, feeding in the larval state on the maple tree bark-lice, under the 
cottony matter secreted by the lice. He had bred forty of the moths fed 
in this way. 

Mr. Scudder drew attention to a very singular fossil, of which he had 
obtained about roo specimens, somewhat resembling the larva of an 
insect, but yet quite different from anything hitherto known. His remarks 
were illustrated by a figure of the object. It consists of only six segments. 

Mr. Barnard exhibited specimens of Piymata erosa, which has proved 
quite destructive to other insects; they have been known to destroy quite 
a number of Prer’s rape. Mr. Barnard exhibited a number of specimens 
which had been caught on the burrs of the Burdock. 

Prof. Riley stated that Pyer?s rape was now quite common in Ala- 
bama ; it had been seen as far as Selma, but had not yet reached Mobile. 
Mr. Scudder remarked that it had been found in Savannah, Ga., two 
years ago. 

Prof. Comstock had received specimens of the Colorado Potato Beetle 
this year from Manitoba, and thought that this was the farthest point 
north it has yet reached. 

Mr. Saunders made some remarks in reference to the capture of insects 
by the flowers of a species of Bidens, probably chrysanthemoides ; the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 


insects which he had observed thus captured were Dipterous, all of whom 
had been caught by the mouth ; some were found dead, others still living, 
but unable to withdraw their proboscis. 

(To be Continued.) 


NEW NOCTUIDS. 


BY A.-R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


Tamila velaris, n. s. 

Thorax clothed with mixed scales and hairs. Middle and hind tibize 
armed. Fore tibiz with a row of spines on each side, four in number, 
increasing in size to the end of the joint. Front full, thickly clothed 
with mossy scales. White ; with ochre shading. Fore wings with a wide 
arcuate sub-basal ochre band; a more diffuse band of similar shape crosses 
the middle of the wing ; beyond this the reniform spot, ferruginous, in- 
complete, with a prominent outer dot. Posterior line diffuse, interrupted. 
Subterminal space narrow, shaded with ochrey. Terminal space showing 
a white triangle before apices and again white below vein 4; an ochre | 
stain from apices to vein 4. Hind wings stained with yellowish. Beneath 
yellowish dusky with a subterminal, shaded dusky fascia on primaries. 
Lxpanse 23 mil. Hab. ‘ Caliente, California,” Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 
7,173: 

This species resembles zawudina rather than JZeadiz. A single speci- 
men, possibly faded. 


\ 


Tamila vanella, n. s. 
fg. Thorax clothed with mingled scales and hair. ‘Tibiz armed ; 
eyes naked. A small dark species recalling f¢er¢#éa in the ornamentation 
of primaries. Primaries dark blackish brown with the median space 
ochrey whitish. Orbicular absent ; reniform large, brownish ; below it 
descends the dusky median shade near to the outer line. Costa on median 
space brown. Inner line white, lined within by black, narrow, upright, 
twice indented, forming three scallops. Subterminal line a series of pale, 
black ringed dots. Fringes blackish, interrupted with brown. Hind 
wings black with a sub-basal white fascia spreading on costa ; beyond, a 
discal white dot; fringes whitish. Beneath distinctly marked, shaded 
with reddish on costal regions ; median fields white, with large black 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


discal marks. Both wings black at base; subterminal black bands, 
spreading to anal angle on secondaries. | Body beneath pale olivaceous. 
Thorax olivaceous shaded with brown. Lxpanse 17 mil. Habitat 
Nevada, Mr. Kk. L. Graef. The single specimen is fresh, but the fore legs 
are broken off. ‘The outer line on primaries is white, indistinctly mar- 
gined, even, slightly exserted, nearly upright. 


Lygranthoccta separata, n. s. 

2. Allied to marginata, Thoreaut and saturata.  Yore wings ochrey 
purplish with a white cast. Lines regular, white, the inner lined with 
dusky on the inside, the outer dusky margined on the outside. ‘The inner 
line greatly medially exserted, the angle obtuse. ‘The outer line subflexu- 
ous, outwardly bent opposite the disc, where it nearly touches subterminal 
line. Subterminal space darker than the rest of the wing, narrow ; s. t. 
line white, indented slightly opposite cell and before anal angle. A black 
discal blotch ; fringes pale. Hind wings whitish with terminal interrupted 
black band and heavy black discal spot. Beneath pale with subterminal 
shades, two black discal marks on primaries, one on secondaries. apanse 
28 mil. Habitat Nevada, E. L. Graef. 


Tarache lanceolata, n. S. 

By its narrow and long primaries allied to angustipennis ; differing by 
the white secondaries shaded with dusky before the fringes and the color 
of primaries. These are white along costa to subterminal line and below 
the middle of the wing deep olive green ; the green color twice cutting 
the costal stripe at the anterior and posterior lines, which are vaguely 
defined. Below apices are two superimposed black longitudinal dashes 
very narrowly edged with white ; below them a white diffuse shade widens 
to internal angle. The discal marks are evident, round, olive colored, 
the orbicular small. Fringe dusky, twice splashed with white. This form 
much resembles wngustipennis ; the apical ornamentation seems to differ 
strongly, as in the latter species the black dashes (reminding us of Cer- 
intha) are totally wanting. One fresh specimen, Belfrage, Texas, May 
6, No. 744, red label. Hxpanse 24 mil. The dark thorax is shaded in 
front with white as in angustipennis. 


Eustrotia retis, 1. s. 
Allied to apicosa (nigritula) and closely resembling that species. A 
little larger with darker secondaries. Primaries blackish with the anterior 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


line much as in a@fpzcosa ; discal spots smaller than in its ally ; posterior 
line straighter, without the prominent inward curve below the reniform, 
neither followed by a carneous shade at this place as in apicosa. ‘The 
posterior line is followed by two fine ochrey shade lines ; beyond these 
the subterminal space is blackish, cut by pale scales on the veins. Sub- 
terminal line fine, pale, irreguiar. ‘Terminal space dusky, no apical spot ; 
terminal margin more angulated than in agzcosa, being produced opposite 
veins 3 and 4; the difference in shape of wing is quite marked.  Ter- 
minal line black, interrupted, preceded by a fine edging of pale scales. 
Beneath much as in its ally, the discal dot on secondaries larger. Lxpanse 
28 mil.; Penn., Mr. W. H. Stultz ; one male specimen. 


Eustrotia secta, n. s. 

A small species with the ornamentation of primaries recalling syz- 
ochitis. Hind wings dark fuscous with paler fringes. Fore wings shaded 
with whitish gray at base ; median space brown below the median vein 
and here shaded with black, so that here a darker internal patch is formed, 
reminding one of the green patch in sywochitis. Orbicular wanting ; reni- 
form two superimposed black points. Subterminal line diffuse, perpen- 
dicular, twice outwardly exserted, brownish. A dotted ferruginous 
terminal line ; fringes fuscous gray, interlined. Three black ante-apical 
costal dots, preceded by pale points. Lines indistinct, anterior outwardly 
arcuate. Hxpanse 18 mil. Had. Massachusetts, Mr. Roland Thaxter, 
No. 16. j ; 


Oncocnemts aterrima, PGS: 

Fore wings dead black with obliterate ornamentation. The small 
reniform may be distinguished ringed with white. The inner line is lost ; 
outer line white, evenly curved opposite the cell, slightly bent inwardly 
below median vein. The subterminal space is washed with white behind 
the outer line and this portion of the wing is the most prominently orna- 
mented. A series of whitish points indicates the subterminal line. There 
is a slight olivaceous powdering over the primaries and thorax. Hind 
wings dead black, with a median curved dark line brought into relief by 
a following pale shading ; fringes whitish. Beneath black with a common 
median line followed by white streaks and shading. Eyes naked ; fore 
tibia with a stout claw. xpanse 22 mil. Habitat, Havilah, Cal., Mr. 
Hy. Edwards, No. t19. | This species has a slight Heliothid appearance 
and differs much in markings from the others known to me in this genus. 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
DEaR SiR,— 

The following note may prove of interest as showing the numbers in 
which the larvee of Lachnosterna fusca may exist in a lawn without per- 
ceptible damage to the grass resulting. 

On Sunday last, while walking through the Capitol grounds a few hours 
after a heavy shower of rain, I observed these larvee in great numbers upon 
the stone pavement north and east of the Capitol building. | I counted 
up to three hundred and then came to a spot where they were so thick 
that I had to give it up. I certainly saw f¢houwsands, nearly all of which 
were dead, either from heat or from having been trodden upon. Upon 
interviewing the Superintendent of the grounds, I learned that at this 
season of the year the grubs always make their appearance in like num- 
bers after a hard rain. This gentleman informed me, and his statement 
was corroborated by several others, that frequently the sweepers of a 
morning in going over the walks would collect at the bottom of the hill as 
many as a bushel of the grubs. ‘The pavement is edged on both sides by 
a two-inch curb, and the larvee falling over this are unable to return ; only 
those grubs inhabiting the earth near the curb would reach the walk, and 
the great numbers killed in this way after every shower afford an index to 
the immense number which the entire lawn must contain. Yet, in spite 
of this most serious drawback, as one would naturally call it, the grass 
over the entire plot is so fresh and green as to calli for universal admiration. 

The movements of the larvz upon the smooth pavement were very 
interesting. ‘The characteristic bend of the body unfits them for walking 
on smooth surfaces, and every live individual that I observed was upon its 
back, moving forward quite rapidly by the alternate expansion and con- 
traction of the segments. This mode of locomotion seemed strange at 
first, but upon reflecting that the probable natural position of the larva in 
the earth is upon its back with its legs grasping the grass roots, it seemed 
not so unnatural after all. The strong transverse corrugations and rows 
of bristles upon the dorsum, taken in connection with the extremely 
business-like and natural air with which the larve took this position and 
the rapid progress which they made while in it, would seem to indicate 
that the back is used for locomotion with these insects more than has 
perhaps been suspected. L. O. Howarp. 

Washington, D. C., Sept. 17. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


WOL. XI. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1879. No. 11 


MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


(Continued from Page 197.) 


In reference to the flight of butterflies, Mr. Lintner spoke of the 
enormous flocks of Vanessa carduzi which had been seen in Italy, Spain 
and Germany during the summer. 

Mr. Grote referred to an undescribed insect for which he proposes the 
name of Orketicus Abbott’; he had obtained the cases of this insect on— 
the cotton plant in the South, but had not seen the imago until he had 
reared it. This species is figured by Abbot in unpublished plates in the 
British Museum ; it is referred to also in Harris’ Correspondence, edited 
by Scudder. 

The election of officers then took place, with the following result : 


President, = = S. H. Scudder. 
‘Vice-President, - - A. R. Grote. 
Secretary, - - B. P. Mann. 


After some discussion it was agreed that in future it was desirable that 
the President and Vice-President hold office for one year only. 
The meeting then adjourned until the afternoon of the followmg day. 


WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. 


Dr. Morris mentioned an interesting case of retarded development 


which had come under his notice, where a specimen of Pafzlio astertas 
b 


remained in the chrysalis state two years and a half before the imago 
appeared. 

Mr. Lintner remarked that instances of retarded development were 
common among the Bombycidz, and especially mentioned cecropia; it 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


also oecurs frequently among the Sphingide, where a specimen will pass 
over one season until the next in the chrysalis state ; this has been sup- 
posed to be a natural provision for the perpetuation of the species. 


Mr. Bassett enquired whether in such examples they were not uni- 


formly females. Mr. Lintner stated that in his experience both sexes 


were retarded. 

Prof. Martin exhibited transparent specimens of gum copal in which 
were imbedded Hymenopterous insects. He stated that copal is a fossil 
resin of the post-tertiary period obtained chiefly from Mozambique ; that 
he had found in this resin about fifty species of insects, about one-third 
of which were Coleoptera, one-third Diptera and the other third of the 
remaining Orders ; two of the latter were Lepidopterous, one a Geometer, 
and the other he thought belonged to Zygaenide. 


Mr. Bethune mentioned that he had found the larve of the Colorado 
Potato Beetle eating the leaves of the common Milk-weed, Asclepzas. 


Mr. Barnard had also seen one of these larvee feeding on Milk-weed, 
but in this instance the larva was lighter in color than usual. Mr. Lintner 
remarked that it was unfortunate that the Potato Beetle would feed in the 
larval state on quite a number of different plants, and in the absence of 
vegetable food would sometimes feed on one another. 


Mr. Saunders had observed this carnivorous propensity of the Potato 
Beetle larva on several occasions, and had seen the same among the 
Cut-worms, and in one or two instances among larve of the Lycaenidae, 
Mr. Scudder had also observed similar habits. Prof. Comstock had 
noticed it especially in the Cotton-ball worm, /fe/iothis armugera. 


Mr. Lintner invited Prof. Comstock to give some details in reference 
to the present plans and operations connected with his department at 
Washington. Prof. Comstock stated that he was endeavoring to work up 
a biological collection of insects on such a scale and in such a manner as 
shall be a credit to the Government. He has a large number of breeding 
cages, and an assistant who devotes his whole time to the rearing and 
mounting of insects. Special attention has been paid this year to insects 
feeding on clover, and the collection now contains over fifty species known 
to be destructive to this valuable crop. Prof. Comstock asked the aid of 
all Entomologists and assured them that any insects sent him would be 
well taken care of. 


Mr. Scudder urged that Entomologists should recognize the fact that 


a 


$ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


it is of the utmost importance that a collection as complete as possible 
should be formed in Washington, and that it should assume a national 
character. 


Mr. Barnard asked for some information as to the method of arrange- 
ment adopted in the collection referred to. Prof. Comstock stated that 
he arranged the insects in their usual order and place; with the insect, its 
usual food plant, and where it feeds on several or many plants, a memor- 
andum is placed with such specimen containing a list of the plants ; by 
this method much duplication is avoided. 


Prof. Fernald was asked to give some explanations regarding his work 
on the Tortricide. He began the study of this group two years ago, 
commencing with those species found in Maine, but soon found that he 
could do nothing satisfactorily without taking in all those found through- 
out the United States and Canada. He has also found it necessary to 
study the European forms, and is now engaged in examining all these 
structurally, with the view, if possible, of improving their classification, and 
earnestly desires help from collectors in all parts of the country, especially 
in reference to the larvee of the different species. He thinks that the 
character of the head, thoracic shield and anal plate will probably be of 
most value in separating the species. 


Mr. Saunders reported that Papilio cresphontes had been found rather 
common both in the larval and perfect state in several parts of Ontario 
this season. Dr. Morris said that he had found Papilio ajax particularly 
local in its distribution, abounding in some localities, but very scarce in 
others. 


Mr. Lintner stated that Pholisora catullus had not been found about 
Albany until three years ago, when a single specimen was taken ; this 
year it is one of the commonest species in and about the city ; its food 
plant is Monarda punctata. 


Rev. C. J. S. Bethune referred to the great abundance of Papilio 
philenor one season many years ago in the neighborhood of Hamilton, 
Ontario ; since then he was not aware that it had ever been found com 
mon in any part of Ontario. 


A question was asked by Mr. Grote as to whether any of the species 
of Cucullia ever come to sugar. In reply, Dr. Bailey stated that he had 
captured three species of -Cucu/lia and ten species of Plusta at sugar. 
Recently, when sugaring in a certain locality, he was surprised to find a 


P04 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


large number of Noctuids on decomposing animal matter, especially on 
some partially decomposed deer hides. 

Mr. Grote reported having taken Audela acronyctoides ; one male was 
captured this month at light. He thought that this was the first time it 
had been taken in New York State. 

Mr. Saunders referred to the fact that in the location where he resided 
large numbers of the larvee of C/stocampa sylvatica had died from a fun- 
foid disease, and asked whether any of the members had tried solution of 
yeast as an insect destroyer, as lately suggested by Dr. Hagen. 

Prof. Comstock stated that he had fed several larvee on leaves dipped 
in yeast, but so far the yeast-fed larvee had thrived remarkably well ; his 
experiments had only been continued but a short time, hence he was not 
prepared to give any definite opinion on this subject. 

The meeting then adjourned. 


On Friday afternoon the closing session of the Club was held. 

Dr. Morris stated that an apiarian in his neighborhood had been 
severely censured by some fruit-growers because his bees had pierced 
their peaches, grapes, etc., and destroyed the fruit; he asked whether the 
bees really were the original authors of the mischief, or whether they only 
attacked such fruit as had been previously pierced by birds, wasps and 
other insects. He knew that writers differed on this subject, and men- 
tioned that Prof. Cook and Prof. Riley take opposite sides here. 

Prof. Macloskie thought that the mandibles of bees were not strong 
enough to tear the outer covering of peaches or grapes. Prof. Comstock 
was of a different opinion. — Prof. Riley remarked that in some articles 
which he had published in the Wez York Tribune he had proved that 
bees are the depredators, and made some further interesting statements on 
this subject. 

Dr. LeConte spoke of the destruction of some of our valuable forest 
trees by various insects, and requested the members during the next year 
to collect facts and to report them at the next meeting, so that the nature 
of their depredations may become fully known and further remedies may 
be suggested. 

Mr. Minot offered some very interesting remarks on the larve of a 
number of species of water insects, chiefly Dipterous, illustrated by many 
beautiful drawings of the larve highly magnified. 

Mr. Lintner referred to the importance of the study of aquatic larvee, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


regretting that so little was known of their habits, and hoped that. Mr. 
Minot would continue his studies in this direction. 

From aquatic larvee the conversation turned in the direction of that 
tiny tormentor, the mosquito, and marvellous accounts of its abundance 
in certain localities, and the sufferings of man and beast from its blood- 
thirsty propensities, were related by Mr. Scudder, Dr. Morris and others. 

Mr. Riley made some remarks on the Cotton Worm, and stated that 
he had bred nine distinct parasites which preyed on this insect. 

The time for adjournment having arrived, the members, after referring 
to the great pleasure they had derived from the interesting sessions of the 
Club, unanimously expressed the hope that all present might meet again 
next year.in Boston. 


IDENTIFICATIONS AND. DESCRIPTIONS OF NOCTUIDA, 
WITH A NEW HETEROCAMPA, AND NOTES 
ON NEMEOPHILA. 


BY A. R.. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


Prodenia phytolacce (Abbot & Smith, Vol. 2, 193, Pl. 97). 

This species is sent me by Mr. Belfrage from Texas, under the number 
706 (pink label). The insect has naked eyes, pellucid white and irid- 
escent secondaries, the veins and external margin slightly soiled. It 
cannot be referred to Xy/omuiges, the type of which genus, the European 
conspicillaris, has hairy eyes, as have all the species referred by me to 


—Xylomiges in my “ Check List” and elsewhere. I think there can be no 


reasonable doubt that I have Abbot's species before me. It is, however, 
probable that this is Mr. Morrison’s Actinotia derupta. If so, there seems 
to me no valid excuse for the new name, for Abbot’s figures are quite 
recognisable, while the streaky fore wings of this species are unusually 
difficult for exact delineation. But what distinguishing marks there are 
upon them are indicated with sufficient exactitude in Abbot’s plate, and I 
cannot hesitate as to the correct name for the species. The fore wings 
are confusedly marked, brown and gray streaked. ‘The exterior line is 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


indicated by dark marks on the veins. The subterminal line is indicated 
by a yellowish streak, nearly touching the margin between veins 3 and 4, 
thence running obliquely inwardly and interrupted before internal margin. 


Fringes finely cut with pale yellowish. ‘There isa more prominent dark 
streak along internal margin. — It is smaller than the other species of the 


genus, and must not be confounded with any of the varieties of Laphygma 
Srugiperda, \Vith the identification of this species I think I have made 
out all of Abbot’s published Noctuide. I am the first to re-discover 
Adita chionanthi of Abbot, Bull. Buff. S. N.'S., 2, 63. I have referred 
Abbot’s védua to desperata Guen., and this reference has been generally 
accepted. ‘There is, finally, a little doubt with regard to my identification 
of calycanthata, which perhaps. cannet be removed until our species of 
FTomoptera are better known. 


Mamestra mucens (Hubn.), Zutr. 415, 16. 


This species is sent me under the numbers 704 and 705, by Mr. Bel- 
frage. Under the first number dark specimens, suffused with brown, are 
included. They cannot be considered as anything but a variation of this 
species, now for the first time recognized by me. ‘The eyes are hairy and 
I regard it as congeneric with and allied to the eastern confusa. The 
species I have referred to Movrissonza are structurally allied to those 
included by me under J/amestra, but the pattern of ornamentation is 
distinctive of the forms included under JZorrissonia.  Belfrage took 
mucens March to to 23. Gueneé puts this species in “ Xylophasia,” which 
contains a mixture of forms, some with hairy and some with naked eyes. 
I have separated the species in this respect. 


Morrissonia infidelis, n. s. 

ft. This name is based on a single male from Michigan which is in 
good condition. Eyes hairy. Color of vomerina, but more reddish 
brown. Collar pale anda pale spot at base of primaries ; a black line 
edging the collar behind ; thorax rich reddish brown. Costa pale at base, 
below median vein a rich red-brown shade extends outwardly, suffusing 
the wing. Reniform L-shaped, the lower part open, brown-filied, pointing 
to base of wing ; this is surmounted by the upright part of the spot which 
is small. Orbicular small, oblique, lying over and touching the extension 
of the reniform. ‘The usual pale shade bordering vein 3 ; terminally the 


. 
: 
} 
; 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


wing is a little darker. Hind wings pale fuscous with interlined white- 
tipped fringes ; beneath reddish gray, with common line marked by black 
scales on the veins. Zxfanse 36 mil. Differs by the stigmata not being 
fused and pale, but finely ringed, separate and brown-centered. It may 
eventuate that vomerina and evicta are not distinct specifically. 


Euleucyptera cumatilis Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 4, 330, pl. 2, fig. 6. 


I have noted in the Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 798, vol. 3, some of 
the variations of this species, which is common in all the Colorado col- 
lections. One specimen now before me from that locality has the discal 
mark on hind wings evident; another has an indication of the reniform 
on primaries. These spots are an apparently variable character, since 
from Kansas Prof. Snow has sent me an immaculate form. 


There cannot be any doubt that Mr. Strecker has re-named and re- 
figured this species, in the report of the Chief of Engineers, as Hedzothis 
sulmala, on page 1862, plate 2, fig. 5. It is precisely the form with the 
discal marks evident, and from Colorado, fully described and figured by 
me thirteen years previously, which Mr. Strecker reproduces. The species 
has been identified by me in many collections and is well known to West- 
ern collectors under its proper name. __I have given, Bull. B.S. N.S., 2, 
pp. 219-221, the structure of the N. Am. Heliothis genera. From this, 
if we are to take note of the armature of the legs, the vestiture of the 
body, the structure of the eyes, which, together with the form of the genital 
pieces and the venation, are all that we can use to establish genera in the 
Noctuidz, we must consider that the genus Zu/eucyptera cannot be fused 
with L7eliothis. 


Ingura declinata, n. s. 


a. Allied to pracpilata from Texas, but larger, with longer wings. 
Ornamentation and color of pracpilata, but the secondaries are more than 
half white, leaving but a moderate fuscous band along external margin. 
On fore wings the exterior line is less even. Below the discal angulation 
it shows a rounded uneven projection about vein 3. Otherwise the orna- 
mentation is much like praepz/ata ; both stigmata present and the two 
usual sub-apical black terminal longitudinal dashes ; at base the rounded 
discolorous patch bounded by the half-line. Beneath, however, declinata 
is largely whitish, with a white apical patch on fore wings followed by a 
brown shade, enclosing the costal white dots beyond the angulation of the 


208 — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


extra mesial line, which latter is double, with white included space, marked 
on costa, else fragmentary. /xfavise 30 mil. California. 


LIngura flabella, n. s. 

Male antennee with long hanging pectinations, apices simple. Smaller 
than usual and very dark and silky. _ Fore wings blackish, darker shaded 
at outer two-thirds over the exterior line, which is double, narrow, deep 
black, angulated on cell, thence inwardly and shallowly arcuate, even 
through its course. Subterminal line flexuous, pale, apparent below the 
angulation of exterior line. From this point it is outwardly roundedly 
projected over the lower median nervules nearly to external margin. 
Reniform small, pale ringed. _ Two short fine superposed black dashes 
on external margin opposite the cell. The wing shows here, below the 
apices, a faint whitish shade. A faint brown tint suffuses the darker por- 
tion of the wing over the exterior line. Fringes blackish, narrowly cut 
with pale. Hind wings velvety black with white fringes. Beneath fringes 
on both wings largely white or whitish.  Costal white dots on primaries 
strongly relieved. Both wings are crossed by three or four black approxi- 
mate, parallel, extra-mesial lines which show faintly against the blackish 
ground color. Fringes on primaries faintly marked with blackish. Body 
brownish black ; breast pale. ‘This species is recognizable by its small 
size, broad wings and black, white-fringed secondaxies. xpanse 22 mil. 
Kansas. 


Graphiphora erythrolita, 1. s. . 

¢ 2. Male antennee bipectinate, the stem outwardly red. Moderately 
sized, the color varying from obscure hoary purple to reddish. All the 
markings indistinct except the broken black subterminal shade and the 
more or less black-marked reniform spot. Outer line double, broken 
into dots. Reniform narrow, outwardly oblique. | Orbicular rounded, 
often vague, more or less distinctly filled with blackish. Lines marked on 
costa. Primaries with the apices acute, external margin outwardly 
rounded. Thorax concolorous. Hind wings fuscous, paler at base. Be- 
neath grayish, irrorate with black. A faint common line and discal dots. 
Lxpanse 30 to 32 mil. California (Yosemite, Big Trees), Mr. Behrens. Ten 
specimens examined. 


I have received from Mr. Belfrage four fresh male specimens of a new 
fleterocampa under the numbers 616 (yellow label) and 533 (violet label). 


— 


— sO 


ee ee ee ee 


—- ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


Fleterocampa Belfraget, n. s: 
This species is less distinctly marked than usual, of moderate size. 


The tone of the fore wings is olive gray with a narrow curved brown dis- 
cal mark, and the broken subterminal line is composed of brown spots, 


- indented on interspace between veins 4 and 5, and preceded by a diffuse 


whitish shade superiorly. A short narrow curved black basal streak. 
Median lines double, interspaceally lunulate, indistinct. Hind wings pale, 
more or less markedly dusky on costa and external margin, crossed by 
incomplete double extra-mesial shade lines. ‘Thorax like fore wings ; the 
tuft behind blackish, and the tegula edged incompletely with black. 
Beneath pale, without markings, except a dark common shade line near 
the margin of the wings, which is not always noticeable. March 23 ; 
April 15, 17, 21. Average expanse 36 mil. Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas. 


LNemeophila caespitis. ‘ 

In our original paper on this species, which we figured together with 
LV. cichorit, ‘Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, plate 6, we stated that the 
material illustrated in that paper, collected in California by M. Lorquin, 
was communicated to us by Dr. Boisduval, and that we adopted the 
specific names with which the specimens were labelled by Dr. Boisduval 
(l. c. p. 3). In the Annales de la Societé Ent. Belg., 1868-9, p. 75, Dr. 
Boisduval states that he gave us these species to illustrate and describes 
them himself as distinct from the European P/antagints, under these same 
names. It seemed to us that there must be sufficient characters to induce 
their separation, since an Entomologist so well acquainted with the Euro- 
pean fauna as Dr. Boisduval, considered them to differ. Possibly they 
are only varieties of the European form, but seemingly well marked. Our 
responsibility is however limited to the publication of them on the authority 
of Dr. Boisduval. 


LNemeophila geometrica Grote. 


This form has proved to be merely a black form of Wemeophila. This 
reference was made by Dr. Packard in 1872, qth Ann. Rep. Peab. Acad., 
p. 86. I originally described the species from a single defective speci- 
men, without antenne, in 1865, as a Zygaenid, allied to Crenucha,in which 
I was in error. My mistske is paralleled by that of Dr. Boisduval, who 
described the black form of £ficallia virginalis, an Arctian, as a new 
species of the Zygaenid genus Agarista, Mr. Strecker has quite super- 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


fluously and in an exaggerated manner drawn attention to my mistake on 
different occasions, but if he would devote the time to looking up already 
described species before renaming them and familiarize himself a little 
more with structure, his descriptions would have a value which they do 
not yet possess, and his time be better employed. I need not say that at 
the time I published these species there was comparatively little known 
on the subject and information was not so easily obtained as at present. 
A mistake like that made by myself, once corrected, has no further value 
in science, and in Mr. Strecker’s hands is only used as an excuse for an 
unwarrantable personal attack. 

Dr. Packard omitted the genus Vemeophila from his Synopsis of the 
Bombycide. It is not yet found in the Eastern States, but in the West 
and North. As collections come in it seems probable that we have but a 
single variable American form, but whether this is identical with the Euro- 
pean cannot as yet be considered certain. The occurrence of this genus 
on the western coast increases the resemblance to the European fauna. 
Dr. Packard says regarding a species unknown to me: “ Platarctia Scua- 
dertt Pack., as I have long suspected, is a Wemeophila and closely allied 
to WV. petrosa, the anal claspers of the male being much like those of the 
latter” (I. c. p. 86). It may, then, turn out that the Californian forms 
are distinct from the North-western and that different species of these 
latter (fetrosa and Scuddert) are to be separated. I wish here, however, 
merely to point out that we are not in a condition to come to positive 
conclusion as to these points as matters stand at present. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL CRABRONID. 
BY W. H. PATTON, WATERBURY, CONN. 


HOPLISUS GRACILIS, 7. 5p. 


?. Length ro mm. Black, clothed with an appressed brown pub- 


escence as in /foplisus phaleratus (Gorytes phaleratus Say) ; face with a 
very short silvery pile. Face, stripe between antenne, anterior and 
posterior orbits, clypeus, labrum and mandibles (except the piceous tips), 
palpi, cox, trochanters and femora of anterior legs anteriorly, spot on 


—— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 2 


intermediate cox, posterior margin of collar, a small and a large spot 
beneath anterior wings, broad bands on scutellum and postscutellum, large 
ovate spot on each side of metathorax (irregular and tinged with ferrugin- 
ous within), broad band at apex of first segment of abdomen, sharply 
emarginate and bordered with ferruginous anteriorly, interrupted band at 
apex of second segment, small spot on each side of third segment and 
line on each side of second ventral segment, ail pale yellow. Legs dull 
yellow, paler anteriorly and on tarsi, the four anterior coxee above and the 
posterior pair except at apex, and a stripe on the four posterior femora 
above, piceous-black ; pulvillus and tips of tarsal claws fuscous. Antenne, 
tubercles, tegule and line above honey-yellow, basal joints of antennz 
yellow beneath and fuscous above. Sides of the first abdominal segment 
and the apical margin beneath, spot at tip of fifth segment and the sixth 
entirely, ferruginous ; narrow borders of all the -abdominal segments 
testaceous. Wings brown with a purple reflection, darker about the mar- 
ginal cell, costa and stigma testaceous. Antenne slender, curved, apical 
joint slightly narrowed towards tip. Front broad, sparsely punctured ; 
eyes narrow, slightly sinuate within ; clypeus twice as broad as long, the 
suture nearly straight, disk swollen, meen and truncate anteriorly, the 
upper lateral angles reaching the eyes ; labrum transverse, ciliate ; mandi- 
bles with only one tooth near the apex ; head broader than usual poster- 
iorly and limited by a sharp circular carina. Four longitudinal grooves 
on mesothorax anteriorly ; base of both the scutellum and postscutellum 
transversely depressed and the groove divided by longitudinal carinz ; 
enclosure of metathorax marked off by two similar depressions, the 
enclosure with a median groove extending to the apex and several irregular 
grooves or carinz at base which do not extend much beyond the middle ; 
sides of ‘‘ propodeum” swollen and distinctly separated from the remainder 
of the thorax and from each other, striate and sparsely punctate towards 
the median line. elsewhere smooth and polished. Basal segment of the 
abdomen more slender than in H. phaleratus (Say), slightly swollen at 
the apex beneath ; second ventral segment transversely depressed at the 
base, not produced ; enclosure on sixth segment broad (much broader 
than in any other species known to me), rounded at tip, sparsely punctured 
and with a smooth margin. Second submarginal cell much narrowed 
towards the marginal, receiving both recurrents beyond the middle and 
near together; the third submarginal cell large ; submarginal nervure 
reaching border of wing ; submedial cell of posterior wings extending 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 
upon the externo-medial nervure to the same distance as the medial cell. 


Southington, Conn., July. 


NYSSON AEQUALIS, 7. sf. 


f. Length 8.5mm. Black ; mandibles, scape, first joint of flagellum 
beneath and spot on second joint, testaceous ; tips of mandibles and 
spot on the scape above, piceous ; spot on scape beneath, uneven line on 
collar connected on each side with the tubercles and interrupted in the 
middle, the tubercles excepting a piceous dot, transverse spot on anterior 
portion of scutellum, the spines of metathorax, spots on anterior and 
posterior cox and at the tip of the four anterior femora beneath, and 
interrupted bands on the four basal segments of the abdomen, that on the 
fourth segment very narrow and that on the first segment broadest and 
none of the bands dilated at the sides, yellow ; legs fulvous, the cox 
and a spot on the femora within black. Body clothed with a very fine 
pubescence, that upon the face, the sides of the dorsal face of the meta- 
thorax and the margins of the abdominal segments longer and distinct, 
apex of the abdomen with a fringe of curved bristles. Wings brown ; 
third submarginal cell with a short side upon the marginal, submedial cell 
of posterior wings extending beyond the medial cell upon the externo- 
medial nervure. Body strongly punctured, the punctures somewhat con- 
fluent upon the pleura of mesothorax and upon the two apical segments 
of the abdomen and more sparse upon the other abdominal segments. A 
slight depression on each side of the disk of the mesothorax and an im- 
pressed median line extending upon the disk from the prothorax. Pos- 
terior portion of scutellum, the postscutellum and the base of metathorax 
longitudinally rugose, the rugze slightly connected by transverse 
rugee; the postscutellum elevated into a_ transverse ridge; sides 
of the metathorax coarsely reticulated, the reticulations radiating 
from the prominent spine ; posterior face of the metathorax divided into 
three areas, the lateral areas evcavated and divided into coarse reticula- 
tions by transverse ridges, the median area flat and finely reticulated. 
Twelfth joint of the antenne thickest ; the thirteenth joint almost equal- 
ling the scape in length, excavated beneath. Seventh segment of the 
abdomen terminating in an obtuse angle, its upper face having a sharp 
ridge on each side, the ridges terminating in stout spines. 


Easthampton, Mass., July 24th. 


—— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zis 


The form of the apex of the abdomen will at once distinguish this 
from the species which it resembles. 


NyssON LATERALIS Pack. 
Wysson laterale Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi., 440, %. 


. Differs from the ¢ in having an irregular line on the prothorax 
and a dot on each side of the fourth segment of the abdomen yellow. 
The yellow spots on the first segment of the abdomen are slightly emar- 
ginate anteriorly. The subterminal joint of the antennz is not much 
lengthened beneath and the terminal joint is not distinctly pinched 
beneath. The abdomen is punctured with larger and smaller punctures, 
the larger punctures numerous and deep on the first segment. 


Northern Illinois (E. J. Lake). 


SPILOMENA PUSILLA. | 


Stigmus pusillus Say. Bost Jour., 1., 378. 

2. Head and thorax not shinimg like the abdomen; wings beauti- 
fully iridescent; mandibles, basal joints of antenne, the tegulee and legs dull 
honey-yellow, tubercles black, the coxae and femora more or less black ; 
upper face of metathorax enclosed by two ridges which curve inwards to 
unite on the verge of the truncation, the enclosure transversely reticulated 
and divided into three areas by two longitudinal ridges ; apical segment 
of the abdomen compressed and acuminate. 

Waterbury, Conn., Aug. 8th. Taken on the leaves of a rose bush in 
company with Passaloecus anniulatus (Say) and Blepharipus minimus Pack. 


CRABRO BIGEMINUS, 7. Sf. 


2. Length 1o mm. Black ; scape, first joint of flagellum beneath, 
mandibles except the piceous tip and lower border, interrupted line on 
collar, tubercles and square spot behind them, dot on tegulae, two dots 
on each anterior angle of the scutellum, the postscutellum, spot on each 
side of metathorax, dot on posterior coxae, tips of the femora, more 
broadly on the anterior and intermediate pairs, tibiae excepting a piceous 
line on the four anterior beneath, basal joints of the tarsi, fasciae on. all 
the segments of the abdomen except the last, the fasciae on the first and 
fifth segments broadest, those on the three basal segments interrupted and 
the others narrowed in the middle, the fascia on the first segment broad- 
est at the interruption, all yellow. Clypeus and sides of face silvery, the 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


middle of the clypeus with a faint golden tinge. Wings subhyaline, 
tegulae and nervures testaceous. Body very finely punctured, the punc- 
tures more sparse upon scutellum ; sides of thorax delicately striate longi- 
tudinally ; metathorax divided by a median impressed line, delicately 
striate, the longitudinal striae of the base curving to meet those of the 
sides, the striae of the posterior face transverse. Basal segment of the 
abdomen more coarsely punctured than the following segments. Enclosure 
on sixth segment flat and broad, coarsely punctured, the margin smooth. 


f. Length to mm. More slender, tubercles oscillated with black, 
spot behind them smaller, line on collar more widely interrupted, only 
one dot at the extreme lateral anterior angle of scutellum, no spot on 
metathorax, metathorax more coarsely striate, fascia on the third segment 
of abdomen entire, the fascia on fifth segment narrow and a similar fascia 
on sixth segment. Apical segment with a longitudinal impression. 
Antennae twelve-jointed, the third joint excavated at the base beneath, the 
fourth and fifth joints slightly excavated beneath ; the sixth joint arcuated, 
much excavated beneath, thickened at the apex, the seventh joint obliquely 
attached and short like the following joints. The two basal joints of 
anterior tarsi white, a little dilated externally, the three apical joints 
black ; first joint of intermediate tarsi short, much thickened beneath, 
especially towards the apex ; second joint arcuated, produced at the apex 
beneath. 

Waterbury, Conn., ¢ Aug. 23rd; 92 Aug. 24th. 

Allied to C. d/ectus Cress., but in that species there is no yellow spot 
on the metathorax, the abdominal fasciae are broader, and in the g the 
third joint of the anterior tarsus is white. 


BLEPHARIPUS UNICUS, 7. Sf. 

2. Length 5 mm. Black; tips of the mandibles, the tegulae, spurs 
of posterior tibiae and extreme base of the first joint of posterior tarsi, 
the last joint of posterior tarsi, the tips of all the coxae and trochanters 
and the tips of the posterior femora and tibiae, piceous. Scape beneath, 
dot on first joint of flagellum, the tubercles, the four anterior tibiae 
excepting a black spot beneath, and the tips of the four anterior femora, 
yellow. The four anterior taisi, excepting the fulvous apical joint, and the 
base of the posterior tibiae, whitish. | Clypeus black, covered with a sil- 
very pile ; flagellum fulvous beneath. ‘Thorax beneath and the abdomen 
with short scattered pubescence. ‘The abdomen excepting the rufo-piceous 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


enclosure on the sixth segment entirely black. Wings hyaline, beautifully 
iridescent, the nervures and stigma black. Head, thorax and abdomen 
smooth. The head as wide as the thorax, and the vertex longer than 
wide, the front narrow. The ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle, each 
in a separate depression ; from the anterior ocellus an impressed” line 
extends downwards upon the face and another extends backwards upon 
the vertex ; on the inner orbit on the vertex is a slight groove curving at 
the end to come ina line with a short oblique groove behind each pos- 
terior ocellus. Prothorax sharply angulated beneath, mesopleura sharply 
angulated beneath near the coxae. Anterior portion of the mesonotum 
with four short lines which extend upon the collar as slight notches ; 
mesonotum with a slight groove on each side of the disk and with a 
marginal row of reticulations over the tegulae. Scutellum quadrate, con- 
nected with the mesonotum by the broad lateral angles between which it 
is separated by a basal row of large reticulations. The semi-circular area 
on base of metathorax is encircled by a row of similar reticulations and 
divided by a deep median groove. Similar rows of reticulations extend 
in a slightly curved line down upon the mesopleura from the anterior 
wings and others mark the lateral sutures of the metathorax. The sides 
of the mesothorax beneath and the sides and posterior face of the meta- 
thorax are finely striate ; these striae curve upon the metathorax above 
and are represented within the enclosure by striae of microscopic fine- 
ness. ‘The posterior face of the metathorax has a deep triangular median 
depression above and is more coarsely rugose beneath. Area on the 
sixth segment of the abdomen not punctured, depressed medially, the 
sides much thickened and raised. Abdomen shorter than the rest of the 
body, narrow at base, broad near the tip. The posterior tibiae much 
thickened. 

New Haven, Conn., July 15th. 

The elongate head and clavate abdomen give this species a very 
peculiar appearance. 


AN ANOMALOUS BOMBYLID. 
BY S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 


I have recently received from: North Park, Colorado, two interesting 
specimens of Az/hrax, one of which is remarkable for its neuration. They 
are of a new species of the 4. Aalcyon group, and both apparently 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


females. In one specimen there are cross-veins connecting the upper 
branch of the third longitudinal with the second, thus forming three dis- 
tinct submarginal cells as in Zveprosopa. In the other specimen they are 
entirely wanting, nor are there any rudiments. Again, in the first the 
second submarginal cell in the wing is intersected by a cross-vein running 
into the margin, and also a stump in the first submarginal before the fur- 
cation. In the other specimen they are entirely wanting. 

Here we have two specimens which can not possibly be separated, of 
which one might be referred to Lxoprosopa of the fascipennis group, and 
the other to Anthrax! I have also another undescribed species of this 
group from the West, with a stump of a cross-vein nearly dividing the 
first submarginal, and the third posterior cell bisected as in /adcyon. These 
veins are evidently all spurious, but one can readily understand how 
natural selection has caused such to become persistent, thus constituting 
not only new species, but, as we understand them, new genera. 

I append a description of the former species, that attention may be 
called to it. 


Anthrax, sp. nov., near fuligznosa Lw. 

Face yellow with yellow pile, black on the oral margin in front ; front 
and two joints of the antennz of the same color (the third wanting) ; the 
former with black hairs above, and the latter with black pile. | Proboscis 
black. Thorax black with fulvous. pile above, evidently ; pleuree with 
whitish hairs. Scutellum reddish, black at base. Ground color of abdo- 
men black ; second, third and fourth segments with large oval reddish 
spots on the sides ; fifth and sixth reddish on the sides, seventh wholly 
so. Tomentum reddish. Sides of segments with black and white hairs. 
Venter yellow. Legs luteous, tips of anterior tibiae and all the tarsi infus- 
cated. Wings brown with the following hyaline spots: End of first sub- 
marginal and nearly all of second submarginal cells; the latter part of 
the intervening vein strongly clouded, as are all the others except between 
the discal and third posterior cells; second, third and fourth posterior 
cells ; the larger part of the discal cell; and opposite it the inner part 
of the third posterior with a second spot. Also dimmer spots in the 
second basal cell and anal angle. ‘Third posterior with a stump of a 
vein. Length romm. From G. B. Grinnell. 


THE CANADIAN: ENTOMOLOGIST. ZZ 


DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIS 
IDALIA, Drury. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—Shaped like that of Dzana and Cyéele; conoidal, truncated, 
rounded at base, the sides well rounded ; depressed at summit ; marked 
vertically by about 18 vertical ribs, somewhat wavy, half extending from 
base to summit, the remainder ending irregularly at about three-fourths - 
the distance from the base ; between each pair of ribs are equi-distant, 
transverse, slightly raised striz. Duration of this stage about 25 days. 


YOUNG LARVA—Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, somewhat thickest 
in middle ; color pale yellow-brown, translucent ; each segment from 3 to 
12 marked by a transverse row of eight elongated, sub-ovate, tubercular 
dark spots, of which six lie on dorsum and upper part of side, and one 
below spiracle, the whole forming eight longitudinal rows ; from each spot 
spring one or two long black curved hairs ; head scarcely broader than 
2nd segment, rounded in front, bilobed, the vertices rounded, sparsely 
pilose. The larve at this stage cannot be distinguished from Deana, 
Cybele or Aphrodite. ‘The 1st moult occurred 23 days after the close of 
hybernation. 

After rst Moult—Length .15 inch, cylindrical, stout, tapering from 
middle either way ; color cinereous, mottled and striped with brown; a 
macular stripe running with the dorsal rows of spines, and another just 
outside rst laterals ; the spines form six longitudinal rows, two dorsal and 
two on either side, and are long, fleshy, black, each beset with short black 
hairs ; head black. Duration of this stage 12 days. 

After 2nd Moult—Length .3 inch ; stouter ; mottled and striped with 
light and dark cinereous ; the spines longer, more tapering, each dull 
yellow at base ; head black. Duration of this stage 15 days. 

After 3rd Moult—Length .7 inch; same shape; the dark portions 
quite black, the light of a dirty white ; on dorsum a white stripe through 
whi” runs a black line; at the junction of the several segments a trans- 
verse white stripe, on which are short black lines ; each segment crossed 
longitudinally by black stripes, interrupted by the spines, with a wedge- 
shaped mark between the spines ; these are long, shining black, with 
black bristles, and mostly rise from pale orange tubercles ; head flattened 
frontally, bilobed, the vertices rounded; color light brown. To next 
moult 17 days. 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


After 4th Moult—Length 1 inch ; stouter, more tapering either way ; 
the ground color buff ; a broad buff band covers the middle of dorsum, 
enclosing a macular black line ; markings nearly as before ; the tubercles 
and base of spines mostly orange. To next moult 20 days. 

After. 5th Moult—Length 1.2 inch ; 15 days after the moult the larva 
reached maturity. 


MATURE LARVA—Length 1.75 inch; cylindrical, obese, tapering 
from middle to either end; furnished with six rows of tapering, fleshy 
spines, mostly somewhat recurved ; those of the two dorsal rows, on seg- 
ments 6 to ro, largest ; the two dorsal spines on segment 2 shorter, about 
equal to those on 13, and directed forward ; all these silvery-white with 
black tips ; the spines of the lateral rows smaller, yellowish, those of the 
lower row orange at base and half way to top; of the upper lateral row 
part are orange and at base only ; from each spine proceed several short, 
straight, fine black bristles ; color of body velvet-black, banded and striped 
with ochrey-yellow, changing to dull orange or red; on middle of dorsum 
a broad band enclosing a macular black line, sometimes obsolete ; at the 
base of body a darker band; at the junction of each pair of segments 
three narrow transverse stripes ending at the lower band; each of the 
oblong black spaces on either side of dorsum crossed by short 
yellow stripes ; the last segment wholly yellow; spiracles oval, black in 
white rings ; under side olive-brown ; legs black, pro-legs smoky-brown ; 
head rather small, rounded, flattened frontally, bilobed, the vertices 
rounded ; somewhat pilose ; color reddish-ferruginous on upper half, black 
below. ‘Twenty hours after suspension made chrysalis. 


CHRYSALIS-—Length 1.1 inch ; general shape as in the allied 
species ; much compressed laterally, the wing cases very prominent and 
flaring at the base on ventral side; head case nearly square at top, com- 
pressed and excavated on the sides, with two small ocellar prominences ; 
mesonotum rounded, a little carinated, followed by a deep rounded exca- 
vation ; abdomen tuberculated, the two dorsal rows extending to meson- 
otum ; color brown and yellow over abdomen ; the mesonotum pinkish- 
brown ; the wing cases brown and more decidedly tinted pink; each 
dorsal tubercle shows a large dark patch on the anterior side; similar 
patches on the wing cases ; the tubercles on mesonotum black, and each 
is joined by a black band to a patch back of and near the base ; about 
the head case several irregular dark or black spots ; on the wings a brown 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. %19 


patch at base, one on middle of disk and six elongated spots in row within 
the margin. Duration of this stage 17 days. 

I have received eggs of /dalia in different seasons from Mr. G. M. 
Dodge, Nebraska, laid from middle to last of September, of females con- 
fined in bags over plants of violet. The larvae hatched in from 23 to 25 
days, and after eating the egg shells, went at once into lethargy, most of 
them taking refuge at the base of the leaf stalks on the violet on which I 
placed them. Some fixed themselves on the under side of the leaves. 
Their behavior is similar in all respects to that of Déana, Cybele, etc., 
passing five moults, and in the northern area of the species the butterflies 
emerge from chrysalis in July. At Martha’s Vineyard I found them 
emerging 25th July and subsequent days. In the neighborhood of Phila- 
delphia, I have been told by Mr. T. R. Peale that /dalza is double- 
brooded, there being one generation about 1st July, another about rst 
September. He had found several caterpillars in New Jersey in the early 
part of June, one of which suspended the day after it was taken, and three 
days later made chrysalis. At the north there is but a single brood. Mr. 
Scudder has informed me that at Nantucket he observed a female /dalia 
laying eggs on Sericocarpus conyzoides, a species of white Aster, and the 
same would happen at Martha’s Vineyard. But the larve eat violet 
readily in confinement. 


fdatia is common in many localities, but rare in others, in the belt 
which it inhabits, and this belt extends from Massachusetts westward to 
Nebraska. I have never seen the species in West Virginia, but not unlikely 
it is found in Virginia and Maryland along the coast. It seems very 
subject to suffusion, and many examples are to be found in different col- 
lections in this country. One of the most striking of these was named 
Ashtaroth by Mr. Fisher, who took it,and it was figured in the Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phil., 1852. I saw this beautiful example afterwards in the 
collection of Mr. Reakirt, borrowed from the Academy’s collection, 
to which it has not yet been returned. 


DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION OF THE ENT. Soc. OF OntT.—We 
beg to acknowledge with many thanks the following donations to the col- 
lection of our Society: From J. A. Moffat, of Hamilton, Ont., one pair 
of Arzama diffusa, and from G. H. French, Carbondale, Illinois, one 
specimen of Arctia rectilinea. 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL-SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The ninth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
was held in Ottawa, in the Museum of the Ottawa Literary and Scientific 
Society, on Thursday, the 25th of September, at 4.30 p.m. In addition 
to the members of the Society, there were present on invitation about 
twenty members of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club. 

In the absence of the Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Jas. Fletcher was 
appointed Secretary fv. fem. 

The President read a telegram which he had received from the Vice- 
President, regretting that important engagements prevented him from 
being present. 

‘he annual statement of the Secretary-Treasurer was read and adopted. 

The report of the Council was read and adopted. 

Mr. Couper then read the report of the Montreal Branch, indicating 
very satisfactory progress ; this was referred for publication. 

The annual address of the President was next in order, after the 
reading of which a vote of thanks was tendered to him both in the name 
of the Society and also in that of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club for 
his exceedingly interesting and instructive address, and a copy was 
requested for publication in the Annual Report. 

The election of officers then took place, resulting in the appointment 
of the following gentlemen : 

President, W. Saunders, London; Vice-President, Jas. Fletcher, 
Ottawa ; Secretary-Treasurer, Jas. H. Bowman, London ; Council—Reyv. 
C.J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope; Wm.. Couper, Montreal >: ]7 i 
Denton and E. B. Reed, London; R. V. Rogers, Kingston ; G. J. Bowles, 
Montreal, and W. Harrington, Ottawa. Editor of ENromo.ocist, ‘W. 
Saunders, London. Editing Committee—Jas. Fletcher, G. J. Bowles and 
E. B. Reed. Librarian, W. E. Saunders. Library Committee—E. B. 
Reed, J. M. Denton, H. B. Bock, with the President, Librarian and Sec- 
retary. Auditors—Chas. Chapman and A. Puddicombe, London. 

A short time was agreeably spent in asking and replying to queries in 
reference to insects and their habits, and in examining the collections of 
insects in the Museum, after which the meeting adjourned. 


Jas. FLETCHER, 
Secretary p70. fen. 


NE 


Che Canadian Entomolonist. 


WOW: XT: LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1879. NOjek2 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


It is intended that in the forthcoming volume of the CANADIAN ENTO- 
MOLOGIST each number shall contain at least one paper addressed especially 
to beginners in Entomology. Our esteemed coadjutor, Mr. Jas. Fletcher, 
- of Ottawa, has kindly offered to assist in this undertaking, and we hope that 
other able hands will render all the aid they can. We want in this way 
and by the aid of illustrations to make the ENromMoLoGIsT more inter- 
esting to the general public and especially to the young, as well as to 
agriculturists, and we trust that this can in some measure be accomplished 
without interfering with its value as a scientific journal and a medium of 
communication among advanced Entomologists. _It is to the young that 
we must mainly look for recruits to fill the vacancies which time will make 
in the Entomological ranks, and if by any means we can induce some of 
our young friends to devote their leisure hours to Entomological studies 
we shall be abundantly rewarded for our efforts, for 
the taste once acquired will seldom wane or die. 
We do not propose at present to follow any sys- 
tematic course, but to treat in a series of brief 
articles of the habits and life history, as far as they 
are known, of such insects as are frequently met 
with, no.matter what Order they may belc-g- to. 
We hope also to be able to present occasional 
papers containing hints and instructions in refer- 
ence to collecting and preserving insects. 


Dytiscus Harristi (fig. 13). This is one of the 
carnivorous water beetles, known as ‘“ Diving 
Beetles” or ‘‘ Water Tigers,” a strong, sturdy 
creature of an oval flattened form, with oar-like 

Bie. 33: swimming legs, covered with long hairs. It is very 
active in the water, darting and diving about in different directions with 
great rapidity, the form of its body with sharp sides enabling it to cut 


a2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


through the water with great ease. They may well be called the sharks 
of the insect world, for there are few things that live in the water which 
are safe from their attacks. They are especial enemies of the larvee of 
other aquatic insects ; they feed also upon tadpoles, molluscs and small 
fish, and when pressed by hunger they do not hesitate to devour one 
another. ‘They may be kept in an aquarium and fed on water insects and 
small pieces of raw meat, which they suck greedily. 

Fig. 13 represents this species very correctly ; it is black with a broad 
margin of pale yellow on each side, and stripes of the same color across the: 
front of the head and on both the front and hind margins of the thorax ; 
there is also an irregular yellow line crossing the wing covers near the 
tip. The under side is somewhat paler with reddish markings. Examples 
of this insect are often brought to us during the summer by persons who 
have found them in tubs or barrels of water and who were puzzled to 
know how they could get there. Beneath their hard wing covers they 
have a large pair of membranous wings, by the use of which they can fly 
with great ease ; by this means they are enabled to travel from pond to 
pond in search of their prey. When wishing to change their location 
they crawl out of the water (usually towards evening) either up some reed 
or other water plant, or to the margin of the pond, and suddenly open 
their wing covers, expand their wings and rise into the air almost perpen- 
dicularly to a great height. Their descent is nearly as sudden and direct, 
and they often, when descending, drop into the water with considerable 
force. It would appear that they are enabled to distinguish the water 
from a considerable height by its glassy surface, for sometimes they have 
been known to drop with violence upon glazed garden sash, which they 
had evidently mistaken for water. 

The female-lays her eggs in the water, where they soon hatch into 
young larve, possessing the ferocious disposition and voracious appetite 
of their parents. The larvae grow rapidly, and when mature are about 
two inches long, with large flattened heads armed with sickle-like jaws, 
with which they seize other insects and hold them while they suck their 
juices ; they sometimes quickly snip off the tails of young tadpoles, and 
are known to attack young fishes and suck their blood. Many years ago, 
when searching with a dip-net in a pond for the larvee of Dragon-fhes, we 
caught one of these savage creatures, and supposing it could be as safely 
handled as the libellulee larvze, took hold of it, when it quickly turned and 
‘buried its sharp jaws in the flesh of one of our fingers, making the blood flow 


but if in autumn it remains in the chrysalis state all 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 22a 


quite freely. These larvee breathe through their tails, which they protrude 
into the air for that purpose. When full grown and about to assume the 
puna state, the larva leaves the water, and burying itself in the earth, con- 
structs there a round cell within which it undergoes its change, and if this 
occurs in summer, it appears in two or three weeks as a perfect beetle ; 


winter, transforming to a beetle in the spring. 

Fig. 14 represents another of our large water 
beetles, Hydrophilus triangularis. ‘This species is 
entirely black, and so strong and muscular as to be 
difficult to hold in the hand when captured. The 
relationship of this tribe of insects ( Wydrophilus ) 
with the preceding one (Dyfzscus) is very close. 
There is much similarity of form and a close resem- 
blance in habits ; their method of swimming, how- 
ever, is different, for while in Dy?zscus both paddles 
are moved simultaneously, in Aydrophilus they are 
moved alternately, hence the stroke of the latter is Fig. 14. 
much less effective. We are not aware that anything has been written on 
the early stages of Hydrophilus triangularis, but in Europe the life history 


of a closely allied species, /ydrophilus piceus, has been carefully traced 
by several observers, and there is little doubt but that our species has 
similar, if not identical habits. ‘The female of //. pzceus has the singular 
habit of spinning a silky cocoon for her eggs, one side of which is fur- 
nished with an upright, bent, horny point, an inch long, which is supposed 
to be serviceable in conveying air to the interior. These eggs, some fifty 
or sixty in number, are placed in an upright position and in regular order 
in their receptacle, which is round and flattened and attached to some 
water plant at the surface of the water. In warm weather the larve are 
hatched in from twelve to fifteen days, when they escape at the lower part 
of the cocoon, which is closed only by a few threads. They undergo 
three moultings, and when full grown measure nearly three inches in 
length. The head is horny and of a very singular form, its lower surface 
being convex, while its upper surface is flattened. Its sharp and formid- 
able jaws are well adapted for seizing and securing its prey. They are said 
to attain their full growth in July, when they leave the water, bury themselves 
in the earth, where they undergo their changes in a manner similar to that 
of Dytiscus. 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON THE LARVAL HABITS OF LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS (WITH 
ITS CO-FORM PROSERPINA), AND ALSO OF 
LISLE Wey 


[Krom Advance Sheets of Part VIII, Vol. 2, of Butterflies of North America. | 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


The larvae of Arvthemis feed on the leaves of willow, aspen, bass- 
wood, and, it is said, on thorn. In the Catskills, the eggs are laid the last 
days of July or early in August, on young trees, and but one egg upon 
one leaf. ‘This is placed near the tip, and the newly hatched larva eats 
away the leaf on both sides of the midrib.. When at rest, it is to be 
found on the stripped portion of the rib, and is easily discovered by this 
habit. When two larvee are hatched on one leaf, as happens when two 
eggs have been laid in confinement, Mr. Mead has noticed that one of 
them occupies the midrib, while the other rests on a perch constructed by 
itself from the side of the leaf. This perch, he says, is nearly a quarter 
of an inch long and about one fiftieth of an inch in diameter, irregularly 
cylindrical and composed of frass and small bits of the leaf, fastened 
together and covered with grayish silk. 

Limenitis Dzséppus has in all respects larval habits similar to Arthemis, 
and as I have often watched the construction of the perch in that species, 
one account will apply to both. ‘The end of the rib is no sooner laid 
bare than it is coated and wound with silk, and to the extremity are fixed 
grains of larval excrement, at first but two or three, placed one after the 
other in line. ‘These are bound together and to the rib, and being small 
as grains of rifle powder, they form a continuation of about the same 
dimensions as the rest of the perch, and seem effectual to prevent curling 
as the rib dries. As the larva grows, the process is continued until this 
artificial portion will measure five or six tenths of an inch, and makes a 
stout, irregular cylinder, the entire perch reaching about one anda half 
inches. It is constantly strengthened by additions of silk, the larva almost 
invariably, as it goes back and forth from its feeding ground, adding 
threads and patching the weak places. On the perch the larva, in its 
younger stages, that is, before hybernation, always rests, going to the leaf 
for food at short intervals. It occupies the middle of the perch and its 
usual attitude is a twist, the ventral legs clasping ; but the anterior half of 
the body is bent down by the side of and somewhat under the perch. If 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


two larvee are placed on the same leaf, one always takes possession of the 
extremity, often with something of a contest and knocking of heads 
together ; but the other will presently be found on one edge, excavating 
on either side of a narrow strip which is to constitute the base of the 
perch. Thisis bound and lengthened with frass and serves every purpose. 


Both. these species of larvee have a habit of accumulating little scraps 
of leaf at the base and under side of the perch till quite a packet is 
formed, and this is rolled back as the substance of the leaf is eaten so as 
to be close to the cut edge of the leaf. This edge, in willow, is kept 
nearly square, a section being eaten from one lobe and then a correspond- 
ing one from the other. In beginning on a. fresh section, the larva lies 
diagonally across one corner, the anal legs clasping the base of the perch, 
and its head will strike the side of the leaf about two tenths inch above 
the corner. It eats a canal nearly perpendicular to the side and towards 
the midrib ; not all at once, by any means, for this is the result of several 
meals, in the intervals always returning to the perch. When the rib is 
reached, the larva then begins to feed on the lower side of the canal next 
the rib, and to keep the slender and unsteady bit of leaf in position it 
spins guys from the end and edge to the solid leaf opposite and to the 
rib. As the feeding proceeds and a considerable triangle is held only by 
a narrow strip, which diminishes at each mouthful, more guys are put out, 
and, at last, when the triangle falls, it is held by the threads and swings 
to the base of the perch. If not, it is soon brought there by fixing one 
thread after another from it to the rib and leaf till it is pulled to its place. 
Here it is bound loosely. As other bits are added, there comes to be an 
open packet, held together by simple threads, and of about one tenth 
inch diameter. In the two younger stages this is moved along as the 
larva feeds, and is always kept close to the leaf, partly by pushing, what 
is gained at each effort being secured by threads, or it is rolled by attach- 
ing successive threads from the farther side to the leaf and nib till the 
mass is turned over. After the second stage the packet is left behind, and 
no additions are madetoit. I was at first puzzled to account for this 
construction ; but happening to sce one of the caterpillars back down the 
perch and drop its excrement directly into the packet, it occurred to me 
that really this was the magazine whence the larva drew its materials for 
lengthening the perch. On pulling some of the packets apart a few grains 
were always found in them. ‘This I believe to be the use of the packets, 
and without some contrivance to catch the frass, it is difficult to see how 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the larva obtains the materials it uses. Apparently it drops just about 
enough into the packet for the object in view, for it is certain that the 
grains are usually expelled wherever the larva happens to be, and fall to 
the ground. After the end of the perch is sufficiently strengthened and 
there is no further need of the grains, the packet is dropped behind and 
neglected. 

The larvee of Arthemzs hatch in from seven to nine days, undergo two 
moults, and construct, each for itself, cases or hybernacula of leaves in 
which to pass the winter. As the weather in spring becomes settled and 
warm, they emerge from their cases, feed a few days sparingly, and pass 
the third moult, soon to be followed by the fourth and last, and must 
change to chrysalids from 1st to 15th June. 

The larve of Desippus, however, mostly pass three moults before they 
make their cases (at Coalburgh, W. Va., though perhaps but two towards 
the northern limit of the species), and two moults in the spring. But 
occasionally a larva is found constructing its case and taking possession 
after the second moult. Whether these individttals pass more than two 
moults in the spring, I am not yet able to say. Both species cut out the 
patterns of the cases as follows: First eating a narrow canal for one 
quarter inch, the width of the head, obliquely outward from the stem at 
base ; next a canal of same length on the side of the leaf, about three 
fifths the distance to the apex. perpendicular to the edge ; then turning 
this at a right angle in the direction of the first canal and cutting for a 
little distance ; then crossing to the other half of the leaf and cutting 
similar canals ; after which the extremity of the leaf was cut off by an 
incision froin the bend in the second canal directed obliquely forward to 
the midrib, first on one side, then on the other ; next the first and second 
canals on one side were joined, then on the other side, and there remained 
of the leaf but a small fiddJe-shaped piece, lying almost equally on either 
side the rib. Before and during the time this work was progressing, the 
larva had taken intervals of rest from the cutting, and had occupied itself 
in weaving threads from the branch to the stem, and along the upper side 
of the leaf, thus coating with silk what was to be the inside of the case. 
Finally, beginning at the base, it drew the edges partly together for a little 
distance, leaving an open space between of about one tenth inch, and 
held them in position by single threads ; then proceeded to weave a thick 
permanent covering to this gap ; which done, it worked back, drawing the 
edges as before, and weaving, tiil at length the case was complete. As it 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. QI. 


spun, the larva was in a constant state of anxiety about its work, as if it 
foresaw the storms of rain and wind it must be subjected to for many long 
months, shut in this slender house. In closing, it lies along the midrib 
inside, its anterior segments extending over the top, and it moves its head 
from side to side weaving a concave edge. But it often reached far over 
and added a thread here and there where the work seemed to be finished, 
and it would frequently leave the case to inspect the fastenings about the 
branch, and to weave additional threads there as needed. ‘The silk is 
passed entirely around the branch, and binds both sides of the leaf-stem. 
In weaving at the case the larva would soon become exhausted. I timed 
one actively at work for ten minutes, and there succeeded an interval 
about as long of rest, the larva lying motionless along the midrib. When 
at last the case is finished, the larva enters and rests awhile, but presently 
comes out, runs about examining the stem and the fastenings, then 
returns—and this scrutiny will be repeated perhaps three or four times. 
Two larvee were kept in the same glass, each of which had commenced a 
case and partly inclosed it, when I removed one. ‘The other soon began 
to amuse itself by shifting about, trying each case and working at it, and 
finally completed and occupied that which it had not begun. Some days 
after all had apparently retired for the season, one came out and wandered 
uneasily about, but a few hours later was found to have returned to its 
case and was seen no more. 

There was some variation in the mode of cutting the pattern, as 
sometimes work was begun on the side of the leaf instead of at the base. 
But it always resulted in the same fiddle-shaped piece. The cutting was 
evidently fatiguing, from the inconvenient position of body required, the 
head and anterior segments having to be bént sideways, even to a right 
angle much of the time, and the larva frequently rested and shifted its 
place. It was never found on the wrong side of the cut, however, or in 
danger of falling with the rejected portion of the leaf. Occasionally after 
having begun a case the larva would desert it and construct another. The 
larvee finally entered the cases head first, their bodies contracting in length 
and proportionately thickening so as to completely fill the upper end of 
the tube, and allow nothing to be visible from the aperture, while over 
this last the long flap of the leaf soon curved sufficiently to keep out 
water. 

Probably in the natural state the case of A7v¢hem/sis constructed from the 
leaf on which the caterpillar began its existence, whether willow or aspen. 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


This is so with DéiszApus. ‘The ends of the leaves have been eaten away 
and only the sides need shaping. But if the residue is insufficient, or for 
any reason does not answer the purpose, the caterpillar moves to another 
leaf and begins cutting. 


ON A NEW PSOCUS. 
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


In my investigations of the insects of the Orange tree, I have dis- 
covered another curious insect on some branches infested with Scale 
Insects, and given me by Major A. J. Russell. I at first took them to be 
Aphides, but on closer examination they proved to belong to Psvcus. 

The eggs are laid in oval masses under and frequently on upper part 
of leaf, and are protected by a closely woven web, through which are 
sprinkled sooty particles. The young, when first hatched. are very 
active, white, Aphis-like looking creatures, from a dozen to twenty clus- 
tered together, in all stages of development, beneath the web. On dis- 
turbing they disperse from under it with surprising rapidity. They 
probably prey upon the young Scale Insects and the decaying matter 
caused by them. As I can find no description or mention of them, I 
submit the following : 


Psocus citricola, n. sp. 

Elongate, pale yellowish ; head large, as wide as long, outer edge froin 
eye to eye forming a perfect half circle ; eyes are large and very promin- 
ent ; maxillary palpi four jointed, the basal joint little longer than either 
of the others, but narrower ; the others about even in length but gradu- 
ally increasing in thickness, the last being the thickest ; antenne three- 
jointed, first two short, same size, as wide as long ; the last joint is long 
and filiform, reaching nearly to the end of abdomen, and covered with 
long fine hair ; thorax narrower than head, slightly longer than wide, 
rounded at edges, with a transverse suture dividing it into two parts (im- 
mature specimen) ; abdomen longer than head and thorax together, eight 
segments, the largest being nearly twice as wide as thorax ; legs six, rather 
long, tarsi two-jointed, ending in two minute claws. The abdomen and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 


legs have small short hairs springing out all over them. Wings hyaline, 
with costal, subcostal, median and submedian veins ; in fore wings the 
subcostal runs parallel with costal until before reaching apex it bends 
downwards and then curves upwards, ending at termination of costal 
vein, forming a cell which is opaque ; it also sends a veinlet from before 
middle that descends ana curves around upwards until near the third of 
the wing, when it divides, the lower ending in outer edge ; the other runs 
to below apex, near the edge, where it divides into two short veinlets, 
terminating at outer edge ; median vein curves slightly downwards until 
near the middle of wing; it then divides into two, the lower descending 
till near apex of inner edge, when it suddenly curves upwards, terminating 
at outer edge, the cell thus formed being opaque; the other veinlet 
ascends, crossing the branch of the subcostal till just before reaching the 
apex it breaks into two veinlets, forming a small triangular cell at apex. 
Hind wings contain one costal, three subcostal, two submedian, and one 
internal cell. Length of matured specimens from .10 to .12 of an inch. 


MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The sixth annual general meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario was held at the residence of G. J. Bowles, 
Esq., on Tuesday, the 3rd June, 1879, at 8 o’clock p. m. 

Mr. Bowles read a paper entitled ‘‘Some of the insects that frequent 
the orchard and garden—under what circumstances they increase unduly, 
what insects to spare, what to kill, and how to kill them, with other useful 
information,” by the Rev. F. W. Fyles, corresponding member of the 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 

The annual report of the Secretary-Treasurer was then read and 
adopted. ‘This rcport showed that after meeting the current expenses of 
the year, there still remained a very fair balance on hand. 

The proceedings were closed by the election of the following officers 
for the ensuing year :—President, G. J. Bowles ; Vice-President, H. H. 


2350 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Lyman ; Secretary and Treasurer, Geo. H. Bowles ; Curator, F. B. Caul- 
field ; Council—Robert Jack, W. Couper and G. B. Pearson. 
Vhe meeting then adjourned. . 
G. H. Bow es, Sec’y. 
Annual Report of the Council of the Montreal Branch of the Ento- 
mological Soctely of Ontario. 


In presenting their sixth annual report, your Council have much 
pleasure in stating that the Society is still making satisfactory progress. 

Eight very pleasant meetings have been held during the year, and 
besides the many interesting Entomological items recorded in the minutes 
of the Society, the following papers have been read before the members : 

tr. On the larve of Papilio brevicauda and Pierts borealis, and their 
food plants—W. Couper. 

2. On the May Beetle, Lachnosterna guercina, and its parasites—G. 
J. Bowles. 

3. Introductory notes on the Ichneumonide—G. J. Bowles. 

4. Notes on Phyciodes arrisit and nycters—H. H. Lyman. 

5. On the Saw-flies—G. J. Bowles. 

6. My Entomological Trip to the Godbout River, 1878—W. Couper. 

7. On the insects of the Mammoth Cave (selected)— Geo. H. Bowles. 

The following books have been added to the Library : 

Riley's Reports, 2, 4 and 5, making the set complete. The nine 
reports have been bound in three volumes, and form a very valuable addi- 
tion to our Library. 

Hentz’s Spiders of the United States, with 21 plates, 

Saussure’s Solitary Wasps of America, with 4 plates. 

La Crysomele des Patates, from the Department of Agriculture, with 
rt plate. 

Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1878. 

Reports of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Montreal, 1877 and’78. 

Our order for books to the Naturalists’ Agency is still not quite filled, 
and a balance of about $10 remains in their hands. 

Your Council would note that additions are still being made to the 
list of species in the ‘* Montreal Catalogue,” and would recommend the 
work to the members as one worthy of zealous prosecution. 

In regard to the labors of the coming season, your Council feel glad 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251 


to report that the members are beginning their collections with renewed 
vigor ; and they trust that the next year’s operations will show a great 
advance in the study of our fascinating science in Montreal. 

The whole respectfully submitted. 


Gro. JNo. BowLes, President. 
Montreal, 3rd June, 1879. 


THE SPECIES OF EROTYLA, SPRAGUEIA,; FRUVA, XAN- 
THOPTERA, EXYRA AND. PROTHYMIA. 


BY A. R. GROTE, 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


EROTYLA SULPHURALIS Linn. 


The neuration of this European species is as follows: Fore wings 
r2-veined, 8 out of 7 well beyond the extremity of the accessory cell, 9 
out of 8, a comparatively short furcation to costa. Hind wings 8-veined, 
5 weaker than the rest, joined to the weak cross-vein which closes the 
cell; this latter is comparatively shorter than in Sfragueza, veins 3 and 4 
longer. 


SPRAGUEIA LEO Guen.=onagrus H.-S. (nec Gwev.) fig. 209. 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together from the extremity of the 
accessory cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-veined. 


This North American species is the type of the genus Spragueia. I 
collected /o in Alabama. ‘The fore wings have the costa striped with 
sulphur yellow to apical fourth, the costa beyond is orange to apices and 
there is an orange terminal band. A sulphur yellow stripe runs from base 
outwardly along sub-median interspace. The rest of the wing is blackish 
plumbeous, the central dark portion divided into three spots by two 
transverse orange lines which intersect the narrower dark space along 
internal margin as well. Fringes blackish except at anal angle, where 
they are orange. Three dark costal marks, the first two surmounting the 
two transverse orange lines, the outer of which latter tends to be broken 
and angulate on the median vein. 


Don THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


There can be no doubt that Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure does not repre- 
sent onagrus as illustrated and described by Guenec. This confusion led 
me formerly to regard /eo and ovagrus as varieties of one species, but from 
my present material I must consider that we have two distinct species. 
Whether one of these is the Zeo of Gueneé admits of some doubt from his 
description. But if the species is but slightly variable in the continuation 
of the two orange lines which break up the mesial blackish stripe, his 
description will apply. In Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure these two lines are, 
in effect, not continued across the wing, but joined in a sort of horse-shoe 
mark on internal margin ; but the upper part of the horse-shoe is in reality 
the continuation of the basal submedian stripe, above which the lines are 
discontinued. If the outer orange median line alone be continued, then 
we would have Guenee’s spot ‘ tresgrande, en Y plein,” which consists 
of the bent subterminal band joined to the spherical reniform. While I 
have not before me the exact counterpart of Guenee’s description or Her- 
rich-Schaeffer’s figure, I believe it more reasonable that /eo should vary to 
include both, than that I should suspect a third species in my material. 
That Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure represents an easily understandable variety 
of my species I have no doubt. 


SPRAGUEIA ONAGRUS, Guen., 2, 205, Pl. 10, fi 


Oo, 2 
; oof: 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 out of 7 a little beyond the extremity of the 
accessory cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7- 
veined, cell closed by a weak cross-vein. 

Collected by Mr. Schwarz in Florida. In the character of the fringe 
of primaries it agrees with Zo. It differs by the fusion of veins 8 and 7 
at base, in which it stands nearest of all the species to £voty/a, but the 
hind wings are 7-veined and on primaries vein g is longer, as in the other 
species of the genus. ‘The fore wings are sulphur-yellow at base with a 
rather broad plumbeous basal streak, a curved line below it above internal 
margin, which with the rest of the wing is orange, except the sulphur- 
yellow costal region. ‘The discal spots are distinct, surmounted by three 
detached costal marks which note the inception of the anterior line, 
median shade and posterior line. <A broad bent dark band on subter- 
minal space, not continued to costa. A pre-apical costal mark. The 
first two of the four costal marks nearly fuse with the orbicular. In fresh 
specimens the colors are very vivid. In colors and ornamentation the 
species resembles eo. It is distinguished by the absence of the two orange 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 


lines and of the median blackish longitudinal shade, as well as by the 
isolation of the spherical discal spots. 


SPRAGUEIA PLUMBIFIMBRIATA Grote. 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together out of the extremity of the 
accessory cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7- 
veined. ‘The neuration agrees with Zea. 

This species, collected by Belfrage in Texas, has the fringes of pri- 
maries plumbeous ; at internal margin a few pale hairs are sometimes to 
be noticed, but there is no distinct patch as in /eo and onagrus. In color 
this species wants the orange of its allies, in ornamentation it resembles 
dama, but there is no basal plumbeous marking. 


SPRAGUEIA DAMA Guen. 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together out of the extremity of the 
accessory Cell, 9 out of 8,a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-veined. 
The neuration agrees with ovagvus, except that vein 9 is thrown off a very 
little further from the origin of 8. 


I collected this species in Alabama. ‘The fringe of primaries is entirely 
orange, flecked with plumbeous opposite the cell, and there are a few 
plumbeous hairs at internal angle. 

I have a specimen of Guenee’s variety ‘‘A” collected by Belfrage in 
Texas, July 30. 

SPRAGUEIA TORTRICINA Zeller. 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together from extremity of accessory 
cell, g out of 8, a long furcation. Hind wings 7-veined. 

The species is bright yellow and has narrower wings than Xanthoptera 
nigrofimbria ; the fringes are blackish and there are two cellular dots, the 
outer surmounting a blackish abbreviated band resting on internal margin 
two-thirds from base. The primary wings are a little more produced 
apically than in the other species, but the neuration agrees and the struc- 
ture of the front differs from #ruva, to which genus | have referred it, 
Can. Env., ix., 69. It has been taken by Belfrage in ‘lexas, May ro. 

The clypeus is narrow and smooth in the species of S/ragwera, flat on 
the first four species or but slightly bulging ; in or¢ricéna and guttata, 
especially in the latter, it is somewhat globose. In £vroty/a the front is 
much projected and the surface is rough, the infra-clypeal plate is promin- 


Lo THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ent and the front terminates in a wide-lipped protuberance, centrally 
flattened, its lower edge exserted. = In /vuva fasctatel/a the infra-clypeal 
plate is also prominent, the front is elevated and is crowned by a shallow, 
wider and more narrowly edged and rounded depression. Structurally 
Fruva is more closely allied to Zroty/a than Spragueia, as we shall see in 
discussing the neuration of /. edso/efa, yet in ornamentation the resem- 
blances are reversed. 


SPRAGUEIA GUTTATA Grote. 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together from the extremity of the 
accessory cell, 9 out of 8,a long furcation to costa, the accessory cell 
smaller than in the other species. Hind wings 7-veined. 


This species has very distinct ornamentation, the fore wings being 
light sulphur yellow crossed by black lines ; the only orange is at base on 
internal margin, and a band running upwards on median space within the 
t. p. line, interrupted by the black-ringed, sulphur-yellow, spherical reni- 
form, and extending beyond it to apices. ‘The fringes are orange, touched 
with blackish at apices, opposite the cell, and again about internal angle. 
It has been collected by Heiligbrodt in Bastrop Co., Texas. 


The wings are narrower in Sfragweta. ‘Vhe neurational characters 
which distinguish the North American genus from the European Lotyla 
(Agriphila) are first the 7-veined secondaries, with the three-branched 
median vein wanting the weak vein 5, while the cell is longer. Then the 
longer vein 9 of the primaries, while in all the species except ovagris, veins 7 
and 8 spring together from the extremity of the accessory cell ; in ovagrus 
they are joined on a shorter stem than in /otyla sulphuralts. 


FRUVA FASCIATELLA Grote. 


Fore wings 12-veined, veins 8 and 7 out of the extremity of the acces- 
sory cell, 9 a long furcation. Hind wings with vein 5 obsolete. The 
genus differs from Sfrvaguveca in the bulging clypeus surmounted by a 
shallow cup-like depression. But there is a faint indication of an inde- 
pendent vein on hind wings at the cross-vein, immediately beyond which 
it vanishes. 

This species varies in the color of the indefinite shadings of the pri- 
maries from dusky olivaceous to ochreous. ‘The discal dots and t. p. line 
are more or less evident. It is common in Texas. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 


FRUVA OBSOLETA Grote. 


Fore wings 12-veined, veins 6 and 7 out of the extremity of the acces- 
sory cell, 9 a short furcation. Hind wings with vein 5 weaker, but dis- 
tinctly present. 

‘The neuration approaches 7o¢y/a more closely than the other species - 
in the presence of the weaker vein 5 on the secondaries, and the short- 
ness of vein 9 on fore wings. The position of 8 and 7 on fore wings is, 
however, as in fasciatelia, being separate at base. The species has uni- 
colorous, dusky olive-fuscous primaries, a little paler shaded over costal 
region at base, and showing a variable ochrey reflection exteriorly. No 
markings. [Illinois and Texas in June. 

I have a single specimen of /ruva acerba Hy. Edw, from California, 
which seems allied to fasciatedla. 


XANTHOPTERA NIGROFIMBRIA Guen. 


I restricted, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 295, 1873, the genus Xanthoptera 
to this type, proposing in the Check List, 1875, Exyra, with the type 
semicrocea, for the hairy species with differing venation and which are 
found to feed-in the larval state on the species of Sarracenia, or pitcher 
plants. Guenee’s single species of Zxyrva was only known to him through 
Abbot’s drawing. 

In nigrofimbria the fore wings are 12-veined, the accessory cell longer 
than in Spragueia, veins 7 and 8 separate at base, 9 out of 8 a rather long 
furcation. Hind wings 8-veined, cell closed, vein 5 hardly weaker than 
the rest. The palpi are rather long and free from the front with well 
developed terminal joint, closely scaled. The front is smooth, rather 
wide and slightly elevated with a shallow depression and discolorous rim. 
The thorax and head are closely covered with flattened scales. ‘The fore 
wings are rather broad with produced apices. 


/ 


XANTHOPTERA SEMIFLAVA Guen. 


Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 joined at base, 9 out of 8, a long fur- 
cation. Hind wings with vein 5 very faintly indicated. Head and 
thorax closely scaled. Front globose. 


This species differs from the following species of Axyra by the closer 
squamation and the wide, slightly elevated front, in which it agrees with 
nigrofimbria. But there seems to be no rim and shallow depression in the 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


clypeus. It agrees with “xyra also in the unition of 8 and 7 at base, but 
the accessory cell is shorter even than in x7grvofmbria. On the other 
hand, vein 9 is longer than in the latter and differs from “xyra greatly in 
this respect. ‘This species has been taken in Texas by Belfrage in April 
and May. Its generic position may afterwards be changed, but I leave it 
for the present where it was placed by Guene¢. It is easily known by its 
lemon yellow thorax and base of primaries, which are outwardly purply 
black, the line dividing the two colors being od/gue. It varies slightly in 
the extent of the darker external portion of the wing. 


EXYRA SEMICROCEA Guen. 


Fore wings 12-veined, the accessory cell greatly elongated, veins 8 
and 7 united at base. 9 a very short furcation. Hind wings with vein 5 
nearly as strong as the rest. Front not elevated, rather narrow with a 
slight inferior tubercle. Squamation of palpi, head and thorax long, thick 
and hairy or consisting of narrow scales. Fore wings broad with blunted 
apices. Ihave not been able to thoroughly examine all the species, but I 
refer to this genus semicrocea Guen., Ridingsi? Riley, fax Grote,and Rolandi- 
anaGrote. The latter, one of our most brilliant Noctuids, 1s described in 
Psyche, II., 38, where also the larva, which feeds on Sarracenia purpurea, 
is described by its discoverer, my friend Mr. Roland Thaxter, after whom 
the species is named. ‘Mr. Jas. Ridings brought specimens of semécrocea 
and A7dingsi frony Georgia, but when the material was submitted to me 
I did not recognize the latter as a distinct species. Mr. Townend Glover 
discovered the larva of semicrocea feeding on Sarracenia violarts, and sent 
me a drawing of it now many years ago. It has been fully illustrated by 
Prof. Riley, Trans. St. Louis Academy, Vol. iii. 


Prothymia Wub. 


After a careful examination of the type of P. suévlivacea Harvey, I 
regard it as a synonym of P. ovgiae. Three species are described from 
our territory: P. coceineifascia Grote, P. rosa/ba Grote, and P. orgiae 
Grote. This latter is pale yellow with the external margin shaded with 
rosy. ‘Two faint, obscure, shade lines take the place of the subterminal 
and t. p. lines; these lines are even, sub-parallel, oblique or slightly 
curved. ‘Two minute superposed dots take the place of the reniform. In 
subolivacea the tone of the wings is slightly olivaceous and the thorax and 
base of the wing and internal margin shaded with pale rosy. Otherwise 


> tome 


eT pe? Soa er 


een so. 


ee ee eee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee Oe ee ee 
. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 


it does not differ as far as I can see. The species may be known by the 
discolorous purplish fuscous head and thorax, the dark color extending on 
the shoulders of the fore wings. It has been collected in Texas by 
Belfrage in March and July. The primaries are more pointed in orgzae 
and this species is more faintly colored when compared with its con- 
geners. 


The species may be thus catalogued : 


Erotyla Hiibn. 


sulphuralis Zzvz. Europe. 


Spragueia Grote. 


onagrus Guei., 2, 205. Florida. 


Type leo Guen., 2, 205. Alabatna. 
plumbifimbriata Grote, ©. E., ix., 68. Texas. 
dama Guwen., 2, 205. Alabama, Texas. 
guttata Grote, C. E., viii, 225: Texas. 
tortricina ‘Zel/er; Beitr., 1, 15. Texas: 
apicella Grote; Trans/sAm.- Ent.) Soe, iv., 21.7.2 Alabama; 
Texas. 
truncatula Zeller, Beitr.. 1., 3. 


Fruva Grote. 
Type fasciatella Grete, Culiyivin 2osmerlexas: 
obsoleta Grote, C. E., ix., 69. Illinois, Texas. 
Xanthoptera Guen. 
Type nigrofimbria Guen., 2, 241. N. Y., Ala., Texas. 
semiflava Gwen., 2, 241. Texas. 


Exyra Grote. 


Type semicrocea Guen., 2, 241. Georgia. 
Ridingsit Ai/ey, Trans. St. Louis Acad., iti, 240. Georgia. 
nigrocaput Morrison, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 17, 153. 
fax Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc , 295. Georgia. 
Rolandiana Gvofe. Psyche, ii., 38. Mass. 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Prothymia Hubn. 
coccineifascia Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 294. N. Y., Texas. 
rosalba Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 295. Penn, Mass. 
orgiae Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 116. Texas. 
subolivacea Harv., Bull. B.S. N.S, 3, 11. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PAMPHILA. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


P. Dion. 

Male—Expands 1.2 inch. 

Upper side has the disk, cell and basal areas pale fulvous, the latter 
much obscured ; costal margin also fulvous, but obscured, and inclining 
to red in the sub-costal interspaces ; the apex and hind margin broadly 
bordered with fuscous ; stigma long, narrow, formed by two velvety-black 
spots, the lower one a little back of the line of the other; the black arc 
of cell forms a continuation of stigma and joins a dark stripe which runs 
along upper side of subcostal to base, the whole forming a sub-triangular 
inscription such as is seen in Avpa. Secondaries have the disk to base 
obscure fulvous, but there is a clear fulvous ray on the outer part of this area. 

Under side of primaries ferruginous, deepest over costal margin ; area 
below cell to inner margin black, and over median interspaces pale black ; 
on the disk an oblique band of four yellow or fulvous spots, besides a 
fifth spot, obsolescent, out of the line and opposite end of cell. Second- 
aries ferruginous, of uniform tint, except that there are two pale rays from 
base, one of which passes through cell, the other occupies submedian 
interspace, to margin. 

Female—Expands 1.5 inch. 

Upper side fuscous with a slight tint of fulvous ; primaries have two 
yellow sub-apical spots, and an oblique row of yellow spots across the 
disk ; secondaries have the disk nearly as in male, more obscured, but 
with tae bright ray. Under side as in the male. 


This species is closely allied to Avfa Bd. and Lec., but may be dis-. 


tinguished from it by the pale rays on disk of secondaries, 47fa being 
one shade of color.~ I formerly received Dix from Mr. G. M. Dodge, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 236 


Nebraska, and supposed it to be Avfa, and so gave Nebraska as one of 
the localities in my Catalogue. ‘This season I have received the species 
from the southern shore of Lake Michigan, in Indiana, from Mr. Chas. 
E. Worthington ; also from Mr. J. A. Moffat, of Hamilton, Ont., who 
says it inhabits one locality there. It would appear then to occupy a belt 


extending from Canada to Nebraska. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
DEAR SIR,— 

Mr. A, H. Mundt, of Fairburg, Ills., writes me thus: ‘‘ On 7th Sept., 
while walking through a grove near this place, I saw a large number of 
D. Archippus hovering about and settling upon some limbs of a hickory. 
More from curiosity than anything else, I went again the next day before 
sunset, and found the butterflies in still larger numbers on two branches 
of the tree. (The weather had been pretty cold for several days, with 
slight frost at night.) ‘Those sitting within reach of my net seemed to be 
alarmed and would fly upon approach, but would alight again. I resolved 
to make a further test, and after dark I started for the grove with a long 
step-ladder, a lantern and box, and took 125 specimens, 51 f, 74 2, all 
of them perfect.” —If such assemblages of these butterflies are usual, they 
have so far escaped notice, and the object of them is matter for con- 
jecture. W. H. Epwarps. 

Coalburgh, W. Va., Oct. 20, 1879. 


DEAR Sir,— 

In the June number of the Can. Env., W. E. Saunders remarks that 
he saw a specimen of Papilio thoas on the 11th May, and that “the 
appearance of this butterfly at so early a date would seem to indicate that 
they are double-brooded here, unless it can be shown that the escape of 
the imago from some of the chrysalids is much earlier than from others.” 
I have obtained two fine specimens of this butterfly from mature larve ; 
one in 1878, the other this year. ‘The first example went into chrysalis 
about the middle of September, and the imago appeared on the gth of 
May following. The second was in chrysalis only from the 7th September 
to the 23rd of March. I think the temperature at which the chrysalids 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


were kept was about equal. On the first day of July this year I took two 
specimens of ¢/oas in. King’s Co., N. B., and I have seen them on the 
wing in St. John Co., a few miles from the city, at the same date in other 
years. I have one example captured here a few days later. 

CAROLINE E. HEUvsTIS, St.-John, N. B. 


DrAR SIR,— 

I have got caterpillars of P. ¢hoas or cresphontes taken in the garden 
of A. Reid, in the west end of the city, feeding on a bush called the 
‘burning bush,” from its going off with a blaze when light is held to it ; 
I do not know its Botanical name. ‘Two of them have gone into chry- 
salis. J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. 

[The plant referred to is Diclamnus fraxinella—Ev. C. E.] 

DEAR SIR,— 

On p. 195 of the present volume, the Can. Enrom. makes me say that 
IT regard Disippus as “probably the original type” of Basilarchia. I 
have never held such an opinion, but the very opposite. 


Samu. H. ScuDDER. 
Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 1, 1879. 


PAPILIO CRESPHONTES.—Mr. Wm. Murray, of Hamilton, writes as 
follows: ‘‘ We have a new butterfly in Hamilton and vicinity, and several 
of them have been captured; it is P. cresphontes (thoas). I got two of 
the larvee this fall feeding on Dictamnus fraxinella rubra ; one has gone 


into chrysalis, and the other died after it had hung up to undergo its 
change.” 


On the 16th of October, Mr. Watson, of Thedford, Ont., brought us 
a specimen of this larva, which had been found feeding on Prickly Ash, 
Nanthoxylum fraxineum. It was nearly full grown, and we fed it on 
Prickly Ash and Orange leaves until it spunup. In the endeavor to shed 
its larva skin it died when the chrysalis was more than half developed ; the 
same fatality attended a specimen which we tried to rear last year.—Ep. C.E. 


ERRATA, VOU XI;—=P..13, J; 16, for 2 2°" readin 0 6 poh 
rr, for “un.” read 1.3 p. 214, 1. 9, for “oscillated” read, ocellated jon 
p. 206, 1. 20, 22 and 26, one s should be deled from A/orrissonia. 


ee 


ee Ge ea eo ae ee 
: 1 


— 


bee LOnV OEU ME XI. 


Acarus ? Glover, n. sp., 159. 
Acidalia enucleata, 194. 
Actinotia derupta, 205. 
Adela bella, 125. 

“< . biviella, 125. 
Adita chionanthi, 2c6, 
Eaea ostryzella, 9. 
Agrotis vernzlis, n. sp., 57: 

«< -wocalts, n. sp., 56. 
Allantus basilaris, 13. 

ef dubius, 13. 

Alypia Mac Cullochii, 151. 
Anisota dzsecta, n. sp., 10. 
Annual Address of President, 181. 
Anthocaris ste//a, n. sp., 87. 

oe thoosa, 87. 
Anthrax, sp. nov., 216. 
Anticarsia gemmatalis, 179. 
Antispila ampelopsiella, 126. 

‘© hydrangezella, 126. 
Apatela distans, n. sp., 58. 

“¢ parallelia, n. sp., 58. 
Apathus Ashtoni, 137. 

a elatus, 137. 
Aphelinus asfedioticola, n. sp., 159. 
Apis mellifica, 135, 204. 
Arctia rectzlinea, n. sp., 45. 
Argynnis aphrodite, 147. 

“* arge, 53. 
ly eiemis, 35 
EB Nichitonemuspiuo2. 
caeercybeley 147s 
Wc Galosy G25 ihe 
ACE VAs A ze 
hesperis, 54, 56. 
‘*  hippolyta, n. sp., 81. 
‘© hydaspe, 55, 56, 80. 
idalia, preparatory stages of, 217. 
irene, 53, 
laura, N. Sp., 49. 
monticola, 54, 56. 
montivaga, 52. 


ee 


ee 


** — mormonia, 52. 
**  myrina, 147. 

«*  nevadensis, 51. 
“= Venitocnis;) S2: 

ce 


purpurascens, 55, So. 

zerene, 54, SO. 

Argyresthia quercicolella, 144. 

ASHMEAD, Wo. H., Articles by, 93, 159, 
228. 

Associate Members, to our, 20. 

Audela acronyctoides, 204. 


BAILEY, Dr. JAMES S., Article by, 1. 
Bark Louse on Pine, 183. 
Batachedra Clemensella, 144. 
Bees, are they injurious to Fruits, 204. 
Bee Enemy, 17. 
BETHUNE, REv. C. J. S., Article by, 146. 
Blepharipus wdcus, n. sp., 214. 
Blister Beetles, Life History of, 30. 
Bombus fervidus, 135. 

“*  -lapidarius, 136. 
muscorum, 136. 
pensylvanicus, 135. 
separatus, 135. 
ternarius, 135. 
terrestris, 136. 
vagans, 135. 
virginicus, 135. 
Bombylid, an Anomalous, 215. 
BowLEs, G. H., Article by, 229. 
Bow Les, G. J., Articles by, 134, 230. 
Bucculatrix luteella, 93. 
BuRGEss, EDWARD, Article by, 8o. 


ee 
“e 
ee 
ce 
6s 
ee 


se 


Butterflies Collected in Dayton, Ohio, 139. 


ee 


New Species of, 49, 81. 
Preparatory Stages of, 127, 141, 

189. 

Callimorpha interrupto-marginata, 47. 

s parthenice, 153. 
virguncula, 153. 
Carpocapsa pomonella, 187. 

Catocala s¢nuosa, n. sp., 15. 
Cecidomyia leguminicola, 121. 
a trifolii, 121. 
tritici, 187. 
Chalcophora liberta, 182. 
CHAMBERS, V. T., Articles by, 5, 72, 89, 
118, 125, 143. 
CHAPMAN, Dr. A. W., Article by, 189. 
Chauliodes, Larvze of, 96. 
Chelymorpha cribraria, 120. 
Chionobas iduna, 143. 
eS invallda, 142. 
Chlorion aerarium, 133. 
Chrysis martéa, n. sp., 67. 

‘* _ verticalis, n. sp., 67. 
Chrysobothris Harrisii, 119. 
Chrysopeleia purpuriella, 9 
Chrysops cuclux, n. sp., 35. 

es curstm, N. sp., 36. 
nisribimbo, n. sp., 36. 
Cirrospilus esw7ws, n. sp., 162. 
CLAYPOLE, E. W., Article by, 61. 
Cleptes aliena, n. sp , 66, 


ee 


ee 


ee 


ce 


242 INDEX TO VOLUME XI. 


Clisiocampa syivatica, 1 

Clover-seed Fly, 44. 

Codling Worm, 187. 

Coenonympha gemma, Preparatory Stages 
of, 31. 

Colias eurytheme, 47, 

Collecting about Chicago, 68. 

Collectors, to, 99, 100. 

Colorado Potato Beetle, 187, 196, 202. | 

Conotrachelus oe 187. 

Cook, Aw article. by, 17. 

Corrections, 79, So. 

Correspondence, 39, 78, 119, 140, 180, 
200, 239. 

Corydalis cornutus, Larva of, 96. 

Cossus centerensis, Natural History of, 1, 
188. 

Cotalpa lanigera, 21. 

Cotton Worm, 202, 205. 

me ‘¢ Parasites on, 161. 

Crabro dégemineus, n, sp., 213. 

Crabronidz, Descriptions of, 210. 

Crickets, how Produce their Sound, 98. 

Ctenucha latreillana, 154. 

Cucullia, Species of at Sugar, 203. 

Cynthia cardui, 148. 

= huntera, 148. 

Dectes spinosus, 140. 

Deilephila intermedia, 152. 

Dermestes lardarius, Larva of, 100. 

DEVEREAUX, W. L., Article by, 105. 

Dianthoecia meditata, 27. 

Dicte corruscifasciella, 125. 

Dicopis vetds, n. sp., 76. 

Diptera, Collections of in 
Mass., 132. 

Dorcaschema alternatum, 140. 

Dytiscus Harrisi, 221. 

Eburia quadrigeminata, 140, 

Epwarpbs, W. H., Articles by, 31, 49, 
TO; iol; JOl,. 017,5127,\ 140s, 17.7, 
189, 217, 224, 238, 239. 

Entomological Club A, A. A. 5, Meetings 
of, 116, 163, 194, 201. 

Entomological Club A. A, A. S., Annual 
Address of President, 163. 

Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual 
Report of, 25. 

Entomological Society of Ontario, Contri- 


87, 204. 


Cambridge, 


butions to Collection of, 124, 219. 

Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual 
Meeting of, 220. 

Entomological Joke, 180. 

Entomology for Beginners, 221. 

Epicauta cinerea, 120, 

Fresia texana, 127. 

Erotyla sulphuralis, 231, 


Eudamus proteus, 189, 193. 
Euleucyptera cumatilis, 207. 
Eustrotia vef7s, n. sp., 198. 

‘f  secta, N. Sp., 199. 
Exyra semicrocea, 236. 
FERNALD, Pror. C. F., Article by, 155. 
FLETCHER, JAS., Article by, 220. 
FRENCH, G. H., Articles by, 45, 76. 
Fruva fasciatella, 234. 

‘* obsoleta, 234. 

Fy Les, THos. W., Article by, 59. 
Geometrids, Early Stages of, 193. 
Goldsmith Beetle, 21. 
Gonatopus covfortulus, n. sp , 65. 
GoopELL, L. W., Articles by, 78, 193. 
Gracilaria fascicollis, 100, 

vs fasciella, 118. 

yy fulgidella, 118. 
inornatella, 119. 
Packardella, 119, 


ss purpuriella, 74, 119. 

se 5-notella, 118, 
Graphiphora eee nasp., 208. 

fidelis, 2 

fs furfurata, ; 275 

ee Germant, n. sp., 28. 

es modesta, 27. 

me muricina, 27. 

uC normalis, 27. 

ie perbrunnea, n. sp., 28. 

nt puerilis, ee 

et rufula, 2 


Grapholitha a@/bimac ae NASPsyy LS 7 


GREY, ROBERT M., Articles by, 16, 140. 
Grore, A. R., Articles by, 15, 26, 40, 


56, 79, 94, 197, 205, 231. 

Hadena passer, 179. 
HAGEN, Dr. H., Articles by, 110, 132. 
HARRINGTON, W. H., Article by, r1g. 
Heliophila aa, n. sp., 29. 
Heliothis armigera, 202. 

= LlMinotensts, n. sp., 77. 

sie sulmala, 207. 
Hesperia Peckius, 150, 
Hessian Fly, 137, 188. 
Heterocampa Lelfraget, n. sp., 209. 
HEUvSTIS, CAROLINE E., Articles by, 39, 

100, 239. 

Hipparchia discoidalis, 149. 

of nephele, 148. 
Honor, a well-merited, 99. 
Hoplisus gracélis, n. sp., 210. 
Hornia, Development of, 28. 
House-fly, Parasite on, 38. 
Howarp, L. O., Article by, 200. 
HUBNER, JAcoB, and his works, 79. 
HULST, Gro, D., Articles by, 22, 39, So. 


» 


INDEX TO 


VOLUME XI. 243 


Humble Bees, Notes on, 134. 
Hydrophilus triangularis, 223. 
piceus, 223. 

Hylurgus terebrans, 182. 
Incurvaria mediostriatella, 146. 
Ingura declinata, n. sp., 207. 

“<  flabella, n. sp., 208. 
Insect, a Wood-boring, 196. 
Insects Captured by Bidens, 196. 
Collection of at Washington, 202, 
Destructive to Forest Trees, 204. 
Fossil in Gum Copal, 202. 
Larvee of Dipterous, 204. 
Insect Powder, 41. 

me ae Experiments with, 1865. 
Ithone unomaculella, 9. 


ce 
ce 


‘Ge 


Junonia ccenia, 47. 


KELLICOTL, D. S.,. Article by, 114. 
KrrBy’s Fauna-Boreali Americana, 146. 
Kirsy, W. F., Change of Address, 154. 
Lachnosterna fusca, 200. 
Laverna albocapitella, 6. 

oe cephalanthiella, 7. 
grissella, 6. 
ignobilisella, 8. 

o Murtfeldtella, 5. 

wk obscurusella, 8. 
Lecanium phyllococcus, n. sp., 160. 
Leucanthiza amphicarpzfoliella, 93. 
LECONTE, JOHN L., Article by, 100. 


“ec 


ce 


Limenitis arthemis, 16, 47, 195, 224, 226. 
Critical Remarks on, 16, 40, 195. 
disippus, 16, 195, 224, 226, 240. 


ee 
ce 


“ proserpina, 16, 195. 


ursula, 16, 195. 


ae 


LININER, J. A., Articles by, 10, 44, 121. 


Lithocolletis argentinotella, 89. 
aenigmatella, 145. 
Bethuneella, 89. 
Clemensella, 91. 
coryliella, 9o. 
aeceptusella, n. sp. 73. 
Fitchella, go. 
gemmea, 144. 
Hageni, 144. 
juglandiella, 91. 
maricella, 92. 
obscuricostella, 92. 
ornatella, gf. 
ostryzefoliella, 91. 
guerctvorella, nN. S|... 145. 

\ Scudderella, 72, 145. 
trifasciella, 92. 
triteenizella, 89. 
virginiella, 92. 

Lithosia miniata, 154. 

Lyceena doreas, 149. 


ee 


Lygranthoecia separata, n. sp., 198. 
Lyonetia alniella, 75. 

‘*  apicistrigella, 75. 
gracilella, 75. 
speculella, 75. 
Macroglossa tantalus, 140. 
Mamestra lorea, 28. 

us mucens, 206. 
passer, 179. 
Marasmalus ventilator, 179. 
Melitaea baroni, 129. 

Se a LLUZOMetSPayy Mli7ie 
minuta, 141. 
selenis. 147. 
Micro-Lepidoptera, 5, 72, 89, 118, 12 
Mite, on Orange Scale Insect, 93. 
Morrat, J. A., Article by, 240. 
Monohammus confusor, 120, 181. 

GY scutellatus, 120. 
Montreal Branch, Report of, 229. 
Morrissonia z2fidelis, n. sp., 206. 
Moth-trap, a Successful, 131. 
Nemeophila caespitis, 209. 

geometrica, 209. 
Nephopteryx Zimmermani, 114, 183, 195. 
Nepticula quercicastanella, 93- 

‘*  serotineeella, 93. 
Noctuidae, Captures of at Clyde, N. Y., 

105. 


ce 


e 


ce 


ce 


ec 


’ | Noctuidze, New Species of, 76, 197. 


oe 


North American, 26, 179, 205. 
North American Entomologist, 180. 
Notozus marginatus, n. sp., 66. 
Nysson aegialzs, n. sp., 212, 
‘« lateralis, 213. 

Obituary, 78. 
Obnoxious Insects, Destruction of, 1r10. 
Oiketicus Abboti, 201. 
Oncocnemis aferrima, n. sp., 199. 
Orange Trees, Insects Found on, 159. 
Orgyia leucostigma, 39. 
Oribates aspidioli, n. sp., 94. 
Orthosia szgrata, n. sp., 76. 
Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, 99. 
Pachypolia atricornis, 94. 

eS diffusilis, 95. 
E amphila accius, 191. 

arpa, I9I. 

ee brettus, 190. 

os delaware, 192. 
dion, n. sp., 238. 
maculata, 191. 
palatka, 192. 
phyleus, tgo. 
Papilio ajax, 203. 

x asterias, Retarded Development of, 

201, 


ce 


ee 


ee 


oe 


244 INDEX TO 


VOLUMIs 


XI. 


Papilio asteroides, 85. 


- Bairdii, 83. 
+ cresphontes, 120, 203, 239, 240 
ee 


philenor, 203. 
thoas, 120, 203, 239, 240. 
Papilionida, Scarcity of in Nova Scotia, 
39. 
Paris Green, Use of, 184, 195. 
Parnassius baldur, 142. 
smintheus, 141. 
PATTON, W. H., Articles by, 12, 64, 133, 
210. 
Penthina osmundana, n. sp., 156. 
Perimede erransella, 9. 
ol unomaculella, 9. 
Personal, 99. 
Pheosia rimosa, 100. 
Pholisora catullus, 203. 
Bem OUZCe1S Tans Ds guy 
Phyciodes nycteis, Preparatory Stages of, 
Io!. 
vesta, 129. 
Phymata erosa, 17, 196. 
Pieris rapze, 187, 196. 
PILATE, G. R., Article by, 139. 
Pissodes strobi, 177. 
Platarctia Scudderi, 210. 
Plusia, Species of at Sugar, 203. 
Plum Curculio, 187. 
Polia z/epida, n. sp., 95. 
Polistes metrica, 196. 
Polyommatus lucia, 150. 
Pontia casta, 146. 
Proctotrupes crenzwlatus, n. sp., 64 
Prodena phytolacce, 205. 
Protest against Certain Names of Insects, 
So. 
Prothymia orgiz, 236. 
a subolivacea, 236. 
Pseudohazis eglanterina, 175. 
Psocus cetricola, n. sp., 228. 
Pyralid, a Carnivorous, 196. 
Retinia duplana, 194. 
cs Comstockiana, n. sp., 157. 
Injurious to Pine, 176, 183. 
sylvostrana, 194. 
Rhyssa atrata, 140. 
‘© humida, 15. 
lunator, 140. 
RILEY, C. V.,~Articles by, 30,96, 161. 
Samia cecropia, Retarded Development of, 
201. 
Saturnia io, Food Plants of, 78. 
Satyrus Paulus, n. sp., 50. 
SAUNDERS, W., Articles by, 20, 21, 41, 
78. 99, 100, 124, 163, 180, 181, 194, 
201, 221, 240. 


ee 


ce 


ce 


ee 


| WILLISTON, S 


SAUNDERS, W. FE., Article by, 1 


Sawflies, Predaceous, 12. 
Scientific Names of Insects 
Scoliopteryx libatrix, 195. 
Sesia ruficaudis, 152. 


SIEWERS, 


C.G,, Article by, 47: 


Smerinthus cerisyi, 151. 
SMITH, FREDERICK, Death of, 75. 


Sphinx eremitus, 


Spilomena eer 213: 


SPRAGUE, 


H., Article by, 46. 


Spragueia er 223: 


guttata, 234. 
leo, 231. 
onagrus, 232. 


plumbifimbriata, 233. 


tortricina, 233 


99 


9 


Larva of, 59. 
> 


Tabanidie, New Species of, 35. 
Tabanus Dodgez, n. sp., 37. 


oe 


oe 


sparus, n. sp., 38. 


superjumentarius, 1. SP., 37+ 


Tachina a/leti@, n. sp , 162. 


Tamila vanella, Ny Sp., 107: 
velarts, N. $p., 197. 


oe 


Tarache /anceolata, n. sp., 
Tetracis crocallata, 193. 
Thecla augustus, 149. 
Therina endropiaria, 194. 
Tinea auristrigella, 146. 


Tineina, 


143. 


Tortricidae, Work on; 203. 


Tortrix Clemensiana, 


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ce 


108. . 


NSP eS ce 
juglandana, n. sp., 155. 
nigridia, 195. 


Trichogramma fretiosa, Nn. sp., 
Typhlodromus oiliioorus, 160. ° 


Vanessa antiopa, 148. 


ee 


atalanta, 148. 
c-argenteum, 147. 
cardul, 201. 
furcillata, 148. 
Wasp, a New Fossorial, 133. 
WESTCOTT, O. S., Articles by, 131, 140. 


Wheat Midge, 187. 


WHITNEY, C. P., Article by, 35. 
_W., Article by, 215. 


20. 


Or. 


161. 


Wollaston, Mass Notes from, 46. 


WORTHINGTON, C, E., Article by, 68. 


Xanthoptera nigrofimbria, 235. 


ce 


semiflava, 235. 


Niphidria attenuata, 14. 
Xylocopa fimbriata, 60. 


ee 


ce 


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micans, 60. 
purpurea, 60, 


varipuncta, N. Sp., 


vidua, 60. 


60. 


i 
4 
b 
a 
3 
4 


PHeE | GAN ADIAN 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


OG VOLUME XII. Je 


Edited by Gilliam Saunders, 


LONDON, ONTARIO, 


SSS Choe Be ea Da =e 


Rev. GJ. So. bethune, M, A.;-Port Hope, Ont.; EH. B: Reed; 
London, Ont., and G. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. 


LONDON : 
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND STREET. 


1880 


———— a 


eeeEeEEEEeerr 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 


PASS EAIVINES AVI) Sais Edisto aye) cre ,cve)e1e) 01 <-00076, 00s s}ersle\eie ashe JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, 
BYMIMBS.» Io Ios doeao Sen mocodeuoce nos Doo ocne DcoboS SouTH ABINGTON, Mass, 
BASIE UNIO, JRDAYE KC oS pencnoo mado omod oooanre Port Hopr, ONTARIO. 
OA WALIBS) (CS Niseenowuge ponabouke ee crsmoodoncor MONTREAL, QUEBEC. 
ARUP HINGES BW diana cud .0  sicucieleiore ir e. cress noeerencl ters Fort NIOBRARA, NEBRASKA 
CISTAINUBIDIRISE Wied acne ome came Carona COVINGTON, KENTUCKY. 
(CILANARONLIO® 185 ON 6 coe arroo cacoeeGood sateen arapniereres YELLOW SPRINGS, OHIO, 
CO OMMEW We WH Whe civcveversi sso civers's o's )e s.slelelusie WoopstTock, ILL. 
(COURT Ris WiMia ces cae es. ces ss ose sieverstatehapometees MONTREAL, QUE. 

EVID WV EAUERSI) Soe Wie) heise avtey ol 2101 lovieiorie| ty a shes al wVeleio) e< cy sterol ous) ce COALBURGH, W. VA. 
PIS (CIEUNS OE AGe odode SSODU nO ot Dacav Onn CORED Aade OLD Town, MAINE. 
LIDAR Gla FD) AN 0 OS on no dpigirc Di oigeD Ooo: arene OTTAWA, ONT. 

LT RG INI CIE oe (ES 18 Pon omee re oRh Onin Ono Sota aeOs mons ..CARBONDALE, ILL. 
(GABIBE Sage EWS Recteys: clorer-i sere oslertesniois les ckeleleususper te CHARLESTON, S. C. 
GIR@AUDS JS deco e pode naOnUD DOCU ULE COnDOsiDace sees NEw BRIGHTON, N. Y. 
VAGISINE IDG 5 bY bousonboonnocuerpoCrogOonc cuee CAMBRIDGE, MAss. 

EP AURURGUN Gls QING We Wie atledic tie ict oteielvorcverel-geretsieksjevele: <esitare OTTAWA, ONT. 

UU SielS = 1 GAR OICTNE ES, aycts ai \eressie cic eriesiets Ase St. Jouns, N. B. 

ISKON PNR DS os Oe bo pombe UrnO Ot aon es BeOmer ere WASHINGTON, D, C. 
ENUM Mc EMS ap eneiseipe nae oC Dn 00 OnOGe .....DAYTON, OHIO. 

OVEWN SONG PAM Si Sisgs tea cle a wleleve\e'aicis «)aien wis ie) FRANKFORD, PENN. 

REB EIGN Ole we ID se Sisters ewieis) scene crcl aieicisteiersi ioe cieiesisiete Oo UR EAT Ox ING, Vis 

IDPH CONAN SIDING M(OleUwl dG on oso oor bOpooDAGE PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
TOAVANIPAVING SV ore EsDey oper tetas eve ce isa) cistieya celsicte sieiaveie =paversievcleysie MONTREAL, QUE. 

IMEC BIRDIE peut Syaicpocseste, siciich eelckey sick oickebovstet storeys io siche ts FREELAND, ILL. 

IW KOIIRAMIRS Na eid po as bade! doduoconddeb oddone odD Dt HAMILTON, ONT. 
iIMUUINIDIIR wale. IBERE.o masdae been e auido cco 6 cmon ne LUMA op ae ow hc os 
AVINUAEURCAS VS OVWIMIGU a rein eis siaret iotetexevseceterercs cit Nee HAMILTON, ONT. 
INSUIMIOE GENGP Bit css jane cics cif oeisvsisret ater enevene gs NEw York. 

BAB ODM sei Si ellvsrck ah oh oe. o ceicl ake sa eh eps ue Mee heave sone CHAMPAIGN, ILL. 
PULA (G5 Oise ocean OOO DODO Gol aa aca ro cee WASHINGTON, D. C. 
TROXG ERAS: MIRA A eee eS OE icC oeOce cee KINGSTON, ONT. 
SAVNIBOIRUNGS He Ge cieosvetsicis) eletevere kpoisterasreversheiyec «lanes ANDOVER, MAss. 
SATUINIDIE RS vView (ules ESGitOr)ety.reoisiee crevetelovete es <ierece LONDON, ONT. 
SCUDDER SiAMiIUIE lg Elisptten-sopcrsyarsvorssdsrece = stents: bee CAMBRIDGE, MAss. 

Sib BN WADISE NCS 16s haha cian ooo cma nee er OC Gt ager cree NEwport, Ky. 

SIP RCAG UME yee Elitenc ences a ereeraeheds yaya etaieia: Stecave,s chee WOLLASTON, MAss. 
THAXTER, R.. Rear tisiel tats ciele eisai NE W LON Vili ee VeASSs 
THOMAS, CYRUS, ‘DR. Jolecru ob DOCG OU peor ..CARBONDALE, ILL. 
VANCE C3 DA cose ha OOmoInGe Pcntnbicooacs LONDON, ENGLAND. 
WAHLILIBIN, Mo Ise dcoe ocomoo co vboctmouCKdESucoUaoE MACON, GEORGIA, 


VOR E EIN Ga UNE si Ger dBhevereraierct eve ctoelcielfeteve wveteteis aleve CHICAGO, ILL. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


. 


VOL. XII. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1880. No. 1 


NATURE-PRINTED BUTTERFLIES. 
BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA, ONT. 


The season of”warm days, flowers and butterflies is over now, and the 
look-out is cold, bleak and bare. Apparently there is little for the scien- 
tific lover of. nature to do in the way of collections at this time of year ; 
such, however, is far from being actually the case, as all who have 
collected will testify. It is, in fact, one of the busiest seasons for 
collectors ; all the treasures gathered during the summer months have to 
be gone through. In the first place, those known have to be taken out 
and sorted away into their proper places in the cabinet; the remainder 
then have to be re-sorted and divided up into sets according to the 
families to which they appear to belong, and after this they have to be 
examined critically, and, if possible, identified. It frequently happens 


that a collector of butterflies has an opportunity of capturing a large 


number of some local species in one day, and finds it impossible or irk- 
some to set them all before they become too dry, as they will in a very 
short time in hot weather. When they are once dry, too, one is apt to 
think that as they can get no worse, they may safely be put aside until 
some more convenient occasion, to be relaxed and set up; but this con- 
venient occasion, like a good many others, is sometimes very long coming 
and many valuable specimens are consequently thus lost. 

An accident which occurred to the glass of one of the drawers of my 
butterfly cabinet lately, was the means of reminding me of a process 
shown me some years ago by a Captain Lloyd, of the English Navy. The 


accident" referred to was the breaking of the cover of one of my cases 


which contained some rare butterflies, in consequence of which it was 
impossible to close the door of the cabinet tightly. | My horror can be 
better imagined than expressed when, upon opening the door and pulling 
out this drawer, about a fortnight afterwards, I found that there was not a 
single perfect specimen in it ; a mouse had got in, and what was once a 


2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


neatly arranged case of butterflies was now nothing but a chaos of nibbled 
bodies, loose wings, pins and labels. I had not the heart at first to throw 
out these fragments, and so wipe out entirely the pleasing recollections 
each brought up in my mind of rambles through the woods and in the 
country, so carefully gathering up the wings I put them away in a little 
box. The idea then struck me of printing them as I had seen my old 
friend do them, and as I think it would be a very convenient way for 
Entomologists and Agriculturists to send butterflies for identification, when | 
spare duplicates are to be had, I am induced to send a description of the 
modus operanal : 

Take the insect in your left hand, holding it beneath the thorax ; then 
with a pair of sharply-pointed scissors cut off the wings as close to the 
body as possible. Occasionally, unless the scissors are very sharp, some 
of the muscles are torn away from the thorax with the wings; these must 
be carefully removed. Arrange the wings in pairs and put them with the 
body on one side, in some convenient place where they may be easily got 
at when you are ready for them. Now take a piece of white paper of the 
size required, and fold it in two like a sheet of note-paper; then with a 
camel-hair brush lay on a thin wash of perfectly clear gum-arabic, fold 
down the upper half and pass the hand lightly over it so as to spread the 
gum evenly between the two sides; now re-open it, and taking up the 
wings with the tip of the brush, the lower ones first, arrange them care- 
fully in the position wanted, leaving space enough intervening between 
the two pairs to paint in the body afterwards. Spare no pains in arranging 
the wings ; this corresponds with ‘ setting” for a cabinet. I have seen 
many good collections of insects, made by amateurs, rendered almost 
useless by the want of a little thought on this point. The proper position 
for a butterfly to be set in is that which it takes when sunning itself. Copy 
nature and you cannot go wrong. When the wings are quite even, gently 
fold down the upper half of the paper and put your specimen under a 
heavy weight, or in a press, until quite dry. I generally leave mine for 
some hours at least. When it is quite dry take it out and place it against 
a window pane so that the butterfly may be clearly defined against the - 
light. Now very carefully draw a line with a black lead pencil round the 
edges of the wings; then lay it down on an even surface and paint with 
clean water all over the part outside and up to the outline. After a few 
minutes the water will saturate the paper and dissolve the gum; the two 
sides will then separate easily, and this being done, it will be found that 


a a a a a eee 


—— ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 


on one side-is a perfect representation of the upper side of the butterfly, 
on the opposite another of the under side, and loose between these a 
perfectly clear horny membrane ; the explanation of this is, the upper 
ends of the scales are adhering to the gum and what we now look at are 
the lower ends or roots. When painting with water, to dissolve the gum, 
great care must be taken not to let it run over the outline on to the wings, 
or else the scales will not -adhere to the paper, but will remain on the 
membrane. 

The work is not yet finished, however ; a most important part has still 
to be done. This is the filling in of the body and antenne ; the easiest 
way to do this is with a fine pen and some water-colors. Place the body 
from which the wings were severed before you and copy it, taking par- 
ticular notice of any characteristic markings, as, for instance, the color of 
the eyes, legs, or antenne. When finished cut it out with a pair of sharp 
scissors, paste it in an album, and write a short description of its capture, 
giving the date, locality and any other interesting circumstances connected 
with it. I have found it is easier to put in the antenne after the prints are 
gummed into the collection, as on account of their fragility they are 
difficult to cut out neatly. Should the collector happen to be an artist, a 
most beautiful collection may be made in this manner by painting pretty 
designs with flowers for each species and gumming the butterflies in in 
natural positions ; of course, too, its scientific value will be materially 
increased if those plants are introduced to which the insect is most 
partial, and, when possible, a sketch of the larva and pupa is added. 

The chief advantages of this process are: the ease with which it is 
done ; the great convenience with which the specimens are preserved or 
transmitted through the post for identification or exchange ; their greater 
durability, for they will stand much rougher handling than specimens pre- 
served in the ordinary way ; and, more important than all these, the fact 
that if you have only one specimen you can show both the upper and 
under sides at once, and also the membranous skeleton of the wings, 
which can thus be very easily examined and makes a beautiful object for 
the microscope ; moreover, if you have only an imperfect specimen, it is 
possible to preserve a good likeness of it by filling in the wanting parts 
with water-colors. Further, it does not matter how old your specimens 
are ; I have some prints which I have taken from butterflies collected in 
India more than twenty years ago, which are quite as good as others 
printed on the same day that the insects were caught here, 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS—No. 2. 


~) 


BY THE EDITOR. 

CATOCALA ULTRONIA. 

In the genus Catocala is included a number of very beautiful moths, 
many of them of large size, and restricted in their distribution to the 
northern portions of America. Most of them have the hind wings red, 
banded with black, and hence have received the common appellation of 
‘“ Red under-wings.” Some few species, however, have the red ground 
replaced by white, or by plain black, or dark brown edged with white, but 


WES. 


these latter are greatly in the minority and much less frequently met with 
than those with red hind wings. ‘The fore wings are usually of varying 
shades of rich gray or brown. 

In Catocala ultronia (fig. 1) the fore wings are of a rich umber color, 
darkest along the hind margin, with a broad diffused ash-colored band 
along the middle, not extending to the apex, which is brown; there are 
also several zigzag lines of brown and white crossing these wings. The 
hind wings are deep red with a wide black band along the outer margin 
and a narrower band of the same color across the middle. ‘The ciliz 
which border the wings are partly white and partly brown. 

The larva feeds on the leaves of wild plum and is also found attacking 
the cultivated varieties. | When full grown, which is about the 2oth of 
June, it is nearly two inches long, a leech-like creature with its body 
thickest in the middle and tapering towards each end. When at rest it 
adheres so closely to the bark of the branch and so nearly resembles it in 
color, that it is difficult to detect. The body is of a dull grayish-brown 
studded with brownish dots and rows of dull reddish tubercles. On the 
top of the ninth segment or ring there is a stout fleshy horn, nearly upright, 


about one-twelfth of an inch jong, pointed and similar in color to the~ 


eS eee ee SS eee ee Ee eel eee eee 


li, eal 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 


body, but with an irregular grayish patch at each side. On the twelfth 
segment there is a low fleshy ridge margined behind with deep reddish 
brown and an oblique stripe of the same color extends forward nearly to 
the spiracle on this segment. The terminal segment is flattened and has 
a number of small pale reddish and blackish tubercles scattered over its 
surface. Along the sides of the body close to the under surface there is 
a thick fringe of short fleshy-looking hairs of a delicate pink color. 


The under surface is also of a delicate pink, of a deeper shade along 
the middle, becoming bluish towards the margins with a central row of 
nearly round black spots which are largest from the seventh to the eleventh 
segments inclusive. The anterior segments are greenish-white tinted with 
rosy pink along the middle, with a dull reddish spot at the base behind 
each pair of feet. 

When about to change to a chrysalis the larva makes a rough enclosure 
by drawing together fragments of leaves and fastening them with silken 
threads, within which it undergoes its transformation and appears as a 
moth in about three weeks afterwards. 

The moth is on the wing during the greater part of July and August, 
is attracted by light and comes freely to sugar. All the insects of this 
family are night-flyers and expose their brilliant hind wings only in flight. 
When at rest the gray or dull brown upper wings overlap and cover up the 
gaily tinted under wings like a very flat roof. 


THE AMERICAN CURRAN BorER (Psenocerus supernotatus ). 

The accompanying cut (fig. 2) represents an enlarged view of a native 
currant borer, Psenocerus supernotatus; the small "= 
outline figure shows the natural size. It is a beetle 
belonging to the family of longicorns, Cerambycide, 
which doubtless had its home originally among the 
wild currant bushes of our woods, but a more 
extended and inviting field having been opened for De 
it by the planting of the cultivated varieties in our gar- 
dens, it has taken kindly to them, and although not so 
destructive as the imported currant borer, Ageria tipult- 
formis (fig. 3), has in many instances proved quite trouble- 

Fig. 3. some. In nearly all our gardens numbers of the currant 
stalks annually perish, and were it not for the vigorous growth of new 
shoots from year to year, the bushes would soon be destroyed. If one 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of these stalks is split asunder the cause of its death is manifest, for 
through its whole length it is found to be more or less eaten away, the 
hollows being filled in places by a fine sawdust-like powder. This is 
sometimes the work of the imported currant borer (fig. 3), and sometimes 
that of the native species (fig. 2). 

Karly in June the parent beetle of the native currant borer deposits 
her eggs upon the currant stalks, where they soon hatch into tiny grubs 
which burrow into the heart of the stem, and feeding on its pith, reach 
full growth before the close of the season. ‘They are footless grubs, which 
measure when full grown about half an inch in length. The head is 
scarcely half as broad as the body, is of a dark brown color, with black 
jaws. The body is whitish with some brown dots along each side, and is 
slightly clothed with very fine short hairs. | When full grown and about 
to change to a chrysalis, the larva gnaws a channel through the woody 
fibre to the outer bark, so that when changed to a beetle it can make its 
escape by merely rupturing the bark.. The cavity thus made is filled with 
little chips to prevent the bark from being prematurely broken, and below 
this stuffing the insect constructs a bed of short woody fibres, packing the 
passage below with a finer material resembling sawdust. Within this 
enclosure, which is about half an inch in length, the larva changes to a 
chrysalis and reposes until the fully formed beetle is ready to emerge ; 
then gradually drawing away the obstacles to its egress, it finds its way to 
the end of the passage, and gnawing a small round hole through the 
bark, effects its escape. 


The beetle is black with the edges of the wing covers and the thorax: 


pale chestnut brown. On each wing cover there is a rather large white 
spot beyond the middle, and two smaller anterior spots, which are some- 
times ash-gray and sometimes yellowish. The antennz, which are shorter 
than the body, are pale brown thickly clothed with short ash-gray hairs. 
The under side is black and sparsely covered with short gray hairs. 

Dr. Fitch describes two parasites which he found attacking this pest 
in the larval state, one a small ichneumon fly, the other that of a small 
two-winged fly. Hence, secluded as it seems to be within the centre of the 
currant stem, it is unable to escape the acute instincts of its enemies, who 
searching it out, feed on its body and cause its death. 

As these worms remain in the dead stalks throughout the winter, their 
destruction is easily compassed by breaking off all the dead wood to the 
surface of the ground and burning it. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (ih 


Mist OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN -IN THE 
VICINITY OF PORTLAND, MAINE. 


BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL, P. Q. 


From 1868 till 1876 I spent from six to eight weeks of the summer 
on Cape Elizabeth, near Portland, Me., the visits extending from July 
14th or 16th to Sept. 5th or 8th, and the following list of Diurnal Lepi- 
doptera is compiled from my diaries : 

1. Papilio asterias F. Formerly somewhat common, latterly very 
scarce ;* July and August. 

2. Papilio turnus L. One specimen of the larva’ was found nearly 
full grown on Aug. 3, 1873. 

3. Pieris oleracea Bd. Very scarce ; July and August. 

4. Pieris rape L. Generally very common all summer ; quite scarce 
in 1874. 

Var. nov. anglize Scud. Scarce ; none taken till 1875. 

5. Colias philodice Godt. Very common all summer ; white females 
not common. 

6. Danais archippus F. Generally common, latterly rather scarce ; 
August to September. 

7. Argynnis idalia Cram. Some years scarce, sometimes somewhat 
plentiful ; middle of July to beginning of September. 

8. Argynnis cybele F. Somewhat common ; July and August. 


oe 


9. aphrodite F. Common; July and August. 
MOns et: atlantis Edw. Rather common ; July to middle of Aug. 
Be Tetah ide, myrina Cram. Very common; one brood in July and 


another towards the end of August and first of September. 

12, Argynnis bellona F. Common ; occurs at the same times as the 
last species. 

13. Phyciodes Harrisii Scud. Not uncommon ; July. 

14. a nycteis Doub. Rare; July. 

De. i tharos Drury. Very common ; July. 

16. Grapta interrogationis F. Rare; August to September ; the three 
specimens which I saw belonged to the var. umbrosa Lint. 

17. Grapta comma, var. Harrisii R. Rare; one specimen: taken gth 
September, 1876. 

18. Grapta faunus Edw. Rare ; latter half of August, 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


19. Grapta progne Cram. Common; July and first half of August 
and sometimes early in September. 

20. Vanessa antiopa L. Common; July and August. 

20, “— Milberti Godt. Very scarce, though formerly more com- 
mon; August. 

22. Vanessa J-album Bd. Not common ; from towards end of August 
into September. 

23. Pyrameis atalanta L. Generally scarce, being preyed upon by 
four or five distinct species of parasites ; August. 

24. Pyrameis huntera Drury. Not common ; August and September. 

25: cardui L. Formerly common, latterly very scarce ; Aug- 
ust and September. . 

26. Junonia lavinia Cram. Very rare ; one specimen, the only one 
seen, taken August r1, 1876. 

27. Limenitis proserpina Edw. Occasional, July ; sometimes there is 
a second brood towards the end of Augnst and beginning of September, 
as in 1874. 

28. Limenitis arthemis Drury. Not abundant; July and beginning 
of August. 

29. Limenitis disippus Godt. Common ; end of July to September. 

30. Neonympha eurytris F. .Two worn specimens taken July 17, ’73. 


oi. canthus L. Somewhat abundant; July. 
32. Satyrus alope F... Common ; August. 
cc T, 


nephele? Kirby. Not so common as last; August. I 
have taken almost every variety between these two forms. 

34. Thecla humuli Harris.®. Very rare; July. 

35. ‘  mopsus Htibn. Not common; July and August. 

36. Chrysophanus epixanthe.Bd.-Lec. Generally very rare, obtain- 
able some seasons, as in 1869 and 1875; latter part of July and first half 
of August. 

37. Chrysophanus Americana D’Urban. Very common; August. 

38. Lycana neglecta Edwards. Kare; July and August. 

39. “ comyntas Godt. Very rare ; July. 

4o. Pamphila zabulon Bd.-Lec. This species may be common earlier 
in the season than July 15th; I took a rubbed Pocahontas var ? Scud. 
on July 17, 1873. 

41. Pamphila leonardus Harr. Common ; end of August and during 
September, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 


42. Pamphila peckius Kirby. Common; from middle of July to end 
of August. 

43. Pamphila cernes Bd.-Lec. (ahaton Harr.) Common ; July. 

44. fe manataaqua Scud. (cernes Harr.) Rare ; one specimen 
taken July 2oth, 1874. 

45. Pamphila metacomet Harr. Common; from middle of July to 
end of August. 

46. Eudamus pylades Scud. Somewhat common ; July. 


These are all the species which I have taken during my visits to this 
locality, but others doubtless occur there, especially in the spring and 
early summer, and there are undoubtedly early broods of some of the 
above species. I have, with very few exceptions, followed the classifica- 
tion and nomenclature of Mr. Edwards’ recent Catalogue. I have given 
both the names a/ofe and nephele, though I nave doubted their distinctness. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
GRAPTA PROGNE, CRAMER. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG.—Conical, the base rounded; marked by 8 or g vertical ribs, 


. which near the base are depressed, but on upper third are considerably 


elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly around 
a small depression at summit ; these ribs are compressed and their sides 
are cut by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg ; the spaces 
between them crossed by many fine strize ; color green. Duration of this 
stage 5 days. 

YOUNG LARVA —Length .08 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, the 
segments well rounded ;’on 2 a black dorsal band on which are several 
small tubercles, with long hairs ; on the middle of each segment after 2 
a transverse row of small black tubercles, three on either side of body, 


each with long black hair, those on the anterior segments bent forward, on 


the posterior ones bent back ; color at first dull green, the last segments 
with a brown tint; but as the stage progresses the color becomes dull 


iO Til—E CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


white and brown, 5, 7 and 9 being brown, the rest white ; feet and pro-legs 
green ; head ovoid, black-brown, shining, with some short black hairs. 
Duration of this stage 4 days. 

After 1st Moult.—-Length .16 inch ; color greenish-brown ; there now 
appear seven rows of large branching spines, one dorsal and three lateral, 
besides an additional row of minute similar ones over the legs and feet, as 
with all Grapta larvee, and these spines are found at every stage to 
maturity ; the dorsal row begins on segment 5 and ends on 12; the first 
lateral row begins on 3 and ends on 12 ; the second lateral row begins on 
3, but is omitted on 4, and ends on 13; there is, however, on 4 a spine 
between second and third laterals ; the third lateral row begins on 5 and 
ends on 12; these spines are all long, irregularly tapering, shining black, 
and the tips of both spines and branches end in a black hair or bristle ; 
all rise from light yellow tubercles and are yellow about half way up ; on 
12 and 13 they are almost wholly yellow ; on the posterior end of 12 isa 
row of four small © ines, and on 13 two small ones between the large 
laterals, and others, also small, behind; on 2 is a collar of small spines 
arranged two on either side the dorsal line, and behind and between these 
one other ; also two lower down the side ; head obovoid, bilobed, brown- 
black, shining, with black hairs ; on each vertex a compound black spined 
process. To next moult 3 days. 


After 2nd Moult.—Length .24 inch ; same shape and spines generally 
the same, but longer, as are also their branches ; many of the latter end 
in white hairs ; the first laterals on the even segments 4, 6, etc., to 12, have 
the.lower half the spines and the tubercles yellow, the odd segments have 
them dull yellow ; for twelve hours after the moult the color of body was 
largely yellow, but changed then to brown, with whitish cross lines ; head 
as before, the spines on vertices longer; on the face many simple conical 
spines, white or yellowish, with concolored hairs. Duration of this stage 
3 days. 

After 3rd Moult.—Length .5 inch; color glossy black from 3 to 11, 
crossed on the posterior half of most of the segments by three white, 
sometimes gray-white, lines; the broad ridges on which the spines stand 
are marked from 5 to 11 by white or sometimes gray bars or stripes 
obliquely forward, from the dorsals forming a V to each spine ; from first 
and second laterals one bar to each spine parallel to the arm of the V on 
either side ; the spines are long and'slender, those of dorsal row longest ; 
the dorsals and first laterals on 4, 5 and 6 are honey-yellow, the former to 


4 
‘ 
: 
4 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pe 


the tips, the others are black at tip ; on 7, 9, 11 the spines of these rows 
are dull yellow, black tipped ; on 8, ro, 12, 13 are ali dull yellow; the: 
second and third laterals are black on dull yellow tubercles ; on 2a collar 
of small yellow spines from similar tubercles ; feet black, pro-legs greenish- 
yellow ; head subcordate, flattened frontally, each vertex rather high and 
bearing a stout black compound spine or spinous process ; the face and 
sides covered with small, simple, conical spines of irregular lengths, black, 
light yellow and reddish-yellow, each with a hair ; the sides of head anda 
triangle in front black, rest honey-yellow. As the body lengthened in this 
stage the black and white bands became more nearly equal in width, and 
the tubercles and lower parts of spines became of a more uniform honey- 
yellow. To next moult 3 days. : 

After 4th and last Moult.—Length .8 inch, at maturity 1 to 1.2 inch; 
color buff, the cross stripes on posterior parts of segments black and pale 
buff; in front of each dorsal spine is a V-shaped reddish bar, which 
passes round the spine (or the spine is within the angle), and there is an 
oblique bar of same color in front of each of the irst laterals, and from 
its base, directed forward and downward ; the second laterals stand on a 
straight or slightly arched bar of same color; the spines on 3, 4 and 5 
larger than elsewhere ; the dorsals white, yellow at bottom (all yellow 
spoken of is reddish or honey-yellow), and from yellow tubercles; the 
first laterals white from 5 to 11, but on 3, 4 and t2 are black, with buff 
branches ; the second laterals are all black, yellow at base and stand on 
yellow tubercles ; the lower laterals all white, on yellow tubercles ; the 
collar of spines on 2 is yellow; spiracles black in yellow ovals; feet 
black, pro-legs yellow and brown ; head sub-cordate ; on each'vertex a 
large compound spinous process, the main stem black, the branches 
partly black, partly yellow ; the face and sides thickly covered with simple 
conical spines of irregular sizes, buff or yellow, the sides and frontal tri- 
angle black, rest yellow. The larva suspended 5 days after 4th moult afd 
in less than 12 hours (zoth May) pupated. 


CHRYSALIS.—Length .7 inch, greatest breadth .24 inch ; slender, 
cylindrical ; the head case high, compressed transversely ; at each vertex 


a short stout conical projection, the space between being rounded ; 
mesonotum prominent, followed by a deep rounded excavation; the 
carina rather slight, rounded, somewhat angular on posterior side; the 
wing cases a little flaring at base, depressed laterally, the margins rounding 
abruptly to the body ; on the abdomen several rows of tubercles, mostly 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 


small, but those corresponding to the first lateral larval spines are large 
on the anterior segments and gilded ; colors dull green, brown and pink 
ish white ; the head case and mesonotum green, and on wing cases a 
broad band of same hue ; on the side of abdomen from wing case to tail 
a darker green stripe ; remainder of wing cases pink tinted, and all the 
anterior parts are more or less mottled with pink-brown ; on dorsal side 
of abdomen a pink stripe and on the sides some oblique pink lines. The 
butterfly emerged after 8 days. 

There is much variation in both larva and chrysalis. The foregoing 
description is drawn from examples obtained from eggs sent me by Mr. 
C. H. Roberts, at Factory Point, Vermont, in May, 1878. There were 
nine eggs, and besides the larvze from these, Mr. Roberts sent two others 
half grown. All these larvee were much alike, and they differed so much 
from other Progve larve which | found at Hunter, in Catskills, in July, 
1877, that I did not believe they could be of the same species. In fact, I 
thought I was feeding the larvae of Gracilis, a species allied to Progne and 
Zephyrus, and whose preparatory stages must be closely like those species. 
These Catskill larvee were found on a currant bush near the house at 
which I was residing. ‘They were four in number, all past last moult and 
alike ; the general color was buff, marked with black ; the anterior half of 
segments 3, 4, 5 was of a more sordid buff; on 6 began to appear imper- 
fect black bands, which on the middle segments were complete and con- 
spicuous, but on the posterior ones were somewhat indistinct as well as 
broken (these were the V-shaped and oblique bands before spoken of) ; 
also on the anterior edge of each of these segments, fronting the dorsal 
spine, was a small black patch ; on the posterior part of segments 3 to 12 
were narrow transverse stripes, 8 in number, the rst, 3rd, 5th and 7th of 
which were black, the 2nd and 8th yellow-buff, the 4th and 6th gray-buff ; 
of these the yellow were most conspicuous ; on the sides of 6 to 12 wasa 
large fulvous patch on each which crossed the bases of 2nd and 3rd 
laterals, and between these two rows was a black band on which were the 
spiracles ; in line with third laterals was a narrow buff ridge, buff except 
where it crossed the fulvous patches ; and a black. band ran along base 
of body, covering the upper part of the pro-legs ; the dorsal spines were 
whitish, in part pink at base ; the first laterals were black and white, 3, 4, 
5 and 7 being black with some white branches, the others white with 
black tips ; the second laterals were all black, and the third were either 
white or black with white tips ; the face was black and red, along the cleft 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 


buff. The larve measured 12 inch. ‘The chrysalids were .8 inch long ; 
the color generally a dull green mixed with pink and white, no where 
decided ; the wing cases yellow-brown with a faint green tint in parts. To 
imago g days. 

In 1879 I received two half grown larve of Progve from Prof. C. H. 
Fernald, at Orono, Maine, and in some respects these differed from all the 
others I had before seen. After third moult, the general color of body 
was as in the Vermont larve, that is, black, banded with whitish lines on 
posterior parts of the segments ; but the dorsals and first laterals were all 
pale fulvous, all tips being black ; the second laterals were reddish on 
anterior segments, gradually running into black on the posterior ones, but 
the branches always fulvous, the lower laterals sometimes black on upper 
part ; and every spine on the body rose from a fulvous tubercle. 

At the last stage these larvee were red-buff on segments 3 to 5, and on 
12, 13; all dorsals were pale fulvous ; the first laterals on 3, 12, 13 black 
with fulvous branches ; all others of this row, and all of third lateral row 
pale fulvous like dorsals ; the second laterals black on 3 and on 11 to 
13, the rest pale fulvous ; and all tubercles fulvous.. One larva died, the 
other reached chrysalis, and resembled the Vermont chrysalids. 

By this it appears that_there is wide variation in the last two larval 
stages both in color, markings and the appearance of the spines ; so is 
there in the chrysalis. I had no opportunity of comparing the earlier 
stages. The Catskill larvee had an excess of black at maturity, with large 
fulvous patches on the sides, contrary to what was seen in any other 
larve. ‘These larvae were of the second brood, whereas all the others 
observed were of the first, and this may account for the great difference. 


Mr. Roberts found the eggs laid on wild gooseberry and Prof. Fernald 
took the larvae he sent me from same plant. I found that they eat culti- 
vated gooseberry and currant readily. They do not fold down a leaf to 
protect themselves as do the larvae of species of the Comma sub-group, 
(viz., Satyrus and Comma ; also as does Znterrogationis) under which these 
larvae conceal themselves and on the edges of which they feed until the 
leaf is too far consumed to afford a shelter, when they migrate to another 
and bend it in the same way. But Pvege larvae lie exposed on the stems 
or on the under side of the partly eaten leaf. In the later stages they 
have a very odd habit of holding themselves when at rest. The anterior 
segments arched and turned round at a right angle to the rest of the 
body, the middle segments bent in, and the last three segments often 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


thrown high in air, as in certain species of heterocerous larva. The larva 
then rests wholly on the abdominal legs. I have seen nothing like this 
in any other Grapta larva. 

The species is not found in the district in which I now live, but it is 
abundant in parts of New York and New England. In the Catskills it is 
double brooded, the first brood of butterflies appearing in early summer, 
the last in August, and these hybernate. 


NOTES ON THE LARVA OF AGROTIS LUBRICANS. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Several times during the last of August and the fore part of September, 
while working in my garden, [ found a caterpillar that without the use of 
the lens was green with a white stripe on each side. A more minute 
description would be as follows : 


Length when full grown, 1.25 inches, the shape of the body very much 
like that of A. sauwcza. Color grass green, marked with white and black 
as follows: A broad sub-stigmatal line of creamy white that is edged a 
little above, towards the head, with black ; and below, in the middle of 
each segment, by a little clouding of the same. On some there is a very 
faint subdorsal line of greenish white, edged below with black, but on 
most only the fine black line is perceptible. Dorsal line very narrow, 
greenish white. — Piliferous spots very small, faintly black, from each of 


which arises a short hair. Stigmata edged with black. 


By a casual examination this is a grass green caterpillar with a white 
stripe on each side, all the other marks being so faint as to be seen only 
upon closer inspection. The larva reared ceased feeding Sept. 6, and 
went below the dirt in its box to transform, producing the imago Oct. 8. 


Besides the one reared, I took several specimens of the moth here in 
July, and from this I judge the species to be at least two brooded, possibly 
three, but that would depend upon the condition in which*it hybernates. 


ne! seni 8 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195} 


CRAM BID «A. 
BY A. R. GROTE, 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Scvences. 


CHILO CRAMBIDOIDES, N. Ss, 


A large stout species with the aspect of Crambus. Fore wings pale 
ochre with two parallel curved, dusky, interrupted extra mesial lines ; a 
row of terminal black separated dots ; fringes concolorous. Hind wings 
pure white, with white fringes. Head and thorax pale ochre. Beneath 
very pale ; the veins conspicuous. Abdomen whitish ; second and third 


’ basal segments ochre shaded above. I do not detect ocelli. Expanse 38 


mil. Hab. Kansas, Prof. Snow. Prof. Zeller writes me that this form 
may be finally referred to Gueneé’s genus “ Borer” (?) of which I know 
neither type nor description. 


SCHOENOBIUS MACRINELLUS Zell., St. Ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 152, Taf. I, 
fig. 12. 

This species is described from Venezuela. Mr. Schwarz has collected 
a specimen at Enterprise, Florida, May 12, which must be the same 
species. _ It only differs from Zeller’s figure and description by the want 
of the terminal points on the wings and the fact that the fringes on pri- 
maries are whitish gray. It is new to our fauna. In this same paper of 
Prof. Zeller’s is a description of the North American Crambus topiarius, 
which I mention further on and which Prof. Zeller regards as the North 
American representative of the European hortuellus. 


CRAMBUS INTERRUPTUS Grote, CAN. ENT., ix., 101. 


I have sent a series of specimens to Prof. Zeller and he informs me 
that he can find no constant character to separate this species from the 
European myel/us, unknown to me, and not previously registered from 
this country. There seem to be slight differences .in the tone of the 
secondaries, and at first Prof. Zeller thought that there might be in the 
position of the vitta, but later examples seem to have corrected this latter 
supposition, judging from Prof. Zeller’s letters. AZyel/us is obtained in 
Europe with the beating net from trees ; concheddus Tr. is found flying on 
the treeless alpine meadows. It will be interesting to know the habits of 
interruptus. 1 was in error in comparing this species with the European 
conchellus. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CRAMBUS DISSECTUS, N. S. 

The markings show a resemblance to sa/tuel/us, but the species is 
nearer in some respects to 7vferruptus. Color a deep brown. <A white 
shaded stripe along internal margin. A median white stripe ending at 
extremity of cell, and toothed on its lower edge near the end. A white 
patch beyond the cell between the tip of the median stripe and the 
exterior line. A white shade patch above this on costa. ‘The line is 
ochre brown, shaped as usual, rather sharply angulated, followed by a faint 
white shade line. ‘Terminal space with a white patch below apices and a 
narrow white stripe following the margin from the angulation of the 
exterior line and enclosing a series of black dots, fragments of the terminal 
black line, which is even on the infra-apical white patch. The terminal 


markings resemble d¢dens, but the lower white stripe is narrower and even 


throughout. The white is not so silvery. Disc of thorax and head above 
white. Tegulae brown. Hind wings smoky fuscous, with pale fringes. 
Expanse 20 mil. One specimen from New York. Distinguished by the 
white stripe on internal margin of primaries. 


Crampus LEACHELLUS Zinck. 


This species, which I believe to be Walker's hastiferellus, occurs also 
in Vancouver's Island, from whence I have three specimens, No. 5925, 
from Mr. Hy. Edwards. 


CRAMBUS OCCIDENTALIS, N. Ss. 

Three specimens from Mr. Behrens taken in Sauzalito, Cal., Oct. 8-ro, 
seem to be closely allied to Zeache//us, but to indicate a different species. 
The median white stripe is well removed from costa and narrower, the 
lower tooth very distinct. Along the lower edge of the stripe is a black 
marginal shade at base; and beyond the tooth there are three or four 
short and thick oblique black dashes to the tip of the stripe and standing 
out from it. The hind wings are pale fuscous, darker than in Leachel/us. 
The terminal markings of fore wings are similar. ‘The general color is a 
deeper brown. It may be only a local modification of Zeachellus, but it 
is easily distinguished. 


CRAMBUS EXESUS, DN. S$. - 
Color of Zeachel/us but with the white stripe extending through to 
external margin, where it is bent upwards to near the tip of the wing and 
colors the fringes white. A terminal series of white, black-centered dots 


—— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. SBT. 


visible below the median stripe. Costal edge narrowly whitish. Hind 
wings white with white fringes. Thorax brown. Zxfanse 25 mil. Hab. 
New York. I sent a specimen to Prof. Zeller, who knew the species, but 
had no name for it and placed it between /atistrius and haltercllus. The 
median stripe. is evenly margined, without tooth, and the brown of the 
wing takes a deeper tone along its edges and appears as a deeper 
streak at apices. 


CRAMBUS VULGIVAGELLUS Clem., Pr. Acad. N.S. Phil., 203, 1860. 


Four specimmens from Vancouver's Island (Hy. Edwards’ coll., No. 
40644) are a little smaller than Eastern examples, but should, I think, be 
referred here, as I see no other differences. 


CRAMBUS GOODELLIANUS, N. Ss. 

Pale ochre yellow, head and thorax whitish ; fore wings dusted longi- 
tudinally with fuscous. An orange line crosses the wing at beyond the 
middle, twice feebly dentate, on the cell and again on vein 2. The usual 
transverse outer line is orange and bent as usual opposite the cell. Ter- 
minal space narrowly orange inferiorly. A terminal series of minute black 
points. Fringes metallic. Hind wings very pale, whitish with ochrey 
tinge; fringe white. xpanse 20 to 25 mil. Hab. Amherst, Mass., L. 
W. Goodell; Penn. Larger than fofearzus and differing by the median 
ochre yellow line. z 


CRAMBUS TOPIARIUS Zeller. 


A specimen is sent me from Mr. Hy. Edwards from Sierra Nevada, 
Cal. It is smaller than Eastern specimens ; the hind wings quite dark ; 
else it does not differ. 


CRAMBUS OREGONICUS, DN. S. 


In color resembling e/egavs,; larger, with more pointed primaries and 
oblique outer margin. Light brown. A longitudinal diffuse white stripe 
runs from base below median nervure and extends over the nervules. A 
deep brown acutely dentate mesial line, of which sometimes but a brown 
dash on submedian space and another at extremity of disc is visible. The 
outer mesial line is brown, lined with white. Fringes brownish with a fine 
white basal line. Hind wings pale fuscous with narrow terminal line and 
white fringes. Lxpfanse 17 mil. //ab. Oregon; two specimens, Coll. Mr. 
Hy. Edwards, No. 5923. 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CRAMBUS ANCEPS, N. S. 

ft 9. Belongs to the group of fuscous species with the primaries 
crossed by two angulated dark lines. Narrow-winged ; deep brownish 
fuscous ; outer line followed by a faint narrow pale shading; inner line 
fused with a dark outer discal spot ; lines irregular and rather broad, 
angulated on cell. Hind wings fuscous with fuscous fringes and traces 
of an extra mesial shade line. Head and thorax dark fuscous ; legs 
paler ; wings fuscous beneath. xpavse 18 mil. Sauzalito, Cal., Berens, 
Oct. 6, two specimens. 


CRAMBUS LACINIELLUS, N. 5. 
? 2. This species, of which I have examined large material, princi- 
pally collected by Mr. Fish in Maine, is allied to fuscecostellus. It is 
larger, without the median gray shade, but shades gradually from the 
ochrey fuscous costal region to the paler and grayish internal region of the 
primaries. There is a very narrow bright line between two black hair- 
lines at the base of the fringe. The wing is crossed by two broken rusty 
lines, the inner more oblique, both more or less faint and incomplete. 
The hind wings are very pale fuscous, paler than in fwscicostellus. Prof. 
Zeller has drawn my attention to the existence of allied species to /usce- 
costellus, but not until recently could I satisfy myself as to what the latter 
species was. According to the description ‘ spatio inter costam et venam 
medianum distincte canescente ” and Prof. Zeller’s recent determination 
of a specimen sent him under the letter “ d,” I now recognize his species 
from Texas and N. Y. It is smaller and deeper colored than /aciniellus, 
the gray median striped shade extends over the middle of the wing, diffusely 
continued in some specimens to external margin. The outer of the two 
lines is broken into dots and the lines are narrower and deeper colored. 
The fringes are darker, shining fuscous, and I cannot see the double hair- 
lines of Zaciniellus. The latter expands 26 to 29 mil. Mount Desert 
(Grote) ; Orono (Fish). Ihave sent this species to Zeller under the Nos. 
2 and 30. 


CRAMBUS ATTENUATUS, 0. S. 

Fore wings narrow, dusty ochrey fuscous with an ill-defined median 
gray or whitish stripe extending outwardly diffusedly along the veins to 
external margin. ‘This stripe is crossed at the middle of the wing by an 
oblique brown line, not always legible, the fragment of a mesial line. 
Exterior line very near the’margin, only visible in a double, outwardly 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 


obiique line before the apices. Hind wings fuscous with whitish fringes. 
Expanse 24 mil. Hab. «Vancouver Island, Coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 
5927. This species is narrower winged than /wscecosted/us and paler, more 
ochrey colored. ‘ 


CRAMBUS (PROPEXUS) EDONIS, N. S. 

# 2. Male antennze lengthily pectinate. Labial palpi excessively 
long. Front flat, not acuminate and produced as in velgtvagellus. On 
* these characters I found the new group, including in it pevellus, pectinifer, 
edonts and an unnamed Texan form, perhaps the same as the latter. The 
new species is allied to fevel/us ; male antennze bipectinate ; fore wings 
pale salmon red, without markings, dusted on the interspaces longi- 
tudinally, and especially terminally with fuscous. Palpi dark externally. 
Beneath dark fuscous ; costa of primaries reddish over basal two-thirds. 
Legs fuscous. Hind wings fuscous with paler fringes. Fringes on pri- 
maries fuscous. Thorax fuscous ; tegule and head reddish. Zxpanse 36 
mil. Had. Kansas, Prof. Snow. One fresh specimen, No. 288; one 
male, two females from Mr. Ashton. The females are plainer and more 
faintly colored, the antennze are simple, the hind wings paler. 

I have received from Texas a form which has paler hind wings in the © 
male and has not the reddish tinge of edonzs. Entirely pale dusty ochre. 
Male antennz bipectinate. Wings apparently narrower than in edonzs, but 
as long, longer than in ferel/us. Fore wings ochrey with faint fuscous 
shades and traces of brighter longitudinal tintings. No markings. Hind 
wings whitish at base, becoming dusty ochrey outwardly. Lxpfanse f 
33, 2 38 mil. Hab. Texas (Belfrage, No. 454; Belfrage’s number for 
pexellus is 455). ‘Three specimens examined. ‘This form may fall in with 
edonis on the discovery of fresher specimens, but it is not unlikely distinct. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


I have again to record the scarcity of butterflies during the past year, 
not only in the vicinity of St. John, but in other parts of this Province and 
in Nova Scotia. This scarcity is particularly noticeable in some of our 
more common species, which a few years ago were so numerous. I did 
net observe a single specimen of P. cardui or P. huntera last summer, 
although the larvae were so abundant in 1878. Pvreris rape and Colias 
philodice are fast disappearing from this locality. Botanists who have 
visited distant parts of N. B. during the past summer, in their collecting 


20) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tours, inform me that they have seen very few butterflies of any species. 
Intelligent—non-scientific— observers in Nova Scotia furnish me with like 
information. Moths have also been exceedingly scarce. Indeed, this 
scarcity is observable in all kinds of insects, with the exception of a few 
species of Dragon-flies, which have been unusually abundant near St. John. 
CAROLINE E. HeEustis, St. John, N. B. 


On July r8th three examples of Sfzlosoma virginica Fabr. emerged 
from their cocoons. ‘The larve were fed on sorrel. One of the moths 
(a female) has a very curious process on each side of the thorax in front, 
near the costa of the fore wings at the base. ‘They are globular in form ; 
of a pale yellowish color, but with a vitreous lustre, and look like another 
pair of eyes that protrude from the head somewhat, except in color. Their 
diameter would measure, I should think, about one-half line. On touch- 
ing the organs with an instrument I found them quite hard, and apparently 
of a permanent nature. _ I have raised several others this season of both 
sexes, but in none of them was there any trace of these processes, as far 
as I could see. JI have never seen upon any insect, nor have I ever seen 
described any organs that correspond at all with these. If any one would 
like to examine this specimen, I will forward it to them for that purpose. 

Aug. 1st I accidentally made a discovery that thereafter facilitated the 
capture of many species of moths, and thinking that it might be new to 
other collectors, I give it for their benefit. As I was returning home from 
my baited trees I beat a few bushes for moths as usual, when on beating 
a particular clump of scrub oaks a large number of moths flew out. many 
of them quite large Noctuids. I saw that there must be an unusual 
attraction there, but what it was I did not then find out. Many of the 
moths returned to the bushes again soon after being routed. At the time 
of discovery there must have been several hundreds in the clump, for I 
captured about a hundred in from fifteen to twenty minutes. I afterwards 
obtained a large number of moths there, and found that the greatest 
attraction seemed to be a sort of gummy juice (probably saccharine) that 
existed in the new buds that were nearly matured for another season’s 
growth, although they were also found more or less plentifully on the 
youngest stems and leaves. Although other clumps of scrub oaks were 
afterwards examined, I found very few in other localities. I obtained 
from this clump of oaks many species that I had never taken before, and 
that I found no where else. J. ELwyn Bares, So. Abington, Mass. 


Che Canadvan Entomolonist. 


VOL. XIE. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1880. None 


ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


1. NEPHELE.—Kirby, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1837, described this species 
as follows : ‘‘ Wings brown; primaries both above and below with a paler 
submarginal broad band including two eyelets; the upper ones surrounded 
by a paler atmosphere, with a black iris and white pupil; on the under 
side the atmosphere of the eyelets is most distinct and forms a kind of 
glory round them,” etc. Nothing is said of the sex, but apparently this is 
the description of a female. The wings of the male are blackish-brown, 
usually of uniform shade throughout—that is, in the typical male, corre- 
sponding to the female of Kirby. But there is a frequent departure from 
this type in the direction of Alope, the “ pale atmosphere ” about the 
ocelli appearing in the male, and in both sexes gradually widening and 
becoming less obscure till it culminates in a clear yellow band. When 
this is reached we have A/ope, Fabr. So that Vephele intergrades com- 
pletely with A/ofe. But this is not everywhere and always. ‘The 
metropolis of the typical epfe/e is in Canada and northern New England, 
that of A/ope in the States south of New York. ‘There is a line running 
about with the southern boundary of New York, or it may be, in Pennsyl- 
vania, below which AZofe holds sole possession, and no tendency is 
discoverable towards Vep/ele. In the extreme northern area, if there is 
any departure from typical Veffele, it is the exce] tion, not the rule. 


Mr. Scudder, in his essay on The Distribution of Insects in New 
Hampshire, 1874, says of Alvpe: ‘‘ This insect is tolerably abundant, 
sometimes very common, in the southern half of New England. The’ 
most northern localities . . . . are Norway, Me., Thornton and 
Shelburne, N. H., and Sudbury, Vt.” Thornton is just south of the 
White Mountains, and Shelburne is close by the mountains on the north- 
east. Of Wephele he says: “ It is foun dover the whole northern half of 
N. E. in great abundance. The only locality in which I have met with it 
is in Massachusetts, in the elevated region about Williamstown,” Nc. 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


This place is in the north-west corner of the State, next the Vermont line, 
and the elevated region spoken of is a continuation of the Green Moun- 
tains. So it appears that Vephele comes down to the Massachusetts line 
and A/ofe flies as far as the White Mountains. In the intervening dis- 
trict the intergrades fly just as in New York. 

I made application to Canadian lepidopterists for information about 
the occurrence of A/ope, and soon ascertained by examples sent me that 
Nephele with a pale atmosphere, but not at all indicative of a band, passed 
by the name of Afope. Thereupon I sent a typical Aloge to Mr. William 
Murray, of Hamilton, who kindly offered to make inquiry of his acquaint- 
ances in different sections of Ontario. He replies, 31st Dec., 1879: “I 
now send you my information. Of all my correspondents not one has 
ever seen an A/ofe that has been taken in Canada, but Aephele has been 
taken by all. I begin to think that A/ofe is not to be found in Canada 
at any point.” 

Mr. H. H. Lyman writes from Montreal: ‘In July, 1876, I spent a 
couple of days at a farm near Freligsburg, P. Q., one mile north of the 
Vermont border, and found Wef/e/e very common. Most of the speci- 
mens taken showed a yellow ring about the eye-spots on primaries, but one 
of them shows on upper side a somewhat faint, but quite discernible, 
patch corresponding to the yellow band of A/ofe. Was at same place in 
1877. Alofe was not seen either year.” Mr. Caulfield writes Mr, Lyman : 
“ T have never taken a specimen of JVephe/e showing any tendency towards 
Alope, nor have I seen any Canadian examples showing it.” Mr. Lyman 
adds that at Portland, Maine, where he collected several summers, 4/ofe 
was common as well as Wephe/e and all intergrades. 

(To the west of New York, in the latitude of the belt spoken of, it is 
believed that the two forms fly together at least as far as Wisconsin. 
Prof. A. J. Cook writes that both are common in Michigan, south of the 
latitude of Grand Rapids At Toledo, Mr. John Wilson writes that /Ve- 
phele is rare, and A/ofe unknown, so far as appears. At Cleveland, O., 
Dr. J. F. Isom informs me that A/ofe is very rare, but that Mephele is 
abundant in some seasons. In south-west Ohio, Dr. H. K. Landis, of 
Columbus, writes that he cannot learn that either form has ever been 
taken. They are not mentioned in Mr. Dury’s list of butterflies found 
about Cincinnati. But in northern Illinois Vephele is abundant and 
Alopfe not found at all. So that somewhere between New York and IIl- 
nois, in Ohio and Indiana, A/ope seems to disappear, while Vephele be- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 


comes the sole form; but whether the separation is abrupt or gradual is 
not ascertained. As the information which I have been able to gather is 
so meagre as regards the States west of New York, I shall confine my 
remarks to that State and New England.*) 


We have therefore in these separated districts two apparently good 


“species, answering to any definition of that name. But between, there 


is a belt of latitude passing through New York and southern New Eng- 
land, where in one section or other both types are found and the whole 
series of intergrades. In this belt A/ope and Wephele are found to be 
dimorphic forms of one and the same species. I formerly was of the 
opinion that they were distinct species, though in some districts there 
were intergrades. I thought these approaches of one to the other did 
not bridge the whole space between. In a paper printed in Proc. Ent. 
Sec. Phil., 1866, I gave my reasons therefor. But some observations 
made in fuly, 1876, at Martha’s Vineyard, led me to suspect a closer 
relationship between the two species or forms. In the open country back 
of Oak Bluffs, I found these butterflies fresh from chrysalis, and in con- 
siderable numbers. They were all very black, diminutive, and there was 
every grade from what I had been in the habit of calling (Vephele to un- 
questionable A/ofe, with a broad clear-colored band. ‘The band was not 
yellow, however, as in the typical A/ope, but reddish-yellow like that of 
Pegala, which Fabricius called rufa in distinction from //ava, applied to 
Alope. Mr. Scudder took the same small reddish-banded form on Nan- 
tucket, which island is about 30 miles from the mainland, Martha’s Vine- 
yard being about 7. Icall this variety AZaritzma, but whether it is 
restricted to the islands, or appears on the adjacent coast, I am not yet 
advised. Mr. Mead obtained for me a large number of eggs of this’ 
butterfly, while at the Bluffs shortly after my departure. They were laid 
by the broad-banded females in confinement and mailed to Coalburgh. 
There the larva hatched out, and these as well as the eggs were found to 
be precisely like the same stages of Wephele from Catskills. But none of 
the larvee survived the winter. 


*T shall be greatly obliged to any readers of this who will give me information as 
to the occurrence of Wephele or Alope west of New York. Two plates of Part IX But- 
terflies of North America will be devoted to the illustration of these forms and varieties, 
and intergrades, and I desire to make the history of the species as complete as possible 
in the text. 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In the belt spoken of, Wefhele rather keeps to the highlands. It is 
the prevailing form in the Catskills, if with it are classed the intergrades, 
but full-banded A/ofe may be taken in small numbers every season. Along 
the Hudson River, 4/ofe is the common form, but I have received inter- 
grades very near to Vefhele from Mr. Hulst, taken at Hoboken, N. J.; and 
a black Wephele * from Mr. H. Laitloff, which he writes me was taken 
some five years since near Greenville, Jersey City. It was so unusual a 
form that Mr. Laitloff sent it to me for name. At Coalburgh, W. Va., 
Nephele is never seen, but A/ope is the only form ; and so on southward. 

2.—Alope was described by Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 1793, as. fuscous 
(fusca) with a yellow (fava) band ; with two ocelli on fore wings; on 
hind wing one ocellus above, six below. The band is very broad in the 
female, usually narrower in the male, pale yellow in both sexes. The 
ocelli resemble those of Mep/e/e and vary in same manner. Usually they 
are round, but sometimes oval ; are either small or large, orten equal, but 
sometimes the upper is larger, at others the lower. Now and then a third 
pupilled ocellus appears, and individuals have been taken with but one 
ocellus (the upper). It is not very unusual to find examples in which a 
black point, or what may be considered as a rudimentary ocellus, presents 
itself. On the upper side of hind wing is often a small but complete 
ocellus near inner angle, but in many cases it is partly or wholly wanting ; 
and occasionally there are one or two black spots in addition. The males 
in the majority of examples have six small ocelli on the under side of the 
hind wings ; the females rarely have six, and often none at all. At the 
north, A/ofe is blackish-brown, more brown in the female; but to the 
southward brown prevails in both sexes ; and it is of a lighter shade, while 
the under side has a tint of yellow more or less decided over whole sur- 
face, often mixed with gray. The band is of yellow, or with a slight 
ochrey tint. This is a description of the extreme southern type, and to 
distinguish I call it var. Zevana. All examples from Texas which I have 
seen have a complete anal ocellus, and six ocelli beneath, of pretty large 
size—larger than in northern A/ofe—in distinct ochrey rings ; the pupils 
white points with a few blue scales about them in the larger ocelli. Of 70 
Nephele $ examined, 50 have 6 ocelli, 11 have 5, 3 have 4, 3 have 3, 2 
have 1, 1 has o. : 

Of 55 Mephele 2, 6 have 6, 1 has 5, 4 have 4, 13 have 3, 7 have 2, 13 
have 1, 11 have o. 

Of 24 Alope f, 15 have 6 ocelli, 3 have 5, 4 have 1, 2 have o. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


Of 25 Alope 9, 12 have 6, 1 has 4, 4 have 2, 4 have 1, 4 have o. 


Therefore of Wephele 2, 71 per cent. have 6 ocelli, 4 per cent. have 
under 3; 1.4 per cent. have o. 


Of Nephele 9, 11 per cent. have 6, 56 per cent. have under 3, 20 per 
cent. have o. 

Of Alofe f, 62 per cent..have 6 ocelli, 25 per cent. under 3, 8 per 
cent. o. 

Of Alope 2, 24 per cent. have 6, 48 per cent. have under 3, 16 per 
cent. have o. 


3.—The dark Satyrus which inhabits Illinois and westward has gone 
by the name of Wephele, though differing somewhat from JVepfele of the 
east. I was struck by the difference between a series sent me by the late 
Mr. Walsh from Galena, years ago and when I first began collecting 
butterflies, and a series of Mephele taken in the Catskills, and I have 
always kept the two apart in my cases, considering the Illinois form as at 
least a well marked variety. Mr. Worthington has recently written me : 
“T have received a lot of ephele from New Hampshire and am surprised 
at the difference between them and the Illinois WVephele.” 


The males of this last are almost black, the ocelli are very small and 
without rings. But in some examples there is a faint russet or yellowish 
tint about the ocelli, and perhaps on the space between them. ~ On the 
under side the rings are russet or ochraceous, on both wings. ‘The females 
are almost invariably and uniformly dark, and only occasionally is there a 
paler shade over the extra discal area of fore wings. Out of a number 
of females I find but one in which there is a clouded yellow space about 
the ocelli, and only three on which there are yellow, though hazy, ocellar 
rings. Of 16 3, 14 have 6 small ocelli beneath, 1 has 5,1 has 2. Of 
19 9, 2 have 6, 2 have 5, 6 have 4, 2 have 3, 6 have 2,1 has1. This 
form prevails exclusively to the Rocky Mountains. I have received it 
from Nebraska, Montana, Colorado and New Mexico, but A/ofge is un- 
known to me from that region. 


In Can. Env., ix., 141, 1877, I gave the history of Vephe/e, bred from 
eggs laid by a typical female from the Catskill Mountains, Hunter, N. Y. 
In fall of 1878, I wrote to several correspondents for eggs, and by their 
good will obtained many. Prof. Lintner and Dr. Bailey sent eggs of A/ope 
from Albany, N. Y. Rev. Mr. Hulst, with the zeal and kindness which 
distinguishes him, crossed the rivers from Brooklyn to Hoboken, and 


26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


brought away females of A/ofe, from which he obtained eggs for me. I 
got Alope eggs here at Coalburgh from three females. A friend at Hunter 
sent eggs of Wephele, and Mr. Worthington sent many of the Illinois form 
from Chicago. In each case the parent was sent with the eggs that the 
type might be noted. From Albany, Hoboken is 150 miles south ; Coal- 
burgh 800 miles southwest ; Hunter is 35 miles southwest of Albany and 
of about 2,000 feet greater elevation. Chicago is about 800 miles north- 
west of Coalburgh and 1,000 west of Albany. So that the five localities 
are separated by considerable distances, and there has probably been no 
intercommunication at any time so far as these insects are concerned. 

The eggs of the six lots were kept apart and as the larve hatched (at 
from 14 to 28 days from deposition, depending on the temperature), they 
were placed on sods in separate pots and left in the coolest room in my 
house. But some of the Illinois eggs were sent to Mr. C. P. Whitney, at 
Milford, N. H., who offered to put them on ice. I wished to try the 
effect of cold in retarding the hatching. | Early in February I received 
the boxes again and found a number of healthy larvae, with a few unbroken 
eggs. These last proved to be dead. The eggs had been sent in a paper 
pul box which was within a flat tin box, and this was set directly on the 
ice. The young larve when I received them were fixed to the rough 
sides of their box and had not been attacked by mould, the enemy most 
to be dreaded. Mr. Whitney wrote that he was notified in December that 
the ice-house was empty, and he thereupon removed the tin box without 
opening it, and placed it in a snow bank, where it remained till I sent for 
it. The larvee may have been emerging from the eggs when he first 
received them, or perhaps did so in the interval between ice-house and 
snow. ‘This method of keeping larvee which become lethargic immedi- 
ately upon leaving the egg will probably be found successful with all species 
of butterflies which have that habit—as the large Argynnids—and make 
it possible to breed them in numbers. I have been unable to find any 
other mode of wintering such larve without a certain loss of most of 
them. 


On 23rd Jan., 1879, I transferred such of the Satyrid larvee as were 
living (and this included some of each lot) to fresh sods, and 28th Jan. 
noticed that several were feeding. One Hunter WVefe/e passed ist moult 
23rd Feb’y, and before 4th March several of the same lot had passed the 
moult. But the Illinois ephe/e and all A/oge lingered. One Coalburgh’ 
Alope and one from Hoboken passed 1st moult 7th March, by which date 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Din 


the Hunter Wep/ele spoken of was swollen for 2nd moult, which it passed 
two days later. Two Illinois Weffele passed _tst moult 8th March. To 
the end some of the Hunter /Vef/e/e were in advance of all, and some of 
the Illinois examples lingered behind all. The stages of Coalburgh A/ope 
were as follows : 


rst moult passed 7th March. 


13 Ua Fo SOS A rst to 2nd—r4 days. 
eavole ae sath Apt: 2nd to 3rd—24 * 
7 at «¢ and May. 3rd to 4th—18 ‘« 
In chrysalis 2othe = 4th to chrys. 24 “ 
Imago issued gth June. chr. toimago 14 “ 


Of Hunter Wephe/e I find no notes. but in 1877 the stages were 
Ist moult to 2nd—23 days. 
2nGe ai tousrd-—1 4" 
rey age cto. Ath gt 
4th “ tochry.—28 ‘“ 
Chrys. to imago—14 “ 


Of Illinois Wephele the stages were : 
rst moult passed 8th March. 


Bele Reuse 4 Ist to 2nd—r3 days. 
SrG ae Oul. April. and to 3rd—19 “ 
Ath: = * Hen SOG we 3rd to 4th—17_ “ 
In chrysalis 17th May. 4th tochry.—21 “ 
Imago issued 3oth “ chry. toim.—-13 “ 


The eggs of all these forms are alike, not to be distinguished from 
each other. They are conoidal, truncated at top and slightly arched ; 
marked by about 18 vertical ridges running from base to top, the spaces 
between excavated roundly, and crossed by fine strize ; the top is covered 
with shallow cells, the outer ones irregularly hexagonal, the inner long and 
narrow about a central oval cell. 


‘Nor can the larvae of these forms be distinguished from each other up 
to second moult. The young, of first stage, are very peculiar and quite 
unlike what they become after first moult, as well as unlike all other 
Satyrid larvee which I have bred. Under the microscope they look like 
the vertebree of a fish, by reason of the many rows of long hooked bristles, 
those of upper and lower rows being curved back, the middle row for- 


28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ward. General color carnation, with a medio-dorsal line, and three lines 
on each side, all of crimson. After rst moult the color is green, and the 
stripes, which are the same in number and position as the lines of first 
stage, are dark green ; the hairs short and straight. . 


After 2nd moult the color becomes yellow-green and the stripes are 
changed. ‘There is now a dark green one on middle of dorsum and a 
yellow one covering the ridge over the feet. On 24th March, 1 compared 
Hoboken A/ofe, Hunter and Illinois Wephe/e, of same age, all lately past 
second moult, and could see no difference whatever between them. Some 
Alope and Hunter Wephele were much covered with long hairs which were 
bent to the surface and gave them quite a shaggy appearance. But others 
did not show this peculiarity. 


On 18th April, | compared Coalburgh Alope and Wephele from both 
localities, all past 3rd moult ; length froma .68 to .75 inch. All were 
yellow-green and in general alike ; all had the yellow basal ridge, but in 
addition to this, the Hlinois Weffele had a distinct Iengitudinal yellow 
stripe on upper part of side, and on either edge of the green dorsal stripe 
was a fine yellow line. The Hunter Wephele showed very faint traces of 
the yellow side stripe ; the A/ofe none at all. 


Comparing another Coalburgh 4éofe and Hunter Wephele a few days 
later, both past 3rd moult, neither showed traces of these lines and I 
could see no difference between the two. 


-At 4th moult all the Hlinois Wephe/e, now .7 inch long, showed same 
peculiarities as at last stage. No other larva of the several lots presented 
the yellow lines so plainly at the same age, that is, just after the moult ; 
but there were one or more A/ofe and Hunter LVephele which gave indi- 
cations of the side line, and this came out more distinctly as the stage 
progressed. But most were without the side line. 


Comparing mature larvee : 
One Albany AZofe, length 1.25 inch, greatest breadth .16 inch ; color very ' 
yellow-green, no yellow side or dorsal stripes or lines. 
One Coalburgh A/ofe, length 1.6, gr. br. .2 inch ; color yellow-green, the 
side more green than dorsum ; a yellow side line, quite indistinct. 


Hunter Wephele. 3 examples ; length of one 1.2 inch, gr. br. .15 inch; of 


another 1.15, br. .16 inch. Two were yellow-green, of same shade ~ 


as nearly all the Coalburgh larvae. One was more decidedly 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29 


yellow, with less green; but in none was there a yellow. side 
stripe or the fine dorsal lines. 

Illinois Vephele, length 1.36, gr. br..14 inch. Color bright yellow-green, 
the dorsum more yellow than side ; on the side as broad a yel- 
low stripe as the one along basal ridge, and the green dorsal 
stripe edged by yellow. 

Summary as to larvee : 

The five lots could not be separated before 2nd moult. After that, 
through the stages to maturity, the A/ofe from different localities and the 
Hunter Vephele varied somewhat in the shade of green, being more or 
less yellow ; in some yellow prevailing on dorsum, green on sides; all 
had the yellow band on basal ridge, either pale or deep colored. If the 


yellow side line was present, as in some examples it was, it was indistinct, 


or obsolescent. ‘They varied also in the hairy surface, some having the 
hairs short and upright, others long and bent down. The Hunter WVephele 
could not be distinguished from A/ofe by any permanent character. 

The Illinois larvae were deep yellow-green after second moult, and 
the side stripe was always present and distinct. The hairs were never long 
and bent. The larvae were distinguishable from all the others. 


Comparing chrysalids : 

One Albany A/ope, A. length .56 inch, greatest breadth .21 inch ; color 
deep green, covered with smooth specks and patches of a lighter color, 
but which scarcely affect the general green hue ; top of head case, ridge 
of mesonotum and ventral edges of wing cases cream color. This was 
the only one I obtained, and it produced a male butterfly. 

One Hoboken A/ofe, same size and color, and produced a male. 

One Hunter (Vephe/e, length .6, br. .2 inch; was precisely like the 
Albany A/oge in appearance, and produced a male. . 

Another Hoboken 4/ofe,; color yellow-green, and on the dorsum were 
three longitudinal yellow bands, one on middle of abdomen, ending at 
base of mesonotum, the others sub-dorsal, extending from last segment to 
head. ‘This died before imago. 

One. Coalburgh A/ofe ; length .8, br. .24 inch ; bright yellow-green, 
covered with the lighter specks and patches, but not so as to obscure the 
ground ; the wing cases clouded with darker green in long stripes ; the 
three yellow dorsal bands as in the A/ofe last mentioned ; edges of head, 
wing cases and mesonotum cream color. ‘This produced a female butter- 
fly, with broad yellow band and like the parent. 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Another Coalburgh A/ofe, length .6, br. .22 inch; like the foregoing, 
being both banded and clouded. Produced a female butterfly, with broad 
yellow band. 

One Hunter Wep/icle, B ; color yellow-green, bands and clouding of 
wings present but indistinct. Produced a female. 

Three Hunter Wephele ; all yellow-green, with no bands or clouding ; 
the edgings cream color. These all gave males. ‘The chrysalis described 
Can. ENT., ix., 143, produced a female, but showed no band or clouds ; 
the edgings cream color. 

Two Illinois examples; length .6, br. .22 inch; color a pale blue- 
green, the powdery covering giving a whitish hue to the whole ; no bands 
or clouds ; the edges of mesonotum, head and wing cases white. Both 
these gave males. I obtained no females from this lot. 

Summary as to chrysalids : 

The largest A/ofe and Hunter Wepfele were alike in color and in dorsal 
stripes, clouds on wings, and edgings of head case, etc.; but the bands 
and clouds were most distinct in A/ofe. All these large chrysalids pro- 
duced female butterflies. | The plainer and smaller chrysalids were male. 
But one female Wep/ele chrysalis is recorded as without clouds or bands. 

The Dlinois chrysalids were of same shape as the rest, but were small 
and plain colored, and were blue or whitish-green; the edgings white 
instead of cream color. They were readily to be distinguished from any 
other. 

Results in butterflies : 

The chrysalis A, Albany A/oge, gave a male not differing from many 
males taken at Hunter, and which there I always regarded as true Wephele, 
though off type, being without band, but with a narrow yellow nimbus 
about the ocelli and connecting them, the edges everywhere fading into 
the black ground. , 

On the other hand, the chrysalis B, Hunter Vepfele, gave a typical 
female Alofe, with a broad and clear yellow band. The female which 
emerged in 1877 from the Hunter /Veffele before spoken of had both 
ocelli surrounded and connected by yellow, and stood midway between 
the types of the two forms. 

The two chrysalids from Illinois, as I have said, gave males; one 
wholly dark, the irides without rings; the other had a faint russet nimbus 
about them, and over the intervening space was a tint of russet. 

The Coalburgh chrysalids produced typical A/ofe, with broad yellow 


eT - ome 
a 
q 
‘ 
if 
7 


el ee ee ee, i ed de | 


en ee ee ee 


THE CANADIAN, ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 


bands, and like the females which laid the eggs. Therefore outside the 
belt of dimorphism A/ofe produced A/ofe, but inside the belt A/opfe pro- 
duced Wephele and Nephele produced A/ofe. 

In conclusion : 

In Canada the typical Wepfele is the only form representing the genus 
Satyrus, except that possibly in some localities Affe or intergrades may 
appear ; but if so, it is only occasionally. In New York and part of New 
England a belt of latitude is passed where in one section or other both 
these forms fly, besides an endless variety of intergrades. Finally, A/ope 
emerges in the south from this belt as the only form, and inhabits a broad 
zone, which ends about with the southern line of North Carolina and of 
Tennessee, but at the southwest flies in parts of Texas, and -has become 
slightly modified when compared with the A/ofe of the middle States. 
And to the west, somewhere between New York and Illinois, Adofe dis- 
appears, and a slightly changed form of JVep/ele presents itself, and occu- 
pies the country to and on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. 
In some cases this cannot be distinguished from the typical /Vephele, but 
as a whole, it has taken a departure, and has come to have differences in 
its larva and chrysalis. I call this form variety Olympus (after the 
companion of, the satyr Marsyas when the latter had his little difficulty 
with Apollo). 

The relationship between Alofe and Wephele is in good degree paral- 
leled by L. Arthemis and Proserpina, the first of which occupies the 
northern half of the Continent, but is dimorphic with the other in a belt 
of latitude which passes through the northern States from Maine to Wis- 
consin. /Pvoserpina emerges from this belt on the south, and grades 
imperceptibly into Ursuda, which last changes gradually till it has acquired 
a type, in Arizona, as different from that in which it manifests itself in 
Pennsylvania as the Texan A/ope is from Alofe of New York. This belt 
is nearly coterminous on both north and south with the belt of dimorphism 
in the Satyrids. It is worthy of note also that the dimorphism of P. 
Turnus begins inside this belt. 

In this last-named species it has been supposed that the melanic 
form (confined tothe female, G/aucus) first originated by accident,and was 
afterwards perpetuated and obtained an advantage over the yellow form, 
and finally in good degree supplanted it throughout its southern area, and 
that the existence of enemies had much to do with the suppression of 
one form, while their absence favored the other. What influence has 


se) 


OL THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gradually transmuted A/ofe into Mephele it is difficult to conjecture. It 
could not here be the presence or absence of enemies which has affected 
one or other form. And if it is climatic, what can there be in common 
between the climate of Canada and Illinois which encourages WVephele 
and extinguishes Alofe ? 

[In a second paper I shall speak of Pegava and the Pacific species of 
this genus, 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 
BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA, ONT. 


Entomology seems to be gradually throwing off the veil of contempt 
under which it has been so long hidden. ‘The Botanist has always to a 
certain extent been deemed a philosopher from the important part plants 
play in Pharmacy ; the Geologist and Mineralogist, too, from the possi- 
bility of their discovering precious metals have been treated by the outside 
unscientific world as sages worthy of some respect. Entomologists, how- 
ever, have not thus been honored by the masses. ‘The question would be 
asked—What tangible results can come from collecting flies and bugs and 
sticking pins through them? and in vain the amount of damage done 
by insects year by year might be estimated and pointed out. This state 
of affairs though I believe is now at an end. ‘The claims of the science 
on all agriculturists and horticulturists are daily becoming more apparent. 
The institution of the United States Entomological Commission, and the 
success that has attended that organization from the happy choice of such 
men as Messrs. C. V. Riley and A. S. Packard as directors, has perhaps 
done more: than anything else to open people’s eyes to the fact that after 
all there is something in Entomology. In Canada, too, much good work 
has been done. In 1868 two Entomological magazines were started, our 
own important organ, the CaNapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, in August, for 
Ontario ; and Le Waturaliste Canadien, edited by the Abbé Provancher, in 
December, for Quebec ; to these is chiefly due the progress the science 
has made in Canada. The Editors of the CanapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST— 
Rev. C. J..S. Bethune (1868-173), and since that time our present 


OYE 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a) 


esteemed Editor—have always by their many charming and descriptive 
papers evinced a desire to make the study of Entomology as fascinating 
and easy as possible for beginners, while at the same time they have paid 
full respect to their scientific readers. Le Waturaliste Canadien is pub- 
lished in the French language. It was commenced in December, 1868, 
from which time the Abbé Provancher has fought bravely,.and almost 
single-handed, against all obstacles, striving by its means to create among 
the French Canadians a love for the natural sciences, particularly Ento- 
mology. I am very sorry to see by the December number that on 
account of the grant which the Editor received from the Government 
having been discontinued, his valuable work may possibly be stopped ; 
this would be a great pity, and every Entomologist ought to give a hand 
in helping him out of his difficulty. The magazine has been of great 
value to the farmers of Lower Canada, who in its pages have always 
received courteous answers on any subjects in the many branches of 
natural history affecting agriculture. 

In the eleven volumes of the ENTOMOLOGIST now published, or in the 
Annual Reports of the Society, descriptions of nearly all the common 
Canadian insects, and illustrations of many of them, will be found. I 
would particularly call attention to a paper in the Annual Report of 1872 
by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, entitled ‘‘ Beneficial Insects.” This gives an 
outline sketch in a concise manner of the different divisions into which 
insects are divided and the distinguishing points of each. 

With the above mentioned volumes and Dr. Packard’s Guide to the 
Study of Insects, a very complete knowledge of the rudiments of Ento- 
mology can be obtained ; the rest can only be learned by observation and 
experience in the field. | Undoubtedly the first and most important step 
of all is to commence a collection. Study can only be carried on satis- 
factorily from the actual specimens, which should be examined alive when- 
ever possible and full notes taken of any striking peculiarities observed ,; 
when preparing specimens for the cabinet, the one idea which has to be 
borne in mind, and upon which the whole value and beauty of the collec- 
tion depends, is that they may appear natural, and a knowledge of how to 
effect this can only be attained by observing living specimens. 

At the last annual meeting of the Society the importance of popular- 
izing Entomology was discussed, and the Editor of the Enromotocist 
kindly consented to give up some space every month entirely to popular 
Entomology, for the benefit of beginners and others who are unable to 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


study the science systematically ; this step it was considered might 
materially increase the usefulness of our Society. It is proposed to have 
short papers on individual species, which will be illustrated whenever 
possible, and there will also be papers on the best modes of making and 
preserving collections. The work will be considerably facilitated if begin- 
ners will state any difficulties which they may encounter, for it is only by 
their mentioning their difficulties that the Editor can know how to assist 
them. Any questions which are of such a nature that they will be likely 
to assist others in their studies will be answered through the pages of the 
ENTOMOLOGIST when space admits. 


THE CALOSOMAS OR CATERPILLAR-HUNTERS, 


These insects belong to the Family called CARapip&, which is a large 
and difficult Family to study, or even to define and limit exactly. The 
insects belonging to it.are remarkable for their graceful forms, and at the 
same time for their cruel and predaceous habits, both in the larval and 
perfect states. It is this last trait which makes them such useful auxili- 
aries to the horticulturist. 


The better known of the two represented here is 
called Calosoma calidum, Fabr., (fig. 4) or ‘‘ The 
Glowing Beautiful-bodied Caterpillar-hunter.” As an 
exception to the general rule, its English name is more 
formidable than the Latin; but so important a person- 
age 1s its bearer that I will not deprive him of a single 
¥ letter of his title, and indeed am almost tempted to 
add to it the words “ most useful.” It well merits its 
appellation, Calosoma (Ka/os = beautiful, and Soma=a 

Fig. 4. body). Fig. 4 gives a life-size representation of it. The 
color of the polished elytra or wing-covers is a deep blue-black, and the 
six rows of dots with which they are adorned are of a fiery burnished red, 
for which reason it has been called by the specific name of cafdum. The 
legs in our figure are too thick and clumsy, but it must be well known to 
everyone. It may generally be found in early summer in damp pastures, 
either hidden under stones or running in the grass in search of caterpillars 
and other soft-bodied insects. Jaeger, who first called the members of 
this genus caterpillar-hunters, says “they may be found every morning 
and evening upon the branches of trees, looking out for caterpillars and 


- 


a ee eS a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 


devouring them.” They do not, however, restrict themselves to cater- 
pillars, for they will attack and devour a perfect June-bug when fresh from 
the pupa state and soft, with apparently the same relish as their special 
dainty, a fat Cut-worm. In the larval state they are equally rapacious ; 
they lurk in holes in the ground or under sticks and stones in the day- 
time, and only leave their retreats as night draws on to go in search of 
prey. Every spring I have several of these useful and luckily common 
beetles brought to me by kind friends who have found them in their 
gardens. To the enquiry, “ Is this of any use to you?” I have always 
the answer ready, which somewhat surprises them: ‘“ No, but it is of par- 
ticular use to you ; take it carefully back and put it in your garden again; 
it is the best friend you have there, for it feeds entirely upon your enemies, 
the Wire-worms, Cut-worms and White-worms.” 


I am sure that through the agency of 
this beetle alone I have been able to gain 
more respect for the science of Entomology 
among horticulturists than from all the 
rest put together. 

Much resembling this beetle in shape, 
but of a very much more striking appear- 
ance, is its near relative, Ca/osoma 
scrutator, Fabr., the “ Beautiful-bodied 
Searcher,” fig. 5. The color of its wing- 

covers is bright metallic green, garnished 
a4 ee ‘with longitudinal lines and sparsely punc- 
tured ; round the margin runs an effective line of coppery-red. The 
_ head, thorax and legs are almost black ; the margin of the thorax having 
a greenish tinge. The under side is of a deep burnished blue-green hue. 
Its habits are the same as those of C. ca/idum, but it is a much rarer 
insect. I have never seen a live specimen; but they are occasionally 
found in Ontario, and dead specimens are said to be frequently washed 
up on the outer shore of Toronto Island after a southerly gale. 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 
1879.—The Annual Report of our Society for the past year is now nearly 
ready for issue. Members may expect to receive their copies within a 
few days. 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THREE NEW SPECIES OF BOTIS. 
BY A. R. GROTE, 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


30TIS OPPILALIS, n. sp. : 

ft 2. Allied to the feudadis, s-linealis group. Pale ochrey, opaque, 
powdered with deeper ochre and fuscous scales. Discal dots small, indis- 
tinct, orbicular a solid point, reniform an open ring. Lines acutely 
dentate. Outer line exserted opposite the cell, forming an inward tooth 
at vein 2, and again another at vein 1, on primaries. On hind wings the 
outer line runs evenly outward till over the median nervules, where it 
approaches the margin, then running inwardly and straight across to 
internal margin. ‘This species wants the usual subcostal indentation of 
the outer line on secondaries. A terminal ochre line. Thorax deep 
ochrey. WVeneath whitish ; primaries shaded with ochrey superiorly ; 
markings of upper surface faintly repeated. Fringes concolorous or a 
little paler than wings. /xfanse 28 mil. Two specimens, Mass. ; one 
male sent me by Prof. Peabody from Amherst, Mass.; Maine, Dr. Packard. 

Botis OSCITALIS, n. S. 

a2 @. Allied to the preceding, but both the discal marks are open. 
Opaque, ochrey, but more dusty, or fuscous tinted. Lines in lunulated 
thick scallops, not fine and dentate. Outer line forming three more 
exserted scallops over median nervules, strongly drawn in below median 
vein, with an outward projection below vein 2, else the lower part of the 
line is tolerably even. Hind wings paler than primaries with the outer 
line drawn in sub-costally and forming three exserted lunules over the 
median nervules, thence running inwardly and more evenly and faintly to 
internal margin. Fringes a little paler than the wing; terminal line 
obsolete. Head and thorax like fore wings. Beneath paler, with the 
pale fuscous markings repeated, slightly iridescent ; body parts whitish. 
Labial palpi dark above, whitish beneath. Axfanse 27 mil. ‘Two speci- 
mens, Ohio, Mr. Dury ; Maine, Dr. Packard. 


Boris DISSECTALIS, nN. Ss. 

Allied to marculenta. Of the same bright yellow, shading to ochreous 
at base of primaries on costa and sides of the thorax in front. Orna- 
mentation sub-obsolete. This species wants the subterminal line of 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 


marculenta. Instead there is a vague and broad darker shade only visible - 
with attention. The outer line is rounded outwardly over the median 
nervules, as in ¢rimaculalis. It is apparently disconnected below vein 3, 
appearing again higher up below the open reniform and describing an 
inward curve above vein tr. The orbicular dot is imperceptible and the 
inner line very faint. Fringes faintly discolorous, being pale fuscous, con- 
colorous with the lines. Hind wings very pale fuscous with a slight yellow 
cast. The line is continuous, squarely projected over median nervules, 
very different from allied forms. <A pale terminal line before the pale 
fuscous fringes. Beneath largely washed with fuscous, legs outwardly 
white. On primaries the marking of the upper surface reappears relieved 
by pale interspaceal blotches ; hind wings pale fuscous, uniform, with the 
line repeated. Palpi white beneath, dark at the sides. Maditat, Hamil- 
ton, Ontario, Mr. Moffat. The species seems a little stouter bodied than 
marculenta, of about the same expanse. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


— 


SWARMING OF ARCHIPPUS. 
DEAR SirR,— 


The assembling of D. archippus referred to in Can.-Env. is perhaps 
not so frequently noticed as their passing over localities in flocks. Several 
‘years ago I saw them congregating in a bit of woods in the neighborhood 
of the city which I was visiting atthe time. At least every other day they 
were hanging in a listless kind of manner to the underside of branches in 
immense’ numbers, with their wings closed, and not noticeable unless dis- 
turbed, very few being on the wing. Their favorite resting place seemed 
to be dead pine twigs, which would be drooping with their weight, and in 
more than one instance I saw one too many light and the twig snap, and 
send a dozen or more into the air to seek for another perch. In going to 
and from the woods I have seen several of them at once coming from 
different directions, high in the air, sailing along in their own easy and 
graceful way, all converging to the one spot. I did not see them depart. 
I went one day and could not find one in the woods ; and as there were 
thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of them, it would have been a 
fine sight to see them go. The following year they were remarkably scarce 
and it was three years before they were even moderately plenty. 

J. Atsron Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. 


38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SWARMING OF ARCHIPPUS. 
DEAR SIR,— 

I was surprised to learn from the letter of Mr. Edwards in your last 
issue, that the flocking of avchifpus is not a well known fact in Ento- 
mology, and in view of this I venture to add a few facts in regard to it 
which may be of interest. 

While spending the winter of 1875-76 in Apalachicola, Florida, I 
found one of these avchippus swarms in a pine grove not far from the 
town. The trees were literally festooned with butterflies within an area 
of about an acre, and they 
were clustered so thickly that 
the trees seemed tobe covered 
with dead leaves ; fig. 6 will 
enable the reader to form some 
idea of their appearance thus 
grouped. Upon shaking some 
of the trees a cloud of butter- 
flies flew off, and the flapping 
of their wings was distinctly 
audible. They hung in rows 
(often double) on the lower 
dead branches, and in bunches 
on the needles. I find by my 
note book that visiting the 
flock towards evening, it was receiving additions every moment. I ‘caught 
a net full off a bunch of dead needles, and, walking away to some distance 
and letting them go, all but three returned to the flock. The question as 
to where they came from seems a very interesting one. I was told by 
Dr. A. W. Chapman that there was hardly Milkweed enough in all Florida 
to produce one of these flocks, which doubtless do not confine themselves 
to Apalachicola. During my visit I found two more flocks not far from 
the first, but neither of these was as large. I should meation that I often 


observed examples among them 7 coztu. 


I have seen archippus flocking at the Isles of Shoals, N. H., towards 
evening, in very much the same manner, having flown nine miles from the 
mainland. Ihave also seen clusters of Vanessa -a/bum on tree trunks 


——— 


EE Oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 


"at dusk in New Hampshire, which seemed to present a parallel to the 
archippus flocks, though of course on a very small scale. 
R. THAXTER, Newtonville, Mass. 


Dear SIR,— 

Last summer I discovered, unfortunately too late, that a large Cossus 
was working in some large and very old Oak trees near here. I hope 
next June or July to find out what it is, as I shall construct nets to envelop 
the tree trunks of several of these so infected Oaks. None of my corre- 
spondents have been able to give me light on the subject ; they think it 
possible that this is a new species, and urge close observation, advice 
which I hope to be able to follow. _ | 

I also purchased five large trees of a coarse variety of Poplar, known 

‘here as Cottonwood, that were to be cut down, as they had commenced 
dying, “ caused by a grub working in them.” I found it to be a Cossus 
larva, but not as large as that working in the Oaks. Judging from a com- 
parison of the empty pupz cases found in them, which in these Poplars 
were very numerous, it is not the one described by Mr. Bailey in last 
January number as “ Cossus centerensis,” but seems more like Xystus 
‘robiniae. 1 had three of the trees cut down in order to obtain the pupe ; 
judge of my surprise and disappointment when my man came in, telling 
me he could find zone but “lots of nasty grubs, of which he had given 
the near chickens probably a hundred or more,” not thinking them valu- 
able to me. I sent him back with instructions to preserve every larva he 
could find, and I now have about fifty in every stage of development from 
the half-inch beet red, the nearly two-inch long pink, to the about two and 
a half-inch long greenish-white larva. I have some in the wood in their 
own burrows, and have put the rest in sawdust ; and I have ordered him 
' to cut me pieces of that wood, bore some holes in the ends and put in 
the other larvze, and cork it in, leaving a few air-holes ; with these I hope 
to complete my observations in a warm room. I did not know before 
that these hybernated in the larval state, much less did I think they would 
be found of different moults. A. H. Munort, Fairbury, IIls. 


MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES. 
DEaR SIR,— 


I have received the following notes on migration of certain butterflies 
from Prof. J. E. Willet, of Macon, Ga., dated roth Jan’y, 188o. 
W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. 


40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


“ T saw Callidryas Zudule passing here in great numbers during Sept., 
Oct. and Nov., 1878, from N. W. to S. E. About noon, when they were 
most abundant, there would be half a dozen visible all the time, crossing 
a 15-acre square of the city. ‘They pursued an undeviating course, flying 
over and not around houses and other obstructions. ‘They flew near the 
ground, and stopped occasionally to sip at conspicuous flowers. A ger- 
anium with scarlet flowers, and set in the open yard, attracted most that 
flew near it. Papers in Southern Georgia noticed the great numbers 
passing at different points ; and a friend in Southern Alabama sent me 
specimens of the same, saying that they were subjects of speculation 
there. About March, 1879, there was a similar migration from S. E. to 
N. W., but in diminished numbers. _ I saw the fall migrations again Oct. 
and Nov., 1879, but in smaller numbers than in 1878. A lady of So. 
Georgia told me that her husband called her attention to the fall migration 
26 years ago, and that she had observed it every year since. C. Ludule 
is found here in small numbers at other seasons of the year.” 


EARLY STAGES OF EPHEMERID. 


The Rev. A. E. Eaton would like to communicate with anybody who 
would supply him with examples in fluid of nymphs of some of the 
American genera of Ephemeride. He would readily offer to pay a fair 
price for them and would defray their carriage to England. All that would 
be required would be five or six nearly full grown examples of one species 
per genus, put up in narrow tubes or narrow cylindrical bottles (one tube 
for each set), containing a solution of two parts of water to three of 
spirits about 60 over proof, well corked and with the cork tied down. 
Some tissue paper should be put into each tube with the specimens, to 
prevent the solid contents moving about within the tube when its position 
is shifted, care being taken not to compress the insects ; and the tube 
should be filled up as nearly as possible with the fluid, to the exclusion of 
air bubbles. The tubes should be packed up with cotton, wool or tow, in 
a box, so that they shall be kept upright during the voyage ; and this box 
should be packed into a stronger case with tow or hay or straw, and for- 
warded to Mr. Eaton by express, or through the agency of some book- 
seller, vot through the Post Office. Address Rey. A. E. Eaton, 51 Park 
Road, Bromley, Kent, England. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


WOE Or: LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1880. No. 3 


NEVE EA MACCULEOCHIT Kirsy. 
BY WILLIAM COUPER, MONTREAL, P. Q. 


On plate iv. of the “ Fauna Boreali-Americana,” Kirby gives a figure 
of the 2 of the above species. In June, 1878, while collecting at the 
Godbout River, Lower St. Lawrence, I captured two males of this species, 
both on the same day. While Alysia Langtonit, Couper, were abundant 
in the same locality, no other-specimens of A. MacCudlochit were seen. 
I visited the place daily for a month in order to procure the female, but 

| no more of either sex of the latter appeared. I therefore conclude it is 
: a rare species on that coast. I am not aware that the male of 4. Mac- 
Cullochit has been hitherto described, and as it differs in some respects 
from Kirby’s description of the female, it may be interesting to the readers 
of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Alypia MacCullochit f. 


Fig. 7—Upper Side. Fig. 8—Under Side 


Expansion of wings 1 inch. Wings and body black. Antennz with 
numerous white rings, and gradually clubbed towards the apex. Orbit of 
eyes externally clothed with pale yellow hairs ; four spots of same colored 
hairs on anterior portion of thorax, and a tuft of longer yellow hairs at 
base of primary wings. Legs mottled with white and yellow hairs.  Pri- 
mary wings with two, sometimes three spots in some specimens ; the one 
near the base is cream-colored, divided longitudinally by a black line 
slightly forked where it approaches a small cream-colored spot which 
curves from the upper outside edge. The second is a transverse large 
white spot, traversed by five black lines dividing it into five, sometimes 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


six oblong spots; the same spots and lines are visible on the under side 
of the wings. There are two white spots on the secondaries ; a triangular 
one near the base, divided by two or three black lines, and another trans- 
verse spot similar to, but smaller than that on the primary, also divided 
by black lines, making five or six oblong spots ; the lowermost is only a 
small point. 

The above remarks on the male, together with Kirby’s description of 
the female, now published in No. 8, Vol. x1, Can. Env, will doubtless 
serve to make this rare A/ypfza better known. The illustrations were made 
by my esteemed brother ‘entomologist, G. J. Bowles, of this city. The 
figures are so accurate that the student need not refer to the description. 
However, there being a distinction in the markings of the sexes, reference 
must be made to Kirby’s description in order to determine them. 


TWO.NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONID. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


MICROGASTER UTILIS, n. sp. 

Length .11 of an inch. “Head, thorax and abdomen of the males 
uniform black, the females the same with the exception that the under side 
of the second and third basal joints of the abdomen are tawny. Antenne 
fuscous, somewhat rufous at base. Legs and feet tawny, rather pale, the 
knees of the hind pair dusky, the most so in the males. Wings hyaline ; 
costa, stigma and veins fuscous, except the two extending from the sub- 
stigmatal cells to the outer margin, which are hyaline. Ovipositor par- 
tially exserted. All parts of the body, wings and antenne, moderately 
covered with a very short whitish pubescence, to be seen on the wing only 
with the aid of the microscope. 

The cocoons are compact, except a little loose silk round the outside 
usually only partially surrounding the dense portion. When spun the 
most of them are detached from the caterpillar in which the larve have 
been parasites, and they are not placed together in any regular order. 

Described from 11 males and 4 females reared from the larva of Sphinx 


(Macrosila) Carolina, and 5 males and 7 females reared from a larva of a 
species of Lewcania. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


MACROCENTUS IRIDESCENS, N.. Sp. 

Length .13 of aninch. Head piceous, the mouth parts, including the 
clypeus, tawny ; antenne rufo-cinereous, the basal joint yellowish. Thorax 
light rufous, darkest on posterior part, paler beneath ; wings hyaline with 
strong iridescence, the veins, costa ahd stigma fuscous ; feet and legs 
straw color, the last tarsi of hind feet a little darker. Abdomen rather 
slender, rufo-piceous, under side of middle joints slightly tawny ; ovi- 
positor not exserted. Under the microscope a fine grayish pubescence is 
seen on all parts of the insect, sparse on the abdomen and legs, but pro- 
fuse on the antennz and wings, not interfering with the iridescence on the 
latter. Pupa with the host. 


Described from 5 males and 7 females reared from two larve from an 
elm tree, that were taken to be Augonza subsignaria. 


I wish to acknowledge here my indebtedness to E. T. Cresson, of 
Philadelphia, for generic determination of these species, and for other 
valuable information and suggestions. 3 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME MOTHS. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


In the following descriptions I have made use of certain terms which 
will need explaining. The subdorsal line is midway between the dorsal 
line and the spiracles ; the stigmatal line includes the spiracles ; the sub- 
dorsal space lies between the dorsal and subdorsal lines ; the stigmatal 
space is between the subdorsal line and the spiracles. 

The moths of the following larvee were determined for me by Mr. A. 
R. Grote. 


The first larva described below is provided.with only 14 legs; all of 
the others have 16 legs. 


HypENA SCABRA, Fabricius.—Body green ; a dark green dorsal line, 
faintly edged with white ; a white subdorsal and stigmatal line ; venter 
pale green ; head smooth, green ; length 1 inch, Feeds on clover; July 
1 to September to. Enters the earth to pupate. 


44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. Grote writes me that the moth into which this larva is finally 
transformed is the //ypena humiuli of Harris; but the larva which Harris 
described as AZ. Avmud? is that of the moth //yfena evanidal’s of Robinson. 


CALPE CANADENSIS, Bethune.—Body bluish white ; a stigmatal yellow 
stripe ; a dorsal row of transverse black dashes ; a row of transverse 
black dashes just above the yellow stigmatal stripe ; some of the black 
dashes in this row unite with some of those in the dorsal row, forming 
transverse black bands ; venter black, or deep green ; thoracic legs brown, 
the others black ; head shining yellow, marked with two black spots on 
upper part of face, three black spots near the jaws, and a black spot on 
each side of the head; length 114 inches. Feeds on Meadow-rue 
(Zhatctrum). April 20 to August 10. Spins a cocoon. 


PSEUDOGLOSSA LUBRICALIS, Geyer.—Body dull purplish brown ; on. 


the back are two rows of alternate black and yellow tubercles, the black 
ones situated on the anterior part of the segment ; the tip of each tubercle 
is bent over at nearly right angles, the tips of the black ones being bent 
backward, and those of the yellow ones forward; some of the black 
tubercles are ringed with yellow at the base ; on the sides of the body are 
a few piliferous spots, each giving rise to a short bristle; head dirty 
blackish; length 7g inch. Feeds on grass. Usually found beneath 
pieces of wood lying upon the ground. June 15 to July 20. Spins 
a cocoon. 


SCEPSIS FULVICOLLIS, Hiibner.—A dark colored dorsal line, then a 
pale greenish stripe on which is a row of small warts ; next to this stripe 
is a pink line, then a pale yellow line, then a dark greenish, slate-colored 
stripe on which is a row of small warts ; the spiracles are situated on the 
lower part of this stripe, below the warts ; below this stripe is a pale yellow 
line ; between this line and the legs are two rows of small warts ; from 
each of the above warts proceeds a thin, spreading cluster of whitish 
hairs ; venter pale greenish-yellow ; head shining yellow; length 1 inch. 
Feeds on grass; June 15 to August 1. Spins a cocoon. 


CHYTOLITA MORBIDALIS, Gueneé.— Body somewhat flattened beneath 
and broadly convex above, reddish, mottled with yellow ; a dark colored 
dorsal line ; segment rst darker than the others, dotted with black ; on 
each side of each of the segments 2 and 3 are seven piliferous spots, the 
first four arranged transversely, the next two obliquely, the lowest one 


= a oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


singly ; on each side of each of the segments from 4 to 9 inclusive are 
eight piliferous spots, the first two arranged obliquely, the next three in a 
curved transverse row, the lowest three. in the form of a triangle ; one‘of 
these spots is sometimes wanting; head small, dark flesh or grayish ; 
length 7 inch.. Feeds on grass and the leaves of Hazel. April 1 to 
May 5, and June 1 to July 20. Spins a cocoon. 


HypoprePia Fucosa, Hubner.—Body dark reddish-brown, or brown- 
ish-black ; a dorsal, stigmatal, and indistinct subdorsal yellow line ; stig- 
matal space mottled with yellow ; warts black, and from each proceeds 
one or two stiff black bristles ; head brownish-black, with a few short 
whitish hairs on the face ; length 3g inch. Feeds upon the moss, etc., 
which grows on Oak trees. May 15 to July 1, and August 1 to September 
15. Spins a cocoon. 


ParorGYIA CLINTONII, Grote and Robs.—Body dark gray ; on top 
of each of the segments 4, 5, 6 and 7 is a wide tussock of mouse-colored 
hair, sprinkled with white ; on each side of the first and last segments, and 
on top of segment 11, is a pencil of long black hairs which are knobbed 
at the outer end ; on top of segments 9 and to is a small reddish wart ; 
hair on sides of body quite long, mouse-colored ; head shining black ; 
length 14 inches. Found on Oak trees, May 20 to July 1. Spins a 
cocoon. 


Botis PENITALIS, Grote.-—Body pale yellow ; on each side of segment 
1 are two black piliferous spots ; on each side of segments 2 and 3 are 
five black piliferous spots, the first two arranged transversely, the next two 
longitudinally, the last one singly ; on each side of each segment from 4 
‘to rr inclusive are five black piliferous spots, the first two arranged 
obliquely, the other three in a curved transverse row ; below the lowest 
of these is sometimes an additional piliferous spot ; cervical shield brown- 
ish, or white dotted with black ; venter whitish ; head whitish, dotted and 
marked with black ; length 5g inch. Feeds on Indian Hemp (Afocynum 
cannabinum ). Lives in a nest of leaves which are fastened together with 
silken threads. June 20 to August 1, and August 20 to October r. 
Assumes the chrysalis form in its nest. 


ARSILONCHE HEnrRIcI, Grote.—A black dorsal stripe dotted with 
white, then a yellow stripe, then a pale yellow stripe dotted with white ; 
the spiracles are situated on the lower part of this stripe ; below this stripe 


46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

is a pale yellow line ; on each side of each segment are about six deep 
yellow warts, from each of which proceeds a thin spreading cluster of 
blackish hairs ; venter dark colored ; head black, dotted with white, with 
two white streaks on top, and a yellow v-shaped mark on the face ; length 
1% inches. Feeds on Smartweed (Polygonum). June 1 to July ro, and 
August 20 to October 1. Spins a cocoon. 

I should like to request those persons who intend to publish descrip- 
tions of larve to always give the number of legs with which the larva is 
provided ; and also to give the location of the lines or spots with which 
the larva is marked—that is, to state whether they are dorsal, subdorsal or 
stigmatal, or whether they are on the subdorsal or stigmatal space. 


A LIST OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA INHABITING THE 
STATE OF ILJ.INOIS. 


BY C, E. WORTHINGTON, CHICAGO, ILL. 


The following list is furnished in compliance with the request of the 
Editor of the CANADIAN Enromotoaist, published some time ago, some 
unsettled questions regarding species and distribution having delayed its 
preparation from time to time. 

The list is intended to be as complete as possible, and to include all 
described species known to have been taken within the State limits, or so 
nearly adjacent thereto as to certainly belong to the Illinois Fauna. 

In order to roughly designate the distribution within the State I have 
attached an * to all species from the northern portion, of whose capture I 
have personal knowledge, and have further affixed a t to such species as 
are not known to occur in the southern portion of the State. 

Several species of Pamphila, viz., Pamphila pontiac, dion, hianna, 
bimacula, pottawattomie and ursa, appear to be limited to the north-east 
corner of the State, CArysophanus dione and several northern forms to the 
north-west portion, and presumably Agraulis vanilie and other southern 
forms are merely occasional visitors to the extreme southern end. 

I have refrained from including Pamphila uncas, Amblyscirtes vialis and 
Pyrgus centauree, which doubtless belong to our Fauna, and are likely to 
be taken when the proper localities are fully explored. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 


I have further omitted Zhecla augustus, Chrysophanus epixanthe, 
Lycaena lucia and Grapta gracil’s of former lists, for want of authentica- 
tion, and because. in my judgment, they are unlikely visitors. These 
genera are specially confusing to amateurs, and it is not unlikely that some 
allied species may have been mistaken for these. 

I acknowledge assistance of value from Messrs. W. H. Edwards, Geo. 
H. French and Thos. E. Bean, who have aided me much in the pre- 


paration of this list. 


PAPILIO, L. 
Ajax) Le 
“3 dim. var. Walshii, Edw. 


* 66 


* 6c“ 


*Philenor, Cram. 
* Asterias, Fab. 
<Troilus; 1. 
*Turnus, L. 
- dim. var. 2 Glaucus, L. 
*Cresphontes, Cram. 
Pieris, Schrank. 
*Protodice, Bd. 
*. dim. var. Vernalis, Edw. 
+*Oleracea, Bd. 
Virginiensis, Edw. 
pecapee. 1, 
NATHALIS, Bd. 
Tole, Bd. 
ANTHOCARIS, Bd. 
t*Olympia, Edw. 
Genutia, Bd. 
CaLuipryas, Bd. 
*Eubule, L. 
Senne, L. 
Philea, L. 
Co.tas, F. 
*Caesonia, Stoll. 
*Eurytheme, Bd. 


* 


Telamonides, Feld. 
Marcellus, Bd.-Lec. 


dim. var. Keewaydin, Edw, 


Cottas, F. 

*Philodice, Godt. 

TERIAS, Swain. 

*Itisax Ba: 

*Nicippe, Cram. 

Danals, Latr. 

*Archippus, F. 

AGRAULIS, Blanch. 
Vanille, L. 
ARGYNNIS, F. 
t*Idalia, Drury. 

*Cybele, F. 

* Aphrodite, F. 
+*Alcestis, Edw. 
+*Atlantis, Edw. 
t*Myrina, Cram. 
+*Bellona, F. 

Diana, Cram. 


Eupro1Eta, Doub. 

*Claudia, Cram. 
MELITAEA, Fab. 

Phaeton, Drury. 

PuycropeEs, Doub. 
*Harrisu, Scud. 
*Nycteis, Doub. 
Carlota, Reak. 
Tharos, Drury. 
* dim. var. Marcia, Edw. 
. as Morpheus, F. 


48 THE CANADIAN 


GRaAPTA, Kirby. 
Interrogationis, F. 
i dim. var. Umbrosa, Lint. 
os Fabricu, Edw. 
Comma, Harr. 
%* dim. var. Harrisil, Edw. 
- Me Dryas, Edw. 
Faunus, Edw. 
*Progne, Cram. 
*J-Album, Bd. 
VANESSA, F. 
*Antiopa, W. 
+ Milberti, Godt. 
PyRAMEIS. 


* Atalanta, L. 
*Huntera, Drury. 
*Cardui,, 1. 
Junonia, Doub. 
Plavinia, Cram, 
LIMENITIS, F. 
*Ursula, F. 
+*Arthemis, Drury. 
T dim. var. Proserpina, Edw. 
*Dissippus, Godt. 
APATURA, F, 
Celtis, Bd. 
Clyton, Bd. 
PapHia, West. 
Audria, Scud. 
NEONYMPHA, West. 
*Eurytris, F. 
Sosybius, F. 
*Cantnusy Ls 
Gemma, Hub. 
Desis, West. 
*Portlandia, F. 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SatyRus, West. 
Alope, Bd. 
dim. var. Alope, Bd. 
3 Olympus, Edw. 
LIBYTHEA, F. 
*Bachmanni, Kirt. 
Cuaris, West. 
*Borealis, Gr.-Rob. 
THECLA, Ey 
M-album, Bd.-Lec. 
*Humulhi, Harr. 
Strigosa, Harr. 
*Calanus, Hub. 
*Edwardsii, Saund. 
*Acadica, Edw. 
Smilacis, Bd. 
Poeas, Hub. 
Irus, Godt. 
Niphon, Hub. 
wits r. 
FENISECA, Grote. 
Tarquinius, F. 
CHRYSOPHANUS, Doub. 
+ Dione, Scud. 
*VThoe, Bd. Lec. 
*Americana, D’Urban. 
LycaEna, F. 
Lygdamas, Doub. 
+*Scudderi, Edw. 
Pseudargiolus, Bd.-Lec. 
a dim. var. Pseudargiolus, B.-L. 
s = Neglecta, Edw. 
iz sy Violacea, Edw. 
*Comyntas, Godt. 
ANCYLOXYPHA, Feld. 
*Numitor, F. 
THYMELICUS, Speyer. 
+*Garita, Reak. j 


aie 


THE CANADIAN 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 


PAMPHILA, Fab. 
+* Massassoit, Scud. 
i Ursas 
*Zabulon, Bd.-Lec. 
*Sassacus, Scud. 

Leonardus, Harr. 
*Huron, Edw. 
Phylaeus, Drury. 
+*Pontiac, Edw. 
+*Dion, Edw. 
Egeremet, Scud. 
*Peckius, Kirby. 
* Mystic, Edw. 
*Cernes, Bd.-Lec. 
Manataaqua, Scud. 
*Metacomet, Harr. 
Verna, Edw. 
+*Bimacula, Gr.-Rob. 
Viator, Edw. 
Vitellius, Sm.-Abb. 
*Delaware, Edw. 
+*Hianna, Edw. 


1. PAMPHILA URSA, N. S. 


PAMPHILA, Fab. 
+*Pottawattomie. * 
AMBLYSCIRTES, Speyer. 
Vialis, Edw. . 
Samoset, Scud. 
Pyrcus, West. 
Tessellata, Scud. 
TuHanaos, Bd. 
*Brizo, Bd. 
*fcelus, Lint. 
*Lucilius, Lint. 
*Persius, Scud. 
*Martialis, Scud. 
*Juvenalis, F. 
PHOLISORA, Speyer. 
*Catullus, Cram. 
*Hayhurstii, Edw. 
EuDAMUS, Swain, 
*Pylades, Scud. 
*Bathyllus, Sm.-Abb. 
*Lycidas, Sm.-Abb. 
*Tityrus, F. 


Description, Female—Above dark brown, head, thorax and abdomen 


concolorous. Primaries with three minute yellowish interspaceal dots in _ 
line, the anterior one adjacent to costa at about one-fourth of its length 
from apex ; two larger yellowish spots about the middle of wing on outer 
edge of disc. Secondaries with a row of elongate paler spots crossing 
discal space on veins ; fringes of all wings conspicuous and purplish. 


Beneath paler than above, with a purplish lustre, all spots re-appearing 
with more distinctness, veins slightly paler than spaces, the minute spots 
and the row of spots on secondaries distinctly visible. The elongate spots 
on secondaries above very indistinct and fairly visible only in certain lights. 


Lake Co., Ind., near Ills. line, 2 females, July, 1879. 
cm. Allied in shape of wings and antenne to P. massassoi; differs 
strikingly from any form known to me, and readily recognizable by the 


Expands 32 


50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


purplish lustre of inferior surfaces. _ I have included this in the foregoing 
list, as it was taken very close to the line and undoubtedly belongs to our 
Fauna. 


2, PAMPHILA POTTAWATTOMIE. N. S. 

Description, Female—Above dark brown, head, thorax and abdomen 
concolorous ; primaries with seven yellowish translucent spots arranged 
as follows: three small oblong interspaceal spots in line, anterior one 
adjacent to costa at about one-fourth its length from apex; nearly in 
a line between apex and middle of inner edge of wing three more, the 
first small and indistinct, nearly behind the posterior oblong spot, the 
second larger, saggitate, the base outward, the third and posterior one 
irregularly quadrangular, much larger than the second; near the costal 
angle of this a smaller quadrangulate spot. All translucent spots bordered 
more or less with brassy scales having a metallic lustre. Near middle of 
inner edge a nearly lunate spot, opaque, consisting of brassy scales. 

Beneath slightly paler than above, all spots re-appearing except the 
opaque lunate spot, which is represented by a pale shade bounded by the 
divergent veins and extending nearly to margin. 

Spots on secondaries above and below very faint and distinctly visible 
only in certain lights. Expands 34 cm. 

From the neighborhood of the Chicago massacre, Cook Co., Ill, and 
Lake Co., Ind., July, 1879 ; 3 females. Allied to otha; may be recognized 
by its smaller size and greater number of spots, and by the translucency 
and brassy edges of spots. 


ON THE NEURATION OF EUSTROTIA SECTA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


EUSTROTIA SECTA Grote, CAN. ENT., xi, 199. 

This species, which is frail and wide-winged, has much the appearance 
of a Zhalpochares, but the primaries have an accessory cell. The fore 
wings are 12-veined, 8 out of 7, 9 out of 8, 7 out of the extremity of 
accessory cell, running for more than a quarter of its length before it 
throws off 8. Hind wings 8-veined with vein 5 equally strong. Discal 
cell open on both wings. A fuscous species washed with whitish, with 


the narrow median space brownish and an internal patch containing black 
scales on the margin. Massachusetts. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 


ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 
(Continued from Page 32. 


PecaLta.—At the extreme south, and restricted principally to the 
southern part of the Gulf States and Florida, this species appears. Fabri- 
cius described it in 1775, in Syst. Ent. ; says it is fuscous, the fore wing 
with a rufous (rufa) band and a single ocellus ; the hind wing witha single 
ocellus above, 6 below, with ferruginous irides and white pupils. Although 
the single ocellus on fore wing is one of the principal characteristics of 
Pegala, both ocelli are occasionally found in the female, and more often 
the second ocellus is represented in both sexes by a black dot or a small 
round spot. One of these two-eyed examples seems to be figured in 
Boisduval and LeConte, after Abbot, for 4/fe. Dr. Boisduva! says in the 
text that he regards Pega/a as a one-eyed variety of A/opfe, and I think he 
has given a two-eyed Pega/a for Alopfe in his plate. The larva is repre- 
sented as having one broad and one narrow white band, the intervening 
space being gray. This is considerably unlike A/ofe, which has one yellow 
band over the feet, and no gray at all, all the surface being green. The 
chrysalis of the plate has two ocellar prominences, while the head’ case 
of A/oge is truncated and rounded, with no prominences. 

_ I was informed by Mr. James Ridings, who collected one season in 
Georgia, some years ago, that in its habits Pegada differed considerably 
from A/ofe, flying in the pine forests and alighting on the bark of trees. 
When disturbed it would fly about for a while and eventually return to the 
same spot. It seemed to him to resemble Debis Portlandia in habits 
rather than the species of its own genus. Mr. W. H. Ashmead; of Jack- 
sonville, Fla., writes me: ‘ Pegala is quite common in hummocks, along 
fences and in the outskirts of forest, from about the middle of July to 
October. When chased they fly high and alight on the side of a tree, and 
are seldom seen in open fields.” Dr. A. W. Chapman writes: “ Pegada is 
or was common in the open pine woods back of this city (Apalachicola), 
It seemed to like a hot sandy exposure, but I never saw one in my garden 
or in the fields. They always alight on the naked bodies of the pines 
with head up, down, or sideways.” I cannot learn that Pega/a and Alope 
fly in the same localities or even in the same districts. There appears to 
be a belt in the cotton States, or from Georgia to Mississippi at 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


least, in which AZofe is unknown, and beyond the northern border of which 
it does not pass. And while Pega/a may here and there inhabit this belt, 
it is not common except to the south of the belt, or in the country 
adjacent to the Gulf, and in Florida. How far to the northward along the 
Atlantic coast it flies I am not advised, but perhaps as far as Virginia. It 
inhabits St. Simon’s Island, Ga. 

A single diminutive (as if from a starved caterpillar) Pegala f has 
been sent me by Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, of Charleston, S. C., which was 
taken some ten years ago on the line of the Charleston & Augusta R. R., 
60 or 70 miles inland ; and Prof. Gibbes states that he has had two or 
three other examples in his collection, one of which he believes was taken 
at Charleston. He also sent me an A/ofe, which with a few others was 
taken Sept., 1878, inS. C., about 25 miles inland. Evidently Pega/a is rare 
about Charleston. Rev. Dr. Jno. G. Morris tells me that he has never known 
of Pegala being taken along the coast of Maryland or of Virginia. Prof. 
Riley has made inquiries of entomologists in Washington, and all agree 
that the species is unknown there. There are so very few collectors of 
butterflies along the Atlantic coast from Georgia to New Jersey that only 
scanty information can be obtained on this subject. A single male, of the 
Florida type, was taken by Mr. Laitloff, near Jersey City, and 
kindly sent to me _ for inspection; but I can hear of no 
other having been taken or seen in the Middle States. I believe 
Pegala and Adope are kept apart by the nature of their food plants. A/ope 
feeds on meadow grasses, which not being found in the cotton belt, the 
species is checked. On the other hand, the coarse grasses which grow 
along the Gulf and in Florida, and along the sea coast, must form the 
food of Pegala. ‘The two species could come together only by accident, 
as after a storm ; or the eggs or larvae might be transported artificially. I 
have taken the semi-tropical species, Sphinx £7//o, in the Catskill Moun- 
tains, and many butterflies which live in the Gulf States have occasionally 
been taken on Long Island, and along the coast of New England. Jersey 
City is close to the salt meadows, and the grasses which flourish thereon 
would be allied to those of the southern coast, and be the proper food of 
Pegala. Mr. Ashmead says: “ I have never seen or heard of 4/ofe being 
taken in Florida, nor do I think it is found here.” Prof. J. E. Willet, of 
Macon, Ga., informs me that he has neither 4/ofe nor Pega/a in his col- 
lection, which is a local one, and does not know of them in his district. 
Mr. Chas. T. Jameson writes from Oxford, Northern Miss.: “I have not seen 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


Alope in this State. ega/a flies in some portions, but rarely. I do not 
think A/oge is found here.” The late Dr. O. C. Sparrow resided some 
time at Valdasta, Lowndes Co., Southern Georgia, and sent me 
thence several examples of /egala. He wrote 13th July, 
1877: “Ihave never taken A/ofe here.” On 7th Aug. he says: “I 
have seen a good many /ega/a. Ina stroll to-day I took 3 males.” Dr. 
Chapman says: ‘I have never seen A/ofe anywhere in the south. Our 
grasses here are all hard and coarse, and we have no cultivated ones like 
the Blue grass, Red-top, English grass, &c. The kinds of grass which 
grow here in the pine woods are found in nearly all the States which have 
what we call the ‘pine-barrens.’ ” 

Messrs. Boll and Belfrage, professional collectors, long resident in 
Texas, can give me no information about Pega/a. Mr. Belfrage writes : 
“Tt is not found in Bosque Co., and so far as I can remember, I have not 
seen it in Texas. A/ofe is common in my locality.” Mr. Heiligbrodt, at 
Bastrop, Texas, says that A/ofe at times has been common, but he does 
not know Pega/a. Mr. Otto Meske tells me, however, that in 1876 he 
received a Pega/a male from Bastrop, the only one he ever saw from Texas. 


Not only therefore do I find no evidence that Pega/a and A/ofe fly (i. e. 
habitually) in the same districts, but there are no intergrades forthcoming. 
There are no doubtful examples asin the case of A/ope and Nephele in the 
belt of dimorphism before spoken of. If they were varieties of one species 
as some have asserted, or forms of one species, there would be a belt of ter- 
ritory inhabited by the typical forms and all manner of intergrades. On 
the contrary, there is a belt which separates these forms and is in effect 
inhabited by neither. ‘The distinction between the two is as clear as 
between some unquestioned species in almost every genus of butterflies. 
They are separated by their markings, their habits, and by the food of 
their larvee. Also, according to Abbot, if the figures in Bois. and Lec. 
were drawn from Pega/a, as supposed, by differences in larve and very 
important differences in chrysalids. 

There are in my own collection and in those of friends to whom I have 
written, 29 examples of Pega/a,21 $,8 2. Of these males, 14 have one 
ocellus on fore wing, 6 have one ocellus and a black dot, 2 have one 
ocellus and a small black spot. Of the 8 2, 5 have one ocellus, 1 has 
one and a small spot, 2 have two complete pupilled ocelli. 

Of 21 §, 17 have 6 ocelli beneath the hind wing, 3 have 5,and 1 has 
5 on one wing and 6 on the other, 


a 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Of 8 2, 6 have 6 ocelli, 1 has 5, 1 has 5 on one wing and 6 on the 
other. 

Every one of both sexes has a small ocellus at inner angle of hind 
wing, on upper side. 

The uniformity of these characters—the ocellus at inner angle always 
present, and the number of small ocelli, which are scarcely ever less than 
6 and never below 5—in so many examples brought together from various 
quarters contrasts strikingly with the great variability of A/ope and WVephele 
in the same points. 


Besides these eastern forms are others allied to them from the far 
west. On the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains the Illinois type 
seems to prevail. I have received it from Montana, Colorado and New 
Mexico. On the Pacific side we have Aoopis Behr, 1864, Avvane Bois., 
1852, Paulus Edw., 1879, Gabbii Edw., 1870,and Wheelert Edw., 1873. 


Boopis.—Dr. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad: Sci., 1864, distinguished Boofzs 
from Mephele by the absence of ocelii on under side of hind wings. The 
male is dark brown and the ocelli on fore wings have nearly always a yel- 
lowish ring, often faint. In the female this ring is enlarged and sometimes 
the field is yellow tinted. I have one example in which it is nearly clear 
yellow, and makes a broad clouded band. So far it approaches AJofe. 


Of 5 3, 4 have 2 obsolescent ocelli beneath hind wings, 1 has 1. Of 7 


2, thas 3, 5 have 2, rhasr. Undoubtedly some Vephele females are 
closely like Boofis 9, if not undistinguishable from it, but the difference 
between the males is more marked, one showing a full complement of 
small ocelli in most cases, and less than four very rarely, the other never 
reaching four so far as Iam aware. — Boofis flies from Arizona to British 
Columbia. 


PauLus.—This species stands midway between the two groups into 
which the American species of this genus may be divided, the lesser group 
comprising Phocus, Silvestris (Oetus Bois.), Meadit and Charon. I 
described Paulus from 2 2,1 2 taken by Mr. Morrison in Nevada, 1878, 
but have since received a @ from Mr. Graef, taken in Utah, anda 2@ 
taken at Soda Springs by Mr. Behrens, and 1 2, 1 2 from Olympia, from 
Mr. Morrison. I have also recently received a fine series of perfect 
examples of Sz/vestris, taken by Mr. Baron in Northern Cal., and some of 


5 
~ 
Or 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


these are of larger size, especially in the female, than any I have before 
seeh. Placed by the side of Se/vestris, Paulus resembles it closely in both 
sexes, as to upper side, but the male lacks the black sexual dash which is 
characteristic of Sz/vestris. Both species have about the same expanse 
of wing, the f of Pau/us measuring 1.75 inch, the 2 1.8 in. The males 
are black-brown, the females are lighter by several shades. The former 
have two black spots on fore wing, small and unpupilled except in one 
instance, there being then a white dot on the anterior spot. On neither 
is there a spot at anal angle. The females have two large ocelli, in yellow 
rings and with white pupils. One has a complete ocellus at anal angle, 
the other nothing. On under side the males have a yellow tint, and are 
suffused with gray, especially noticeable on the outer half of each wing. 
The females are decidedly whitish-gray, and the black edges of the discal 
band on hind wing are very clear on this hight ground. ‘The outer edge 
of the band takes nearly the same course as in Ariane in the males, and 
in one female, but in the other it is cut up by small crenations, quite 
unlike any example of Avzane I have seen. ‘The ocelli are normally six, » 
but in nearly every case are partly obsolete, only brown patches indicating 
them ; the Utah 2 has 5 black spots varying in size, each with white 
pupil. In S7?vestris the outline of the discal band is different, there being 
long jaws projected at cell, with a deep and narrow sinus between them. 
So it is with the other members of the S7z/vestr7s group, and this peculiarity 
forms a good character for the division of the genus. “The ocelli also in 
Silvestris are never complete, at most only white dots inside a few black 
scales, and usually these are wanting. (Until I received Mr. Behrens’ 
examples of Sz/vestris, | had supposed Oe¢us Bois. to be a distinct species, 
with naturally obsolescent markings on under side. ‘This is the character 
of Dr. Boisduval’s type, which I have, and Mr. Henry Edwards has 
assured me that he never has seen specimens which were otherwise. but 
those sent me by him were all worn, as is the type. The fresh examples 


sent by Mr. Baron make it plain that Oefws is only a worn and faded 
Silvestris). 
(Yo be Continued.) 


CONTRIBUTION TO THE COLLECTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
or OnrTaRIO.—Mr. V. T. Chambers, of Covington, Kentucky, has kindly 
donated to qur Society two boxes of named Tineids, chiefly from Texas 
and Kentucky, many of them with their gold and silver deckings perfect 
gems. We are greatly indebted to Mr. Chambers for this generous gift, 


D6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 
The Common Woolly Bear (Spilosoma virginica ). 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The caterpillars known under the common name of “ woolly bears” 
belong to the family of Arctians, and most of the species in the moth 
state are very pretty objects. ‘he commonest of all the species is Sfzo- 
soma virginica, a pure white moth which appears on the wing in May, when 
it deposits its clusters of round yellow eggs on the under side of the 
leaves of many plants. In a few days these hatch into minute hairy cater- 
pillars, which for a time feed in company and devour at first the under 
side of the leaf only so 
that it assumes a scorched 
and withered aspect. In 
a short time, however, they 
part company, each one 
chocsing his own course, 
and blessed with good di- 
gestive powers, they eat 
freely of all parts of the 
lear. ‘The full grown cater- 
pillar (fig. 9, @) is nearly 
two inches long, thickly 


Fig. 9. clothed with hair usually 
of a yellowish color, but not always so, for some are light brown and 
others a darker brown. ‘The head and feet are usually yellow, and the 


hairs arise in little tufts from small yellow tubercles arranged nearly in 
rows across the body. In the spaces between the segments there are 
darker lines, sometimes brown or dark brown, and occasionally nearly 
black ; there is a dark line along each side, and the under surface is also 
of a dark shade. 

When full grown the caterpillar seeks some sheltered nook in which 
to change to a chrysalis, attached to the under side of a board, under the 
bark of a tree or in some crevice in a fence, wherever it is dry and 
secluded. Having fixed on a suitable locality, the larva proceeds to divest 
its body of the covering of hairs, and with these woven together with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. iy 


silken threads, it constructs the slight cocoon which is to shelter the chry- 
salis, and here in a short time the change takes place. From the chrysalis 
(4, fig. 9), which is of the usual brown color, in a week or two the perfect 
moth appears, soon to deposit fresh patches of eggs, from which in a few 
days the second brood of larve are hatched, which attain maturity and 
enter the chrysalis state before winter comes, and remain in this quiescent 
condition until the following spring. 


The moth (fig. 9, c) measures when its wings are expanded from one 
inch and a half to two inches. The figure represents a female ; the males 
are somewhat smaller. Both sexes have the wings snowy white with a few 
black dots which vary much in number in different specimens ; in some 
there are two on each front wing and three on each hind wing, as in the 
figure, while in others the spots are almost wanting, and there is every 
gradation between these extremes. On the under side the spots are more 
distinct than on the upper, and sometimes the white surface is slightly 
tinged with yellow. The antenneze are white above, dark brown below, the 
head and thorax white. The abdomen is orange colored, sometimes 
streaked across with white, and has three*rows of black spots. one above 
and one on each side ; the under side of the abdomen is white, sometimes 
tinged with orange. 

This species is attacked by several parasites, which destroy immense 


numbers every year ; were it not for this we should soon be overrun with 
them. 


ON THE: DESCRIBED N. AM. SPECIES OF THALPOCHARES. 


BY A. R. GROTE, 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


THALPOCHARES PATRUELIS Grote, CAN. ENT., viil., 27. 

The fore wings are 12-veined, no accessory cell, 9, 10 out of 8, costal 
nervules rather crowded, cell open. Hind wings 8-veined, vein 5 a little 
weaker than the rest, independent. This little species, of which I have 
both sexes, is rusty ochrey, the hind wings sub-pellucid, washed with 


DS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ochrey externally. ‘The fore wings are pale ochrey with an oblique whit- 
ish stripe, bordered by rusty ochreous, running from just before apices to 
internal margin at about the middle. ‘The costa is straight, apices pointed. 
Alabama and Texas (v. Meske). This species is referred to Z/alpoechares 
in Check List, 11., 46. 

It seems probable that Zarache patula Morr. belongs to 7halpochares. 
It must resemble fa/ruelis, but cannot be the same since it is described 
as having ‘“ broad oblique ferruginous fasciz, the first fascia extends from 
the inner margin, about one-third of the distance from the base to the 
inner angle, to the apex, it gradually decreases in breadth and at the apex 
becomes linear ; the second fascia extends from a point on the inner mar- 
gin, about two-thirds of the distance from the base to the inner angle, to 
the apex ; it is of nearly equal breadth throughout.” In fatruelis the 
usual lines are obsolete or hardly to be made out, and a single pale 
oblique fascia, lined outwardly with a dusky ochrey or rusty shade, extends 
from near apices to internal margin at within the middle. ‘The oblique 
stripe runs at variance with and crosses the posterior line, which latter, 
with the anterior line, is fine, even, and more or less discernible. ‘These 
fine lines are both slightly inwardly oblique, pale and dark. The general 
color inclines to pale ochreous, the wing shaded exteriorly more or less 
with reddish or rusty. The Alabama specimen is more reddish and a 
little larger than the Texas material before me. In Mr. Morrison’s 
description of the ‘posterior wings” there is a confusion with the 
‘“‘ anterior wings ” which makes his remarks unintelligible. 

I regard fatrucl’s as structurally a typical Zha/pochares, while Mr. 
Morrison seems to “ hesitate to found a new genus” for patwda. But one 
ground for the probable affinity of the two species is the fact that they 
were both described under Zavache, and referred there provisionally. 
While there can be no doubt that the species are distinct, from the 
opposing characters of ornamentation given in the descriptions, there 
seems to me sufficient reason for referring patula to Thalpochares, rather 
than leaving it in Zarache, where it is out of place according to its 
describer. 

The following is a list of our described North American species of 
Thalpochares : 


carmelita Morr., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phil., 1875, 434, Texas. 
elegantula Harvey, Can. Ent., vill., 55, ~ Nevada. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 59 


arizone Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. Acad., 1878, - Arizona. 
aetherta Grote, N. Am. Ent., L., 47, - 2 Florida. 
patruelis Grote, Can. Ent., vii., 27, - - Ala., Texas. 
patula Morr.; Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil., 1875, 69, - Texas. 
mundula Zeller, Beitr., 1, 14, Tab. 2, fig. 4, - Texas. 

orba Grote, Can. Ent., ix, 68, = Z Alabama. 


Of these species I have only been able to examine the neuration of 
aetherta and fatruelis, from want of material. Three of them, Aua/fz/a, 
elegantula and arizon@, are not represented in my collection.  <Aetheria 
and fatruelis agree in having no accessory cell, but differ by veins 8 and 
7 being separate in fatruclis. Whereas in aefheria 8 springs from 7 and 
9 from 8, in patruelis 9 springs from 8 and 10 from 9. Prof. Zeller seems 
somewhat uncertain as to whether munduda can remain under 7halpochares, 
and I am equally so with regard to oréa until I can obtain more material 
from which to study the neuration, which is.a guide in this and allied 
genera. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
DEAR SIR,— é 


It may be of interest to note the occurrence of the following species : 
In July last I found the pupa skins of a Cossws protruding from the trunks 
of Poplar trees at Corunna, Mich. One of these skins sent to Dr. J. A. 
Lintner was said by him to be identical with that of C. centerensis ‘(vol.. 
xi.-1). The exact locality is a grove of Poplars divided by the branch 
Tailway to the coal mine, a short distance before the river is reached. I 
obtained a half dozen of these shells in less than an hour’s search. The 
moth should be sought from the 1st to the 15th of June. 


Nephopteryx Zimmermani \ found in the same locality common 
enough, both in ‘cultivated and forest pines ; it was especially abundant 
and destructive to small pines and spruces ornamenting the cemetery. I 
took eight pupze from the trunk of one of these spruces ; these trees had 
been visited by the axe. I also found the larve in force at Gowanda, 
INS vey early in june: 


D. S. Keiiicorr, Buffalo, N. Y. 


G60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


FLIGHT OF BUTTERFLIES. 
DEAR SIR,— 

In the course of the last two or three years several accounts have 
avpeared in Mature of flight of Lepidoptera in large numbers. I observed 
a similar phenomenon in 1870, which may present sufficient interest to be 
put on record. In the summer of that year, in the month of August as 
well as I remember, I was crossing the harbor of this city in the 3 p. m. 
trip of the stem-packet boat between the city and Moultrieville, on Sulli- 
van’s Island, at the entrance of the harbor, a summer resort of the inhabi- 
tants cf our city. The distance is between four and five miles, and when 
about half way or perhaps two-thirds, the steamer passed through an 
immense stream of butterflies crossing the harbor towards the S. W. They 
were all of the genus Cal/dryas, whether C. eubule or C. marcellina (if 
indeed they be different species) I could not determine. ‘The wind was 
light, and from the rapid motion of the vessel, it was difficult to say 
whether the insects were aided or opposed by it in their transit. As the 
vessel passed obliquely through the stream, theirrate of motion could not 
be determined, and the dimensions of the stream only roughly estimated ; 
it seemed to be six or eight yards wide, about as many high, and extended 
an hundred yards or more on each side of the vessel. Whence they came 
or whither they went could not be ascertained ; they seemed to be crossing 
the harbor in a direction nearly parallel to the general travel of the coast. 

Lewis R. Gippes, Charleston, S. C. 


NOTES AND QUERIES. 
DEAR SIR, 
I notice in the February number of the ENroMOLOGIST some notes by 
Mr. Mundt, of Fairbury, Il, in which he mentions breeding wood-boring 
insects. If Mr. Mundt and some other entomologists would give some 
information on the mode of keeping such insects, I am sure it would be 
inost acceptable to the “ Beginners in Entomology.” Breeding specimens 
is of course one of the most important branches of the science which 
treats of their study, and heretofore very little has been done I believe 
with the wood-borers. I frequently find larve of Buprestidae and Ceram- 
bycidee in splitting cordwood, but so far I have signally failed to rear any 
of them. They either dry up or are attacked by mould. I think the 
chief points requiring attention are the temperature and the amount of 
moisture and air. ; J. FLETCHER, Ottawa, Ont. 


Che Canadian Entomologist, 


VOL. XII: LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1880. No. 4 


ENTO M OLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


TIGER BEETLES. 


BY R. V. ROGERS, KINGSTON, ONT. 


There are probably over ninety thousand different species of Beetles 
in the world, and first and foremost of this mighty legion stand the Cicin- 
delide. Well, therefore, might they demand our attention from their 
high position in the Coleopterous world alone ; but they have many other 
claims on our consideration. They are cosmopolitan—no pent-up Ithaca 
contracts their powers; they are beautiful; they are fierce; they are 
blood-thirsty ; they are useful ; and the family name is an old one—known 
to scientists and men of letters in the days when Jupiter and Juno were 
king and queen of heaven, to the inhabitants of old Rome. 

The family is divided into several branches ; in Canada we have only 
the representatives of one branch, but it is the cae one, the Cicindelas: 
In the United States there are a couple of other branches as w ell, which 
reside principally far to the west. 

There is much ina name. The patronymics Smith, Barber, Wnight, 
tell the origin of the family at once ; so Cicindela informs us that those 
that are so called are “ bright and shining ones,” while the English cog- 
nomen of Tiger Beetle lets all Anglo Saxons know that it is a creature 
that lives by preying on the blood of others. Brilliant, beautiful and 
elegant in shape are these beetles, and they appear to revel in the merry, 
merry sunshine ; on every bright summer day they are to be found running 
and flying about sunny banks, sandy places and wherever the god of day 
beats down his life-giving rays ; most of them avoid vegetation, as it 
would check their rapid progress ; some species, however, linger in grassy 
spots among scattered trees. They are among the most predaceous of 
‘the Coleoptera ; “ they act like the tigers among Mammalia, the hawks 
among Birds, the crocodiles among Reptiles, or the sharks among 
Fishes.” In some of them activity, as well as_brilliancy of coloring, is 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


carried to the greatest perfection. In the tropics some few genera are 
found which alight only on the leaves of trees, but further north they are 
all terrestrial. ‘Ihe species are more numerous in the temperate and sub- 
tropical regions, and gradually disappear from view as we journey towards 
the north pole, until in the latitude of Manitoba (as we are told) but two 
or three are to be found. 

Let us take our ¢vstrumenta belly and go in quest of some of the 
dozen species we have in Canada (in North America there are about one 
hundred). et us hurry before yonder clouds obscure the sun, for then — 
like chickens in an eclipse—they will retire to their homes. Here is a 
likely spot, and there are some specimens of our commonest species (C. 


vulgaris). Go for that one! He sees us as quickly as we spy him, and 
is off, flying rapidly for a few yards and then coming suddenly to the 
ground with his head towards the enemy. Again and again we start him ; 
at length he tires of the chase and takes a longer flight than usual; we 
know his little plan, and hurry back to where we first saw him in time to 
see him alight all unsuspectingly, and we easily take him captive in our 
toils. Let us examine him. He savagely moves his mandibles and tries 
to pinch, but his bite is inoffensive and not very painful. Some of them 
give forth a rather strong scent. ‘This one is a little over an inch long, 
but barely a quarter of one broad; his head is very large, for he has 
brains ; his jaws are very strong, for he has an appetite, and long and 


curved—a couple of scimitars, in fact, by which he cuts and carves the 
quivering carcasses of his prey. His eleven-jointed antennz are grace- 
ful, long and slender. “Vis true that his back is of rather a dull purple 


color, but beneath he is resplendent in a beautiful bight brassy green. 
Each wing cover is adorned with three whitish irregular stripes. His legs 
are long and-slender, just the things on which to hunt the active insects 
which he feeds upon. 

Michelet speaks of the beauty of one of the next of kin of the cap- 
tive in our fingers thus glowingly: ‘“ The rich and living aliment of the 
unfortunate insect victim apparently communicates to the Cicindela its 
glowing colors. Its entire body is embellished with them ; on the wings 
a changeful besprinkling of peacock’s eyes ; on the fore parts numerous 
meanders, diversely and softly shaded, are trailed over a dark ground. 
Abdomen and legs are glazed with such rich hues that no enamel can 
sustain a comparison with them; the eye can scarcely endure their 
vivacity. The singular thing is, that beside these enamels you find the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63 


dead tones of flowers and the butterfly’s wing. To all these various ele- 
ments add some singularities, which you would suppose to be the work of 
human art, in the Oriental styles, Persian and Turkish, or as in the Indian 


Fig. 12. 


shawl, where the colors, slightly subdued, have found an admirable basis, 
time having gradually lent a grave tone to their sweet harmony.” 


When we have let go our common Cicindela, Crcndela vulgaris, fig. 


to, let us look at the pictures of his—not sisters—but of his cousins and 
his aunts. 


The Purple Tiger Beetle (C. purpurea Riv.) is figured as No. 11. It 
is nearly the same size as vugaris, and is often to be found in its com- 
pany. Its general color is a beautiful metallic purple ; sometimes, how- 
ever, it assumes a greenish garb. On either wing cover there is a bent 


reddish line extended from the outer almost to the inner margin, a dot 


lower down and another at the extreme tip of the inner margin. It rather 
delights in chilly weather, and often appears before the snow is well gone. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. Bethune says (Rep. Ent. Soc., 1873) that he has caught it in numbers 
in April, and on one occasion as early as the 17th March, before the snow 
was gone. 

The Six-spotted Tiger Beetle (C. sex-guttata Fabr.), fig. 12, is a most 
beautiful insect of a most brilliant metallic green, flecked with three small 
white spots on each wing cover; Packard calls these markings ‘‘ golden 
dots.” 

The Hairy-necked Tiger Beetle (C. Azrticollis Say), fig. 13, is a com- 
mon species closely resembling, though smaller than, C. vulgaris ; it is 
distinguishable by having whitish hairs on its neck. 

C. generosa Ve}., fig. 14, 1s more strongly marked than the species 
already mentioned, and is considerably larger. 


C. r2-guttata De}. is smaller than vulgaris, brownish, and decorated 
with twelve smaller reddish spots. 


C. punctulata Fab. is about the size of C. r2-guttata, and has a row 
of smaller dots along the inner margin of the wing covers, and a couple 
of irregular lines on each wing cover. 


The Tiger Beetle may well be called a Beneficial Insect, and is a 
valuable and should be a valued friend of man, although some of the 
species living at the sea-shore feed upon small shrimps, to the loss of 
humanity. Although it does not, like that brilliant murderess, the Dragon- 
fly (to quote again the gushing Michelet) clear the atmosphere of the 
gnats and flies that torment mankind, still with its crossed daggers, which 
serve it for jaws, it accomplishes a swift and almost incredible havoc 
among the smaller insects. We should take care of it and respect it. It 
is an efficacious auxiliary to the agriculturist. The farmer by killing Tiger 
Beetles becomes the friend of those insect hosts that fatten on his labors 
—the preserver and protector of those little enemies which devour his 
substance. The ferocity of these insects is remarkable. They quickly 
tear off the wings and legs of their victim, and suck out the contents of 
its abdomen. Often, when they are disturbed in this agreeable occupa- 
tion, not wishing to leave it, they fly away with their prey; but they can- 
not carry a heavy burden to any great distance. 


They are true children of earth. The eggs are laid in the earth, and 
in the earth the grubs are hatched, and in the earth they spend their days, 
and in the earth they prepare their shrouds, and enwrapped therein sleep 
their pupa sleep through the long winter, and with the returning warmth 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


of spring crawl out of their earthy chambers to run and sport on earth, 
seldom using their new found wings to fly away from their beloved mother. 

The grubs are curious creatures—hideous hunchbacks, fig. 15, but 
possessed of brain and stomach. ‘They live in the same localities as their 
parents, the anxious mother having wisely deposited her eggs where food 
will be most easily attainable by the larva. et us examine a grub. 
LeConte says that we can easily procure one in spring by placing a fine 
straw down one of their holes, for the grub will push it out, and rising 
above ground in his efforts, may be captured. Here is a hole, and down 
goes a straw. Master Cicindela does not like vegetables, and so seeks to 
eject it with his broad head; when he shows himself we quickly seize 
him. A perfect Daniel Quilp we find him, with head enormous, flat, 
metallic color, armed with long curved jaws. The legs are six in num- 
ber, and on the back, half way between the legs and tail, “are two curious 
tubercles, each terminating in a pair of recurved hooks.” The head and 
first division of the body are horny, the rest of the creature is soft. “ The 
larva has all the desire for slaughter evinced by its parents, but its delicate 
skin, long body and short legs, not only prevent it from chasing prey, but 
from attempting a struggle with an insect of any size ; nevertheless this 
imperfectly armed creature manages to obtain its food without exposing 
itself to much risk. With its short, thick, spiny legs it loosens the earth, 
and then using its flat head as a shovel, and turning itself into a Z, hoists 
up the clay and upsets it around the mouth of its intended hole. | With 
head and legs, perseverance and time, it sinks a shaft as large in diameter 
as a lead pencil and about a foot in depth. (Dr. Duncan says that in 
England C. campestris runs a horizontal gallery as well.) The loose earth 
around the opening gives way on the approach of any insect and pre- 
cipitates it into the jaws of the Cicindela, which then descends into its 
cavern and there at its leisure devours its food.” ‘The insect crawls in its 
tunnel with ease, and if it wishes to remain set fast it sticks the back of 
its body against the sides and rests safely with the aid of its hooks. In 
this position it can poke its head out of the ground, thus closing the 
entrance of its tunnel and awaiting until some ant or other insect passes 
over. The top of the larva’s head forms the floor of the cavity, and when 
an insect touches it the larva descends at once and with great precipita- 
tion, and thus the victim falls into the hole. When fully grown the larva 
closes up the mouth of its abode, and in quiet and solitude undergoes its 
metamorphosis, lying dormant during the winter months. 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


COLLECTIONS OF THE LATE DR. ASA FITCH, 


Having been requested by the family of the late Dr. Asa Fitch, State 
Entomologist of New York, to examine and report upon the condition of 
his great collection of insects, I visited Fitch’s Point, Salem, N. Y., on 
the 12th and 13th of November last, and made as careful an investigation 
thereof as time and circumstances allowed. In the belief that the follow- 
ing items or notes are of general interest to all entomologists, they are 
respectfully submitted by Francis G. Sanborn, Consulting Naturalist, 
Andover, Mass. : —— 

Dr. Fitch’s “ General Collection” of insects of all orders fills one 
hundred and six boxes (‘ Cartons liégés ” of Deyrolle, nearly all of double 
depth, size 26 x 19% cm.) and is now in excellent condition, suffering 
only to the extent of perhaps fifteen per ct. froma slight coating of dry 
mould, easily removed. No Anthrenus or other Dermestide is to be 
detected among them. Very few are badly broken or damaged, perhaps 
fifty in all out of upwards of fifty-five thousand numbers. Although chiefly 
from the U. S., the collection contains a fair percentage of European and 
other exotic species obtained by exchange with Drs. Sichel and Signorét, 
and Messrs. Andrew Murray, Fairmain and others. The Coleoptera 
occupy eighteen boxes, the Orthoptera seven, Neuroptera six, Hymen- 
optera eight, Lepidoptera twenty-one, only four of which are Diurnal. 
The Hemiptera are nobly represented, the Heteropterous by fourteen, and 
the Homopterous by twelve; to this latter division, as most students are 
aware, the Doctor devoted an exceptional amount of attention, and 
apparently all of his types, as described in the N. Y. State Agricultural 
Reports for many years, are here preserved in excellent order. The Dip- 
tera occupy five boxes, and four more contain Myriapoda, Arachnida and 
Crustacea, chiefly terrestrial and local. 


In addition, two large cases of 62 draws or slides, and several boxes 
of various forms, contain by rough estimate over one hundred thousand 
duplicate Coleoptera and above twenty thousand of all other orders, 
principally of the Doctor’s own collecting from New York State. Many 
of these, however, have suffered from the ravages of Dermestes lardarius, 
though not exceeding twenty per cent. The Biological illustrations, 
chiefly “ Galls,” are now in excellent order and well arranged, but liable 
to disarrangement in transportation. A vast amount of patient labor is 


= 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 


— = -— —- — a ae == -— — 


displayed in several boxes of Cecidomyia and allied genera, which had 
been carded and studied with great care, but which we found nearly 
destroyed by the little Ptinus fur. | 

A few hundred interesting and chiefly minute specimens from Hong 
Kong, collected by the late Rev. M. S. Culbertson, and a goodly number 
of larger forms from South America, sent him by Sr. A. de Lacerda, had 
apparently never been incorporated with the general collection. 

The Catalogue, descriptive, and apparently nearly exhaustive, at least 
as regards the New York species, is a library of itself in one hundred and 
forty-eight note books ro x 16 cm. (if my memory serves me), and none 
much less than an hundred pages, in which each specimen is numbered 
(beginning in 1833), with its locality, date of capture and incidents, 
accompanied in general with a preliminary brief diagnosis, and followed 
by a fuller description. As previously stated, the numbers of specimens 
reach fifty-five thousand, though many have doubtless been exchanged or 
destroyed. 

A large and valuable library containing many rare and curious works 
on Entomology in various languages, and several microscopes, among 
them a valuable Nachét made to order for the Doctor, are also stored in 
the little wooden building called” ‘‘ the office ”—a few rods in the rear of 
the old dwelling-house. And the old shepherd dog that for some years 
past accompanied the venerable Doctor in his rambles, sleeps nightly on 
the mat at the entrance of the little “ office,” guarding the invaluable 
treasures which he may perhaps have helped to accumulate, while the 
busy brain and skillful hand of his old friend and companion are never 
more to acknowledge his faithful service. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS. AND SPECIES OF 
ZYGAENID:. 


BY BERTHOLD NEUMOEGEN, NEW YORK, 


Genus Epwarpsia, Neumoegen. 


Head small, nearly concealed by the thorax. Clypeus oblong, toothed 
in front, the middle tooth much the largest. Palpi moderately long, and 


65 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


pilose beneath. Antenne regular and closely pectinated. Thorax and 
abdomen stout, the former with the hair of patagiz long. 

Abdomen with small tuft. Wings of the form of AZ/y~za, with long 
fringes. Legs moderately long, the fore tibiae with bunches of hair as in 
Alypia; hinder pair with two nearly equal pairs of spines. 

This genus appears to be closely allied to Pseudalypia Hy. Edwards, 
but differs from all known genera of its group by its rermarkable system of 
coloration, as well as by the characters noted above. 

Dedicated to my good friend, Henry Edwards. 


E,DWARDSIA BRILLIANS, n. Sp. 


Head black, hairy, with base of the palpi and margin around the eyes 
pure white. Labial palpi black, well extended beyond the front. Antenne 
about one-third the length of costal edge of primaries, and glossy above. 
Thorax black, with a median line of white hair. Patagiz tree and large, 
white with black edges. 

Abdomen metallic steel black, glossy, with a discal spot at its base, 
and anal tuft, dark orange. 

Legs black. Femora with light orange colored tufts, and orange 
bands. ‘Tibize with orange colored scales, the posterior pair with the 
spines orange. 

Primaries with the costal edge, extreme outer margin and internal 
margin, black, and a broad, submarginal, maculate band of reddish brown; 
the spots increasing in size towards the internal margin. The central 
portion of the wing largely occupied with pure white. The submarginal 
brown band, as well as its interior white band, follow the shape of the 
exterior margin as far as the median nervure, in equal width. At the 
junction of the median nervure these bands enlarge to nearly double their 
width down to the interior margin. On the white field are two black 
streaks proceeding from base of the wing, that on the internal margin 
straight and nearly equal in width for about one-half the extent of the 
wing ; here it narrows and is surmounted by two black lines directed 
towards the median nervure, and enclosing an almost oval spot. The 
other black line follows the course of the median nervure to a space 
within about two lines of the outer margin of the wing, where it broadens 
a little and curves upwards, joining the costa. Above the median line in 
the centre is an almost oblong, black blotch, toothed towards the outer 
margin, and enclosing an orange centre, nearly the shape of the Latin I. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69 


Anterior to this and resting on the median line is also an orange, sublunar 
patch, bordered by black. The spaces between the lines and blotches, 
above noted, being pure white. Fringes long, very distinct pure white. 
Secondaries smoky black, with a slight bronze lustre, and indistinct 
traces of orange discal spot and submarginal band. Fringes concolorous. 
Under side entirely bronze black. ‘The primaries with an orange 
submarginal band extending nearly from costa to the internal margin. <A 
broader orange band from costa to a little below median nervure, and 


anterior to this a triangular orange spot, resting on subcostal nervure. 
Fringes as in the upper side. 


Expanse of wings 1.32 inches. 


Location, South-western Texas. Collected by Mr. J. Boll in season 
of 1879. 


DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIS 
ALCESTIS, Epw. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—Conoidal, truncated, not so broad at base as /dadia, the sides 
less rounded ; depressed at summit ; marked vertically by about eighteen 
prominent, slightly wavy ribs, half of which extend from base to summit 
and form around the latter a serrated rim ; the remainder end irregularly 
at two thirds to three quarters distance from base, sometimes squarely at 
one of the strize, but usually curve towards and unite with the long ribs ; 
between each pair of ribs are equi-distant transverse striz. Shape of 
Aphrodite and Myrina, being more slender, narrower at base, and less 
convex on sides than the other large species of this genus. In Mrs. 
Peart’s magnified drawings the eggs of Adestis and Myrina are indis- 
tinguishable from each other. Duration of this stage 25 to 30 days. 


YOUNG LARVA—Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, thickest anteriorly, 
tapering backward, the dorsum sloping considerably ; color brownish- 
green, translucent ; each segment from 3 to 12 marked by eight rows of 
tubercular dark spots, six of them placed on dorsum and upper part of 
sides, each spot giving out a long black clubbed hair, which is curved 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


forward ; the other two rows are beneath spiracles (one on each side), and 
consist of much smaller spots, each with two or three short hairs ; still 
lower down, in a line over the feet, are points, with fine hairs ; on segment 
2 is a blackish dorsal patch, and on either side are two small spots, and 
all these are furnished with hairs ; on 13 is a row of four small spots, and 
behind it one of two ; head a little broader than any segment, rounded, 
slightly bilobed, somewhat pilose ; color dark brown. 

Nearly all the larvae became lethargic immediately after leaving the 
egg, having first devoured the egg shells ; but a few, of a single brood in 
1878, about ten per cent, fed and proceeded to first and subsequent 
moults. ‘These gradually died off after first and second moults, but one 
lived several days after third, and died about 14th November. In the 
fall, the first moult was reached at about 18 days from the egg. The 
remaining larvae were kept in a cool room, and such as survived were 
placed in the greenhouse r4th Jan., on violet, and began to pass first 
moult 11th Feb., or after 28 days. 


AFTER FIRST MOULT—Length .15 inch; thickest in middle ; 
color yellow-green, on dorsum mottled with brown, especially at bases of 
spines ; the spines, which in all the Argynnids make their first appearance 
at this stage, form six longitudinal rows of large spines, two of which may 
be described as dorsal and two as lateral, besides a row of very small 
spines along base of body, over the feet ; the dorsals begin at 2 and run 
to 13, one upon each segment, in each row ; the two laterals begin at 5, 
and the upper one stops at 12. the lower continuing to 13, always but one 
on each segment ; on either side of 2 are two minute tubercles with hairs, 
two also on 3, and three on 4; between 2 and 3 and between 3 and 4, at 
junction of the segments, is set a large spine which hes between the dorsal 
and first lateral row on each side ; (this arrangement of spines probably 
belongs to the entire genus, at least to all species whose caterpillars are 
known to me, and continues till last larval stage) ; spines long, tapering, 
black, beset with many short and fine black bristles ; the spines on second 
lateral row now rise from yellowish tubercles (but in some examples these 
spines were green and rose from greenish tubercles) ; all others from black 
ones ; head sub-cordate, black, with many short black hairs. To second 
moult in fall 5 to 7 days; in spring from 14 to 24 days. 


AFTER SECOND MOULT—Length .22 inch ; shape as at previous 
stage ; color black-brown, the sides less dark than dorsum ; the tubercles 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a 


of the dorsal spines are pale buff on outer side, but black on dorsal side ; 
the first laterals have black tubercles, and second laterals buff; the inter- 
mediate tubercles on anterior segments are yellow ; the dorsal spines on 2 
are somewhat turned forward, but are no longer than others of same rows ; 
head as before, except that on each vertex now appears a small conical 
black process. To third moult, in fall, 6 days; in spring, 7 to 12 days. 


AFTER THIRD MOULT—length .3 inch; color velvety-black - 
with a brown tint ; the spines much longer and heavier than before ; the 
outer side of tubercles of the dorsal rows is now dull yellow ; the spines 
of first lateral row have very little yellow at base, and those of lower row 
are yellow at base and a little way up ; head sub-cordate, much flattened 
frontally, and on the summit of each vertex is a small sharp process as 
before ; many small tuberculations over the face, each of which sends out 
a black hair; color of front head shining black, but the back is yellow. 
To next moult, in spring, 11 to 14 days. 


AFTER FOURTH MOULT—Length .5 inch ; color as at previous 
stage ; spines black, both dorsals and first laterals very slightly colored 
reddish-yellow at base, scarcely visible except when viewed obliquely ; the 
lower laterals and also the intermediate spines on anterior segments are 
all orange at base and about half way up ; head as before, much flattened ; 
color black, orange at back. In some examples the bases of lower spines 
and the back of the head were reddish-yellow in the early part of this 
stage, but became orange later. To next and last moult 15 days. 


AFTER FIFTH MOULT—Length .8 inch; color velvety black ; 
the dorsal spines are drab at base, except those on 2 and 3, which are 
brownish-yellow ; all the spines of the two other rows are of same yellow 
at base, but the tubercles orange ; the back of head a yellow-orange. At 
about 20 days after the moult the larva reached maturity. 


MATURE LARVA—Length 1.4 inch at rest, greatest breadth across 
middle of segment .3 inch; length in motion r.8 inch ; cylindrical, of 
even thickness from 5 to 11, the segments rounded ; color velvety-black ; 
the spines long, slender, tapering, of about equal length (the dorsals on 
middle segments measure .15 inch to tubercle, .16 to skin), the long spines 
on 2 are directed forward, but are not longer than others ; all the spines 
are beset with many short black bristles ; those of the dorsal rows are 


a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


translucent brown at base, except on 3 and 4, where they are dull yellow ; 
all of the two lateral and the intermediate rows are dull yellow from base 
(including the tubercles) half way’to top ; tops of all spines and all the 
bristles black ; feet and legs brown ; head sub-cordate, deeply cleft, flat- 
tened in front; on each vertex a small conical process ; over the front 
many short black hairs; color black, the back of head reddish-yellow, 
sometimes dull yellow. ‘Twenty-four hours after suspension the larva 
pupated. 


CHRYSALIS—Length 1 inch, greatest breadth .3 inch ; shape of 
Diana ; cylindrical, a little compressed laterally, the wing cases prominent 
and: flaring at the base on ventral side; the whole surface finely cor- 
rugated ; head case square, bevelled at the sides, rounded transversely, the 
outline from top of mesonotum to extremity being arched ; on either ver- 
tex a small conical process ; mesonotum carinated, followed by a deep 
rounded excavation; on middle of either side of mesonotum a small 
conical tubercle ; on the abdomen two dorsal rows of similar tubercles 
and a row of small ones on each side; the color varies somewhat, some 
examples being red-brown, irregularly mottled with black ; on the wing 
cases red-brown and the black is limited mostly to the disk and nervures ; 
others are drab and black, the wing cases finely streaked with black, other- 
wise drab ; on the abdomen the front part of each segment is black, the 
rest drab, irregularly serrated at the junction. Duration of this stage 22 
days. 


(My larval descriptions are in all cases drawn shortly after the hatching 
or after the moult, say from 12 to 24 hours. In this period of the stage 
the colors are fresher than afterwards. Some larvae, as Limenitis A7¢he- 
mis, change color essentially two or three days after some of the moults, 
and in all cases, as the next moult approaches, the skin loses its freshness 
and all color becomes dulled.) 


I have received eggs of Adcestis several times, and in the years 1876, 
77 and °78, from Mr. Worthington and Mr. Bean, the one at Chicago, the 
other at Galena. ‘The females were shut up with plants of violet and laid 
abundantly, in September. I have stated above that some of the larvae 
in 1878 fed, after leaving the egg, and went on to second and one to even 
third moult, but that these all died on the approach of cold weather. I 
_ have known no other instance among our large Argynnids, Diana, [dalia, 
Cybele, Aphrodite, where the larvae proceeded to feed and moult the same 


Jaime erie 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ke 


season in which they. emerged from the egg, but invariably they have 
become lethargic forthwith. 

The geographical limits of Adcest7s are not yet determined. It seems 
to be abundant in northern Indiana and Illinois, and I have received it 
from Nebraska. ‘The species is near Aphrodite, and may be distinguished 
by its deep red color in both sexes, and by the color of under surface. In 
the female this is wholly dark ferruginous on secondaries, from base to 
margin, or sometimes olive-black, like /da/ia, and there is an absence of 
the band between the cuter rows of silver spots; the male either very 
dark brown, or ferruginous-brown, from base to margin, without mottling 
of buff or drab as seen in Aphrodite. Sometimes there is a trace of the 
band, but it is always very slight, rather a showing of a light sub-color 
through the coating of brown than a band. 

In Can. ENT., vi., p. 124, 1874, I stated some facts which had puzzled 
me in the history of our larger Argynnids, namely, that at Coalburgh, 
while fresh examples of Cyde/e and Diana appeared about ist to 20th 
June, no traces of eggs had been found in the females, after repeated 
dissections of Cyéee between June and August ; but that early in August 
the eggs become distinguishable and rapidly mature, and before last of that 
month are deposited, and from that on to first of October. Multitudes 
of fresh individuals appear in early August. There also seemed to be too 
short an interval between middle of June and last of July for the growth 
of the larvae and the chrysalis period, inasmuch as every stage was greatly 
prolonged in the spring, so that about four months intervened between 
hybernation and the butterfly, as I had treated the larvae. And I sug- 
gested that there might be irregularity in the emergence of the butterflies 
from the same lot of eggs laid in September, so that some few might 
appear in June and the rest in August. I now am of the opinion that 
there are two annual broods. ‘The experience, in fall of 1878, with those 
larvae of Adcestés which proceeded to feed instead of going into lethargy, 
and passed two and three moults, within a very much shorter period than 
has been observed in the spring, showed that six weeks in midsummer 
might not improbably be long enough for all the changes. _ Perhaps also 
there are but four larval moults in the summer brood, as in some of the 
Melitzeas, though there are five in the winter brood. Every stage would 
be shortened by the hot weather of July. On r4th June, 1878, I saw a 
pair of Cyéele flying, in copulation. In all instances where this has hap- 
pened with butterflies under my observation, and the females have been 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


secured, and this includes Arg. Af/antis (CAN. ENT., vii., p. 35, 1875) 
and Adyrina (id. vili., p. 162, 1876), eggs have been laid within a few 
hours after. Mr. Siewers, at Newport, Ky., had twice observed pairs of 
Cybele in same condition in early summer. Eggs laid 15th June would 
allow about two months for the several stages to imago. 

Nore.—I received recently a letter from an active collector and breeder 
of butterflies, in which he says: ‘I would like to ask you why you call 
the segment back of the head, in your descriptions of larve, the second 
segment. Other authors, without a single exception, so far as I know, call 
it the first segment. By your calling it the second and numbering the 
other segments in accordance, your descriptions are apt to be misleading 
to those who are used to the descriptions of other authors.” 

This led me to look up the authorities and see if I was so unorthodox 
as my correspondent supposed. And first I examined Burmeister, Manual 
of Entomology, translated by Shuckard, London, 1836, a book to which 
I always go for directions and advice in things entomological. It is 
unnecessary to say that this author is faccle princepes in his department. 
And on page 35, section 53, I read: “ All larvae with a perfect metamor- 
phosis have a long, generally cylindrical body, composed of ,13 more or 
less distinct rings or segments.” “* The head always occupies the first of 
the 13 segments.” |Next Westwood, whose Introduction, London, 1840, 
should be in the library of every working entomologist : ‘‘ The larvae (of 
lepidoptera) are long and cylindrical, composed of 13 segments, of which 
the anterior represents the head of the imago,” vol. 2, page 319. West- 
wood in 1838, in his Entomologist’s Text Book, London, page 397, has 
said : “ They (the caterpillars) are composed of 13 rings, of which the 
first represents the head.” 

Looking over the larval descriptions in back volumes of the Ento- 
mologist’s Monthly Magazine, the organ of the Ent. Soc. of London, I 
find all the writers, including such veterans in this branch as Gosse, 
Buckler and others, speak of the segments as 13, and count the head as 
number one. It would seem to be the rule with English entomologists. 
It is true Dr. Boisduval makes but 12 segments, not counting the head, 
but I apprehend the weight of authority is on the other side. It certainly 
is best that there should be uniformity in such a matter, if for no other 
reason, to prevent confusion such as my correspondent speaks of, and I 
think we cannot do better than to adopt the method of the German Bur- 
meister, and our English brethren, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (65) 


A FEW NOTES ON N. AMERICAN ACRIDII. 
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


I have long had upon my desk a partly completed revision of the 
Calliptenoid series of N. American Acridians. The task I have under- 
taken in the study of our fossil insects has hitherto prevented its com- 
pletion ; and as it bids fair to be long delayed, the following notes are 
published for the assistance of students of that special group, which is 
remarkably developed in the United States, from whence I have about one 
hundred species, while Europe scarcely possesses a dozen. 

In a short paper on dimorphism in western Acridians,* I called 
attention to the long and short-winged forms in the species of this group. 
A few examples may be given: thus Pezofeftix plagosus Scudd. and Calop 
tenus Turnbulli Thom. are to be referred to the same species ; Pezotettix 
abditum Dodge and Caloptenus junius Dodge seem to belong together ;t 
the same may be said of Pezotettix nigrescens Scudd. and Melanoplus 
clypeatus ( Caloptenus clypeatus Scudd.) ; Pezotettix Scuddert Uhler resem- 
bles AZelanoplus glaucipes Scudd. at a further remove ; while not only is 
Pezotettix enigma Scudd. apparently merely a short-winged form of AZelano- 
plus collaris Scudd., but Pezotettix jucunda Scudd. is perhaps only an 
impoverished form of the same, with still shorter tegmina. 

It is rather remarkable that aside from the above, very few of our 
species have been twice named. A few synonyms, however, have occurred 
to me in addition to some already published.  Pezotettix flavoannulatus 
La Munyon, 1877, is Pezotettix picta Thomas, 1870 ; Pezotettix borealis 
Scudd , 1862, is Pezotettix septentrionalis Sauss., 1861 ; Pezotettix tellustris 
Scudd., 1877, is Pezotettix Dawsoni Scudd., 1875 ; Pezotettix minutipennis 
Thom. (Dec.), 1876, is Pezotettix gracilis Bruner (July) 1876; Pezotettix 
viola Thom. has been in my collection for years under the MSS. name P. 
afiliatus Uhl.; but Mr. Thomas’s is the only published name. 


Finally Pezotettix obesa Thom. must form the type of a new genus, for 
which the name of Bradynotes is proposed. It is most nearly allied 


* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix., 336. 


+ Unless my memory is at fault, Mr. Dodge has independently reached the same 
conclusion concerning these two forms. | 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


indeed to Pezotettix, but has some characters which ally it more closely 
to Calliptenus proper, and not a few points of general resemblance to 
Ommatolampis, although the structure of the tarsi is different. It is 
remarkable for the form of the sternal surface of the thorax, the obso- 
lescence of the prosternal spine, the unarmed edge of the last dorsal 


abdominal segment of the ~ and the great robustness of the body, 
especially of the ?. 


BRADYNOTES, nov. gen. ‘The head is stout, rather broader below than 
above, the cheeks being full; the space between the upper edge of the 
mandib'es and the lower border of the eye is equal to ( 2) or rather less 
than (_ ) the height of the eye; vertex between the eyes broad ; front 
well ro} 2. ot oblique, the frontal costa prominent, rather broad and 
sulcate ; antennz slender, equal, shorter than the hind femora. Thorax 
very stout, the pronotum very short, not covering the whole of the meso- 
notum, both front and hind borders straight, the posterior lobe only half 
as long —_—‘e anterior and rugulose, while the anterior lobe is smooth ; 
lateral lobes separated from the dorsum by distinct rugze ; prosternai spine 
very much abbreviated, becoming in the 2 a mere blimt tubercle, and in 
the gf very short and conical; mesostethium and metastethium together 
fully as broad as long, the metasternal lobes distant in the § , approximate 
inthe ¢. Tegmina and wings altogether wanting. Hind femora small, 
moderately stout, reaching the tip of the abdomen in the {, but not in 
the 2, the upper carina smooth ; spines of hind tibice equai in both rows, 
the lateral edges of the tibiae between them smooth and rounded ; first 
hind ts 11 joint perhaps a little longer than the last joint, but certainly 
shorte an the second and third joints together. Terminal abdominal 
joints of the abdomen of the @ short, making the tip b?int, as in the 
series of Pezotettix represented by P. jucunda Scudd.; abdomen of male 
upcurved apically, the last ventral segment being long ; hinder edge of the 
last dorsal segment smooth and entire, unprovided with tubercles or pro- 
longations as in Pezotettix and Melanoplus. 

The only species known to me is ZB. obesa ( Pez. obesa Thom.) 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.— 
The Annual Report of our Society has been issued and mailed to our 
members. Should any fail to receive their copies they will please com- 
municate with the Editor or Secretary-Treasurer. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1. (a 


PRELIMINARY LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF 
CRAMBUS. 


BY A. R. GROTE, 


Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sctences. 


Crameus Fab. 


satrapellus Zinck. in Germ. Mag. iv., 247 ; Zeller Mon., 16. 
Hab. ‘‘ Georgia.” Florida (Schwarz). 
pracfectellus Zinck. in Germ. Mag. iv., 249; Zeller, Mon.17; zvolutellus 
Glem:;. Proc; A: N.S. Phil., 1860, 203. 
Hab:iCan., N: Y., Vex.,. Mass: 
guingueareatus Zell., Kx. Microlep. 38, T. 1, fig. 16. 
abs. sshexas.”? 
Leachellus Zinck. Germ. Mag. iv., 114 ; ? ¢nvolutellus Clem. Proc. A. N. S. 
P. 1860, 203 ; Zeller, Mon. 18. ? pulchellus 7°\\,, Mon. 18. 
Hab. Vancouver Island, Texas, Maine, New York. 7 
var. occidentalis Grote, Can. Ent., xii., 16. 
Hab. San Francisco, Cal. 
Girardellus Clem., Proc. A. N. S. Phil., 1860, 204 ; Zeller, Mon. 19. 
Hab. N. Y., Ohio, Mass., Penn. 
sertcinellus Zell., Mon. 49. 
Hab. Maine, N. Y., Mass., Ohio. 
floridus Zell., Beitr. 1, 91. 
Hab. “ Mass.” 
labradoriensis Christ., Ent. Zeit. 19, 314; W. E. M. 4, 379: 
Hab. “ Labrador.” 
agitatellus Clem., Pro. A. N. S. P. 1860, 203 ; Zell., Mon. 21. 
var. alboclavellus Schlaeger, Zell., Mon. 19. 
Hab, Ohio; N- Y:, Ill; Va.,2 Mass:, Tex. 
Saltuelius Zell., Mon. 22. 
Hab. N. Y., Mass. 
bidens Zell., Beitr. 1, 89. 
Hab. N. Y., Mass. 
minimellus Rob., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H, 11, 315. 
Hab. Penn. 
argillaceéllus Pack., Proc. B.S. N. H., 11, 32. 
Hab. “ Labrador.” 


“uans % 


Re) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST: 


albellus Clem. Proc. A. N.S. Phil., 1860, 204 ; Zell. Mon. 23. 
Hab. Maine, Mass., N. Y., Penn. 
bipunctellus Zell., Mon. 23; Rob.; Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H., 9, 316. 
Hab. Ohio, Illinois, Penn., Can. 
laqueatellus Clem., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., 1860, 203 ; Zell., Mon. 24. 
Hab, “Tex., Ell, Mass.;.N2 .Y.)@hno: 
fopiarius Zell., Sr. Ent. Zeit , 1866, 155 ; Grote, Can. Ent., 12, 17: 
Hab. N. Y., Sierra Nev., Cal. 
Goodellianus Grote, Can. Ent., 12, 17. 
Eab. Mass., Pen. 
decorellus Zinck., Germ, Mag. iv., 250; polyactinellus Kollar, Zell., Mon. 
25; Beitr. 1, 92. 
Hab. “Texas.” 
plejadellus Zinck., Germ. Mag. iv., 251 ; Zell., Mon, 26. 
Hab. ‘‘ Georgia.” 
teterellus Zinck., Germ. Mag. iv., 252 ; camurellus Clem., P. A. N.S. Phil., 
1860, 203 ; derrellus Zell., Mon. 27. 
Hab. Georgia, Texas, Ohio. 
elegans Clem., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., 1860, 204 ; ¢erminellus Zell., Mon. 27 ; 


Ex. Microlep. 45. 
Habs Ohio; N.Y, Penn. lex. 
oregonicus. Grote, Can. Ent., 11,173; N. Am. Ent., 1, 68, pl. 5, fig. 9. 
Hab. Oregon. 
trichostomus Christ., Ent. Zeit., 1858, 313 W.E. M., 4, 379. 
Hab. Labrador ! 
piierrupius Grote; Can. Ents, 9, ror: C.1tn,. 11,05. 
Hab. Can., Maine. 
dissectus Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 16; N. Am. Ent., 1, 68, plate 5, fig. 8. 
Hab. Maine, N. Y. 
unistriatelus Pack., Proc. B: S$. N./H., 14, 323 exesus “Grote; Gan. ene, 
TE; 16 UN AT. TEMES LOO, plese nr 
Hab. Maine, N. Y., Penn., Labr. 
exstccatus Zell., Mon. 37. . 
Hab. Maine, N. Y., Il., Vancouver. 
anceps Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 18. 
Hab. San Francisco, Cal. 
laciniellus Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 18. 
Hab. Maine. 


~ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 


| caliginosellus Clem., Proc. A. N. S. Phil., 1860, 203. 
Hab: N?-¥: 

duplicatus, n. Ss. 
2. Head, thorax and fore wings obscure clayey yellow. Hind 
wings and abdomen rather dark fuscous. Fore wings crossed by 
two double angulated brown lines, hence differing from caligino 
sellus, where the lines are single, and the ground color is different. 
Beneath brownish fuscous, palpi at the sides brownish. The 
surfaces of primaries above show scattered dark scales about the 
disc and at base ; a fine brown terminal line ; fringes fuscous, 
pale at base. Lxpanse 20 mil.; N. Y., June 23, W. W. Hill, coll. 

fuscicostellus Zell., Mon. 44 ; ? mutabilis Clem. P. A. N.S. P., 1860, 204. 
Habwkilayex.7N5¥.,-Ohio; Tl! 

attenuatus Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 18. 
Hab. Vancouver Island. 

hemiochrellus Zell., Ex. Microlep., 49. 
Flabocshexass? 

ruricolellus Zell., Mon. 40. 
Hab. N. Y., Penn., Ohio, IIl., Me. 

vulgtvagellus Clem., Proc. A. N. S. Phil.,_1860, 203 ; chalybirostris Zell. , 

Mon. 4o. 

Hab. N. Y., Penn., Ohio, Ill., Me., Vancouver. 

luteolellus Clem., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., 1860, 203. 
Hab. ? 

s. g. Propexus Gr. 

edonts Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 19; N. Am. Ent., 1, 68, plate 5, fig. 11. 
Hab. Kansas. 

pexellus Kaden, Zell., Mon. 48. 
Hat Texas,-Col. 

pectinifer Zeller, Exot. Microlep., 51, pl. 1, fig. 20 a, b. 
Babio?-Texas.? 

repandus, N. S. 
gf. Antenne with a single outer row of short teeth, obsolete at 
base, continued to tips. The stem is outwardly pure white. The 
teeth increase very slightly in size towards the middle and taper 
very gradually ; they are ciliated. Whitish. Fine dark brown 
‘lines run along the interspaces. At the extremity of cell an 
acutely angled broken line ; the longitudinal lines on cell and 


SO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


submedian space are nearly black. The exterior, not angulated, 
transverse line is broken into brown marks nearly continuous, 
and followed by a whitish shade. A fine black, partly dotted, 
terminal hair line ; fringes silver at base, else whitish interrupted 
with brown. Palpi outwardly brownish ; head and thorax whit- 
ish, more or less brown tinged. Hind wings slightly soiled with 
white fringes. xfanse 32 mil. Colorado, Mr. Hulst. This 
species differs from fecténifer in the shorter antennal teeth, the 
white scales on the stem, and in the bleached fore wings with 
their fine dark longitudinal hair-lines, together with the silver 
base of the fringes. 

In making out this List I have omitted references to the British 
Museum, where undoubtedly many of our species are represented under 
different names. I am obliged to Prof. Fernald for sending me specimens 
of Dr. Packard’s species, whose paper I had overlooked. 

Prof. Zeller’s excellent monograph should: have priority over Walker’s 
compilation in the B. M. Lists, not only on account of its merits, but 
because there is evidence of its issue as early at least as March, 1863. A 
separate edition was afterwards printed in July, 1863. 

Nore.—Since writing the above List I am indebted to Prot. Fernald 
for the identification of Crambus inornatellus Clem., Proc. Ent. Soc Phil., 
2, 418, March, 1864. It isa synonym of sevicine//us Zeller, and should 
be added to the synonymy given above. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 

The paper on three new species of Sof’s in the February number was 
issued without my seeing the proof. I had, subsequently to writing the 
paper, discovered that dssectalis was a fresh and bright specimen of my 
submedtalis, CAN. EN?., 8, 111. The ringlet in submedian space is so 
obliterate as to allow only its traces to be made out on very close inspec- 
tion. With this exception the description last published is naturally the 
best, as my type of sbmedialis is somewhat faded and worn. ‘The species 
may be quickly known by the dark under surface, broken by pale spots, 
the squarely produced fascia on secondaries above, the three open ringlets 
on the yellow primaries, with their discolorous fuscous fringes, and the 
vague fuscous subterminal shade diffuse subcostally on both pair of wings. 


The species may be known as swhmedtalis, with dissectalis as a synonym. 
A. R. Grote, Buffalo, N. Y. 


ww 


Che Canadian Entomalogist. 


VOL. XII. LONDON, _ONT., MAY, 1880. ; No. 5 


ON THE DESTRUCTION OF OBNOXIOUS INSECTS BY YEAST. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The paper published Canap. ENT., vol. xi., p. 110-14, was reprinted 
with some additions as a pamphlet, Cambridge, December, 1879. The 
recorded experiment on the Potato Bug made by Mr. James H. Burns, 
proved evidently the poisonous character of the yeast-fungus. The fifty 
beetles which were sprinkled with it died mostly on the eighth day, and 
the rest in the four following days. None of them survived. There were 
collected at the same time, October 2, and at the same place, fifty other 
beetles, which were kept in the same room. Of these, which were not 
sprinkled, to Nov. 14th only three had died, and March tst twenty-five 
lived still brightly. The experiment is so far a decided success, as it has 
proved ¢hat insects are killed by the application of yeast. I may add that 
an experiment made a few weeks ago in a green-house seems to be suc- 
cessful in killing Aphides. ma 

Dr. Metschnikoff has published a pamphlet, Odessa, 1879, and a 
record of it, Zool. Anzuger, 1880, Feb., concerning ‘his experiments in 
destroying obnoxious insects (Anzsoplia and Cleonus) by the application 
of fungus. The difficulty of raising the fungus chosen by him (J/saria 
vixescens) in sufficiently large quantities he hopes to overcome by raising 
the Zsavia in beer-mash. 

Mr. A. Giard, Lille, France (Bull. So. de Department de Nord., sec. 
2, An. 2, No. 11), has published a paper containing very interesting facts 
regarding insect epizootics. The discovery of L. Nowakowski of the 
copulation of some Extomophthora, and the conclusive proof given by O. 
Brefeld that Zarichium is only a different form of which the Status conidio- 
phorus is the Empusa, induce Mr. Giard to retain for the genus the name 
Entomophthora, for its asexual form the name Zarichium, for its sexual 
form the name Zmpusa. In summer, when insects in which those fungi 


82, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


develop are abundant, the reproduction is an agamous one ; in the fall, 
when insects become scarce, a sexual generation appears, which produces 
oospores not germinating before the following spring. 

Mr. Giard believes that Zavichium megaspermum, the parasitic fungus 
of the caterpillar of Agvotis segetum, and first described by Dr. Cohn, 
could be used by farmers as a very important poison to destroy those 
obnoxious insects—the more as O. Brefeld has proved by conclusive 
experiments that the caterpillar of Pers brassice is very easily infested 
by sprinkling with water in which spores of &. sphaerosperma (the para- 
site of this species) are put in. ‘Therefore the mummified caterpillars 
filled with spores should be collected in winter for use the next spring 
against this species. (The same has been suggested as long ago as 1874 
by Dr. John L. LeConte.) The 2xtomophthora seem to attack by preference 
the caterpillars of the double-brooded species, which pass the winter 
without transforming in the chrysalis state. | Mr. Giard explains thus the 
casual rarity of some very common species of Che/onia. The hypothesis 
of O. Brefeld that Zarichium megaspermum of Agrotts could be perhaps 
only a different form of Awpusa musce is rejected by Mr. Giard, he hav- 


ing discovered, as he submits, the Zarichium state of Empusa musce,, 


which was not known before. The opinion that both forms of a fungus 
develop exclusively on the same animal, similarly as other parasitic 
insects, can, until it is proved by doubtless evidence, hardly be accepted. 
We know well that the different stages of entozoa develop in very different 
animals, and the presumption that fungi follow a similar course is at least 
probable. 

There are published objections against my proposition to use the yeast 
fungus for destruction of insects. Allare based upon the same fact, that Dr. 
Bail’s views concerning the identity of some fungi are not accepted by Botan- 
ists. As the number of students of microscopical fungi is rather limited, and 
as I have never studied them, I used the excellent chance to rely upon 
the views of my savant colleague, Prof. Farlow, which he had kindly com- 
municated to me. ‘Therefore I stated as a fact that ‘‘ Dr. Bail’s views 
are now not accepted by prominent Botanists,” and further that “ this 
question is without any influence regarding my proposition.” I believed 
it to be fair to state that actually Dr. Bail has discovered the yeast fungus 
to be poisonous to insects, and therefore I was obliged to quote the ways 
and the experiments which had led him to this discovery. As Dr. Bail 
had not suggested the use of the yeast for the destruction of insects-— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 


though this suggestion is the evident consequence of his discovery—and 
as I found it not done by anybody else, I recommended experiments to 
be made with the yeast fungus. The experiment with the Potato Bug has 
proved that yeast fungus externally brought in contact with insects, kills 
them. Therefore objections based on botanical grounds can not more 
be admitted, and the Botanists will sooner or later find the true 
explanation of the facts. 

It has been contended that ‘“‘as long as a scientific basis for the use 
of the yeast is not more established, a practical application of the same 
is simp]y out of question.” This assertion is a rather strange one, the 
more so as nothing is known about the scientific basis of Pyrethrum, of 
Paris green and other remedies. It has apparently been overlooked that 
I found in the dead beetles which had been sprinkled, in the large sinus 
of the wings, spores in quantity. Those spores resembled the figures 
given by Dr. Rees (Unters. ueber die Alcoholgaehrungspilze Leipzig, 1870, 
pl. 1, f. 15, e. d.) and were so numerous and so distinct that I could not 
have been deceived, the more as I am familiar with the blood fluid of 
insects and its corpuscles. I did not find such spores in the sinus of the 
wings of beetles which had not been sprinkled. There is nothing in the 
size and the shape of the yeast spores which could prevent them from 
entering an insect’s body and producing disease. 

Since the above was in type I have received a letter from Germany 
stating that sprinkling with the atomizer of diluted (compressed) yeast, a 
half an ounce package in three liter of water, on Aphides in greenhouses, 
was successful to an exceeding degree. 


NOTES ON THE LARVA OF HETEROCAMPA 
PULVEREA, G. & R. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Length when at rest, 1.25 inches ; in shape tapering slightly from the 
middle forward, but more rapidly from that point backward ; the body 
deeper than broad. General color bright clear green, a little spotted with 
white, marked as follows: head gray, a little lighter through the centre ; 
joint 1 contains two dark purplish black warts on the dorsum, reddish 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


purple at the base, the space between them whitish. From these runs 
backward a bright brownish purple line, not very dark, at first about one- 
sixteenth of an inch wide. ‘This expands, reaching the sub-dorsum in the 
posterior part of joint 4, dividing in the middle in joint 3. The lines run 
along the subdorsal region to the posterior part of joint 6, when they unite 
and cover the whole of the dorsal part of joint 7 and all but a little of the 
posterior part of joint 8, when it again separates and runs as two lines to 
the posterior part of joint 9. The space on the back of joints 3, 4, 5 and 
6 between the purple lines is filled with orange. On joint 4 a spur is 
given off from the purple line to the third thoracic leg, another runs from 
joint 6 to the first pro-leg, another short spur on joint 9; both of the last 
with oblique lines of lighter shade. On joint 9 the orange is outside the 
purple, extending down the lateral spurs. Joint ro has no purple nor 
orange except a little below the stigmata, but it has faint yellow subdorsal 
lines. Joint 11 has purple subdorsal lines which unite on the anterior 
part of joint 12, continuing backward as a broad dorsal line, darkest on 
the anal plate. The space on joint 11 between the subdorsals is filled 
with orange. Feet and legs purple, but the rest of the under side green ; 
under the glass the above described brownish purple lines are not uniform, 
but mottled with irregular lighter lines. 

The single larva from which the above description was taken was 
found June 30th on the body of a white oak tree. During the few days 
before it pupated I fed it on the leaves of Quercus alba and Q. coccinea, 
both of which it ate readily. July 6th it entered the dirt of the cage to 
transform, and produced the imago August 6th. 


NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDA IN THE ZUTRAEGE. 
FIRST HUNDRED. 


BY A. R. GROTE, 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 
Schinia gracilenta, 8, fig. 5-6. 


“Georgia.” I have identified this species among Belfrage’s Texan 
collections. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. &5 


Drasteria graphica, 8, fig. 11-12. 

“Georgia.” The hind wings are rusty-yellow, ‘ rostgelb” ; whether 
it is the species which passes under the name in our collections might 
admit of some doubt from the color of secondaries, but the s. t. line is 
followed by pale dots on the veins as in graphica ; the band on hind wings 
is broken in the figure. 

Lpizeuxts lituralts, 9, fig. 19-20. 

“Georgia.” Described by me as Aegachyta lituralis, Trans. Am. Ent. 
Soc., 306, Jan., 1873. 

fypsoropha monilis Fabr., 10, fig. 23-24. 


“ Georgia.” I have identified this species in Prof. Snow’s. Kansas 
collections. 

Polygrammate hebreicum, to, fig. 25-26. 

“Georgia.” I have identified this species in the Philadelphia collec- 


tions. It is the P. hebraicum of my Check List, No. 80. 


-Hypsoropha hormos, to, fig. 27-28. 

“Georgia.” I have collected this commonly in Alabama. 

LEphesia elonympha, 11, fig. 29-30. 

“Georgia.” Generally known in collections; Alabama (Grote) ; 
various localities in Middle and Western States. 

Zale horrida, 11, fig. 31-32. 

“ Georgia.” This species is the Homoptera calycanthata of Walker and 
Bethune, but not of Abbot. Common; I proposed to distinguish the 
genus by the exaggerated thoracic tufts. 

Schinia trifascia, 1, fig. 33-34. 

“Georgia.” I have identified this species from Alabama and Texas. 
See Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 242, 1874, in describing an allied species, 5S. 
rectifascia Grote. 

Phoberia rufimargo, 13, fig. 45-46. 

“ Georgia.” This is the Panopoda rujficosta of Gueneé, the P. Cressonit 
Grote, and brightly colored specimens are, without doubt, the vosetcosta of 
Gueneé. A common and variable form throughout Southern New Eng- 
land, south and westward. 

Cryphia nana, 14, fig. 53-54- 

“ Georgia.” A small obscure form not yet recognized. 

Schinia bifascia, 14, fig. 55-56. 

“ Georgia.” Unknown to me. It may be a var. of gracilenta, 


S86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Ephesia amica, 14, fig. 57-58. 

“ Georgia.” ‘This is the well-known Catocala androphila of Gueneé. 

Cerma cora, 14, fig. 59-60. 

“Georgia.” I have this species from Canada. It may be the Char- 
iptera festa of Gueneé. 

Fodia rufago, 15, fig. 61-62. 

“Georgia.” I have identified this species in several collections. It 
appears to be southern and western. . 

Paratllela bistriaris, 5, fig. 63-64. 

“ Georgia.” A common moth in all collections. 

Phosphila turbulenta, 15, fig. 67-68. 

“ Georgia.” I have identified specimens from the Middle States and 
referred the moth to AHadena, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. S., L., 180. 

Drasteria cuspidea, 16, fig. 69-70. 

“Georgia.” A well-known species, California and Atlantic district. 
Referred to Zuclidia in the Check List. 

Elaphria grata, 16, fig. 71-72. 

“Georgia.” I have identified as this species the insect subsequently 
described by Mr. Morrison as //adena rasilis. Mr. Morrison would see 
in this species of Hiibner’s the Zuentocampa oviduca of Gueneé, but I am 
not of this opinion. It is not an easy question to settle. 

Xestia chloropha, 16, fig. 73-74. 

“ Georgia.” Unknown to me. The figures look a little like Drasterta 
convalescens @. 

Phoberia atomaris, 16, fig. 75-76. 

“ Georgia.” I have identified with this common southern form the 
Lyssia orthosioides of Gueneé. It is often mistaken for the Cotton Moth, 
and some years ago was sent me by Prof. Baird as having been received 
by him from a correspondent as specimens of A/Zefza. 


Melipotis Jucunda, 17, fig. 81-82. 

“Georgia.” A common species, also in California (?). I have never 
seen a specimen so colored on the disc of primaries. The variety versa- 
bilis of Harvey is of a uniform dirty gray ; Mr. Hy. Edwards has sent me 
a rubbed specimen from Havilah, which I think belongs to this variety. 

Lithacodia bellicula, 18, fig. 85-86. 

** Georgia.” I have little doubt that this is the species generally known 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


under the name, but the figure is more highly colored than any specimens 
I have seen. 

Pangrapta decoralis, 18, fig. 91-92. 

“ Georgia.” I have identified this species with the yfena eegantalis 
of Fitch., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., iv., 92. Southern specimens are darker, 
smaller, and more intensely colored. Collected by Mr. Schwarz at Enter- 
prise, Florida. 


Phaeocyma lunifera, 19, fig. 97-98. 

“Georgia.” Figured also by Gueneé, 15, fig. 9. My identification of 
this species is as yet provisional, nor can I distinguish the genus from 
Homoptera. 


| Triaena tritona, 21, fig. 107-108. 

“New Georgia.” I have identified this species in the New York 
collections. 

Paectes pygmaed, 21, fig. 109-110. 

‘Georgia.’ Hiibner compares this species with wrticae; but I think 
it is a species of /uguwra, allied to praepilata. 1 never saw a fraepilata 
so marked and colored, and have not identified Hiibner’s species. 


Ptichodis bistrigata, 21, fig. 111-112. 

“ New Georgia.” Referred by Guen., 3, 303, to Poaphila, while Hiib- 
ner considers it a Geometer. I have not yet met this species, which 
should be easilv recognized from its simple markings. 

Flemeroplanis pyratis, 23, fig. 127-128. 

“Georgia.” I took this species in Alabama and identified it Trans. 
Am. Ent. Soc., iv., 23. It is the type of P/eonectyptera, Hubner’s generic 
term being used in the Sphingidee. Four species are represented in my 
collection, all from the Southern States. 

Anticarsia gemmatilis, 26, fig. 153-154. 

“Surinam.” Ihave identified this with a common species taken in 
Texas by Belfrage and in Wisconsin by Westcott. The figures are smaller 
than my specimens. . 

I have previously (CAN. EN?., x1., 179) described varieties of this 
species from Texas and Wisconsin. I wish to add here that this variation 
takes place only on the upper surface of the wings. Even in their brown 
ground color the under surfaces are always nearly the same; the common 
outer line of pale points is always obvious. ‘This illustrates my obser- 
vations on the method of variation in the Noctuide (Pop. Sci. Monthly, 


88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dec., £876) in the imago state. In Anticarsia gemmatilis, while the upper 
surface may be brown, gray, or blotchy with black on ochrey, the under 
surface remains of a dull brown on which the white linear dottings are 
conspicuous. 


NEW NOCTUID:. 
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


XYLOMIGES DOLOSA, N. Ss. 


Professor C. H. Fernald has sent me a fresh female specimen which 
evidently belongs to an undescribed species of Xylomiges, and for which 
I propose the specific name dolosa. The species is black and grayish 
white, the black dull and lustreless. Eyes hairy, abdomen a little flat- 
tened, the tufts are not discernible. Size of A/amestra adjuncta. ‘Vhorax 
black, with gray shading on collar and tegule ; abdomen blackish. — Pri- 
maries with the ordinary spot grayish white, of the usual size, reniform 
upright. Posterior line even, double, followed by venular points. Sub- 
terminal line even, whitish, preceded by black cuneiform marks. Terminal 
space gray, veins marked with black. Fringes black, neatly marked with 
gray. Hind wings whitish, powdered with fuscous, without marks, beneath 
with a distinct dark discal spot. The species is remarkable for the even- 
ness of the subterminal line, which wants the usual indentations. The 
wings are rather long‘and the somewhat depressed body gives it a resem- 
blance to Lithophane. It may be ultimately referred to AZamestra, but the 
thorax and abdomen are untufted, the hind wings rather long and with 
well marked exterior sinus. 


MAMESTRA DEFESSA, 0. S. 


Also allied to ¢rifoli7, but with the subterminal line irregular and 
dusky ; reniform concolorous with an inferior black stain. The fore wings 
are pale ochrey clay color, the lines double, faint, stigmata concolorous, 
with dark defining lines. Thorax concolorous with primaries ; no lines 
on the collar. Hind wings whitish at base with discal lunule and broad 
exterior fuscous band. Beneath there is a discal cloud and common extra 
mesial dotted line, which is joined to the discal spot on primaries by 


EEE er e,l ee rlUlUhLT 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 


dusky scales along the median nervules. Size of ¢rzfo/iz. Two specimens, 
Santa Clara, California, May 22, collected by Baron Osten Sacken. 


This inconspicuous form can hardly be a geographical variety of ¢77- 
folit, as the subterminal line seems quite different in character, but the 
markings are otherwise very nearly the same. 


CORDYCEPS RAVENELII ON THE LARV# .OF 
; PHYLLOPHAGA. 


BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
I am indebted to Mr. P. H. Mell, Auburn, Ala., for this beautiful 


species. This fungus is described by Rev. N. J. Berkeley in Journal of 
Proceed. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1856, vol. 1., p. 159, pl. 1, f. 4, after specimens 


_in Rev. M. A. Curtis’ herbarium, and collected by Mr. H. W. Ravenel in 


S. Carolina. I was shown by Prof. W. G. Farlow, who possesses now the 
herbarium of Curtis, the original types, which are identical with those 
collected by Mr. Mell—as far as identity can be ascertained without 
making cuts for microscopical examination. Mr. Curtis remarks: “ S. 
Carolina in May ; grows out on first joint of thorax on one or both sides 


~ of dead larve of Ancylonycha (Phyllophaga), buried one to two inches 


under ground ; also from Texas, C. Wright. The fungus is brown. Head 
two inches or more high, flexuous, compressed or grooved, at first minutely 
tomentose, at length smooth ; head 3 inch long, cylindrical, but slightly 
attenuated at either end. Peritheria free, ovate ; asci very long ; sporidia 
very long, filiform, breaking up into joints o,ooor inch long.” 

It would be impossible to determine the larva from Alabama nearer 
than as one belonging probably to Phylophaga. All we know of the larvee 
of this genus (even of Melolonthide) from U. S. is a notice of Ph. 
puncticollis in Sillim. Jour., vili., p. 269, of AZacrodactylus spinosus and the 
descriptions and figures of Px. fusca, which are not sufficient. From 
Europe are some species described, but after all the larve of this family 
need to be worked out and studied entirely as new. 


90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


(Continued from Page 55.) 


ARIANE.—I have not seen Dr. Boisduval’s type of Aviane (many of 
his types of American butterflies he sent me), but the species is easily 
recognized by his description. He says it is size of Phedra (or like 
Nephele), in color brown-black ; the fore wings with two black ocelli 
pupilled with white and with pale irides ; 6 small ocelli on hind wing 
below, pupilled with white and circled by fulvous ; the same wing crossed 
by two sinuous black lines ; the females with large ocelli having yellow- 
fulvous irides ; the small ocelli much less distinct than in the male. 

I have received several Aviane § and one 2, taken by Mr. Behrens 
at Soda Springs, Cal., 1879. ‘These examples agree well with the above 
description. ‘They are almost black on upper side. Beneath black-brown ; 
the two stripes across disk and basal area of hind wings are heavy and 
black, standing out clearly on the brown ground, and the fine, abbreviated 
streaks are distinct from base to the discal stripe. ‘This stripe at the end 
of the cell curves irregularly outward, and at the summit of the curve is 
indented angularly. In the other members of this group, from Pegala to 
Boopis, there is a similar projection of the discal stripe, but it is rounded 
and often flattened. Except in this single point, the typical A7zane male 
seems undistinguishabie from some examples of Wephele. No doubt the 
latter sometimes will be found to show variation in the outline of the 
stripe and these two forms become identical. The single female sent by 
Mr. Behrens has a paler shade over the extra discal area of fore wings ; 
the ocelli have indistinct narrow yellow irides and white pupils. The 
stripes on under side of hind wings are distinct, and the area beyond is 
paler and slightly gray ; one white dot with narrow black edging on the 
second median interspace, and a similar one in lower subcostal interspace, 
are the only traces of ocelli. Dr. Behr mentions an example in his col- 
lection in which the second ocellus on fore wing is suppressed. He says 
the species is wanting near San Francisco, but is found at San Diego and 
Santa Cruz ; also at Mono Lake. 

From Mr. O. T. Baron I have received 15 ¢, 2 2 of a Satyrus allied 
to Ariane, but differing considerably from Dr. Boisduval’s description, and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oH 


from the Soda Springs examples. They were taken in various localities in 
Northern California in 1879. They are not black, or ‘‘ brown-black,” but 
of a cinereous-brown, a little dusky over the basal area of fore wings ; the 
under side is light brown with a yellow tint throughout, and over the 
whole area beyond the discal stripe on hind wing there is a gray shade, 
either whitish or a brown-gray. On this part of the wing the fine dark 
streaks are obliterated, and the two stripes being heavy and dark, while 
the intervening space is also darker than other parts of the wing, there is 
a strong contrast of color between the extra discal area and this so-formed 
band. The indentation seen in the outer stripe in Avzane is here present, 
but is deeper. The small ocelli are normally six, but in half the examples 
they are more or less wanting and are always very small. As to the two 
females, on the upper side they look like the males, but beneath they are 
considerably more cinereous, and that from base to margin, while the 
discal stripe (or the outer line of the band) is more broken into cren- 
ations. All this is unlike Avéane and unlike Wephele. While Avzane as 
described may in both sexes be matched in a series of /Vephele, except 
perhaps in the single point before spoken of, the indentation against cell 
in the outline of the band, this form cannot be, and this is as good a test 
as need be of its distinctness from Avance. I call this Baronz, after my 
indefatigable friend, who has contributed so much to our knowledge of 
the Californian lepidoptera. 

I have recently received from Mr. Morrison, at Olympia, Washington 
Territory, one f, two 2, close to Wephele, and yet showing important 
differences in some respects. The male, placed by the side of a Wephele 
gf from White Mountains, is undistinguishable on upper surtace, being of 
the same black-brown color, with similar ocelli, these. having no rings, but 
white pupils ; the anal ocellus on both has a white pupil. Beneath, while 
the eastern example is brown throughout, the other is largely gray-white over 
whole surface, but especially at apex and along hind margin of primaries, 
and over the extra discal area of secondaries. ‘The large and small ocelli 
are alike in both, the latter six in number. The two females are lighter 
colored than the male, agreeing with many eastern Vef/e/e in this, and 
also in having a paler shade over the space which in AZofe is occupied by 
the yellow band. About the ocelli are hazy yellow rings. On the under 
side the stripes of hind wings are nearly lost, the basal one totally in one 
example. One has three minute ocelli, the other four. ‘The color of this 
surface is brown with a yellow tint, and the apex and hind margin and 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


extra discal area are suffused with gray more decidedly than in the male. 
I have seen no Wefhele of such a complexion, but the general resemblance 
of the three examples is closer to Wephele than to Ariane. Whether Mr. 
Morrison found this form common or not I am not informed, but it seems 
to have been the only large Satyrus taken by him in that region. — I call 
this variety cvcana. 


Gappit.—The female of this species is of a light yellow-brown on 
upper side, with a broad, clouded, yellowish band on fore wings, and an 
obscure yellow shade over the outer half of secondaries. On the hind 
wing are three and four ocelli in every example which I have seen, the 
one in lower median interspace largest, and pupilled, and all in hazy yel- 
low rings. On the under side the color is yellow-gray next base, beyond 
to margin whitish, and the whole surface, from base to hind margin, is 
streaked uniformly with brown. ‘There is a cloudy stripe across middle 
of wing, and either none at all or an obsolescent one towards base. The 
male is darker and without yellow, with two or three ocelli on hind wings, 
these, as well as the ocelli on fore wings, in yellowish rings. All examples 
seen, of either sex, have six ocelli on hind wing beneath, generally com- 
plete and conspicuous. Gaddz flies from Utah to Oregon. On the under 
side it greatly resembles the Texan A/ofe, but on the upper, by reason of 
the clouded yellow, is unlike any other species. 


WHEELERI.—The female of this species also has three ocelli on upper 
side of hind wing. ‘The upper ocellus on fore wings in both sexes appears 
to be always duplex, with two pupils, and on under side of hind wing there 
are always six ocelli. Of these the middle one of each group of three is 
long and narrow—lenticular, and not rounded or oval, as in all the other 
species. Across the disk is a wavy brown stripe, and nearer base a straight 
one. As this species is figured in Butterflies of N. A., vol. 2, and also in 
Mead’s Report on the Butterflies of Colorado, I do not here describe it 
farther. Its habitat is south-eastern California and Arizona. 


STHENELE.—Dr. Boisduval described this species in 1852 as follows : 
Upper side brown, with the fringes ashy-gray, cut with black; the fore 
wings with two ocelli with white pupils; the hind wing without spots. 
Under side ashy-gray, deepest colored at base ; the fore wings with two 
large ocelli circled with yellow-fulvous ; hind wing crossed by a broad 
angular band and marked towards anal angle by two little ocelli. The 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


female a little larger, and the ocelli circled with fulvous on both surfaces. 
No locality given, but spoken of as very rare. Sthenele seems indeed to 
be one of the rarest of the Californian butterflies. Mr. Henry Edwards 
informs me that all the examples of this species hitherto known in collec- 
tions are believed to have been taken in a certain locality now included in 
the limits of San Francisco, and that no other locality is known. _ Practi- 
cally the species is extinct. The same is true of Lycaena Xerxes, which 
was taken at same spot with S¢/ene/e, but no where else. I have received 
from Dr. Behr and Mr. Edwards some half a dozen examples of Sthenele at 
different times, of which I now have 3 #,1 @. The @ expands from 1.3 
to 1.4inch, the 2 1.2. The upper side agrees with the above description. 
Beneath, the fore wing is yellow-brown, with a slight gray shade over outer 
half. The hind wing is brown just at base and next hind margin, and all 
the interior part of the wing is whitish, and on this area is a broad angular 
brown band, unlike anything in our other species. The inner side of this 
band is circular and is roughly and irregularly crenated ; the outer side is 
sinuous, there being a broad and deep rounded sinus on the subcostal 
and another on the median interspaces, while between these projects a 
broad, angular dentation ; in one and the § this is rounded. The 
ocelli are as described by Dr. Boisduval. This species belongs to another 
group from those which follow. 

SILVESTRIS.—The male expands about 1.5 inch and female 1.5 to 1.6 
inch. The former is dark brown, with two small blind ocelli on fore 
wing, and a black sexual dash along the lower side of cell. The under 
side is tinted yellow ; the two ocelli are large, pupilled white, and with 
yellow rings. The hind wing has one or two white dots near angle, 
indicating obsolete ocelli; across the disk a broad indistinct band, not 
darker than the rest of the wing, its outlines very irregular—on the basal 
side rather serrated, on the outer side against the cell two long serrations 
projecting with a sharp and deep sinus between them. ‘The female is 
lighter colored above, the ocelli larger, pupilled and with a hazy yellow 
ring, and yellowish nimbus over the adjacent area ; there is a small ocellus 
at anal angle, and the fringes are alternately light and dark, whereas in the 
male they seem to be wholly brown. ‘The under side is more grayish than 
in the male, and the markings more distinct. Mr. Baron sent me quite a 
number of perfect specimens, obtained by him in northern California. In 
my Catalogue; 1877, I have credited this species to Nevada and Montana, 
but I am not now sure of these localities, 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


~ 


Cuaron.—A little smaller than Sv/vestris on the average, though 
individuals occur fully as large ; dark brown in both sexes. The male has 
a sexual dash under cell, and a single blind ocellus ; the female has two 
ocelli and about them slight yellow rings. The under side is yellow 
tinted ; the hind wings sometimes, but not always, have a faint gray shade 
beyond the band; primaries have two complete ocelli, the rings yellow, 
but often the lower ocellus is reduced to a black dot; the hind wing has 
from one to six minute ocelli, or points. The band is shaped as in S¢/- 
vestvis. ‘The fringes are sometimes wholly brown, but sometimes those of 
fore wings are mixed with dark gray. This species is common in Colorado 
at high elevations, and inhabits Montana, Wyoming and New Mexico. I 
have received a single example from north-eastern California. Mr. Mor- 
rison sent me a pair from Nevada, 1877, in which the light part of the 
fringes is almost white, and the under side of hind wings is much lighter, 
or more hoary, than usual, the outlines of the band standing out clearly. 


Puocus.—This form is a modification.of Chavon, a little larger, the 
expanse being, f# 1.6 to 2 1.8; the fringes same color as the wings. 
Under side yellow tinted, but without gray, the band of hind wings fre- 
quently wholly absent, but in some examples just enough is discernible 
of the outer line to show that it is of same shape as Sz/vestris. I have 
but one 2, and this has two small ocelli on upper side, in pale yellow 
rings, and beneath these is no trace of the band The only locality 
known to me is Lake Lahache, British Columbia, from which I have had 
several examples, taken by the late G. R. Crotch. 


Meapil.—The g expands 1.5 to 1.7, 2 1.8 to 1.9 inches. Upper 
side light brown with a strong russet tint on the disk and the area which 
includes the ocelli. Two pupilled ocelli and one at anal angle. The 
under side is brown, sometimes with a little gray on extra discal area of 
secondaries ; the russet shade more decided and covering nearly all of 
primaries ; the ocelli large in fulvous rings ; the outline of the band on 
hind wings like that of the Pega/a group, with a rounded projection 
against end of cell; the small ocelli two or three in number. This well 
marked species inhabits Colorado and Arizona, probably New Mexico. 


(To be Continued.) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. — 95 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


SOME WOOD-EATERS. 


BY W., HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT. 


It is to the Hymenoptera that the student must look for the most 
varied and interesting phases of insect life. Here he finds numerous 
avocations conducted with much intelligence, and in many families sees 
strong social instincts developed. It is not, however, of these latter that 
I intend now to speak, but of a few solitary ones. Even those just entered 
upon the study of insect life must be fully aware of the continual destruc- 
tion of our fruit and timber trees, both alive and in process of manufacture, 
by the boring, wood-eating larvz of various insects. The loss thus 
annually inflicted is not uncommonly set down as due to the obnoxious 
habits of Coleopterous larve entirely, but a not inconsiderable part of it 
is due to similar tastes on the part of insects belonging to other orders. 
Such are found even among the Lepidoptera, one species of which—Cossus 
Robinie—bores half-inch tunnels into the trunks of living oaks, with such 
deadly effects that Dr. Fitch has stated that: “ Of all the wood-boring 
insects in our land this is by far the most pernicious, wounding the trees 
most cruelly.” In the Neuroptera need only be mentioned the universally 
renowned Zermites or “white ants.” So among the Hymenoptera are 
found the common wood ants, constructing elaborate tunnels and galleries. 
I have selected for the subject of the present paper the Uroceride, a 
family in the above order, the members of which in the larval state have 
tastes and habits in common with the young of our Capricorn beetles. 
They are stated “to abound in temperate climates where forests of pines 
and firs prevail.” ‘Their popular name—‘“ Horntails ”—is derived from a 
sharp horny point at the end of the body, varying in shape with the 
different species. These insects bear a considerable resemblance to 
wasps, and the females carry a formidable-looking boring apparatus, which 
is often mistaken for a sting, but which at most is only capable of pricking 
the skin, and discharges no poison, so that they may be handled fear- 
lessly. The possession by the females of this “augur,” “borer” or 
“‘ piercer,” has caused much dispute as to the life history of the Horntails 
and led to their being classed by early writers among the ichneumons. 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Reaumur (writing before the middle of the last century), in publishing 
the results of his investigations on the ichneumons, divided these flies into 
two classes, according to the position of the /avriere, or augur, of the 
female. The first class comprised the true ichneumon flies, but the second 
consisted of those now included in the family Uvoceride. He says: ‘The 
females of the ichneumons placed in the second class have also, like the 
others, an augur, but they carry it applied against the under side of the 
body ; ordinarily its end does not project, or projects but little, beyond 
that of the body ; it is lodged in a sheath made of two pieces hollowed 
like a gutter, and adheres to the body for the first half, and sometimes for 
more than the half of its length.” He regarded them ‘all as flesh-eaters 
when they are in the form of worms,” adding, ‘if, however, any fly 
resembling an ichneumon is found which in the grub form does not feed 
upon some other insect, it can still be regarded as an ichneumon, but 
would have to be excepted from the general rule.” ‘The old fallacy that | 
exceptions prove the rule has not been fulfilled in respect to these so-called | 
ichneumons, and they have long since been divested of this title. In | 
describing a large species received by him from a traveller in Lapland as 
one of the largest he had seen, he expresses much astonishment that such | 
a cold country should furnish a larger species than the mild climate of | 
France, because from warm countries, especially from tropical ones, came 
the largest insects known. The species in question was S?vex gigas, which 
much resembles in size and coloring our large Pigeon Tremex hereafter 
described. A few years later, De Geer (a Swede) published a valuable 
series of Memoires, confirming and supplementing those of Reaumur. One 
of these treats of ichneumons, which are divided into nine classes, accord- 
ing to the shape of the abdomen and the manner of its attachment to the 
thorax. The first class comprised: “ The ichneumons of which the 
antenne are conical threads, or diminish little by little in size toward the 
tip, ending in a fine point ; of which the body is not attached to the thorax 
by a thread, but toward the base is of the same or nearly the same size 
as the thorax, and terminates in a horny, elongated point in the form of a 
short tail. his tail must not be confounded with the augur and its sheath ; 
it is only a prolongation of the body. ‘The large ichneumon which M. de 
Maupertuis brought from Lapland and gave to M. de Reaumur, is of this 
class.” This observant naturalist calls attention to the curious mechanism 
on the hinder wing of these insects, by which the wings, when extended, 
are so connected as to form a single surface, thus sustaining a more 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 


powerful flight than if they moved separately. The junction is effected 
by means of a number of minute hooks on the front edge of the wing, 
which grasp the nervure or vein on the edge of the fore wing. These 
hooks can be easily seen with a microscope of even low power, and form 
a very interesting object. Ona wing of Uvocerus albicornis which I have 
just examined there are thirty-eight of these hooks, giving the edge of the 
wing the appearance, on a very small scale, of one of those horse-rakes 
-with curved teeth. De Geer informs us that he counted ‘“‘ more than forty 
upon each hinder wing of a large ichneumon of the first class. Their 
extremity is not pointed, it is rounded and as large as all the rest. They 
are implanted in the nervure by which the wing is bordered,” and he adds : 
“ T do not recall that M. de Reaumur nor any other author has made men- 
tion of this property of the wings.” He then proceeds to describe some 
remarkable ichneumons of which the places of birth were unknown, 
beginning with a “ grand ichneumon of which the abdomen, ending in a 
pointed tail, is not held to the thorax by a thread; of which the thorax is 
black, the body half black and half yellow, and the antenne and legs 
yellow.” Of this insect—Svrex gigas—already mentioned by Reaumur, a 
detailed account is given, both of the male and female. It is styled 
peculiar to the northern countries, and one of the largest, if not the largest 
species found in Europe. It is to be seen flying in full day, noisily hum- 
ming like the hornets and bees, and agitating continually its wings and 
antenne like all ichneumons, of which this last feature is characteristic. 
“ T do not know their grubs, nor the piace where they live, but the long 
augur of the female is enough to show that they should lay their eggs in 
other bodies, like other ichneumons. © /¢ zwould be curious to know all their 
history. Linnaeus ts mistaken in placing them in the family of the Saw- 
flies (Tenthredines).” Vet these insects, whether we consider the shape 
of their bodies, the formation of the female appendages, or the shape and 
habits of their grubs, appear much less removed from the Saw-flies than 
the ichneumons, or in other words, to occupy an intermediate place 
between these groups. We know that in the Saw-flies the females are 
provided with a complex instrument for cutting slits in which to deposit 
their eggs. This instrument consists of six parts, two of which form a 
sheath for the rest. Of these, two resemble very fine blades, notched on 
the edge like a saw, and strengthened when in use by the remaining two 
acting as backs. The saws, when not emploved, are enclosed in the 
sheath and received in a groove on the under side of the abdomen, so as 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to be not easily seen. In the Uvoceride this complex instrument, modi- 
fied to form a borer, is much larger, projecting generally beyond the body 
and easily examined. ‘There are still the hollowed pieces which when 
closed form the scabbard, but the parts which were seen acting as backs 
to steady the saws, are now joined or welded together into a cylinder, 
within which are placed two spicule or needles corresponding to the 
original saws. ‘These needles, as fine as bristles, are worked by inde- 
pendent muscles, and can thus be protruded a little beyond the end of the 
borer, acting like small drills. In the true ichneumons this apparatus is 
still further modified, and in some species attains a great length. If the 
piercer of a Horn-tail be extracted from its scabbard and the tip felt with 
the finger, it will be found appreciably roughened, and even the naked 
eye shows it to be ndged. Under the glass it has much the appearance 
of a diminutive augur. The tapering end is notched at close intervals, 
while on each side the dividing line which runs along the under side of 
the cylinder are short ridges placed diagonally to the line and forming 
friangles, with the apex toward the end of the instrument. Early investi- 
gators, as has been shown, were unacquainted with the larve of the 
Uroceride and concluded them to be insectivorous, and as late as the time 
of Westwood this view still had adherents. Reliable observations have 
long since proved them to be wood-eaters, and have established the fact 
that the borer of the female fly is used not for depositing eggs in other 
insects, but for drilling holes in wood in which to place them. It is not 
only in soft wocd that these holes are bored, for I have seen the insects at 
work on such tough trees as elm, oak and beech, both living and dead. 
The fly stands up upon its long legs so that its body is kept well out from 
the wood ; the borer is then bent down so as to be at right angles to the 
body of the insect, and perpendicular to the surface to be pierced. ‘The 
end is then inserted by pressure accompanied by a movement of the body 
from side to side, and by such awllike motions the holes are pierced 
sometimes to the depth of half an inch or more. Often the insect is 
unable to withdraw the augur, so firmly has it been worked in, and I have 
found many dead ones which had thus perished in the discharge of their 
duty, that of continuing their species. |The grubs hatched from the eggs 
thus laboriously deposited are fleshy and cylindrical, with rounded, horny 
heads and very strong jaws capable of cutting deeply into the trees 
infested by them. Indeed, apparently well authenticated instances are 
recorded of their having perforated lead to some depth, a feat which 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 


several other species of insects have also been credited with. The duration 
of their life as larvee has not yet been ascertained, but when full grown 
they transform within their burrows in a light cocoon composed of silk 
and sawdust. The perfect insects are generally clad in liveries composed 
of black, blue-black, white and different shades of yellow, and a descrip- 
tion of the largest and most frequently observed of the few species 
inhabiting Canada will give a good idea of the others. It has received 
the name of Zvemex columba, or the Pigeon Tremex, the latter word mean- 
ing a maker of holes. Under the name of Szvex columba (given by 
Linnaeus) this insect was figured and described by De Geer as much 
resembling S7vex gigas, except that it was smaller, being only one inch 
long, while the other was an inch and two lines. But his must have been 
an under-sized specimen, for I have found their ordinary length to be one 
and a quarter inches, while some attain to over an inch and a half. © The 
cylindrical body of the female is long and stout, the extremity being 
rounded and terminated by the usual short tail, which is yellow ; the body 
itself is black with transverse bands (several broken) of yellow. The 
head, thorax and antennz are rust-yellow, with black markings ; the legs 
a light ochre-yellow with blackish thighs. The borer is black and its 
sheath rust-yellow. The smoky wings expand about two inches. The 
male is very much smaller and of different shape, the abdomen being 
more flattened, while as it is without any borer, it might easily be mistaken 
for another species of insect. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


We are pained to announce the death of one of our active members 
in the Worcester Natural History Society, Otto R. Gunther, who died sud- 
denly, Feb’y 27, of hemorrhage, at the age of 23. He was interested in 
many branches of Natural History, particularly that of Entomology, of 
which department he was Curator. Born of German parents, and inherit- 
ing from -his father a love for study, and especially the study of Ento- 
mology, he had for several years past devoted his leisure hours, both early 
and late, in this direction. His attention was chiefly directed to Coleop- 
tera, and by his industry in collecting, together with his many exchanges, 
he has left a valuable collection of well-determined species. He was a 
congenial companion, exemplary, thorough and systematic in his favorite 
study, giving promise, if he had lived, of being a prominent co-worker in 
this branch of science. T. A. D., Worcester, Mass. 


ane 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES FROM WOLLASTON, MASS. | 
DEAR SIR,— 

During the season of 1878 I have found at this place, situated within 
two miles of the limits of Boston, some species of butterflies which are 
seldom found in this vicinity. On the 8th of October I obtained a nice 
specimen of C. ewrytheme, which had probably left the chrysalis but a short 
time before. It was flying in a meadow in company with great numbers 
of C. philodice. ‘The orange-colored tinge of the wings is lighter than on 
specimens taken farther south. If I am rightly informed, this is the first 
instance of the capture of this species in this vicinity. On the 29th of 
June a specimen of Z. arthem?s was taken, and another July 3rd; both 
specimens had just emerged from the chrysalis. The larvee evidently fed 
on the Quercus alba, which was very abundant in that locality. A number 
of specimens of ‘¥. cana have been taken here within the last three 
years, in the month of August or early in September. Caza seems to be 
rather widely distributed through Massachusetts, and though quite rare, I 
have found it more common in this vicinity than elsewhere. This species 
seems to prefer meadows and lowlands to higher ground, and is quite fond 
of the flowers of the Golden-rod. 


F. H. Spracue, Wollaston, Mass. 


DEAR SIR,— 


In answer to numerous enquiries and a letter in No. 3, all in reference 
to my letter in No. 2, page 39, regarding the I.arve of a Cossus, allow 
me to state that I did not write that letter with a view to publication, but 
have since corresponded freely with some good authorities on the subject, 
and am quite sure this Cossus is a new one, much larger than centerensts 
or zobinie. Il also learned that the rearing of Cossus in dead wood is 
likely not to be crowned with success ; they require living wood in which 
sap rises, etc. I have since obtained Cossus larvee of large size in willow 
saplings ; these I have now growing in large flower-pots, and am likely to 
be successful with them. Ihave also found five more trees close to my 
place of business, literally perforated with this Poplar Cossus. I have 
also made accurate drawings of this larva and sent them to Dr. Bailey, of 
Albany, and in due time further articles will appear, likely with illustra- 
tions, on the Cossus generally, by his able pen. 


A. H. Munort, Fairbury, Ill. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOLE. XII. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1880. No. 6 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE TOMATO WORM (Sphinx quingue-maculata Hawthorn). 
BY THE REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, PORT HOPE, ONT. 


Almost everyone, I imagine, has had at some time or other his wonder 
and curiosity excited by the strange-looking pupa of the Tomato Worm, 
as it is familiarly termed. It is frequently discovered when digging 
potatoes in the autumn, or disturbing the soil where tomatoes have been 
grown. ‘This singular object, which is very correctly represented in the 
figure, is about two and a half inches long and half an inch in diameter, 
of a chestnut brown color, and round in shape, tapering towards both 
ends ; from one end, which is the head of the specimen, there proceeds a 
long curved proboscis like the handle of a jug; the other end is divided 
into broad rings and terminates in a point. ‘To one who had never seen 
anything of the kind before this object must at first prove a great puzzle ; 
but a little careful examination will remove some of the mystery. It must 
be alive, for the tail end moves ; but it cannot walk or crawl, and is quite 
helpless. If we examine it more closely, we find that the rings that move 
when the creature is touched are very like the rings of a large caterpillar, 
while at the other end we can trace the eyes, antennz, and even the short 
wings of a moth, but all enclosed in a hard brown shell. These things 
show us that it is an insect in its helpless pupa state ; the long jug-handle 
is the case which contains its tongue for sucking out the nectar from 
flowers. If we keep it in some damp earth till the next year, there will 
emerge from it a large handsome moth, of an ashen-grey color, relieved 
by five bright orange-yellow spots on each side’ of its body; its wings 
expand fully five inches in length, and its body is about the same length 
as the pupa or chrysalis ; its tongue is of immense length, about double 
that of the body-—when at rest it is coiled up like a watch-spring beneath 
the head of the insect. The name of the creature is the Five-spotted 
Sphinx [Sphinx (Macrosila) quinque-maculata Hawthorn]. 


THE 


CANADIAN 


ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 


The larva or caterpillar of this insect, when fully grown, is larger than 
it is shown in the figure, being as thick as a man’s little finger, and over 
three inches in length. It feeds on the leaves of both the Tomato and 
Potato plants. It varies so much in color that people often suppose that 
a number of different species of ‘‘ worms” are attacking their plants. It 
is frequently of a bright green marked with white, and having along each 
side a series of seven oblique greenish-yellow stripes ; again it may be 
found with its general color dark green, dark brown, blackish green, and 
other shades, even to deep black. On the last segment of the body there 
is a curved horn or tail. The accompanying wood-cut affords so satis- 
factory a representation of the three stages of the insect that it is unneces- 
sary to enter into a minute detailed description. 

The larva is found feeding during July and August. It often so 
closely resembles the foliage on which it reposes, the bands on its sides 
mimicking the ribs of the leaves, that it cannot always be detected ; its 


‘presence, however, may usually be traced by the singularly marked cylin- 


drical pellets of excrement on the ground and the stripped leaf-stalks of 
the plant. When fully grown the larva descends into the earth, and there 
makes a chamber for itself in which to change to its pupa state.  For- 
tunately the insect is not a very common one, its numbers being kept in 
check by a small Ichneumon-fly ; otherwise from its size and voracity it 
would prove most destructive. Very rarely are more than a few specimens 
seen in a tomato or potato patch. In the summer of 1878, however, as I 
recorded in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST (vol. x., p. 218), it was so 
abundant that a market-gardener who lives near me gathered four bushels 
of the caterpillars off an acre and a quarter of tomatoes in one day ! 
That year some of the insects attained to the moth or imago state in 
October, but generally the pupa remains quiescent in the ground till the 
following season and the moth appears in June or July. I have now in 
my possession a living chrysalis of this insect that belonged to the abund- 
ant brood of 1878. It was given to me by Mr. David Smart, of Port 
Hope, who found it, with a large number of others, in his garden. He 
kept the chrysalids in a box of earth in his cellar all last year ; no doubt 
the coolness prevented the development of the imago. Heand I are now 
both watching with much interest for the appearance of the moths from 
our specimens, as two years in the pupa state is by no means a common 
occurrence. ‘That the pup are still alive is shown by the readiness with 
which they move the segments of the abdomen when handled or 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


disturbed.* | Notwithstanding the extraordinary abundance of the larvée 


in 1878, there were but few to be seen last year in this neighborhood. 

An account of the ‘Tomato Worm” will hardly be complete without 
some reference to the supposed poisonous character of the larva. Some 
ten years ago, when in charge of the Entomological department of the 
Canada Farmer, | took the trouble to trace up some of the stories then 
very common in the newspapers about cases of poisoning and death from 
the effects of the bite or sting or venemous spittle of this insect! The 
result of my enquiries in many instances proved to be exceedingly 
amusing. In every case I found that no one could give any information 
whatever as to even the name of the person who was supposed to have 
died from the effects of this insect, nor could I obtain a single authentic 
instance of injury from it This was, of course, what was to be expected, 
as the caterpillar is physically incapable of injuring anyone with its bite— 
much less with its tail or horn, or imaginary sting. In all probabiltty 
these stories have originated in the fact that persons have been severely 
affected by getting some of the juices of the tomato plant into an open 
cut or sore, and then ignorantly have attributed their trouble to the venom 
of the ugly but innocent caterpillar. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, A. A. A. S. 


The annual meeting of the Entomological Club of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science will be held at the Museum 
of the Boston Society of Natural History, corner of Berkeley and Boylston 
Sts., Boston, commencing at 2 p.m., Tuesday, Aug. 24, 1880. It is 
proposed to send to every member of the American Association, and to 
all others who may favor the undersigned with their address for that 
purpose, a circular announcing the special subjects which will be pre- 
sented at this meeting of the Club ; and therefore all entomologists who 
desire to read communications at that time are requested to notify one of 
the undersigned before August 1st. This will ensure a fuller discussion 
of the topics presented, and, it is hoped, a larger attendance. 


B. PickMan Mann, Se’y, SAMUEL H. ScuppErR, /7es., 
Gambridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. 
* The imago emerged from the pupa referred to on the 27th of May, after being 


nearly two years in that state, 


eines 


) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


LARVAL HABITS OF A GOLDEN-ROD BORING PLUME. 
BY D. S. KKELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


The Golden-rods in the vicinity of Buffalo—especially observed on 
Squaw Island—harbor the larve of two plume moths, one boring the 
branches, stem and root, the other using the foliage. 1 have sent the 
moths to Mr. Charles Fish, of Old Town, Maine, for determination ; he 
concludes that. they are both unnamed, and he will describe and name 
them in a general paper in preparation on the American species. As a 
somewhat more detailed account of their habits than:a technical paper 
will allow seems to be desirable, I have prepared these notes, relating 
mostly to the borer. 

For several years successively I have observed that during the latter 
half of August the ends of many branches and stems of the Golden-rods 
in the locality mentioned above began to wither and finally die; on 
examination I have repeatedly found the cause to be a slender, dull yellow 
moth’s larva. It appears to enter the twig a few inches below the apex, 
or, as it has grown somewhat after the destroyer began its work, pretty 
near the end where the tissues are tender. I have not seen the eggs, but 
should suspect their presence during first two weeks of July, at the grow- 
ing point. It ordinarily moves outwards, pushing its dust-like fragments 
out at the point of entrance. The larva, when first examined, August 
22nd, was .3 of an inch long; color light yellow, head and shield darker, 
the oblique anal plate almost black, bearing hairs and hooks, dorsal and 
subdorsal lines pinkish. By the middle of September it abandons the 
branches, being then .45 of an inch in length, and bores into the stock a 
few inches above the ground; it makes its way down the pith into the 
roots, well under ground, where it passes the winter. I fetched several 
examples from the fields in January for examination ; they were then .58 
to .6 of an inch in length, lighter in color, with the longitudinal lines of 
pink brighter than in autumn, the eighth segment conspicuously marked 
on the back by pink. ‘There are few hairs over their smooth bodies ; on 
the last ring, however, there isa brown or black chitinous disc, with a 
circle of long, brown hairs about its circumference ; in the centre of this 
disc there is a small papilla with two stout, straight, black teeth pointing 
rearwards. ‘These teeth are hooked upwards in the autumn stage. The 
hairs render the plate sensitive to touch, and help to brush fragments from 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


their long narrow galleries, while the teeth assist in backward motion in 
them. The mature larvee obtained in May differ but slightly from these, 
except that they are then .7 of an inch long and the pink stripes and 
marks are brownish. The fourth, fifth and sixth segments are smaller 
than those preceding or following them. ‘They are quite active, moving 
up and down their burrows rapidly. 

By the middle of May the caterpillar has worked its way back to the 
place of entrance in autumn, enlarging its way to accommodate its 
increased size, and after loosely stopping the upper part with a few chips, 
retires and changes to the pupa. It is then .6 of an inch in length, 
slender, cylindrical. Color white, except the oblique disc or plate 
terminating the head, which is made dark by many teeth-like elevations on 
its surface. The abdominal segments are clothed with hairs, and the last 
four segments have each a transverse row of teeth on the dorsal part, 
reminding one of a Tortrix or Cossus pupa. The conical tip of the 
abdomen has many teeth ; these teeth, together with the roughness upon 
the head, enable the pupa to worm its way up and down the burrow with 
readiness. When removed from the stem to the table it travels about, 
rolling and worming its way very much as do the pupe of certain stem- 
boring beetles. The wing and limb covers are free for a considerable 
distance from their tips. 

The moth appears from the rst to the r5th of July; the largest 
measured expanded 1.2 inches. 

This moth has a peculiarly interesting history, increasing much the 
known diversity of form and habits of the preparatory forms of the 
Pterophoride. 

Concerning the smaller one which feeds upon the leaves, I will say 
that the larva and its habits are too imperfectly known to me to detail ; 
that the pupa is found during the first days of July fastened to the under 
side of the leaf parallel to the mid-rib. Its appearance is quite like that 
of the pupa of the best known forms of the group. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 
BY A. S. MCBRIDE, FREELAND, DE KALB CO., ILL. 


I find Dorytomus mucidus Say running on and flying about Cottonwood 
trees early in April and again in August. In October it is found under 
dead bark of trees, in winter quarters. Common. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 


Eros coccinatus Say is found in April in the Cotton wood under logs 
in the woods. 

Sphenophorus 13-punctatus H., common on Rag-weed (Ambrosia 
bidentata) in August. Common. 

I have taken Hburia guadrigeminata Say in the act of coming out of 
Hickory trees in July ; they fly in the dusk of evening, and are quite 
common. 

Dinoderus punctatus is found early in the spring on fences and build- 
ings near the wood-pile, and I have taken them in great numbers in the 
stumps of trees that had been grubbed out ; sometimes the small roots 
would be almost entirely reduced to powder. 

Bostrichus bicornis Web. is found under the dead bark of White Oak 
posts in August. I think the larva bores in the wood. 

Piectrodera scalator Fab. isfound on small swamp Willows in August. 

Toxotus cylindricollis Say is found on wild flowers in July; not common. 

Epicauta convolvuli Mels. is found on May-weed (Maruta cotula) in 
August, but not common. 


NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF IJ.LINOIS. 


The Illinois State Natural History Society met at the Opera House, in 
Bloomington, Tuesday evening, Feb’y 24th. After an address of welcome 
from the citizens of Bloomington, and an address by Prof. A. H. Worthen, 
of Springfield, Ill., the retiring President, the original officers were re- 
elected. Various papers and lectures were read before the Society, which 
adjourned on Thursday, the 26th, having provided for a summer meeting 
on the grounds of the Lake George Sportsmen’s Association, near Chicago, 
in July. This Society was organized at the Palmer House, in Chicago, in 
January, 1879, and the Bloomington was its third semi-annual meeting, 
but it still lacks somewhat in effectiveness for want of the full support that 
should be accorded by the naturalists of Illinois, its aim being to embrace 
in its membership every person in the State of Illinois interested in natural 
science. The officers elected at Bloomington were: A. H. Worthen, 
Springfield, President ; T. J. Burrell, Champaign, Vice-President ; S. A. 
Forbes, Normal, Secretary, and H. N. Hibbard, Chicago, ‘Treasurer. 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE EXCEEDINGLY NUMEROUS APPEARANCE OF A 
PHRYGANID. 


BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


I received, May 8th, 1880, the following notice from Mr. W. F. Bassett, 
of Waterbury, Conn. : 

‘The insects are just now so abundant at Birmingham, on the Housa- 
tonic River, that the inhabitants are forced to keep their houses 
closed as far as possible. Birmingham is at the head of tide water, and 
the flies are there called shad flies.” 

The species is Brachycentius fuliginosus, and I can add that its Euro- 
pean relative, B. subnubilus, has the same habits, and is sometimes 
very obnoxious in Russia. The cases of the larvee are very inter- 
esting from their quadrangular shape. 


ON DESCRIBING LARVE. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


In order to secure a greater uniformity in the descriptions of Lepidop- 
terous larve taken by different authors, I would suggest the general 
adoption of the following terms for the various markings and parts of a 
caterpillar’s body: The line in the middle of the back is the Dorsadé line ; 
that which includes the spiracles is the S#/gmata/ line ; and the line mid- 
way between the dorsal and stigmatal lines is the Swédorsa/ line. That 
part of the body which lies between the dorsal and subdorsal lines is the 
Subdorsal space; and that part which lies between the subdorsal and 
stigmatal lines is the S¢gmatal space. ‘The under part of the body is the 
Venter ; and that part of the body which lies between the spiracles and 
base of the legs is the Suwdventer. 

If these terms were adopted by every person who describes a larva, 
his description would be of greater value to economic entomologists than 
if he were to use terms of his own proposing. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


(Continued from Page 94.) 


Conclusion.—The North American species of this genus may be 
divided into three Groups, with several sub-groups. Group 1 comprises 
Pegala and all the larger species. Group 2 Sivestv7s and others, character- 
ized by their small size, and the peculiar outline of the discal band on under 
side of hind wings, there being two long serrations against end of cell. This 
division will throw JZeadii into Group 1, in which the band has a rounded 
prominence against cell. Group 3 comprises Sthene/e only. 

It seems to me probable that the species forming the first sub-group 
of Group 1 have originated with a form either identical with Pega/a, or 
very near it, characterized by a rufous band on which was a single ocellus, 
by an ocellus at anal angle, and six complete ocelli on under side of hind 
wing. And it may have occupied a considerable territory, at least 
including what is now the southern tier of States. At present, Pega/a is 
restricted pretty much to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico, and a strip 
along the Atlantic coast, at least as far to the north as Charleston, S. C. 
This is but a small area when compared with that occupied by Alopfe and 
its co-form WVephele. The two species, Alopfe and Pegala, are separated by 
a sandy zone, which the former does not penetrate, and the latter at most 
but occasionally. 

It will be noticed that Pega/a possesses in perfection many points which 
are found in one or other or all the members of the sub-group. — It is 
considerably the largest, though occasionally an Alofe Texana fully 
equals it. Its peculiar brown color on upper side and gray-brown on lower 
side passes into A/ope, which gradually changes into the darker shade of 
Nephele. ‘The rufous band becomes yellow in A/ofe, but breaks out in 
that species in certain localities, as seen in var. mari/ima. After the band 
has become suppressed in (Vephe/e, every now and then it reappears in 
greater or less degree, even in Olympus and Boofis. If the original form 
presented a single ocellus, that is now a prominent characteristic of 
Pegala, but there has come to be a certain modification, so that in some 
cases, in the female, there are two complete ocelli, but in many more of 
both sexes there are dots and small spots in place of a second ocellus. In 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Alopfe and the rest there are two ocelli, not always complete or equal, and 
occasionally one is suppressed. When this happens 7¢ 7s always the lower 
one, Which is wanting in Pegada. ‘There is a tendency to variation in the 
number of these ocelli, a second one sometimes appearing in Pega/a, but 
a third one sometines in AZofe, and in the last named species and the rest 
of its sub-group, there are not unfrequently one or two small spots on the 
fore wings, as of incipient ocelli. ‘The single ocellus invariably seen at 
anal angle in Pega/a is often wanting or incomplete in the other forms ; 
and the six ocelli of under hind wing, almost invariably present (but 
never less, so far as 


sometimes six on one wing, five on the other 
observed), vary from six to nil in all the others. 

The fact that the area now occupied by Pega/a is so restricted shows 
that the present conditions are not favorable to it. One can understand 
that in former times, since these Satyrids had possession, the conditions 
geologic and climatic may have been quite different from what they now 
are, and that Pegava may have occupied a much enlarged area, while Alope 
inhabited parts of the same, or indeed originated with Pega/a precisely 
as WVephele has originated with A/ofe. In this last case there would have 
been a series of intergrades between Fega/a and A/ope, caused by the inter- 
breeding of the variety and the parent form. 

If in the northern belt the conditions were to become unsuited to the 
support of any Satyrus, and the forms which now occupy it were suddenly 
to become extinct, we should have to the south A/ofe, and to the north 
Lephele, two good species. The intergrades would have wholly disap- 
peared, or there would be a wide gap in the series, and nothing would be 
left to show how one form could have originated with the other. Adope 
and Nephele would then occupy a position similar to that of Pega/a and 
Alope now. What might happen by some sudden change of conditions 
might also happen gradually and come to the same end. _ If a certain 
variety, A/ofe, thrown off by Pegaéa, flourished in its larval state on 
meadow grasses rather than coarse saw grass or sea-side grass, then its 
tendency would be towards the country which produced the former, and 
there would be a movement to the north and north-west. At the same 
time there would be a withdrawing of the parent form from the borders of 
the original territory, because there the food plant was not in perfection, 
and so a belt would come to intervene between the parent and the variety. 
The former would flourish where its food plant flourished, which in this 
case would be the sea-board. ‘The intergrades which had arisen from 


wi 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111 


crossing would follow one form or the other, and tend to revert to the 
parent or to become merged in the variety. Favorable conditions might 
render one or more of them permanent, as with Adlope Zexana, which 
seems to possess a territory of its own to the south-west. Certainly the 
parent fjorm would be more or less modified by the absorption of the 
intergrades, if not permanently, yet so that now and then sports would be 
thrown out in the direction of Alope. Hence the two-eyed Pegala. ‘Vhat, 
on the other hand, the intergrades nearest the strong variety would tend 
to merge in it also, when cross breeding had ceased by the disappearance 
of the parent form, we may infer from the fact that when A/ofe is sup- 
pressed the tendency of the species is to the pure type Vephele. Wherever 
Nephele is alone found there appear variations in the direction of A/ofe, 
but they are very infrequent as compared with the typical form. 

Alope and Nephele are dimorphic in a certain belt of latitude which 
embraces part of New York and New England, but as I have before 
intimated, there is a longitudinal limit to the dimorphism also. Somewhere 
between New York and Indiana A/ofe disappears. There would seem to 
be a longitudinal belt of considerable width passing through western Ohio 
and eastern Indiana, in which both forms are either unknown or of 
extremely rare occurrence, while to the west of it ephele Olympus 
emerges in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, &c. As before stated, A/ope is 
reported to be very rare at Cleveland (eastern Ohio), and unknown at 
Toledo (north-western Ohio). In the region from Columbus (middle), 
Dayton and Cincinnati (south-west), 4/ofe and Wephe/e are unknown. A 

line.drawn from Toledo through Columbus to Cincinnati would embrace 
~ about one third of the State.. Dr. Landis kindly undertook to obtain 
information for me from the collectors in eastern Indiana, and so far as 
Indianapolis (a little to the east of the middle of the State) he reports 
both forms unknown. It is true, collectors of butterflies are not numer- 
ous, but they are usually very zealous, and each is likely to be well 
acquainted with his own neighborhood and for a considerable distance 
around. 

I have recently had several letters calling my attention to published 
lists of butterflies of different western States, in which A/ofe is mentioned 
as present, and usually both A/opge and Vephele. Such as Mr. Scudder’s 
list of butterflies taken by Mr. J. H. Allen, in lowa, 1870; Mr. J. Duncan 
Putnam’s list of butterflies found about Davenport, Iowa ; Mr. Herbert 
Osborn’s recent list of butterflies about Ames, lowa ; Prof. H. W. Parker’s 


gs ie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


list of those taken at Grinnell, Ia., 1870, in Am. Ent., 2, 175; also a 
recent list of butterflies of Illinois. by Mr. C. E. Worthington, in Can. 
Ent. Manuscript lists of butterflies of Ilinois and Nebraska have been 
in my possession for some years, made by Mr. G. M. Dodge. Prof. S. H. 
Peabody also wrote me of the occurrence of A/ofge in Wisconsin, and sent 
me examples so labelled, which were taken by him at Madison. I have 
written to the authors of these lists and had replies from each one, and in 
most cases examples of the butterflies called A/ofe were sent me. And 
in every instance what had passed as A/ofe was what | call Wephele, nearly 
always female, a little off type, in some cases considerably so, but never 
closely approaching the typical 4/ofe. There has in no case been a clear 
colored yellow band, but always either a slight discoloration about the 
ocelli on fore wing, or a more or less hazy, ill-defined, obscure yellow 
area, such as appears frequently in the dimorphic belt in New York, and 
which there represents the intergrades between Alofe and Nephele. In 
the west, they ave not intergrades, because there is no Alope to intergrade 
with, but what 1 should call examples of reversion. 1 limit the name 
Alope to the typical form. ‘These intergrades, or what would be so char- 
acterized in the dimorphic belt, are never found where A/ofe flies alone, or 
before it has entered the belt ; but they appear in greater or less degree 
wherever JVephele flies, whether in Canada or Illinois and westward. Even 
in California, in Aoopfis, we find occasional examples of same character. 

Dr. J. P. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin, writes thus: ‘‘ ephele is the 
most abundant butterfly on the prairies four miles west of Racine. I 
have taken many hundreds and never saw a single A/ofe. ‘I took a num- 
ber of A/ofe in Berkshire Co., Mass., some years ago, and they are all I 
have. The Wisconsin specimens correspond precisely with those in 
Ills. When Professors Kirtland and Baird visited me in 1859, we travelled 
over a considerable portion of the State, taking specimens of natural 
history. Prof. Kirtland was greatly interested in our species of Satyrus. 
He first thought it was 4/ope, but under a peculiar form. But when we 
found a lot of the larvee he said it was not 4/ope. After, he wrote me that 
it was Vephele, Kirby. You may say that A/vse is unknown in Wisconsin, 
and that the form /Veffec/e is greatly abundant on the prairies, the most 
common species in midsummer.” 

I asked Mr. Putnam whether he had ever seen a typical A/ofe in Lowa, 
and he replied that he never had, adding: ‘those which I considered 
Alope in my list are probably intergrades ” ; and the examples which Mr. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ps 


Putnam sent me labelled Al/opfe were females of WVephele. Mr. J. R. 
Muhleman, long a collector in Macoupin Co., Ills., writes that he has no 
Alope in his collection and does not know that it occurs there. Prof. S. 
A. Forbes, of Normal, Ills., writes: ‘‘ We get Wcphele here, but not A/ope 
in this immediate vicinity. The latter is reported to us from Bureau Co. 
and also from northern Ills., by Dodge, Worthington and others.” Mr. 
Worthington says: ‘‘I have never taken A/ofe typical form in northern 
Illinois and know of no one who has. In my list of Ills. butterflies I 
included A/ope on information of Prof. G. H. French, who says he has 
himself taken it in southern Illinois. I have doubts about A/ofe being 
found in Illinois or Iowa. All the Michigan examples I have seen were 
variations of LWephele Olympus.” On this I wrote Prof. French, who 
resides at Bloomington, in south Illinois, and he sent me what he had 
called Alopfe. © It was Wephele with a slight yellow haze about the ocelli. 
This, Mr. French says, was taken 50 miles north of Bloomington, and is 
the only A/ope he ever has seen or known of having been taken in southern 
Ills. Mr. Dodge formerly lived in Bureau Co., Ills., and he writes (in 
reply to my questions as to A/ofe in Illinois and Nebraska): “I have 
never given particular attention to these forms, but I am strongly inclined 
to believe that you are right, at least as regards the species here 
(Nebraska). At all events, I was particular to collect the varieties here 
last summer, and those I have sent you represent both forms as found with 
us.” These were either pure LVephele Olympus, or a little off type only. 
Prof. Parker, at Grinnell, Ia., says: “I have not seen at the west, I am 
sure, the bright-banded A/opfe.” Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, U.S. A., who 
has collected for several seasons about Fort Omaha, Nebr., says: ‘‘ A/ope 
is such a striking species, I have no hesitation in saying that I have never 
seen it before” (I-enclosed an example to Lieut. Carpenter). “If it 
occurs in the valley of the lower Missouri it must be as a straggler from 
the east, and a rare visitor, or I should have seen it.” Mr. Scudder 
informs me that at the time the Iowa list spoken of was published by him, 
he considered the two forms, A/ope and Wephele, as one species. 

Therefore, for the States beyond Indiana it seems clear that Aloe 
does not fly. If it appears anywhere it would be on the southern side, 
along the Ohio River, inasmuch as this form does inhabit Kentucky. 
Indeed the only A/oge Dr. Landis discovered was taken in Indiana near 
the Ohio, at South Bend, and that but a single example. 


Prof. Cook was under the impression that 4/ofe was found in Michi- 


114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gan, but less abundantly than Vef/c/e. He sent me several examples, two 
of which were females, taken at Lansing, and labelled Aloe, a third, 
male, from Indiana just south of the State line, was so labelled. All these 
were Wephele with a little yellow about the ocelli. With them was a pure 
type WVephele from Lansing. On writing Prof. Cook respecting these, he 
replied : ‘I feel confident that there are no typical A/ofe in Michigan, if 
none that I sent are such. I have seen several Michigan collections and 
never one specimen with more yellow than the yellowest which I sent 
you. Years ago you named for Dr. Miles some of our Lansing ‘ A/ofpe.’ So 
you see my authority was good.” * 

Mr. F. S. Sleeper, of Kalamazoo. Michigan, writes: “ Mephele pure 
type is quite common in this locality. I have never seen A/ope here, but 
I have one specimen which I captured in Ingram Co. in 1867, which is 
undoubtedly the true 4/ofe.” Ingram is the county in which is Lansing, 
the capital of the State. 

Prof. D. J. Higley, of Ann Arbor, writes: ‘I send a specimen of 
what I have supposed A/ofe. I think this is not nearly so common as the 
form JVephele. ‘The yellow in the specimen sent is more conspicuous than 
any I have seen.” This example has a clear yellow space just about each 
ocellus and a ligament of same shade joining the two rings together. 
Outside is a narrow obscure yellow space. It is to be classed with WVephele. 

We may say then that Wephel/e alone inhabits the country west of New 
York to the Rocky Mountains, except that it may be found in eastern 
Ohio and occasionally in Michigan ; and is a second time modified on the 
Pacific slope, appearing as Loopfis. The more northern variety zcana is 
nearer to Wephele type than is Loops, and possibly may prevail to the 
northward and in Brit. Am. connect with the type. Gadd is nearer to 
Alope than Nephele.  Wheelervi is considerably different from A/ope or 
Pegala, and I cannot give a suggestion as to its origin. Perhaps it should 
rank in a distinct group, though I here leave it with Pegada. 


* Tt was i 1863 that I named the specimens for Dr. Miles. In 1866 I wrote the 
paper on these forms which was printed in Proc. Ent. Soc., vol. vi., p. 195. I had 
brought together a large number of specimens from many localities, and came to the 
conclusion that A/ofe and Nephele were two distinct species, and gave my reasons 
therefor, but I find that I then classed nearly all the variations (now known to be inter- 
grades) with Wephele, using these words: ‘* Alofe varies comparatively little, and very 
little in the direction of Weffele. The variation of Vephele is extreme and in the direc- 
tion of Aloge, but with the greater number of variations close to the type. Occasionally 
one individual more aberrant than the rest reaches farther towards A/ofe,” ete. + 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 


In cataloguing the series would run thus : 


I. 
2. 


10. 
. Puocus, Edw. 


2. 


Genus SATYRUS. 
Group LI. 
Sub-Group 1. 


Ricans. Babr-5 1775: 
ALoPE, Fabr. 
1. dimorphic form, ALopE Fabr., 1793. 
var. Zexana. 
var. maritima. 
2. dimorphic form, NEPHELE Kirby, 1837. 
var. 7cand. 
r sub-species OLYMPUS. 
2 - Boopis. 


. Gapsil, Edw. 


ARIANE, Bois., 1852. 


. Baroni, Edw. 


Sub-group 2. 


. Pauius, Edw. 


Sub-group 3. 
Meapbu, Edw. 


Sub-group 4. 
WHEELERI, Edw. 


Group II. 


. Sttvestris, Edw., 1861. 


atus, Bois., 1869. 


Cuaron, Edw. 


Group III. 


STHENELE, Bois., 1852. 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDA IN THE ZUTRAEGE. 
SECOND AND THIRD HUNDREDS, 


BY A. R. GROTE, 


Director of the Museum, Puffalo Soctety Natural Sciences. 


Anomis crosa, 19, fig. 287-288. 

“Savannah.” | have identified this species from specimens taken in 
Georgia and Alabama. Hubner figures the variety in which the wings are 
orange except the s. t. space. Usually they are terminally darker shaded. 
The species is compared with A. evacfa, by Hiibner. Mr. Thaxter caught 
this species in Jamaica, W. I. 

Leulepidotis alabastraria, 22, fig. 311-312. 

“Savannah.” Hiibner considers the insect a Geometer. It seems to 
me that his figure represents a Noctuid related to Palindia. 

Brotis vulneraria, 23, tig. 319-32 

“ Bahia.” I have identified this species from a specimen taken by 
Prof. Hinsdale at Racine, Wisconsin. The species is probably an 
occasional visitant with edora and zenvbia, and does not breed within our 
territory. Hubner considers it to be a Geometer, but, I think, incorrectly. 

Leucania albilinea, 25, fig. 337-338. 

‘* Buenos Ayres.” Gueneé describes under this name our common 
species //arveyt Grote. He says, Noct. 1, 89: ‘‘L’individu figuré par 
Hiibner, equil a recu du Bresil (?), est beaucoup plus foncé que le mien. 
Serait-ce une espece distincte?” I find that the costa is uneven in 
Hiibner’s figure and also that the pale central shade is more continuous ; 
the costal region is darker, there is no distinct black basal dash, the ter- 
minal dark shading is not continued along the cell inferiorly. The division 
of the blackish shades by a pale shading over median nervure is quite 
characteristic of H/avvey7, and the failure to give this in Hibner’s figure 
induces my belief that a South American species will be discovered 
approaching nearer to Hubner’s figure, for which reason I keep the 
designation Harvey? for our N. Am. species. 


Eunetis ultronia, 26, fig. 347-348. 
“Pennsylvania.” ‘This is the species generally known as Catocala 


ultronia. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. TAT. 


Areyrogramma omega, 29, fig. 373-374- 
“Savannah.” Gueneé refers this as a synonym to verruca, and pro- 


bably correctly. Htbner’s figure represents a species with a single silvery 
ringlet and no exterior mark. 


Aletia argillacea, 32, fig. 399-400. 

“Bahia.” I have identified this with the Moctua xylina of Say, Proc. 
Am. Ass. Adv. Sci, 13, 1874. This species seems to have spread from 
Brazil and Central America to the West Indian Islands, from whence. dur- 
ing the Jast half of the last century it made its appearance in the cotton 
fields of the United States. Here the cotton plant is an annual, and the 
insect is brought face to face with a longer winter and a perishable food- 
plant. From my experiments I believe that in the central (and of course 
the northern) portions of the cotton belt the fall escaping and hybernating 
moths perish before the new cotton plant is large enough in the spring to 
receive their eggs. No experiments have yet substantiated the successful 
hybernation in any portion of our increasing cotton territory. It seems 
probable in default of this evidence that the Eastern worms come from 
the flights of the moths from the West. Indies, the Western from south- 
west continental sources, always supposing that from the advance of 
cotton growing towards the Mexican frontier a locality has not been 
reached in that direction where the insect can sustain itself, owing to the 
relative shortness of interval between the crops or by having an alternative 
food-plant on which the earliest worms are nursed. It is evident that the 


cotton plant and the A/etza must be studied together to arrive at a true 
conclusion. 


Septis mucens, 9, fig. 415-416. 


“Pennsylvania.” I have identified this species in Belfrage’s Texan 
collections, CaN. ENT., xi., 206. Gueneé gives Florida as locality after 
Doubleday, and Pennsylvania probably after Hubner. Has it been taken 
in the Middle States? Belfrage sends a suffused variety, as I regard it, 
together with the typical form as figured by Hiibner and described by 
Gueneé. Gueneé refers the insect to Xy/ophasia. It has hairy eyes and 
I have placed it in Mamestra. 


Agnomonia sequistriarts, 10, fig. 419-420. 


“ Georgia.” Gueneé refers this species as identical with avs Drury, 
‘IT think without doubt correctly. 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Acdia fasciolaris, 15, 443-444. 


“ Bahia.” I have a specimen exactly corresponding with Hiibner’s 
figure, in the ovate pale s. t. spot outside the line, the iridescent white 
basal patch of secondaries, etc. It differs in these and other characters 


strongly from z/grescers, with which Mr. Morrison has incorrectly united it. 

Ogygia tmperita, 16, 447-448. 

‘Labrador.” I have a specimen of this species which belongs to 
Agrotis, from this locality. 

Auchmts confusa, 25, fig. 495-4906. 

‘* Pennsylvania.” This species has hairy eyes and I have placed it 
under AZamestra. 

Melicleptria tuberculum, 29, 517, 518. 


“ Pennsylvania.” I have placed this species in Lygranthoecia. 


Tarache ardorts, 34, fig. 551-552. 
‘* Georgia.” Gueneé identifies this species from Montevideo. I have 
never seen it. It is possibly not found in North America. 


Crochiphera flavistriaria, 35, fig. 555-556. 
** United States.” Gueneeé refers this species to Poaphila. 


Porphyrinia matutina, 35, fig. 557-558. 


“ Georgia.” This is A/arta gaure of Abbot & Smith. , 


Agnomonia quadrifilarts, 37, fig. 569-570. 

“United States.” A common species referred by Gueneé to Poaphila. 
Tarache candefacta, 39, fig. 587-588. 

“ Pennsylvania.” A common species throughout the Atlantic District. 
Euthisanotia timats Cr., 39, fig. 589-590. 


‘“West Indies.” This species occurs on our Atlantic coast as a visitor 
borne on the winds. Itis my Phd/ochrysa regnatrix, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 
2, pl. 8, fig. a. 


While Hiibner must be cited as authority for the species in the first 
three Hundreds of the Zutraege, Geyer must be credited with the remain- 
ing two, which were issued after Hubner’s death. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. 


The seventh annual general meeting of the Montreal Branch of the 
Entomological Society of Ontario was held on Monday, the 17th May, 
1880, at the residence of the Vice-President, Mr. H. H. Lyman. 


An interesting paper was read by. Mr. Couper on the Milk-weed 
(Asclepias tuberosa) and some of its insect frequenters. ‘Che paper drew 
attention to the curious fact that the colors of the different insects feeding 
upon this plant were, almost without exception, red and black. 

The Secretary and Treasurer read his annual report, which showed the 
finances to be in a most satisfactory condition. 


The election of officers then took place, resulting as follows : 


President—G. J. Bowles. 

Vice-President—G. B. Pearson. 

Secretary and Treasurer—Geo. H. Bowles. 

Curator—F. B. Caulfield. 

Council—Messrs. H. H. Lyman, Wm. Couper and Robert Jack. 


A short time was pleasantly spent in examining several cases of rare 
Lepidoptera belonging to Mr. Lyman, after which the meeting adjourned. 


Gro. H. Bow es, Secretary and Treasurer. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
DeEaR SiR,— 


Mr. W. H. Edwards’ note of Oct. 20 recalls a very remarkable gather- 
ing of Danats archippus which came under my own observation, at 
Racine, Wisconsin, in the first week of Sept., 1868. The insect appeared 
in great numbers, and gathered in several swarms about trees in the 
vicinity. The day was cloudy, but without rain. Shortly after noon the 
swarms seemed to gather and settled upon a tree in my garden, a well- 
formed black oak about 15 inches in diameter at the trunk, and perhaps 
40 feet high. The swarm covered the southern aspect of this tree so 


120 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


abundantly that the green of the leaves was quite obscured by the brown 
of the wings of the butterflies. A few sailed back and forth through the 
air as if seeking a place to alight. when the wings of those sitting, opening 
and shutting as if by a single impulse, caused the prevailing color to shift 
from the dark hue of the upper surface to the lighter color of the lower 
surface. They remained until after nightfall, but were gone when we 
looked for them in the morning. No attempt was made to capture or 
count them, but the swarm must have contained some thousands. 


c 
S. H. PEAnopy, Champaign, Ills. 


DEA 
Our season here is remarkably early ; the following insects have been 
observed on dates named : 


Camberwell Beauty, V. antiopa....... ........March 18 
Small Blue Butterfly, Lycaena neglecta.......... 3 
Cabbage Butterfly, Pzerts rape, emerged from 
chrysalis in the house. ..... .........March 30 

Sulphur Butterfly, C. pAtiodie. 21228 is eee 

Cabbage-Buttertly, 2 7apide gen beeen ee 
Green Emperor Moth, 4. Zuna, Fie Gulia © «tecpriler4 
Ajax Swallow-tail, 2 a7ax is. 2geg ge. 2eeee oi es ApMheG 
American Silk-worm, S. cécropia, just out.........April 18 
Currant Saw-fly, ZV. vensricosus... 6. cee cee eee i 
Grape-vine Flea Beetle, //a/tica ee ane i 


The Colorado Potato Beetle, Doryphora decemlineata. Apr. 11 
E. W. Cxiaypo.e, Yellow Springs, Ohio. 


DEAR SIR,— 

On Friday evening last (25th) while sitting reading, I heard a noise 
in my breeding box, and on taking it down I saw a fine specimen of ?. 
cresphontes, which had been out for some time, as it was full of life. I was 
afraid that it might be hurt by flitting about, but it was perfectly safe. I 
am not sure when it went into the chrysalis, but it was late in October. I 
got the larva on the 11th Oct., and it fed a good while. It is not large, 
measuring just 3! inches when set out. My room has not been very 
warm, and nothing else has yet come out. 

Hamilton, Ont., Jan’y 26, 1880. WILLIAM MurRRAy. 


it 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XII. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1880. Now 


A NEW ENEMY OF THE BLACK SPRUCE, ABIES NIGRA. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


An enemy of Abies nigra sent to me by Mr. C. S. Sargent, from the 
Arboretum of Harvard University, induced me to compare the literature 
about the enemies of this tree. To my surprise, all that is published con- 
sists of two very excellent papers by Mr. Ch. H. Peck, Albany. One, 
“ The Black Spruce,” read before the Albany Institute,-May 4, 1875, 8v., 
pp. 21; the other in the New York State Museum’s Report of the 
Botanist, No. 30. I do not remember to have seen these papers recorded 
in entomological serials. There are noted two vegetable parasites, 
Arceuthobium pusillum and Pertdermium decolorans. Of insects are 
recorded a plant-louse near Ade/ges coccineus, and some Hemipterous gall 
insect ; also, two beetles, //ylureus rufipennis and Apate rufipennis. 

The twigs sent to me contained numerous pale spots, the consequence 
of some dead leaves, three or more, one near the other. The examination 
of those leaves showed on every one at the base, sidewards, a small round 
hole. The interior of the leaf was hollow, in some cases only the lower 
half, where the enemy had not yet finished the work. I discovered directly 
a small caterpillar, belonging to Tineide and probably to the Argy- 
resthians, as the destructive enemy. The biological collection contains no 
enemy of the Black Spruce, and no similar destruction of Pines, except a 
somewhat related twig of Pinus Canadensis, quoted also as probably done 
by an Argyresthian larva. In Mr. Chambers’ valuable list no Tineid 
living on Spruce is recorded. 

The European literature contains only one fact similar to the American. 
It is recorded that Cedestis farinatella hollows the leaves of Pines. But 
until now no American species of Cedestis is known. Probably the mo } 
will be raised and the mystery solved ; at all events, I desire to draw the 
attention of entomologists to this enemy. Perhaps it may be more com- 
mon than is supposed, Prof. Peck stating as a fact that the Spruce trees in 
some parts were said to be dying at an unusual rate, as if affected by some 
fatal disease. ‘Io judge by analogies, the attack made by //yZurgus and 
Afpate is only a consequence of the previous attacks by other enemies. 


127 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF PRIEEPARATORY STAGES OF AGRAULIS 
VANILLAE, LINNus. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc—Conoidal, truncated, the top a little arched ; the sides more or 
less convex, varying ; the height to the breadth as 9 to 7; marked by 14 
straight ribs, which are compressed and elevated, and run from base to 
top ; crossed by about 11 str, horizontal, rather prominent ; the spaces 
between the ribs and striz are quadrangular, the shortest side being with 
the long axis of the egg ; these spaces are depressed and are either flat or 
slightly convex ; the summit is covered with rows of cells, concentric, 
those of the outer two rows large, hexagonal and irregular, of the third 
row small, hexagonal; within these are 8 small cells, not depressed, 
irregularly rhomboidal and forming an eight-rayed star ; in the centre a 
minute star of six rays. Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days. 


Younc Larva—Length .14 inch; cylindrical, thickest at 4, tapering 
slightly to 13, the segments well rounded ; color brownish-orange, glossy ; 
on either side the dorsal line on each segment after 2 is a row of short, 
conical, pale black tubercles, and two similar rows on either side, 
forming transverse rows of 6 tubercles, from the top of each of 
which springs a short black hair; on 2 is a black dorsal collar, with fine 
tubercles; feet brown; head nearly globular, flattened on iower front 
face ; color brown; slightly pilose. Duration of this stage about 2 days. 


After First Moult—Length .24 inch ; same shape; nearly same color, 
less brown, more orange ; armed with six longitudinal rows of long, 
tapering, black spines, at top sub-conic, each ending in a fine, short, black 
bristle ; a few similar bristles about the spine from base up (for arrange- 
ment of the spines, which is uniform in all the succeeding stages, see 
description of the mature larva) ; on 2 a dark chitinous collar, broken at 
the dorsal line, and bearing minute hairy tubercles ; feet black ; head 
obovoid, the sides quite convex, the face flattened, the top depressed, and 
on each conical vertex a simple black process very similar to the body 
spines, but less tapering and much shorter, pointed at top and ending with 
a short fine bristle ; others disposed about it just as with the spines; a 


few hairs, long and short, on front face ; color chocolate-brown. To next 
moult 2 days. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 


After Second Moult—Length .3 inch; color dark (or red-brown) 
orange, glossy ; between dorsals and first laterals a greenish-brown band, 
not well defined—rather a discoloration, and about segment ro fading 
away ; the spines long, all black and shining, from black tubercles ; those 
of dorsal rows on 3 and 4 longest, those of first laterals on 2 and 3 nearly 
as long ; collar on 2 black ; head as at second stage, glossy black ; the 
vertices rather high, conical ; the processes two thirds as long as the dorsal 
spines on segment 3, irregularly tapering, slightly bent back, conical at 
top. Duration of this stage 36 hours. 


After Third Moult—Length .8 inch ; color now dark orange, glossy ; 
a medio-dorsal stripe of olive-brown ; a broad band of same hue fills the 
space between dorsals and first laterals from 2 to 13 ; the lower part of 
body also olive-brown, so that the orange is restricted to the dorsal area 
and lower part of sides ; in some examples the band is macular, orange 
showing in it ; head as before, but the vertices higher, and the processes 
longer and much recurved, resembling horns ; face black on front, behind 
the head orange, but from base of each horn a black stripe passes down 
the back of the head ; on the front are five minute orange spots, one at 
base of each horn, and three in a cross row below. Duration of this stage 
36 to 40 hours. 


After Fourth Moult—Length .95 inch ; color red-orange, the medio- 
dorsal stripe greenish, the lateral band pale black, and broadened, so as 
to come to the outer sides of the tubercles of the two rows ; the base same 
color as the band; the orange restricted to a narrow band running with 
the spiracles. ‘Twenty-four hours after this moult the length was 1.2 inch, 
and one day after this was 1.5 inch. 


Mature Larva—Length 1.5 inch, greatest breadth .24 inch; cylin- 
drical, thickest at segments 3 to 5, tapering to 13 very gradually ; furnished 
with six rows of long, tapering black spines, bluntly conical at top, from 
which springs a short and fine black bristle ; a few similar bristles irregu- 
larly placed about each spine from base to top; two of these rows are 
subdorsal, and on middle of either side is one, and one below spiracles ; 
the dorsals extend from 3 to 13, the first laterals from 2 to 12; the lower 
laterals from 6 to 13; over the feet on each side of 2, 3, 4 isa black 
tubercle with hairs ; the spines of dorsal rows on the anterior segments 
are longest, measuring .r6 inch ; the first laterals are quite uniformly .11 


124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


inch, and the second laterals .g inch ; color red-orange, with a broad 
medio-dorsal band of greenish-black, and a broad, slate-black band which 
occupies the space between the dorsals and first laterals, and reaches to 
the farther sides of and embraces the tubercles of these rows; the base 
of body slate-black, so that the orange is restricted on dorsum to two 
narrow stripes lying between the dorsal and the two lateral bands, and to 
another stripe running with the spiracles (these bands widened much after 
the moult and as this stage proceeded), the whole upper surface highly 
glazed ; feet and legs black ; head obovoid, deeply cleft, with high conical 
vertices, on each of which stands a stout spinous recurved process, .15 
inch long, black, in all respects formed like the body spines, except that 
it is less tapering, the upper two thirds being of about uniform size ; the 
tip conical and giving out a short fine bristle ; a few other like bristles 
about the sides; sides and back of head rounded, but the front much 
flattened ; sparsely pilose ; color of front black, with two vertical orange 
stripes, one on either side of and very near the suture ; color of hind 
head, between the horns and down the sides greenish-yellow, the lower 
part of the side black ; also a black stripe runs back from base of the 
horn. ‘There was some variation in coler at maturity ; some larve had a 
gray line or stripe below spiracles; on one this line was white and 
extended the whole length, in another it disappeared at 5 ; the color of 
the dark band on upper part of side was greenish-black, or slate-black, 
varying with the point of view. From fourth moult to suspension 59 to 
72 hours ; from suspension to chrysalis 13 to 15 hours. 


CurysaLis—Length 1.05 in.; depth from dorsal to ventral side .34 
in.; breadth at base of wings .26 in.; breadth across abdomen .2 inch ; 
long, slender, the thorax much compressed laterally, and the wing cases 
very prominent, forming a narrow carinated hunch, which rounds abruptly 
on posterior end ; head case high, cylindrical, compressed transversely, the 
top sloping on the ventral side at about 45°; on each vertex a short (.05 
in. long) ear-like process, excavated on the dorsal side, and crenated at 
the top ; between these the top of head is twice incurved ; at the base of 
head case, on dorsal side, a depression ; the mesonotum large, prominent, 
compressed, carinated, followed posteriorly by a deep and broad depres- 
sion ; wing cases smooth, a little flaring at base, depressed in middle ; 
abdomen slender and tapering ; a row of minute medio-dorsal tubercles, 
and on either side of these a row of large, rounded ones, those of the 


L 
: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 


anterior segments largest of all, and compressed laterally ; colors very 
variable ; some examples are buff with greenish markings, or on the abdo- 
men greenish-brown ; the head and wing cases buff, the former with a 
slight red tint ; on the depression at base of head case is a patch of clear 
pale pink on either side the dorsal line, and between, as also at the outer 
edges of these patches, is a little black ; top of head case pink and black, 
the processes dark brown at top and on dorsal side ; mesonotum buff 
mottled green, as is the dorsal side of abdomen; wing cases buff, with a 
greenish patch on middle and a stripe running with one of the interspaces 
of the wing next margin ; on side of abdomen a reddish-buff stripe and 
below this a broad greenish-brown band; on ventral side a clear pink 
patch from end of wings down. Some were very black, the wing cases 
and anterior parts mottled in light and dark black ; some had the wing 
cases, mesonotum and head case pink tinted, mottled all over with green- 
ish-black ; the ventral edges of wing cases clear pink-buff ; in all examples 
the two pink spots at base of head case and the stripe on abdomen 
appear, and in all there is a black angular inscription like figure 3 or like 
V, on the ventral side of the wing case about one-third the distance from 
base to end. 

On 24th June, 1879, I received from Mr. Jacob Boll, Dallas, Texas, 
several larvee of Vanillae, some of which had hatched en route, others in 
stages up to near third moult, and feeding on Passiflora. These larve_ 
passed their changes with great rapidity. Eggs laid roth June hatched 
22nd or 23rd ; larve passed first moult 25th, second moult 27th, third 
29th, fourth 1st July, pupated 5th, and the imago appeared 12th July. So 
that the whole round in one case was 23 days. In amother but 21, the 
time between the moults from first to fourth being 40, 42 and 59 hours. I 
had Passiflora growing near by, so that food was plenty and the weather 
was hot, and these changes proceeded as they might have done in the 
tropics. The only species of butterfly which I have known to pass its 
stages so rapidly has been D. Avchippus of the midsummer brood. The 
larvee of Vanillae have six rows of spines, longer and slenderer than in 
Argynnis, and the bristles which surround them are much shorter and finer 
than in Argynnis. And the head spines are of same character as those of 
the body. When ready to suspend, the larva spins a button of white 
sik, and hangs at first straight, the anterior segments bent on segment 5 
at a right angle. After a few hours the back curves in somewhat, and the 
head is lowered till at last it is almost in line with the body. ‘The whole 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


upper side turns dead white, except that here and there a faint bit of red 
or dusky black is seen. When the skin splits it is on 3, the rent extending 
to 2 and 4, and it is shiited off just as in Grapta. At first the pupa is 
unformed, but the wing cases creep up one segment, the dorsum becomes 
hunched, and the head case and mesonotum swell out as in Limenitis. 
Every one of these chrysalids finally took a twist to one side, bending on 
the last segments instead of hanging straight down, as is usual with the 
species of Nymphalidz known to me. 

The curious differences in color of the chrysalids I have noted in the 
description. Later in the season by four months, I received about forty 
chrysalids from Prof. Gibbes, from S. Carolina, which varied in same man- 
ner as the ‘lexan examples, but the dark varieties much predomufated. 


On two occasions single examples of Vavzl/ae have been taken here at 
Coalburgh, but it cannot be a permanent resident. It abounds in the 
Southern States, where brood after brood must follow from early in the 
season till late in the fall. Fortunately it seems in the larval state to feed 
on nothing but Passiflora, or it might become a pest. 

Abbot figured this species in Insects of Georgia, with larva and chry- 
salis. The larval body bears considerable resemblance to nature, but the 
. spines look like feathers ; they are red, moreover, instead of black. The 


shape of the chrysalis is good, but the color is not like any which I have 
seen, being dark brown instead of black. 


FUNGOID DISEASES OF INSECTS :—A RECLAMATION. 
BY JOHN L. LECONTE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


The following extract is from the American Entomologist, vol. i., p. 
138 (June, 1880): 

ie in which article, by the way, may be found the first 
“suggestion that we are aware of in this country, of the practical utili- 
“zation of fungus diseases, so that Walsh really anticipated LeConte in 
‘‘ this suggestion.” 

The article of the late B. D. Walsh referred to ( Practical Entomologist, 
i, p. 116, Aug., 1867) contains this passage in reference to a gigantic 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. P75 


Sphaerian fungus which grows out of the larvee of ZLachnosterna fusca and 
other Scarabeeidee : 


“ Tf only a single such specimen as the above had been met with, we 
“might account for it by supposing that the larva had accidentally died 
“with the undevoured seed of some plant in its mouth, and that this seed 
“thereupon vegetated and grew, using the body of the plant as manure to 
“aid it in its growth. But how can we account for the large numbers of 
“these specimens found in one place, at one time, and by one man? I 
“can only explain these singular circumstances by supposing that some 
“ particular kind of seed is poisonous to this larva, although the instincts 
“of the larva do not prompt it to reject such seed as food. Hence it is 
“to be hoped that Mr. Paulding’s experiments will be continued until he 
“clearly ascertains what plant is produced from this vegetative larva. 
“ Possibly we might turn such knowledge to practical account by sowing 
“this particular kind of seed in places infested by the White Grub, and 
“especially where, as with young trees in nurseries, we cannot convent 
‘ently reach our enemy with the plough, the hoe or the spade.” 


In August, 1873, at the Portland Meeting of the Am. Assoc. Adv. 
Science, after giving an example of the destruction of the entire caterpillar 
population of a 12-acre lot of forest land, by the accidental introduction 
of pebrine, or muscadine, from a neighboring colony of silk worms, I 
spoke as follows, recommending at the end of my discourse : 


“7. Careful study of epidemic diseases of insects, especially those of 
‘qa fungoid nature ; and experiments on the most effective means of intro- 
“ ducing and communicating such diseases, at pleasure.” 


The want of logical connection between these extracts is sufficiently 
obvious. But in order to place this more clearly before the reader, let 
‘me in a few words sketch the pictures presented to the mind by the 
respective conceptions of Mr. Walsh and myself. 


Mr. Walsh exhibits an uninstructed, though intelligent farmer, seeking 
_ under his advice for the imaginary seed of an impossible plant, to be 
strewn on the ground in places infested by the White Grub, in the fond 
hope that the latter (in his roving hours ?) may swallow this seed and die 
of indigestion. 
My picture is of a well trained mycologist, skilled in the recognition 
of microscopic forms, acquainted with ferments and their methods of 
growth, familiar with the protean forms of zymosis, so far as they have 


128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


been traced to organic germs—in few words, a first-class scientific student, 
- who, after careful investigation of the fungus-killed insects brought to him 
by the “ practical’ entomologists, shall inform the latter of the nature 
of the fungi, whether they are transmutable or fixed in structure,* how 
they can most advantageously be cultivated, and in what vehicle they can 
best be distributed when needed. 


Is there any resemblance between these two pictures ? 


A MYSTERY IN REFERENCE TO PRONUBA YUCCASELLA. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


June 6, 1880. 

Last summer Dr. Geo. Engelmann saw some parts of the biological 
collection here, and was so kind to promise me his help to obtain some 
species, which I was very eager to possess, viz., Pronuba yuccasella in its 
different stages, and Phyl/oxera. By his request, I received through the 
kindness of Mr. ‘Thos. Meehan, in September, two bundles of the stems of 
Yucca flamentosa and angustifolia. The latter species, after a careful 
examination of every stick, was found to be entirely free of insects or 
larvee ; but the former contained many numerous small green larvze in 
silky cocoons (and no other kind of larva), placed through the whole 
length of the stem and in every direction. I compared the larva with 
Mr. Riley’s figure and description of P». yuccase/la,and as both disagreed 
—the larva having wo /egs at ali—I believed it to be anew Rhynchophorous 
larva at least unknown to me, and wrote accordingly to Mr. Thos. Meehan. 
Having placed some larve in alcohol, I postponed further investigation 
until they would be more advanced ; but they lived through the whole 
winter, and did not increase in a marked manner. 


How was I surprised when, in May, I found in the jar where I kept 


the stems two moths of Pronuba yuccasella! 1 believed at first that I had 
overlooked their larvee, and that, after Mr. Riley’s description, they had 


* As this is a subject of which little is known, it offers a most promising field for 
squabbling, and in fact is being already cultivated for that purpose, with prospects of an 
. . ‘ 
abundant crop of prematurely expressed opinions, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


gone in the earth and now transformed. but the two chrysalis skins were 

there, and not in the earth, but in the stick, the abdomen s#e// in the silky 

' cocoon of the larva before mentioned. I was more astonished that the 
pupa skins were perfectly smooth on the dorsum, and showed in no way 
the dorsal arcuated plates with blunt flattened projections, as described by 
Mr. Riley. I believed at first—as at any time when my observations 
disagree with those of other scientists—that I was mistaken or misled by 
some curious event. I:compared the moths again with typical specimens, 
and there was no doubt that both are P. yuccasel/a, with its long pointed 
maxillary palpi. I examined the jar carefully, but I failed to find other chry- 
salis skins than the two mentioned before, and I failed to find any other 
moth in the jar which could have transformed out of the skins. The Yucca 

sticks were kept alone and entirely isolated the whole time, in a large jar, in 
which nothing else had been raised before. The case seemed to me so 
mysterious that I decided to wait until more moths would transform. But 
to this date (June 6--now July r) none have appeared, and in splitting 
some sticks I found the larve living as briskly as before, and was not able 
to fin& any chrysalis, as I failed to find any in May. 


I wish to give at least a notice of this remarkable fact, the more 
remarkable as Y. fi/amentosa is said not to be fructified by Pr. yuccasella. 


June to. 


This moment I see Mr. Riley’s article on Prvodoxus. His remark (p. 
142, Am. Ent.) that I have not been willing to send a specimen, is true, 
but he has forgotten to add that I wrote to him: “ Because I was 
studying the insect myself, and was about to publish it.” 


I had decided to drop my article had I not in the study of the two 
female imagoes at hand found that the basal joint of the maxillary palpi 
is produced in a spinous tentacle just as iz Pronuba. Therefore the only 
distinctive character mentioned by Mr. Riley is not present in my 
specimens ; consequently my specimens can not be Prodoxus, if Riley’s 
description is correct. The specimens from Colorado types of Pr. yue- 
casellt Chamb. possess pointed maxillary palpi. Three of them have no 
spots on the wings (the two raised by me have also no spots). The ovi- 
positor of one is exposed as in Pr. yuccased/a. 1 don’t know which species 
Mr. Boll has now at hand, but the type of Zezet. a/ba Zeller from Dallas, 
Texas, is Pronuba yuccasella. - 


130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


MIGRATORY INSECTS. 
BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL, P. Q. 


The migratory instinct, common to so many species of birds, and even 
of mammalia, is also exhibited by many species of insects. In the case 
of birds and animals it has mostly to do with variations of climate, or the 
necessity of suitably provicing for the raising of their young ; in the case 
of insects the causes of migrations are not so evident, and observation is 
required in order to decide the point, if, indeed, it can be decided at all. 
The subject is still in obscurity, though the efforts of American Ento- 
mologists have thrown a little light upon it with regard to some species. 
And it is of great interest, not only to Entomologists, but also to tillers of 
the soil, as some of the insects which exhibit this migratory instinct are 


among the most injurious to the crops of the farmer and fruit grower. 
THE LOCUST. 


Chief among the migratory insects stands the locust, considered as a 
group. On each of the continents, both of the old and new worlds, some 
species of the locust tribe have from time to time been notorious for this 
habit, not only on account of the countless numbers in which they have 
appeared, but also on account of the terrible destruction they have 
caused. As far back as the time of Moses their ravages are mentioned, 
for one of the plagues brought upon Egypt just before the departure of 
the children of Israel was the plague of locusts. In Asia, Africa and 
Europe their invasions have been recorded in history, both ancient and 
modern. To show the magnitude of the effects consequent on their 
migrations, I give a few instances, as taken by Dr. Packard from different 
historical sources. The first account, after Joel in the Bible, whose 
descriptions apply to Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor, is the state- 
ment of Orosius that in the year of the world 3800 certain regions of 
North Africa were visited by monstrous swarms ; the wind blew them into 


the sea, and the bodies washed ashore ‘‘ stank more than the corpses of a 


hundred thousand men.” Another locust plague, resulting in a famine 


and contagious disorders, according to St. Augustine, occurred in the 
Kingdom of Masinissa, and caused the death of about 800,000 persons. 
Pliny states that the locusts visited Italy, flying from Africa. In Europe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 131 


locust invasions have been recorded since 1333, when they appeared in 
Germany. Mouffit states that in 1478 the country about Venice was 
invaded, and 30,000 people died of famine. In France swarms appeared 
at the close of the Middle Ages. In 1747 there was a great invasion of 
Southern and Middle Europe. Before and after this date vast swarms 
were observed in Asia and Africa. In Russia, whose southern plains 
form the home of the locust, vast numbers have often appeared and done 
great damage. In China records exist of the appearance of these insects 
in devastating numbers 173 times during a period of 1,924 years. The 
three great causes of famine in China are placed as flood, drought and 
locusts. 

The new world has also its migratory locusts, equally destructive with 
those of the old. The Rocky Mountain Locust, of which we all have 
heard so much, 1s not the only species. Central and South America have 
also their peculiar locust. ‘Their ravages have been noted by the old 
Spanish chroniclers of Mexico and the adjacent countries from the time 
of the first conquest. In 1632 parts of Mexico were overrun with them, 
and in 1738 and ’39 there was an invasion by them of the coasts of 
Oaxaca, after which a famine occurred in Yucatan. In 1855 and ’56 
Honduras and Guatemala were invaded, and a famine and pestilence of 
fever followed. And in 1835 Chili and the eastern part of South America 
were infested with vast swarms of locusts. 

The Rocky Mountain Locust (Caloptenus spretus) having been a 
subject of observation by the most eminent Entomologists of the United 
States, we know more about its habits and economy than about those of 
any other species. ‘The terrible devastations it has committed in the 
Western States have led to this result. Whenan insect destroys the crops 
in one year to the estimated value of $45,000,000, it is about time to 
study its history and habits. | Mr. Riley has published a most interesting 
book on the subject, and from this I have culled a few of the most 
striking items. Its home is on the elevated plateau of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, whence it migrates in favorable seasons to the west and south for 
hundreds of miles, laying waste the crops wherever it alights and doing 
terrible damage. It breeds in the regions to which it migrates, and the 
next generations migrate again north and west towards the “ metropolis ” 
of the species, and gradually die out on the way, while those that remain 
in the place of their birth also die out, so that the species becomes extinct 
in these localities in a few years. 


132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The observations made, so far, give no special reasons for these 
migrations, unless it be the unusual abundance of the species and the 
consequent scarcity of food in its native regions. One or two favorable 
seasons cause the insect to increase to an immense extent, and when they 
find the supply of food failing them, they mount into the air in countless 
millions, and, favored by a westerly or north-westerly wind, sail off towards 
the settlements in search of ‘fresh fields and pastures new.” Such is the 
principal reason given by Packard, though he says possibly the reproductive 
instinct may also be concerned. And he does not think that these move- 
ments can be the result of a real migratory instinct, because their 
migrations (as well as those of the locusts of the old world) are periodi- 
cal, long intervals sometimes existing between them, so that the develop- 
ment of a migratory instinct would be impossible. If once partially 
implanted, the long succession of non-migratory years would effectually 
break up the germs of such an instinct. 

Another curious fact in connection with these locusis is, that the gen- 
eration born in the region to which the species has migrated the previous 
year, shows a tendency to return north and west towards the primal 
habitat. This has been proved by repeated observation. One reason for 
this is found to be the prevalence of favorable winds at that particular 
season in the regions where these locusts are produced ; for locusts, and 
indeed, all migratory insects, are dependent to some extent upon the winds 
for assistance and direction in their migrations. This is true for locusts 
all over the world ; they are brought by the wind and taken away by the 
wind. A striking instance of this fact is given in the account of the great 
Egyptian plague of locusts, in the Book of Exodus. 

So with our American migratory locust. The general direction of the 
winds on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and on the plains 
is, during July and August, west or northwest. These are the months 
during which the locusts come down from their mountain home to invade 
the cultivated plains of the border States. And when the generation of 
which these are the parents attain the winged state, in the following June, 
it has been found that the prevailing winds are from the south and south- 
east, and thus are favorable to the flight of the locusts in a northerly or 
westerly direction 

As regards their powers of flight, it has been proved by experiment 
that the locust, when it has a favorable wind (and it rarely flies at any 
other time), does not fly faster than the wind, but merely uses its wings to 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 


sustain itself in the air, and allows the breeze to waft it along. An 
observer proved this by ascending to the top of the State University of 
Nebraska. when a swarm of locusts was passing, and letting loose among 
the flying grasshoppers small bunches of cotton. He found that the cotton 
sailed along quite as fast as the grasshoppers did. 


Their numbers are inconceivably great. A British officer who saw a 
swarm in Syria estimated their number at 180,000,000,000,000.. The 
clouds of them seen in the West have often exceeded 50 miles in length 
by 20 in breadth, with a depth of from a quarter of a mile to a mile; 
1,500,000 bushels of their dead bodies were estimated to be lying on the 
shores of Salt Lake, in Utah, after a visitation of their hordes. And their 
eggs are found in the ground in numbers of from roo to 15,000 to the 
square foot, in localities favorable to their deposition. Such are some of 
the reliable statistics gathered regarding 
the Rocky Mountain Locust. 


This locust is a near relation of our 
common Canadian locust ( Ca/optenus 
Jemur-vrubrum), fig. 19. The latter has 
often been injurious to the crops, particularly of grass and hay, but has 
little tendency to migrate. It has a vast range, from Labrador to the 
Pacific coast, including the Western States and Mississippi Valley as far 
south as 35°. 


A curious and fortunate fact with regard to the locust is that it does 
not become acclimated in the regions to which it migrates. The hordes 
from the North, fresh from the invigorating air of the mountains, are much 
stronger and more vigorous than their progeny, born the succeeding year 
in the plains of Missouri and. the other Western States. Prof. Aughey, 
of the State University of Nebraska, tested their muscular strength by 
attaching their hind legs to a delicate spring balance and observing the 
degree of strength they exerted. He invariably found that the locusts 
from the mountains were stronger than those born in the plains. He also 
found that the mountain insects could live without food for several days 
longer than the others. Their eggs are also injured by the moister 
climate, so that it is estimated that fully one-half become addled and 
never hatch. ‘These circumstances tend to so reduce their numbers in the 
new habitat that in a few years the species dies out. 


Leaving the locusts, we will pass to the more pleasing duty of noticing 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


some migratory insects which are comparatively harmless, and are far more 
beautiful than any of the Orthoptera. - 
Many of the butterflies are inclined to migrations, particularly the 
whites and yellows (Pieris, Colias and Callidryas). ‘These genera, with 
a few exceptions, are not very plentiful in temperate regions, but have 
their home in warm climates. So from equatorial and South America, 
and from the southern parts of Europe, have come reports of vast migra- 
tions of these butterflies. Bates, in his “ Naturalist on the River 
Amazon,” gives an interesting account of the uninterrupted procession 
of butterflies belonging to the genus Cad/idryas which he saw passing from 


morning to night in a southerly direction across the Amazon. In these 
cases migrations.may perhaps be connected with the question of food, or 
of the continuance of the species. 

A butterfly which is well known in Canada, and which has a very wide 
range, is noted for its migratory habits ; it is the Danais archippus, fig. 20. 
Hardly a season passes but we read of its migrations. Newspapers in the 
Southwestern States,and the weather signal officers, were constantly report- 
ing the passage over Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Texas of swarms of this 
butterfly during the months of September and October last. Even in 
Canada they are sometimes seen in great numbers on their way either 
north or south. I myself have seen the shore of Lake Ontario, near 
Brighton, strewn with hundreds of their dead bodies, cast up by the 
waves, and which no doubt had formed part of a swarm which from weak- 
ness or some other cause had perished while flying across the lake. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 


Mr. Riley gives an interesting account of the causes which may lead 
to the migrations of this butterfly in his 3rd Report. He says: “ It would 
be difficult to give any satisfactory reason for this assembling together of 
such swarms of butterflies. ~As I have abundantly proved by examination 
of specimens, the individuals composing the swarms of our Archippus 
butterfly comprise both sexes ; if anything the females prevail. The 
flights almost always occur in the autumn, when the Milk-weeds ( Asc/efias ), 
upon which the larva of this butterfly feeds, have perished. ‘The instinct 
to propagate is, therefore, at the time in abeyance. The butterflies, unable 
to supply themselves with sweets from flowers, are either attracted in 
quantities to trees that are covered with honey-secreting plants, or bark 
lice ; or else they must migrate southward, where flowers are still bloom- 
ing. The Archippus butterfly hibernates within hollow trees and other 
sheltered situations. Southerly timber regions offer most favorable con- 
ditions for such hibernation. Under the most favorable conditions a large 
majority perish. A small portion of the females survive the winter. Such 
hibernating individuals, upon waking from their winter torpor, make at 
once for the prairie, where the Milk-weeds most abound. Faded, and 
often tattered, they may be seen flying swiftly over such prairies. 

“‘T have no doubt but that they travel thus for many hundred miles, 
keeping principally to the north, and ere they perish, supplying the Milk- 
weeds here and there with eggs. A fresh brood is produced in less than 
a month, and these extend still farther north, until we find the species late 
in the growing season as far up as the Saskatchewan country, where it can 
scarcely successfully hibernate, and from whence the butterflies instinct- 
ively migrate southward. We can thus understand how there are two, 
three or more broods in southerly regions and only one towards British 
America. 

“ The exceptional flights noticed in the spring, and which, so far as 
recorded, take place quite early and in the same southerly direction, find 
a similar explanation. ‘They may be looked upon as continuations of the 
autumn flights. Hibernating in the temperate belt, they are awakened and 
aroused upon the advent of spring, to find the Milk-weeds not yet started, 
and they instinctively pass to more southern regions. ‘There is a south- 
ward migration late in the growing season in congregated masses, and a 
northward dispersion early in the season through isolated individuals.” 

It will thus be seen that Mr. Riley looks upon the migration of D. 
archippus as something analogous to the southern movement of the birds 


136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


on the approach of winter, the object in both being the preservation of 
the species ; in the case of the insect to obtain a suitable place for hiber- 
nation, as well as a continued supply of food until the time of hibernation 
arrives ; in the case of the bird to secure food when it would be difficult 
or impossible to get it in a northern climate. ‘The instinct of the butterfly 
might therefore be looked upon as a true migratory instinct, in contradis- 
tinction to that of the locust, which is of a lower order. 

There is another butterfly which displays this instinct to a large extent. 
I refer to the well-known Pyramets cardui, or Painted Lady. _ It is a cos- 
mopolitan butterfly, being found in all parts of the world—a result, no 
doubt, of its migratory habits, conjoined to a faculty of acclimatization. 
Though I have never actually seen a migration of this insect, I have had 
no doubt for years past that one did take place in the vicinity of Quebec, 
I think in 1865 or 66. I had been looking out for the insect for several 
years, but never saw a single specimen till one summer, when it suddenly 
became the most common butterfly in the neighborhood. They could be 
seen by dozens everywhere. Next year it was not to be found, nor did it 
return during my stay in Quebec, up to 1872. 

I have an idea that others of the genus Pyvameis, as well as the species 
of the allied genera, Grapta and Vanessa, have these migratory habits to 
some extent. The same phenomenon, that of scarcity, then extreme 
abundance for one season, and then disappearance, took place with regard 
to Vanessa 7-album. They were so abundant one summer that I even saw 
them drinking spruce beer from the old applewomens’ kegs on the Upper 
Town Market, Quebec, while next season the only specimen I found was 
a poor dilapidated individual which I took snugly tucked away under the 
coping of a fence, where it had evidently passed the winter. 

As I said before, the fact of Pyrameis cardui being found in all the 
four quarters of the globe is no doubt due to its migrating propensity. A 
further proof of this is found in the well-known fact that our archippus, 
originally confined to America (though ranging from Canada to Bolivia), 
has lately spread over some of the islands of the Pacific to Queensland 
and New Guinea, and over the Azores to Europe, such extension of 
habitat necessarily indicating great power of long sustained flight. Since 
the Milk-weeds are not plants of commercial value, it is bighly improbable 
that the species has been carried in any of its preparatory states in ships. 
The fact remains, however, that it has been found as a new inhabitant of 
those countries. Its powers of flight will hardly be doubted by any one 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. te 


who has attempted to catch it on the wing. But a stronger proof some 
of you have had in the exhibition of a D. archippus some years ago, by 
Mr. Pearson, of Montreal, which had been captured on board a ship on 
the Atlantic, hundreds of miles from land. 


EARLY APPEARANCE OF CATOCALAS. 
BY JAMES S. JOHNSON, FRANKFORD, PENN. 


Several of your correspondents have given you articles on the early 
appearance of Lepidoptera this season, and as the Catocalas are my 
favorites, I will give my experience with them. According to good 
authority and report, C. efzone had the honor of being the first to appear- 
but I find in this locality a very strong argument against that theory. By 
referring to my diary I see that C. c/a has the precedence. The appear, 
ance of these two species during five years is as follows: 

1876, July 11th; C. ilia, 2 examples. 
ag eo) 20th we plones ei 
LOT Hee.) oth > Siilia, 2 
eK E 7b 4 “eplone, 12 
EPSON “So Sth se Coaltas 2 
cs tea Sthrseseplone: AL 
LATO we Lobe iia, I 
 oth=® “Seprore, 1 
1880, June 24th; “ ilia, 4 
With this reference we find c/a the first, and its appearance this year 
sixteen days earlier than usual. During the season of 1877 I took 29 
species, 461 examples (article in Fiedd and Forest, vol. iii., p. 64). This 
year bids fair to exceed that take, viz., 
1880, June 24; C. ilia, 4 examples. 


“ce 


“ce 


grynea, I 
Sie Ayes ilia, 5 ss 

insolabilis, 2. “ 
sae Gs ilia, 3 eS 


“ 


insolabilis, 1 


138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1880, June 27; C.ilia, 5 examples. 
grynea, I ~ 
linella, 1 

" 202 ila, 28 

insolabilis, 3 
serena, 2 
grynea, 3 
linella, 1 
flebilis, 1 
minuta, I 


“ 


oe 


oe eats ilia, 16 
grynea, 3 
insolabilis, 1 

20. ilia, 4 
grynea, I 

Total for the week, 7 species, 87 examples. I have not seen an epione 

~ yet. About one-third of the captures are cabinet examples. I take this 
as a fair criterion for the appearance of Catocale in this locality, as the 
captures were all made in the same pieces of woodland. 


ad 


“se 


. 
4 
q 


SOME NOTES ON COLEOPTERA, FOR BEGINNERS. 
BY C. G. SIEWERS, NEWPORT, KY. 


In answer to a query in the March EnroMmo.ocist as to the rearing 
of larvee of wood-boring beetles, I would say that it is very difficult to do 
after they have been removed from their burrows. Try damp sawdust of 
the same wood. The better plan where infested timber is found, is to saw 
it into short lengths, pack in tight box and cover with a wet cloth. Many 
kinds cannot bore in dry wood. Many Buprestidz perish from inability 
to perforate the bark of dead trees which has sprung loose from the wood 
and become hardened by the sun. They then fall an easy prey to ants, 
roaches and caribs. Where wild grape vines abound, cut them off at the 
ground in May or June, and let them hang ; in early spring saw them into 
short lengths and box them, and some rare beetles may be taken. Grubs 
under stones put away in the same ground in tin or glass, kept moist ; 
found under logs, use the same log debris, and add some sawdust. Find- 
ing two very large grubs with black heads under a log late in the fall, I 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 


put them away in a tin can with log refuse and sawdust, and found a male 
ash beetle and a dead pupa in July. This beetle, Xy/oryctes satyrus (Fab.), 
is taken under the roots of ash trees, and falls a victim to its curiosity, for 
if you begin to dig for them they will come out to see what is going on. 
I took fifteen from one tree in that way. April and May are generally 
devoted to searching in logs and dead trees for beetles, when many nymphs 
can be collected, which can generally be hatched out in a week or two. 
June and July are the great beating months. I have discarded the beating 
net for the inverted-umbrella, and so will any one who has tried both, as 
beating the low limbs of trees around the edges of wood will yield tenfold 
the quantity and variety that bush and weed beating will. Woods protected 
from cattle and hogs, and full of vines and bushes, are best. Little is got 
by beating in the interior of woods. Insect life swarms’ along the edges. 
Examine the trunks of trees, and where flat stones abound scoop out 
cavities under them, where Cychrus and various caribs may be trapped ; 
Cychrus are snail-feeders, and some bait traps with snails strung on strings 
through the shell. The beans of the honey locust yield Spermophagus 
Robinie ; the fungus puff-ball, Lycoperdina ferruginea ; all kinds of fungus 
swarm with beetles, also Staphilinidee. Pselaphidz are taken on the under 
side of stones, but mostly by sifting around decayed stumps on to a white 
cloth. Beat wild plum trees and haws when in blossom. Where beetles 
are found, by carefully replacing stones and bark more may be taken, as 
their scent remains. I was glad to take a single specimen of that rare 
and handsome longicorn, Dryodzus sexfasciatus, in one season, but in the 
summer of 1878 I found five under one piece of bark of beech ; so last 
season, when I found a small colony under bark on a dead maple, I tied 
the bark on again, and took seventeen more at different visits. Various 
beetles are also found on fruit and flowers. In closing, I would advise 
beginners to put small insects on paper slips or wedges, and not pin them 
with a No. 2 pin, as it cannot be inserted in cork without plyers, and is 
very liable to buckle. No. 3 enters cork readily, is not too large for paper 
slips, and about right for larger specimens. Further, do not use Spauld- 
ing’s glue ; it will turn your wedges brown, as it contains a discoloring 
acid. Make your own liquid glue—better at one-fourth the cost. Dissolve 
light colored glue or isinglass in the usual way; then while hot stir in 
alcohol, or a light colored, strained vinegar, till it is thin enough, and 
decant into a bottle. It can then be thinned with a little water, or by 
warming. 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, A. A. A. S. 


The annual meeting of the Entomological Club of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science will be held at the Museum 
of the Boston Society of Natural History, corner of Berkeley and Boylston 
Sts., Boston, commencing at 2 p.m., Tuesday, Aug. 24, 1880. It is 
proposed to send to every member of the American Association, and to 
all others who may favor the undersigned with their address for that 
purpose, a circular announcing the special subjects which will be pre- 
sented at this meeting of the Club ; and therefore all entomologists who 
desire to read communications at that time are requested to notify one of 
the undersigned before August 1st. This will ensure a fuller discussion 
of the topics presented, and, it is hoped, a larger attendance. 

There will be an informai social gathering of entomologists at the 
rooms of the Boston Society of Natural History, 24th Aug., 1880, from 
1oa.m.torp.m. During the meeting of the American Association a 
room will be constantly open for the exclusive use of the entomologists. 


B. PickKMAN Mann, Sec'y, SAMUEL H. ScupDDER, /7¢s., 
Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. 
CORRESPONDENCE. 
DEaR SIR,— 


Mr. W. H. Edwards, in his excellent article in the June No. of the 
Can. ENT., page 113, inadvertently gives my residence as Bloomington 
instead of Carbondale. It would be well to correct this, for 50 miles 
north of Bloomington the form of Satyrus should be Olympus, or 
approaching it, at least, and not as he gives it. 

T like Mr. Coquillett’s suggestion of having uniform terms for describ- 
ing the larve of many moths, but would suggest a little change in his 
terms for the spaces. Would it not be better to call the space between 
the dorsal and subdorsal lines the dovsa/ space, the space between the 
subdorsal and stigmatal lines the sawddorsal space, the space below the 
stigmatal line to the venter proper the swbstigmatal space? As the prefix 
sub means under or below, it is evident that one not having the text of his 
suggestion would look for the swddorsal space below that line, etc. 

G. H. Frencu, Carbondale, IIl. 


Che Canadian Entomoloaist. 


VOL. XII. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1880. . No. 5S 


DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIS 
CYBELE, Farr. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—Conoidal, truncated, broad at base, the sides moderately 
rounded ; depressed at summit; marked by about eighteen prominent, 
vertical, slightly wavy ribs, half of which extend from base to summit and 
form around the latter a serrated rim ; theremainder end irregularly at 
two thirds to three quarters distance from base ; between each pair of ribs 
are equidistant transverse stria. Broader at base than Adcestis or Ldadia. 


Duration of this stage 12 to 17 days. 


YOUNG LARVA—Length .07 inch ; cylindrical, thickest at 5 and 
6; color dull green, translucent ; each segment from 3 to 12 marked by 
a transverse row of eight subtriangular tubercular dark spots, of which six 
lie on dorsum and upper part of side and one on each side below 
spiracles ; the middle spot of the upper three is back of the line and near 
the posterior edge of the segment ; from each spot spring one or two long 
curved hairs; on 13 is a dorsal row of four spots and a second of two 
spots near the extremity of the segment; on 2 is a chitinous oblong 
dorsal patch on which are minute tubercles, four in front row and one 
behind the first and fourth of that row,-each with fine hairs ; head a little 


broader than any segment, rounded, slightly bilobed, a little pilose ; color 
black-brown. 


After rst Moult—Length .13 inch ; cylindrical, stoutest in middle ; 
color dull green mottled with brown, the latter taking the form of inter- 
rupted longitudinal stripes ; spines disposed as in Aéestis and other 
members of the group ; tapering, black, rising from black tubercles, except 
those of the lower lateral row, which have dull yellow tubercles ; each 
spine ending in a short black bristle, and beset with several others ; feet black, 
pro-legs greenish-brown ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded, the front 
flattened and covered with many long black hairs; color shining black- 
brown. ‘To next moult 8 to 12 days. 


142 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


After 2nd Moult—Length .24 inch, color chocolate-brown, the lower 
lateral spines pale yellow at base and for one third up; both other rows 
have the bases more indistinctly yellow and then mostly on the outer 
sides, the inner being nearly or quite black ; spines otherwise shining 
black, the bristles black ; head subcordate, flattened frontally, the vertices 
rounded, and at top of each on front side a little conical black process ; 
minute processes or tubercles are scattered over the face, the hairs spring- 
ing from them ; color shining black. To next moult 4, 6 and 9g days, 


according to the state of the weather. . 


After 3rd Moult—Length .4 inch; color dark velvety brown; the 
spines black ; all of the lower laterals yellow at base and for about one 
third up ; the upper laterals distinctly yellow at base on the anterior 
segments, the yellow gradually fading to the last segments ; the dorsals 
also distinctly yellow on anterior segments, the last wholly black ; the 
dorsal spines on 2 are directed forward, but are no longer than others ; 
head as at next previous stage, black in front, but yellow behind; all 
yellow is reddish, or honey colored. 


At this stage there was some variation in individuals in the color of the 
spines. One had all distinctly yellow at base except the dorsals on 2 and 
12, which were black. To next moult 5 to 8 days. 


After 4th. Moult—Length .6 inch ; color velvet-black ; lower laterals 
wholly bright yolk-yellow; upper laterals same on anterior half, the 
remainder duller yellow ; dorsals bright yellow on anterior half, but after 
6 less so, and on g to 12 black ; on 2 dorsals wholly black ; in line with 
the dorsal spines on segments from 3 to 11 two gray dots ; head as before. 

Another larva had all three rows of spines largely reddish-yellow, fully 
half way up from base; the last two pairs of dorsals shading into brown. 
To 5th moult 4 to 8 days. 


After 5th Moult—Length 1.1 and 1.2 inch. Reached maturity in six 
to eight days. 


MATURE LARVA—Length 1.8 inch at rest, 2 inches in motion ; 
greatest breadth at rest .35 inch ; color velvety-black, under side chocolate- 
brown ; between each pair of dorsal spines from 3 to 11 two gray dots 
transverse ; the spines throughout slender, beset with short black bristles ; 


the bases of all spines reddish-yellow, and for about two thirds up, the rest 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 


shining black ; the spines of 2 wholly black, a little recurved, directed 
forward, but no longer than other dorsals ; the longest dorsals 14-100 
inch ; feet and pro-legs black ; head small, .14 inch wide, and equally 
high, subcordate, the front flattened, finely tuberculated, the back much 
rounded, the vertices sub-conic, and each on its anterior side giving a 
small black conic process; the face much covered with black hairs of 
irregular length ; color of front dull dark brown, of back reddish-yellow. 
‘ Several larvee were as described, others showed much less yellow on the 
spines ; the lower laterals always largely yellow, the upper laterals much 
less so, the dorsals a little yellow at base from 3 to 6, after that less and 
less, changing gradually to brown, and on 11 to 13 black. In from 2 to 
3 days after maturity the larvee suspended, and in about 24 hours pupated. 


CHRYSALIS—Length 1.1 inch ; breadth at wing cases .4, of abdo 
men .36 inch; cylindrical, a little compressed laterally ; head case 
prominent, nearly square at top, the vertices being but very slightly 
elevated, transversely rounded to the ridge at summit, the sides bevelled ; 
mesonotum moderately prominent, rounded, carinated; followed by a 
deep rounded depression ; the wing cases with prominent conical pro- 
cesses at base, much elevated above surface of body, the outer edges 
flaring, the middle part depressed ; on the abdomen two rows of small 
tubercles corresponding to the dorsal spines of the larva, and which 
extend to the head case ; one row of minute tubercles on each side ; the 
whole surface finely corrugated ; color variable, being sometimes glossy 
dark brown, with a fine mottling of reddish-orange, not distinct, over wing 
cases and anterior parts ; or dark brown mottled with drab, this last pre- 
vailing on the wing cases ; or dark-brown mottled with lighter brown, most 
distinctly light at margins of wing cases, where they pass down to surface ; 
or almost wholly dead-leaf brown, a little obscure on wing cases ; the 
anterior abdominal tubercles usually black in front, yellow behind, the 
posterior tubercles wholly black. Duration of this stage 16 to 20 days. 


In Can. ENT., vi., p. 121, 1874, I gave a general account of breeding 
the larvee of Cybele, Aphrodite and Diana. Since that date I have bred 
Cybele as well as other species of this group, but before 1880 I always lost 
the larger part of the larvae during the winter, or they died off at their 
successive stages, or in chrysalis. I attempted to keep the larve after 
hatching, which occurs in September or October, in a cool room free from 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


dampness, they being placed on stems of violets growing in pots. But 
the alternation of warm with cold weather during the fall and winter was 
unsuitable for the larvae, the leaves damped off, or the plants died, and 
there was a constant loss. After the survivors were brought into 
a warm room later in the winter they were not healthy, but lingered along, 
every stage being protracted, many perishing even up to chrysalis and 
imago, or the butterflies perhaps came out crippled. In 1873, starting 
with more than 300 young larvae of Dana, I obtained but a single 
butterfly. From as many eggs of Cyde/e I got three butterflies, and of 
Aphrodite one chrysalis only, which died betore imago. 

Encouraged by the results obtained by freezing the larvae of Satyrus 
Alope in winter of 1878-79, I determined to try the effect of cold on the 
larvae of Cyde/e, and availing myself of the kindly offered aid of Prof. C. 
H. Fernald, I sent a considerable number of recently hatched larvae to 
him at Orono, Maine, to be placed in ice-house. They were in small 
paper pill boxes, the unglazed sides of which afforded foothold. I had 
found that the eggs or larvae of d/ofe escaped mould in such boxes, while 
others on cloth were destroyed. ‘These little boxes were placed in a flat 
tin box, which was deposited in the sawdust beneath the ice, “ frozen 
sawdust,” as Prof. Fernald wrote. Five months later, on 5th March, 
1880, I received the boxes by mail. ‘The larvae were found to be nearly 
all alive—not more than one or two dead—and when first seen several 
showed some movement, though only three days from ice. Others were 
lethargic some hours longer, but by the 6th nearly all had left the boxes 
and betaken themselves to the plants of violet amid which I had laid 
them. ‘They crawled at and down the stems, and disposed themselves in 
the concave sides just as they do in the fall when about to go into leth- 
argy. On 1oth March one of the larvae was found to have passed 1st 
moult, several days in advance of any other, and it continued in advance 
to maturity, passing 2nd moult 18th, 3rd 27th, 4th 4th April, 5th 12th 
April, suspended 23rd, pupated 24th, and gave imago, Cydele 2, 14th 
May. The whole period from ice to butterfly was 73 days. The other 
larvae passed 1st moult 19th March, 2nd 29th March to 2nd April, 3rd 
4th to 6th April, 4th rith to 12th, 5th 16th to 19th April, and the butter- 
flies issued 12th to 27th May. 

What loss of larvae there was occurred before 1st moult, partly by 
escape, as it seemed, but paitly, as 1 thought, from having been intro- 
duced to a warm room too abruptly. but after the moult I lost none. I 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


preserved some examples at every stage in alcohol, and so reduced the 
number, but there was no death among the larvae which were allowed to 
proceed, and I obtained at last seven perfect butterflies,1 2,6 2. They 
were also of very large size, equal to any taken in the field. It is evi- 
dent, therefore, that freezing did not injure the larvae, but on the contrary, 
invigorated.them, enabling them to pass their successive stages rapidly. 


Comparing the length of these stages with larvae bred in 1873-4. 


Iced larvae, 1880. 


Time from removal to 1st moult... ......-..8 to 18 days. 
ee Ist to 2nd SEER aires say Or LO bots 6 
i 2nd to 3rd eae pe aoa os) ALLO) 
ee 3rd to 4th STR ero ah ei cistcrs iby EOL -O: fees 
Pe 4th to 5th pee Mere eens egy bO,~ Oe 
= Gthe CosGhihy Salish sinesct 4 anc ences eQ) £O.T2) 7 < 
ee chrysalis to butterfly 2.1... ..16to 20. “ 
MOtatk PEWMOR sctsArazm ets tients gem sibclate ores ag Ae COLO] ma 


Larvae kept in cool room, as related. 
Time from removal to 1st moult ....44 days and upwards. 


SS hESt to. 2nd DOI ree io Mea é 
ee oo onaito 2rd iS ane: EG" a 
[ta -ardato: 4th Sod ee gla? il Bak 
es <= -Athetougeh aR SS fiche : 
CM CONCHITYSANS Mika sees ers) e's eos P28 
ein SS RO een setae, SER IDA es 


From removal from cool room to imago.134 “ and upwards. 
From rst moult to imago, go days. 


I have no doubt that by freezing any species of larvae which hyber- 
nate, they may successfully be carried to imago—such as Argynnis, 
Melitaa, Colias, Apatura, Satyrids, Hesperians, etc. Probably it would 
be better not to remove them from the ice until spring has fairly set in, 
instead of rousing them prematurely, as I did in case of Cybele. 


Comparing the coloration of the butterflies from the iced larvae with 
examples taken this season in the field, I see no difference, 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 


At the close of the seventh year of the Society’s existence your 
Council beg to present their Annual Report. ‘The retrospect of the year 
in Entomological matters is a pleasant one. Nine meetings have been 
held, the attendance at which has been good, and the intercourse of the 
members has been both agreeable and instructive. Besides the eight 
papers whose titles are hereafter given, many valuable observations on 
insect life have been recorded in our minutes, which will be of great 
assistance to us in the future. 

Your Council would also notice that during the summer of last year 
several enjoyable collecting excursions were participated in by the mem- 
bers, resulting in the discovery of several species of insects hitherto 
unknown in this locality. On the whole, it is with great pleasure that 
your Council report the Society to be satisfactorily progressing in the 
study of our science. 

The papers read during the year are as follows : 


1. ‘A Description of the Male A/ypia MacCullochit Kirby,” by 
William Couper. 


2. ‘Notes on a Species of Cossws taken at Montreal,” by F. B. 


Caulfield. 


9? 
Oo 


“The Milk Plant, its Insect Parasites, red and black in color,” by 
William Couper. 

4. “ How to Preserve Specimens of Insects,” by G. J. Bowles. 

5. “On Luminous Insects,’ by Geo. H. Bowles. 

6. ‘* Montreal Hymenoptera,’ by Wm. Couper. 

7.‘ Notes on Rearing Lepidoptera,” by H. H. Lyman. 

8. ‘Some of the Insects that Frequent the Orchard and Garden,” 
Rev. F. W. Fyles. (Selected) by G. J. Bowles. 

The study of the Hymenoptera of Montreal has been taken up by 
Mr. Couper, whose capacity and experience render it certain that the task 
will be well performed, and result in a great increase in our knowledge of 
that interesting order. Your Council would recommend the members to 
follow his example, and during the coming season give special attention 


ee ss eel 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 


to other divisions which hitherto we have almost neglected, namely, the 
Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera. 

The following works have been added to the Society’s Library during 
the year : 

“Monograph of the Diptera of North America.” Part 3, 4 plates. 
By H. Loew. 

“New Species of N. A. Coleoptera.” “Part 1. By J. L. LeConte. 

“The Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico,” 2 plates. J. 
L. LeConte. 

“ Synopsis of the Melolonthidz of the United States.” J. L. LeConte. 

“Catalogue of Coleoptera adjacent to the Boundary I.ine between the 
United States and Mexico,” 1 plate. J. L. LeConte. 

‘“* Revision of the Buprestidae of the United States,’ 
LeConte. 

“Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1879.” 

*“Report of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Montreal, 1879.” 

The following were presented by the Royal University of Christiania : 

“On the Mollusca of the Arctic Regions.” One large volume and 
two pamphlets. 

“A List of Norwegian Lepidoptera taken in 1876.” 

The Secretary and Treasurer’s cash statement is submitted herewith, 
and shows the finances to be in a satisfactory condition. 

In conclusion, your Council would express the hope that the members 
will not relax their efforts during the present season, and that the result 
of the summer’s campaign will be even more favorable than that of last 
year. 

The whole respectfully submitted. 


? 


i, plates =k. 


Gro. JNo. Bow es, President. 
Gro. H. Bowtes, Secretary. 
Montreal, 17th May, 1880. 


CorRRECTION.—On page 113—last Satyrus paper—is an error. ‘Three 
lines from bottom, let the two lines beginning “ Indeed the only,” etc., 
be stricken out. It turns out that North Bend is in the extreme north- 
west of Indiana, and not on the Ohio, as I had supposed; and the 
statement I make is inapplicable in the connection,—W. H. Epwarps, 
Coalburgh, W. Va. 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


BY R.. VASHON ROGERS, JR., KINGSTON, ONT. 


(OVENS MOF 


Among the Coleopterous hosts there is a family called Long-horns, or 
Capricorns, in vulgar parlance ; or Cerambycide, when we are talking 
learnedly. They derive these names from the fact that they possess very 
long antennz (sometimes longer than their bodies), which are generally 
re-curved like the horns of a wild goat (the Latin Cafer). They form a 
very large family ; already 4,000 of them are known and recognized by 
the scientific world. They comprise some of the largest, most showy, as 
well as most destructive, of the Beetles ; one of African origin—Pvionus 
Flayesit by name—is five inches long and one broad, with antennze of 
seven inches and legs of four. ‘lhe Long-horns are world-wide, and their 
abundance is in proportion to the richness of vegetation of different 
countries, so that South America, India, Ceylon and the Moluccas contain 
a great number of the most beautiful and the largest Capricorns. 

They have earned the name of Borers because they are, in fact, 
‘animated gimlets,” and spend their lives while in the larval state in 
perforating and feeding upon trees ; some live and carry on their oper- 
ations in the trunks, others in the branches; some devour the wood, 
others the pith ; some are found only in shrubs, some in the stems of 
herbaceous plants, others confine their attentions to the roots. Some are 
to be found only on one species of plants, others have a wider range. 
Some bore straight holes, others branch off at divers angles, others make 
tracks as various as those of an engraver, while some are regular screws. 
The Germans, lovers of music, as they are, call these beetles ‘‘ Fiddlers,” 
because they give forth, especially when annoyed or taken in the hand, a 
squeaking or rasping noise produced by rubbing the joints of the thorax 
and abdomen together. Some of the family are not only musical-boxes, 
but scent-bottles as well, and emit a fragrant odor not unlike that of otto 
of roses. 

The members of this family, as a rule, are very handsome, and readily 
attract notice by their elegant forms and resplendent attire, that is, when 
of full age; when young—in the creeping age—they are ugly in the 
extreme. Harris tells us that the various members of the family resemble 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


each other in the following respects : The antennz are long and tapering. 
The body is oblong, approaching to a cylindrical form, a little flattened 
above, and tapering somewhat behind. The head is short and armed 
with powerful jaws. The thorax is either square, barrel-shaped, or nar- 
rowed before, and is not so wide behind as the wing-covers. The legs 
are long ; the thighs thickened in the middle; the feet four-jointed, not 
formed for rapid motion, but for standing securely, being broad and 
cushioned beneath, with the third joint deeply notched. Most of these 
beetles remain upon the trees and shrubs during the day time, but fly 
abroqd at night. Some of them, however, fly by 
day, and may be found on flowers, feeding on the 
pollen and blossoms. 

The pride of our Canadian forests, the Maple 
tree, suffers much from the attacks of Clytus 
speciosus (fig. 21), the largest of our native mem- 
bers of the family. ‘This beautiful beetle is easily 
recognized ; it is about an inch in length, and the 
third of one in breadth. The head is yellow, with 
antennee and eyes of reddish black. In shape the Fig. 21. 
body is somewhat cylindrical, a little flattened above and tapering behind. 
The thorax is black with two yellow transverse spots on each side. The 
wing covers for more than half their length are black, for the rest they are 
yellow ; they are gaily ornamented with bands and spots arranged as 
follows : A yellow spot on each shoulder, a broad yellow curved band or 
arch, of which the yellow scutel forms the keystone, on the base of the 
wing covers ; behind this a zig-zag yellow band forming the letter W ; 
across the middle another yellow band arching backwards, and on the 
yellow tip a curved band 4nd a spot of a black color ; the legs are yellow. 

The under side of the abdomen is reddish yellow, variegated with 
brown. The female has the advantage of her mate in size, but her 
antennz are somewhat shorter. She possesses a pointed tube at the end 
of the abdomen, through which the eggs are passed from her body into 
the cracks and crevices of the bark. The tube can be contracted or 
extended at the will of the fair owner and to suit the emergency of the 


case. 

‘The parent lays her eggs on the bark of the Maple in July or August. 
As soon as the grubs are hatched they burrow into the bark, and there 
find protection during the cold of winter. When the warm days again 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


return the larvee begin again their labors, penetrating deeper and deeper 
into the heart of the tree, sometimes tunnelling as much as three inches 
into the solid wood ; they make long and winding galleries up and down 
the trunks. A carpenter is known by his chips, so their presence is 
readily detected by the little heaps of sawdust that they throw out of their 
work-shops. If in time a stiff wire is inserted into their holes they can 
be easily put an end to by impaling. ‘They are long, whitish, fleshy, 
deeply marked by transverse cuts ; their legs, although sixteen in number, 
are merely rudimentary promises of legs, and for ornament, not use ; they 
are of no avail for the purpose of locomotion. Not by means of their 
eight pairs of legs, but by alternately contracting and extending the seg- 
ments of their bodies, do these worm-like creatures force their way along, 
and in order to assist their progress each segment is furnished with fleshy 
tubercles capable of protrusion, and which being pressed against the sides 
of their retreats, enable them to thrust forward by degrees the other seg- 
ments (Ent. Rep., 1872, p. 36). 

The head is the box of tools with which they saw and cut their way 
through the wood ; their work ‘“‘is done slowly but effectively, and their 
gnawing teeth, though slow in action, are as resistless as the mordant 
tooth of time.” 

About midsummer these busy little carpenters who have never 
seen the light of day, unless by accident, strike—not for higher 
wages—but for a higher stage of existence ; they labor-no more, but in 
the innermost recesses of their living homes fold themselves up snugly for 
their pupa sleep. At first the nymph is soft and whitish, but gradually it 
hardens and darkens ull at last it lies enwrapped in a filmy veil, beneath 
which all the external parts of the future beetle are visible. The wings 
and the legs are folded calmly on the breast, while the long antennz are 
turned back against the sides of the body and then tucked up between 
the legs. | When at length it has become matured, it breaks its slumbers, 
forces its way through the bark, and comes out of its dark and narrow 
retreat to see the world and enjoy for the first time the glorious light of 
day and the pleasures of legs and wings, and love and passion, and to 
propagate its race. 

Clytus pictus Drury, or the Painted Clytus, is another of our common 
species. Its form is very similar to that of C. sfec’osus, and it varies from 
six-tenths to three-fourths of an inch in length. Harris thus describes it : 
It is velvet black, and ornamented with transverse yellow bands, of which 


Lats oon “gl 


1 


ee ey a ee ee eee 


1 
. 
; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 


there are three on the head, four on the thorax, and six on the wing- 
covers, the tips of which are also edged with yellow. The first and 
second bands on each wing-cover are nearly straight ; the third band 
forms a V, or united with the opposite one, a W, as in sfeciosus; the 
fourth is also angled, and runs upwards on the inner margin of the wing- 
cover towards the scutel ; the fifth is broken or interrupted by a longi- 
tudinal elevated line, and the sixth is arched and consists of three little 
spots. The antenne are dark brown, and the legs are rust-red. 

Clytus Robinie Forster.—According to Walsh the male of this species 
differs from C. pictus in having much longer and stouter antenne, and in 
having its body tapered behind to a blunt point, while the female is not 
distinguishable at all. This insect does great injury to the Locust and 
Acacia trees, and appears in the perfect state in September. Harris con- 
founds this with Clytus pictus ; in fact, it was long considered by Ento- 
mologists to be identical with it. It has sometimes been known as C/ytus 
flexuous Fab. 

During comparatively late years Rodinie has been extending its sphere 
of operations. For a long time it was known only in New York. Some 
thirty years ago it appeared in Chicago, and in 1863 it was seen two 
hundred miles further west. In 1855 it was first observed in Montreal ; 
in 1862 it was very destructive to the Locust: trees around Toronto ; in 
1873 Mr. E. B. Reed saw it in enormous numbers in London, Ont. Now 
it seems to be quite at home in all parts of Ontario, Harris, speaking 
evidently of this, though under the name of C. pictus, says: “‘In the 
month of September these beetles gather on the Locust trees, where they 
may be seen glittering in the sunbeams with their gorgeous livery of black 
velvet and gold, coursing up and down the trunks in pursuit of their mates, 
or to drive away their rivals, and stopping every now and then to salute 
those they meet with a rapid bowing of the shoulders, accompanied by a 
creaking sound, indicative of recognition or defiance. Having paired, the 
female, attended by her partner, creeps over the bark, searching the 
crevices with her antenne, and dropping therein her snow-white eggs, in 
clusters of seven or eight together, till her whole stock is safely stored. 
The eggs are soon hatched, and the grubs immediately burrow into the 
bark, devouring the soft inner substance that suffices for their nourishment 
until the approach of winter, during which they remain at rest in a torpid 
state. In the spring they bore through the soft wood, more or less deeply 
into the trunk, the general course of their winding and irregular passages 


152 * THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


being in an upward direction from their place of entrance. For a time 
they cast their chips out of their holes as fast as they are made, but after 
a while the passage becomes clogged and the burrow more or less filled 
with the coarse and fibrous fragments or wood, to get rid of which the 
grubs are often obliged to open new holes through the bark. ‘The seat of 
their operations is known by the oozing of the sap and the dropping of 
the saw dust from the holes. ‘The bark around the part attacked begins 
to swell, and in a few years the trunks and limbs will become disfigured 
and weakened by large porous tumors, caused by the efforts of the trees 


to repair the injuries they have suffered. . . . The grubs attain their ‘ 
full size by the zoth of July, soon become pupz, and are changed into 
beetles and leave the trees early in September. Thus the existence of the 


species is limited to one year.” 

Space will not permit me to speak of the other members of this inter- 
esting and beautiful family—wodclis, luscus, campestris, undulatus, longipes, 
&c., each one of which is well worthy of a full description and biography. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NOCTUIDA:. 
BY A. R. GROTE, 
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences. 


Before describing Noctuidee the structure of the front or clypeus, 
between the compound eyes, must be examined, __In a few genera it has 
“a<projection, or again a cup-like depression. The presence of ocelli, 
behind the antennz, must be ascertained, and the compound eyes must be 
viewed under the microscope to see if the surface is naked or hairy. The 
tibia must be examined to see if they are spinose or unarmed, and the 
armature of the front pair, which is subject to considerable variation, must 
be studied carefully. After that the shape of the collar, the tuftings of 
the body, the neuration of the wings, the peculiarities of the antennz and 
palpi, and the form of the genitalia should pass under inspection. Struc- 
tural points given in descriptions will make it easier to place the species, 
and since our American genera are not yet in many cases fully understood, 
such additions to a description of the ornamentation are quite necessary. 


“ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 


Agrotis hilaris, n. s. 

¢. Concolorous silky blackish gray with a sprinkling of paler scales. 
Antennae rather lengthily bipectinate. Head, collar and thorax con- 
colorous, collar a little darker tipped ; palpi darker at the sides. Only 
the two median lines visible ; these are even, pale, the inner line oblique, 
the outer somewhat bent, nearly straight, not inflected. A black spot on 
the cell against the inner line, and a second, quadrate, larger, at the 
middle. These black spots follow and precede the orbicular, which, with 
the reniform, is concolorous with the wing and difficult to make out. The 
orbicular is v-shaped, open above ; the reniform small, upright, medially 
constricted ; both spots indistinctly pale-ringed. A small black spot on 
the line indicates the claviform. Median lines slightly marked with black 
on costa. Fringes concolorous, Hind wings blackish, paler at base ; 
fringes pale, interlined. Beneath both wings blackish, with pale irror- 
ations; a common extra mesial shade line. /xfanse 34 mil. Texas, 
Mr. Boll. 


Resembles in color and markings co//aris, but the collar is concolorous, 
antennz pectinate, the species is stouter. By the pectinate antennae 
allied to dadinodis ; the primaries are narrower, the color is different, the 
lines are pale and the inner more oblique, the collar is not distinctly dark 
above. The species has a slightly hoary aspect from the admixture of 
pale scales. 


Agrotis steliaris, n. s. 

9. Varies in color from blackish to reddish purple nearly as bright 
as phyllophora. Collar yeilowish white, discolorous with head and thorax. 
Palpi with pale third article. Reniform kidney-shaped, yellowish white, 
discolorous. Orbicular rounded, somewhat irregular and slightly oblique, 
nearly concolorous with the wing, a little shaded with yellowish ; both 
spots annulate with dark. Lines single, blackish ; half-line indicated ; 
t. a. line waved ; t. p. line lunulate, followed by a pale shade against 
which the darker veins and faint cloudy pointlets of the line contrast ; 
s. t. line inaugurated by a diffuse shade on costa, below which the line is 
exserted and followed by pale points. Hind wings. paie, soiled or fuscous- 
shaded, with terminal line. Beneath with discal marks and common line. 
LExpanse 34 mil. Hab. Wash. T. (darker specimens, Mr. E. L. Graef) ; 
Nevada (reddish specimens, Mr. Neumogen). 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Agrotis citricolor, -n. s. 

tT 2. All the tibiae spinose ; eyes naked; {f antennae brush-like. 

Thorax and fore wings light lemon yellow ; a shaded blackish mark in the 

place of the reniform. Terminal space and fringes brownish. — Lines 

obsolete. Hind wings and abdomen white. x. 34 mil. //ad. Colorado. 
This species is so simply marked and colored that the description is 

necessarily brief, while the insect is none the less readily recognizable. 


Agrotis innotabilts Grote, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil,, 202, 1874. 

This species may be known by the yellow brown reniform contrasting 
with the concolorous blackish orbicular. ‘The collar is black above, gray 
below. Specimens from Washington Territory differ from my type from 
California by the median space being shaded with brown, the claviform 
outlined, and several fine black lines cross from the two median lines over 
the median space inferiorly. The species is allied to dicarnea. The 
orbicular is more or less evidently quadrate and oblique. 


Polia aedon, n. s. 


Eyes naked. Tibiae unarmed. Whitish gray. All the lines well 
written, single, black, acutely dentate. Orbicular elongate on the cell, 
complete, rather small. Claviform long ; reniform incompletely limited 
exteriorly, rather wide, moderate. Median shade nearly continuous, 
dentate, shading into ochrey, and the reniform is slightly ochrey. Sub- 
terminal line irregular, strongly dentate, the teeth strongly shaded with 
black. T. p. line continuous, dentate, rather fainter than the other lines. 
A dotted terminal line ; fringes detted. | The whole insect is rather dark 
gray ; the thoracic disc with a yellowish tuft behind the collar ; faint lines 
on the tegulae ; a black line across the face ; palpi entirely gray. Hind 
wings pale wlth a mesial line accented on the veins. Beneath pale, the 
line appears dotted and there are discal marks on both wings. xf. 40 
mil. Hab. Nevada, Mr. Neumoegen ; I have seen a second specimen in 
Mr. Graef’s collection. 


Tarache sutrix, n. s. 

Allied to agrica and between aprica and fenuicula. Yellowish or 
ochrey white. Inner line pale ochrey. A black point for the orbicular. 
Median shade rather thick, black, below and within the dot or the faint 
ringlet ,which represents the reniform ; above marked in pale ochrey to 


| 
| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155 


costa. Outer line indistinct, ochrey, irregular.  S. t. space shaded with 
plumbeous.  S. t. line denticulate, followed by the pale ground color, 
marked with brown on costa. Terminal space irregularly shaded with 
plumbeous. Terminal line consisting of a series of minute black dots 
preceded by white points. Fringes brown or plumbeous, interrupted by 
a pale patch below the middle and touched with pale at apices. Hind 
wings pale smoky, with whitish faintly interlined fringes. Thorax ochrey 
white. .Head ochrey white ; palpi black tipped. Beneath hind wings 
without markings ; fore wings shaded with blackish, leaving costa pale. 
Lxpanse 22 mil. fab. Colorado ; two specimens nearly alike. 


I have recently examined the species of the following naked-eyed 
genera in my collection, and arranged them as follows : 
ORTHOSIA Ochs. 
purpurea Gyofe. California. 
crispa /Zarvey. California. 
bicolorago Guen. Can. East ; Middle and West. States. 
var. ferrugineoides Guen. 
var. bicolorago Guen. 
spurcata Walk. 
ralla G. & R. Middle States. 
helva Grote. Eastern and Middle States. 
euroa G. & #&. Can. ; Western and Middle States. 
aurantiago Gwen. Middle and West. States. 
wliterata Grote. 
adifferta Morr. 
linotsensis French. 
disticha Gvvofe. South. and Western States. 
Caradrina disticha Morr. ? 
posticata Harvey. Texas ; Calif. 
lutosa Andrews. Eastern and Middle States. 
Conradi Grote. Western States. 
GLAEA Hubn. Steph. 
§ Homoglaea Morr. 
bircina Morr. Can. ; Illinois. 
eamosa Gore.” N.Y. >"Mass:.;, R. I. 
§ Orrhodia Hubn. 
viatica Grote. Middle and So, States, 


) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


inulta Grote. Western and Middle States. 

olivata Harvey. California. 

anchocelioides Guenv. Illinois ; Texas. 
signata French. 

§ Lpiglaea Grote. 
pastillicans AZovr. N. Y.; So. N. England. 
tremula //arvey. Texas. 
sericea Morr. N.Y. ; So. N. England. 

venustula Grote. 
apiata Grote. N. Y.; So. N. England. 
decliva Grote. Ill.; N. Y.; N. England. 
var. deleta Grote. 


Jopia Hubn. 
rufago HZubn. Tex. ; Kansas. 


CIRROEDIA Guen. 


pampina Gwen. N. E. Can. ; Calif.; N. Y.; West. States. 


SCOLIOPTERYX Germ. 
libatrix Zzun. H. Bay Terr. to Va. Also European. 


XANTHIA Hubn. 
silago sper. N.Y. Also European. 


SCOPELOSOMA Curtis. 
Pettiti Grote. Can. ; Illinois. 
Graefiana Grote. Can.; N. Y.; N. J. 
ceromatica Grofe. Can.; N. Y.; N. J. 
devia Grote. Ill.; N. Y.; Mass. 
Morrisoni Grove. Ill. ; Mass. 
sidus Gwen. Middle and Eastern States ; Can. 
var. vinilenta Gr. 
var. Walkeri Gr. 
tristigmata Grote, N. Y.; Illinois. 


LirHoLomia Grote. 
napaea Jory. Can. ; Eastern States. 


LITHOPHANE Hubn. 
disposita AZorr. Middle and Eastern States, 
hemina Grote. N.Y. 


et 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 


petulca Grote. Can. ; Middle States. 

ferrealis Grote. Can. ; Middle States. 

signosa Walk. N. Y.; Middle States. 

Beth..nei G. & &. Can.; Middle and Eastern States. 

oriunda Grote. Canada; Wisc. 

semiusta (rrofe. Illinois ; Canada. 

carbonaria Harvey. Calif. ; (coll. Hy. Edw.) 

oregonensis Harvey. Oregon (coll. Hy. Edw.) 

fagina Morr. Eastern and Middle States. 

Georgii Grote. Can.; N.Y. 

antennata Walk. Can. ; Eastern, Middle and Western States. 
cinerea Riley. 

laticinerea Grote. Can. ; Eastern and Middle States. 

cinerosa Grote. N.Y. ; praec. var. ? 

unimoda Lintner. N. Y.; praec. var. ? 

tepida_ Grote. Can.; N. Y.; Mass. 

Baileyi Grote. Can. ; N. Y.; Mass. 

viridipallens Grote. Mass. 

querquera Grote. Mo.; N. Y.; Mass. 

pexata Grote. Can. ; Eastern and Middle States. 

lepida Lintner. Maine; N. Y. 

Thaxteri Grote. Eastern and Middle States. 

capax G. & &. Eastern and Middle States. 


CaLocamPa Steph. 
nupera Zitner. Eastera and Middle States. 
cineritia Grote. Eastern and Middle States; Oregon. 
curvimacula Morr. Eastern and Middle States. 
LirHomtia Hubn. 
germana J/orr. Eastern and Middle States. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The annual meeting of the above Society will be held in the City 
Hall, Hamilton, on the evening of Tuesday, the 28th of September, at 
7:30 p.m. We trust that as many of our members as can possibly be 
present, will make it their business to attend. 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A NEW SIJ.K-SPINNING CHALCID. 
BY L. O. HOWARD, WASHINGTON. 


During the summer of 1879, while working with Professor Comstock 
upon the natural enemies of the cotton worm, I came across the following 
passage in his field notes of the previous year :— 

‘‘August 27.—I found yesterday a cotton worm about five-eighths of an 
inch in length, which, though yet alive, was being destroyed by three 
green larvee which were upon it. I found the specimens about 10 a. m. 
Last evening I observed that the cotton worm was neatly eaten. The 
parasites had very short bodies, which, when they moved, were pointed at 
one end. I had intended to describe the specimens, but I find that they 
have spun cocoons about their bodies. 

“August 28.—I found crawling over the ground a small cotton worm, 
infested by five parasites, evidently of the same species as those mentioned 
in my note of August 27. 

‘August 29.—The small green parasites which I found yesterday, des- 
troyed the cotton worm, and, excepting two specimens which I put in 
alcohol, began to spin cocoons during the night.” 

Upon looking the specimens up, I found that two adults had issued. 
Owing to a lack of time the insect was not worked up for the Cotton 
Insect Report, and only recently have I had time to study it. 

Instances in which Chalcid larvee have been observed to spin perfect 
cocoons are rare. One of the most marked instances upon record is the 
case of the European Lufplectrus albiventrts, which was first shown to have 
this habit by Nees at Esenbeck (Hym. Ochn. Aff. Monogr. II. h 136). 
Westwood also states (Intr. II 163) that, in drawings of Chalcidide by 
Fonscolombe, the larva of this same species was represented as feeding 
externally wpon a large caterpillar, and that in his description he, too, 
noted its cocoon spinning habit. 

Now it is quite interesting to find that our cotton worm parasite is also 
a Euplectrus, some thirty years having elapsed before M. de Fonscolombe’s 
observations have been verified. As explanatory of the fact that M. de 
Fonscolombe and Professor Comstock both observed these larvee feeding 
externally upon their hosts, it may be urged that this external feeding was 
simply temporary and preparatory to spinning the cocoon, the larvae hav- 
ing only recently emerged ; yet, from M. de Fonscolombe’s wording, ‘‘ sic 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


cum eruca crescit, eam paulatim consumens,’—implying continued obser- 
vation, and also from the fact that Prof. Comstock found his larvee upon 
half-grown cotton worms, the opposite view can be readily held. The 
species, I think, may appropriately be dedicated to Prof. Comstock. 

EUPLECTRUS COMSTOCKII, n. sp. 

Male.—Length of body, 1.8 mm. ; expanse of wing, 4 mm. ; antennal 
scape, slender; joint 2, small; remaining five joints larger, ovate, sub- 
equal. Head smooth; scutum with many shallow, transversely elongate 
punctuations ; scutellum and remainder of thorax smooth; abdomen 
smooth and shining. Scutum, with a very delicate longitudinal carina, 
extending back into the scuto-scutellar furrow, and forward to the pro- 
thorax. Middle tibial spur delicate, but as long as the first and second 
tarsal joints together. Color, black ; upper surface of abdomen with an 
ochreous patch of varying size ; antennz and all legs ochreous ; eyes dark 
red ; wing veins fuscous.* 

Described from 2 ~ specimens. 


OTTAWA FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. 
TRANSACTIONS NO. I. 


The records of the first year’s efforts of this active and enterprising 
organization fill a goodly octavo pamphlet of sixty-two pages, which is 
adorned with two excellent plates. From the annual report of the Council, 
contained therein, we Jearn that the Club has a membership of over eighty, 
and that five excursions, for the purpose of collecting objects of natural 
history, have taken place during the year, with an average attendance of 
thirty. During the winter months a successful series of soirees were held, 
seven in number, at each of which interesting papers were read by mem 
bers, and the specimens collected on the excursions exhibited. Many of 
the papers are published in the transactions ; also a list of plants collected 
in the Ottawa district by the energetic Vice-president, Mr. Jas. Fletcher. 

In the successful maintenance of this Natural History Club, Ottawa 
has set a noble example, which we trust will be speedily followed by 
similar organizations in other cities of our Province. 


* In the figure of this insect, p. 196 of the report on Cotton Insect, the tarsi should 
be 4-jointed instead of 5, and the parts of the mesothorax should be entirely revised, 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


APPOINTMENT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR NEW YORK. 


We learn with much pleasure that our esteemed friend and valued 
contributor, Mr. J. A. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., has received the 
appointment of State Entomologist. A better qualified man for the posi- 
tion could not, we believe, be found, Mr. Lintner has for the past thirty 
years devoted a large portion of his time to the study of Entomology, and 
paid especial attention to that practical department of the science which 
treats of insects injurious to agriculture. | The enormous loss occasioned 
yearly by destructive insects, is now well known, and every means discov- 
ered to prevent or lessen these ravages, results in a large yearly gain to 
the cultivators of the soil. The special business of the State Entomologist 
will be to endeavor to ascertain how this desirable end can best be accom- 
plished. We anticipate good results from this judicious appointment. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


CAPTURE OF A BI-FORMED LYCAENA. 
DEAR SIR,— ’ 


On the Gth of June, 1880, I took a bi-formed example of Lyczena 
neglecta, one side of which had the coloration of the male, the other of 
the female. It was a male, as appeared on exposing the genital organs. 


W. H. Epwarps. 
Coalburgh, Ma., June 18, 1880. : 


DEaR SIR,— 


Referring to some correspondence in the Enromoxocisr for 1878, 
page 60, I beg to inform you that during the first week in July I 
found AZelitea pheton in considerable quantities in a small clearing in 
Dow’s swamp, about one mile south of this city. ‘The swamp is densely 
wooded with Tamarack and a thick undergrowth of Myrica gale, Salices, 
Alnus incana, &c., besides many herbaceous plants, and among them 
(but not at all plentiful) Chelone glabra. Upon enquiry, I find that 
this clearing was the exact locality where the late Mr. B. Billings found 


this Butterfly in 1870. 
J. FLETCHER, Ottawa. 


, 
: 


Che Canadtan Entomologist. 


VOL. XII. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1880. No. 9 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF 
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT. OF SCIENCE, 


The annual gathering of the Entomologists of North America, in con- 
nection with the meeting of the A. A. A. S., took place this year at Boston, 
Mass., and was the most important that has ever been held, both as 
regards the Jargeness of the attendance, the number and value of the 
_ papers read, and also as regards the general interest taken in the proceed- 
ings. So highly indeed was it esteemed that the Standing Committee of 
the Association formed the Club into a Sub-section of Section B., 
(Zoology, Botany, &c.), and will publish its proceedings in the annual 
volume of transactions. 

The first session was held in the lecture-room of the Museum of the 
Boston Society of Natural History at 2 o’clock p.m., on Tuesday, August 
24th, 1880; the President, S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Mass., in the 
chair. There were over sixty persons present during this first meeting, 
and at least one hundred in all must have attended the various sessions of 
the Club. Amongst those present were the following Entomologists. of 
note: —Dr. J. A. Lintner, Dr. John L. LeConte, Dr. John G. Morris, 
Prat ©. Vv. kiley, Dr, Hi. “As Hagen, A. R. Grote, Prof. Packard,’S.S. 
Haldeman, B: P. Mann, Prof. C. H. Fernald, Prof. A. J. Cook, Dr. C. S. 
Minot, Rev. H. C. McCook, E. P. Austin, E. L. Graef, H. F. Bassett, 
J. D. Putnam, Dr. E. L. Mark, E. Burgess, Dr. Martin, J. G. Henderson, 
Prof. Morse, Dr. Hoy, O. S. Westcott and J. H. Emerton. The Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario was represented by the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, 
of Port Hope, and H. H. Lyman, of Montreal. 

After the meeting had been called to order, the President, Mr. Scud- 
der, delivered the following address on “ Problems in Entomology” :— 

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. 

It is the good fortune of your President on this occasion to welcome 
you to his native heath, where our favorite science has been longer, more 
uninterruptedly, and, perhaps, more zealously cultivated, than anywhere 


162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


else in the New World. Here, in the last century, Peck studied the 
Cankerworm and the Slug-worm of the Cherry, and, in late years, RAyn- 
chaenus, Stenocorus, and Cossus—all highly destructive insects. Here lived _ 
Harris, who cultivated entomology in its broadest sense, and whose classic 
treatise was the first important Government publication on injurious insects. 
Here, to-day, we have two associations for our work, consisting, it will be 
confessed, of nearly the same individuals, and not many of them, but 
meeting frequently—one in Boston, the other in Cambridge. Harvard 
acknowledges the claims of our study in supporting not only an instructor 
in entomology at its Agricultural School, but a full professor of the same 
in the University at large. 

Harris attributed to Peck his special interest in entomology, and his 
first paper, that on the Salt-marsh Caterpillar, appeared in the Massachu- 
setts Agricultural Repository only four years after Peck’s last, in the same 
magazine, on Cherry and Oak Insects. How many of us have drawn our 
first inspirations from Harris? Yet probably not one of our local ento- 
mologists ever saw him. ‘The general direction of Harris’s studies doubt- 
less arose from the predilections of his instructor ; and the unprecedented 
growth of economic entomology in this country, where it flourishes as 
nowhere else, must be credited primarily to the influence of Harris’s work. 
With every temptation which the wealth of new material about him could 
give, or which a very extensive correspondence with naturalists devoting 
themselves almost exclusively to systematic work, like Say, would naturally 
foster, he wisely followed the bent given his studies by his early training 
under Peck, and left a better example and a more generous and enduring © 
influence. 

In our own day, the spreading territory of the United States, the pene- 
tration of its wilds, and the intersection of its whole area by routes of 
travel, the wider distribution and greatly increased numbers of local ento- 
mologists, as well as the demand for our natural products abroad, have set 
also before ws the same temptation to study only new forms and to culti- 
vate descriptive work, to the neglect of the choicer, broader fields of an 
ever-opening science. It is this danger to which I venture briefly to call 
your attention to-day, not by way of disparaging the former, but rather in 
the hope that some of our younger members, who have not yet fallen into 
the ruts of work, may be induced to turn their attention to some of the 
more fruitful fields of diligent research. 

We should not apply the term descriptive work merely to the study of 


| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 


the external features of insects. The great bulk of what passes for com- 
parative anatomy, physiology and embryology, is purely descriptive, and 
is only to be awarded a higher grade in a scale of studies than that which 
deals with the external properties, when it requires a better training of the 
hand and eye to carry it out, and greater patience of investigation. We 
pass at once to a higher grade of research when we deal with comparisons 
or processes (which, of course, involve comparisons). All good descrip- 
tive work, indeed, is also comparative ; but at the best it is so only in the 
narrowest sense, for only intimately allied forms are compared. In des- 
criptive work we deal with simple facts ; in comparative work we deal with 
their collocation. ‘‘ Facts,” said Agassiz, one day, “ Facts are stupid 
things, until brought in connection with some general law.” 

It is to this higher plane that concerns itself with general laws that I 
would urge the young student to bend his steps. The way is hard ; but 
in this lies one of its charms, for labor is its own reward. It is by patient 
plodding that the goal is reached ; every step costs and counts ; the ever- 
broadening field of knowledge exhilarates the spirit and intensifies the 
ambition ; there is no such thing as satiety—study of this sort never 
palls. 

It is hardly necessary to point out that so-called systematic work never 
reaches this higher grade unless it is monographic; unless it deals in a 
broad way with the relationship and general affinities of insects. Itis not 
my purpose to call attention here to the needs of science in this depart- 
ment, as they are too patent to escape observation ; but if one desires a 
model upon which to construct such work, one need not look further than 
the Revision of the Rhynchophora by Drs. LeConte and Horn. Rather 
than linger here, we prefer to pass directly to some of the obscurer fields 
of study. 

When we compare the number of insect embryologists in America with 
that of their European colleagues, the result is somewhat disheartening 
and discreditable ; although perhaps the comparison would be not quite 
so disproportionate were some of our students to publish their notes. But 
take all that has been done upon both sides of the water, and what a 
meager showing it makes. Of how many families of Coleoptera alone 
have we the embryonic history of a single species? Of two of the four 
families of Butterflies, the fertile eggs of which are perfectly easy to obtain, 
nothing is known. In short, one may readily choose numbers of typical 
groups whose embryonic history would be a great acquisition to science. 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Here is a broad field. From the special range of my own studies let me 
recommend to any one eager for this work to choose the eggs of our com- 
mon copper butterfly, which she will lay to order on sorrel, and the earlier 
stages of which can be obtained from the parent at two or three different 
times of the year; or the eggs of any of our common skippers, which 
deposit on grass, and which are equally easy to obtain, although only once 
ayear. Or, if we turn to Orthoptera, the eggs of our common Oecanthus, 
concealed all winter in raspberry twigs, are more transparent and more 
easily obtained than those of any other cricket ; and our knowledge of the 
embryology of any of the Gvy//idae is very fragmentary, and of this partic- 
ular tribe, #77. Better still, perhaps, would be the choice of our common 
walking-stick, as it belongs to a bizarre and isolated type, now known to 
be of very ancient ancestry, and of whose embryonic history nothing has 
been published. I have, indeed, a few incomplete notes upon this insect, 
but they relate wholly to a late period of development, and were made 
before the time of the microtome, when work over such coarse-shelled 
eggs was very difficult and unsatisfactory. The eggs may be readily 
procured, the insect being abundant in scrub-oak fields ; the mother drops 
the eggs loosely on the ground, and from imprisoned specimens I have 
procured scores in a single season. Any one who will glance over the 
history of what has been done in insect embryology will be able to select 
a hundred examples as important and as easy to obtain as those already 
named, and by concentrating his work upon them will do better service 
than in an aimless selection of what may come to his hand. 

In following the post-embryonal history of insects there is work for all. 
While allied forms have in general a very similar development, there are 
so many which are unexpectedly found to differ from one another, that 
every addition to our knowledge of the life histories of insects is a gain, 
and they are to be praised who give their close attention to this matter. 
Here is a field any entomologist, even the most unskilled, may cultivate 
to his advantage and with the assurance that every new history he works 
out is a distinct addition to the science. ‘The importance of an accumu- 
lation of facts in this field can hardly be overestimated, and those whose 
opportunities for field work are good, should especially take this sugges- 
tion to heart. Nor, by any means, is the work confined to the mere 
collection of facts. How to account for this extraordinary diversity of life 
and habits among insects, and what its meaning may be, is one of the 
problems of the evolutionist. There are also here some especially curious 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 


inquiries, to which Sir John Lubbock and others have recently called atten- 
tion, and to which in this country Mr. Riley has contributed by his history of 
Epicauta and other Meloide. I refer to the questions connected with so- 
called hypermetamorphosis in insects. In these cases there are changes 
of form during the larval period greater than exist between larva and 
pupa, or even between larva and imago, in some insects. ‘There are also 
slighter changes than these which very many larve undergo ; indeed, it 
may safely be asserted that the newly-hatched and the mature larve of all 
‘external feeders differ from each other in some important features. The 
differences are really great (when compared to the differences between 
genera of the same family at a similar time of life) in all lepidopterous 
larvee, as well as in all Orthoptera which have come under my notice. No 
attempt to co-ordinate these differences, or to study their meanings, or to 
show the nature of their evident relationship to hypermetamorphosis has 
ever been attempted. 

Not less inviting is the boundless region of investigation into the habits 
of insects and their relation to their environment. ‘The impulse given to 
these studies by the rise of Darwinism, and the sudden and curious 
importance they have assumed in later investigations into the origin and 
kinship of insects, need only to be mentioned to be acknowledged at once 
by all of you. The variation in coloration and form exhibited by the same 
insect at different seasons or in different stations, ‘ sports,” the phenom- 
ena of dimorphism, and that world of differences between the sexes, bear- 
ing no direct relation to sexuality ; mimicry also, phosphorescence and its 
relations to life, the odors of insects, the relation of anthophilous insects 
to the colors and fructification of flowers, the modes of communication 
between members of communities, the range and action of the senses,* 
language, commensalism—these are simply a few topics selected. quite at 
random from hundreds which might be suggested, in each of which new 
observations and comparative studies are urgently demanded. 


The fundamental principles of the morphology of insects were laid 
down by Savigny in some memorable memoirs more than sixty years ago; 
the contributions of no single author since that time have added so much 
to our knowledge, notwithstanding the aid that embryology has been able 
to bring. Nevertheless there remains many unsolved problems in insect 


* Notice Meyer’s beautiful studies on the perception of sound by the mosquito. 
y | 


L66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


morphology which by their nature are little likely to receive help from this 
source. Let me mention three 

The first concerns the structure of the organs of flight. ‘The very 
nomenclature of the veins shows the disgraceful condition of our philoso- 
phy of these parts ; the same terminology is not employed in any two of 
of the larger sub-orders of insects ; names without number have been pro- 
posed, rarely however by any authet with a view to their applicability to 
any group outside that which formed his special study ; and a tabular 
view which should illustrate them all would be a curious sight. A careful 
study of the main and subordinate veins, their relations to each other, to 
the different regions of the wing, to the supporting parts of the thorax and 
to the alar muscles, should be carried through the entire order of insects ; 
by no means, either, neglecting their development in time, and possibly 
deriving some assistance in working our pemeiGer. by the study of their 
hypodermic development. 

The second concerns the mouth parts. The general homologies of 
these organs were clearly and accurately enough stated by Savigny, though 
one may perhaps have a right to consider the last word not yet said when 
one recalls Saussure’s recent claim to have found in Hemimerus a second 
labium. What I refer to, however, is another point: it relates to the 
appendages of the maxillee and the labium. Considering the labium as a 
soldered pair of secondary maxillz we have .at the most, on either pair of 
maxille, three appendages upon either side. These appendages, as you 
know, are very variously developed in different sub-orders of insects, or 
even in the same sub-order ; and it has at least not been shown, and I 
question if it can be done, that the parts bearing similar names in different 
sub-orders are always homologous organs. Here is a study as broad and 
perhaps as difficult as the last. 

The third is the morphological significance of monstrosities, especially 
of such as are termed monstrosities by excess. ‘The literature of the sub- 
ject is very scattered, and the material much more extensive than many of 
you may think. At present this subject is, so to speak, only one of the 
curiosities of entomology, but we may be confident that It will one day 
show important relations to the story of life. 

After all the labors of Herold, Treviranus, Lyonet, Dufour, and 
dozens of other such industrious and illustrious workers, is there anything 
important remaining to be done in the gross anatomy of insects ? some of 
you would perhaps ask. Let the recent work of some of our own number 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 


answer, which has shown in the Hemiptera and Lepidoptera the existence 
of a curious pumping arrangement by which nutritious fluids are forced 
into the stomach. It is certainly strange that after all that has been said 
as to the mode in which a butterfly feeds, that no one should have dissect- 
ed a specimen with sufficient care to have seen the pharyngeal sac which 
Mr. Burgess will soon show us. No! the field is still an open one, as the 
annual reviews clearly show. ‘The curious results of Floegel’s studies of 
the brain, the oddly-constructed sense-organs found by Graber and Meyer 
(earlier noticed briefly by Leydig) in the antenne of Diptera, the import- 
ant anatomical distinctions discovered by Forel in different groups of ants, 
the strange modification of the tip of the spiral tongue in Ofpfzderes, which 
Darwin, Britenbach and Kiinckel have discussed, and, above all, the exten- 
sive investigations of the nervous system in insects generally, which 
Brandt has recently undertaken, the exquisite memoir of Grenacher on 
the structure of the compound eye, and the keen researches of Graber in 
various departments of insect anatomy, show, by what has been accom- 
plished, how many harvests are still unreaped. The microtome, too, has 
put a new instrument of precision into the hands of the investigator in this 
field. 

We might in the same way point out some of the special needs in the 
study of the finer anatomy or histology of insects, but the pressure of other 
duties forbids a further pursuit of the subject. Enough surely has been 
suggested, even in this hasty sketch, to show that we cannot yet rest upon 
our oars, but must push forward undaunted into still unknown waters. If 
these few words shall arouse in any one a higher ambition, leading to 
better work, their aim will have been accomplished. 


On motion of the Secretary, B. P. Mann, the minutes of the last meet- 
ing of the Club were adopted as printed in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The President read portions of a letter from Mr. Wm. Saunders, of 
London, Ont., explaining his absence owing to a severe accident, and 
expressed the great regret felt by all present that Mr. Saunders was not 
with them, and that his absence was occasioned by so unfortunate a cause. 

The election of officers then took place (by ballot) with the following 
result :— 

PRESIDENT—Dr. John G. Morris, of Baltimore, Maryland. 

VicE-PRESIDENT—C. V. Riley, of Washington, D. C. 

SECRETARY—B. P. Mann, of Cambridge, Mass. 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. A. R. Grote, of Buffalo, N. Y., delivered an able and interesting 
lecture on certain generic characteristics of the JVoctwide, which, it is to be 
hoped, he will prepare for publication. At the close of his remarks he 
expressed his anxiety that describers of Noctuids should refer particularly 
to those parts on which generic characters are based. 

Prof. A. J. Cook, of the State Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich., 
gave an account of recent investigations in Apiculture. Among many 
other interesting facis he stated that if the wings of the virgin queen be 
clipped, or the entrance to the hive be so contracted that she cannot fly 
forth ; or, again, if she be reared where there are no drones, she will not be 
sterile, but from her eggs only drones will be produced ; that the fate of 
the drones in a hive depends on the prosperity of the colony—with a 
rapid increase of bees and honey they are safe, but if there is a period of 
adversity in these respects, unless caused by the loss or sterility of the 
queen, they are speedily destroyed by the workers ; that worker bees are 
imperfectly developed females ; that bees possess and employ the sense 
of smell, and that they have a good knowledge of locality. In answer to 
a question from Dr. Morris respecting the alleged robbery of fruit by bees, 
whether they will not perforate ripe fruits if starved for a time, Prof. Cook 
replied that he had not tried starvation, but he had placed punctured 
grapes before bees and found that they would sip the juice with zest, but 
when he replaced the fruit with sound specimens they did not attempt to 
touch them. 

Mr. Scudder then exhibited some illustrations of rare fossil insects, 
prepared for publication in Dr. Hayden’s report, and a large volume of 
lithographed plates, colored drawings, &c., of Diurnal Lepidoptera in all 
their stages, which he had had made to illustrate his proposed great work 
on the Butterflies of North America. 

Mr. J. D, Putnam, of the Davenport Academy, presented some notes 
on the North American Galeodes (Solpugidee), and exhibited specimens 
in illustration. . 

The Rev. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia, gave a most interesting 
lecture on the life history of the Honey Ants of the Garden of the Gods, 
Colorado, and illustrated it with specimens of the insects and a great 
number of very large water-color drawings. He described fully the 
chambers excavated by the ants, the insects themselves in all their forms, 
their nocturnal habits, and their feeding upon the saccharine juice exuded 
from the galls of the scrub-oak. He stated that the workers are unde- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 


veloped females, and that the honey-bearers are a changed form of the 
worker major with a greatly enlarged crop, in which they store the honey. 
Mr. McCook has not yet committed his observations to writing, but, we 
understand, that he will eventually publish them in the proceedings of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. It is impossible to give 
here even a synopsis of the vast amount of information that he afforded 
upon this interesting subject. 

Prof. Riley remarked, in connection with this subject, that many galls 
secrete saccharine matter, and that sometimes the gall-insects themselves 
are entrapped in it; that the ants probably get their honey also from the 
species of Coccus tbat frequents the scrub-oaks of Colorado; and that 
almost all species of ants are able to expand their abdomens when 
necessary. 

Dr. Haldeman observed that the reason why hills were constructed by 
some ants and not by others was probably because some might have the 
proper materials conveniently at hand and others not. He urged Ento- 
mologists to domesticate ants in order to study their habits, most of which 
are as yet very imperfectly known. 

Mr. Bassett stated that very many species of galls are infested by ants ; 
that he has observed a gall on scrub-oak swarming with ants, and with 
Cetonia Inda and other honey-loving insects. 

Dr. John L. LeConte, of Philadelphia, Pa., read a paper on a collec- 
tion of Coleoptera obtained from a few hickory twigs. Some hickory 
trees on a friend’s estate, nere Philadelphia, were observed to be diseased 
and therefore cut down. Some of the twigs were sent to him, and from 
them he obtained no less than twenty-two species of Coleoptera. He 
expressed a strong hope that some competent Entomologist should pre- 
pare a list of the insects that infest forest trees, and that it should be 
appended to the report about to be issued by the U. S. Commission on 
Forestry. 

Dr. Morris stated that he also had obtained a considerable number of 
species of beetles from twigs. 

Mr. Haldeman said that the hickory was more infested with insects than 
any other tree. 

Dr. LeConte next read a paper on the so-called ‘‘ Lightning Bugs ’ 
(Lampyridz) :— 

Mr. Austin remarked that when a Fire-fly is at rest there is a faint ray 
of light visible, proceeding from the edge of the segments of the abdomen; 


b 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


when the insect is emitting the flashes of light it moves these-segments 
and so reveals more of the light. 

Mr. Martin stated that he had observed a Fire-fly in a spider’s web, 
and that it emitted very rapid flashes of light at first, but that they gradu- 
ally diminished in brilliance till at length they died out. 

On motion the meeting then adjourned till 8 o’clock p. m. 

TUESDAY EVENING SESSION. 

At 8 o'clock the Entomological Club met at the Hotel Vendome, Dr. 
J. G. Morris in the chair. 

Mr. H. F. Bassett, of Waterbury, Conn., gave an account of “the 
Structure and Development of certain Hymenopterous Galls.” He exhi- 
bited specimens of galls produced on plants and trees, and spoke of the 
alternation of two forms belonging to one species. ‘The seminator 
deposits its eggs in the young acorn, and from the sting or puncture the 
gall grows, having the appearance of another acorn. ‘This falls to the 
ground in September, and remains twenty-one months, at the end of which 
time the gall-flies are produced, which are all females. These females lay 
their eggs in the buds of the trees in the spring, and from these galls are. 
formed, out of which are developed flies of both sexes. ~All galls may be 
divided into two classes :—First, those formed in autumn, which do not 
develop till the next or a succeeding year, the imagos or periect insects 
hatched from them being always females ; and secondly, those formed in 
the spring, the progeny of which are of both sexes. He considered that 
the woolly substance that covers these galls is an excessive development 
of the pubescence of the leaf, and thought that the growth of the galls is 
produced by the action of the poison that is infused by the parent insect 
when making the sting or puncture, because he often could find in a gall 
no trace of any larva. 

Prof. Riley expressed his opinion that galls are formed both by the 
poison injected with the egg, and by the irritant action of the larva. He 
spoke also of the sweet exudation on galls, and remarked that honey-dew 
is In some cases the natural exudation of the plant independent of the 
action of insects upon it. 

Prof. C. H. Fernald, of Orono, Me., exhibited three volumes recently 
published by Lord Walsingham on “‘ North American Micro-Lepidoptera, 
Tortricide,” illustrated with colored plates, and forming part of the British 
Museum Catalogues tor 1879 ; also by the same author a volume on the 
“New and little-known species of North American Tineidz,” and another 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7k 


on “the Pterophoride of California and Oregon.” He then proceeded 
to read a paper on the Classification of Tortricide, illustrating his remarks 
by some wings prepared for the microscope. ‘These slides, which beauti- 
fully exhibited the venation of the wings, were mounted with glycerine 
boiled gently over the lamp; the wings were bleached by Dimmock’s process. 

Dr. H. A. Hagen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 
Mass., read a paper on the importation of the Hessian Fly. The generally 
accepted theory, from which the insect derives its common name, is that 
the insect was brought from Europe to America about a century ago in 
the straw used for bedding by the Hessian troops employed by the British 
Government in the war of the Revolution. This theory Dr. Hagen rejects, 
and in a sketch of the history of the movement of these troops, he showed 
that the lapse of time during their transportation was considerably greater 
than that of the term of the normal development of the fly from the egg. 
He stated that there was some evidence of the existence of the fly in 
America before the arrival of the Hessian troops, and that it was unknown 
in Central Europe till recently ; there was, however, some evidence that 
it may have appeared in certain places on the Mediterranean Coast at an 
earlier period. He even thought it possible that the fly might have been 
imported from America into the Mediterranean region of Europe by 
American trading vessels. His conclusions, as stated in a long and very 
interesting paper, in which he quoted many German and British official 
records, may be summed up briefly as follows : 1. It is impossible that the 
fly could have been imported by Hessian troops, as proved by the historical 
records. 2. The fly must have been in America long before the arrival of 
the Hessian troops. 3. The fly was not known in Germany before 1857, 
-and is probably an indigenous American insect. 

Prof. Riley stated that he had so often noticed a retardation of develop- 
ment in insects, that he should not be surprised if this had been the case 
with the Hessian fly, when imported. Again, that the ‘‘flax-seed state” of 
this insect lasts so long that it might have crossed the Atlantic during that 
phase of its existence. 

Dr. Hagen replied that Dr. Asa Fitch had already proved the impossi- 
bility of this. 

Prof. Riley accepted the theory that the fly is indigenous to America. 
and Dr. Hagen stated that he believed that it is indigenous to both 
Europe and America. 

The meeting then adjourned, 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WEPNESDAY APTERNOON SESSION, 

The Club met for an hour at 5 o’clock p.m. in one of the rooms of 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a large and commodious build- 
ing which was almost entirely given up to the work of the Association. 

The short time at the disposal of the Club was occupied by the con- 
tinuation of the Rev. H. C. McCook’s lecture on the Honey-Ants of the 
Garden of the Gods, Colorado, the first portion of which he delivered on 
the previous afternoon. At its conclusion some remarks were made by 
Prof. Cook and others on birds versus insects. 

Thursday was devoted by the Association to a visit to Cambridge. 
Many of the Entomologists took the opportunity of visiting the rooms of 
the Cambridge Entomological Club, where they were received by Mr. B. 
P. Mann, the Secretary. 

FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. 

The Club met in their room in the Institute of Technology at 4 
o’clock p. m., Mr. A. R. Grote, Vice-president, in the chair. 

Dr. LeConte moved that, owing to a resolution passed at the general 
session of the Association that morning, the Entomological Club do now 
organize as a permanent sub-section of the Association ; he proceeded to 
congratulate the Club on the honor thus conferred upon it. It was due 
to the importance of the subject and the large attendance of Entomologists, 
no less than to the number of interesting papers offered for their discus- 
sion. The resolution was unanimously adopted and the Club at once 
organized as a Sub-section with the officers elected on the first day of 
meeting. 

Mr. E. Burgess, of Boston, gave an account of the structure of the 
mouth organs of Butterflies, describing especially and illustrating with 
diagrams on the black-board, the proboscis, etc., of the Archippus. 
Remarks were made upon the paper by Dr. Hagen and Messrs. Mann, 
Cook and Riley. 

Dr. Hagen read a paper on the anatomy of Prodoxus decipiens, in 
which he confirmed Mr. Riley’s statements. 

Prof. Fernald read a paper on Phoxopteris angulifasciana, a small Tor- 
trix feeding upon clover. 

Mr. O. S. Wescott, of Racine, Wis., gave by request an account of a 
moth trap for collecting insects by light, which he had employed with 
much success. Dr. Hoy and Mr. Mann also described insect traps that 
they had found useful. 


— 


— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 Ba} 


Mr. Westcott gave an account of the mode of building its web by a 
Geometrical Spider, and stated that the insect when forming the concen- 
tric lines across the rays measured the distance from the next parallel 
line by means of its second right fore-leg before attaching the thread to 
the ray. 

Prof. Cook, in answer to a question, stated that he had found a mix- 
ture of honey and beer equally efficacious with the ordinary mixture for 
sugaring. 

Mr. Grote remarked that he had found the Colorado Potato Beetle 
feeding upon a large cultivated variety of Datura, and feared that it would 
probably soon prove a serious enemy to the Tobacco plant, another mem- 
ber of the family Sodanacee. 

Prof. Riley stated that he had found the Colorado Beetle in South 
Carolina. 

The meeting adjourned at 6 o'clock. 


MONDAY, AUGUST 30TH. 


The Sub-section of Entomology met at the Institute this morning, Dr. 
J. G. Morris in the chair. For the first time the titles of the papers to be 
read, with the names of the officers, were published in the Association 
programme for the day. 

Prof. Fernald gave a brief description of his method of preparing and 
mounting the wings of micro-lepidoptera. 

Mr. B. P. Mann gave an account of the contributions of the Cambridge 
Entomological Club and the progress of Entomology. 

Prof. C. V. Riley described the life-habits of certain Bee-flies (Bomby- 
liidee), and made some remarks on Tree-Crickets and on the early stages 
of Blepharocera. 

Dr. Hagen exhibited a specimen of Passalus cornutus, which was 
entirely destitute of any trace of elytra, but possessed wings and all other 
parts quite perfect. He stated that it was impossible that the elytra had 
been artificially removed and that he considered this to be a very rare 
natural deformity. 

Rey. C. J. S. Bethune, in the absence of Dr. Hoy, who was to have 
read the next paper on the occurrence of Adetia argillacea in Wisconsin, 
stated that he had learned in conversation with Dr. Hoy that this moth 
had occurred in immense numbers on ripe melons near Racine, Wis., and 
that he had himself, in the autumn of 1865, taken a great quantity of the 


—, 
~4 
aN 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


moths feeding on fallen plums and apples, but that ordinarily the moth 
was not at all common in Ontario. 

Prof. Riley considered that the A/e/a flew to the north when super- 
abundant in its natural home in the cotton growing regions of the South ; 
that it fed there on some malvaceous plant, lived a year, but not probably 
longer, and then was no longer to be found in northern localities until 
another emigration took place when it again became numerous, He did 
not think that it could possibly live for more than a few generations in the 
Northern States or Canada. 

Mr. Mann was of opinion that it must live for years in the North, 
finding some suitable food plant, though like very many other insects it 
was frequently scarce and then suddenly appeared in great numbers. 

Dr. Lintner stated that he had found the moth at an altitude of 1800 
feet on the Adirondack Mountains, and that Dr. Hoy had informed him 
that he had taken the larva in June at Racine. 

Dr. E. L. Mark described some points in the anatomy of the Coccide. 

The list of papers having been exhausted, the Section now adjourned. 
to meet next year in Cincinnatti, Ohio. 


ON LIGHTNING BUGS. 


BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


Read before the Sub-Section of Entomology, American Association for the Advancement 
of Science, Boston, Mass., August, 1880. 


Since the publication of my synopsis of Lampyridze in 1851 (Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila, 1851, 331), but few species of the family have been 
described in this country, and no very important improvement has been 
made in their classification; about the same time I published in the 
Journal of the same Society (New Ser., 1., 73) a synopsis of Lycidz, one 
of the sub-families of Lampyridz. This last mentioned synopsis is one 
of my early and crude contributions to science, which, if the study of 
Natural History had been farther advanced in this country, would have 
been kindly suppressed, or returned to me for revision In _ the Classifi- 
cation of the Coleoptera of N. Am., I have established the family with 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 


different lirnits to those adopted by European writers at that time (186r), 
and constituted it of the three following sub-families, which are here more 
fully defined : 

Middle coxze distant, epipleuree wanting—Lycip™. 

Middle coxz contiguous, epipleurze usually wide at base, episterna of 
metathorax with inner margin sinuate—LAMPYRID&. 

Middle coxz contiguous, epipleure narrow at base, episterna of meta- 
thorax not sinuate on inner margin—TELEPHORID#. 

A detail of the minor groups and tribes composing these families 
would be here out of place, and may be found in my Classification ; they 
will be fully exposed in a synopsis of the genera and species now ready 
for press. Otherwise, the habits and life history of a few species have 
been more or less thoroughly observed and recorded. 

For the past few years I have been trying to procure material to enable 
me to make a more complete synopsis of the genera and species, and a 
better exposition of their relations to each other than I had been able 
previously to give.” 

For furnishing series of larvee, pupze and imagines of species from her 
vicinity, I am under especial obligations to Mrs. V. O. King, of Austin, 
Texas. An excellent account of the transformations of P/eotomus pallens 
from her pen has been printed in Psyche iii., 51 (1880), and equally 
valuable life-histories of other species may be expected in the future. 

I congratulate myself, that by the slow progress of my studies and the 
tardy manner in which some of my correspondents have replied to my 
request for larger series of specimens, I am now able to profit by the 
recent publications of Mr. C. O. Waterhouset on Lycidz, and Rev. H. 
S. Gorham || on Lampyridee. 

The object of the present essay is simply to give some popular infor- 
mation in regard to the characters of these insects, and to correlate, so far 
as our species may permit, the light-giving faculty with other structures ; I 
will, therefore, not enter here into a close analysis of the relations of the 
genera. 


* IT would here mention fi no viefetaitte is made in ae text to the important 
general work of Lacordaire, or the excellent faunal European work of DuVal, in which 
the genera have been tabulated in a convenient manner, but without special reference to 
our species, except what has been derived from my own works cited above. 

* Br. Mus. Cat. Illustrations; Coleoptera, Part 1, Lycida, 1879. 


| Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1880, p. 1, 63, 83, and Proc. loc, cit. infra. 


176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


It is then sufficient to say, that none of the Lycide or Telephoride 
possess any light-giving organs, and that they are diurnal in their habits. 
In some of the Lycide the front part of the head is prolonged into a | 
beak, and in many of them the elytra are very large, expanded and 
coarsely reticulated. The peculiar structures of some Telephoridz will 
be noticed farther on. | 


The Lampyridz proper comprise all the luminous species, though this 
faculty is possessed by them in a very unequal degree, and in some genera 
and species of diurnal habits is quite wanting. For our present purposes 
their division may be indicated into tribes and groups as follows : 

A. Side pieces of metathorax narrow ; 

a. ff and @ similar or nearly so ;~antenne long, last joint simple. 

b. & and § conspicuously different ; antennz short, last joint with 
acicular appendage. 


B. Side pieces of metathorax wide ( unknown); palpi very 
unequal, mouth organs more developed. 


The series A a@ contains the largest number of genera and species, and 
exhibits a gradation from JZatheteus, with widely separated pectinate 
antenne, and general Lyciform appearance, through PAotinus, with 
approximate filiform antennae, and head retracted under the prothorax, to 
Photuris, with the antennae filiform, and the head partly exposed. There 
is thus a continuous line of affiinities in this series from the diurnal 
Lycidae to the diurnal Telephoridae. 


Now besides the gradations in structure just mentioned there are great 
differences in the sizes of the eyes, and in the development of the light 
organs. In the species usually seen flying by day ( Lucidota, Eliychnia, 
&c ) the light organs are indicated by feeble yellowish spots on the last 
ventral segments, but do not seem to possess any light-giving power ; in 
these the eyes are lateral, rather small in @, but larger and more convex 
in ¢ ; they are widely separated above and beneath as in Lycidee. 


The series A 4 contains a much smaller number of genera, and in 
them the antennez are approximate, usually filiform, rarely ( Péeotomus) 
bipectinate. The number of joints varies from g to 14, and the last joint 
has at the end a small acicular appendage simulating an additional joint. 
The eyes of the ¢ are excessively large, almost contiguous above and 
beneath, leaving very little room for the mouth and antenne ; in the ? 
the eyes are moderate, or even small, lateral and widely separated. ‘The 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Va 


light organs are varied, sometimes brilliant in both sexes, sometimes weak 
in both sexes, and sometimes brilliant only in the 2. Their food consists 
of small terrestrial mollusca. 

The third category, B, consists of Phengodes and allied genera in 
which the side pieces of the metathorax’ are wide. I know nothing by 
observation. of the luminous qualities of- these insects, of which only 
males are known. ‘They are all rare, and I have seen none alive. But 
we here owe our special thanks to Mrs. King for the patient quest which 
has been rewarded by the discovery of the pupa of Phengodes, and which 
will probably result in another season in the detection of the larva.* 

I am also indebted to Mrs. King for a larva of Mastinocerus, of 
slender, cylindrical form and pale color. It was feebly luminous, and 
lived upon small snails. ‘The perfect insect is thus mentioned in a letter, 
the observations being made upon a specimen attracted by the lamp : 
“ June 4th saw running rapidly over the table near a lighted lamp, a small 
Coleopter ; it was twisting its abdomen up over its wings, and evidently 
trying to straighten them out, as they seemed moist and twisted at their 
ends. The general appearance suggested Mastinocerus, and acting on 
this thought, I captured it and sat up till a late hour to be assured of the 
truth. ‘The insect was ina small vial, and moved quickly. It gave out 
light conspicuously from the head, feebly from the anal end, and still more 
so from about the base of the abdomen. The light seen in the head, 
though visible in the-dark as a round spot, yet when taken into a room 
obscurely lighted was invisible from above ; but when the insect was sud- 
denly thrown upon its back a light no es than a pin point was seen 
just about the junction of the head and prothorax.” : 

It is quite possible that the genera of the other continent eee 
the sub-family Drilidae should be placed as a group of this series ; but 
upon this point I cannot speak with confidence, as I have had no oppor- 
tunity of studying them carefully. They live on snails, and some of them 


pass through their transformations in the shells of the animals upon which 
they have fed. 


It is still uncertain whether the large luminous larvee described by Baron Osten 
Sacken (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., i., 125, pl. 1, f. 8) belong to the Elateride A/¢/anactes 
or to Phengodes. Species of both genera are found in nearly all parts of the United 
States, but though the larve seem to resemble that of AZastinocerus referred to in the 


text more than any described Elateride larvae, it is more probable that they should be 
referred to the latter family. 


178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


As regards the third sub-family, Telephoridae, it is merely necessary 
to mention that the eyes, without being excessively large in either sex, are 
invariably larger in the 7 than in the @, and that in the lower forms 
(Malthodes, &c.) there is an extreme complication in the development of 
the last abdominal segments. 

We have, then, in Lycidae a tendency, with simple sexual characters, 
to elongation of the anterior part of the head. In the Lampyridae the 
sexual characters are diffused over the whole body, but with no tendency 
to elongation of the head or complication of the posterior abdominal 
segments ; and in addition there is a peculiar apparatus for the emission 
of light, which although absent in some genera, does not exist at all in 
the other two sub-families. 

Finally, in Telephoridae there is a slight reminiscence of the anterior 
extension of the head in certain species of Podabrus, which have a broad 
muzzle. In general the mouth organs are more powerful than in the other 
sub-families. The sexual characters are of an ordinary kind, but in 
Chauliognathus and Malthodes the last abdominal segments of the # are 
largely developed. In some species of the last named genus the com- 
plication of these rings resembles nothing that I know in nature, except 
the curious structures of Tipulidae figured by Osten Sacken.* In 
Ichthyurus, an Asiatic genus, the middle legs of the # are singularly 
inflated ; and in Sz/’s there are curious processes near the hind angles of 
the prothorax; a very deep fissure limited on each side by a prolongation, 
and complicated by a moveable articulated process attached to the inflexed 
flank of the prothorax.. In several specics this articulated process ter- 
minates in a long bent filament, and the apparatus probably serves like a 
somewhat similar one on the first antennal joint of the f of the Mala- 
chide Collops, to clasp the antennz of the 2. 

After this statement, which is as brief as I can make it, of the arrange- 
ment into sub-families and tribes of the Lampyridz, with the principal 
modifications of structure in each, we are prepared to consider the 
variations in the light organs, and their sexual correlation with the eyes 
and wings in the Lampyridz proper. 

We have seen that the greatest development of the eyes takes piace in 
the male of the series A 2, or Lampyrini, in which the antennz are very 
short in both sexes. The female is without wings, and has the eyes 


* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1859, 197, pl. 3 and 4. 


ee ee 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 


moderate (Phausis), or very small (Microphotus). The light organs are 
either brilliant in both sexes (Phausis reticulata), wanting in the male (P. 
tnaccensa, female unknown), feeble in male and brilliant in female (P/- 
tomus, and probably AZicrophotus). In the Photini the light organs are 
completely wanting (Zewaspis, n. g.), obsolete and ineffective (Zucidota, 
Ellychnia most species) ; well developed in both sexes, but more brilliant 
in male than female (Pyractomena, Photinus) ; equally brilliant in both 
sexes (Photuris): in all these the antennz are long, either slender or 
broad, and closely approximate ; the eyes are widely separated on the 
upper side, and usually also beneath. In Afatheteus and Polyclasis the 
antennz are pectinate, or bipectinate, and rather widely separated ; the 
eyes are more distant, and the light organs wanting. 


The Phengodini are known only by the male. ‘The eyes are lateral, 
convex, moderate in size, and widely separated ; the antenne are distant 
at their insertion, plumose in Phengodes and Zarhipis (n. g.) ; bipectinate 
in Mastinocerus and Cenophengus (n. g.) ; pectinate in Prevotus, and serrate 
in Zytthonyx, if I am correct in associating that genus with this tribe. 
Phengodes is said by Lacordaire* to be luminous, while the observations 


_of Mrs. King above cited prove that AZastinocerus is also phosphorescent. 


From this detailed statement it may be inferred that there is no dis- 
tinct correlation between the eyes, the antennae, and the light organs of 
the two sexes which obtains for the whole sub-family. 


That the eyes of the male should in comparison with the other organs 
of special sense, the antennae, be more largely developed than in the 
female, is explicable from the more generally active disposition of that 
sex, but that these characters should prevail in the contradictory cate- 
gories, where the female is more brilliant, and where she is less brilliant 
than the male, does not seem to me explicable either on grounds of tele- 
ology or natural selection, and especially do these explanations seem 
imperfect when we consider that the largest eyes are possessed by those 
males which seek the most brilliant, but also the most helpless females. 


The luminous powers of these insects suggest three distinct investi- 
gations, which seem to me very important, and to which I would earnestly 
invite the attentivn of my colleagues in other branches of science : 


st. Spectroscopic examination of the nature of the light, and an 


* Gen. Col., iv., 345. 


180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


analysis of the elements concerned in producing such brilliance at low 
temperatures. * 

and. Biological observation of the particular arrangement of cells, 
which enables such an amount of light of a high grade to be produced by 
the metamorphosis of ordinary tissues, without the heat of incandescence.t 


3rd. Chemical analysis to determine the nature of the proximate 
principles which are thus oxidized in the production of light without heat. } 

None of these researches can be conveniently made in the Northern 
States, but in the Middle and Southern States, and especially in tropical 
America, they can be readily entered into, and none of them fall properly 
within the sphere of investigation of Entomologists. 

It is unnecessary for me to expand on the scientific value of the 
investigations here proposed. Luminosity of,a much lower grade than 
that exhibited by these insects has been generally ascribed by physicists to 
matter at very high temperatures, even in the cases of Aurora and 
Nebulae ; and in fact the experiments of Mr. Crookes upon radiant matter 
under the influence of electrical currents would tend to confirm such a 
supposition. 

Should, however, the investigations I have suggested justify the belief, 
as seems probable, that large evolution of highly refrangible light may 
take place without high temperature, our cosmical theories may need to 
be partially modified. And should the chemist ascertain with accuracy 
what precise combination of molecules of the ordinary constituents of 


* Some slight efforts have been made in this line of investigation, but nothing 
satisfactory has been published. Mr. Meldola (Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1880, p. iii), 


observes: ‘that the exact nature of the phosphorescence was still an unsolved problem 


both to the physicist and biologist. | Some years ago he had examined the spectrum of 


the glow-worm, and found that it was continuous, being rich in blueand green rays, and 
comparatively poor in red and yellow.” 


+ In regard: to the structure of the light-giving organs, I have found only some 
superficial notices by authors whom it is scarcely necessary to cite on the present occa- 
sion. It is narrated that they are rich in fat cells, and abundantly supplied with nerves 
and air-tubes; the histological observations of Schultze do not show the manner in 
which the light is produced. 

t As to the composition of the fats contained in these special organs, I believe that 
no investigation has been made, though in this instance, as in the cases of the acid 
secretion of Harpalus, the liquid explosively emitted by Brachinus, and the singular 
excretion of Ch/aendus, which combines the odor of camphor and kreasote, the materials 
are easily procured, and the results would be physiologically important. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 181 


organic bodies will thus by slow oxidation give such a disproportionate 
amount of light, we may enter upon a path which leads to the accom- 
plishment of one of the great desires of civilization, the production of 
light, without undue expenditure of energy in the development of heat, as 
a waste product. | 

In regard to the manner in which the light is evolved, I have but 
little information to give, though what I say may serve to correct some 
erroneous views which have been elsewhere expressed. 

The popular name of these insects, /7ghtening (or lightning) Jugs, as 
distinguished from five fles,* is derived from the fact that the light is 
intermittent. It is never entirely extinguished, but is paroxysmally weak 
and brilliant. When seized, under the influence of fear, the intervals 
become irregular, and the flashes are frequent. When put into alcohol 
there is at first a fitful and rapid exhibition of light, but afterwards the 


‘light becomes moderate and permanent for some minutes. When the 


light organs are separated and crushed, the light also continues for some 
time, becoming gradually weaker. _ 

I therefore infer that the excitement of the light-giving organs to the 
highest degree of activity is manifested by the supreme effort of the will 
of the animal, and that the exhibition of light is dependent upon a par- 
ticular structure, more or less under the control of the will, but containing 
a special material capable of evolving the light independent of the will. 
In a similar way to that in which the voluntary muscles of all animals 
evolve motion, and the special electrical organs of certain fishes evolve 
electrical currents, so do these organs of the Lampyridae evolve light 
from some peculiarly constituted structure fitted for the purpose. 


It may be conceded, after what has been said above, that the idea of 
Mr. Gorham,t that “ the external white vitreous parts are diaphanous, and 
permit the light to shine through,” is perfectly correct, but that his belief 
that “the source of light within the body of the insect can be pressed 
against these windows, or retired from them at its pleasure,” is quite 
without foundation, 


* Fire flies are Elateridz of the genus Pyrophorus (Spanish Cucuyo), of which one 


_of the smaller species, P. physodervws, occurs in Florida and Texas, and shine with a 


constant light, chiefly visible in two vesicles near the hind angles of the prothorax, 
which are convex, and covered with a transparent amereus integument. All species of 
Pyrophorus are not phosphorescent. 


+ Trans, Ent, Soc. London, 1880, p. 66, 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Several authors have remarked upon the tendency of the winged 
Lampyridae, in countries where large numbers of the same species are in 
view at one time, to exhibit their light at. rhythmic intervals. I have 
never observed this in the United States, nor in those parts of tropical 
America which | have visited. I think that, in this respect, there must 
be great differences in the habits of the species. In travelling by night 
on railroads in: the Middle States, | have frequently seen in low and moist 
lands near the road many thousands of these insects (chiefly Photuris 
pensylvanica), which sparkled and twinkled to such an extent that one 
might imagine himself on the Glittering Heath” itself, on which the hero 
of the great epic of our race achieved his first victory, and gained his 
double prize. But I have never seen any approach to a rhythmic effect 
in these sparklings, as described in the books. 


The causes to which this singular phenomenon are ascribed are either 
physical or physiological.t In order that my readers may give these 


* But lo! at the last a glimmer, and a light from the West there came, 
And another and another, like points of far off flame ; 
And they grew and brightened and gathered, and whiles together they ran 
Like the moon-wake over the waters, and whiles they were scant and wan, 
—Sigurd the Volsung, Book 11, p. 137. 


+ Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1880, p. ii, Mr. McLachlan . . ‘* had at that time 
advanced the opinion that the phenomenon in question might be caused by currents of 
air inducing the insects to simultaneously change their direction of flight.” Sir Sidney 
Saunders: ‘* The simultaneous character of these corruscations among vast swarms 
would seem to depend upon an intuitive impulse to emit their light at certain intervals 
as a protective influence, which intervals became assimilated to each other by imitative 
emulation.” 


Ibid, p. vii: ‘f Mr. McLachlan, in connection with his idea of the supposed con- 
temporaneous flashing of all the individuals in a swarm of Lampyride, called attention 
to flies of the genus Argyra, which when flying exhibited at times an appearance similar 
to that of small snow-flakes, owing to the silvery pubescence with which part of the 
body was clothed, but which was observed in certain positions, and especially when the 
insects rested, owing to the pubescence being then concealed ; he thought this to some 
extent was an analagous case to that of the light of swarms of Lampyridz.”’ Sir Sidney 
Saunders observed: . . . ‘fas to the contemporaneous flashes of myriads, such as 
are more frequently congregated on the calmest nights, surrounding objects previously 
involved in obscurity, become suddenly illuminated as if by electricity, and as rapidly 
plunged into their antecedent gloom at alternate intervals. | He could not concur in the 
hypothesis that currents of air had any connection with such displays or exhibitions, 
when not a breath was stirring around ; nor that these manifestations might be evoked 


a se 


aut. Qentiibadli 


J 
i 


, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 


views due weight, I have cited them at some length in the foot note. My 
own impression is that Mr. Belt and Sir Sidney Saunders have given, 
between them, the true explanation of the rhythmic exhibition of light, 
and that apart from the aesthetic realization in nature of this plan of 
making night glorious by the wonderful brilliancy of such insignificant 
objects (upon which idea this is neither the time nor the place to dis- 
course), it is primarily a defence of the insects against danger, and is 
secondarily caused by that tendency to act in concert or imitation which 
operates upon all sentient beings. This tendency may be equally observed 
in a flock of sheep following its leader, a school room of hysterical girls, 
a political meeting, a spiritistic séance, or a hyper-sentimental religious 
assemblage. And I regard all these occurrences, however differing in the 
importance of their final results, as individual instances in a large class 


of similar phenomena, caused by aggregated sympathy. 


I would therefore agree with Sir Sidney Saunders and Mr. Meldola in 
quite rejecting Mr. McLachlan’s view that it is produced by a change in 
position of the insects caused by currents of air, or even voluntary move- 
ments in direction of flight. 

To recur to the process by which the light is produced, I would add 
to what I have said in the beginning of this essay, that the chemical pro- 
cesses possible in the bodies of Lampyridae can be scarcely if at all 
different from those which take place in neighboring and closely allied 
tribes. We may therefore infer from the observations of Mr. Meldola 
that the ordinary metamorphoses of tissues, by the aid of some slight 
modification of composition and cellular structure, are capable of evolving 
light, which belongs to the upper end of the spectrum, such as is gener- 
ally significant of the highest temperatures. 

It is therefore the more extraordinary to find in these insects light of a 
high order not dependent on elevation of temperature, and consequent 


by sexual influences, amid vast hosts instigated to combine therein, and act in unison. 
He would rather attribute this phenomenon to an inherent tendency to emit their light 
from time to time, requiring a certain amount of repose to recruit their powers; and 
when any thus surcharged felt intuitively inspired to take the initiative, the others— 
prompted to obey a corresponding influence—followed such suggestion in responsive 
sequence.” Ibid, p. viiii—‘* Mr. Meldola stated that Mr. Thomas Belt (Naturalist in 
Nicaragua, p. 320) had expressed his belief that the luminosity of the Lampyridz played 
the same part as the bright colors of many caterpillars, 2 ¢., that it served asa danger 
signal, warning nocturnal foes of the inedibility of the species of this family, which he 
had found to be generally distasteful to birds, &c.” 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


waste of energy in heat. For it must be observed, that while in one 
sense heat is the cause of all the phenomtena we perceive, since they 
all have existence only within certain ranges of temperature, in another 
sense heat is frequently a waste product, and the only one by which the 
dissemination of energy occurs so as to become imperceptible. 

I am aware that the sketch I have here given of the present condition 
of our knowledge of Lampyridae has been written to the demonstration 
of my own ignorance (and that of all other students) in regard to some 
of the most important questions involved. But if I succeed in causing 
you to look upon these remarkable insects with more interest than you 
have previously felt, neither my time in preparing, nor ss time in listen- 
ing to this essay, will have been wasted. 

I would especially invite the attention of the younger observers in 
entomology, who have to pass through the labor of patient field work and 
close observation of habits, before they can ascend with profit to the 
higher retirement of the museum and the library, to contribute more fully 
to our knowledge of the development and habits of the different species. 

I would equally ask the attention of my colleagues, who by long 
training in refined experimental research are qualified for such investi- 
gations, to the solution of the physical and chemical problems suggested 
by the singular production of high light without heat by these animals, 
which are within such easy reach. And by the solution of these problems 
I am convinced that our knowledge of molecular physics will be increased, 
and our powers of theorizing less fettered by conventional ideas. 


ON THE SYNONYMY OF NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUID. 
BY A.. R. GROTE. 


I have recently been favored by Mr. Tepper and Mr. Graef with the 
sight of some of Mr. Morrison’s types of Noctuide. A few of the 
specimens are in poor condition, too poor, I think, to have allowed them 
to serve as types. Others are in good order, and those I have here noted 
are quite easily recognizable. -It will be thought extraordinary, from the 
determinations, that Mr. Merrison should have allowed himself to criticize 


——_ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


— ~< 


any one for overlooking structural features in this group, or for re-describ- 


“yng species. I am of opinion that the short descriptions of Agrotids 


published by Mr. Morrison in Bost. Proc., Dec., 1874, are too brief and 
misleading to be cited. The species are hastily compared with others to 
which they are not closely related, as saxzgena with ségmotdes, whereas 
saxigena is, in my opinion, the same as zferita Hubn., from Labrador, 
a very different species. In every case, as far as I know the species, these 
comparisons are wide of the mark and consequently deceptive, and since 
the other characters given are very short, it renders the identification of 
the species intended improbable, if not impossible. It is necessary to 
observe the structure of the front, eyes, and the armature of the legs, in 
order to present intelligible descriptions in the Noctuide. In addition to 
his frequent failure to do this, Mr. Morrison uses such terms for color as 
‘“‘oray” and “ yellow ” 
There is an air of exactness about Mr. Morrison’s definitions which I do 
not find justified on examining his types. 


in a manner which, to me at least, is misleading. 


Schinia media Morr., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., 123, 1875. 


Under this name Mr. Morrison has re-described Plagiomimicus pityo- 


- chromus Grote, Bull. B. S. N.-S., I., 182, 1873. The genus differs from 


Schinta by the frontal structure and very decidedly ; Polenta Morr. is a 
closely allied form, and probably the genera are not sufficiently distinct. 


_ The markings of the two species pztyochromus and Tepperi, show much 


the same pattern. 


Ceramica rubefacta Morrison. 


Under this name Mr. Morrison has re-described Mamestra vindemialts 
Guen. and Grote. A/amestra congermana, described by Mr. Morrison as 
a Hadena, but which has hairy eyes, is allied to wndemialis. 


Luceria loculata Morr., Bull. B. S. N. S.. II., 110, 1874. 


Under this name Mr. Morrison has re-described Hadena passer Guen. 


Agrotis perquiritata. 
Polia perquiritata Morr., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 136, 1874. 


Mr. Morrison’s description of this species, which has the tibiae armed 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and resembles the European Agvotis sfectosa, as a Polia, a genus in which 
the tibiae are unarmed, must be my apology for having recently re- 
described the species as Agvotis Batleyana i the pages of the North 
Am. Entomologist. 


Mamestra thecata Morr., Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil., 59, 1875. 


This is Graphiphora ( Taeniocampa) contrahens Walk., sp. as deter- 
mined in the D’Urban collection. Where Walker described it is not 
known to me at this time. It 1s not a AZamestra, but a Graphiphora. 


Mamestra curta Morr., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H., 96, 1875. 

Orthosia perpura Morr., Proc. Ac. N.S., Phil., 66, 1875. 

These two are identical, the habitat of perpura being erroneous. The 
species is Avarta nivaria, thus twice described by Mr. Morrison, once 
under JZamestra, in which genus the eyes are hairy, and once under 
Orthosia, in which they are naked. 


fladena norma Morr., Can. Ent., 7, 216. 

Lithacodia penita Morr., Proc. Ac. N. S.,.Phil., 71, 1875. 

This is Lustvotia martae Grote, a frail species, varying much in size. 
It is certainly not a Hadena or a Lithacodia, but belongs, I believe, to 
Lustrotia ( Erastria). Penita is a dark specimen, but evidently the same 
thing. Mr. Morrison’s generic references are confusing. 


Actinotia derupta Morr., Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil, 62.16 75: 
This is Prodenia phytolaccae A. & S. 


Orthosia differta Morr., Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil., 67, 1875. 


This is a re-description of Pyrrhia tliterata Grote, Proc. Ac. N.S., 
Phil, 211, 1874. I think awrantiago Guen., not very fully described, is 
an older name for this species. 


Polia aspera. 
Acronycta aspera Morr., Proc. B. S. N. H., 132, 1874. 


Potia diffusilis Harvey, Can. Ent., to, 56. 

Mr. Morrison compares his species with Acronycta subochrea, than 
which nothing could be more misleading, and sufficiently excuses the re- 
description of the species. ‘The type is a female in poor condition, and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 


undoubtedly belongs to Dr. Harvey’s species, which by its gray color 
recalls the species of Afatela or Acronycta. 


Caradrina meralis Morr., Can: Ent., 7, 215. 
I have, unfortunately, re-described this species as C. bilunata, Can. 
Ent; G,° 190. 


Tarache obatra Morr., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., 124, 1875. 


This is evidently a species of Sfpragueta allied to Spraguera plumbr- 
jimbriata ; it would be quite impossible to recognize the fact from the 
description and comparisons of Mr. Morrison. 


Agrotis personata Morr., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 238, 1876. 


This is a dark specimen of Agrotis pitychrous previously described 
by me. 


Agrotis manifestolabes Morr., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 166, 1874. 


This is a synonym of Agvotis (Matuta) Catherina, Grote, Can, Ent., 
116, 1874. J have evidently been in error in considering my type a male 
and also in proposing a new genus for its reception. The male antennae 
are pectinate. The female type is photographed Can. Ent., vol. 7. It 
passed from my hands immediately after description, which prevented my 
making any comparison or re-examination. Since then I have seen the 
2 manifestolabes in Mr. Tepper’s collection, and it is evidently my 
Catherina. 


Taentocampa confluens Morr., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., 159, 1874. 


Mr. Morrison’s type is a little smaller, but color and markings are 
much like ordinary specimens of the common zwcerta. ‘The stigmata run 
together, but they approach very closely and sometimes touch in 7ncerta ; 
there is nothing like such a fusion of the spots as we see in xovmadis in 
Mr. Morrison’s type, and I think the specimen cannot be distinct 
from zvcerta, Certainly there should have been some hesitation in naming 
the species in view of the known variability of cera, with which Mr. 
Morrison does not compare it or appear aware of its close relationship, if 
not identity. 7: pacifica Harvey has been collected in Texas by Belfrage, 
and is, I think, distinct from ¢ncerta. 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


On page 58, of vol. 7, of the Canapian Enromococist, I gave a list, 


of Mr. Morrison’s synonyms in the Noctuidae then known to me. I have 
since then become acquainted with more of Mr. Morrison’s species, many 
of which appear to me undoubtedly valid and well described. Difficulties 
were thrown in my way in my endeavor to find out what Mr. Morrison’s 
descriptions‘ covered. ‘There still remain a considerable number of Mr. 
Morrison’s species which | cannot identify and would hike to know, to 
enable me to place them in a new List of our Noctuidae upon which I 
am at work. ‘The following is the list of synonyms I have made out : 


Fladena ancocisconensis Morr. fly ppa xylinoides Gen. 
Hadena norma Morr. = Lithacodia penita Morr. 
Lucerta loculata Morr, = Hadena passer Guen. 
Ceramica rubefacta Morr. = Mamestra vindemialis Guen. 


Mamestra thecata Morr. = Graphiphora contrahens Walk. 
Orthosia perpura Morr. = Mamestra curta Morr. 
Panthea leucomdlana Morr. = Audela acronyciotdes Walk. 
Mamestra illabefacta Morr. = Mamestra lilactna Harvey. 
Actinotia derupta Morr. = Prodenia phytolaccae A. & S. 
Orthosia differta Morr. = Orthosia aurantiago Guen. 
Orthosia baliola Morr. = Gortyna purpuripennis Grote. 
Copipanolis vernalis Morr. = Lutolype Rolandi Grote. 
NXanthoptera nigrocaput Morr. = Lxyra Ridingsit Riley. 


Schinia media Morr. = Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grote. 
Schinia var. oleagina Morr. = Schinia gracilenta Hubn. 


Mamestra vufula Morr. = Mamestra lubens Grote. 
Acronycta pudorata Morr. = Acronycta grisea Barns. 
Agrotis mantfestolabes Morr. = Agrotis Catherina Grote. 
Agrotis perpura Morr. = Agrotis eurotdes Grote. 

Agrotis personate Morr. = Agrotis pitychrous Grote. 
Asrotis opipara Morr. = Agrotis islandica Staud. 

Agrotis scropulana Morr. = Agrotis carnea Thunb. 
Mamestra teligera Morr. = Mamestra vicina Grote. 
Chariclea pretiosa Morr. = Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote. 
Telesilla vesca Morr. = Galgula subpartita Guen. 
Taeniocampa confluens Morr. = Graphiphora incerta Hubn. 
Agrotis saxigena Morr. = Agrotis imperitta Hubn. 


The Canadtan Entomolonist 


VOLE. Sat. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1880. No. I0 


ANNUAL ‘ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


GENTLEMEN,—The past season has not been very eventful in Ontario 
in matters relating to insect life. No unusual armies of insect enemies 
have devastated our crops, and our farmers and fruit-growers, in spite of 
the few perennial foes, which are always more or less troublesome, have 
realized a bountiful harvest. 

Early in the season cut-worms were very numerous in the neighbor- 
hood of London, more abundant then I ever remember seeing them 
before. They destroyed innumerable cabbage plants and other herbace- 
ous plants and flowers ; among the latter pansies seemed to possess great 
attraction for them. I saw many fine plants of this flower of the previous 
year’s growth eaten close to the ground, both leaves and stalks, and from 
about the roots of a single plant found in several instances from thirty to 
fifty of the nearly full grown larve. Fortunately their period of activity 
does not last long, and before the end of June most of them were quietly 
sleeping in the chrysalis state. 

The question of insectivorous birds, and their influence on the insect 
world about us, is attracting much attention, and the more the subject is 
discussed the more evident it becomes that very little indeed is £vzowz in 
reference to it; that our ideas as to what should guide us are largely 
inherited, or otherwise based on sentiment, rather than resting upon well 
ascertained facts. I am well aware that to plead in favor of the birds is 
a popular course to follow ; but the true student of nature is ever seeking 
after truth, and whether the facts he discovers are in accord with long 
cherished opinions and popular fancies, or are directly opposed to them, 
are questions of little moment. ‘The facts, whatever they may be, are 
what we want. 

Insectivorous birds may be conveniently divided into three classes : 
First, those which take their food entirely on the wing ; second, those 
which feed partly on the wing and partly from trees and shrubs, and on 
the ground ; and third, those which take no food on the wing, but feed 


190 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


entirely either on the ground or from trees or shrubs. _ In the first class, 
besides some rare birds which we do not need to mention here, the fol- 
lowing are found common in most parts of our Province: the swallows, 
Hirundinide ; kingbird, Zyrannus Carolinensis, pewee, Sayornts fuscus, 
and nighthawk, Chordeiles popetue. ‘The food of these birds consists chiefly 
of flies, a large proportion of which cannot be said to be either noxious 
or beneficial ; many of them in the earlier stages of their existence live 
in the water, where they devour decaying vegetation or feast on the lower 
and simpler forms of animal and vegetable life. The larve of many 
others are scavengers, devouring decaying or putrescent animal and vege- 
table matter, and hence well deserve to be classed with beneficial insects. 
In the same class of friendly species will rank a considerable number of 
others which are parasitic on the bodies of caterpillars, also the rapacious 
species who sustain themselves by devouring the weaker and less vigorous 
of their race. A few rare exceptions, of which the wheat midge and 
Hessian fly may be noted as examples, are very injurious to field crops, 
while the mosquito and black fly are universally branded as enemies to 
the human race. These birds also devour a few butterflies and moths, 
but these, with few exceptions, are harmless. The question, then, to what 
extent these purely insectivorous birds are beneficial to the farmer or fruit 
grower, reasonably admits of much difference of opinion, for while they 
do devour a few of our tormentors, they probably destroy a much larger 
number of beneficial insects, the main bulk of their food, however, con- 
sisting of harmless species. Doubtless they serve a purpose in maintaining 
a proper balance among the insect hosts, and between animal and vege- 
table life, but that their service in these departments is so all-important as 
some would urge admits of grave doubt. 

The birds of the second division, namely, those who take their food 
partly on the wing and partly from trees and shrubs, or on the ground, are 
not entirely insectivorous. The remarks just made in reference to the 
first class will apply also to this as far as their food is taken on the wing, 
but on trees or shrubs, or on the ground, they consume insects of entirely 
different classes, chiefly beetles and the caterpillars of moths and butter- 
flies. The beetles admit of a similar division to that of the flies already 
noticed ; the larger number are harmless, a large proportion of the 
remainder are beneficial, and a few are injurious. Most of the caterpillars 
of moths and butterflies are harmless, feeding in limited numbers on a 
great diversity of shrubs and trees of little or no economic importance, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 


A few may be-said to be beneficial, in consequence of their feeding on 
troublesome weeds, such as thistles, etc., while a few others are decidedly 
injurious. Among the common birds in this second class I would mention 
the yellow warbler or spider bird, Dendroeca estiva ; the red start, Setophaga 
ruticilla; the red-eyed and yellow-throated vireos, Vi7¢o olivaceus and V. 
fiavifrons ; the various species of woodpecker, Picide, and the blue bird, 
Siala sialis. 

The birds comprised in the third class are only partially insectivorous. 
Among the common species are the cat-bird, Galeoscoptes Carolinensis ; 
robin, Zurdus migratorius, and brown thrush, Harporhynchus rufus ; the 
sparrows, Pringillide ; the cuckoos, Coccide ; the nuthatch, Széa Carolin- 
ensis, chickadee, Parus atricapillus ; kinglets, Sy/vede meadow-lark, 
Sturnella magna ; Baltimore oriole, Lcferus Baltimore, and the wren, 770g- 
lodytes don. Besides these there are the blackbirds, Jcferide, 
which in the spring devour more or less insect food, but feed chiefly on 
grain and seeds during the remainder of the year. Nearly all birds, 
excepting the rapacious species, feed their young on such soft food as 
worms, caterpillars, soft-bodied insects and fruit, and from the time that 
young birds are hatched until they acquire the power of flight, a very 
large quantity of insect food is undoubtedly consumed ; but the question 
of the greatest practical importance to the agriculturist is how far are the 
birds a help in keeping in check ¢urious insects. With the object of 
obtaining light on this point, I have, with the help of my son, W. E. 
Saunders—who has for some years paid special attention to this matter— 
examined the contents of the stomachs of a large number of birds, and 
I must frankly confess that the larger the experience gained in this direc- 
tion the more I have been convinced that but comparatively little help is 
got from birds in keeping in subjection injurious insects. 

When the cut worms were so common with us this spring that any 
bird with a very little effort might have had its fill of them, the contents 
of a number of stomachs were examined, especially those of the robin, 
but not a single. specimen of this larva was found in any of them. It 
has been urged that some birds devour the larve of the plum curculio by 
picking them out of the fallen fruit, but I have failed to find any con- 
firmation of this statement, indeed never found a curculio larva in the 
stomach of any bird excepting once in that of a robin, who had evidently 
swallowed it by accident when bolting a whole cherry. As _ for the robin 
having any claims upon the sympathies of man for the good he does, [ 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


fear that but a very slight case can be made out in his favor. Of fruit he 
is a thief of the worst kind, stealing early and late, from the time of 
strawberries until the last grapes are gathered ; not content to eat entirely 
the fruit he attacks, but biting a piece out here and there from the finest 
specimens, and thus destroying a far greater quantity than would suffice 
to fill him to his utmost capacity, At the time of writing, flocks of the 
most pertinacious specimens are destroying the best of my grapes, while 
alongside is a patch of cabbages almost eaten up with the larvee of the 
cabbage butterfly—nice, fat, smooth grubs, easily swallowed, but no such 
thing will Mr. Robin look at as long as good fruit can be had. His tastes 
are sO expensive that to gratify them is to deprive the fruit grower of a 
large portion of his profits, hence the sooner the robin ceases to be pro- 
tected by legislation the better it will be for all lovers of fruit. 

The insect world is composed of myriads of specimens which from 
their varied structure and habits admit of being classified into families, 
each distinct and usually easily recognizable to the practiced eye of the 
Entomologist. A large portion of this innumerable host is appointed to 
prey upon and devour the other portions, and thus it appears to me that 
apart from any consideration of insectivorous birds, that the insect world 
would and does to a large extent take care of itself, and when an injurious 
species increases beyond its normal limits, its natural insect enemies hav- 
ing an unusual amount of material to work on, soon become sufficiently 
numerous to reduce the number of the injurious insect to its normal pro- 
portions again. As an illustration take the now common cabbage butter- 
fly, Pier?s rape. ‘This insect was in some way brought from Europe to 
Quebec a few years ago. From Quebec it has since spread over an 
immense area extending now from Alabama to the waters of Lake 
Superior, eastward to the Atlantic, and westward many hundreds of miles, 
and over all this district it has done immense damage to the cabbage 
crop. ‘Throughout this area insectivorous birds of all sorts prevail ; the 
butterfly is conspicuous, not very strong in flight, and during the day 
almost constantly on the wing; the larva feeds in exposed situations, is 
of that smooth character which birds are said to prefer, and although 
similar in color to its food plant, is not difficult to detect. Here, then, is 


an instance where a comparatively feeble insect, particularly vulnerable - 


to attack, has rapidly spread over a large portion of this continent with 
little or no opposition trom insectivorous birds. Indeed I have never yet 
found or known to be found a single example either of the butterfly or 


EE 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


its larva in the stomach of any bird. __In its native home in Europe it is 
seldom so very destructive as here, for the reason that a small four-winged 
fly, Preromalus puparum, an insignificant looking little creature, is a para- 
site on the larva of this butterfly, and hunts its victims with the greatest 
assiduity ; alighting on their backs and thrusting its slender ovipositor 
through the skin of the larva, it deposits a number of eggs there, which 
hatch into tiny grubs, and these feed upon and eventually destroy the 
caterpillar. By the constant efforts of this little parasite the cabbage 
butterfly is prevented in Europe from becoming a very serious pest. 
Fortunately this little friend has also been introduced here from Europe, 
although in what manner is not known, and is rapidly spreading, following 
in the wake of its prey, and where the parasite has fairly established itself 
this butterfly, with its numerous progeny of green caterpillars, soon 
dwindles in numbers so materially as shortly to cease to be so grievous an 
evil. The butterfly spreads faster than its enemy and is usually several 
years in advance of it, but we may confidently anticipate that sooner or 
later this small fly will do for us what it has done for Europe—keep this 
troublesome insect within due limits. Many other similar examples might 
be given. 

Further, the help of friendly parasitic insects is so much more efficient 
because it is in most instances discriminating. As far as is known, the 
little parasite referred to attacks only the larva of the cabbage butterfly, 
and in like manner many other parasitic species are restricted in their 
operations to a single species, while in other instances they are confined 
to a genus or a group of similar species. This is not so with insectivorous 
birds ; they in most instances devour alike the useful and the injurious 
species, and the question may well be raised in many instances whether 
the good they do is not more than counterbalanced by the number of 
useful insects they devour. Recent observations on the family of thrushes 
by Mr. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois, seem to show that their insect food con- 
sists largely of beetles belonging to the Carabide, a family every member 
of which is useful, since they feed both in the larval and beetle states 
exclusively on other insects. 

The field here open is a wide and inviting one, on which I trust some 
of you will enter. I have but touched upon it; as the results of more 
extended observations are recorded the opinions here expressed may need 
modifying. I desire to do justice to the birds. 

During the month of August last it was my privilege to visit the Great 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


Manitoulin Island, also Sault Ste. Marie and the district adjoining. 
Although prevented by an accident from indulging in free locomotion, still 
I saw much that interested me. On Manitoulin Island I found many of 
the species of butterflies common in the more southern portions of 
Ontario ; a few moths were also captured. On the shore of Elizabeth 
Bay, near the western extremity of the island, a full-grown larva of 
Aittacus luna was picked up, and on enquiry I learned that earlier in the 
season that beautiful moth was quite common in that neighborhood. 

In the department of Economic Entomology some items of interest 
were gleaned. The pea crop throughout this district is an important one, 
and I made a diligent search in many fields for indications of the presence 
of the pea bug, Bruehus pis’, but could find no traces of it. Satisfactory 
evidence was furnished me in at least two instances of the sowing of seed 
brought into the island which was badly infested by this weevil, yet I was 
assured that neither during the season following nor in subsequent seasons 
did the crop suffer from this pest. The pea crops growing in these par- 
ticular localities were also examined by me. Hence it would appear that 
the climatic or other conditions prevailing in this district are so unfavor- 
able to this destructive pest that it is unable to survive. Should this 
exemption prove permanent, the cultivation of the pea there will doubt- 
less be rapidly extended, as there will be a large demand at good prices 
for seed peas from this section, since so many portions of the Province 
are now so overrun with the pea bug that it is difficult to get seed fit for 
sowing; and, for the same reason such seed peas will be readily purchased 
for planting in the Western States. 

For many years the district extending from Goderich to Collingwood 
has, in consequence of its exemption from curculio, been extremely favor- 
able for plum culture, and here immense quantities have been grown and 
shipped to other parts of Canada and the United States, Goderich being 
for many years an important centre for the production and shipment of 
this fine fruit ; but within a brief period this foe has invaded Goderich in 
such force that to grow plums successfully there warfare must now be 
maintained against this pest similar to that practised in the more southern 
sections of the Province. ‘This enemy has now advanced as far as South- 
ampton, and before many years we may reasonably expect that the favored 
district at present exempt from Owen Sound to Collingwood will be 
similarly invaded. Thinking that the Manitoulin Island, from its insulated 
position, might possibly offer in the future a fine field for this department 


. 
: 


THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


of fruit industry, I examined carefully whenever opportunity offered for 
evidence of the presence of this insect. In the neighborhood of Mani- 
towanning I found two trees of Lombard, a blue plum the name of which 
I could not ascertain, and two wild plums, all fruiting, but could find no 
traces of the work of the curculio ; but on a farm in about the centre of 
the island, three miles from Gore Bay, I found on a wild plum tree which 
was fruiting in a farmer’s garden a number of stung plums, and on open- 
ing one of them found the larva of the plum curculio nearly full grown. 
Since wild plums are found in many parts of the island, it is probable that 
the curculio will be found in other districts there. I saw several wild 
plum trees at the Sault Ste. Marie, but had no opportunity of examining 
the fruit satisfactorily ; from what I saw I was led to believe that there 
was no curculio in that region. The cultivation of fruit both at the 
Manitoulin Island and at the Sault is so entirely in its infancy that it is 
difficult to form any decided opinion as to the probable future of this 
department of industry in those districts. 

In many sections forest fires have destroyed a considerable proportion 
of the original woods, leaving many of the larger trees standing scorched 
and dead. From these much marketable lumber could be got were it not 
for the destructive work of the wood-boring beetles; these troublesonte 
creatures have bored through the trees in every direction, and thus made 
the timber obtainable from them worthless for market, and useful only in 
the construction of barns, sheds, etc., on the property of the owners. 
Both of the large species of long-horned beetles, Monohammus confusor 
and scutellatus, appear to be abundant, the latter I think most common ; 
some of the small wood-boring beetles belonging to the family Scolytide 
are also very numerous. : 

The cabbage butterfly, Prer’s rape, has within the last two or three 
years spread over the whole of the area I visited, and is playing sad havoc 
with the cabbage crop. In Manitoulin Island I found a specimen or two 


- of the Colorado potato beetle, and made further search among growing 


potatoes, but could find no more. I was informed that this beetle had 
been seen occasionally for several years past, but that it had not made any 
headway in any part of the island. Another insect was found attacking 
the potato vines, although not injuring them very much. I refer to a 
species of blistering beetle, Zpicauta pensylvanica ? called here the black 
bug. In some potato patches it was quite abundant, and the leaves were 
partially devoured, but nowhere did I see them in sufficient numbers to 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


materially injure the crop. Since the larva of this insect is found only in 
the nests of bees, wasps, etc., where it feeds on the young of these nest- 
making insects, and consumes the potato vine only while in the perfect or 
beetle state, no serious injury is likely to result from its presence. Its 
larval habits are such that if abundant one year, it is almost sure to be 
correspondingly scarce the following season. 

In the garden of Mr. J. C. Phipps, the Indian Agent of the Govern- 
ment at Manitowanning, I was surprised to find that the oyster-shell bark 
louse, which injures apple trees, was not only abundant on the apple 
trees, but the stems of both black and red currant bushes were also 
thickly clad with them to such an extent as to have killed a number of 
them. I had never before seen this destructive insect attack the currant, 
but it has been occasionally observed on currant bushes in the United 
States. 

For several years past I have had occasion to refer to the depredations 
of the forest tent caterpillar, Cl/stocampa sylvatica, which has devastated 
our gardens, orchards and forests ; it has now happily almost disappeared, 
aresult brought about, I have no doubt, mainly through the agency of 
parasitic flies, several species of which have been preying on them exten- 
sively. In some sections of the Province the rose-bug, acrodactylus 
subspinosus, has been abundant and injurious. In East Flamboro’ I am 
informed that they were very destructive to the sweet cherries, devouring 
the fruit, and that they also injured the grape crop by eating the bunches 
shortly after blossoming. Some grape growers have also suffered con- 
siderably from the attacks of the grape vine flea-beetle, which devours the 
buds just as they are swelling in the spring. 

At the late meeting of the Entomological Club of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science, in Boston, our Society was 
represented by Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, and the Rev. C. J. S. 
Bethune, whose able report of the important proceedings of the Club 
will be read with interest. It is gratifying to learn that the good work 
done by the Club has given it such a standing that the Association has 
seen fit to establish it as a permanent Sub-section, and the more important 
papers read will in future be published in the yearly volume of Pro- 
ceedings. 

During the year the New York State Legislature has appointed J. A. 
Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., as State Entomologist. New York was the 
first State in the Union to look after the interests of agriculture in this 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 


direction and appoint an officer for the special purpose of reporting on 
noxious insects. ‘The many reports of the late Dr. Fitch, extending over 
a lengthened period, are well known and much valued ; his successor, 
Mr. Lintner, is a man peculiarly fitted for the position—a most patient 
and accurate observer, a skilled Entomologist with an experience in this 
department of some thirty years, he brings to the task all the necessary 
qualifications. Seldom has there been an appointment so judiciously 
made, and I feel sure that great good will result from it. 

Since I last addressed you a special Commission has been appointed 
by the Ontario Government to inquire into the agricultural resources of 
the country, and the progress and condition of agriculture therein, and 
recognizing the important and intimate connection of Entomology with 
agriculture, the Government has seen fit to appoint your presiding officer 
as one of the Commissioners. In performing the duties devolving upon 
me in this position I shall endeavor to give to Entomological matters 
bearing on agriculture that prominence which their importance demands. 

Wm. SAUNDERS. 


THE HESSIAN FLY NOT IMPORTED FROM EUROPE. 
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 


The official publication of Bulletin 4, ‘‘ The Hessian Fly,” by Dr. A. 
S. Packard, for the N. A. Entom. Commission, has induced me to study 
again the question of the importation of this insect by Hessian troops at 
an early period of the war. ‘lhe excellent memoir by Dr. A. Fitch was 
believed to have settled this question in a final manner ; therefore his 
opinion was accepted by all subsequent American writers. 

The best German monograph on the Hessian Fly was written and 
published twenty years ago, in Hesse, by Dr. B. Wagner. He acknow- 
ledges fully the merits of Dr. A. Fitch’s monograph, but he objects to 
the historical part and the conclusions based upon it. As Dr. Wagner's work 
seemed to have settled the question so thoroughly that for twenty years no 
scientist in Europe has believed in the Hessian importation, I was rather 
astonished to find in the Bulietin a reprint of the old story, without the 
slightest acknowledgment of their refutation by Dr. Wagner. : 


198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I have tried myself to compare as much as possible the different pub- 
lications quoted by Dr. A. Fitch, and arrived at these conclusions : 

t. ‘That it is impossible that the fly could have been imported by the 
Hessian troops. 

2. ‘That it is very probable that the fly was here before the war. 

3. That the fly was not known to exist in Germany before 1857. 

It has been entirely overlooked that Dr. A. Fitch states himself that 
he has been unable to fill an important destderatum, to make his proofs 
conclusive ones. He says: “We have searched in vain for the date of 
the embarkation of the troops or the number of days occupied by them 
in crossing the sea.” There were indeed long before published those 
data, but in two works which even to-day are not to be found in any 
library here.* Both these works and the official manuscript report are 
used by Dr. Wagner. But there exist newer publications, all easily 
accessible here, but strangely enough, appear never to have been con- 
sulted. t 


I. Ft is impossible that the fly could have been imported by the Hes- 
sian troops. 

Dr. A. Fitch arrived, after his study of the habits of the fly, to the 
conclusion ‘that there is but one mode and but one month in the year in 
which this insect could probably have been conveyed to this country at 
that time, to wit, in straw landed upon our coast in August.” (p. 29 ) 

Everybody will agree that Dr. Fitch’s reasoning is acute and to the 
point. As his monograph is known by every student, it is not necessary 
to repeat in full his conclusions (p 8-9). But he has forgotten in his 
calculations that the pupa state of the fly has in the summer only the 
duration of two months or less, and that every ship for a voyage from 
Europe, required on an average nearly four months; and that straw 


The Biography of the General von Ochs, by L. von Hohenhausen, Cassel, 1827, 
and F. Pfister die Fahrt der ersten hessischen Ileeres abtheilung ven Portsmouth nach 
N. York: Zeitschr. der Vereins fuer hessische geschichte und Landeskunde, Tom. ii., 
Cassel, 1840. 

+ Max von Eelking: Die deutschen Huelfstruppcn im Nordamerikanischen Befreiun- 
gekrisge, 1776-1783, Hannover, 1863, 2 vol. 

By the same author : The biography of General Riedesel, Leipzig, 1856, 3 vol. 

Friedrich Kapp: Der Soldatenhandel deutscher Fuersten nach Amerika, Berlin, 
1864. 

Bancroft’s History, vol. viii., ix. 


——_ —_- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 


infested with these pupz, to be conveyed at this time, must have been 
taken anterior to the harvest. Dr. Fitch tries to explain this in a queer 
way: ‘Hada company of soldiers needed ‘straw for package, no objec- 
tions would have been made to their going in a field (infested by the fly) 
and with a scythe gathering what they required weeks before the usual 
time of the harvest.” Dr, Wagner is rather mortified by this funny con- 
ception of the military discipline of the Hessian troops. But the sup- 
position is more untenable as the sending of the troops was rather 
unpopular ; their passage was objected to by several parties, and they had 
to make long and various circuits, and to conduct themselves in a very 
cautious manner. Further, the minute official reports would have preserved 
details of such entirely unusual events. ‘The first division of the Hessian 
troops was ready to depart in the middle of February, 1776. The troops 
were ordered to march from Cassel through Hanover to Bremen. As the 
British transport ships had not yet arrived at Bremenhaven, the troops 
returned to Hesse, and started again February 29th. In passing Bremen 
March roth, every regiment had. to be transported on seventy wagons, 
because the whole country was inundated by the Rivers Weser and 
Wumme. The small number of wagons shows that the baggage could 
not have been very large. The troops arrived March 21st to 22nd, 
at Bremenhaven, and were embarked from March 23rd to April 15th, 
as the transport ships arrived only slowly. The fleet started April 
17th, arrived in Spithead April 28th, left May 6th, and arrived August 
17th at Sandy Hook. Some ships (after Dr. Wagner’s statement) seem 
to have reached Halifax July 7th, and Utrecht, off Long Island, August 
t2th. Several transport ships left Bremenhaven April 21st, and Ports- 
mouth May r2th, but arrived at the same time with the others at Sandy 
Hook. 

The accommodations for the troops on the ships were all furnished by 
England. ‘The bedding,” says Bancroft, “ was infamous scanty ; their 
pillows 7 by 5 inches, small matrasses and woollen blankets, hardly 
together weighing seven pounds.” Every six men slept together, in a 
partition 5 feet long and 6 feet broad. When the men were tired lying 
on one side, they had all to turn at the same time to the other side. Now 
if it had been possible that the bedding contained infested straw, every- 
body will agree that its use for three months and a half by soldiers placed 
so uncomfortably is more than the most persistent Hessian fly would be 
able to stand. The idea that camp straw had been conveyed by the 


WANE) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


transport ships is of course impossible, when all necessary accommoda- 
tions had been more than shortened. 

The division was ordered, August 19th, from Staten Island to Long 
Island, and arrived August 22nd at Flatbush. The official records state 
that only the tents and the baggage were transported on very small and 
odd-looking wagons, each with only two small horses. Here again the 
supposition that camp straw had been transported is entirely improbable, 
the more as it is stated that ‘the troops found Long Island well provided 
with everything, even to a certain degree of comfort and luxury.” 

These troops left Hesse in February, and Spithead in May, also long 
before straw could have been made, and couid not have imported the fly. 
These are the very troops Dr. Asa Fitch speaks of with confidence as im- 
porters of the Hessian fly. 

The second division of the Hessian troops left Cassel in May, 1776, 
Bremenhaven June 3rd, arrived at Spithead June 2oth, sailed together 
with the Waldek troops July zoth, and arrived October 21st at New 
Rochelle, Long Island. ‘The date of their arrival alone proves that the 
importation of the fly by them was impossible. 

All other German troops dispatched in 1776 were landed in Quebec. 
The Braunschweig troops left February 22nd, arrived at Stade March 5th 
and at Portsmouth March zoth. ‘The Hanau troops left March 15th, and 
were embarked March 26th at Nimwegen. Both troops together sailed 
from Portsmouth April 7th, and arrived June rst at Quebec. Of course 
its importation by these troops is out of the question. 

During the year 1777 the following German troops were sent to 
America: From Hessen Cassel, which left March 2nd, were shipped on 
the Fulda May 18th, embarked May 25th at Bremenhaven, and arrived 
September 27th at Sandy Hook. From Hessen Hanau, which started 
March 7th and 31st for Dordrecht ; from Braunschweig, which arrived 
March 12th at Stade ; from Anspach Bayreuth, which left February 29th, 
and were embarked March 30th at Dordrecht. All left Portsmouth 
together April 7th, and landed June 3rd at Staten Island, and were 
ordered June rith to Amboy, N. J. Comparing the dates of their 
arrival, an importation of the fly by those troops is impossible. 

The data for the following years are without importance, as the fly 
appeared in fall of 1778 in New York. But it may be stated that during 
1778 the troops from Hessen and Bayreuth arrived, Sept. 25th, also too 
late to import the fly. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 201 


All troops from 1779 to 1782 landed in Quebec or in Halifax. Only 
in £780 troops embarked August 15th, arrived October 17th in New York. 

I think in comparing all these data, everybody will agree that the fly 
could not have been imported by those troops. There has doubtless 
been too much patriotic impulse and indignation prevailing in accepting 
without any real criticism these old traditions. Patriotic motives are the 
worst guides in scientific questions. 


Il. It is very probable that the fly was here before the war. 


I regret that I am not acquainted with the older American literature, 
and I have no means to get at it. Therefore I know only one statement, 
quoted by Dr. A. Fitch, which seems to Dr. Wagner and myself to prove 
that the Hessian fly had existed here before the arrival of the Hessian 
troops. ‘The statement (I have seen the original communication) says : 
“A respectable and observing farmer of this town (Renselaer, N. Y.), 
Colonel James Brookins, has informed me that on his first hearing of the 
alarm on Long Island in the year 1786 (Fitch says doubtless 1776 is 
intended), and many years defove its ravages were complained of in this 
part of the country, he detected the same insect upon examining the” 
wheat growing in his town. These facts prove pretty satisfactorily that 
the Hessian fly or wheat insect is indigenous in this country.” 


Dr. Fitch rejects the testimony with some sarcastic phrases, and 
adds : “ The strong probability is that it was some other insect which was 
found by Col. Brookins.” I don’t see how such testimony can be rejected. 
There is no need to doubt that a respectable and observing farmer would 
recognize the devastations done by the Hessian fly. Every one, even 
the most unobserving man, having seen once such a devastated field, will 
recognize and remember the fact. Moreover, there has not existed, nor 
does there exist now in the U. S., according to Dr. Fitch’s own writings, 
an insect which produces similar ravages. 

Dr. Fitch makes similar objections to the statement of Mr. Mitchell 
that the fly had appeared on Long Island in 1776, before the ariival of the 
troops. He says the devastations were conspicuous and liable to attract 
attention, and leaves us in the dark when Col. Morgan states that in 1778 
the fly made its first appearance, and directly after that Mr. Clark states 
that the fly made its first appearance in 1779, so that at least one of them 
must have been mistaken, 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LTl. The fly was not known to exist in Germany before 1857. 

The fly must have existed in Europe and in Germany before it could 
have been imported with the troops. Dr. Fitch tries to settle this most 
important question by the following statements : 

Mr. Duhamel, in Monceau (I have compared the original), says that 
a number of white worms have been found on the wheat near Geneva, 
in 1755, which after a time turn to a chestnut color ; they place themselves 
betwixt the leaves and gnaw the stalk; they are commonly found betwixt 
the first joint and the root; these animals appeared about the mddle of 
May.” 

It is rather strange that just this passage has been quoted and always 
reprinted. Mr. Duhamel says plainly, ‘‘ the larva gnaws the stalk.” Now 
Dr. A. Fitch says (p. 33), ‘‘the larva of the Hessian fly lives upon the 
sap ; ¢¢ does not gnaw the stalk.’ And Dr. Packard says (p. 15), “their 
soft and fleshy undeveloped mouth parts do not enable them to gnaw the 
surface of the plant.” 


c. 


The fact that the stalk was gnawed shows evidently that the insect was 
not the Hessian fly, but a species of Osccnzs ; the larvee of some species of 
which would gnaw the stalk—-or perhaps Ofomyzsa florum. The pupa 
of those species is also brown and appears above the root between the 
leaves and the stalk, and the imago appears just as Duhamel states, in 
the middle of May, one month later than the Hessian fly. Prof. J. Kuehne 
remarks that the effects produced upon the plants by Ofomyza are similar 
to those of the Hessian fly. 

Therefore the quotation of Duhamel is entirely out of place, and 
this is, by the way, ¢#e only one by which the existence of the fly in Europe 
before the war has been corroborated. I have gone through the literature 
from 1770 to 1804, without finding any statement of similar devastations 
of wheat, for Germany, for France and for Spain. There exist a number 
of books where such a calamity in France would have been noted if it 
had existed. 

I have not been able to consult the long and detailed report of Sir 
Joseph Banks to the British Government. An extract given by Kirby and 
Spence shows that the fly did not exist in England in 1788, and that 
no where on the continent its existence or similar devastations were known. 

In 1834, Prof. Kollar, of Vienna, in his treatise on injurious insects, 
published an account on some devastations done by the Hessian fly—he 
has first in Europe used this name for a European species—in Altenburg, 


—————— ee CC 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 


Hungary, and in Weikendorff, 17 miles from Pressburg, an estate belong- 
ing to the Prince of Sachsen-Coburg. Dr. A. Fitch quotes both as 
“Saxe Altenburg and Saxe Coburg, about a hundred miles distant from 
Hesse Cassel.” “It is a strange geographical mistake,” says Dr. Th. W. 
Harris (Corresp. p. 189), “to transport those localities to Saxe, whereof 
Altenburg is 400 miles distant, and Weikendorff near the border of Hun- 
gary, about 375 miles distant.” Nevertheless Dr. Packard reprints again 
the strange mistake made by Dr. A. Fitch, as ¢he only proof for the existence 
of the insect in a district not far distant from Cassel. 

The careful study of Prof. Kollar’s report makes it very doubtful if 
his insect is the Hessian fly. He describes the larva as pale green with a 
small black dot above, which does not at all agree with the Hessian fly, 
but very well with the larva of a Chlorops. He states having reared du 
one fiy, but he describes doth sexes. His description is simply a translation 
of those of Th. Say, and not a correct one, as he translates several times 
fulvous for golden. 

I have never seen the dissertation on the same calamity by Dr. Ham- 
merschmidt, Vienna. It is printed in a small number for private circula- 
tion. Prof. J. C. Westwood having received specimens of the pupa in the 
straw, doubts if .it is the Hessian fly. Perhaps the strictures on his report 
by Dr. A. Fitch (p. 8) are correct, as they have never been refuted by 
Prof. Westwood. But it is to be remarked that C. destructor is not the 
only species of the genus having a coarctate pupa. Dr. Fitch (p. 40) 
has detected one on Agrostis /aterifiora, and Mr. Winnertz states the same 
for C. graminicola from Europe. 

All European works on the Hessian fly, published after 1857, agree 
that it was then an entirely new pest, never seen before and unknown to 
all prominent Dipterologists—Wiedemann, Meigen, Zetterstedt, Loew, 
Bremi, all‘ monographers of this genus, and Schiner. The species was 
represented in no collection, and apparently not in the Vienna Museum, 
as Mr. Schiner, 1864, quotes as localities for Europe only those given by 
Mr. Dana. Nevertheless I am obliged to state that 30 years later, after 
Mr, Haberlandt, the Hessian fly, C. seca/ina, has been observed in the same 
parts of Hungary. 

The only sure statement of the existence of the Hessian fly in Europe 
is its discovery by Mr. J. Dana in 1834, at Mahon, Toulon and Naples. 
The identity of this insect with the American species is to be accepted on 
Th. W. Harris’s authority. There was never a better authority, and 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


scarcely one who has better known the insect. He has given his convic- 
tion of their identity in the most unequivocal terms. The statement that 
the insect had been in Minorca from time immemorial, and often done 
great damage both there and in Spain, is very interesting, but not to be 
accepted as certain before having been corroborated by reliable reports. 
I am not able to compare the old Spanish literature, but I think it 
should be done. 

The existence of the fly in Asia Minor, near the shore, is probable from 
the discovery made by Prof. Loew of the larva and pupa on the straw in 
1842, and later recognized by him as identical with his C_ secadlina. 

Mr. V. von Motschulsky describes in 1852 a fly very obnoxious to the 
wheat in the governments of Saraton and Simbirek, in Rusland, as C. 
funesta, together with its parasites. I may add that von Motschulsky, after 
his return from America, and having received typical specimens of the 
Hessian fly and its parasites from Dr. A. Fitch, has assured me that C. 
JSunesta and C. destructor are the same species. This is also accepted in 
von Osten-Sacken’s catalogue. Mr. Koeppen, in his excellent work just 
published *‘ On Injurious Insects in Rusland,” states that since that time 
nothing has been known about the fly in those parts of Rusland. ‘‘ Before 
1879,” says Koeppen, “we had no reliable report about the existence of 
the Hessian fly in Rusland, which was discovered in Poltowa and Sula by 
Mr. Lindemann in the summer of 1879, together with its parasites.” 

In 1857 and 1858 the rye was extensively damaged in Silesia, Posen 
and Prussia. Prof. Loew, at the time the leading Dipterologist studied the 
insect, and declared it to be very similar to the Hessian fly, but probably 
a new species named by him C. seca/ina. He had never seen the Ameri- 
can species, and had to rely on Dr. A. Fitch’s description, which did not 
fully agree with C. seca/ina. In 1859 the same insect was very obnoxious 
to the rye in Eastern Prussia, and was studied by myself. In 1860 
it had advanced westward to Augusburg, where it was studied by Prof. 
Rosenhauer, and to Fulda, Hesse. Everywhere it was considered to be 
an entirely new pest, never seen or observed before. In Hesse the fly 
was studied by Dr. B. Wagner, and his monograph is perhaps the most 
satisfactory existing in Germany, though it seems to be entirely unknown 
here. The fly destroyed in Hesse wheat, rye and barley. I am not able 
to say whether the insect did advance farther west. In the following years 
the calamity subsided, and was soon nearly forgotten. Extensive destruc- 
tions in Hungary in 1864 are reported by Mr. Haberlandt and Kuenstler, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


and in 1879 in Rusland. I'find no statements of injury done by the fly 
in Germany after 1860, and the reports for Bohemia for.1872 and 1879 
state directly that the fly was not observed.. Dr. Schiner, in Vienna, had 
till 1864 seen no specimen ; the best proof that it had not been obnoxious 
in Austria. 

Dr. Wagner was the first to acknowledge the identity of C. secalina 
and the Hessian fly. In observing the manner of life and the time of 
swarming of the fly in Hesse, and’ comparing both with the time of the 
departure and the arrival of the Hessian troops, Dr. Wagner comes to 
the conclusion that the importation of the fly by those troops is strictly 
impossible. 

If we consider the positive evidence of the existence of the Hessian fly 
in Europe, we find that between 1830 and 1840 it occurred in four 
localities on the northern shore of the Mediterranean. It appeared in 1850 
more to the north in southern Rusland, and advanced strictly westward 
through Germany till 1860 as a very obnoxious pest. After all I think 
it would be hardly more difficult to accept and to prove that the fly was 
introduced by the energetic trade with the Mediterranean from America, 
and became obnoxious only after acclimatisation, as to accept the intro- 
duction into America from Europe. It is difficult to suppose that the 
fly had been overlooked by such a number of prominent Entomologists 
as those named. Dr. Wagner accepts as a’ fact that the fly was imported 
from Asia to Europe and from Europe to America. The same supposi- 
tjon was made long ago by T. W. Harris, because the fly is connected 
with the cereal grasses, and therefore their original home was presumed to 
be the same with those plants. Against this conclusion I have to make 
two objections. First, the fatherland of these plants is unknown. That 
they live still wild in Persia, as Dr. Wagner supposes, is not proved at all. 
Buffon also remarks that our cereals are not known to grow wild 
anywhere, and later statements have always been proved to be unfounded. 
The fly is not found till now in the Orient. Second, 7 zs not true 
that such an obnoxious insect is strictly limited to some few species of 
plants. The potato bug has given abundant evidence that an insect 
not obnoxious before may become so by finding a related plant better 
suited to its taste. Dr. A. Fitch (Rep. IL, p. 297) well says, in speaking 
of some wheat and barley flies, ‘‘As these flies appear to be native species, 
it is probable that before wheat was cultivated upon this continent they 
sustained themselves upon some of our wild grasses. Their numbers 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


must therefore have been very limited at that period. But when wheat 
was introduced and became extensively cultivated, it gave them such an 
ample supply of most palatable nourishment that they have gradually in- 
creased, and are now excessively numerous, laying every wheat field under 
contribution for their support.” Is it not obvious that the same course 
may have happened with the Hessian fly ? The more so since just at the 
time of its appearance in Long Island and the adjoining country, the cul- 
ture of wheat was prominently advanced. Since we know that at the 
utmost during six weeks in the year only is the importation of the fly pos- 
sible, such an importation to America before the discovery of steamships 
is almost inconceivable. Even if purposely undertaken with all care such 
an importation would almost surely have been a failure. 

Dr. Wagner has felt the strength of those arguments, and supposes 
that importation had been possible only from the nearest coast of 
France. He believes that the lesser distance, as well as the frequent 
trade with France, makes it more probable. But why not accept that the 
fly was indigenous here as well as in the old world? There are Diptera 
identical with European species, which nobody would think to have been 
imported. I may mention the common 7Z7ichocera regelationis, which belongs 
to arelated group. ‘The species is common here, and was observed by 
me 13 years ago. But last winter I had specimens sent me from Maine, 
stating that this insect had never been seen there before, and had been 
extremely troublesome. I know well that many animals—higher and lower 
ones—-have been imported, because the facts are well recorded ; I believe 
that a number of others have also been imported, for which the facts are 
not recorded. But I see no reason to go farther, and am prepared to 
accept that the same species in both countries may have been developed 
under similar conditions. I consider, therefore, the Hessian fly to be an 
indigenous American insect, and not imported by Hessian troops. 

A few words more concerning the periods of unusual abundance of the 
fly. I was very much interested in the study of the table given by Dr. 
Packard, but I arrived at the conclusion that the table is not sufficient, 
and indeed is considered by Dr. Packard himself as very imperfect. 
Concerning N, England Dr. A. Fitch’s statement has been overlooked, 
Regs. vill, p. 203, that the fly was very injurious in Bercks Co., Mass., 
in 1779. 

The year 1823 for Maine, and 1857 for Ohio, are not marked at all 
in the table, and both the records state that the farmers had ventilated 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 


earnestly the question to give up entirely the cultivation of wheat. The 
only conclusion to be made by the table would be that with an intermis- 
sion of 30 to 4o years, a period of superabundance follows. Perhaps a 
careful study of the old records from 1748 to 1750 would give some evi- 
dence, if the fly has ever been obnoxious here before the war. It isa 
curious fact that such an intermission of the appearance of the Hessian fly 
has occurred just in that quarter of the century, during which the most 
ardent collector and student of the N. American Diptera—I may say the 
founder of the American Dipterology—was here. In fact, Baron Von Osten 
Sacken has never met here with this Hessian fly, which is not represented 
in his collection nor in Prof. Loew’s, both now in the Museum in Cambridge. 


Nore.—As the paper was going through the press, I received two 
pairs of C. destructor from Prof. J. A. Cook, the first American specimens 
which have come to my hands. In comparing these with two pairs of 
C. secalina from Prussia and Hesse, I was astonished to find the American 
insects twice as large as the European ones, and almost entirely black. I 
think they look so different that the identity is perhaps not sure. But a 
larger series from both countries and a more detailed knowledge of Dip- 
tera than are at my command, would be needed to decide the question. 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF EUPELMUS, WITH REMARKS UPON 
E. (ANTIGASTER) MIRABILIS, WALSH. 


BY L. 0. HOWARD, WASHINGTON. 


“=. 


mm. Average wing expanse 4.6 mm. Head slightly wider than thorax, 
which is of equal width with abdomen. Antenne sub-clavate, as long as 
thorax. Collar rather long, much narrowed in front and concave above. 
Anterior half of mesothoracic scutum convex; a broad, longitudinal 
depression posteriorly, the anterior corners of which are extended on in 
the parapsidal furrows. Scutellum small, much narrowed in front. Abdo- 
men somewhat concave above, keeled below. Middle tibial spine stout, 
but not quite so long as first tarsal joint, which is much widened and has 
a double row of serrations on its inner edge ; second tarsal joint also 


EUPELMUS REDUVII n, sp.—/ema/le.—Average length of body 2.4 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


widened and doubly serrate, but not nearly so much so as the first. Head 
densely punctured. Scutum apparently smooth, in reality very slightly 
punctured, Scutellum more coarsely punctured than the head. Abdo- 
men smooth. Color: Head dark metallic green; eyes dark brown ; 
antennal scape light yellow brown, flagellum black with extremely short 
whitish pile ; scutum dull metallic green, appearing coppery brown in 
most lights ; scutellum brilliant light metallic green ; sides of the meso- 
pectus yellowish ; front legs yellowish brown, darker along the upper side, 
tarsal claw dark brown ; middle legs the same, spine light yellow-brown, 
serrated edge of first two tarsal joints nearly black ; hind legs all dark 
brown, lighter underneath. Front wing with a quite well-defined, dusky, 
transverse band, at the point where the sub-costal vein reaches the costa, 
and with another transverse band at the point where the stigma is given 
off, with its proximal border convex and well-defined, and its distal border 
shading gradually to a hyaline wing tip. Sub-costal vein reaches costa at 
one-third the wing length, and the stigma is given off at two-thirds. 


Male.— Average length 1.5 mm. Average wing expanse 3mm. Head 
of same width as thorax and much wider than abdomen. Antenne rather 
slender, sub-cylindrical, attenuated at tips, somewhat hairy, as long as 
thorax. Collar normal. Parapsides of scutum distinctly separated. 
Scutellum so narrowed in front as to be pointed. Middle tibial spur 
nearly as long as first tarsal joint. Sub-costal vein reaches costa at two- 
fifths the wing length and gives off stigma at three-fifths. Head with 
delicate transversely elongate punctures. ‘Thorax with a delicate hexagonal 
sculpture and sparsely scattered pits, from each of which arises a short 
hair. Abdomen smooth. Color: Eves and antennz dark brown ; head, 
prothorax and mesothoracic scutum dark métallic green ; the rest of the 


thorax coppery brown; abdomen dark brown, nearly black, front legs | 


uniform light yellow, except tarsal claw, which is brown ; middle femora 
yellowish with a brown stripe along upper edge, tibize yellow with a brown 
annulation at distal end, spine yellow, first and second tarsal joints yel- 
low, all others brown ; hind femora brown, proximal half of tibiz yellow, 
the remainder dark brown ; all cox yellow ; wings clear. subcostal nerve 
and stigma light brown. 


Described from 3 7's, 4 2’s, reared from the eggs of Reduvius 
nNovenarius. 


a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 


EupELMUS FLORIDANUS n. sp.—JZa/e.—Length of body 2.1 mm. 
Wing expanse 3.1 mm. Body rather slender. Head large, slightly wider 
than thorax. Thorax and abdomen long and narrow ; abdomen tapering 
from fifth segment to base. Antenne thick, cylindrical, somewhat shorter 
than thorax. Collar short. Scutum large and prominent ; parapsidal 
furrows obliterated. Face finely impressed with transversely elongate 
punctures ; top of head rather coarsely punctured ; thorax as with 2 &. 
reduvit; abdomen smooth. Color: Head and thorax metallic green, 
appearing golden or coppery in different lights ; eyes reddish brown ; 
antennz and abdomen dark brown, nearly black ; front femora very light 
yellow, tibize light yellow with a brown patch above, tarsi fuscous, the last 
joint darker than the others ; middle femora light yellow with a slight 
fuscous patch above, tibize dark brown, yellow at either end, tibial spine 
whitish, first three tarsal joints whitish, last two dark brown ; posterior 
femora light yellow with a very broad dark brown annulation in the centre, 
femero-tibial joint brown, tibiz dark brown with a light yellow distal end, 
tarsi whitish except last two joints, which are dark brown ; all coxe yel- 
low, stigma and subcostal vein light brown. 


Described from one { specimen bred from an unknown Tineid larva 
on orange, taken at Jacksonyille, Fla., by Prof. Comstock. 


EupELMUS (ANTIGASTER) MIRABILIS, Walsh.—The rearing of a number 
of specimens of this interesting Chalcid from eggs of MMzcrocentrum 
retinervis collected by Prof. Comstock at Jacksonville, Fla., has given me 
an opportunity to verify a suspicion which I have for some time enter- 
tained, namely, that there were no grounds for the founding of the genus 
Antigaster. A comparison of the specimens with Walsh’s description 
shows the latter to be an excellent one ; but there is not a single struc- 
tural character mentioned by him as belonging to this “ anomalous” genus, 
but what belongs equally well to the old genus Zupe/mus Dalm. As to 
the habit of elevating its abdomen which Walsh considered so_particu- 
larly anomalous, it is such a well-known thing to European writers that its 
seeming absence in #. Geer7 caused Ratzburg a momentary doubt as to 
this species being a Zufelmus (see Ichn. d. Forstins, ili., p. 199). In the 
allied genus Ausandalum Ratz., and possibly in other Eupelmide genera, 
the same thing is seen, but in a slighter degree. Prof. Riley seems to 
have suspected this when he says: (6th Mo. Rep., p. 162) ‘‘No other 
species is so curiously constructed for rolling backward into a perfect 


210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


ball, unless it be some belonging to the very closely allied genus 
Eupelmus.” 

I happened to observe the process of copulation with 2. m7rabilis, which 
took place in the following way : The males issued a day or two before the 
females. The first morning that a female made her appearance I hap- 
pened to be watching the breeding jar. Presently one of the males ran 
up to her and began stroking her antenna, the antennae of the male 
opening and shutting laterally, while those of the female made the usual 
up and down motion. After this had continued for some minutes, the 
male ran around her and took an erect position at the posterior end of her 
body, so that the two insects were at nearly right angles to each other, the 
male being supported by his middle and hind legs, and the end of his 
abdomen being closely applied to that of the female. Coitus lasted 30 
secs., when the male withdrew his bilobed penis, and, curiously enough, 
ran forward upon the thorax of the female and seemingly clawed her 
violently with all of his feet. He then jumped down and ran away. I 
saw the operation upon one other occasion, when it was performed in a 
precisely similar manner. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The annual meeting of the above Society was held, according to 
announcement, in the City of Hamilton, on the evening of Tuesday, the 
28th of September, in the City Hall. A number of those especially 
interested in Entomology in various parts of the Province were present. 

The report of the Council was read and adopted ; also that of the 
Secretary-Treasurer, which showed a satisfactory state of the finances, 
The President then delivered his annual address,* for which he received 
the thanks of the members present. 

The election of officers was then proceeded with, which resulted as 
follows :— 

President-—Wm. Saunders, London. 

Vice-President—Kev. C, J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope. 


* See page 189 in present number. 


— oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211 


Secretary-Treasurer—E. B. Reed, London. 

Librarian—W. E. Saunders, London. 

Council—J. A. Moffat, Hamilton; James Fletcher, Ottawa; R. V. 
Rogers, Kingston ; G. J. Bowles, Montreal ; J. M. Denton, London ; W. 
H. Harrington, Ottawa, and Wm. Couper, Montreal. 

Editor—Wm. Saunders. 

Editing Committee—Reyv. C. J. S. Bethune, FE. B. Reed, J. M. Denton. 

Auditors—Chas. Chapman, A. Puddicombe. 

After the routine business was concluded, Mr. Bethune offered some 
remarks on the moth of the cotton worm, Ata argillacea. ‘Twelve years 
ago he found it extremely abundant late in the season on ripe plums; he 
had not taken the insect again until this autumn, when they were found to 
be quite common in his garden... The opinion which had been advanced 
by Prof. Riley, of Washington, that the examples of the moth taken in 
these northern sections had flown northward from their breeding places 
in the south, he did not concur in, but believed that the insect must feed 
on some malvaceous plant in our midst, since the specimens he had cap- 
tured were very perfect and looked as if they had just escaped from the 
chrysalis. He referred to the fact of this insect having been found com- 
mon in many of the Northern States, as well as in Canada. 

Mr. Reed stated that he had taken this insect also in London. 

Mr. Moffatt exhibited a number of interesting insects which had-been 
captured by him at Long Point and at Ridgeway, among others Pafilzo 
cresphontes, P. marcellus, P. philenor, Darapsa versicolor and Funonia 
cenia. 

Mr. Denton reported the capture of $. cwnia and Libythea Bachmant 
at Port Stanley ; also of Zhyreus Abbotit at London. 

Mr. Moffat stated that this beautiful Sphinx, Z: 4ddoti7, had been 
comparatively common in Hamilton, and that a number of the larve had 
been reared. 

Mr. Fletcher reported having captured two specimens of Arebus odora 
at Ottawa, one of them so perfect that he thought it was impossible that 
it could have flown for any distance, and thinks it must have bred in the 
neighborhood. 

Mr. Saunders referred to several other instances of the capture of this 
rare moth in Canada during the past few years. 

Mr. Fletcher referred to the fact that during the last year there were 
published a number of papers on popular Entomology, and he hoped to 


yd le THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


see them continued, as he believed they were doing good service in mak- 
ing our valuable monthly journal more popular. Several of the members 
present promised to prepare papers of this character during the coming 
year. 

~ Mr. Young, of Hamilton, asked for information on the best manner 
of preserving caterpillars, and enquired if any of the members had any 
experience in blowing them. 

Mr. Reed stated that he had tried and failed. Mr. Fletcher had the 
same experience to relate, and had found that the only satisfactory method 
was to draw and color them from nature. 

Mr. Fletcher thought that most of our collections were deficient in 
specimens illustrating nature ; that while we had spread specimens, we 
should also have them as at rest, and where possible, the larvae, chrysalids 
and eggs. 

Mr. Reed asked in reference to Anisota rubicunda, which he had 
found common on maple about London, but very hard to rear; he wished 
to know the experience of other collectors. Several of the members 
present stated that they also had found it difficult to rear them. 

Mr. Young had reared a brood of them from butternut and beech, and 
found them to prefer beech to any other food. Mr. Bethune had also 
found them on beech trees. 

Mr. Fletcher had found a small fly attacking beans this year ; the larva 
had eaten the stem of the bean and bored into the root, and finally pro- 
duced a small fly scmewhat resembling a house fly. 

Mr. Saunders had found several years ago a very similar fly, probably 
the same species, attacking the stems and roots of young cabbage plants. 
On comparing the fly with the description given in Curtis’ Farm Insects 
of the root-eating fly, Avthomyia radicum, often so troublesome in Europe, 
he thought it probable that it was the same species. Mr. S. also reported 
the capture of P. cresphontes very early in spring, finding the larva nearly full 
grown in June, which became a chrysalis, and from which the perfect insect 
escaped in about a fortnight. He had aiso taken the full-grown larva late 
in the fall, which had passed the winter in the chrysalis state, from which 
facts he drew the inference that this species is double-brooded in Canada, 

Mr. Fletcher reported having found the larva of Ceratomia guadri- 
cornis about Ottawa, and finds it a difficult insect to rear. 

Mr. Young had fed a brood of the larvee of Zelea polyphemus on black 
birch, on which they seemed to thrive remarkably well. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 943 


Mr. Kyle, of Dundas, stated that he had found folyphemus feeding on 
witch hazel (Hamamelis virginica), and fromethea feeding on ash and lilac. 

Mr. Moffat had found promethea also on wild cherry, as well as on 
ash, sassafras and lilac. 


NEW. SPECIES OF N. AM. MOTHS. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


Trochilium lustrans, 1. s. 


Larger than ¢7pu/iformis, with long black antennae, which are whitish 
before the tips. . Abdomen black with six yellow bands, the two terminal 
ones broader than the rest and continued beneath. Anal tuft black and 
yellow. Legs yellow, marked on tibiae and femora with black. Thorax 
black with yellow inner edge to the tegulae. Head black with a yellow 
ring behind and yellowish stripe on each side of the clypeus. Palpi yel- 
low. Thorax yellowish beneath. Wings pellucid ; primaries with black 
bar and black fringes and terminal border ; beneath the costa of primaries | 
to the transverse bar is yellow ; costa of secondaries yellow... Axpanse 
23 mil. Length of body 12 mil. Dayton, O., Mr.G. R. Pilate. Seems 
to differ from any of the yellow and black species by the white portion of 
the antennae. 


Luhalisidota longa, n. s. 

g 9. Size of £. fasciata from Cuba, but without the band on 7 
secondaries. Differs from /wxa by its slighter build, undotted thorax, a 
dark streak on primaries at extremity of median vein following along vein 
5. Yellowish clay color, somewhat dusky about thorax and head. Fore 
tibiae orange shaded inwardly. Fore wings irrorate with brown speckles. 
A subterminal row of interspaceal brown dots preceded on the interspace 
above vein 5 by a brown mark. Vein 5 at base shaded with purply 
brown. Hind wings immaculate ; a brown dot at apices beneath. Length 
of primary 25 mil. Enterprise, Fla., Mr. Schwarz; Fla., Mr. Drury. I 
have alluded to this species in Can. Ent. as allied to the forms described 
by me in 7865 from Cuba, 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mamestra acutipennis, i. s. 

This is a species with rather long wings, having the external margin 
quite oblique. It is nearer, perhaps, to ac?va than any other species. 
The wings are blackish gray and with the median space shaded with black. 
The markings and lines are inconspicuous. The median lines approach 
on submedian fold. The orbicular is ovate, oblique, paler gray, with 
black central streak. Reniform similar, upright, rather narrow and small. 
Subterminal line pale, with a projection over m. nervules, without teeth ; 
it forms the usual more prominent white mark relieved by black scales 
above internal angle. Secondaries diaphanous white at base with discal 
point and broad diffuse blackish borders. Thorax blackish. A black 
line on collar. Beneath the hind wings are whitish at base, powdered 
with blackish exteriorly, with a discal dot and mesial line. xf. 30 mil. 
Nevada, Dr. Bailey. 


fladena cylindrica, n. s. 


A small bodied and rather large winged species of a dusty gray, with 
obliterate lines. The orbicular pale gray, rather large, slightly oblique. 
The reniform large, blackish gray, with blackish centre, relieved by black- 
ish shading. Subterminal line pale, indeterminate, straighter than usual, 
preceded by a brownish shading over the median nervules. Veins marked 
in blackish, dotted with white in place of posterior line or behind it. <A 
fine, black, interrupted terminal line. Fringes gray, narrowly cut with 
paler, and finely interlined. Hind wings yellowish gray, unicolorous, 
paler beneath, from whence they reflect a mesial line and dot. _ Fringes 
whitish ; beneath preceded by a black broken line. On primaries above 
the s. t. line issues from an ill-defined pale apical shading. ‘Thorax like 
fore wings ; abdomen colored like hind wings. Eyes naked. Abdomen 
without tufts except at base. ‘Tibiz unarmed. Lwpanse25 mil. Nevada, 
Dr. Bailey. 


Fladena tonsa, 1. Ss. 

A small blackish gray species resembling somewhat the vccna group 
of Mamestra, but with naked eyes, and with the subterminal line forming 
three curves, the widest over the median nervules at the place of the usual 
W-mark, which latter is usually more prominent in J/amestra than in 
ffTadena. ‘Yhe median lines uneven, propinquitous, narrowing the median 
space, especially inferiorly, and shaded with black from the diffuse median 
shade. Reniform well-sized with double black annulus enclosing a white 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 


ring; the centre gray, or whitish with a mixture of blackish scales. 
Orbicular well-sized, ovate, a little oblique, colored like the reniform. The 
narrow terminal space blackish gray. Edge of the wing with an uneven 
black shaded line. Hind wings fuscous, without markings, with pale 
interlined fringes. Head and thorax blackish gray ; collar with black 
line. Abdomen with moderate mesial tufts. Beneath the wings are 
blackish fuscous, with a dot on secondaries and obsolete lines. xf. 22 
mil. Nevada, Dr. Bailey. 


Hadena (Pseudanarta) crocea Hy. Edw. 


This form only differs from the typical #ava from British Columbia by 
the primaries above being shaded with pale, especially on the disc, and 
being more yellowish beneath at base, contrasting with the black border. 
These colorational characters do not seem to be constant, for in one 
specimen from Oregon the pale shading is confined to a space about. the 
reniform, and in a still paler crocea from Colorado the contrast between 
the yellow base and the black terminal band is not as great as usual. I 
think cvocea is a variety of fava. In both the exterior line is outwardly 
bent over the median nervules and followed by a whitish and then a brown 
shade. 


Fladena (Pseudanarta) singula, n. s. 


gf. The primaries have the exterior line not so roundedly exserted 
over the median nervules and not followed by a white or brown shade. It 
forms a short tooth opposite the cell. The double black dash on s. t. line 
opposite the cell is distinct and long. Beneath as in flavidens, but differ- 
ing from this in the wider median space and the prominent flexures of the 
anterior line inferiorly. The terminal black band on the yellow second- 
aries above wider than in the other forms. Collected by Belfrage in 
Texas and considered a variety of flava by Mr. Morrison. 


Perigea Salsa, He §: 

g 2. Eyes naked; tibiz unarmed. Color and appearance of 
Mamestra Grietis or pallilis, but a little more dusky and yellowish. The 
color is gray with a mixture of yellowish and fuscous scales. All the 
markings and lines broken. Stigmata concolorous, with broken black 
annuli, large, inconspicuous. Posterior line a succession of white venular 
dots more or less evident, preceded by black dots persistent. Subterminal 
line uneven, indicated by the difference between the fuscous shaded s, t. 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


space and the paler yellowish gray terminal space. A broken black ter- 
minal line; fringes yellowish gray. Hind wings fuscous in female and 


with whitish bases in the male. . Varies in the amount of fuscous shad- 
ings on the primaries. Head and thorax yellowish fuscous. Beneath the 
wings-are light fuscous with faint double lines and spot on secondaries. 
Exp. 28 mil. Havilah, Calif., Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 6888. 


Perigea albolabes, n. s. 

Fore wings uniform glistening blackish fuscous with all the lines obso- 
lete except the subterminal, which is represented by a row of white dots, 
relieved by black scales. The seven white dots on the costa evident. A 
white spot in the place of the reniform on median vein. The fuscous 
fringes interrupted with dots alternating with the spots of the subterminal 
line. Hind wings fuscous with soiled veins and paler bases. Beneath 
the narrow terminal spaces on both wings gray, lighter and contrasting. 
On hind wings double lines, the inner dentate, a discal spot. Fore wings 
with double lines, the outer formed by contrast of color with the pale 
terminal space; no discal spot. Thorax concolorous with primaries. The 
reniform above the white spot on fore wings can be faintly perceived 
marked by detached black and white marks. xfanse 34 mil. Prescott, 
Arizona, Mr. Hy. Edwards. 


Lithophane contenta, n. s. 

f. Antenne more lengthily bi-ciliate than in the other species. Very 
different from the two previously described Californian species, oregonensts, 
which is like gevrg??, and carbonaria, a decidedly aberrant form, both of 
which I have seen in Mr. Hy. Edwards’ collection. The new form is 
narrow-winged, soiled gray, and resembles fefulca in its ornamentation, but 
without the brown colors. All the lines obliterate ; the anterior indicated 
by dots and streaks, strongly dentate. The reniform can be made out, 
with a brown tinge. The subterminal line shows two black preceding 
luneiform marks opposite the cell. Hind wings translucent fuscous ; 
beneath with discal dot and extra mesial’line indented opposite the cell. — 
The wings are reddish gray below, slightly irrorate with fuscous, faintly 
colored ; the primaries with discal dot and fuscous from the base to s. t. 
line. Collar brownish with marginal black line ; thorax like fore wings. 
The median shade, angu!ated on disc, is noticeable on the primaries, on 
which all the lines and markings are broken and dotted. xg. 38 mil. 
Calif., No. 4588, Mr. Hy. Edwards. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. DA Ws 


Cleophana antipoda. 


This species has the discal marks evident. It is allied to eu/epis, but 
decidedly distinct, having more of the appearance of a Cucullia. Fore 
legs with a tibial claw. Collar with a mesial projection. Fore wings 
whitish gray with all the lines broken into blackish streaks and points. 
Hind wings pellucid white with soiled edges and veins. Abdomen with 
reduced tufts on basal segments. Colorado, Mr. Neumoegen. This 
species, which looks like Cucud/ia asteroides, but without the brown tint- 
ings, expands nearly 4o mil., and is, I am informed, the Cucullia antipoda 
of Mr. Strecker. 

Mr. Strecker’s generic determinations are based throughout on super- 
ficial resemblances. No structural details are given except in the case of 
a genus which he bases ona “ very large number” of costal nervules. 
As the number of these nervules is invariable, never being more than 
three subcostal and three costal, the value of such an observation is 
apparent. Not content with establishing species and genera without ever 


having any experience with structure, Mr. Strecker also makes a dispro- 


portionate number of synonyms, not only of small or inconspicuous 
species, bnt large and easily known ones, such as Catocala illecta and 
Smerinthus occidentalis. Add to this that his publications have been 
proven to be incorrectly dated, and enough has been shown to justify 
their neglect at the hands of all right thinking students in the country. 
In the Noctuide I adopt his names where I can find them, but his 
descriptions are too indefinite to be used where they are not accompanied 
by figures. 


Nolaphana labecula; n. s. 


This species, of which I have only females from Wisconsin and New 
York, is quickly to be separated from Zel/eri and madana by the round 
orbicular being yellowish white, and the disc beyond it and the place of 
the reniform are shaded with this same color. The most prominent line 
is the median shade, which crosses the wing obliquely over the yellowish 
white shading on the cell and there joins a black streak over vein 5 at 
base, lined above with pale. ‘The anterior line is roundedly exserted 
superiorly and not indented here as in its allies. The posterior line is 
denticulate superiorly where it is even in Ze//erz, but this line is otherwise 
much as in Ze//er?, and not with the prominent indentations of madana. 
In color the new species is more bluish gray, lighter, not so fuscous tinted 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


as its allies. Beneath it is light yellowish gray with the spots and lines 
much as in Zeller’, which it exceeds in expanse. LZxpanse 22 mil. Erie 
CG.,N.-¥.* (coll.-m.)) 

Phoxopteris loricana, n. s. 


Bronzy brown with metallic reflection. Fore wings produced at 
apices ; a metallic patch, widening outwardly, triangulate, extending to 
middle of wing, limited inferiorly by the submedian fold. A metallic 
stripe along internal margin. Costa from middle to apices shaded with 
ochre brown, enclosing black marks on the edge of the wing and some 
metallic scales just beyond middle of wing ; beyond this is a curved line 
of black and metallic scales just before apices, and within it some metallic 
scales on costa. <A sinuate black line, becoming metallic at base of 
fringes, runs down from apices, bounding the ochre brown portion of the 
wing and limiting outwardly a patch extending above internal angle to 
middle of external margin. This patch is outwardly ochre brown, 
enclosing an inferior black dash and above a dead brown ovate spot. 
Inwardly the patch is metallic, enclosing a black spot and an irregular 
black line, partially resolved into dashes. Hind wings dark brown with 
paler fringes. Head and thorax metallic. Beneath iridescent black with 
ochrey tips to fore wings. Zxfanse 18 mil. Collected by Mr. G. R. 
Pilate at Dayton, Ohio. ‘Type in collection of Prof. Fernald, who kindly 
informs me the species is hitherto unnamed. 


Racheospila cupedinaria, n. s. 

g. Antennz with long pectinations, but simple at tips for over one- 
fourth of their length. Size small. Fore wings delicate green, with the 
lines obliterate. Red discal points on both wings. Wings margined with 
dark red and with paler red fringes. Costa of primaries margined with 
red above and below. On external margin the red edging broadens at 
internal angle. Internal margin-of primaries and costal margin of hind 
wings without edging. On secondaries the red edging is continued around 
anal angle, where it widens slightly, as also below apical angle ; beneath 
as above, the discal points feebly marked. Stem of antennze white above 
and between them on vertex. Head behind collar and front red. Abdo- 
men red, with white spots on dorsum, the largest near the base; beneath 
paler. Thorax red centrally with a white spot behind; tegule green. 
Length of primary 7 m.m. Florida (Enterprise, May 24), Mr. Schwarz. 
Differs from mzccwlarda by the red abdomen and absence of white lining 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


to the marginal band ; from /7xavia by smaller size and want of median 
line, and by having the fringe not spotted with white. 


Drepanodes Fernaldi Grote, C. E., x., 17. 


I find that this is the same as Lozogramma atropunctata Pack., and 
that I was wrong in referring the moth to Dvepanodes. 


Polia theodore. 
Apatela theodori Grote, Can. Ent., x., 237. 


This species is of large size and showily stained with pale red. It is 
grayish white and in its ornamentation closely follows Polia aedon Grote 
and P. efichysis. The three forms are related ; the subterminal line is 
acutely dentate and very obvious, and there is a guttate mesial line on the 
secondaries. Aedon is gray, theodord pale red over whitish, efichysis is 
purplish and darker than the others. +All three forms are Western and 
may form a distinct group when both sexes can be thoroughly examined. 


Polia epichysis, n. Ss. 


In color and appearance the species copies Lithophane thaxtert. 


Purple gray ; markings distinct. Reniform diffuse, reddish, vague. Orbi- 


cular moderate, round, reddish, faintly-ringed. Anterior line outwardly 
oblique, black, uneven, infiected on veinr. Half-line marked. Median 
shade marked on costa. Posterior line dentate, well removed outwardly. 
Subterminal space paler. S. t. line acutely dentate, followed by blackish 
shading. Secondaries pale ruddy fuscous. A mesial dotted line and 
faint discal lunule repeated beneath, where there is a basal ray. Beneath 
pale, with a ruddy tinge. ‘Thorax purple gray. One fresh specimen, Mr. 
Behrens, Shasta, Soda Springs. 

This species expands 48 mil. ; in ornamentation it closely resembles 
theodori, while very different in color. 


Chytolita petrealis, n. s. 


g ¢. This species has the same ornamentation as C. morbidalis, 
but is darker colored and very much smaller. Dusky olivaceous. Sub- 
terminal line guttiform, usually followed by pale points. Median lines a 
little uneven. Reniform darker than the wing, more or less completely 
filled in ; in one specimen, a variety, black and contrasting. A terminal 
broken line. Fringes concolorous. Hind wings paler with an uneven 
oblique exterior line more or less accentuated, followed by pale shading 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and more apparent inferiorly where it is bent before anal angle; the 
interior line more or less marked. The male palpi seem proportionally 
longer and held more horizontally than in morbidalis. Expanse 17 mil. 
Ohio, Illinois, four examples taken in June and july. In this species the 
fore legs have the usual pale tuft of hair. 

Salia interpuncta Grote. 

This species has a wide range. I have it from Florida (Mr. Schwarz) 
and Mass. (Mr. Goodell). Prof. Zeller had it from Texas ; I have taken 
it originally in Alabama. It is a pretty species. 

Biston virginarvtus, nl. S. 

@. Cinereous ; white speckled over black. Lines thick, black, con- 
tinuous. Anterior line upright, flexed below median vein. Median shade 
as-broad as the lines, upright, flexed below median vein, where it runs 
near to the outer line ; this latter is much inwardly bent below median 
vein, and is less oblique and further from the outer margin than usual. 
A curved line marks the outer discal spot on the cell and a black dot the 
inner discal spot between the median shade and the anterior line. Sub- 
terminal line thick, black, jagged, followed by a white shading. _ Fringes 
black, interrupted with white. Veins marked with black. Beneath four 
equidistant black spots on costa mark- the inception of the transverse 
lines. Secondaries with discal mark and double mesial black lines. Size 
of ursarius, with the wings less translucent, the markings more distinct, 
the outer line more bent. Shasta, Soda Springs, July, Mr. Behrens, 


(ERC SRE NEA? PREY PYAAR HRT SV ET I 
OBYERUARY, 

Professor Samuel Stehman Haldeman, of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, a distinguished naturalist and philologist, and at one time President 
of the American Philological Association, died on Tuesday evening, Sep- 
tember roth, at his residence in Chickis, near Columbia, Pa., aged 68 years. 

Prof. Haldeman has long been noted also for his devotion to Ento- 
mology. He attended the late meetings of the Entomological Sub-section 
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Boston, 
in August, and took an active part in the discussions. At that time he 
seemed to be in good health and spirits. By his genial disposition and 
open generous bearing he has endeared himself to a large circle of 
friends, who will sincerely mourn his loss. 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XII. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1880. NG: eEr 


NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA. 
BY PROF. CYRUS THOMAS. 


Edipoda obliterata, nov. sp. 

Male and female. Length to tip of elytra 1.50, to tip of abdomen 
1.10 to 1.30. Pale reddish-brown or dull yellowish tinged with rufous, 
with irregular transverse bands of dark fuscous spots. 

Occiput not prominent. Vertex broad. moderately deflexed, margins 
with sharp carinz forming a distinct sub-quadrate, median foveola, which 
is divided into two equal sections by a distinct longitudinal, median car- 
ina that extends hack part way upon the occiput ; sides of the foveola 
parallel between the eyes, and bending abruptly inward toward the 
fastigium in front, continuous with the sides of the frontal costa ; fastigium 
with a double indentation. Frontal costa slightly sulcate, sub-tricarinate 
at the fastigium, widening at the ocellus and extending nearly or quite to 
the clypeus, but not expanding below; in the male the width is about 
uniform throughout. Pronotum with the median carina sub-cristate, dis- 
tinctly and deeply notched about the middle by the posterior, sulcus ; 
anterior portion irregularly arched, more elevated than the posterior por- 
tion, which has only the front part arched ; lateral carina irregular and 
indistinct ; the notch of the median carina is of the oblique type, more 
distinctly so in the male than in the female. Posterior lobe expanding 
rapidly from the posterior sulcus ; nearly flat on the disk, which is more 
or less covered with elongate rugosities, more distinct and numerous in 
the female than in the male ; posterior extremity obtuse-angled ; anterior 
margin extended in a very obtuse angle upon the occiput. Elytra extend- 
ing about one-third their length beyond the abdomen, of medium width, 
sinuous and obliquely excised at the tip. | Wings narrow, the length very 
nearly twice the width, and slightly undulate on the outer margin ; the 
nervules unusually regular and straight. Posterior femora with sharp and 
elevated carinze above and below. Antenne rather short, scarcely flat- 
tened and very slightly accuminated at the tip. 


Dae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Color (recent specimens dried).—Female somewhat darker than the 
male ; face pale purplish, dotted with fuscous ; occiput and pronotum 
fuscous brown, the latter with a carneous stripe along each lateral carina, 
which connect at the anterior sulcus and fade out near the posterior 
extremity ; the disk of the posterior lobe dark brown, — Elytra pale dirty 
yellow, shghtly tinged with rufous, crossed by three irregular bands formed 
of dark fuscous spots, the middle one broadest and usually the best 
defined ; apex with irregular cellular fuscous spots, those next the costal 
margin most distinct. Wings pellucid, with a narrow marginal, rather 
pale, fuscous band, commencing behind the sub:costal area, where it is 
broadest, narrowing and fading toward the anal angle; the nerves and 
nervules, except in the apical portion of the subcostal area and in the 
fuscous band, pale yellow or white. Posterior femora crossed externally 
and internally by three oblique fuscous bands ; posterior tibize pale yel- 
low, spines tipped with black. 

One male and one female from Sierra Valley, California, furnished by 
Mr. J. G. Lemmon. 


This species approaches very near Mr. Scudder’s Z7rachyrhachys, but 
appears to belong to @difoda as at present limited; if Mr. Scudder’s 
genus Déssostetra (of which he has given but an incomplete diagnosis) 
stands, this species will scarcely find a lodging place in any of the 
numerous genera of this group. 


In his paper on the Orthoptera collected by Lieut. Wheeler’s Survey, 
published in 1876, where he first proposes this genus, he makes the fol- 
lowing statement: ‘‘Stal’s limitations of the genus CEdzfoda, in his 
“Recensio Orthopt. I., forces us to consider Gryd/us coerulescens Linn. as 
“the type, and not, as stated by Thomas, @dipoda carolina (Burm ).” 


He alludes to a statement made in my paper on Orthoptera in a pre- 
vious report of the same Survey, where I simply remarked that Stal has 
retained our (. carolina and that this “appears to be his typical 
[species] ” (by typographical or clerical error, “ genus”). By reference 
to Proceedings Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, 1876, page 257, it will 
there be seen that I made the following statement in reference to the 
genus (edifoda as given by Stal: “In my opinion @. coerudescens Linn. 
“is the proper type of @difoda.” This paper was published in June 
and July, 1876, the entire manuscript having been forwarded to Mr. Put- 
nam some time previous thereto. I can not give the exact date of pub- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. WIS 


lication of Mr. Scudder’s paper, but his letter of transmittal to Lieut. 
Wheeler bears date Cambridge, Mass., May 29, 1876. 

I simply mention this in justice to myself. 

As I have here referred to this. paper by Mr. Scudder, I may as well 
correct another error he has fallen into in reference to Anabrus Halde- 
manit Gir. He remarks (page 500) that “he [Thomas] further confuses 
“his readers by stating that 4. Haldemaniz Gir. has the prosternum dis- 
“ tinctly spined, whereas it is as clearly amucronate as the prosternum of 
“4. simplex.” He falls into this error because he has not, or had not 
then, seen a specimen of 4. Haldemanit, which has the prosternum dis- 


‘tinctly spined. The description and figure given in Marcy’s Red River 


of Louisiana are so exact that with a true specimen in hand, as I now 
have before me, there is no possibility of making a mistake. This species 
is never, as I learn he supposes, found west of the Rocky Mountain 
range, nor A. simplex east of it, unless possibly in Montana. 


Cratypedes Putnami ‘Thos. 

Mr. A. J. Chipman, who visited Southern Colorado this season on 
behalf of the U. S. Ent. Commission, was fortunate enough to obtain a 
fine specimen of this species, in color. From this I can now give the 
colors omitted in my original description : Base of the wings lemon yel- 
low ; hind tibiz bright red. In the female the yellow spots of the elytra 
are not so distinct as in the male ; the same is also true in reference to 
the dark bands on the posterior femora. 


At the close of his “Century of Orthoptera ” (Reprint from Pro- 
ceedings Bost. Scc. Nat. Sci., vols. 12-20, 1879, pg. 84) Mr. Scudder, in 
speaking of Hippiscus lineatus Scudd., remarks as follows : 


“« Hippiscus lineatus. This species | had formerly described (in MSS.) 
“under the new generic name Cratyfedes, but before publishing con- 
«“ cluded it best to include it in Azppiscus. 1 do not recollect that I have 
“ ever mentioned this name to any one and have never seen more than 
“ the single specimen of the species upon which I had proposed to found 
“it, and which has never left my collection. It was therefore a complete 
“ mystery to me to find a closely allied species described by Mr. Thomas 
‘“‘(Proc. Davenpt. Acad. Nat. Sci., L., 257-58) as Cralypedes Putnam, 
“with the remark : ‘I have placed this species in this genus with some 
“ ‘hesitancy, yet it certainly agrees very closely with it.’ I disclaim any 
‘ proprietorship in the generic name, and do not know to what Mr. 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


“ Thomas refers. ‘This remark is offered simply to aid any future student 
‘“who may search for the origin of the name.” 

This statement by Mr. Scudder indicates a forgetfulness on his part 
of what he has written, as the reader will see by referring to ‘ List of 
Orthoptera collected by Dr. A. S. Packard in Colorado and the neighbor- 
ing Territories, during the summer of 1875,” pg. 267, where he will find 
the following statement: ‘ Stenopelmatus oculatus and Cratypedes lineatus 
‘are described from specimens dried after immersion in alcohol.” This 
remark is offered simply to aid any future student who may search for the 
origin of the name. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PAMPHILA, = 
FROM FLORIDA. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


PAMPHILA byssus. 

Male.—Expands 1.6 inch. 

Upper side dark glossy brown ; the basal half of costa of primaries 
ferruginous, as well as a little of cell below adjoining ; at the end of cell 
an irregular yellow-fulvous bar within ; across disk a bent yellow-fulvous 
band, starting on costal margin about three-fifths the distance from base 
to apex, bending round cell and continued to middle of submedian ner- 
vure, narrow at top, but below cell widening rapidly ; the basal half of~ 
inner margin washed fulvous. Secondaries have a fulvous patch on 
middle of disk, usually sub-ovate, but sometimes connected with a fulvous 
patch in cell which runs toward base; the hairs of basal area next inner 
margin fulvous; fringes of primaries dark gray-brown, of secondaries 
lighter. 

Under side wholly ferruginous (individuals varying a little in shade), 
except that the posterior half of primaries from hind margin to base is 
blackish ; the spots of upper side repeated indistinctly ; on secondaries 
in most examples the surface is immaculate, in others there is a faint paler 
color indicating the patch of upper side ; the nervures and branches on 
secondaries are a shade more yellow than the ground color. 

Body above covered with fulvous hairs on black ; beneath, the thorax 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 


and ventral part of abdomen yellowish, the sides of abdomen ferruginous ; 
legs ferruginous ; palpi yellowish ; antennze black and fulvous, annulated ; 
club black, the tip red-ferruginous. 


Female.—Expands 1.6 to 1.7 inch. 

Upper side of same brown as the male, and marked with fulvous in a 
similar manner, but the band is narrow and of nearly uniform width 
throughout, except at the bend opposite cell, where it is much restricted. 
Under side as in the male, but in six cases out of seven the band of upper 
side of secondaries is indicated below with much distinctness. 

In one male under examination the fulvous band is diffused, and the 
basal area is also fulvous, so that all the wing is of that color except a 
stripe around end of cell, and the hind margin. | 

From 20 examples, 13 {,7 2, received from Indian River, Florida, 
this season. 

In size this species ranks with Arfa. 

The male much resembles in general appearance the female of 
P. Delaware Edw. Both these species are without the sexual mark 
on primaries of the male. The female Aysszs is unlike any of our species. 


SOME NEW SPECIES OF TINEINA FROM NORTH AMERICA 


: BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY. 

In the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Feb. 17th, 
1880, is an interesting contribution to the Tineidz chiefly of this country, 
by Lord Walsingham, entitled “On Some New and Little Known Species 
of Tineide.” The author states, from a comparison of specimens and 
figures of Adela schlwgeri Zell. (which I had previously recognized as Adela 
(Dicte) coruscifasciella Cham.), that it is identical with 4. Aidingsella 
Clem., preserved in the collection of the Entomological Society of Phila 
delphia; a fact which I should not have suspected from Dr. Clemens’ des- 
cription of A. Ridingsedla. 

Lord W. is also probably correct in the statement that Adela (rifasctedla 
Cham. is the @ of A. ¢régrapha Zell. He also figures and describes the 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


following new species : - A. septentrionella, A. singulella, A. lactimaculella, 
A. simpliciella — from the Pacific Coast, besides two new Indian species, 
gemmelia and A. grisseela. The pamphlet also contains a description and 
figure of Zvcurvaria solenobiclla, and two species of Micropteryx (JZ. pardella 
and JZ. aurosparcella) also from the Pacific Coast. Of this latter genus 
M. pomivorella was, as stated in my ‘“ Index,” the only known species 
“from the United States and Canada,” though another species—JZ. 
luteiceps—had been described by Walker from Nova Scotia. The author 
leaves it doubtful whether A’yponomeuta ordinatedlus Walker is the same 
with 77. mu/tipunctellus Clem. Anesychia sparciceia in my “ Index” is 
a misprint for sparcicrliella. Unfortunately, from circumstances 
beyond my control, there are too many such misprints in the “ index.” 
‘lhe species is known to me only by Dr. Clemens’ description of it: Lord 
Walsingham states that it is a Cryprolechia, not a Hyponomeuta. He is no 
doubt right in the opinion that A. hagenel/a Cham. should be referred to 
Psecadia Hub., if there is any sufficient generic distinction between 
Anesychia and Psecadia, of which I am not convinced. 


Psecadia monticola, P. arctostaphylella, P. subcerulea, P. albistrigella are 
described and figured as new species from our Pacific Coast, P. cupreont- 
vella from Brazil, and P. ermineella and P. hockingella from India. The 
author seems to have some doubt whether P. arctostaphylella and P. 
subcerulea are really distinct, but so far as we are able to form an opinion 
from the figures they seem to be distinct enough. <Arctostaphylella bears 
some resemblance to Anesychia ( Psecadia ) trifurcella Cham. 


Two new species of Zampreonta are described and figured: Z. 
oregonella, the naine of which indicates its locality, and LZ. “r¢punctella, pur- 
chased in a miscellaneous collection fron: North America. These are 
especially interesting as the first notice of the discovery of a species of this 
genus in this country. 


The above are the only species described in the paper, and all are 
illustrated by beautiful figures. But little is known of the Tineina of the . 
Pacific Coast ; and so far as I have been able to learn, Lord Walsingham 
is the only one who has collected them, who is also familiar with the group. 
It is to be hoped that he will follow up this contribution by others like it, 
especially as to the smaller species, which are the most interesting, and as 
to which almost nothing is known. ‘There is here also a splendid oppor- 
tunity for some Entomologist resident on that coast, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yy de 


NOTES ON A FEW AMERICAN BOMBYCES. 


From ALFRED WAILLY (Membre-Lauréat de la Société d’Acclimatation de France), 


110 Clapham Road, London, S. W., England. 


In my Report on Silk-producing Bombyces and other Lepidoptera, 
reprinted from the ‘Journal of the Society of Arts,” Feb. 73th and 
March 5th, 1880, I speak of the disastrous effects of the weather on most 
species during the year 1879. 

This year (1880), although the splendid weather we had in August 
and at the beginning of Sept. allowed of the successful rearing of several 
species in the open air, the wet and cold weather lasting till about the end 
of July affected and retarded Lepidoptera, as in 1879; the moths of 
Samia promethea, for instance, had not all emerged before the end of 
August. With a few exceptions, none of the Indian species emerged at 
all, and ova of many well-paired female moths were partly infertile. 

Actias luna I bred this year for the first time, and most successfully on 
Walnut. I obtained 12 or 13 pairings in June. 

Samia Glovert.—I received a considerable number of cocoons of this 
species from a young and active Entomologist, but, I regret to say, this 
was the most complete failure that can be recorded. The moths emerged 
from the middle of April till the middle of July. With a few exceptions, 
I had only crippled moths ; the greater part of the cocoons did not pro- 
duce any moths. Not a single pairing could be obtained. I shall be 
glad to try this species again, 

Samia ceanotht.—With about 40 cocoons I obtained the first moth in 
March, the second on April 3rd, and the rest continued to emerge till the 
18th of July. Only two pairings were obtained. Not having Ceanothis 
to feed the larve, I reared them on Plum and Willow, but they did not 
thrive, and they all died, some going into third stage. Evidently Plum 
or Willow are not proper food plants for ceanothi larve. ‘The first pairing 
took place on the 27th of June, the second on the roth of July. The 
ova of the first brood hatched 18 days, and those of the second 15 days 
after being deposited. The larvee, of a lighter color, but somewhat similar 
to those of cecropea in first and second stages, showed a difference from 
that species in the third stage, being thus: Back of body sky blue ; sides 
greenish yellow ; tubercles golden yellow a// along the back ; tubercles on 
the sides blue ; head green. 


dy 


228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hybrid Ceanotht-Gloveri.—Although Glover? moths refused to pair 
among themselves, I had several crossings between GJovert, ceanothi and 
cecropia. ‘Vhe ova obtained from a long pairing of ceanothi 2 with @loveri 
f were the only ones which were fertile. Unfortunately the larve bred 
on Willow and Plum died, some reaching the third stage like ceanothi. 

The pairing of ceanothi and Glover? was from the evening of the 2oth 
to the evening of the 21st of May. ‘The larve hatched from the 15th to 
the 21st of June, the majority having hatched on the 16th and 17th. 

First stage—Larger larve, black ; smaller ones follow, the colors 
becoming of a more uniform hue as the larvae increased in size. ‘They 
looked like cecropia larvae. 

Second stage—Larvae yellow, with black tubercles ; head black. 

Third stage—Back bluish, sides yellow ; tubercles on back orange-red, 
tubercles on the sides blue ; head yellow. 

Eight larvae, the produce of a pairing of female Saturnia Pyri with 
unknown Samia (the pairing was not seen), lived seven days on Plum ; 
they were bright yellow with a dark ring round each segment. 

The other crossings obtained were: June r2th and 13th, ceanothi 2 
and cecropia f ; June 135th, Glover? 2 and cecropia f ; June 18th and 
rgth, cecropia 9 and ceanothi £. In all the above cases the ova were 
infertile. 


NOTES ‘ON LEPIDOPTERA, 
BY H. S. JEWETT, M. D., DAYTON, OHIO. 


EUCHAETES COLLARIS, Fitch. 


On June 7th, 1879, I obtained some eggs from a 2 captured. the day 
before. The eggs were smooth, pale green, spherical in shape and 3% inch 
in diameter. The eggs hatched on the rath. Larva ¥% inch long, pale 
green, largest at middle of thé body and tapering slightly towards both 
ends. Head slightly bilobed, of a faint brownish color, with a dark brown 
spot on each side. ‘The first segment has three minute brown tubercles 
on each side of the dorsal line, and a large oval, though but slightly 
elevated, dark brown tubercle on the dorsal line. The remaining seg- 


ments have no tubercle on the dorsal line, but the second, third and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 


twelfth each have four ; the fourth and fifth each have six, and the sixth, 
seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh each have five small dark brown 
tubercles on each side of the dorsal line. These tubercles are arranged 
in two rows around each segment; the tubercles in the anterior row 
alternating with those of the posterior row on the same segment. Each 
tubercle gives rise to a tuft of fine white hair. 

The larve moulted for the first time on the zoth. They were then 
vs inch in length and nearly cylindrical in shape. Head white, faintly 
bilobed. Larva pale bluish-green. Tufts of hair, arising from the 
tubercles, white and somewhat longer than prior to moulting, and some 
of the hairs branched. © In other respects the larva is unchanged. 

_ The larvee moulted again on the 24th. They now measure % inch 
in length, and are entirely pale green in color. ‘The tufts of white hair 
are now quite long (as long as the diameter of the larva), and very many 
of the hairs are branching ; some being sparsely and the largest thickly 
branched. The tufts of hair on the three anterior and posterior segments 
are somewhat longer than-on the rest of the body. The hair of some of 
the larve is pearl gray in color instead of white. ' 

“. The larvee passed their third moult on the 27th. They are now % 
inch long. Body entirely pale green. Head greenish white. The tufts 
of hair are more dense and longer and a little inclined to unite in pencils. 
Otherwise as in last moult. 

The larvee quit feeding on the 3rd of July and began to make cocoons 
on the 4th. The full grown larve are 34 to 7% inch in length. The 
lengths given are of the larvee when at rest ; in motion they are about one 
third longer than the measures mentioned. 

The cocoons are very slight and are made up of the hair of the larva 
held together with a little silk. The pupa is dark brown (nearly black) 
and is closely punctate. The anterior extremity is sub-quadrate and the 
segmental extremity blunt. The pupa is one-half to five-eighths inch long 
by three-sixteenths inch in diameter. 

- The imagines emerged July r4th to 16th, which makes the time neces- 
sary to complete their transformations (from egg to imago) thirty-seven to 
thirty-nine days. The insect has here from three to four broods each 
year, the fall brood hybernating in pupa. The larva here feeds on 
Asclepias incernata L., and refuses to eat Asclepias cornuti even when they 
are just emerged from the egg and have never yet eaten any food. ‘The 


250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


larva feeds by night and hides during the day, and is very easily reared in 
confinement. 

EUCHAETES EGLE, Harris. 

I placed a pair of reared specimens with a plant of Asclepias cornuti 


under a net, and on June 3rd found the 2 depositing eg 


gs. The eggs 
are laid in batches on the uncer surface of the leaf, sometimes in a single 
layer, and sometimes two or even three layers are superimposed one on 
the other. They are deposited in. and covered with fine short hair, thus 
closely simulating the downy. under surface of the leaves on which they 
are laid. The eggs are smooth, spherical, pale green and sz inch in 
diameter.” The eggs began to hatch on the r4th. | 

Larva green, % inch long and nearly cylindrical in shape, with the 
segments strongly marked by the depth of the dividing incisions. Head 
shining, glossy black, subquadrate and very faintly bilobed. There are 
eleven rows of tubercles arranged in two ranges on each segment ; the 
tubercles of the anterior range alternating with those of the posterior 
range on the same segment, one of the tubercles being on the dorsal line. 
The tubercles are small, but slightly elevated above the surface, and of the 
same color asthe body. Each tubercle gives rise to one or two black and 
several fine white hairs. Legs and prolegs are tipped with reddish-brown. 

This carries the history of this insect to the point where Prof. Lintner, 
of Albany, N. Y., begins in his “ Entomological Contribution, No. II.,” 
page 136 of the ‘‘ Twenty-fourth Report on the State Museum,” to which 
readers are referred for the remainder of its history. 

The insect completes its cycle in from 48 to 50 days, has here three 
broods during the season, and hybernates in the pupa state. A few of the 
pupz from second brood (and probably also of first) hybernate. It is 
extremely subject to the attack of a small ichneumon fly, so much so that 
out of ¢wo hundred and fifty odd \arvee (gathered and raised by me in the 
summer of 1878) only ¢wenty-eight were non-ichneumonized, and of these 
twenty-eight only zéve yielded imagines after hybernating ; the rest had 
dried up. The first brood reared from eggs last summer did as well as 
any other species. The fall brood (from eggs) made pupe readily, but 
it remains to be seen how they bear hybernating. 


I have found and reared the following larve, but my notes are too 
imperfect to give descriptions of them : 


Chrysophanus thoe Bd,-Lec., on Rumex Britannica L. 


a ee oe ee 


" 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yA | 


Nerice bidentata Walk., on Elin. 

Eudryas unio Boisd., on Epilobium coloratum Muh. 

Amphion nessus Hubn., on “ - 

Detlephita lineata Harr.,on “ se rn 

Hemaris marginalis Grote, on Lonicera sempervirens Ait. ; and on 
Triosteum perfoliatim 1. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF 
EUPTOIETA CLAUDIA, Cramer. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


EGG—Conoidal, depressed at top, flat at base, shaped generally like 
the eggs of Argynnis ( /dalia, Cybele, &c.), but taller in proportion to its 
breadth than in the species named, with the sides less rounded ; marked 
by about 20 prominent, vertical, straight ribs, half of which extend from 
base to summit, forming around the depression a serrated rim, the rest 
ending irregularly at two fifths to four fifths the distance from base, the 
shorter ones occasionally joining the others; marked horizontally by 
numerous prominent striz. Duration of this stage from 5 to 12 days, 
according to the season. 

YOUNG LARVA—Length <1 inch ; cylindrical, thickest from 6th to 
gth segment, tapering slightly to head, rapidly to 13; greenish-yellow, 
translucent ; each segment from 3 to 12 rounded and crossed transversely 
by two irregular rows of dark tuberculated spots or points on a-pale 
ground, each spot sending out a black hair ; on 2 is a black stripe across 
dorsum ; head a little broader than 2, rounded, black, with many fine 
hairs. Duration of this stage from 2 to 4 days. 

After rst Moult—Length .15 inch; color reddish-yellow, with two 
dorsal and one lateral row of indistinct whitish spots, which cover the 
junction of the segments and are in line with the spines ; these last form 
six rows, and are short, fleshy, tapering, black, and of nearly equal length ; 
each spine beset with many short and fine black hairs (for arrangement 
of the spines, which is uniform in all the succeeding stages, see description 
of the mature larva); on 2 is a reddish collar edged by white ; head 
bilobed, the vertices rounded, shining black. To next moult 2 to 3 days. 


Dow THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


After 2nd Moult—Length .3 inch; color a shade darker, the spines 
lengthened, those on 2 measuring .o5 inch, being considerably longer 
than the rest, directed a little forward:and somewhat recurved ; the white 
rows more distinct and more complete, and stand on narrow pale brown 
bands ; head as before. ‘To next moult 2 to 6 days. 

After 3rd Moult—Length .55 inch ; much as at last preceding stage, 
the red darker, surface highly polished, the spines blue-black, shining ; 


those on 2nd row .i2 inch long, and more porrected, the others but .o4 
inch ; head brown-black, red behind the vertices. ‘To next moult 2 to 5 
days. 
After 4th Moult—Length just after this moult .7 inch ; 24 hours after 
same .g in., and in 3 days reached maturity. 

MATURE LARVA —Length 1.2 inch ; cylindrical, slender, of nearly 
even size, the last 4 or 5 segments tapering but slightly ; each segment 
rounded; color orange-ochre, the surface smooth, polished ; striped 
longitudinally with black, which is almost concealed by the white spots 
which cover it ; two of these stripes are sub-dorsal, and on each side just 
above the spiracles is another ; usually there are five white spots between 
each pair of spines ; over the feet is a macular white stripe ; on medio- 
dorsal line on segments 4 to 12 1s a small white elongated spot, edged 
with black, one on summit of each segment ; the spines are in six rows, 
two sub-dorsal, standing on the black stripes and running from 2 to 13 ; 
one on each of the lateral stripes, and running from 5 to 13 ; but in line 
with these is a spine placed between 2 and 3, and another between 3 and 
4 (no spine on 4); the other rows are infra-stigmatal, and run from 5 to 
12; the dorsals on 2 are orange at base, as are also those between the 
anterior segments, but all others rise from lustrous blue-black conical 
tubercles, and all spines are blue black, slender, a little thickened at top, 
and beset thickly with fine short black bristles standing at right angles to 
the stem; the spines are of nearly uniform length, measuring .o6 inch, 
except the dorsals on 2, which measure .2 inch ; these are slender, tapering 
to about four fifths their length and then enlarge into an ovate elongated 
club ; they are directed forward across top of head, are straight or a trifle 
bent down, and when the larva is at rest he in the plane of the body, and 
are divergent ; when the larva moves, it moves its head incessantly from 
side to side, and these long spines much resemble antennee, but are not 
flexible, and can only move with the segment ; between this pair of spines 
is a chitinous black patch, and on the anterior edge of the segment on 


| 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. De 


dorsum a white spot ; under side dark or blackish-brown ; on this side 
segments 5 and 6 are crossed by a belt of minute blue-black tubercles 
with fine hairs, and a few like these are seen on rr and 12; feet and pro- 
legs biack ; head smaller than 2, sub-cordate, flattened frontally, the ver- 
tices rounded ; surface lustrous, brown-black, behind the vertices orange- 
red, with a patch of this color on middle of front, and-another along the 
ocelli ; somewhat pilose. : 

CHRYSALIS—Length .8 inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle ; the 
head case truncated, rounded transversely, and also at either side, where 
the eye-cases are quite prominent ; mesonotum elevated, sub-conic, fol- 
lowed by a rounded excavation ; the wing cases flaring at base, com- 
pressed in middle, and round rather abruptly to the abdomen ; upon the 
abdomen four rows of conical tubercles, corresponding to the dorsal and 
upper lateral spines of the larva, and the two dorsal extend to upper side 
of mesonotum ; color pearl-white, iridescent, marked with dark brown 
patches and points ; the wing cases are often nearly covered with brown, 
on which the neuration is indicated by orange lines ; but there is much 
variation, the brown area on the wings often being limited to a few stripes 
along the nervures ; the antennz cases annulated orange and brown, and 
edged by brown; the eyes marked by a brown lunation containing an 
orange line; at the top of head case a circlet of brown points about a 
central one of same color ; other small patches and points about the head 
and at base of mesonotum; on the abdomen brown points in pairs 
between the tubercles parallel to the long axis of the body ; the tubercles 
gold, burnished, either with or without brown lunations at base. Duration 
of this stage in summer 7 days. 

Eggs laid r4th July, 1880, hatched roth; the 1st moult was passed 
21st; 2nd moult 24th; 3rd moult 26th ; 4th moult 28th; in chrysalis 
and Aug.; imago out gth Aug. From laying of egg to imago 26 days. 

Claudia is found throughout the Southern and Western States ; is 
occasional in New York, and even in New England. _ It inhabits tropical 
America and some of the West India Islands, and also parts of South 
America. The larve feed on any species of Passiflora ; also on Viola 
and Sedum, and probably other plants. In 1871 I received from Mr. T. 
L. Mead, then in Colorado, a plant of Sedum by mail, about ro days on 
the road. On opening the package I found a caterpillar of Claudia, 
which had hatched on the road and had passed its second moult. I kept 
it for some days and it fed altogether on the flowers of the Sedum. Here 


934 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


at Coalburgh the butterfly 1s not very common, but I see several examples 
every year about the flowers. It flies and behaves like Argynnis. The 
female will lay eggs readily when confined with Violet or Passion-vine, but 
prefers the latter, and if the two plants are offered the larva the vine is 
preferred. ‘The larvee of the summer brood mature rapidly, but those of 
the fall brood probably hybernate when half grown. On 12th Septem- 
ber, 1873, I obtained a number of eggs, part of which were laid on 
Passion-vine. part on Violet. ‘Fhe caterpillars which fed on the vine grew 
more rapidly than the others, and began to pupate 20th October, and this 
continued for two weeks, up to 9th November. Between 25th November 
and 5th December many butterflies emerged. Inasmuch as I have several 
times seen C/uwdia flying on warm days in November. I conclude that the 
butterfly must hybernate. But while the larvee fed on Passion-vine were 
pupating, those on Violet were none of them mature and some were very 
small, only past 2nd moult. I kept these in a warm room, giving them 
all the sunlight possible. When the sun shone directly on them they were 
active and fed vigorously, but when the sky was clouded they remained 
quiet, sometimes for days together. All but one died before maturity, but 
this one continued to feed at intervals till 22nd March, and died just as 
pupation approached. I infer, therefore, that in favorable circumstances 
the larvee would hybernate. 

‘The larvee of Claudia are exceedingly active, and travel with rapidity. 
On one occasion Mr, Mead found a mature caterpillar on an alder, four 
feet from the ground, resting during the day, No violet or known food 
plant was near, and the caterpillar starved two days rather than eat alder, 
and finally was fed violet. It was probable that it had travelled a con- 
siderable distance to rest, and returned at night to its feeding place. 

The egg resembles closely that of Argynnis, and might stand in same 
genus. ‘The chrysalis resembles closely that of Melitaea. But the larva 
is very unlike Melitaea, and almost as unlike Argynnis. The imago itself 
looks like a magnified Argynnis Be//ona, and because it does, Hubner 


placed the two in the same coitus. In Boisduval and LeConte the . 


species stands in Argynnis. I am not able to discover, by a comparison 
of prepared wings of Claudia and of several species of Argynnis, any 
difference in the neuration between Euptoieta and Argynnis. Owing to 
the resemblances spoken of in the different stages, I placed Euptoieta 
between Argynnis and Melitaea in my Catalogue (1877), instead of before 
Argynnis as Kirby gives it, and I am of opinion that I did right. 


3 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 


The larva of Claudia is really a beautiful object, surpassing in this 
respect any butterfly larva known to me. ‘The chrysalis is of lovely 
shape and color, the pearly surface giving all the colors of the rainbow, 
while the tubercles are golden and the spots brown with here and there 
orange. I am sorry, therefore, that Boisduval and LeConte, after Abbot, 
give wretched figures of such admirable objects. The larva, especially, 
looks like a daub from a penny toy book. ° 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF FOUR GEOMETRID MOTHS. 
BY L, W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS. 


OCHYRIA DESIGNATA, Pack. 


Mature larva, five specimens.—Head roundish, flattened, as wide as 
the first segment, yellowish green ; jaws brown. Body thickest at the 9th 
segment, attenuated anteriorly ; yellowish green, the dorsal and subdorsal 
spaces reticulated and lined with brown ; a narrow stigmatal brown line 
and a dorsal row of triangular brown spots, one each on the 4th, 
gth and toth segments, and two on each of the intermediate ones ; a 
minute substigmatal black spot on the anterior part of each segment from 
the 6th to 9th. Length when at rest 16 mil.; when crawling 18 mil. Found 
in October on Adyssum maritimum. Pupated within a slight web on or 
just beneath the surface of the ground. 

- Pupa.—Length 8 to 9 mil., very dark shining brown, almost black, the 
spaces between the abdominal segmerits much lighter ; caudal spine round 
and forked. 


EUCROSTIS CHLOROLEUCARIA, Pack. 

Mature larva, 44 specimens.—Head small, about half as wide as the 
first segment, subquadrate, deeply bifid, deep green with a light brown 
band. Body thickest behind, much attenuated» anteriorly. The general 
color varies from yellowish to bluish and dark green, partaking somewhat 
of the color of the flowers on which they feed. ‘There is a straight, dor- 
sal reddish brown stripe which is very conspicuous on some specimens 
and much broken or entirely wanting on others. ‘I'wo very small, dorsal 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 


light brown tubercles on the first segment. Average length when at rest 
21 mil.; when crawling 22 mil. Feeds on the flowers of ‘Thoroughwort 
(Lupatorium perfoliatum), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and various 
species of //e/ianthus and Aster. Pupated in an imperfect earthen cell. 

Pupa.—Length 7 to 9 mil.; whitish horn color, some specimens tinged 
with red, minutely speckled with black ; a straight, black dorsal stripe and 
two rows of irregular black spots on the venter, and a more or less dis- 
tinct stigmatal row of smaller ones of the same color. - The wing cases 
vary from light to very dark brown or black, the body and wings of one 
specimen almost entirely covered with black. 


EUTRAPELA TRANSVERSATA, Pack. 

Mature larva, one specimen.—Head a little wider than the first seg- 
ment, flattened, purplish brown. Body rather slender, thickest behind, 
slightly attenuated anteriorly, carinated on the sides. The color is dark 
purplish brown mixed with reddish ; a dorsal reddish gray crescent-shaped 
spot on the middle of the 7th segment, behind which is a pair of low 
kidney-shaped tubercles, and a pair of dorsal, pointed, black ones on the 
t1th. The 2nd ring is swollen on the sides. Length when at rest 44 
mil.; when crawling 46 mil. Feeds on Red Maple (Acer rubrum). It 
changed toa pupa within a rolled leaf July 24th, and the moth was dis- 
covered Aug. roth. 

Pupa.—Pale flesh color, minutely speckled with brown, greenish 
between the segments ; a stigmatal row of large roundish brown spots, one 
on each abdominal segment, and a dorsal row of obscure triangular spots 
on the abdomen which are obsolete on the last three rings; a dorsal 
brown dot on the thorax, with two smaller ones behind it. Wing cases 
darker than the abdomen. Caudal spine compressed laterally, dark 
brown. Length 13 mil.; width in the widest part 5 mil. 


ACIDALIA ENUCLEATA Guen. 


Egg.—Oval, dull red, with 14 angular ribs, the concave depressions 
between with numerous transverse strie. Length, 0.7 mil., width o.4 mil. 
Duration of egg stage 9 days. 

Young larva.-—Length 2.8 to 3 mil. Head twice as wide as the body, 
round, flat in front. Body very slender, brown on tne back, growing 
lighter colored behind and beneath ; and on each segment are about five 
long, hair-like, club-shaped processes, j 


- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zo 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


On Two Mites. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


But little is generally known regarding the life history and habits of 
mites. They have not yet engaged the attention of many naturalists, still 
their tribes are many, and the hosts of individuals composing them ‘“ too 
numerous to mention.” We purpose to present our readers with a few 
facts relating to two of the better known species of mites. 


The Red Spider, Zétranychus telarius, is a serious pest to gardeners, 
and one which all those who have to do with plants under glass are more 
or less familiar with. Fig. 22 represents the male of this species very much 
enlarged, the mite itself being scarcely 
visible to the unaided eye. ‘The char- 
acteristics of this genus of mites seem to 
show a special affinity with the spiders in 
their habit of spinning webs, for which 
purpose the claws of their feet are speci- 
ally adapted. The mouth has a barbed 
sucking apparatus by which the sap is 
sucked from the minute vessels in the ~ 
leaves of the plants they attack. These 
mites vary very considerably in color, 
influenced much in this respect by the 
food they devour ; some are greenish and 
marked with brown specks on the sides, 
others are rust-colored, or reddish, or 
even brick red, the latter being the color 
with which horticulturists are most familiar. It is probable that most of 
the individuals acquire more or less of a reddish hue when fully mature. 
The natural size of this mite is indicated by the dot enclosed in the small 
ring on the side of figure. 


This mite spins a web on the under side of the leaves, of the finest 
and most delicate texture, the threads being so slender that one fails to 
see them even with the help of a magnifying glass until after they are 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


woven into a web or net-work. The threads are secreted from a conical 
protuberance situated underneath and near the extremity of the abdo- 
men, and they are drawn out and guided by the motions of the insect and 
by the action of the minute claws of the feet. In constructing the web 
the feet are moved quickly and the threads are attached to the hairs and 
other prominences of the leaf, and under this shelter will be found a 
colony consisting of many mature individuals of both sexes and young 
mites of all ages, which feed and multiply rapidly. By the aid of their 
jaws, which are not unlike the beak of a bird, they tear away the surface 
of the leaf, and then plunge their beaked suckers into the wound and 
suck the juice. 


The eggs of this mite are nearly round, colorless, and large in propor- 
tion to the size of the insect.’ The larva is a minute transparent object, 
not unlike its parent, but it has only six legs and creeps slowly. The 
leaves of the plants attacked soon indicate the presence of this invader 
by their sickly hue ; the sap being sucked by myriads of tiny mouths, the 
leaves are deprived of their natural nourishment, and soon assume a yel- 
lowish hue, with patches of a greyish or lighter shade ; the under surface 
becomes whitish, and if the mite is allowed to pursue its course 
unchecked, the gardener soon finds his cherished flowers and shrubs much 
injured or destroyed. 


These insects are said to pass the winter under stones, concealing 
themselves there when the leaves they have fed on have fallen. 


The remedies used for such enemies as the Red Spider are various 
preparations of sulphur and soap, used separately or together, mixed with 
water and applied to the plants with a syringe. Sulphur in any 
form seems useful; laying it in powder upon the pipes in the green 
house has been recommended. Plain soap and water is said to be 
effectual ; indeed water alone freely used is regarded by some as sufficient. 
It is well known that the insect thrives best ina dry atmosphere. In 
applying any of these liquids, to insure success it is necessary that it be 
used so as to wet the under-side of the leaves ; if applied to the upper 
surface only the mites may remain attached to the lower side with perfect 
security during the entire operation. The gardener is aided in his war — 
against this pest by other mites and insects which prey upon them. The 
larvee of the Lace-wing Flies and other friendly insects are said to devour 
large numbers of them. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


The Common Cheese Mite 7yvoglyphus siro.—This tiny creature, 


scarcely visible to the unaided eye, is soft, smooth and fleshy, with a 


whitish body and feet furnished with suckers 
and claws. Figure 23, which represents one of 
these mites highly magnified, will convey a 
better idea of its general aspect than any ver- 
bal description we can give. It lives in almost 
every kind of cheese when a little decayed, 
and particularly in the harder portions. When 
in a warm,.atmosphere they are active, con- 
stantly gnawing at the cheese and reducing it to 
powder. This powder is composed of little 
greyish balls of excrementitious matter, eggs, 
both empty and unhatched, larvee, pupee, and 
Fig. 23. perfect mites, with cast skins and fragments of 
cheese. Exposed to a low temperature, the 
individuals soon gather into groups or heaps in hollow places in the 
cheese, and there remain ‘in a state of torpidity until awakened again by 
warmth. ‘[his mite is also found in flour. _ 

It multiplies very rapidly either in cheese or flour. A few specimens 
transferred from a mitey cheese to an old cheese not mitey, will soon 
colonize it thoroughly. They are probably harmless, since there are no 
records of any disease occasioned by them, although they are daily 
eaten in numbers too great to be estimated, and so carelessly, that hun- 
dreds of living individuals must escape the grinding of the molars and be 
swallowed alive. 


WALSINGHAM’S PTEROPHORIDA OF CALIFORNIA 
oN AND OREGON. 


BY CHARLES FISH, OLD TOWN, MAINE. 


I desire to call the attention of Entomologists to a very valuable con- 
tribution to Entomological literature recently made by Lord Walsingham. 
The work is entitled Pterophoride of California and Oregon, and is pub- 
lished in an octavo volume very neatly gotten up, and containing sixty-six 
pages of letter press, fully illustrated by forty-eight colored figures on 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


three plates. Torty-one species are figured, of which three do not belong 
to the Pacific fauna as far as known, but are given for convenience of 
comparison. ‘Twenty-seven new species are described. 

The material for this work was collected by the author during a sporting 
expedition extending from the middle of May, 1871, to the end of June, 
1872. ‘The author alludes to the close resemblance to European fornis 
presented by this group, and which appears to be a general characteristic 
of the Lepidopterous fauna of Western North America. Some species 
- were found to present extensive variations in size and color, and in one 
or two cases the variation was so great that had not the intermediate con- 
necting links been found, the extreme forms must have been considered 
as distinct species. This variation was particularly observable in the 
genera Amblyptilus, Gfdematophorus and Lioptilus. 

The European species, Platyptilus Bertram? Rossl., Amblyptilus cos- 
modactylus Hubn., Pterophorus monodactylus Linn. and Alucita hexadactyla 
Linn,, were found. ‘The first three of these species are also found in 
New England, that 1s, if P. Bischoffit Zeller is identical with Bertramt?, as 
given by this author, and of which I have little doubt. This is our most 
abundant species in New England. I have sent examples to Prof. Zeller, 
who expresses the opinion that ochrodactylus, Bertrami and Bischoffit are 
one. <A knowledge of the larva of our species and its habits might settle 
the question. I am strongly of the opinion that the larve feed in the 
stalks of our common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium ), smce the moths are 
often taken about this plant, and since the European species feed in the 
stalks of Achillea ptarmica and Tanacetum vulgare. The moth appears in 
New England in June, and very probably the habits of the larve are 
similar to those of the borer of which an account is given by D, S. Kelli- 
cott, Can. Ent., vol. xii., No. 6. I would be glad of any information in 
regard to the larval habits of this or any other species of this group, of 
which I am at present making a special study. 


To return from this digression — Platyptilus cardui Zeller = P. 
carduidactylus Riley, Oxyfttlus Delawaricus Zeller, and Oxyptilus nigro- 
ciliatus Zeller, occurred in California, all three of which are found on the 
Atlantic coast. I have found the last named species in several collections 
labeled as ¢enuédacty/us Fitch, and Walsingham saw it under that name in 
Central Park Museum, New York. If Dr. Fitch’s collection should ever 
become accessible to Entomologists, several perplexing questions of 
identity might be answered. The cosmopolitan and extremely variable 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 241 


species, Prterophorus monodactylus Linn., was found in several localities in 
California and Oregon. Two varieties are figured. This species is 
identical with P. pergracilidactylus Pack. and P. cineretdactylus Fitch. 1 
have it from New England and Illinois, as well as from California. My 
specimens from California show even more extreme limits of variation 
than the European forms, of which I have received a set through the 
kindness of Prof. Zeller. Dr. Packard’s sau/phureodactylus is re-described 
and christened sa/phureus, in accordance with the laws of nomenclature. 
Prof. Zeller is cited, who has taken the same liberty with Prof. Riley’s 
hybrid name carduidactylus, reducing it to the unobjectionable cavduz. As 
to the propriety of thus changing original names, I at present express no 
opinion. Much might be said both for and against. It is certainly desir- 
able in naming a new species to conform strictly to the rules of zoological 
nomenclature, both that the names may be harmonious, and that we may 
not at some future time find our names degraded to the rank of synonyms. 


Lord Walsingham has very generously given types of most of his 
described species to Prof. C. H. Fernald, of the Agricultural College, 
Orono, Maine, where they will be accessible to Entomologists engaged in 
the study of this group of insects on this side of the Atlantic. I would 
add that this little book of Lord Walsingham’s is the first work containing 
anything like a full representation.of the Pterophoride of any section of 
North America, and I commend it to the consideration of all who are 
interested in the study of the beautiful forms of this difficult and hitherto 
much neglected family of the Lepidoptera. 


NOTES. ON CATOCALA HUNTING. 


BY. G. H. FRENCH, CARBONALE, ILL. 


A few of the members of my zoology class and myself have taken here 
821 specimens of Catocale in nine consecutive days, collecting from 
August 16th to August 26th inclusive, omitting Saturday and Sunday, dur- 
ing which no collecting was done. These were all taken in the afternoons, 
usually from one to four o’clock, by whipping the trees, and all within 


242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


easy walking distance from the University. No sugaring was done during 
the time. ‘hese 821 specimens represent the following species : 


C. Lachrymosa, Guen. C. Iha, Guen. 
Viduata, Guen. Innubens, Guen. 
Desperata, Guen. Scintillans, G. & R. 
Retecta, Grote. Neogama, Guen. 
Flebilis, Grote. Subnata, Grote. 
Robinsoni, Grote. Piatrix, Grote. 
Residua, Grote. Palaeogama, Guen. 
Obscura, Streck. Habilis, Grote. 
Angusi, Grote. Nebulosa, Edw. 
Amatrix, Hub. Amica, Hub. 


Cara, Guen. . 
I might say here that I have taken in this locality, in addition to the 
above, the following species : 


C. Epione, Westw. C. Delilah, Streck. 
Sappho, Streck. Consors, Guen. 
Judith, Streck. Serena, Edw. 
Insolabilis, Guen. Magdalena, Streck. 
Ulalume, Streck. Grynea, Guen. 
Unijuga, WIk. Nuptialis, Walk. 
Coccinata, Grote. Fratercula, G. & R. 
Ultronia, Guen.  _ Tineella, Grote. 
Marmorata, Edw. Amasia, Westw. 


Besides these, I have taken two other species that I have not identi- 
fied yet. Have also taken var. phalanga of C. palaeogama, and form 
atarah of C. fratercula. 


NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 
BY A. R. GROTE. \ 


Packardia Goodellit, n. s. 


Entirely blackish with a faint brown shading about internal angle, where 
are two white unequal spots as in geminata. Fringe blackish, concolorous, 
interlined with pale and_ with a distinct white fleck or spot below apices ; 
this distinguishes the moth from any of the genus. The usual lines on 
the primaries are lost in the ground color ; the outer line may be made 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243 


out, followed by a whitish shade on costa. The costal edge at apices is 
whitish. Secondaries concolorous, blackish, paler beneath ; the fringe is 
paler outwardly. The male expands 20 mil. the female 22 mil. The 
wings are wide, convex along costal margin of primaries, the apices a 
little pointed. Body frail, concolorous, blackish, the palpi, feet and abdo- 
men beneath paler. Collected in Mass. by L. W. Goodell, Esq., for 
whom the species is named. 


Hadena adnixa, n. s. 


g ¢. Eyes naked; tibie unarmed. By the excavate secondaries 
allied to curvata, genitrix and fumosa. Paler than curvata, of a dusty 
gray, shaded with brown. Sub-basal field shaded with brown with a black 
streak from the base below median vein to anterior line. Half-line 
present ; base of the ground color. T. a. line geminate, not very distinct, 
blackish, marked on costa, scalloped, perpendicular. Claviform outlined. 
Orbicular subquadrate, with a brown central clouding. Reniform nar- 
rowed above, constricted, black-ringed, upright, with a brown internal 
shade, crossed by the angulate brown median shade. Posterior line as in 
allied forms ; between the reniform and the line a pale shade, repeated 
between the discal spots and before the orbicular, here smaller and less 
noticeable. Subterminal space shaded with brown ; veins darker ; black 
dashes on the interspaces between veins 4 and 6. Terminal space of the 
ground color. Subterminal line pale, flexed ; a terminal series of black 
marks ; the dusky fringes uneven, with a pale line at base, interrupted 
with pale. Hind wings fuscous with pale extra mesial line. Beneath 
gray, irrorate with distinct dark dentate lines and discal spots. Collar 
black-lined. xfanse 38 mil. Nevada; Mr. Tepper. 


Hladena characta, n. s. 


Allied to cusvata and adnixa, but smaller and with the aspect of an 
Agrotis. Body tufted ; eyes naked ; tibie unarmed. Fore wings blackish 
gray with the sub-basal and subterminal spaces shaded with pale, and with 
a slight ochre stain which spreads on the dusky median space. Claviform 
large, concolorous, black-outlined.  Orbicular well sized, rather narrow, 
oblique, gray, with central streak. Reniform moderate, shaded with gray, 
upright, constricted. Lines geminate, accompanied by gray shades, not 
very distinct. Posterior line followed by slight dark venular marks. Sub- 
terminal pale, irregular. Hind wings fuscous, the veins darker; beneath 


244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gray, irrorate, with discal spot and line. Zxfanse 30 mil. Nevada, Mr. 
‘Tepper. 


Fladena chryselectra, n. s. 


gf. Head, thorax, base of primaries and subterminal space of a pale 


golden brown, or fawn color. Median lines propinquitous, black, den- 
ticulate or lunulate, double, enclosing a whitish ochrey line. Median 
space shaded with whitish ochrey, especially beyond the reniform and 
along the anterior line. Orbicular small, spherical, black ringed, bluish ; 
reniform of the usual shape, moderate, black outlined with blue center ; 
claviform outlined, small. Median shade black, heavily marked on costa, 


faint below where it runs near the posterior line. Median space narrow 


below median vein; the posterior line exserted opposite the cell and 
running inwardly inferiorly where it is followed by black and white venu- 
lar points. Subterminal space smooth, concolorous, wide ; terminal space 
narrow, shaded with pale, with a terminal black dotted line ; subterminal 
line black, interrupted with pale, more even and equidistant from the 
margin than usual. Fringes fawn color, paler externally. Hind wings 
pale ochrey with rather broad blackish borders and faint discal mark ; 
beneath pale with a dotted line within the border. Collar with black 
scales in front, and there are black scales on the tufts on dorsum and at 
the sides of the tegule. Eyes naked; tibize unarmed. 


Length of pri- 
mary 13 mil. ad. Colorado, Mr. Neumoegen. 


Oncocnemis cibalis, n. s. 


fg. Allied to Chandleri, but with the primaries more pointed, the 
collar whitish with a superior blackish line, the subterminal line preceded 
by a blackish shade which recalls Po/ia ilepida. Eyes naked; tibize 
unarmed ; fore tibize with a rather short claw. Gray, shaded with dusky ; 


thorax pale gray. Fore wings gray with the veins marked ; median vein 


and its two superior branches whitish. Orbicular elongate, white-ringed, 


fusing with the moderate, upright, blackish-centered, white-ringed reniform. 
Lines obliterate, indicated on costa by double fuscous streaks. A dusky 
streak from the base runs into the narrow white-outlined claviform. The 
jagged white subterminal line preceded by a blackish shading. Fringes 
with a pale line at base; interlined with fuscous. Hind wings whitish ; 
with a discal lunule, vague external fuscous shading, and white, faintly 


oO) 
interlined fringes. Aapanse 33 mil. Colorado, Mr. Graef. 


(Vo be Continued.) 


eS oa © 


Che Canadvan Entomoloaist, 


WO. XIL LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1880. No. 12 


NOTES ON LYTTA (BLISTER-BEETLES). 
BY E. W. CLAYPOLE, YELLOW SPRINGS, OHIO. 


During the present summer three species of Zy/¢a have been very 
abundant and destructive here. The Striped Blister-beetle ( Zytta vzttata ) 
in the early part of the season, about the end of June, began to do 
mischief to the Potato plants, especially where they were weedy. Later 
on, about the middle of July, this species was joined by the White-edged 
Blister-beetle (Z. marginata), and both together fell upon the later kinds 
of Potato (in my garden the Buckeye). Now (August) the Black Blister- 
beetle (Z. a/rata) may be seen in company with the former two where a 
few belated plants afford them any green fodder. ‘The last mentioned of 
the three, however, did not arrive in time to do any serious harm to the 
Potato, but turned its attention to a large bed of Sunflower belonging to 
my children, and are preying upon their yellow petals greedily. | From 
twelve to twenty may be often seen upon a single plant. 

All these three species “ play possum” when frightened, but not all 
in the same way. The black one drops from the plant as does the 
Colorado Beetle (D. zo-/incata ), but does not fold in its legs and antennze 
and roll about. It lies just where it falls for some seconds, with limbs in 
the position in which they were when it dropped. The white-edged and 
striped species fall as if struck dead, but always alight on their feet or gain 
them immediately, and stand looking warily about them. If no danger 
seems near, or if an attack is made upon them, they run, and having the 
longest legs of the group, they run fast and are difficult to catch. But 
their bodies being soft, they are easily crushed. Their juices, as their 
name implies, are exceedingly blistering, and soon raise a water blister 
on the skin if applied to it. Hence they are often used locally as a sub- 
stitute for the Spanish Fly. 

The presence and voracity of these Blister-beetles make it very difficult 
to keep a bed of potatoes clean by hand-picking of any kind, but of 
course Paris Green or London Purple is as destructive to them as to the 


Pass A) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Colorado Beetle, and forms the best remedy. They are so wary that it is 
almost enough to clear the plants if one walks between the rows so that 
one’s shadow falls on them. ‘hey may be seen dropping to the ground 
in a shower. 

Though these three species are so abundant here, I have not seen a 
specimen of the fourth member of the group, the Ash-grey Blister-beetle 
(L. cinerea), this summer, and a row of English Proad Windsor Beans 
which I planted as an experiment were quite untouched by them. The 
late Mr. Walsh says he never could grow these beans at Rock Island, IIL, 
because of the swarms of Ash-grey Blister-beetles which ate them up. My 
Broad beans were, however, badly injured by numbers of a small black 


hopping beetle, the name of which I do not know, but which treated their — 


leaves exactly as the Turnip Flea Beetle treats the seed leaves of the 
young turnips. It was, however, much larger. 

Not to paint the Black Blister-beetle any blacker than is just right, I 
must add that I not long ago found a swarm of them devouring the 
flowers of the great Rag-weed (Ambrosta-trifida). One of them, which 
I watched for some time, cleaned the whole of the flowers from one of the 
involucres of the raceme in a few seconds. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LIMENITIS. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


TAMENITIS EROs. 

Allied to Dés7ppus, wings less produced, and in female very broad. 

Matre-—Expands about 2.6 inch. 

Upper side very dark red-brown ; hind margins bordered broadly with 
black, costal margins narrowly; inner margin of primaries black to the 
submedian nervure ; all nervures and branches black, and narrowly edged 
with same color ; against the end of cell on primaries a long subtriangular 
black patch, its short side resting on costa, its apex prolonged into a stripe 


which reaches the border of hind margin below first branch of median ; 


beyond the disk on secondaries a transverse curved narrow black stripe 
from margin to margin ; within the borders and near their inner edges a 


—— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 


common series of white spots, which on secondaries are small and more 
or less obsolete ; on the black triangle three white spots in line, the two 
nearest costa large, the third minute ; a white spot at the origin of upper 
subcostal interspace and a white streak on outer side of costal nervure 
opposite the triangle and a little way toward base ; fringes black, white in 
the middle of each interspace. 

Under side red-brown, nearly as dark as above, and of an uniform 
shade over both wings; the apical area of primaries a little less 
red; primaries have the spots on border repeated, enlarged and 
crescent-shaped, white, with purple scales about the edges, and half way 
to margin is another series of small purplish spots, one to each inter- 
space ; at apex these are round, the rest abbreviated streaks ; the spots in 
the triangle repeated, as well as the markings next and on costa, all these 
pure white ; in middle of cell next subcostal a subtriangular white spot on 
black ground, and a white mark along same nervure nearer base. 


Secondaries have the marginal spots repeated, much enlarged, crescent, 
and an obsolescent row of purplish crescents on middle of the border ; 
the black transverse stripe repeated and on ¢he muner side of same a 
crescent in cach interspace, white, delicately tinted blue or purple. 


FemMALE—Expands 3.2 to 3.4 inches. 


Same color as male and similarly marked ; the black triangle shows a 
fourth spot ; in some examples the black cross stripe on upper side of 
secondaries has white crescents on inner side in the interspaces of anterior 
half the wing ; there is also a small white spot in cell of primaries next 
subcostal. 

Under side like the male, but the white spots are greatly enlarged ; 
the crescents in borders almost serrated; ¢he white crescents inside the 
stripe always conspicuous and sometimes very large, exceeding indeed those 
of the border. 

Several examples of this large and beautiful species were received by me 
last season from Indian River. It is allied to Dészppus, from which it differs 
in the greater size of the femaie, in the very broad black borders in both 
sexes, in the depth of color, very nearly as dark as mahogany, above, and 
not much lighter below, and in the presence of white spots across the 
disk of secondaries, always on under side, and sometimes in 2 on upper 
side also. My correspondent was able to obtain eggs by confining a 
female on willow, and these were forwarded to me in a tin box, and 


248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


though nine days on the road four larvee reached me. One had just passed 
2nd moult, one was swollen for 2nd moult, and two were in middle of 
second stage. 


DESCRIPTION OF LARVA OF L. EROS. 


Shortly before 2nd moult--Length .2 ; another .24 inch. Shape of 
Disippus at same stage, but the color red-brown, the sides darker ; the 
dorsal patch red-buff ; the processes on 3rd segment measuring .03 inch, 
stout at base, tapering. to top, black, the knobs on their sides tawny. 


After 2nd moult—Length .35 inch; red-brown; all the tubercles 
except those on the dorsal patch reddish, this patch yellow-buff ; the pro- 
cesses on 3 now .o5 inch, black and as before. 

After 3rd moult—Length .4 inch ; body very red ; the processes on 
3 now.14 inch long, black, slender, bent forward at top ; many sharp thorns 
about the sides, and these as well as the stems are shining black, 
except the tips of the thorns, which are tawny; the dorsal patch yellow- 
white. Duration of this stage 5 days. 


After 4th moult (6 hours after)—Length .7 inch; segments 2, 3, 4 
red-tawny, clear colored, very little specked with black ; 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13 
red-ferruginous, with little or no black ; the patch on 9, and partly cover- 
ing 8 and to, reddish-tawny ; the side stripe on basal ridge red-tawny, 
the processes on 3 vary from .2 to .26 inch long, slender, tapering 
regularly from base to top, their sides much covered with separated sharp 
spurs of irregular sizes; the tips of these are tawny, but all else and the 
processes are shining black; between these are two fine crested tuber- 
culations, color of the ground ; on 4 are two large crests at the ends of 
the dorsal ridge, and two between these; 5 has two small crests and 
three rows of red bead-like processes ; 6 has an elevated ridge with a 
mamilloid process at each end, the top crested; the succeeding 
segments have but two dorsal tubercles to each, and to 11 they are 
small ; on the patch concolored ; 7 is beaded like 5, and 11 and 12 are 
much beaded ; 13 has two pairs of prominent processes, one quite at the 
extremity, and these are largest; on 12 two large tapering processes 
crested at tops; all crests are composed of little knobs like rice 
grains, and are red ; similar small crested tubercles on the sides, one row 
above, one below spiracles ; feet and legs red ; head obovoid, depressed 
at top, the vertices high ; color wholly red, except over mandibles across 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249 


the lower front, where it is reddish-black, Whole surface granulated and 
much covered with simple tubercles, roundly conical, and of irregular 
sizes ; around the top and down the sides at back of head a row of sharp 
and pretty long spurs; all these red, as are nearly all in front, but a few 
are black both on front and sides; on each vertex a stout black process, 
short, the top rounded, and at base of the arch are six little rounded 
elevations ; behind this process rises one of the spurs of the back head, 
overtopping it by .or inch. 


One day later, or 30 hours after the 4th moult, all the dark parts 
became paler, the red more brown, the face and head paler; the crests 
of all the dorsal tubercles and those on sides quite white. 


Still one day later, the red parts were changing to olive-brown, and 
the red beads had become blue. The next day the dark parts were entirely 
green, mottled light and dark, the dark being olivaceous. The processes 
on 3 had not at all changed color from the first. 


Five days after 4th moult, the larva suspended, having reached a 
length of one inch, and two days later pupated. 


,» CHRYSALIS—Length 1.1 inch ; head case sub-pyramidal ; the vertices 
have each a low elevation, triangular ; mesonotum high, rounded, with a 
thin low carina which rises to a blunt apex, sloping either way about 
equally ; wing cases much elevated above the surface on the dorsal and 
posterior sides, the middle being incurved ; on middle of dorsum rises a 
process, broad at base but rapidly narrowing to a sharp edge, rounded at 
top, not quite circular, the anterior part having a more rapid curve than 
the other ; the space between the base of this and the wing cases cor- 
rugated ; abdomen sub-cylindrical, a little compressed laterally, rising to 
a low medio-dorsal ridge ; color of anterior parts, head and mesonotum 
brown; the dorsal side of head case imperfectly silvered ; wing cases 
deeper brown, the raised ridges blackish ; the dorsal process same color 
as the wings ; at base on either side is an oblique black bar which crosses 
three segments, and the space between these and the wing cases is silvered 
on a whitish ground ; abdomen buff, mottled with gray-green or olive- 
green, on ventral side covering quite uniformly, but on the rest the dark 
shades are faint and do not much discolor the light ; the last segments 
dark, like head. Duration of this stage 8 days. Two of the larve reached 
maturity and gave two female butterflies. 


THE 


CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


“eros differs as much from Deséfpus in its larval stages as it does in 


the imago. 

f¢ros, after 1st moult—Color red- 
brown ; processes on 3 are .03 incl 
long, tapering to top, black. 


After 2nd moult : 


Disippus at same stage—Color 
mottled tawny and dark brown ; 
processes on 3 are .or inch long, 
made up of several elongated knobs, 


some white, some black. 


Color red-brown ; Sy Va Color less tawny, 
processes .05 inch; YY, na much mixed with 
black and _ tapering, WY yb black ; the processes 
with separated sharp sy . Ve thick, not tapering, 
spurs on sides. a are ee but club — shaped, 

y 4 wholly covered with 
. at i 7 knobs, mostly tawny, 
“ ee a little black. 

After 3rd moult— BSG Me After 3rd summer 
Very red , wee a *- moult—Color black, 
cesses .14 mci Lone, J - \ the tops of all tuber- 
black, slender, taper- bf cles ee. processes 
ing, bent forward at Sy er .06 to .o7 inch long, 
top, scattered sharp Ps Vd club-shaped as be- 
spurs on sides, and : fore, tawiy. 
except tips of these, \ 
all is shining black. coer 


After 4th moult —Color red-tawny 
and ferruginous, processes in color 
as before, .2 to .26 inch, slender, 
tapering to top, not at all clubbed, 
bent, always thinly clothed with 
acuminate spurs quite to top (fig. 
24, a). 


After 4th summer moult—Colors 
buff, black, red brown (but not red- 
ferruginous like £7es); processes 
tawny, sometimes mixed black, .12 
to .22 inch, straight; the longer 
ones tapering for 34 from base, then 
clubbed (fig. 24, 4), the club thickly 
covered with fusiform knobs; the 
shorter ones club-shaped throughout 
(fig. 24, ¢) and thickly covered from 
base to top with fusiform knobs. 


[The cut, by Mrs. Peart, shows the processes on 3rd segment of vos, a, and of two mature 


Disippus bred at Coalburgh, 1880, & c.] 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251 


“Mrs. Peart made drawings of both Zyros and Coalburgh Dzsippus 
larvee, after 4th moult, and at same time, and writes me, that in addition 
to the remarkable difference in the processes on 3, the crests of the dorsal 
tubercles on Zrvos are composed of much larger grains and in greater 
number than in Dys7ppus. She says: “The horns and the clusters of 
rice-grains, and the color of body are the chief points of difference.” 


Certainly a form which presents so conspicuous and permanent differ- 
ences from D¢sippus, not only in the imago, but in the larval stages, is to 
be ranked as-a distinct species. 


I only know of Zves being taken in southern Florida, and it is the 
only form flying there so faras I know. Examples of Dzszppus, almost 
as dark as Zvos on upper side,* come from northern Florida, and the 
Gulf States to Texas, but in these the under side of secondaries is but 
little darker than in many northern examples. (There is a strong con- 
trast in Désippus in the color of the two wings below, secondaries being 
yellowish). Whereas in 270s both wings are of one red hue on under side, 
much like that of cherry wood. 


On turning to the plate of Dészfpus in Boisduval and LeConte, which 
is taken from Abbot, I have little doubt that Z7os furnished the examples 
from which the female represented was drawn. The shape is not that of 
the northern Des7fpus, as appears most decidedly by the figure of the 
under side, it being greatly broader, the fore wings less tapering, and so far 
this figure agrees with Z7vs. The colors are not deep enough for £Z7es, 
but apparently the under side is intended to be of an uniform shade. 
And inside the black cross stripe seem to be white crescents, very slight 
and half obscured by red paint in my copy, but they are dotted out by 
the engraver. In the text nothing is said of these crescents. ‘The figure 
of the mature larva is roughly done, and can only represent the end of 
the stage after the colors have all changed, but the processes on 3 are very 
long and tapering, with separated spurs, and agree pretty well therefore 
with Zros. Boisduval refers to Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ili. 50 (AZisippus ), 
which merely says: “alis repandis fulvis; margine nigro albo punctato,’ 
posticis arcu nigro,” and this is understood to cover the northern 
Disippus. 


* Disippus var. a, Floridensis Strecker, Cat. p. 143. ° ‘The form found in Florida 
and other parts of the extreme South.” 


Zo THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


LIST OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES RECEIVED FROM 
FORT NIOBRARA, NEBRASKA. 


BY W. L. CARPENTER. 


Pieris protodice, Bois. Debis portlandia, Fab. 
Colias eurytheme, Bois. Satyrus nephele, olympus, Edw. 
Nathalis jole, Bois. Neonympha eurytris, Fabr. 
Argynnis cybele, Fabr. Thecla strigosa, Harr. 
ie aphrodite, Fabr. “* calanus, Hubn. 
Euptoieta claudia, Cramer. Lycaena comyntas, Godt. 
Phyciodes nycteis, Doubl. ‘* neglecta, Edw. 
a tharos, Drury. Pamphila zabulon, Bois. 
Grapta interrogationis, Fab. ‘* manataaqua, Scud. 
‘< comma, dryas, Edw. ‘¢ huron, Edw. 
“¢  progne, Cramer. Pyrgus tessellata, Scud. 
Limenitis Weidemeyerii, Edw. Eudamus bathyllus, Sm.-Abbot. 
Apatura celtis, Bois. “¢  tityrus, Fabr. 


ON “THE WHITE SCALE OF THE ORANGE.” 


( Ceroplastes rusct Linn.) 


BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL. 
Coccus rusct Linn., Sys. Nat.; Fab., Syst. Ent. (1775); Id., Spec. Ins, 
(1781); Id., Sys. Ryng. (1803); Id., Mantis. Ins. (1787); Ids Ent. Sys. 
(1794); Modeer., Act. Goth. (1778); Gmelin., Syst. Nat. (1791); Oliv., 
Encyc. Meth. (1791.) C. caricae Fab., Ent. Syst. (1794); Id., Syst. Ryng. 
(1804); Bernard Mem. Hist. Nat. et. Mem. Acad. (1775); Fronscol Ann. 
Soc. Ent. Fr. (1834); Boisduval Ent. Hort. (1868). opus tesselata 
Klein. (1734). Calypticus testudineus Costa (1837); Faun., Regn. Nap. 
Gallins. Columnea testudinata Targioni (1866); Atti det Georgof; Id., 
Studi Sulle Coccinig ext Soc. Ital. Scien. Milan et Catal (1868). Svgnoret. 
This is another scale found by me infesting the orange trees in Florida. 
It has a wide distribution, being found in Europe, Australia and the 
southern parts of America. 


; 
. 
4 
r 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. “O58 


Like the Long Scale (Asfidiotus Gloverit), it has probably been 
imported into this country, and but recently, as I can find no record of 
its having been found in Florida several years back. It is now just begin- 


ning to become common. 


ITS FOOD PLANT. 

M. Signoret, “Essai sur le Cochinelles,” gives its food plants in 
Europe as the myrtle, common holly and wormwood. In Florida I have 
found it on the myrtle, orange, fig and oleander. Prof. J. H. Comstock, 
on his recent tour to Florida, told me he had found it also on the gall- 


berry (Llex glaber. ) 

The Scale, fig. 25. when fully matured, averages from .10 to .14 of an 
inch in length, by from .06 to .o8 in width, and is highly arched. On the 
top it is tesselated with seven well-defined, oval, 
elevated checkers, three on each side, nearly round, 
the seventh, at posterior end, being more or less 
triangular. At first, the color is whitish, resembling 
wax, with which it is similar in consistency, being, 
soft and pliable. As it reaches maturity it becomes 
pinkish with a slight yellowish tint in depressions ; 
just before the young hatch, it becomes of a globular 
form, and the top changes to a dark brown. 

The summer-brood of young hatch in from ten to (+ 
twenty days after the eggs have been laid. The 
female is flattened, oval, resembling in shape the 
wood-louse, only not so convex. It is pale yellowish, < 
with a brownish tint on back ; antenne six-jointed; 
in the posterior end is a deep triangular-shaped in- 28 
dentation, from the centre of which protrudes a & 
fleshy tubercle, reaching to outer edge, and from each 
corner of the notch on either side of the tubercles 
issues along filament nearly as long as the insect, Fic. 2; 
with a short hair on each side. 

These crawl round for two or three days after hatching, searching for 
a suitable place to insert their beak. After inserting their beak they be- 
come stationary, and there soon after begins to form over them a waxy 
secretion in the form of sinall white globules, which is quite plainly visible 
in a few days in the form of small, white, round, eleyated spots surround- 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing the insect, particularly just above the spiracles. As it increases in 
size, the limbs, which are of no more use, gradually disappear, and on 
reaching maturity it forms a brownish pupa, which on cutting open is 
found filled with eggs. These are elliptical, .o1 of an inch in length, and 
of a pale yellow color. In one of the cases I counted one hundred and 
five eggs. 


NUMBER OF BROODS. 
During the year there are three broods ; the first brood hatches from | 
last of April to middle of May; the second, from middle of July to first 


week in August ; the third, from last week of August to middle of Sep- F 
tember. One can form some idea of their prolificness, by supposing | 4 
nothing prevents the first hundred eggs from hatching ; this would give 

one hundred insects, which in turn produce their one hundred eggs, mak- | 


ing in all 10,000 by second brood ; these each producing a hundred 
would give a grand total of 1,000,000. One million—think of it—the 
produce of one scale insect in a year ! 

Thanks, however, to that immutable law which governs the universe, 
it has its enemies to prey upon and keep it from increasing too fast. : 
NATURAL ENEMIES. 

The twice-stabbed Lady-bug Chzlocorus bivulneris, the blood-red Lady- 
bug Cyconeda sanguinea, and an ichneumon fly, are its principal foes. I 
have also detected a small white mite, about sis of an inch long, among 
the eggs and old scales ; but whether it be an enemy or not I cannot say, 
as I have failed to detect it doing any damage. I’m inclined to think it 
merely feeds upon the decaying matter of the old scale. 

I have not not yet met with the male of this species, but hope to do so 
before long. 

The cut will give an admirable idea of the scale, 


NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 


BY A. R. GROTE, 


(Continued from Page 244.) 
Oncocnenits levis, n. s. 
Primaries much shaded with black over dusty ochrey. Markings fine, 
neat, distinct. The lines black, with narrow included dusty ochrey shades. 
Half-line present. Anterior line with three dentations, Claviform long, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


N 
Or 
Or 


reaching to posterior line, having a pale dusty ochre annulus edged _out- 
wardly with black, brown interiorly. Orbicular moderate, round, a little 
oblique with an interior brown annulet.  Reniforin upright lunate, pale 
dusty ochre, with an interior brown curved shade divided by a whitish 
hair-line on the cross vein. Posterior line curved, running inwardly below 
median vein, but not abruptly. The subterminal space is shaded with 
dusty ochre beyond the line. Subterminal line preceded by distinct long 
interspaceal black dashes. ‘Terminal space narrow, shaded with black. 
A black terminal line ; fringes pale at base, interlined. Hind wings dusty 
ochrey fuscous with distinct wide black borders ; veins soiled with fuscous; 
beneath paler with traces of a mesial line and the black border repeated. 
On fore wings the black border is less vivid and there are blackish shad- 
ings on the cell and traces of an extra mesial line. Thorax and head 
colored like primaries ; collar with a fine line in front, and double lines 
above. Fore tibiz with a terminal spine and a shorter one opposite ; eyes 
naked. Length of primary 15 mil: //ad. Colorado, Mr. Neumoegen ; 
several examples. 

This species approaches awvgustus in ornamentation; the band on 
secondaries is broader and their color is darker, being ochrey fuscous, 
while in augustus they are whitish, The long black interspaceal dashes 
before the subterminal line are wanting in the Texan species, in which the 
claviform is vague and the orbicular spherical. 

Since my first discovery of this interesting genus in North America it 
has been enriched by many species. In the European Catalogues four 
species are enumerated from the Aitai and Ural regions. The following 
is a list of our species with localities : 


Genus Oncocnemis Led. 
Hind wings yellow. 
1. Hayesi Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S. 1, 105, pl: 3, fig. 13. Colorado. 
2, Day Grote, Bull. B.S. N.S. 1, 105, pl. 3, fig. 8. -Colorado, 
3. mirificalis Grote, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 5, 207. Nevada. 


Hind wings soiled whitish or fuscous. 

. devis Grote; n. s. Colorado. , 

Augustus Harvey, Bull. B. S. 3, 73, pl. 3, fig. 5. ‘Texas. 

. Behrenst Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S. 2, 65. California, in February. 

Glennyi Grote, Bull. B. S. N.S. 1, 141, pl. 4, fig. 17. | Colorado, in 
July. 


=a AN 


256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


8. cbalty Grote, n. s. Colorado. 

9. homogena Grote, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 3, 800. Colorado, Nevada. 

10. oblita Grote, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 3, 117. Nevada. 

11. Meadiana Morrison, Proc. A. N.S. Phil. 1875, 60. Colorado. 

12. Chandleri Grote, Bull. B. S..N. S. 1, 107, pl. 3, fig. 9; id. 3, 87;> 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 3, 117. Colorado. 

var. zifaria Morr., Can. Ent. 7, 213. Long Island ; Buffalo, N. Y. 

13. altricollaris Harvey, Bull. B. S..N. 5. 2, 273; id.3,%2. Texas: 
Arizona. 

14. Saundersiana Grote, Can. Ent. 8, 29. Canada. 

15. occata Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 5, 114; Bull. B.S. N.S. 3, 77, 
87, pl. 2, fig. 6. Texas ; California. 

Find wings black. 
16. aterrima Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 199. California. 


Of these sixteen species I have not been able to carcfully examine 
Meadiana, the type of which is in Mr. Tepper’s collection. It seemed to 
me different from any of the others, although the specimen is not in fine 
condition. QO. aterrima is aberrant in color and appearance ; Behrensz is 
allied to the European confusa ; atricollaris looks like a /omohadena, as 
which it was originally described. The variety of Chandleri which I have 
collected near Buffalo, and which is called visaria by Mr. Morrison, does 
not differ by the hind wings, but may be recognized by the paler gray 
primaries and the white marked subterminal line ; the terminal black 
interspaceal dashes are also wanting. My single (¢) Buffalo specimen 
now before me is more aberrant from Chandler than Mr. Morrison’s type 
of riparia, or another Buffalo specimen collected by Miss Walker, to 
which I have alluded Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 3, 117. More material is 
evidently needed to decide on the value of 77fa7za, which is our only 
Eastern example of the genus. 


Homohadena chorda, n. s. 

Fuscous gray. Front and palpi pale; fore wings shaded with pale 
gray over the median space inwardly obliquely, and beyond the posterior 
line narrowly and irregularly. Half-line present. Anterior line rather 
thick, arcuate, a little uneven. Reniform vague, small and pale. Pos- 
terior line narrower than anterior, a little uneven, nearly straight, not as 
much inflected as usual. Subterminal line preceded by a diffuse black 
shading. Terminal space fuscous. Median shade indicated by a black 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Q57 


costal spot, below which it is thread-like, hardly noticeable. Hind wings 
whitish with broad black borders, veins soiled ; berieath with black bor- 
der, within which indications of a narrow mesial line. Collar and thorax 
concolorous fuscous gray. Vertex between the antenna black. Length 
of primary 15 mil. //ab. Colorado. 


flomohadena fortis, n. s. 

Thorax smoothly haired ; abdomen untufted. Size large. Of a dusty 
fuscous, paler than zvcomitata. Basal dash obsolete ; no dash on median 
space. - Median lines accentuated on the veins, very narrow, black and 
single. Anterior line perpendicular. Posterior line with a rather long 
and narrow extension beyond the disc ; lunulate between the veins, which 
are marked with black points. A succession of pale marks preceded by 
very slight black dashes indicates the subterminal line. A row of terminal 
black points. Fringes shaded, paler than the wing. Hind wings white, 
sub-pellucid ; the nervules soiled; a vague terminal fuscous shading ; 
fringes whitish. Head and collar darker shaded than the thorax, dusky 
fuscous. Stigmata indicated by paler shading ; orbicular ovate, elongate ; 
 reniform moderate, upright ; claviform indicated. xfanse 4o mil. Hab. 
Nevada. 


fTomohadena picina, n. s. 

Thorax and primaries unicolorous dusky fuscous; the median lines 
indicated by venular dots, incomplete ; the posterior line not as flexed as 
usual ; fringes concolorous. Hind wings whitish at base, washed with 
fuscous exteriorly, the veins soiled ; faint traces of a mesial line. Beneath 
the secondaries are paler, with a distinct dotted line. Eyes naked ; body 
untufted ; tibize unarmed. A stout, obscurely colored and simply marked 
form. xpanse 40 mil. California, Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 7174. 


The genus Homohadena has the facies and untufted body of Oncocnemt?s, 
but differs by the absence of the tibial claw. Our species are as foHows : 


HOoOMOHADENA Grote. 
Type: H. badistriga. 
3 Ree Morrison, Proc. A. N.S. Phil. 1875, 431; Grote, Can. 
Ent. 10, 234. Maine; Northern N. Y. 
2. chorda Grote, n. s. Colorado. 
3. badistriga Grote, Bull. B. S. N.S. ; Check List 1, pli 7, igi ey 
Lintner Ent, Contrib, 4, oe me va), Middle States, 


258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


4. kappa Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 92, Sept., 1874; ?retroversa 
Morr.,. Proc. Bost. 8. N. Hs 157, Dec. 1874, Skeancace 
Mo.; Texas. 


5. figurata Harvey, Can. Ent. 7, 117. California. 

6. znduta Harvey, Bull. B.S. N.S. 2, 274. Texas. 

7. mncomitata Harvey, Can. Ent. 7, 136; id. Bull. B.S.N. S. 3, 6. 
Texas. 


oe) 


. fortis Grote, nos. Nevada. 
9. picina Grote, n. s. California. 

Charadra patata, n. s. 

fq. Eyes hairy ; antennz bipectinate, testaceous. Gray ; black and 
white. Aspect of a Rafhia. Anterior line black, widely outwardly bent, 
irregularly arcuate. A black median shade line; a black dash on sub- 
median space connecting the oblique propinquitous median lines.  Stig- 
mata whitish, black-ringed with central dot and streak; sub-equal, 


Subterminal line sinuate, black, indented opposite the cell, followed by a _ 


white shade. Hind wings pure white with the fringes. Thorax gray. 
Ocelli present. xfanse 38 mil. Colorado. 

Slighter than the other species and differing decidedly by the more 
even and oblique transverse lines. 


Our four species of Charadra Walk., a North American genus allied- 


to the European Z7ichosea ludifica, differing by the pectinate antenne of 
the male, the longer palpi, the ornamentation and color, may be catalogued 
as follows: deridens Guen. ; dispulsa Morr. ; palata Grote ; propinguilinea 
Grote. No species are known from California ; Mr. Morrison’s decova is 
Central American, its given locality incorrect ; it may be the Diphthera 
cavillator of the British Museum Lists. 


ae 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS, 


Some Fungt-Laters. 


BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT. 


It is related by a celebrated traveller and naturalist that, in the dreary 
islands of Terra del Fuego, the only vegetable food to be obtained by the 
wretched inhabitants, with the exception of a few berries, is a fungus 
which grows in great abundance on certain trees. This fungus appears 


a ay oa 


THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 259 


on the bark in the shape of bright yellow, globular masses of the size of 
small apples, and at a certain stage of development is gathered and eaten 
uncooked. Other savage tribes inhabiting barren territories may be par- 
tially dependent on similar substitutes for the nutritious roots and succu- 
lent fruits used by more favorably located races ; but civilized man, with 
his long list of food plants to choose from, considers fungi more as luxuries 
than as essential articles of diet. 


The common field Mushroom (Agaricus campestris), found wild 
throughout the greater part of the world, ranks high as a table delicacy, 
and is largely cultivated in some countries. Several other species of fungi 
are also used in considerable quantities ; for instance, the famous Truffle, 
which grows several inches below the surface of the ground, and requires 
to be hunted with the aid of dogs trained to scent them out. Many 
others, likewise very wholesome and palatable, are, however, seldom used 
because of their resemblance to poisonous varieties. 


We find man not alone in his liking for fungi and his use of them as 
food. Domestic cattle and many wild animals also relish them and 
devour species shunned by man, _ The insect world produces a great 
variety of species subsisting either in the larval or perfect state, or in 
both, upon fungus. Often when a fine, fresh-looking, pink-gilled, snowy- 
clad Mushroom is plucked, the picker finds, much to his disappointment 
and disgust, that his savory morsel is already ‘‘ food for worms.” A num- 
ber of small grubs are feasting within the stalk, and in a few hours 
the cherished Mushroom becomes a black decaying mass, filled with little 
maggots. 


A great variety of fungi are similarly attacked and made the banqueting 
chambers of numerous foes. The tender, short-lived species, such as 
Mushrooms and Toadstools, decay and perish quickly, but the harder 
kinds, growing upon old and dead or fallen trees, harbor their tenants 
much longer, and preserve their shape and outward comeliness even after 
they have been eaten and withered away inwardly. 


The object of this brief paper is to call the attention of any who have 
recently commenced collecting to the fact that fungi are so much fre- 
quented by insects, and that many species can be obtained from them with 
but little trouble. I will therefore briefly mention a few of the numerous 
Coleoptera which I have taken on aor in fungus ; not because they are rare 
beetles, but rather because they may be easily obtained and are well known. 


260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Megalodacne heros is the finest beetle which I have found feeding upon 
fungus. It belongs to the Erotylide, a family known by the large antennal 
club, formed by an enlargement and flattening of the three last joints. 
‘This family is said to be largely developed in tropical America, where its 
members are mostly leaf-eating beetles, differing in this respect from nor- 
thern species which live upon fungi. One day last summer (gth June) I 
met with a number of large chocolate-colored fungi growing upon the 
roots and bark of the stumps of some large Hemlocks recently felled, 
Hiding in crevices of the bark, or in the damp chips and leaves from 
amidst which the fungi on the roots were springing, I discovered numer- 
ous specimens of this handsome beetle and collected about thirty, which 
had been recently feeding upon the fungus, as evidenced by the holes 
gnawed therein. 

The beetles varied much in size, being from four to seven-eighths of 
an inch long. They are of an elongated oval shape, three times as long 
as broad.. The head, bearing the distinguishing club-tipped antenne, is 
inserted to the eyes in the almost square thorax. The beetle is broadest 
across the base of the elytra, which taper gradually and are rounded off 
at the tip. Each elytron is marked by two orange patches ; the one at the 
base is somewhat in the form of a Maltese cross with the lower arm 
broken off, but varies in different specimens; the other is an irregular 
band about one-third the distance from the tip. With these exceptions 
the beetle is of a jet black, highly polished, and is a handsome insect. 
About six weeks later I visited the same locality in the expectation of 
obtaining some more of these fine beetles, but could find none. In some 
fresh fungi of the same kind I found numbers of large stout grubs, from 
one-half to over three-quarters of an inch long, with a broad black band 
across the top of each segment. ‘They were probably the larve of this 
beetle, but as I did not succeed in rearing any of those I took, and could 
not visit the place again, they may have been those of some fungi-eating 
Tenebrio, to some larvee of which family they had much resemblance. 

From the same fungi from which I had previously taken the above- 
mentioned beetles, and which were now hard and -dry, I obtained nearly 
forty specimens of Bolitotherus cornutus, the majority females. This 
beetle belongs (with the two species next to be described) to the Tene- 
brionidz, the members of which family live chiefly in or about dead 
stumps and logs, hiding in crevices or-under bark, fungus and moss. It 
is a dark brown or dull black beetle, thickly covered with tubercles, so 


a We, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 261 


that it looks like a bit of rotten bark or dry earth and easily escapes 
detection when it drops to the ground with its legs tightly folded. The 
male has two horn-like projections upon the thorax and also two minute 
ones on the front of his head. Those on the thorax are more than an 
eighth of an inch long, flattened inwardly at the end and fringed with a 
light pubescence. The beetles are found abundantly during the summer 
- and autumn, feeding upon the large woody fungi which spring from stumps 
and decaying trees. While the beetles are found imbedded in holes 
gnawed in the surface, the larvee in different stages will be obtained by 
breaking apart the fungus, in which they burrow out cells until the whole 
mass is full of holes and tunnels filled with excrement. The grubs are 
long and cylindrical, attaining when full grown a length of three-quarters 
of an inch, and have two spines on the last segment, as have the larvae 
of many species of this family. 

Diaperis hydni is a small stout beetle, a quarter of an inch long, com- 
mon in fungus growing upon old and decaying Beech trees (such as are 
infested by Dicerca divaricata and Tremex columba). It is very smooth 
and glossy, and is jet black with the exception of the elytra. These are 
light brown and are marked by two small black dots just behind the 
thorax and by two larger ones midway between these and the tip. They 
are also ornamented by lines of minute punctures, hardly visible to the 
naked eye, and not interrupting the glistening appearance of the beetle. 

Floplocephala bicornis is a little dark greenish beetle, found in great 
numbers in the dry leathery fungus which grows, like overlapping scales, 
on hardwood stumps. Although this beetle is less than one-fifth of an 
inch long, the male may be easily distinguished by the two little spines or 
horns which he bears on his head, and from which the species derives its 
name. ‘They soon reduce the dry fungus to a white powdery state. 

Mycetophagus punctatus is abundant in the fresh, soft, white fungi which 
grow from the bark of various trees, not in compact masses, but laminated 
or gilled beneath like Toadstools. On giving the tree a smart tap the 
beetles will shower down from between the gills upon a beating net held 
below. They are nearly one-fourth of an inch long, and are black, except 
the yellowish elytra, which are marked by a black spot surrounding the 
scutel, a black band across near the tip and two black spots midway 
between this band and the thorax. Associated with them are generally 
found numbers of a smaller but very similarly colored species, JZ 


Jlexuosus. 


a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Similar fungi will sometimes be found to contain a great many very 
slender little white grubs, with a black head no larger than a pin hole. I 
have seen them twisted together in such lumps that the black heads 
seemed like some tiny mites creeping about over the wriggling mass, in 
which the respective bodies were lost. ‘These are the larvae of Zriplax 
thoracica, a reddish beetle, one-fifth of an inch long, with blue-black 
elytra, belonging, like the first beetle described, to the Erotylidae. 

Penthe obliquata is a very active beetle which scampers hastily away 
when disturbed at its fungus feast or in its hiding place under bark, and 
thus frequently eludes its discoverer. It is of a deep dull black, only 
relieved by the reddish yellow scutel and a yellow apical joint to the 
antennae. ‘The elytra are very densely and irregularly punctured. This 
fine beetle is half an inch long and almost oval in shape. A rarer and 
slightly larger, but not so handsome insect, is P. pzmelia, which I have 
found under the bark of old trees. It is of a dull brownish black, and 
has the elytra more evenly and less densely punctured. As it lacks the 
yellow scutel, it is easily distinguished from the preceding species. 

Many Staphylinidae are found in the stalks of Toadstools and in other 
fungi, while those of many other families resort to these productions 
either for an occasional meal or for a life-long diét. Such are Cratoparis 
lunatus among the Weevils, and Onthophagus hecate of the Scarabeans. 
To even enumerate these would require much space, but I think I have 
already written enough to show that the young collector will find it profit- 
able to search the different fungi for specimens, especially early and late 
in the year, when other feeding grounds are unproductive. I might add 
that many insects in turn fall victims to fungi. ‘The house-fly is a familiar 
instance of this, and every fall we see great numbers of them stick to our 
walls and windows, their bodies distended by the fungus, which also 
spreads some distance around them. 


CorRECTION.—I desire to correct an error in my late Annual Address 
to the Entomological Society of Ontario, to which my attention has been 
called by Prof. C. V. Riley, in reference to the larval habits of the black 
blistering beetle, Zpzcauta pennsylvanica. On page 196, Can. EnT., I 
stated that “‘ the larva of this insect is found only in the nests of bees, 
wasps, &c., where it feeds on*the young of these nest-making insects.” 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. — 263 


This was, I believe, until a comparatively recent period the view uni- 
versally held by Entomologists. In the First Annual Report of the U. S. 
Ent. Com. relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust, published in 1878, 
Mr. Riley states that he has found the larva of this species, Z. pennsyl- 
vanica, along with those of other species of the same genus, feeding on 
the egg masses of the Rocky Mountain Locust, Caloptenus spretus, and 
has bred the perfect insect therefrom. This statement had escaped my 
notice. WM. SAUNDERS. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


DR. HAGEN’S MYSTERY. 
DEAR SIR,— 

My writings on Pronuba yuccasella have induced considerable discus- 
sion and comment, both from horticulturists and entomologists. Many 
of the criticisms of my conclusions are unworthy of notice and have not 
been noticed by me ; but the note from Dr. Hagen in your July number 
cannot be passed in silence. Just as I had, in the June and july numbers 
of the American Entomologist, dispelled much of the ‘‘ mystery ” regarding 
this little moth and shown that the conflicting experiences were due to 
the confounding, by my critics, of another species (Prodoxus decipiens ) 
with it, Dr. Hagen increases the “ mystery ” by his statements. in the note 
referred to. His statements are positive and circumspect, but I am as 
fully satisfied that he has in some way made a mistake as I am that others 
have been mistaken who wrote with equal assurance on the subject of 
Pronuba. 1 have obtained in all from the stems of Yucca some forty 
specimens of Prodoxus, none of them showing any sign of the maxillary 
tentacle of Pronuba, and it would be strange indeed if Dr. Hagen’s two 
individuals formed such a remarkable exception. I write this upon first 
reading his note, but as I expect shortly to have the privilege of examin- 
ing the specimens, I will wait and see what light I can then throw upon 
this last “ mystery.” | 

Regarding Dr. Hagen’s unwillingness to send me 2 specimen of the 
Yucca stem larva, I have simply to say that upon learning from Mr. 
Thomas Meehan that he had sent to Dr. Hagen what, from my previous 
experience with it, I thought was probably Prodoxus decipiens, I greatly 


264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


desired to ascertain whether it was so or whether my friend was right in 
considering it Coleopterous—ihe determination being important in the 
light of previous published statements by Mr. Meehan. Ido not see 
how the gratification of my desire would have in any way interfered with 
Dr. Hagen’s intended publication, and when, after sending him a /70- 
doxus larva and asking him to tell me whether his was identical or differ- 
ent, no reply came, I was forced to seek the information elsewhere. Mr. 
Meehan kindly sent me some infested stems from the same lot as those 
sent to Dr. Hagen, and from them I at once recognized Prodoxus, and 
from them even bred the moths, which did not have the characters of 
Pronuba. Co. V). nr 
Washington, D. C., Aug. 16, 1880. 


P.S.—As a post script to what I have previously written regarding 
Dr. Hagen’s note on Pronuba yuccasedla, 1 wish to say that upon meeting 
him he at once admitted his error, and I leave him to explain it. 

Boston, Mass., Aug. 23, 1880. CG, WG Re 

I have to note the capture of Hadena confederata Gr. on Staten Island 
in October. ‘This species I have originally described from Louisiana and 
Texas. My friend, Mr. Thaxter, has taken it also at the same time in 
Cambridge, Mass. It is a Southern form, coming northward in the fall. 
Mr. Thaxter caught it in Jamaica, N.S. Mr. Thaxter has also bred the 
Spanish Moth, Euthisanotia timats, in Florida. A. R. GROTE, 


During August I had a three weeks’ hunt about Ridgeway, and a finer 
place for the purpose I have never been in. I brought home one Catocala 
new to me, small size. One day I saw a little beauty sitting on a tree, 
which I took for a Catocala, but it is Zphesta edonympha, a perfect gem in 
its way. We came across three butterflies I never saw alive before: 
Papilio marcellus, P. philenor and Funonia coenia, We took but one of 
each ; also one specimen of cresphontes. Some fine flies taken on the 
lake shore ; beautiful specimens of the banded A/7das, and a large red one 
I had not seen before. 

The sand seemed full of the larvae of the Ant Lion, but it was too 
early for the mature insect. I took one specimen of JZyrmelion abdomin- 
alis at Long Point, and one of a species I don’t know. 

Hamilton, Aug. 10, 1880. J. Atston Morrar. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XII. 


—_—+or— 


Acidalia enucleata, 236. 
Actinota derupta, 186. 
Acridii, notes on American, 75, 
Adela coruscifasciella, 225. 
Ridingsella, 225. 
Schlegeri, 225. 
trifasciella, 225. 
trigrapha, 225. 
Aedia fascicolaris, 118. 
Agnomonia quadrifilaris, 118. 
< sequistriaris, 117. 

Agraulis vanilla, preparatory stages of, 141. 
Agrotis Baileyana, 186. 
catherina, 187. 
cttricolor, 2. S,, 154. 
hilaris, 2. S.,153- 
innotabilis, 154. 
lubricans, notes on larva of, 14. 
manifestolabes, 187. 
perquiritata, 185. 
personata, 187. 
Stellaris, 7. S., 153. 
Aletia argillacea. 117, 173, 211. 
Alypia Maccullochii, 41. 
American currant borer, 5. 
Amphion nessus, 231. 
Anabrus Haldemanii, 223. 

«* simplex, 223. 
Anarta nivaria, 186. 
Anisota rubicunda, 212. 
Annual Report Ent. Soc. Ont,, 35. 
Anomis erosa, 116. 
Anthomyia radicum, 212. 
Anticarsia gemmatilis, 87. 
Argynnis alcestis, preparatory stages of, 69. 

s aphrodite, 144. 
atlantis, 74. 
cybele, ot 

preparatory stages of, 141. 

diana, 73, 144. 
Argyrogramma omega, 117. 
Arsilonche Henrici, larva of, 45. 
ASHMEAD, Wm. H., article by, 252. 
Attacus luna, 194, 227. 
Auchmis confusa, 118, 


BatTEs, J. E., article by, 20. 
Bees, interesting facts relating to, 168. 
BETHUNE, Rev. C. J. S., articles.by, ror, 161. 
Birds, insectivorous, 189. 
Biston UIFQINAVTUS, H. So, 220. 
Blister beetles. notes on a few American, 22 
Bolistotherus cornutus, 260. 
Bombyces, notes on some American, 227. 
Bostrichus bicornis, 107. 
Botis dissectalis, 1. s., 36. 

‘*  opilalis, n. s., 36. 
oscitalis, 1. S.; 36. 
penitalis, larva of, 45. 
Bow -eEs, G._ J., articles by, 130, 146. 
Brachycentrus fuliginosus, 108. 
Bradynotes, it. 2., 76. 


“ce 
a 


Brotis vulneraria, 116. 

Bruchus pisi, 194. 

Butterflies captured near Boston, too. 

at Fort Niobrara, Nebraska, 252 
in Illinois, 46. 

sS ** in Portland, Me., 7. 

sc ** at Yellow Springs, Ohio, 120. 
mouth organs of, 172. 

scarcity of in New Brunswick, 19. 


“cc “ec 


Caloptenus femur-rubrum, 133 
Ly spretus, 131. 
Calosoma calidum, 34. 
ss scrutator, 35, 
Calpe canadensis, larva of, 44. 
Caradrina bilunata, 187. 
ge meralis, 187. 
CARPENTER, W. L., article by, 252. 
Catocalas, early appearance of, 137. 
Catocala hunting, 241. 
** —ultronia, 4. 
Ceramica rubefacta, 185. 
Ceratomia quadricornis, 212. 
Cerma cora, 86. 
Ceroplastes rusci, 252. 
Chalcid, a new silk-spinning, 158. 
CHAMBERS, V. T., article by, 225. 
Charadra Jadlata, 2. s., 258. 
Cheese mite, 239. 
Chilo cramzboides, 7. $., 15. 
Chrysophanus thoe, 230. 
Chytolita morbidalis, larva of, 44. 
S petrealis, 2. S., 219. 
Cicindela 12-guttata, 65. 
generosa, 65. 
hirticollis, 65. 
punctulata, 65. 
purpurea, 63. 
sexguttata, 64. 
vulgaris, 63. 
CLAYPOLE, E. W., articles by, 120, 245. 
Cleophana antipoda, 217. 
Clisiocampa sylvatica, 196. 
Clytus pictus, 150. 
‘© Robiniz, x51. 
speciosus, 149. 
Coleoptera for beginners, 138. 
ce from Hickory twigs, 169. 
Colorado potato beetle, 173. 
Contributions to Coll. Ent. Soc., 55. 
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 194. 
CoqguiLLeT, D. W., article by, 41. 
Cordyceps ravenelli, on col. larvz, 89. 
Correction, 80, 147, 262. 
Correspondence, 19, 37, 59, 80, 99, 119, 140, 160, 


262 
203. 


“ec 
“ec 
“ 
“cc 


cc 


“ 


Cossus centerensis, 59. 
“larva of, 39, 100. 
CouPrErR, WM., article by, 41. 
Crambus azceps, m. s., 18. 
‘“ attenuatus, nt. s., 18. 
conchellus, 15. 


266 INDEX TO 


VOLUME XII. 


Crambus a/ssectus, 22. S., 16. 

‘© duplicatis, it. 8. 79: 
€dOnTS, U.S. 19. 
excesus, W S., 16. 
fuscicostellus, 18. 
Goodellianus, i. 8.5 17. 
hastiferellus, 16. 
hortuellus, 15. 
inornatellus, 80. 
interruptus, 15. 
lactnellus, 1. S., 18. 
Leachellus, 16. 
myellus, 15. 
occidentalis, 2. S., 10. 
OVEQONICUS, 2. Sey 17+ 
repandus, M. Se3 79s 
topiarius, D557 
vulvivagellus, 17. 
list of N. Am. species, 77 
Cratoparis lunatus, 2, 62. 
Cratypedes putnami, 223. 
Crociphora flavistriaria, 118. 
Currant borer, American, Se 

a ‘* imported, 5. 
Cut-worms 189. 


(73 


Danais archippus, swarming of, 37, 38, 119, 134. 
Darapsa versicolor, 211. 
Deilephila lineata, 231. ; 
Diaperis hydni, 261. 
Dicerca divaricata, 261. 
Dinoderus punctatus, 107. 
Dorytomus mucidus, 106. 
Drasteria cuspidea, 86. 

By graphica, 85. 
Drepanodes Fernaldi, 210. 
Dryobius sexfasciatus, 139. 


Eburia quadrigeminata, 107. 
Edwardsia brilitens, 1. s., 68. 
Epwarps, W. H., articles by, 9, 2: ; 
109, 122,141, 160, 224, 231, 246. 
Egeria tipuliformis, 5. 
Elaphria grata, 86. 
Entomological Club, A. A. A. S., Annial Meeting 
of, 104, 140, 161. 
is a be Annual Address 
of President, 161. 
notes, 106. 
Society of Ontario, Annual Meet- 
ing of, 157, 210. 
ce iis “* Annual Address 
of President, 189. 
Entomology for beginners, 4, 32,.56, 61, 95, 101, 
£30; 1140, °2375, 250. 
Ephemeride, early stages of, 4o. 
Ephesia amica, 26. 
“¢ elonympha, 85, 264. 
Epicauta convolvuli, 107. 


“cc 


pennsylvanica, 262. 
Epizeuxis lituralis, 85. 
Erebus odora, 211. 

Eros coccinatus, 107. 
Euchaetes collaris, 228. 

Lt egle, 230. 
Eucrostis chloroleucaria, larva of, 235. 
Eudryas unio, 231. 
Euhalisidota louga, 7. s., 213. 
Eulepidotus alabastraria, 116. 
Eunetis ultronia, 116. 


Eupelmus /7o7 ?danus, 2. S., 209. 
ee mirabilis, 209. 
veauvit, N. S., 207. 
Euplectrus albiventris, 158. 
a Comstock? n. $., 159+ 
Euptoieta claudia, preparatory stages of, 231 
Eustrotia mari, 186. 
- secta, neuration of, 50. 
Euthisanotia timais, 118, 264. 
Eutrapela transversata, 236. 


Fireflies, 169. 

Fisu, CHas., article by, 239. 

Fircn, late Dr., collection of, 66. 

FLETCHER, JAMES, articles by, 1, 32, 60, 160. 
Forest tent caterpillar, 196. 

Frencu, G. H., articles by, 14, 42, 83, 140, 241. 
Fungi-eaters, 258. 


Galls, hymenopterous, 170. 

Gippes, Lewis R., article by, 60. 

Golden-rod plume moth, larval habits of, 105. 

Grape-vine flea beetle, 196. 

Graphiphora contrahens, 186. 

Grapta progne, preparatory stages of, 9. 

Grote, A. R., articles by, 15, 36, 50, 57, 77, 80, 
84, 88, 116, 152, 184, 213, 254, 264. 

GUNTHER, OrTTo R., death of, go. 


Hadena adnixa, i. s., 243. 
e cChietracta, H S., 243. 
chryselectra, 244. 
confederata, 264. 
crocea, 215. 
cylindrica, it. 8., 214. 
norma, 186. 
singula, i. $., 215. 
TONS, 72. Si 214. 
Hacen, Dr. H. A., articles by, 81, 89, 108, 121, 
128, 197 
HaALpEMAN, Pror. S. S., death of, 220. 
Harrincton, W. H, articles by, 95, 258. 
Hemaris marginalis, 231. 
Hemeroplanis pyralis, 87. 
Hessian Fly, 171, 197. 
Heterocampa pulverea, larva of, 83. 
Heustis CaRotine E., article by, x9. 
Hippiscus lineatus, 223. 
Homohadena coz da, Testa 250s 
te list of species of, 257. 
JOrLIS Wo S-5(257- 
PUCTNA, 2. Ss) 257+ 
Honey ants, 168, 170. 
Hoplocephala bicornis, 261. 
Howakrp, L. O., articles by, 158, 207. 
Hypena scabra, larva of, 43. 
Hypoprepia fucosa, larva of, 45. 
Hy psoropha hormos, 85. 
monilis, 85. 


“cc 


6c 


Ichneumonidae, new species of, 42. 
Insects, fossil, 168. 

eS fungoid diseases of, 126. 
parasitic, 193. 


“ 


——EE = 


INDEX TO VOLUME XII. 267 


Jewett, H.S., article by, 228. 
Jodia rufago, 86. 

Jounson, James S., article by, 137. 
Junonia coenia, 211-264- 


KeLticorT, D. S., articles by, 59, 105. 


Lampyride, 174. 
Larve, wood-boring, 60. 
*¢ on describing, 108. 


» 


Lrconte, Dr. JouN L., articles by, 126, 174. 


Leucania aibilinea, 116. 
Libythea Bachmani, 211. 
Lightning bugs, 174. 
Limenitis evos, 2. s., 246. 
Lithacodia bellicula, 86. 
ef penita, 136. 

Lithophane contenta, n. 5, 216. 
Locust, the, 130. 
Luceria loculata, 185. 
Lycaena, a bi-formed, 160. 
Lycoperdina ferruginea, 139. 
Lyman, H. H.., article by, 7. 
Lytta atrata, 245. 

‘* cinerea, 246. 
marginata, 245. 
vittata, 245. 


“cs 
“ 


Macrocentrus 27 Zdescens, 2.8, 43. 
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 196. 
Mamestra acutipennis, 2. S., 214. 

fs curta, 186. 

es aefessa, n. S, 88. 
thecata, 186. 
McBripkg, A. S., article by, 106. 
Megalodacne heros, 260, 
Melicleptria tuberculum, 118. 
Melipotis jucunda, 86% 
Melitaea phaeton, 160. 
Microgaster 2¢z/is, 72. s., 42. 
Migration of butterflies, 39. 
Migratory insects, 130. 
Morrat, J. A., articles by, 37, 264. 
Monohammus confusor, 195. 

we scutellatus, 195, 

Montreal Branch, annual meeting of, 119. 

“ce “ 5 " = 

report of council, 146. 
Moths, early stages of some, 43. 
geometrid, larva of, 235. 
N. Am., new species of, 213 
North American, 242, 254. 
Munopt, A. H., article by, 39 
Murray, WILLIAM, article by, 120. 
Mycetophagus flexuosus, 261. 
; punctatus, 261. 

Myrmelion abdominalis, 264. 


oe 


te 
ee 


Natural History Society of Illinois, 107. 
Nature-printed butterflies, 1, 
Nephopteryx Zimmermani, 59. 

Nerice bidentata, 231. 

NeEuMOEGEN, B., article by, 67. 
Noctuide, new, 88, 152. 


N. Am. in the Zutraege, 84, 116. 


“ ce 
“ 


: synonymy of, 184. 
list of, 155. 
Nolaphana dadecula, 2. s., 217. 


Obituary, 220. 
Obnoxious insects, their destruction by yeast, 81. 
Ochyria designata, larva of, 235. 
(Edipoda carolina, 222. 

fe caerulescens, 222. 
obliterata, 2. S., 221. 
Ogygia imperita, 118. 
Oncocnemis czbalis, m. S., 244. 

Ss levis, 7. Se. 254. 
list of species, 255. 
Onthophagus hecate, 262. 
Orthoptera, notes on, 221. 
Orthosia differta, 186, 

¢ perpura, 186. 

Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, 159. 
Oyster-shell bark louse, 196. 


“c“ 


oe 


Packardia Goodelli, n. s., 242. 
Paectes pygmaea, 87. 
Pamphila dysszs, 7. S., 224. 
ot pottawattomite, 1. S., 50. 
UYSA, N.S. 49 

Pangrapta decoralis, 87. 
Papilio cresphontes, 120, 211, 212, 264. 

«© marcellus, 211, 264. 
philenor, 211, 264. 
Parallelia bistriaris, 86. 
Parorgyia Clintonii, larva of, 45. 
Passalus cornutus, 173. 
Peasopy, S. H., article by, 119. 
Pea-weevil, 194. 
Penthe obliquata, 262 

««  pimelia, 262. 

Perigea albolabes, 2. s., 216. 

£6 Salsa, . Se, 215. 
Pezotettix obesa, 75. 

Phaeocyma lunifera, 87 
Phoberia atomarius, 86. 

“*  rufimago, 85. 
Phoxopteris angulifasciana, 172. 

Se loricana, nN. S., 218. 
Phryganid, great abundance of a, 108. 
Pieris rapa, 192, 195. 

Plectodera scalator, 107. 
Plum curculio, 194. 
Polia aedon, 1. S., 154. 

‘«  diffusilis, 186. 

“  epichysis, 2. S., 219. 
Theodori, 219. 
Polygrammate hebraeicum, 85. 
Porphyrinia matutina, 118. 
Prionus Hayesii, 148. 

Prodoxus decipiens, 172, 263. 
Pronuba yuccasella, 128, 263. 
Psenocerus supernotatus, 5- 
Pseudoglossa lubricalis, larva of, 44 
Pteromalus puparum, 193. 
Pterophoridz of California, &c., 239. 
Ptichodis bistrigata, 87. 
Pyrameis cardui, 18, 136. 

e huntera, 19. 


“ 


“ 


“e 


Racheospila cupedinaria, n.s , 218. 
Red spider, 237. 

Report, annual, Ent. Soc. Ont., 76. 
Rey, C. V., article by, 263. 
Robin, food of, 191. 

Rocers, R V., articles by, 61, 148, 
Rose-bug, 196. 


268 INDEX 


TO VOLUME 


2G) bl fe 


Salia interpuncta, 220. 
Samia ceanothi, 227 
“*  Gloveri, 227. 
promethea, 213. 
SANBORN, Francis G., article by, 66. 
Satyrus alope, 21, 51, 91, 109. 
ariane, go. 


“e 


ge baroni, gt. 

ie boopis, 54, 109. 

s certain species of, 21, 51, 90, 109. 
ee 


charon, 94. 
€ Gabbii, 92. 


* maritima, 23, 109. 

= Meadii, ie 

‘*  nephele, 21, 53, 91, 109. 
Es olympus, 109, 140. 

is paulus, 54. 

“ pegala, 51, 109. 

ie phocus, 94. 

ie silvestris, 54, 93, T09. 

ae sthenele, g2, 109. 

. Wheeleri, 92. 


the genus catalogued, 115. 
SAUNDERS, W., articles by, 4, 56, 159, 160, 189, 
210, 237, 262. 
Scepsis fulvicollis, larva of, 44. 
Schinia gracilenta, 84. 
a media, 185. 
es trifasciata, 85. 
Schoenobius macrinellus, 15. 
Scupper, S. H., articles by, 75, 140, 161. 
Septis mucens, 117. 
Siewers, C. G., article by, 138. 
Sirex gigas, 96. 
Spermophagus robiniz, 139. 
Sphenophorus 13-punctatus, 107 
Sphinx quinquemaculata, ror. 
Spider, geometrical, 173. 
Spilosoma virginica, 20, 56. 
SpraGuE, F. H., article by, 100. 
Spruce, black, enemy of, 121. 


State Entomologist for New York, 160. 


‘Taeniocampa confluens, 187. 
‘Tarache ardoris, 118. 
be candefacta, 118. 
obatra, 187. 
patula, 58. 
SULVIX, I. Sey 54+ 
Telea polyphemus, 212. 
‘Tetranychus telarius, 237. 
Thalpochares, described N. A. species of, 57. 
a aetheria, 59. 
a patruelis, 57. 
THAXTER, R., article by, 39. 
THomAS, Cyrus, article by, 221. 
Thyreus Abbotii, 211. 
Tiger beetles, 61. 
Tineina, new N. Am., 225. 
‘Tomato worm, rot. 
Tortricidae, classification of, 171. 
Toxotus cylindricollis, 107. 
Tremex columba, a9. 
‘Triaena tritoma, 87. 
Triplax thoracica, 262. 
Trochilium dzstrazs, 7 
Tyroglyphus siro, 239. 


Urocerus albicornis, 97. 


Wood-eaters, on some, 95, 
WoRTHINGTON, C. E., article by, 46. 


Xestia chlorapha, 86, 
Xylomiges dolosa, x. s , 88. 
Xyloryctes satyrus, 139. 


Zale horrida, 85. 
Zutraege, N. Am. Noctuide in the, 84, 116. 


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